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CORNELL 

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BOUGHT  WITH  THE  INCOME 
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FUND     GIVEN     IN    189I     BY 

HENRY  WILLIAMS  SAGE 


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Cornell  University  Library 
CT119  .M5    1899 


Men  and  women  of  the  time:  a  dictionary 


olin 


3    1924   029   787    136 


Cornell  University 
Library 


The  original  of  this  book  is  in 
the  Cornell  University  Library. 

There  are  no  known  copyright  restrictions  in 
the  United  States  on  the  use  of  the  text. 


http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 9240297871 36 


MEN  AND  WOMEN  OE 
THE  TIME 


5Hbl%. 


MEN  AND  WOMEN  OF 
THE  TIME 

A  DICTIONARY  OF  CONTEMPORARIES 


FIFTEENTH   EDITION 
REVISED  AND  BROUGHT  DOWN  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME 


VICTOR  G.  PLARR,  MA.  Oxon. 

LIBRARIAN  OF  THE   ROYAL  COLLEGE  OP  SORGEONS 
OP  ENGLAND 


LONDON 
GEORGE  ROUTLEDGE  AND  SONS,  Limited 

Broadway,  Ludgate  Hill 
1899 


/V  \^ut 


Printed  by  Ballantyne,  Hanson  6*  Co. 
At  the  Ballantyne  Press 


THE  EDITOE'S   PKEFACE 

TO  THE  FIFTEENTH  EDITION 

THE^Fifteenth- Edition  of  "Men  and  Women  of  the  Time"  contains  1560 
new.  biographies.  Very  many  of  the  old  lives  have  been  re-written  or 
greatly  extended,  and  the  volume  is  longer  than  its  predecessor  by  nearly 
three  hundred  pages.  It  is,  therefore,  no  exaggeration  to  speak  of  it  as 
almost  one  half  new. 

The  Editor  in  his  long  labour  of  love  has  had  much  encouragement  from 
his  many  correspondents,  notably  from  experts  in  biography,  whose  candid 
estimate  of  "  Men  and  Women  of  the  Time,"  especially  in  its  connection 
with  the  "Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  has  been  in  the  nature  of  a 
vote  of  confidence  in  the  book.  He  desires  to  offer  his  sincere  thanks  to 
these  gentlemen,  and  to  couple  with  them  all  those  who  have  assisted  in  the 
work  of  production.  Especially  is  the  Editor  indebted  to  the  late  Mr.  Edmund 
Routledge,  whose  sudden  and  pathetic  death  occurs  on  the  eve  of  publica- 
tion, and  who  in  1898  gave  him  much  advice  and  assistance,  particularly 
in  the  compilation  of  lists  of  new  biographies,  and  allowed  him  to  make  use 
of  his  well-known  "Book  of  the  Year,"  and  the  materials  employed  in  its 
compilation;  to  his  venerable  friend  Sir  John  Simon,  K.C.B.,  for  permission 
to  use  a  privately  circulated  pamphlet ;  to  Mr.  Auberon  Herbert,  ex- 
Governor  Eyre,  Dr.  Haffkine,  Mr.  James  Knowles,  and  a  number  of  others, 
for  important  but  hitherto  unpublished  matter ;  to  Mr.  Mackenzie  Bell  for  a 
revision,  from  personal  knowledge,  of  the  life  of  Mr.  Swinburne;  to  the 
Rev.  R.  C.  Fillingham  for  personally  interviewing  Count  Okuma  on  behalf 
of  the  book ;  to  his  American  Editor,  Dr.  Winkelmann,  for  Transatlantic 
memoirs  and  additions;  to  Mr.  Payen-Payne,  and  his  collaborator,  Mr. 
Holford  Knight,  for  undertaking  all  lives,  both  new  and  old,  of  foreign 
celebrities ;  to  Mr.  C.  R.  Hewitt,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons'  Library, 
for  memoirs  of  soldiers,  sailors,  and  such  statesmen  as  Lords  Salisbury  and 
Rosebery,  of  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes,  Dr.  Jameson,  and  leading  members  of  the 
Royal  Family;  and  to  Mr.  F.  W.  Walton,  M.A.,  Librarian  of  King's  College, 
London,  for  various  biographies  and  considerable  sub-editorial  assistance. 

The  book  has  necessarily  been  long  in  the  press,  and  it  has  therefore 
been  found  impossible  to  note  some  of  the  changes  of  the  last  nine  or  ten 


PREFACE 


months  in  their  proper  places.  Among  these  mention  should  be  made  of 
Mr.  Justice  BucknilFs  elevation  to  the  Bench,  and  Sir  Joseph  Russell 
Bailey's  elevation  to  the  Peerage  as  Lord  Glanusk,  under  which  title  he 
should  properly  appear.  Sir  Henry  Hawkins  also  should  be  under  "Baron 
Brampton,"  Sir  L.  Alma-Tadema,  R.A.,  should  appear  as  a  Knight,  and 
Prof.  Sir  Michael  Foster  as  a  K.C.B.  (both  created  June  1899).  Sir  David 
Barbour's  recent  services  and  honour  should  have  been  mentioned,  as  also 
Sir  Godfrey  Lushington's  G.C.M.G.  (June  1899),  and  the  G.GB.'s  of  General 
Sir  Robert  Biddulph,  Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  E.  R.  Fremantle,  and  Admiral 
Sir  John  Ommaney  Hopkins  (June  1899),  while  to  the  name  of  Sir  F.  M. 
Hodgson  the  birthday  honour  of  K.C.B.  should  have  been  added,  and  Earl 
Beauchamp's  appointment  to  be  Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  New 
South  Wales  in  succession  to  Viscount  Hampden  (January  1899),  and  his 
creation  to  be  K.C.M.G.  should  also  have  been  recorded.  Dr.  William 
Selby  Church  became  President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London, 
in  March  1899,  Dr.  Lewis-Lloyd  of  Bangor  is  deceased,  the  young  Duke  of 
Albany,  as  heir-apparent  to  the  Grand-Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha, 
was  taken  by  his  mother,  H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Albany,  to  complete  his 
education  in  Germany  (August  1899),  and  Maitre  Labori  was  dangerously 
wounded  on  his  way  to  the  daily  sitting  of  the  Rennes  court-martial 
(August  15). 

A  short  Appendix  at  the  end  of  the  book  contains  lives  unavoidably 
omitted  in  the  body  of  the  work,  in  which  the  memoir  of  Jules  Ferry  should 
not,  of  course,  appear.  The  List  of  Assumed  Names  has  been  doubled,  and 
the  Classified  Index  has  been  entirely  re-cast,  care  having  been  taken  to 
repeat  individual  names  under  all  the  necessary  categories.  A  Subject  Index, 
such  as  that  attached  to  Mr.  Boase's  dictionary  of  deceased  celebrities, 
would  undoubtedly  have  added  to  the  value  of  a  work  which  is  a  storehouse 
of  historical  details  as  well  as  of  biographies.  The  Editor  sometimes  thought 
of  compiling  such  an  Index,  but  found  that  even  a  scanty  one  would  have 
proved  inordinately  long.  The  reader  who  is  in  search  of  movements 
rather  than  of  men  will  doubtless  know  under  what  names  to  look  for  his 
facts,  e.g.,  for  "Lancet  Commission"  see  "Twining,  Louisa,"  and  for 
"Jamaica  Revolt"  see  "Eyre." 

During  the  passage  of  "  Men  and  Women  of  the  Time "  through  the 
press  the  following  have  died :— Latimer  Clark,  F.R.S.  (Oct.  30,  1898),  Prof. 
George  James  Allman,  F.R.S.  (Nov.  24,  1898),  John  Barrow,  F.R.S.  (Dec. 
1898),  William  Black  (Dec.  10,  1898),  Sir  William  Anderson,  K.C.B.  (Dec.  11, 
1898),  General  M.  Annenkow  (Jan.  22,  1899),  Harry  Bates,  A.R.A.  (Jan. 
30,  1899),  the  Rev.  C.  A.  Berry  (Jan.  31,  1899),  Count  Caprivi  (Feb.  6, 


PREFACE 


1899),  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  W.  Chitty  (Feb.  15,  1899),  the  Right  Hon. 
Sir  George  F.  Bowen,  G.C.M.G.  (Feb.  21,  1899),  Dr.  A.  K.  H.  Boyd  (March 
1,  1899),  J.  R.  Bulwer,  Q.C.  (March  4,  1899),  Hon.  S.  J.  Field  (April  9, 
1899),  Major-General  Sir  J.  Alleyne,  K.C.B.  (April  23,  1899),  the  Duke  of 
Beaufort  (April  30,  1899),  F.  K.  0.  L.  Biichner  (May  1,  1899),  Einilio 
Castelar  (May  25,  1899),  Prof.  W.  G.  Blaikie  (June  11,  1899),  H.  Wollaston 
Blake  (June  27,  1899),  Victor  Cherbuliez  (July  1,  1899),  Sir  William 
H.  Flower,  K.C.B.  (July  1,  1899),  Sir  Alex.  Armstrong,  K.C.B.  (July  i, 
1899),  Prof.  Banister  Fletcher  (July  5,  1899),  Richard  Congreve  (July  5, 
1899),  P.  C.  Chesnelong  (July  1899),  the  Right  Rev.  C.  Graves  (July  17, 
1899),  and  the  Right  Rev.  Daniel  Lewis-Lloyd  (Aug.  1899). 

Mention  of  these  names  will  be  found  in  the  Obituary,  which  has 
been  brought  down  to  the  end  of  July  1899.  Some  370  biographies 
have,  in  fact,  lapsed  out  of  Edition  Fifteen.  But  though  the  average  of 
distinguished  mortality  in  the  period  1895-99  has  been  less  than  in  that 
between  1891-95,  scantier  losses  have  been  well-nigh  counterbalanced  by  the 
importance  of  those  lost.  One  need  only  cite  at  random  such  names  as 
Bismarck,  Gladstone,  Alphonse  Daudet,  Lord  Leighton.  The  death  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  whose  biography  was  the  lengthiest  in  the  book,  removes  one  of 
the  survivors  of  the  1st  Edition  of  "Men  of  the  Time,"  published  in  1852. 
These  survivors  now  only  number  seven.  They  are  Queen  Victoria,  the 
Emperor  of  Austria,  the  Prince  de  Joinville,  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  Mr.  T. 
Sidney  Cooper,  R.A.,  Mr.  Frederick  Goodall,  R.A.,  and  Mr.  Philip  James 
Bailey,  author  of  "Festus." 


Kensington,  August  1899. 


KEY  TO  ASSUMED  NAMES,  &C.1 


Pseudonym. 

Name. 

Pseudonym. 

Name. 

Albani,  Madame 

Madame  Gye. 

Enotrio  Romano 

Giosue'  Carducci. 

Alexander,  Mrs. 

Mrs.  Annie  Alexander 

Fane,  Violet     . 

Lady  P.  W.  Currie. 

Hector. 

Farren,  Nellie  . 

Mrs.  R.  Soutar. 

Aling 

Frau  Alice  Liebling. 

Garrett,  Edward 

Isabella  Fyvie  Mayo. 

Anderson,  Mary 

Mdme.     Antonio    de 

Glouvet,  Jules  de 

Jules    Quesnay    de 

Navarro. 

Beaurepaire. 

Arnaud,  Arsene 

Jules  Claretie. 

Goddard,  Arabella  . 

Mrs.  Davison. 

Bab 

William  Schwenck 

Gould,  Bernard 

Bernard  Partridge. 

Gilbert. 

Gray,  Maxwell 

Miss  M.  G.  Tuttiett. 

Barker,  Lady  . 

Lady  Broome. 

Green,  Anna  Katha- 

Bartet, Mdme. 

Jeanne     Julia     Reg- 

rine 

Mrs.  Charles  Rohlfs. 

nault. 

Greenwood,  Grace   . 

Sara  Jane  Lippincott. 

Bateiuan,  Kate 

Greville,  Henry 

Alice    Marie    Celeste 

Josephine 

Mrs.  George  Crowe. 

Durand. 

Belloc,  Marie 

Guilbert,  Yvette 

Madame  Schiller. 

Adelaide 

Mrs.  Lowndes. 

Gyp. 

Comtesse   de   Martel 

Besieged  Resident 

H.  Labouchere. 

de  Janville. 

Bickerdyke,  John 

C.  H.  Cook. 

Historicus 

Rt.  Hon.  Sir  W.  Har- 

Boldrewood,  Rolf 

Thomas  Alex.Browne. 

court. 

Bon  Gaultier    . 

Sir  Theodore  Martin. 

Hobbes,  John  Oliver 

Mrs.  Craigie. 

Braddon,  Miss 

Mrs.  John  Maxwell. 

Hope,  Anthony 

Anthony  Hope  Haw- 

Breitmann, Hans 

Charles  Godfrey  Le- 

kins. 

land. 

Hyacinthe,  Father 

Pere  Loyson. 

Brynjolf  Bjarme 

Henrik  Ibsen. 

Ignatius,  Father 

Rev.  Joseph  Leycester 

Byr,  Robert 

Karl    Emmerich 

Lyne. 

Robert  Bayer. 

Ik  Marvel 

D.  G.  Mitchell. 

Caran  dAche  . 

Emanuel  Poire1. 

Iota .         .        .        . 

Mrs.  Mannington 

Carle 

Victorien  Sardou. 

Caffyn. 

Carmen  Sylva 

Elizabeth,    Queen   of 

Iron,  Ralph 

Olive  Schreiner  (Mrs. 

Roumania. 

Cronwright- 

Carolus-Duran 

Charles  August  e  Sm- 

Schreiner). 

ile  Durand. 

Istria,  Princess  Dora 

Princess  von  Koltzoff- 

Centurion 

Sir  Graham  J.  Bower. 

d'  . 

Massalsky. 

Cerito,  Fanny  . 

.  Mdme.  St.  Leon. 

Jaff,  Pierre 

P.  F.  de  Rodays. 

Claudius  Clear 

Dr.  Robertson  Nicoll. 

Jopling,  Louise 

Mrs.  Rowe. 

Cleeve,  Lucas 

Mrs.  Kingscote. 

Kendal,  Mr.      . 

William  Hunter  Ken- 

Columbine 

J.  F.  H.  Fouquier. 

dal  Grimston. 

Coquelin  Aine 

Benolt  Constant  Coq- 

Kendal, Mrs.    . 

Mrs.  Kendal  Grim- 

uelin. 

ston. 

Coquelin  Cadet 

Ernest  Alexandre  H. 

Kennedy,  Kevin 

W.  P.  Ryan. 

Coquelin. 

Lamber,  Juliette 

Mme.    Edmond 

Corno  di  Bassetto 

GeorgeBernard  Shaw. 

Adam. 

Dagonet   . 

George  Robert  Sims. 

Lee,'  Vernon     . 

Violet  Paget. 

Dalmacond 

.  George  Macdonald. 

Loti,  Pierre 

Julien  Viaud. 

Daly,  Frederic. 

.  Louis  F.  Austin. 

Lucca,  Pauline 

Mdme.  Wallhoffen. 

Daryl,  Sidney  . 

.  Sir  Douglas  Straight. 

Luke  Limner   . 

John  Leighton. 

Dilke,  Mrs.  Ashton 

.  Mrs.  Russell  Cook. 

Lyall,  Edna 

Ada  Ellen  Bayly. 

Dowie,  Menie  Muriel  Mrs.  Norman. 

Mabon 

William  Abraham. 

Duncan,    Sarah 

M'Grath,  Terence 

Henry  Arthur  Blake. 

Jeanette 

.  Mrs.  Everard  Cotes. 

M'Kenzie,  Marian 

Mrs.  Smith-Williams. 

Eames,  Emma . 

Mme.    Emma   Eames 

Maclaren,  Ian  . 

Rev.  John  Watson. 

Story. 

Macleod,  Mrs.  Alick 

Mrs.  Frederick 

Egerton,  George 

.  Mrs.  Clairmonte. 

Martin. 

Emery,  Isabel  Wini 

Madge 

Mrs.  Humphry. 

fred 

.  Mrs.  Cyril  Maude. 

Marryat,  Florence 

Mrs.  Francis  Lean. 

Englishman  in  Paris  Albert  "Dresden  Van- 

Mathers,  Helen 

Mrs.  Henry  Reeves. 

dam. 

Melba,  Nellie   . 

Mrs.  Armstrong. 

2  This  list  contains  only  such  assumed  names,  &c,  as  are  mentioned  in  the  text  of  the  work. 


KEY  TO  ASSUMED  NAMES,  &c. 


Pseudonym. 
Merriman,    Henry 

Seton    . 
Miller,  Joaquin 
Murray,  Alma . 
Nauticus  . 
Nauticus  . 
Neilson,  Julia 
Neruda,  Mme. 

Norman 
Nestor 

Nilsson,  Christina 
Nordica,  Mme. 
Novello,  Clara 
Ogilvy,  Gavin  . 
0.  K. 

Oldcastle,  John 
O'Bell,  Max 
Oscar  Frederick 

Osman  Digna  -. . 
Ouida 

Fatti,  Adelina 
Pen  Oliver 
Petit  Bob 

Phelps,  Elizabeth 

Stuart  . 
Philistine,  The 
Poel,  William  . 
Rejane,  Madame 
Q      •        .        . 
Q.  E.  D.    . 
Rapier 
Redspinner 
Ristori,  Adelaide 
Rives,  Amelie  . 


Name. 

Hugh  S.  Soott. 
C.  H.  Miller. 
Mrs.  Alfred  Forman. 
Wm.  Laird  Clowes. 
Owen  Seaman. 
Mrs.  Fred.  Terry. 

Lady  Halle. 

F.  F.  H.  Fouquier. 

Countess  of  Miranda. 

Mme.  Doehme. 

Countess  of  Gigliucci. 

J.  M.  Barrie. 

Mme.  Olga  Novikoff. 

W.  Meynell. 

Paul  Bloue't. 

Oscar  II.   of  Sweden 

and  Norway. 
Osman  Ali. 
Louise  de  la  Ramfe. 
Baroness  Cederstrom. 
Sir  H.  Thompson. 
Comtesse    de  Martel 

de  Janville. 
Mrs.    Herbert   D. 

Ward. 
John  Alfred  Spender. 
William  Pole,  jun. 
Madame  Porel. 
A.  T.  Q.  Couch. 
Lady  Colin  Campbell. 
Alfred  E.  T.  Watson. 
William  Senior. 
Marquise  del  Grille 
Mrs.  Amelie  Chanler. 


Pseudonym. 
Robertson,  Mary  F. 
Robins,  Elizabeth 
Rochester,  Mark 

Rorke,  Kate 
Ross,  Adrian   . 
Samarow,  Gregor 
Schreiner,  Olive 


Showman 
i  Scrutator 

Sigerson,  Dora 
Silent  Member,  The 
Spectator 

Sterling,  Antoinette 
Swift,  Benjamin 

Sylva,  Carmen 

Terry,  Kate 
Thackeray,  Anne 

Isabella 
Theodoras 
Thomas,  Annie 
Toby,  M.P. 
Twain,  Mark    . 

Vanbrugh,  Violet 

Vasili,  Count  Paul  . 

Warden,  Florence  . 
Winter,  John  Strange 
Woolgar,  Sarah  Jane 


Name. 
Mme.  Darmesteter. 
Mrs.  C.  E.  Raimond. 
William  Charles  Mark 

Kent, 
Mrs.  James  Gardner. 
Arthur  Reed  Ropes. 
J.  F.  M.  0.  Meding. 
Mrs.  Cronwright- 

Schreiner. 
John  Latey. 
Canon  Malcolm  Mac- 
coll. 
Mrs.  Clement  Shorter. 
John  Latey. 
Arthur  Bingham 

Walkley. 
Mrs.  JohnMacKinlay. 
William  Romaine 

Paterson. 
Elizabeth,    Queen    of 

Roumania. 
Mrs.  Arthur  Lewis. 
Mrs.    Richmond 

Ritchie. 
James  Bass  Mullinger. 
Mrs.  Pender  Cudlip. 
Henry  W.  Lucy. 
Samuel  Langhorne 

Clemens. 
Mrs.  Arthur  Bour- 

chier. 
Mdme.  Edmond 

Adam. 
Mrs.  James. 
Mrs.  Arthur  Stannaid. 
Mrs.  Mellon. 


MEN   AND   WOMEN   OF 
THE   TIME 


ABBAS  PACHA,  Khedive  of  Egypt, 
K.G.C.B.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Tewfik  Pacha.  He  was  born  on  July  14, 
1874,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  January 
1892,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age. 
He  had  previously  studied  with  his  brother, 
Mehetnet  Ali,  at  the  Theresianum  Aca- 
demy, in  Vienna,  and  was  still  there  at 
the  time  of  his  father's  death.  He  studied 
law  and  politics,  for  which  he  displayed 
great  aptitude.  Prince  Abbas  Pacha  was 
made  Hon.  K.G.C.B.  by  the  Queen  in  1892. 
His  attitude  towards  Great  Britain  is  not 
considered  a  friendly  one,  he  having  early 
in  1893  substituted  statesmen  of  anti- 
English  sympathies  for  those  appointed 
by  England.  Lord  Cromer  remonstrated 
with  him,  and  the  Khedive  was  persuaded 
to  compromise  ;  but  he  is  still  not  really 
friendly  towards  England.  In  July  1893 
he  paid  a  visit  of  homage  to  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey.  In  1895  a  daughter  was  born 
to  him  in  his  harem,  and  he  afterwards 
married  the  mother. 

ABBE,  Cleveland,  born  in  New  York 
City,  Dec.  3,  1838,  is  the  son  of  George 
Waldo  Abbe  and  Charlotte  Colgate,  both 
natives  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
and  of  purely  English  ancestry.  The 
earliest  American  ancestry  of  this  family 
was  John  Abbey,  of  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
in  1637.  Mr.  Cleveland  Abbe  graduated 
in  1857  at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  studied  astronomy  under  Briinnow 
at  the  University  of  Michigan,  1859-60, 
also  under  Gould  at  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, 1860-64,  and  under  Struve  at 
Poulkova,  1865  and  1866.  He  took  the 
degree  of  A.B.  1857,  A.M.  1860,  LL.D. 
(Michigan  University)  1889,  Ph.D.  1892; 
was  Director  of  the  Cincinnati  Obser- 
vatory, 1868-74,  Professor  of  Meteorology 
in  the  Signal  Service,  and  Assistant  to 
the  Chief  Signal  Officer,  1871  to  1891, 
and  is  now  (1893)  Senior  Professor  of 
Meteorology  in  the  "Weather  Bureau  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture."  He  is 
a  Member  of  the  National  Academy  of 


Sciences,  and  of  numerous  other  scientific 
societies  in  America  and  Europe  ;  author 
of  "The  Weather  Bulletin  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Observatory,"  1869 ;  "  Annual 
Summary  and  Review  of  Progress  in 
Meteorology,"  1873  annually  to  1889; 
' '  Report  on  the  Signal  Service  Observa- 
tions of  the  Total  Eclipse  of  1878 "  ; 
"  Treatise  on  Meteorological  Apparatus  and 
Methods,"  1887  ;  "Preparatory  Studies  for 
Deductive  Methods  in  Storm  and  Weather 
Predictions,"  1890;  "The  Mechanics  of 
the  Atmosphere,"  1891  ;  and  numerous 
smaller  memoirs.  He  was  Delegate  to 
the  International  Convention  of  1893 
in  Washington  on  Prime  Meridian  and 
Standard  Time  ;  and  to  the  International 
Conference  of  Meteorologists  in  Munich, 
1891.  As  Meteorologist  to  the  United 
States  Scientific  Expedition  to  the  West 
Coast  of  Africa,  1889-90,  he  made  the 
first  extensive  set  of  accurate  observations 
at  sea  of  the  movements  of  upper  and 
lower  clouds — using  a  marine  nephroscope 
devised  by  him  for  this  purpose. 

ABBEY,  Edwin  Austin,  R.A.,  R.I., 
was  born  April  1,  1852,  at  Philadelphia, 
U.S.A.,  and  was  a  pupil  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  In  1871  he 
began  drawing  for  the  publications  of 
Harper  Brothers.  In  1876  he  became  a 
Member  of  the  American  Water- Colour 
Society.  In  1878  he  removed  to  England. 
He  has  illustrated  the  following  works  : 
"  Selections  from  the  Hesperides  and 
Noble  Numbers  of  Robert  Herrick,"  1882  ; 
"She  Stoops  to  Conquer,"  1887;  "Old 
Songs,"  1889  ;  "  Sketching  Rambles  in 
Holland,"  1885  (in  conjunction  with  G.  H. 
Broughton,  A.R.A.) ;  "The  Quiet  Life," 
1890  (in  conjunction  with  Alfred  Parsons). 
The  following  are  his  principal  water- 
colour  pictures:  "The  Stage  Office,"  1876  ; 
"The  Evil  Eye,"  1877;  "The  Sisters," 
1881;  "The  Widower,"  1883;  "  The  Bible 
Reading,"  1884;  "An  Old  Song,"  1886; 
"The  March  Past,"  1887;  "Visitors,"  1890. 
His  oil-paintings   are  as  follows:    "May- 

A 


ABBOT— ABBOTT 


day  Morning,"  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1890 ;  "  Fiatnetta's  Song," 
Royal  Academy,  1891;  "Richard  III.  and 
the  Lady  Anne,"  Royal  Academy,  1896; 
"Hamlet,"  1897;  "'King  Lear,"  "The 
Bridge,"  and  "Rebecca  and  Rowena," 
1898.  Mr.  Abbey  was  elected  an  Aca- 
demician in  July  1898.  He  was  elected 
Member  of  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours  in  1883,  and  received  a 
second-class  medal  at  the  Munich  Inter- 
national Exhibition  in  1883,  and  a  first- 
class  medal  at  the  Paris  Exposition  Uni- 
verselle,  1889.  Address :  Morgan  Hall, 
Fairford,  Gloucestershire. 

ABBOT,  Lyman,  D.D.,  son  of  the 
late  Jacob  Abbot,  was  born  at  Roxbury, 
Massachusetts,  Dec.  18,  1835.  He  gra- 
duated at  the  University  of  New  York  in 
1858  ;  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  in  1856.  After  practising  that 
profession  for  a  short  time  he  abandoned 
it  for  the  study  of  theology,  and  was 
ordained  a  Congregational  Minister  in 
1860.  He  was  pastor  of  various  churches 
until  1865,  when  he  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  American  Union  (Freedmen's) 
Commission,  a  position  retained  by  him 
until  1868.  For  a  portion  of  this  time  he 
was  also  pastor  of  the  New  England 
Church  in  New  York,  but  he  resigned 
in  1869  to  devote  himself  to  literature 
and  journalism.  He  had  charge  of  the 
"Literary  Record"  in  Harper's  Magazine 
for  several  years,  at  the  same  time  con- 
ducting the  Illustrated  Christian  Weekly. 
Subsequently  he  was  associated  with  Mr. 
Beecher  in  editing  the  Christian  Union, 
now  called  The  Outlook,  of  which  he  later 
became  (and  still  is)  the  senior  editor. 
On  Mr.  Beecher's  death  he  was  invited  to 
fill  temporarily  the  pulpit  of  Plymouth 
Church,  Brooklyn,  and  in  1889  was  settled 
permanently  over  that  church.  In  con- 
junction with  his  brothers  Austin  and 
Benjamin  he  wrote  two  novels,  "Cone-cut 
Corners,"  1855,  and  "Matthew  Caraby," 
1858,  which  were  published  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  "  Benauly, "  formed  from  the  ini- 
tial syllables  of  the  authors'  names.  He 
is  the  author  also  of  "  Jesus  of  Nazareth, 
His  Life  and  Teachings,"  1869;  "Old 
Testament  Shadows  of  New  Testament 
Truths,"  1870;  "A  Dictionary  of  Bible 
Knowledge,"  1872  ;  "A  Layman's  Story," 
1872  ;  "  Illustrated  Commentary  on  the 
New  Testament,"  4  vols.,  1875-87;  "Life 
of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,"  1883;  "For 
Family  Worship,"  1883  ;  "  In  Aid  of  Faith," 
1886;  "Signs  of  Promise,"  1889;  "The 
Christian  Workers,"  "Illustrated  New 
Testament  Commentary,"  1895;  "Chris- 
tianity and  Social  Problems,"  1896  ;  "  The 
Theology  of  an  Evolutionist,"  1897 ;  in 
addition  to  which  he    has    published    a 


number  of  pamphlets,  among  them  "The 
Results  of  Emancipation  in  the  United 
States,"  1867;  and  has  also  edited  two 
volumes  of  sermons  of  Mr.  Beecher,  and 
a  selection  from  Mr.  Beecher's  writings, 
entitled  "Morning  and  Evening  Exer- 
cises," as  well  as  "The  Soul's  Quest  after 
God."  The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1876,  and  by  Harvard 
University  in  1890. 

ABBOTT,  The  Rev.  Edwin  Abbott, 

D.D.,  son  of  Edwin  Abbott,  Head  Master 
of  the  Philological  School,  Marylebone 
Road,  N.W.  Born  on  Dec.  20,  in  London, 
in  1838,  he  was  educated  at  the  City  of 
London  School  (1850-57),  and  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
a  Fellow  (B.A.,  7th  Senior  Optime  and 
Senior  in  the  Classical  Tripos,  1861 ;  first- 
class  in  Theological  Tripos,  1862 ;  M.A. 
1864).  He  was  Assistant  Master  in  King 
Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  from  1862 
to  1864,  and  subsequently  at  Clifton  Col- 
lege till  1865,  when  he  was  appointed 
Head  Master  of  the  City  of  London  School. 
This  school  was  at  this  time  in  Milk  Street, 
Cheapside ;  it  now  possesses  sumptuous 
new  buildings  on  the  Embankment  at 
Blackfriars,  and  under  the  Head  Master's 
guidance  has  taken  a  position  as  one  of 
the  most  efficient  day  schools  in  England. 
Dr.  Abbott  was  twice  Select  Preacher  at 
Cambridge ;  Hulsean  Lecturer  in  that 
University,  1876;  also  Select  Preacher  at 
Oxford,  1877.  The  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.  in  1872.  Dr.  Abbott  has  published 
the  following  theological  works:  "Bible 
Lessons,"  1872;  "Cambridge  Sermons," 
1875;  "Through  Nature  to  Christ,"  1877; 
"Oxford  Sermons,"  1879;  the  article  on 
"Gospels"  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica ;  and  (in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  W.  G.  Rushbrooke) 
"The  Common  Tradition  of  the  Synoptic 
Gospels,"  1884.  His  other  works  are  a 
"Shakespearian  Grammar,"  1870;  "Eng- 
lish Lessons  for  English  People  "  (written 
in  conjunction  with  Professor  J.  R.  Seeley), 
1871;  "How  to  Write  Clearly,"  1872; 
"Latin  Prose  through  English  Idiom," 
1873;  "The  Good  Voices;  or,  A  Child's 
Guide  to  the  Bible,"  and  "Parables  for 
Children,"  1875  ;  an  English  Grammar,  in 
two  parts,  entitled  "  How  to  Tell  the  Parts 
of  Speech,"  and  "How  to  Parse,"  1875; 
an  edition  of  Bacon's  "  Essays,"  1876 ; 
"Bacon  and  Essex,"  1877;  a  First  Latin 
Book,  entitled  "Via  Latina,"  1880;  "Hints 
on  Home  Teaching,"  1883  ;  "  Francis 
Bacon,  an  Account  of  His  Life  and  Work," 
1885  ;  and  a  First  Latin  Translation  Book, 
entitled  "The  Latin  Gate,"  1889.  Other 
works  published  anonymously,  but  subse- 


ABBOTT  —  ABDULKAHMAN 


quently  acknowledged  by  Dr.  Abbott,  are 
"Philochristus,"  1878  ;  "Onesimus,"  1882  ; 
"  Flatland ;  or,  a  Romance  of  Many  Dimen- 
sions," 1884;  and  "The  Kernel  and  the 
Husk,"  1886.  Dr.  Abbott  resigned  the 
Head  Mastership  of  the  City  of  London 
School  in  1889,  and  received  a  pension 
from  the  Corporation  in  1890 ;  since  which 
he  has  published  "  Philomythus,"  1891; 
"  The  Anglican  Career  of  Cardinal  New- 
man," 1892;  a  First  Latin  Construing  Book, 
entitled  "Dux  Latinus,"  1893  ;  and  "The 
Spirit  of  the  Waters,"  1897.  Address: 
Wellside,  Well  Walk,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

ABBOTT,  The  B.ev.  Professor 
Thomas  Kingsmill,  M.A.,  B.D.,  Litt.  D., 
Librarian  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was 
born  in  Dublin  on  March  26,  1829,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  of  which  he 
became  a  Fellow  in  1864,  where  he  has 
held  successively  the  Professorship  of 
Moral  Philosophy  from  1867  to  1872,  of 
Biblical  Greek  from  1875  to  1888,  and,  since 
1879,  of  Hebrew.  He  is  the  author  of 
various  theological  and  philosophical  works, 
having  published,  amongst  others,  "  Sight 
and  Touch  ;  an  Attempt  to  Disprove  the 
Berkeleian  Theory  of  Vision,"  in  1864; 
"The  Elements  of  Logic,"  in  its  third 
edition,  in  1895;  "Essays  chiefly  on  the 
Original  Texts  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,"  and  "Short  Notes  on  Some 
Epistles  of  St.  Paul,"  in  1892 ;  a  "  Com- 
mentary on  Ephesians  and  Colossians," 
1897 ;  and  a  translation  of  Kant's  "Ethics," 
with  a  Memoir  and  Kant's  "Introduction 
to  Logic."  In  1880  he  published  a  biblio- 
graphical work,  "Par  Palimpsestorum  Dub- 
liniensium."  He  married  in  1859  Caroline, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Kingsmill. 
Address  :  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

ABD-UL-HAMID  II.,  Sultan  of 
Turkey,  was  born  Sept.  22,  1842,  being  a 
younger  son  and  the  fourth  child  of  Abd- 
ul-Medjid,  the  Sultan,  who  died  in  1861. 
On  August  31,  1876,  he  succeeded  his 
brother,  Mourad  V.,  who  was  deposed,  on 
proof  of  his  insanity,  after  a  reign  of 
three  months.  Abd-ul-Hamid  was  solemnly 
girt  with  the  sword  of  Othman  in  the 
Eyoub  Mosque,  Constantinople,  on  Sept.  7. 
He  is  a  Turk  and  a  Mussulman  of  the  old 
school,  and  though  without  allies,  he  fought 
Russia  rather  than  submit  to  any  conditions 
which  should  bring  about  a  disintegration 
of   the   Ottoman   Empire.      On  April   21, 

1877,  Russia  declared  war  against  the 
Porte,  and  in  February  1878,  after  the 
fall  of  Plevna  and  the  passage  of  the 
Balkans,  the  Turks  were  compelled  to  sue 
for  peace.     Since  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  in 

1878,  the  Sultan  has  shown  no  great  anxiety 
to  carry  out  the  reforms,  either  in  Europe 
or  in  Asia,  which  were  therein  stipulated, 


though  in  regard  to  Bulgaria  and  Eastern 
Roumelia  he  has  been  fairly  loyal  to  that 
treaty.  He  was  often  praised  by  Lord 
Beaconsfield  for  his  courage  and  ability  ; 
but  of  late  years  he  has  been  given  over 
to  the  fear  of  assassination,  and  his  dis- 
trust of  his  ministers  is  proverbial.  He 
has  been  at  various  times  under  English, 
German,  and  Russian  influence ;  the  last 
seems  to  be  now  prevailing,  although  his 
conduct  towards  Sir  Philip  Currie  has 
been  most  flattering.  The  Sultan  has 
never  ceased  to  protest  against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  England  in  Egypt,  and  is 
believed  to  have  secretly  stimulated  the 
rebellion  of  Arabi.  His  treatment  of  his 
Christian  subjects  in  Armenia  and  Crete 
during  the  past  three  years  has  stirred  up 
against  him  an  almost  universal  feeling  of 
contempt  and  execration.  In  August  1896 
an  outbreak  took  place  in  Constantinople 
itself,  which  resulted  in  the  murder  of 
thousands  of  Armenian  Christians  in  the 
city.  The  Sultan  was  directly  accused  by 
the  ambassadors  of  the  Powers  of  having 
instigated  the  perpetration  of  this  massacre. 
No  further  steps,  however,  were  taken, 
and  he  succeeded  in  emptying  the  city  of 
nearly  30,000  Armenians  by  expulsive 
measures.  Amongst  his  own  Turkish 
subjects  the  successful  issue  of  the  war 
with  Greece,  in  the  early  part  of  1897, 
has  placed  him  on  a  more  secure  footing. 
On  the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter,  the  Princess  Naime,  in  March 
1898,  the  Sultan  arranged  that  dinners 
should  be  given  at  his  expense  at  different 
points  throughout  Constantinople,  in  order 
that  rich  and  poor  should  share  in  the 
festivities. 

ABDTJLRAHMAN  or  ABDTJR- 
RAHMAH  KHAN,  Ameer  of  Afghani- 
stan, is  a  Barakzai,  and  was  born  about 
1830.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of  Afzul  Khan, 
and  nephew  of  the  late  Ameer  Shere  Ali. 
During  the  civil  war  in  1864  Abdurrahman 
played  a  leading  part  on  the  side  of  his 
father  against  his  uncle,  and  gained  several 
battles.  The  great  victories  of  Shaikhabad 
and  Khelat-i-Ghilzai  were  mainly  due  to 
his  ability.  He  was  entrusted  with  the 
Governorship  of  Balkh,  where  he  made 
himself  popular  by  his  moderation,  and 
by  marrying  the  daughter  of  the  chief  of 
Badakshan.  In  1868  he  was  unable,  how- 
ever, to  offer  a  successful  resistance  to  his 
cousin,  Yakoub  Khan,  son  of  Shere  Ali, 
who  defeated  him  at  Bajgah,  near  Bamain, 
and  also  finally  at  Tinah  Khan.  Abdur- 
rahman then  fled  from  the  country,  ulti- 
mately reaching  Russian  territory. 
General  Kaufmann  permitted  him  to  re- 
side at  Samarcand,  and  allowed  him  a 
pension  of  twenty-five  thousand  roubles 
a  year.     He  remained  in  Turkestan  until 


ABDY—  A  BECKETT 


1879,  when  he  slowly  made  his  way 
through  Balkh  to  the  Cabul  frontier,  and 
in  July  of  the  following  year  he  was  for- 
mally chosen  by  the  leading  men  of  Cabul, 
and  acknowledged  by  the  British  Indian 
Government,  as  Ameer  of  Afghanistan. 
It  has  been  pointed  out  by  an  eminent 
orientalist,  "that  he  not  only  occupies  the 
throne  by  right  of  heredity  and  national 
election,  but  that  he  is  also  a  religious 
Sunni  ruler,  who  reigns  over  a  '  God- 
given  '  country  by  the  consensus  fidelium." 
He  has  still  further  strengthened  this 
strong  position  by  the  firmness  and  vigour 
of  his  administration.  From  the  British 
Government  he  receives  a  regular  subsidy 
of  £160,000  a  year,  with  large  gifts  of 
artillery,  rifles,  and  ammunition  to  improve 
his  military  force.  On  Dec.  26,  1888,  he 
was  shot  at  by  a  Sepoy  at  Mazar-i-Sherif, 
but  without  injury.  In  September  1893 
the  Ameer  cordially  received  a  British 
mission  headed  by  Sir  Mortimer  Durand. 
His  sympathies  are  British  rather  than 
Russian,  and  in  letters  written  both  before 
and  after  the  Durand  mission,  to  his  friend 
Dr.  Leitner,  and  published  by  the  latter, 
he  has  expressed  warm  friendship  for 
England.  He  suffered  from  a  serious 
illness  in  the  autumn  of  1894,  which 
caused  considerable  anxiety  in  England 
and  India.  He  was  made  a  G.C.S.I.  in 
January  1894,  and  was  invited  by  the  Queen 
to  visit  England.  Being,  however,  unable 
to  come  himself,  he  sent  his  second  son, 
the  Shazada  Nasrullah  Khan,  who  received 
a  warm  welcome,  in  1895.  He  was  sus- 
pected of  conniving  at  the  rising  of  the 
tribes  along  the  Indo-Afghan  frontier  in 
July  1897,  and  he  was  requested  by  the 
Indian  Government  to  prevent  his  subjects 
from  participating  in  these  revolts.  His 
answer  showed  him  to  be  thoroughly 
friendly  to  the  British  Government,  and 
he  gave  further  proof  of  this  disposition 
when  he  refused  in  September  to  receive  a 
deputation  of  Afridis  which  had  set  out 
for  Cabul  in  order  to  beg  for  his  aid 
against  the  English. 

ABDY,  John  Thomas,  L.L.D.,  son  of 

Lieut.-Colonel  James  Nicholas  Abdy,  was 
born  July  5,  1822,  and  educated  at  the 
Proprietary  School,  Kensington,  whence 
he  proceeded  to  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  as  Senior  in  the 
Civil  Law  Tripos  in  1844.  In  1847  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.B.,  and  was  created 
LL.D.  in  1852.  In  1850  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  his  college,  and  in  January  of 
that  year  was  called  to  the  Bar  by  the 
Inner  Temple.  For  a  short  time  he  went 
the  Home  circuit,  but  subsequently  chose 
the  Norfolk  circuit.  In  1854  he  was  ap- 
pointed Regius-Professor  of  Civil  Law 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  he 


held  that  office  till  the  close  of  the  year 
1873.  He  is  Lecturer  on  Law  at  Gres- 
ham  College,  London.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Recorder  of  Bedford,  and  in 
the  following  year  was  promoted  to  be 
County  Court  Judge  of  Circuit  No.  38. 
Judge  Abdy  has  published  "An  Historical 
Sketch  of  Civil  Procedure  among  the 
Romans,"  1857;  and  an  edition  of  "Kent's 
Commentary  on  International  Law,"  1866. 
In  collaboration  with  Mr.  Bryan  Walker, 
M.A.,  he  edited,  translated,  and  annotated 
"The  Commentaries  of  Gaius,"  1870,  and 
the  "Institutes"  of  Justinian.  He  has 
retired  from  his  judgeship,  and  in  June 
1898  was  succeeded  in  the  Recordership 
of  Bedford  by  Mr.  W.  Russell  Griffiths. 

A    BECKETT,    Arthur    William, 

youngest  surviving  son  of  the  late  Gilbert 
Abbott  a  Beckett,  the  well-known  metro- 
politan   police    magistrate    and    man    of 
letters    (a    descendant    of    an   old   West 
country  family),  by  his  wife  Mary  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Glossop,  Esq., 
of  the  Hon.  Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms, 
was   born   at  Portland   House,    Hammer- 
smith,   Oct.   25,    1844,    and    educated    at 
Honiton  and  Felstead  schools.    He  entered 
the  War  Office,  but  left  the  Civil  Service 
after  three  years'  experience  of  it  to  be- 
come, at  the  age  of  twenty,  editor  of  the 
Glowworm,  a  London  evening  paper.   During 
ten   years   he   edited  with  much  success 
several   weekly   periodicals   and   monthly 
magazines.      In   1870-71   he   was    special 
correspondent  to  the  Standard  and  Globe 
during  the  Franco-German  War.     For  the 
next  two  years  he  was  private  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.     Since  1874  he 
has  been  on  the  staff  of  Punch,  to  which 
periodical   he    has   contributed,    amongst 
other  series,   "Papers  from  Pump-handle 
Court,  by  A.  Briefless,  Junior  "  ;  published 
in  a  separate  volume  in  1889.     From  1891 
to  1894  he  was  the  editor  of  the  Sunday 
Times.     In  1897  he  accepted  the  editorship 
of  the  Naval  and  Military  Magazine.    After 
serving  for  two  years  as  Vice-President  of 
the   Newspaper   Society,   he   was   elected 
President  for  1893-94  in  succession  to  Sir 
Algernon  Borthwick,  Sir  Charles  Cameron, 
and  Sir  Edward  Lawson.     In  1898  he  was 
elected  Chairman  of  the  London  District 
of  the  Institute  of  Journalists.     He  is  also 
a  Member  of  the  Council  and  Committee 
of  Management  of  the  Society  of  Authors, 
and  an  Hon.  Member,  "for  distinguished 
services   to    journalism,"  of   the  Foreign 
Press  Association.     He  is  also  a  Captain 
(retired)  of  the  4th  Battalion  (Militia)  of 
the  Cheshire  Regiment.     Mr.  a  Beckett  is 
author  of  several  novels  and  of  two  three- 
act    comedies,     "L.  S.  D."    and     "About 
Town";  a  domestic  drama  in  one>act,  "On 
Strike";  "Faded  Flowers";  and  "Long 


ABEL  —  ABEBDEEN 


Ago."  He  has  also  dramatised  (in  con- 
junction with  the  late  Mr.  J.  Palgrave 
Simpson)  his  novel  "Fallen  among 
Thieves,"  under  the  title  of  "From 
Father  to  Sod."  In  1887  he  edited  and  in 
some  parts  re-wrote  his  father's  "Comic 
Blackstone,"  originally  published  in  1845, 
bringing  it  up  to  date.  Having,  in  1881, 
been  called  to  the  Bar  by  the  Hon.  Society 
of  Gray's  Inn,  in  1887  he  was  appointed 
Master  of  the  Revels  of  that  Society  by 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught,  Treasurer, 
and  the  other  Masters  of  the  Bench,  and 
in  that  office  edited  and  produced  "The 
Maske  of  Flowers  "  in  the  Hall  of  Gray's 
Inn,  in  honour  of  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee. 
The  performance  was  repeated  in  1891  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  when  Mr.  k  Beckett 
had  the  unique  honour  of  being  licensed 
by  the  Lord  Chamberlain  (the  Earl  of 
Lathom)  "sole  and  responsible  manager 
of  the  Inner  Temple  Hall  Theatre "  for 
the  purpose.  Mr.  a  Beckett  married  in 
1876  Susannah  Frances,  daughter  of  the 
late  Forbes  Winslow,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
D.C.L.  (Oxon.),  and  granddaughter  of  the 
late  Captain  Thomas  Winslow,  of  the  47th 
Regiment,  first  cousin  of  Singleton  Copley, 
Esq.,  R.A.,  the  father  of  Lord  Chancellor 
Lyndhurst.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  a  Beckett  have 
had  four  sons,  two  of  whom  survive. 

ABEL,  Charles  Nicolas,  archaeologist 
and  politician  of  Lorraine,  was  born  at 
Thionville,  Dec.  2,  1824,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Lycee  of  Metz  and  at  Paris,  where 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws 
in  1847.  After  the  annexation  of  Lorraine 
in  1871,  he  was  elected  to  the  Reichstag 
in  1874,  and  protested  with  the  other 
French  deputies  against  the  German 
occupation.  Knowing  little  of  German, 
he  retired  from  Parliament  in  1878,  and  in 
1882  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his  work 
on  the  local  history  of  Lorraine,  especially 
of  the  Moselle  department.  His  chief 
works  are :  "  Se'jour  de  Charles  IX%  a 
Metz,"  1866  ;  "Rabelais,  me"decin  stipendie' 
de  la  ville  de  Metz,"  1870;  "La  Bulle 
d'Or  a  Metz,"  1875  ;  and  in  1881  a  collec- 
tion of  his  speeches  was  published. 

ABEL,  Sir  Frederick  Augustus, 
K.C.B.,  D.C.L,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London 
in  1827,  and  is  known  principally  in  con- 
nection with  chemistry  and  explosives. 
His  published  works  are  :  "  The  Modern 
History  of  Gunpowder,"  1866;  "Gun 
Cotton,"  1866;  "On  Explosive  Agents," 
1872;  "Researches  in  Explosives,"  1875; 
and  "Electricity  Applied  to  Explosive 
Purposes,"  1884.  He  is  also  joint-author 
with  Colonel  Bloxam  of  a  "Handbook  of 
Chemistry."  Sir  Frederick  Abel  has  been 
President  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry, 
the    Society   of    Chemical    Industry,   and 


the  Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers  and 
Electricians.  He  was  Professor  of  Chemi- 
stry at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  from 
1851  to  1855,  and  was  Chemist  of  the  War 
Department  from  1854  to  1888.  In  1883  he 
was  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  on 
Accidents  in  Mines,  and  President  of  the 
Committee  on  Explosives  from  1888  to  1891. 
He  has  been  Organising  Secretary  of  the 
Imperial  Institute  from  1887,  and  is  at 
present  also  its  Honorary  Secretary  and 
Director.  He  was  President  of  the  British 
Association  at  the  Leeds  meeting,  1890. 
He  has  also  been  President  of  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute,  Chemical  Society, 
Institute  of  Chemistry,  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry,  Institute  of  Electric  Engineers, 
and  Chairman  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  He 
is  Albert,  Royal,  Telford,  and  Bessemer 
Medallist.  He  was  created  C.B.  in  1877, 
and  Hon.  D.C.L.,  Oxford,  in  1883,  and 
was  made  a  KGB.  in  the  same  year. 
Addresses  :  2  Whitehall  Court,  S.W.  :'  and 
Athenaeum. 

ABERCORN  (Duke  of),  James 
Hamilton,  K.G.,  Chairman  of  the  British 
South  Africa  Company,  was  born  in  1838, 
and  succeeded  his  father,  the  first  Duke, 
in  1885.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  (M.A.).  He 
represented  Donegal  in  the  House  of 
Commons  for  twenty  years,  1860-80,  and 
was  Lord  of  the  Bedchamber  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales  from  1866  to  1886.  Since 
the  latter  year  he  has  been  Groom  of  the 
Stole  in  the  same  household.  He  married 
in  1869  Lady  Mary  AnDa  Curzon,  daughter 
of  the  first  Earl  Howe.  Addresses :  61 
Green  Street,  W.  ;  Baronscourt,  Newton 
Stewart,  Ireland  ;  and  Duddingston  House, 
Edinburgh. 

ABERDEEN  AND  ORKNEY, 
Bishop  of.  See  Douglas,  The  Hon. 
and  Right  Rev.  Aethue  Gascoigne. 

ABERDEEN,  Earl  of,  the  Right 
Hon.  Sir  John  Campbell  Hamilton- 
Gordon,  G.C.M.G.,  born  Aug.  3,  1847,  is 
the  grandson  of  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  who 
was  Prime  Minister  in  1854.  He  was 
educated  at  the  College  Hall,  in  connection 
with  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  and 
at  University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  M.A.  in  1871.  He  was  made 
LL.D.  of  St.  Andrews  in  1883,  Hon.  LL.D. 
of  Queen's  University  (Ontario),  M'Gill 
University,  Ottawa,  Toronto,  and  Laval  in 
1894,  Hon.  D.C.L.  of  the  University  of 
Bishops  College,  Lennoxville,  in  1895,  Hon. 
LL.D.  of  Princeton  University  in  1K97,  and 
LL.D.  of  Harvard  in  June  1898.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his 
brother,  Jan.  27,  1870.  He  entered  the 
House  of  Lords  as  a  Conservative,  but  in 


ABERGAVENNY—  ACLAND 


the  session  of  1876  he  disagreed  with 
some  of  the  principal  measures  of  his 
party,  and  in  1878,  when  the  Earls  of 
Derby  and  Carnarvon  resigned  their  offices, 
Lord  Aberdeen  heartily  supported  the 
views  of  these  statesmen.  In  the  debate 
on  the  Afghan  war  he  voted  against  the 
government  of  Lord  Beaconsfield.  In  1875 
he  was  a  Member  and  subsequently  Chair- 
man of  a  Royal  Commission  to  inquire 
into  the  subject  of  Railway  Accidents. 
In  1877-78  he  was  a  Member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Lords  on  Intem- 
perance. In  1880,  having  by  that  time 
become  a  recognised  member  of  the 
Liberal  Party,  he  was  appointed  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Aberdeenshire,  and  High 
Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland  in  1881  and  four 
succeeding  years.  In  1885  he  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Loss  of 
Life  at  Sea.  In  January  1886  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Mr.  Gladstone  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  with  the  mission  of  carrying 
out  the  Home  Rule  policy  of  the  Govern- 
ment. In  this  capacity  he  was  immensely 
popular  in  Ireland,  and  the  scene  in  Dublin 
on  the  occasion  of  the  "leave-taking" 
after  the  fall  of  the  Gladstone  Cabinet  in 
July,  is  said  to  have  been  such  as  had 
never  been  witnessed  there'  before,  at 
least  not  since  the  departure  of  Lord 
Fitzwilliam  in  1795.  He  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  1886.  Subsequently 
Lord  and  Lady  Aberdeen  made  a  trip 
round  the  world,  visiting  India  and  the 
principal  British  Colonies.  In  May  1893 
Lord  Aberdeen  was  appointed  Governor- 
General  of  Canada.  Lord  Aberdeen  has 
been  largely  connected  with  various  re- 
ligious and  philanthropic  associations,  and 
is  president  of  not  a  few  such  societies. 
Since  1891  he  has  been  Vice-President  of 
the  Royal  Colonial  Institute.  He  was 
married  in  1877  to  Ishbel  Maria,  second 
and  youngest  daughter  of  the  1st  Lord 
Tweedmouth,  and  has  four  children.  Lady 
Aberdeen  is  well  known  for  the  interest 
she  takes  in  all  movements  affectiDg  the 
welfare  of  women  and  of  the  Irish 
peasantry.  In  July  1898  his  retirement 
from  the  Governor-Generalship  was  an- 
nounced. Addresses  :  Government  House, 
Ottawa  ;  Haddo  House  and  Tarland  Lodge, 
Aberdeenshire. 

ABERGAVENNY  (Marquis  of),  Sir 
William  Nevill,  K.G.,  was  born  in  1826, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Aber- 
gavenny. He  succeeded  as  fifth  Earl  in 
1868,  and  was  created  Marquis  in  1876. 
He  is  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Sussex.  He 
married  in  1848  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Sir  J.  V.  B.  Johnstone.  Addresses  •  64 
Eccleston  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Bridge  Castle, 
Tunbridge  Wells. 


ABNEY,  Captain  William  de  Wive* 
leslie,  C.B.,  D.C.L.,  E.R.S.,  was  born  at 
Derby  on  July  24,  1844,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  Canon  Abney.  He  was  educated 
at  Rossall,  and  privately,  and  at  the 
Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Engineers  in  1861,  and  captain  in  1873. 
He  was  formerly  Instructor  in  Chemistry 
to  the  Royal  Engineers,  Chatham,  and  is 
now  Director  for  Science  in  the  Science 
and  Art  Department.  He  was  President  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  from  1893 
to  1895,  and  of  the  Physical  Society  from 
1895  to  1897.  He  was  one  of  the  scientific 
observers  of  the  transit  of  Venus  in  1874. 
His  works  are  :  "Instruction  in  Photo- 
graphy," 1870;  "Treatise  on  Photography," 
1875 ;  "  Colour  Vision,  Colour  Measure- 
ment and  Mixture,"  1893;  "Thebes  and 
its  Five  Greater  Temples,"  1876 ;  and 
"The  Pioneers  of  the  Alps,"  written  in 
conjunction  with  C.  D.  Cunningham,  1888. 
He  is  the  author  also  of  many  papers 
in  the  Philosophical-  Transactions,  and  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  and  the 
Philosophical,  Magazine.  He  obtained  the 
Rumford  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1883  for  his  researches  in  photo- 
graphy and  spectrum  analysis.  Addresses  : 
Measham  Hall,  Leicestershire  ;  Rathmore 
Lodge,  Bolton  Gardens,  South,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

ABRAHAM,  Miss  M.    See  Tennastt, 

Mes. 

ABRAHAM,  William  ("Mabon"), 
M.P.  for  the  Rhondda  Valley  Division  of 
Glamorganshire,  was  born  in  1842,  and  is 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  Abraham,  a  working 
miner,  collier,  and  copper  smelter.  Edu- 
cated at  Carnarvon  village  school,  he  has 
been  a  miners'  agent  from  1873  onwards, 
and  in  1885  was  returned  to  Parliament  for 
the  Rhondda  Valley,  retaining  his  seat  ever 
since.  He  is  Vice-President  of  the  Mon- 
mouth and  South  Wales  Mining  Associa- 
tion, J.P.  for  Glamorganshire,  and  Member 
of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Labour  and 
Mining  Royalties.  He  is  prominently  iden- 
tified with  Labour  questions,  especially  as 
they  affect  Welsh  miners,  and  is  a  warm 
supporter  of  the  Eistedfodd  and  all  that  it 
implies  in  the  literary  and  social  life  of 
the  Welsh.  "Mabon"  is  Mr.  Abraham's 
bardic  name.  Addresses :  6  Llewellyn 
Street,  Pentre,  Pontypridd ;  and  8  Suffolk 
Street,  S.W. 

ACLAND,  The  Right  Hon.  Arthur 
Herbert  Dyke,  M.A.,  M.P.,  late  Vice- 
President  of  the  Council  of  Education,  is 
the  third  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  Bart.,  and  was  born 
in  1847.     He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and 


ACLAND 


Christ  Church,  Oxford,  matriculating  at 
the  University  in  May  1866,  and  taking  his 
B.A.  degree  in  1870  and  his  M.A.  in  1873. 
He  was  ordained  about  this  time,  but  after- 
wards retired  under  the  Clerical  Disabilities 
Relief  Act  of  1870.  At  Oxford  he  was  for 
long  a  prominent  don,  having  been  ap- 
pointed successively  Hon.  Fellow  and 
Senior  Bursar  of  Balliol  and  Steward  of 
Christ  Church.  His  interest  in  economic 
questions  and  politics  was  always  keen, 
and  when  at  Christ  Church,  he  gathered 
round  him  a  group  of  similarly-minded 
dons  and  undergraduates,  who  were  known 
as  "  The  Inner  Circle."  From  1875  to  1877 
he  was  Principal  of  the  Oxford  Military 
School  at  Cowley.  In  1885  he  entered 
Parliament  as  Liberal  member  for  the 
Rotherham  Division  of  Yorkshire,  and  has, 
since  1886,  continued  to  represent  that 
constituency  as  a  Gladstonian.  He  has 
been  very  prominent,  in  Parliament  and 
out  of  it,  in  promoting  the  cause  of  Inter- 
mediate and  Technical  Education,  and  in 
August  1892  was  appointed  Vice-President 
of  the  Council  of  Education,  a  position 
which  he  held  till  the  change  of  Govern- 
ment in  1895.  He  is  author  of  a  "  Hand- 
book Political  History  of  England"  and 
of  "Working-men  Co-operators."  He 
married,  in  1873,  Alice  Sophia,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Francis  Cunningham. 
Addresses  :  28  Cheyne  Walk,  S.W.  ;  West- 
holme,  Scarborough  ;  and  Athenseum. 

ACLAND,  Sir  Charles  Thomas 
Dyke,  M.A.,  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  11th  Baronet, 
was  born  July  16,  1842,  and  succeeded  to 
the  baronetcy  in  May  1898.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Bradfield,  Eton,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  third-class  hon- 
ours in  Classics  in  1866.  He  is  a  barrister, 
a  Deputy  Warden  of  the  Stannaries,  and 
was  formerly  Lieut. -Colonel  of  the  1st 
Devon  Yeomanry  Cavalry.  He  sat  in 
Parliament  as  member  for  East  Cornwall 
from  1882  to  1885,  and  represented  North 
Cornwall  from  1885  to  1892.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  Church  Estates  Commissioner  in 
1886,  and  was  Parliamentary  Secretary  to 
the  Board  of  Trade  from  February  to 
August  of  the  same  year.  He  is  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  Devon,  Somerset,  and 
Cornwall,  is  an  Alderman  of  the  Devon 
County  Council,  and  has  been  Chairman  of 
the  Technical  Education  Committee  of  the 
Devon  County  Council  from  its  beginning. 
He  is  besides  a  Vice-President  of  the  Bath 
and  West  of  England  and  Southern 
Counties  Agricultural  Society,  and  has 
acted  on  various  occasions  as  chairman  of 
the  different  committees  of  this  society. 
In  1879  he  was  married  to  Gertrude, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Walrond  Walrond, 
Bart.     Addresses :     Holincote,    Taunton ; 


Killerton,    Exeter ;    50   Lennox   Gardens, 
S.W.  ;  and  Athenaaum. 

ACLAND,  Sir  Henry  "Wentworth, 
Bart.,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  Emeritus  Regius- 
Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University  of 
Oxford;  Radcliffe  Librarian,  Oxford ;  Hon. 
D.C.L.  of  Cambridge,  Edinburgh,  Durham, 
and  Hon.  M.D.  Dublin,  OR  Empire  of 
Brazil,  Member  of  various  Medical  and 
Scientific  Societies  in  Athens,  Christiania, 
and  the  United  States,  is  the  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Sir  Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  tenth 
baronet.  He  was  born  in  1815,  and  educated 
at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and 
was  elected,  in  1841,  to  a  Fellowship  at 
All  Souls.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Oxford  in  1848,  having  been  appointed 
Lee's  Reader  in  Anatomy  in  1845.  In  that 
capacity,  with  several  able  assistants, 
especially  Professors  Beale,  Victor  Carus, 
Melville,  and  Mr.  Charles  Robertson,  he 
made  the  extensive  Christ  Church  Physio- 
logical Series,  on  the  plan  of  John  Hunter, 
now  in  the  Oxford  University  Museum — 
an  institution  to  the  foundation  of  which 
Dr.  Acland's  labours  contributed  not  a 
little,  his  aim  being  to  lay  the  foundation, 
on  the  widest  basis,  of  a  complete  study  of 
the  Kosmos  in  the  old  classical  university. 
He  published,  in  1859,  with  Mr.  Ruskin,  a 
short  account  of  the  aims  of  the  Museum 
in  "The  Oxford  Museum,"  republished  in 
1894,  with  additions  by  Mr.  Ruskin  and 
himself.  He  became  Regius-Professor  of 
Medicine  in  1858,  and  Radcliffe  Librarian, 
and  is  Curator  of  the  Oxford  University 
Galleries  and  of  the  Bodleian  Library.  Ho 
was  appointed  a  member  of  Mr.  Gathorne 
Hardy's  Cubic  Space  Commission  in  1866, 
and  of  the  Royal  Sanitary  Commission 
from  1869  to  1872.  He  represented  the 
University  of  Oxford  on  the  Medical 
Council  from  1858  to  1875;  has  been 
President  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion, of  the  Physiological  section  of  the 
British  Association,  and  of  the  Public 
Health  section  of  the  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation. He  published  a  treatise  on  "  The 
Plains  of  Troy"  in  1839,  with  a  large  care- 
ful drawing  made  on  the  spot  in  1838. 
He  has  written  several  works  on  medical, 
scientific,  and  educational  subjects,  in- 
cluding an  important  sanitary  work  under 
the  title  of  "Memoir  on  the  Visitation  of 
Cholera  in  Oxford  in  1854,"  and  another, 
called  "Village  Health,"  in  1884.  He 
accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  to 
America  in  1860,  and  on  his  return  was 
appointed  honorary  physician  to  his  Royal 
Highness.  Sir  Henry  Acland  was  also 
Physician  to  H.R.H.  Prince  Leopold  dur- 
ing his  Oxford  career.  From  1 870  to  1872  he 
was  member  of  the  Sanitary  Commission, 
was  President  of  the  General  Medical 
Council  from  1874  to  1887,  and  was  made 


ACTON  — ADAM 


K.C.B.  in  1884.  He  retired  from  the 
Regius-Professorship  of  Medicine  in  1894. 
He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Cotton,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.  She  died 
in  1878,  and  the  Sarah  Acland  Nursing 
Home  at  Oxford  is  founded  in  her  memory. 
Addresses :  Broad  Street,  Oxford ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

ACTON  (Lord),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Sir  John  Emerich  Edward  Dalberg 
Acton,  Bart.,  D.C.L.,  son  of  Sir  Ferdinand 
Richard  Edward  Acton,  Bart.,  of  Alden- 
ham,  Shropshire,  by  the  only  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  Dalberg  (afterwards  wife  of 
the  second  Lord  Granville),  was  born  at 
Naples  in  1834,  and  when  about  three 
years  of  age  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy 
on  the  death  of  his  father.  For  a  few 
years  he  was  a  student  in  the  Catholic 
College  of  St.  Mary's  Oscott,  at  the  time 
when  Dr.  (afterwards  Cardinal)  Wiseman 
was  at  the  head  of  that  institution  ;  but 
his  education  was  mainly  due  to  the  re- 
nowned ecclesiastical  historian  Dr.  Dbl- 
linger,  of  Munich,  with  whom  he  lived  for 
a  considerable  time.  Sir  John  Acton  re- 
presented Carlowin  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1859  to  1865.  In  the  latter  year  he 
stood  as  a  candidate  for  the  borough  of 
Bridgnorth,  when  he  announced  in  a  speech 
delivered  to  the  electors  that  he  repre- 
sented not  the  body,  but  the  spirit  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  was  success- 
ful at  the  poll  by  a  majority  of  one,  but 
on  a  scrutiny  was  unseated.  In  1869,  on 
the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  he 
was  created  a  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom 
by  the  title  of  Baron  Acton  of  Aldenham. 
In  the  same  year  he  repaired  to  Rome,  on 
the  assembling  of  the  (Ecumenical  Council, 
and  while  there  rendered  himself  conspi- 
cuous by  his  hostility  to  the  definition  of  the 
doctrine  of  Papal  Infallibility,  and  by  the 
activity  and  secrecy  with  which  he  rallied, 
combined,  and  urged  on  those  who  ap- 
peared to  be  favourable  to  the  views  enter- 
tained by  Dr.  Dollinger.  It  is  believed 
that  he  was  in  relation  with  the  AUgemeine 
Zeitung,  and  that  much  of  the  news  pub- 
lished by  that  journal  on  the  subject  of 
the  Council  was  communicated  by  his 
lordship.  Lord  Acton  may  be  regarded 
as  the  leader  of  the  "Liberal  Roman 
Catholics,"  who  are  more  or  less  out  of 
accord  with  the  traditions  of  the  Holy 
See.  He  was  the  editor  of  the  Home  and 
Foreign  Review,  a  trimestral  periodical, 
commenced  in  1862,  and  carried  on  till 
1864,  when  it  ceased  to  appear,  having 
been  condemned  by  the  English  Roman 
Catholic  hierarchy.  At  a  later  date  he 
edited  the  Chronicle,  a  weekly  newspaper, 
which  for  want  of  adequate  support  had 
but  a  brief  existence ;  and  still  more 
recently  he  conducted  the  North  British 


Review,  formerly  an  organ  of  the  Congre- 
gationalists,  which  expired  under  his  man- 
agement. His  lordship  also  published  in 
September  1870  "A  Letter  to  a  German 
Bishop  present  at  the  Vatican  Council" 
(Sendschreiben  an  einen  Deutschen  Bischof 
des  Vaticanischen  Coneils,  Nordingen,  Sep- 
tember 1870).  This  elicited  from  Bishop 
Ketteler,  of  Mayence,  a  spirited  reply, 
which  has  been  translated  into  English. 
His  lordship  zealously  advocated  the  cause 
of  Dr.  Dollinger,hisformer  preceptor,  and  of 
the  "Old  Roman  Catholic"  party;  and,  con- 
sequently, upon  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee 
of  the  University  of  Munich,  in  August 
1872,  the  Philosophical  Faculty  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor. 
In  1874  he  rendered  himself  conspicuous 
by  the  prominent  part  he  took  in  the  con- 
troversy which  was  raised  by  the  publica- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone's  pamphlet  on  the 
Vatican  Decrees.  His  lordship,  in  a  series 
of  letters  to  the  Times,  brought  grave 
charges,  against  several  of  the  Popes, 
although  he  said  that  there  was  nothing 
in  life  which  he  valued  more  than  com- 
munion with  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
Lord  Acton  is  the  author  of  the  article  on 
"  Wolsey  and  the  Divorce  of  Henry  VIII." 
in  the  Quarterly  Review  for  January  1877. 
A  French  translation  of  Lord  Acton's  two 
letters  on  Liberty  was  published  with  a 
preface  by  M.  de  Laveleye,  under  the  title 
of  "  Histoire  de  la  Liberte  dans  l'Antiquite' 
et  le  Christianisme,"  1878.  One  of  his 
most  recent  publications  is  a  reprint,  en- 
titled "  Lecture  on  the  Study  of  History," 
1895.  In  1887  Lord  Acton  was  made 
D.C.L.  at  Oxford,  and  in  1890  was  elected 
to  an  honorary  fellowship  at  All  Souls' 
College,  Oxford — a  distinction  shared  only 
by  Mr.  Gladstone.  He  was  made  an  Hon. 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  in  1888.  In  1892 
Lord  Acton  was  appointed  a  Lord-in- 
Waiting,  and  remained  so  until  1895.  Lord 
Acton  married  Countess  Marie  Arco-Valley 
in  1865.  Addresses :  Aldenham  Park, 
Bridgnorth ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ADAM,  Mme.  Edmond,  nie  Juliette 
Lamher,  was  born  at  Verberie  Oct.  4, 
1836,  the  daughter  of  a  doctor.  She 
started  writing  in  1858  under  her  maiden 
name.  She  first  married  M.  la  Messine 
and  afterwards  M.  Edmond  Adam,  deputy 
for  the  Department  of  the  Seine ;  he 
was  Prefet  de  Police  at  the  time  of  the 
Franco-German  war,  and  during  the  siege 
of  Paris  remained  in  the  city  ;  he  was 
created  a  life  Senator,  but  died  in  1877. 
Mme.  Adam  was  with  him,  and  after- 
wards recorded  her  experiences  in  "Le 
Siege  de  Paris  :  Journal  d'une  Parisienne," 
published  in  1873.  Mme.  Adam  has  pub- 
lished a  number  of  works  on  political 
and  social  subjects,  especially  the  position 


ADAM  — ADAMS 


9 


of  women.  Amongst  her  other  works  are 
"  Garibaldi,"  1859  ;  "  Le  Mandarin,"  "  Mon 
Village,"  1860  ;  "Recits  d'une  Paysanne," 
1862;  "Voyage  autour  du  Grand-Pere," 
1863 ;  "  Recits  du  Golfe  Juan,"  1865 ; 
"Dans  les  Alpes,"  1867;  "Saine  et 
Sauve,"  1870;  "Laide,"  1878;  "Palnne," 
1879 ;  "  Poetes  Grecs  Contemporains," 
1881  ;  "  La  Patrie  Hongroise ;  Souvenirs 
Personnels,"  3rd  edit.,  1884  ;  "  Le  Ge'ne'ral 
Skobeleff,"  1886;  "Jalousie  de  Jeune 
Fille,"  1889.  She  is  also  credited  with 
having  written  the  studies  of  foreign 
nations  —  Berlin,  Vienna,  London,  St. 
Petersburg,  Madrid,  and  Rome — published 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Count  Paul 
Vasili,"  which  appeared  within  the  years 
1884-87.  In  1879  Mme.  Adam  started 
the  Nouvelle  Revue,  which  she  continues  to 
conduct  with  great  ability,  and  personally 
contributes  the  fortnightly  articles  on 
Foreign  politics.  Her  "  Memoires,"  begun 
in  1895,  are  promised  us.  Her  address  in 
Paris  is  190  Boulevard  Malesherbes,  where, 
under  the  Empire,  she  kept  up  her  famous 
political  salon. 

ADAM  (Lord),  James  Adam,  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Session  and  Commissioner 
of  Justiciary,  Scotland,  was  born  in  Edin- 
burgh on  Oct.  31,  1824,  and  is  the  son  of 
James  Adam,  S.S.C.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Academy  and  University,  Edinburgh. 
He  was  Advocate-Depute  from  1858  to  1859, 
from  1866  to  1867,  and  in  1874.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  also  Sheriff  of  Perthshire.  In 
1876  he  rose  to  the  Bench.  Addresses  :  34 
Moray  Place,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Athenieum. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Francis,  great- 
grandson  of  John  Adams,  the  second 
President  of  the  United  States,  born  in 
Boston,  May  27,  1835,  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1856,  and  admitted  to 
the  Bar  in  1858.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion  in  1861  he 
entered  the  army,  in  which  he  served 
until  June  1865,  attaining  the  rank  of 
Colonel  of  Cavalry.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  was  breveted  Brigadier-General. 
Subsequently  he  identified  himself  with 
questions  connected  with  the  development 
of  the  railroad  system,  and  in  1869  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Board  of  Railroad 
Commissioners  of  Massachusetts,  which 
position  he  resigned  in  1879.  In  June 
1884  he  became  President  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railway  Company,  resigning  there- 
from in  November  1890.  He  has  contri- 
buted a  number  of  articles  to  the  North 
American  Review,  and  in  connection  with 
the  subject  of  railroads  is  the  author  of 
"A  Chapter  of  Erie,"  1869  ;  "The  Railroad 
Problem,"  1875  ;  "  Railroads,  their  Origin 
and  Problems,"  1878;  and  "Notes  on 
Railroad  Accidents,"  1879.     He  delivered 


at  Cambridge,  in  1883,  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
oration,  entitled  "A  College  Fetich." 
Since  resigning  the  Presidency  of  the 
Union  Pacific  he  has  devoted  himself  to 
literature  and  historical  research,  publish- 
ing the  "Life  of  Richard  Henry  Dana," 
in  1890  ;  "  Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts 
History," in  1892  ;  and  "Massachusetts,  its 
Historians  and  its  History,"  in  1893.  In 
addition  to  the  above  he  has  contributed 
a  number  of  papers  on  historical  topics  to 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society,  of  which  society  he  is  a 
Vice-President. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Kendall,  LL.D., 
was  born  at  Derby,  Vermont,  Jan.  24, 1835. 
A.B.  (Univ.  of  Michigan),  1861.  He  was 
appointed  Assistant  Professor  of  History 
and  Latin  at  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  1863,  becoming  full  Professor  in  1868. 
In  1881  he  was  made  Non-Resident  Pro- 
fessor of  History  at  Cornell  University, 
where,  in  July  1885,  he  succeeded  to  the 
Presidency  on  the  resignation  of  President 
White.  While  at  the  former  university  he 
reorganised  the  methods  of  instruction  in 
history  substantially  in  accordance  with 
the  German  system,  and  in  1869-70  founded 
an  historical  seminary,  which  was  very 
efficient  in  promoting  the  study  of  history 
and  political  science.  He  was  also  made 
Dean  of  the  School  of  Political  Science  on 
its  establishment  at  the  University  of 
Michigan.  In  1890  he  was  elected  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion. In  1892  he  resigned  the  Presidency 
of  Cornell  University  and  accepted  the 
Presidency  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
He  has  published  "Democracy  and  Mon- 
archy in  France,"  1874;  "Manual  of 
Historical  Literature,"  1882,  3rd  edit. 
1889;  "Representative  British  Orations," 
3  vols.,  1884  ;  "  Christopher  Columbus  :  His 
Life  and  Work,"  1892  ;  and  in  1892  became 
editor-in-chief  of  "Johnson's  Universal 
Cyclopaedia."  He  is  also  the  author  of  a 
large  number  of  pamphlets  and  papers  on 
historical  and  educational  subjects. 

ADAMS,  "William,  F.R.C.S.,  was 
born  in  London  Feb.  1,  1820,  his  father 
being  a  surgeon  in  Finsbury  Square.  He 
was  educated  at  Mr.  W.  Simpson's,  Hack- 
ney, and  afterwards  at  King's  College, 
London.  He  was  appointed  in  1842 
Demonstrator  of  Morbid  Anatomy  at 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  in  1851  Assistant 
Surgeon  ;  and  in  1857  Surgeon  to  the 
Royal  Orthopoedic  Hospital ;  in  1854  Lec- 
turer on  Surgery  at  the  Grosvenor  Place 
School  of  Medicine  ;  in  1855  Surgeon  to 
the  Great  Northern  Hospital ;  and  in  1874 
Surgeon  to  the  National  Hospital  for  the 
Paralysed  and  Epileptic.  Mr.  Adams  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  Pathological 


10 


ADAMS  —  ADDEELEY 


Society  of  London  in  1867  ;  President  of 
the  Harveian  Society  of  London  in  1873  ; 
and  President  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
London  in  1876.  He  is  the  author  of  "A 
Sketch  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Subcutaneous  Surgery,"  1857;  "On  the 
Reparative  Process  in  Human  Tendons 
after  Division,"  1860  ;  "  Lectures  on  Path- 
ology and  Treatment  of  Lateral  Curvature 
of  the  Spine,"  1865,  2nd  edit.  1882  ;  "On 
the  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Club- 
foot," 1866  (being  the  Jacksonian  Prize 
Essay  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
for  1864),  2nd  edit.  1873  ;  "  Subcutaneous 
Division  of  the  Neck  of  the  Thigh  Bone 
for  Bony  Anchylosis  of  the  Hip-Joint," 
1871 ;  "On  the  Treatment  of  Dupuytren's 
Contraction  of  the  Fingers ;  and  on  the 
Obliteration  of  Depressed  Cicatrices  by 
Subcutaneous  Operation,"  1879,  2nd  edit. 
1890  ;  "  On  Congenital  Displacement  of 
the  Hip-Joint,"  1890;  "Congenital  Wry- 
Neck,"  in  the  Trans,  of  the  Amer.  Ortho}}. 
Assoc,  1896,  &c.  Address:  7  Loudoun 
Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

ADAMS,      'William      Davenport, 

author,  critic,  and  journalist,  son  of  the 
late  well-known  author  W.  H.  Davenport 
Adams,  was  born  in  1851,  and  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Edinburgh 
University.  He  contributed  to  boys' 
magazines  at  an  early  age,  and  began 
regular  journalistic  work  in  1870.  He  has 
been  editor  of  five  newspapers,  daily  and 
weekly,  and  since  1885  has  been  on  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Globe  as  head  of  its 
Reviewing  Department,  besides  contribut- 
ing much  to  the  press  at  large.  As  a 
literary  and  dramatic  critic  he  is  well 
known.  His  chief  publications  include 
"A  Dictionary  of  English  Literature"  and 
"English  Epigrams,"  1878;  "The  Witty 
and  Humorous  Side  of  the  English 
Poets,"  1880;  "By-Ways  in  Bookland," 
1888;  "A  Book  of  Burlesque,"  1891; 
"With  Poet  and  Player,"  1891;  "A 
Dictionary  of  the  Drama,"  and  several 
anthologies  in  prose  and  verse.  His  wife, 
Mrs.  Estelle  Davenport  Adams,  is  the 
compiler  of  "Flower  and  Leaf,"  1884; 
"Sea-Song  and  River  Rhvme,"  1887;  and 
the  "Poets'  Praise  of  Poets,"  1894.  Ad- 
dress :  Globe  Office,  367  Strand,  W.C. 

ADAMS,  Professor  William  Grylls, 

M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S. ,  was  born  at  Launces- 
ton,  Cornwall,  and  is  the  brother  of  the 
famous  astronomer  John  Couch  Adams. 
He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Natural 
Philosophy  and  Astronomy  at  King's 
College,  London,  in  1863,  a  post  which  he 
still  retains.  He  is  a  Member  of  Council 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  is  Vice-President 
of  the  Physical  Society.  He  was  President 
of  the  Mathematical  and  Physical  Section 


of  the  British  Association  at  Swansea  in 
1880,  and  delivered  the  Presidential  Ad- 
dress. He  has  published  many  papers 
on  physical  subjects  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  Nature,  the  Philosophical 
Mai/azine,  and  kindred  journals.  Address  ; 
43  Campden-Hill  Square,  W. 

ADAMS  -  ACTON",  John,  sculptor, 
born  Dec.  11,  1836,  at  Acton,  Middlesex, 
and  educated  at  Ealing  Grove  School,  was 
admitted  to  the  Royal  Academy  in  1855, 
where  he  gained  the  first  silver  medal  in 
each  school  and  also  the  gold  medal  for 
an  original  composition  in  sculpture, 
subject — "  Eve  Supplicating  Forgiveness  at 
the  Feet  of  Adam."  He  was  sent  to  Rome 
by  the  Royal  Academy  as  travelling 
student.  His  principal  works  in  ideal 
sculpture  produced  in  Rome  and  in  Eng- 
land are  :  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  "  The 
First  Sacrifice"  (Abel),  "II  Giuocatore 
di  Castelletto,"  "Pharaoh's  Daughter," 
"Zenobia,"  "Cupid,"  "Psyche,"  from 
Morris's  "Earthly  Paradise."  Mr.  Adams- 
Acton  has  executed  portrait  statues  or 
busts  of  Mr.  Gladstone  (St.  George's  Hall, 
Liverpool),  Lord  Brougham  (Reform  Club 
and  Fishmongers'  Hall),  Mr.  Bright  (Sea- 
forth  Hall,  and  the  National  Liberal  Club, 
the  last  bust  for  which  Mr,  Bright  gave 
sittings),  Mr.  Cobden,  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson, 
George  Cruikshank,  John  Gibson  (Royal 
Academy),  George  Moore,  Charles  Dickens, 
Dr.  Jobson,  and  John  Prescott  Knight, 
R.A. ;  also  the  following  statues  and  busts 
for  India :  The  Prince  of  Wales,  Lord 
Napier  of  Magdala,  and  E.  Powell  (for 
Madras).  The  most  important  monu- 
ments executed  by  him  are  the  Angel 
of  the  Resurrection,  Mausoleum  of  Sir 
Titus  Salt  at  Saltaire,  Memorial  to  John 
and  Charles  Wesley  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
the  Waldegrave  Memorial  in  Carlisle 
Cathedral,  Charles  Prest,  Rev.  John 
Farrar,  and  Sir  Francis  Lycett  in  the 
City  Road  Chapel,  a  bust  of  Mr.  George 
Routledge,  J. P.,  and  a  half-length  portrait 
of  Mr.  John  Landseer,  A.R.A..  reading  a 
book.  Address:  8  Langford  Place,  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W. 

ADDEBXiEY,  The  Hon.  and  Rev. 
James  Granville,  M.A.,  is  the  fifth  son 
of  the  first  Lord  Morton,  and  was  born  on 
July  1,  1861.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  a  third  class  in  the  School  of 
Modern  History  in  1882.  At  the  Univer- 
sity he  was  distinguished  as  an  amateur 
actor,  and  in  1879  he  founded  the  Pbilo- 
thespian  Club,  which  in  time  became  the 
Oxford  University  Dramatic  Society.  At 
College  he  also  began  to  interest  himself  in 
those  social  movements  with  which  he  is 
now  prominently  identified,  and  was  Head 


ADLER 


11 


of  Oxford  House,  Bethnal  Green,  from 
1885  to  1886.  In  1887  he  took  orders,  and 
was  ordained  Priest  in  1888.  From  1887 
to  1893  he  was  Head  of  the  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  Mission ;  and  has  been  successively 
Curate  of  Allhallows,  Barking,  from  1893 
to  1894,  and  of  St.  Andrew's,  Plaistow,  E., 
from  1894  to  1897.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  appointed  Minister  of  Berkeley 
Chapel,  Mayfair.  He  labours  with  a  small 
Brotherhood  of  Mercy,  and  is  on  the 
Council  of  the  Christian  Society  Union. 
One  of  his  best-known  works  is  "Stephen 
Remarx,"  a  religious  novelette,  published 
in  1893.  He  has  also  written  "Fight 
for  the  Drama  at  Oxford,"  1885;  "The 
New  Floreat,  a  Letter  to  an  Eton  Boy," 
1895;  "Social  Prayers,"  "God's  Fast," 
and  "  Looking  Upward,"  1896 ;  and 
"  Paul  Mercer,"  1897.  Address  :  Berkeley 
Chapel,  W. 

ADLER,  Felix,  Ph.D.,  was  born  at 
Alzey,  Germany,  Aug.  13,  1851.  He  went 
to  America  when  young,  and  graduated 
at  Columbia  College  (N.Y.)  in  1870,  and 
subsequently  studied  at  Berlin  and  Heidel- 
berg, where  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  in  1873.  He  was  Professor  of 
Hebrew  and  Oriental  Languages  and  Lite- 
rature at  Cornell  University  from  1874  to 
1876,  and  since  then  has  been  at  the  head 
of  the  Ethical  Society  of  New  York  (the 
first  of  a  number  of  similar  societies  now 
spread  over  the  United  States  and  other 
countries),  a  new  religious  society  esta- 
blished by  him,  which  he  addresses  every 
Sunday,  and  which  maintains  a  number 
of  charities.  His  principal  works  are 
"Creed  and  Deed,"  1877,  and  "  The  Moral 
Instruction  of  Children,"  1892  ;  in  addition 
to  which  he  has  contributed  many  papers 
to  periodical  literature. 

ADLER,  The  Rev.  Hermann,  Ph.D., 
M.A. ,  son  of  Dr.  Nathan  Marcus  Adler, 
was  born  in  Hanover  on  May  29,  1839, 
and  in  1845  accompanied  his  father  to 
London  when  the  latter  received  his  call 
as  Chief  Rabbi.  He  studied  at  University 
College,  London,  and  subsequently  at  the 
Universities  of  Prague  and  Leipzig.  He 
obtained  his  B.A.  degree  at  the  University 
of  London  in  1859,  and  that  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  at  Leipzig  in  1861.  In  1862, 
having  completed  his  theological  studies 
uuder  his  father  and  the  famous  Rapoport, 
Chief  Rabbi  of  Prague,  he  was  ordained 
as  Rabbi  by  the  latter.  In  1863  Dr.  Adler 
was  appointed  Principal  of  the  Jews'  Col- 
lege in  London,  and  in  the  following  year 
Chief  Minister  of  the  Bayswater  Syna- 
gogue. When  the  health  of  his  father, 
the  Chief  Rabbi,  began  to  fail  in  1879, 
he  was  appointed  his  coadjutor,  with  the 
title  of  Delegate  Chief  Rabbi.      In  1881 


he  served  as  a  Member  of  the  Mansion 
House  Committee  constituted  for  the  relief 
of  the  persecuted  Jews  of  Russia.  In  this 
capacity  he  attended,  in  conjunction  with 
Sir  Julian  Goldsmid,  M.P.,  conferences  of 
representatives  of  the  principal  Hebrew 
congregations  in  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  held  in  Paris  and  Berlin.  In  1885 
he  went  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  visited 
several  of  the  colonies  founded  there  by 
Russian  refugees.  In  1888  he  gave  evi- 
dence before  the  Select  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Lords  on  the  sweating  system. 
After  the  death  of  his  father  he  was 
elected  Chief  Eabbi  of  the  United  Hebrew 
Congregations  of  the  British  Empire  by 
the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Delegates  of 
the  various  committees,  and  was  installed 
at  a  solemn  service  held  at  the  Great 
Synagogue  on  June  23,  1891.  Dr.  Adler 
has  aided  in  the  establishment  of  many 
benevolent  and  educational  institutions 
in  his  community.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Bayswater  Jewish  Schools, 
has  assisted  in  establishing  religious  classes 
in  connection  with  the  Board  Schools  in 
the  East  of  London,  and  helped  to  start  a 
fund  for  subventioning  poor  ministers  in 
the  provinces.  He  is  President  of  the 
Jews'  College  for  the  Training  of  Ministers 
and  Teachers,  founded  by  his  father,  and 
one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Anglo- 
Jewish  Association,  of  the  Jewish  Religious 
Education  Board,  and  of  numerous  other 
institutions.  He  is  also  a  member,  and 
was  in  1897  President,  of  the  Jewish  His- 
torical Society  of  England,  founded  during 
recent  years.  Dr.  Adler  is  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  of  the  Mansion  House  Council 
for  the  Dwellings  of  the  Poor,  and  in  this 
capacity  he  has  formed  a  local  branch  for 
Paddington.  He  is  an  active  member  of 
the  Hospital  Sunday  Fund,  and  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  Hospital  Fund,  a  member 
of  the  Mansion  House  Committee  to  con- 
sider the  best  means  of  dealing  with  the 
distress  in  London  caused  by  lack  of  em- 
ployment, and  is  one  of  the  administrators 
of  the  People's  Palace.  He  has  also  written 
much  on  religious,  social,  and  literary 
themes.  He  is  the  joint  author  of  "  A 
Jewish  Reply  to  Dr.  Colenso's  Criticism 
on  the  Pentateuch,"  1865.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Sermons  on  the  Passages  in  the 
Bible  adduced  by  Christian  Theologians  in 
Support  of  their  Faith,"  1S69  ;  "  The  Jews 
in  England";  "The  Chief  Rabbis  of  Eng- 
land"; "  Ibn  Gabirol,  the  Poet  Philosopher" ; 
"The  Purpose  and  Methods  of  Charitable 
Relief";  "Hebrew,  the  Language  of  our 
Prayers";  "A  Pilgrimage  to  Zion  :  A 
Father's  Barmitzvah  Exhortation";  "The 
Sabbath  and  the  Synagogue";  Sermons 
in  memoriam  of  Sir  George  Jessel,  Master 
of  the  Rolls,  Sir  Moses  Montefiore,  and 
the  Baroness  de  Rothschild  ;  "  Is  Judaism 


12 


AD  YE  —  AGNEW 


a  Missionary  Faith  1 "  in  answer  to  Pro- 
fessor Max  Miiller ;  "The  Ideal  Jewish 
Pastor";  "The  Functions  of  the  Jewish 
Pulpit";  "The  Nation's  Lament  for  the 
Duke  of  Clarence  "  ;  "  The  Loss  of  H.M.S. 
Victoria";  "The  Jews  in  the  Victorian 
Era,"  &c.  The  Chief  Eabbi  has  published 
also  "Comments  in  Hebrew  on  the  Pass- 
over Ritual,"  and  many  lectures  and 
articles  which  have  appeared  in  various 
periodicals,  more  especially  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  in  which  review  he  con- 
ducted a  vigorous  polemic  against  Pro- 
fessor Goldwin  Smith,  and  vindicated 
his  co  -  religionists  against  the  charge 
of  "incivism."  He  has  taken  part  in 
Symposia  on  the  Foundation  of  Belief  in 
Immortality  ;  on  Irresponsible  Wealth ; 
and  delivered  lectures  on  the  Wisdom 
and  Wit  of  the  Talmud  ;  Sanitation  as 
taught  by  the  Mosaic  Law  ;  Jewish  Wit 
and  Humour  ;  Menasse  ben  Israel ;  Moses 
Mendelssohn,  &c.  In  1867  he  married 
Rachel,  elder  daughter  of  the  late  S. 
Joseph,  by  whom  he  has  issue  one  son 
and  two  daughters.  His  City  residence 
and  office  are  at  22  Finsbury  Square  ;  his 
West  End  residence  at  6  Craven  Hill. 

AD  YE,  General  Sir  John  Miller, 
G.C.B.,  son  of  the  late  Major  James  P. 
Adye,  R.A.,  was  born  on  Nov.  1,  1819,  at 
Sevenoaks,  Kent,  and  entered  the  Royal 
Artillery  at  the  close  of  the  year  1836. 
Throughout  the  Crimean  War  and  the 
Indian  Mutiny  he  was  Adjutant-General 
of  the  Royal  Artillery.  He  also  served  in 
the  Sitana  Campaign  of  1863-64,  for  which 
he  received  a  medal ;  and  he  has  received 
besides,  the  Crimean,  Turkish,  and  Indian 
Mutiny  medals,  and  the  4th  Class  of  the 
Medjidieh.  He  was  created  a  C.B.  in  1855, 
and  a  K.C.B.  in  1873.  In  February  1874  the 
Queen  granted  to  Sir  J.  M.  Adye  her  royal 
licence  and  authority  to  accept  and  wear 
the  insignia  of  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  President  of  the  French 
Republic  as  a  promotion  from  the  class 
of  Officer  of  the  same  Order  which  he 
received  for  his  services  during  the 
Crimean  War.  He  was  Director  of 
Artillery  from  1870  to  1875,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich  in  July  1875.  He 
became  a  Lieutenant-General  in  the  army 
in  1879.  In  1880  he  resigned  the  post  o"f 
Governor  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy 
nt  Woolwich  on  being- appointed  Surveyor- 
General  of  Ordnance.  The  following  year 
he  became  Colonel-Commandant  of  the 
Royal  Artillery.  He  was  Chief  of  the  Staff 
and  second  in  command  of  the  expedition- 
ary force  sent  to  Egypt  in  1882,  and  for 
his  services  he  received  the  Egyptian 
medal  and  Khedive's  star,  the  thanks  of 


Parliament,  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath,  and  the  1st  Class  of  Medjidieh. 
In  January  1883  he  was  appointed 
Governor  of  Gibraltar,  in  succession  to 
Lord  Napier  of  Magdala,  from  which  ap- 
pointment he  retired  in  November  1886. 
Sir  John  Adye  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Defence  of  Cawnpore  by  the  Troops 
under  the  Orders  of  Major-General  C.  A. 
Windham  in  Nov.  1857,"  1858 ;  "A  Review 
of  the  Crimean  War  to  the  Winter  of 
1854-55,"  1860;  "Sitana:  a  Mountain 
Campaign  on  the  Borders  of  Afghanistan 
in  1863,"  1867;  "Recollections  of  a 
Military  Life,"  1895;  "Indian  Frontier 
Policy,'"  1897.  He  married  in  1856  Mary 
Cordelia,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Vice- 
Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  Montagu  Stopford, 
K.C.B.  Residence,  92  St.  George's  Square, 
S.W. 

AFLALO,   Frederick  George,  was 

born  in  London  on  the  17th  of  August 
1870.  He  was  educated  at  Clifton  College 
and  at  Rostock  University,  Mecklenburg, 
and  during  1891  he  pursued  his  studies  in 
Italy.  In  1895  he  travelled  in  Australia, 
giving  his  attention  more  especially  to 
Queensland.  He  founded  the  British  Sea 
Anglers'  Society  in  1893  ;  and  he  is  editor 
of  the  Encyclopaedia  of  Sport,  and  of  the 
Angler's  Library.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Sea  Fishing  on  the  English  Coast,"  1891  ; 
"The  Sea,  and  the  Rod,  and  Myamma" 
(in  conjunction),  1892;  "Sunny  Dover" 
(in  conjunction),  1893  ;  "  Hints  and 
Wrinkles  on  Sea- Fishing,"  1894;  "A 
Sketch  of  the  Natural  History  of  Australia," 
1896  ;  "  A  Sketch  of  the  Natural  History 
(Vertebrates)  of  the  British  Islands," 
1897;  "Sea  Fish,"  1897.  He  has  also 
edited  "The  Literary  Year  Book,"  1896 
and  1897.     Address :  50  Carlton  Hill,  N.W. 

AGNEW,  Sir  'William,  Bart.,  son 
of  the  late  Thomas  Agnew,  Esq.,  of  Man- 
chester, was  born  Oct.  20,  1825.  He  was 
educated  privately  in  Manchester  by  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Smithson.  He  is  a  J.P.  for 
Lancashire,  Manchester,  and  Salford.  He 
was  for  many  years  senior  member  of  the 
firm  of  Thomas  Agnew  &  Sons,  London, 
Liverpool,  and  Manchester,  and  he  is  still 
Chairman  of  Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.,  the 
proprietors  and  publishers  of  Punch.  He 
was  M.P.  for  South-East  Lancashire  in 
1880,  and  for  the  Stretford  division  of 
that  county  in  1885.  He  unsuccessfully 
contested  the  Prestwick  division  of  the 
county  in  1892.  A  Liberal  in  politics,  he 
was  President  of  the  Salford  Liberal 
Association,  President  of  the  Manchester 
Reform  Club,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Devonshire  and  National  Liberal  Club. 
He  was  Chairman  of  the  Art  Committee 
of  the  great  Jubilee  Exhibition  in  Man- 


AIDlt  —  AITCHISON 


13 


Chester  in  1887,  was  on  the  Royal 
Commission  of  the  Melbourne  Centenary 
Exhibition,  and  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  for  the  Paris  Exhibition  of 
1900.  He  married  in  1851  Mary,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  George  Pixton  Ken- 
worthy,  Esq.,  of  Peel  Hall,  Lancashire, 
who  died  in  1892.  His  son  and  heir, 
George  William,  was  born  in  1852.  Ad- 
dress :  11  .Great  Stanhope  Street,  Park 
Lane,  W. 

AIDE,  C.  Hamilton,  was  born  in 
Paris,  his  father  being  a  Greek,  and  his 
mother  the  daughter  of  Sir  George  Collier. 
He  was  educated  at  Bonn  University, 
served  for  a  few  years  in  the  army,  and 
then  turned  his  attention  to  literature. 
Amongst  his  publications  may  be  men- 
tioned :  "Rita,"  "The  Marstons,"  "Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Faulconbridge,"  "Morals  and 
Mysteries,"  "A  Voyage  of  Discovery," 
"  Poet  and  Peer,"  &c.  In  1872  he  wrote 
a  play,  "Philip,"  which  was  produced  by 
Sir  Henry  Irving,  and  in  1874  the  Kendals 
and  John  Hare  played  his  "A  Nine  Days' 
Wonder."  He  has  also  written  "A  Great 
Catch,"  and  has  adapted  "Doctor  Bill" 
from  the  French.  Mr.  Aide  is,  moreover, 
known  as  a  ballad  writer,  his  best-known 
songs  being  perhaps  "  The  Danube  River" 
and  "  Remember  or  Forget."  Addresses  : 
Ascot  Wood   Cottage,   Ascot ;  and  Athe- 


AIKINS,  The  Hon.  James  Cox,  a 

Canadian  statesman,  was  born  in  the 
township  of  Toronto,  county  Peel,  Ontario, 
March  30,  1823.  He  was  educated  at 
Victoria  College,  Cobourg,  and  entered 
public  life  in  1854  by  representing  his 
native  county  in  the  Canadian  Assembly, 
which  he  continued  to  do  until  1861. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  Legislative  Council  for  the 
"  Home"  Division,  comprising  the  counties 
of  Peel  and  Halton.  He  continued  to  sit 
in  the  Council  until  it  was  abolished  by 
Confederation,  after  which  he  was  raised 
to  the  Senate.  In  December  1869  he  be- 
came a  Member  of  the  Privy  Council, 
and  entered  the  Macdonald  Government 
as  Secretary  of  State,-  remaining  in  that 
office  until  the  fall  of  the  Government  in 
1873.  In  1872  he  framed  and  carried 
through  Parliament  the  Public  Lands  Act 
of  that  year,  and  subsequently  organised 
the  Dominion  Lands  Bureau,  a  depart- 
ment of  government  entrusted  with  the 
management  of  the  lands  acquired  in  the 
North-West,  chiefly  from  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  a  department  which  is  now 
controlled  by  the  Canadian  Minister  of 
the  Interior.  On  the  return  of  the  Mac- 
donald Government  to  power  in  1878 
Senator  Aikins  resumed  the  portfolio   of 


Secretary  of  State,  exchanging  it  two 
years  later  for  the  office  of  Minister  of 
Inland  Revenue.  In  1882  he  was  ap- 
pointed Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Manitoba  and  district  of  Keewatin, 
an  office  which  he  retained  until  his  term 
expired  in  1888,  when  he  returned  to  Tor- 
onto, and  in  1896  was  again  called  to  the 
Senate.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Victoria  College  in  1892. 

AINGER,  Canon  Alfred,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  Master  of  the  Temple,  was  born 
in  London  on  Feb.  9,  1837,  and  is  the 
son  of  Alfred  Ainger,  architect.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  College  and  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge.  He  took  orders,  and 
was  ordained  Priest  in  1863.  From  1860  to 
1864  he  was  Curate  of  Alrewas,  Lichfield, 
and  from  the  latter  year  to  1866  was 
Assistant  Master  at  the  Sheffield  Collegiate 
School.  In  1866  be  was  appointed  Reader 
at  the  Temple  Church,  a  position  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  until  1893.  In  1894  he  was 
appointed  Master  of  the  Temple,  in  suc- 
cession to  the  late  Dean  Vaughan,  who 
had  resigned  the  Mastership  owing  to  ill- 
health.  He  is  a  Canon  of  Bristol  and 
Chaplain  in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen.  As 
an  author,  Canon  Ainger  is  best  known 
for  his  editions  of  Lamb's  Collected  Works, 
and  for  his  "Memoir  of  Charles  Lamb." 
He  has  also  published  "Sermons  Preached 
in  the  Temple  Church."  Addresses  : 
Master's  House,  Temple,  E.C.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

AITCHISON,  George,  RA„ architect, 
Athenaeum  Club,  was  born  at  52  Edgware 
Road,  London,  went  to  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  until  his  sixteenth  year,  was  then 
articled  to  his  father,  George  Aitchison, 
architect,  and  became  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1847,  and  subsequently  entered 
University  College,  London,  where  he 
gained  prizes  for  mathematics,  and  gradu- 
ated B.A.  at  the  London  University  in 
1850.  From  1853  to  1855  he  travelled 
in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  ;  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  in  1862  ;  subsequently 
became  a  Member  of  the  Council,  and 
in  1889  was  elected  Vice-President,  and 
President  in  1896.  He  was  for  several 
years  one  of  the  examiners  for  the  Volun- 
tary Architectural  examination,  and  is  also 
one  of  the  examiners  for  the  National  Art 
Prizes  at  South  Kensington.  Mr.  Aitchison 
gained  medals  at  the  following  exhibi- 
tions, viz. :  Philadelphia,  1876  ;  Sydney, 
1879;  Adelaide,  1887;  and  two  at  Mel- 
bourne— a  bronze  in  1881,  and  silver  in 
1888  ;  and  one  at  Chicago  in  1893  ;  was 
made  an  Officer  of  Public  Instruction  by 
the  French  Government  in  1879,  having 
designed   the    fittings   and   furniture   for 


14 


AKERS-DOUGLAS  —  ALBERT 


the  British  Art  section  of  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition, 1878.  On  June  2,  1881,  he  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  R.A.  in  1898.  He  gave  lectures  on 
architecture  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1882, 
'83,  '84,  '85,  '86,  and  '87.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Society  Centrale  des  Architectes  Francais, 
in  Paris  ;  was  elected  Professor  of  Archi- 
tecture at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1887  ;  in 
1888  he  gave  the  Cantor  Lectures  on 
Decoration  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
lectured  on  Renaissance  Architecture  at 
the  South  Kensington  Museum  in  1893. 
He  decorated  Kensington  Palace  for 
H.R.H.  the  Princess  Louise,  and  the  house 
and  Arab  hall  for  Sir  Frederick  Leighton, 
P.R.A.,  and  did  the  coloured  decoration 
of  the  Livery  Hall  for  the  Goldsmiths' 
Company.  He  has  added  to,  altered,  and 
decorated  houses  for  the  Duke  of  Montrose, 
Lord  Hillingdon,  the  Duchess  of  New- 
castle, Lord  Leconfield,  Sir  Wilfrid  Law- 
son,  M.P.,  Sir  S.  Waterlow,  M.P.,  and 
others;  and  has  built  60  and  61  Mark  Lane, 
E.C.,  Founders'  Hall,  and  the  Royal 
Exchange  Assurance  Office,  29  Pall  Mall, 
London.  He  was  presented  with  H.M. 
the  Queen's  Jubilee  medal,  1897;  and 
nominated  for  the  gold  medal  of  the 
R.I.B.A.  in  1898.  In  1897  he  was  elected 
A.R.A.  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Belgium. 
He  is  one  of  the  contributors  to  the 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography." 

AKERS-DOUGLAS,    Right    Hon. 

Aretas,  M.P. ,  D.L.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Aretas  Akers,  of  Mailing  Abbey, 
Kent,  was  born  Oct.  21,  1851,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1874,  and 
in  1875  assumed  the  additional  name  of 
Douglas.  In  1880  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  Conservative  member  for  the 
East  Kent  Division,  and  now  represents 
the  St.  Augustine's  Division.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  administrations  of  1885-86 
and  1886-92  he  held  the  office  of  Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  and 
was  principal  "Whip  "  to  the  Conservative 
partv  from  1885  to  1895.  He  was  made 
a  Privy  Councillor  in  1891.  In  1895  he 
entered  the  cabinet,  holding  the  office 
of  First  Commissioner  of  Public  Works 
and  Buildings.  Addresses  :  Chilston  Park, 
Maidstone  ;  106  Mount  Street,  W. 

A.K.H.B.  See  Boyd,  The  Rev.  A.  K.  H. 


ALB  AN  I,    Madame. 

Madame. 


See    Gye, 


ALBANY  (Duchess  of),  H.R.H. 
Helene  Fredrica  Augusta,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Waldeck- 


Pyrmont,  and  sister  of  the  Queen  of  the 
Netherlands,  was  bom  on  Feb.  17,  1861. 
She  married  H.R.H.  the  late  Prince  Leo- 
pold, Her  Majesty's  youngest  son,  on 
April  27,  1882,  and  became  a  widow  by 
his  sudden  death  at  Cannes  on  March  28, 
1 884.  The  Princess  lost  her  mother  in  1888. 
She  has  two  children,  one  of  whom  was 
born  after  the  Prince's  death  ;  the  Prin- 
cess Alice  Mary  Victoria  Augusta  Pauline, 
born  at  Windsor  Castle,  Feb.  25,  1883  ; 
and  the  Prince  Leopold  Charles  Edward 
George  Albert,  Duke  of  Albany,  born  at 
Claremont,  July  19,  1884.  The  Princess 
receives  a  pension  of  £6000  a  year  from 
the  British  Government. 

ALBERT,   King   of  Saxony,   K.G., 

born  April  23,  1828  ;  succeeded  his  father 
Oct.  29,  1873.  He  received  a  thorough 
military  education,  and  took  part  in  the 
Danish  war  of  1848.  He  fought  also  on 
the  side  of  the  Austrians  in  the  disastrous 
battle  of  Sadowa  in  1866,  and  likewise 
in  the  Franco-German  war  in  the  opera- 
tions before  Metz,  and  in  the  operations 
which  terminated  in  the  surrender  of 
Napoleon  at  Sedan,  and  the  siege  of  Paris, 
when  he  held  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine. 
On  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  was  made 
Field-Marshal  and  Inspector-General  of 
the  German  Army.  He  married  Caroline, 
the  daughter  of  Prince  Gustavus  Vasa  of 
Sweden.  His  heir  is  his  brother,  Prince 
George. 

ALBERT  (Archduke  of  Austria), 
Frederick  Rodolph,  born  Aug.  3,  1817, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Archduke  Charles 
and  the  Princess  Henrietta  of  Nassau- 
Weilburg.  He  married  in  1844  the 
Princess  Hildegarde  of  Bavaria,  who  died 
April  2,  1864,  leaving  two  daughters.  At 
an  early  age  he  entered  the  army,  com- 
manded a  division  in  Italy  in  1849,  took 
an  important  part  in  the  battle  of  No- 
vara,  received  at  the  end  of  the  campaign 
the  command  of  the  3rd  Corps  d'Armee, 
and  was  afterwards  appointed  Governor- 
General  of  Hungary.  During  a  leave  of 
absence  accorded  to  Field-Marshal  Bene- 
dek  in  1861  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Austrian  troops  in  Lom- 
bardy  and  Veuetia.  During  the  campaign 
of  1866  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  Italian 
army  at  Custozza,  and  after  the  battle 
of  Sadowa  he  was  made  (July  13,  1866)" 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Austrian  Army, 
which  title  he  retained  till  March  1869, 
when  he  exchanged  it  for  that  of  Inspector- 
General  of  the  Army.  He  published  in 
1869  a  work  on  "  Responsibility  in  War" 
( Tiber  die  Verantwortlichkeit  im  Kriege).  This 
has  been  translated  into  French  by  L. 
Dufour,  captain  of  artillery,  and  an  Eng- 
lish translation  of  it  is  giVen  in  Captain 


ALDEN  —  ALEXANDEK 


15 


W.  J.  Wyatt's  "Reflections  on  the  Forma- 
tion of  Armies,  with  a  View  to  the  Reor- 
ganization of  the  English  Army,"  1869. 

ALDEN,  William  Livingston,  was 

born  in  the  United  States  on  Oct.  9,  1837, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Alden. 
He  was  educated  at  Jefferson  College  and 
at  La  Fayette  College,  both  in  the  States, 
and  practised  as  a  barrister  at  New  York 
from  1860  to  1865.  He  was  then  occu- 
pied as  a  journalist  in  the  same  city  from 
1865  to  1885  :  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  iS.S.  Consul-General  at  Rome,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  1889.  Since 
then  he  has  been  engaged  in  novel  writing. 
Amongst  his  publications  there  may  be 
mentioned  :  "  Domestic  Explosives,"  1877  ; 
"Shooting  Stars,"  1878;  "Life  of  Chris- 
topher Columbus,"  1S81 ;  "  Moral  Pirates," 
1881 ;  "  Cruise  of  the  Canoe  Club,"  1883 ; 
"Adventures  of  Jimmy  Brown,"  1885; 
"New  Robinson  Crusoe,"  1888 ;  "A  Lost 
Soul,"  1892;  "The  Mystery  of  Elias  G. 
Roebuck,"  1896;  "His  Daughter,"  1897. 
Address  :  61  Cloudesdale  Road,  S.W. 

ALDRICH,    Nelson    Wilmarth, 

American  statesman,  was  born  at  Foster, 
Rhode  Island,  Nov.  6,  1841,  and  received 
an  academic  education.  He  was  President 
of  the  Common  Council  of  the  city  of 
Providence,  R.I.,  1871-73;  was  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island,  1875-76,  serving  the  latter  year  as 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
that  State.  He  was  elected  to  the  Forty- 
sixth  and  re-elected  to  the  Forty-seventh 
Congresses.  Elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  he  took  his  seat  Dec.  5,  1881,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1886  and  in  1893. 

ALDRICH.  Thomas  Bailey,  an 
American  author,  was  born  at  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  Nov.  11,  1836.  He  has 
contributed  prose  and  verse  to  various 
periodicals,  most  of  which  has  subsequently 
been  published  separately.  Among  the 
collected  volumes  of  verse  are:  "The 
Bells,"  1855;  "The  Ballad  of  Baby  Bell, 
and  other  Poems,"  1856;  "The  Course  of 
True  Love  Never  Did  Run  Smooth,"  1858  ; 
"Pampinea,  and  other  Poems,"  1861;  a 
volume  of  '■  Poems,"  1865;  "Cloth  of 
Gold,  and  other  Poems,"  1874 ;  "  Flower 
and  Thorn,"  1876;  "Lyrics  and  Sonnets," 
1880;  "Friar  Jerome's  Beautiful  Book," 
1881;  "Mercedes,  and  Later  Lyrics," 
1884;  "Wyndham  Towers,"  1889;  and 
"The  Sisters'  Tragedy,  and  other  Poems." 
Among  his  prose  writings  are :  "  The 
Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,"  1869;  "Marjorie 
Daw,"  1873  ;  "  Prudence  Palfrey,"  1874  ; 
"The  Queen  of  Sheba,"  1877;  "The  Still- 
water Tragedy,"  1880 ;  and  a  volume  of 
travels,    entitled     "From     Ponkapay     to 


Pesth,"  1883.  From  1881  to  1890  he  was  the 
editor  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston,  but 
he  resigned  that  position  in  order  to  de- 
vote himself  entirely  to  writing.  Since 
his  retirement  from  editorship  he  has 
published  "Two  Bites  at  a  Cherry,  with 
other  Tales,"  and  "An  Old  Town  by  the 
Sea,"  1893;  "Unguarded  Gates,  and  other 
I'oems,"  1894;  "Later  Lyrics,"  1895; 
"Judith  and  Holofernes,"  1896. 

ALEXANDER,  Mrs.  See  Hector, 
Mes.  Annie  Alexander. 

ALEXANDER  I.  (Obrenovitch), 
King  of  Servia,  was  born  on  Aug.  14, 
1876,  and  succeeded  his  father,  the  ex- 
King  Milan,  who  abdicated  in  favour  of 
his  son,  March  6,  1889,  after  divorcing 
his  consort,  Queen  Natalie  (}.t>.).  He  was 
under  the  guardiant-hip  of  two  Regents  till 
1893  (April).  When  Crown  Prince  he 
accompanied  his  mother,  Queen  Natalie, 
into  exile  after  her  separation  from  the 
King,  but  was  forcibly  removed  from  her 
at  Berlin,  and  conveyed  back  to  Belgrade. 
In  1893  the  Prince  suddenly  dismissed  his 
Regents,  and  assumed  the  reins  of  power. 
Under  his  rule  Servia  has  suffered  less 
from  civil  dissensions  than  during  the 
Regency.  In  1894,  at  his  request,  his 
father  returned  to  Belgrade,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  assisting  him  in  the  government  of 
the  country.  In  1897  he  paid  a  visit  to 
the  Austrian  Emperor  at  Vienna ;  this 
incident  may  possibly  indicate  closer  rela- 
tions between  the  two  countries. 

ALEXANDER,  George  (George 
Alexander  Gibb  Samson),  was  born  at 
Reading  in  1858,  and  is  the  son  of  an 
Ayrshire  man  who  married  an  English 
wife.  He  was  educated  at  the  school 
of  Dr.  Benham,  Clifton,  then  at  the  High 
School  at  Stirling,  and  subsequently 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  ;  but  after 
a  short  time  went  to  London  to  take  up  a 
commercial  life.  Finally,  however,  after 
a  good  deal  of  amateur  acting,  he  adopted 
the  stage  as  his  profession,  first  appearing 
in  1879  in  Mr.  Sydney  Grundy's  "The 
Snowball,"  at  Nottingham.  In  1881  Mr. 
Alexander  joined  Mr.  Henry  Irving  at  the 
Lyceum  to  play  Caleb  Deecie  in  "Two 
Roses,"  and  afterwards  Paris  in  "Romeo 
and  Juliet."  Then  for  a  time  he  joined 
the  Hare  and  Kendal  Company  at  the  St. 
James's  and  on  tour.  In  1883  he  again 
joined  Mr.  Irving,  and  went  with  him  to 
America,  and  then  remained  at  the  Lyceum 
until  1888,  making  his  chief  successes  as 
Faust  and  Macduff ;  after  that  he  went 
to  the  Adelphi.  On  Feb.  1,  1890,  he 
opened  the  Avenue  Theatre  as  manager 
with  "Dr.  Bill."  The  other  productions 
at   this  theatre   were   "The    Struggle  for 


16 


ALEXANDER  —  ALFOED 


Life  "  and  "  Sunlight  and  Shadow."  With 
the  last-named  play  Mr.  Alexander  pro- 
ceeded to  the  St.  James's,  which,  under 
his  management,  has  since  been  famous 
for  such  successes  as  "The  Idler,"  "Lady 
Windermere's  Fan,"  "Liberty  Hall,"  "The 
Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray,"  "  The  Masque- 
raders,"  "The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,"  "As 
You  Like  It,"  "  The  Princess  and  the 
Butterfly,"  "The  Tree  of  Knowledge," 
"Much  Ado  About  Nothing,"  and  "The 
Conquerors."  In  1882  Mr.  Alexander 
married  Miss  Florence  Theleur.  Address  : 
57  Pont  Street,  S.W. 

ALEXANDER,    The    Most    Rev. 
William,    D.D.,    D.C.L.,   Archbishop   of 
Armagh  and  Primate  of  All  Ireland,  son 
of  a  clergyman  beneficed  in  the  north  of 
Ireland,  and  nephew  of  Dr.  Alexander,  late 
Bishop  of  Meath,  and  cousin  of  the  Earl 
of    Caledon,    was   born    at   Londonderry, 
April    13,    1824.      He    was    educated    at 
Tunbridge    School    and    at    Exeter    and 
Brasenose    Colleges,    Oxford,    where    lie 
graduated  B.A.  and  M.A.     He  graduated 
in  classical  honours  (Honorary  4th,  1847). 
He  won   the   Theological  Prize   Essay  in 
1850,  and  the  Sacred  Prize  Poem  in  1860, 
and  was  selected  to  recite  a  congratulatory 
ode    to    Lord    Derby   in    the    Sheldonian 
Theatre,    1853.       Having    entered    Holy 
Orders,  he  served  a  curacy  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  and  was  preferred  to  one  or 
two  livings  in  the  gift  of  the  Bishop  of 
Derry.    He  was  formerly  Bector  of  Camus- 
juxta-Morne,  co.  Tyrone,  and  Chaplain  to 
the  Marquis  of  Abercorn,  Lord-Lieutenant 
of   Ireland.      In  1864   he  was   nominated 
to  the  Deanery  of  Emly,  and  in  1867  was 
an   unsuccessful  candidate   for  the   chair 
of  poetry  at  Oxford.      He  was  appointed 
to   the   Bishopric  of   Derry  and   Raphoe, 
rendered    vacant    by   the    death    of    Dr. 
Higgin,  July  12,  1867,  being  consecrated  in 
Armagh  Cathedral,  October  13  following ; 
and  enthroned  as  Archbishop  of  Armagh, 
March  24,  1896.     Before  his  elevation  to 
the  episcopal  Bench  lie  was  created  D.D. 
by  diploma,   and   subsequently  D.C.L.  at 
the  Encasnia,  1876,  at  Oxford.     The  Bishop 
has  been  Select  Preacher  before  the  Uni- 
versities  of   Oxford   (1870-72   and   1882), 
Cambridge  (1872   and  1892),   and   Dublin 
(1879).     He  is  author  of  Commentaries  on 
Colossians,    1st    and    2nd    Thessalonians, 
Philemon,  and  the  three  Epistles  of   St. 
John;    vols,    iii.,    iv.,    "Speaker's    Com- 
mentaries";   of    "The    Witness    of    the 
Psalms,    Bampton    Lectures,"    1876;     of 
"  The  Great  Question,  and  other  Sermons," 
1885  ;   of  "  Epistles  of  St.  John,   Twenty- 
one  Discourses,"   3rd  edit.,   1892,   and  of 
other  works  of   a  similar   character.     In 
1887  he   published  a  volume   of   poems, 
entitled    "  St.    Augustine's    Holiday,    and 


other  Poems."  He  is  also  the  author 
of  a  large  series  of  single  sermons, 
charges  and  reviews,  essays  and  poems, 
in  periodicals  of  the  day.  The  Bishop 
has  endowed  his  See  permanently  with 
£2000  a  year  and  the  See  House,  for 
which  he  has  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Diocesan  Synod  of  Derry  and  Raphoe,  and 
a  recognition  from  the  Diocesan  Council 
of  "gratitude  for  his  large  sacrifice  of 
income."  He  was  married  to  Miss  Cecil 
Frances  Humphreys,  who  was  herself  well 
known  as  the  author  of  "Moral  Songs," 
"Hymns  for  Children,"  and' "Poems  on 
Old  Testament  Subjects,"  and  who  died 
Oct.  15,  1895. 

ALEXANDER,  William  Henry,  a 

Hampshire  country  gentleman,  was  born  in 
1842.  He  became  a  barrister  in  1863,  and 
since  1890  has  been  a  Trustee  of  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery,  towards  the  build- 
ing fund  of  which  he  subscribed  £80,000. 

ALEXANDRA,  Princess  of  Wales. 

See  Wales,  Princess  op. 

ALFONZO  XIII.,  King  of  Spain,  was 
born  (posthumously)  May  17,  1886  ;  his 
mother,  Maria  Christina,  being  appointed 
Queen  Regent.  In  August  1897  Queen 
Victoria  made  him  an  Hon.  Knight  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Royal  Victorian  Order. 

ALEORD,  The  Right  Rev.  Charles 
Richard,  D.D.,  formerly  Bishop  of  Vic- 
toria, Hong-kong,  was  born  Aug.  13,  1816, 
at  West  Quaxtonhead,  Somersetshire,  of 
which  parish  his  father  was  rector.  From 
St.  Paul's  School  he  was  sent  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  with  a  Camden  Ex- 
hibition (B.A.,  1839;  M.A.,  1842;  D.D., 
1867).  After  taking  orders  he  became 
Incumbent  of  St.  Matthew's,  Rugby,  in 
1841 ;  Incumbent  of  Christ's  Church,  Don- 
caster,  in  1846;  Principal  of  the  Metro- 
politan Training  Institution  at  Highbury 
in  1854  ;  and  Incumbent  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Islington,  in  1865,  where  he  had  a  high 
reputation  as  an  Evangelical  preacher.  He 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Victoria,  Hong- 
kong, Feb.  2,  1867,  in  place  of  Dr.  George 
Smith,  who  had  resigned  that  See  in  the 
previous  year.  He  himself  resigned  the 
See  of  Victoria  in  1872.  He  was  Vicar  of 
Christ  Church,  Claughton,  near  Birken- 
head, from  June  1874  till  September  1877, 
when  he  accepted  the  incumbency  of  the 
new  district  of  St.  Mary,  Sevenoaks,  Kent. 
He  was  appointed  Acting-Commissary  of 
the  diocese  of  Huron,  Canada,  in  1880,. 
and  retired  in  1881.  Dr.  Alford  is  the 
author  of  "  First  Principles  of  the  Oracles 
of  God  " ;  a  "  Charge"  on  China  and  Japan ; 
and  various  sermons  and  pamphlets.  Ad- 
dress :  30  Wilbury  Road,  West  Brighton. 


ALGEE  — ALISON 


17 


ALGER,  Russell  Alexander, 
American  soldier  and  political  leader,  was 
born  in  Medina  County,  Ohio,  Feb.  27, 
1836,  and  comes  of  New  England  stock, 
his  ancestry  being  Scotch  and  English. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Richfield  Academy 
in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  attending  the 
autumn  and  winter  terms,  and  working  on 
a  farm  the  remainder  of  the  year.  He 
studied  law  at  Akron,  Ohio,  during  1857 
and  1858,  and  in  1859  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar.  He  practised  law  but  a  short 
time,  removing  to  Michigan  on  Jan.   1, 

1860.  He    entered    the    Army,    Oct.    2, 

1861,  as  Captain  in  Second  Michigan 
Cavalry ;  Major  of  same  regiment  from 
April  17,  1862;  Lieutenant-Colonel  Sixth 
Michigan  Cavalry,  Oct.  30,  1862 ;  and 
Colonel  of  Fifth  Michigan  Cavalry,  June 
11,  1863.  He  was  severely  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Boonsboro,  Maryland,  July 
8,  1863,  and  received  brevet  commissions 
as  Brigadier-General  and  Major-General  of 
Volunteers  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
services  during  the  war  between  the 
States.  He  resigned  from  the  army,  and 
was  discharged  Sept.  20,  1864.  He  was 
Governor  of  Michigan  in  1885  and  1886, 
and  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  in 
President  M'Kinley's  Cabinet  on  March  5, 
1897. 

ALGER,  William  Rounsville,  was 
born  at  Freetown,  Massachusetts,  Dec.  28, 
1822.  He  graduated  at  the  Cambridge 
Divinity  School,  1847,  and  became  pastor 
of  a  Unitarian  Church  in  Roxbury.  In 
1855  he  removed  to  Boston,  and  in  1874 
became  Minister  of  the  Unitarian  Church 
of  the  Messiah  in  New  York,  where  he 
remained  until  1879.  Since  then  he  has 
resided  in  Boston,  engaged  in  literary 
work.  He  has  published  ' '  A  Symbolic 
History  of  the  Cross  of  Christ,"  1851 ; 
"The  Poetry  of  the  Orient,"  1856  (five 
editions);  "A  Critical  History  of  the 
Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life,"  1861  (14 
editions);  "The  Genius  of  Solitude,"  1866 
(11  editions) ;  "  Friendships  of  Women," 
1867  (10  editions);  "Prayers  Offered  in 
the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representa- 
tives," 1868;  "Life  of  Edwin  Forrest," 
1877;  "The  School  of  Life,"  1881;  and 
"Sources  of  Consolation  in  Human  Life," 
1892. 

ALINGr.    See  LiEBLiNa,  Alice. 

ALISON,  General  Sir  Archibald, 
Bart.,  K.C.B.,  son  of  Sir  Archibald  Alison, 
the  first  baronet,  author  of  "  The  History 
of  Europe,"  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
21,  1826,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh. 
Entering  the  military  service  of  his  country 
in  1846,  he  became  a  Captain  in  the  72nd 


Highlanders  in  1853,  Brevet-Major  in  1856, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  in  1858,  and  Colonel  in 
1867.  In  the  latter  year  he  succeeded  to 
the  baronetcy  on  the  death  of  his  father. 
He  served  in  the  Crimea,  in  the  expedition 
to  Kertch,  and  at  the  siege  and  fall  of 
Sebastopol ;  in  India  during  the  Mutiny 
as  Military  Secretary  on  the  staff  of  the 
late  Lord  Clyde ;  and  on  the  Gold  Coast 
as  Brigadier-General  of  the  European 
Brigade,  and  second  in  command  of  the 
Ashantee  Expedition  in  1873-74.  He  com- 
manded his  brigade  at  the  capture  of 
Requah,  the  battle  of  Amoaful,  the  action 
of  Ordashu,  and  the  fall  of  Coomassie. 
He  lost  an  arm  at  the  relief  of  Lucknow. 
Sir  Archibald  was  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General  at  Aldershot  from  October  1870  to 
October  1874,  andDeputy  Adjutant-General 
in  Ireland  from  October  1874  to  October 
1877,  when  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Major-General.  Subsequently  he  was  ap- 
pointed Commandant  of  the  Staff  College  in 
January  1878,  and  Chief  of  the  Intelligence 
Department  at  the  War  Office  from  May 
1878  till  1882.  A  few  days  after  the  bom- 
bardment of  Alexandria  by  Sir  Beauchamp 
Seymour  (now  the  Right  Hon.  Baron 
Alcester)  a  small  body  of  British  troops 
was  landed  (July  27)  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Archibald  Alison.  He  confined  his 
proceedings  at  first  to  securing  a  position 
covering  Alexandria,  and  occupying  the 
line  of  railway  which  connected  Alexandria 
with  the  suburb  of  Ramleh.  After  the 
arrival  of  the  expeditionary  force  from 
England  he  commanded  the  1st  (the  High- 
land) Brigade,  2nd  Division,  and  at  the 
decisive  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir,  where  it 
fought  so  gallantly  on  that  memorable 
occasion.  The  Salahijah  army  laid  down 
its  arms  to  him  at  Puntah,  and  after 
Arabi's  surrender  a  British  army  of  occu- 
pation, consisting  of  12,000  men,  under 
the  command  of  Sir  Archibald  Alison,  was 
left  in  Egypt  to  restore  order  and  protect 
the  Khedive.  Sir  Archibald  was  included 
in  the  thanks  of  Parliament  for  his  energy 
and  gallantry,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  Lieutenant-General  (November  1882). 
In  May  1883  he  relinquished  the  command 
of  the  army  of  occupation  of  Egypt  and 
returned  home.  In  August  1883  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  at  Aldershot, 
and  in  February  1885  he  became  Adjutant- 
General.  In  October  1885  he  resumed  the 
command  at  Aldershot  on  the  return  of 
the  force  for  the  relief  of  Gordon  at 
Khartoum.  He  was  appointed  Military 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India  at  White- 
hall in  1889,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  General  Feb.  20, 1889.  He  published  an 
able  treatise  "On  Army  Organisation" 
in  1869,  and  has  contributed  at  various 
times  articles  in  Blackwood's  Magazine. 
Address:  93  Eaton  Place,  S.W. 


18 


ALLBUTT  —  ALLCOCK 


ALLBUTT,  Thomas  Clifford,  MA., 
LL.D.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S., 
J. P.,  D.L.,  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
AUbutt,  sometime  Vicar  of  Dewsbury, 
in  Yorkshire,  and  afterwards  Rector  of 
Debaoh-cum-Boulge,  in  Suffolk.  He  was 
born  at  Dewsbury  in  1836,  and  was  edu- 
cated by  a  private  tutor  at  Ryde,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  afterwards  under 
Archdeacon  Hey,  at  St.  Peter's  School, 
York.  He  went  up  to  Caius  College  in 
1856,  took  a  scholarship  in  his  first  year, 
and  subsequently  three  other  scholarships 
in  the  college.  Soon  afterwards,  however, 
he  decided  to  enter  the  medical  profession, 
and  after  a  pass  degree  in  Arts,  went  out 
in  the  Natural  Science  Tripos  in  the  first 
class,  with  distinctions  in  chemistry  and 
geology.  On  leaving  Cambridge  he  entered 
at  St.  George's  Hospital,  and  afterwards 
spent  some  time  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris, 
and  graduated  in  due  course  as  M.  A.  and 
M.D.  of  Cambridge.  After  a  brief  stay 
in  London  Allbutt  removed  to  Leeds, 
where  he  was  soon  after  elected  physician 
to  the  Leeds  Infirmary,  and  rapidly  ob- 
tained a  large  consulting  practice  in 
me  ik-.ine,  and  for  the  last  fifteen  years 
of  his  residence  in  Yorkshire  had  perhaps 
the  largest  purely  consulting  physician's 
practice  ever  carried  on  in  the  provinces. 
During  the  same  time  he  contributed 
largely  both  to  medical  and  general  lite- 
rature. His  earliest  works  were  concerned 
with  the  bodily  temperature  in  health 
and  disease,  and  by  devising  the  "Short 
Clinical  Thermometer,"  he  did  much  to 
forward  clinical  thermometry  in  hospital 
and  general  practice.  His  friendship  with 
Gr.  H.  Lewes  and  Lockhart-Clarke  engaged 
him  in  the  study  of  the  pathology  of  the 
nervous  system,  and  in  the  "  Pathological 
Transactions  "  and  elsewhere  he  published 
researches  on  this  subject,  among  which 
his  demonstrations  of  the  pathology  of 
tetanus  and  hydrophobia  are  best  known, 
the  latter  being  the  first  observations  of 
the  kind.  Dr.  Clifford  Allbutt  was  also 
an  early  worker  in  the  field  of  medical 
ophthalmoscopy,  and  published  a  work  on 
that  subject  in  1868,  which  included  in- 
vestigations on  insanity,  and  the  first 
demonstration  of  changes  in  the  optic 
nerve  in  general  paralysis  and  meningitis. 
Other  researches  were  published  at  various 
dates  on  diseases  of  the  nervous  system, 
of  the  stomach  and  kidneys,  and  on  the 
nature  and  treatment  of  consumption,  in 
which  latter  attention  was  drawn  to  the 
value  of  the  climate  of  the  high  Alps  in 
the  cure  of  phthisis,  then  little  recognised 
in  England.  In  1884  Dr.  Clifford  Allbutt 
delivered  the  Gulstonian  Lectures  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  on  Visceral 
Neuroses,  which  were  published  in  the 
same  year ;  and  in  1885,  in  conjunction 


with  Mr.  Teale,  he  published  a  volume  on 
the  "  Treatment  of  Scrofulous  Neck."     In 

1888  he  delivered  the  Address  on  Medi- 
cine to  the  British  Medical  Association  at 
Glasgow,  his  subject  being  the  Classifica- 
tion of  Disease,  and  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  of  that  University.      In 

1889  he  was  appointed  a  Commissioner  in 
Lunacy,  an  office  which  he  held  for  three 
years,  when  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Crown  to  be  Regius  -  Professor  of  Physic 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge  in  succes- 
sion to  the  late  Sir  George  Paget.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society 
and  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1867, 
and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1 880. 
He  is  editor  of  the  "  System  of  Medicine," 
in  course  of  publication  by  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan,  the  first  volume  of  which  appeared 
in  the  spring  of  1895.  He  acted  for  some 
years  as  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  the  West  Riding  and  the 
city  and  county  of  York,  and  Justice  of 
the  Peace  for  Cambridgeshire.  Permanent 
address  :  St.  Radegund's,  Cambridge. 

ALLCHIN,  William  Henry,  M.D., 

was  educated  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, and  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  the 
University  of  London  in  1892.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  London  in  1878,  andis  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh. 
He  is  at  the  present  time  Senior  Physician 
to  the  Westminster  Hospital,  and  Examiner 
in  Medicine  for  both  the  London  Uni- 
versity and  the  Army  Medical  Services. 
Dr.  Allchin  is  the  author  of  "Duodenal 
Indigestion  "  (Bradshaw  Lectures  of  1891 
at  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians),  "  The 
Breaking  Strain"  (oration  at  the  Medical 
Society  of  London  in  1896).  Articles : 
"  Disorders  of  Digestion,  and  of  Digestive 
Organs,"  and  "Diseases  of  Intestines," 
in  Quain's  "Dictionary  of  Medicine"; 
"Chronic  Peritonitis,"  "Tuberculous  Peri- 
tonitis," and  "New  Growths  of  the  Peri- 
toneum," in  Clifford  Allbutt's  "  System  of 
Medicine,"  and  other  articles  in  various 
medical  journals.  Address :  3  Chandos 
Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

ALLCOCK,  Rev.  Arthur  Edmund, 

M.A.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Thomas  All- 
cock,  and  was  born  at  Harborne,  Stafford- 
shire, on  Feb.  16,  1851.  He  was  educated 
at  King  Edward's  School,  Birmingham, 
and  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge. 
Appointed  an  Assistant-Master  at  his  old 
school  in  Birmingham  in  1874,  he  became 
an  Assistant-Master  at  Wellington  College 
in  1880,  and  was  ordained  in  1889.  Mr. 
Allcock  was,  in  1893,  appointed  Head 
Master  of  Highgate  School.  Address- 
The  School  House,  Highgate,  N 


ALLEN  —  ALLIES 


19 


ALLEN,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie, 
B.A.,  best  known  as  Grant  Allen,  the 
second  son  of  Joseph  Antisell  Allen,  In- 
cumbent of  Holy  Trinity,  Wolfe  Island, 
Canada,  was  born  at  Kingston,  Canada, 
Feb.  24,  1848,  and  educated  in  the  United 
States  and  France,  at  King  Edward's 
School,  Birmingham,  and  at  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford  :  matriculated  Oct.  19,  1867 ; 
B.A.  1871.  Mr.  Allen  began  to  write  early, 
and  soon  established  a  reputation  as  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  scientific  authors. 
He  has  been  called  "The  Darwinian  St. 
Paul";  his  expositions  of  the  Darwinian 
theory  being  particularly  vivid,  clear,  and 
captivating.  Besides  a  multitude  of  con- 
tributions to  periodical  literature,  he  has 
written  the  following  books  on  more*  or 
less  serious  subjects :  "  Physiological 
.Esthetics,"  1877;  "The  Colour  Sense," 
1879  ;  "  The  Evolutionist  at  Large,"  1881 ; 
"Anglo-Saxon  Britain,"  1881;  "Vignettes 
from  Nature,"  1881 ;  "  Colours  of  Flowers," 
1882;  "Colin  Clout's  Calendar,"  1883; 
"  Flowers  and  their  Pedigrees,"  1884  ;  and 
"Charles  Darwin"  (in  Mr.  Andrew  Lang's 
series  of  "  English  Worthies  "),  1885.  In 
1883  Mr.  Allen  began  to  attempt  fiction, 
his  first  attempt  in  which  line  was  "Strange 
Stories."  Since  that  date  he  has  produced 
the  following  works:  "Philistia,"  1884; 
"Babylon,"  1885;  "For  Maimie's  Sake," 
1886;  "In  All  Shades,"  1887;  "The 
Devil's  Die,"  1888;  "This  Mortal  Coil," 
1888  ;  "  The  Tents  of  Shem,"  1889  ;  "Dr. 
Palliser's  Patient"  ;  "Force  and  Energy"  ; 
"Dumarescq's  Daughter  "  ;  "  The  Attis  of 
Catullus";  "Science  in  Arcady  "  ;  "The 
Woman  Who  Did,"  a  novel  which  stirred 
up  a  storm  of  controversy,  1895  ;  "  The 
British  Barbarians  "  in  the  same  year  ;  and 
in  1898  a  novel  dealing  with  missionaries 
in  the  South  Seas.  He  has  also  contributed 
a  series  of  papers  ("Post-prandial  Philo- 
sophy ")  to  the  Westminster  Gazette,  re-pub- 
lished in  book-form  in  1894  ;  and  in  1897 
he  published  "  Historical  Guides  "  to  Paris, 
Florence,  and  Belgium,  and  "The  Evolu- 
tion of  the  Idea  of  God."  Address:  The 
Croft,  Hind  Head,  Haslemere. 

ALLETNE,  Major- General  Sir 
James,  K.C.B.,  was  educated  at  Chelten- 
ham College  and  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich.  Entering  the 
Boyal  Artillery  in  1862,  he  was  present  at 
the  Red  River  Expedition  of  1870,  where 
he  was  in  command  of  the  Artillery.  He 
next  took  part  in  the  Zulu  campaign,  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Ulundi,  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  and  received  a  medal 
and  clasp.  In  the  Egyptian  Expedition 
of  1882  he  served  as  Deputy  Assistant- 
Adjutant-General,  witnessed  the  action  of 
Tel-el-Mahuta,  and  the  battle  of  Tel-el- 
Kebir,  was  again  mentioned  in  despatches, 


and  received  a  medal  and  clasp,  and  the 
bronze  star  of  the  Osmanieh.  During  the 
years  1884-85  he  was  employed  in  the 
Soudan  Expedition,  was  Director  of  River 
Transport,  and  Assistant-Adjutant-General 
at  headquarters  ;  he  commanded  a  separate 
contingent  at  the  battle  of  Kirbekan,  was 
mentioned  in  despatches,  received  two 
clasps,  and  obtained  his  colonelcy.  He 
served  as  Commissioner  for  the  Sub-divi- 
sion of  Zululand  in  1879,  and  was  again 
employed  in  that  capacity  to  delineate 
the  Transvaal-Swazi  boundary  in  1880. 
Colonel  Alleyne  was  created  C.B.  in  1891, 
and  became  Major-General  in  1895.  He 
received  the  Queen's  Jubilee  Medal  in 
1897,  and  in  the  same  year  was  created 
K.C.B.  He  now  commands  the  Royal 
Artillery  in  the  Aldershot  district.  Ad- 
dress :  Aldershot. 

ALLIES,  Thomas  William,  the  son 

of  a  gentleman  of  Bristol,  was  born  in 
1813,  and  educated  at  Eton,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  Newcastle  Scholarship.  He 
afterwards  became  in  succession  Scholar 
and  Fellow  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1832,  taking  a 
first-class  in  classics.  He  became  examin- 
ing chaplain  to  Dr.  Blomfield,  Bishop  of 
London,  who  appointed  him  in  1842  to 
the  rectory  of  Launton,  Oxfordshire,  which 
he  resigned  in  1850,  on  becoming  a  Roman 
Catholic.  He  had  previously  published  a 
volume  of  sermons,  a  work  entitled  "The 
Church  of  England  Cleared  from  the 
Charge  of  Schism,  upon  the  Testimonies 
of  Councils  and  Fathers  of  the  First  Six 
Centuries,"  1846,  2nd  edit.,  1848;  and 
"Journal  in  France  in  1845  and  1848," 
with  "Letters  from  Italy  in  1847 — of 
Things  and  Persons  concerning  the  Church 
and  Education,"  1849.  To  give  the  grounds 
of  his  conversion  he  wrote  "  The  See  of 
St.  Peter,  the  Rock  of  the  Church,  the 
Source  of  Jurisdiction  and  the  Centre  of 
Unity,"  1850,  4th  edit.,  1896;  preceded 
by  "  The  Royal  Supremacy  viewed  in 
reference  to  the  Two  Spiritual  Powers  of 
Order  and  Jurisdiction,"  1850.  He  has 
since  written  "  St.  Peter,  his  Name  and 
Office  as  set  forth  in  Holy  Scripture," 
1852,  4th  edit.,  1895  ;  "Dr.  Pusey  and  the 
Ancient  Church,"  1866  ;  "  Per  Crucem  ad 
Lucem,  the  Result  of  a  Life,"  5  vols., 
1879  ;  "A  Life's  Decision,"  1880,  2nd  edit., 
1894  ;  and  several  other  works.  His  great 
work  is  entitled  "  The  Formation  of  Chris- 
tendom," and  is  in  8  vols.  (1865-96),  which 
sell  as  ten,  viz.  :  Vol.  1,  "The  Christian 
Faith  and  the  Individual";  vol.  2,  "The 
Christian  Faith  and  Society " ;  vol,  3, 
"The  Christian  Faith  and  Philosophy"; 
vol.  4,  "Christendom  as  seen  in  Church 
and  State";  vol.  5,  "The  Throne  of  the 
Fisherman  built  by  the  Carpenter's  Son  " 


20 


ALLINGHAM  —  ALLMAN 


vol.  6,  "  The  Holy  See  and  the  Wandering 
of  the  Nations  "  ;  vol.  7,  "  Peter's  Rock  in 
Mohammed's  Flood  "  ;  and  vol.  8,  "  Monas- 
tic Life  from  the  Fathers  of  the  Desert  to 
Charlemagne."  Mr.  Allies  was  appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Catholic  Poor  School 
Committee  for  Great  Britain  in  1853,  and 
continued  to  1890.  He  was  created  Knight 
Commander  of  St.  Gregory  by  Leo  XIII. 
in  1885.  Address :  3  Lodge  Place,  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W. 

ALLINGHAM,  Mrs.  Helen,  eldest 
child  of  Alexander  Henry  Paterson,  M.D., 
was  born  near  Bnrton-on-Trent,  Sept.  26, 
1848.  The  family  removed  to  Altrincham, 
Cheshire,  and  after  Dr.  Paterson's  death, 
to  Birmingham.  At  the  beginning  of  1867 
Miss  Paterson  came  to  reside  in  London 
under  the  care  of  her  aunt,  Miss  Laura 
Herford,  who  was  an  artist,  and  who, 
about  seven  years  previously,  had  practi- 
cally opened  the  schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy  to  women.  Miss  Paterson  her- 
self entered  the  Royal  Academy  schools  in 
April  1867.  She  afterwards  drew  on  wood 
for  several  illustrated  periodicals,  and 
eventually  became  one  of  the  regular  staff 
of  the  Graphic.  She  also  furnished  illus- 
trations to  novels  running  in  the  Cornhill 
Magazine :  "  Far  from  the  Madding 
Crowd,"  and  "Miss  Angel."  In  the  inter- 
vals of  drawing  on  wood  she  produced 
several  water-colour  drawings.  "May," 
"Dangerous  Ground,"  &c,  were  exhibited 
at  the  Dudley  Gallery  ;  "  The  Milkmaid," 
and  "Wait  for  Me,"  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1874.  "Young  Customers,"  1875,  attracted 
much  attention  ;  as  did  also  "  Old  Men's 
Gardens,  Chelsea  Hospital,"  at  the  Old 
Water-Colour  Exhibition,  1877.  In  1875 
she  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colour,  and 
in  1890  to  the  honour  of  full  membership. 
Mrs.  Allingham  has  also  exhibited  "The 
Harvest  Moon,"  "The  Clothes- Line,"  "The 
Convalescent,"  "  The  Lady  of  the  Manor," 
"The  Children's  Tea,"  "The  Well," 
"Lessons,"  and  many  scenes  of  English 
rural  life.  Among  her  later  works  are 
several  portraits  of  Thomas  Carlyle. 
Special  exhibitions  of  Mrs.  Allingham's 
drawings  were  held  in  1886,  1887,  and 
1889,  also  in  1891,  1894,  and  1898,  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Fine  Art  Society,  and  had 
great  success.  Miss  Paterson  was  married, 
Aug.  22,  1874,  to  the  late  Mr.  William 
Allingham,  the  poet.  Address  :  Eldon 
House,  Lyndhurst  Road,  Hampstead, 
N.W. 

ALLISON,  William  B.,  American 
statesman,  was  born  at  Perry,  Ohio,  March 
2,  1829,  was  educated  at  Western  Reserve 
College,  Ohio,  and  studied  law  and  prac- 
tised  his    profession    in    Ohio,   until    he 


removed  to  Iowa  in  1857.  He  served  on 
the  staff  of  the  Governor  of  Iowa,  and 
aided  in  organising  volunteers  in  the  be-, 
ginning  of  the  war  between  the  Northern 
and  Southern  States,  was  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Thirty-eighth,  and  re- 
elected to  the  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  and 
Forty-first  Congresses,  and  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate,  taking  his  seat 
March  4,  1873.  He  was  re-elected  in  1878, 
1884,  1890,  and  1897.  He  is  leader  of  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Appropriations. 

ALLMAK,       Professor       George 
James,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.C.S.I.,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  M.R.I.A.,  F.L.S.,  Corr.  M.Z.S.L., 
Hon.  F.R.M.S.,  Hon.  Fellow  Royal  Geolo- 
gical Society  of  Cornwall,  Member  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  Hon.  Member  of 
various  British  and  foreign  societies,  and 
Emeritus    Regius  -  Professor    of     Natural 
History  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  James  Allman,  Esq.,  of 
Bandon,  and  was  born  at  Cork  in  1812, 
and  educated  at  the  Belfast  Academical 
Institution.   Warmly  attached  to  the  prin- 
ciples  of    civil   and   religious   liberty,   he 
threw  himself  actively  into  the  agitation 
which  led  to  Catholic  Emancipation  ;  and, 
believing  he  could  best  promote  its  object 
by  engaging  in  the  profession  of  the  law, 
he  resolved  on  studying  for  the  Irish  Bar. 
The    love    of    natural    science,    however, 
which  had  at  a  very  early  age  taken  pos- 
session of  him,  caused  him,  before  he  had 
completed  the  required  number  of  terms, 
to  give  up  the  profession  of  law  for  that 
of  medicine.     He  graduated  in  Arts  and 
Medicine  in  the  University  of  Dublin  in 
1844  ;  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
to  the  Regius-Professorship  of  Botany  in 
that  university,  when  he  relinquished  all 
further  thought  of   medical  practice.     In 
1854  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society ;  and  in  1S55  he  resigned  his  pro- 
fessorship in  the  University  of  Dublin  on 
his  appointment  to  the  Regins-Professor- 
ship  of  Natural  History  and  Keepership  of 
the  Natural  History  Museum  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  which  he  held  until 
1870.       Shortly   after    this    the    honorary 
degree   of   LL.D.   was    conferred  on  him 
by  the  University  of  Edinburgh.    His  chief 
scientific  labours  have  been  among  the 
lower  organisms  of  the  animal  kingdom, 
to  the  investigation  of  whose  structure 
and  development  he  has  specially  devoted 
himself.    For  his  researches  in  this  depart- 
ment of  biology  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh awarded  to  him  in  1872  the  Brisbane 
Prize  ;  in  the  following  year  a  Royal  Medal 
was  awarded  to  him  by  the  Royal  Society 
of    London ;    in    1878    he    received    the 
Cunningham  Gold  Medal  from  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  and  in  1896  the  Linnean 
Gold  Medal  from  the  Linnean  Society  of 


ALLMAN  —  ALM  A-TADEMA 


21 


London.  He  was  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners appointed  by  Government  in  1876 
to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  Queen's 
Colleges  in  Ireland.  Soon  after  his  elec- 
tion to  the  Edinburgh  chair  he  was  nomi- 
nated one  of  the  Commissioners  of  Scottish 
■Fisheries,  an  honorary  post  which  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  until  the  abolition  of  the 
Board  in  1881.  On  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Bentham  he  was  elected  to  the  presidency 
of  the  Linnean  Society,  a  post  which  he 
held  until.  1983,  when  he  resigned  it  in 
favour  of  Sir  J.  Lubbock.  In  1879  he  was 
President  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  the  exploring  voyage  of  the 
Challenger,  the  large  collection  of  Hydroida 
made  during  that  great  expedition  was 
assigned  to  him  for  determination  and  de- 
scription— a  service  which  he  had  already 
performed  for  the  Hydroida  collected 
during  the  exploration  of  the  Gulf  Stream 
under  the  direction  of  the  United  States 
Government.  He  has  served  on  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  and  on 
those  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh 
and  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  has 
filled  the  post  of  Examiner  in  Natural 
History  for  the  Queen's  University  in  Ire- 
land, for  the  University  of  London,  for 
Her  Majesty's  Army,  Navy,  and  Indian 
Medical  Services,  and  for  the  Civil  Service 
of  India.  Results  of  his  original  investi- 
gations are  contained  in  memoirs  published 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  and  the  Transactions  of  the 
IAnnean  and  Zoological  Societies  of  London; 
as  well  as  in  reports  presented  to  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  to  the  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Har- 
vard University,  and  to  the  Commission 
of  the  Challenger  Exploration  ;  and  in  com- 
munications to  the  Annals  of  Natural  His- 
tory, the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopic 
Science,  and  other  scientific  journals.  His 
more  elaborate  works  are  "A  Monograph 
of  the  Freshwater  Polyzoa,"  fol.,  1856,  and 
"A  Monograph  of  the  Gymnoblastic 
Hydroids,"  fol.,  1871-72,  both  published 
by  the  Ray  Society,  and  largely  illustrated 
with  coloured  plates.  Dr.  Allman  is  a 
member  of  the  Athenseum  Club,  to  which 
he  was  elected  by  the  Committee.  He 
married  Hannah  Louisa,  third  daughter 
of  Samuel  Shaen,  Esq.,  of  Crix,  J.P.  and 
D.L.  for  the  county  of  Essex.  Ad- 
dresses :  Ardmore,  Parkstone,  Dorset ; 
and  Athenseum. 

ALLMAN,  Emeritus  Professor 
George  Johnston,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S., 
Senator  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland, 
younger  son  of  William  Allman,  M.D., 
Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of 


Dublin  (1809-44),  born  in  Dublin  Sept. 
28,  1824,  was  educated  at  Dr.  Wall's 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He 
graduated  in  the  University  of  Dublin, 
B.A.  1844,  and  LL.D.  in  1853,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  Queen's  College,  Galway, 
and  a  Professor  of  the  Queen's  University 
in  Ireland.  He  was  also  appointed  Bursar 
of  the  Queen's  College  in  1864,  Member  of 
the  Senate  of  the  Queen's  University  in 
Ireland  in  1877,  and  in  1880  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Crown  one  of  the  first 
Senators  of  the  Royal  University  of 
Ireland.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  Council 
of  Queen's  College,  Galway,  1863-93, 
and  in  1888  he  was  sent  by  the  Corporate 
Body  of  the  Queen's  College  as  delegate 
to  the  University  of  Bologna  on  the 
occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the  Octo- 
centenary  of  that  University.  He  is 
LL.D.  ad  eundem  of  the  Queen's  University 
(1863),  and  D.Sc.  honoris  causd  (1882). 
In  1884  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  1893  he  resigned  his 
professorship  and  the  bursarship  of 
Queen's  College,  Galway.  In  1853  Dr. 
Allman  communicated  to  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  "An  Account  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor MacCullagh's  Lectures  on  the 
Attraction  of  Ellipsoids,"  which  he  com- 
piled from  his  notes  of  the  lectures 
(Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy, 
vol.  xxii.).  He  has  since  published 
"  Some  Properties  of  the  Paraboloids " 
(Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathematics,  1874); 
also  "  Greek  Geometry  from  Thales  to 
Euclid"  (Hermathena,  vol.  iii.,  No.  V., 
1777;  vol.  vi.,  No.  XIII.,  1887),  and  has 
collected  these  articles  and  published 
them  in  a  volume  with  the  same  title 
("Dublin  University  Press  Series,"  1889). 
He  has  also  contributed  "Ptolemy" 
(Claudius  Ptolemasus)  and  other  articles 
to  the  last  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  Permanent  address :  St. 
Mary's,  Galway. 

ALMA-TADEMA,  Lawrence,  R.A., 
R.W.S.,  H.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  painter,  was  born 
at  Dronryp,  in  the  Netherlands,  Jan.  8, 
1836.  His  father  was  Pieter  Tadema,  a 
notary.  He  was  intended  for  one  of  the 
learned  professions,  and  in  training  for  it 
the  works  of  the  ancient  classical  writers 
of  course  engrossed  much  of  his  attention. 
In  1852  he  went  to  Antwerp,  and  entered 
the  Academy  there  as  a  student.  After- 
wards he  placed  himself  with  the  late 
Baron  Henry  Leys,  whom  he  assisted  in 
painting  several  of  the  large  pictures  with 
which  the  Baron's  name  is  associated. 
Subsequently  he  came  to  London,  where 
he  has  resided  for  many  years.  He  ob- 
tained a  gold  medal  at  Paris  in  1864 ;  a 
second-class  medal  at  the  International 


22 


ALMOND 


Exhibition  at  Paris  in  1867  ;  a  gold  medal 
at  Berlin  in  1872,  and  the  grand  medal 
in  1874.  Mr.  Alma-Tadema  became  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at 
Amsterdam  in  1862  ;  Knight  of  the  Order 
of  Leopold  (Belgium)  in  1866 ;  Knight  of 
the  Dutch  Lion  in  1868;  Knight  First 
Class  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  of 
Bavaria  in  1869  ;  Member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Munich  in  1871 ;  Knight  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  (France)  in  1873  ; 
Member  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colonrs  in  1873  ;  and  Member  of 
the  Boyal  Academy  of  Berlin  in  1874.  In 
January  1873  he  received  letters  of  deniza- 
tion from  the  Queen  of  England,  having 
resolved  to  reside  permanently  in  this 
country.  He  was  nominated  a  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1873 ;  and 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  London,  Jan.  26,  1876.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  also  elected  a  Knight  of  the 
Third  Class  of  the  Golden  Lion  of  Nassau  ; 
in  1877  a  Knight  of  the  Third  Class  of  the 
Crown  of  Prussia,  and  an  Hon.  Member 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  ;  in  1878 
he  obtained  a  first-class  medal  at  the 
Paris  International  Exhibition,  and  he  was 
nominated  an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  the  same  year.  Mr.  Alma- 
Tadema  was  elected  a  Royal  Academician 
June  19,  1879.  He  is  an  Hon.  Member 
of  the  Royal  Academies  of  Madrid,  Vienna, 
Stockholm,  and  Naples.  The  Emperor  of 
Germany,  in  January  1881,  appointed  him 
a  foreign  Knight  of  the  Order  Pour  le 
Merite  (Art  and  Sciences  Division) ;  and 
in  the  following  month  the  French 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  elected  him  its 
London  correspondent  in  the  section  of 
Painting.  His  principal  paintings  are : 
"Entrance  to  a  Roman  Theatre,"  1866; 
"Agrippina  visiting  the  Ashes  of  Ger- 
manicus,"  1866;  "A  Roman  Dance,"  1866; 
"The  Mummy,"  1867;  "  Tarquinius 
Superbus,"  1867;  "The  Siesta,"  1868; 
"Phidias  and  the  Elgin  Marbles,"  1868; 
"Flowers,"  1868;  "Flower  Market," 
1868;  "A  Roman  Amateur,"  1868; 
"Pyrrhic  Dance,"  1869;  "A  Negro," 
1869;  "The  Convalescent,"  1869;  "A 
Wine  Shop,"  1869;  "A  Jnggler,"  1870; 
"A  Roman  Amateur,"  1870;  "The  Vin- 
tage," 1870;  "A  Roman  Emperor,"  1871  ; 
"Une  Fete  intime,"  1871;  "The  Greek 
Pottery,"  3  871;  "Reproaches,"  1872; 
"The  Mummy"  (Roman  period),  1872; 
"The  Improvisatore,"  1872;  "A  Halt," 
1872;  "Death  of  the  Firstborn,"  1872; 
"Greek  Wine,"  1872;  "The  Dinner," 
1873;  "The  Siesta,"  1873;  "The  Cher- 
ries," 1873;  "Fishing,"  1873;  "Joseph 
Overseer  of  Pharaoh's  Granaries,"  1874 ; 
"A  Sculpture  Gallery,"  1874  ;  "  A  Picture 
Gallery,"  1874  ;  "Autumn,"  1874  ;  "Good 
Friends,"   1874;    "On   the   Steps   of   the 


Capitol,"  1874;  "Water  Pets,"  1875; 
"The  Sculpture  Gallery,"  1875;  "An 
Audience  at  Agrippa's,"  1876  ;  "After  the 
Dance,"  1876;  "Cleopatra,"  1876;  "The 
Seasons"  (4  pictures),  1877;  "Between 
Hope  and  Fear,"  1877;  "A  Sculptor's 
Model"  (Venus  Esquilina),  "A  Love 
Missile,"  1878;  "A  Hearty  Welcome," 
"  Down  to  the  River,"  "  Pamona  Festival," 
"In  the  Time  of  Constantine,"  1879; 
"Spring  Festival,"  "Not  at  Home," 
"Fredegonda,"  1880;  "Sappho,"  1881; 
"An  Oleander."  and  "The  Way  to  the 
Temple"  (his  diploma  work),  1883  ;  "The 
Emperor  Hadrian  visiting  a  British 
Pottery,"  1884;  "AReadingfrom  Homer," 
1885;  "An  Apodyterinm."  1886  ;  "The 
Roses  of  Heliogabalus,"  1888;  "At  the 
Shrine  of  Venus,"  and  "A  Dedication  to 
Bacchus,"  1889;  "Comparisons,"  1893; 
"At  the  Close  of  a  Joyful  Day,"  1894; 
"Spring,"  1895  ;  "  Whispering  Noon,"  and 
"The  Coliseum,"  1896;  "Watching,"  and 
"Her  Eyes  are  with  her  Thoughts,"  &c, 
1897;  and  "The  Conversion  of  Paula," 
1898.  At  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1876 
he  exhibited  a  series  of  three  pictures : 
"Architecture,"  "Sculpture,"  and  "Paint- 
ing, "also  "Cherries."  A  special  exhibi- 
tion of  his  pictures  was  held  at  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1883.  He  received 
the  Fine  Art  Medal  of  Honour  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition,  1889.  By  his  first  wife 
he  had  two  daughters,  one  of  whom,  Miss 
Laurence  Alma-Tadema,  is  the  author  of 
"Love's  Martyr,"  a  novel;  "The  Wings 
of  Icarus,"  a  novel ;  a  translation  of 
Maeterlinck's  "  Pelleas  et  Melisandre"; 
and  a  volume  of  poems,  "Realms  of 
Unknown  Kings "  ;  and  the  other,  Miss 
Anna  Alma-Tadema,  has  made  a  brilliant 
dibut  as  a  water-colour  painter,  gaining 
the  second  medal  at  the  Paris  Exhibition 
in  1889.  His  second  wife,  whom  he 
married  in  1871,  was  Miss  Laura  Theresa, 
youngest  daughter  of  Dr.  George  Epps. 
This  lady  is  an  accomplished  artist,  and 
has  exhibited  several  pictures  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  at  the  Society  of  French  Artists, 
at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  and  New  Gallery. 
She  won  the  gold  medal  at  Berlin  in  1896. 
Addresses  :  17  Grove  End  Road,  St.  John's 
Wood,  N.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ALMOND,  Hely  Hutchinson,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Glasgow  on  Aug.  12, 
1832,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  George 
Almond.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
University  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  first-class  Honours  in 
both  Classical  and  Mathematical  Modera- 
tions, and  second-class  Honours  in  both 
the  final  schools  of  Lit.  Hum.  and  Mathe- 
matics. He  is  an  Hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow. 
He  was  appointed  Second  Master  of 
Merchiston   Castle   School  in    1858,    and 


AMAGAT  —  ANCASTEE 


23 


became  Head  Master  of  Loretto  School  in 
1862.  Mr.  Almond  is  also  the  author  of 
the  following  :  "  Sermons  by  a  Lay  Head- 
master," 1886  and  1892 ;  "  Edinburgh 
Health  Lectures,"  1884;  "Football  as  a 
Moral  Agent,"  published  in  the  December 
1893  number  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
"English  Prose  Extracts,"  1895.  He  was 
married  in  1876  to  Eleanora  Frances, 
daughter  of  Canon  Tristram.  Address : 
North  Esk  Lodge,  Musselburgh. 

AMAGAT,  Emile  Hilaire,  was  born 
in  1841  at  St.  Satur,  near  Sancerre,  a 
village  in  the  Department  of  Cher.  His 
first  intention  was  to  become  a  manufac- 
turing chemist,  which  calling,  however, 
he  soon  abandoned,  and  made  up  his  mind 
to  enter  the  profession  of  teaching.  His 
early  struggles  were  hard,  and  it  was 
under  difficult  circumstances  that  he  ob- 
tained the  various  degrees  which  the 
University  of  France  grants.  He  was  for 
some  years  assistant  to  the  celebrated 
chemist  Berthelot,  at  the  College  of  France. 
He  lived  in  Switzerland,  and  was  a  master 
at  the  Lycee  of  Fribourg  from  1867  to 
1872,  using  this  opportunity  for  composing 
his  Doctoral  thesis,  which  he  presented 
at  Paris  in  1872.  He  taught  chemistry 
for  five  years  at  the  old  normal  school  of 
Cluny,  and  in  1877  he  became  Professor 
of  Physics  in  the  free  university  of  Lyons. 
This  institution  was  then  in  course  of 
formation,  and  he  created  there  the  de- 
partment of  Physics,  in  which  he  carried 
out  his  principal  experiments,  and  re- 
corded their  results.  He  returned  to  Paris 
in  1891,  and  became  an  assistant  at  the 
Ecole  Polytechnique,  where  he  is  at  the 
present  time  occupied  in  examining  candi- 
dates for  admission  to  the  school.  He  has 
been  a  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France 
since  1889,  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  of  London  and  of  that  of 
Edinburgh  in  1897,  and  is  a  Member  of 
the  Dutch  Society  of  Sciences,  an  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Manchester  and  of  the  Scientific  Society 
of  Brussels.  His  principal  experiments 
are  connected  with  the  study  of  the  elas- 
ticity and  expansion  of  fluids,  which  he 
observed  under  such  conditions  of  tem- 
perature, and  especially  of  pressure,  as 
had  hardly  been  reached  up  till  that  time 
in  recent  investigations.  His  most  im- 
portant memoir  is  the  one  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1893,  and  which  recapitulates 
the  whole  of  the  laws  relating  to  the 
statics  of  liquids  and  gases.  These  laws 
were  the  outcome  of  his  experiments.  He 
has  also  published  several  memoirs  relat- 
ing to  the  elasticity  of  solids.  Since  1894 
he  has  particularly  endeavoured  to  deduce 
the  logical  inferences  resulting  from  his 
experimental  investigations ;  he  has  pub- 


lished, with  this  idea,  his  researches  on 
the  variation  of  the  specific  heats  of  fluids 
under  the  influence  of  temperature  and 
pressure,  and  his  researches  on  the  in- 
ternal pressure  of  fluids.  All  his  writings 
have  been  published  in  the  "Comptes 
Eendus  "  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  mid 
most  of  his  memoirs  have  been  given  in 
full  in  the  "  Annales  de  Chimie  et  de 
Physique."  Address:  Ecole  Polytechnique, 
Paris. 

AMPTHILL,  Lord,  Oliver  Arthur 
ViUiers  Russell,  B.A.,  J.P.,  son  of  the 
1st  Lord  Ampthill,  the  well-known  am- 
bassador, was  born  in  Rome  on  Feb.  19, 
1869.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  New 
College,  Oxford,  and  was  President  of  the 
University  Union  Society  in  1891.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Liberal  Unionist,  and  he 
contested  Fulham  in  the  L.C.C.  election 
of  1895  as  a  Moderate.  He  was  Assistant 
Private  Secretary  to  the  Right  Hon.  J. 
Chamberlain,  Colonial  Secretary,  from 
1895  to  1897,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  Private  Secretary  to  that,  states- 
man. At  the  present  time  (June  1898)  he 
is  engaged  on  the  Sugar  Bounties  Confer- 
ence, which  is  sitting  in  Brussels.  Lord 
Ampthill  has  a  very  considerable  rowing 
reputation,  inasmuch  as  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Eton  Eight  from  1886  to  1888,  and 
was  their  captain  from  1887  to  1889 ; 
whilst  at  Oxford  he  rowed  in  the  Uni- 
versity Eight  from  1889  to  1891,  and  was 
the  President  of  the  O.U.B.C.  in  1891  ;  he 
is,  moreover,  at  the  present  time  President 
of  the  London  Rowing  Club.  He  was 
formerly  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  1st 
Devon  Yeomanry  Cavalry,  and  is  now  a 
Captain  in  the  3rd  Battalion  of  the  Bedford- 
shire Regiment.  In  1894  he  was  married 
to  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  6th  Earl 
Beauchamp,  and  has  a  son  and  heir,  John 
Hugo,  born  in  1896.  Address  :  109  Park 
Street,  W. 

ANCASTER,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Gilbert  Henry  Heathcote 
Drummond  Willoughby,  was  born  in 
1830,  and  succeded  his  father  as  2nd  Baron 
Aveland  in  1867,  and  his  mother  as  24th 
Baron  Willoughby  de  Eresby  in  1888.  He 
was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  From  1852  to  1856 
he  represented  Boston  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  a  Conservative,  and  ;ilso  sat 
for  Rutland  in  the  same  interest  from  lx56 
to  1867.  He  is  Joint  Hereditary  Lord 
Great  Chamberlain  of  England,  and  was 
created  Earl  of  Ancaster  in  1892.  He  is 
married  to  Evelyn  Elizabeth,  second 
daughter  of  the  10th  Marquis  of  Huntly, 
and  has  a  son  and  heir,  Lord  Willoughby 
de  Eresby,  M.P.  for  the  Horncastle  Divi- 
sion   of    Lincolnshire.     Addresses :    Nor- 


24 


ANDERSON 


manton  Park,  Stamford ;  Drummond 
Castle,  Crieff,  Perthshire;  and  12  Bel- 
grave  Square,  S.W. 

ANDERSON,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Gar- 
rett-, M.D.,  daughter  of  Newson  Garrett, 
Esq.,  of  Aldeburgh,  Suffolk,  was  born  in 
London  in  1836,  educated  at  home  and  at 
a  private  school.  Miss  Elizabeth  Garrett 
began  to  study  medicine  at  Middlesex  Hos- 
pital in  1860,  completed  the  medical  curri- 
culum at  St.  Andrews,  Edinburgh,  and  the 
London  Hospital,  and  passed  the  examina- 
tion at  Apothecaries'  Hall,  receiving  the 
diploma  of  L.S.A.  in  October  1865.  She 
was  appointed  General  Medical  Attendant 
to  St.  Mary's  Dispensary  in  June  1866,  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Paris  in  1870,  and  in  the  same 
year  was  appointed  one  of  the  visiting 
physicians  to  the  East  London  Hospital 
for  Children  and  Dispensary  for  Women. 
On  Nov.  29,  1870,  Miss  Garrett  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  London  School  Board, 
being  returned  by  a  large  majority  at  the 
head  of  the  poll  for  Marvlebone.  She  was 
married  Feb.  9,  1871,  'to  Mr.  J.  G.  S. 
Anderson,  of  the  Orient  line  of  steamships 
to  Australia.  In  1872  Mrs.  Anderson  aided 
in  the  establishment  and  organisation  of 
the  New  Hospital  for  Women,  then  at  222 
Marylebone  Road,  and  now  at  144  Euston 
Road,  of  which  the  acting  medical  staff  is 
composed  entirely  of  women.  Mrs.  Ander- 
son has  been  for  some  years  its  Senior 
Visiting  Physician.  For  twenty  -  three 
years  she  was  Lecturer  on  Medicine  at 
the  London  School  of  Medicine  for  Women, 
Brunswick  Square.  She  is  still  Dean  of 
the  school.  She  was  for  many  years  on 
the  Councils  of  the  North  London  Col- 
legiate School  for  Girls,  and  of  Bedford 
College.  Mrs.  Garrett-Anderson  continues 
to  practise  in  London  as  a  physician  for 
women  and  children.  She  has  written 
various  papers  on  medical  and  social 
questions,  and  is  a  Member  of  the  British 
Medical  Association.  In  1897  Mrs.  Ander- 
son was  elected  President  of  the  East 
Anglian  Branch  of  this  Association.  She 
was  also  for  some  years  President  of  the 
Association  of  Registered  Medical  Women. 
Permanent  addresses  :  4  Upper  Berkeley 
Street,  Portman  Square ;  and  Westhill, 
Aldeburgh,  Suffolk. 

ANDERSON,     Dr.     John,     LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.R.G.S.,  &c,  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Thomas  Anderson,  Secretary  to 
the  National  Bank  of  Scotland,  Edinburgh, 
was  born  in  that  city  on  Oct.  4,  1833  ; 
educated  at  the  George  Square  Academy 
and  the  Hill  Street  Institution  and  finally 
at  the  Edinburgh  University.  He  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1861,  and  received 
a    gold    medal    for    his    thesis,    entitled 


"Observations  in  Zoology."    Immediately 
after   his   graduation  he  was   appointed 
Professor  of  Natural  Science  in  the  Free 
Church    College,    Edinburgh,    but   he   re- 
signed the   office  in   1864,    having   been 
offered    the    Curatorship    of    a    Museum 
which  the  Government  of  India  intended 
to  found  in   Calcutta,  and  of  which  the 
collections  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal 
were  to  form  the  nucleus.     He  arrived  in 
India  in  July  1864,  and  in  the  following 
year  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the 
Indian  Museum,  and  two  or  three  years 
afterwards  he  was  also   given  the  Chair 
of  Comparative  Anatomy  in  the  Medical 
College,  Calcutta.    In  1868  he  was  selected 
by  the  Government  of  India  to  accompany 
an  expedition  to  Western  China,  vid  British 
and  Independent  Burmah,  in  the  capacity 
of  Scientific  Officer.     Again,  in  1874,  he 
was  chosen  by  the  Government  of  India 
to  proceed   once  more  to  Western  China 
in   the   same   capacity  as  on  the  former 
expedition,  and  with  instructions  to  ad- 
vance  from    Bhamo   to   Shanghai.      This 
expedition  was  attacked  by  the  Chinese, 
and  was   obliged  to  retreat  to  Burmah  ; 
Augustus  Raymond  Margary  having  been 
treacherously  murdered  at  Manwyne.     In 
1881  Dr  Anderson  was  sent  by  the  Trustees 
of  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta,  to  investi- 
gate  the   Marine   Zoology  of  the  Mergui 
Archipelago,  off  the  coast  of  Tenasserim. 
In  1887  he  retired  from  the  service  of  the 
Government  of  India.     Besides  numerous 
papers  on  zoology,  a  list  of  which  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Royal  Society's  Catalogue  of 
scientific    papers,    Dr.    Anderson    is    the 
author    of     the     following     independent 
works:    "A    Report    on    the    Expedition 
to  Western  China  vid  Bhamo,"  published 
by  the  Government  of  India,  1871  ;  "Man- 
dalay  to  Momien,"  an  account  of  the  two 
expeditions  to  Western   China,  the  first 
under    Major    (afterwards     Colonel    Sir 
Edward)   Sladen,   and  the  second  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  Horace  Browne, 
1875;    "Anatomical  and   Zoological  Re- 
searches," including   an   account  of  the 
zoological  results  of  the  two  expeditions 
to  Western  China,  1868-69  and  1875,  4to, 
with  1  vol.  plates,   1878  ;    "  Catalogue  of 
the   Mammalia   in   the   Indian   Museum," 
Part  I.  published  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
Indian  Museum,  8vo,  1879;    "Handbook 
to  the  Archaeological  Collections  of  the 
Indian  Museum,   Calcutta,"  2  vols.,   8vo, 
published  by  the  Trustees,  1881  and  1882. 
The  scientific  results  of  his  researches  in 
the  Mergui  Archipelago  were  published  by 
the  Linnean   Society  of  London  in  vols. 
21  and  22  of  their  Journal,  which  were 
devoted  exclusively  to  the   subject,   the 
various  animal  groups  having  been  worked 
out  by  specialists.    Dr.  Anderson  described 
the  Mammals,  Birds,   Reptiles,  and  Bat- 


ANDERSON 


•25 


rachia,  and  gave  an  exhaustive  account 
of  the  Selungs,  the  human  inhabitants  of 
the  islands,  adding  a  vocabulary  of  their 
language.  And  in  connection  with  the 
same  expedition  to  Mergui,  a  town  which 
was  once  in  Siamese  territory,  he  published 
in  1890,  in  Triibner's  Oriental  Series,  a  full 
account  of  "  English  Intercourse  with  Siam 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century."  Dr.  Ander- 
son is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Societies  of 
London  and  Edinburgh,  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  and  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London,  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
of  London,  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  London  and  of  Edinburgh,  of  the  Royal 
Physical  and  Botanical  Societies  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 
He  is  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Calcutta  Uni- 
versity, and  is  a  Corresponding  Fellow  of 
the  Ethnological  Society  of  Italy.  In  1885 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  on 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  In 
1896  Dr.  Anderson  published  a  small 
volume  on  "The  Herpetology  of  Arabia," 
and  he  is  now  engaged  issuing  a  work  on 
"  The  Fauna  of  Egypt."  The  first  vol.,  on 
"The  Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Egypt," 
is  illustrated  by  fifty-two  4to  plates,  the 
majority  of  the  subjects  having  been  drawn 
from  life. 

ANDERSON,  Mary.  See  Navakko, 
Madamb  Antonio  de. 

ANDERSON,  William,  F.R.C.S.,  born 
in  London  on  Dec.  18,  1842,  is  the  son  of 
Mr.  William  Henry  Anderson.  He  was 
educated  at  the  City  of  London  School, 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  in  Paris.  After 
passing  through  his  medical  career  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  where  he  became 
Cheselden  Medallist,  he  was  appointed  in 
1873  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  at 
the  Japanese  Naval  and  Medical  College 
at  Tokio.  In  the  following  year  he  became 
Medical  Officer  to  the  British  Legation  at 
Tokio,  and  an  adviser  to  the  Sanitary  De- 
partment of  the  Japanese  Home  Office. 
While  organising  the  Naval  Medical  Ser- 
vice, and  studying  the  diseases  peculiar  to 
the  country,  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  in- 
vestigating the  history  and  technique  of 
the  pictorial  Arts  of  China  and  Japan, 
forming  a  large  collection  of  illustrative 
paintings  and  engravings,  which  were  after- 
wards acquired  by  the  British  Museum. 
Returning  to  England  in  1880  to  take  the 
appointment  of  Assistant  -  Surgeon  and 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  he  practised  as  a  consulting  sur- 
geon, and  was  elected  full  Surgeon  to  the 
Hospital  in  1891,  Hunterian  Professor  of 
Surgery  and  Pathology  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  the  same  year,  and  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts 
in  1892.    In  the  same  year  he  took  part  in 


the  formation  of  the  Japan  Society,  and 
was  elected  its  first  Chairman  of  Council. 
He  became  an  Examiner  in  Surgery  at  the 
University  of  London  and  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England  in  1894, 
and  Vice-President  of  the  Anatomical 
Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in 
1895.  He  is  a  member  of  several  learned 
societies,  and  an  Hon.  Member  of  the 
American  Society  of  Anatomists,  and  of 
the  Japanese  Society  for  the  Advancement 
of  Medical  Science  (Sei-I-Kwai).  In  1895 
he  was  honoured  by  the  Emperor  of  Japan 
with  the  decoration  of  the  Third  Class 
Order  of  the  Rising  Sun  for  services  in 
connection  with  medical  education  in 
Japan  and  with  the  literature  of  Japanese 
Art.  His  published  works  include  numer- 
ous standard  contributions  to  the  medical 
press,  and  to  various  literary  and  artistic 
Magazines  and  Reviews ;  a  short  essay 
on  the  history  of  Japanese  painting  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Japan  for  1875  (the  first  outline  of  the 
subject  in  any  European  language);  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Pictorial  Arts  of  Japan" 
(1 886) ;  a  descriptive  and  historical  cata- 
logue of  the  collection  of  Japanese  and 
Chinese  pictures  in  the  British  Museum 
(1886)  ;  and  a  monograph  on  Japanese 
wood  engravings  (1895).  His  collection  of 
Japanese  and  Chinese  paintings  was  ex- 
hibited in  the  White  Gallery  of  the  British 
Museum  in  1888-89,  and  a  collection  of 
engravings  and  illustrated  books  at  the 
Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club  in  1890. 
Address  :  2  Harley  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  W. 

ANDERSON,  General  William 
Warden,  second  son  of  the  late  Sir 
George  Anderson,  K.C.B.,  Governor  of  the 
Mauritius  and  of  Ceylon,  was  born  at 
Surat,  in  India,  1824,  and  appointed  Cornet 
in  the  2nd  Bombay  Lancers  in  1840.  He 
served  through  the  Punjaub  campaign  of 
1848,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  and 
capture  of  Mooltan,  as  well  as  the  siege  of 
Awah  and  of  Kotah,  1857.  He  served 
throughout  the  Indian  Mutiny,  1857,  and 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  engagement 
with  the  rebels  at  Gwalior.  From  1858 
to  1867  he  acted  as  Assistant-Political 
Resident,  and  Superintendent  of  the  Gui- 
cowar's  contingent  of  horse  in  Katywar. 
From  1867  to  1874  he  was  Political 
Agent  in  that  province.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  Brevet-Major  for  services  at 
Gwalior  against  the  rebels,  1857  (medal 
with  clasps)  ;  Major-General,  1878  ;  Lieu- 
tenant-General, 1882  ;  General,  1888.  He 
more  than  once  received  the  thanks  of 
the  Governor-General  of  India  for  the 
efficient  manner  in  which  he  had  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  Political  Agent  in 
Katywar. 


26 


ANDERSON— ANDREE 


ANDERSON,  Sir  William,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  J.P.,   Director-General  of 
Royal  Ordnance  Factories,  was  born  at  St. 
Petersburg  on  Jan.  5,  1835.     He  obtained 
his   early   education   at   the    High    Com- 
mercial  School   in   his    native    city,    and 
when  he  left  in  1849  he  was  head  of  the 
school,  silver   medallist,  and,  although  a 
British   subject,    he   had   conferred    upon 
him  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  St.  Peters- 
burg.    In    1849   Mr.   Anderson   became   a 
matriculated    student     in      the     Applied 
Sciences   Department   of   King's   College, 
London,  and  went  through  the  complete 
three  years'  course,   taking  many  prizes, 
and   leaving  in  1851  with  the  degree  of 
Associate,  to  become  a  pupil  of   the  late 
Sir  William  Fairbairn  at  Manchester.     He 
remained  with  Messrs.  William  Fairbairn 
and  Sons  for  three  years,  and  during  that 
time  was  much  employed  in  looking  after 
important  outwork.    In  1855  Mr.  Anderson 
entered    into    partnership    with    Messrs. 
Courtney    &    Stephens,    of    Dublin,    and 
remained    with    them    till     1864,    being 
engaged    chiefly   in    the   construction   of 
bridges,  cranes,  signals,  and  other  fittings 
for  railways.     He  devoted  much  attention 
to  the  theory  of  diagonally  braced  girders, 
then  but  little  understood,  and  contributed 
several  papers  to  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers   of   Ireland,  of  which  body  he 
became  President  in  1863.    In  the  autumn 
of  1864  Mr.  Anderson  removed  to  London, 
joining  the  old-established  firm  of  Baston 
and  Amos,  with  the  object  of  building  new 
works  on  the  Thames  at  Erith,   the  old 
premises  in  Southwark  Street  having  been 
found   inconvenient  for   large  and  heavy 
work.     Mr.  Anderson,  under  whose  direct 
management  the  Erith  works  have  been 
since    their   erection,    became    eventually 
the  head  of  the  firm  of  Easton  &  Ander- 
son.    He  is  a  Member  of  Council  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Institute  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineers, a  Visitor  of  the  Royal  Institution, 
a  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
has   contributed    numerous    papers   on   a 
variety  of  subjects  to  these  bodies.     His 
knowledge  of   the  Russian  language  has 
enabled  him  to  abstract  many  interesting 
papers  for  the  "Foreign  Abstracts"  pub- 
lished   by   the    Institution    of    Civil   En- 
gineers.    He  has  also   translated  the  re- 
markable works  of  Chernoff  on  steel,  and 
the  researches  of   the  late  General  Kala- 
kontsky,  on  the  internal  stresses  in  cast- 
iron   and   steel.     He  was  selected  by  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  to  deliver  one 
of  the  heat  series  of  lectures,  namely,  that 
on  the  "Generation  of   Steam";  by  the 
School   of   Military  Engineering  at  Chat- 
ham, to  lecture  on  "  Hydraulic  Machinery 
and  on  Hydro-pneumatic  Moncrieff  Gun- 
Carriage  "  ;  and  delivered  for  the  Society 


of  Arts,  under  the  Howard  Trust,  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  "Conversion  of  Heat 
into  Work."  In  August  1889  he  was 
appointed  by  Mr.  Stanhope  (Secretary  of 
State  for  War)  Director-General  of  the 
Royal  Ordnance  Factories,  which  comprise 
the  laboratory,  the  carriage  departments, 
and  the  gun  factory  at  the  Royal  Arsenal, 
Woolwich,  the  Royal  Gunpowder  Factory 
at  Waltham  Abbey,  and  the  small-arms 
factories  at  Enfield  and  Birmingham. 
The  University  of  Durham  has  conferred 
on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,  and 
he  was  in  1889  elected  President  of  section 
G  of  the  British  Association.  In  June 
1895  he  was  made  C.B.,  and  in  May  1897 
K.C.B.  He  is  married  to  Emma,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Brown,  Knighton,  Rad- 
norshire. Address  :  Royal  Arsenal,  Wool- 
wich. 

AETDREE,  Dr.  S.  A.,  Swedish  aero- 
naut, began  studying  air  currents  in  1877 
when  on  a  voyage  to  the  United  States, 
with  the  idea  of  crossing  the  Atlantic  in  a 
balloon.  Since  1892  he  experimented  in 
Sweden  with  the  help  of  King  Oscar.  His 
now  famous  balloon,  in  which  he  and  his 
two  companions,  Dr.  Strindberg  and  Herr 
Fraenkel,  started,  was  constructed  under 
the  superintendence  of  M.  Henri  Lach- 
ambre,  and  was  taken  to  the  N.W.  corner 
of  Spitzbergen,  with  the  object  of  crossing 
the  North  Polar  area.  Herr  Andree  went 
there  in  1896,  when  he  did  not  consider 
the  atmospheric  conditions  favourable 
enough  for  his  enterprise  ;  but  on  July  11, 
1897,  he  started  on  his  hazardous  voyage, 
and  only  once  has  reliable  information 
reached  the  expectant  civilised  world  since 
that  date,  when  the  balloon  disappeared 
behind  the  ice  hummocks  of  the  Frozen  Sea. 
As  in  the  case  of  Franklin,  we  consider 
Herr  Andre"e  to  be  alive  till  we  have  posi- 
tive proof  of  his  death.  His  balloon  was 
so  constructed  as  to  be  capable  of  re- 
maining in  the  air  for  over  fifty  days,  but 
he  took  provisions  for  only  four  months. 
He  also  took  thirty-two  carrier-pigeons, 
and  told  his  friends  not  to  be  alarmed  if 
they  did  not  hear  from  him  for  a  year. 
Of  these  pigeons,  only  one  has  brought  a 
message  ;  it  was  shot  near  Spitzbergen  on 
July  22, 1897,  and  carried  a  message  dated 
July  13,  stating  that  all  was  well.  It 
was  sent  off  in  82'2°  N.  lat.,  15-5°  E.  long., 
and  so  in  two  days  the  balloon  had  ad- 
vanced 187  miles  in  a  N.N.E.  direction. 
He  hoped  to  make  land  in  Siberia  or 
Alaska,  but  if  he  descended  on  the  ice  N. 
of  82°  it  is  doubtful  whi  ther  he  would  be 
able  to  secure  a  sufficiency  of  food  by 
means  of  his  gun.  Several  rumours  have 
reached  Europe  of  his  having  arrived  at 
the  Pole,  but  as  yet  none  have  received 
confirmation  (August  1898). 


ANDEEWS  —  ANGELL 


27 


ANDREWS,  Thomas,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  F.C.S.,  &c,  was 
born  Feb.  16,  1847,  in  Sheffield,  and  is 
the  only  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Andrews  of  the  same  town.  He  was 
educated  at  Broomhank  School  by  the 
late  Rev.  Thomas  Howarth,  M.A.,  and 
subsequently  by  private  tuition,  and  was 
carefully  trained  in  metallurgy,  mining, 
and  engineering  by  his  father.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1871  he  succeeded 
him  as  proprietor  of  the  Wortley  Iron- 
works (one  of  the  oldest-established  iron- 
works in  England),  and  the  Wortley 
Silkstone  Colliery.  In  addition  to  con- 
ducting and  managing  the  ironworks,  Mr. 
Andrews  has  rendered  excellent  service  to 
metallurgical,  physical,  and  engineering 
science,  by  a  series  of  original  researches, 
extending  over  many  years,  and  con- 
nected with  various  branches  of  the  above 
sciences.  He  has  determined  the  relative 
corrosibility  of  wrought  iron  and  modern 
steels  in  sea-water  and  in  tidal  streams, 
and  shown  that  iron  corrodes  much  less 
than  steels.  He  has  made  elaborate  re- 
searches, published  by  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers,  on  the  "  Effects  of  Tem- 
perature on  the  Strength  of  Railway  Axles, 
in  an  Investigation  extending  over  Seven 
Years,"  and  has  therein  determined,  on 
a  large  experimental  scale,  the  resistance 
of  metals  to  sudden  concussion  at  varying 
temperatures  down  to  zero  Fahrenheit ; 
and  indicated  the  influence  of  climatic 
temperature  changes  on  the  strength  of 
railway  material,  and  at  the  same  time 
has  ascertained  some  of  the  causes  lead- 
ing to  accidental  fractures  on  railways. 
He  has  also  studied  the  influence  of 
sudden  chilling  on  the  physical  properties 
of  metals.  He  has  conducted  numerous 
other  original  investigations  on  the  electro- 
motive force  between  vessels  at  high 
temperatures,  &c. ,  and  also  an  intricate 
research  on  "Electro-chemical  Effects  on 
Magnetising  Iron,"  Parts  I.,  II.,  III. ;  the 
results  of  the  latter  research  have  shown 
that  magnetised  iron  or  steel  is  electro- 
positive to  unmagnetised  in  certain  chemi- 
cal solutions.  In  another  part  of  this 
research  Mr.  Andrews  observed  that  a 
current  was  produced  when  the  opposite 
poles  of  two  electrically  connected  magnets 
of  approximately  equal  strength  were  im- 
mersed in  solutions  of  various  chemical 
substances,  the  north  pole  being  generally 
positive  to  the  south  pole.  Mr.  Andrews 
has  written  papers  on  the  "  Passive  State 
of  Iron  and  Steel,"  discovering  in  these 
researches  that  the  passive  state  of  iron 
was  influenced  by  magnetism ;  and  he 
also  determined  the  relative  passivity  of 
the  various  modern  steels,  and  the  in- 
fluence of  chemical  composition,  physical 
structure,   &c,   on    the    passivity  of  the 


metals.  Mr.  Andrews  has  also  experi- 
mented on  the  "Heat  Dilatation  of 
Metals  from  Very  Low  Temperatures." 
In  the  course  of  another  research  he  has 
made  determinations  of  the  plasticity  of 
ice,  and  also  on  the  relative  conductivity 
of  ice  and  snow,  and  on  the  contracti- 
bility  of  ice  at  low  temperatures.  He 
has  also  contributed  various  articles  to 
Iron,  The  Engineer,  Chemical  Ncu'S,  Nature, 
Poggendorff's  Annalen,  and  other  periodi- 
cals. The  results  of  these  numerous 
researches  are  embodied  in  about  thirty- 
three  papers,  published  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Royal  Society,  London ;  Transactions 
and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  Edin- 
burgh; Proceedings  of  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers ;  Transactions  of  the  Society  of 
Engineers;  Transactions  of  the  Midland 
Mining  Institute:  British  Association  Re- 
ports ;  Transactions  of  the  Institute  of 
Marine  Engineers,  &c.  For  some  of  these 
papers  Mr.  Andrews  was  awarded  at  dif- 
ferent times  by  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers  a  Telford  Medal  and  three 
Telford  Premiums  successively,  and  also 
a  premium  by  the  Society  of  Engineers. 
In  189S  the  Society  of  Engineers  awarded 
him  the  Bessemer  Premium.  He  was  in 
1888  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
London,  and  has  also  been  elected  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  Member 
of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  Fellow 
of  the  Chemical  Society,  &c.  Numerous 
quotations  are  made  from  his  metallur- 
gical researches  in  the  recent  valuable 
standard  work  on  the  "  Metallurgy  of 
Steel,"  by  Henry  M.  Howe,  Boston,  U.S.A. 
He  is  patentee  of  an  invention  for 
hydraulic  machinery  in  connection  with 
the  manufacture  of  iron.  Mr.  Andrews 
takes  a  practical  interest  in  all  Christian 
and  educational  labour,  and  has  conducted 
large  night-schools.  In  1870  he  married 
Mary  Hannah,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Charles  Stanley,  of  Rotherham.  Ad- 
dress :  Ravencrag,  Wortley,  near  Sheffield. 

ANDREWS,  The  Right  Hon. 
William  Drennan,  is  a  Judge  in  the 
Exchequer  Division  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice,  Ireland,  and  was  sworn  a  Member 
of  the  Irish  Privy  Council  in  1897. 

ANGELL,  James  Burrill,  American 
educator  and  statesman,  was  born  at 
Scituate,  Rhode  Island,  Jan.  7,  1829.  He 
graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1849, 
and  spent  some  time  in  Europe  studying 
and  travelling.  On  his  return  to  America 
in  1853  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Modern  Languages  and  Literature  at 
Brown  University,  where  he  graduated. 
In  1860  he  became  editor  of  the  Daily 
Journal  of  Providence,  and  retained  that 
position  until  called  to  the  Presidency  of 


28 


ANGUS  —  ANNENKOW 


the  University  of  Vermont  in  1866.  In 
1871  he  became  President  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  an  office  he  has  since 
continued  to  fill,  except  during  the  years 
1880-81,  which  he  spent  in  China  as 
Minister  from  the  United  States,  and  in 
1897-98,  when  he  was  United  States  Mini- 
ster to  Turkey.  In  1880-81  he  was  also 
chairman  of  a  special  commission  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  with  China.  This  commission 
made  a  treaty  in  commercial  matters,  and 
also  one  on  Chinese  immigration. 

ANGUS,  Joseph,  D.D.,  was  born  Jan. 
16,  1816,  at  Bolam,  Northumberland,  and 
educated  at  King's  College,  Stepney  College, 
and  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  in 
1836,  taking  the  first  prizes  in  nearly  all 
his  classes,  and  at  the  close  of  his  course 
gaining  the  University  Prize  for  an  essay 
on  "  The  Philosophy  of  Lord  Bacon,"  open 
to  all  students,  both  literary  and  medical. 
In  1840  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Baptist  Missionary  Society,  and  visited  the 
West  Indies  on  the  churches  in  that  island 
becoming  independent  of  the  Society. 
In  1849  he  became  President  of  Stepney 
College,  which  College  was  removed  to 
Regent's  Park  in  1857.  Dr.  Angus,  who 
was  for  several  years  English  Examiner  to 
the  University  of  London  and  to  the 
Indian  Civil  Service,  is  the  author  of  the 
"  Handbook  of  the  Bible,"  "Handbook  of 
the  English  Tongue,"  "English  Litera- 
ture," "Christ  our  Life,"  and  several 
other  works.  He  has  also  edited  Butler's 
"Analogy  and  Sermons,"  with  notes,  and 
Dr.  Wayland's  "  Moral  Science."  He  was 
a  member  of  the  New  Testament  Com- 
pany for  the  Revision  of  the  Scriptures, 
and  for  ten  years  a  member  of  the  London 
School  Board.  In  recent  years  the  College 
at  Regent's  Park  has  made  provision  for 
largely  extending  its  work ;  and,  in 
addition  to  the  foundation  of  several 
scholarships,  the  sum  of  £30,000  has  been 
contributed  to  it,  through  Dr.  Angus,  for 
increasing  its  efficiency.  Special  chairs 
were  founded,  and  more  than  one  lecture- 
ship has  been  established. 

ANHALT,  Grand  Duke  of,  Leopold 
Frederic  Francois  Nicolas,  was  born 
at  Dessau  on  April  29,  1831,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  1871.  He  is  a  General 
of  Prussian  infantry,  and  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  the  Black  Eagle.  He  was  married 
to  Antoinette,  Princess  of  Saxe-Altenburg, 
in  1854,  and  his  heir  is  the  Hereditary 
Prince  Leopold  Fre'de'ric,  born  in  1856, 
and  married  to  Marie,  Princess  of  Baden. 
The  fifth  son  of  the  Grand  Duke,  Prince 
Aribert,  was  married  at  Windsor  Castle  in 
1891  to  the  Princess  Louise  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  daughter  of  the  Princess  Chris- 
tian, and  granddaughter  of  Queen  Victoria. 


ANN  AND  ALE,  Charles,  M.  A.,  LL.D., 
was  born  in  Kincardineshire  on  Aug.  6, 
1843,  and  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity. He  is  engaged  in  all  kinds  of 
literary  work,  and  has  edited  several  im- 
portant works  of  reference,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  :  "  The  Imperial  Dic- 
tionary," Blackie's  "Modern  Cyclopaedia," 
"  The  Popular  Cyclopaedia,"  "  The  Student's 
Dictionary,"  Burns's  Works,  &c.  He  was 
married  in  1877.  Address :  35  Queen 
Mary  Avenue,  Glasgow. 

ANNAND  ALE,  Professor  Thomas, 

F.R.S.E.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.  London  and  Edin- 
burgh, and  Member  of  many  Foreign 
Societies,  was  born  at  Newcastle  -  on  - 
Tyne,  Feb.  2,  1838,  and  educated  at  the 
Newcastle  Infirmary  and  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  became  private  assist- 
ant to  the  late  Professor  Syme,  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on 
Surgery  to  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Infirmary. 
Dr.  Annandale's  high  reputation  as  a  prac- 
tical and  operating  surgeon  and  teacher  of 
surgery  led  to  his  appointment  in  October 
1877  as  Regius-Professor  of  Clinical  Sur- 
gery in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
is  Senior  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Infirmary, 
Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Sick 
Children's  Hospital  and  to  the  Royal 
Maternity  Hospital ;  and  is  the  author  of 
"The  Malformations,  Diseases,  and  Injuries 
of  the  Fingers  and  Toes,  and  their  Surgi- 
cal Treatment,"  1865,  being  the  Jacksonian 
Prize  Essay  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  London  for  1864;  "Abstracts  of 
Surgical  Principles,"  1868-70,  2nd  ■edit., 
1876;  "Clinical  Surgical  Lectures," 
1874-75,  reported  in  the  Medical  Times 
and  British  Medical  Journal;  "On  the 
Pathology  and  Operative  Treatment  of 
Hip  Disease,"  1876 ;  author  of  articles 
"Diseases  of  the  Breast,"  "Internal  De- 
rangements of  the  Knee-joint,  and  their 
Treatment  by  Operation,"  "On  the  Re- 
moval of  Bone  to  Promote  Healing  of 
Wounds,"  and  numerous  contributions 
to  professional  periodicals.  Address  :  34 
Charlotte  Square,  Edinburgh. 

ANNENKOW,    General    Michael, 

son  of  General  Michael  Annenkow,  and 
constructor  of  the  Russian  Central  Asian 
Railroad,  was  born  in  1838,  and  educated  in 
St.  Petersburg.  He  received  his  first  com- 
mission in  1863,  in  the  mounted  Pioneers 
of  the  Guard.  He  afterwards  entered  the 
Russian  Staff  College,  and  served  as  a  staff- 
captain  during  the'Polish  insurrection  ;  at 
the  end  of  which  he  became  colonel, 
though  only  twenty-eight  years  of  age. 
He  spent  four  years  in  Poland,  in  police 
service,  and  in  1870  was  attached  to  the 
German  armies  during  the  campaign  in 


ANNUNZIO  —  AEABI 


29 


France ;  and  was  afterwards  given  the 
chief  direction  of  troops  in  Russia,  and 
organised  the  railway  battalions.  Subse- 
quently he  was  one  of  Skobeloff's  staff 
officers  in  the  Merv  campaign.  Not  only 
the  Samarcand  line,  bat  several  other 
Russian  strategic  lines  are  due  to  him. 
To  him  is  due  a  project  for  the  creation 
of  a  Trans-Siberian  Railway,  which  is  to 
extend  from  Moscow  to  the  borders  of 
China.  During  a  sojourn  in  Paris  in  1891 
General  Annenkow  made  his  latest  plans 
in  this  direction  known  to  the  French 
press.  Since  then  his  ideas  have  taken 
concrete  shape  in  the  greatest  railway 
scheme  in  the  world,  being  over  4700  miles 
long,  and  costing  over  £55,000,000  sterling. 
By  means  of  this  line  Russia  will  soon  be 
connected  with  Vladivostock  and  Port 
Arthur,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Trans- 
Siberian  Railway  has  now  reached  the 
Manchurian  frontier,  and  the  length  in 
Chinese  territory  will  be  950  miles. 

ANNUNZIO,  Gabrielle  d'.  See 
D'Annunzio,  Gabrielle. 

ANSON,  Sir  William  Reynell, 
D.C.L.,  son  of  the  late  Sir  John  W.  H. 
Anson,  2nd  Bart.,  and  Elizabeth  Catherine, 
second  daughter  of  General  Sir  Denis 
Park,  K.C.B.,  was  born  on  Nov.  14, 1843,  at 
Avisford  House,  Walberton,  Sussex.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  first-class  in 
the  school  of  Lit.  Hum.  He  graduated 
B.A.  in  1866,  M.A.  in  1869,  B.C.L.  in 
1875,  and  D.  C.L.  in  1881.  He  was  a  Fellow 
of  All  Souls'  College  from  1867  to  1881, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  Warden 
of  that  society.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1869,  and  held  the  appointment  of 
Vinerian  Reader  in  English  Law  at  Ox- 
ford from  1874  to  1881.  He  was  an 
Alderman  for  the  city  of  Oxford  in  1892, 
was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
Oxfordshire  in  1883,  and  was  Chairman  of 
the  Quarter  -  Sessions  in  1894.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Eton  College  in  1883. 
Sir  W.  Anson  is  the  author  of  "Principles 
of  the  English  Law  of  Contrast,"  and 
"Law  and  Custom  of  the  Constitution," 
Part  I.  "Parliament,"  Part  II.  "The 
Crown."  Addresses :  All  Souls'  College, 
Oxford ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ANSTRTJTHER,    Henry    Torrerjs, 

M.P.,  second  son  of  the  late  Colonel  Sir 
R.  Anstruther,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  born  in 
1860,  and  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
called  to  the  Scotch  Bar  in  1885,  and  was 
elected  Liberal-Unionist  Member  for  the 
St.  Andrews  Burghs  in  1886.  He  was  re- 
elected for  that  constituency  in  1895,  and 
in  the  same  year,  on  the  formation  of  the 


present  administration,  he  was  appointed 
a  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  and  second  Whip. 
He  now,  however,  fills  the  office  of  prin- 
cipal Liberal-Unionist  Whip.  Mr.  Ans- 
truther was  at  one  time  a  Lieutenant  in 
the  Fife  Light  Horse  Volunteers.  He  was 
married  in  1889  to  Eva,  daughter  of  th 
4th  Baron  Sudeley.  Addresses  :  6  Chester 
Street,  S.W. ;  and  Gillingshill,  Pitten- 
weem,  Fife. 

ANTHOPOULO,    Pasha.      See  Cos- 

TAKI  ANTHOPOULO  PASHA. 

ARABI,  Ahmed,  the  leader  of  the 
military  insurrection  in  Egypt,  1882,  was 
born  of  a  fellah  family,  resident  in  a  small 
village  in  the  province  of  Charkieh,  in  the 
eastern  portion  of  Lower  Egypt,  nearly  on 
the  borders  of  the  Desert.  He  was  enlisted 
in  the  army  during  the  reign  of  Said  Pacha, 
who  initiated  the  system  of  replacing  the 
foreign  officers  by  native  Egyptians. 
Arabi  was  one  of  those  thus  selected,  and 
he  rose  rapidly  in  rank  ;  but  the  Viceroy 
was  capricious,  and  one  day  he  had  Arabi 
punished  with  some  hundred  blows  of  a 
stick,  and  relegated  him  to  half  -  pay. 
Arabi,  who  had  learned  to  read  and  write, 
and  had  compatriots  at  Ezher,  the  reli- 
gious university  of  Cairo,  went  thither  to 
study  science,  and  although  he  could  not 
complete  a  course  which  requires  about 
twenty  years  to  accomplish,  he  learnt 
sufficient  to  enable  him  to  pass  for  a  savant 
among  his  colleagues  in  the  army.  Ismail 
Pacha  restored  him  to  the  army,  and  from 
this  time  Arabi  was  regarded  by  his  Egyp- 
tian colleagues  as  a  pious  and  learned  man, 
his  conduct  being,  according  to  Mussul- 
man morality,  irreproachable.  He  married 
the  daughter  of  the  nurse  of  El  Hami 
Pacha,  son  of  Abbas  Pacha,  who  had  been 
brought  up  in  the  Prince's  palace :  this 
afforded  him  somewhat  of  a  competence. 
During  the  Abyssinian  campaign  he  man- 
aged to  have  the  charge  of  the  transport, 
and  remained  at  Massama  to  forward  the 
convoys.  After  the  campaign  he  was 
employed  in  the  transport  of  sugar  from 
the  Khedive's  factories  in  Upper  Egypt, 
and,  having  a  quarrel  with  the  manager  of 
the  Khedive's  property,  he  returned  to 
Cairo,  and  was  again  replaced  in  the  army, 
being  at  the  time  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
became  the  intimate  counsellor  of  Ali  Bey 
El  Roubi,  who  was  the  means  of  raising 
Arabi  from  his  obscurity.  During  the 
years  1876-78  he  organised  a  sort  of  secret 
society  among  the  fellah  officers,  which 
was  not  noticed  in  consequence  of  the 
events  that  were  then  engaging  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Khedive  and  the  State.  Some 
weeks  previous  to  the  coup  d'ttat  of  Ismail 
Pacha  against  the  European  Ministry, 
several  officers,  among  whom  were  Arabi 


.30 


AKBUTHtfOT 


and  El  Koubi,  went  to  Ali  Pacha  Moubarek, 
a.  fellah  of  Charkieh,  and  proposed  to  place 
him  at  their  head  to  overthrow  the  Khe- 
dive and  the  European  Ministry.  Ali 
Pacha  Monbarek,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  Ministry  of  Wilson  and  Blignieres, 
related  the  whole  to  the  Khedive,  who  had 
an  interview  with  the  society  of  El  Roubi 
and  Arabi,  and  with  their  aid  made  the 
iamous  revolution  which  brought  about 
the  fall  of  the  European  Ministry  of  1879. 
Ismail  Pacha  would,  doubtless,  have  sup- 
pressed the  society  had  he  remained  a 
week  or  a  fortnight  longer  in  Egypt.  At 
the  accession  of  Tewfik,  the  bulk  of  the 
public  were  yet  ignorant  of  the  name  of 
Arabi.  In  a  short  time  afterwards  the 
Khedive  made  him  colonel,  and  entrusted 
him  with  a  regiment.  Ali  Bey  El  Roubi 
was  sent  to  Mansourah  as  President  of  the 
Tribunal  of  First  Instance  ;  but  the  con- 
spiracy could  not  be  destroyed,  especially 
because  no  one  in  the  Government,  except 
perhaps  the  Khedive  himself,  considered 
that  it  had  any  real  importance.  At  this 
time  began  the  intrigues  of  the  ex-Khedive, 
of  Halim  Pacha,  and  the  Porte,  and  each 
party  endeavoured  to  get  hold  of  the  only 
power  that  appeared  to  remain  in  Egypt, 
that  is  to  say,  this  conspiracy  of  officers, 
which  had  drawn  to  it  a  large  number  of 
non-commissioneri  officers,  and  even  of 
soldiers,  by  promising  them  an  increase 
of  pay,  with  better  clothing  and  rations. 
The  tactics  of  Arabi  were  to  awaken  the 
interest  of  the  people  in  the  movement 
which  he  was  preparing,  and  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  "  The  Awakening  of  the 
National  Party."  In  September  1881 
Arabi  appeared  at  the  head  of  a  military 
and  popular  revolt,  compelling  the  Khedive, 
Tewfik  Pacha,  to  dismiss  his  former  Minis- 
try, and  to  convene  a  sort  of  Parliament 
called  the  Assembly  of  Notables,  which  met 
about  the  beginning  of  1882.  The  affair 
of  September  8  resulted  in  the  overthrow 
of  Riaz  Pacha's  Administration,  which 
was  unpopular  because  it  was  supposed 
to  be  too  deferential  to  certain  foreign 
interests.  Cherif  Pacha,  who  was  there- 
upon appointed  Prime  Minister,  pledged 
the  Khedive  to  establish  a  Parliamentary 
Government.  A  manifesto  was  issued  by 
the  "National  Party"  on  Dec.  18,  1881, 
containing  an  exposition  of  their  views 
and  purposes.  They  professed  loyalty  to 
the  Sultan  both  as  Imperial  Suzerain  and 
as  Caliph  of  the  Mussulman  community, 
but  would  never  suffer  Egypt  to  be  reduced 
to  a  Turkish  Pachalic,  and  they  claimed 
the  guarantee  of  England  and  of  Europe 
for  the  administrative  independence  of 
Egypt.  They  also  professed  loyalty  to 
the  Khedive,  but  would  not  acquiesce  in 
a  despotic  rule,  and  they  insisted  upon 
bis  promise  to  govern  by  the  advice  of  a 


representative  assembly.  At  the  beginning 
of  1882  the  Khedive  and  Cherif  Pacha 
called  together  the  Assembly  of  Notables. 
Arabi  was  then  appointed  Under-Secretary 
for  the  War  Department,  and  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  Pacha.  The  Assembly  of 
Notables  wanted  to  vote  the  Budget. 
This  claim  was  refused  by  the  Khedive's 
Government  on  account  of  the  financial 
Controllers,  and  hence  arose  the  Egyptian 
crisis.  Arabi  and  the  army  had,  however, 
a  monopoly  of  power.  The  Khedive  was 
forced  to  accept  a  National  Ministry,  and 
the  Organic  Law,  adopted  in  defiance  of 
the  protests  of  the  Controllers,  placed  the 
Budgets  in  the  hands  of  the  Notables, 
thus  subverting  the  authority  of  England 
and  France  embodied  in  the  Control. 
Arabi,  now  substantially  Dictator,  and 
supported  almost  undisguisedly  by  the 
Sultan,  proceeded  to  more  daring  measures. 
Eventually  the  English  Government  felt 
obliged  to  intervene  by  armed  force.  Then 
followed  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria 
by  the  fleet  under  the  command  of  Sir 
Beauchamp  Seymour  (July  11,  1882),  and 
subsequently  (Sept.  13)  the  decisive  defeat 
of  Arabi  and  his  army  at  Tel-el-Kebir  by 
the  British  troops  under  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley.  Arabi  and  his  lieutenant, 
Toulba.  Pacha,  fled  to  Cairo,  where  they 
surrendered  to  General  Drury  Lowe.  It 
was  intended  at  first  to  charge  Arabi  with 
murder  and  incendiarism,  but  he  was  actu- 
ally brought  to  trial  on  the  simple  charge 
of  rebellion  (December  3).  He  pleaded 
guilty,  and  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
immediately  afterwards  the  sentence  was 
commuted  by  the  Khedive  to  perpetual 
exile  from  Egypt  and  its  dependencies. 
Ceylon  having  been  chosen  as  the  place 
of  banishment,  Arabi,  with  other  leaders 
in  the  rebellion,  were  landed  at  Colombo, 
Jan.  16,  1883. 

ARBTJTH1TOT,   Sir  Alexander  J., 

K.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  son  of  the  then  Bishop  of 
Killaloe,  was  born  in  Ireland  on  Oct.  11, 
1822.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at 
the  old  East  India  College  at  Haileybury, 
and  entered  the  Madras  Civil  Service  in 
1842.  Appointed  a  Member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Madras  in  1867,  he  filled  that  posi- 
tion until  1872.  Subsequently  he  was  a 
Member  of  the  Governor-General's  Council 
from  1875  to  1880  ;  and  eventually  he  be- 
came a  Member  of  the  Council  of  India  in 
1887.  He  published  in  1881  "Selections 
from  the  Minutes,  and  other  Official  Writ- 
ings, of  Major-General  Sir  Thomas  Munro, 
Governor  of  Madras,"  with  an  introductory 
Memoir  and  Notes.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.S.I.  in  1873;  is  Vice-Chancellor  of 
Madras  and  Calcutta  Universities;  and 
is  a  Fellow  of  thie  Royal  Historical  Society. 
Sir  A.  Arbufchnot  is  married  to  Frederica, 


ARCH  —  ARCHER 


31 


daughter  of  Major-General  Fearon,  C.B. 
Addresses:  Newtown  House, near  Newbury; 
and  Athenajum. 

ARCH,  Joseph,  leader  of  the  agricul- 
tural labourers'  movement,  was  born   at 
Barford,  Warwickshire,  on  Nov.  10,  1826. 
His  father  was  a  labourer,  and  he  himself 
had,  from  an  early  age,  to  work  in  the 
fields  for  his  living,  beginning  life,  like 
Cobbett,  as  a  scarer  of  birds.     He  married 
the  daughter  of  a  mechanic,  and  at  her 
suggestion  he  added  to  his  slender  stock 
of  book-learning.     He  used  often  to  sit 
up  late  at  night    reading  books,   whilst 
smoking  his  pipe  by  the  kitchen  fire.     In 
this  way  he  contrived  to  acquire  some 
knowledge  of  logic,  mensuration,  and  sur- 
veying.    He  likewise  perused  a  large  num- 
ber of  religious  works,  and  for  some  years 
he  occupied  a  good  deal  of  his  spare  time  in 
preaching  among  the  Primitive  Methodists. 
When  the    movement    arose    among  the 
agricultural  labourers,  he  became  its  re- 
cognised leader.     In  1872  he  founded  the 
National  Agricultural  Labourers'  Union,  of 
which  he   became    President.      He  went 
through  the  principal  agricultural  districts 
of  England,  addressing  crowded  meetings 
of  the  labouring  classes,  and  afterwards  he 
visited  Canada  to  inquire  into  the  .  ques- 
tions of  labour  and  emigration.      Having 
once  or  twice  offered   himself  unsuccess- 
fully as  a  candidate  for  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment,   Mr.    Arch    was    elected    in    1885 
Liberal  member  for  North-west  Norfolk, 
but  after  the  dissolution  of  1886  he  was 
defeated  by  his  former  Conservative  oppo- 
nent, Lord  Henry  Bentinck.     At  the  1892 
election  he  was  returned  for  North-west 
Norfolk,  and  again  in  1895.     He  has  de- 
scribed himself  as  "  The  Prince  of  Wales's 
own  M.P."      In  January  1898    appeared 
"The  Life  of  Joseph  Arch,"  edited  by  the 
Countess  of  Warwick.     In  this  remarkable 
autobiography  Mr.  Arch  describes  his  life 
and  early  home,  and  takes  up  his  position 
in  the  following  sentence  :    "  I  am  all  in 
favour  of  fostering  the  local  spirit.     Make 
a  man  proud  of,  and  interested  in,  his 
birthplace  or  locality — make  him  feel  he 
has  a  part  in  it — and  you  have  started  him 
on  the  road  to  good  citizenship.     Some 
will  remain  strongly  local  all  their  lives  : 
others  will  broaden  and  widen  from  the 
local  basis.     The  right  and  natural  deve- 
lopment  is   from    home   to   neighbouring 
homes  ;  then  to  the  homes  of  the  parish, 
the  district,  the  county,  the  country,  the 
empire,   the  world.    But  everything  de- 
pends on  individual  effort ;  the  man  must 
help  himself    if    he  is    to  help   others." 
Address :  The  Cottage,  Barford,  Warwick. 

ABCEDALL,  The   Bight   Rev. 
Mervyn,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Eillaloe,  was 


educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Be- 
coming Vicar  of  Templebready  in  1863,  he 
was  appointed  successively  Rector  of  St. 
Luke's,  Cork,  in  1872 ;  Dean  of  Cork  in 
1894;  and  Bishop  of  Killaloe  in  1897. 
During  the  years  1872  to  1897  he  acted  as 
Examining  Chaplain  to  Bishops  Meade  and 
Gregg  of  Cork,  was  Archdeacon  of  Cork 
from  1878  to  1894,  and  was  made  a  Canon 
of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  in  1891.  Ad- 
dress :  Killaloe,  Limerick. 

ARCHER,  James,  R.S.A. ,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh,  June  10,  1824,  and  educated  at 
the  High  School  in  that  city.  He  received 
his  art  education  in  the  school  founded 
by  the  Honourable  Board  of  Trustees  for 
Manufactures  in  Scotland,  and  was  ap- 
pointed an  Associate  of  the  Koyal  Scottish 
Academy  in  1850,  and  a  full  Academician 
in  1858.  Mr.  Archer,  who  left  Scotland 
for  London  in  1862,  first  exhibited  in  the 
Royal  Academy  in  the  year  1850  a  cartoon 
of  a  design  of  the  Last  Supper,  followed 
by  an  oil  picture  of  the  same  the  year 
after.  He  made  a  series  of  pictures  from 
the  "  Mort  d' Arthur,"  of  which  one  was 
exhibited  in  the  Royal  Academy,  "The 
Mystic  Sword  Excalibur,"  and  painted  a 
series  of  pictures  of  children  in  costume, 
exhibited  in  the  Royal  Academy,  of  which 
"Maggie,  you're  Cheating,"  is  the  chief. 
He  became  a  portrait  painter  in  1871,  ex- 
hibiting a  portrait  of  Colonel  Sykes,  M.P., 
from  which  time  he  painted  many  por- 
traits, one  of  the  principal  being  that  of 
Sir  Charles  0.  Trevelyan,  and  another 
that  of  Professor  Blackie.  Since  that  he 
has  painted  four  large  subject  pictures  : 
the  first  "  The  Worship  of  Dionysus  "  ; 
"  Dieu  le  veult.  Peter  the  Hermit  Preaching 
the  First  Crusade";  "In  the  Second 
Century,  You  !  a  Christian  ? "  and  the 
fourth,  "St.  Agnes,  a  Christian  Martyr." 
In  1884  he  went  for  a  few  months  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  painted  James  G. 
Blaine,  who  that  year  was  the  defeated 
candidate  for  the  Presidency ;  and  also 
Andrew  Carnegie,  the  well-known  Pitts- 
burg millionaire.  In  1886  he  went  to 
India,  where  he  remained  for  three  years, 
spending  the  winters  always  in  Calcutta. 
There  he  painted  several  of  the  native 
Rajahs,  chiefly  members  of  the  well-known 
family  of  Tagore,  one  branch  of  which  is 
an  adherent  to  the  reformed  religious 
movement  of  the  Brahmo  Somaj.  In  Simla 
he  painted  Lady  Dufferin  in  her  silver- 
wedding  dress,  as  well  as  her  son,  then 
Lord  Clandeboye.  There  he  also  painted 
a  posthumous  portrait  of  Sir  Charles  Mac- 
gregor,  and  designed  his  commemorative 
medal.  He  returned  to  London  in  1889. 
Among  the  portraits  he  painted  after  1889 
was  one  of  Sir  Charles  U.  Aitchison,  just 
returned  to  England  from  his  Governor- 


32 


ARCHER  —  ARDAGH 


ship  of  the  Punjab,  the  portrait  being 
commissioned  by  the  Rajah  of  Capurthala ; 
and  a  posthumous  portrait  of  the  Earl  of 
Dalhousie,  painted  for  the  city  of  Dundee, 
for  whom  he  also  painted  their  member, 
Sir  John  Leng.  Among  the  pictures  he 
has  since  painted  are,  "  Music  in  the 
Gloamin',''  "From  the  Ballad  of  Sir 
Patrick  Spens,"  and  "  St.  Bernard  Preach- 
ing the  Second  Crusade."  Permanent 
address  :  Haslemere,  Surrey. 

ARCHER,  "William,  was  born  in 
1856  at  Perth,  Scotland,  and  is  the  son 
of  Thomas  Archer,  C.M.G.,  late  Agent- 
General  for  Queensland  in  London.  Edu- 
cated mainly  in  Edinburgh,  he  took  the 
M.A.  degree,  Edinburgh  University,  in 
1876.  He  commenced  journalism  as 
leader-writer  on  the  Edinburgh  Evening 
News  from  1875  to  1878,  with  an  interval 
of  a  year,  during  which  he  visited  Aus- 
tralia. He  published  in  Edinburgh  "The 
Fashionable  Tragedian,"  1877  ;  a  pamphlet 
written  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  Robert 
W.  Lowe.  He  subsequently  became  dra- 
matic critic  of  the  London  Figaro,  then 
edited  by  Mr.  James  Mortimer,  1879-81. 
He  is  best  known  as  a  translator  of  Ibsen. 
He  translated  from  the  Norwegian,  with 
slight  alterations,  Henrik  Ibsen's  "  Pillarsof 
Society,"  produced  at  the  Gaiety  Theatre, 
London,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Vernon,  Dec.  15, 
1880.  This  was  the  first  production  of 
a  play  by  Ibsen  in  England.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  (Middle  Temple),  1883.  In  1884 
he  succeeded  the  late  Dutton  Cook  as 
dramatic  critic  of  the  World,  a  post  still 
retained  in  April  1898.  He  translated 
"A  Doll's  House,"  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Charles  Charrington  and 
Miss  Janet  Achurch  at  the  Novelty  Theatre, 
London,  June  7,  1889,  a  production  which 
excited  general  interest,  in  Ibsen  in 
England.  He  has  also  translated,  in  col- 
laboration with  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse,  ' '  The 
Master  Builder,"  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced at  Trafalgar  Square  Theatre  by  Mr. 
Herbert  Waring  and  Miss  Elizabeth  Robins, 
Feb.  20,  1893,  and  "A  Visit,"  from  the 
Danish  of  Edrard  Brandes,  produced  by 
the  Independent  Theatre  Society  (Royalty 
Theatre),  March  4,  1892.  His  principal 
publications  are  "English  Analyses  of 
French  Plays  represented  at  the  Gaiety 
Theatre,"  1879;  "English  Dramatists  of 
To-day,"  London,  1882;  "Henry  Irving, 
Actor  and  Manager :  a  Critical  Study," 
1883  ;  "  About  the  Theatre  :  Essays  and 
Studies,"  1886;  "Masks  or  Faces?  a 
Study  in  the  Psychology  of  Acting,"  1888  ; 
"  William  Charles  Macready ;  a  Biography" 
(Vol.  1  of  Eminent  Actors  Series),  1890 ; 
"Henrik  Ibsen's  Prose  Dramas,  Edited  by 
W.  A.,"  5  vols.,  1890-91;  "Tales  of  Two 
Countries,    from    the    Norwegian    of    A. 


Kielland,"  1891  ;  "  Peer  Gynt,  Dramatic 
Poem  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  Translated  by 
William  and  Charles  Archer,"  1892; 
"Eskimo  Life,  by  Frithjof  Nansen,"  1893  ; 
"Hannele:  a  Dream  Poem  by  Gerhart 
Hauptmann,"  1894  ;  ' '  Dramatic  Essays  of 
Leigh  Hunt,  William  Hazlitt,  John 
Forster,  and  George  Henry  Lewes "  (3 
vols.),  edited  by  William  Archer  and 
Robert  W.  Lowe,  1894 ;  a  yearly  re-issue 
of  criticisms  contributed  to  the  World, 
published  under  the  title  of  "  The  Theatri- 
cal 'World',"  of  which  5  vols,  have  ap- 
peared, for  1893,  '94,  '95,  '96,  '97;  transla- 
tions of  Ibsen's  "  Little  Eyolf "  (1895)  and 
"John  Gabriel  Bonkman  "  (1897) ;  a  trans- 
lation of  Brogger  and  Rolfsen's  "Life  of 
Frithjof  Nansen."  He  also  translated  two- 
thirds  of  Dr.  G.  Brandes's  "  William  Shake- 
speare." Address  :  World  Office,  1  York 
Street,  Covent  Garden. 

ARDAGH,  Major-General  Sir  John 
Charles,  K.C.I.E.,  C.B.,  son  of  the  Rev. 
W.  J.  Ardagh,  was  born  in  August  1840. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, entering  the  Royal  Engineers  as 
Lieutenant  in  April  1859.  He  was  pro- 
moted Captain  in  August  1872,  Major  in 
September  1880,  and  reached  the  rank  of 
Colonel  in  June  1885.  In  1869  he  accom- 
panied General  Sir  W.  Jervois  on  a  mission 
to  Nova  Scotia  and  Bermuda.  His  first 
staff  appointment  was  that  of  Dept.  Assist. 
Quartermaster- General  of  the  Intelligence 
Department  of  the  Army,  in  which  capacity 
he  was  employed  on  missions  to  Holland, 
Austria,  Italy,  and  Turkey.  He  was  also 
present  at  the  Conference  at  Constanti- 
nople in  1876,  and  the  Congress  at  Berlin 
in  1878,  and  was  appointed  Chief  Com- 
missioner for  the  Delimitation  of  the 
Turco- Greek  Frontier  in  1881.  For  a 
short  time  be  was  the  Instructor  in  Mili- 
tary History  at  the  School  of  Military 
Engineering.  He  went  to  Egypt  in  October 
1882  as  Assistant  Adjutant-General,  and 
served  through  the  campaign.  He  was 
present  at  the  operations  at  Alexandria 
and  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir,  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  and  received  the 
brevet  of  Lieut.-Colonel  and  the  Osmanieh 
of  the  Fourth  Class.  In  March  1884  he 
went  to  the  Soudan  as  Commanding  Royal 
Engineer  and  Chief  of  the  Intelligence 
Department,  and  was  present  at  the  battles 
of  El  Teb  and  Tamai.  He  was  several 
times  mentioned  in  despatches,  and  re- 
ceived a  C.B.  Sir  John  Ardagh  also  ac- 
companied the  expedition  up  the  Nile,  and 
was  afterwards  appointed  Commandant  of 
the  Base  at  Cairo.  As  Colonel  on  the  Staff 
of  the  Frontier  Field  Force  he  took  part 
in  the  action  of  Giniss.  He  returned  to 
England  in  November  1887  to  take  oyer 


ABDILAUN  —  AKGYLL 


33 


the  duties  of  Assistant  Adjutant-General 
at  headquarters,  when  he  was  also  ap- 
pointed an  extra  A.D.C.  to  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge.  He  went  to  India  in  March 
1889  as  Private  Secretary  to  the  Viceroy. 
In  April  1895  he  became  the  Commandant 
of  the  School  of  Military  Engineering, 
which  appointment  he  vacated  in  April 
1896  on  being  appointed  Director  of  Mili- 
tary Intelligence  at  headquarters.  Major- 
General  Sir  John  Ardagh  married  Susan, 
Countess  of  Malmesbury,  widow  of  the 
third  Earl,  in  1896.  In  1897  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  honoris  causd  was  conferred  on  him 
by  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Addresses  :  25 
Sloane  Gardens,  S.W. ;  AthenEeum. 

ARDILAUN,  Lord,  Arthur  Edward 
Guinness,  was  born  on  Nov.  1,  1840,  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  2nd  Baronet  in 
1868.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  represented 
Dublin  as  Conservative  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  from  1868  to  1869,  and 
again  from  1874  to  1880.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  raised  to  the  Peerage  under 
the  title  of  Baron  Ardilaun.  He  is  the 
head  of  the  great  brewing  firm  of  Arthur 
Guinness  &  Co.,  is  President  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  is  Lord  Mayor 
of  Dublin.  To  Lord  Ardilaun  belongs  the 
credit  of  having  restored  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  at  Dublin.  He  is  married  to 
Olivia  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  3rd 
Earl  of  Bantry,  but  there  is  no  heir  to  the 
Peerage,  his  brother,  Benjamin  Lee  Guin- 
ness, born  in  1842,  being  heir  to  the 
Baronetcy.  Addresses  :  11  Carlton  House 
Terrace,  S.W. ;  St.  Anne's,  Clontarf,  co. 
Dublin  ;  and  Ashford  Cong,  Galway. 

ARGYLL  AND  THE  ISLES, 
Bishop  of.  See  Chinnbry  -  Haldane, 
The  Eight  Rev.  Jambs  Robert  Alex- 
ander. 

ARGYLL,  Duke  of,  His  Grace 
The  Right  Hon.  George  Douglas 
Campbell,  K.G.,  K.T.,  only  surviving  son 
of  the  7th  Duke,  was  born  at  Ardin- 
caple  Castle,  Dumbartonshire,  on  April 
30,  1823,  and  before  he  had  succeeded  his 
father,  in  April  1847,  had  become  known 
as  an  author,  politician,  and  public  speaker. 
As  Marquis  of  Lome  he  took  an  active 
part  in  the  controversy  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Scotland  relating  to  patronage, 
and  was  looked  upon  by  Dr.  Chalmers  as 
an  important  and  valuable  adherent.  As 
early  as  1842  he  published  a  pamphlet 
which  exhibited  considerable  literary 
ability,  under  the  title  of  "A  Letter  to 
the  Peers  from  a  Peer's  Son."  His  brochure, 
"  On  the  Duty  and  Necessity  of  Immediate 
Legislative  Interposition  in  behalf  of  the 
Church  of    Scotland,  as  determined    by 


Considerations    of    Constitutional    Law," 
was  a  historical  view  of  that  Church,  par- 
ticularly in  reference  to  its  constitutional 
power  in    ecclesiastical   matters.     In   the 
course  of  the  same  year  he  published  "A 
Letter  to  the  Rev.  Thomas  Chalmers,  D.  D., 
on  the  Present  Position  of  Church  Affairs 
in    Scotland,  and  the  Causes  which   have 
led  to  it."     In  this  pamphlet  he  vindicated 
the  right  of  the  Church  to  legislate  for 
itself ;   but  condemned    the   Free   Church 
movement  then  in  agitation  among  certain 
members  of  the  General  Assembly  ;  main- 
taining the  position  taken  up  in  his  ;'  Letter 
to  the  Peers,"  and  expressing  his  dissent 
from  the  extreme  view  embodied  in   the 
statement    of    Dr.     Chalmers,    that    "lay 
patronage     and     the     integrity     of     the 
spiritual     independence    of     the     Church 
have    been    proved    to    be,   like   oil   and 
water,    immiscible."      In    1848   the   Duke 
published    an     essay,     critical    and    his- 
torical,   on   the    ecclesiastical    history   of 
Scotland  since  the  Reformation,  entitled 
"  Presbytery  Examined."     It  was  a  careful 
expansion  of  his  earlier  writings,  and  was 
favourably   received.      His    Grace   was   a 
frequent  speaker  in  the  House  of  Peers  on 
such   subjects    as    Jewish   Emancipation, 
the   Scottish   Marriage   Bill,   the   Corrupt 
Practices    at    Elections    Bill,    the    Sugar 
Duties,  Foreign  Affairs,  the  Ecclesiastical 
Titles  Bill,  the  Scottish  Law  of  Entail,  and 
the  Repeal  of  the  Paper  Duties.     During 
the  administration  of  Lord   John  Russell 
he  gave  the  Government  a  general  support, 
at  the  same  time  identifying  his  political 
views  with  those  of  the  Liberal  Conserva- 
tives.    His  Grace  actively  interested  him- 
self  in   all    questions    affecting    Scottish 
interests  brought  before  the   Legislature, 
especially  in  the  affairs  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland.     In  1851  he  was  elected  Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
In  1852  he  accepted  office  in  the  Cabinet 
of  the  Earl   of  Aberdeen   as  Lord   Privy 
Seal.     On  the  breaking  up  of  that  Minis- 
try in  February  1855,  in  consequence  of 
the  secession  of   Lord  John   Russell,  and 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  Roebuck's   Com- 
mittee of  Inquiry  into   the  state   of  the 
British  Army  before  Sebastopol,  his  Grace 
retained  the  same  office  under  the  Premier- 
ship  of   Lord   Palmerston.     In   the  latter 
part  of  1855  he  resigned  the  Privy  Seal 
and  became  Postmaster-General.     In  Lord 
Palmerston's   Cabinet   of   1859   the   Duke 
resumed   the   office   of    Lord   Privy   Seal, 
which  he  exchanged  for  that  of  Postmaster- 
General  on  Lord  Elgin  being  sent,  in  1860, 
on   his   second   special  mission  to  China. 
He  was   reappointed  Lord   Privy   Seal  in 
1860,  was  elected  Rector  of  the  University 
of  Glasgow  in   November  1854  ;    presided 
over  the  twenty-fifth  annual  meeting   of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 

C 


34 


ARIA 


merit  of  Science,  held  at  Glasgow  in  Sep- 
tember 1855  ;  and  was  elected  President  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1861. 
On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabi- 
net in  December  1868  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  and  he  held 
that  position  till  the  downfall  of  the 
Liberal  Government  in  February  1874.  In 
the  ensuing  session  he  warmly  supported 
the  measure  introduced  and  carried  by 
the  Conservative  Government  for  the  trans- 
fer of  the  patronage  in  the  Church  of 
Scotland  from  individuals  to  congregations. 
He  was  appointed  Lord  Privy  Seal  for  the 
third  time  in  May  1880,  on  Mr.  Gladstone 
returning  to  power.  That  post  he  held  till 
April  1881,  when  he  resigned  it  in  conse- 
quence of  a  difference  with  his  colleagues  in 
the  Cabinet  concerning  some  of  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Irish  Land  Bill.  In  announcing 
the  circumstance  to  the  House  of  Lords 
(April  8),  he  stated  that  in  consequence  of 
certain  provisions  of  the  Bill  which,  in  his 
view,  put  the  ownership  of  Irish  property 
in  commission  and  abeyance,  he  had  felt 
obliged  to  resign  his  office  in  the  Govern- 
ment, and  his  resignation  had  been  accepted 
by  Her  Majesty.  Since  that  time  the 
Duke  has  taken  an  important  part,  by 
speech  and  pen,  in  political  controversy, 
taking  the  Whig  side,  especially  on  the 
questions  of  Home  Rule  and  those  arising 
out  of  the  Crofter  agitation.  His  Grace  is 
Hereditary  Master  of  the  Queen's  House- 
hold in  Scotland,  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrews,  a  Trustee  of  the 
British  Museum,  and  Hereditary  Sheriff 
and  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Argyllshire.  In 
1866  his  Grace  published  "The  Reign 
of  Law,"  which  has  passed  through  nu- 
merous editions  ;  in  1869,  "Primeval  Man  ; 
an  Examination  of  some  Recent  Specula- 
tions " ;  in  1870,  a  small  work  on  the 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Iona,  of  which 
island  his  Grace  is  proprietor  ;  in  1874, 
"The  Patronage  Act  of  1874  all  that  was 
asked  in  1843,  being  a  reply  to  Mr.  Taylor 
Innes";  in  1877  (for  the  Cobden  Club) 
observations  "On  the  Important  Question 
Involved  in  the  Relation  of  Landlord  and 
Tenant  "  ;  in  1879,  '•  The  Eastern  Question 
from  the  Treaty  of  Paris  to  the  Treaty  of 
Berlin,  and  to  the  second  Afghan  War," 
2  vols.;  and  in  1884,  "The  Unity  of 
Nature,"  a  work  on  the  Philosophy  of 
Religion  ;  being  a  sequel  to  the  "Reign  of 
Law  "  ;  "  An  Economic  History  of  Scot- 
land," 1884;  "Scotland  as  it  Was,  and  as 
it  Is,"  1887  ;  "  The  New  British  Constitu- 
tion," 1888  ;  "  The  Highland  Nurse,"  1889  ; 
"  Unseen  Foundations  of  Society,"  and 
"Irish  Nationalism,"  1893;  "Poems," 
1894;  and  "Philosophy  of  Belief,"  1896. 
He  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  scientific 
journals,  chiefly  on  Geology,  the  Darwinian 
Theory,  &c.     He  married,  first,  in   1844, 


the  eldest  daughter  of  the  2nd  Duke  of 
Sutherland  (she  died  May  25,  1878); 
secondly,  in  1881,  Amelia  Maria,  eldest 
daughter  of  Dr.  Claughton,  Bishop  of  St. 
Albans,  and  widow  of  Colonel  Augustus 
Henry  Archibald  Anson ;  and,  thirdly,  in 
1895,  Ina  Erskine,  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  Archibald  M'Neill,  of  Colonsay, 
Argyllshire,  and  Woman  of  the  Bed- 
chamber to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  His 
Grace's  eldest  son,  the  Marquis  of  Lome, 
married  in  1871  the  Princess  Louise. 
(See  LOBNB.)  Addresses:  Inverary  Castle, 
Argyllshire  ;  Argyll  Lodge,  Kensington ; 
and  Athena?um. 

ARIA,  Mrs.  David  B.,  journalist, 
was  born  in  London,  Aug.  11,  1864.  She 
is  the  third  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hyman  Davis,  and  was  married  in  March 
1884.  Educated  privately  by  Madame 
Paul  Lafargue  (eldest  daughter  of  Karl 
Marx)  and  by  Mr.  Gilmore,  she  began 
writing  for  the  press  in  January  1889, 
making  the  subject  of  costume  her  speci- 
alty, and  endeavouring  to  bring  to  the 
description  and  criticism  of  the  passing 
modes  a  more  picturesque  and  lively  style 
than  had  hitherto  been  adopted.  When 
the  Gentlewoman  was  started  in  1890  Mrs. 
Aria  was  engaged  upon  the  staff  as  prin- 
cipal fashion  writer,  designer  of  original 
costumes,  and  contributor  of  light  social 
articles,  a  position  in  which  she  has  con- 
tinued to  the  present  time.  In  1891  she 
commenced  her  well-known  "Diary  of  a 
Daughter  of  Eve  "  in  the  newly-published 
Black  and  White,  remaining  on  the  staff  of 
that  paper  until  1897,  when  she  transferred 
her  "Diary"  to  the  pages  of  the  Sketch, 
where  it  now  appears.  In  1892  she  was 
writing  also  the  fashion  articles  in  the 
Pictorial  World  and  St.  Stephen's  Review. 
She  joined  the  staff  of  the  Queen,  writing 
chiefly  the  "Vista  of  Fashion,"  and  became 
the  editress  of  the  pages  devoted  to  dress 
in  Hearth  and  Home,  resigning  that  post 
in  1895.  For  some  time  Mrs.  Aria  contri- 
buted the  Dress  column  to  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  and  for  the  last  two  years 
she  has  written  the  Saturday  column  on 
"  Frocks  and  Fashions "  in  the  Daily 
Chronicle.  She  also  writes  "The  Diary  of 
Madame  Sans  G<5ne  "  in  Country  Life,  and 
discourses  monthly  of  the  modes  in  The 
Woman  at  Some.  Numerous  are  the  peri- 
odicals, in  addition  to  those  named,  in 
which  her  pen  has  been  employed  in  con- 
nection with  costume,  theatrical  criticism, 
or  social  causerie  and  satirical  sketches. 
In  April  1898  Mrs.  Aria  made  her  most 
ambitious  journalistic  venture,  initiating, 
as  editress,  the  publication  of  an  illus- 
trated monthly  journal  entitled  The  World 
of  Dress,  a  Survey  of  the  Fashions  of  To-day 
and  To-morrow.     In  the  autumn  of  1897  a 


ARMAGH  —  ARMSTRONG 


35 


new  field  of  industry  was  opened  to  her  ; 
she  was  engaged  to  design  and  arrange 
the  numerous  dresses  for  an  elaborate 
spectacular  melodrama  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre.  Mrs.  Aria's  address  is  7  Bruns- 
wick Place,  Regent's  Park,  W. 

ARMAGH,     Archbishop     of.      See 

Alexander,  The  Most  Rev.  William. 

ARMSTEAD,  Henry  Hugh,  R.A., 
sculptor,  was  born  in  London,  June  18, 
1828,  and  received  his  artistic  education 
at  the  School  of  Design,  Somerset  House, 
Leigh's  School,  Maddox  Street,  Mr.  Carey's 
School,  and  the  Royal  Academy.  Among 
his  masters  were  Mr.  M'Manus,  Mr.  Her- 
bert, R.A.,  Mr.  Bailey,  R.A.,  Mr.  Leigh,  and 
Mr.  Carey.  As  a  designer,  modeller,  and 
chaser  for  silver,  gold,  and  jewellery,  and 
a  draughtsman  on  wood,  he  has  executed 
a  large  number  of  works.  Among  those 
in  silver,  the  most  important  are  the 
"Charles  Kean  Testimonial,"  the  "St. 
George's  Vase,"  "Doncaster  Race  Plate," 
the  "Tennyson  Vase"  (Silver  Medal  ob- 
tained for  that  and  other  works  in  Paris, 
1855),  and  the  "Packington  Shield." 
His  last  important  work  in  silver  (for 
which  the  Medal  from  the  1862  Exhibi- 
tion was  obtained)  was  the  "  Outram 
Shield,"  always  on  view  at  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  His  works  in  marble, 
bronze,  stone,  and  wood  include  the  south 
and  east  sides  of  the  podium  of  the  Albert 
Memorial,  Hyde  Park,  representing  the 
musicians  and  painters  of  the  Italian,  Ger- 
man, French,  and  English  Schools,  and 
some  of  the  greatest  poets.  There  are 
also  four  large  bronze  figures  on  the  Albert 
Memorial  by  Mr.  Armstead,  viz.,  Chemistry, 
Astronomy,  Medicine,  and  Rhetoric.  He 
also  designed  the  external  sculptural  de- 
corations of  the  New  Colonial  Offices — 
reliefs  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  America, 
Australasia,  Government,  and  Education  ; 
statues  of  Earl  Grey,  Lord  Lytton,  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  Earl  of  Derby,  Lord  Ripon, 
Sir  W.  Molesworth,  Lord  Glenelg;  and 
on .  the  facade,  reliefs  of  Truth,  Forti- 
tude, Temperance,  and  Obedience.  Mr. 
Armstead  designed  the  whole  of  the 
carved  oak  panels  (beneath  Dyce's  Fres- 
coes) in  her  Majesty's  Robing  Room  in 
New  Palace,  Westminster,  illustrating  the 
life  of  King  Arthur  and  the  history  of 
Sir  Galahad ;  also  the  external  sculpture 
of  Eatington  Park,  Warwickshire,  the 
large  Fountain  in  the  fore  court  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  the  marble  reredos 
of  the  "  Entombment  of  our  Lord  "  at 
Hythe  Church,  Kent,  and  other  works, 
including  the  effigies  of  the  late  Bishop 
of  Winchester  in  Winchester  Cathedral, 
of  Dean  Howard  and  Archdeacon  Moore 
in  Lichfield  Cathedral,  of  Dean  Close  in 


Carlisle  Cathedral,  and  of  Lord  Thynne 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  The  marble  door- 
way in  the  crush-room  of  the  Holborn 
Restaurant,  including  the  wrought-iron 
screens  for  the  fireplaces,  &c. ,  are  also  by 
him,  as  well  as  the  exterior  stone  doorway 
and  corbel  of  the  Hotel  MiStropole.  One 
of  his  most  important  works  is  the  "  Street 
Memorial."  now  in  the  central  hall  of  the 
Law  Courts,  including  life-size  marble 
statue  and  alto  rilievo  of  the  "  Arts  and 
Crafts  required  for  the  erection  and  due 
enrichment  of  a  great  public  building." 
Mention  should  also  be  made  of  his 
"  Applied  Mechanics "  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Albert  Hall  frieze,  the  sub- 
ject beginning  with  Archimedes  and  end- 
ing with  Watt ;  two  sculptural  reliefs  in 
the  Guards'  Chapel,  S.W.,  one  of  David 
struggling  with  the  Lion,  to  represent 
"  Courage,"  and  the  other  Joshua  with 
the  Angel,  to  represent  "Obedience."  He 
has  also  executed  certain  ideal  works,  such 
as  "  Ariel,"  "  Hero  with  the  deadLeander," 
and  his  Diploma  work,  "  The  Ever  Reign- 
ing Queen,"  as  also  "  Playmates,"  shown 
in  the  Academy  Exhibition  of  1897.  Other 
works  executed  by  him  are  the  effigy  of 
Bishop  Ollivant,  now  in  Llandaff  Cathe- 
dral, in  marble,  the  bronze  statue  of 
Lieutenant  Waghorn,  R.N.,  the  "Over- 
land Route,"  erected  at  Chatham,  and 
the  memorial  to  Mrs.  Craik  in  Tewkes- 
bury Abbey  ;  also  the  marble  monument 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  (in  the  crypt)  con- 
taining the  effigy  of  the  late  Rev.  B. 
Webb,  and  a  reredos  for  the  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Aberavon,  containing  statuettes 
of  Our  Lord  and  the  four  Evangelists, 
erected  in  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Llew- 
ellyn of  Baglau  Hall.  Mr.  Armstead  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
Jan.  16, 1875,  and  an  Academician,  Dec.  18, 
1879.  His  studio  is  now  at  his  residence, 
52  Circus  Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

ARMSTRONG,       Sir      Alexander, 

K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  J.P.,  is  a  son 
of  the  late  A.  Armstrong,  Esq.,  of  Cra- 
han,  co.  Fermanagh,  and  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  late  Hugh  Stephens,  Esq., 
of  co.  Donegal,  Ireland.  .  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated. 
Having  entered  the  Royal  Navy,  he  served 
in  various  parts  of  the  world,  including 
the  Mediterranean,  South  America,  North 
America,  West  Indies,  Pacific  Stations, 
Africa,  Asia  Minor,  in  the  exploring  ex- 
pedition to  Xanthus  in  Lycia,  and  else- 
where, and  for  five  years  continuously  in 
the  Arctic  regions  in  the  search  for  Sir 
John  Franklin's  Expedition.  He  is  one  of 
the  few  surviving  officers  who  have  cir- 
cumnavigated the  continent  of  America, 
and  was  frequently  mentioned  in  the  de- 


36 


AEMSTEONG 


spatches  connected  therewith.  He  was 
present  in  H.M.S.  Investigator  at  the  dis- 
covery of  the  North-West  Passage,  having 
entered  the  Polar  Sea  via  Behring's  Strait, 
and  returned  to  England  through  Baffin's 
Bay,  with  the  surviving  officer  and  crew 
of  this  vessel.  During  the  Russian  War 
he  served  in  the  Baltic,  was  present  at 
the  bombardment  of  Sweaborg,  the  block- 
ade of  Cronstadt  River,  and  other  opera- 
tions, as  also  in  two  night  attacks  with 
a  flotilla  of  rocket  boats,  for  which  he  was 
gazetted.  He  has  been  Deputy  Inspector- 
General  of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet  and 
the  Naval  Hospitals  at  Malta,  Haslar, 
and  Chatham ;  and  he  was  promoted  to 
be  Inspector-General  for  special  services 
in  1866.  Three  years  later  he  be- 
came Director-General  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Navy,  from  which  office 
he  retired  in  1880.  He  was  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  the 
Bath,  Military  Division,  in  1871  for  his 
services.  Sir  Alexander  Armstrong  has 
received  the  Arctic,  Baltic,  and  Jubilee 
medals,  with  clasp,  1887  and  1897 ;  also 
Sir  Gilbert  Blane's  gold  medal.  He  is  a 
Naval  Honorary  Physician  to  the  Queen, 
and  also  Honorary  Physician  in  the  House- 
hold of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He 
is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Middlesex, 
City  and  Liberties  of  Westminster,  and 
County  of  London  ;  and  is  the  author  of 
"  A  Personal  Narrative  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  North-West  Passage,"  1857  ;  and 
"  Observations  on  Naval  Hygiene,  par- 
ticularly in  connection  with  Polar  Ser- 
vice." Married  in  1894  Charlotte,  Lady 
King  Hall,  daughter  of  the  late  S.  Camp- 
bell Simpson,  Esq.,  of  23rd  Light  Dra- 
goons, and  granddaughter  of  the  late 
Thomas  and  Lady  Charlotte  Giffard  of 
Chillington  Hall,  Staffordshire,  and  also 
of  William,  10th  Earl  of  Devon.  Ad- 
dresses :  The  Elms,  Sutton  Bonnington, 
Loughborough  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ARMSTRONG,  Captain  Sir  George 
Carlyon  Hughes,  Bart.,  was  born  at 
Lucknow  in  1836,  and  was  educated  pri- 
vately. He  entered  the  army  in  1855,  and, 
after  joining  Stokes'  Pathan  Horse,  served 
during  the  whole  period  of  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  receiving  the  Mutiny  Medal  and 
Clasp.  On  Sept.  18,  1857,  he  was  severely 
wounded  at  Mooradnuggar,  near  Delhi, 
and  was  consequently  obliged  to  retire 
with  a  pension.  He  was  then  appointed 
Orderly  Officer  at  the  Royal  Military 
College  at  Addiscombe,  a  position  which 
he  held  until  the  abolition  of  the  college  ; 
on  this  occasion  he  received  a  Sword  of 
Honour  from  the  cadets.  In  1872  he 
joined  the  staff  of  the  Globe  newspaper, 
and  subsequently  became  its  proprietor 
and  editor.     He  is  now  sole  proprietor  of 


the  Olobe,  and  part  proprietor  of  the 
People.  He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1892, 
and  was  married  in  1865  to  Alice, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  C.  J.  Furlong.  Ad- 
dress :  4  Ashburn  Place,  South  Kensington. 

ARMSTRONG,    George    Elliot,    is 

the  eldest  son  of  Sir  George  Armstrong, 
Bart.,  and  after  undergoing  the  usual 
training  on  H.M.S.  Britannia  he  entered 
the  Navy  in  December  1878.  Appointed 
Lieutenant  in  1890,  he  has  served  on  the 
Mediterranean,  North  America,  West 
Indies,  Channel,  and  China  stations. 
During  the  manoeuvres  of  1891  he  was  in 
command  of  a  torpedo  boat,  but  he  retired 
from  the  service  in  November  1891.  He 
then  joined  the  staff  of  the  Globe,  of  which 
paper  his  father  is  proprietor,  and  was  at 
that  time  editor,  and  in  1895  he  became 
himself  the  editor.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Torpedoes  and  Torpedo  Vessels,"  1896. 
Address  :  Cornerways,  Weybridge. 

ARMSTRONG,    Professor   George 

Frederick,  M.A.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.G.S., 
M.Insts.C.E.  and  M.E.,  J.P.,  is  the  elder 
son  of  Mr.  George  Armstrong  and  of  Mary 
Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Phcebe 
Knowles,  of  Doncaster,  Yorkshire,  and 
was  born  May  15,  1842.  He  received  his 
general  education  at  private  schools  and 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  Having 
from  an  early  age  developed  a  strong 
taste  for  mechanical  pursuits  and  a  more 
than  ordinary  skill  in  constructive  art,  it 
was  naturally  thought  that  engineering 
would  afford  him  a  suitable  career.  He 
was  accordingly  educated  professionally 
in  the  Engineering  Department  of  King's 
College,  London,  in  the  Plant  Works  and 
Locomotive  Shops  of  the  Great  Northern 
Railway,  and  in  the  office  of  the  Engineer- 
in-Chief,  Mr.  R.  Johnson,  M.Inst.C.E., 
on  whose  staff  he  was  subsequently  em- 
ployed for  several  years  in  the  design  and 
execution  of  many  important  works,  and 
generally  in  the  maintenance  of  the  line. 
He  was  afterwards  engaged  in  private 
practice  in  London,  and  in  1869  became 
Engineer  to  the  promoters  of  the  Isle  of 
Man  Railways,  for  whom  he  made  all  the 
requisite  plans  and  surveys,  and  prepared 
designs  for  ways  and  works,  and  for  the 
necessary  rolling  stock  in  connection  with 
the  lines  then  projected.  In  1871  he  was 
appointed  first  Professor  of  Engineering 
in  the  New  Applied  Science  School  at 
M'Gill  University,  Montreal;  five  years 
later  he  was  offered,  and  accepted,  the 
corresponding  chair  in  the  newly  estab- 
lished Yorkshire  College  of  Science  at 
Leeds;  and  in  1885  was  selected  by  the 
Crown  to  succeed  the  late  Professor 
Fleeming  Jenkin,  F.R.S.,  as  Regius-Pro- 
fessor of  Engineering  in  the  University  of 


ARMSTRONG 


37 


Edinburgh ;  which  appointment  he  still 
holds.  He  is  also  Engineering  Adviser, 
under  the  Public  Health  Act,  to  the 
Local  Government  Board  for  Scotland. 
During  his  residence  in  Canada  Pro- 
fessor Armstrong  served  for  some  time  in 
the  Canadian  Militia,  being  senior  Captain 
of  the  University  Companies  of  the  1st 
(Prince  of  Wales)  Regiment.  For  many 
years  Professor  Armstrong  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  promotion  of  technical 
education  at  home  and  in  the  colonies, 
and  has  been  closely  identified  with  its 
progress.  His  Inaugural  Address  at  Edin- 
burgh (which  is  published)  was  devoted  to 
a  consideration  of  the  question  in  special 
relation  to  the  education  of  engineers, 
and  attracted  considerable  attention  at 
the  time  of  its  delivery.  He  has  at  other 
times  publicly  dealt  with  the  question  in 
lectures,  and  in  the  columns  of  the  Times. 
By  intimately  associating  himself  with 
the  work  of  each  of  the  International 
Exhibitions  held  in  Edinburgh  since  1885 
(filling,  in  the  Exhibition  of  1890,  the 
positions  of  Convener  of  the  Engineer- 
ing and  Machinery  Committee,  and  Vice- 
Chairman  of  the  .  Executive  Council),  he 
has  rendered  acceptable  service  in  the 
cause  of  industrial  enterprise.  He  was 
President  of  the  Sanitary  Engineering 
Section  of  the  British  Institute  of  Public 
Health  in  Edinburgh  in  1893,  and  de- 
livered an  address ;  and  from  1895  to 
1897  he  was  President  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Society  of  Arts.  He  has  also, 
in  connection  with  their  meetings  in 
Edinburgh,  acted  as  Local  Secretary  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  the  Institute  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers,  and  the  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute.  Professor  Armstrong  is  the 
author  of  a  number  of  papers  on  pro- 
fessional as  well  as  on  general  science 
subjects  which  have  been  read  before 
various  learned  societies,  or  contributed 
to  scientific  publications.  During  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  1879  he  undertook 
an  extensive  series  of  observations  and 
experiments  with  a  view  of  determining 
the  diurnal  variation  in  the  amount  of 
carbon  dioxide  in  the  air,  the  results  of 
which  were  communicated  in  a  paper  to 
the  Royal  Society,  and  have  since  been 
accepted  as  a  standard  of  reference  on 
the  Continent  as  well  as  in  this  country. 
In  1889  the  Council  of  King's  College, 
London,  elected  Professor  Armstrong  to 
the  Fellowship  of  the  College,  the  highest 
distinction  the  College  is  empowered,  to 
bestow  on  its  alumni.  He  is  an  Examiner 
for  Science  Degrees  in  the  Departments 
of  Engineering,  Public  Health,  and  Agri- 
culture in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  ; 
Hon.  President  of  the  East  of  Scotland 
Engineering  Association  ;   and  a  member 


of  most  of  the  professional  institutes 
and  societies.  Addresses  :  The  University, 
Edinburgh  ;  and  St.  Oswald's,  Grasmere, 
R.S.O.,  Westmorland. 

ARMSTRONG,  Henry  E.,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  is  Professor  of  Chemistry 
at  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London  Central 
Institute  at  South  Kensington.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Organic  Chemistry,"  1880.  Address  :  55 
Granville  Park,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

ARMSTRONG,  Walter,  the  son  of 

Walter  Armstrong,  of  Ennismore  Gardens, 
was  born  in  1850  in  Roxburghshire,  and 
was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Exeter 
College,  Oxford.  From  1880  to  1892  he 
was  engaged  as  an  art  critic  in  connection 
with  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  and  the  St. 
James's  Gazette,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  Director  of  the  National  Gallery 
of  Ireland.  He  has  written  largely  in  con- 
nection with  art  subjects,  and  is  the  author 
of  the  following  works  :  ' '  Life  of  Alfred 
Stevens,"  "Life  of  Peter  de  Wint,"  "Life 
of  Thomas  Gainsborough,"  "Life  of  Vel- 
asquez," "Notes  on  the  National  Gallery," 
"  Scottish  Painters"  ;  he  is  also  co-editor 
of  Bryan's  "Dictionary  of  Painters."  Mr. 
Armstrong  is  married  to  Emily  Rose, 
daughter  of  J.  C.  Ferard,  J.P.,  of  Ascot 
Place,  Berks.  Address :  41  Fitzwilliam 
Square,  Dublin. 

ARMSTRONG,  Lord,  formerly  Sir 
William   George,   C.B.,   LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Armstrong,  a  merchant  and  alderman 
of  Newcastle- on -Tyne,  by  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  William  Potter,  formerly  of  Wal- 
bottle  Hall,  Northumberland,  was  born 
in  1810.  He  was  educated  at  the  school 
of  Bishop  Auckland,  and  afterwards 
articled  to  an  eminent  solicitor  at  New- 
castle, who  subsequently  adopted  him  as 
a  partner ;  but  a  strong  bent  for  scientific 
pursuits  eventually  diverted  him  from 
the  law.  Early  in  life  he  began  investi- 
gations on  the  subjects  of  electricity, 
which  resulted  in  the  invention  of  the 
hydro-electric  machine,  the  most  powerful 
means  of  developing  frictional  electricity 
yet  devised.  For  this  he  was  elected, 
whilst  a  very  young  man,  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  then  invented  the 
hydraulic  crane,  and  between  1845  and 
1850  the  "accumulator,"  by  which  an 
artificial  head  is  substituted  for  the 
natural  head  gained  only  by  altitude  ;  and 
he  extended  the  application  of  hydraulic 
power  to  hoists  of  every  kind,  machines 
for  opening  and  closing  dock  gates  and 
spring  bridges,  capstans,  turntables, 
waggon-lifts,  and  a  variety  of  other  pur- 
poses.     For    the     manufacture    of     this 


38 


AENATTD  —  AENOLD 


machinery  he  and  a  small  circle  of  friends 
founded  the  Elswick  Engine  Works,  near 
Newcastle.  There,  in  December  1854,  he 
constructed  the  rifled  ordnance  gun  that 
bears  his  name.  In  1858  the  Eifle  Cannon 
Committee  recommended  the  adoption  of 
the  Armstrong  gun  for  special  service  in 
the  field,  and  Mr.  Armstrong,  on  present- 
ing his  patents  to  the  Government,  was 
knighted,  made  a  C.B.,  and  appointed 
Engineer  of  Rifled  Ordnance,  with  a 
salary  of  £2000  a  year.  Between  the 
years  1858  and  1870  the  Armstrong  gun 
and  the  position  of  Sir  W.  G-.  Armstrong 
in  reference  to  the  Government  under- 
went many  changes ;  but  the  leading 
feature  of  the  gun,  whether  rifled  or 
smooth,  muzzle-loading  or  breech-loading, 
is  in  the  coiling  of  one  wrought-iron  tube 
over  another  until  a  sufficient  thickness 
is  built  up.  The  Armstrong  gun  has  been 
largely  adopted  by  foreign  Governments. 
Sir  William  Armstrong  extended  the 
system  to  guns  of  all  sizes,  from  the 
6-pounder  to  the  600-pounder,  weighing 
upwards  of  twenty  tons,  and  within  three 
years  introduced  three  thousand  guns  into 
the  service.  The  Committee  of  Ordnance 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  their  report, 
July  1863,  state  that  they  "have  had  no 
practical  evidence  before  them  that  even 
at  this  moment  any  other  system  of  con- 
structing rifled  ordnance  exists  which  can 
be  compared  to  that  of  Sir  W.  Armstrong." 
In  February  1863  Sir  William  resigned  his 
appointment,  and  rejoined  the  Elswick 
manufacturing  company,  which  has  since 
expanded  to  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
important  manufacturing  establishments 
in  Europe,  and  has  taken  a  leading  part 
in  the  further  development  of  artillery  and 
other  implements  of  war.  In  the  same 
year  he  acted  as  President  of  the  British 
Association  meeting  held  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne.  In  that  capacity  he  drew  attention 
to  the  gradual  lessening  of  our  supply 
of  coal,  and  the  probability  of  actual 
exhaustion  at  some  future  time.  The 
discussion  suggested  by  this  important 
address  led  to  the  appointment*  of  a 
Royal  Commission  to  inquire  into  all  the 
circumstances  connected  with  our  national 
coal  supply,  and  he  was  nominated  a 
member  of  this  Commission.  He  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1862,  and  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  in  1870,  and  the  honorary 
degree  of  "Master  of  Engineers"  from 
the  University  of  Dublin  in  1892.  Lord 
Armstrong  is  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Danish  Order  of  the  Dannebrog,  of  the 
Austrian  Order  of  Francis  Joseph,  of 
the  Spanish  Order  of  Charles  III.,  and  of 
the  Brazilian  Order  of  the  Rose.  He  was 
nominated  a  Grand  Officer  of  the  Italian 


Order  of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus  in  1876. 
He  received  in  1895  the  2nd  Class  of  the 
Imperial  Order  of  the  Rising  Sun  of 
Japan,  in  1897  the  2nd  Class  of  the  White 
Elephant  of  Siam,  and  in  1898  the  1st 
grade  of  the  2od  Class  of  the  Imperial 
Order  of  the  Double  Dragon  of  China. 
Lord  Armstrong  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  the  inquiries  concerning  the  operation 
of  the  Patent  Laws,  he  being  very  hostile 
to  them  in  their  present  forms.  He  has 
been  thrice  President  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  as  well  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  British  Association  (1863),  of 
the  Inst.C.E.  (1882),  and  of  the  Newcastle 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society.  At 
the  general  election  of  1886  Sir  William 
Armstrong  stood  as  a  Unionist  Liberal 
candidate  for  Newcastle  in  opposition  to 
Mr.  John  Morley,  but  was  defeated.  He 
was  raised  to  the  Peerage  under  the  title 
of  Baron  Armstrong  in  1887,  the  year  of 
the  Queer's  Jubilee.  He  is  a  J.P.  for 
Northumberland,  of  which  county  he  was 
High  Sheriff  in  1873.  Address  :  Cragside, 
Rothbury. 

ARNATJD,  Arsene.  See  Claeetibs, 
Jules. 

ARNOLD,  Sir  Arthur,  K.B.,  1895, 
Hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  J.P.  and  D.L. 
Co.  of  London,  third  son  of  Robert  Coles 
Arnold,  Esq.,  of  Whartons,  Framfield, 
Sussex,  and  Heath  House,  Maidstone,  was 
born  May  28,  1833.  On  the  passing  of  the 
Public  Works  (Manufacturing  Districts) 
Act,  1863,  to  meet  the  necessities  of  the 
cotton  famine,  Sir  Arthur  Arnold  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant  -  Commissioner,  and  in 
that  capacity  resided  in  Lancashire  till 
1866,  during  which  time  he  wrote  "  The 
History  of  the  Cotton  Famine,"  of  which 
the  original  edition  was  published  in  1864, 
followed  by  a  cheaper  one  in  1865.  After 
two  years  of  subsequent  travel  in  the  south 
and  east  of  Europe  and  in  Africa  Sir 
Arthur  Arnold  returned  to  England  in 
1868,  when  he  published  "  From  the 
Levant,"  in  2  volp.,  containing  letters 
descriptive  of  his  tour.  He  then  became 
the  first  editor  of  the  Echo,  which,  under 
his  direction  and  control,  attained  a  great 
success.  In  1873  the  King  of  Greece  con- 
ferred the  Golden  Cross  of  the  Order  of 
the  Redeemer  upon  Sir  Arthur,  with  special 
reference  to  his  work  "  From  the  Levant." 
In  the  same  year,  upon  the  death  of  Mr. 
Baring,  Sir  Arthur  Arnold  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  the  representation  of 
Huntingdon.  He  resigned  his  connection 
with  the  Echo  in  1875,  and  passed  a  year  in 
travelling  through  Russia  and  Persia.  The 
notice  of  this  journey  appeared  in  1877, 
under  the  title  of  "Through  Persia  by 
Caravan."    In  1 879-80  he  issued  two  works, 


ARNOLD 


39 


one  entitled  "  Social  Politics,"  and  the 
other  "  Free  Land."  At  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1880  he  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment for  Salford.  In  the  same  year,  in 
succession  to  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  Sir  Arthur 
Arnold  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Greek 
Committee  which  was  actively  concerned  in 
promoting  the  enlargement  of  the  Hellenic 
kingdom  in  accordance  with  the  sugges- 
tions of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin.  In  1882 
Sir  Arthur  Arnold  proposed  in  the  House 
of  Commons  resolutions  in  favour  of  uni- 
formity of  franchise  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  the  redistribution  of  political 
power,  and  upon  a  motion  for  adjourn- 
ment the  policy  of  the  resolution  was,  for 
the  first  time,  sanctioned  by  a  large  majo- 
rity. In  1883  he  moved  for  an  elaborate 
return  of  electoral  statistics,  which  the 
Government  adopted  in  connection  with 
the  Reform  Bill  of  1884.  In  1885  Sir 
Arthur  Arnold  established  and  was  elected 
President  of  the  Free  Land  League,  which 
quickly  obtained  the  support  of  a  large 
number  of  members  of  Parliament.  At 
the  general  election  of  that  year  and  of 
1886  he  unsuccessfully  contested  the 
Northern  Division  of  Salford.  Upon  the 
formation  of  the  London  County  Council 
in  1889  Sir  Arthur  Arnold  was  elected  a 
County  Alderman  for  the  double  term  of 
six  years.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Council 
for  two  years,  1895-96.  In  1898  he  was 
re-elected,  by  67  votes,  Alderman  for 
another  term  of  six  years.  In  May  1890 
he  accepted  an  invitation  from  the  North 
Dorset  Liberal  Association  to  contest  that 
division  at  the  next  election,  but  was  de- 
feated at  the  election  in  1892.  In  1867 
he  married  Amelia,  only  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain H.  B.  Hyde,  96th  Regiment.  Ad- 
dresses :  45  Kensington  Park  Gardens, 
W.  ;  Reform  Club  ;  and  Hyde  Hill,  Dart- 
mouth. 

ARNOLD,  Sir  Edwin,  K.C.I.E.,C.S.L, 
second  son  of  Robert  Coles  Arnold,  Esq., 
J.P.  for  the  counties  of  Sussex  and  Kent, 
and  brother  of  the  above,  born  June  10, 
1832,  was  educated  at  the  King's  School, 
Rochester,  and  King's  College,  London, 
and  was  elected  to  a  scholarship  at 
University  College,  Oxford.  In  1852  he 
obtained  the  Newdigate  Prize  for  his 
English  poem  on  the  "  Feast  of  Bel- 
shazzar,"  and  was  selected  in  1853  to 
address  the  late  Earl  of  Derby  on  his  in- 
stallation as  Chancellor  of  the  University. 
He  graduated  in  honours  in  1854.  Upon 
quitting  college  he  was  elected  second 
master  in  the  English  Division  of  King 
Edward  the  Sixth's  School,  Birmingham, 
and  subsequently  appointed  Principal  of 
the  Government  Sanskrit  College  at  Poona, 
in  the  Bombay  Presidency,  and  Fellow  of 
the  University  of  Bombay,  which  offices 


he  held  during  the  Mutiny,  and  resigned 
in  1861,  after  having  twice  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Governor  in  Council.  He 
had  then  contributed  largely  to  critical 
and  literary  journals,  and  was  author 
of  "  Griselda,  a  Drama,"  and  "Poems, 
Narrative  and  Lyrical "  ;  with  some  prose 
works,  among  which  are  "Education  in 
India,"  "The  Euterpe  of  Herodotus,"  a 
translation  from  the  Greek  text,  with 
notes,  and  "  The  Hitopadesa,"  with  Voca- 
bulary in  Sanskrit,  English,  and  Murathi. 
The  last  two  were  published  in  India. 
Sir  Edwin  Arnold  has  published  also  a 
metrical  translation  of  the  classical  San- 
skrit work  "Hitopadesa,"  under  the  title 
of  "The  Book  of  Good  Counsels,"  a 
"  History  of  the  Administration  of  India 
under  the  late  Marquis  of  Dalhousie," 
1862-64,  as  well  as  a  popular  account, 
with  translated  passages,  of  "  The  Poets 
of  Greece."  Since  1861  he  has  been  upon 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  Daily  Telegraph. 
On  behalf  of  the  proprietors  of  that  journal 
he  arranged  the  first  expedition  of  Mr. 
George  Smith  to  Assyria,  as  well  as  that 
of  Mr.  Henry  Stanley,  who  was  sent  by 
the  same  journal,  in  conjunction  with  the 
New  York  Herald,  to  complete  the  dis- 
coveries of  Livingstone  in  Africa.  He  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  and  the 
Royal  Geographical  Societies  of  London, 
and  Hon.  Correspondent  of  that  of 
Marseilles.  He  published  in  1874  "Hero 
and  Leander,"  a  translation  in  heroic  verse 
from  the  Greek  of  Musseus  ;  and  in  the 
following  year  "  The  Indian  Song  of 
Songs,"  being  a  metrical  paraphrase  from 
the  Sanskrit  of  the  Gita  Govinda  of  Jaya- 
deva.  Upon  the  occasion  of  the  procla- 
mation of  the  Queen  as  Empress  of  India 
on  Jan.  1,  1877,  he  was  named  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Star  of  India.  In  1879  he 
produced  "The  Light  of  Asia,"  an  epic 
poem  upon  the  Life  and  Teaching  of 
Buddha,  which  has  since  passed  through 
more  than  sixty  editions  in  England,  and 
eighty  in  America.  For  this  work  the 
King  of  Siam  decorated  him  with  the 
Order  of  the  White  Elephant.  In  1881  he 
published  a  volume  of  oriental  verse  under 
the  title  of  "  Indian  Poetry,"  and  he  has 
printed  several  translations  from  the  San- 
skrit epic  the  Mahabharata,  and  in  1883 
"  Pearls  of  the  Faith  ;  or,  Islam's  Rosary  ; 
being  the  ninety -nine  beautiful  names  of 
Allah,  with  comments  in  verse."  Sir 
Edwin  received  the  Second  Class  of  the 
Imperial  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  from  the 
Sultan  in  1876,  and  the  Imperial  Order  of 
Osmanie  in  1886.  In  January  1888  he  was 
created  Knight  Commander  of  the  Indian 
Empire  by  the  Queen,  and  in  October  of 
the  same  year  published  "With  Sa'di  in 
the  Garden,"  or  "The  Book  of  Love,"  a 
poem  founded  on  the  3rd  chapter  of  the 


40 


ARNOLD  —  ASHBOURNE 


Boston  of  the  Persian  poet  Sa'di,  for  which 
he  subsequently  received  from  the  Shah  of 
Persia  the  Order  of  the  Lion  and  Sun.  He 
also  published  in  1888  a  volume  comprising 
most  of  his  previous  English  poems  and 
some  new  ones,  under  the  title  of  "  Poems 
National  and  Non-Oriental."  In  recent 
years  there  have  appeared  from  his  pen 
another  epic,  "The  Light  of  the  World  "  ; 
"  The  Tenth  Muse  "  ;  a  volume  entitled 
"  Potiphar's  Wife,  and  other  Poems"; 
two  books  of  travel,  "India  Eevisited" 
and  "  Seas  and  Lands " ;  as  well  as 
"  Japonica,"  a  work  on  Japanese  manners 
and  customs,  and  "  Adzuma,"  a  Japanese 
tragedy.  During  his  sojourn  in  Japan  the 
Emperor  conferred  on  him  the  Order  of 
the  Rising  Sun,  giving  him  the  dignity  of 
"  Chokunin  "  of  the  Empire ;  and  the  King 
of  Siam  has  recently  created  him  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Crown  of  Siam.  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  Birmingham  and 
Midland  Institute  for  the  year  1893. 
Address:  31  Bolton  Gardens,  S.W. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas,  M.A.,  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Arnold,  of 
Rugby,  and  was  born  at  Laleham,  Staines, 
Nov.  '30,  1823.  Educated  at  Winchester, 
Rugby,  and  University  College,  Oxford, 
he  took  his  degree  (First  Class  Classics) 
in  1845.  After  serving  for  some  time  in 
the  Colonial  Office  he  went  to  New  Zea- 
land ;  passed  thence  to  Tasmania  in  1850, 
with  the  appointment  of  Inspector  of 
Schools ;  and,  on  becoming  a  Roman 
Catholic,  returned  to  this  country  in  1856. 
He  became  a  Professor  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  University  at  Dublin,  thence 
moved  to  the  Oratory  School,  Birming- 
ham, and  thence  to  Oxford,  He  is  a 
Fellow  and  an  Examiner  in  the  English 
Language  and  Literature  at  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  works  on  English  Literature, 
and  editions  of  old  texts,  among  them, 
"A  Manual  of  English  Literature"  (now 
in  a  sixth  edition) ;  an  edition  of  "  Select 
English  Works  of  Wyclif,"  3  vols.,  1869; 
"  Selections  from  the  Spectator  "  ;  "  Claren- 
don, Book  VI."  ;  "Beowulf,"  text,  transla- 
tion, and  notes  ;  and,  for  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls'  Series,  editions  of  "Henry  of  Hun- 
tingdon," and  "  Symeon  of  Durham."  He 
is  now  engaged  upon  the  "Chronicles  of 
the  Abbey  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds."  On  the 
establishment  of  the  Royal  University  of 
Ireland  Mr.  Arnold  was  appointed  a  Fel- 
low. He  married  in  Tasmania  Julia 
Sorell,  granddaughter  of  a  former  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Colony.  She  died  in  1888, 
and  he  has  since  married  Josephine, 
daughter  of  the  late  James  Benison,  of 
Slieve  Rassell,  co.  Cavan.  Mrs.  Humphry 
Ward  (q.  v.)  is  his  daughter.  Address  : 
Royal  University  of  Ireland,  Dublin. 


ARNOLD-FORSTER,  Hugh  Oake- 

ley,  M.P.,  the  son  of  William  Delafield 
Arnold,  Director  of  Public  Instruction  in 
Punjaub,  and  the  adopted  son  of  the  late 
Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Forster,  M.P.,  was  born 
in  1855.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and 
University  College,  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained first-class  Honours  in  the  Final 
School  of  Modern  History.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1879,  and 
went  the  North-Eastern  Circuit.  He  was 
elected  Liberal  Unionist  member  for  West 
Belfast  in  1892,  and  still  represents  that 
constituency.  He  is  the  author  of  "How 
to  Solve  the  Irish  Land  Question";  "  The 
Citizen  Reader"  ;  '•  The  Laws  of  Everyday 
Life";  "This  World  of  Ours";  "In  a 
Conning  Tower  "  ;  "  Things  New  and  Old  "  ; 
"Our  Home  Army";  "A  History  of 
England,"  1897.  Mr.  Arnold-Forster  is 
married  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Professor 
Story-Maskelyne.  Address :  9  Evelyn 
Gardens,  S.W. 

ARNOTT,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  was  born 
in  1817,  and  is  the  proprietor  of  the  Irish 
Times.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
as  member  for  Kinsale  from  1859  to  1863, 
and  was  knighted  in  1859  ;  a  baronetcy 
was  conferred  upon  him  in  1896.  He 
married,  first,  a  daughter  of  J.  J.  Mackinlay 
in  1852,  and,  second,  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
E.  L.  Fitzgerald  in  1872,  and  he  has  a 
son  and  heir,  John,  born  in  1854.  Address  : 
Woodlands,  Cork. 

ASHBOURNE,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  Edward  Gibson,  Lord  Chancellor 
of  Ireland,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Dec.  4, 
1837,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where,  on  taking  his  degree,  he 
obtained  first  gold  medal.  In  1875  he 
entered  Parliament  as  member  for  Dublin 
University,  and  in  1877  was  made  Attorney- 
General  for  Ireland.  He  held  his  post 
until  1880,  when  he  went  out  of  office  with 
his  party,  but  continued  to  sit  for  Dublin 
University.  During  the  Liberal  rule  from 
1880  to  1885,  Mr.  Gibson  was  the  chief 
spokesman  of  the  Opposition  on  Irish 
questions,  and  the  chief  critic  of  the  Irish 
Land  Bill  of  1881.  On  the  accession  of 
Lord  Salisbury  to  office  in  1885  Mr. 
Gibson  was  raised  to  the  peerage  with  the 
title  of  Baron  Ashbourne,  and  was  made 
Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland,  with  a  seat  in 
the  Cabinet,  a  post  which  he  again  filled 
under  Lord  Salisbury's  second  administra- 
tion in  1886,  and  has  now  held  from  1895 
onwards.  He  is  responsible  for  Lord  Ash- 
bourne's Act  (1885)  for  facilitating  the 
sale  of  Irish  holdings  to  tenants.  He 
married  in  1868  Frances,  daughter  of 
H.  C.  Cokes.  Addresses :  5  Grosvenor 
Crescent,  S.W.  ;  12  Merrion  Square,  S. 
Dublin  ;  and  Athenaaum. 


ASHBURNHAM  —  ASHMEAD-BARTLETT 


41 


ASHB0RNHAM,  Bertram,  5th  Earl 
of,  Viscount  St.  Asaph,  and  Baron  of  Ash- 
burnham,  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Sove- 
reign Order  of  Malta  and  of  the  Pontifical 
Order  of  Pius,  was  born  at  Ashburnham, 
Oct.  28,  1840,  being  the  son  of  Bertram, 
4th  Earl,  by  his  wife  Katherine  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  George  Baillie,  Esq.,  of  Meller- 
stain  and  Jerviswood,  and  sister  of  George, 
10th  Earl  of  Haddington.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School,  and  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  in  France.  He  was  attached  to 
the  Marquis  of  Bath's  special  embassy  to 
convey  the  Order  of  the  Garter  to  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria  in  1867.  He  succeeded  his 
father  as  5th  Earl  in  1878.  He  presided 
over  the  first  meeting  held  in  England  to 
advocate  "Home  Rule"  for  Ireland,  and 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  British  Home 
Rule  Association  in  1886,  but  since  then 
has  taken  no  active  part  in  politics.  Lord 
Ashburnham  is  the  chief  representative  of 
the  Ashburnham  family,  which,  in  a  direct 
male  line,  has  continued  at  Ashburnham, 
in  Sussex,  from  before  the  Norman  Con- 
quest, and  is  described  by  Fuller  in  the 
early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century  as  a 
"  family  of  stupendous  antiquity  wherein 
the  eminence  hath  equalled  the  anti- 
quity." Lord  Ashburnham  was  the  owner 
of  the  collection  of  MSS.  and  printed 
books  formed  by  the  late  Earl,  some  por- 
tions of  which  had  at  different  times  pre- 
vious to  1895  been  sold  to  the  British  and 
Italian  Governments.  In  1898  occurred 
the  great  sale  of  the  Ashburnham  Library. 
The  library  was  divided  into  three  por- 
tions, the  final  sale  taking  place  at  Messrs. 
Sotheby  &  Wilkinson's  on  May  14.  The 
sale,  as  a  whole,  lasted  three  weeks,  and 
realised  nearly  £63,000,  many  of  the  lots 
being  unique.  This  famous  dispersion  of 
priceless  books  has  been  described  as  one 
of  the  four  of  the  century,  the  others  beiDg 
the  Roxburghe,  Heber,  and  Beckford  sales. 
Addresses  :  30  Dover  Street,  W. ;  Ashburn- 
ham Place,  Battle,  &c.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ASHCOMBE,  Lord,  George  Cubitt, 

is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Cubitt.  He  was  born  on  June  4,  1828, 
and  graduated  M.A.  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1854,  where  he  was  three 
terms  a  Prizeman.  He  was  elected  M.P. 
for  West  Surrey  in  1860,  and  continued  to 
represent  it  until  1885,  when  he  was  elected 
for  the  Mid  or  Epsom  division.  He  filled 
the  unpaid  post  of  Second  Church  Estates 
Commissioner  from  1874  to  1879,  and  has 
served  on  other  Royal  Commissions.  In 
1880  he  was  sworn  a  Member  of  the  Privy 
Council,  and  in  1892  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Lord  Ashcombe.  He  has  taken 
special  interest  in  church  and  educational 
questions,  is  Chairman  of  the  House  of 
Laymen  of  the  province  of  Canterbury, 


and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  large 
middle-class  schools  at  Bramley  and  Cran- 
leigh,  Surrey.  He  passed  the  Act  41  &  42 
Vict.,  c.  42,  enabling  all  clerical  impro- 
priators to  redeem  tithe-rent  charge,  and  a 
speech  delivered  by  him  in  1872  on  "  Non- 
conformist Endowments,"  is  among  the 
publications  of  the  Church  Defence  In- 
stitution. He  is  Vice-Chairman  of  the 
Surrey  County  Council,  and  Honorary 
Colonel  of  the  4th  V.  B.  of  the  Queen's  West 
Surrey  Regiment,  &c.  His  son,  the  Hon. 
Henry  Cubitt,  has  represented  the  Reigate 
division  of  Surrey  since  1892.  He  married 
in  1853  Laura,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  James 
Joyce.  Addresses  :  Denbies,  Dorking ;  and 
17  Princes  Gate,  S.W. 

ASHLEY,  The  Eight  Hon.  An- 
thony Evelyn  Melbourne,  son  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  by  his  marriage 
with  Lady  Emily  Cowper,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  4th  Earl  Cowper,  was  born  on 
July  24,  1836,  and  educated  at  Harrow 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  gradu- 
ating M.A.  in  1858.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Trinity  Term,  1863, 
and  joined  the  Oxford  Circuit.  Mr.  Ashley, 
who  is  a  magistrate  for  Dorset,  for  Hamp- 
shire, and  for  the  county  of  Sligo,  unsuc- 
cessfully contested  the  Isle  of  Wight  in 
February  1874 ;  he  was,  however,  elected 
for  Poole  in  May  of  the  same  year,  and 
continued  to  represent  that  borough  down 
to  1880,  when  he  was  elected  for  the  Isle 
of  Wight.  Mr.  Ashley  was  formerly  private 
secretary  to  the  late  Lord  Palmerston,  and 
from  1863  to  1874  he  was  a  Treasurer  of 
County  Courts.  When  the  Liberals  re- 
turned to  power  in  April  1880  Mr.  Ashley 
was  appointed  Parliamentary  Secretary  to 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  in  May  1882  was 
chosen  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  succeed  Mr. 
Courtney  in  the  office  of  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies.  He  was  also 
second  Church  Estates  Commissioner  from 
1880  to  1885.  He  is  official  Verderer  of 
the  New  Forest.  At  the  general  election 
of  1885  Mr.  Ashley  was  defeated  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight  contest  by  Sir  Richard 
Webster,  Conservative.  In  1891  he  was 
made  a  Privy  Councillor.  Mr.  Ashley  is 
the  author  of  "The  Life  of  Henry  John 
Temple,  Viscount  Palmerston."  He  mar- 
ried in  1866  Sybella  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  Sir  Walter  Rockliffe  Farquhar,  Bart., 
who  died  in  1886,  and  since  then  he  has 
married  Lady  Alice  Cole,  daughter  of  the 
3rd  Earl  of  Enniskillen.  Addresses :  13 
Cadogan  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Athenasum. 

ASHMEAD-BARTLETT,  Sir  Ellis, 
M.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Ellis 
Bartlett,  a  minister  of  Plymouth,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Sophia,  daughter  of  J.  K. 
Ashmead   of   Philadelphia,    was   born    at 


42 


ASQUITH  —  ATHERTON 


Brooklyn  in  1849,  and  educated  at 
Torquay  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  a  first-class  in  the  final 
schools,  and  was  President  of  the  Oxford 
Union.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1877,  and  was  for 
some  time  an  Examiner  in  the  Education 
Department  and  in  the  Privy  Council 
Office.  In  1880  he  entered  Parliament  as 
member  for  Eye  ;  and  in  1885,  1886,  1892, 
and  1895  was  returned  for  the  Eccleshall 
Division  of  Sheffield.  At  the  last  election 
he  was  returned  unopposed.  He  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1892.  In 
Lord  Salisbury's  first  two  administra- 
tions Mr.  Ashmead-Bartlett  held  the  post 
of  Civil  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  He  has 
been  a  frequent  and  copious  speaker  in 
the  House  and  on  public  platforms,  espe- 
cially on  questions  of  foreign  policy. 
He  has  published  "  The  Battlefields  of 
Thessaly,"  1897,  and  was  taken  prisoner, 
on  Tuesday,  May  4,  of  that  year,  during 
the  Grfeco-Turkish  wax,  by  a  Greek  war- 
ship, the  commander  of  which  mistook 
him  for  a  spy,  but  the  Greeks  liberated 
him  when  it  was  discovered  that  he  was 
a  member  of  Parliament.  His  brother  is 
married  to  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts.  He 
is  married  to  Frances,  daughter  of  H.  E. 
Walsh.  Addresses:  6  Grosvenor  Street, 
W.  ;  and  Grange  House,  Eastbourne. 

ASQUITH,  The  Right  Hon.  Herbert 
Henry,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  second  son  of  the  late 
J.  Dixon  Asquith,  Esq.,  of  Croft  House, 
Morley,  Yorks,  was  born  at  Morley,  Sept. 
12,  1852,  and  was  educated  at  the  City  of 
London  School  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  Scholar,  and  afterwards 
Fellow.  B.A.  1874  ;  first-class  Classics,  and 
Craven  Scholar.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  June  1876  ;  appointed  a 
Queen's  Counsel,  February  1890  ;  elected 
M.P.  for  East  Fife  in  July  1886,  and  again 
in  1892.  Together  with  the  Lord  Chief- 
Justice  (then  Sir  C.  Russell)  he  was  engaged 
on  behalf  of  the  late  Charles  Parnell,  M.P., 
during  the  Parnell  Commission.    In  August 

1892  he  was  mover  of  the  Amendment  to 
the  Queen's  Speech  which  led  to  the 
division  fatal  to  Lord  Salisbury's  Govern- 
ment, and  when  Mr.  Gladstone  formed 
his  Ministry  he  was  appointed  Home 
Secretary  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council,  and  placed  on  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commission,  on  which  he  remained  till 
1895.  It  was  during  the  Home  Rule 
Debates  that  he  became  famous,  and  rose 
to  the  most  prominent  position  in  the 
House.     During  the   Labour   disputes   of 

1893  he  took  up  a  consistent  attitude 
which  commanded  the  approval  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  in  1894  acted  as  arbitrator  in 
the  London  cab  strike,  his  award  being 
considered   satisfactory.     He    introduced 


the  Disestablishment  of  the  Church  of 
Wales  Bill  in  1894,  and  conducted  the 
same  till  it  was  rejected  by  the  House. 
In  February  1893  he  was  nominated  for 
the  Lord  Rectorship  of  Glasgow.  In  1895 
he  was  again  returned  for  East  Fife,  the 
constituency  he  now  represents.  He  has 
made  many  important  speeches  in  Scot- 
land on  the  policy  of  Lord  Salisbury's 
Government,  and  was  designated  by  Lord 
Rosebery,  in  a  speech  delivered  in  1896  at 
Edinburgh,  shortly  after  his  lordship's 
resignation  of  the  leadership  of  his  party, 
as  destined  in  future  to  high  office.  At 
present  he  has  returned  to  his  practice 
at  the  Bar.  He  married  in  1877  Helen, 
daughter  of  F.  Melland,  Esq.,  of  Man- 
chester (who  died  in  1891),  and  in  May 
1894  Miss  Margot  Tennant,  daughter  of 
Sir  Charles  Tennant,  Bart.  Addresses : 
20  Cavendish  Square,  W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ASTOR,  William  Waldorf,  was  born 
in  New  York  on  March  31,  1848,  and  is 
the  only  son  of  John  Jacob  Astor  and 
Charlotte  Augusta  Gibbes.  He  received  his 
education  privately.  He  succeeded  to  the 
vast  family  estate  in  1890,  having  for  many 
years  helped  his  father  in  the  management 
of  it.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1875,  after  which  he  devoted  three  years 
to  politics,  having  been  in  the  Legislature 
of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1878  and  1881. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  United  States 
Minister  to  Italy,  and  remained  in  that 
position  till  1885.  He  came  to  London  in 
1891,  and  in  October  1893  effected  the  pur- 
chase of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  and  Budget, 
which  was  the  event  of  the  journalistic 
year.  (See  Cooke.)  During  the  same 
year  he  bought  Cliveden,  the  Duke  of 
Westminster's  estate  on  the  Thames.  His 
estate  office  is  a  prominent  feature  on  the 
Thames  Embankment.  Address  :  Clive- 
den, Taplow. 

ATHERTON,  Mrs.  GertrudeFrank- 

lin,  authoress,  was  born  on  Rincon  Hill, 
San  Francisco,  and  is  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  L.  Horn  and  Gertrude  Franklin, 
a  grand-niece  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  She 
was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Benicia, 
California,  and  at  the  Sayre  Institute, 
Lexington,  Kentucky.  She  was  long  in 
finding  her  first  publisher,  who,  in  1888, 
brought  out  her  novel  "What  Dreams 
May  Come."  This  was  followed  by  her 
popular  book  "  Hermia  Suydam,"  1889; 
"Los  Cerritos,"  1890;  "The  Dooms- 
Woman,"  1892  ;  "Before  the  Gringo  Came," 
1894 ;  "A  Whirl  Asunder,"  1895 ;  "Patience 
Sparhawk,  and  her  Times,"  1897,  perhaps 
her  best -known  book;  "His  Fortunate 
Grace,"  1897.  All  these  were  American 
successes.  Her  two  English  novels  are, 
"The   Americans  of   Maundrell  Abbey" 


ATHOLE  —  ATTFIELD 


4.0, 


and  "  The  Great  Black  Oxen,"  1898.  Mrs. 
Atherton  is  the  widow  of  George  H.  Bowen 
Atherton,  of  Menlo  Park,  California.  She 
travels  much.  Address :  c/o  Hampstead 
Branch,  National  Provincial  Bank,  N.W. 

ATHOLE.    See  Atholl,  Duke  of. 

ATHOLL,  Duke  of,  Sir  John  James 
Hugh  Henry  Stewart  Murray,  K.T., 
was  born  on  Aug.  6,  1840,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  the  6th  Duke,  in  1864.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  afterwards 
held  a  commission  in  the  Scots  Guards, 
of  which  he  was  captain.  He  is  Heredi- 
tary Sheriff  and  Lord-Lieutenant  of  the 
county  of  Perth,  where  he  owns  enormous 
estates.  He  married  in  1863  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Moncrieff,  Bart. 
Addresses  :  Blair  Castle,  Blair  Atholl  and 
Dunkeld,  Perthshire  ;  and  84  Eaton  Place. 
S.W. 

ATKINSON,   Rev.    Edward,    D.D., 

was  Senior  Optime  and  third  Classic  at 
Cambridge  in  1842.  He  was  ordained  in 
1844,  and  subsequently  became  Fellow  and 
Tutor  of  Clare  College.  He  became  Master 
of  Clare  College  in  1856,  a  position  which 
he  still  continues  to  hold.  Dr.  Atkinson 
has  served  the  office  of  Vice-Chancellor 
on  three  separate  occasions,  viz.,  from 
1862  to  1863,  from  1868  to  1870,  and  from 
1876  to  1878. 

ATKINSON,    Edward  Tindal,   was 

called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1870,  and  was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel 
in  1886.  He  is  Solicitor-General  for  the 
county  Palatine  of  Durham,  is  engaged  on 
the  North-Eastern  Circuit,  and  became 
Eecorder  of  Leeds  in  1897.  Address  :  2 
Tanfield  Court,  Temple,  E.C. 

ATKINSON,  The  Right  Hon.  John, 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  was  born  in  1845,  and  joined 
the  Irish  Bar  in  1865.  He  sits  for  North 
Londonderry  as  a  Conservative ;  was 
Solicitor-General  for  Ireland  from  1889 
to  1892,  and  Attorney-General  for  Ireland 
in  1892,  and  again  since  1895.  Address : 
68  Fitzwilliam  Square,  North,  Dublin. 

ATKINSON,  The  Rev.  John 
Christopher,  D.C.L.,  was  born  at  Gold- 
hanger,  in  Essex,  in  1814,  and  received  his 
education  at  Kelvedon,  in  that  county, 
and  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  (B.A. 
1838).  He  was  appointed  Vicar  of  Danby, 
in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and 
Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  late  Viscount 
Downe  in  1847,  and  Chaplain  to  the  High 
Sheriff  of  Yorkshire  in  1851.  Dr.  Atkinson 
is  the  author  of  "Walks,  Talks,  &c.,  of 
Two  Schoolboys,"  1859;  "  Play  hours  and 
Half -holidays,"  1860  ;  "  Sketches  in  Natural 


History,"  1861;  "Eggs  and  Nests  of 
British  Birds,"  1861;  "Stanton  Grange; 
or,  Life  at  a  Private  Tutor's,"  1864;  "A 
Glossary  of  the  Cleveland  Dialect,"  1868  ; 
"  Lost ;  or,  What  Came  of  a  Slip  from 
Honour  Bright,"  1869  ;  besides  many  papers 
on  archaeological  and  philological  subjects 
in  the  Proceedings  of  various  learned 
societies.  For  some  time  he  was  engaged 
on  "The  History  of  Cleveland,  Ancient 
and  Modern,"  partly  published,  and  he  has 
since  edited  the  Chartularies  of  Whitby, 
in  two  volumes,  for  the  Surtees  Society, 
the  Chartulary  of  Eievaulx  Abbey,  for  the 
same  series,  and  the  Furness  Coucher 
Book,  in  three  volumes.  Previous  to  the 
completion  of  the  Furness  and  Eievaulx 
Chartularies  he  had  issued  "A  Handbook 
of  Ancient  Whitby  and  its  Abbey."  In 
the  year  1887  he  had  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.C.L.  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Durham  "  in  recognition  of 
his  many  services  to  literature."  Dr. 
Atkinson,  who  is  now  an  Hon.  Canon  of 
York,  has  recently  had  a  pension  of  £100 
a  year  granted  to  him  from  the  Civil  List, 
on  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Balfour,  in 
recognition  of  his  services  to  philology 
and  scholarship.  In  1897  he  celebrated  the 
jubilee  of  his  appointment  to  the  parish 
of  Danby.  Address :  Danby  Vicarage, 
Yorks. 

ATTFIELD,  Professor  John,  M.A. 
and  Ph.D.  of  the  University  of  Tubingen, 
F.E.S.,  Professor  of  Practical  Chemistry 
to  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great 
Britain  from  1862  to  1896,  was  born  near 
Barnet,  Hertfordshire,  on  Aug.  28,  1835, 
and  is  the  descendant  of  an  ancient  Hert- 
fordshire family,  and  son  of  the  late  John 
and  Anne  Winifred  Attfield.  In  1850  he 
was  articled  to  Mr.  W.  F.  Smith,  manufac- 
turing pharmaceutical  chemist,  London. 
In  1853-54  he  was  a  student  in  the  Phar- 
maceutical Society's  School,  and  First 
Prizeman  in  all  subjects  —  chemistry, 
botany,  pharmacy,  and  materia  medica. 
From  1854  to  1862  he  was  Demonstrator 
of  Chemistry  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital, and  lecture-assistant  and  research- 
assistant  to  the  Professors  of  Chemistry 
there,  namely,  to  Dr.  Stenhouse,  F.B.S., 
for  three  years,  and  afterwards  for  five 
years  to  Dr.  Frankland,  F.E.S.,  at  the 
hospital,  and  concurrently  at  the  Addis- 
combe  Military  College  and  the  Royal 
Institution.  During  the  same  period  he 
wrote  most  of  the  chemical  articles  in 
"Brande's  Dictionary  of  Art,  Science,  and 
Literature,"  and  in  the  Arts  and  Sciences 
Division  of  the  "English  Cyclopaedia," 
besides  being  a  frequent  scientific  contri- 
butor to  several  journals  and  newspapers. 
In  1862  he  took  his  University  degrees, 
his  thesis  being  an  account  of  an  original 


44 


ATTFIELD 


research  "On  the  Spectrum  of  Carbon,"  a 
paper  read  before  the  Royal  Society,  and 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions. In  1862,  also,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Chair  of  Practical  Chemistry  in  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society's  School,  where 
he  was  the  first  Dean,  and,  1887  to  1896, 
senior  Professor.  From  1860  onwards  he 
wrote  frequently  on  the  subject  of  "  Fire," 
both  in  scientific  treatises  and  in  a  series 
of  long  letters  to  the  Times,  resulting  in 
useful  legislation  and  other  public  action, 
and  in  many  appeals  to  him  as  an  authority 
on  the  origin  and  causes  of  conflagrations. 
Dr.  Attfield  has  always  advocated  the 
displacement  of  our  existing  system  of 
weights  and  measures  by  the  metric 
decimal  system.  He  was  for  some  time 
on  the  Council  of  the  Metric  Decimal 
Association.  He  is  a  Fellow,  and  was 
for  several  years  on  the  Council,  of  the 
Chemical  Society  ;  is  a  Fellow,  was  one  of 
the  founders,  and  was  for  several  years  on 
the  Council,  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  is  a  Life 
Member,  and  on  the  General  Committee, 
of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science ;  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Chemical  Industry ;  was  for  two  years 
President  of  the  Hertfordshire  Natural 
History  Society ;  was  one  of  the  five 
founders,  for  seventeen  years  Senior  Secre- 
tary, and  for  two  years  President  of  the 
British  Pharmaceutical  Conference,  an 
organisation  for  the  encouragement  of 
original  research  in  pharmacy,  each  of  his 
presidential  addresses  "  On  the  Relations 
of  Pharmacy  and  the  State  "  drawing  sup- 
porting editorial  articles  from  the  Times 
and  from  twenty  or  thirty  other  leading 
newspapers ;  the  members,  on  his  retire- 
ment, presenting  him  with  an  illuminated 
address  on  vellum  and  five  hundred  spe- 
cially bound  volumes  of  general  literature. 
He  was  Secretary  of  the  Food  Jury  at  the 
International  Health  Exhibition  in  1884, 
and,  as  some  recognition  of  his  services, 
the  Council  of  the  Exhibition  presented 
him  with  eighteen  bound  volumes  of  their 
collected  literature.  He  also  wrote  the 
Exhibition  Handbook  on  "Water  and 
Water  Supplies,"  which  has  now  reached 
a  third  edition.  He  has  written  largely  on 
pharmaceutical  education,  and  the  relation 
of  education  to  examination,  his  views, 
especially  as  regards  compulsory  public 
curricula,  having  gradually  won  the  support 
of  all  leading  pharmacists.  The  present 
chemical  nomenclature  of  the  Pharma- 
copoeias of  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  was  adopted  on  his  recommendation 
and  long  advocacy.  His  great  work  is  "  A 
Manual  of  Chemistry ;  General,  Medical, 
and  Pharmaceutical,"  of  which  there  have 
been  published  seventeen  large  editions  in 
thirty-one  years,  nine  being  adapted  to 


British  and  eight  to  American  medical 
and  pharmaceutical  requirements.  For 
this  book  he  was  awarded  a  gold  medal 
at  the  first  Pharmaceutical  Exhibition  in 
"Vienna  in  1883,  and  the  still  higher  prize 
of  a  diploma  of  honour  at  the  similar 
Exhibition  at  Prague  in  1896.  He  was 
the  author  of  published  lectures  on  the 
first  (1864)  "British  Pharmacopoeia";  was 
appointed  by  the  General  Council  of 
Medical  Education  and  Registration  of 
the  United  Kingdom  one  of  the  three 
editors  of  the  "  British  Pharmacopoeia  of 
1885  "  ;  and  was  editor  of  the  1890  Adden- 
dum to  the  "  Pharmacopoeia."  In  the 
production  of  the  latter  he  successfully 
brought  about  the  recognised  co-operation 
of  the  followers  of  medicine  on  the  one  hand 
and  pharmacy  on  the  other,  the  General 
Medical  Council  representing  the  medical 
practitioners  of  Great  Britain,  while  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  represented  the 
body  of  chemists  and  druggists.  This 
service  has  been  gracefully  and  publicly 
recognised  both  by  the  Medical  Council 
and  by  the  Council  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society.  The  Medical  Council  appointed 
him  editor  of  the  fourth  "  British  Pharma- 
copoeia," and  adopted  his  suggestion  to 
give  the  work  imperial  extension  of  use- 
fulness in  the  Colonies  and  India.  In  the 
Preface  to  this  work  the  following  para- 
graph occurs  :  "  The  '  Pharmacopoeia '  has 
been  edited  by  Dr.  John  Attfield,  F.R.S., 
who  has  been  since  1885  Annual  Reporter 
to  the  Council  on  the  progress  of  phar- 
macy, and  who  has  advised  it  on  all  matters 
relating  to  pharmaceutical  chemistry. 
The  Council  is  much  indebted  to  him,  both 
for  his  scientific  and  for  his  literary 
services."  On  May  31,  1898,  the  General 
Medical  Council,  on  motion  from  the 
chair,  passed  a  vote  of  thanks  "to  the 
Editor,  Dr.  Attfield,  for  all  he  has  done  to 
make  the  '  Pharmacopoeia '  complete  and 
accurate."  In  the  Royal  Society's  Catalogue 
Dr.  Attfield  appears  as  author  of  thirty- 
seven  original  scientific  papers,  mostly  of 
pharmaceutical  interest,  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal,  Chemical,  and 
Pharmaceutical  Societies.  His  scientific 
and  educational  work  has  gained  for  him 
not  only  the  much-coveted  honour  of  being 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  but  also 
the  following  twenty-three  honorary  dis- 
tinctions :  Hon.  Member  of  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Societies  of  Great  Britain,  Paris, 
St.  Petersburg,  Austria,  Denmark,  East 
Flanders,  Switzerland,  Australasia,  New 
South  Wales,  and  Queensland ;  of  the 
American  Pharmaceutical  Association ; 
of  the  Colleges  of  Pharmacy  of  Phila- 
delphia, New  York,  Massachusetts,  Chicago, 
Maryland,  and  Ontario  ;  and  of  the  Phar- 
maceutical Associations  of  New  Hamp- 
shire,   "Virginia,    Liverpool,    Manchester, 


AUDIFFRET-PASQTJIER 


45 


Georgia,  and  the  Province  of  Quebec.     At 
the   Chicago    College    the    chief    lecture 
theatre  was  named  "  Attfield  Hall,"  and 
his  portrait  in  oils  was  hung  on  the  College 
walls  "  in  recognition  of  his  aid  in  raising 
the  College  from  its  ashes  after  the  great 
fire  of  1871,  and  of  his  unselfish  devotion 
to  the  cause   of    education."     Professor 
Attfield  in  1896  retired  into  private  prac- 
tice as  a  chemical  analyst  and  consultant. 
He  is  the  Hon.  Consulting  Chemist  and 
Analyst  to  the  London  Orphan  Asylum  and 
the  Ventnor  Consumption  Hospital.    He 
has    laboratories    at     Temple    Chambers, 
London,  and  at  Watford.    On  the  resigna- 
tion  of  his  post  at  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society,  after  thirty-four  years  of  uninter- 
rupted  educational  labours,    for   services 
rendered  as  a  Professor,  the  Council  of  the 
Society,  each  of  the  twenty-one  members 
being  present,  accorded  him  unanimously 
the  great  and,  to  a  retiring  teacher,  un- 
usual honour  of  a  vote  of  thanks,  compli- 
mentary   speeches    being    made    by   the 
ex-President  and  President.     On  July  10, 
1897,  a  grand  testimonial  was  presented  to 
him  on  his  retirement  by  large  numbers  of 
grateful  pupils  and  by  many  public  friends 
or   former  associates.      It    comprised   an 
elaborate  silver  tea  service  and  an  album 
of  autographs,  which  included  the  signa- 
tures of  over  a  thousand  pupils,  and  of  two 
or  three  hundreds  of  Professors  and  other 
colleagues  in  the  Universities  and  Colleges 
of    Europe    and    America.     His   son,   Dr. 
Donald  Harvey  Attfield,  M.A.,  M.B.,  B.C., 
Cantab.,    and    holding    the     diploma    of 
Public   Health   of    the   same    University, 
was  born  on  June  9,   1866,  and  was  for 
three  years,  1894  to  1897,  English  Quaran- 
tine Medical  Officer  at  the  Port  of   Suez 
and  the   adjacent  Sanatorium  of   Moses' 
Wells.     During  that  period  he  was  Sub- 
Director  of  the  Mecca  and  Medina  Pilgrim 
Encampment  at  El  Tor,   on  the  Gulf  of 
Suez,  and  the  Director  of  a  similar  encamp- 
ment   at    Ras     Mallap.      He    voluntarily 
resigned  this  appointment  in   1897,  and 
is   now    Medical    Officer    of    Health    for 
Watford,  and  a  consulting  hygienist  and 
bacteriologist.    He  is  the  author  of  pub- 
lished papers  on  "An  Investigation  of  the 
Natural  Solidified  Sodium  Sulphate  Lakes 
of  Wyoming,  U.S.A.,"  "The  Destruction 
of  Bacteria  in  Polluted  River  Water  by 
Infusoria,"   "The  Treatment  of  Chronic 
Gastric  Affections  by  aid  of  the  Siphon 
Stomach  Tube."     Address  :    "Ashlands," 
Watford,  Herts. 

ATJDIFFRET  -  PASatTIEB,  Edme 
Armand  Gaston,  Due  d%  a  French  poli- 
tician, was  born  in  October  1823.  His  father, 
the  Comte  d'Audiffret,  under  the  Restora- 
tion, was  Director  of  Customs,  Director  of 
the  National  Debt,   Councillor  of   State, 


and    afterwards    Receiver- General.      His 
uncle,  the  Marquis  d'Audiffret,  was  a  Peer 
of  France,  and  President  of  the  Cour  des 
Comptes.     The  name  of  d'Audiffret  is  that 
of  an  old  family  of  Dauphine\  and   their 
armorial  bearings  were  to  be  seen  in  the 
Crusades.     The  Comte  d'Audiffret,  father 
of  the  present  Duke,  married  the  daughter 
of   M.    Pasquier,    Director-General   to  the 
Tobacco  Manufactories,  and  brother  to  the 
Chancellor    Pasquier.       It    is     from     the 
latter,  who   died   without   issue,  and  who 
had  adopted  him  in  1844,  that  the  subject 
of  this  memoir  derives  his  ducal  title.     In 
1845   young   d'Audiffret,  scarcely  twenty- 
two   years   old,   entered    the    Council    of 
State    as    Auditor,    and    married     Made- 
moiselle   Fontenilliat,    daughter     of     the 
Receiver-General    of  the   Gironde.      Suc- 
cessive family  afflictions  deprived  him  of 
his  children  and  induced  him  to  wish  for 
a  retired  life  ;  and  M.  d'Audiffret  went  to 
live   in   Normandy    on    an    estate    which 
belonged  to  him.     Here  he  passed  twenty 
years  of  his  life,  occupied  with  agriculture 
and  with  political  studies,   in   the   midst 
of    his    books,    the    old    library    of     the 
d'Audiffret  family  being  one  of  the  most 
ample  literary  collections  which  any   in- 
dividual could  possess.     In  1858  he  pre- 
sented himself  for  election  to  the  Council- 
General,   and  in   1866   and    1869    to    the 
Corps  Legislatif.     On  every  occasion  the 
battle  was  strongly  contested.     Victorious 
the  first  time,   the  candidate  was  beaten 
on  the  two  other  occasions  by  the  efforts 
of  official  pressure.     After  the  fall  of  the 
Empire  he  was   elected   to   the   National 
Assembly  in  the  Conservative  interest  by 
the  Department  of  the  Orme  (Feb.  8, 1871), 
and  voted  with  the  Right  Centre.     He  was 
nominated  President  of  the  Commission  on 
Purchases,  and  in  this   capacity   acquired 
sudden   renown    by  the   masterly  way   in 
which     he     encountered     in     debate     M. 
Rouher,     the     champion     of    the     fallen 
dynasty.     By   his   eloquence  he  soon  ac- 
quired a  great  and  strong  position  in  the 
Assembly.     He  was  one  of  the  principal 
originators  of  the  downfall  of  M.  Thiers, 
but   he   had   assumed   an   attitude  which 
would  not  permit  of  his   being   included 
in  a  ministry  of  which  Bonapartists  were 
members.     After  the  check  given  to  the 
proposed    Monarchical    Restoration,    the 
Duke,  as   President  of  the  Right  Centre, 
was    among     those    who     supported    the 
Septennate,    and   who   powerfully   contri- 
buted,  in   conjunction   with   his   brother- 
in-law,  M.  Casimir-Perier,  to  the  solution 
of   Feb.   25,    1875.     On   the  formation   of 
the   Buffet   Ministry  he  was  elected  Pre- 
sident  of    the    National    Assembly.      On 
Dec.    9,    1875,    the    Due    d'Audiffret-Pas- 
quier,   who,    a    few    days    previous,    had 
joined    the    Left    Centre,    was    the    first 


46 


AUFRECHT  —  AUSTIN 


person  who  was  elected  a  Life  Senator 
by  the  Assembly,  by  a  majority  amount- 
ing to  four-fifths  of  all  the  votes  recorded. 
In  the  sitting  of  March  13,  1876,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Senate.  He  con- 
tinued to  hold  that  office  till  January 
1879,  after  the  Senatorial  elections,  which 
gave  the  Republicans  a  majority  in  the 
Upper  Chamber.  On  Dec.  26,  1878,  he 
was  elected  to  the  seat  in  the  French 
-Academy  lately  filled  by  Mgr.  Dupanloup. 
Of  the  twenty-seven  members  present, 
twenty-two  voted  for  him,  and  five  ab- 
stained from  voting.  He  is  one  of  the 
few  Academicians  who  have  published  no 
important  works.  For  some  years  past  he 
has  lived  in  complete  retirement.  Ad- 
dress :  25  Rue  Fresnel,  Paris. 

AUFRECHT,    Professor    Theodor, 

LL.D.,  M.A.,  an  Orientalist,  was  born  at 
Leschnitz,  Silesia,  Jan.  7,  1821,  and 
educated  in  the  University  of  Berlin. 
He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Sanskrit 
and  Comparative  Philology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  in  1862.  On  April  21, 
1875,  that  university  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  shortly  after- 
wards he  left  Scotland  for  Bonn,  where 
he  had  been  appointed  Professor  of  San- 
skrit. Professor  Aufrecht  has  published 
"  A  Complete  Glossary  to  the  Rig  Veda, 
with  constant  reference  to  the  Atharva 
Veda  "  ;  "  De  Accentu  Compositorum  San- 
skritorum,"  1847;  "  Halayudha's  Abhid- 
hanaratnamala ;  a  Sanskrit  Vocabulary, 
edited  with  a  complete  Sanskrit-English 
Glossary  "  ;  "  The  Hymns  of  the  Rig  Veda, 
transcribed  into  English  letters,"  2  vols.  ; 
"  Ujjvaladatta's  Commentary,  the  Una- 
distras,"  from  a  manuscript  in  the  Library 
of  the  East  India  House,  1859  ;  and  "  The 
Ancient  Languages  of  Italy "  (Oxford, 
1875). 

AUSTEN-LEIGH,  Rev.  Augustus. 

See  Leigh,  Rev.  Augustus  Austen-. 

AUSTIN,  Alfred,  poet,  critic,  and 
journalist,  was  born  at  Headingley,  near 
Leeds,  May  30,  1835.  His  father  was  a 
merchant  and  magistrate  of  the  borough 
of  Leeds,  and  his  mother  was  the  sister  of 
Joseph  Locke,  the  eminent  civil  engineer 
and  M.P.  for  the  borough  of  Honiton,  of 
which  he  was  lord  of  the  manor.  Both  his 
parents  being  Roman  Catholics,  he  was 
sent  to  Stonyhurst  College,  and  afterwards 
to  St.  Mary's  College,  Oscott.  From  Oscott 
he  took  his  degree  at  the  University  of 
London  in  1853,  and  in  1857  he  was  called 
to  the  Bar  of  the  Inner  Temple.  But  the 
publication,  though  anonymously,  of  a 
poem  called  "Randolph,"  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  showed  the  bent  of  his  disposi- 
tion ;  and  it  may  be  stated  on  the  authority 


of  Mr.  Austin  himself,  that  he  ostensibly 
embraced  the  study  of  the  law  onlyin  defer- 
ence to  the  wishes  of  his  parents,  and  from 
his  earliest  years  was  imbued  with  the 
desire  and  the  determination  to  devote  his 
life  mainly  to  literature.     The  expression 
of  this  resolve  may  be  found  in  a  novel 
written  and  published  while  he  was  yet  a 
minor.     On  the  death   of  his  father,  in 
1861,  he  quitted  the  Northern  Circuit,  and 
went  to    Italy.     His   first  acknowledged 
volume  of  verse,  "The  Season:  a  Satire," 
appeared  in  1861.     A  third  and  revised 
edition  of  "  The  Season  "  appeared  in  1869. 
His  other  poetical  productions  are  :   "  The 
Human  Tragedy  :   a  Poem,"  1862,  repub- 
lished in  an  amended  form  1876,  and  again 
finally  revised  in  1889  ;  "  The  Golden  Age : 
a     Satire,"     1871;     "Interludes,"    1872; 
"Madonna's  Child,"   1873;    "The  Tower 
of  Babel,"  a  drama,   1874;    "Leszko  the 
Bastard:    a  Tale  of  Polish  Grief,"  1877: 
"Savonarola,"    a    tragedy,    1881;    "Soli- 
loquies in   Song,"   "At  the  Gate  of  the 
Convent,"  "Love's  Widowhood,  and  other 
Poems,"  "Prince  Lucifer,"  and  "English 
Lvrics,"  all  published  between  the  years 
1881  and  1890.     He  has  published  three 
novels:   "Five  Tears  of  It,"  1858;  "An 
Artist's   Proof,"   1864;    and   "Won   by  a 
Head,"   1866;    also   "The  Poetry   of  the 
Period,"  reprinted  from  Temple  Bar,  1870  ; 
and  "A  Vindication  of  Lord  Byron,"  1869, 
occasioned  by  Mrs.  Stowe's  article,  "The 
True  Story  of  Lord  Byron's   Life."    He 
has  written  much  for  the  Standard  news- 
paper    and     for     the     Quarterly    Review. 
During  the  sittings  of  the   (Ecumenical 
Council  of  the  Vatican  he  represented  the 
Standard  at  Rome,  and  he  was  a  special 
correspondent  of  that  journal  at  the  head- 
quarters of  the   King  of   Prussia   in   the 
Franco-German  War.     His  political  writ- 
ings   include    "  Russia    before    Europe," 
1876;    "Tory  Horrors,"  1876,   a  reply  to 
Mr.    Gladstone's    "Bulgarian    Horrors"; 
and  '•  England's  Policy  and  Peril :  a  Letter 
to   the   Earl    of   Beaconsfield,"    1877.     In 
1883,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  W.  J.  Court- 
hope,  he  founded  The  National  Review,  and 
continued  to  edit  that  periodical  till  the 
summer  of  1893.     In  1892   Messrs.   Mac- 
millan  issued  a  collected  edition  of  his 
poems  in  six  volumes.      "Fortunatus  the 
Pessimist"  was  next  published.     In  1894 
was  published  "  The  Garden  that  I  Love," 
and  in  the  following  year,  "  In  Veronica's 
Garden,"   both    of    which  volumes    have 
rapidly  passed  through   several   editions. 
On  New  Year's  Day  1896  Mr.  Austin  was 
appointed  Poet  Laureate  in  succession  to 
Lord  Tennyson,  since  which  date  Messrs. 
Macmillan  have    issued   two  volumes  of 
poetry  by  him,  entitled  "England's  Dar- 
ling" and  "The  Conversion  of  Winckel- 
mann."    Mr.  Austin  is  a  deputy-lieutenant 


AUSTIN  — AYETON 


47 


for  the  county  of  Hereford.  Addresses  : 
Swinford  Old  Manor,  Ashford,  Kent ;  and 
Athenseum. 

AUSTIN,  Louis  Frederic,  journal- 
ist, only  son  of  Captain  Thomas  Austin, 
master  mariner,  of  Dublin,  was  born  in 
Brooklyn,  U.S.A.,  Oct.  9,  1852,  educated 
at  the  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  Great 
Crosby,  near  Liverpool,  came  to  London  in 
1875,  and  entered  journalism.  He  was  for 
some  years  editor  of  the  National  Press 
Agency,  has  contributed  to  many  periodi- 
cals, chiefly  in  the  department  of  literary 
criticism  and  several  essays,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  Daily  Chronicle,  the  Illus- 
trated London  News,  the  /Sketch,  and  the 
Speaker.  In  1884,  under  the  name  of 
Frederic  Daly,  he  published  a  biographi- 
cal sketch  entitled  "Henry  Irving  in  Eng- 
land and  America  "  ;  and  in  1896  a  volume 
called  "At  Random  :  Essays  and  Stories." 
Address  :  Devonshire  Club,  St.  James's, 
S.W. 

AUSTRIA,  Emperor  of.  See  Francis 
Joseph  I. 

AUWERS,  Professor  Arthur,  Ger- 
man astronomer,  was  born  Sept.  12,  1838, 
at  Gottingen,  and  was  connected  suc- 
cessively with  the  observatories  of  Koen- 
igsberg  (1859),  Gotha  (1862),  and  Berlin 
(1866).  He  became  in  1881  the  Director 
of  the  New  Observatory  of  Physical 
Astronomy  at  Potsdam.  He  is  Perpetual 
Secretary  of  the  Mathematical  Sciences  Sec- 
tion of  the  German  Academy  of  Sciences. 
He  has  continued  Herschell's  observations 
on  nebulse,  which  he  terminated  in  1857. 
He  has  written  a  number  of  important 
papers  on  astronomical  subjects.  He  took 
part  in  the  new  observations  on  stars  of 
the  first  nine  magnitudes  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  in  the  revision  of  Argelander's 
maps.  In  1874  he  was  in  charge  of  the 
observations  of  the  Transit  of  Venus  at 
Luxor,  and  in  1882  at  Punta  Arenas. 

AVORY,  Horace  Edmund,  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1875, 
.and  is  engaged  on  the  South-Eastern 
Circuit,  and  at  the  Surrey  Sessions.  Ad- 
dress :  4  Crown  Office  Row,  Temple,  E.C. 

AXON,  William  Edward  Army- 
tage,  was  born  in  Manchester  in  1846, 
and  after  thirteen  years'  service  in  the 
Manchester  Free  Library,  resigned  the 
position  of  Sub-Librarian  to  devote  him- 
self to  literature  and  journalism.  He  is 
;the  author,  among  other  volumes,  of 
"  Stray  Chapters  in  Literature,  Folk-Lore, 
and  Archaeology,"  1888  ;  "  Annals  of  Man- 
chester," 1886;  "Lancashire  Gleanings," 
1883;  "Cheshire  Gleanings,"  1884  ;  "By- 


gone Sussex,"  1896  ;  "  Life  of  William 
Lloyd  Garrison,"  1890  ;  and  "The  Ancoats 
Skylark,"  1894.  The  last-named  includes 
translations  from  the  French,  Italian, 
German,  Spanish,  and  other  languages. 
Mr.  Axon  has  contributed  to  the  "  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica,"  the  "Dictionary 
of  National  Biography,"  "Johnson's  Ameri- 
can Cyclopaedia,"  Notes  and  Queries,  the 
Academy,  and  other  periodicals.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Library  Associa- 
tion, and  of  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
Antiquarian  Society,  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  and  a  member 
of  various  learned  societies  at  home  and 
abroad.  He  has  edited  a  reprint  of 
"Caxton's  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse," 
and  has  printed  many  pamphlets,  some  for 
private  circulation,  in  advocacy  of  tem- 
perance and  food  reform,  or  in  elucidation 
of  obscure  points  of  bibliography  and 
literary  history.  Address :  47  Derby  Street, 
Moss  Side,  Manchester. 

AYRTON,  Professor  "W.  E.,  F.R.S., 
born  in  London  1847,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  E.  N.  Ayrton,  M.A. ,  barrister. 
He  was  educated  at  University  College 
School,  where  he  gained  numerous  prizes, 
and  entering  subsequently  into  the  Col- 
lege, gained  the  Andrews  Exhibition  in 
1865  and  the  Andrews  Scholarship  in  1866. 
Passing  the  examination  with  honours  for 
his  first  B.A.  in  1867,  Mr.  Ayrton  in  the 
same  year  came  out  first  in  the  Entrance 
Examination  for  the  Indian  Government 
Telegraph  Service.  He  was  then  sent  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  India  to  study 
electrical  engineering  with  Prof.  Sir 
William  Thomson  (now  Lord  Kelvin),  com- 
ing out  first  at  the  Advanced  Examination 
for  the  Indian  Government  Telegraph  Ser- 
vice, and  won  the  Scholarship.  When  in 
India  Prof.  Ayrton  acted  first  as  the  Assis- 
tant Electrical  Superintendent,  and  subse- 
quently as  the  Electrical  Superintendent 
in  the  Government  Telegraph  Department, 
introducing,  with  the  late  Mr.  Schwendler, 
throughout  British  India  a  complete  system 
of  immediately  determining  the  position 
of  a  fault  in  the  longest  telegraph  line  by 
electrically  testing  at  one  end.  In  1872-73 
Prof.  Ayrton  was  on  special  duty  in  Eng- 
land on  behalf  of  the  Indian  Government 
Telegraph  Department,  and  in  charge  of 
the  Great  Western  Telegraph  Manufac- 
tory in  London  on  behalf  of  the  engineers, 
Prof.  Sir  William  Thomson  and  the  late 
Prof.  Fleeming  Jenkin.  From  the  latter 
year  until  1879  Prof.  Ayrton  was  the 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  of 
Telegraphy  at  the  Imperial  College  of 
Engineering,  Japan,  the  largest  English- 
speaking  Technical  University  in  existence 
at  that  date.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Applied  Physics  at  the  City 


48 


BAB  — BADENI 


and  Guilds  of  London  Technical  College, 
Finsbury,  and  in  1884  the  Chief  Professor 
of  Physics  at  the  Central  Technical  Col- 
lege, South  Kensington,  of  the  City  and 
Guilds  of  London  Institute,  of  which  he 
now  also  is  the  Dean.  In  1880  a  Secretary 
of  the  Mathematical  and  Physical  Section 
of  the  British  Association,  in  1881  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Prof.  Ayrton  is  a  Past  President  of  the 
Physical  Society,  a  Past  President  of  the 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  and 
the  President  of  Section  A  of  the  British 
Association  for  1898  ;  he  has  been  a  Juror 
in  the  majority  of  the  Electrical  Exhibi- 
tions in  England  and  abroad  ;  was  a  Judge 
in  the  Electrical  Department  at  the  Chicago 
Exhibition ;  and  one  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment Delegates  to  the  Electrical  Congress 
there  ;  is  joint  editor  of  Cassell's  "Manuals 
of  Technology,"  and  the  author  of  "  Prac- 
tical Electricity,"  the  most  recently  pub- 
lished work  in  this  series,  but  already  in 
its  seventh  edition.  His  lecture  on  the 
"Electric  Transmission  of  Power,"  given 
at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
at  Bath  in  1888,  was  so  much  appreciated 
that,  at  the  request  of  the  town,  this  lec- 
ture was  repeated  to  an  audience  of  3000, 
the  only  time  in  the  annals  of  the  British 
Association  that  one  of  their  lectures  has 
been  repeated.  With  Prof.  Perry  he  is 
the  joint  inventor  of  the  well-known 
Ammeters,  Voltmeters,  Electric  Power 
Meter,  Ohmmeter,  Dispersion-Photometer, 
Transmission  -  Dynamometer,  Dynamome- 
ter Coupling,  Governed  Electric  Motor, 
Oblique  Coiled  Dynamo  Machine,  and 
Secohmmeter ;  and  with  the  late  Prof. 
Fleeming  Jenkin  and  Prof.  Perry,  of  the 
system  of  Automatic  Electric  Transport 
known  as  "  Telpherage."  Over  100  papers 
published  in  the  Proceedings  and  Transac- 
tions of  the  Eoyal  Society,  Physical  Society, 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  and 
other  societies  have  been  contributed  by 
Prof.  Ayrton  conjointly  with  Prof.  Perry 
and  others,  of  which  some  of  the  most 
important  are:  "The  Specific  Inductive 
Capacity  of  Gases  "  ;  "  The  Contact  Theory 
of  Voltaic  Action";  "A  New  Determina- 
tion of  the  Ratio  of  the  Electromagnet  to 
the  Electrostatic  Unit  of  Quantity  " ;  "A 
Duplex  Partial  Earth  Test";  "Electricity 
as  a  Motive  Power";  "Experiments  on 
the  Heat  Conduction  of  Stone";  "On  a 
Neglected  Principle  that  may  be  Employed 
in  Earthquake  Measurements";  "The 
Magic  Mirror  of  Japan  "  ;  "Electric  Rail- 
ways"; "Measuring  Instruments  used  in 
Electric  Lighting  and  Transmission  of 
Power"  ;  "Economic  Use  of  Gas  Engines"; 
"  Electromotors  and  their  Government "  ; 
"  A  New  Form  of  Spring  for  Electric  and 
other  Measuring  Instruments  "  ;  "  The  Gas 
Engine  Indicator  Diagram";  "The  Most 


Economical  Potential  Difference  to  use 
with  Incandescent  Lamps  "  ;  "  The  Wind- 
ing of  Voltmeters  "  ;  "  Economy  in  Electri- 
cal Conductors  "  ;  "Uniform  Distribution 
of  Power  from  an  Electrical  Conductor  "  ; 
"Modes  of  Measuring  the  Co-efficients 
of  Self  and  Mutual  Induction "  ;  "  The 
Driving  of  Dynamos  with  Very  Short 
Belts";  "Portable  Voltometers  for  Mea- 
suring Alternate  or  Direct  Potential  Dif- 
ferences "  ;  "  The  Magnetic  Circuit  in  the 
Dynamo";  "The  Efficiency  of  Incandescent 
Lamps  with  Direct  and  Alternate  Cur- 
rents " ;  "Measurement  of  the  Power  given 
by  any  Current  to  any  Circuit" ;  "Quadrant 
Electrometers";  "The  Thermal Emissivity 
of  Thin  Wires";  "The  Efficiency  of 
Transformers  and  the  Regulation  of 
Transformers  at  Different  Frequencies  "  ; 
"  Variation  of  the  P.  D.  of  the  Electric 
Arc  with  Current,  Size  of  Carbons  and 
Distance  Apart "  ;  "  The  Design  and  Con- 
struction of  Electrostatic  Instruments." 
Prof.  Ayrton,  with  Prof.  Perry,  has  also 
taken  out  twenty-six  patents  in  Great 
Britain,  several  of  them  also  in  France, 
Germany,  America,  and  other  foreign 
countries,  and  he  is  also  a  co-patentee 
with  Mr.  Mather  of  their  well-known 
Electrostatic  Voltmeters  and  Moving  Coil 
Galvanometers.  Address  :  41  Kensington 
Park  Gardens,  W. 


B 


BAB.  See  Gilbert,  William 
Schwenck. 

BADENI,  Count  Casimir,  ex-Chan- 
cellor of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Empire,  is 
a  Pole  by  birth,  and  was  born  in  1846. 
His  family  was  originally  Italian,  and 
migrated  to  Poland  with  Queen  Bona,  wife 
of  Sigismund  I.  He  studied  law,  entered 
the  Austrian  Civil  Service,  and  became 
Governor  of  Austrian  Poland,  and  was 
nicknamed  "The  Mikado  of  Galicia" 
because  of  his  gorgeous  ceremonials.  In 
September  1895,  he  became  Prime  Minister 
of  a  non-party  Cabinet,  and  he  was  chiefly 
supported  by  the  Poles,  the  German 
Moderate  Liberals,  and  the  Young  Czechs. 
His  concession  with  regard  to  the  official 
use  of  the  Czech  language  in  Bohemia 
brought  down  upon  him  the  angry  oppo- 
sition of  the  German  element  in  Austria. 
On  April  2,  1897,  he  resigned,  but  the 
Emperor  refused  to  accept  his  resignation. 
Violent  and  discreditable  scenes  occurred 
in  the  Reichsrath  between  the  Poles  and 
Czechs  on  one  side,  and  the  Germans, 
Socialists,  and  Anti-Semites  on  the  other.. 
The  session  was  forcibly  closed  on  June  3, 
and    an    attempt    at    an    understanding 


BAEYEE  — BAILEY 


49 


made,  which  came  to  nought  owing  to  the 
abstention  of  the  Germans.  When  the 
session  reopened  in  September  the  same 
scenes  occurred,  and  owing  to  an  insult 
from  Herr  Wolf,  Count  Badeni  fought  a 
duel  with  him  on  September  26,  in  which 
he  was  wounded.  The  Emperor  accepted 
his  resignation  early  in  1898,  and  he  was 
succeeded  by  Count  Goluchowski  {q.v.). 

BAEYER,  Adolf  von,  German 
chemist,  born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  31,  1835,  is 
the  son  of  a  general  renowned  for  his 
geodesic  work.  After  having  finished  his 
studies  at  the  Gymnasium  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm,  he  went  to  the  Universities  of  Berlin, 
Heidelberg,  and  Ghent.  He  took  his 
degree  in  1860,  and  became  Demonstrator 
in  Chemistry  at  the  Applied  Sciences 
Academy  of  Berlin.  He  successively  be- 
came Assistant  Professor  at  the  Military 
Academy  in  1869,  Professor  at  Strassburg 
in  1872,' and  finally  was  called  to  fill  the 
chair  at  Munich,  vacant  on  the  death  of 
Liebig.  He  has  acquired  fame  by  his  work 
of  organic  chemistry,  above  all  by  his 
researches  on  the  action  of  the  aldehydes, 
which  led  him  to  the  discovery  of  a  green 
colouring  matter,  coraleine,  a  red  colour- 
ing matter,  eosine,  and  lastly,  to  the  dis- 
covery of  indol,  the  base  of  indigo. 

BAGGALLAY,  Ernest,  M.A.,  son  of 
the  late  Lord  Justice  Baggallay,  was  born 
July  11,  1850,  and  was  educated  at  Marl- 
borough and  Caius  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1873,  and  acted 
as  Counsel  to  the  Post  Office  from  1877  to 
1887.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
as  Conservative  member  for  Brixton  from 
1885  to  1887.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  Police  Magistrate  at  the  West 
Ham  Court,  a  position  which  he  continues 
to  hold.  Mr.  Baggallay  was  married  in  1876 
to  Emily,  daughter  of  Sir  W.  W.  Burrell, 
Bart.  Addresses  :  106  Elm  Park  Gardens, 
S.W. ;  and  The  Moat,  Cowden,  Kent. 

BAILEY,   Sir   Joseph    Russell, 

Bart.,  V.D.,  was  born  in  1810,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Joseph  Bailey, 
M.P.,  of  Easton  Court,  Tenbury.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  He  represented  Herefordshire  in 
the  House  of  Commons  from  1865  to  1885, 
and  Hereford  from  1886  to  1892.  In  1864 
he  acted  as  High  Sheriff  of  Breconshire, 
and  was  appointed  Lord-Lieutenant  in 
1875.  He  is  a  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Radnor- 
shire and  Herefordshire.  In  1867  he  was 
appointed  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Brecon 
Rifle  Volunteers.  He  succeeded  his  grand- 
father, the  1st  Baronet,  in  1858,  and  was 
created  a  Peer  in  recognition  of  his  ser- 
vices to  the  Conservative  party  at  New 
Year  1899.    He  married  in  1861  Mary  Ann, 


daughter  of  Henry  Lucas.  Addresses : 
Glanusk  Park,  Crickhowell,  Breconshire ; 
Easton  Court,  Tenbury,  Worcestershire,  &c. 

BAILEY,  Joseph  W.,  American 
political  leader,  was  born  in  Copiah  County, 
Mississippi,  Oct.  6,  1863.  He  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1883; 
removed  to  Texas  in  1885,  and  settled  at 
Gainsville.  He  served  as  Presidential 
Elector  for  the  State  at  large  in  1888,  and 
was  elected  to  the  Fifty-second  Congress, 
and  re-elected  to  the  Fifty-third,  Fifty- 
fourth,  and  Fifty-fifth  Congresses.  He  is 
one  of  the  active  and  prominent  leaders  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  the  United  States 
House  of  Representatives. 

BAILEY,  Philip  James,  author  of 
"Festus,"  son  of  Thomas  Bailey,  author 
of  the  "Annals  of  Notts,"  who  died  in 
1856,  was  born  at  Nottingham,  April  22, 
1816.  Having  been  educated  at  various 
schools  in  his  native  town,  he  in  1831 
matriculated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
where  he  studied  for  two  sessions  under 
Professors  Buchanan,  Sir  D.  K.  Sandford, 
Thomson,  and  Milne.  In  1833  he  began 
to  study  the  law,  was  admitted  a  member 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1835,  and  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1840.  Having  little  inclination  for 
legal  pursuits,  Mr.  Bailey  before  this  time 
had  carried  on  an  extensive  and  varied 
course  of  reading  in  the  libraries  of  the 
British  Museum  and  Lincoln's  Inn,  as  well 
as  at  home.  He  was  accustomed  to  the 
composition  of  verse  from  early  years. 
"  Festus,"  conceived  and  planned  originally 
in  1836,  and  published  in  1839,  was  well  re- 
ceived in  this  country,  where  it  has  passed 
through  eleven  editions,  and  in  America, 
where  it  has  passed  through  upwards 
of  thirty.  The  11th,  or  Jubilee  edition  (so 
called  from  the  fact  that  it  was  issued  fifty 
years  after  the  first  edition),  with  a  prose 
preface  explanatory  of  the  purpose  of  the 
poem,  was  published  by  Messrs.  Routledge 
in  1889.  Interviewed  of  late  years  by  a 
contributor  to  The  Young  Man,  Mr.  Bailey 
is  reported  to  have  spoken  of  the  inception 
of  his  famous  work  as  follows  :  "  I  began 
in  the  most  natural  way  imaginable.  I 
merely  started  to  write.  From  the  time  I 
was  ten  years  old  I  had  always  been  writ- 
ing verse,  more  or  less.  But  I  had  time  at 
my  disposal — in  those  days  I  did  pretty 
much  as  I  liked — and  I  soon  found  myself 
making  progress  with  '  Festus.'  I  had 
the  theory  of  the  poem  in  my  mind,  and 
the  plan  of  working  it  out,  as  well  as  the 
conception  of  the  main  characters.  I  knew 
the  theology  was  not  popular,  and  that  was 
probably  why  I  embodied  it  in  the  work. 
The  doctrine  of  Universalism  has  never 
been  introduced  into  poetry,  and  in  that 
aspect  'Festus'  was   different   from   any- 

D 


50 


BAIN  —  BAIRD 


thing  that  had  previously  appeared.  That 
was  the  novel  characteristic  of  the  poem." 
At  the  same  interview  he  explained  that 
"the  work  has  doubled  in  size  since  I 
closed  the  book  for  the  first  time.  Many 
lyrics  have  been  introduced,  and  the  scope 
of  the  work  has  been  considerably  enlarged. 
Besides  the  additions,  moreover,  there  have 
been  deductions  and  many  alterations." 
"  The  Angel  World,"  1850  ;  "  The  Mystic," 
1855  ;  "  The  Universal  Hymn,"  1867  ;  all 
since  mainly  incorporated  with  "  Festus  "  ; 
"The  Age,"  a  Satire,  1858;  and  a  prose 
work  on  the  international  policy  of  the 
Great  Powers,  with  a  few  minor  and  mis- 
cellaneous poems,  comprise  nearly  the 
whole  of  Mr.  Bailey's  contributions  to  con- 
temporary literature.  Address:  The  Elms, 
Ropewalk,  Nottingham. 

BAIN,  Professor  Alexander,  LL.D., 
born  at  Aberdeen  in  1818,  entered  Maris- 
chal  College  in  1836,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  M.A.  in  1840.  From  1841  to  1844 
he  taught,  as  deputy,  the  class  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  Marischal  College ;  from  1844 
to  1845  the  Natural  Philosophy  Class.  In 
1845  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Natural 
Philosophy  in  the  Andersonian  University, 
Glasgow,  but  retired  at  the  end  of  a  year. 
In  1847  he  was  appointed  by  the  Metropoli- 
tan Sanitary  Commissioners  their  Assistant 
Secretary,  and  in  1848  became  Assistant 
Secretary  to  the  General  Board  of  Health, 
which  post  he  resigned  in  1850.  From 
1857  to  1862  he  was  Examiner  in  Logic  and 
Moral  Philosophy  in  the  University  of 
London.  In  1858,  1859,  1860,  1863,  1864, 
1868,  and  1870  he  acted  as  Examiner  in 
Moral  Science  at  the  Indian  Civil  Service 
Examinations.  In  1860  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Crown  Professor  of  Logic  in  the 
University  of  Aberdeen.  In  1864  he 
was  re-elected  Examiner  in  the  Univer> 
sity  of  London,  and  continued  to  hold  that 
position  till  1869.  His  first  literary  pro- 
duction was  an  article,  in  1840,  in  the 
Westminster  Review,  to  which  he  has  since 
contributed  at  various  times.  In  1847-48 
he  wrote  text-books  on  Astronomy,  Elec- 
tricity, and  Meteorology  in  Messrs.  Cham- 
bers's school  series,  several  of  Chambers's 
"Papers  for  the  People,"  and  the  articles 
on  Language,  Logic,  the  Human  Mind,  and 
Khetoric  in  the  "Information  for  the 
People."  In  1852  he  published  an  edition 
of  the  "  Moral  Philosophy  of  Paley,"  with 
dissertations  and  notes.  ' '  The  Senses  and 
the  Intellect "  appeared  in  1855,  and 
"The  Emotions  and  the  Will,"  completing 
a  systematic  exposition  of  the  human 
mind,  in  1859 ;  both  works  have  passed 
through  several  editions.  "The  Study  of 
Character,  including  an  Estimate  of  Phre- 
nology," was  published  in  1861,  an  English 
Grammar    in    1863,  and    a  "Manual    of 


English  Composition  and  Khetoric "  in 
1866.  His  more  recent  works  are  :  "  Men- 
tal and  Moral  Science,"  1868;  "Logic,  De- 
ductive and  Inductive,"  1870  ;  "  Mind  and 
Body  ;  Theories  of  their  Relation,"  1873  ;  a 
collection  of  "  The  Minor  Works  of  George 
Grote,  with  Critical  Remarks  on  his  Intel- 
lectual Character,  Writings,  and  Speeches," 
1873  ;  "A  Companion  to  the  Higher  Eng- 
lish Grammar,"  1874;  "Education  as  a 
Science,"  1879  ;  "James  Mill,  a  Biography," 
"  John  Stuart  Mill,  a  Criticism,  with  Per- 
sonal Recollections,"  1882;  and  "Practi- 
cal Essays,"  1884.  In  1880  he  retired  from 
the  Logic  chair  of  Aberdeen  University. 
In  1881  he  was  elected  by  the  students 
Lord  Rector  of  the  University,  and  again 
elected  in  1884.  In  1887  appeared  Part  I. 
of  a  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the 
"  Manual  of  Rhetoric,"  being  devoted  to  the 
"Intellectual  Qualities  of  Style";  accom- 
panying which  was  a  volume  on  "  Teaching 
English."  The  year  following,  1888,  was 
published  Part  II.  of  the  "  Rhetoric,"  on  the 
"Emotional  Qualities."  In  1894  was  brought 
out  the  fourth  edition  of  "  The  Senses  and 
the  Intellect,"  revised  for  the  last  time. 
Address  :  Ferryhill  Lodge,  Aberdeen. 

BAIRD,    Lieut.-Colonel  Andrew 
"Wilson,  R.E.,  F.B.S.,  A.I.C.E.,  F.R.G.S., 

born  at  Aberdeen,  April  26,  1842,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Baird,  of  Wood- 
lands, Cults,  and  was  educated  at  Marischal 
College  and  University,  and  was  for  some 
years  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Rennet,  LL.D.,  the 
Mathematical  Tutor  in  Aberdeen.  Enter- 
ing Addiscotnbe  College  as  a  cadet  of  the 
Hon.  East  India  Company's  service  in  the 
beginning  of  1860,  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich, 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  and  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  Corps  of  Royal  Engineers 
in  December  1861.  After  having  finished 
his  course  of  military  engineering  studies 
at  Chatham,  Lieutenant  Baird  proceeded 
to  India  in  February  1864,  and  served 
under  the  Bombay  Government.  He  was 
employed  as  Special  Assistant  in  the 
Harbour  Defences  at  Bombay,  and  held 
charge  of  the  construction  of  the  Middle 
Ground  and  Oyster  Rock  Batteries  at  vari- 
ous times  between  April  1864  and  December 
1865,  when  he  was  appointed  as  Special 
Assistant  Engineer  in  the  Government 
Reclamations  which  were  being  carried  out 
on  the  foreshore  of  the  harbour.  From 
January  till  July  1868  Lieutenant  Baird 
was  employed  as  Assistant  Field  Engineer 
with  the  Abyssinian  Expedition  (medal), 
during  which  time  he  held  the  charge  of 
Traffic  Manager  of  the  railway,  and  he  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  for  zeal  and 
management  in  bringing  safely  and  expedi- 
tiously troops  and  baggage  for  embarkation, 
Shortly  after  his  return  to  Bombay,  Lieu- 


BAKEK 


51 


tenant  Baird  was  appointed  to  the  Great 
Trigonometrical  Survey  of  India  (in 
December  1868).  Employed  successively 
on  the  triangulation  in  Kottywar  and 
Guzerat,  Lieutenant  Baird  suffered  con- 
siderably from  the  trying  work  in  the  very 
hot  weather,  and  was  obliged  to  go  on 
furlough  to  England  in  May  1870,  and 
while  on  furlough  he  was  selected  by 
General  Walker,  R.E.  (then  chief  of  the 
Great  Trigonometrical  Survey),  and  em- 
ployed by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  India  to  study  the  practical  details  of 
tidal  observations,  and  their  reductions  by 
harmonic  analysis  as  carried  on  under  the 
superintendence  of  Sir  William  Thomson 
for  the  British  Association.  On  his  return 
to  India,  in  April  1872,  Lieutenant  Baird 
carried  out  a  reconnaissance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cutch,  with  a  view  to  selecting  sites  for 
three  Tidal  Observatories,  one  at  the 
mouth,  and  one  at  the  head  and  as  far 
into  the  "Runn"  as  possible,  and  one 
about  the  middle  of  the  gulf.  The  tidal 
observatories,  and  the  levelling  operations 
in  connection  therewith,  were  carried  out 
for  special  reasons  in  connection  with  the 
question  of  the  depression  of  the  great 
tract  called  the  Runn  of  Cutch ;  and 
Captain  Baird  was  sent  to  England  to 
carry  out  the  calculations  for  reducing 
the  tidal  observations.  Returning  to  India 
in  June  1877,  Captain  Baird  was  appointed 
to  the  general  superintendence  and  control 
of  tidal  observatories  on  the  Indian  coasts; 
these  operations  were  gradually  extended, 
until  twenty  tidal  observatories  (in  India, 
Burmah,  Ceylon,  the  Andaman  Islands,  and 
Aden)  were  working  simultaneously,  and 
as  five  years'  work  was  completed  at  minor 
stations  the  observatories  were  removed 
to  other  places,  and  now  over  thirty 
stations  have  been  observed  at.  In  August 
and  September  1881,  Captain  Baird  was 
sent  as  one  of  the  Commissioners  from 
India  to  the  Venice  Geographical  Congress 
and  Exhibition.  Here  the  Survey  of  India 
exhibited  a  complete  set  of  tidal  and 
levelling  apparatus,  diagrams,  &c,  and 
was  awarded  a  Diploma  of  Honour  ;  and 
the  Congress  awarded  Captain  Baird  a 
medal  of  the  First  Class  for  his  works  on 
tidal  observations  ;  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  India  and  the  Government  of  India 
recorded  their  thanks  to  Captain  Baird  for 
his  services  at  this  Congress.  After  fur- 
lough in  England,  Major  Baird  returned 
to  India  in  April  1883,  and  resumed  charge 
of  the  tidal  and  levelling  operations  until 
he  was  appointed  to  officiate  as  Mint 
Master  of  Calcutta  in  July  1885.  Since 
then  he  has  acted  several  times  as  Mint 
Master  of  Calcutta  and  Bombay,  and  in  the 
intervals  held  the  appointment  of  Assistant 
Surveyor-General.  He  was  promoted  to 
Lieutenant-Colonel  in  December  1888,  and 


was  confirmed  as  Mint  Master,  Calcutta, 
in  August  1889.  For  his  services  in  the 
tidal  research,  Colonel  Baird  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  May  1885. 
The  following  are  the  works  of  a  public  or 
official  character  which  Colonel  Baird  has 
written  :  Articles  on  the  Gulf  of  Cutch, 
Little  Runn,  and  Gulf  of  Cambay,  for  the 
Bombay  Gazetteer ;  Notes  on  the  Harmonic 
Analysis  of  Tidal  Observations,  published 
by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  1872 ; 
Paper  on  the  Tidal  Observations  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cutch,  read  before  the  British 
Association,  1876  ;  Account  of  the  Tidal 
Disturbances  caused  by  the  Volcanic 
Eruption  at  Krakatoa  (Java)  in  August 
1883,  presented  to  the  Royal  Society ; 
Auxiliary  Tables  (two  pamphlets)  to  facili- 
tate the  calculations  of  Harmonic  Analysis 
of  Tidal  Observations,  published  in  India, 
1879  and  1882;  Joint  Report  with  Pro- 
fessor G.  H.  Darwin,  F.R.S.,  &c,  of  the 
results  of  the  Harmonic  Analysis  of  Tidal 
Observations,  presented  to  the  Royal 
Society  and  reprinted  from  their  Pro- 
ceedings, March  1885 ;  Account  of  the 
Spirit-Levelling  Operations  of  the  Great 
Trigonometrical  Survey  of  India,  read 
before  the  British  Association  in  1885, 
and  afterwards  printed  among  the  supple- 
mentary papers  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society ;  Manual  of  Tidal  Observations, 
published  at  the  expense  of  the  British 
Association  ;  Tide  Tables  for  India  Ports, 
prepared  annually  by  Major  Baird  and  Mr. 
Roberts  of  the  Nautical  Almanac  Office  by 
order  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India. 
Colonel  Baird  is  also  an  Associate  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 

BAKER,  Sir  George  Sherston,  Bart., 
J.P.,  was  born  in  London,  May  19,  1846, 
and  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  in  1877. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1871,  and  in  1889  he  was  appointed 
Recorder  of  Barnstaple  and  Bideford.  He 
has  published  "  Halleck's  International 
Law,"  2nd  edit.  1878,  and  3rd  edit.  1893 ; 
"  The  Laws  Relating  to  Quarantine,"  1879  ; 
"The  Office  of  Vice-Admiral  of  the  Coast," 
1884 ;  and  he  has  been  editor  of  the  Law 
Magazine  and  Review  since  1895.  He  is 
married  to  Jane,  daughter  of  the  late  F. 
J.  Fegen,  R.N.,  C.B.,  of  Ballinlonty,  Tip- 
perary,  and  has  a  son  and  heir,  born  in 
1877.  Addresses  :  18  Cavendish  Road,  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W. ;  and  1  The  Cloisters, 
Middle  Temple,  E.C. 

BAKER,  John  Gilbert,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S., 
born  at  Guisborough,  in  Yorkshire,  Jan.  13, 
1834,  was  educated  at  schools  belonging  to 
the  Society  of  Friends  at  Ackworth  and 
York.  He  was  appointed  Assistant-Keeper 
of  the  Herbarium  of  the  Royal  Gardens, 


52 


BAKER  — BALFOUR 


Kew,  in  1866  ;  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Herbarium  in  1891 ;  and  Lecturer  and  De- 
monstrator of  Botany  to  the  Apothecaries' 
Company  in  1882.  He  was  for  many  years 
Lecturer  on  Botany  to  the  London  Hos- 
pital, and  one  of  the  assistant  editors  to 
Seemann's  Journal  of  Botany.  Formerly 
Mr.  Baker  was  Curator,  and  afterwards 
Secretary,  of  the  London  Botanical  Ex- 
change Club.  His  works  on  descriptive 
botany  are  as  follows  :  "  Synopsis  Fili- 
cum,"  a  descriptive  catalogue  of  all  known 
ferns,  with  plates  of  the  genera — a  work 
planned  and  commenced  by  the  late  Sir 
W.  Hooker,  1868,  2nd  edit.  1874;  "Mono- 
graph of  the  Ferns  of  Brazil,"  in  folio, 
1870,  with  fifty  plates  ;  and  since  of  the 
"  Composite,  Ampelidese,  and  Connar- 
acese,"  of  the  same  country  ;  "Revision  of 
the  Order  Liliaces,"  7  parts,  1870-80 ; 
"  Monograph  of  the  British  Roses,"  1869  ; 
"Monograph  of  the  British  Mints,"  1865; 
Monographs  of  Papilionacea?  and  other 
Orders  in  Oliver's  "  Flora  of  Tropical 
Africa,"  1861-71  ;  Descriptions  of  the 
Plants  figured  in  Vols.  I,  III.,  and  IV.  of 
Saunders'  "Refugium  Botanicum,"  1869- 
1871  ;  "Popular  Monographs  of  Narcissus, 
Crocus,  Lilium,  Iris,  Crinum,  Aquilegia,  Sem- 
pervivum,  Epimedium,  Tulipa,  Nerine,  and 
Agave,"  1870-77;  "Monograph  of  the 
Papilionaceas  of  India,"  1876;  "Systema 
Iridacearum,"  1877;  "Flora  of  Mauritius 
and  the  Seychelles,"  1877;  "A Monograph 
of  Hypoxidacea;,"  1879  ;  "  A  Monograph  of 
Selaginella,"  1884-85;  "On  the  Tuber- 
bearing  Species  of  Solanum,"  1884.  The 
following  are  the  titles  of  Mr.  Baker's 
works  on  geographical  botany,  &c. :  "  An 
Attempt  to  Classify  the  Plants  of  Britain 
according  to  their  Geographical  Relations," 
1855;  "North  Yorkshire:  Studies  of  its 
Botany,  Geology,  Climate,  and  Physical 
Geography,"  1863;  "A  New  Flora  of 
Northumberland  and  Durham,  with  Essays 
on  the  Climate  and  Physical  Geography  of 
the  Counties"  (aided  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Tate), 
1868  ;  "  On  the  Geographical  Distribution 
of  Ferns  through  the  World,  with  a  Table 
showing  the  Range  of  each  Species,"  1868  ; 
"Elementary  Lessons  in  Botanical  Geo- 
graphy," 1875;  many  papers  on  the 
"Botany  of  Madagascar,"  containing  de- 
scriptions of  above  1000  new  species,  1881- 
1890;  "A  Flora  of  the  English  Lake  Dis- 
trict," 1885.  In  1883  he  edited,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Rev.  W.  Newbould,  the 
first  published  edition  of  Watson's  "  Topo- 
graphical Botany,"  1887;  "A  Handbook 
of  the  Fern  Allies,"  1888  ;  "A  Handbook 
of  the  Amaryllideaj,"  1892 ;  and  "  A  Hand- 
book of  the  Bromeliacea;,"  1890;  "Syn- 
opsis of  Petaloid  Monocotyledons  of  South 
Africa,"  1896,  formerly  vol.  vi.  of  the 
"  Flora  Capensis,"  now  edited  by  his  chief 
at  Kew,  Mr.  W.  T.  Thiselton-Dyer. 


BAKER,  The  Rev.  William,  D.D., 

Head  Master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  George  Baker, 
Esq.,  of  Reigate,  was  born  at  Reigate  in 
December  1841,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  some  time  Fellow 
and  Tutor,  and  of  which  he  was  appointed 
Hon.  Fellow  in  1895.  He  obtained  a  first- 
class  in  classics  at  Moderations  in  1862, 
and  a  second-class  in  the  Final  Classical 
School  in  1864,  and  was  elected  Denyer 
and  Johnson  Theological  Scholar  in  1866. 
He  was  appointed  Head  Master  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  on  the  retirement 
of  Dr.  Hessey  at  Christmas,  1870,  and 
Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in  1880.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  A  Manual  of  Devotion  for 
School  Boys,"  published  in  1876;  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Historical  and  Dogmatical 
Position  of  the  Church  of  England,"  1882  ; 
"  A  Plain  Exposition  of  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,"  1883;  "Daily  Prayers  for 
Younger  Boys,"  1886  ;  "  Latin  and  Greek 
Verse  Translations,"  1895. 

BALDISSERA,   General   Antonio, 

Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Italian  army 
in  Africa  since  1896,  is  by  birth  a  Venetian, 
and  in  1866  held  a  commission  in  the 
Austrian  army.  Venice  being  ceded  to 
Italy,  Baldissera  took  service  under  the 
government  of  Florence.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  San  Marzano  Expedition  to 
Africa,  and  afterwards  was  for  three  years 
in  command  of  the  Italian  troops  in  Ery- 
threa.  During  this  command  he  won  for 
Italy  Keren  and  Asmara  without  blood- 
shed. As  a  diplomat  he  divided  the  Abys- 
sinian leaders,  outmanoeuvred  Menelik 
himself,  and  thus  expanded  and  solidified 
the  Italian  colony.  He  was  recalled  at 
the  instance  of  Count  Antonelli,  and  in 
the  absence  of  his  strong  hand  the  Italians 
suffered  constant  reverses.  Reappointed 
to  his  old  post  in  1896,  in  succession  to 
the  defeated  General  Baratieri,  he  has  had 
to  struggle  with  limited  resources  against 
victorious  enemies  and  a  [hostile  public 
opinion  in  Italy. 

BALFOUR  OF  BURLEIGH,  Lord, 
The  Right  Hon.  Alexander  Hugh 
Bruce,  son  of  R.  Bruce,  of  Kennet,  Alloa, 
N.B.,  was  born  on  Jan.  13,  1849,  and  was 
educated  at  Loretto,  Eton,  and  Oriel  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
with  honours  in  1871,  and  proceeded  to  the 
degree  of  M.A.  in  1872.  The  title,  origin- 
ally granted  in  1607,  was  attainted  in  1716, 
on  account  of  the  "rising"  of  1715,  and 
was  only  restored  to  the  present  possessor 
in  1869.  Lord  Balfour  is  a  Conservative 
in  politics,  and  has  served  on  the  following 
important  commissions  during  the  past 
twenty-three  years,  viz. :    Member  of  the 


BALFOUR 


53 


Factory  Commission,  1874-75  ;  Member  of 
the  Endowed  Institution  (Scotland)  Com- 
mission, 1878-79 ;  Chairman  of  the  Edu- 
cational Endowments  Commission,  1882- 
1889 ;  Chairman  of  the  Welsh  Sunday 
Closing  Commission,  1889 ;  Chairman  of 
the  Metropolitan  Water  Supply  Commission, 
1893-94 ;  and  Chairman  of  the  Rating 
Commission,  1896.  He  acted  as  Lord-in- 
Waiting  to  the  Queen  from  1888  to  1889, 
was  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  from  1889  to  1892,  and  in  1895  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  for  Scotland, 
with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  a  Privy 
Councillor,  and  was  elected  Lord  Rector  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  November 
1896.  He  was  married  to  Katherine 
Gordon,  sister  of  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  in 
1876,  and  has  a  son  and  heir,  Robert, 
Master  of  Burleigh,  born  in  1880.  Ad- 
dresses :  Kennet,  Alloa,  N.B. ;  47  Cadogan 
Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BALFOUR,  The  Bight  Hon.  Arthur 
James,  M.P.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  James  Maitland  Balfour, 
Esq.,  of  Whittinghame,  N.B.,  and  Lady 
Blanche  Mary  Harriet,  daughter  of  the 
2nd  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  was  born  July 
25,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking  his 
B.A.  degree  with  second  class  Honours  in 
Moral  Science  in  1869.  He  entered  Par- 
liament in  1S74  as  M.P.  for  Hertford, 
which  constituency  he  represented  until 
1885,  when  he  was  elected  for  East  Man- 
chester, for  which  he  still  sits.  He  acted 
as  Private  Secretary  to  the  Marquis  of 
Salisbury  at  the  Foreign  Office  during  the 
critical  period  1878-80,  when  the  Berlin 
treaty  was  negotiated.  In  June  1878  he 
accompanied  a  special  mission  to  Berlin. 
In  1879  Mr.  Balfour  published  his  work, 
"A  Defence  of  Philosophic  Doubt."  It 
attracted  much  attention,  and  gave  pro- 
mise of  abilities  which  could  hardly  have 
failed  to  win  recognition  even  had  the 
writer  not  been  a  Conservative  politician 
connected  by  family  ties  with  Lord  Salis- 
bury. The  publication  was  commonly 
taken  to  be  an  argument  in  favour  of 
theological  scepticism,  but  he  himself  has 
declared  the  very  opposite,  and  that  his 
design  was  to  strengthen  revealed  religion. 
In  the  early  portion  of  his  parliamentary 
career  Mr.  Balfour  acted  for  a  time  with 
the  so-called  "Fourth  Party,"  a  name 
facetiously  given  to  a  small  number  of 
Conservative  members  led  by  Lord  Ran- 
dolph Churchill.  He  did  not  come  into 
prominent  notice  until  1885,  when  he  be- 
came a  Privy  Councillor  and  President  of 
the  Local  Government  Board.  From  July 
1886  to  March  1887  he  was  Secretary  for 
Scotland,  with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet.     In 


November  1887  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland.  The  appointment 
was  undoubtedly  a  great  experiment,  but 
the  task  of  the  pacification  of  Ireland, 
which  had  proved  too  much  for  such 
trained  officials  as  Sir  George  Trevelyan 
and  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach,  was  more 
or  less  successfully  coped  with  by  Mr. 
Balfour,  and  he  soon  checked  the  torrent 
of  intimidation  and  crime  which  had 
flooded  Ireland  for  so  long.  At  one  time, 
during  his  tenure  of  the  Chief  Secretary- 
ship, his  unpopularity  with  the  Irish  Home 
Rulers  was  extreme,  but  he  has  since 
abandoned  that  cynical  and  almost  con- 
temptuous manner  towards  them  which 
was  one  of  the  causes  of  their  hostility. 
His  Irish  policy,  however  unwise  some 
may  think  it,  was  that  which  was  con- 
sidered by  most  people  in  England  as  the 
only  means  of  effectively  dealing  with  the 
Irish  question.  His  treatment  of  political 
prisoners  and  his  extreme  eviction  policy 
will  probably  come  to  be  regarded  as 
errors  which  he  would  not  now  repeat, 
but  on  the  whole  Mr.  Balfour  has  been 
throughout  a  conscientious  friend  to  Ire- 
land, and,  after  the  ten  years  of  the  "re- 
solute government "  which  he  desired  in 
1887,  he  now  has  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
his  brother  a  popular  Chief  Secretary  and 
active  co-operator  in  the  cause  of  Irish 
reform.  Among  the  measures  brought 
forward  by  Mr.  Balfour  was  the  Bill  for 
the  Improvement  of  Ireland  by  the  drain- 
age of  Bann,  Barrow,  and  Shannon,  and 
by  the  construction  of  light  railways. 
The  New  Purchase  of  Land  Bill,  which 
had  been  dropped  for  some  time  after  its 
first  introduction,  was  passed  in  August 
1891.  The  Act  provides  further  funds  for 
the  purchase  of  land  in  Ireland,  and  makes 
permanent  the  Land  Commission  ;  it  also 
creates  a  Congested  Districts  Board,  which 
has  power  to  relieve  congested  districts 
by  providing  seed  potatoes,  &c.  During 
October  1890  he  made  a  tour  through  the 
western  districts  of  Ireland,  visiting  Mayo, 
Donegal,  and  other  places  threatened  with 
famine.  In  January  1891,  in  conjunction 
with  Lord  Zetland,  the  Lord-Lieutenant, 
Mr.  Balfour  issued  an  appeal  to  the  public 
for  funds  to  relieve  the  distress  caused 
by  the  failure  of  the  potato  crop.  Large 
contributions  were  received,  and  a  sum  of 
nearly  £60,000  was  distributed.  Upon  the 
death  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  Mr.  Balfour 
was  unanimously  elected  leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons  and  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury,  and  throughout  the  session  of 
1892  he  continued  to  show  increased 
ability  in  leading  the  Unionist  party.  In 
the  following  year  his  speeches  against 
the  Home  Rule  for  Ireland  Bill  greatly 
added  to  his  reputation.  In  April  1893 
he  visited  Belfast  on  the  occasion  of  the 


54 


BALFOUR 


great  Ulster  demonstration  held  there, 
taking  the  place  of  Lord  Salisbury,  whom 
illness  prevented  from  attending.  On  the 
return  of  the  Unionist  party  to  power  in 
1895,  Mr.  Balfour  again  became  leader  of 
the  House.  The  various  crises  through 
which  the  country  has  passed  since  that 
date  have  called  for  a  good  deal  of  tact 
and  patience,  as  well  as  skilful  leadership, 
on  the  part  of  Mr.  Balfour.  The  Jameson 
Raid,  affairs  in  Egypt,  West  Africa,  and 
China,  have  all  brought  their  load  of 
anxiety  to  the  Government,  which  was 
subjected  during  1897-98  to  some  sharp 
criticism,  even  from  Conservative  mem- 
bers, especially  with  regard  to  a  supposed 
want  of  vigorous  action  in  Chinese  affairs. 
During  the  recent  illness  of  the  Prime 
Minister  practically  the  whole  business  of 
the  Foreign  Office  has  been  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Balfour.  He  has  been  the  recipient  of 
many  university  honours.  He  was  elected 
Lord  Rector  of  St.  Andrews  University 
in  November  1886  and  also  of  Glasgow 
University  in  1890,  and  Chancellor  of 
Edinburgh  University  in  1891.  In  1888 
he  was  appointed  Member  of  the  Senate 
of  London  University,  in  which  year  he 
was  also  admitted  to  the  Freedom  of  the 
City.  Mr.  Balfour  is  an  Hon.  LL.D.  of 
nearly  all  the  universities  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and  F.R.S. 
He  has  been  President  of  the  Committee 
of  the  Council  of  Education  for  Scotland, 
and  Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal  in  Ireland. 
In  1887  he  was  appointed  member  of  the 
Gold  and  Silver  Commission  ;  and  mention 
should  be  made  of  his  bias  in  favour  of 
bimetallism,  .with  regard  to  which  he  has 
said,  "That  if  bimetallists  could  by  inter- 
national arrangement  fix  some  ratio  of 
exchange  between  gold  and  silver  coin, 
they  would  create  an  automatic  system  by 
which  the  demand  and  supply  for  gold 
and  silver  respectively  would  maintain 
that  ratio  at  the  point  they  fixed  it."  In 
July  1898  Mr.  Balfour  was  elected  Vice- 
President  of  the  London  Library  to  suc- 
ceed the  late  Mr.  Gladstone.  He  is  a  D.L. 
for  East  Lothian  and  Ross-shire,  and  a  late 
Captain  of  the  East  Lothian  Yeomanry.  In 
1894  he  was  chosen  captain  of  the  Royal 
and  Ancient  Golf  Club  of  St.  Andrews,  and 
is  also  President  of  the  National  Cyclists' 
Union.  Besides  his  "Defence  of  Philo- 
sophic Doubt,"  he  has  published  "  Essays 
and  Addresses,"  1893  ;  and  "  The  Founda- 
tions of  Belief,  being  Notes  Introductory 
to  the  Study  of  Theology,"  1895.  He  also 
wrote  the  volume  on  "Golf"  in  the  Bad-' 
minton  series.  Addresses :  10  Downing 
Street,  S.W.  ;  Whitlinghame,  Prestonkirk  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

BALFOUR,  The  Right  Hon.  Gerald 
William,  M.A.,  M.P.  for  Central  Leeds, 


and  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  was  born 
in  1853,  and  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late 
James  Maitland  Balfour  of  Whittinghame 
and  Lady  Blanche  Cecil,  daughter  of  the 
second  Marquis  of  Salisbury.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  first- 
class  in  the  Classical  Tripos.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  Assistant  Tutor,  and 
elected  Fellow  in  1878.  He  entered  Par- 
liament in  1885  as  Conservative  member 
for  Central  Leeds,  and  retains  the  seat. 
Since  1895  he  has  been  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland.  From  1885  to  1886  he  was  private 
secretary  to  his  brother,  the  Right  Hon. 
A.  J.  Balfour,  at  the  Local  Government 
Board.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Labour  in  1891,  and  became 
a  Privy  Councillor  in  1895.  In  the  last 
session  of  Parliament  he  successfully  in- 
troduced an  Irish  Local  Government  Bill, 
similar  to  Mr.  Ritchie's,  which  has  done 
much  to  conciliate  the  Home  Rulers. 
Some  financial  points  in  the  bill  were 
contested  by  the  Irish  landlords,  but, 
on  the  whole,  it  gave  universal  satisfac- 
tion. The  Act  establishes  County  Councils 
and  District  Councils,  and  provides  for 
the  propertied  classes  not  being  "rated 
out  of  existence  "  by  the  distribution  each 
year  out  of  the  Imperial  Exchequer  of  a 
sum  equal  to  one-half  of  the  county  cess 
and  one-half  of  the  poor-rate.  It  is  this 
provision  which  differentiates  it  from  the 
English  and  Scotch  Acts.  He  married  in 
1887  Lady  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  1st 
Earl  of  Lytton.  Addresses :  24  Addison 
Road,  W. ;  and  Chief  Secretary's  Lodge, 
Phcenix  Park,  Dublin. 

BALFOUR,  Professor  Isaac  Bayley, 

Botanist,  M.D.  (Edin.),  D.Sc.  (Edin.), 
M.A.  (Oxon.),  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.L.S., 
F.G.S.,  and  member  of  other  British  and 
foreign  scientific  societies,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh  March  31,  1853,  being  the 
second  son  of  John  Hutton  Balfour,  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  1845-79.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Edinburgh  Academy  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  Baxter 
Natural  Science  Scholar,  and  graduated 
with  honours  in  Science  and  Medicine. 
In  1879  he  was  appointed  Regius  Professor 
of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
which  chair  he  resigned  on  being  elected 
in  1884  Sherardian  Professor  of  Botany  in 
the  University  of  Oxford.  This  chair  he 
resigned  in  1888  on  his  receiving  the 
appointment  of  Queen's  Botanist  in  Scot- 
land, Keeperof  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden  in 
Edinburgh,  and  Regius  Prof essor  of  Botany, 
having  previously  been  elected  Professor 
of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
These  positions  he  now  holds.  In  1874he 
was    appointed    by    the    Royal     Society 


BALFOUR  —  BANCROFT 


55 


Naturalist  to  the  Transit  of  Venus  Ex- 
pedition to  Rodriguez.  The  natural  history 
results  of  the  Expedition  are  published  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions,  vol.  clxiii. 
(1879).  In  1880  he  undertook,  on  behalf 
of  the  Royal  Society  and  the  British 
Association,  the  exploration  of  the  island 
of  Socotra.  Reports  upon  the  results  of 
the  Expedition  have  appeared  in  publica- 
tions of  the  British  Association  and  of  the 
Royal  Institution.  The  botany  of  the 
island  constitutes  vol.  xxxi.  (1888)  of  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh. 
Professor  Balfour  has  contributed  papers, 
chiefly  on  botanical  subjects,  to  the  various 
botanical  journals  and  publications  of 
scientific  societies.  He  is  editor  of  the 
"Annals  of  Botany."  He  is  married  to 
Agnes,  daughter  of  Robert  Balloon,  a 
Glasgow  merchant.  Addresses :  Inver- 
leith  House,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BALFOUR,  The  Right  Hon.  John 
Blair,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  LL.D.,  P.O.,  is  the  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Peter  Balfour,  minister  of 
Clackmannan,  by  Jane  Ramsay,  daughter 
of  Mr.  John  Blair  of  Perth.  He  was  born 
at  Clackmannan  on  July  11,  1837,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
called  to  the  Scottish  Bar  in  1861,  and  was 
appointed  Solicitor-General  for  Scotland 
on  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Ad- 
ministration in  1880.  Mr.  Balfour  entered 
Parliament  as  M.P.  for  the  counties  of 
Clackmannan  and  Kinross  in  November 
1880,  in  the  place  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  P. 
Adam,  on  the  appointment  of  the  latter  as 
Governor  of  Madras,  and  was  again  elected 
in  November  1885,  in  July  1886,  in  July 
1892,  and  in  July  1895.  In  August  1881 
he  was  appointed  Lord  Advocate  for 
Scotland,  and  held  that  office  till  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Administra- 
tion in  June  1885  ;  was  re-appointed  Lord 
Advocate  in  February  1886,  when  he  held 
office  till  August  1886  ;  and  a  third  time  in 
August  1892,  when  he  held  office  till  July 
1895 ;  was  made  Privy  Councillor  and  a 
Member  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education  in  Scotland  1883  ;  elected  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  the  Advocates  July 
1885,  and  again  May  1889,  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  the  County  of  the  City  of 
Edinburgh.  He  is  also  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the 
Universities  of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews. 
Mr.  Balfour  has  been  twice  married — first, 
in  1869,  to  Lilias  Oswald,  daughter  of  Lord 
Mackenzie,  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Session  (Supreme  Court)  of  Scotland;  and, 
secondly,  in  1877,  to  the  Hon.  Marianne 
Eliza  Wellwood  Moncreiff,  younger  daugh- 
ter of  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Moncreiff, 
late  Lord  Justice  Clerk  of  Scotland.  Ad- 
dresses :  6  Rothesay  Terrace,  Edinburgh ; 
and  Glarclune,  North  Berwick,  N.B. 


BALL,  Sir  Robert  Stawell,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  3  Granby  Row,  Dublin, 
on  1st  July  1840,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Robert  Ball,  LL.D.,  a  distinguished 
naturalist,  and  Director  of  the  Museum  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  was  educated 
at  Tarvin  Hall  and  Abbotts  Grange, 
Chester,  by  Dr.  Brindley,  and  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1857,  gradu- 
ating there  as  University  Student  in 
Mathematics  in  1861.  He  was  appointed 
Astronomer  to  the  late  Earl  of  Rosse  at 
Parsonstown,  King's  County,  Ireland,  in 
1865,  Professor  of  Applied  Mathematics 
and  Mechanism  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Science  for  Ireland  in  1867,  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1873,  Andrews  Professor 
of  Astronomy  in  the  University  of  Dublin, 
and  Royal  Astronomer  of  Ireland  in  1874, 
Scientific  Adviser  to  the  Commissioners 
of  Irish  Lights  in  1883,  Lowndeau  Pro- 
fessor of  Astronomy  and  Geometry  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  Director  of 
the  Cambridge  Observatory,  and  Fellow 
of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1892, 
President  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  in  1897.  He  is  Hon.  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.  He  has 
published  a  long  series  of  Memoirs  on 
Dynamics  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  for  which  he  has  been 
awarded  the  Cunningham  Gold  Medal  of 
the  Academy.  He  has  been  a  Member  of 
Council  of  the  Royal  Zoological  Society 
of  Ireland  since  1869,  and  was  President 
of  the  Society  1890-92.  He  is  author 
of  the  following  works  among  others : 
"Experimental  Mechanics"  (Macmillan), 
"Theory  of  Screws"  (Hodges  &  Figgis), 
"The  Story  of  the  Heavens"  (Cassell), 
"Starland"  (Cassell),  "In  Starry  Realms" 
(Isbister),  "In  the  High  Heavens"  (Isbis- 
ter),  London  Science  Class-books  in  Astro- 
nomy and  Mechanics  (Longmans),  and 
"Time  and  Tide,"  besides  many  papers 
on  Mathematics,  Astronomy,  and  Physical 
Science  in  various  publications.  He  is 
the  editor  of  the  "Admiralty  Manual  of 
Scientific  Inquiry."  Several  of  his  works 
have  been  translated  into  foreign  lan- 
guages. Sir  Robert  Ball  has  also  lectured 
frequently  on  astronomy  at  the  leading 
institutions  in  the  United  Kingdom.  He 
was  married  on  Aug.  5,  1868,  to  Frances 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  late  William 
E.  Steele,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Director  of  the 
National  Science  and  Art  Museum,  Dublin, 
and  he  has  six  children.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Athenaeum  Club,  Pall  Mall,  and 
his  residence  is  at  the  Observatory,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  knighted  on  Jan.  25, 
1886.  Addresses  :  The  Observatory,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BANCROFT,  Lady,  ne'e  Marie  Eflie 
Wilton,  actress,  who  belongs  to  an  old 


56 


BANCBOFT  —  BANFF  Y 


Gloucestershire  and  Wiltshire  family,  is  the 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Kobert  Pleydell 
Wilton.  After  acting  from  early  child- 
hood in  the  provinces,  chiefly  at  the  old 
Theatre  Royal,  Bristol,  she  first  appeared  in 
London  in  September  1856  at  the  Lyceum 
Theatre,  as  the  boy  in  "Belphegor"  and 
"Perdita  the  Royal  Milkmaid."  Subse- 
quently she  fulfilled  various  engagements 
at  London  houses,  notably  making  the 
fortune  of  the  celebrated  burlesques  at  the 
Strand  Theatre.  Mi^s  Wilton,  in  partner- 
ship with  Mr.  H.  J.  Byron,  became  manager 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre,  London, 
at  Easter  1865.  Shortly  afterwards  she 
gave  up  burlesque  acting,  and  devoted 
her  entire  attention  to  the  production  of 
English  comedies,  chiefly  written  by  the 
late  T.  W.  Robertson.  She  was  married  to 
Mr.  (now  Sir)  S.  B.  Bancroft  in  December 
1867.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  continued 
their  successful  career  at  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  Theatre  until  January  1880,  when 
they  migrated  to  the  Haymarket,  of  which 
Theatre  they  had  become  the  lessees.  The 
characters  with  which  Lady  Bancroft's 
name  is  best  associated  are  Polly  Eccles, 
Naomi  Tighe,  Mary  Netley,  Peg  Woffing- 
ton,  Jenny  Northcote,  Nan,  Lady  Franklin, 
and  Lady  Teazle.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft 
retired  from  theatrical  management  in 
July  1885,  the  occasion  being  a  remark- 
able tribute  to  their  popularity  both  before 
and  behind  the  curtain.  Lady  Bancroft 
has  since  shown  considerable  power  as  a 
writer  by  her  important  share  in  the  book 
of  reminiscences  called  "Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Bancroft  on  and  off  the  Stage."  Except 
for  occasional  charitable  morning  perform- 
ances Lady  Bancroft  did  not  again  appear 
upon  the  stage  until  February  1893,  when 
she  took  part  in  the  revival  of  "  Diplo- 
macy" at  the  Garrick  Theatre.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  performance  of  "Diplo- 
macy "  before  the  Queen,  Mrs.  Bancroft 
was  honoured  by  special  marks  of  her 
Majesty's  favour. 

BANCROFT,  Sir  Squire  Bancroft, 
K.B.,  actor  and  theatrical  manager,  born 
in  London,  May  14,  1841,  made  his  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Birmingham,  in  January  1861.  He 
afterwards  accepted  engagements  in 
Dublin  and  Liverpool,  playing  almost 
every  line  of  character,  including  im- 
portant Shakesperian  parts,  with  Charles 
Kean,  Phelps,  and  G.  V.  Brooke.  He 
made  his  dibut  in  London  on  the  occasion 
of  the  opening  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
Theatre,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Byron  and  Miss  Marie  Wilton,  April  15, 
1865.  Mr.  T.  W.  Robertson's  popular 
comedies,  "Society,"  "Ours,"  "Caste," 
"Play,"  "School,"  and  "M.P."  were 
brought  out  at  this  theatre,  and  in  each 


of  them  Mr.  Bancroft  created  one  of  the 
leading  characters.  In  1867  Mr.  Bancroft 
married  Miss  Marie  Wilton,  and  a  large 
share  of  the  management  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  Theatre  thenceforward  de- 
volved upon  him.  Among  other  parts 
subsequently  performed  by  him  at  that 
house  were  Sir  Frederick  Blount  in 
" Money,"  Joseph  Surface  in  the  "School 
for  Scandal,"  Triplet  in  "Masks  and 
Faces,"  Sir  George  Ormond  in  "Peril," 
Dazzle  in  "London  Assurance,"  Blenkinsop 
in  "An  Unequal  Match,"  Count  Orloff  in 
"Diplomacy,"  and  Henry  Spreadbrow  in 
"  Sweethearts."  Mr.  Bancroft's  success- 
ful career  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre 
was  brought  to  a  close  on  Jan.  29,  1880. 
In  September  1879  he  had  become  lessee 
of  the  Haymarket,  and  after  expending 
£20,000  on  its  internal  rebuilding  and 
decorations,  he  began  his  management  of 
that  theatre  on  Jan.  31,  1880.  The  first 
performance  was  Lord  Lytton's  comedy, 
"Money."  "Odette"  was  produced  in 
April  1882,  Mr.  Bancroft  taking  the  part 
of  Lord  Henry  Trevene,  with  Madame 
Modjeska  as  Odette.  This  was  followed 
by  the  "Overland  Route "  (September  1882), 
and  the  farewell  revival  of  "Caste"  in 
1883.  M.  Sardou's  "Fedora"  was  pro- 
duced with  marked  success  in  May  of  the 
same  year,  which  was  followed  by  Mr. 
Pinero's  comedy  "  Lords  and  Commons," 
and  an  elaborate  revival  of  "The  Rivals." 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  having  realised  a 
large  fortune,  retired  from  their  excep- 
tionally successful  career  of  management 
on  July  20, 1885.  Mr.  Bancroft  reappeared 
on  the  stage  in  the  autumn  of  1889  at  the 
Lyceum  Theatre  with  Mr.  Irving,  acting 
with  great  success  the  part  of  the  Abb£ 
Latour  in  "The  Dead  Heart."  Mr.  Ban- 
croft subscribed  £1000  towards  General 
Booth's  scheme  for  alleviating  distress, 
foregoing  his  stipulation  that  ninety-nine 
others  should  subscribe  the  same  amount. 
The  Earl  of  Aberdeen  was  the  first  to 
follow  suit.  In  February  1893  Mr.  Ban- 
croft appeared  at  the  Garrick  Theatre  in 
a  revival  of  "Diplomacy,"  which  had  a 
notable  success,  being  also  acted  before 
the  Queen.  Sir  Squire  Bancroft,  who 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1897, 
has  since  devoted  much  time  to  "Read- 
ings" throughout  the  country  in  aid  of 
hospitals  and  similar  institutions,  to  which 
he  has  given  large  sums.  Permanent 
address  :  18  Berkeley  Square,  W. 

BANFFY,  Baron,  was  born  in  1842 
at  Klausenburg,  in  Transylvania,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Universities  of  Leipzig 
and  Berlin.  After  spending  some  time  in 
travel  he  became  a  provincial  prefect  in 
Transylvania,  and  spread  ideas  of  reform 
throughout  his  district.     On  the  reforma- 


BANGOR  —  BARBER 


tion  o£  the  Upper  Chamber  in  Hungary  he 
was  elected  a  life  peer.  He  was  returned 
to  the  Reichstag  in  1892,  and  immediately 
became  its  President.  On  the  retirement 
of  Dr.  Wekerle  he  succeeded  him  as 
Premier,  on  the  distinct  understanding 
that  he  should  carry  out  his  Liberal 
programme.  He  caused  Count  Kalnoky's 
resignation  in  1895  by  standing  out 
against  his  high  and  dry  Conservatism,  and 
at  the  general  elections  of  1896  he  was  sup- 
ported strongly  throughout  the  country. 

BANGOR,  Bishop  of.  See  Lloyd, 
The  Right  Rev.  Daniel  Lewis. 

BANKES,  John  Eldon,  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1878,  and 
is  a  Special  Pleader  on  the  North  Wales 
and  Chester  Circuits.  Address :  3  Hare 
Court,  Temple,  E.C. 

BANKS,  William  Mitchell,  M.D., 
F.R.C.S.,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1842, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Aca- 
demy and  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
In  1864  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  with 
honours,  gaining  the  University  Gold 
Medal  for  an  anatomical  thesis  on  the 
Wolffian  Bodies.  After  graduating,  he 
acted  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the 
University  of  Glasgow  under  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Allen  Thomson  for  two  years,  and 
then  settled  in  Liverpool  as  a  consulting 
and  operating  surgeon.  Mr.  Banks  has 
contributed  numerous  surgical  papers  to 
various  journals  and  societies,  but  his 
name  has  been  more  especially  associated 
with  the  advocacy  of  extensive  operative 
measures  for  the  removal  of  cancer  of  the 
breast,  and  with  attempts  to  find  the  most 
suitable  operation  for  the  radical  cure  of 
rupture.  His  chief  work,  however,  has 
been  in  connection  with  the  resuscitation 
of  the  Medical  School  of  Liverpool,  and 
with  the  origination  of  the  University 
College  of  that  city,  now  one  of  the  three 
colleges  of  the  Victoria  University.  In 
the  laying  down  of  the  original  constitu- 
tion of  the  college,  and  in  the  arrange- 
ments of  the  regulations  for  the  medical 
degrees  of  the  University,  Mr.  Banks's 
work  has  been  of  acknowledged  service. 
He  has  also  devoted  much  time  and  labour 
to  the  building  of  the  new  Liverpool  Royal 
Infirmary,  having  endeavoured,  by  the 
introduction  of  the  latest  forms  of  con- 
struction and  the  most  recent  improve- 
ments in  building  materials,  to  render  this 
hospital  a  model  of  sanitary  science.  Mr. 
Banks  is  Senior  Surgeon  to  the  Liverpool 
Royal  Infirmary,  and  Emeritus  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  University  College,  Liver- 
pool. He  has  been  President  of  the 
Liverpool  Medical  Institution  and  of  the 
Lancashire  and   Cheshire  branch  of  the 


British  Medical  Association.  He  has  been 
Vice-President  and  President  of  the  Sur- 
gical Section  of  that  Association,  and 
delivered  the  address  in  surgery  at  Mon- 
treal in  1897,  when  the  Association  visited 
that  city.  On  the  formation  of  the  Liver- 
pool Biological  Society  in  1886  Mr.  Banks 
was  appointed  its  first  president,  and  in 
1893  he  gave  the  annual  oration  before 
the  Medical  Society  of  London.  He  was 
the  first  representative  of  the  Victoria  Uni- 
versity on  the  General  Medical  Council,  and 
has  been  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  He  is  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  the  city  of  Liverpool. 
Address  :  28  Rodney  Street,  Liverpool. 

BARATIERI,  General,  ex-Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Italian 
colony  in  East  Africa,  is  the  son  of  a 
district  judge  in  the  Tyrol,  and  was  born 
at  Condino  in  1841.  Studying  at  Rova- 
redo,  Trient,  and  Meran,  he  finished  his 
classical  education  under  the  Franciscans 
at  Circo.  Settling  in  Italy  in  1859,  he 
joined  Garibaldi,  and  was  a  volunteer 
in  the  "Thousand  of  Marsala."  Subse- 
quently entering  the  regular  army,  he 
soon  rose  to  be  captain,  and  was  wounded 
at  Custozza,  where  he  fought  with  dis- 
tinguished bravery.  Joining  an  exploring 
expedition,  he  visited  Khartoum.  He  was 
then  for  several  years  editor  in  Rome  of 
the  Rivista  Militare,  and  was  employed  by 
Government  as  Military  Attache  to  Berlin 
and  Vienna.  He  had  risen  to  be  a  Colonel 
of  Bersaglieri  when  Italy  began  to  become 
a  colonising  power.  He  accompanied 
General  Gandolfi  to  Africa,  and  fought 
with  distinction  in  the  campaigns  against 
the  Abyssinians,  Somalis,  and  Dervishes, 
succeeding  his  chief  as  Governor  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Italian  colony. 
In  1895  he  distinguished  himself  against 
Ras  Mangascia,  moving  his  troops  and 
gaining  victories  with  astonishing  rapidity. 
In  March  1396,  however,  his  troops  were 
overwhelmingly  defeated  by  the  Shoans 
in  a  battle  of  a  day's  duration,  in  which 
he  was  wounded,  and  lost  three  thousand 
Italians,  including  Generals  Dabormida 
and  Albertone,  nearly  half  his  artillery, 
and  his  ammunition  and  stores.  He  was 
recalled  and  succeeded  by  General  Baldis- 
sera  (q.v.). 

BARBER,  The  Rev.  W.  T.  A.,  son 

of  the  Rev.  W.  Barber,  Wesleyan  (Mis- 
sionary) minister,  was  born  Jan.  4,  1858, 
at  Jaffna,  Ceylon.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Gymnasium,  Stellenbosch,  Cape  Colony, 
and  at  New  Kingswood  School,  Bath. 
He  graduated  B.A.,  London,  1882;  M.A., 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1883  ;  and  B.D., 
Dublin,  1896.  He  entered  the  Wesleyan 
ministry    in    1882,    and    was    afterwards 


58 


BAEBOUE— BAKKEE 


assistant  tutor  at  the  Richmond  Theo- 
logical College,  1882-84 ;  Principal  of  the 
Wuchang  High  School,  Central  China, 
1884-92  ;  and  General  Secretary  of  the 
Wesleyan  Missionary  Society,  1896-98.  He 
was  appointed  Head  Master  of  the  Leys 
School,  Cambridge,  in  March  1898.  He  is 
author  of  "David  Hill,  Missionary  and 
Saint "  (1898).  Address  :  The  Leys,  Cam- 
bridge. 

BARBOUR,    Sir    David    Miller, 

K.C.S.I.,  was  born  in  1844.  He  went 
out  early  to  India,  and  became  Member 
of  Council  of  the  Governor-General  of 
India  in  1887,  retaining  this  position 
until  1893.  In  1889  he  was  created  a 
K.C.S.I.  Address  :  4  Hungerford  Terrace, 
Calcutta. 

BARDSLEY,  The  Right  Rev.  John 
Wareing,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  born 
on  March  29,  1835,  at  Keighley,  in  York- 
shire, is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Canon 
Bardsley,  M.A.,  Rector  of  St.  Ann's,  Man- 
chester. He  was  educated  at  Burnley 
and  Manchester  Grammar  Schools,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  M.A.,  D.D. 
He  was  Vicar  of  St.  Saviour's,  Liver- 
pool, 1870-87 ;  Archdeacon  of  Warring- 
ton, 1880-86 ;  Archdeacon  of  Liverpool, 
1886-87;  and  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man, 
1887  to  1892,  when  he  was  translated  to 
Carlisle.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Counsels 
to  Candidates  for  Confirmation, 1882;  "  The 
Origin  of  Man,"  1883.  He  is  married  to 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  B.  Powell. 
Address  :  Rose  Castle,  Carlisle. 

BARING,  "Walter,  Minister  at  Monte 
Video  since  1893,  was  born  in  1844,  and 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1865. 
He  has  held  offices  at  Teheran,  Lisbon, 
Athens,  and  Montenegro,  where  he  was 
Charge"  d'Affaires  in  1886.  Address  :  H.M. 
British  Legation,  Monte  Video. 

BARING-GOULD,  The  Rev.  Sabine, 

M.A.,  of  Lew-Trenchard,  born  at  Exeter 
on  Jan.  28,  1834,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Edward  Baring-Gould,  Esq.,  of  Lew-Tren- 
chard, Devon,  where  the  family  has  been 
seated  for  nearly  300  years,  and  of  Char- 
lotte Sophia,  daughter  of  Admiral  P. 
Godolphin  Bond.  He  was  educated  at 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1856.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Incumbent  of  Dalton,  Thirsk,  by 
the  Viscountess  Down  in  1869,  and  Rector 
of  East  Mersea,  Colchester,  by  the  Crown 
in  1871.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1872  he  succeeded  to  the  family  pro- 
perty, and  in  1881  to  the  Rectory  of  Lew- 
Trenchard.  He  is  Justice  of  Peace  for  the 
County  of  Devon.  Mr.  Baring-Gould  is 
the  author  of  "Paths  of  the  Just,"  1854  ; 


"Iceland:  its  Scenes  and  Sagas,"  1861; 
"  Postmediajval  Preachers,"  1865;  "The 
Book  of  Werewolves,"  1865;  "Curious 
Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  1st  series, 
1866.  2nd  series,  1867  ;  "  The  Silver  Store," 
1868;  "Curiosities  of  Olden  Times,"  1869  ; 
"  The  Origin  and  Development  of  Religious 
Belief,"  vol.  i.  1869,  vol.  ii.  1870;  "The 
Golden  Gate,"  1869-70  ;  "  In  Exitu  Israel, 
an  Historical  Novel,"  1870  ;  "  Lives  of  the 
Saints,"  15  vols.,  1872-77  ;  "  Some  Modern 
Difficulties,  a  course  of  Lectures  preached 
at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,"  1874;  "The  Lost 
and  Hostile  Gospels  :  an  Essay  on  the 
Toledoth  Jeschu,  and  the  Petrine  and 
Pauline  Gospels  of  the  First  Three  Cen- 
turies of  which  Fragments  remain,"  1874; 
"Yorkshire  Oddities,"  2  vols.,  1874; 
"Some  Modern  Difficulties,"  in  nine  lec- 
tures, 1875  ;  "  Village  Sermons  for  a  Year," 
1875  ;  "  The  Vicar  of  Morwenstowe,"  1876 ; 
"The  Mysterv  of  Suffering,"  1877  ;  "Ger- 
many, Present  and  Past,"  1879  ;  "  The  . 
Preacher's  Pocket,"  1880;  "The  Village 
Pulpit,"  1881 ;  "The  Last  Seven  Words," 
1884;  "The  Passion  of  Jesus,"  1885; 
"The  Birth  of  Jesus,"  1885  ;  "  Our  Parish 
Church,"  1885;  "The  Trials  of  Jesus," 
1886;  "Our  Inheritance,"  1888;  "Old 
Country  Life,"  1889  ;  "Historic  Oddities," 
1889;  "The.  Tragedy  of  the  Csesars,"  2 
vols.,  1893  ;  "  Strange  Survivals,"  1893. 
He  was  editor  of  The  Sacristy,  a  quarterly 
review  of  ecclesiastical  art  and  literature, 
1871-73.  Of  late  years  Mr.  Baring-Gould 
has  won  celebrity  as  a  novelist.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Mehalah,"  "John  Herring," 
"Court  Royal,"  and  "The  Broom  Squire" 
(1896),  as  well  as  of  many  short  stories. 
Among  his  most  recent  works  should  be 
mentioned  "Mrs.  Curzenven"  and  "Cheap 
Jack  Zita,"  1893;  "The  Deserts  of 
Southern  France,"  "The  Queen  of  Love," 
"A  Garland  of  Country  Song,"  "Old  Fairy 
Tales  Retold,"  1894;  "Noerni,"  "The  Old 
English  Fairy  Tales,"  1895;  "Napoleon 
Bonaparte,"  1896;  "A  Study  of  St.  Paul," 
"Guavas  the  Tinner,"  and  "Bladys," 
1897.  He  married  in  1868  Grace,  daugh- 
ter of  Joseph  Taylor,  Horbury,  York- 
shire. Address  :  Lew-Trenchard  House, 
N.  Devon. 

BARKER,  Lady.   See  Broome,  Ladt. 

BARKER,   Iiieut.-General  George 

Digby,  C.B.,  the  son  of  the  late  John 
Barker,  of  Clare  Priory,  Suffolk,  and 
Georgiana,  daughter  of  the  late  Colonel 
Weston  of  Shadowbuck,  Suffolk,  was  born 
at  Clare  Priory  in  1833.  He  was  educated 
at  the  old  Clapham  Grammar  School,  and 
entered  the  army  as  an  Ensign  in  the 
78tb  Highlanders  in  1853.  After  serving 
in  the  Persian  Campaign  of  1857,  for 
which  he  received  a  medal,  he  was  engaged 


BARLOW  —  BAKNABY 


59 


throughout  the  Indian  Mutiny,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Cawnpore,  and 
the  first  relief,  defence,  and  capture  of 
Lucknow.  From  1874  to  1876  he  held 
the  position  of  Professor  of  Military  Art 
at  the  Staff  College  ;  he  had  himself  been 
first  in  the  competition  for  admission  to 
the  Staff  College  in  1864,  and  he  had 
passed  out  first  in  1866.  Promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Major-General  in  1887,  he 
was  appointed  to  command  the  forces  in 
China  and  Hong-kong  in  1890,  and  held 
this  position  until  1895,  having  acted  as 
Governor  of  Hong-kong  during  part  of 
the  year  1891.  He  became  a  Lieutenant- 
General  in  1895,  and  in  the  following  year 
was  made  Governor  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  Bermudas.  General  Barker 
was  married  in  1862  to  Frances,  daughter 
of  the  late  George  Murray  of  Eosemount, 
Boss-shire.  Addresses:  GovernmentHouse, 
Bermuda  ;  and  Clare  Priory,  Suffolk. 

BARLOW,  Jane,  the  daughter  of  the 
Eev.  Dr.  Barlow,  Senior  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  is  the  author  of  "Irish 
Idylls,"  published  in  October  1892; 
"Bogland  Studies,"  "Kerrigan's  Quality," 
"Strangers  at  Lisconnel,"  "Maureen's 
Fairing,"  "Mrs.  Martin's  Company,"  "A 
Creel  of  Irish  Stories"  (1898),  "The  End 
of  Elfintown,"  and  "The  Battle  of  the 
Frogs  and  Mice"  (translation).  She  has 
also  written  a  number  of  short  stories  and 
poems  for  various  magazines.  Address : 
Raheny,  co.  Dublin. 

BARLOW,  Thomas,  M.D.,  was 
educated  at  University  College,  London, 
taking  his  M.D.  degree  at  the  University 
of  London  in  1874,  and  being  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
of  London  in  1880.  He  is  Physician  to 
University  College  Hospital,  and  to  the 
Hospital  for  Children  in  Great  Ormond 
Street ;  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  in 
University  College,  and  Physician  to  Her 
Majesty's  Household.  Dr.  Barlow  has  con- 
tributed numerous  articles  and  papers  to 
the  Transactions  of  the  Pathological  Society, 
the  Medico  -  Chirurgical  Society,  and  the 
Clinical  Society.  Address :  10  Wimpole 
Street,  W. 

BARLOW,  William  Henry,  F.R.S. 
(L.  &  E.),  Past  Pres.  Inst.  C.E.,  Hon. 
Member  Society  des  Inge"nieurs  Civils,  &c, 
born  at  Woolwich  on  May  10,  1812,  is  the 
son  of  Prof.  Barlow,  F.R.S.,  of  the  Royal 
Military  Academy,  was  educated  at  Wool- 
wich ;  pupil  of  H.  R.  Palmer,  M.I.C.E.  ; 
went  to  Constantinople  in  1832  for  Messrs. 
Maudslay  &  Field ;  erected  the  estab- 
lishment for  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Turkish  Ordnance ;  and  was  employed  to 
report  on  the  lighthouses  at  the  entrance 


of  the  Bosphorus  in  the  Black  Sea.  For 
his  services  in  Turkey  he  received  the 
decoration  of  the  "  Nichan."  Returned  to 
England  1833,  he  became  Assistant  Engi- 
neer on  the  Manchester  and  Birming- 
ham Railway ;  Resident  Engineer  on  the 
Midland  Counties  ;  and  Engineer  to  the 
Midland  Railway  on  the  formation  of  that 
Company.  He  took  offices  in  London  in 
1857,  and  became  Consulting  Engineer  of 
the  Midland  Company.  He  made  many 
of  the  new  lines  of  the  Midland,  including 
the  London  end  of  the  line  and  the  St. 
Pancras  Station.  He  was  Joint  Engineer 
with  Sir  J.  Hawkshavv  for  the  completion 
of  Clifton  Bridge  ;  was  the  Engineer  of 
the  new  Tay  Bridge  (1880-1887);  and 
acted  jointly  with  Sir  J.  Fowler  and  Mr. 
T.  Harrison  to  settle  the  design  of  the 
Firth  of  Forth  Bridge  ;  went  to  America 
as  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Centennial 
Exhibition ;  and  was  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1881. 
After  the  labours  of  Bessemer  and  others 
had  reduced  the  cost  of  obtaining  steel, 
Mr.  Barlow  took  an  active  part  in  obtain- 
ing the  recognition,  in  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  of  the 
superior  strength  of  this  material  for 
structural  purposes.  He  served  in  three 
Commissions  appointed  by  the  Board  of 
Trade:  (1)  to  settle  the  coefficient  to  be 
used  for  steel  in  engineering  structures  ; 
(2)  to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  the  fall 
of  the  former  Tay  Bridge  ;  (3)  to  report 
on  the  provision  to  be  made  to  resist  wind 
pressure  in  engineering  structures.  He 
was  for  many  years  a  Director  of  the  Indo- 
European  Telegraph  Company ;  was  ap- 
pointed a  Member  of  the  Ordnance  Com- 
mittee in  1881,  from  which  duty  ill-health 
compelled  his  retirement  in  1888.  He  has 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  viz.,  one  on  the 
"Illumination  of  Lighthouses"  (1837), 
one  on  the  "Diurnal  Variation  of  Electric 
Currents  on  the  Surface  of  the  Earth" 
(1848),  one  on  "Resistance  of  Flexure  in 
Beams"  (1855),  and  one  on  "The  Logo- 
graph  "  (1874),  and  several  papers  to 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  He 
married  Selina  Crawford,  daughter  of 
W.  Caffin,  of  the  Royal  Arsenal.  Ad- 
dresses :  High  Combe,  Old  Charlton ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

BAENABY,  Sir  Nathaniel,  K.C.B., 
Vice-President  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  London,  was  born  in  1829  at 
Chatham,  and  belongs  to  a  family  which 
has  produced  many  generations  of  ship- 
wrights in  the  Royal  Dockyard  there.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  the  trade  of  shipwright 
at  Sheerness  in  1843,  and  in  1848  he  won, 
by  competition,  an  Admiralty  Scholarship 
in  the  School   of   Naval   Architecture   at 


60 


BARNARD  —  BARNARDO 


Portsmouth.  In  1854  he  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  Viper  and 
Wrangler  gun-vessels  built  by  contract 
for  the  Royal  Navy.  In  1855  he  entered 
the  designing  office  at  the  Admiralty,  and 
during  the  thirty  years  he  served  there  he 
was  concerned  in  the  design  and  construc- 
tion of  all  but  three  of  the  entire  list  of 
sea-going  fighting  ships,  armoured  and 
unarmoured,  which  were  in  existence  or 
were  building  at  the  date  of  his  retire- 
ment, from  ill-health,  in  October  1885.  The 
exceptions  were  the  Neptune,  Orion,  and 
Belleisle.  He  was  appointed  Chief  Naval 
Architect  in  1872,  and  afterwards,  by 
change  of  title,  Director  of  Naval  Con- 
struction. He  was  the  means  of  inaugu- 
rating the  change  in  construction  from 
iron  to  steel  in  shipbuilding  in  England, 
which  has  marked  the  last  few  years  so 
notably.  He  initiated  and  was  responsible 
for  the  formation  of  an  Admiralty  List 
of  Merchant  Ships  having  considerable 
security  against  foundering  in  collision, 
and  appreciable  fighting  value  as  auxili- 
aries in  war.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects in  1860,  and  has  contributed  many 
papers  on  professional  subjects  to  its 
Transactions,  as  well  as  the  articles  on 
the  "Navy"  and  "Shipbuilding"  to  the 
"Encyclopedia  Britannica."  He  prepared 
for  H.M.  Patent  Office  the  first  volume  of 
"  Abridgments  of  Specification  of  Patents 
in  Shipbuilding,  &c,"  published  in  1862, 
and  also  the  second  volume  of  the  same 
series.  He  was  made  a  Companion  of  the 
Bath  in  1876  on  the  recommendation  of 
Mr.  Disraeli,  and  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Bath  in  June  1885  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Mr.  Gladstone.  Residence  : 
Moray  House,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

BARNARD,  Henry,  LL.D.,  American 
educator,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Connecti- 
cut, Jan.  24,  1811.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1830,  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1835.  From  1837 
to  1840  he  was  a  member  of  the  Connecti- 
cut Legislature,  and  carried  through  that 
body  a  complete  reorganisation  of  the 
common  school  system,  and  was  for  four 
years  (1838-42)  a  member  and  secretary  of 
the  Board  of  Education  created  by  it. 
Displaced  by  a  political  change  in  1842, 
he  spent  more  than  a  year  in  an  exten- 
sive educational  tour  through  the  United 
States,  with  a  view  to  the  preparation  of  a 
History  of  Public  Schools  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  called  from  the  prosecu- 
tion of  this  work  to  take  charge  of  the 
public  schools  of  Rhode  Island  ;  and  after 
five  years  returned  to  Hartford,  in  1849. 
In  1850  a  State  Normal  School  was 
established  in  Connecticut,  and  he  was 
appointed  Principal,  with  the  added  duties 


of  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools. 
After  five  years  of  severe  labour  he  retired 
from  this  work,  but  soon  began  the  publi- 
cation of  the  American  Journal  of  Education, 
Hartford,  in  1855,  which  is  still  continued. 
In  addition  to  this  he  has  been  engaged 
for  many  years  in  the  publication  of  a 
Library  of  Education,  which,  in  53  vols., 
embraces  about  800  separate  works.  He 
has  been  President  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Education, 
was  elected  in  1856  President  and  Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1859  ;  he  was 
President  in  1865-67  of  the  St.  John's 
College,  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  United 
States  Commissioner  of  the  Department  of 
Education  in  1868-70.  While  secretary 
of  the  Board  he  established  the  Connecticut 
Common  School  Journal,  and  founded,  when 
in  Rhode  Island,  the  Rhode  Island  School 
Journal.  His  own  contributions  to  edu- 
cational literature  have  been  so  numerous, 
that  but  few  of  them  can  be  mentioned  here : 
"  School  Architecture,"  1839  ;  "Education 
in  Factories,"  1842;  "National  Education 
in  Europe,"  1851 ;  "Normal  Schools  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe,"  1851;  "Tribute 
to  Gallaudet,  with  History  of  Deaf  Mute 
Instruction,"  1852;  "School  Libraries," 
1854  ;  "  Hints  and  Methods  for  the  Use  of 
Teachers,"  1857;  "English  Pedagogy," 
1862;  "National  Education,"  1872; 
"Military  Schools,"  1872;  "American 
Pedagogy,"  1875. 

BARNARDO,       Thomas      John, 

F.R.C.S.Ed.,  F.R.G.S.,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land in  1845,  being  the  son  of  the  late 
John  M.  Barnardo.  He  was  educated  at 
private  schools,  and  then  proceeded  to 
study  medicine  at  hospitals  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  and  Paris.  Whilst  a  student 
at  the  London  Hospital  in  1866,  he  had  his 
attention  drawn  to  the  condition  of  desti- 
tute children,  and  on  his  own  responsibility 
he  opened  a  small  house  in  Stepney 
Causeway.  Year  by  year  the  Homes  have 
extended  and  multiplied,  and  the  original 
rule  has  been  always  carefully  adhered  to, 
viz.,  that  no  destitute  child,  boy  or  girl, 
should  ever  be  refused  admission.  At 
present  the  Homes  comprise  twenty-four 
mission  branches,  and  eighty-six  distinct 
Homes  dealing  with  every  class  and  age  of 
destitute  children,  three  of  these  Homes 
being  situated  in  Canada,  one  in  Jersey, 
■  seventeen  in  the  English  counties,  and  the 
remainder  in  London.  At  the  Home  in 
Stepney  Causeway  boys  are  taught  various 
trades,  whilst  at  the  Village  Home  at 
Ilford,  in  Essex,  fifty-two  separate  cottages 
are  used  for  the  bringing  up  of  girls  on 
the  family  system,  under  "  mothers."  An 
important  adjunct  is  the  emigration 
agency,   by    means  of    which    boys   and' 


BARNES  —  BARODA 


61 


girls  are  removed  to  the  Colonies,  chiefly 
Canada,  where  suitable  employments  are 
found  for  them.  Up  to  the  present  time 
over  32,000  children,  of  all  ages,  have  been 
rescued  and  trained.  Dr.  Barnardo  is  the 
author  of  "Something  Attempted,  Some- 
thing Done "  ;  he  has  published  a  large 
number  of  small  booklets  on  the  rescue  of 
destitute  children,  and  he  is  the  editor 
of  Night  and  Day,  a  magazine  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  his  particular  work. 
Address :  Mossford  Lodge,  near  Ilford, 
Essex. 

BARNES,  Hon.  Sir  John  Gorell,  a 

Judge  of  the  Probate,  Divorce,  and  Ad- 
miralty Divisions,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Henry  Barnes,  Esq.,  shipowner,  of 
Liverpool,  and  was  born  in  1848.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1868,  and  his 
M.A.  in  1871.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1876  ;  went  on  the 
Northern  Circuit,  and  took  silk  in  1888. 
In  1892  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Probate,  Divorce,  and  Admiralty  Division 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  and  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  in  the  same 
year.  He  married,  in  1881,  Mary,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Mit- 
chell, Esq.  Addresses :  14  Kensington 
Park  Gardens,  W. ;  and  Lamb  Building, 
Temple. 

BARNES-LAWRENCE,  Herbert 
Cecil,  M.A.,  is  the  second  son  of  the  Bev. 
Canon  H.  F.  Barnes-Lawrence,  and  was 
born  at  Bridlington,  Dec.  9,  1852.  He  was 
educated  at  KiDg's  School,  Canterbury, 
Durham  Grammar  School,  and  Trinity 
and  Lincoln  Colleges,  Oxford,  obtaining  a 
scholarship  at  the  latter  college.  Ap- 
pointed an  assistant-master  at  Manchester 
Grammar  School  in  1876,  he  remained 
there  until  1881,  and  after  filling  a  similar 
position  at  Giggleswick  Grammar  School 
for  two  further  years,  he  became,  in  1883, 
Headmaster  of  the  Perse  Grammar  School, 
Cambridge.  Address  :  Beech  House,  Cam- 
bridge. 

BARNETT,  Canon  Samuel  Augus- 
tus, M.A.,  was  born  in  1844,  and  educated 
at  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
in  1866  a  second  in  History.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1867,  and  priest  in 
1868,  and  was  from  1867  to  1872  curate  of 
St.  Mary's,  Bryanston  Square.  He  was 
then  appointed  Vicar  of  St.  Jude's,  White- 
chapel.  There  has  hardly  been  a  scheme 
for  the  elevation  or  education  of  the  people 
of  East  London  which  he  and  Mrs.  Barnett 
have  not  initiated  or  supported.  Their 
names  are  identified  with  Poor  Law 
Eeform,  the  Extension  of  University 
Teaching,      Charity      Organisation,      the 


Children's  Country  Holidays  Fund,  the 
Higher  Education  of  Pupil  Teachers,  and 
many  other  philanthropic  movements. 
With  the  help  of  friends  from  Oxford  and 
elsewhere,  Canon  Barnett  built  "Toynbee 
Hall,"  close  to  St.  Jude's  Church,  a  kind  of 
residential  club  and  college,  which  forms  a 
centre  for  university  men  who  come  and 
settle  for  a  time  to  work  among  the  poor. 
The  success  of  his  free  exhibitions  of  loan- 
collections  of  pictures  is  attested  by  the 
increasing  number  of  people — many  of 
them  of  the  humblest  classes — who  annu- 
ally crowd  to  see  them.  In  theology  Canon 
Barnett  belongs  to  the  Broad  Church 
School.  In  1893  he  became  a  Canon  of 
Bristol,  and  was  succeeded  at  St.  Jude's 
by  the  Rev.  Ronald  Bayne.  In  1896 
he  was  appointed  Select  Preacher  be- 
fore Oxford  University.  He  still  holds 
a  curacy  at  St.  Jude's,  and  has  pub- 
lished, in  conjunction  with  Mrs.  Barnett, 
"Practicable  Socialism"  and  "The  Ser- 
vice of  God."  Address :  Toynbee  Hall, 
Whitechapel. 

BARODA,  The  Maharajah  Gaek- 
war  of.  His  Highness  Maharajah  Syagi 
Rao  Gaekwar  was  born  on  March  10,  1863, 
at  the  town  of  Kavalana,  in  the  Nassick 
District,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rao 
Bhikaji  Rao  Gaekwar.  He  was  educated 
at  the  "  Maharajah's  School "  at  Baroda, 
under  the  personal  supervision  and  tuition 
of  Mr.  F.  Elliot,  of  the  Indian  Civil  Service. 
It  will  be  in  the  memory  of  our  readers 
how  the  late  Gaekwar,  Mulhar  Rao,  for 
his  attempt  to  poison  Colonel  Phayre,  the 
British  Resident,  and  for  continual  and 
gross  misgovernment,  was,  after  being 
tried  by  a  mixed  commission  of  European 
officials  and  native  chiefs,  deposed  from 
his  government  and  sent  into  exile  at 
Madras,  where  he  died  at  the  end  of  1882. 
On  Mulhar  Rao's  deposition,  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  Earl  of  Northbrook,  then 
"Viceroy  of  India,  the  Maharanee  Jumna 
Bai  adopted,  on  May  27,  1875,  the  present 
Maharajah,  who  was  on  the  same  day 
installed  on  the  guddee  or  throne.  During 
the  minority  of  the  Maharajah  the  ad- 
ministration was  carried  on  by  a  Council 
of  Regency  under  the  direction  of  the 
European  representative ;  and  Raja  Sir 
Toujore  Madhava  Rao,  Bahadoor,  K.C.S.I., 
who  was  the  Dewan  to  His  Highness 
Maharajah  Scindiah  of  Gwalior,  was  speci- 
ally selected  to  fill  the  post  of  Prime 
Minister,  together  with  a  seat  at  the 
Regency  Board.  On  Dec.  28,  1881,  and 
at  the  early  age  of  eighteen,  his  Highness 
was  invested  with  full  and  sovereign  powers, 
and  since  he  has  held  the  reins  of  state,  he 
has,  with  the  assistance  of  Sir  Madhava 
Rao,  whom  he  has  retained  as  his  Prime 
Minister,  given  satisfaction  by  his  aptitude 


62 


BAKE  —  BAREETT 


for  work  and  desire  to  introduce  reforms. 
His  Highness  is  an  excellent  English 
scholar,  speaking  the  language  as  fluently 
as  his  own. 

BABR,  Mrs.  Amelia  Edith,  was  born 
at  Ulverston,  Lancashire,  March  29,  1831, 
and  is  the  daughter  of  William  Henry 
Huddleston.  She  was  educated  at  the 
Glasgow  High  School,  and  in  1850  mar- 
ried Mr.  Robert  Barr,  a  Glasgow  merchant. 
In  1854  she  went  to  the  United  States,  and 
after  residing  for  a  few  years  at  Austin, 
Texas,  removed  to  Galveston,  in  the  same 
state,  where,  in  1867,  her  husband  and 
three  sons  died  of  yellow  fever.  She  went 
to  New  York  in  1809  with  her  daughters, 
and  taught  for  two  years,  and  then  began 
writing  for  publication.  In  addition  to 
newspaper  and  magazine  contributions, 
she  has  published  "Romance  and  Reality," 
1872  ;  "  Young  People  of  Shakespeare's 
Time,"  1882  ;  "  Cluny  M'Pherson,"  1883  ; 
"  Scottish  Sketches,"  1883  ;  "  The  Hallam 
Succession,"  1884  ;  "  The  Lost  Silver  of 
Briffault,"  1885;  "Jan  Vedder's  Wife," 
1885  ;  "  A  Daughter  of  Fife,"  1886  ;  "  The 
Last  of  the  M'Allisters,"  1886  ;  "  The  Bow 
of  Orange  Ribbon,"  1886  ;  "  Between  Twe 
Loves,"  1886;  "The  Squire  of  Sandal- 
Side,"  1887  ;  "  Paul  and  Christina,"  1887  ; 
"A  Border  Shepherdess,"  1887;  "Master 
of  His  Fate,"  1888 ;  "  Remember  the 
Alamo,"  1888;  "Christopher  and  other 
Stories,"  1888;  "Feet  of  Clay,"  1889; 
"  Friend  Olivia,"  1890  ;  "  A  Rose  of  a  Hun- 
dred Leaves,"  1891  ;  "A  Sister  to  Esau," 
1891;  "Love  for  an  Hour  is  Love  for 
Ever,"  1892  ;  "A  Singer  from  the  Sea," 
1892  ;  "  Girls  of  a  Feather,"  1893  ;  "  The 
Lone  House,"  1894  ;  "  Prisoners  of  Con- 
science," 1897,  &c.  Address:  Cherry 
Croft,  Cornwall  Heights,  Cornwall-on- 
Hudson,  New  York. 

BARRES,  Maurice,  French  novelist, 
born  at  Charmes  sur  Moselle,  Aug.  17, 
1862,  was  educated  for  the  law,  but  pre- 
ferred literature.  At  the  end  of  1883  he 
founded  and  edited  a  small  literary  paper 
called  Les  Jaches  d'Eucrc,  which  only  lasted 
a  year,  and  was  the  organ  of  a  new  school. 
He  then  wrote  for  the  Revue  Contemporaine 
and  the  Voltaire.  In  1888  he  published  a 
novel  called  "Sous  l'ceil  des  barbares," 
which  advocated  the  doctrine  of  absolute 
selfishness,  also  "Sensation  de  Paris,"  and 
"  Le  Quartier  Latin,"  both  of  a  pessimistic 
character.  His  attitude  of  absolute  nega- 
tion was  more  marked  in  an  essay  called 
"  Huit  Jours  chez  Monsieur  Renan  "  (1888). 
He  made  himself  a  niche  among  the 
coming  young  men  in  literature,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  head  of  a  new  school 
called  "The  Decadents."  He  entered  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1889  as  member  for 


Nancy,  and  was  a  warm  partisan  of  General 
Boulanger.  Paris  address :  100  Bonhard 
Maillot. 

BARRETT,  Wilson,  actor,  is  the  son 
of  a  gentleman-farmer,  and  was  born  in 
Essex  on  Feb.  18,  1846.     He  was  educated 
at    a    private    school,    and    entered    the 
dramatic  profession   by  his    own   choice 
at  an  early  age.    Mr.  Barrett  first  appeared 
on  the  stage  at  Halifax,  and  first  essayed 
management  as  the  lessee  of  the  Burnley 
Theatre.      In    1874   he   took   the    Amphi- 
theatre, Leeds.     This  house  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in   1876,   and  a  limited   company 
then    built    the    Grand    Theatre,   Leeds, 
which  was  opened  with  Mr.   Barrett  as 
lessee  in  1878.     In  1879  he  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Court  Theatre,  London. 
Here     he     produced     "Heartsease,"    an 
adaptation  of   Schiller's   "Marie  Stuart," 
"Frou     Frou,"     "Romeo     and     Juliet," 
"  Juana,"  a  poetical  play  by  W.  G.  Wills, 
and   "  The  Old  Love  "and  the  New."    In 
1881  Mr.  Barrett  became  sole  lessee  and 
manager  of  the  Princess's  Theatre,  where 
he  revived  "The  Old  Love  and  the  New." 
In  the  following  September  he  produced 
Mr.  G.   R.   Sims'  drama,   "The  Lights  o' 
London,"  and  played  Harold  Armytage 
for  286  nights.     "  The  Romany  Rye,"  by 
the  same  author,  was  produced  in  1882, 
and  "The  Silver  King"  in  the  same  year. 
In   this   drama   Mr.    Barrett   created   the 
part  of  Wilfred  Denver,  which  he  played 
for  300  consecutive  nights.     In  December 
1883   he  created   the    part    of    Claudian 
in  the  poetical  play  of  that  name,  and 
played  it  for  300  nights.     In  October  1884 
he  made  his  first  appearance  in  London 
as  Hamlet.     Hamlet  was  played  for  117 
nights,  and  then  Mr.  Barrett  appeared  as 
Junius  Brutus  in  the  late  Lord  Lytton's 
tragedy     "Junius;     or,     the     Household 
Gods."     This  was  followed  by  revivals  of 
"  The  Silver  King "  and    "  The  Lights  o' 
London."     In  1885  Mr.  Barrett  produced 
the  drama  "Hoodman  Blind,"  written  by 
Mr.  Henry  A.  Jones  and  himself,  in  which 
he  played  Jack  Yeulett  for   171  nights. 
Mr.  Barrett  is  also  part-author  with  Mr. 
Clement    Scott    of    the    modern    drama 
"Sister  Mary,"  produced  at  Brighton  in 
1886,  and  with  Mr.  Sydney  Grundy  of  the 
classical  tragedy  "Clito,"  which  followed 
the  "Lord  Harry"  at  the  Princess's.    At 
the  same  theatre  he  produced  the  "Ben- 
my-Chree,"  an  adaptation  of  Hall  Caine's 
famous  novel  "  The  Deemster,"  and  sub- 
sequently "The  Good  Old  Times,"  which 
was    written    in   collaboration   with   Mr. 
Hall  Caine  ;  and  in  1889  his  own  romantic 
drama    "  Now-a-Days."      "The    Golden 
Ladder "  was  produced  by  Mr.  Barrett  at 
the  Globe  Theatre.     On  May  18,  1889,  he 
took  farewell  of  his  patrons  for  a  long 


BARRIE  —  BARRINGTON 


63 


engagement  in  America.  Since  his  return 
from  that  tour  Mr.  Barrett  has  written  and 
played  "  Pharaoh,"  a  four-act  tragedy.  He 
also  revived  "Othello"  and  "Virginius." 
In  November  1893  Mr.  Barrett  again 
sailed  for  America,  and  in  December  of 
that  year  produced  his  adaptation  of  Hall 
Caine's  "  Bondman  "  at  the  Chestnut  Street 
Theatre,  Philadelphia.  In  1895  he  returned 
to  London,  and  achieved  a  marvellous 
success  with  the  spectacular  religious 
drama  "  The  Sign  of  the  Cross,"  a  tale 
of  the  early  Christians,  written  by  himself. 
He  sustained  the  chief  role,  and  Miss  Mary 
Jeffries  was  his  leading  lady.  It  ran  for 
over  a  year  and  a  half  at  the  Lyric  Theatre. 
He  also  produced  "  The  Daughters  of 
Babylon,"  and  at  the  end  of  1897  he  took 
another  trip  to  America.  Address  :  Gar- 
rick  Club. 

BARRIE,  James  Matthew  ("Gavin 
Ogilvy"),  was  born  on  May  9,  1860,  at 
Kirriemuir,  a  small  weaving  town  in  For- 
farshire. He  attended  school  there,  and 
afterwards  went  for  five  years  to  Dumfries 
Academy.  Subsequently  he  took  the  art- 
classes  at  Edinburgh  University,  and 
graduated  as  an  M.A.  in  1882.  He  was 
for  eighteen  months  leader-writer  on  a 
Nottingham  paper  ;  then  became  a  jour- 
nalist in  London,  writing  chiefly  for  the 
St.  James's  Gazette,  to  which  paper  and 
the  British  Weekly,  the  Speaker,  and  the 
National  Observer,  he  still  frequently  con- 
tributes. His  first  book,  "Better  Dead," 
a  satire  on  London  life,  appeared  in  1887, 
and  was  followed  by  two  more  important 
works  the  year  after,  namely,  "  Auld  Licht 
Idylls,"  and  "  When  a  Man's  Single."  In 
1889  he  published  "  A  Window  in  Thrums," 
and  in  1890  "My  Lady  Nicotine."  The 
"  Thrums "  of  three  of  these  stories  is 
his  native  town.  "  Sentimental  Tommy  " 
followed,  and  in  1896  appeared  "  Margaret 
Ogilvy,"  a  memoir  of  the  author's  mother. 
During  1891  "The  Little  Minister,"  his 
first  long  story,  appeared  in  Good  Words, 
and  was  shortly  republished  in  book  form. 
In  1892  "Walker,  London,"  a  comedy  by 
Mr.  Barrie,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid  on  a 
house-boat,  was  produced  at  Toole's,  and 
enjoyed  a  phenomenal  run.  This  was 
followed  by  "Jane  Annie,"  written  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Couan  Doyle,  and 
produced  at  the  Savoy  in  May  1893,  and 
by  "The  Professor's  Love  Story,"  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Willard  in  America  and  at 
the  Garrick  Theatre,  London,  1894.  His 
latest  great  dramatic  success  has  been 
"The  Little  Minister,"  produced  by  Mr. 
Cyril  Maude  at  the  Haymarket  in  No- 
vember 1897.  This  play,  based  on  bis 
novel,  has  had  a  long  run.  He  mar- 
ried at  Kirriemuir,  in  July  1894,  Miss 
Mary    Ansell,   who    made    her    mark    in 


"Walker,  London."  Address:  Kirriemuir, 
Forfar.  - 

BARRINGTON,  Rutland,  was  born 
at  Penge  on  Jan.  15,  1853,  and  made  his 
first  appearance  on  the  stage,  at  the 
Olympic  in  "  Clancarty  "  in  1874.  He  was 
for  some  time  an  entertainer,  travelling 
two  years  with  Mrs.  Howard  Paul's 
company.  In  1S77  he  appeared  as  Dr. 
Daly  in  "The  Sorcerer,"  which  was  pro- 
duced in  the  November  of  that  year  at  the 
Opera  Comique.  His  association  with  Mr. 
D'Oyly  Carte  dates  from  these  times,  when 
he  began  his  well-known  career  as  an 
actor  and  singer  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan 
opera,  making  his  classic  hit  in  "  The 
Mikado."  As  an  actor  of  high  comedy 
Mr.  Barrington  has  also  made  a  name. 
His  first  success  in  this  direction  was 
attained  in  "  The  Dean's  Daughter," 
adapted  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Philips  from  that 
author's  novel  of  the  same  name.  The 
play  was  produced  by  Mr.  Barrington  at 
the  St.  James's  Theatre,  of  which  he  be- 
came manager  in  1888,  after  severing  his 
connection  with  the  Savoy.  He  acted  the 
part  of  the  Dean,  but  the  play  was  shortly 
withdrawn.  In  November  he  appeared 
as  Mr.  Thursby  in  " Brantinghame  Hall.'' 
Returning  to  the  Savoy,  where  he  had 
only  missed  appearing  in  "The  Yeomen  of 
the  Guard,"  he  played  the  part  of  Giuseppe 
Palmieri  in  "  The  Gondoliers,"  December 
1889.  He  was  the  Rajah  in  "The  Nautch 
Girl,"  1891 ;  and  the  Vicar  in  the  revival 
of  "The  Vicar  of  Bray,"  1892.  Subse- 
quent parts  have  been  Rupert  Vernon  in 
"  Haddon  Hall,"  1892  ;  a  Proctor  in  "Jane 
Annie,"  1893  ;  King  Paramount  in  "  Utopia 
(Limited),"  18y3 ;  Dr.  Brierley  in  "The 
Gaiety  Girl,"  1894.  In  the  latter  year  he 
replaced  Mr.  Monkhouse  at  Daly's.  He 
appeared  at  the  Lyric  as  the  Regent  in 
"His  Excellency,"  in  October  1894.  In 
November  1895  he  resumed  his  famous 
part  of  the  Mikado  at  the  Savoy.  His 
most  recent  appearances  have  been  at 
Daly's,  as  a  Japanese  magnate  in  "The 
Geisha,"  and  a  Roman  Prefect  in  "The 
Greek  Slave,"  1898. 

BARRINGTON,  Sir  Vincent  H.  B. 

Kennett,  M.A. ,  L.L.M.,  born  Sept.  3, 1844, 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Captain  Vincent 
F.  Kennett  of  the  Manor  House,  Dor- 
chester, by  Arabella  Henrietta,  daughter 
and  co-heiress  of  the  late  Sir  Jonah  Bar- 
rington, Judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Admiralty  in  Ireland,  M.P.  for  Tuam  and 
Clogher,  and  widow  of  Edward  Hughes 
Lee.  He  assumed  by  Royal  Licence,  1878, 
the  additional  surname  and  arms  of  Bar- 
rington under  his  mother's  will,  but  con- 
tinues to  sign  "Barrington."  Both  his 
parents  are  of  ancient  descent.     He  was 


64 


BARRINGTON  —  BARROS 


educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  scholar- 
ship, and  graduated  as  Wrangler  in  the 
Mathematical  Tripos,  1867,  and  in  Law 
Honours, 1869.  Barrister InnerTemple, 1872, 
and  formerly  Lieutenant,  Royal  Elthorne 
Militia,  Married,  1878,  Alicia  Georgette, 
daughter  of  the  late  George  G.  Sandeman 
of  Westfield,  Hayling  Island.  He  was  en- 
gaged as  Commissioner  under  the  Geneva 
Convention  (Red  Cross)  during  the  follow- 
ing wars  :  Franco-German  war,  1870-71, 
serving  at  Saarbruck,  Metz,  Orleans,  siege 
of  Paris,  and  afterwards  in  the  East  of 
France  for  relief  of  wounded  during  Bour- 
baki's  retreat ;  Carlist  war,  1873-76,  serv- 
ing at  sieges  of  Bilbao  and  Pampeluna, 
and  the  last  battles  on  the  French  frontier  ; 
Turco-Servian  war,  1876,  after  which  he 
joined  Viscountess  Strangford's  mission  in 
relief  of  the  victims  of  the  Bulgarian  re- 
volution ;  Turco-Rnssian  war,  1877-78, 
serving  with  a  staff  of  forty-five  surgeons 
as  Chief  Commissioner  of  the  Stafford 
House  Committee,  which  established  eleven 
hospitals,  six  field  ambulances,  and  other 
means  of  relief  in  Europe  and  Asia.  He 
also  served  during  the  Suakim  Expedition 
1885  and  the  Servo-Bulgarian  war,  1885-86, 
and  was  engaged  in  ambulance  work  during 
revolutions  in  Argentina  and  Brazil,  and  in 
Venezuela,  where  he  founded  its  Red  Cross 
Society.  For  war  services  he  was  knighted, 
1886,  and  received  Egyptian  war  medal 
and  clasp,  Khedival  Star,  the  Orders  of 
Osmanie  (Turkish),  Takova (Servian),  Isabel 
Catolica  (Spanish),  Alexander  (Bulgarian), 
the  French  bronze  cross,  and  the  Turkish, 
Saxon,  and  other  war  medals  ;  and  also 
the  silver  and  bronze  medals  of  the  Royal 
Humane  Society  for  swimming  to  the 
rescue  of  drowning  men.  He  was  an 
early  worker  in  the  St.  John  Ambulance 
Association  ;  Deputy  Chairman  of  its  Cen- 
tral Committee  since  1883,  and  appointed 
for  services  Honorary  Associate  of  the 
Order  of  St.  John,  1875,  and  Knight  of 
Grace,  1889.  As  Government  nominated 
member  of  the  Metropolitan  Asylums 
Board  since  1883,  he  has  taken  special  in- 
terest in  its  fever  and  smallpox  ambulance 
department ;  was  Chairman  of  its  Statis- 
tical Committee,  1887-92,  and  Cholera 
Committee.  He  was  formerly  partner  in 
Wollaston  &  Sons,  when  he  was  elected  on 
the  Council  of  the  London  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  1883,  Deputy  Chairman,  1889, 
and  has  since  been  Chairman  of  its  South 
American  Section,  and  on  the  Council  of 
the  Association  of  Chambers  of  Commerce 
since  1886.  He  was  President  of  the  Jury 
(Life  Saving  Section)  Brussels  Exhibition, 
1876,  and  on  the  Juries  of  the  Exhibition 
of  Paris,  1889  (Social  Economy),  and  Health 
Exhibition  1884,  and  on  the  Commissions 
of  these  Exhibitions,  and  of  the  Brussels 


Exhibition,  1898.  He  has  also  been  Special 
Commissioner  to  the  Governments  of. 
various  South  American  Republics  on  rail- 
way and  harbour  matters,  and  to  India, 
Egypt,  and  other  countries.  He  is  author 
of  various  papers  on  Floating  Hospitals 
(Epidemiological  Society),  1883;  River  Pol- 
lution (Fisheries  Exhibition),  1883;  Ambu- 
lance Organisation  of  the  Metropolis  during 
Epidemics  (Health  Exhibition),1884;  Recent 
Progress  in  Ambulance  Work  (Sanitary 
Congress,  Dublin),  1884  ;  Organisation  of 
the  Metropolitan  Asylum  Board  (Congress 
of  Hygiene),  1891,  &c.  Address:  57  Albert 
Hall  Mansions,  S.W. 

BARJRJNGTON,  Hon.  -William 
Augustus  Curzon,  British  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  Argentine  Republic 
and  to  the  Republic  of  Paraguay  since 
1896,  was  born  on  Jan.  28,  1842,  and  is  the 
third  son  of  the  6th  Viscount  Barrington. 
He  was  educated  at  Woolwich  and  the 
University  of  Bonn,  and  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  in  1859,  becoming  succes- 
sively Secretary  of  Legation  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1883,  Acting  Charge-  d'Affaires  and 
Consul-General  at  Lima,  1884 ;  Consul- 
General  at  Buda-Pesth  in  1885 ;  Charge- 
d'Affaires  at  Belgrade,  and,  afterwards, 
First  Secretary  at  the  Embassies  of  Madrid 
and  Vienna.  Address  :  H.B.M.  Legation, 
Buenos  Ayres. 

BARROS,  Prudente  Josede  Moraes, 

late  President  of  the  United  States  of 
Brazil,  born  at  Itu,  in  the  state  of  Sao- 
Paulo,  in  1841,  studied  law,  and  in  1863 
became  a  barrister,  and  acquired  a  great 
reputation  as  an  orator.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  deputy  for  his  native  state,  and 
became  one  of  the  Commission  of  the 
Budget.  In  1870,  when  the  Republican 
party  was  formed,  he  was  one  of  the  first 
to  join  it.  In  1885  he  was  elected  to 
the  Chamber  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  vigor- 
ously upheld  the  Republican  cause.  After 
the  revolution  of  Nov.  15,  1889,  Barros 
was  named  Governor  of  the  Province  of 
Sao-Paulo,  one  of  the  richest  in  the 
country.  He  occupied  this  post  until 
November  1890,  and  governed  with  great 
moderation.  He  was  elected  a  Senator'of 
the  Federal  Congress  charged  to  formu- 
late the  Constitution  of  the  New  Republic, 
and  on  its  meeting  he  was  chosen  Pre- 
sident. In  1891  he  was  a  candidate  for 
the  Presidency  of  the  Republic,  but  was 
defeated  by  Marshal  de  Fonseca,  the 
dictator.  At  the  second  election  in  1892 
he  was  successful,  and  the  vote  was  ratified 
by  universal  suffrage  in  1894.  He  entered 
into  power  on  Nov.  15,  1894,  in  spite  of 
the  resistance  of  the  followers  of  General 
Peixoto  (q.v.).  In  1898  he  was  succeeded 
as  President  by  Campos-Sales. 


BARROW  — BARRY 


65 


BARROW,  John,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
F.R.G.S.,  was  born  in  1808,  being  the 
second  son  of  Sir  John  Barrow,  Bart.,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse.  He 
became  Keeper  of  the  Records  at  the 
Admiralty,  and  took  an  active  part  in  pro- 
moting the  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin, 
the  officers  engaged  in  the  search  pre- 
senting him  with  a  handsome  silver  orna- 
ment representing  the  Arctic  circle.  He 
is,  besides,  an  authority  on  mountaineer- 
ing, and  has  been  an  active  member  of 
the  Alpine  Club.  Mr.  Barrow  is  the  author 
of  "  Naval  Worthies  in  Queen  Elizabeth's 
Reign,"  "Life  of  Sir  Francis  Drake,"  "Ex- 
peditions on  the  Glaciers,"  &c.  Addresses  : 
17  Hanover  Terrace,  Regent's  Park,  N. ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

BARROW-IN-FURNESS,  Bishop 

of.    See  Waeb,  The  Right  Rev.  Hbnby. 

BARRY,  The  Right  Rev.  Alfred, 
D.D.,  D.C.L.,  late  Bishop  of  Sydney,  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  eminent  architect 
Sir  Charles  Barry,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  Jan.  15,  1826.  He  was  educated  at 
King's  College,  London,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  as  fourth  Wrangler,  second  Smith's 
prizeman,  and  seventh  in  the  first-class 
of  the  Classical  Tripos  in  1848,  obtaining 
a  Fellowship  in  the  same  year.  Dr.  Barry, 
who  was  ordained  in  1850,  was  from  1851 
to  1854  Sub-Warden  of  Trinity  College, 
Glenalmond  ;  and  subsequently  held  from 
1854  to  1862  the  Head  Mastership  of  the 
Grammar  Schools  at  Leeds,  which  he 
raised  to  a  very  high  position  by  his 
energy  and  ability.  In  1862  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Principalship  of  Chelten- 
ham College.  In  1868  he  became  Principal 
of  King's  College,  London ;  in  1869 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells ;  in  1871  was  made  a 
Canon  of  Worcester ;  in  1875  Honorary 
Chaplain,  and  in  1877  Chaplain  in  Ordinary 
to  the  Queen ;  and  in  1881  Canon  of 
Westminster.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  London  School  Board  from  1871  to 
1877.  On  Jan.  1, 1884,  he  was  consecrated 
Primate  of  Australia,  Metropolitan  of  New 
South  Wales,  and  Bishop  of  Sydney,  which 
office  he  resigned  for  urgent  private  reasons 
in  May  1889.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  acted  as  Assistant  Bishop  in  the  diocese 
of  Rochester  from  1889  to  1891  ;  in  1891 
was  appointed  to  a  Canonry  at  St.  George's, 
Windsor,  and  in  1895  to  the  Rectory  of 
St.  James',  Piccadilly  ;  and  undertook  the 
duties  of  Assistant  Bishop  in  the  diocese 
of  London  in  1897.  Dr.  Barry  is  the  author 
of  an  "Introduction  to  the  Old  Testa- 
ment," "Notes  on  the  Gospels,"  "Life  of 
Sir  C.  Barry,  R.A.,"  "Cheltenham  Col- 
lege   Sermons,"    "  Sermons    for    Boys," 


"Notes  on  the  Catechism,"  "Religion  for 
Every  Day ;  Lectures  to  Men,"  1873  ; 
"What  is  Natural  Theology?"  being  the 
Boyle  Lectures  for  1876;  "The  Manifold 
Witness  for  Christ,"  the  Boyle  Lectures 
for  1877,  1878  ;  "Some  Lights  of  Science 
on  the  Faith,"  the  Bampton  Lectures  for 
1892;  "The  Ecclesiastical  Expansion  of 
England,"  the  Hulsean  Lectures  for  1896  ; 
"England's  Mission  to  India,"  1894; 
"Christianity  and  Socialism,"  1891;  be- 
sides some  volumes  of  sermons  at  Here- 
ford, Worcester,  Westminster,  and  Sydney. 
In  1851  he  married  Louisa,  daughter  of 
Canon  T.  E.  Haughes.  Addresses  :  The 
Cloisters,  Windsor  Castle  ;  St.  James's 
Rectory,  Piccadilly  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BARRY,  Charles,  F.S.A.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Barry,  and 
was  born  in  1823.  He  showed  an  early 
desire  to  be  an  architect,  and  was  edu- 
cated for  the  profession  in  his  father's 
office,  and  was  for  several  years  assisting 
him  in  various  important  works,  both 
public  and  private,  including  the  New 
Houses  of  Parliament.  His  health  failing, 
in  1846  he  went  abroad  and  travelled 
through  France,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
studying  the  architectural  works  in  those 
countries,  and  was  absent  1J  years.  He 
did  not  return  to  his  father's  office,  but 
at  his  recommendation  started  practice 
on  his  own  account,  associating  with  him 
as  partner  the  late  Robert  R.  Banks,  Esq. , 
who  had  for  some  years  been  one  of  the 
principal  assistants  of  Sir  Charles.  This 
association  (which  was  founded  on  sincere 
personal  friendship  as  well  as  artistic 
sympathy)  remained  unbroken  till  the 
death  of  Mr.  Banks  in  1872.  During 
that  time,  and  since,  Mr.  Barry  has  had 
an  extensive  and  varied  practice.  In 
1856,  at  the  International  competition  for 
the  "Government  Public  Offices,"  the 
design  sent  in  by  his  partner  and  him- 
self was  placed  second  in  merit  by  the 
assessors  for  the  then  projected  Foreign 
Office  ;  the  work  was,  however,  given  (after 
strong  remonstrances)  to  Sir  Gilbert  (then 
Mr.)  Scott,  whose  design  had  obtained 
only  the  third  place.  Among  his  more 
public  works  may  be  named  the  New 
Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  the  New 
College  at  Dulwich,  and  the  large  Indus- 
trial School  at  Feltham  for  the  County  of 
Middlesex.  Among  a  large  number  of 
works  for  private  clients  may  be  men- 
tioned "Bylaugh  Hall,"  Norfolk,  "Steven- 
stone,"  North  Devon,  for  the  Hon.  Mark 
Rolle,  and  the  almost  rebuilding  "  Clumber 
House,"  Nottinghamshire,  for  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle.  Mr.  Barry  has  since  1858 
held  the  office  of  architect  and  surveyor 
to  the  Dulwich  estate,  and  has  erected 
there  several  churches,  and  a  large  number 


66 


BARRY 


of  private  residences,  besides  his  work  at 
the  old  college  and  the  erection  of  the 
New  College.  In  1876  Mr.  Barry  was 
elected  President  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  and  held  that  office 
for  three  years.  In  1878  he  was  one  of 
the  Royal  Commission  for  the  French 
Universal  Exhibition  for  that  year,  and 
acted  therein  as  the  sole  representative 
British  Member  of  the  small  International 
Jury  of  the  Fine  Arts  Section  for  making 
the  awards  for  Architecture  from  the 
various  countries  therein  represented.  In 
recognition  of  this  service  the  French 
Government,  at  the  instance  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  conferred  on  him  the  distinction 
of  the  Cross  of  an  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  In  1877  Mr.  Barry  received 
from  his  colleagues  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  the  Queen's  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Institute,  which  is  awarded 
once  in  three  years  to  an  architect  of 
eminence.  He  is  an  Hon.  Member  of  the 
Academies  of  Fine  Arts  at  Vienna  and 
Milan,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  in  1876, 
and  is  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Surveyors'  Institution.  Mr.  Barry  has 
been  from  its  foundation  a  Member  of 
Council  of  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London 
Institute,  and  has  always  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  proceedings  of  that  body. 
Mr.  Barry  has  lately  completed  the  new 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  in  Great 
George  Street,  Westminster,  which  has 
been  carried  out  at  a  cost  of  £60,000.  It  is 
an  elaborate  example  of  the  Classic  style 
of  Architecture,  externally  and  internally. 
Office  address :  Parliament  Mansions, 
Victoria  Street,  Westminster. 

BARRY,  Sir  John  "Wolfe-,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  D.L.,  M.I.C.E.,  is  the 
fifth  and  youngest  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Charles  Barry,  R.A.,  and  was  born  in 
London  on  Dec.  7,  1836.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond 
(where  his  elder  brother,  the  Rev.  Alfred 
Barry,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Sydney  and 
Primate  of  Australia,  was  sub-warden), 
and  at  King's  College,  London.  To  acquire 
a  practical  knowledge  of  work,  he  was 
placed  with  Messrs.  Lucas  Brothers,  and 
was  afterwards  articled  to  Mr.  (afterwards 
Sir  John)  Hawkshaw.  While  with  Sir  John 
Hawkshaw  he  was  engaged  as  Resident- 
Engineer  on  the  bridges  over  the  Thames 
and  the  large  stations  at  Charing  Cross 
and  Cannon  Street.  On  leaving  Sir  John 
Hawkshaw's  service  in  1867  he  commenced 
practice  on  his  own  account,  and  has 
carried  out  the  Lewes  and  East  Grinstead 
Railway;  the  Earl's  Court  Station,  and 
the  Ealing  and  Fulham  Extensions  of  the 
Metropolitan  District  Railway;  the  St. 
Paul's  Station  and  the  new  bridge  over  the 


Thames  at  Blackfriars  ;    the  railways  for 
the  completion  of  the  "  Inner  Circle  "  (in 
conjunction  with   Sir  John    Hawkshaw); 
the  Barry  Dock,  near  Cardiff  (the  largest 
single  dock  in  the  United  Kingdom),  and 
railways  connecting    it  with    the    South 
Wales  coalfield  ;  and  very  many  other  im- 
portant undertakings.     Mr.  Barry  carried 
out   for   the   Corporation   of   London   the 
Tower  Bridge,  which  work  was  commenced 
in  conjunction  with  Sir  Horace  Jones,  the 
City  architect,  to  whom  was  entrusted  the 
architectural    features    of    the   bridge   as 
distinguished  from  the  engineering  work, 
but  who   died   soon   after   the  work   was 
commenced.     By  the  agreement  with  the 
Corporation  the  responsibility  for  both  the 
architectural  and  engineering  work  of  the 
bridge  then  devolved  on  Mr.  Barry.     On 
the    completion    of    the    bridge,   in    the 
summer  of  1894,  Mr.  Barry  was   made  a 
C.B.,    K.C.B.    1897.      In   1872   Mr.    Barry 
visited  the  Argentine  Republic  and  laid 
out  a  railway  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Ros- 
ario,  which   has   since   been  carried  out, 
though  not  on  the  original  route  selected 
by   Mr.    Barry.     In   18—   Mr.   Barry  was 
appointed  Consulting   Engineer  to   carry 
out  with   Messrs.  Blythe   &   Cunningham 
of  Edinburgh,  and  Mr.  C.  Forman  of  Glas- 
gow, the  important  works  of  the  under- 
ground  system    of    railways   in   Glasgow 
known  as  the  Glasgow  Central   Railway; 
and  in  18 —  he  was  similarly  appointed  to 
execute  with  Mr.  C.  Forman  the  Lanark- 
shire and  Dumbartonshire  Railway,  which 
is  partly  an  underground   railway  in  the 
western  parts  of   Glasgow,  but  also  gives 
access  to  the    important    manufacturing 
districts  between   Glasgow  and  the  town 
of  Dumbarton.     In  1886  the  Government 
appointed  Mr.  Barry  on  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on  Irish  Public  Works,  and  important 
legislation,  based  on  the  Reports  of  the 
Commission,  has  taken  place  on  the  sub- 
jects   of    drainage,    light    railways,    and 
fishery  harbours.      In  1889  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  Board  of  Trade,  jointly  with 
Admiral   Sir   George   Nares,    K.C.B.,   and 
Sir  Charles  Hartley,  K.C.M.G.,  on  a  com- 
mission ordered  by  Parliament  to   settle 
certain  important  matters  connected  with 
the  river  Ribble,  and  the  same  commission 
was    reappointed    in    1897  to  report  on 
further  proposals  connected  with  the  same 
river.    In  December  1889  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Government  on  the  Western  (Scot- 
tish) Highlands  and  Islands  Commission, 
a  commission  having  objects   similar  to 
those  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Irish 
Public  Works.     In  1894  he  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  a  Commission  (of  which  the 
other  members   were   Sir  George  Nares, 
K.C.B.,  and  Mr.  G.  F.  Lyster,  the  Con- 
sulting Engineer  of  the  Mersey  Dock  and 
Harbour  Board)  to  examine  and  report  on 


BARTET  —  BARTHOU 


07 


the  navigation  of  the  Lower  Thames.  In 
1892  Mr.  Barry  was  appointed  by  the 
Foreign  Office  as  one  of  two  British  repre- 
sentatives on  the  "Commission  Consultative 
Internationale  des  Travaux  "  of  the  Suez 
Canal,  which  position  he  still  occupies.  In 
1895  Mr.  Barry  was  appointed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Natal  as  their  Consulting 
Engineer  in  England.  In  conjunction  with 
Sir  Charles  Hartley,  K.C.M.G.,  he  pre- 
sented to  the  Natal  Government  an  exhaus- 
tive report  on  the  various  proposals  for  the 
improvement  of  the  harbour  of  Durban, 
and  submitted  proposals  which  have  been 
adopted  by  that  Government.  In  1896  he 
was  appointed  by  the  County  Councils  of 
Middlesex  and  Surrey  their  Engineer  in 
connection  with  the  new  bridge  across 
the  Thames  at  Kew.  In  1897  Mr.  Barry 
was  appointed  by  Government  on  a 
Committee  on  the  desirability  of  estab- 
lishing a  National  Physical  Laboratory, 
the  report  of  which  is  shortly  expected. 
In  1897  Mr.  (then  newly  created  Sir)  J. 
Wolfe-Barry  was  appointed  by  the  Tyne 
Commissioners  Engineer  in  conjunction 
with  Messrs.  Coode,  Son,  &  Matthews 
to  examine  and  report  on  the  extensive 
damages  which  had  taken  place  in  the 
north  breakwater  of  Tynemouth  harbour, 
and  to  take  steps  for  the  reparation  of 
this  important  work.  Sir  J.  Wolfe-Barry 
is  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  follow- 
ing public  companies  :  The  North-Eastern, 
Caledonian  ;  London,  Chatham,  and  Dover  ; 
Metropolitan,  Metropolitan  District,  Barry 
Railway  Companies,  and  to  the  Surrey  Com- 
mercial Dock  Company,  in  addition  to  the 
other  appointments  to  which  reference  has 
already  been  made.  Mr.  Barry  is  a  Member 
of  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, and  was  elected  President  in  1896, 
and  was  again  elected  to  the  same  post  in 
1897 ;  a  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  ;  Associate  of  Coun- 
cil of  the  Surveyors'  Institution  ;  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Institution  and  Society  of 
Arts  ;  and  a  Lieut.-Colonel  in  the  Engineer 
and  Railway  Volunteer  Staff  Corps  ;  and  a 
member  of  the  Army  Committee.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  small  volume,  "Railway 
Appliances,"  in  the  Text-books  of  Science 
Series  (Longmans,  1876),  and  of  a  course 
of  lectures  delivered  at  the  School  of  Mili- 
tary Engineering,  Chatham,  in  conjunction 
with  Sir  F.  J.  Bramwell,  on  the  "Railway 
and  the  Locomotive,"  published  in  1882. 
Mr.  H.  M.  Brunei,  son  of  the  late  I,  K. 
Brunei,  joined  Mr.  Barry  in  partnership  in 
1878,  and  Mr.  C.  A.  Brereton  and  Mr. 
Arthur  John  Barry,  nephew  of  Sir  J.  Wolfe- 
Barry,  also  became  his  partners  in  1892, 
and  these  gentlemen  have  been  associated 
with  him  in  most  of  the  above  works.  He 
married  in  1874  Rosalind  Grace,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  E.  E.  Rowsell,  Rector 


of  Hambledon,  Surrey.  By  royal  warrant 
Sir  J.  Wolfe-Barry  was  permitted  to  assume 
for  himself  and  his  descendants  the  name 
of  Wolfe  as  a  surname.  He  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  of  the  County  of  London,  is 
LL.D.  of  Glasgow  University  (honoris 
catcsd),  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

BARTET,  Madame,  nom  de  thidtre 
of  Jeanne  Julia  Regnault,  French  actress, 
was  born  in  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1854.  She 
entered  the  Conservatoire  in  1871,  and 
made  her  debut  at  the  Vaudeville  in  the 
part  of  Vivette  in  "  LArlesienne  "  in  1872. 
In  1873  she  played  in  "L'Oncle  Sam,"  in 
1875  in  "Manon  Lescaut,"  in  1876  she 
created  the  part  of  Louise  in  "  Fromont  et 
Risler,"  and  in  1877  that  of  the  Countess 
Zicka  in  Sardou's  "Dora,"  known  in  Eng- 
land as  "Diplomacy."  Madame  Bartet 
entered  the  Theatre  Fra^ais  in  1880,  and 
made  her  debut  in  "  Daniel  Rochat."  She 
took  Madame  Bernhardt's  place  soon  after 
as  the  Queen  in  "Ruy  Bias."  The  chief 
plays  in  which  she  has  since  acted  are, 
"  Le  De"pit  Amoureux,"  "  Le  Gendre  de  M. 
Poirier,"  "  On  ne  Badine  pas  avec  l'Amour," 
"La  Roi  s'amuse,"  and  "L'Etrangere. " 
She  was  much  appreciated  in  London  when 
the  Comedie  Fran$aise  played  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1893.  She  appeared  in  "Grosse 
Fortune  "  by  Meilhac  in  1896. 

BARTHOLDI,  Auguste,  born  at 
Colmar  (Alsace),  April  2,  1834,  was  in- 
tended for  a  lawyer,  but  Ary  Scheffer,  who 
was  a  friend  of  the  family,  recognised  his 
latent  artistic  talent,  and  the  use  of  Ary 
Scheffer's  studio  was  the  turning  point  of  a 
life  subsequently  noteworthy  for  the  pro- 
duction of  the  "  Lion  de  Belf ort "  and  the  gi- 
gantic "Liberty  e'clairant  le  Monde,"  which, 
constructed  in  copper,  on  an  internal  iron 
frame  designed  by  M.  Eiffel,  was,  in  1884, 
presented  by  the  French  Committee  to  the 
United  States,  and  was  erected  on  Bedloe's 
Island,  at  the  entrance  to  the  harbour  of 
New  York,  in  1886.  It  is  by  far  the  largest 
bronze  statue  in  the  world,  being  150  feet 
high,  or  higher  than  the  column  in  the 
Place  Vendome  at  Paris.  A  small  replica 
has  been  erected  at  the  Pont  de  Grenelle, 
Paris,  by  American  subscriptions. 

BARTHOU,  Louis,  French  Deputy 
and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  was  born  at 
Oloron,  in  the  Basses-Pyrenees,  Aug.  25, 
1862.  He  is  a  Doctor  of  Laws  and  Muni- 
cipal Councillor  of  Pau,  and  was  elected  as 
deputy  for  Oloron  in  1889,  for  which  he 
has  since  sat.  He  was  Minister  of  Public 
Works  in  the  Duruy  Cabinet  of  1894,  and 
Minister  of  the  Interior  in  the  Meline 
Cabinet  of  1896,  retiring  with  his  col- 
leagues in  June  1898.  Paris  address  :  7 
Avenue  d'Autin. 


68 


BAKTON  —  BASTIAN 


BARTON,  Clara,  American  philan- 
thropist, born  at  Oxford,  Massachusetts, 
about  1830,  was  educated  at  Clinton,  New- 
York.  She  entered  the  United  States 
Patent  Office  as  clerk  in  1854,  but  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  between  the  states 
she  determined  to  devote  herself  to  the 
care  of  the  soldiers  in  the  field.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Franco-German  war  she 
assisted  the  Grand  Duchess  of  Baden  in 
preparing  military  hospitals,  and  gave  the 
Red  Cross  Society  much  aid  during  the 
war,  and  afterwards  at  Strasbourg  and 
in  Paris.  At  the  close  of  the  war  she 
was  decorated  with  the  Golden  Cross  of 
Baden  and  the  Iron  Cross  of  Germany. 
In  1881,  on  the  organisation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Red  Cross  Society,  she  became  its 
president,  and  still  retained  that  position, 
1898. 

BARTON,  Dunbar  Plunket,  Q.C., 
the  son  of  the  late  T.  H.  Barton,  by  his 
wife,  a  daughter  of  the  third  Baron 
Plunket,  was  born  in  1853,  and  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar  in  1880,  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in 
1889,  was  called  to  the  English  Bar  in  1893, 
and  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  Gray's  Inn 
in  February  1898.  Returned  to  the  House 
of  Commons  as  Conservative  member  for 
Mid-Armagh  in  1891,  he  still  represents 
that  constituency  in  the  Conservative 
interest,  and  he  has,  since  Jan.  1,  1898, 
held  the  appointment  of  Solicitor-General 
for  Ireland.  Mr.  Barton  acted  as  private 
secretary  to  the  late  Duke  of  Marlborough 
when  he  was  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
and  in  his  university  days  was  President 
of  the  Oxford  Union.  He  is  a  Director 
of  the  well-known  brewing  firm  of  Arthur 
Guinness  &  Co.,  and  is  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Dublin  and  Armagh.  Addresses  : 
12  Mandeville  Place,  W.  ;  and  13  Clare 
Street,  Dublin. 

BASCUNAN,  Aurelio,  Charge"  d' 
Affaires  for  Chile  at  the  Court  of  St.  James's, 
belongs  to  one  of  the  oldest  families  in 
Chile,  and  was  born  in  1866.  In  1879  he 
passed  his  examination  of  Bachiller,  being 
the  youngest  to  attain  that  degree  in  the 
University  of  Santiago.  In  1882  his  uncle, 
the  President  Santa  Maria,  appointed  him 
his  private  secretary,  which  position  he 
vacated  for  that  of  second  secretary  of  the 
Chilian  Legation  in  Peru  after  the  war 
between  the  two  countries.  From  Lima 
Ire  was  transferred  to  Buenos  Ayres,  and 
there  he  held  a  position  in  the  Foreign 
Office  until  1895,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Legation  in  London.  In  1898  the 
Legation  at  Paris  was  added  to  his  charge. 
On  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee  in  1897  he 
was  decorated  with  the  Jubilee  medal ;  he 


is  also  an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
and  a  Commander  of  Isabella  la  Catolica. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  the  ex- 
Premier  of  Chile,  Mr.  Carlos  Antunez. 
Address :  Members'  Mansions,  Victoria 
Street,  S.W. 

BASSET,  Alfred  Barnard,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Alfred  Basset  of  London,  and  was  born 
on  July  25,  1854.  His  father  died  during 
his  childhood,  and  he  was  brought  up  by 
his  grandfather,  the  late  John  Swinford 
Basset,  of  Stamford  Hill,  Middlesex,  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  was  educated  at  Grove 
House  School,  Tottenham,  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  October  1873,  and 
was  elected  to  a  foundation  scholarship 
in  April  1878.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1877, 
having  been  13th  Wrangler  in  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos  of  that  year.  After  leav- 
ing Cambridge  he  studied  law  in  the 
chambers  of  Mr.  John  Rigby,  Q.C.,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  on  June  25,  1879 ; 
but  after  the  expiration  of  a  few  years  he 
gave  up  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
resumed  the  study  of  Mathematics.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
on  June  8,  1889,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
"Treatise  on  Hydro -dynamics,"  in  two 
volumes,  a  "Treatise  on  Physical  Optics," 
1892,  and  also  of  several  papers  on 
Mathematical  Physics.  He  married,  in 
1882,  Edith  Sarah  Irwin,  only  child  and 
heiress  of  the  late  Thomas  Gustave  de 
Chaundre,  of  Rouen  and  Dublin.  Address  : 
Fledborough  Hall,  Holyport,  Berks. 

BASTIAN,  Professor  Henry  Charl- 
ton, M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  was  born  at 
Truro,  in  Cornwall,  April  26,  1837,  and 
educated  at  a  private  school  at  Falmouth 
and  in  University  College,  London.  He 
graduated  M.A.  in  1861,  M.B.  in  1863,  and 
M.D.  in  1866,  these  degrees  being  con- 
ferred by  the  University  of  London.  He 
was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1868,  and  F.R.C.P. 
in  1871.  Dr.  Bastian  is  a  Fellow  of  several 
Medical  Societies  ;  he  is  also  a  Correspond- 
ing Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  Turin,  and  of  the  Soc.  de 
Psychol.  Physiolog.  of  Paris.  In  1866  he 
was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Pathology, 
and  Assistant-Physician  to  St.  Mary's 
Hospital.  These  posts  he  held  until  his 
appointment  as  Professor  of  Pathological 
Anatomy  in  University  College,  and  Assis- 
tant-Physician to  University  College  Hos- 
pital in  December  1867.  He  was  elected  a 
physician  to  this  hospital  in  1871 ;  and  in 
1878,  on  taking  charge  of  in-patients,  a 
professorship  of  Clinical  Medicine  was 
conferred  upon  him.  In  1887  he  resigned 
the  Chair  of  Pathological  Anatomy  at 
University  College,  and  was  elected  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 


BATEMAN  —  BATESON 


09 


Medicine.  Dr.  Bastian  was  Dean  of  the 
Faculty  of  Medicine  in  University  College 
during  the  sessions  1874-75  and  1875-76  ; 
he  served  as  Examiner  in  Medicine  to  the 
Queen's  University  in  Ireland  for  1876-79, 
and  he  has  discharged  similar  duties  for 
the  University  of  Durham,  and  for  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London. 
In  1887  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland,  and  he  was  elected  an 
Hon.  -Fellow  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians  in  Ireland.  For 
some  years  past  he  has  acted  as  one  of  the 
Crown  Referees  in  cases  of  Supposed  In- 
sanity. Dr.  Bastian  was  elected  President 
of  the  Neurological  Society  of  London  in 
1892,  and  a  Censor  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1896  and  1897.  In  this  latter 
year  he  delivered  before  the  College  the 
Lumleian  lectures  on  "  Some  Problems  in 
Connexion  with  Aphasia  and'other  Speech 
Defects."  He  has  published  the  following 
works  :  "  The  Modes  of  Origin  of  Lowest 
Organisms,"  1871;  "The  Beginnings  of 
Life,"  2  vols.,  1872;  "Evolution  and  the 
Origin  of  Life,"  1874;  "Clinical  Lectures 
on  the  Common  Forms  of  Paralysis  from 
Brain  Disease,"  1875;  "The  Brain  as  an 
Organ  of  Mind,"  1880  (the  latter  work  has 
been  translated  into  French  and  German) ; 
"  Paralysis  ;  Cerebal,  Bulbar,  and  Spinal," 
1886;  "Various  Forms  of  Hysterical  or 
Functional  Paralysis,"  1893;  and  "A 
Treatise  on  Aphasia  and  other  Speech 
Defects,"  1898.  He  is  also  the  author  of 
"Memoirs  on  Nematoids :  Parasitic  and 
Free,"  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
and  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnean  Society. 
In  his  monograph  on  the  Anguillulidse  he 
described  100  newspecies  discovered  by  him 
in  this  country.  Dr.  Bastian  is  the  author 
of  numerous  papers  on  Pathology  and 
Medicine  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Patho- 
logical and  Medico- Chirurgical  Societies;  of 
papers  on  the  more  recondite  departments 
of  Cerebral  Physiology  in  the  Journal  of 
Mental  Science,  Brain,  and  other  periodi- 
cals ;  and  of  some  joint  articles  with  the 
editor  in  Dr.  Reynolds'  "  System  of  Medi- 
cine." Dr.  Bastian  was  likewise  one  of 
the  principal  contributors  to  Quain's 
"Dictionary  of  Medicine"  (1882),  having 
written  nearly  the  whole  of  the  articles  on 
Diseases  of  the  Spinal  Cord,  as  well  as 
many  others  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System.  Having  resigned  his  Professor- 
ship at  the  College,  and  his  Physiciancy 
at  University  College  Hospital  after  thirty 
years  of  service,  Dr.  Bastian  has  recently 
(1898)  been  elected  Emeritus  Professor  of 
the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
and  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  University 
College,  and  Consulting  Physician  to  the 
Hospital.  Addresses :  8a  Manchester 
Square,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 


BATEMAN,  Sir  Frederic,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  LL.D.,  is  the  son  of  John  Bate- 
man,  of  Norwich,  and  was  born  in  1824.  He 
took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  the  University 
of  Aberdeen  in  1850,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
in  1876.  He  is  a  consulting  physician  to 
the  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Hospital,  and 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  county  of 
Norfolk.  His  publication,  "Aphasia  and 
the  Localisation  of  Speech,"  gained  for 
him  the  Alvarenga  prize  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  of  France,  and  he  is  also  the 
author  of  "Darwinism  tested  by  Lan- 
guage," and  "  The  Idiot,  and  his  place 
in  Creation."  He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  1892,  and  he  was  married,  in 
1855,  to  Emma,  daughter  and  heiress  of 
John  Gooderson,  of  Heigham  Fields  House, 
Norwich  (she  died  in  1897).  Addresses  : 
Upper  St.  Giles  Street,  Norwich ;  and 
Burlingham  Lodge,  Alburgh,  Norfolk. 

BATEMAN,   Kate  Josephine.     See 

Ckowb,  Mes.  Geokge. 

BATES,  Henry,  A.R.A.,  better  known 
as  Harry  Bates,  sculptor,  came  to  London 
in  1879,  studied  under  Jules  Dalou  at  the 
Lambeth  School,  and  in  1881  was  admitted 
a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy  Schools, 
where  he  gained  the  gold  medal  and  tra- 
velling studentship  for  sculpture  in  1883. 
He  has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  his  designs  often  being 
in  the  shape  of  bas-reliefs  on  panels.  He 
has  designed  "The  Homer  Panel,"  "The 
jEneid  Panel,"  "The  Story  of  Psyche," 
"Hounds  in  Leash,"  and  "Pandora," 
which  was  bought  under  the  terms  of  the 
Chantrey  Bequest.  In  1895  he  exhibited  a 
bronze  bust  of  General  Lord  Roberts,  W.C., 
G.C.B.,  and  in  1896  four  portrait  busts, 
including  one  of  Lord  Lansdowne,  and  a 
full-sized  model  of  an  equestrian  statue  of 
Field-Marshal  Lord  Roberts  for  Calcutta. 
The  finished  statue  was  recently  unveiled 
by  Lord  Elgin  in  Calcutta.  The  pedestal 
is  adorned  with  allegorical  figures  repre- 
senting Courage  and  Fortitude,  and  the 
friezes  encircling  it  represent  the  march 
from  Kabul  to  Kandahar.  In  1898  he 
exhibited  a  reduced  model  in  bronze  and 
boxwood  of  the  Roberts  statue,  besides  a 
bust  and  a  memorial  tablet.  He  was 
made  A.R.A.  in  1892.  Address:  10  Hall 
Road,  N.W. 

BATESON,  William,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
Fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
was  born  at  Whitby,  Yorkshire,  on  the  8th 
of  August  1861.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  W.  H.  Bateson,  D.D.,  Master  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  From  Temple 
Grove  School  he  obtained  a  foundation 
scholarship  at  Rugby,  and  thence  proceeded 


70 


BATH  AND  WELLS  — BAYER 


to  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  graduat- 
ing in  the  Natural  Sciences  Tripos  in  1883 
and  1884.  Elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  St. 
John's  College  in  1 885,  he  became  Balfour 
Student  in  1887,  and  was  awarded  a  Rol- 
leston  Prize  in  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
1888.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1894.  His  first  work  was 
a  study  of  the  anatomy  and  development 
of  Balanoglossus,  material  for  this  research 
having  been  collected  in  America  during 
two  visits  to  the  marine  laboratory  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University.  The  results 
appeared  as  a  series  of  papers  in  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science 
in  1884-86.  In  1886  and  1887  he  under- 
took a  journey  to  the  Aral  Sea,  and  to 
other  salt,  alkaline,  and  bitter  lakes  in 
Western  Central  Asia,  with  the  object  of 
examining  their  fauna.  Subsequently  he 
has  devoted  himself  to  a  study  of  the  facts 
of  Variation,  and  has  published  papers  re- 
lating to  the  subject,  in  particular  a  collec- 
tion of  the  evidence,  entitled  "  Materials  for 
the  Study  of  Variation  "  (Macmillan,  1894). 
Address  :  Norwich  House,  Cambridge. 

BATH    and    WELLS,    Bishop    of. 

See  Kennion,  Right  Rev.  George 
Wyndham. 

BA.TTENBERG,  Princess  Henry  of 
(H.R.H.  Princess  Beatrice),  was  born 
April  14,  1857,  and  was  married  at  Osborne 
on  July  23,  1885,  to  Prince  Henry  Maurice 
of  Battenberg,  who,  however,  died  on 
Jan.  20,  1896,  from  a  fever  contracted 
during  the  Ashanti  campaign  of  1895-96. 
The  Princess  has  four  children,  viz., 
Alexander  Albert,  born  Nov.  23,  1886 ; 
Victoria  Eugenie,  born  Oct.  24,  1887 ; 
Leopold  Arthur,  born  May  21,  1889  ;  and 
Maurice  Victor,  born  Oct.  3,  1891.  She 
occupies  the  position  of  Governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  a  post  held  by  Prince  Henry 
until  his  death.  Her  Royal  Highness  has 
compiled  a  Birthday  Book,  and  also  devotes 
time  to  painting.  She  has  always,  even 
during  her  married  life,  lived  with  the 
Queen,  and  she  still  continues  to  do  so. 

BATTERSEA,  Lord,  Cyril  Flower, 

son  of  the  late  Mr.  P.  W.  Flower,  of  Furze- 
down,  Streatham,  was  born  in  1843,  and 
educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1870.  In  the 
Parliament  of  1880-85  he  sat  as  a  Liberal 
for  Brecknock,  and  in  1885  and  1886  was 
returned  for  the  Luton  division  of  Bedford- 
shire, and  sat  for  the  same  till  1892.  In 
Mr.  Gladstone's  short  Government  of  1886 
Mr.  Cyril  Flower  was  one  of  the  Junior 
Lords  of  the  Treasury,  or  "Whips"  of 
the  party.  In  1892  he  was  made  a  peer 
under  the  title  of  Lord   Battersea.      He 


married  in  1878  Constance,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  Anthony  Rothschild.  Both 
he  and  his  wife  are  much  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  their  party,  and  have  been  warm 
supporters  of  the  Eighty  Club.  They  are 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  lower 
classes  in  London,  and  have  done  much 
for  the  People's  Entertainment  Society. 
Lord  Battersea  is  President  of  the  Recrea- 
tive Evening  School  Association.  He  is 
also  known  as  the  owner  of  some  fine 
paintings  by  Botticelli,  Moroni,  Da.  Vinci, 
Morretti,  as  well  as  by  Burne-Jones,  Sandys, 
Whistler,  &c.  Addresses  :  Overstrand, 
Cromer;  Aston  Clinton,  Tring;  and  Surrey 
House,  7  Marble  Arch,  W. 

BAVARIA,    King   of.      See   Otto, 
King  of  Bavaria. 

BAVARIA,     Regent     of.      See 

Luitpold,  Prince  Charles  Joseph 
William. 

BAYER,  Karl  Emmerich  Robert, 

an  Austrian  writer,  generally  known  by 
his  norn  de  guerre  of  Robert  Byr,  was  born 
at  Bregenz,  in  the  Tyrol,  April  15,  1835, 
and  received  his  education  in  the  Military 
Academy  at  Wiener-Neustadt,  which  he 
left  on  his  appointment  as  lieutenant  in 
the  Count  Radetzky's  Hussar  Regiment. 
In  1859  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  during  the  Italian  campaign 
he  was  placed  on  the  general  staff.  After 
the  conclusion  of  peace  Bayer  began  his 
literary  career  by  the  publication  of  his 
"Sketches  of  Military  Life"  ("Kantoni- 
rungsbilder "),  1860.  In  1862  he  retired 
from  active  service,  and  settled  in  his 
native  town,  where  he  still  continues  to 
reside.  Bayer  is  chiefly  known  to  fame  as 
a  novelist.  Military  life  he  has  described 
in  his  first  work,  already  mentioned,  in 
"Austrian  Garrisons"  ("  Oesterreichische 
Garnisonen"),  1863,  and  in  "Quarters" 
("Anf  der  Station"),  1866.  His  "In  the 
Years  Nine  and  Thirteen  "("  Anno  Neun 
und  Dreizehn  "),  1865,  contains  biographical 
sketches  of  actors  in  the  German  War  of 
Independence.  To  another  class  of  works 
belong  the  following  novels:  "The  Home 
of  a  German  Count "  ( "  Ein  Deutsches  Graf- 
enhaus"),  1866;  "With  a  Brazen  Face" 
("  Mit  eherner  Stirn  "),  1868  ;  "  The  Struggle 
for  Life  "("  DerKampf  umsDasein"),  1869  j 
i'Sphinx,"  1879;  "Nomaden,"  1871; 
"Ruin"  ("Triimmer"),  1871;  "Quatuor,"a 
collection  of  tales,  1875  ;  "  Ghosts"  ("Lar- 
ven"),  1876;  and  "A  Secret  Despatch" 
("Eine  geheime  Depesche"),  1880;  and 
"  Sesam,"  1880  ;  "  The  Path  to  the  Heart" 
("Der  Wegzum  Herzen"),1881 ;  "Turn  of 
Life"  ("Am  Wendepunkt  des  Lebens"), 
1881;  "Implacable"  ("Unversbhnlich"), 
1882;    "Lydia,"   1883;    "Andor,"   1883; 


BAYFIELD  —  BEACHCROFT 


71 


"Am  I  to  do  it?"  ("Soil  IcM  "),1884; 
"Castell  Ursani,"  1885;  "Dora,"  1886; 
"Villa  Miraflor,"  1886;  "  Will-of-the- 
Wisp"  ("Irrneische"),  1887  ;  "  The  Path  to 
Fortune"  ("DerWegzum  Gliick"),  1889; 
"Wood  Idyl"  (Waldidyll "),  1889.  He  has 
also  written  plays  which  have  been  per- 
formed in  public. 

BAYFIELD,  Rev.  Matthew  Albert, 
M.A.,  was  born  at  Edgbaston,  Birming- 
ham, June  17,  1852,  and  is  the  son  of 
L.  A.  Bayfield,  Chartered  Accountant,  of 
Birmingham.  He  was  educated  at  King 
Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  and  Clare 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  latter  founda- 
tion he  was  a  scholar,  and  from  which  he 
graduated  with  first-class  classical  honours 
in  1875.  Appointed  an  Assistant  Master 
at  Blackheath  School  in  1875,  he  obtained 
a  similar  position  at  Marlborough  College 
in  1879  ;  and  after  acting  as  Headmaster's 
Assistant  at  Malvern  College  from  1881  to 
1890,  he  became  Headmaster  of  Christ 
College,  Brecon,  in  1890,  and  eventually  he 
was,  in  1895,  appointed  Headmaster  of 
Eastbourne  College.  Mr.  Bayfield  has 
edited  "Ion,"  "Alcestis,"  and  "Medea," 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Verrall, 
"Septem  contra  Thebas,"  and,  with  Dr. 
Leaf,  the  "Iliad."  He  is  also  the  author 
of  "Latin  Prose  for  Lower  Forms." 
Address :  Eastbourne  College. 

BAYLEY,  Sir  Steuart  Colvin, 
K.C.S.I.,  C.I.E.,  Member  of  Council  at  the 
India  Office,  formerly  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  Bengal,  was  educated  at  Hail ey bury, 
and  arrived  in  India  in  1856.  His  first 
post  was  that  of  Assistant-Magistrate  and 
Collector  of  the  24  Pergunnahs,  and  he 
subsequently  rose  through  various  grades 
till  he  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  the 
Dacca  Division  in  1873.  Four  years  later 
he  was  acting  as  personal  assistant  to 
the  Viceroy  for  famine  affairs.  His  more 
recent  appointments  have  been  :  Chief 
Commissioner  of  Assam,  June  1880  ;  Resi- 
dent  at  Hyderabad  (Nizam's  Dominions), 
March  1881 ;  a  Member  of  the  Governor- 
General's  Council,  May  1882  ;  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Bengal,  April  1887  ;  and  Sec- 
retary in  the  Political  Department,  India 
Office,  January  1891.  He  was  created 
K.C.S.I.  in  1890.  Addresses  :  India  Office  ; 
Charles  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. ;  and 
AthenEeum.    ■ 

BAYLISS,  Sir  Wyke,  F.S.A.,  second 
son  of  John  Cox  Bayliss  and  Anne  Wyke, 
was  born  on  Oct.  21,  1835,  at  Madeley, 
Salop.  In  1845  the  family  removed  to 
London,  and  he  pursued  his  studies  at  the 
National  Gallery,  the  British  Museum,  and 
the  Royal  Academy,  with  the  intention  of 
becoming  an  artist.   At  the  age  of  eighteen 


he  entered  an  architect's  office,  where  the 
speciality  of  his  work  gave  a  bent  to, 
though  it  was  not  sufficient  to  break,  his 
purpose  of  becoming  a  painter.  Architec- 
ture, and  especially  the  Gothic  of  our 
cathedrals,  became  at  once  the  motive  of 
all  his  pictures.  He  has  travelled  much 
abroad,  and  has  painted  almost  all  the  chief 
cathedrals  of  the  Continent.  Amongst  his 
best-known  paintings  may  be  mentioned 
"La  Sainte  Chapelle,"  exhibited  at  the 
Boyal  Academy  in  1865;  "The  White 
Lady  of  Nuremberg,"  "  The  Interior  of 
S.  Mark's,  Venice,"  1880 ;  "  Vespers  in  S. 
Peter's,  Rome,"  1888  ;  "  The  Golden  Duomo, 
Pisa,"  1892;  "The  Interior  of  Strasburg 
Cathedral,"  "  Chartres  Cathedral,"  &c. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  "The  Witness 
of  Art,"  "The  Higher  Life  in  Art,"  "The 
Enchanted  Island "  ;  and  has  for  many 
years  been  engaged  upon  a  work  which 
is  announced  for  immediate  publication, 
under  the  title  of  ' '  Rex  Regum,  a  Painter's 
Study  of  the  Likeness  of  Christ,  from  the 
time  of  the  Apostles  to  the  present  day." 
In  1875  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  ;  in  1888 
he  was  elected  President  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  British  Artists  ;  and  in  1897  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  One 
or  two  exhibitions  of  his  works  have  been 
held,  and  in  the  catalogue  of  one  of  them 
appear  several  sonnets  written  by  the 
artist  in  illustration  of  the  subjects  of  his 
pictures.  He  is  well  known  as  a  lecturer 
at  the  London  Institution,  the  Midland 
Institute,  &c.  He  was  married  in  1858  to 
Elise,  daughter  of  Rev.  T.  Broade,  of 
Staffordshire.  Address :  7  North  Road, 
Clapham  Park,  S.W. 

BAYLY,  Miss  Ada  Ellen,  "Edna 
Lyall,"  is  the  youngest  daughter  of  the 
late  Robert  Bayly,  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
Barrister-at-Law.  She  was  born  and  edu- 
cated at  Brighton,  and  at  an  early  age 
made  up  her  mind  to  write.  Her  first 
story,  "Won  by  Waiting,"  was  published 
in  1879.  This  was  followed  by  "  Donovan," 
1882;  "We  Two,"  1884;  "In  the  Golden 
Days,"  1885;  "  Knight  -Errant,"  1887; 
"Autobiography  of  a  Slander,"  1887; 
"Derrick  Vaughan,  Novelist,"  1889;  "A 
Hardy  Norseman,"  1889 ;  "  Max  Here- 
ford's Dream,"  1891  ;  "  To  Right  the 
Wrong,"  1893;  "Doreen  :  the  Story  of  a 
Singer,"  1894;  "How  the  Children  Raised 
the  Wind,"  1895;  "Autobiography  of  a 
Truth,"  1896;  and  "Wayfaring  Men," 
1897.  Address :  6  College  Road,  East- 
bourne. 

BEACHCROFT,  Richard  Melvill, 
was  born  on  Jan.  22,  1846,  and  is  the  son 
of  Richard  Beachcroft,  and  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  the  late   Sir  James   Cosmo 


72 


BEALE 


Melvill,  K.C.B.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  and  being  admitted  a  solicitor 
in  1868,  he  became  eventually  a  partner  in 
the  firm  of  Beachcroft,  Thompson  &  Co., 
of  9  Theobalds  Eoad,  W.C.  He  has  acted 
as  Solicitor  to  Christ's  Hospital  since  1873, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Court  of  the 
Clothworkers'  Company,  with  which  com- 
pany his  family  has  been  connected  for 
nearly  two  centuries.  Mr.  Beachcroft  is 
an  original  member  of  the  London  County 
Council,  having  been  the  representative 
of  North  Paddington  in  the  first  Council. 
Elected  an  alderman  in  1892,  he  became 
Deputy-Chairman  in  1896,  and  Vice-Chair- 
man in  1897.  He  is  an  old  member  of 
the  Alpine  Club,  and  has  been  a  frequent 
and  enthusiastic  climber  of  many  of  the 
Swiss  and  Tyrolese  mountains.  He  is 
married  to  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the 
late  Kobert  M.  Bonnar- Maurice,  of  Bodyn- 
foel  Hall,  Montgomeryshire.  Addresses  : 
11  Craven  Hill,  W. ;  and  9  Theobalds  Road. 

BEALE,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the 
late  Mr.  Miles  Beale,  M.R.C.S.,  was  born 
in  London,  1831,  and  educated  chiefly  at 
home.  She  attended  the  opening  lectures 
of  Queen's  College  in  1848.  When  for  the 
first  time  public  examinations  were  thrown 
open  to  women  she  took  certificates  for 
English,  French,  German,  Latin,  Mathe- 
matics, Music,  and  Pedagogy.  In  1850 
she  was  appointed  the  first  lady  Mathe- 
matical Tutor,  and  was  also  appointed 
Latin  Tutor.  In  1858  she  was  elected 
Principal  of  the  Ladies'  College,  Chelten- 
ham, which,  numbering  at  that  time  69 
pupils,  has  since  risen  to  about  500, 
of  whom  about  99  are  boarders.  There 
is  besides  an  overflow  school  of  about 
80.  There  are  in  connection  with  the 
Ladies'  College  two  residential  colleges 
of  St.  Hilda,  in  Cheltenham  and  Oxford; 
and  a  Mission  Settlement,  known  as  St. 
Hilda's,  in  Shoreditch,  has  been  built  by 
the  Cheltenham  Ladies'  College  Guild,  and 
was  opened  by  the  Bishop  of  London 
in  April  1898.  Miss  Beale  has  published 
"Text-book  of  English  and  General  His- 
tory"; "Chronological  Maps"  ;  "School 
Hymns,"  reprinted  with  long  introduc- 
tion ;  "  Report  of  Schools  Enquiry  Com- 
mission of  1868."  She  has  edited  and 
written  a  large  part  of  a  volume,  "Work 
and  Play  in  Girls'  Schools,"  and  has  issued 
a  large  number  of  short  papers  on  educa- 
tional and  literary  subjects,  and  has  con- 
tributed many  articles  to  the  Journal  of 
Education,  Fraser,  The  Nineteenth  Century, 
Atlanta,  Parents'  Magazine,  Monthly  Packet, 
&c.  She  edits  the  Ladies'  College  Magazine. 
Miss  Beale  has  been  largely  instrumental 
in  advancing  the  movement  for  the  Higher 
Education  of  Women.  The  Ladies'  Col- 
lege gained  a  gold  medal  at  the  Inter- 


national Exhibition,  and  Miss  Beale  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Officier  d'Acade'mie. 
She  is  a  Member  of  the  Socie'te  des 
Sciences  et  Lettres.  Address :  Ladies' 
College,  Cheltenham. 

BEALE,  Emeritus  Professor 
Lionel  Smith,  M.B.,  F.R.S.,  Consulting 
Physician  to  King's  College  Hospital,  and 
Emeritus  Professor  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  at  King's  College, 
London,  formerly  Professor  of  Physiology 
and  of  General  and  Morbid  Anatomy,  and 
afterwards  Professor  of  Pathological  Ana- 
tomy, and  Examiner  in  Medicine.  He 
was  born  in  London  in  1828,  educated  in 
King's  College  School  and  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  King's  College.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  in  1859,  is  an  Hon. 
Fellow  of  King's  College,  a  Fellow  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Sweden,  of  the 
Microscopical  Societies  of  New  York  and 
California,  the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical,  the  Microscopical,  and  the  Patho- 
logical Societies ;  he  was  formerly  President 
and  is  now  Treasurer  of  the  Royal  Micro- 
scopical Society,  and  of  the  Quekett 
Club,  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Bologna,  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Aoad^mie  Royale  de  Medicine  de  Belgique, 
&c.,  and  the  author  of  several  works  on 
medicine,  physiology,  medical  chemistry, 
and  the  microscope.  Among  these  works 
are  :  ' '  The  Microscope  in  its  Application 
to  Practical  Medicine "  ;  "  How  to  Work 
with  the  Microscope,"  of  which  there  have 
been  several  editions  ;  "The  Structure  of 
the  Tissues  of  the  Body"  ;  "Protoplasm; 
or,  Life,  Matter,  and  Mind "  ;  "  Disease 
Germs,  their  Supposed  and  Real  Nature, 
and  on  the  Treatment  of  Diseases  caused 
by  their  Presence  " ;  "  Life  Theories,  their 
Influence  upon  Religious  Thought,"  1871 ; 
"  The  Mystery  of  Life  :  Facts  and  Argu- 
ments against  the  Physical  Doctrine  of 
Vitality,  in  reply  to  Sir  William  Gull," 
1871  ;  "Our  Morality  and  the  Moral 
Question,"  now  in  a  second  edition ;  "  The 
Liver,"  1889;  "On  Life  and  on  Vital 
Action  in  Health  and  Disease "  ;  "  The 
Anatomy  of  the  Liver  "  ;  "  Urine,  Urinary 
Deposits,  and  Calculous  Disorders,"  four 
editions;  "Urinary  and  Renal  Derange- 
ments and  Calculous  Disorders  :  Diagnosis 
and  Treatment "  ;  "  One  Hundred  Urinary 
Deposits,"  in  eight  sheets;  "On  Slight 
Ailments  "  ;  "  The  Physiological  Anatomy 
and  Physiology  of  Man,"  in  conjunction 
with  his  colleagues  at  King's  College,  the 
late  Dr.  Todd  and  Sir  J.  Bowman  ;  and  of 
other  works.  He  has  contributed  several 
memoirs  to  the  Royal  Society,  "On  the 
Structure  of  the  Liver  "  ;  "  The  Distribu- 
tion of  Nerves  to  Musole "  ;  "  On  the 
Anatomy  of    Nerve -Fibres    and    Nerve- 


BEATRICE  —  BECKER 


73 


Centres,"  &c,  which  are  published  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions  and  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Society,  and  numerous 
papers  to  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society, 
and  a  memoir  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
Transactions,  1854.  He  was  the  editor  of 
the  Archives  of  Medicine,  and  has  also 
contributed  to  the  Lancet,  Medical  Times 
and  Gazette,  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Review, 
and  the  Microscopical  Journal.  He  resigned 
his    professorship    at    King's    College    in 

1896,  having  held  that  post  for  more  than 
forty  years,  and  became  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor of  Medicine.  Address  :  61  Grosvenor 
Street,  W. 

BEATRICE,  Princess.  See  Batten- 
berg,  Princess  Henby  of. 

BEAUCHAMP,  Earl,  William 
Lygon,  was  born  Feb.  20,  1872,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  7th  Earl  in  1891. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  He  acted  as  Mayor  of 
Worcester  from  1895  to  1896,  and  he  was 
elected  Progressive  Member  for  Finsbury 
on  the  London  School  Board  in  November 

1897.  Lord  Beauchamp  is  at  present  un- 
married, and  the  heir  to  the  title  is  his 
brother,  Edward,  born  in  1873.  Addresses  : 
125  Piccadilly,  W. ;  and  Madresfield  Court, 
Malvern  Link,  Worcestershire. 

BEATJCLERK,  "William  Nelthorpe, 
J.  P.,  D.L.,  LL.D.,  British  Minister  to  Peru 
and  Ecuador,  was  born  in  1849,  and  is  the 
son  of  Captain  Lord  Frederick  Beauclerk, 
R.N.  After  having  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  with  honours  in  law  and 
history,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Foreign 
Office,  and  became  an  Attache  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1874.  He  has  been  Secretary  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1879  ;  Rome,  1880  ;  Wash- 
ington, 1887 ;  Berlin,  1888.  In  1890  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Peking,  where  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Sir  Robert  Hart,  Bart.,  in  1892.  He  then 
was  Consul-General  at  Buda-Pesth  (1897), 
and  on  Sept.  22,  1898,  he  was  appointed  to 
his  present  post. 

BEAUFORT,  Duke  of,  Henry 
Charles  Fitzroy  Somerset,  K.G.,  Mar- 
quis and  Earl  of  Worcester,  Earl  of  Gla- 
morgan, Viscount  Grosmont,  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant of  Monmouthshire,  &c,  was  born 
Feb.  1,  1824.  His  Grace,  who  is  a  Con- 
servative in  politics,  succeeded  his  father 
as  eighth  Duke,  Nov.  17,  1853.  He  entered 
the  Life  Guards  in  1841,  exchanged  into 
the  7th  Hussars,  where  he  became  Captain 
in  1847,  became  Lieut. -Colonel  in  1858,  and 
retired  in  1861.  He  was  M.P.  for  East 
Gloucestershire,  1846-53,  was  Master  of 
the  Horse  under  Earl  Derby's  second 
administration,  1858-59,   and    was    reap- 


pointed to  that  office  under  Earl  Derby's 
third  administration,  in  July  1866,  con- 
tinuing in  that  post  till  1869.  He  takes 
a  great  interest  in  horse-racing,  and  is 
President  of  the  Four-in-Hand  Club.  In 
March  1898,  on  the  occasion  of  a  lawn 
meet  at  Badminton,  his  former  seat,  he 
was  presented  with  an  oil  portrait  of  him- 
self, painted  by  Mr.  Ellis  Roberts,  and 
subscribed  for  by  upwards  of  1000  fol- 
lowers of  his  late  pack  "  in  recognition 
of  his  long  services  to  country  sport." 
He  is  one  of  the  joint  editors  of  the 
sporting  books  known  as  "The  Badminton 
Library."  His  Grace  married,  July  3, 
1845,  Georgina  Charlotte,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  late  Earl  Howe.  Address  :  Stoke 
Park,  near  Bristol. 

BEBEL,  FerdinandAugust,  German 
Socialist,  born  at  Cologne,  Feb.  22  or  29, 
1840,  was  educated  at  Wetzlar,  and  set  up 
at  Leipzig  as  a  turner.  Even  in  1862  he 
was  already  one  of  the  most  active  leaders 
of  the  popular  movement  in  Germany.  In 
1S65  he  induced  the  Workers'  Union  of 
Leipzig  to  adopt  a  Socialistic  propaganda. 
In  1867  he  entered  political  life  as  Member 
for  Glaucbau  -  Meerane  in  the  North 
German  Diet.  In  1871  he  formed  part  of 
the  first  Imperial  Reichstag.  He  worked 
at  his  trade  during  the  recess,  and  was  the 
chief  of  that  section  called  the  Eisenacher 
Arbeiterpartei,  which  was  in  co-operation 
with  the  International  Workers'  Union 
of  London,  with  Karl  Marx  at  its  head. 
Together  with  Herr  Liebknecht,  he  was 
accused  of  high-treason  in  1872,  and  con- 
demned to  two  years'  confinement  in  a 
fortress.  In  1874  he  was  re-elected  to  tbe 
Reichstag,  and  actively  opposed  Bismarck's 
laws  against  the  Socialists.  In  fact,  from 
1874  until  1886  he  was  continually  being 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  his  doctrines, 
and  in  the  intervals  of  imprisonment  he 
was  being  elected  to  the  Parliament  and 
fighting  the  Iron  Chancellor.  In  1890  he 
spoke  violently  against  the  annexation  of 
Alsace  -  Lorraine,  which  he  called  the 
"  fatal  crime  "  of  Bismarck,  involving  the 
huge  armaments  of  modern  days.  His 
chief  writings  are  :  "  Unsere  Ziele,"  "  Der 
Deutsche  Bauerkrieg,"  "Die  Frau  und 
der  Sozialismus,"  1883  (18th  edit.,  1893); 
"Die  Socialdemokratie,"  1895. 

BECKER,  Bernard  Henry,  author 
and  journalist,  born  in  1833,  was  for  years 
attached  to  All  the  Tear  Round,  and  has 
written  a  large  number  of  original  stories 
and  sketches  in  that  journal,  as  well  as  in 
the  World  and  other  papers,  and  was  for- 
merly on  the  staff  of  the  Daily  News.  In 
1874  he  produced  "  Scientific  London," 
an  account  of  the  rise,  progress,  and  con- 
dition of  the  great  scientific  institutions 


74 


BECKLES  —  BEDFOKD 


of  the  capital.  Mr.  Becker  published  in 
1878  a  book  in  two  volumes,  entitled 
"Adventurous  Lives."  Having  in  the 
winter  of  1878-79  acted  as  the  Special 
Commissioner  of  the  Daily  News  in 
Sheffield,  Manchester,  and  other  distressed 
districts  of  the  North  and  Midlands,  he 
was  sent  in  a  similar  capacity  to  Ireland 
in  the  autumn  of  1880,  when  he  discovered 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Boycott  herding  sheep,  and 
wrote  those  letters  on  the  state  of  Con- 
naught  and  Munster  which  have  since 
appeared  in  a  collected  form  as  "  Dis- 
turbed Ireland,"  and  given  rise  to  several 
discussions  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
In  1884  Mr.  Becker  produced  "  Holiday 
Haunts,"  the  title  of  which  explains  itself, 
like  that  of  the  more  recent  "  Letters  from 
Lazy  Latitudes,"  published  in  1886. 

BECKLES,  the  Bight  Rev.  Edward 
Hyndman,  D.D.,  son  of  the  late  John 
Alleyne  Beckles,  Esq.  (descended  from  the 
Beetles  family,  of  Durham),  was  born  in 
Barbados  in  1816,  received  his  education 
at  Codrington  College,  Barbados,  and 
after  holding  different  cures  in  the  West 
Indies,  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Sierra 
Leone  in  1859.  He  resigned  that  see  in 
1870,  being  succeeded  in  it  by  Dr.  Cheet- 
ham.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
Rector  of  Wooton,  Dover,  and  in  1873 
Rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Bethnal  Green, 
London.  In  February  1877  he  was  ap- 
pointed Superintending  Bishop  of  the 
English  Episcopalian  congregations  in 
Scotland.  Address  :  St.  Peter's,  Bethnal 
Green,  E. 

BEDDARD,  Frank  E.,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
son  of  the  late  John  Beddard,  was  born  at 
Dudley  in  1858,  and  educated  at  Harrow 
and  New  College,  Oxford.  After  taking 
his  degree  he  was  for  some  time  a  Demon- 
strator under  the  late  Professor  Rolleston, 
and  afterwards  became  Assistant  Editor  of 
the  Challenger  Reports.  He  is  at  present 
Prosector  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London,  Examiner  in  the  University  of 
London,  and  Lecturer  on  Biology  at  Guy's 
Hospital.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1892. 
Mr.  Beddard  is  author  of  the  following 
works:  "Report  on  the  Isopods  collected 
during  the  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Challenger"  ; 
"Animal  Colouration";  "Contributions 
to  the  Anatomy  of  the  Anthropoid  Apes  " 
( Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society,  1893) ; 
a  '■'  Monograph  on  the  Oligochceta " 
(Clarendon  Press,  1895) ;  and  numerous 
contributions  to  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Microscopical  Science,  and  to  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Royal  and  Zoological  Societies. 
He  has  also  contributed  popular  articles 
on  zoological  subjects  to  Blackwood's  and 
other  magazines.  Address:  United  Uni- 
versity Club,  Suffolk  Street. 


BEDDOE,  John,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 

born  at  Bewdley,  in  Worcestershire,  Sept. 
21,  1826,  was  educated  at  Bridgnorth 
School,  University  College,  London,  and 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  London  in  1851,  and  M.D. 
in  Edinburgh  in  1853.  Dr.  Beddoe  served 
on  the  civil  medical  staff  during  the 
Crimean  War.  Since  then  he  has  prac- 
tised as  a  physician  at  Clifton,  and  held 
sundry  hospital  appointments,  but  is  now 
residing  at  the  Chantry,  Bradford-on- 
Avon.  He  was  President  of  the  Anthro- 
pological Society  in  1869  and  1870,  and  he 
was  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  British 
Association  for  several  years.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
in  1873,  and  is  an  honorary  member  of 
sundry  Continental  and  American  scientific 
societies,  and  officer  (1st  Class)  of  the 
French  Order  of  Public  Instruction.  Dr. 
Beddoe  has  written  numerous  papers, 
medical,  statistical,  and  anthropological, 
and  he  has  largely  applied  the  numerical 
method  to  ethnology.  In  1868  his  Essay 
on  the  Origin  of  the  English  Nation  took 
the  first  prize,  £150,  of  the  Welsh  National 
Eisteddfod.  It  formed  the  basis  of  his 
principal  work,  "The  Races  of  Britain," 
which  was  not  published  until  1885.  His 
other  most  considerable  works  and  papers 
are  "  Stature  and  Bulk  of  Man  in  the 
British  Isles "  ;  "  Relations  of  Tempera- 
ment and  Complexion  to  Disease";  "On 
Hospital  Dietaries "  ;  "  Comparison  of 
Mortality  in  England  and  Australia " ; 
and  on  the  "Natural  Colour  of  the  Skin 
in  certain  Oriental  Races."  He  is  joint 
author  of  the  "  Anthropological  Instruc- 
tions for  Travellers  "  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation, and  was  elected  President  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute  in  1889  and 
1890.  In  1891  he  was  given  the  LL.D. 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  as 
Rhind  Lecturer  for  the  year  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  in  Edinburgh  on  the 
Anthropological  History  of  Europe.  He 
married  in  1858  Agnes  Montgomerie 
Christison  (niece  of  the  eminent  physician 
of  that  name,  Sir  Robert  Christison,  Bart.), 
who  has  since  been  well  known  in  con- 
nection with  various  philanthropic  move- 
ments, chiefly  for  the  benefit  of  women. 
Addresses  :  The  Chantry,  Bradford-on- 
Avon ;  and  Athenreum. 

BEDFORD,  Bishop  of.  Sec  Isling- 
ton, Bishop  op. 

BEDFORD,  Vice  -  Admiral  Sir 
Frederick  George  Denham,  K.C.B., 
son  of  Vice-Admiral  Edward  J.  Bedford, 
was  born  in  December  1838,  and  entered 
the  Navy  in  July  1852.  He  served  as  a 
midshipman    in    H.M.S.  Sampson    during 


BEDFOKD  — BEEKE 


75 


1854,  in  which  vessel  he  was  present  at 
the  bombardment  of  Odessa,  the  taking 
of  the  redoubt  Kaleh,  and  also  the  bom- 
bardment of  Sebastopol.  For  these  ser- 
vices he  received  the  Crimean  and  T-urkish 
medals.  In  1855  he  took  part  in  the  Baltic 
Expedition  as  a  midshipman  in  H.M.S. 
Vulture,  and  was  present  at  the  bombard- 
ment of  Sveaborg,  subsequently  receiving 
the  Baltic  medal.  He  was  promoted 
Lieutenant  in  1859,  Commander  in  1871, 
and  Captain  in  1876,  and  commanded 
H.M.S.  Skak  in  her  memorable  engage- 
ment with  the  Peruvian  ironclad  Huascar 
off  Ylo  in  May  1877.  As  captain  of  H.M.S. 
Monarch  he  did  excellent  work  in  organis- 
ing the  flotilla  on  the  Nile  for  the  relief 
of  General  Gordon  in  1884,  and  received 
the  special  thanks  of  the  Admiralty  for 
this  service.  He  was  promoted  to  C.B.  in 
1886,  and  in  1888  was  appointed  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  the  Queen.  Admiral  Bedford 
served  as  a  Lord  Commissioner  of  the 
Admiralty  from  1889  to  1892,  and  was 
also  a  member  of  a  Committee  appointed 
to  take  evidence  and  report  upon  the 
manning  of  the  Navy.  He  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Eear-Admiral  in  May  1891, 
and  hoisted  his  flag  on  H.M.S.  i>t.  George 
as  Commander-in-Chief  at  the  Cape  and 
West  Africa  station  in  1892.  It  was  a 
most  eventful  commission.  In  1894  he 
conducted  the  operations  at  Bathurst  on 
the  river  Gambia  for  the  punishment  of 
Fodi  Silah,  a  rebellious  slave-raiding  chief. 
Later  on  it  was  found  necessary  to  land 
a  punitive  expedition  against  the  chief 
Nanna  of  Brohemie  in  the  Benin  River, 
and  in  recognition  of  services  performed  in 
both  these  expeditions  Admiral  Bedford 
received  a  K.C.B.  In  February  1895  he 
landed  a  Naval  Brigade  for  the  punish- 
ment of  King  Koko  of  Nimby,  the  chief 
town  of  Brass,  on  the  Niger  River,  and 
brought  the  operations  to  a  successful 
issue.  He  received  the  Africa  medal  with 
three  clasps.  On  resigning  the  command 
of  the  Cape  station  he  was  presented  with 
an  appreciative  address  from  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Simon's  Town.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1895,  and  has  since  been  ap- 
pointed Second  Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  following  nautical 
works,  which  have  passed  through  many 
editions:  "The  Sailor's  Pocket-Book," 
"The  Sailor's  Hand-Book,"  and  "The 
Sailor's  Ready  Reference  Book."  Vice- 
Admiral  Sir  Frederick  Bedford  is  married 
to  Ethel,  a  daughter  of  E.  R.  Turner,  Esq., 
of  Ipswich.  Addresses :  56  Lexham  Gar- 
dens, W.  ;  and  United  Service  Club. 

BEDFORD,    Duke    of,    Herbrand 

Arthur  Russell,  was  born  Feb.  19,  1858, 
in  Eaton  Palace,  London,  and  succeeded 
his  brother  as  11th  Duke  in  1893.    He  was 


educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and 
he  entered  the  army  by  joining  the  Grena- 
dier Guards  in  1879.  He  served  in  the 
Egyptian  Campaign  of  1882,  receiving  a 
medal  with  clasp,  and  the  Khedive's  star  ; 
and  he  acted  as  A.D.C.  to  the  Marquis  of 
Dufferin,  when  Viceroy  of  India,  from 
1884  to  1888.  He  is  Chairman  of  the 
Bedfordshire  County  Council,  a  Major  of 
the  3rd  Battalion  of  the  Bedfordshire 
Regiment,  and  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Bed- 
fordshire Volunteers.  The  Duke  was 
married  in  1888,  when  Lord  Herbrand 
Russell, to  Marydu  Caurroy,  daughter  of  the 
Ven.  W.  Tribe,  late  Archdeacon  of  Lahore, 
and  has  a  son  and  heir,  the  Marquis  of 
Tavistock,  born  in  1888.  He  is  a  Liberal 
Unionist  in  politics,  and  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  ;  whilst  he  devotes  a  good  deal  of 
time  to  the  study  of  Zoology  and  Natural 
History,  and  in  1897  he  published,  "The 
History  of  a  Great  Agricultural  Estate." 
Addresses:  15  Belgrave  Square,  S. W.  ; 
Woburn  Abbey,  Bedfordshire  ;  Endsleigh, 
Tavistock,  Devonshire  ;  Thorney,  Peter- 
borough ;  and  Oakley  House,  Bedfordshire. 

BEER,  Frederick,  was  born  on  July  8, 
1858,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Julius 
Beer.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge.  He  has  devoted  a 
good  deal  of  time  to  travelling,  and  he 
went  to  Khartoum  before  the  siege  of 
that  town.  He  has  been  proprietor  of  the 
Observer  London  Sunday  paper  since  1880, 
inheriting  it  from  his  father,  and  he  has 
edited  it  since  1894.  He  is  married  to 
Rachel,  daughter  of  the  late  Sassoon  D. 
Sassoon.  Address :  7  Chesterfield  Gar- 
dens, W. 

BEER,  Rachel,  daughter  of  the  late 
Sassoon  D.  Sassoon,  was  educated  at  home, 
and  spent  two  years  in  hospital  nursing. 
She  has,  since  October  1893,  managed  and 
edited  the  Sunday  Times,  of  which  she  is 
proprietress.  She  is  a  Member  of  the 
Institute  of  Journalists,  and  also  of  the 
Institute  of  Women  Journalists.  Mrs. 
Beer  is  probably  the  only  woman  editor 
of  a  general  newspaper  in  England.  She 
composed  and  published  some  piano  and 
instrumental  music.  She  is  married  to 
Mr.  Frederick  Arthur  Beer,  editor  of  the 
London  Observer.  Address  :  7  Chesterfield 
Gardens,  W. 

BEERE,  Mrs.  Bernard,  is  a  daughter 
of  Mr.  Wilby  Whitehead,  and  widow  of 
Capt.  E.  C.  Dering,  a  son  of  Sir  Edward 
Dering,  Bart.  She  was  prepared  for  the 
stage  by  Mr.  Hermann  Vezin,  and  made 
her  dibnt  at  the  Opera  Comique,  but  soon 
after,  on  the  occasion  of  her  marriage, 
abandoned  the  profession.  On  her  return 
to  the  stage  she  appeared  as  Julia,  in  "  The 


76 


BEERNAERT  —  BEET 


Eivals,"  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre,  and 
during  her  engagement  there  played  Lady 
Sneerwell,  Grace  Harkaway,  and  Emilia. 
She  subsequently  took  part  in  "  The  School 
for  Scandal,"  and  "The  Rivals."  On 
April  12,  1882,  Mrs.  Bernard-Beere  repre- 
sented Bathsheba  Everdene,  in  "Far  from 
the  Madding  Crowd,"  at  the  Globe.  After 
this  she  proceeded  to  the  Haymarket, 
where,  on  May  5,  1883,  she  was  "  cast  for  " 
the  title  part  of  Mr.  Herman  Merivale's 
version  of  "  Fe"dora."  Her  next  characters 
were  Mrs.  Devenish,  in  "Lords  and  Com- 
mons," and  Countess  Zicka,  in  "Diplo- 
macy." During  1888  she  appeared  in  a 
succession  of  plays  at  the  Opera  Comique 
Theatre,  of  which  "  As  in  a  Looking- 
Glass "  was  the  most  remarkable.  Then 
followed  a  long  absence  from  the  stage, 
which  was  much  regretted  by  her  many 
admirers.  In  1897  Mrs.  Bernard  Beere 
again  came  before  the  public  in  the  part 
of  Charlotte  Corday,  in  the  play  of  that 
name,  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Islington, 
Mr.  Kyrle  Bellew  taking  the  part  of  Marat 
in  the  same  piece.  On  Dec.  23,  1897,  she 
made  her  formal  reappearance  on  the 
stage,  playing  in  "A  Sheep  in  Wolf's 
Clothing,"  at  the  Comedy  Theatre. 

BEERNAERT,  Auguste,  Belgian 
statesman,  was  born  at  Ostend  in  1824, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1859,  where 
he  pleaded  before  the  Court  of  Cassation, 
especially  in  commercial  cases.  He  went 
in  for  politics,  and  attached  himself  to 
the  moderate  Liberal  party,  under  whose 
auspices  he  wrote  ioxL' EtoilcBclge.  In  1874 
he  openly  became  a  member  of  the  Clerical 
party,  and  accepted  the  position  of  Minister 
of  Public  Works  from  M.  Malon.  This 
sudden  recantation  made  a  scandal,  and 
the  late  Premier,  M.  Frere  Orban,  made 
it  the  subject  of  a  vote  of  censure  on  the 
new  Ministry.  In  1878  he  went  into  oppo- 
sition with  the  rest  of  his  colleagues,  and 
was  the  toughest  opponent  the  Liberal 
Ministry  had.  The  parliamentary  struggles 
became  so  acute  that  even  the  Pope  had 
to  intervene  as  mediator.  In  1884,  on  the 
return  of  the  Conservatives  to  power,  M. 
Beernaert  became  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
and  the  chief  adviser  of  the  Premier.  The 
local  authorities  were  given  the  power  of 
suppressing  lay  schools,  and  the  taxes  that 
the  Clerical  party  had  violently  opposed 
when  in  opposition  were  retained.  This 
gave  rise  to  much  irritation,  and  the 
Premier  resigned.  Thereupon  M.  Beernaert 
became  Minister  of  Finance  and  President 
of  the  Council,  a  position  he  held  until 
1894.  During  his  long  premiership  his 
chief  difficulty  was  to  fight  the  Socialists, 
and  to  quell  the  strikes  of  1885  among  the 
miners.  He  dealt  with  the  latter  by  start- 
ing great  public  works,  by  reforming  the 


prison  laws,  and  developing  the  system  of 
national  defence.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  acquiring  the  Congo  Free  State,  of  which 
King  Leopold  is  the  President,  and  in  the 
Congress  at  Brussels  for  the  suppression 
of  the  Slave  Trade.  He  resigned  in  1894 
on  the  question  of  the  Revision  of  the 
Constitution  and  Universal  Suffrage.  In 
the  new  chamber  at  the  end  of  1894  he 
was  elected  President,  and  he  is  still  the 
chief  of  its  orators.  In  1895  he  presided 
over  the  14th  Congress  of  the  Society  of 
Social  Economics  at  Paris. 

BEESLY,  Professor  Edward  Spen- 
cer, was  born  at  Feckenham,  Worcester- 
shire, in  1831,  and  educated  at  Wadham 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  appointed  Assis- 
tant-Master of  Marlborough  College  in 
1854,  and  Professor  of  History  in  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  in  1860.  At  the 
General  Election  of  1885  he  was  the 
unsuccessful  Liberal  candidate  for  West- 
minster, and  in  1886  he  stood,  also  without 
success,  for  East  Marylebone.  Professor 
Beesly  is  the  author  of  several  review 
articles,  pamphlets,  &c,  on  historical, 
political,  and  social  questions,  treated 
from  the  Positivist  point  of  view.  He  is 
one  of  the  translators  of  Comte's  "  System 
of  Positive  Polity."  A  series  of  lectures 
by  Professor  Beesly  on  Roman  history, 
entitled  "  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius," 
was  published  in  1878.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  "Queen  Elizabeth"  in  the 
"  Twelve  English  Statesmen  "  series,  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Macmillan  (1892).  Ad- 
dress :  53  Warrington  Crescent. 

BEET,    Rev.    Joseph.   Agar,   D.D., 

Professor  of  Systematic  Theology  at  the 
Wesleyan  College,  Richmond,  is  the  son  of 
W.  J.  Beet,  a  manufacturer,  and  Sarah 
Baugh,  his  wife,  and  was  born  at  Sheffield, 
Sept.  27, 1840,  and  was  educated  at  Wesley 
College,  Sheffield,  and  at  the  Wesleyan 
College,  Richmond.  After beingfor twenty- 
one  years  engaged  in  pastoral  work,  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  which  he  now  occupies. 
In  1877  Dr.  Beet  published  a  commentary 
on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  which, 
after  passing  through  eight  editions,  is 
now  being  rewritten.  This  volume  was 
followed  by  others  on  the  Epistles  to 
Corinthians,  Galatians,  Ephesians,  Philip- 
pians,  and  Colossians.  In  recognition  of 
the  value  of  these  works,  he  received  in 
1891  from  the  University  of  Glasgow  the 
decree  of  D.D.  In  1889  he  delivered  the 
Fernley  Lecture  on  "The  Credentials  of 
the  Gospel "  ;  and  in  1896  gave  courses  of 
lectures  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  and 
at  the  Chautauqua  and  Ocean  Grove 
(U.S.A.)  Summer  Schools.  He  has  also 
published  three  volumes  of  theological 
lectures,  of  which  the  latest,  on  "The  Last 


BEETON  —  BELJAME 


77 


Things,"  appeared    in    1897,    and    other 
smaller  works ;    and  is   a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  The  Expositor,     Two  of  his  vol- 
umes have  been  translated  into  Japanese, 
and  are  used  as  theological  text-books  in 
Japan.     AU   the  above  works,   even    the 
commentaries,   are  contributions    to  sys- 
tematic theology  and  to  apologetics  ;  for 
the  aim  of  Dr.  Beet's  expositions  has  been 
to  learn  from  the  writings  of  St.  Paul  the 
writer's    conception    of    Christ    and    the 
Gospel,  in  order  thus,  and  by  comparison 
with  the  conceptions  of  other  New  Testa- 
ment writers,  to  learn  the  historic  reality 
of  Christ  and  the  eternal  reality  of  God. 
He   has   endeavoured    to    treat    theology 
on   a  thoroughly   scientific   and    philoso- 
phical method,  all  conclusions  resting  on 
observed  matters    of    fact,  and   all   facts 
being   used   as    avenues    of   approach   to 
broad  principles.     On  behalf  of  the  Anglo- 
Armenian  Association   Dr.    Beet  had  the 
honour  of  presenting  to  Mrs.  Gladstone  on 
her  eighty-fifth  birthday  (Jan.  6,  1897)  a 
portrait  of  the  Catholicos  of  Etchmiadzin, 
the  head  of  the  Armenian  Church,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  unveiling  of  a  window  in 
Hawarden  Church  in  memory  of  the  Ar- 
menian martyrs.    Address  :  Wesleyan  Col- 
lege, Eichmond,  Surrey. 

BEETON,    Henry    Coppinger,    was 

born  in  London,  May  15,  1827.  He  was 
appointed  Agent-General  for  British  Col- 
umbia by  Order  in  Council,  1883  ;  a 
Commissioner  of  the  International  Fish- 
eries Exhibition,  1883,  and  of  the  Health 
Exhibition,  1884 ;  a  Royal  Commissioner 
of  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition, 
1886 ;  on  the  Colonies  Committee  of  the 
Chicago  Exhibition,  1883.  Addresses  :  2 
Adamson  Road,  South  Hampstead ;  Arma- 
dale, Weston-super-Mare. 

BEEVOK,  Sir  Hugh  Reeve,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  son  of  the  late  Sir  Thomas 
Beevor,  4th  Baronet,  sometime  secretary 
to  Richard  Cobden,  President  of  the  Nor- 
wich Union  Fire  Office,  was  born  on  Oct. 
31,  1858,  at  Hingham,  Norfolk.  He  was 
educated  at  Felstead  School  and  King's 
College,  London.  He  is  an  Assistant  Phy- 
sician to  King's  College  Hospital  and  to 
the  City  of  London  Hospital  for  Diseases 
of  the  Chest.  He  is  also  Medical  Officer 
to  the  Norwich  Union  Life  Insurance 
Office,  and  has  been,  since  January  1896, 
Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  King's 
College.  He  is  married  to  Emily,  daughter 
of  Sir  William  Foster,  Bart.,  and  has  a  son 
and  heir,  Thomas,  born  1897. 

BEIT,  Alfred,  was  born  at  Hamburg 
in  1853,  and  went  out  to  South  Africa 
when  'quite  young.  He  was  engaged  in 
the .  diamond    trade    at    Kimberley  from 


1875  to  1888,  and  he  is  a  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Wernher,  Beit  &  Co.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  sitting  of  the  Jameson 
Commission,  Mr.  Beit  was  summoned  as  a 
witness.  He  is  at  present  unmarried. 
Addresses  :  Park  Lane,  W.  ;  Cape  Town, 
and  Kimberley. 

BELGIANS,    King  of.     See  Leo- 
pold II. 

BELJAME,  Alexandre,  was  born  on 
Nov.  26,  1842,  at  Villiers-le-Bel,  Seine-et- 
Oise,  France.  His  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Bosc,  Member  of  the  Institute  and 
friend  of  Madame  Roland,  whose  "  Me- 
moirs "  he  preserved  and  published.  After 
spending  some  years  in  England  at  Ayles- 
bury and  Weston-super-Mare,  M.  Beljame 
studied  at  the  Lycee  Charlemagne,  Paris, 
of  which  he  was  a  distinguished  scholar. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  compete  for 
the  degrees  in  English  established  by  M. 
Duruy,  was  received  first  at  the  "  Agre- 
gation  d'anglais  "  in  1868,  and  taught  for 
several  years  at  the  Lyc^e  Louis-le-Grand, 
Paris.  In  1881  he  was  made  Docteur  es 
Lettres  (the  vote  in  his  favour  being 
unanimous)  by  the  University  of  Paris, 
where  he  was  soon  after  offered  a  lecture- 
ship of  English  Literature,  since  trans- 
formed into  an  assistant-professorship. 
At  the  Sorbonne  Professor  Beljame  has 
grouped  round  him  more  than  two  hun- 
dred students  of  English  literature,  some 
of  whom  have  already  made  their  mark 
in  the  French  universities  and  lycees. 
They  attend  his  lectures  zealously,  and  are 
greatly  attached  to  him.  When  he  was 
made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
his  present  and  former  pupils  presented 
him  with  a  diamond  cross.  He  is  also 
Maitre  de  Conferences  at  the  Ecole  Nor- 
male  Superieure.  Professor  Beljame  is  a 
frequent  visitor  to  London,  and  his  face  is 
well  known  in  the  reading-room  of  the 
British  Museum.  His  principal  works  are: 
"  Le  Public  et  les  Hommes  de  Lettres  en 
Angleterre  aul8eSiecle"  (Dryden,  Addison, 
Pope),  Paris,  Hachette,  1881 ;  2nd  edit., 
with  index,  1897  (crowned  by  the  French 
Academy) ;  "  Qua?  e  Gallicis  verbis  in  An- 
glican! linguaru  Johannes  Dryden  intro- 
duxerit,"  Paris,  Hachette,  1881 ;  a  French 
edition  of  Tennyson's  "Enoch  Arden," 
Paris,  Hachette,  1892;  4th  edit.,  1898; 
"Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden,  traduction  en 
prose  frangaise,"  Paris,  Hachette,  1892; 
3rd  edit.,  1897;  "Shelley,  Alastor,  tra- 
duction en  prose  avec  le  texte  anglais  en 
regard  et  des  notes,"  Paris,  Hachette,  1891 ; 
"  Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  texte  critique  avec 
la  traduction  en  regard,"  Paris,  Hachette, 
1897  (crowned  by  the  French  Academy) ; 
"Les  Premieres  ceuvres  dramatiques  de 
Shakespeare,"  a  report  of  lectures  given 


78 


BELL 


at  the  University  of  Paris,  published  by 
the  Revue  des  Cours  et  Conferences.  In  the 
same  periodical  have  also  appeared  some 
of  his  lectures  on  Pope,  the  English  Novel, 
&c.     Address  :  Paris,  29  Rue  de  Conde. 

BELL,  Alexander  Graham,  Ph.D., 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  March  3,  1847. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  High 
School  and  Edinburgh  University,  and 
also  studied  for  a  time  at  the  London 
University.  He  went  to  Canada  in  1870, 
and  thence,  in  1872,  to  the  United  States. 
He  had  acquired  prominence  as  a  teacher 
of  deaf-mutes  before  his  inventions  of  the 
speaking  telephone  and  photophone  (first 
exhibited  in  1876  and  1880  respectively) 
brought  him  wealth  and  fame.  He  is  a 
member  of  various  learned  societies,  and 
has  published  a  number  of  papers  on 
electrical  subjects  and  the  teaching  of 
speech  to  deaf-mutes. 

BELL,  Charles  Dent,  D.D.,  Hon. 
Canon  of  Carlisle,  son  of  Henry  Humphrey 
Bell,  Esq.,  landed  proprietor,  was  born 
Feb.  10,  1819,  at  Ballymaguigan,  county 
Derry,  Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Academy,  Edinburgh,  at  the  Royal  School, 
Dungannon,  county  Tyrone,  and  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  as  Queen's  Scholar 
in  1839  ;  received  the  degree  of  B.A.  and 
Divinity  Testimonial,  1842  ;  and  was  Vice- 
Chancellor's  Prizeman  for  English  verse, 
1840,  1841,  1842;  M.A.,  1852;  B.D.  and 
D.D.,  1878;  Deacon,  1843;  Priest,  1844. 
The  following  have  been  his  appointments : 
Curate  of  Hampton-in-Arden,  1843-45; 
Curate  of  St.  Mary's  Chapel,  Reading, 
1845-46 ;  Curate  of  St.  Mary's-in-the- 
Castle,  Hastings,  1 846-54 ;  Incumbent  of 
St.  John's  Chapel,  Hampstead,  1854-61 ; 
"Vicar  of  Ambleside  and  Rural  Dean,  1861 ; 
Hon.  Canon  of  Carlisle,  1 869  ;  Vicar  of 
Rydal  with  Ambleside,  1872 ;  Rector  of 
Cheltenham,  1879;  Surrogate  of  Chelten- 
ham, 1884.  He  is  the  author  of  "Night 
Scenes  of  the  Bible  and  their  Teachings," 
1860  ;  "  The  Saintly  Calling,"  1874  ;  "  Hills 
that  bring  Peace,"  1876;  "Voices  from 
the  Lakes,"  1876  (now  out  of  print) ; 
"Angelic  Beings  and  their  Ministry,"  1877 ; 
"Roll  Call  of  Faith,"  1878;  "Songs  in 
the  Twilight,"  1878  (now  out  of  print); 
"  Hymns  for  Church  and  Chamber,"  1879  ; 
"  Our  Daily  Life,  its  Dangers  and  its 
Duties "  and  "  Life  of  Henry  Martyn," 
1880;  "Choice  of  Wisdom"  and  "Living 
Truths  for  Head  and  Heart,"  1881  ;  "  Songs 
in  Many  Keys,"  1884;  "The  Valley  of 
Weeping  and  Place  of  Springs"  and 
"Gleanings  from  a  Tour  in  Palestine  and 
the  East,"  1886  ;  "  A  Winter  on  the  Nile," 
1888;  "Reminiscences  of  a  Boyhood  in 
the  Early  Part  of  the  Century,  a  New 
Story  by  a  Old  Hand,"  1889;  in  1893  he 


published  "Poems,  Old  and  New,"  and  in 
1894  "Diana's  Looking-Glass  and  other 
Poems,"  and  more  lately  two  volumes  of 
sermons,  "The  Name  above  every  Name," 
and  "The  Gospel  the  Power  of  God." 
Dr.  Bell  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the 
Dean  Close  Memorial  School,  Cheltenham, 
Chairman  of  Committee,  and  a  Trustee; 
ex-officio  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of 
the  Cheltenham  Training  College  for  Male 
and  Female  Students.  During  his  In- 
cumbency he  restored  the  fine  old  parish 
church  of  Cheltenham,  and  built  in  the 
parish  the  noble  new  church  (St.Matthew's). 
Address  :  Loughrigg  Brow,  Ambleside. 

BELL,  Charles  Frederic  Moberly, 

the  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Bell,  of  Egypt, 
was  born  April  2,  1847,  and  was  educated 
privately.  He  acted  as  correspondent  of 
the  Times  in  Egypt  from  1865  to  1890, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  appointed 
Assistant-Manager  of  that  journal.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Khedives  and  Pashas," 
1884 ;  "  Egyptian  Finance,"  1887 ;  "  From 
Pharaoh  to  Fellah,"  1889.  Mr.  Bell  was 
married  in  1875  to  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
James  Chetaway.  Addresses  :  98  Portland 
Place,  W.  ;  and  Burgh  Heath,  Epsom. 

BELL,  Francis  Jeffrey,  was  born  in 
Calcutta  on  Jan.  26,  1855.  After  taking 
his  degree  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  College) 
in  1878,  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  and  has 
since  been  constantly  employed  on  work 
in  the  Zoological  Department,  where  he 
devotes  himself  chiefly  to  the  lower  marine 
invertebrates.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy  and 
Zoology  at  King's  College,  London,  which 
post  he  resigned  in  1896,  being  then  made 
Emeritus  Professor  and  later  on  a  Fellow 
of  the  College.  From  1879  to  1886  he  was 
a  contributor  to,  and  for  the  last  two  of 
those  years  editor  of,  the  Zoological  Record. 
From  1879  to  1897  he  devoted  a  large 
amount  of  time  to  preparing  abstracts  of 
c  urrent  researches  of  zoology  for  the  Journal- 
of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society.  For  some 
years  he  was  editor  of  this  journal,  and 
from  1883  to  1898  he  was  one  of  the 
Secretaries  of  that  Society.  In  1896  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  "to  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Zoology,  which  met 
at  Cambridge  in  August  1898.  While  at 
Oxford  he  prepared  a  translation  of  Pro- 
fessor Genbaur's  famous  treatise  on  the 
"  Elements  of  Comparative  Anatomy."  In 
1885  he  published  with  Messrs.  Cassell  a 
text-book  of  "Comparative  Anatomy  and 
Physiology."  He  prepared  for  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum  a  descriptive  cata- 
logue of  British  Echinoderms.  He  took  a 
large  part  in  the  revision  of  the  chapters 
dealing  with  animals  in  the  last  edition  of 


BELL 


79 


Dr.  Carpenter's  work  on  the  microscope 
edited  by  Dr.  Dallinger,  and  he  has  edited 
a  new  edition,  1895,  of  Gosse's  "  Evenings 
at  the  Microscope."  He  has  published 
various  memoirs  in  the  Proceedings  and 
Transactions  of  various  learned  societies, 
many  of  which  have  dealt  with  Echino- 
derms.  Of  these  the  most  extensive  is 
the  report  on  the  Echinoderms  collected 
by  H.M.S.  Alert.  He  has  also  contributed 
critical  reviews  and  articles  on  popular 
natural  history  to  various  periodicals.  He 
is  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Manchester 
Microscopical  Society,  and  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Linnean  Society  of  New 
South  Wales.  Mr.  Bell  acted  as  Examiner 
in  Morphology  in  the  Honours  School  at 
Oxford  in  1892  and  1893,  and  examined 
for  the  Natural  Science  Tripos  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1897  and  1898.  Permanent 
address  :  British  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, Cromwell  Road,  S.W. 

BELL,  The  Kev.  George  Charles, 

M.A.,  fifth  in  the  succession  as  Master  of 
Marlborough  College,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
George  Bell,  Esq.,  merchant  of  London, 
and  was  born  July  9,  1832,  at  Streatham. 
He  was  educated,  1842-51,  at  Christ's 
Hospital  (the  Bluecoat  School),  in  London. 
As  a  Grecian,  he  gained  a  scholarship  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1851,  and  went 
up  to  the  University,  having,  in  addition, 
a  school  exhibition.  In  his  second  year 
he  migrated  to  Worcester  College,  where 
he  had  won  a  Clarke  scholarship,  1852. 
In  the  last  term  of  1854  he  took  a  first- 
class  in  the  Final  Classical  School,  and 
in  the  following  spring  a  first  in  the  Final 
Mathematical  School.  In  1S57  Mr.  Bell 
gained  the  Senior  University  Mathematical 
Scholarship,  and  was  elected  Fellow  and 
Mathematical  Lecturer  of  his  College.  He 
received  Deacon's  orders  in  1859,  and  six 
years  later  was  appointed  Second  Master 
of  Dulwich  College.  In  1868  Mr.  Bell  was 
elected  as  Head  Master  of  his  own  old 
school,  Christ's  Hospital.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  ordained  Priest.  Mr.  Bell 
remained  at  Christ's  Hospital  for  eight 
years,  and  in  1876,  on  the  resignation  of 
Archdeacon  Farrar,  he  accepted  the  Mas- 
tership of  Marlborough.  While  in  London 
Mr.  Bell  took  an  active  part  in  supporting 
Mrs.  Wifliam  Grey's  scheme  for  the  educa- 
tion of  girls  :  in  recognition  of  this  he  was 
appointed  a  Vice-President  of  the  Girl's 
Public  Day  School  Company.  He  has 
been  an  active  member  of  the  Head 
Master's  Conference  since  its  foundation, 
and  was  Chairman  of  its  Committee  for 
three  periods  of  three  years  each.  He 
has  also,  for  many  years,  been  a  Member 
of  the  Council  of  the  College  of  Preceptors. 
Since  1890,  as  an  Almoner  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  he  has  taken  a  prominent  part 


in  the  work  of  carrying  the  scheme  of 
the  Charity  Commissioners  into  effect,  by 
removing  the  London  Boarding  School  to 
a  new  site  at  Horsham.  The  following  is 
a  list  of  the  various  stages  in  Mr.  Bell's 
career :  Scholar  of  Lincoln  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1851  ;  Scholar  of  Worcester  College, 
Oxford,  1852 ;  first-class  Mathematical 
Moderations,  1852;  first-class  Classics 
(Final  Schools),  1854 ;  first-class  Mathe- 
matics (Do.),  1855;  B.A.,  1855;  Senior 
Mathematical  Scholar,  1857;  Fellow  of 
Worcester,  1857,  and  M.A. ;  Mathematical 
Lecturer  of  Worcester  College,  1857-65  ; 
Mathematical  Moderator,  1859-60;  or- 
dained Deacon,  1859,  Priest,  1869,  by 
Samuel  Wilberfoice,  Bishop  of  Oxford; 
Mathematical  Examiner,  1863 ;  Select 
Preacher,  1867  and  1885 ;  Second  Master 
of  Dulwich  College,  1865-68;  Head  Master 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  1868-76  ;  Master  of 
Marlborough  College,  1876 ;  Prebendary 
of  Sarum,  1886  ;  has  published  "  The  In- 
crease of  Faith,"  a  sermon  preached  in 
Salisbury  Cathedral,  1887;  "Confidence  in 
Christ,"  preached  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
1888;  and  "Religious  Teaching  in  Se- 
condary Schools,"  Macmillan,  1897.  He 
married  in  1870  Elizabeth,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Edward  Milner,  Esq.,  of  Dulwich 
Wood.     Club  :  Athenaeum. 

BELL,  Henry  Thomas  Mackenzie, 
poet  and  critic,  is  better  known  simply  as 
Mackenzie  Bell.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Thomas  Bell,  and  nephew  of  the  late 
Thomas  Mackenzie  (see  "  Men  of  the  Time," 
7th  edit.),  sometime  Solicitor-General  for 
Scotland,  subsequently  a  Scottish  judge 
under  the  title  of  Lord  Mackenzie,  and 
author  of  "Studies  in  Roman  Law"  (5th 
edit.  1898).  He  was  born  in  Liverpool  on 
March  2,  1856.  During  early  childhood 
he  had  the  misfortune  to  have  a  slight 
stroke  of  paralysis — the  result  of  a  fall 
owing  to  a  nurse's  carelessness.  But  for 
many  years  his  health  has  been  good,  and 
he  has  done  much  literary  work,  and 
travelled  considerably.  In  1884  he  settled 
in  London,  and  in  the  same  year  published 
his  monograph  on  the  poei#and  novelist, 
Charles  Whitehead,  and  thereby  attracted 
well-deserved  attention  to  that  early  friend 
of  Dickens,  who  was  originally  asked  to 
write  the  letterpress  to  the  drawings  by 
Seymour — letterpress  which  was  ultimately 
undertaken  by  Dickens,  and  became  "The 
Pickwick  Papers."  A  new  edition  of  Mr. 
Mackenzie  Bell's  monograph,  prefixed  to 
which  was  an  appreciation  of  Whitehead 
by  Mr.  Hall  Caine,  was  issued  in  1894,  and 
had  a  cordial  reception  from  the  press. 
Mr.  Mackenzie  Bell  has  written  numerous 
important  critical  articles  in  "The  Poets 
and  the  Poetry  of  the  Century,"  and  has 
been  a  contributor  of  signed  articles,  poems, 


80 


BELL 


or  letters,  to  The  Fortnightly  Review,  The  Pall 
Mall  Magazine,  The  Atlantic  Monthly,  The 
A  thenceum.  The  Speaker,  The  Literary  World, 
Temple  Bar,  The  Lady's  Realm,,  Black  and 
White,  The  A cademy,  "The  Savage  Club 
Papers  "  (third  series),  "The  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,"  and  other  publica- 
tions of  repute.  His  "  Spring's  Immortality 
and  other  Poems  "  appeared  in  the  autumn 
of  1893,  a  third  edition  being  published  in 
April  1896.  His  "Christina  Kossetti :  a 
Biographical  and  Critical  Study,"  copy- 
righted in  Great  Britain  and  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  January  1898,  attracted 
much  attention,  and  reached  a  third  edi- 
tion in  February  of  the  same  year.  His 
latest  publication  is  a  second  volume  of 
original  verse,  entitled  "Pictures  of  Travel 
and  other  Poems."  Address:  33  Carlton 
Road,  Putney,  S.W. 

BELL,  Sir  Isaac  Lowthian,  Bart., 
F.E.S.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  in  1816.  After 
completing  his  studies  of  physical  science 
at  Edinburgh  University  and  the  Sorbonne 
at  Paris,  he  entered  the  chemical  and  iron 
works  at  Walker.  In  1850  he  became 
connected  with  the  chemical  works  at 
Washington,  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
then  in  the  hands  of  his  father-in-law,  the 
late  H.  L.  Pattinson,  F.K.S.  Under  his 
direction  they  were  greatly  enlarged,  and 
an  extensive  establishment  was  constructed 
for  the  manufacture  of  oxy chloride  of  lead, 
a  pigment  discovered  by  Mr.  Pattinson. 
In  1873  he  ceased  to  be  a  partner  in  these 
works,  which  are  now  carried  on  by  a 
grandson  of  Mr.  Pattinson's.  Mr.  Bell,  in 
connection  with  his  brothers,  Messrs. 
Thomas  and  John  Bell,  founded,  in  1852, 
the  Clarence  Works  on  the  Tees,  one  of  the 
earliest,  and  now  one  of  the  largest,  iron- 
smelting  concerns  on  that  river,  which 
these  gentlemen  carry  on  in  connection 
with  extensive  collieries  and  ironstone 
mines.  Recently,  arrangements  have  been 
made  for  obtaining  salt  from  a  bed  of  the 
mineral,  found  at  a  depth  of  1200  feet 
at  Port  Clarence.  Mr.  Bell  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  various  learned 
societies  on  Subjects  connected  with  the 
metallurgy  of  iron,  and  has  recently  com- 
pleted a  very  elaborate  experimental  re- 
search on  the  chemical  phenomena  of  the 
blast-furnace.  He  has  filled  the  posts  of 
President  to  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
to  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 
to  the  Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers 
of  the  North  of  England,  and  that  of 
President  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Indus- 
try. In  recognition  of  his  services  as 
Juror  of  the  International  Exhibitions  at 
Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  at  Paris  in  1878 
and  1889,  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Institution  and  an 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.    He  has 


filled  the  office  of  Sheriff,  and  was  twice 
elected  Mayor  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  the 
last  time  in  order  to  receive  the  members 
of  the  British  Association  at  their  meeting 
in  the  year  1863.  He  received  the  Howard 
Bequest  from  the  Institute  of  Civil  En- 
gineers in  1892,  and  the  Prince  Consort's 
Gold  Medal  from  the  Society  of  Arts  in 
1894.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Hartlepool 
in  July  1875,  but  ceased  to  represent  that 
borough  in  1880.  Sir  Lowthian  Bell  is  the 
author  of  several  important  writings  on 
the  iron  and  steel  industries.  Permanent 
Address  :  Rowton  Grange,  Northallerton. 

BELL,  James,  C.B.,  D.Sc,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  born  in  1825,  is  a  native  of  the 
county  Armagh  ;  was  educated  principally 
by  private  tuition  and  at  University 
College,  London,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  in  chemistry  and  mathematics. 
He  became  Deputy-Principal  of  the  Somer- 
set House  Laboratory,  Inland  Revenue 
Department,  in  1867,  and  was  Principal 
from  1875  to  1894.  In  connection  with 
his  official  position  he  was  Chemical 
Examiner  of  lime  and  lemon  juice  for 
the  supply  of  the  British  merchant  navy, 
1868-94,  and  from  1869  until  1894  he 
acted  as  Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Indian 
Government,  and  nearly  all  of  the  prin- 
cipal public  departments.  On  the  passing 
of  the  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Act  in 
1875  he  was  appointed  to  the  difficult 
and  responsible  position  of  Chemical 
Referee  under  that  Act  for  the  United 
Kingdom.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1884,  and  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Science  was  conferred  upon 
him  in  1886  by  the  Senate  of  the  Royal 
University,  Dublin.  He  obtained  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  under  the 
ordinary  statutes  of  the  University  of 
Erlangen ;  and  was  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Chemistry  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  in  1888  to  1891,  and  created 
a  Companion  of  the  Bath  in  1889.  As 
regards  his  scientific  work,  Dr.  Bell  is, 
perhaps,  best  known  from  his  valuable 
series  of  chemical  researches  into  the 
composition  of  articles  of  food,  and  the 
variations  that  occur  in  their  constituents. 
The  results  'of  these  original  researches, 
with  improved  methods  of  analysis,  were 
elaborated  and  embodied  by  him  in  a 
work  entitled  "  The  Chemistry  of  Foods," 
and  published  in  three  parts,  1881-83. 
This  work  has  since  been  translated  into 
German,  and  published  in  Berlin.  Among 
his  other  scientific  work  may  be  men- 
tioned his  study  of  the  grape  and  malt 
ferments,  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  1870,  and  also  his  laborious 
and  interesting  research  on  tobacco,  the 
results  of  which  were  published  in  1887, 
in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "The 


BELLAMY  —  BELMORE 


81 


Chemistry  of  Tobacco."  The  report  of 
the  result  of  his  investigation  into  the 
constitution  of  butter  and  the  variations 
in  its  composition,  was  regarded  as  of  so 
much  importance  that  it  was  presented  to 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  published  as 
a  Parliamentary  paper  in  June  1876.  In 
addition  to  his  scientific  labours,  Dr.  Bell 
has  compiled  two  departmental  books, 
partly  educational  and  partly  legal  and 
technical.  Dr.  Bell's  services  have  often 
been  called  into  requisition  on  different 
Government  Committees ;  of  these  we  may 
instance  the  Committee  on  the  Adultera- 
tion of  Fertilisers  and  Feeding  Stuffs ;  a 
Treasury  Committee  on  the  Exportation  of 
Essences  and  Perfumes  ;  a  Board  of  Trade 
Committee  on  the  Use  of  Disinfectants  in 
the  Mercantile  Marine  ;  and  the  Brewers' 
Materials  Committee.  Dr.  Bell,  from  his 
extensive  practical  and  scientific  know- 
ledge, occupied  a  unique  position  on  these 
Committees,  and  was  able  to  render  valu- 
able assistance  in  dealing  with  the  various 
questions  submitted  to  each  Committee 
for  inquiry  and  solution.  On  more  than 
one  occasion  Dr.  Bell's  services  have 
proved  useful  to  a  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer.  It  is  well  known,  for  instance, 
that  on  the  adjustment  of  the  tobacco 
duties  in  1887,  to  meet  the  difficulties  of 
the  situation,  he  suggested  that  a  limit 
to  the  quantity  of  water  permissible  in 
manufactured  tobacco  should  be  fixed  by 
law,  and  he  devised  a  scheme  for  carrying 
out  the  same,  with  the  result  that  the 
application  of  the  enactment  has  been 
most  successful  alike  to  the  revenue,  the 
trade,  and  the  consumer,  who  obtains  his 
tobacco  without  being  loaded  with  water, 
as  in  former  days.  To  several  successive 
Committees  of  the  House  of  Commons 
Dr.  Bell  has  rendered,  as  an  expert  witness, 
important  assistance  by  his  suggestions 
and  his  views  on  practical  questions  ;  and 
for  the  Playfair  Committee  on  British 
and  Foreign  Spirits,  he  solved  to  their 
satisfaction  the  difficult  and  intricate 
problem  of  the  changes  that  take  place  in 
the  maturing  of  whisky.  Permanent  resi- 
dence :  Howell  Hill  Lodge,  Ewell,  Surrey. 

BELLAMY,  The  Rev.  James,  M.A., 
D.D.,  President  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  was  born  in  London  on  Jan.  31, 
1819,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  James 
William  Bellamy,  Headmaster  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  from  the  year  1819  to  1845. 
He  was  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors', 
and  entered  St.  John's  at  the  age  of 
seventeen.  In  1841,  during  his  college 
days,  he  was  librarian  of  the  Union  Society. 
He  obtained  a  second  class  in  Lit.  Hum., 
and  a  first  class  in  Mathematics  in  1841 
(B.A.  1841;  M.A.  1845;  B.D.  1850;  D.D. 
1872).     He  was  Fellow  of  his  College  till 


1871,  when  he  became  President  and 
Tutor  from  1850  to  1860;  Mathematical 
Moderator,  1853-54  ;  Member  of  the  Heb- 
domadal Council,  1874-78 ;  and  Vice- 
Chancellor,  1886-90.  Address  :  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  &c. 

BELLOC,  Elizabeth  Ragner, 
Madame,  nie  Bessie  Ragner  Parkes, 
was  born  at  Birmingham  on  the  10th  of 
June  1829.  She  was  the  only  daughter  of 
the  late  Joseph  Parkes,  Taxing  Master  in 
Chancery,  and  through  her  mother,  nie 
Eliza  Priestley,  Madame  Belloc  is  a  great- 
granddaughter  of  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley. 
In  1858  Miss  Bessie  Parkes  became  actively 
connected  with  the  Economic  Section  of 
the  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social 
Science.  She  founded  and  edited  for  some 
years  the  English  Women's  Journal,  which 
had  for  its  main  object  the  amelioration  of 
the  industrial  position  of  women.  In  this 
enterprise  she  was  principally  assisted  by 
Madame  Budichon  {nit  Barbara  Leigh 
Smith),  the  daughter  of  the  late  Member 
for  Norwich.  Madame  Belloc  entered  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  1864,  and  mar- 
ried three  years  later  Louis  Maire  Belloc, 
a  member  of  the  French  Bar,  and  only 
son  of  the  well-known  French  painter, 
Jean  Hilaire  Belloc.  Madame  Belloc  was 
widowed  in  1872.  Her  published  works 
include  "  Gabriel,  a  Poem,"  1856  ;  "  Essays 
on  Woman's  Work,"  two  editions,  1864- 
1866;  "Vignettes,"  1865;  "In  a  Walled 
Garden,"  three  editions,  1895  ;  "A  Passing 
World,"  1897.  Madame  Belloc  has  also 
contributed  largely  to  periodical  literature. 
Address :  11  Great  College  Street,  West- 
minster, S.W. 

BELLOC,    Marie  Adelaide.     See 

Lowndes,  Mrs. 

BELMORE,  Earl,  Trie  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Somerset  Richard  Lowry-Corry, 
G.C.M.G.,  son  of  the  3rd  Earl,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1845,  was  born  in  London 
on  April  9,  1835,  and  educated  at  Eton 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
elected  as  senior  representative  peer  for 
Ireland  in  1857  ;  was  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Home  Department  in  Lord 
Derby's  third  administration,  from  July 
1866  to  July  1867 ;  and  Governor  of  New 
South  Wales  from  January  1868  to  February 

1872.  He  is  a  Privy-Councillor  in  Ireland, 
1867,  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in  1872  and 
G.C.M.G.  in  1890.  He  was  President  of 
the  Commission  on  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
in  1877,  and  is  now  President  of  the 
Manual  and  Practical  Instruction  (Ireland) 
Commission.  He  has  been  one  of  the 
Lords  Justices-General  and  General 
Governors  of  Ireland,  and  a  Member 
of   the  Judicial   Committee   of  the   Irish 


82 


HELPER  —  BENEDETTI 


Privy  Council.  He  published,  in  1887, 
"Parliamentary  Memoirs  of  Fermanagh 
and  Tyrone,"  besides  other  works  on 
Irish  county  history.  He  is  married  to 
Anne  Elizabeth  Honoria,  daughter  of 
the  late  Captain  Gladstone,  R.N.,  M.P. 
Addresses  :  Castle  Coole,  Enniskillen  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

BELPEB,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Henry  Strutt,  2nd  Baron,  was  born  on 
May  20,  1840,  and  succeeded  to  the  title 
in  1880.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  sat  as 
M.P.  (Liberal)  for  Derbyshire,  East,  from 
1868  to  1874,  and  in  the  General  Election 
of  the  latter  year  he  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested the  same  constituency,  but  in  1880 
he  was  returned  for  Berwick-on-Tweed. 
For  many  years  Lord  Belper  was  Colonel 
of  the  South  Notts  Yeomanry  Cavalry. 
He  is  a  J.P.  for  the  counties  of  Derby  and 
Leicester,  and  also  Chairman  of  the  Notts 
Quarter-Sessions  and  the  Nottinghamshire 
County  Council.  His  lordship  is  an  Aide- 
de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  and  in  1895  was 
appointed  Captain  of  Her  Majesty's  Body 
Guard  of  the  Hon.  Corps  of  Gentlemen- 
at-Arms,  and  also  a  Privy  Councillor.  He 
is  an  LL.M.  of  Cambridge.  In  1874  he 
married  Lady  Margaret  Coke,  daughter  of 
the  2nd  Earl  of  Leicester,  and  has  issue — 
the  Hon.  William  Strutt,  heir,  born  in 
1875,  has  five  daughters.  The  family  seat 
is  Kingston  Hall,  Kegworth,  Derbyshire. 

BEN  EDEN,  Professor  Pierre 
Joseph  van,  M.D. ,  LL.D.,  was  born  at 
Malines,  Dec.  19,  1809,  and  became  Pro- 
fessor at  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  at  Lou- 
vain  in  1836.  He  has  devoted  a  long  life 
to  researches  in  many  branches  of  anatomy, 
zoology,  physiology,  ichthyology  (fossil  and 
recent),  and  ethnology.  Besides  his  larger 
work,  Professor  Van  Beneden  has  pub- 
lished nearly  300  memoirs  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  various  scientific  societies. 
Professor  Van  Beneden  is  M.D.  and 
D.Sc,  LL.D.,  Edinburgh,  Member  of  the 
Academy  of  Science  of  Belgium,  Foreign 
Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Institute  of 
France  (Academic  des  Sciences,  1892),  of 
the  Academies  of  Berlin,  Boston,  Lisbon, 
Montpellier,  Munich,  and  of  numerous 
scientific  societies,  and  Knight  Com- 
mander or  Grand  Officer  of  Orders  of  Bel- 
gium, Brazil,  Italy,  and  other  countries. 
He  is  the  father  of  Dr.  Edouard  van 
Beneden  (born  5th  March  1846),  Professor 
of  Zoology  at  the  University  of  Liege, 
whose  work  has  been  principally  devoted  to 
researches  on  the  embryogeny  of  animals, 
for  which  he  was  awarded  the  Serres  Prize 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris  in 
1882. 


BENEDETTI,  Comte  Vincent  de, 

a  French  diplomatist,  of  Italian  extrac- 
tion, born  at  Bastia,  in  Corsica,  in  1817, 
was  educated  for  the  Consular  and  Diplo- 
matic service.  After  having  been  appointed 
Consul  at  Palermo  in  1848,  he  became  first 
Secretary  to  the  Embassy  at  Constanti- 
nople until  May  1859,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  M.  Bourse  as  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  at  Teheran. 
M.  Benedetti,  who  declined  to  accept  the 
office,  was  some  months  afterwards  named 
Director  of  Political  Affairs  to  the  Foreign 
Minister — a  position  associated  with  the 
successful  career  of  MM.  de  Rayneval 
and  d'Hauterive,  and  with  the  names  of 
Desages,  Armand,  Lefebre,  and  Thouvenel. 
It  fell  to  the  lot  of  M.  Benedetti  to  act  as 
secretary  and  editor  of  the  Protocols  in 
the  Congress  of  Paris  in  1856,  and  he  was 
made  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
in  June  1845,  Officer  in  1853,  Comman- 
der in  1856,  Grand  Officer  in  June  1860, 
and  Grand  Cross  in  1866.  Having  been 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of 
France  at  Turin  in  1861,  on  the  recogni- 
tion of  the  Italian  Kingdom  by  the  French 
Government,  he  resigned  when  M.  Thouve- 
nel retired  from  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  and  was  appointed  Ambassador  at 
Berlin,  Nov.  27,  1864.  M.  Benedetti  ob- 
tained great  notoriety  in  connection  with 
the  remarkable  draft  of  a  secret  treaty 
between  France  and  Prussia,  which  was 
published  in  the  Times  on  the  25th  of  July, 
1870,  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  war 
between  those  two  Powers.  The  docu- 
ment stated  that  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
III.  would  allow  and  recognise  the  Prussian 
acquisitions  consequent  upon  the  war 
against  Austria  ;  that  the  King  of  Prussia 
would  promise  to  assist  France  in  acquiring 
Luxemburg  ;  that  the  Emperor  would  not 
oppose  a  Federal  reunion  of  North  and 
South  Germany  ;  that  if  the  Emperor 
should  occupy  or  conquer  Belgium,  the 
King  should  afford  armed  assistance  to 
France  against  any  other  Power  that 
might  declare  war  against  her  in  such 
case  ;  and  that  the  two  Powers  should 
conclude  an  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance.  The  publication  of  this  extra- 
ordinary document  caused  great  conster- 
nation and  excitement  throughout  Europe. 
Its  authenticity  was  not  denied,  bnt  France 
declared  that  although  M.  Benedetti  had 
written  the  document,  he  had  done  so  at 
the  dictation  of  Count  Bismarck  ;  whereas 
the  latter  statesman  declared  that  through 
one  channel  or  another  France  had  inces- 
santly demanded  some  compensation  for 
not  interfering  with  Prussia  in  her  projects. 
Both  statesmen  agreed  in  saying  that  their 
respective  Sovereigns  declined  to  sanction 
the  treaty.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war, 
M.  Benedetti  was  of  course  recalled  from 


BENHAM  —  BENN 


83 


Berlin ;  and  since  the  fall  of  the  Empire 
he  has  disappeared  from  public  notice, 
having  retired  to  Ajaccio.  In  October 
1871,  however,  he  published  a  pamphlet, 
in  which  he  threw  upon  Count  Bismarck 
the  whole  responsibility  of  the  draft  treaty, 
but  the  German  Chancellor  utterly  crushed 
his  opponent  by  a  weighty  reply.  In  1872 
he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Conseil 
General  of  Corsica,  and  since  then  he  has 
been  an  advocate  at  the  Bar  of  Ajaccio. 
An  English  translation  of  his  "  Studies  in 
Diplomacy  "  appeared  in  1S95. 

BENHAM,  The  Rev.  Canon 
William,  B.D.,  Rector  of  St.  Edmund, 
Lombard  Street,  was  born  at  West  Meon, 
Hants,  Jan.  15,  1831,  his  father  being  the 
village  postmaster,  as  his  grandfather  had 
been  before  him.  He  was  educated  at  the 
village  National  School,  and  was  favour- 
ably noticed  by  the  rector,  Archdeacon 
Bayley,  who,  being  blind,  took  him  to  his 
house  as  his  little  secretary.  He  taught 
the  youth  Latin  and  Greek,  and  after  his 
death  in  1844,  Mr.  Benham  was  sent  to  St. 
Mark's  College,  Chelsea,  to  be  trained  for 
a  schoolmaster.  After  working  in  that 
capacity  for  a  few  years,  Archdeacon 
Bayley's  family  furnished  him  with  the 
means  of  going  through  the  Theological 
Department  of  King's  College,  London. 
He  went  out  with  a  first-class,  and  was 
ordained  by  Archbishop  Tait,  then  Bishop 
of  London,  as  Divinity  Teacher  to  his  old 
college  at  Chelsea.  He  remained  there 
from  1857  to  1864,  when  he  became 
Editorial  Secretary  to  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  and 
Curate  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  under  the 
present  Dean  of  Exeter.  In  1867  he  was 
favourably  noticed  as  a  preacher  by  some 
members  of  Archbishop  Longley's  family, 
unknown  to  himself,  and  this  led  to  the 
Archbishop  offering  him  the  vicarage  of 
his  own  parish  of  Addington.  He  acted 
as  the  Primate's  private  secretary  during 
the  first  Lambeth  Conference,  and  passed 
the  Resolutions  through  the  press,  and 
also  his  last  Charge.  Archbishop  Tait 
made  him  one  of  the  Six  Preachers  of 
Canterbury  in  1872,  and  gave  him  the 
vicarage  of  Margate  in  the  same  year. 
His  chief  work  there  was  the  carrying  out 
the  restoration  of  the  parish  church.  In 
1880  he  was  appointed  to  the  vicarage  of 
Marden,  and  in  1882  to  the  rectory  of  St. 
Edmund  the  King,  Lombard  Street,  in  the 
City  of  London.  In  1889  Archbishop 
Benson  conferred  on  him  an  honorary 
Canonry  in  Canterbury  Cathedral.  Bishop 
Creighton  appointed  him  Boyle  Lecturer 
in  1897.  Canon  Benham  has  published 
"The  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew,  with  Notes 
and  Commentary,"  1862 ;  "  English  Ballads, 
with  Introduction  and  Notes, "  1863;  "The 


Epistles  for  the  Christian  Year,  with  Notes 
and  a  Commentary,"  1864  ;  "TheChurchof 
the  Patriarchs,"  1867 ;  "The  'Globe'  edition 
of  Cowper's  works,"  1870 ;  Commentary 
on  the  Acts  in  the  "  Commentary  of  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge," 1871;  "A  Companion  to  the 
Lectionary,"  1872  ;  a  new  translation  of 
Thomas  h  Kempis's  "  Imitatio  Christi," 
1874;  "Memoirs  of  Catherine  and  Crau- 
furd  Tait,"  1879  ;  "Readings  on  the  Life 
of  Our  Lord  and  His  Apostles,"  1880; 
"How  to  Teach  the  Old  Testament," 
1881;  "Short  History  of  the  American 
Church,"  1884;  an  edition  of  "Cowper's 
Letters,"  1885;  "Diocesan  History  of 
Winchester,"  1885;  "Sermons  for  the 
Church's  Year,"  2  vols.,  1885;  and  a 
"  Dictionary  of  Religion  "  ;  "  Life  of  Arch- 
bishop Tait,"  jointly  with  the  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  1894.  He  was  editor  of  Griffith 
and  Farran's  "Library  of  Ancient  and 
Modern  Theology."  He  has  also  contri- 
buted articles  to  "The  Bible  Educator," 
Macmillan's  Magazine,  and  other  periodi- 
cals. He  married  (1)  Louisa  Marian  Engel- 
bach,  and  (2)  Caroline  E.  Sandell.  Ad- 
dress :  32  Finsbury  Square,  E.C. 

BBNN,  John  Williams,  London 
County  Council,  son  of  the  Rev.  Julius 
Benn,  Congregational  Minister,  was  born 
Nov.  13,  1850,  at  Hyde,  Cheshire.  He 
came  to  London  in  1851,  and  was  educated 
privately.  He  was  engaged  in  art  and 
trade  journalism  until  1889,  when  he 
entered  public  life  as  member  of  the  first 
London  County  Council,  representing  East 
Finsbury ;  he  was  re-elected  in  1892,  with 
the  Earl  of  Rosebery,  K.G.,  as  colleague, 
and  again  in  1895.  He  acted  as  ' '  Whip  "  of 
the  Progressive  Party  on  the  London 
County  Council  from  1890  to  1894,  and 
has  taken  an  active  part,  as  a  Liberal,  in 
London  politics.  In  1898  he  became 
London  County  Councillor  for  the  Ken- 
nington  Division  of  Lambeth.  In  1892  he 
contested  the  St.  George's  East  Division  of 
the  Tower  Hamlets  for  the  parliamentary 
seat,  and  defeated  the  Right  Hon.  C.  T. 
Ritchie ;  he  was  defeated  by  four  votes  at 
the  election  of  1895.  He  has  held  various 
chairmanships  of  the  London  County 
Council,  being  Vice-Chairman  of  that 
body  from  1895  to  1896.  He  was  appointed 
J.P.  for  the  county  of  Essex  in  1894.  He 
has  contributed  numerous  articles  to  news- 
papers and  magazines,  mostly  on  social 
topics  concerning  the  Metropolis.  He  has 
taken  a  special  interest  in  the  Tramway, 
Telephone,  Water,  and  Housing  Questions, 
and  his  action  secured  inquiries  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  to  the  Unification 
of  London  and  the  telephone  service.  He 
is  now  Chairman  of  the  Highways  Com- 
mittee  of    the    London    County   Council. 


84 


BENNETT  —  BENSON 


He  contested  the  borough  of  Deptford,  in 
the  parliamentary  interest,  in  November 
1897,  and  reduced  the  majority  by  900 
votes.  He  is  on  the  Executive  of  the 
London  Reform  Union  and  the  London 
Liberal  and  Radical  Union,  and  is  much 
in  demand  as  a  political  speaker.  He  has 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  Temperance 
movement,  and  is  frequently  on  the  plat- 
form of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance  and 
the  National  Temperance  League.  He 
occasionally  lectures  on  art  subjects,  being 
a  ready  draughtsman,  and  well  versed  in 
all  the  processes  of  illustration.  Some  of 
his  work  appeared  in  the  articles  on 
"Artistic  M.P.'s  "  which  recently  appeared 
in  the  Strand  Magazine.  He  was  founder 
of  the  firm  of  Benn  Brothers,  Limited,  of 
11  Finsbury  Square,  and  is  President  of 
the  recently  formed  Commercial  Press 
Association,  which  represents  the  combined 
trade  journalism  of  the  country.  Address  : 
Westminster  Palace  Hotel,  London,  S.W. 

BENNETT,  Enoch  Arnold,  was  born 
in  Staffordshire  on  May  27,  1867,  and  was 
educated  at  Newcastle  Middle  School. 
After  following  the  legal  profession  for 
some  time,  he  became  assistant-editor  of 
Woman  in  1893,  eventually  succeeding  to 
the  editorship  in  1896.  Address  :  9  Ful- 
ham  Park  Gardens,  S.W. 

BENNETT,  Henry  Curtis,  J. P.,  was 
born  at  Weedon,  on  May  11,  1846,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  George  Peter 
Bennett,  for  thirty-two  years  Vicar  of  Kel- 
vedon,  Essex.  He  was  educated  at  Kelve- 
don,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1870. 
He  was  appointed  a  Metropolitan  Police 
Magistrate  in  1886,  and  continues  to  hold 
this  position.  Mr.  Bennett  is  married  to 
Emily  Jane,  daughter  of  F.  Hughes-Hallett, 
of  Brooke  Place,  Asnford,  Kent.  Addresses : 
118  Lexham  Gardens,  Kensington,  W.;  and 
Boreham  Lodge,  Chelmsford,  Essex. 

BENNETT,     "William     Henry, 

F.R.C.S.,  is  Surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital, and  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Surgery  in 
the  Medical  School  of  that  Institution. 
He  is  a  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land, and  he  occupies  the  position  of  H.M. 
Inspector  of  Anatomy.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Lectures  on  Varicose  Veins  of  the 
Lower  Extremities,"  "Lectures  on  Vari- 
cocele," "  Lectures  on  Abdominal  Her- 
nia," and  of  numerous  articles  in  the 
various  medical  journals,  and  transactions 
of  medical  and  surgical  societies.  Address : 
1  Chesterfield  Street,  Mayfair. 

BENNIGSEN,  Rudolph  von,  born 
at  Liineberg,  Hanover,  July  10,  1824, 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Gottingen    and 


Heidelberg,  and  qualified  as  an  advocate, 
but  entered  the  judiciary  and  rose  to  the 
functions  of  a  judge  at  Gottingen.  In 
1855  the  city  of  Aurich  elected  him  to  the 
Second  Chamber  of  the  Hanover  Legis- 
lature, but  the  King  refused  him  the 
indispensable  consent  of  the  Crown  to 
accept  that  legislative  office.  Thereupon 
he  resigned  his  judgeship,  took  his  seat  in 
the  Parliament  (1856),  and  at  once  assumed 
a  position  as  leader  of  the  Opposition.  In 
1859  Bennigsen  and  Miguel,  with  a  few 
others,  drew  up  and  issued  a  programme 
or  scheme  of  German  unity.  In  this 
document  it  was  declared  that  only  Prussia 
could  be  at  the  head  of  a  united  Germany, 
and  in  fact  Bennigsen  advocated  at  this 
period  that  which  Prince  Bismarck  long 
afterwards  accomplished.  The  National- 
Verein  held  its  first  sitting  Sept.  16,  1859, 
at  the  invitation  of  Bennigsen,  and  he 
himself  was  chosen  President.  The  Frank- 
fort Assembly  formed  the  permanent  or- 
ganisation of  the  National-Verein,  and 
fixed  its  seat  in  the  city  of  Coburg.  At 
the  time  of  its  dissolution  in  1866  it  num- 
bered 30,000  members,  of  whom  10,000 
were  from  Prussia.  In  that  year  the 
organisation  of  the  North  German  Con- 
federation making  inevitable  and  speedy 
realisation  of  the  Empire,  the  Union  had 
no  further  raison  d'etre,  and  it  was  accord- 
ingly dissolved.  Bennigsen,  who  by  the 
annexation  of  Hanover  was  made  a 
Prussian,  became  a  member  both  of  the 
Prussian  Lower  Chamber  and  of  the  North 
German  Reichstag.  During  the  war  in 
1870  he  was  in  confidential  relations  with 
the  Prussian  authorities,  and  undertook 
two  important  missions — one  to  the  South 
German  States,  where  he  discussed  the 
conditions  of  a  possible  unity ;  the  other 
to  the  camp  of  Versailles,  in  the  winter  of 
1871,  where  the  same  negotiations  were 
afterwards  carried  out  to  a  practical 
result.  In  1873  he  was  elected  President 
of  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies.  At 
the  elections  of  1877  the  Socialist  party 
opposed  his  candidature,  but  without 
success.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  Reich- 
stag, and  endeavoured  to  effect  an  under- 
standing between  Prince  Bismarck  and  the 
National  Liberals,  but  the  negotiations 
ended  in  the  disruption  of  his  party.  In 
1883  he  retired  from  the  Reichstag,  but 
was  again  elected  in  1887,  and  again  took 
command  of  the  National  Liberal  party. 
He  kept  his  seat  in  1890  at  the  head  of 
greatly  diminished  forces.  In  1888  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Emperor  Chief 
Administrator  of  Hanover. 

BENSON,  Edward  Frederic,  novel- 
ist, was  born  on  July  24, 1867,  at  Wellington 
College.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  of  Mary  Sidg- 


BERATJD  —  BERESFORD 


85 


wick,  and  was  educated  at  Marlborough 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  was  a  Scholar.  He  was  elected  Wortz 
Student  in  1892,  Prendergast  Student  in 

1893,  and  Craven   Travelling  Student  in 

1894,  He  was  at  work  in  Athens  for  the 
British  Archaeological  School  from  1892  to 

1895,  and  in  Egypt  for  the  Hellenic  Society 
in  1895.  He  has  travelled  in  Egypt, 
Greece,  Italy,  and  Algeria.  He  became 
famous  with  his  first  novel,  "Dodo,"  in 
1893,  and  has  since  published  "Six  Common 
Things,"  1893  ;  "Rubicon,"  1894;  "Judge- 
ment Books,"  1895  ;  "Limitations,"  1896; 
"The  Babe  B.A.,"  1897;  and  "The  Vin- 
tage," 1898.  He  was  captain  of  the 
Marlborough  rugby  team,  and  played 
racquets  for  his  school  in  1886-87.  Ad- 
dress :  9  St.  Thomas  Street,  Winchester. 

BERATJD,  Jean,  French  painter,  was 
born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  31,  1849,  of 
French  parents.  Although  the  son  of  a 
sculptor,  he  was  intended  for  the  law,  and 
finished  his  studies  in  1870.  During  the 
siege  of  Paris  he  was  one  of  the  mobiles  of 
the  Seine ;  he  then  became  a  pupil  of 
Bonnat  (q.v.),  and  in  1874  began  sending 
pictures  to  the  Salon.  The  chief  of  these 
are:  "Leda,"  1875;  "The  Return  from 
the  Burial,"  1876,  his  first  sensational 
picture  ;  "  Coquelin  Cadet "  in  the  role  of 
Matamore,  1878;  "  Montmartre,"  1881; 
"  The  Journal  des  Dibats,"  1889,  a  collection 
of  portraits  of  the  staff.  Since  1890  M. 
Beraud  has  exhibited  at  the  Champ  de 
Mars.  Among  his  pictures  there  have 
been  "Monte  Carlo,  Rien  ne  va  plus," 
"l'Arlequine,"  and  a  set  of  scriptural 
pictures,  in  which,  following  the  example 
of  the  mediaeval  schools,  he  has  depicted 
Christ  in  antique  garb,  but  all  the  other 
personages  in  modern  dress.  The  best- 
known  of  these  is  "  Mary  Magdalene  at  the 
house  of  Simon  the  Pharisee,"  in  which 
Mary,  in  a  ball  dress,  is  kneeling  at  the 
feet  of  our  Lord,  and  the  diners  are  in 
irreproachable  evening  dress.  It  achieved 
a  succes  de  scandale,  as  the  men  were 
hardly-disguised  portraits  of  the  chiefs  of 
Parisian  literary  circles  and  society. 

BERESFORD,  Rear-Admiral  Lord 
Charles  William  de  la  Poer,  C.B., 
M.P.,  second  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Beres- 
ford,  4th  Marquis  of  Waterford,  by 
Christiana  Julia,  fourth  daughter  of  the 
late  Colonel  Charles  Powell  Leslie,  of  Glas- 
longh,  co.  Monaghan,  was  born  Feb.  10, 
1846,  at  Philiptown,  co.  Dublin.  He 
entered  the  Royal  Navy  in  1859,  was 
appointed  a  Lieutenant  in  1868,  and 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  Commander  in 
1875.  He  served  successively  in  the  Marl- 
borough, the  Defence,  the  Olio,  the  Tribune, 
the  Sutlej,  the  Research,  the  Royal  yacht 


Victoria  and  Albert,  the  Galatea,  the  Gos- 
hawk, and  Bellerophon.  In  1872  he  was 
appointed  Flag-Lieutenant  to  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief at  Devonport ;  and  he 
accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  as  Naval 
aide-de-camp  to  India  in  1875-76.  In  1877 
he  joined  the  Thunderer,  and  was  commander 
of  the  Royal  yacht  Osborne  from  1878  to 
1881.  His  lordship  received  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society  and 
of  the  Liverpool  Shipwreck  and  Humane 
Society  for  having  on  three  occasions 
jumped  overboard  and  saved  lives  at  sea. 
On  one  of  these  occasions,  when  he  rescued 
a  marine  who  had  fallen  overboard  at 
Port  Stanley,  Falkland  Islands,  he  was 
attired  in  heavy  shooting  clothes,  and  his 
pockets  were  filled  with  cartridges.  At 
the  time  of  the  bombardment  of  the  forts 
of  Alexandria,  Lord  Charles  Beresford  was 
in  command  of  the  gunboat  Condor,  and 
in  the  action  of  July  11,  1882,  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  gallant  con- 
duct. The  ironclad  Timiraire,  which  got 
ashore  at  the  beginning  of  the  engage- 
ment, was  safely  assisted  off  by  the  Condor, 
Then  the  formidable  Marabout  batteries, 
which  constituted  the  second  strongest 
defence  of  the  port  of  Alexandria,  were 
effectually  silenced.  This  latter  success 
was  chiefly  due  to  the  gallant  way  in  which 
the  Condor  bore  down  on  the  fort  and 
engaged  guns  immensely  superior  to  her 
own.  So  vigorous,  indeed,  was  the  attack 
on  the  big  fort,  that  the  Admiral's  ship 
signalled  "Well  done,  Condor."  It  was 
ascertained  that  the  Khedive,  who  had 
taken  refuge  with  Dervish  Pacha  at 
Ramleh,  was  in  imminent  danger.  Arabi 
Pacha  had  sent  a  body  of  troops  to  guard 
the  palace,  and  ordered  them  to  kill  the 
Khedive ;  but  Tewfik  and  Dervish  managed 
to  bribe  the  men,  and  to  communicate 
with  Admiral  Sir  Beauchamp  Seymour, 
who  despatched  the  Condor  inshore  to 
keep  the  Egyptian  troops  in  check.  The 
Khedive  then  succeeded  in  getting  away, 
and  drove  to  Ras-el-Tin.  As  the  confla- 
gration and  looting  continued  in  the  city 
of  Alexandria,  the  Americans  were  asked 
to  land  marines  to  assist  in  keeping  order, 
and  a  regular  police  system  was  organised 
under  Lord  Charles  Beresford,  while  Cap- 
tain Fisher,  of  the  Inflexible,  took  command 
of  the  land  forces.  Strong  measures  were 
necessary  to  subdue  the  looters.  Several 
of  the  scoundrels  detected  in  the  very  act 
of  setting  fire  to  houses  were  summarily 
shot  in  the  great  square,  and  those  caught 
plundering  were  flogged.  Lord  Charles 
Beresford  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Captain  (Aug.  7,  1882)  for  the  services  he 
had  rendered  at  the  bombardment  of 
Alexandria.  In  September  1884  he  was 
appointed  on  the  staff  of  Lord  Wolseley 
for  the  Nile  Expedition,  and  assisted  in  the 


86 


BERESFOKD 


arduous  work  of  getting  the  boats  up  to 
Korfci.  In  command  of  the  Naval  Brigade 
with  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  across  the  Desert, 
he  was  the  only  man  not  killed  of  those 
in  immediate  charge  of  the  machine-gun 
at  Abu  Klea,  and  was  subsequently  left  in 
charge  of  Zeraba  when  the  troops  marched 
on  Gubat.  In  February  1885,  with  the 
small  river  steamer  Sofia,  he  rescued  Sir 
Charles  Wilson's  party  (who  had  been 
wrecked  on  their  return  from  Khartoum), 
after  having  had  the  boiler  of  his  steamer 
repaired  while  anchored  for  twenty-four 
hours  under  fire  of  the  enemy's  fort,  which 
fire  was  kept  down  solely  by  the  two 
machine-guns  on  board.  His  lordship  sat 
in  the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for 
the  county  of  Waterford,  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest,  from  February  1874  till  April 
1880,  when  his  candidature  was  unsuccess- 
ful. On  many  occasions  he  called  atten- 
tion to  the  state  of  affairs  connected  with 
the  Navy,  and  several  naval  reforms  were 
effected  through  his  instrumentality.  In 
November  1885  he  was  returned  for  the 
Eastern  Division  of  Marylebone  by  a 
majority  of  944  over  the  late  sitting 
member,  and  easily  retained  the  seat  at 
the  election  of  1886.  He  was  appointed 
Junior  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  on  the 
accession  of  Lord  Salisbury  to  power, 
which  post  he  resigned  in  1888  on  a 
question  affecting  the  strength  of  the 
Navy.  He  subsequently  brought  before 
the  House  of  Commons  detailed  proposals 
for  strengthening  the  fleet  by  seventy 
ships,  at  a  cost  of  twenty  millions.  The 
Naval  Defence  Bill  may  be  said  to  have 
resulted  from  these  proposals.  In  Decem- 
ber 1889  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  first-class  armoured  cruiser  Un- 
daunted, for  service  in  the  Mediterranean, 
having  previously  retired  from  Parliament. 
During  this  command  he  was  instrumental 
in  saving  from  shipwreck  the  Seignelay,  a 
French  cruiser  of  1900  tons,  which  had 
parted  her  cable  in  a  gale,  and  had  gone 
u  shore.  Lord  Charles  offered  to  save  the 
ship,  although  the  French  officers  had 
declared  that  to  get  her  off  was  a  "physical 
impossibility."  Owing  to  shallowness  of 
water,  the  Undaunted  could  not  approach 
within  850  yards  of  the  French  ship  ;  but, 
after  working  hard  for  three  days,  the 
crew  of  the  Undaunted  got  a  chain  cable 
right  over  the  Seignelay,  and  ultimately 
succeeded  in  drawing  the  French  vessel 
into  deep  water.  Lord  Charles  and  his 
crew  received  the  thanks  of  the  French 
Government,  personally  conveyed  by  the 
French  Admiral,  and  his  lordship  was 
also  presented  with  a  beautiful  Sevres 
vase,  the  Admiralty  not  permitting  him  to 
accept  the  Legion  of  Honour  which  was 
offered.  The  Undaunted  came  home  in 
June  1893,  and  paid  off.     Shortly  after- 


wards Lord  Charles  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Steam  Reserve  at 
Chatham,  where  he  did  invaluable  service, 
passing  thirty-three  vessels  into  the  Navy, 
after  conducting  the  necessary  trials.  In 
the  early  part  of  1897  he  was  appointed 
Naval  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  and 
took  part  in  the  Jubilee  procession.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Rear- Admiral 
in  September  of  the  same  year.  After 
being  offered  forty-sir  seats  in  Parliament, 
Lord  Charles  elected  to  fight  the  vacancy 
created  at  York  by  the  death  of  Sir  Frank 
Lockwood,  and  succeeded,  by  a  majority 
of  11,  in  securing  the  seat,  the  first  cap- 
tured for  the  Government  since  the 
General  Election  of  1895.  A  petition  was 
then  presented  by  his  opponents,  asking 
for  a  re-count  and  scrutiny,  but  the  pro- 
ceedings were  ultimately  withdrawn,  and 
Lord  Charles  retained  the  seat.  In  a 
letter  to  Alderman  Rymer,  chairman  of 
his  party  in  York,  written  in  August  1898, 
he  begged  to  be  excused  from  his  coming 
Parliamentary  engagements,  on  the  ground 
that  he  had  been  requested  by  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Associated  Chambers  of  Com- 
merce to  proceed  to  China  to  make  a 
report  on  the  future  prospects  of  British 
trade  and  commerce  with  that  country. 
He  started  for  the  East  on  Aug.  24,  1898. 
His  mission,  we  are  informed,  may  be 
purely  political,  and  it  is  ostensibly  based 
on  the  principle,  "That  no  commercial 
development  of  China  is  possible  until 
China  can  guarantee  security  to  trade 
and  commerce  by  adequate  and  efficient 
military  and  police  protection."  Lord 
Charles  Beresford  married  in  1878  Nina, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Richard 
Gardner,  Esq.,  M.P.,  and  has  issue,  two 
daughters,  Kathleen  Mary,  born  1879,  and 
Eileen  Theresa  Lucy,  born  1889.  He  is 
also  heir-presumptive  to  his  nephew,  the 
Marquis  of  Waterford.  Addresses:  2  Lower 
Berkeley  Street,  Portman  Square;  and  Park 
Gate  House,  Ham  Common. 

BERESFORD,  Lord  WiUiam Leslie 
de  la  Poer,  #.C,  K.C.I.E.,  the  third  son 
of  the  4th  Marquis  of  Waterford,  was  born 
on  July  20, 1847,  and  was  educated  at  Eton. 
He  joined  the  9th  Lancers  in  1867,  served 
in  Zululand  in  1879,  where  he  obtained 
the  Victoria  Cross,  and  was  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  of  the  9th  Lancers  from  1890  to 
1894.  He  was  A.D.C.  to  Lord  Lytton, 
when  Viceroy  of  India,  from  1876  to  1880, 
and  acted  as  Military  Secretary  to  Lords 
Ripon,  Dufferin,  and  Lansdowne  during 
their  respective  tenures  of  the  Viceroyalty, 
from  1882  to  1894.  Lord  William  was 
married,  in  1895,  to  Lily  Warren,  daughter 
of  the  late  Commodore  Price,  of  New  York, 
and  widow  of  the  8th  Duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  has  a  son,  William  Warren  de  la  Poer, 


BEEKELEY—  BEENHABDT 


87 


born  Feb.  4,  1897.  Addresses :  3  Carlton 
House  Terrace,  S.W.  ;  and  Deepdene, 
Dorking. 

BERKELEY,  Ernest  James 
Lennox,  C.B.,  was  born  in  1857,  and  is  the 
son  of  George  Rawdon  Lennox  Berkeley. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
Gosport,  and  the  Royal  Military  College, 
Sandhurst.  He  is  the  Commissioner  and 
Consul-General  for  the  British  Protectorate 
of  Uganda,  and  was  made  a  C.B.  in  1897, 
when  he  married  the  daughter  of  Sir 
James  Harris.  Address  :  10  St.  James's 
Place,  S.W. 

BERKLEY,  George,  Civil  Engineer, 
was  born  in  London  on  April  26,  1821,  and 
educated  at  private  schools,  and  appren- 
ticed to  Samuda  Bros,  in  1835,  with  whom 
he  worked  in  the  shops  and  on  designs  of 
atmospheric  systems  of  working  railways, 
steam-engines,  &c.  From  1841  to  1849 
he  was  assistant  to  Robert  Stephenson, 
during  which  period  he  was  engaged  on 
experiments  with  locomotives,  alteration 
of  gauge  and  rolling  stock  of  the  Eastern 
Counties  and  North  -  Eastern  Railways  ; 
inquiry  into  systems  of  working  atmos- 
pheric railways,  question  of  gauge  referred 
to  Royal  Commission  in  1846,  and  other 
work.  From  1849  to  1859  he  was  engaged 
on  inquiry  into  the  water  supply  of  Liver- 
pool and  neighbourhood  for  Robert 
Stephenson ;  Engineer  to  London  and 
Blackwall  Railway ;  North  and  South- 
western Junction  Railway  and  Branch  to 
Hammersmith  ;  Hampstead  Junction  Rail- 
way ;  Stratford  and  Loughton  Railway ; 
Wimbledon  and  Croydon ;  East  Suffolk 
system  of  railways  ;  Wells  and  Fakenham, 
and  other  lines  ;  and  from  1851  to  1859 
represented  Robert  Stephenson  as  Engineer 
to  the  Great  Indian  Peninsula  Railway, 
and  succeeded  to  the  post  on  the  death 
of  Robert  Stephenson.  In  1874  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Consulting  Engineers 
to  the  Colonial  Office  for  Railways  in 
Natal,  and  viaducts  and  other  work  in  the 
Cape  Colony.  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Indian  Midland 
Railway;  and  in  1887,  in  conjunction  with 
his  son,  was  appointed  Engineer  to  the 
Argentine  North  -  Eastern  Railway.  In 
1845  he  wrote  a  paper  on  the  atmospheric 
system  of  railways,  and  in  1870  a  paper 
on  the  strength  of  iron  and  steel,  for  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  He  is 
senior  Vice-President  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers ;  a  Member  of  the 
Athenreum  Club ;  and  has'  been  for  some 
years  on  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
Royal  Institution.     Address  :  Athenseum. 

BERNARD   BEERE,  Mrs.      See 
Beeee,  Mbs.  Beenabd. 


BERNHARDT,  Sarah,  nie  Rosine 
Bernardt,  French  actress,  was  born  at  5 
Rue  de  l'Ecole  de  Mddecine  in  Paris,  Oct. 
22,  1844.  Her  mother  was  Julie  Bernardt, 
a  Jewess  born  at  Berlin,  but  living  in 
Amsterdam  since  her  childhood,  who  had 
come  to  Paris  when  a  young  woman  to 
gain  her  livelihood.  As  all  the  birth 
registers  of  Paris  were  burnt  during  the 
Commune,  these  particulars  can  only  be 
obtained  from  the  entry  registers  of  the 
Conservatoire.  She  spent  her  early  life 
in  Holland  at  her  grandfather's,  an  Am- 
sterdam optician.  She  was  sent  to  the 
Convent  Grand  Champ  at  Versailles  at 
the  age  of  seven,  and  was  renowned  for 
her  violent  temper.  There  she  had  as 
schoolfellow  her  future  rival,  Sophie  Croi- 
zette,  afterwards  Madame  Stern.  She  left 
in  1858,  and  on  Nov.  29,  1859,  she  entered 
the  Paris  Conservatoire,  and  became  a 
pupil  of  MM.  Provost  and  Samson,  pro- 
fessors of  elocution.  She  gained  a  second 
prize  for  tragedy  in  1861,  and  a  second 
prize  for  comedy  in  1862.  This  opened 
the  doors  of  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  to  her, 
and  on  Aug.  11,  1862,  she  made  her  dibut 
in  "Iphigenie,"  and  on  the  24th  in  the 
"Valerie  "  of  Scribe.  She  attracted  hardly 
any  notice  from  the  public  ;  but  M.  Fran- 
cisque  Sarcey,  who  was  then  writing  for 
L' Opinion  Nationale,  gave  her  a  few  lines, 
in  which  he  said  her  elocution  was  perfect, 
but  her  acting  that  of  a  schoolgirl.  She 
left  the  Comedie  Francaise  after  eight 
months,  or  rather  was  dismissed  for  hav- 
ing boxed  the  ears  of  one  of  the  seniors, 
Mademoiselle  Nathalie.  She  then  went 
to  the  Gymnase,  and  appeared  on  June  25, 
1863,  in  "Le  Pere  de  la  debutante"  and 
other  pieces.  However,  in  April  1864  the 
discipline  of  daily  work  became  too  much 
for  her,  and  she  went  to  Madrid,  thus 
losing  her  place.  Returning,  she  went  to 
the  Porte  St.  Martin  Theatre,  and  on  Deo. 
8,  1865,  she  appeared  in  "La  Biche  au 
bois."  She  did  not  stay  long  here,  and 
for  a  year  was  absent  from  the  theatre  ; 
after  which,  in  January  1867,  she  pre- 
vailed upon  M.  Duquesnel  to  give  her  a 
place  at  the  Odebn,  having  been  recom- 
mended to  him  by  M.  Camille  Doucet. 
Her  success  was  not  quick,  but  it  was 
sure.  She  played  Armande  in  "  Les 
Femmes  Savantes,"  Albine  in  "  Britan- 
nicus,"  Mariette  in  "Francois  le  Champi," 
and  Zacharie  in  "Athalie."  On  Jan.  14, 
1869,  she  created  the  part  of  Zanetto  in 
"Le  Passant,"  by  Francois  Coppee.  The 
poet  had  been  persuaded  to  give  her  the 
part  by  Mme.  Agar,  one  of  her  fellow- 
actors.  She  was  a  great  success  as  the 
Florentine  page,  and  in  the  dedication 
the  poet  alludes  to  her  beauty  and  talent 
as  the  chief  factors  in  the  success  of  the 
piece.     During  the  war  of  1870  she  was 


88 


BERNHARDT 


untiring  in  working  with  the  Oddon  am- 
bulance, and  when  the  theatre  opened 
again,  she  appeared  in  "Jean  Marie,"  by 
M.  Andre"  Theuriet,  and  ' '  Mademoiselle 
AisseV'  by  Louis  Bouilhet.  On  Feb.  19, 
1872,  the  turning-point  of  her  career  was 
reached,  for  she  then  appeared  in  a 
revival  of  "  Euy  Bias"  as  the  Queen, 
Marie  de  Neuborg.  The  part  seemed  to 
have  been  written  for  her  ;  the  expression 
of  her  "golden  voice "  was  so  soft,  and  at 
the  same  time  so  touching,  that  her  suc- 
cess became  a  triumph.  M.  Perrin,  who 
had  succeeded  Thierry  as  Director  of  the 
Comedie  Fran9aise,  determined  that  this 
star  must  shine  in  his  firmament  alone, 
and  she  made  her  reappearance  in  "Made- 
moiselle de  Belle-Isle"  on  Nov.  6,  1872. 
She  worked  hard  with  wondrous  results  : 
her  Junie  in  "  Britannicus  "  was  received 
rapturously  on  December  14,  and  on  March 
23,  1874,  she  created  the  part  of  Berthe 
de  Savigny  in  "  Le  Sphinx,"  by  Octave 
Feuillet.  Mademoiselle  Croizette  was 
playing  the  chief  female  part,  but  she  was 
completely  eclipsed  by  Madame  Bernhardt 
in  the  part  of  the  outraged  but  forgiving 
wife.  In  the  month  of  December  she 
played  Phedre  at  three  days'  notice,  and 
at  once  was  compared  to  Bachel,  who  had 
been  presumed  till  then  to  be  unapproach- 
able in  that  r6le.  It  still  remains  her 
favourite  part,  and  she  includes  it  invari- 
ably in  her  repertoire  whenever  she  comes 
to  London.  She  was  elected  a  sociitaire 
of  the  Comeciie  Francaise  in  1875,  and  in 
1876  played  Mrs.  Clarkson  in  "L'Etran- 
gere " ;  Andromaque  and  Dona  Sol  in 
1877.  "Ruy  Bias"  was  produced  in  1879, 
and  she  was  as  great  a  success  at  the 
Comedie  Francaise  as  she  had  before  been 
at  the  Odeon.  For  seven  years  she  had 
been  one  of  its  members,  and  knowing  her 
impetuous  nature,  people  were  wondering 
how  long  she  would  be  able  to  bear  the 
restrictions  of  such  a  position,  when  the 
expected  happened.  In  1879  the  Comedie 
Francaise  visited  London,  and  gave  a  bril- 
liant series  of  performances  at  the  Gaiety 
Theatre,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  John 
Hollingshead.  Madame  Bernhardt  was 
unable  one  night  to  play  her  part  in 
"L'Etrangere,"  and  some  of  the  London 
papers  made  certain  criticisms  on  her 
conduct,  which  were  followed  up  by  the 
Paris  Figaro.  Thereupon  she  resigned  her 
position  of  sociitaire  and  accepted  an  en- 
gagement to  visit  the  United  States.  How- 
ever, on  her  return  to  France  from  London 
she  was  persuaded  to  remain,  and  played 
Clorinde  in  "  L'Aventuriere, "  a  part  she 
disliked.  In  consequence  she  was  ad- 
versely criticised  by  the  press.  Being 
further  refused  the  part  of  Celimene  in 
Musset's  "  On  ne  badine  pas  avec  l'amour," 
she  betook  herself  to  her  country  house, 


and  refused  on  any  account  to  reappear 
in  public.  Thereupon  the  theatre  brought 
an  action  against  her  for  breach  of  con- 
tract, and  she  was  compelled  to  pay  £4000 
damages.  In  May  1880  she  went  on  a 
provincial  tour  through  France,  and  then 
returned  to  London  to  play  "Adrienne 
Lecouvreur "  and  "Froufrou."  In  August 
she  went  to  Copenhagen,  where  she  was 
received  with  the  same  enthusiasm  as  in 
London.  She  then  accepted  a  tempting 
offer  to  go  to  America,  where  she  was 
rumoured  to  have  made  gigantic  sums. 
The  people  received  her  as  a  queen  both 
in  the  United  States  and  in  Mexico,  and 
their  enthusiasm  even  went  the  length  of 
acclaiming  her  as  a  compatriot,  for  in 
spite  of  her  denials  the  newspapers  per- 
sisted in  saying  she  was  born  at  Eochester, 
N.Y.  In  March  1881  she  returned  to 
France,  and  almost  at  once  set  off  for 
Russia,  Holland,  and  Belgium.  In  April 
1882  she  was  married  at  the  Church  of 
St.  Andrew,  Wells  Street,  London,  to  M. 
Damala,  one  of  the  members  of  her  com- 
pany, from  whom  she  was  divorced  shortly 
afterwards.  He  died  in  1889.  On  Decem- 
ber 11  of  the  same  year  she  created  her 
greatest  rSle,  that  of  Feclora,  in  the  play 
of  that  name  by  M.  Victorien  Sardou 
{q.v.),  at  the  Vaudeville,  Paris.  She  also 
appeared  in  "Nana  Sahib,"  by  M.  Jean 
Richepin,  and,  in  1883,  in  "Macbeth." 
In  1884  M.  Mayer  became  the  Director  of 
the  Porte  St.  Martin  Theatre,  and  Madame 
Bernhardt  entered  into  a  five  years'  engage- 
ment with  him.  On  December  26  of  that 
year  she  created  Theodora  in  the  play  of 
that  name,  which  ran  for  nearly  a  year. 
She  paid  another  visit  to  London  in  1886, 
playing  Fedora  at  the  Gaiety,  and  went 
on  to  America,  only  returning  to  Paris  in 
July  1887,  bringing  back  £32,000  profit. 
In  November  of  that  year  she  played  La 
Tosca  in  the  play  of  that  name,  her  best 
rtle  after  Fe'dora.  During  her  foreign  tour 
in  1888  the  Turkish  Censor  of  Plays  pro- 
hibited "  Theodora  "  at  Constantinople. 
Mr.  F.  C.  Philips'  (q.v.)  novel,  "As  in  a 
Looking-Glass,"  furnished  her  with  a  new 
play,  "  Lena,"  in  1889.  The  next  year  M. 
Jules  Barbier  wrote  for  her  "  Jeanne 
d'Arc,"  which  she  brought  to  London  in 
June  at  the  old  Her  Majesty's.  In  October 
she  created  the  title-rdle  of  "  Clebpatre," 
by  MM.  Sardou  and  Emile  Moreau,  and 
then  started  on  her  third  journey  to 
America,  which  was  continued  into  Aus- 
tralia, where  Sydney  was  decorated  in  her 
honour.  At  this  time  there  was  some  talk 
of  her  return  to  the  Comedie  Francaise, 
but  she  would  not  bind  herself  for  three 
years.  She  returned  to  Europe  in  1892, 
starting  at  once  for  London,  where  she 
played  at  the  Royal  English  Opera-House, 
now  the  Palace  Theatre.    In  1893  she  took 


BEERY 


89 


the  Renaissance    Theatre    in   Paris,   and 
brought  out    "  Les    Rois,"    by  M.    Jules 
Lemaitre    (q.v.),    and   on   Jan.   24,    1894, 
"Izeyl,"  by  MM.  Armand  Silvestre  {q.v.) 
and  Morand,  in  which  she  appeared  at 
Daly's  in  June  1894,  with  other  plays  of 
her  repertoire.     In  1895  she  produced  "  La 
Princesse  Lointaine,"  the  second  work  of 
M.  Edmond  Rostand  [q.v.),  the  author  of 
"Cyrano  de  Bergerac."     She  again  visited 
Daly's  in  1895;  in  1896  she  was  at  the 
Comedy,  and  produced  "Magda,"  a  trans- 
lation of  Sudermann's  "Heimat. "     At  the 
end  of  the  year  took  place  the  fete  organ- 
ised  by  M.   Henri   Bauer  in  her  honour. 
It  consisted  of    a  lunch  at    the    Grand 
Hotel  of  500  guests,  and  a  performance 
at  the  Renaissance  of   the  third  act  of 
"Phedre"  and  the  fourth  act  of  "Rome 
vaincue,"  by  M.  de   Parodi,  followed  by 
the  recitation  of  poems  in  her  honour  by 
MM.  Francis  Coppee,  Edmond  Rostand, 
Andre1  Theuriet,  and  Catulle  Mendes.    The 
only  harsh  note  on  a  very  great  day  was 
the  refusal  of  the  Government  to  bestow 
the  Legion  of  Honour  on  the  great  actress. 
In  1897  she  produced  "Lorenzaccio,"  an 
adaptation    of     De    Musset    by    Armand 
d'Artois,  and  "  Spiritisme,"  by  no  means 
Sardou's  masterpiece.    She  visited  London 
as   usual   in   June,   and   appeared   at   the 
Adelphi  in  the  above-named  and  several 
of  her  old  successes.     In  the  autumn  of 
the  year  she  underwent  a  painful  opera- 
tion under  Dr.  Pozzi,  but  was  no  sooner  out 
of  the  doctor's  hands  than  she  performed 
in  Signor  Gabriele  d'Annunzio's  "  La  Fille 
Morte  "  and  M.  Romain  Coolus'  "  Lysiane." 
The  latter  she  brought  to  London  in  June 
1898,  where   her   stay   at   the   Lyric  was 
rendered  notorious  by  the  refusal  of  the 
Lord  Chamberlain  to  allow  the  represen- 
tation of  "Le  Songe  d'une  Matine'e   de 
Printemps,"   by  Signor  d'Annunzio.     Be- 
sides being  an  actress,  Madame  Bernhardt 
has  tried  other  arts,  and  has   exhibited 
sculpture  at  the  Salon  1874-86,  has  painted 
pictures,    and    in     1888    wrote     a    play, 
"L'Aveu,"  which  was   performed  at  the 
Odeon. 

BERRY,  Rev.  Charles  Albert,  D.D., 

was  born  at  Leigh,  Lancashire,  on  Dec.  14, 
1852,  and  was  educated  at  a  private  school 
at  Southport,  and  the  Airedale  Independent 
College,  Yorkshire.  He  was  pastor  of  St. 
George's  Road  Chapel,  Bolton,  from  1875 
to  1883,  and  in  the  latter  year  received  a 
call  to  the  Queen  Street  Congregational 
Chapel,  Wolverhampton.  He  was,  in  1887, 
asked  to  succeed  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  of 
Brooklyn,  U.S.A.;  this  invitation, however, 
he  refused,  as  also  other  requests  to  come 
to  London.  He  has  visited  America  on 
several  occasions,  and  has  travelled  in 
Egypt,  Palestine,  Australia,  and  New  Zea- 


land. Dr.  Berry  was  elected,  in  1897, 
Chairman  of  the  Congregational  Union  of 
England  and  Wales,  and  he  has  also 
served  the  office  of  President  of  the 
National  Council  of  Evangelical  Free 
Churches.  He  is  the  author  of  "Vision 
and  Duty,"  1892  (series  of  "Preachers 
of  the  Age");  "Mischievous  Goodness," 
1897  ;  and  a  volume  of  sermons.  Address  : 
13  Parkdale,  Wolverhampton. 

BERRY,  The  Hon.  Sir  Graham, 
K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1822.  He  was  a 
shopkeeper  in  Chelsea,  who  went  out  to 
Victoria  in  1852  in  the  height  of  the  gold- 
digging  fever,  but  instead  of  turning  his 
attention  to  the  gold  mines  he  settled 
down  to  business  in  Melbourne.  In  1860 
he  was  elected  to  the  Victorian  Parlia- 
ment as  an  advanced  Liberal,  and  again 
in  1864,  but  was  defeated  in  the  next  elec- 
tion, and  then,  devoting  his  energies  to 
journalism,  became  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  Geelong  Register.  He  soon,  however, 
re-entered  Parliament,  and  in  1870  first 
took  office  as  Treasurer,  and  five  years 
later  became  Premier  for  a  short  time. 
In  1877  Sir  G.  Berry  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  an  overwhelming  majority,  and 
once  more  took  the  Premiership.  While 
in  office  he  passed  several  important  de- 
mocratic measures,  including  a  land  tax 
on  large  estates,  but  failed  to  carry  a 
proposal  for  a  fundamental  reform  of  the 
Legislative  Council.  Sir  G.  Berry  then 
visited  England  in  order  to  induce  the  Im- 
perial Parliament  to  take  up  the  matter, 
but  failed,  though  through  his  efforts  the 
question  was  eventually  settled.  On  his 
return  the  general  election  of  1880  placed 
him  in  a  minority,  but  he  was  subsequently 
restored  to  power,  and  carried  some  note- 
worthy reform  measures.  Again  thrown 
out  by  a  want  of  confidence  vote,  Sir  G. 
Berry  entered  a  coalition  Ministry,  in 
which  he  was  Chief  Secretary  and  Post- 
master-General (1884-85).  Early  in  1886 
Sir  G.  Berry,  with  Mr.  Service,  was  Vic- 
torian delegate  to  the  first  Federal  Council, 
and  shortly  afterwards  he  was  appointed 
Agent -General  in  London  for  Victoria, 
which  post  he  held  until  February  1892. 
On  returning  to  the  colony  he  accepted 
the  office  of  Treasurer  in  the  Shiels 
Ministry,  which  succumbed  to  a  vote  of 
want  of  confidence  in  January  1893.  The 
honour  of  knighthood  was  conferred  in 
1886  on  Sir  Graham  Berry  in  recognition 
of  his  services  to  the  colony.  He  was 
Executive  Commissioner  for  Victoria  at 
the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition.  In 
1869  he  married  Madge,  daughter  of  J.  B. 
Evans  of  Victoria.     Address  :  Melbourne. 

BERRY,    William   Bisset,    M.D., 
Speaker  of  the  Cape  Legislative  Assembly 


90 


BERTHELOT  —  BERTRAND 


was  born  at  Aberdeen,  and  graduated  at 
the  University  of  his  native  town.  In 
1867  he  established  himself  in  practice  in 
the  eastern  districts  of  Cape  Colony.  He 
took  a  great  interest  in  municipal  and 
educational  work,  and  served  on  several 
government  commissions,  being  an  expert 
with  regard  to  native  problems.  In  1893 
he  was  elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
for  Queenstown.  He  is  a  strenuous  ad- 
vocate of  compulsory  education  for  all. 
He  supports  Mr.  Rose  Innes  as  a  Moderate, 
but  has  backed  up  Mr.  Rhodes'  policy  in 
Charterland.  He  is  popular  with  both 
sides  of  the  House. 

BERTHELOT,  Pierre  Eugene  Mar- 
celin,  a  French  chemist,  the  son  of  a 
physician,  was  born  at  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1827. 
From  a  very  early  age  he  has  devoted  him- 
self to  scientific  studies,  and  made  special 
researches  into  the  synthesis  of  fatty  bodies 
and  alcohol,  and  into  thermo-chemistry. 
The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Sciences  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  April  1854,  and 
in  1861  the  Academy  of  Sciences  awarded 
him  the  sum  of  3500  francs  for  his 
researches.  In  1859  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry  at  the 
Superior  School  of  Pharmacy,  and  in  1865, 
at  the  request  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
a  new  chair  of  organic  chemistry  was 
erected  for  him  at  the  College  de  France. 
He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Aca- 
demie  de  Me'decine  in  February  1863,  and 
entered  the  Acade'mie  des  Sciences,  March 
3,  1873,  in  the  place  of  Duhamel.  He  has 
since  been  elected  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  and  of  most 
of  the  Academies  of  Europe  and  the 
United  States.  On  Sept.  2,  1870,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Scientific  Com- 
mittee of  Defence,  and  during  the  siege 
of  Paris  was  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  guns  and  ammunition,  and  especially 
of  nitro-glycerine  and  dynamite.  Since 
1878  he  has  been  President  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Explosives,  to  which  body  the 
new  smokeless  powder  is  due.  On  April 
6,  1876,  he  was  named  Inspector-General 
of  Higher  Education.  The  labours  of  M. 
Berthelot  have  had  for  their  object,  prin- 
cipally, the  reproduction  of  the  substances 
which  enter  into  the  composition  of  organ- 
ised beings,  and  his  labours  have  opened 
a  new  field  for  science,  which,  up  to  his 
time,  had  limited  itself  almost  entirely  to 
analysis.  The  dyeing  trade  has  benefited 
largely  by  bis  discoveries  in  extracting 
dyes  from  coal  tar.  He  has  for  forty  years 
contributed  extensively  to  the  Annates  de 
Chimie  et  de  Physique,  of  which  he  is  now 
editor,  La  Synthase  des  Carbures  d'Hydro- 
gene,  &c,  and  has  written  "  Chimie  Organ- 
ique  fondle  sur  la  Synthese,"  1860 ;  " Legons 
sur  les  Principes  Sucres,"  1862;  "Legons 


sur  les  Me'thodes  Generales  de  Synthese," 
1864;  "Legons  sur  l'Isomerie,"  1865; 
"  Traite'  Elementaire  de  Chimie  Organ- 
ique,"  "  Sur  la  Force  de  la  Poudre  et 
des  Matieres  Explosives,"  1872  and  1889 ; 
' '  Verification  de  1' Are'ome'tre  de  Baume'," 
1873  ;  "  Les  Origines  de  PAlchimie," 
1885  ;  "  Collection  des  anciens  Alchim- 
istes  grecs,"  1888 ;  besides  numerous  scien- 
tific and  philosophical  articles  for  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  the  Revue  des 
Oours  Scientifiques,  Le  Temps,  &c. ,  which 
have  been  collectively  published  under 
the  title  "Science  et  Philosophie."  He  is 
one  of  the  founders  and  the  director  of 
the  "  Grande  Encyclopedic,"  of  which  the 
first  volume  was  published  in  1885.  M. 
Berthelot  was  decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1861,  made  an  Officer  in 
1867,  Commander  in  1879,  and  Grand 
Officer  in  1886,  in  which  year  he  became, 
for  a  short  time,  a  member  of  the  French 
Cabinet.  In  1889  he  was  elected  Secre- 
taire perp^tuel  de  l'Academie  des  Sciences 
de  Paris,  and  in  1895  Minister  for  Foreign 
Affairs. 

BEBTILLON,  Alphonse,  French 
anthropologist,  younger  brother  of  Dr. 
Jacques  Bertillon,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1853.  He  has  devoted  himself  especially 
to  ethnography,  and  has  acquired  a  Euro- 
pean reputation  by  applying  anthropometry 
to  the  detection  of  criminals.  As  Chief  of 
the  Identification  Office  at  the  Prefecture 
de  Police  in  Paris,  he  instituted  in  1880  a 
system  of  measuring  which  has  given  mar- 
vellously precise  results.  Out  of  the  700 
anthropometric  discoveries  of  old  criminals 
during  the  first  six  years  of  the  use  of 
his  system,  not  one  error  has  been  dis- 
covered. Other  governments  have  followed 
the  example  of  France,  and  it  was  intro- 
duced at  Scotland  Yard  in  1896.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Ethnographie  Moderne,  les 
races  sauvages,"  1883;  "1' Anthropo- 
metric judiciaire  a  Paris  en  1889,"  1890; 
"la  Photographie  judiciaire,"  1890; 
"Identification  anthropome'trique,"  1893. 

BERTILLON,  Jacques,  French 
doctor  and  statistician,  born  at  Paris  in 
1851,  is  the  elder  son  of  Dr.  Louis  Adolphe 
Bertillon,  statistician  and  botanist.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  became  a 
doctor  in  1883.  He  is  one  of  the  heads  of 
department  of  the  Statistical  Office  of  the 
Prefecture  of  the  Seine.  He  married  the 
lady  doctor  Caroline  Schultze,  who  is 
physician  to  the  Qdeon  Theatre.  He  has 
published  "Atlas  de  statisque  graphique 
de  la  ville  de  Paris  en  1888,"  1890. 

BERTRAND,  Joseph  Louis  Fran- 
cois, a  French  mathematician,  born  in 
Paris,  March  11,  1822,  evinced  from  a  very 


BESANT 


91 


early  age  an  extraordinary  taste  for  mathe- 
matics, and  when  eleven  years  of  age,  on 
leaving  the  College  of  St.  Louis,  he  entered 
the  Ecole  Polytechnique.  He  was  succes- 
sively Professor  at  the  Lycee  Saint-Louis, 
Examiner  for  admissions  at  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique,  Teacher  of  Analysis  at  the 
same  school,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Mathematical  Physics  at  the  College  of 
France,  and  Professor  of  Special  Mathe- 
matics at  the  Lycee  Napoleon.  In  1856  he 
was  admitted  to  the  Academie  des  Sciences 
in  place  of  Sturm,  and  on  the  death  of 
Elie  de  Beaumont,  in  1874,  was  elected 
perpetual  secretary.  Besides  his  three 
great  works,  "Traite  d'Arithme'tique," 
1849;  "Traite  d'Algebre,"  1856;  and 
"Traite"  de  Calcul  Differentiel  Integral," 
1864-70,  he  has  written  a  number  of 
memoirs  relative  to  physics,  pure  mathe- 
matics and  mechanics,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing are  the  principal :  "  Sur  les  Conditions 
d'Integralite"  des  Fonctions  differentielles," 
"  Sur  la  Theorie  Generale  des  Surfaces," 
"  Sur  la  Similitude  en  Mechanique,"  "  Sur 
la  Theorie  des  Phenomenes  Capillaires," 
"Sur  la  Theorie  de  la  Propagation  du 
Son,"  &c,  which  have  appeared  in  the 
Journal  de  I'ficdle  Polytechnique  or  the 
Mimoires  de  V Acadimie  des  Sciences.  Lately 
he  has  written  monographs  on  d'Alembert 
(1889)  and  Pascal  (1890).  He  was  made 
an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
August  1867,  and  Commander  in  December 
1881. 

BESANT,  Mrs.  Annie,  ne'e  Wood, 
is  of  Irish  parentage,  being  the  daughter 
of  William  Page  Wood  and  Emily,  daughter 
of  James  Morris,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  October  1,  1847,  and  brought  up  at 
Harrow.  In  1867  she  married  the  Eev. 
Frank  Besant,  who  was  at  that  time  a 
master  at  Cheltenham,  and  was  subse- 
quently Vicar  of  Sibsey,  in  Lincolnshire. 
In  1873  she  was  legally  separated  from 
him.  In  1874  her  keen  interest  in  political 
and  social  topics  brought  her  into  contact 
with  the  Secularists.  She  joined  the 
National  Secular  Society,  and  published 
pamphlets  under  their  auspices.  On  the 
publication  of  the  notorious  "Fruits  of 
Philosophy,"  she  was  prosecuted  in  con- 
nection with  the  late  Mr.  Bradlaugh,  M.  P. 
(June  1877),  but  the  prosecution  was  a 
failure.  In  1883  Mrs.  Besant  became 
deeply  interested  in  Socialism.  She  was 
during  three  years  a  member  of  the  Lon- 
don School  Board.  After  a  lifelong  devo- 
tion to  Free  Thought  she  joined  the 
Theosophical  Society  in  1889,  and  has 
carried  on  active  Theosophical  propaganda 
at  home  and  in  India  and  the  United 
States.  In  March  1893  she  returned  from 
a  lecturing  tour  in  the  United  States,  where, 
as  in  India,  to  which  she  paid  a  lengthy 


visit  in  1894,  the  Theosophical  cult  is  very 
popular.  She  has  now  resumed  her  acti- 
vities at  home.  She  resides  at  the  Theo- 
sophical European  Headquarters  in  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W.,  and  in  1893  published 
her  biography  under  the  title  of  "  Through 
Storm  to  Peace."  Other  works  from  her 
pen  are  "Reincarnation"  and  "Seven 
Principles  of  Man,"  1892;  "Death  and 
After,"  1893;  "Building  of  the  Kosmos," 
1894;  "Karma,"  "In  the  Outer  Court," 
and  "The  Self  and  its  Sheaths,"  1895; 
"Path  of  Discipleship "  and  "Man  and 
his  Bodies,"  1896  ;  "  Four  Great  Religions," 
"  The  Ancient  Wisdom,"  and  "  Three  Paths 
to  Union  with  God,"  1897.  She  edits  the 
Theosophical  Review  in  conjunction  with 
G.  R.  S.  Mead.  Address  :  19  Avenue  Road, 
Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

BESANT,  Sir  Walter,  was  born  at 
Portsmouth  in  1838,  and  educated  at 
King's  College,  London,  and  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in 
high  mathematical  honours.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  Church,  but  abandoned 
this  career.  He  was  then  appointed 
Senior  Professor  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Mauritius,  but  was  compelled  by  ill-health 
to  resign,  and  returned  to  England,  where 
he  has  since  resided.  In  1868  he  produced 
his  first  work,  "Studies  in  Early  French 
Poetry."  In  1873  he  brought  out  "The 
French  Humourists, "  in  1877  "Rabelais" 
for  the  Ancient  and  Foreign  Classics, 
and  in  1882  "Readings  from  Rabelais,"  in 
1879  "Coligny,"  and  in  1881  "Whitting- 
ton"  (Chatto  &  Windus).  Mr.  Besant 
acted  for  many  years  as  Secretary  of  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  in  which 
capacity  he  wrote,  in  1871,  a  "History 
of  Jerusalem,"  with  the  late  Professor 
Palmer,  and  was  editor  of  the  great  work 
entitled  "The  Survey  of  Western  Pales- 
tine." He  has  contributed  to  most  of  the 
magazines.  In  1871  he  entered  into  the 
partnership  with  the  late  Mr.  James  Rice 
which  produced  the  series  of  novels  that 
bear  their  joint  names.  Mr.  Besant  has 
also  written,  under  his  own  name,  "The 
Revolt  of  Man,"  "The  Captain's  Room," 
"All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men,"  1882, 
which  led  to  the  establishment  of  the 
People's  Palace  in  the  East  End  of 
London;  "All  in  a  Garden  Fair,"  1883; 
"Dorothy  Foster,"  1884;  "Uncle  Jack," 
1885  ;  "  Children  of  Gibeon,"  1886  ;  "The 
World  Went  Very  Well  Then,"  1887; 
"For  Faith  and  Freedom,"  1888;  "The 
Bell  of  St.  Paul's,"  1889;  "Armorel  of 
Lyonnesse,"  1890;  "St.  Katherine's  by 
the  Tower,"  1891  ;  "  The  Ivory  Gate," 
1892;  "The  Rebel  Queen,"  1893;  "Be- 
yond the  Dreams  of  Avarice,  1895  ; 
"The  Master  Craftsman,"  "The  City  of 
Refuge,"    1896;     "A    Fountain    Sealed" 


92 


BESANT  —  BETHAM-ED  WARDS 


and  "The  Changeling,"  1897,  and  two 
or  three  volumes  of  short  stories.  He 
also,  with  Mr.  Rice,  put  on  the  stage 
two  plays,  one  performed  at  the  Royal 
Court,  a  dramatic  version  of  "Ready 
Money  Mortiboy,"  and  the  other,  "  Such 
a  Good  Man,"  the  play  from  which 
their  story  bearing  the  same  title  was 
written.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  people 
of  London,  1892  (Chatto  &  Windus) ;  on 
"Westminster,"  1895;  and  a  small  book 
on  the  history  of  London,  1893  (Long- 
mans). His  "Rise  of  the  British  Empire" 
appeared  in  1897.  Mr.  Besant  has  also 
written  a  biography  of  the  late  Professor 
Palmer,  1883 ;  and  "  The  Eulogy  of  Richard 
Jefferies, "  1888.  On  the  establishment 
of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Authors, 
he  was  elected  the  first  Chairman  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  and  in  succession 
to  the  late  Sir  Frederick  Pollock  he  was 
re-elected  to  the  same  office,  which  he 
held  for  four  years.  He  is  editor  of  The 
Author,  a  monthly  paper  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  literary  men  and  literary  be- 
ginners. He  is  now  the  Director  of  the 
"  Survey  of  London."  Latterly  Sir  Walter 
Besant  has  taken  great  interest  in  the 
scheme  for  celebrating  the  millenary  of 
King  Alfred,  and  in  February  1898  he 
lectured,  at  Winchester,  upon  the  Alfred 
Commemoration.  Addresses:  FrognalEnd, 
Hampstead ;  Athenaeum. 

BESANT,  "William  Henry,  M.A., 
D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  the  son  of  a  merchant  at 
Portsmouth,  was  born  at  Portsmouth  in 
1828,  and  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School,  and  at  a  Proprietary  School  at 
Southsea,  and  proceeded,  in  1846,  to 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  BA.  in  1850  as  Senior  Wran- 
gler and  First  Smith's  Prizeman.  He 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  St.  John's 
College  in  1851,  and  was  appointed  Lec- 
turer in  1853.  The  Fellowship  ceased  in 
1859,  but  he  was  retained  as  Lecturer,  and 
held  that  appointment  until  June  1889. 
In  1856  he  was  Moderator  and  in  1857 
Examiner  for  the  Mathematical  Tripos. 
In  1859  he  acted  as  deputy  for  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  in  the  examination  for  the 
Smith's  Prizes.  From  1859  to  1864  he  was 
one  of  the  Examiners  for  the  University 
of  London.  In  1871  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  is  also 
a  Member  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  So- 
ciety, and  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society.  In  1883  he  received  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Science,  being  the  first  D.Sc. 
created  by  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
He  has  been  very  active  as  a  private  tutor, 
college  lecturer,  and  examiner  in  Cam- 
bridge and  elsewhere.  In  1885  he  was 
again  Moderator  for  the  Mathematical 
Tripos.    In  May  1889  he  was  re-elected  to 


a  Fellowship  at  St.  John's  College.  Dr. 
Besant  has  published  treatises  on  "  Hydro- 
Mechanics,"  "Elementary  Hydrostatics," 
"Geometrical  Conic  Sections,"  "Dyna- 
mics," "  Roulettes  and  Glissettes,"  and 
has  written  various  papers  in  the  Messenger 
of  Mathematics  and  in  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Mathematics.  Dr.  Besant  married  the 
only  surviving  daughter  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Willis  in  1861.  Private  address : 
Spring  Lawn,  Harvey  Road,  Cambridge. 

BESIEGED    RESIDENT.    See  La- 

BOUCHBEB,  H. 

BESNARD,  Armand  Louis  Charles 
Gustave,  French  Admiral,  was  born  at 
Rambouillet,  Oct.  11, 1833,  and  entered  the 
Naval  School  in  1849.  He  was  present  at 
the  bombardment  of  Petropaulovsk  during 
the  Crimean  war,  and  was  engaged  in 
China  during  the  second  Chinese  war.  In 
1863  his  bravery  in  Cochin  China,  at  Vinh- 
Long,  gained  him  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
During  the  war  of  1870  he  was  Chief  of 
the  Staff  (acting  as  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel)  to  the  army  of  Brittany,  and  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Drou^  and  Le 
Mans.  In  1873  he  was  promoted  to  a 
captaincy,  and  was  Chief  of  the  Staff  to 
Admiral  Jaures.  In  1879  he  was  assistant 
to  Commander  Gougeard,  the  Minister  of 
Marine  in  the  Gambetta  Cabinet ;  after  its 
fall  he  commanded  the  Friedland,  and 
then  the  training-ship  Iphiginie.  In  1886 
he  attained  flag  rank,  and  became  Chief 
of  the  Staff  at  the  Admiralty,  until  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Chinese 
squadron.  In  1892  he  was  promoted 
Vice  -  Admiral  and  Prefet  Maritime  at 
Brest,  when  M.  Ribot  gave  him  the  port- 
folio of  the  Admiralty  in  his  Cabinet  (Jan. 
26,  1895).  This  post  he  held  until  the  fall 
of  the  Meline  Ministry  in  June  1898.  He 
is  a  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Paris  Address  :  45  Boulevard  Lannes. 

BETHAM-EDWABDS,  Miss  Ma- 
tilda Barbara,  was  born  at  Westerfield, 
Suffolk,  in  1836,  and  began  to  write  when 
quite  young.  Her  first  effort  in  fiction,  a 
story,  "  The  White  House  by  the  Sea," 
published  when  she  was  nineteen,  has 
been  many  times  reprinted  in  popular 
editions,  also  translated  into  Norwegian 
and  other  languages  ;  since  that  time  she 
has  devoted  herself  entirely  to  literature, 
contributing  to  Punch,  the  Graphic,  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Macmillan's  Magazine, 
and  other  leading  periodicals,  and  pub- 
lishing numerous  novels  and  novelettes. 
Amongst  the  most  popular  are:  "John 
and  I,"  "Doctor  Jacob,"  "Kitty,"  "The 
Sylvestres,"  "Bridget,"  "Disarmed," 
"Pearla,"  "Love  and  Mirage,"  "Half- 
way," "A  Dream  of  Millions,"  "Felicia," 


BETHELL  —  BHOWNAGGKEE 


93 


"Forestalled,"  "Brother   Gabriel,"  "For 
the  Other  World."     Many  of  these  stories 
originally    appeared    in    American    and 
English  serials,  and  have  been  translated 
into    French,    German,    and    Norwegian. 
They  have  also  been  reissued  in  popular 
editions    in    America,    Germany,   and    at 
home.     Amongst  Miss  Betham-Edwards's 
miscellaneous   contributions  to  literature 
may  be  mentioned  "  A  Winter  with  the 
Swallows  in  Algeria"   and   "A  Year  in 
Western  France."     In  1885  she  published 
a  volume  of  "Poems,"  containing,  among 
other  reprints,  "  The  Golden  Bee,"  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  Charles  Dickens 
when  the  authoress  was  in  her  teens,  and 
which  was  republished    in   popular  form 
in    1897.      In    1889    this   writer   issued   a 
centennial     edition     of     Arthur    Young's 
"Travels    in    France,"    with    notes,    bio- 
graphy, and  general  sketch  of  France,  the 
result  of    personal  experience  and  obser- 
vations ;  also,   "The  Roof  of  France;  or, 
Travels   in   Lozere."      In    recognition    of 
these  works  the   French   Government  in 
1891  conferred  upon  Miss  Betham -Edwards 
the  dignity  of  Officier  de  l'lnstruction  Pub- 
lique  de  France.     She  is  the  first  English- 
woman thus  honoured.     In  1892  and  1894 
appeared  in  2  vols.   "  France  of  To-day." 
This  writer's  hymn,  "God  make  my  life  a 
little   light,"   has   now  found  a  place   in 
most   hymnals,   anthologies,    &c. ,   and    is 
included  in  Dr.  Julian's  great  Dictionary 
of     Hymnology    recently     issued.       Miss 
Betham-Edwards's  latest  contributions  to 
fiction  are :    "  The  Romance  of   a  French 
Parson,"  1892;    "The  Curb   of   Honour," 
1893;  "A  Romance  of  Dijon,"  1894;  "The 
Dream  Charlotte,"  1896;  "A  Storm-Rent 
Sky,"  1898.     She  also  edited  "The  Auto- 
biography of  Arthur  Young,"   1898 ;   and 
among   forthcoming  works  are  her  "Re- 
miniscences" and  "Poems,"  a  complete 
edition.     In  1894  she  received  a  Civil  List 
pension  of  £50  a  year  in  consideration  of 
her  services  to  literature.     Address  :  Villa 
Julia,  Hastings. 

BETHELX,  George  Richard,  M.P., 
the  son  of  W.  F.  Bethell,  of  Rise  Park, 
Hull,  was  born  March  23,  1849,  and  was 
educated  at  Laleham  and  Gosport  Naval 
School.  After  the  usual  training  on  board 
the  Britannia,  he  entered  the  Navy  in  1862, 
and  served  as  a  sub-lieutenant  during 
surveys  conducted  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  in  the  Gulf  of  Suez.  After  becoming 
a  Lieutenant  he  served  on  board  the 
Challenger,  the  Alert,  and  the  Minotaur 
during  the  years  1872  to  1884.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  attached  to  Sir  C. 
Warren's  expedition  to  Bechuanaland, 
and  was  also  in  that  year  promoted  to 
be  Commander.  He  holds  the  Khedive's 
bronze    star,   and    the    Egyptian    medal. 


Commander  Bethell  was  elected,  in  1885, 
Conservative  member  for  the  Holderness 
Division  of  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
and  he  has  retained  the  seat  up  to  the 
present  time.  Address :  Sigglesthorne, 
Hull. 

BEVEK.LEY,  Bishop  of.    See  Cboss- 
thwaitb,  The  Right  Rev.  Robebt  J. 

BHOWNAGGREE,  Sir  Mancher- 
jee,  K.C.I.E.,  M.P.,  only  son  of  the  late 
Merwanjee  Bhownaggree,  a  Parsee  mer- 
chant and  public-spirited  citizen  of  Bom- 
bay, was  born  in  that  city  on  Aug.  15, 
1851.  He  was  educated  at  the  Proprietary 
School  and  Elphinstone  College,  and  ap- 
pointed Fellow  of  the  Bombay  University 
in  1881.  When  at  college  he  won  a  prize 
for  an  essay  on  the  Constitution  of  the 
East  India  Company,  which  three  years 
later  he  enlarged  into  an  abbreviated 
history  of  the  growth  of  the  famous  John 
Company.  Receiving  a  journalistic  train- 
ing under  the  well-known  Anglo-Indian 
publicist  Mr.  Robert  Knight,  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  sub-editors  of  the 
Statesman  newspaper  in  1871,  in  which 
year  he  also  delivered  a  public  lecture  on 
the  history  and  growth  of  the  Times  news- 
paper. On  the  death  of  his  father  in  the 
following  year  the  charge  of  the  Bombay 
State  Agency  of  the  large  territory  of 
Bhavnagar  devolved  upon  him,  and  from 
that  time  his  connection  with  the  press, 
which  has  been  maintained  up  to  now, 
became  a  non-professional  one.  In  1877 
he  published  a  Gujarati  translation  of  Her 
Majesty's  "  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of  our 
Life  in  the  Highlands  "  ;  and  until  he  came 
to  England  in  1881  to  read  for  the  Bar,  he 
was  an  active  member  on  the  governing 
bodies  of  several  public  institutions.  For 
eight  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  first 
female  English  school  in  Western  India, 
and  during  his  tenure  that  academy  was 
placed  in  a  fine  building  of  its  own.  He 
was  also  secretary  for  many  years  of  the 
Bombay  branch  of  the  East  Indian  Asso- 
ciation ;  and  on  the  Mechanics'  Institute, 
the  Gymnastic  Institute,  and  many  other 
public  bodies  he  did  important  work.  In 
1881  the  Bombay  government  appointed 
him  a  Justice  of  the  Peace.  He  varied 
his  study  in  law  here  by  taking  part  in 
the  proceedings  of  several  public  bodies 
and  serving  upon  their  councils.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1885, 
in  which  year  he  read  an  exhaustive  paper 
on  the  subject  of  female  education  in  India 
before  the  Society  of  Arts.  Mr.  Matthew 
Arnold  presided  on  the  occasion,  and  he 
and  several  other  speakers  so  highly  com- 
mended the  lecture  that  the  Society's 
silver  medal  was  awarded  for  it.  In  1886 
he   served  as   one  of  the  Commissioners 


94 


BICKEEDYKE  —  BICKEESTETH 


from  India  on  the  Colonial  and  Indian 
Exhibition,  and  was  created  a  CLE.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  asked  by  the 
Mahraja  of  Bhavnagar,  with  the  consent 
of  Lord  Eeay's  Government  at  Bombay,  to 
assist  him  in  establishing  a  constitutional 
administration  and  in  reorganising  the 
judicial  and  police  departments  in  his 
State.  This  was  so  novel  an  innovation 
on  the  strictly  autocratic  form  of  rule 
which  had  prevailed  from  time  imme- 
morial in  native  India  that  the  task  was 
fraught  not  only  with  difficulty,  but  with 
danger.  It  was,  however,  accomplished 
with  tact  and  firmness,  the  unwavering 
support  of  the  Maharajah  Takhtsingjee 
and  the  enlightened  co-operation  of  fellow 
councillors — Dewan  Vittaldas,  Mr.  Proctor 
Sims, and  Dr.  Barjorjee  Byramjee — making 
it  so  successful  in  practice  from  the  first 
that  the  new  constitution  has  been  since 
firmly  fixed  in  the  State,  and  even  found 
imitators  in  other  territories.  It  struck  a 
blow  at  the  absolute  exercise  of  individual 
authority,  and  put  an  end  to  the  strife  of 
rival  factions  which  is  so  fruitful  a  source 
of  mischief  in  the  India  of  the  Rajahs. 
This  brought  about  a  combination  of 
powerful  malcontents,  who  fiercely  at- 
tacked the  Mahraja  and  the  gentlemen 
who  were  Mr.  Bhownaggree's  coadjutors 
in  scurrilous  sheets  which  were  spread 
broadcast  over  India.  Thereupon  followed 
in  1890  the  famous  prosecution  known 
as  the  "Bhavnagar  Defamation  Cases," 
which  ended  in  the  conviction  and  punish- 
ment of  the  ringleaders  of  the  gang.  A 
complete  exposure  of  the  blackmailing 
system  of  the  lower  native  press  and  of 
the  various  pernicious  influences  which  are 
at  work  at  the  courts  of  native  states  was 
made  in  the  course  of  the  trial,  and  formed 
the  subject  of  a  valuable  and  bulky  report 
which  Mr.  Bhownaggree  wrote  at  its  con- 
clusion. When  thus  engaged  in  political 
and  judicial  work,  he  did  not  neglect  the 
educational  and  social  duties  which  fell 
upon  him  as  a  public  man.  He  was  the 
Secretary  and  chief  worker  of  the  Ruk- 
mabai  Defence  Committee,  which  had  for 
its  object  the  protection  of  Hindu  women 
against  the  evils  of  infant  marriage.  He 
gave  valuable  evidence  before  the  Public 
Service  Commission,  which  dealt  with  the 
question  of  the  wider  employment  of  the 
people  of  India  in  the  administrative 
service  of  their  country,  and  successfully 
worked  to  place  the  Bombay  Gymnastic 
Institute  upon  a  permanent  basis  by  hous- 
ing it,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  Lord  Reay  and  Lord  Harris,  in  a 
fine  building  and  large  playground  in  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  sites  in  the  city. 
The  death  of  his  only  sister  Ave  in  1888 
fell  upon  him  heavily,  and  in  order  to 
perpetuate  her  memory  he  founded  the 


Nurses'  Home  at  Bombay,  and  erected  the 
East  Corridor  of  the  Imperial  Institute  in 
London,  in  which  city  she  was  educated. 
Both  these  monuments  bear  her  name,  as 
well  as  several  prizes  endowed  in  connec- 
tion with  female  education,  of  which  he, 
following  in  the  footsteps  of  his  father 
and  mother,  has  been  a  staunch  advocate 
throughout  his  life.  His  other  contribu- 
tions to  different  charities  make  up  a 
handsome  total.  Returning  to  London  in 
1891,  his  old  activity  upon  public  bodies 
was  resumed,  and  his  friends  perceived 
that  if  he  entered  upon  a  parliamentary 
career  his  energies  would  find  adequate 
scope  in  English  public  life,  and  also  serve 
the  purpose  of  cementing  the  bonds 
between  Great  Britain  and  her  Indian 
Empire.  He  was  thus  induced  to  enter 
into  the  political  arena,  and  the  path  to 
success,  which  seemed  long  and  difficult, 
was  not  made  either  smoother  or  shorter 
by  his  accepting  the  offer  of  North-East 
Bethnal  Green  to  contest  it  in  the  Con- 
servative interest.  Mr.  George  Howell 
had  been  in  possession  of  the  seat  by 
large  Radical  majorities  ever  since  it  be- 
came a  separate  constituency  in  1S85. 
But  after  a  plucky  fight  Mr.  Bhownaggree 
was  elected  on  the  16th  July  1895.  In 
questions  of  domestic  legislation  he  is  a 
progressive  Conservative,  and  a  strong 
Imperialist  as  regards  our  foreign  policy 
and  possessions.  He  insists  upon  India 
being  regarded  from  an  entirely  non- 
political  standpoint,  and  holds  firmly  to 
the  belief  that  British  rule  has  given  her 
an  unprecedented  period  of  peace  and  of 
opportunities  for  material  progress,  on 
which  he  regards  her  future  prosperity 
must  mainly  depend.  Any  movements 
which  tend  to  shake  the  foundations  of 
that  rule  he  strongly  deprecates,  but  in 
his  criticism  of  the  policy  and  actions  of 
either  party  towards  India  he  follows  an 
independent  line.  Permanent  address : 
3  Cromwell  Crescent,  S.W. 

BICKERDYKE,  John.  See  Cook, 
C.  H. 

BICKEESTETH,  The  Right  Rev. 
Edward  Henry,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Exeter, 
born  at  Islington,  Jan.  25,  1825,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Edward  Bickersteth,  Rector  of 
Watton,  was  educated  at  Watton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
Chancellor's  English  Medallist  in  1844, 
1845,  and  1846;  proceeded  B.A.  (Sen. 
Opt.)  in  1847,  Classical  Tripos,  3rd  Class ; 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1850;  and 
gained  the  Seatonian  Prize  in  1854.  Mr. 
Bickersteth  became  Curate  of  Banning- 
ham,  Norfolk,  in  1848;  Curate  of  Christ 
Church,  Tunbridge  Wells,  1852  ;  Rector  of 
Hinton  Martell,  Dorset,  in  the  same  year ; 


BICKMOEE  —  BIDDULPH 


05 


Vicar  of  Christ  Church,   Hampstead,   in 
1855;    Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of   Ripon 
in    1861  ;     Rural    Dean   of    Highgate    in 
1878 ;    and  Dean  of  Gloucester  in  1884. 
On  the  translation  of  Dr.  Temple  to  the 
See  of  London,  Dr.  Bickersteth  was  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Exeter,   and  was  con- 
secrated  in    1885.     He   is   author   of   the 
following  books :   "Poems,"  1848;  "Water 
from  the  Well-Spring,"  1853;  "The  Rock 
of  Ages  ;    or,  Scripture  Testimony  to  the 
One  Eternal  Godhead  of  the  Father,  and 
of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Spirit,"  1858  ; 
"Practical  and  Explanatory  Commentary 
on  the  New  Testament,"  1864;    "Yester- 
day, To-day,  and  for  Ever :    a  Poem  in  12 
books,"  1866;    "The   Spirit  of  Life;    or, 
Scripture  Testimony  to  the  Divine  Person 
and  Work  of  the  Holy  Ghost,"  1868  ;  "  The 
Hymnal  Companion  to  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer,"  1870;  "The  Two  Brothers, 
and  other  Poems,"  1871;    "The  Master's 
Home-Call,   1872;    "The  Reef  and   other 
Parables,"   1873;    "The  Shadowed  Home 
and  the  Light  Beyond,"  1874;  and  "The 
Lord's  Table,"  1882.     The  "  Hymnal  Com- 
panion," of  which  a  revised  and  enlarged 
edition,  with  tunes,  appeared  in  1876,  is 
now  in  use  in  many  thousands  of  churches 
in  England  and  the  Colonies.     He  married 
(1)  in  1848  Rosa,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
Samuel   Bignold,    Norwich    (she   died    in 
1873) ;  and  (2)  in  1876  Ellen,  daughter  of 
the    late    Robert   Bickersteth.      Address : 
The  Palace,  Exeter. 

BICKMORE,  Albert  Smith,  was  born 
at  St.  George's,  Maine,  March  1,  1839.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1860, 
and  immediately  began  to  study  Natural 
History  under  Agassiz,  who,  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  placed  him  in  charge  of  the 
department  of  Mollusca  in  his  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 
He  had,  very  early  in  his  scientific  career, 
determined  to  establish  at  New  York  a 
Museum  of  Natural  History.  Partly  to 
make  collections  for  this,  and  partly  to 
supply  some  deficiencies  in  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  he  sailed  in  1865 
for  the  East  Indies.  He  spent  one  year 
making  collections  of  shells  and  small 
animals  in  the  East  Indian  Archipelago  ; 
then  traversed  a  large  portion  of  China  ; 
visited  and  explored  Japan,  crossed  Siberia, 
visiting  its  mines,  Central  and  Northern 
Russia,  and  other  European  countries,  and 
returned  to  New  York  after  an  absence  of 
about  three  years.  In  1869  he  published 
in  London  and  New  York  a  volume  of  his 
"Travels  in  the  East  Indian  Archipelago," 
and  a  German  edition  at  Jena.  In  1870 
he  was  elected  Professor  of  Natiiral^  His- 
tory in  Madison  University,  Hamilton, 
New  York.  He  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  American  Journal  of  Science, 


and  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society ;  and  is  now  Director  of  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  New  York,  which  was 
inaugurated  at  the  close  of  1877. 

BIDDULPH,  General  Sir  Michael 
Anthony  Shrapnel,  G.C.B.,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Shrapnel 
Biddulph  of  Amroth  Castle,  Pembroke- 
shire, sometime  Prebendary  of  Brecknock, 
by  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  James 
Stillingfleet,  Prebendary  of  Worcester,  and 
was  born  at  Cleeve  Court,  Somerset,  in 
1825.  He  was  educated  at  Woolwich,  and 
entered  the  Royal  Artillery  in  1843  as  a 
second  lieutenant.  He  was  promoted  to 
first  lieutenant  in  1844  ;  became  captain  in 
1850,  brevet  major  in  1854,  brevet  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  1856,  colonel  in  1874, 
major-general  in  1877,  lieutenant-general 
in  1881,  and  general  in  1886.  General 
Biddulph  served  throughout  the  Eastern 
campaign  of  1854-55,  including  the  battles 
of  Alma,  Balaclava,  and  Inkerman,  and 
the  siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol.  He  was 
Deputy  Adjutant-General  of  Artillery  in 
India  from  1868  to  1871 ;  and  in  1876  he 
was  appointed  Brigadier-General  in  com- 
mand of  the  Rohiikund  district  ;  he  also 
commanded  the  Quettah  field  force  in 
Afghanistan  1878-79.  He  was  nominated 
a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath 
(military  division)  in  1873,  and  promoted 
to  a  Knight  Commandership  of  that 
Order  in  1879  (G.C.B.).  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  to  the  divisional  staff  of  the 
army  in  Bengal.  He  is  Gentleman-Usher 
of  the  Black  Rod  and  Groom-in-Waiting, 
President  of  the  Ordnance  Committee,  and 
Keeper  of  the  Regalia.  Sir  Michael 
Biddulph  married,  in  1857,  Katherine, 
daughter  of  Captain  Stamati,  Command- 
ant of  Balaclava.  Address :  2  Whitehall 
Court,  S.W. 

BIDDTJLPH,  General  Sir   Robert, 

G.C.M.G. ,  K.C.B.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Robert  Biddulph  of  Ledbury,  Hereford- 
shire, by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Mr.  George 
Palmer,  M.P.,  of  Nazing  Park,  Essex.  He 
was  born  in  London,  Aug.  26,  1835,  and 
educated  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich.  He  was  appointed  second 
lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Artillery  in  1853  ; 
captain  in  1860 ;  major  in  the  army  in 
1861 ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  1864  ;  colonel 
in  1872  ;  brigadier-general  in  1879  ;  major- 
general  in  the  army  in  1883;  and  lieu- 
tenant-general in  1887.  He  was  Deputy 
Assistant-Adjutant-General  in  India  from 
1858  to  1860 ;  Military  Secretary  in  China 
in  1860-61 ;  Military  Secretary  in  Madras 
from  1861  to  1865  ;  and  Deputy  Assistant- 
Quartermaster-General  at  Woolwich  from 
1868  to  1871.  He  was  one  of  the  Assistant 
Boundary  Commissioners  under  the  Reform 


96 


BID  WELL  —  BIGELO  W 


Aot  of  1867,  and  acted  as  private  secre- 
tary to  Mr.  Cardwell  when  that  statesman 
was  Secretary  for  War,  in  1871-73.  From 
1873  to  1878  he  was  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General  at  Headquarters  ;  in  March  1879, 
he  was  nominated  her  Majesty's  Com- 
missioner for  arranging  the  payment  due 
to  the  Turkish  Government  under  the 
Convention  concluded  in  the  previous 
year  ;  and  in  May  1879  he  was  appointed 
High  Commissioner  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  on  the 
transfer  of  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  to  Natal ; 
Inspector-General  of  Becruiting,  1886-87  ; 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  Army  in 
1887  ;  Director-General  of  Military  Educa- 
tion from  March  1888  to  January  1893. 
Under  his  administration  the  state  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus  has  very  greatly  im- 
proved ;  and  to  him  is  due  much  of  the 
credit  for  the  successful  "  locust  war " 
urged  against  that  deadly  insect-plague. 
From  January  to  October  1893,  he  was 
Quartermaster-General  to  the  Forces  at 
Headquarters.  In  October  1893  he  was 
appointed  Governor  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  Gibraltar,  a  post  he  now  holds. 
He  was  nominated  a  Companion  of  the 
Order  of  the  Bath  (military  division)  in 
1877,  and  created  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George  in 
1880,  a  G.C.M.G.  in  1886.  In  1892  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  General.  He 
married,  in  1864,  Sophia,  daughter  of  the 
Bev.  A.  L.  Lambert,  rector  of  Chilbolton, 
Hampshire,  and  widow  of  Mr.  B.  Stuart 
Palmer.    Address  :  The  Convent,  Gibraltar. 

BIDWELL,  Shelford,  F.B.S.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Shelford  Clarke  Bidwell, 
Esq.,  J. P.,  was  born  on  March  6,  1848,  at 
Thetford,  Norfolk,  and  was  educated  pri- 
vately, and  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge. 
He  graduated  B.A.  (Mathematical  Tripos) 
in  1870,  LL.B.  (Law  Tripos)  in  1871,  and 
M.  A.  in  1873,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar 
(Lincoln's  Inn)  in  1874.  He  has  devoted 
much  time  to  experimental  scientific  work, 
especially  in  relation  to  electricity,  mag- 
netism, and  optics.  Accounts  of  his  re- 
searches are  contained  in  numerous  papers 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
and  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Physical  Society,  the 
Philosophical  Magazine,  Nature,  and  other 
scientific  journals.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Boyal  Society  in  1886,  was 
President  of  the  Physical  Society,  1897-98 ; 
and  a  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Elec- 
trical Engineers,  and  other  associations. 
He  married  in  1874  Annie  Wilhelmina 
Evelyn,  daughter  of  the  Bev.  E.  Firmstone, 
M.A.,  Sector  of  Wyke,  near  Winchester, 
and  has  three  children.  Addresses  :  Biver- 
stone  Lodge,  Southfields,  S.W. ;  1  Mitre 
Court  Buildings,  Temple. 


BIERSTADT,  Albert,  was  born  near 
Diisseldorf,  in  Germany,  Jan.  7,  1830. 
His  parents  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  when  he  was  two  years  of  age,  and 
settled  in  New  England.  He  went  to 
Germany  in  1853,  studied  painting  in 
Diisseldorf,  spent  a  winter  in  Borne,  made 
the  tour  of  Switzerland  and  the  Apennines, 
and  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1857, 
In  1859  he  accompanied  General  Lander's 
expedition  to  the  Bocky  Mountains,  where 
he  spent  several  months  in  making  sketches. 
He  was  made  an  Academician  in  1860.  In 
1863  he  produced  his  celebrated  picture, 
"View  of  the  Bocky  Mountains — Lander's 
Peak,"  which  at  once  gave  him  a  high 
reputation.  Among  his  subsequent  works, 
the  most  noticeable  have  been — "  Sunlight 
and  Shadow,"  "The  Storm  in  the  Bocky 
Mountains,"  "  Domes  of  the  Yosemite," 
"Laramie  Peak,"  "Emigrants  Crossing 
the  Plains,"  "Mount  Hood,"  "Mount 
Whitney,"  "Scene  near  Fort  Laramie," 
"Geysers  of  the  Yellowstone,"  "Great 
Trees  of  California,"  "  Matterhorn," 
"Bocky  Mountain  Sheep,"  "Settlement  of 
California,"  "Discovery  of  the  Hudson," 
"Last  of  the  Buffalo, "and  "Landing  of 
Columbus."  He  travelled  in  Europe  in 
1867,  1878,  and  1883,  and  in  1863  and  1873 
visited  the  Pacific  coast,  while  in  1889  he 
went  to  Alaska.  In  1871  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  of  St. 
Petersburg.  He  has  received  medals  in 
Belgium,  Germany,  Bavaria,  and  Austria, 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  the  Eussian  Order 
of  St.  Stanislaus,  and  the  Turkish  Order 
of  the  Medjidie.  His  house  and  studio  at 
Irvington,  New  York,  were  destroyed  by 
fire  in  November  1882 ;  but  though  his 
loss  was  considerable,  his  more  valuable 
pictures  were  fortunately  at  his  studio  in 
New  York  City,  and  so  escaped  destruction. 

BIGELOW,  John,  American  states- 
man and  author,  was  born  at  Malden-on- 
Hudson,  New  York,  Nov.  25,  1817.  He 
graduated  at  Union  College  in  1835,  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1839,  became  joint 
proprietor  with  William  C.  Bryant,  and 
Managing  Editor  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post  in  1849,  was  appointed  Consul  at 
Paris  by  President  Lincoln  in  1861,  Chargd 
d'Affaires  in  December  1864,  and  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  Court  of  France  in  April  1865 ; 
he  resigned,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  the  beginning  of  1867  to  devote 
himself  to  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  commission  organised  at 
the  request  of  Governor  Tilden  to  investi- 
gate the  management  of  the  canals  of  the 
State  of  New  York  in  1874,  in  1875  was 
elected  Secretary  of  State  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  in  1884  was  offered  the  position 
of  Chamberlain  of  the  City  of  New  York, 


EIGGE  —  BILCESCO 


97 


and  in  1885  was  appointed  Assistant 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States  at  New  York, 
which  he  declined.  During  the  years 
1843-45  Mr.  Bigelow  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Democratic  Revieto.  He  was 
one  of  the  five  inspectors  of  the  State 
prison  at  Sing  Sing,  1845-48,  and  was  the 
author  of  all  their  annual  reports  to  the 
Legislature.  He  visited  the  island  of 
Jamaica  in  1850,  and  upon  his  return  pub- 
lished "Jamaica  in  1850;  or  the  Effect 
of  Sixteen  Years  of  Freedom  on  a  Slave 
Colony."  During  his  residence  in  Paris  he 
published  "Les  Etats  Unis  en  1863." 
Also  while  in  Paris  he  became  possessed 
of  the  original  manuscript  of  the  auto- 
biography of  Benjamin  Franklin,  from 
which  he  published,  in  1868,  the  first 
correct  copy  ever  printed  of  that  famous 
story.  Among  his  other  writings  are 
"  Some  Becollections  of  Antoine  Pierre 
Berryer,"  1869;  "France  and  Hereditary 
Monarchy,"  1871;  a  "Life  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,"  in  3  vols.,  1875  (of  which  the 
third  edition  was  issued  in  1892);  "The 
Wit  and  Wisdom  of  the  Haytians,"  1877  ; 
and  "Molinos,  the  Quietist,"  1882.  He 
has  been  for  many  years  an  occasional 
contributor  to  Harper's,  the  Century,  and 
Scribner's.  He  edited  the  "Writings  and 
Speeches  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden,"  2  vols. 
1885;  and  "The  Writings  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,"  in  10  vols.,  1888.  "Some 
Becollections  of  Laboulaye  "  were  printed 
privately  for  him  in  1889,  and  he  con- 
tributed a  "  Life  of  William  Cullen 
Bryant "  to  the  "  American  Men  of 
Letters"  series  in  1890.  In  1895  he  pub- 
lished "The  Life  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden," 
and  in  1896  "  The  Mystery  of  Sleep."  Mr. 
Bigelow  is  one  of  the  executors  of  the  will 
of  the  late  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  and  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
"  Tilden  Trust."  In  1886  the  New  York 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  in  response  to  an 
invitation  of  M.  de  Lesseps,  requested  Mr. 
Bigelow  to  accompany  him  to  visit  the 
works  of  the  Panama  Canal  Company  and 
report  their  situation  and  prospects.  Mr. 
Bigelow's  report  was  published  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  to  which  body  he 
was  immediately  after  elected  an  honorary 
member.  He  was  appointed  by  President 
Cleveland  sole  Commissioner  of  the  United 
States  to  the  International  Exposition  of 
Sciences  and  Industry  at  Brussels  in  1888. 

BIGGE,  Sir  Arthur  John,  K.C.B., 
C.M.G.,  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  Royal 
Artillery,  Private  Secretary  and  Equerry 
to  the  Queen,  was  born  on  June  18,  1849, 
and  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  Eev.  J.  F. 
Bigge,  Vicar  of  Stamfordham,  and  Caro- 
line Mary  Ellison.  He  entered  the  Boyal 
Artillery  in  1869,  and  saw  service  in  the 
Zulu  War  (1878-79),  being  mentioned  in 


despatches  and  gaining  the  Zulu  medal. 
In  1879  he  was  appointed  Aide-de-Camp 
to  General  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  then  in  com- 
mand of  No.  Four  Column  in  the  Zulu 
campaign.  He  became  Captain  in  1880, 
Major  in  1885,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  in 
1893.  His  Court  appointments  date  from 
1880,  when  he  became  Assistant-Keeper 
of  the  Privy  Purse  and  Assistant  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Queen.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  Equerry-in-Ordinary,  and  in 
May  1895  Private  Secretary  to  Her 
Majesty.  He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  the  latter  year.  He  is 
married  to  Constance,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  W.  F.  Neville,  Vicar  of  Butleigh. 
Addresses :  Winchester  Tower,  Windsor 
Castle  ;  and  St.  James's  Palace,  S.W. 

BIGHAM,  Sir  John  C,  K.B.,  Judge 
of  the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  was  born  in  1840,  and  is 
the  son  of  John  Bigham,  merchant,  of 
Liverpool.  He  was  educated  at  the  Boyal 
Institution,  Liverpool,  and  at  Berlin  and 
Paris.  He  went  to  the  Bar  in  1870,  took 
silk  in  1883,  and  was  elected  a  Bencher  of 
his  Inn  in  1886.  At  the  Bar  he  had  a  con- 
siderable practice.  In  1892  he  contested 
the  Exchange  Division  of  Liverpool  for 
the  Unionists,  and  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment for  that  division  in  1895,  retaining 
his  seat  till  October  1897,  when  he  was 
raised  to  the  Bench  and  knighted.  While 
in  Parliament  he  was  a  Member  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Jameson  Eaid  in  1897.  In 
1870  he  married  Georgina,  daughter  of 
John  Rogers,  of  Liverpool.  Addresses  :  19 
Palace  Gate,  Kensington,  W. ;  and  Gold- 
smith Building,  Temple,  E.C. 

BILCESCO,  Mademoiselle  Sarmisa, 

Doctor  at  Law,  a  Roumanian  by  birth,  is 
the  first  lady  who  obtained  the  degree  of 
a  Doctor  at  Law  in  France.  She  was  born 
in  1867  at  Bucharest,  where  her  father  is 
Governor  of  the  National  Bank.  When 
only  sixteen  she  graduated  as  Bachelor  of 
Lettres,  and  the  year  after  as  Bachelor  of 
Sciences.  Encouraged  by  these  early  suc- 
cesses, Mlie.  Bilcesco  felt  tempted  to  con- 
tinue her  studies  in  Paris,  where  she  arrived 
with  her  mother  in  1884.  She  at  once  put 
herself  under  the  direction  of  M.  Georges 
Bourdon,  Secretaire  of  the  Chamber  des 
Deputes,  and  ridacteur  of  the  journal  Le 
Temps,  who  prepared  her  for  all  examina- 
tions. After  having  been  admitted  as 
student  at  the  Sorbonne,  Mile.  Bilcesco 
studied  three  years  for  the  degree  of  a 
licentiate,  and  two  years  longer  for  that  of 
a  doctor.  She  passed  all  her  examinations 
with  honours,  and  took  the  first  place 
among  the  licentiates  of  her  year.  But 
her  crowning  triumph  was  her  examination 
for   the   degree   of   a  doctor,  which  took 

a 


98 


BILLOT  — BINNIE 


place  on  June  12,  1890.  The  thesis  she 
selected  was  "The  Status  or  Position  of 
Mothers  under  French  and  Roman  Laws," 
a  paper  of  504  pages,  which  she  read  before 
a  large  audience,  the  jury  congratulating 
her  on  the  choice  of  the  subject,  and  the 
remarkable  manner  in  which  she  had 
treated  the  same.  Mile.  Bilcesco  is  not 
only  a  first-rate  scholar,  but  likewise  a 
talented  musician.  She  returns  to  Bucha- 
rest, where  she  proposes  to  claim  admis- 
sion to  the  Roumanian  Bar,  not  so  much 
to  set  up  as  a  lawyer,  as  to  decide  the 
question  of  a  woman's  right  to  practise  the 
profession  of  the  law. 

BILLOT,  Jean  Francois,  French 
general  and  senator,  born  at  Chaumeil, 
Aug.  15,  1828,  and  admitted  to  the  Ecole 
de  St.  Cyr,  Dec.  1,  1847,  was  appointed 
to  the  Staff  in  1849.  By  successive  pro- 
motions he  became  Colonel  in  November 
1870.  The  brilliant  portion  of  his  military 
career  has  been  almost  entirely  African. 
He  was  recalled  from  Algiers  to  France 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
War.  He  was  promoted  to  field  rank,  and 
took  command  of  the  18th  Corps  d'Armfe 
He  was  victorious  at  the  engagements  of 
Beaune-la-Rolande  and  Villersexel.  At 
the  conclusion  of  peace  he  was  elected 
to  the  National  Assembly  by  his  own 
department  of  Correze,  and  sat  among  the 
Republicans  of  the  Left.  He  opposed 
vigorously  the  attempts  of  a  monarchic 
restoration  in  1873,  and  in  1875  was  elected 
a  senator.  He  had  the  chief  part  in  the 
passing  of  a  bill  for  the  reorganisation  of 
the  Staff  of  the  French  army,  opening  it 
to  all  ranks  in  February  1878.  In  1879 
he  was  appointed  Chief  of  the  15th  Corps 
d'Arme~e  at  Marseilles,  and  in  1882  became 
Minister  of  War  in  the  Freycinet  Cabinet, 
which  post  he  continued  to  hold  in  the 
Duclerc  Cabinet  of  August  of  the  same 
year.  His  chief  work  was  in  the  cause 
of  the  army  of  Africa,  of  the  artillery  of 
fortresses,  and  of  the  defence  of  the  In- 
valides  against  suppression.  He  resigned 
Jan.  30,  1883,  for  refusing  to  deprive  the 
Orleans  princes  of  their  military  rank.  In 
1885  he  became  head  of  the  1st  Corps  at 
Lille,  and  then  a  Member  of  the  Conseil 
Supeneur  de  la  Guerre.  In  1889  he  strenu- 
ously opposed  the  bill  on  regional  recruit- 
ing, and  on  the  8th  of  July  was  made  a 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  of 
which  he  had  been  a  Chevalier  since  1859. 
In  1897  he  played  an  unenviable  part  in 
the  Dreyfus-Esterhazy-Zola  trials,  and  he 
was  the  chief  factor  in  endeavouring  to 
place  the  army  on  an  impossible  pinnacle 
above  suspicion.  This  attempt  of  a  mili- 
tary caste  to  form  itself  into  a  dictator- 
ship was  regarded  with  dismay  by  all  true 
friends    of    the    French    nation    abroad. 


However,  he  felt  he  had  gone  too  far,  and 
moderated  the  tone  of  his  witnesses  in  the 
Courts.  General  Billot  retired  with  his 
other  colleagues  of  the  Meline  Cabinet  in 
June  1898. 

BINNIE,  Sir  Alexander  B,.,  M.Inst. 
C.&.M.E.,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  &c,  Engineer 
to  the  London  County  Council,  was  born 
in  London  in  1839,  and  was  educated  at 
various  private  academies.  He  was  a 
pupil  and  assistant  to  the  celebrated  J.  F. 
Le  Trobe  Bateman,  F.R.S.,  who  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
and  Engineer  to  the  Glasgow  and  Man- 
chester Waterworks.  Iu  early  life  Mr. 
Binnie  was  engaged  on  railway  construc- 
tion in  England  and  Wales.  He  entered 
the  Public  Works  Department  of  India 
by  open  competition  in  1868,  and  during 
his  six  years'  service  in  that  country  was 
engaged  in  the  exploration  which  led  to 
the  discovery  of  coal  in  the  Central 
Provinces,  for  which  he  received  the  com- 
mendation of  the  Government  of  India  ; 
he  successfully  designed  and  constructed 
the  whole  of  the  works  for  the  supply 
of  the  City  of  Najpur  with  water,  for 
which  he  again  received  the  commenda- 
tion of  Government ;  he  was  also  engaged 
on  railway  work,  and  for  a  short  period 
acted  an  Assistant  Secretary,  Public  Works 
Department,  to  the  Chief  Commission  of 
the  Central  Provinces.  For  fifteen  years 
he  was  Engineer  to  the  Bradford  Corpora- 
tion, during  which  period  he  designed  and 
successively  constructed  many  large  works 
at  a  cost  of  over  one  million  sterling,  and 
among  them  the  highest  reservoir  embank- 
ment (125  feet)  in  the  United  Kingdom ;  he 
also  laid  out  and  designed  for  the  Corpora- 
tion a  large  extension  of  the  waterworks 
in  the  Nedd  Valley  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£1,250,000.  Sir  Alexander  is  the  author  of 
a  paper  on  the  Najpur  waterworks,  for 
which  he  received  from  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  a  Telford  medal  and 
premium.  He  has  been  appointed  on 
more  than  one  occasion  Lecturer  on  Water- 
works at  the  School  of  Military  Engineer- 
ing at  Chatham,  and  his  lectures  have 
been  published  by  Government,  besides 
which  he  is  the  author  of  many  valuable 
professional  reports,  and  an  address  as 
President  to  the  Bradford  Philosophical 
Society  on  "Heat  in  its  Relation  to  Coal." 
Since  his  appointment  as  Chief  Engineer 
to  the  London  County  Council,  he  has 
been  engaged  on  the  purification  of  the 
sewage  discharged  into  the  river,  which 
has  made  such  a  marked  improvement 
in  the  condition  of  the  Thames  ;  has  con- 
structed the  new  bridge  over  the  Lee 
at  Barking  Road  ;  has  designed  and  com- 
pleted the  Blackwall  Tunnel ;  prepared 
new  designs  for  Highgate  Archway  and 


BIEDWOOD 


99 


Vauxhall  Bridge  ;  besides  laying  out  works 
for  bringing  a  supply  of  water  from  Wales 
to  supplement  the  present  Thames  and 
Lee  sources.  Since  1890  Sir  Alexander 
Binnie  has  been  Chief  Engineer  to  the 
London  County  Council.  He  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  in  1897.  Address  : 
77  Ladbrooke  Drive,  W. 

BINYON,   Laurence,    son    of    Rev. 

Frederick  Binyon,  was  born  at  Lancaster, 
1869,  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  Newdigate  Prize, 
1890 ;  B.A.,  1892.  He  was  appointed 
Assistant  in  the  British  Museum  Printed 
Books  Department  in  1893,  and  transferred 
to  Department  of  Prints  and  Drawings  in 
1895.  He  published  works  are :  in  verse, 
"  Primavera  "  (part  author),  1890  ;  "  Lyric 
Poems,"  1894;  "Poems,"  1895;  "London 
Visions,"  1895;  "The  Praise  of  Life," 
1896;  "Porphyrion,"  1898:  in  prose,  two 
portfolio  monographs,  "Dutch  Etchers," 
1895,  "  Crome  and  Cotman,"  1897 ; 
"Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Drawings  of 
the  British  School  in  the  British  Museum  " 
(in  progress),  vol.  1, 1898.  Address  :  British 
Museum. 

BIRDWOOD,  Sir  George  Chris- 
topher Molesworth,  M.D.,  C.S.I., 
K.C.I.E.,  LL.D.,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
General  Christopher  Birdwood,  3rd  Bom- 
bay Native  Infantry,  and  Commissary- 
General,  Bombay,  was  born  at  Belgaum, 
Bombay,  Dec.  8,  1832.  He  was  educated 
at  Plymouth  New  Grammar  School,  and 
the  University,  Edinburgh,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.D. ,  and  passed  the  usual 
examination  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  in 
1854.  He  was  appointed  to  the  Medical 
Staff  of  the  East  India  Company  on  their 
Bombay  Establishment  in  the  same  year. 
His  first  charge  was  of  the  Southern  Mah- 
ratta  Horse,  Kalludghee,  in  1855.  Later  he 
was  transferred  to  the  1st  Battery  2nd 
Brigade  of  Artillery  at  Sholapore,  where 
he  was  also  at  different  times  in  charge 
of  the  8th  Madras  Cavalry,  3rd  Bombay 
Native  Infantry,  and  the  Civil  Station.  In 
1856  he  was  sent  to  the  Persian  Gulf  in 
medical  charge  of  the  Company's  steamship 
Ajdaha,  and  on  his  return  to  Bombay  in 
April  1857  he  was  appointed  Acting  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  Grant 
Medical  College,  and  from  that  date  to 
his  leaving  India  continued  to  be  connected 
with  the  college  almost  without  interrup- 
tion in  the  chairs  successively  of  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,  and  Botany  and  Materia 
Medica.  In  the  same  year  Dr.  Birdwood 
was  appointed  Curator  of  the  Government 
Central  Museum  at  Bombay.  Later  he 
was  appointed  Registrar  of  the  University ; 
and  he  also  held  the  offices  of  Honorary 
Secretary  to  the  Bombay  Branch   of  the 


Royal  Asiatic  Society,  and  Honorary  Sec- 
retary to  the  Agri-Horticultural  Society  of 
Western  India.  With  the  assistance  of 
the  late  eminent  Hindu  physician,  Dr. 
Bhau  Daje,  he  was  mainly  instrumental 
in  establishing  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum  and  the  Victoria  Gardens  in 
Bombay.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  Sheriff 
of  Bombay,  and  in  1868  Special  Commis- 
sioner for  the  Government  of  Bombay  at 
the  International  Exhibition  held  in  Paris 
in  that  year.  In  1869  he  was  forced  finally 
to  leave  India,  through  permanently  broken 
health.  On  the  occasion  of  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  Queen  as  Empress  of  India, 
Jan.  1, 1877,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Com- 
panionship of  the  Star  of  India ;  and  the 
honour  of  knighthood  was  conferred  on 
him  in  September  1881.  In  1887  he  had 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.,  Cambridge,  and  was  decorated 
with  the  insignia  of  the  Knight  Companion- 
ship of  the  Order  of  the  Indian  Empire. 
He  still  maintains  his  official  ties  with 
India,  having  been  appointed,  about  1879, 
Special  Assistant  in  the  Revenue,  Statis- 
tics, and  Commerce  Department  of  the 
India  Office.  He  was  a  Royal  Commis- 
sioner and  Member  of  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee of  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhi- 
bition of  1886  ;  and  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  the  British  Indian  Section 
of  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1889  ;  a  Royal 
Commissioner  for  the  Chicago  Exhibition 
of  1893  ;  and  a  Member  of  the  London 
and  Antwerp  Consultative  and  Executive 
Committees  for  the  British  Section  at  the 
Antwerp  Exhibition  of  1894.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Catalogue  of  the  Economic 
Products  of  the  Bombay  Presidency  (Vege- 
table)," 1st  edit.  1862,  2nd  edit.  1868 ; 
"The  Genus  Boswellia  (Frankincense 
plants),  with  illustrations  of  three  new 
species,"  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Lin- 
nean  Society,  vol.  xxvii.  ;  the  article 
"Incense,"  in  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica  "  ;  "  The  Perfumes  of  the  Bible,"  in 
Cassell's  "Bible  Educator";  "Handbook 
to  the  British  Indian  Section,  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1878  ;  "  the  article  "  On  an  Ancient 
Silver  Patera,"  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  vol.  xi.  New 
Series,  1881 ;  "  Handbook  on  the  Indus- 
trial Arts  of  India,"  1880;  "The  Arts 
of  India,"  1881;  "Ausstellung  Indischer 
Kunst  -  Gegenstande,  zu  Berlin,"  1881; 
"  Indiens  Konstslojd  en  Kortfattad  Skild- 
ring,"  Stockholm,  1882;  "Indiens  Kunst- 
industrie,  Kjobenhaven,"  1882;  "Report 
on  the  Miscellaneous  Old  Records  of  the 
India  Office,"  1879,  reprinted  1890  ;  and 
"The  First  Letter  Book  of  the  (English) 
East  India  Company,"  1893.  He  has  also 
contributed  introductions  to  "  The  Miracle 
Play  of  Hassan  and  Husain,"  by  Sir  Lewis 
Pelly,  1879  ;  to  "  Eastern  Carpets,"  by  Mr. 


100 


BIRKELL  —  BISPHAM 


Vincent  Kobinson,  1882;  to  "The  Dawn 
of  the  British  Trade  in  the  East,"  by  Henry 
Stevens,  1886  ;  to  "  Eepresentative  Men  of 
India,"  by  Sorabji  Jehanghier,  1889;  the 
"Catalogue  of  the  Indian  Section  of  the 
Edinburgh  Forestry  Exhibition,"  1884  ;  and 
an  Appendix  on  "The  Aryan  Fauna  and 
Flora,"  to  Professor  Max  Muller's  "Bio- 
graphies of  Words,"  1888  ;  a  "  Report  on 
Spanish  Chestnuts,"  1892 ;  and  a  Mono- 
graph on  "  The  Antiquity  of  the  Oriental 
Manufacture  of  Sumptuary  Carpets,"  to 
the  monumental  work  on  "  Oriental  Car- 
pets," published  by  the  Royal  and  Im- 
perial Ministry  of  Commerce,  Worship, 
and  Education,  1892-94,  the  English 
edition  of  which,  edited  by  Mr.  Caspar 
Purden  Clarke,  C.I.E.,  was  issued  in 
Vienna.  He  was  a  constant  contributor 
to  the  Indian  press,  and  for  some  time 
editor  of  the  Bombay  Saturday  Review. 
Letters  by  him  on  the  opium  trade, 
which  had  appeared  in  the  Times,  were 
republished  in  Mr.  W.  H.  Brereton's 
"Truth  about  Opium,"  1882.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  the  article  "Are  we  De- 
spoiling India?  —  a  Rejoinder,  by  'John 
Indigo,'  "  in  the  National  Review  for  Sep- 
tember 1883 ;  and  of  a  review  of  Sir 
Henry  Yule's  "Hobson  Jobson,"  in  the 
Quarterly  Review  for  1887  ;  and  of  the 
following  articles  in  the  Asiatic  Quarterly 
Review:  "The  Christmas  Tree,"  January 
1886;  "The  Empire  of  the  Hittites," 
January  1888;  "The  Mahratta  Plough," 
October  1888  ;  and  "  Leper  in  India,"  April 
1890.  He  has  been  a  contributor  also  to 
the  Bombay  Quarterly  Review,  the  Journal 
of  the  hast  Indian  A  ssociation.  the  Journal 
of  the  National  Indian  Association,  the  Jour- 
nal of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  the  Journal 
of  Indian  Art.  Sir  George  Birdwood 
married  in  1856  Frances  Anne,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Edward  Tolcher, 
Esq.,  R.N.,  of  Harewood,  Plympton  St. 
Mary's,  Devon.  Address  :  7  Apsley  Terrace, 
Acton,  W. 

BIBBELL,   Augustine,   Q.C ,    M.P., 

youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Birrell  of 
Liverpool,  and  Harriet  Jane  Grey,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Henry  Grey,  D.D.,  of  Edin- 
burgh, was  born  Jan.  19,  1850,  at  Waver- 
tree,  near  Liverpool.  He  was  educated  at 
Amersham  Hall  School,  near  Reading,  and 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  gradu- 
ated with  honours  in  Law  and  History  in 
1872.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  by  the 
Inner  Temple,  November  1875,  and  prac- 
tises in  the  Chancery  Division ;  is  the 
author  of  "Obiter  Dicta,"  two  series,  1884 
and  1887;  and  "Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte," 
1887;  "Res  Judicata;."  1892;  "Men, 
Women,  and  Books,"  1894;  "Lectures  on 
Trustees,"  1896  ;  and  an  edition  of  Boswell, 
1897.     He  contested  the  Walton  Division 


of  Liverpool  in  1885,  and  the  Widnes 
Division  of  Lancashire  in  1886,  both  un- 
successfully. He  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment for  West  Fife  in  July  1889,  on  the 
retirement  of  the  Hon.  K.  P.  Bruce,  and 
again  in  1892  and  1895.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Quain  Professor  of  Law  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  in  1896,  where  in 
June  1898  he  delivered  the  annual  oration 
on  Founder's  Day,  taking  as  his  subject, 
"  University  Ideals."  He  married  first,  in 
1878,  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  late 
Archibald  Mirrielees,  formerly  of  St. 
Petersburgh  (she  died  in  1879) ;  and 
second,  in  1888,  Eleanor,  widow  of  the 
Hon.  Lionel  Tennyson,  and  daughter  of 
Frederick  and  Lady  Charlotte  Locker 
Lampson.  Addresses  :  30  Lower  Sloane 
Street,  S.W,,  and  3  New  Square,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  &c. 

BISHOP,  "William  Henry,  American 
author,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
Jan.  7,  1847,  and  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1867.  He  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature,  and  in 
addition  has  published  "  Detmold,"  1879; 
"  The  House  of  a  Merchant  Prince,"  1882 ; 
"Choy  Susan,  and  other  Stories,"  1884; 
"Old  Mexico,  and  Her  Lost  Provinces," 
1884;  "Fish  and  Men  in  the  Maine 
Islands,"  1884 ;  "  The  Golden  Justice," 
1887;  "The  Brown  Stone  Boy,  and  other 
Queer  People,"  1883  ;  "  The  Yellow  Snake," 
1891;  "A  House -Hunter  in  Europe," 
1893;  "A  Pound  of  Cure,"  and  "Writing 
to  Rosina,"  1894;  "The  Garden  of  Eden, 
U.S.A.,"  1895. 

BISPHAM,  David  S.,  principal  bari- 
tone at  the  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden, 
and  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
New  York,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  U.S.A., 
Jan.  5,  1857,  of  families  of  old  English 
Quaker  stock,  the  name  Bispham  having 
been  associated  from  time  immemorial 
with  the  county  of  Lancashire,  England, 
while  his  mother's  family  name,  Scull,  has 
been  associated  with  the  west  of  England 
since  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror. 
Notwithstanding  the  influences  of  more 
than  two  hundred  years  of  Quaker  doc- 
trine, which,  in  the  United  States,  is  even 
more  strictly  insisted  upon  than  in  the 
mother-country,  the  musical  faculty  which 
might  have  been  quenched  by  lack  of  use 
in  previous  generations  found  unmistak- 
able vent,  and,  at  an  early  age,  in  David 
Bispham,  who,  though  granted  but  a  small 
measure  of  musical  education  in  his  youth, 
has  through  insistence  upon  one  object, 
and  the  maintenance  of  the  highest  stan- 
dard of  vocal  art  and  achievements,  attained 
to  a  position  on  the  operatic  stage  and  the 
concert  platform  unsurpassed  by  any  singer 
in  the  English-speaking  world  to-day.     He 


BJORNSEX  —  BLACK 


101 


made  his  dibut  as  the  Due  de  Longueville 
in  "The  Basoohe,"  Royal  English  Opera, 
in  1891,  and  has  sung  the  principal  rdles 
in  French,  German,  and  Italian  at  the 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden.  Address : 
19  Kensington  Gore,  S.W. 

BJORNSEN,  BjSrnstjerne,  a  Nor- 
wegian novelist  and  dramatic  poet,  was 
born  Dec.  8,  1832,  at  Quickne,  in  Norway, 
where  his  father  was  pastor.  He  com- 
pleted his  education  at  the  Universities  of 
Christiania  and  Copenhagen,  and  first 
became  known  in  consequence  of  some 
articles  and  stories  which  he  contributed 
to  newspapers,  especially  the  Folkeblad,  an 
illustrated  journal,  in  the  columns  of  which 
appeared  his  "  Aanum,"  "Ole  Stormsen," 
and  "En  munter  Mand."  The  years  1856 
and  1857  he  passed  at  Copenhagen,  where 
he  studied  the  works  of  Baggesen,  of 
CElenschlager,  and  of  the  principal  Danish 
writers.  Afterwards  he  published  in  Faed- 
rdandet  (Fatherland)  his  novel  of  "  Thrond," 
which  was  followed  by  "Arne,"  perhaps 
his  most  popular  story,  and  the  idyllic 
peasant  romance,  "Synnceve  Solbakken," 
Ole  Bull  appointed  him  as  manager  of  the 
Bergen  Theatre,  and  in  1858  he  put  on  the 
stage,  "  Halte  Hulda,"  and  "Mellena 
Slagene "  (Between  the  Battles).  As  a 
Christiania  editor  and  journalist  Bjornsen 
expressed  strong  republican  opinions, 
which  aroused  considerable  public  excite- 
ment. He  was  finally  condemned  to  a 
year's  imprisonment  for  treason,  but 
escaped  to  Germany,  and  afterwards  to 
America,  and  did  not  return  to  Christiania 
until  1882,  when  he  once  more  began  the 
work  of  agitation  against  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  union  of  the  two  Scandina- 
vian kingdoms.  He  settled  near  Lille- 
hammer,  became  leader  of  the  ' '  Peasants' 
Party,"  and  acquired  some  influence  in 
political  quarters.  He  has  produced  some 
notable  tragedies  and  other  pieces  for  the 
stage.  These  are  "Halte  Hulda,"  "Mal- 
lem  Slagene,"  "  Kong  Swerre,"  the  trilogy 
of  "Sigurd  Slembe,"  some  translations 
of  French  plays,  and  the  tragedy  of  "  Mary 
Stuart."  His  comedy,  "En  Hanske,"  was 
translated  by  Mr.  Osman  Edwards  for  the 
English  stage  in  1894.  The  following 
works  of  his  have  been  translated  into 
English:  "Arne;  a  Sketch  of  Norwegian 
Country  Life,"  translated  from  the  Nor- 
wegian by  A.  Plesner  and  S.  Rugeley 
Powers,  1866  ;  "Ovind  ;  a  Story  of  Country 
Life  in  Norway,"  translated  by  S.  and  E. 
Hjerleid,  1869  ;  "  The  Fisher  Maiden,"  a 
Norwegian  tale  translated  from  the  author's 
German  edition,  by  M.  E.  Niles,  1869 — 
also  translated  from  the  Norwegian,  under 
the  title  of  "The  Fishing  Girl,"  by  A. 
Plesner  and  F.  Richardson,  1870;  "The 
Happy  Boy  :  a  Tale  of  Norwegian  Peasant 


Life,"  translated  by  H.  R.  G.,  1870  ;  "The 
Newly  Married  Couple,"  translated  by  S. 
and  E.  Hjerleid,  1870;  and  "Love  and 
Life  in  Norway,"  translated  from  the 
Norwegian  by  the  Hon.  A.  Bethell  and  A. 
Plesner,  1870.  In  recent  years,  "  In  God's 
Way,"  and  the  "Heritage  of  the  Kurts," 
both  very  powerful  novels,  have  appeared 
in  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse's  International 
Series.  As  a  lyric  poet  Bjornsen  takes 
high  rank ;  he  has  even  attempted  the 
composition  of  epic  verse.  He  has  been 
a  voluminous  writer  and  dramatist,  and  in 
all  his  work  has  striven  to  become  a 
vehicle  of  national  feeling,  seeking  to  give 
expression  to  the  Norwegian  spirit.  He 
has  a  strong  dislike  for  the  modern  cult  of 
mere  French  imitation,  and  has  done  his 
best  to  discourage  the  practice.  In  this 
respect  he  is,  without  question,  one  of  the 
most  stimulating  influences  for  the  revival 
of  Scandinavian  literature. 

BLACK,  "William,  was  born  at  Glas- 
gow in  1841,  and  received  his  education  at 
various  private  schools.  His  youthful 
ambition  was  to  become  an  artist,  and  he 
studied  for  a  short  time  in  the  Govern- 
ment School  of  Art  in  his  native  city,  but 
eventually  he  drifted  into  journalism,  be- 
coming connected  with  the  Glasgoio  Weekly 
Citizen  while  yet  in  his  teens.  In  1864  he 
came  to  London,  and  wrote  for  magazines. 
He  was  attached,  in  the  following  year,  to 
the  staff  of  the  Morning  Star,  and  was 
special  correspondent  for  that  paper  during 
the  Prusso-Austrian  war  of  1866,  scenes 
from  which  appeared  in  his  first  novel, 
"Love  or  Marriage,"  published  in  1867. 
This  novel  dealt  too  much  with  awkward 
social  problems,  and  was  not  successful, 
but  the  author's  next  work  of  fiction  was 
favourably  received.  It  was  entitled  "In 
Silk  Attire,"  1869,  and  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  it  was  devoted  to  descriptions  of 
peasant  life  in  the  Black  Forest.  Then 
followed  "  Kilmeny  "  and  "  The  Monarch 
of  Mincing  Lane,"  the  former  dealing 
mostly  with  Bohemian  artistic  life  in 
London.  But  his  first  real  hold  of  the 
novel-reading  public  was  obtained  by 
"A  Daughter  of  Heth,"  1871,  which  went 
through  many  editions.  Next  came  "  The 
Strange  Adventures  of  a  Phaeton,"  1872, 
which  literally  described  a  driving  excur- 
sion that  the  author  made  from  London  to 
Edinburgh,  with  a  thread  of  fiction  inter- 
woven. It  is  said  that  a  good  many 
Americans,  amongst  others,  have  adopted 
this  plan  of  exploring  the  English  counties, 
and  have  taken  the  "Adventures"  as  a 
sort  of  guide-book.  In  1873  was  published 
"A  Princess  of  Thule."  It  was  followed 
by  "  The  Maid  of  Killeena  and  other 
Stories,"  1874;  "  Three  Feathers,"  1875,  the 
scene   of   which   was    laid    in    Cornwall ; 


102 


BLACKLEY—  BLACKWOOD 


"Madcap  Violet,"  187G  ;  "Green  Pastures 
and  Piccadilly,"  1877  ;  "Macleod  of  Dare," 
1878;  "White  Wings;  a  Yachting  Ro- 
mance," 1880  ;  "  Sunrise  :  a  Story  of  these 
Times,"  1881;  "The  Beautiful  Wretch," 
1882;  "  Shan  don  Bells,"  1883  ;  "Yolande," 
1883 ;  "  Judith  Shakespeare, "  1884  ;  "White 
Heather,"  1885;  "Sabina  Zembra,"  1887; 
"  The  Strange  Adventures  of  a  House- 
Boat"  (a  sequel  to  the  Phaeton  Adventures), 
1888;  "In  Far  Lochaber,"  1889;  "The 
New  Prince  Fortunatus,"  and  "Stand 
Fast,  Craig-Royston  I "  1890;  "Donald 
Ross  of  Heimra,"  1891;  "  Wolfenberg," 
1892;  and  "The  Handsome  Humes," 
1893;  "Highland Cousins,  1894  ;  "Briseis," 
1896 ;  &c.  For  four  or  five  years  Mr. 
Black  was  assistant  editor  of  the  Daily 
News,  but  he  practically  ceased  his  connec- 
tion with  journalism  over  fifteen  years  ago. 
Addresses  :  15  Buckingham  Street,  W.C. ; 
and  Paston  House,  Brighton. 

BLACKLEY,  The  Rev.  Canon  Wil- 
liam Lewery,  M.A.,  is  the  second  son  of 
the  late  Travers  R.  Blackley,  Esq.,  of  Ash- 
town  Lodge,  co.  Dublin,  and  Bohogh,  co. 
Roscommon.  He  was  born  at  Dundalk, 
Ireland,  Dec.  30,  1830,  and  received  part 
of  his  early  education  on  the  Continent. 
Having  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in 
his  sixteenth  year,  he  obtained  his  B.A. 
degree  in  1850,  and  his  M.A  in  1854,  in 
which  year  he  was  ordained  to  the  curacy 
of  St.  Peter's,  Southwark  ;  shortly  after  he 
became  Curate  of  Frensham,  where  he 
remained  thirteen  years,  and  was  then 
promoted  by  Bishop  Sumner  in  1867  to 
the  rectory  of  North  Waltham ,  Hants  ; 
whence,  in  1883,  he  was  preferred  by 
Bishop  Harold  Browne  to  the  vicarage  of 
King's  Somborne,  in  the  same  county,  and 
to  an  Honorary  Canonry  in  the  Cathedral 
of  Winchester.  In  1889  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster 
to  the  vicarage  of  St.  James  the  Less, 
Westminster,  which  he  now  holds.  In 
1857  he  published  his  metrical  translation 
from  the  Swedish  of  Bishop  Tegner's 
famous  poem,  "  The  Frithjof  Saga."  This 
was  followed  by  the  publication  of  his 
"Practical  German  Dictionary,"  which  in 
its  original  and  abridged  forms  has  passed 
through  many  editions.  In  1867  he  pub- 
lished his  "Critical  English  New  Testa- 
ment "  ;  and  his  volume  on  "  Word  Gossip  " 
followed  in  1869.  He  also,  besides  frequent 
contributions  to  all  the  leading  reviews, 
wrote,  for  the  National  Society,  the 
Teacher's  Manual,  "How  to  teach  Domestic 
Economy,"  1879 ;  and  ' '  The  Social  Economy 
Reading  Book,"  1881  ;  and  his  book  on 
"  Thrift  and  Independence,  a  Word  to 
Working  Men,"  was  published  by  the 
S.P.C.K.  in  1883.  In  November  1878  he 
published    an    article    in    the    Nineteenth 


Century  under  the  title  of  "National  In- 
surance, a  cheap,  practical,  and  popular 
way  of  preventing  Pauperism,"  which 
immediately  attracted  public  attention. 
A  sermon  preached  by  Canon  Blackley  in 
Westminster  Abbey  in  September  1879,  on 
"Our  National  Improvidence,"  also  at- 
tracted much  notice.  The  National  Provi- 
dent  League  was  formed  in  1880,  for  the 
purpose  of  educating  public  opinion  on  the 
subject  of  National  Insurance  against 
pauperism.  Canon  Blackley's  proposals 
have  reached  far  beyond  this  country,  with 
the  result  that  movements  more  or  less 
upon  his  lines  have  been  started  in  France, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  and  New  Zealand; 
while  a  complete  system  of  National  In- 
surance has  been  established  throughout 
the  whole  German  Empire,  securing  sick 
pay,  accident  pay,  and  old  age  pensions  to 
all  workers.  Address :  75  St.  George's 
Square,  S.W. 

BLACKMOBE,  Richard  Dodd- 
ridge, novelist,  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Blackmore,  was  born  at  Longworth,  Berk- 
shire, in  1825.  His  maternal  grandmother 
was  a  granddaughter  of  Dr.  Doddridge. 
He  was  educated  at  Tiverton  School  and 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained 
a  scholarship  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1847, 
taking  a  second-class  in  Classics.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1852,  and  afterwards  practised  as  a  con- 
veyancer. He  is  the  author  of  "  Poems 
by  Melanter,"  "Epullia,"  "The  Bugle  of 
the  Black  Sea,"  "Fringilla,"  and  the  fol- 
lowing novels  :  "  Clara  VaughaD,"  1864; 
"  Cradock  Nowell :  a  Tale  of  the  New 
Forest,"  1866  ;  "LornaDoone:  a  Romance 
of  Exmoor,"  1869;  "The  Maid  of  Sker," 
1872;  "Alice  Lorraine:  a  Tale  of  the 
South  Downs,"  1875  ;  "  Cripps  the  Carrier : 
a  Woodland  Tale,"  1876  ;  "Erema  ;  or,  My 
Father's  Sin,"  1877;  "Mary  Anerley," 
1880;  "  Christowell :  a  Dartmoor  Tale," 
1882  ;  "Remarkable  History  of  Sir  Thomas 
Upmore,"  1884;  "  Springhaven,"  1887; 
"  Kit  and  Kitty,"  1889 ;  "  Perlycross,"  1894 ; 
"  Tales  from  the  Telling- house,"  1896  ;  and 
"  Dariel,"  1897.  Mr.  Blackmore  has  also  pub- 
lished "The  Fate  of  Franklin,"  a  poem, 
1860;  "The  Farm  and  Fruit  of  Old,"  a 
translation  of  the  first  and  second  Georgics 
of  Virgil,  1862  ;  and  a  translation  of  "  The 
Georgics  of  Virgil,"  1871.  Mr.  Blackmore  is 
a  large  fruit-grower  at  Teddington,  and  has 
at  times  contributed  interesting  letters  to 
the  Times  on  the  subject  of  fruit-growing. 

BLACKWOOD,  William,  publisher 
and  editor  of  Blackwood's  Magazine,  was 
born  on  July  13,  1836,  at  Lucknow,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  Major  William  Black- 
wood, of  the  59th  Native  Infantry,  and 
Emma,  eldest  daughter  of  Brigadier-Gene- 


BLAIKIE  —  BLAKE 


103 


ral  George  Moore,  also  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service.  Major  Blackwood  was 
of  the  second  generation  of  publishers  of 
that  name,  and  his  father,  William,  was 
the  founder  of  the  famous  house.  Mr. 
William  Blackwood  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh Academy  and  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  completed  his  studies  at 
the  Sorbonne  (Paris)  and  at  Heidelberg. 
He  entered  the  publishing  business  under 
Major  Blackwood  and  his  uncle,  Mr.  John 
Blackwood,  in  1857.  He  has  devoted  much 
space  as  a  publisher  and  editor  to  accounts 
of  travel  as  well  as  to  fiction.  In  his  capa- 
city of  country  gentleman  he  was  at  one 
time  Lieutenant  of  the  Midlothian  Yeo- 
manry Cavalry,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Company  of  Archers.  He  has  re- 
ceived the  Jubilee  Medal  presented  by  the 
Queen  to  those  who  have  attended  her 
personally  at  least  on  three  occasions. 
Addresses  :  45  George  Street,  Edinburgh  ; 
37  Paternoster  Row,  E.C.  ;  and  Gogar 
Mount,  Midlothian. 

BLAIKIE,  Professor  William  Gar- 
den, D.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  son  of  an 
eminent  lawyer,  who  afterwards  was  Lord 
Provost  of  Aberdeen,  was  born  at  Aber- 
deen in  1820,  and  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School  and  University  of  his  native  town. 
As  soon  as  he  was  qualified  he  received  an 
appointment  to~the  parish  of  Drumblade, 
but  on  the  Disruption  in  1843  he  and  his 
congregation  joined  the  Free  Church  of 
Scotland.  After  a  short  ministry  in  the 
country  be  was  invited  to  go  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  there,  in  company  with  other 
young  men  of  zeal,  founded  the  Pilrig  Free 
Church.  In  1864  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.,  and  a  few  years  later  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  Aberdeen.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Apologetics  and  Pastoral 
Theology  in  New  College,  Edinburgh.  In 
■1888,  as  "Cunningham  Lecturer,"  he  de- 
livered a  course  of  lectures  on  "  The 
Preachers  of  Scotland,"  afterwards  pub- 
lished. Dr.  Blaikie  was  one  of  the  chief 
promoters  of  "The  Alliance  of  Reformed 
Churches  holding  the  Presbyterian  sys- 
tem," commonly  called  "The  Pan-Presby- 
terian," and  was  one  of  the  chief  secretaries 
at  each  of  the  four  meetings  in  Edinburgh, 
Philadelphia,  Belfast,  and  London.  He 
was  President  of  the  meeting  at  Toronto 
in  1892.  In  the  same  year  he  was  chosen 
Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Free  Church.  He  has  edited  various  perio- 
dicals, including  the  North  British  Review, 
Sunday  Magazine,  Catholic  Presbyterian,  &c. 
He  has  also  written  "Better  Days  for 
Working  People,"  "Personal  Life  of  David 
Livingstone,"  "  The  Work  of  the  Ministry," 
"Personal  Ministry  and  Pastoral  Methods 


of  our  Lord,"  three  volumes  of  the  "Ex- 
positor's Bible,"  "Heroes  of  Israel,"  "Life 
of  Dr.  Chalmers  "  ("  Famous  Scots  "  series), 
"Memoir  of  Principal  David  Brown  of 
Aberdeen,"  &c.  He  has  contributed  to 
many  magazines  and  journals,  including, 
besides  those  which  he  edited,  the  Quiver, 
the  Expositor,  Harper,  MacmiUan,  Good 
Words,  Sunday  at  Home,  Blackwood,  &c. 
Of  the  "  Present  Day  Tracts,"  issued  by  the 
Religious  Tract  Society,  a  considerable 
number  have  been  written  by  him.  Ad- 
dresses: 9  Palmerston  Road,  Grange,  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  2  Tantallon  Terrace,  North 
Berwick. 

BLAIR,  Lieut. -General  James,  C.B., 

y.ffi.,  entered  the  army  on  June  30,  1844  ; 
lieutenant,  March  19,  1848;  captain,  Oct. 
23,  1857;  major,  June  10,  1864;  lieut.- 
colonel,  June  10,  1870  ;  colonel,  June  10, 
1875;  major-general,  July  2,  1885  ;  lieut.- 
general,  Jan.  9,  1889.  Lieut.-General  J. 
Blair  served  throughout  the  Indian  Mutiny 
campaign  of  1857-59,  and  was  present  at 
the  siege  of  Neemuch,  siege  and  assault  of 
Kotah,  and  pursuit  of  Tantia  Topee  (medal 
with  clasp,  and  Victoria  Cross).  He  re- 
ceived the  11. C  "for  having  on  two  occa- 
sions distinguished  himself  by  his  gallant 
and  daring  conduct.  First,  on  the  night  of 
Aug.  12,  1857,  at  Neemuch,  in  volunteer- 
ing to  apprehend  seven  or  eight  armed 
mutineers,  who  had  shut  themselves  up 
for  defence  in  a  house,  the  door  of  which 
he  burst  open.  He  then  rushed  in  among 
them,  and  forced  them  to  escape  through 
the  roof  ;  in  this  encounter  he  was  severely 
wounded.  In  spite  of  his  wounds,  he  pur- 
sued the  fugitives,  but  was  unable  to  come 
up  with  them  in  consequence  of  the  dark- 
ness of  the  night.  Second,  on  Oct.  23, 
1857,  at  Jeerum,  in  righting  his  way  most 
gallantly  through  a  body  of  rebels,  who  had 
literally  surrounded  him.  After  breaking 
his  sword  on  one  of  their  heads,  and  re- 
ceiving a  severe  sword  cut  on  his  right  arm, 
he  rejoined  his  troop.  In  this  wounded 
condition,  and  with  no  other  weapon  than 
the  hilt  of  his  broken  sword,  he  put  himself 
at  the  head  of  his  men,  charged  the  rebels 
most  effectually,  and  dispersed  them." 

BLAKE,  Sir  Henry  Arthur,  G.C.M.G., 
F.R.G.S. ,  Governor  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  Colony  of  Hong-Kong,  born 
at  Corbally,  Limerick,  Jan.  18,  1840,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  Peter  Blake,  Esq.,  County 
Inspector  of  Irish  Constabulary,  second 
son  of  Peter  Blake,  of  Corbally  Castle,  co. 
Galway  (see  title  "WALLSCOURT,"  Burke's 
Peerage),  and  Jane,  daughter  of  John  Lane, 
Esq.,  of  Lanespark,  co.  Tipperary  (Captain 
17th  Light  Dragoons).  He  was  educated 
at  Dr.  St.  John's  academy,  Kilkenny,  and 
Santry  College  ;  entered  the  Royal  Irish 


104 


BLAKE  —  BLASHILL 


Constabulary,  February  1859  ;  Resident 
Magistrate,  1876 ;  was  one  of  the  five 
Special  Resident  Magistrates  (now  Divi- 
sional Commissioners),  selected  in  January 
1882  to  concert  and  carry  out  measures 
for  the  pacification  of  Ireland  ;  had  execu- 
tive charge  of  the  following  counties  : — 
Kildare  Co.,  Queen's  co.,  Meath,  Carlow, 
Galway  East  and  Gal  way  West ;  was  Gover- 
nor of  Bahama  1884  to  1887  ;  Governor  of 
Newfoundland  1877  to  1888,  in  which  year 
he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Queensland, 
but  resigned  his  commission  on  return  to 
England.  He  was  appointed  Captain- 
General  and  Governor-in-Chief  of  Jamaica, 
January  1889,  where  he  presided  over  the 
Legislative  Council  till  February  1893, 
when  Dr.  Philipps  was  appointed  in  his 
place.  In  1897  he  left  Jamaica  for  Hong- 
Kong,  of  which  he  was  then  appointed 
Governor.  He  has  contributed  from  time 
to  time  articles  in  The  Westminster  Review, 
The  Nineteenth  Century,  The  Fortnightly, 
The  St.  James's  Gazette,  &c. ,  and  has  pub- 
lished "Pictures  from  Ireland,"  by  Terence 
M'Grath.  He  married,  first,  in  1862,  Jane, 
eldest  daughter  of  Andrew  Irwin,  Esq., 
Ballymore,  co.  Roscommon  ;  she  died  in 
1866  ;  second,  1874,  Edith,  eldest  daughter 
of  Ralph  Bernal  Osborne,  Esq,,  of  Newton 
Anner,  co.  Tipperary.  Address  :  Govern- 
ment House,  Victoria,  Hong-Kong. 

BLAKE,  Henry  Wollaston,  M.A., 
was  born  in  1815,  and  is  a  Director  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  of  the  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Society.  He  is  married  to  Edith, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Prebendary  E.  B. 
Hawksham,  Rector  of  Weston-under-Pen- 
yard,  Herefordshire.  Addresses  :  8  Devon- 
shire Place,  W.  ;  and  Athenfeum. 

BLANDFORD,    George   Fielding, 

M.D.,  was  born  at  Hindon,  Wiltshire,  on 
March  7, 1829,  and  was  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Oxford.  He  is  an  M.D.  of  that  Uni- 
versity, and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  of  London.  He  was  formerly 
President  of  the  Medico-Psychological  As- 
sociation of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
and  in  1894  he  acted  as  President  of  the 
Psychological  Section  of  the  British  Medi- 
cal Association.  Dr.  Blandford  is  the 
author  of  :  "  Lectures  on  Insanity  and  its 
Treatment,"  4th  edit.,  1892 ;  the  article 
"Insanity  "  in  Quain's  "Dictionary  of 
Medicine";  the  article  "Prognosis  of  In- 
sanity" in  Tuke's  "Dictionary  of  Psycho- 
logical Medicine,"  and  the  Lumleian 
Lectures  on  Insanity,  published  in  the 
Lancet  in  1895.  Addresses  :  48  Wimpole 
Street,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BLANFORD,  William  Thomas, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  As- 


sociate of  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  and 
Fellow  of  Calcutta  University,  was  born 
on  Oct.  7,  1832,  in  Bouverie  Street,  London. 
He  was  educated  at  private  schools  in 
Brighton  and  Paris,  at  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines,  London,  and  at  the  Mining 
School,  Freiberg,  Saxony.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  Section  C  (Geology)  of  the  British 
Association  at  Montreal  in  1884  ;  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1892-93; 
President  of  the  Geological  Society,  1888- 
1890 ;  Vice-President  of  the  Zoological 
Society  from  1893  to  1897;  Vice-President 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  from 
1893  to  1896;  and  is  a  Past-President  and 
Hon.  Member  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal.  He  served  on  the  Persian  Boun- 
dary Commission  in  1871-72,  was  on  the 
Staff  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India 
from  1855  to  1882,  and  he  was  attached 
to  the  Abyssinian  Expedition  as  Geologist 
in  1867-68,  accompanying  the  army  to 
Magdala,  and  receiving  a  medal  for  his 
services  on  the  expedition.  He  is  the 
author  of  :  "  Geology  and  Zoology  of  Abys- 
sinia," 1870;  "Eastern  Persia,"  voL  ii. ; 
"Zoology  and  Geology,"  1876;  "Manual 
of  the  Geology  of  India"  (part  author), 
1879 ;  editor  of  "  The  Fauna  of  British 
India,"  and  author  of  "Mammalia,"  1888- 
1891 ;  "Birds,"  vol.  iii.  1895;  vol.  iv.  1898  ; 
also  of  numerous  reports  and  papers  on 
geology  and  zoology,  chiefly  relating  to 
India.  He  is  married  to  Ida  Gertrude, 
daughter  of  R.  L.  Bellhouse.  Addresses : 
72  Bedford  Gardens,  W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

BLASHILL,  Thomas,  Capt.  H.A.C., 
son  of  Mr.  Henry  Blashill,  of  Sutton-on- 
Hull,  was  educated  at  Hull  and  Scar- 
borough, and  professionally  in  London 
offices,  and  at  University  College.  He  is 
the  Superintending  Architect  of  Metro- 
politan Buildings,  and  Architect  to  the 
London  County  Council,  is  a  Member  of 
Council  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  and  Vice-President  and  Trea- 
surer of  the  British  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion ;  a  Past-President  (1862)  of  the  London 
Architectural  Association ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution,  and  F.Z.S.  He 
was  elected  a  District  Surveyor  of  Metro- 
politan Buildings,  1876,  and  Superintend- 
ing Architect,  1887.  He  has  published  a 
"  Guide  to  Tintern  Abbey,"  1879  ;  a  "His- 
tory of  Sutton  in  Holderness,"  1896;  and 
has  read  papers  "On  Health,  Comfort, 
and  Cleanliness  in  the  House,"  before  the 
Society  of  Arts  ;  on  "Oak  and  Chestnut 
in  Old  Timber  Roofs,"  before  the  Institute 
of  Architects;  on  "  Party- walls,.  &c," 
before  the  Architectural  Association ;  on 
"Shoring,"  "The  Growth  and  Seasoning 
of  Timber,"  and  on  "English  and  Con- 
tinental Doors,"  before  the  Carpenters' 
Company ;    on    "  The    Influence    of   the 


BLIND  —  BLISS 


105 


Public  Authority  on  Street  Architecture," 
before  the  Congress  at  Edinburgh  in  1889; 
on  "  Artizans'  Dwellings,"  and  on  "  Fire  and 
Panic."    Address  :  Sutton  in  Holderness. 

BLIND,  Karl,  was  born  at  Mannheim, 
Sept.  4,  1826,  and  studied  jurisprudence 
and  ancient  Germanic  literature  at  Heidel- 
berg and  Bonn.  Active  among  students, 
working  men,  gymnastic  associations,  and 
the  army,  as  a  leader  of  Democratic  circles, 
he  was  in  1846  and  1847  tried  andimprisoned 
in  Baden  and  Bavaria  on  charges  of  high- 
treason,  but  acquitted.  In  1848,  at  Karls- 
ruhe, he  took  a  leading  part  in  the  pre- 
parations for  a  national  rising.  Arrested 
while  endeavouring  to  expand  the  move- 
ment into  one  for  a  German  Common- 
wealth, he  was  freed  by  the  successes  of 
the  Kevolution.  During  the  Provisional 
Parliament  at  Frankfort  he  insisted,  at 
mass-meetings,  on  the  abolition  of  the 
Princely  Diet,  and  the  election  of  a  pro- 
visional revolutionary  executive.  Wounded 
in  a  street-riot,  he  was  proscribed  after 
participating  in  the  Republican  rising  led 
by  Hecker.  From  Alsace  he  agitated  for 
a  new  levy.  Falsely  accused  of  being 
implicated  in  the  Paris  Insurrection  of 
June,  he  was  imprisoned  at  Strassburg, 
and  transported  in  chains  to  Switzerland  ; 
the  Mayor  of  St.  Louis  generously  pre- 
venting his  surrender  to  the  Baden  au- 
thorities, which  had  been  planned  by  the 
French  police.  During  the  first  Schleswig- 
Holstein  war,  he,  with  Gustav  von  Struve, 
led,  in  September  1848,  the  second  Re- 
publican Revolution  in  the  Black  Forest. 
At  the  storming  of  Staufen  he  fought  on 
the  barricade,  and  was  among  the  last 
who  left  the  town.  Being  made  a  prisoner 
through  the  treachery  of  some  militiamen, 
he  was  court-martialled,  his  life  being 
saved  by  the  secret  sympathy  of  two  of 
the  privates  who  were  members  of  the 
Court.  Sentenced,  after  a  State  trial, 
lasting  ten  days,  to  eight  years'  imprison- 
ment in  the  spring  of  1849,  he  was  being 
secretly  transported  to  the  fortress  of 
Mainz,  when  he  was  liberated  by  the 
people  and  soldiers  breaking  open  the 
prison  at  Bruchsal.  Heading  the  same 
day  a  hastily  formed  number  of  free  corps, 
he  endeavoured,  with  Struve,  to  take 
Rastatt,  and  then  entered  the  capital  of 
Baden.  He  was  a  firm  opponent  of  Bren- 
tano,  the  chief  of  the  new  Government, 
whom  he  accused  of  being  in  occult 
connection  with  the  ejected  dynasty — a 
fact  afterwards  proved,  when  Brentano  was 
declared  a  "traitor"  by  the  Constituent 
Assembly.  With  Dr.  Frederick  Schiitz 
he  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to 
Paris,  accredited  to  Louis  Napoleon,  the 
then  President  of  the  Republic.  There, 
in  violation  of  the  law  of  nations,  he  was 


arrested  as  being  implicated  in  Ledru 
Rollin's  rising  for  the  protection  of  the 
Roman  Republic,  and  threatened  with 
being  surrendered  to  the  Prussian  courts- 
martial  if  he  continued  to  uphold  his  dip- 
lomatic quality.  He  refused  to  yield,  and 
after  several  months  of  imprisonment,  was 
banished'  from  France.  After  this  he 
lived  in  Belgium  with  his  wife,  who  has 
made  many  sacrifices  for  the  popular 
cause,  and  also  undergone  imprisonment. 
New  prosecutions  induced  him  to  come 
with  his  family  to  England,  whence  he 
carried  on  a  Democratic  and  National 
German  Propaganda.  After  an  amnesty 
in  1862,  the  House  of  Deputies  at  Stuttgart 
gave  him  a  banquet.  He  was  the  speaker 
of  the  London  Germans  at  Garibaldi's 
entry.  He  promoted  the  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein  movement  in  connection  with  leaders 
of  the  Schleswig  Diet,  whose  confidential 
communications  he  transmitted  to  the 
English  Foreign  Office ;  and  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  London  Committee  during 
the  war  of  1863-64.  At  Berlin,  his  step- 
son met  with  a  tragic  death  in  the  at- 
tempt on  the  life  of  Prince  Bismarck  on 
May  7,  1866.  For  many  years  Karl  Blind 
operated  with  Mazzini,  Garibaldi,  and 
other  European  leaders,  and  supported 
the  cause  of  Hungary,  Poland,  the  Ameri- 
can Union,  and  the  American  Republic ; 
for  which  thanks  were  expressed  to  him 
by  President  Lincoln  and  President 
Juarez.  During  the  war  of  1870-71  he 
supported  his  country's  cause.  '  In  Eng- 
land he  has  been  a  member  of  Executive 
Committees  on  Transvaal,  Egyptian,  and 
other  affairs.  Many  political  writings, 
and  essays  on  history,  mythology,  and 
Germanic  literature,  published  in  Ger- 
many, England,  America,  Italy,  and  Spain, 
have  proceeded  from  his  pen ;  chiefly 
political  biographies — Ledru  Rollin,  Francis 
Deak,  and  Freiligrath.  He  has  exerted 
himself  to  bring  about  the  national  testi- 
monial for  the  philosopher  Feuerbach,  and 
the  monuments  for  the  great  minne-singers 
Hans  Sachs  and  Walther  von  der  Vogel- 
weide.  His  step-daughter,  Mathilde  Blind, 
who  died  in  1896,  was  well  known  as  a 
poetess  and  champion  of  woman's  rights. 
Address  :  S.  Hampstead,  N.W. 

BLISS,  Cornelius  N.,  was  born  at 
Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  Jan.  26,  1833, 
and  received  an  academic  education  at 
Fall  River  and  at  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 
He  entered  mercantile  pursuits  in  the 
latter  city,  but  soon  removed  to  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  continuing  his  connection 
with  commercial  affairs  in  that  city  and  in 
New  York.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Pan- 
American  Conference,  and  President  of 
the  Protective  Tariff  League,  but  declined 
to  be  a  candidate  for  the  Governorship  of 


106 


BLOFELD— BLOUKT 


New  York  in  1885,  and  refused  again  a 
similar  offer  made  in  1891.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  Presi- 
dent M'Kinley's  Cabinet,  March  5,  1897. 

BLOFELD,  Thomas  Calthorpe,  was 

born  in  1836,  and  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
appointed  Recorder  of  Ipswich  in  1877, 
and  he  also  occupies  the  position  of  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Diocese  of  Norwich. 

BLOMFIELD,  Sir  Arthur  "Wil- 
liam, M.A.,  A.B.A.,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A., 
was  born  at  Fulham  Palace  on  March  6, 
1829.  He  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late 
Right  Rev.  Charles  James  Blomfield,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  London  (1828-57),  and  of 
Dorothy,  daughter  of  Charles  Cox,  Esq. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained 
his  M.A.  degree  in  1854,  afterwards  study- 
ing architecture  under  the  late  P.  C. 
Hardwick,  Architect  to  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, whom  he  eventually  succeeded  in 
that  post.  He  was  elected  an  Hon.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  at 
Copenhagen,  and  received  the  Order  of  the 
Danebrog  (3rd  Class)  from  the  King  of 
Denmark  in  1887,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
consecration  of  the  English  Church  of  St. 
Alban,  built  by  him  at  Copenhagen.  In 
1888  he  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood  in  1889.  In  1891  he  re- 
ceived the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  presented  annu- 
ally by  the  Queen,  on  the  recommendation 
of  the  Institute,  to  some  one  who  has 
rendered  distinguished  service  to  archi- 
tecture by  his  work  or  writings.  Addresses : 
28  Montagu  Square,  and  6  Montagu  Place, 
W. ;  Springfield,  Broadway,  Worcester- 
shire. 

BLOOD,  Brigadier  -  General  Sir 
Bindon,  K.C.B.,  R.E.,  eldest  son  of 
William  B.  Blood,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  of  Granagher, 
county  Clare,  was  born  in  November  1842, 
and  entered  the  army  as  a  Lieutenant  of 
Royal  Engineers  in  December  1860,  reach- 
ing the  rank  of  Captain  in  1873,  Major  in 
July  1881,  and  Lieut.-Colonel  in  July  1888. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  expedition  of  1878 
against  the  Jowakis,  an  Afridi  tribe,  who 
were  constantly  raiding  the  North-West 
frontier  of  India,  and  was  awarded  medal 
with  clasp.  In  1879  Sir  Bindon  Blood 
went  to  South  Africa,  and  took  part  in  the 
Zulu  campaign,  for  which  he  received  a 
brevet  majority.  He  also  saw  considerable 
service  during  the  Afghan  war.  In  1882 
he  took  part  in  the  Egyptian  expedition, 
being  present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
received  a  brevet  of  Lieut.-Colonel  and 


the  Osmanieh  of  the  4th  Class.  In  the 
expedition  into  Chitral  of  1895  he  acted 
as  Chief  Staff  Officer,  and  had  command  of 
the  Malakand  Field  Force,  being  present 
at  nearly  all  the  operations,  including  the 
storming  of  the  Malakand  and  Amandara 
Passes,  the  passage  of  the  Swat  River,  and 
the  relief  of  Chakdarri.  He  was  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  specially  promoted  to 
K.C.B.  In  January  of  1896  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Bengal 
Command,  and  was  Chief  Staff  Officer  of 
the  Chitral  Relief  Force  in  1896.  Sir 
Bindon  Blood  married  in  1883  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  Sir  Auckland  Colville,  K.C.S.I. 
Address  :  Granagher,  Ennis,  county  Clare. 

BLOTJET,    Paul,    "Max    O'Rell," 

was  born  in  Brittany  (France)  on  March 
2,  1848,  educated  in  Paris,  and  took  his 
degrees  of  B.A.  and  B.Sc.  in  1864  and 
1865.  He  received  his  commission  in  the 
French  army  in  1869 ;  fought  in  the 
Franco-Prussian  war ;  was  made  a  prisoner 
at  Sedan  on  Sept.  3,  1870  ;  fought  against 
the  Commune  ;  was  severely  wounded,  and 
pensioned.  He  came  to  England  as  news- 
paper correspondent  in  1873 ;  was  ap- 
pointed Head  French  Master  of  St.  Paul's 
School  in  1876,  and  resigned  his  Master- 
ship in  1884.  In  1883  he  published 
"John  Bull  and  his  Island,"  which  took 
Paris  and  London  by  storm,  and  was  soon 
translated  into  English,  and  also  into  most 
European  languages  and  several  Asiatic 
tongues.  In  1884  he  published  "John 
Bull's  Daughter";  in  1885,  "The  Dear 
Neighbours  "  ;  in  1886,  "  Drat  the  Boys  I  "•; 
in  1887,  "Friend  MacDonald";  in  1889, 
"Jonathan  and  his  Continent "  ;  "Jacques 
Bonhomme,"  1890;  in  1891,  "A  French- 
man in  America";  and  "John  Bull  and 
Co." — a  sketch  of  our  Colonies,  1894.  He 
has  also  written  several  educational,works, 
amongst  which  is  "French  Oratory"  (Ox- 
ford, 1883).  All  the  works  of  "Max 
O'Rell "  have  been  translated  into  English 
by  his  wife.  Several  orders,  French  and 
others,  have  been  conferred  on  him. 
During  the  years  1887,  1888,  1889,  and 
1890  he  gave  lectures  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  in  America.  In  1891  he 
started  on  a  two  years'  tonr  round  the 
world,  during  which  he  gave  446  lectures 
in  the  United  States,  Canada,  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa.  Since 
then  he  has  been  occupied  in  lecturing 
throughout  the  English  provinces.  One 
of  his  favourite  lectures  is  "  The  Gospel 
of  Cheerfulness,"  as  exemplified  by  the 
habits  and  disposition  of  the  French 
people,  in  which  he  contends  that  the  real 
Frenchman  is  not  known  to  the  English. 
The  Englishman  gets  his  ideas  of  the 
French  from  what  passes  on  the  boule- 
vards and  from  literature ;   because  the 


BLOWITZ  —  BLUMENTHAL 


107 


French  do  not  understand  hospitality,  and 
only  admit  their  intimate  friends  to  their 
homes  ;  whereas  French  literature  deals 
with  exceptions,  and  not  the  real  repre- 
sentative Frenchman,  the  small  landowner 
deeply  attached  to  his  country  and  his 
cottage.     Address  :  8  Acacia  Road,  N.W. 

BLOWITZ,  Henri  Georges  Ste- 
phane  Adolphe  Opper  de,  Times  corre- 
spondent in  Paris,  was  born  of  Jewish 
stock  at  the  chateau  of  Blowitz,  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  on  Dec.  28,  1825.  By  a  decree 
of  May  6,  1860,  he  was  permitted  to 
assume  the  present  form  of  his  name, 
which  in  France  and  Germany  implies 
noble  rank.  He  was  engaged  for  some 
time  in  the  invention  of  a  machine  for 
wool-carding  by  steam.  On  Oct.  5, 1870,  he 
was  naturalised  as  a  Frenchman,  having  for 
many  years  been  employed  as  a  teacher 
of  German  at  various  French  lyce'es,  espe- 
cially that  of  Tours  (1850),  and  as  a  lite- 
rary and  political  journalist.  In  the  latter 
capacity  he  wrote  for  the  Gazette  du  Midi, 
and  sent  a  weekly  letter  to  the  Lyons 
journal,  La  Decentralisation.  He  revealed 
the  history  of  Ismail  Pasha's  special  train 
which  caused  De  Lesseps'  defeat  in  the 
elections  of  1869.  After  the  war  of  1870 
he  gave  M.  Thiers  his  warmest  support, 
and  was  of  the  greatest  assistance  to 
General  Espivent  de  la  Villeboisnet  in  his 
efforts  to  suppress  the  Commune  at  Mar- 
seilles by  being  in  communication  with 
Thiers  at  Versailles  by  a  private  wire  from 
a  house  belonging  to  his  wife,  when  other 
communications  had  been  cut  by  the  Com- 
munards. At  the  General's  request  he  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
June  1871.  In  July  of  the  same  year  he 
became  temporary  correspondent  to  the 
Times,  and  three  years  later  was  appointed 
their  chief  Paris  representative.  He  in- 
augurated constant  telegraphic  communi- 
cation, and  obtained  the  concession  of  a 
special  wire  from  9  p.m.  till  3  a.m.  for  his 
paper.  In  1875  he  revealed  the  plans  of 
the  German  military  party  for  a  second 
invasion  of  France,  and  sent  the  whole  of 
the  Berlin  Treaty  to  the  Times  before  it 
was  signed.  His  communications  to  the 
Times  have  often  been  of  European  im- 
portance. He  was  one  of  the  originators 
of  what  is  now  known  as  the  "interview," 
and  Thiers,  Gambetta,  Prince  Bismarck, 
the  Marquis  Tseng,  Jules  Ferry,  Leo  XIII., 
Prince  Lobanoff,  and  the  late  Sultan  at 
various  times  made  use  of  him  in  his 
capacity  of  interviewer  in  order  informally 
to  gauge  public  opinion,  or  to  influence  it 
in  their  own  favour.  M.  de  Blowitz  was 
promoted  to  be  an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  on  July  30,  1878.  Besides  of  late 
years  writing  almost  daily  for  the  Times, 
he    has    published    "Feuilles    Volantes," 


1858;  a  comedy  entitled  "  Midi  a  Quatorze 
Heures,"  "  Le  Mariage  Royal  d'Espagne," 
1878, 'and  several  other  political  pamphlets. 
He  married  in  1865  Anne  Am^lie  Arrand 
d'Aquel.  Paris  address  :  Boulevard  des 
Capucines  35. 

BLTJMENIHAL,  Field  -  Marshal 
Leonard  Count  von,  Chief  of  the 
General  Staff  of  the  Prussian  Army,  was 
born  on  July  30,  1810,  at  Schweldt,  on  the 
Oder.  He  was,  like  the  majority  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Prussian  army,  a  soldier 
from  childhood.  Educated  from  1820  to 
1827  in  the  military  academies  of  Culm 
and  Berlin,  he  was  entered  on  July  27, 
1827,  as  Second  Lieutenant  in  the  Guard 
Landwehr  Regiment  (the  present  Fusilier 
Guards),  attended  from  1830  to  1833  the 
general  military  school  in  Berlin,  was  from 
1837  to  1845  Adjutant  to  the  Coblenz  Land- 
wehr battalion,  and  became  for  the  first 
time  in  1846  Premier  Lieutenant  in  the 
topographical  division  of  the  General  Staff. 
In  order  that  he  might  be  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  technical  military  science, 
Blumenthal  had  been  ordered  for  service 
during  the  following  years  to  the  Artillery 
Guards  and  the  division  of  the  Pioneer 
Guards.  He  had  already,  in  March  1848, 
taken  part,  as  Lieutenant  in  the  Fusilier 
battalions  of  the  31st  Infantry  Regiment, 
in  the  street  -  fights  in  Berlin.  Some 
months  later  Blumenthal  was  transferred 
as  Captain  (Jan.  1,  1849)  to  the  General 
Staff,  to  which  he  has,  with  slight  inter- 
ruptions, belonged  for  about  twenty-five 
years.  In  1849  he  took,  as  a  member  of 
the  staff  of  General  von  Bonin,  part  in 
the  Schleswig  -  Holstein  campaign,  and 
fought  in  the  skirmishes  at  Auenbiill  and 
Beuschau,  in  the  battle  of  Colding,  and 
in  the  affairs  at  Alminde,  Gudsoe,  and 
Tauloo  -  Church,  and  took,  in  the  siege 
and  battle  of  Fredericia,  so  active  and 
conspicuous  a  part,  that  he  was,  on  May 
14,  1849,  promoted  as  Chief  of  the  General 
Staff  of  the  Schleswig-Holstein  Army. 
His  capabilities  were  regarded  as  being 
so  brilliant,  that  in  the  following  year 
(1850)  he  was  named  as  General  Staff 
officer  of  the  Mobile  Division  under 
General  von  Tietzen  in  the  electorate  of 
Hesse.  He  was  next  sent,  intrusted  with 
special  military  propositions,  to  England, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  Order  of  the 
Red  Eagle  (4th  Class,  with  swords).  On 
June  18,  1853,  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  Major  in  the  Grand  General  Staff, 
Blumenthal  was,  as  military  companion 
and  as  General  Staff  officer  of  the  8th 
Division,  appointed  to  take  part  in  the 
spring  exercises  of  that  year  in  Thuringia 
and  at  Berlin.  His  linguistic  and  de- 
partmental knowledge  led  to  his  being 
entrusted    with    further   commissions    to 


108 


BLUNT 


England.      In   1859    he   was    named   the 
personal    Adjutant    of    Prince     Frederic 
Charles.      On    July   2,    1860,   he    became 
Colonel  and  Commander  of  the  31st,  later 
of  the  71st,  Infantry  Regiment.     In  1861 
he  accompanied  General  von  Bonin  to  the 
British  Court,  and  became  then  the  con- 
ductor   of     the    foreign    officers    at    the 
autumn    manoeuvres   on  the    Rhine,   and 
military  companion  of  the  Crown  Prince 
of   Saxony  at  the  coronation   in  Kiinigs- 
berg.     Colonel  von  Blumenthal  had  been 
for  some  time  Chief  of  the  Staff  of  the 
Third    Army   Corps,    when,    on    Dec.    15, 
1863,  he  was  nominated  the  Chief  of  the 
General    Staff   of    the    combined   Mobile 
Army  Corps  against  Denmark,   and  then 
had   the    first    opportunity   of   exhibiting 
his  splendid  abilities.     The  part  which  he 
took  in  that  war,  especially  at  Missunde, 
in  the  storming  of  the  trenches  at  Diippel, 
and  the  passage  on  to  the  island  of  Alsen, 
was  so  extremely  important,  that  on  June 
25,  1864,  he  was  promoted  to  be  Major- 
General,  and  received  the  Order  pour  le 
Merite.      After    the    peace,    General    von 
Blumenthal  commanded  first  the  7th  and 
next  the  30th  Infantry  Brigade.     In  the 
Austrian  war  of  1866  he  was  Chief  of  the 
General  Staff  of  the  Second  Army  of  the 
Crown  Prince,  and  for  his  distinguished 
services  received  the  Oak-leaf  of  the  Order 
pour  le  Mirxte  (one  of  the  rarest  distinc- 
tions in  the  army)  and  the  Star  of  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  the  House  of 
Hohenzollern.     On  Oct.  30,  1866,  he  was 
designated  Commander  of  the  14th  Divi- 
sion in  Diisseldorf,  and  accompanied  the 
Crown  Prince  in   the  autumn  of  1866  to 
St.  Petersburg.     When,  on  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  with  France,  the  Crown  Prince 
was  entrusted  with  the  supreme  command 
of  the  Third  Army,  General  von  Blumen- 
thal was  requested  to  accept  the  important 
post  of  Chief  of  the  General  Staff;  and 
his  Imperial  Highness,  when  presented  by 
the  Emperor  of   Germany  with  the  Iron 
Cross,  declared  that  the  same  distinction 
was  equally  due  to  General  von  Blumen- 
thal.    In  1871  he  was  sent  to  England  to 
represent    the     German    Empire    at    the 
autumn    manoeuvres    at    Chobham.     Von 
Blumenthal   was    made   Field-Marshal   in 
1888,  and   Count  in    1883,   and  is   recog- 
nised as   one  of  the  most  distinguished 
strategists  of  modern  Germany. 

BLUNT,  The  Right  Reverend 
Richard  Frederick  Lefevre,  Bishop  of 
Hull,  Suffragan  to  the  Archbishop  of  York, 
is  the  third  son  of  Samuel  Jasper  Blunt, 
Esq.,  late  senior  clerk  of  the  Colonial 
Office,  and  Elizabeth  Mary  Lee,  daughter 
of  R.  E.  N.  Lee,  Esq.,  of  Chelsea,  was  born 
Nov.  16,  1833,  and  was  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School.     After  he  had 


studied  law  in  the  Temple  and  Lincoln's 
Inn   Fields    he   entered   the  Theological 
Department   of  King's  College,   London, 
and   became    Theological    Associate  (1st 
Class)  in  1857,  when  he  was  ordained  to 
the    curacy   of    St.   Paul's,   Cheltenham, 
under  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Bromby  (now  Bishop 
Bromby).    In  1860  he  became  senior  curate 
to   his  cousin,   Rev.   Gerald  Blunt,  at  St. 
Luke's,    Chelsea,    and  in   the    next  year 
married   Emily  Jane,   eldest  daughter  of 
John  Simpson,  Esq.,  of  the  Cedars,  Upper 
Tooting.     In   1864  he  was   appointed   by 
Lord  Hotham   to   the   vicarage   of   Scar- 
borough,   and   received   from  Archbishop 
Longley,  at  the  request  of  Bishop  Tait  and 
the   Principal   and   Professors   of    King's 
College,  the  degree  of  M.A.,  and  five  years 
afterwards  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  King's 
College,     in  1870  he  was  appointed  Rural 
Dean,    and    in    the    following   year    was 
collated  to  the  Prebendal  Stall  of  Grindall 
in  York  Minster,  and  in  1873  he  was  pre- 
ferred to  the  Archdeaconry  of  the  East 
Riding.     During   the   winter   of   1880  he 
acted    as     chaplain     at     Christ    Church, 
Cannes,    and    in    1881    was    made    Hon. 
Chaplain    to     the     Queen.      In    1882    he 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.   from  Arch- 
bishop Tait,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
was  collated  by  Archbishop  Thomson  to 
the  Residentiary  Stall   in  York   Minster, 
and    resigned    his    Prebendal   Stall.      In 
1885  he  became  in  due  course  Chaplain-in- 
ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and  in  1886  he  was 
appointed  Select  Preacher  at  Cambridge. 
On  Bishop  Magee  succeeding  to  the  Arch- 
bishopric of  York,  Archdeacon  Blunt  was 
nominated    by     the     Crown     as     Bishop 
Suffragan  of  Hull,  to   which  See  he  was 
consecrated    on    May    1,    1891.      In  the 
following     year    he    resigned    his    Arch- 
deaconry,  and   was   collated  to   the  Pre- 
bendal  Stall   of    Bole   in   York    Minster. 
He  has  been  a  Member  of  the  Convoca- 
tion of  York  since  1873,  and  one  of  the 
Assessors     since      1888.      Besides    many 
charges,    sermons,    and    papers,    he    has 
published  "  The  Divine  Patriot,  and  other 
Sermons  "  "  Doctrina  Pastoralis,"  Lectures 
in      the     Divinity     School,      Cambridge, 
"Notes      for      Confirmation      Lectures," 
' '  Private    Prayers     and    Daily    Interces- 
sions,"   "Meditations  on  the  Holy  Com- 
munion    Service,"    the    last    four    being 
published    by  the    S.P.C.K.     Addresses: 
The  Vicarage,  Scarborough;  and  The  Resi- 
dence, York. 

BLUNT,  Wilfrid  Scawen,  the  son  of 
F.  S.  Blunt  of  Crabbet  Park,  was  born  at 
Petworth  House  on  Aug.  17,  1840,  and 
succeeded  to  the  Crabbet  estates  on  the 
death  of  his  elder  brother  in  1872.  He 
was  educated  at  Stonyhurst  and  Oscott, 
and  was  in  the  Diplomatic  Service  from 


BLYDEN  —  BODINGTON 


109 


1858  to  1870.      During  the  years  1877  to 
1881  he  travelled  a  good  deal  in  the  East, 
visiting  Arabia,  Syria,  Persia,  and  Meso- 
potamia ;    and    after    taking   part   in    the 
Egyptian  National  Movement  of  1881  to 
1882,  he  visited  India.    He  contested  Cam- 
berwell  in  the  Home  Rule  interest  in  1885, 
and  again  in  the  following  year  stood  for 
Kidderminster  in  the  same  interest.      As 
the  result  of  calling  a  meeting  in  a  pro- 
claimed district  of  Ireland  in  1887,  Mr. 
Blunt  was   committed  to  prison  for  two 
months,    this   time    being    spent    in   Gal- 
way  and  Kilmainham  Gaols.      He  is  well 
known   as   an   authority    on  Arab   horse- 
breeding.     He  is  the  author  of  the  well- 
known  "  Love  Sonnets  of  Proteus,"  1880  ; 
"  The  Future  of  Islam,"  1882  ;  "  The  Wind 
and  the  Whirlwind,"  1883  ;  "Ideas  about 
India,"   1885;    "In  Vinculis,"   1889;    "A 
New  Pilgrimage,"  1889;   "Esther,"  1892; 
"  Stealing  of  the  Mare,"  1892  ;  "  Griselda," 
1893.     He  was  married,  in  1869,  to  Lady 
Anne  Noel,  daughter  of   the  1st  Earl  of 
Lovelace,  and  has  a  daughter.    Addresses: 
Crabbet  Park,  Three  Bridges,  Sussex  ;  and 
104P  Mount  Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  W. 

BLYDEN,  Edward  Wilmot,  Ameri- 
can negro  author,  was  born  at  St.  Thomas, 
West  Indies,  Aug.  3,  1832.  His  parents 
were  of  pure  negro  blood,  and  he  developed 
early  a  taste  for  languages.  He  returned 
to  Africa  and  edited  the  Liberia  Herald  at 
the  age  of  nineteen.  He  has  filled  the 
positions  of  Presbyterian  pastor,  Principal 
of  Alexander  High  School,  and  President 
of  Liberia  College.  He  was  Commissioner 
for  Liberia  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
American  Presbyterian  Church  in  1861  and 
1880.  He  has  since  been  Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Interior,  and  in  1892  was  appointed 
to  his  present  post  of  Minister  of  Liberia 
at  the  Court  of  St.  James's.  His  chief 
works  are:  "From  West  Africa  to  Pales- 
tine," 1873 ;  "  Liberia,  its  Status  and 
its  Field,"  "Christianity  and  the  Negro 
Race,"  and  "  Africa  and  the  Africans." 

BLYTH,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  son  of 
James  Blyth  of  Chelmsford,  Essex,  and 
Caroline,  daughter  of  Henry  Gilbey  of 
Bishop  Stortford,  Herts,  was  born  at 
Chelmsford  in  1841.  He  is  a  distinguished 
agriculturist,  and  has  been  honoured  by 
the  King  of  the  Belgians  with  the  Imperial 
Order  of  Leopold  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  Agriculture  and  the  Fine  Arts. 
He  has  also  the  Order  of  the  Mejidieh  for 
his  services  to  Egyptian  Agriculture.  For 
many  years  he  has  taken  a  keen  interest 
in  dairying,  and  erected  in  1892,  as  an 
object-lesson,  an  electric  model  dairy  in 
his  grounds  at  Blythwood.  He  is  owner 
of  the  well-known  Blythwood  herd  of 
Jersey  cattle,  stud  of  Shire   horses,  and 


flock  of  Southdown  sheep  ;  and  his  Blyth- 
wood Challenge  Bowls,  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  best  rypes  of  dairy  cattle,  are 
attractive  features  at  the  Agricultural 
Shows.  Sir  James's  letters  on  "  The 
Future  of  British  Agriculture,"  contributed 
to  the  Times  during  his  Presidency  of  the 
British  Dairy  Farmers'  Association,  which 
were  copied  and  criticised  by  the  Press 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  reprinted  in 
pamphlet  form,  aroused  widespread  interest 
among  farmers,  on  whom  they  impress  the 
necessity  of  producing,  to  a  much  greater 
extent,  perishable  articles  of  food,  for 
at  present  we  pay  to  foreign  countries 
some  fifty  million  pounds  sterling  annually, 
but  Sir  James  Blyth  contends  that  they 
can  for  the  most  part  be  grown  in  equal 
or  greater  perfection  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  Sir  James  is  also  a  Governor  or 
Vice-President  of  many  Agricultural  and 
other  Societies,  Member  of  Council  of  the 
British  Empire  League,  a  Visitor  of  the 
Royal  Institution,  and  a  Director  of  W.  and 
A.  Gilbey,  Limited.  He  married  in  1865 
Eliza  (who  died  1894),  daughter  of  William 
Mooney  of  Clontarf ,  co.  Dublin.  Heir : 
Herbert  William.  He  was  created  a 
Baronet  in  1895.  Addresses  :  33  Portland 
Place,  London,  W.;  and  Blythwood,  Stan- 
sted,  Essex. 

BODDA-PYNE,  n(e  Louisa  Pyne,  a 

popular  English  singer,  daughter  of  a  well- 
known  singer,  Mr.  G.  Pyne,  was  born  in 
1832,  and  was  at  a  very  early  age  the 
pupil  of  Sir  George  Smart,  and  made  her 
first  appearance  about  1842.  She  sang  in 
Paris  with  great  success  in  1847,  appeared 
in  opera  in  1849,  performed  at  the  Royal 
Italian  Opera  in  1851,  and  visited  the 
United  States,  where  she  was  enthusias- 
tically received,  in  1854.  After  an  absence 
of  three  years  she  returned  to  her  native 
land,  and  was,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Harrison,  joint-lessee  for  a  short  season  of 
the  Lyceum  and  Drury  Lane,  and  from 
1858  till  1862  of  Coven't  Garden  Theatre. 
The  enterprise  having  failed,  she  trans- 
ferred her  services  to  her  Majesty's 
Theatre,  and  has  frequently  performed  at 
her  Majesty's  Concerts  at  Windsor  Castle 
and  Buckingham  Palace.  She  is  married 
to  Mr.  Frank  Bodda. 

BODINGTON,  Nathan,  M.A.  Litt.D., 
was  born  at  Aston,  near  Birmingham,  on 
May  29,  1848,  and  was  educated  at  King 
Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  and  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford.  At  the  Uni- 
versity he  gained  first-class  honours  in 
the  Final  School  of  Lit.  Hum.  in  1872,  and 
was  three  years  later  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Lincoln  College.  During  the  years  1873 
and  1874  he  was  an  Assistant  Master  at 
Manchester  Grammar  School,  and  at  West- 


110 


BODKIN  —  BOETTICHER 


minster  School,  and  from  1875  to  1881 
he  held  a  classical  tutorship  at  Lincoln 
College,  and  was  also  a  lecturer  at  both 
Lincoln  and  Oriel  Colleges.  Mr.  Bodington 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Classics  in  the 
Mason  College  at  Birmingham  in  1881, 
but  in  the  following  year  he  went  to  Leeds, 
as  Principal  of,  and  Professor  of  Greek  in, 
the  Yorkshire  College.  He  is  at  present, 
moreover,  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  Victoria 
University.  Addresses:  Shire  Oak  Road, 
Leeds. 

BODKIN,    Archibald    Henry,    was 

called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1885,  and  is  engaged  on  the  South-Eastern 
Circuit,  and  at  the  Middlesex  and  Kent 
Sessions.  Address  :  5  Paper  Buildings, 
Temple,  E.C. 

BODLEY,  John  Edward.  Courtenay, 

son  of  Edward  Fisher  Bodley,  J.  P.,  of  Shel- 
ton,  Staffordshire,  and  Dane  Bank  House, 
Cheshire,  by  Mary  Ridgway,  who  was  the 
last  survivor  of  the  elder  branch  of  the 
family  which  claimed  to  be  the  heirs- 
general  of  the  Ridgways,  Earls  of  London- 
derry (extinct).  Born  at  Shelton,  June  6, 
1853,  educated  privately  and  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford  (B.A.  1877  ;  M.A.  1879) ;  called 
to  the  Bar,  1874,  while  an  undergraduate, 
on  his  twenty-first  birthday,  and  was  thus 
the  youngest  barrister  ever  called  to  the 
English  Bar,  as  some  years  before  he  went 
to  the  University,  being  prevented  by  ill- 
health  from  preparing  for  Oxford,  he  had 
entered  at  the  Inner  Temple  at  an  un- 
usually early  age.  After  taking  his 
degree  he  joined  the  Oxford  Circuit,  and 
published  in  Blackwood's  Magazine,  in  1882, 
a  sketch  of  circuit-life  entitled  "  The 
Souchester  Sessions."  He  became  private 
secretary  to  the  President,  of  the  Local 
G-overnment  Board  (Right  Hon.  Sir  C.  W. 
Dilke)  in  1882.  In  1884  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Housing  of  the  Working  Classes,  and  was 
the  author  of  the  Report  (1885)  which  was 
signed  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
Cardinal  Manning,  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
and  the  majority  of  the  Commissioners. 
Between  1885  and  1889  Mr.  Bodley  tra- 
velled extensively,  visiting  many  of  the 
continental  capitals,  to  study  European 
politics,  and  spending  two  years  in  traver- 
sing South  and  East  Africa,  British  North 
America,  and  the  United  States.  As  the 
result  of  his  travels  he  wrote  a  few 
articles  in  the  Edinburgh,  Quarterly,  and 
other  English  Reviews,  two  of  which,  on  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  America,  were 
republished  in  the  United  States  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Catholic  Democracy  of 
America."  In  1890  Mr.  Bodley  undertook 
his  work  on  France,  and  went  to  live  in 
that  country  for  the  purpose  of  devoting 


himself  entirely  to  it.  It  occupied  him 
exclusively  and  without  interruption  for 
more  than  seven  years,  until  the  appear- 
ance, in  February  1898,  of  the  first  two 
volumes  of  "France,"  which  deal  with 
' '  political  France  after  a  century  of 
revolution."  The  years  of  labour  bestowed 
on  the  work  were  justified  by  the  re- 
markable reception  bestowed  on  it  by 
the  English  and  American  reviewers,  as 
well  as  by  French  critics  of  all  schools. 
French  and  German  editions  of  the  first 
series  will  shortly  appear,  and  meanwhile 
the  author  is  engaged  in  further  volumes, 
which  will  treat  of  the  Church,  Educa- 
tion, and  the  Administrative  System.  Mr. 
Bodley  married  in  Algeria  in  1891  Evelyn 
Frances,  eldest  child  of  Mr.  John  Bell,  of 
Mustapha  Rais,  Algiers,  and  Rushpool  Hall, 
Yorkshire.  Address :  Chateau  de  Belle- 
fontaine,  Biarritz. 

BODY,  George,  D.D.,  Canon  Mis- 
sioner  of  Durham,  was  born  at  Cheriton 
Fitzpaine,  Devonshire,  on  Jan.  7,  1840, 
and  was  educated  at  Blundell's  School, 
Tiverton,  under  the  headmastership  of 
Rev.  T.  B.  Hughes,  M.A.  From  this  school 
he  passed  as  Diocesan  Student,  from  the 
Diocese  of  Exeter,  to  St.  Augustine's 
Missionary  College,  Canterbury.  Through 
ill-health  he  had  to  give  up  his  purpose 
of  undertaking  foreign  missionary  work, 
and  passed  from  Canterbury  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  October  1859.  In 
Lent,  1863,  he  was  ordained  Deacon,  his 
first  Curacy  being  at  St.  James's,  Wednes- 
bury,  in  the  Diocese  of  Lichfield.  From 
Wednesbury  he  went  to  the  Curacy  of 
Sedgley,  in  the  same  Diocese,  and  from 
Sedgley  to  Wolverhampton.  In  1870  he 
was  appointed  Rector  of  Kirby  Misper- 
ton,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Earl  of 
Feversham,  which  benefice  he  held  until 
1884.  In  1883'  he  was  called  to  the 
Diocese  of  Durham  as  Canon  Missioner, 
From  1880  to  1885  he  represented  the 
Archdeaconry  of  Cleveland  in  the  Con- 
vocation of  York.  In  1885  he  was  made 
D.D.  of  Durham  {honoris  causd),  and  in  1890 
was  elected  a  Vice-President  of  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts  as  a  recognition  of  his  interest  in 
foreign  mission  work.  He  has  published 
many  Sermons  and  two  volumes  of  Lec- 
tures: (1)  "The  Life  of  Justification,"  in 
1870,  and  (2)  "The  Life  of  Temptation," 
in  1870,  each  of  which  is  in  its  7th  edit. 
Recent  works  of  his  are  "Activities  of  the 
Ascended  Lord,"  1891:  "The  School  of 
Calvary,"  2nd  edit.  1891;  and  "The  Life 
of  Love,"  1893. 

BOETTICHER,  Karl  Heinrich 
von,  German  statesman,  was  born  at  Stet- 
tin, Jan.  6,  1833.     After  studying  law,  be 


EOISSIER  —  BONN  AT 


111 


entered  the  Civil  Service  in  1862.  He  has 
held  various  posts  in  the  Ministry  of  the 
Interior,  and  was  appointed  Secretary  in 
1880,  a  post  he  held,  together  with  the 
Vice-Presidency  of  the  Prussian  Ministry, 
until  June  1897,  when  he  resigned  at  the 
same  time  as  Baron  von  Marschall,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  opposition  of  the  Agrarian 
party. 

BOISSIER,  Professor  Marie  Louis 
Gaston,  was  born  Aug.  15,  1823,  at  Nimes, 
and  educated  at  the  Lycee  of  that  town, 
and  at  the  Lycee  Louis-le-Grand,  Paris. 
In  1846  he  became  Professor  of  Rhetoric 
at  Angouleme,  and  ten  years  later  was 
called  to  Paris  as  supplementary  professor 
at  the  Lycee  Charlemagne.  In  1861  he 
proceeded  to  the  College  de  France  as 
Professor  of  Latin  Oratory,  in  succession 
to  Havet,  and  then  became  deputy  to 
Sainte  Beuve  in  the  chair  of  Latin  Poetry. 
On  June  8,  1876,  he  was  elected  a  Member 
of  the  French  Academy,  succeeding  Patin 
in  the  39th  chair.  In  1895  he  was  elected 
Perpetual  Secretary  of  the 'Academy.  M. 
Boissier  has  written  "Le  Poete  Attius," 
1856 ;  "  Une  Etude  sur  Terentius  Varron," 
1859;  "Ciceron  et  ses  Amis,"  1866 ;  "La 
Religion  Romaine  d' Auguste  aux  Antonins," 
1875;  "Madame  de  SevigneV'  and  many 
critical  papers  in  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes  and  the  Revue  de  V Instruction 
Publique. 

BOITO,  Arrigo,  Italian  poet  and 
composer,  born  Feb.  24,  1842,  the  brother 
of  Camille  Boito,  the  critic,  entered  the 
Conservatoire  of  Milan  in  1853.  He 
travelled  in  France,  Poland,  and  Germany, 
where  he  became  one  of  Wagner's  dis- 
ciples. His  first  work  was  "Le  Mefistofele," 
which,  when  produced  in  1868  at  La  Scala, 
Milan,  met  with  startling  failure,  but  when 
reproduced  in  1875  at  Bologna  achieved 
immediate  success.  His  other  operas  are 
"Nerone,"  "Ero  e  Leandro,"  "La  Sorella 
d'ltalia,"  and  "Oda  all'  Arte."  He  is 
known  as  a  poet,  and  has  published  in 
1877  "Libro  dei  versi"  and  "Re  Orso." 
He  is,  however,  chiefly  known  as  a  lib- 
rettist. 

BOLDREWOOD,  Rolf.  See  Browne, 
Thomas  Alexander. 

BOMBAY,    Bishop   of.      See  Mac- 

ARTHUR,    THE   RIGHT   REV.  JAMES. 

BOND,  Hon.  Robert,  born  in  New- 
foundland, Feb.  25,. 1857,  was  educated  at 
Queen's  College,  Taunton,  England.  He 
studied  for  the  legal  profession,  but  left  it 
to  enter  politics.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Newfoundland  Assembly  in  1882,  and  be- 
came Speaker  of  that  body  in  1885.     On 


the  retirement  of  Sir  William  Whiteway 
in  1886,  Mr.  Bond  became  leader  of  his 
party.  On  the  return  of  the  former  to 
active  politics  in  1889,  he  entered  his 
Cabinet  as  Colonial  Secretary.  In  1890 
he  was  one  of  three  delegates  sent  to  Eng- 
land relative  to  the  "  French  Shore  Treaty 
Question,"  and  was  the  same  year  ap- 
pointed by  the  Imperial  and  Newfound- 
land Governments  to  visit  the  United 
States  to  arrange  a  reciprocity  treaty  be- 
tween that  country  and  Newfoundland. 
In  1892  he  was  sent  to  Halifax  with  three 
others  to  confer  with  representatives  from 
the  Canadian  Government  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  the  fisheries  and  other  matters  of 
difference.  He  was  unseated  and  dis- 
qualified in  1894.  He  afterwards,  on  the 
removal  of  the  disability  by  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment, returned  to  office,  and  was  one  of 
the  delegates  who  negotiated  terms  of 
union  with  Canada  at  Ottawa  in  April 
1895. 

BOND,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Bennett,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of  Montreal, 
was  born  at  Truro,  in  1815.  He  received 
his  education  in  various  public  and  private 
schools  in  Cornwall  and  in  London,  and  at 
an  early  age  emigrated  to  Newfoundland, 
where  he  studied  for  the  ministry  with 
Archdeacon  Bridge  ;  and  at  Montreal,  to 
which  he  had  meantime  repaired,  was  in 
1840  ordained  a  Deacon,  and  in  1841,  a 
Priest.  For  several  years,  under  the 
direction  of  the  late  Bishop  Mountain,  of 
Quebec,  he  organised  many  mission 
stations  in  the  Eastern  Townships  of  the 
Province  of  Quebec ;  was  incumbent  of 
Lachine  for  a  number  of  years ;  and 
assistant  minister  in  St.  George's, 
Montreal,  of  which  he  finally  became 
incumbent.  He  maintained  his  connec- 
tion with  this  parish  for  the  long  period 
of  thirty  years,  successively  becoming 
Archdeacon  of  Hochelaga  and  Dean  of 
Montreal.  On  the  resignation  of  Bishop 
Oxenden,  he  was,  in  1879,  elected  by  the 
synod  of  the  diocese  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Montreal.  Bishop  Bond  is  President  of 
the  Theological  College  of  the  Diocese  of 
Montreal,  and  is  an  LL.D.  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  M'Gill  College.  Address  :  Bishops- 
court,  42  Union  Avenue,  Montreal. 


BON  GATJLTIER. 

Theodore. 


See  Martin,  Sir 


BONNAT,  Leon,  a  French  painter 
and  Member  of  the  Institute,  was  born  at 
Bayonne  June  20,  1833,  was  a  pupil  of 
Madrazo  and  Leon  Cogniet,  and  in  1857 
obtained  the  second  prize  at  Rome  for  his 
"Resurrection  de  Lazare."  Since  that 
time  he  has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  at 
the    annual    Salons       Among   his   works 


112 


BONNEY  — BOOTH 


may  be  mentioned  "  Le  bon  Samaritain," 
1859  ;  "Adam  et  Eve  trouvant  Abel  mort," 
1861  ;  "  Pelerins  dans  l'eglise  Saint  Pierre 
de  Rome,"  1864;  "Ribera  dessinant  a  la 
porte  de  l'Ara  Coeli  a  Rome,"  1867.  After 
a  tour  in  the  East  he  produced  the 
"Assumption,"  1869;  "  Femme  fellah  et 
son  enfant,"  1870;  "Femmes  d'Ustaritz," 
1872,  and  many  others  which  have  been 
rendered  popular  through  engravings. 
His  "Christ"  for  the  Court  of  Appeal 
was  especially  noteworthy  for  the  truth 
of  the  anatomy  and  condition  of  the 
corpse.  M.  Bonnat  obtained  two  medals 
of  the  second  class  in  1861  and  1867,  and 
the  Medal  of  Honour  in  1869.  In  1867  he 
was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
For  many  years  he  has  confined  himself 
to  portraiture,  and  his  best  portraits,  such 
as  those  of  Thiers  and  Victor  Hugo,  Jules 
Ferry  and  President  Carnot  (1890),  have 
gained  him  European  celebrity. 

BONNEY,  Professor,  The  Bev. 
Thomas  George,  D.Sc.  (Cantab.),  Hon. 
LL.D.  (Montreal),  Hon.  D.Sc.  (Dublin), 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.G.S.,  &c,  son  of  late  Rev. 
T.  Bonney,  M.A.,  was  born  July  27, 1833,  at 
Rugeley,  and  educated  at  Uppingham 
School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  as  12th  Wrangler 
and  16th  in  second-class  classics  in  1856. 
He  was  elected  in  1859  to  a  Fellowship, 
which  he  still  holds.  From  1856  to  1861 
he  was  Mathematical  Master  at  West- 
minster School,  but  returned  to  Cambridge 
in  the  latter  year.  During  his  residence 
there  he  was  active  in  securing  for  Natural 
Science  a  due  place  in  Academic  studies 
and  promoting  reforms  in  the  University. 
He  was  appointed  a  tutor  of  the  College 
in  1868,  and  was  Lecturer  in  Geology.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Geology 
at  University  College,  London,  and  in 
1881,  on  being  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
British  Association,  finally  quitted  Cam- 
bridge to  reside  at  Hampstead.  He  re- 
signed the  latter  post  in  1885,  was  President 
of  the  Geological  Section  at  the  meeting 
in  1886,  and  delivered  one  of  the  Evening 
Discourses  in  1888.  He  was  for  six  years 
Secretary  of  the  Geological  Society,  and 
President  in  1884-86.  In  18S9  he  received 
the  Wollaston  Medal.  He  has  been  also 
President  of  the  Mineralogical  Society, 
and  was  Rede  Lecturer  at  Cambridge  in 
1892.  (See  Rede.)  In  Geology,  Professor 
Bonney  has  chiefly  devoted  himself  to 
Petrological  and  Physical  questions,  and 
has  written  numerous  papers  printed  in 
the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society,  the  Geological  Magazine,  the  pub- 
lications of  the  Royal  Society,  &c.  He  is 
author  of  "The  Story  of  our  Planet," 
"Ice  Work,"  "Charles  Lyell  and  Modern 
Geology,"    and    a    contributor    to    other 


works  of  science  or  biography.  He  was 
President  of  the  Alpine  Club  in  1880-82, 
and  is  the  author  of  "  Outline  Sketches  in 
the  High  Alps  of  Dauphine\"  1865  ;  "  The 
Alpine  Regions,"  1868  ;  besides  furnishing 
the  text  to  several  illustrated  books  on 
the  Alps,  Norway,  &c.  He  has  also  con- 
tributed largely  to  several  works  of  de- 
scriptive topography,  such  as  "Picturesque 
Europe,"  "Our  own  Country,"  "English 
Cathedrals,"  &c.,  and  translated  Pierotti's 
"Jerusalem  Explored,"  1864;  and  "Cus- 
toms of  Palestine,"  1864.  Ordained  in 
1857,  Professor  Bonney  was  one  of  the 
Cambridge  Preachers  at  the  Chapel  Royal, 
Whitehall,  1876-78,  and  has  been  six 
times  a  Special  Preacher  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  on  one  occasion 
being  Hulsean  Lecturer.  These  lectures, 
"  On  the  Influence  of  Science  on  Theology," 
have  been  published  (1885),  besides  two 
other  small  volumes  and  several  detached 
sermons.  He  was  Boyle  Lecturer  in 
1890-91,  publishing  the  lectures  in  volumes 
entitled  "Old  Truths  in  Modern  Lights," 
and  "  Christian  Doctrines  and  Modern 
Thought."  He  is  an  Examining  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Manchester,  and  an  Hon. 
Canon  of  that  Cathedral.  Addresses:  23 
Denning  Road,  N.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BONVALOT,  Pierre  Gabriel,  French 
explorer,  born  at  Espagne,  in  the  Aube,  in 
1853,  was  a  traveller  and  linguist  from  his 
earliest  years.  In  1880  he  was  charged  by 
the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  with, 
a  mission  to  Central  Asia.  He  visited 
Turkestan,  Bokhara,  and  Samarcand,  dis- 
covered the  ruins  of  Chari-Samane,  and 
returned  to  Europe  by  the  Amu  Daria  and 
the  Caspian  Sea  in  1882.  In  1885  he  was 
again  entrusted  with  a  mission  to  Persia 
and  the  Turcoman  country.  He  was  made 
prisoner  by  the  Afghans,  but  despite  their 
hostility  he  made  noteworthy  discoveries 
in  the  Pamirs,  and  crossed  into  Cashmere, 
August  1887.  In  1889  M.  Bonvalot  agreed 
to  accompany  Prince  Henri  d'Orleans  in 
crossing  Asia  from  Siberia  to  Tonkin. 
They  started  from  Paris  on  the  6th  July, 
crossed  the  Chinese  frontier  on  Sept.  1, 
and  marching  for  a  year  and  twenty-five 
days,  arrived  on  the  borders  of  the  Red 
River  in  December  1890.  The  most  diffi- 
cult part  of  their  journey  was  the  crossing 
of  the  Tibetan  tableland.  Their  observa- 
tions and  700  photographs  interested  the 
learned  world,  and  the  Geographical  Society 
of  France  awarded  them  its  Gold  Medal 
in  1890.  Since  then  M.  Bonvalot  has 
travelled  in  Abyssinia. 

BOOTH,  Charles,  LL.D.,  author  and 
statistician,  was  born  in  Liverpool  on 
March  30,  1840,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Institution  School.     Since  1862  he 


BOOTH 


113 


has  been  a  partner  in  Alfred  Booth  &  Co., 
Liverpool,  and  was  President  of  the  Royal 
Statistical  Society  from  1892  to  1894.  He 
received  the  honour  of  the  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge  University  in  1898.  He  has 
published  in  nine  volumes  a  standard 
work  entitled  "  Life  and  Labour  of  the 
People  in  London,"  1891-1897;  "Pau- 
perism and  the  Endowment  of  Old  Age," 
1892;  "The  Aged  Poor,"  1894.  He  mar- 
ried in  1871  Mary,  daughter  of  Charles 
Zachary  Macaulay.  Addresses  :  24  Great 
Cumberland  Place,  W. ;  and  Athenasum. 

BOOTH,  The  Rev.William,  "General" 
of  the  Salvation  Army,  was  born  at 
Nottingham,  April  10,  1829,  and  educated 
at  a  private  school  in  that  town.  He 
studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  William 
Cooke,  D.D.,  became  a  minister  of  the 
Methodist  New  Connexion  in  1850,  and 
was  appointed  mostly  to  hold  special 
evangelistic  services,  to  which  he  felt  so 
strongly  drawn  that  when  the  Conference 
of  1861  required  him  to  settle  in  the 
ordinary  circuit  work,  he  resigned,  and 
began  his  labours  as  an  evangelist  amongst 
the  churches  wherever  he  had  oppor- 
tunity. Coming  in  this  capacity  to  the 
East  End  of  London  he  observed  that  the 
vast  majority  of  the  people  attended  no 
place  of  worship,  and  he  started  "  The 
Christian  Mission"  in  July  1865.  To  this 
mission,  when  it  had  become  a  large 
organisation,  formed  upon  military  lines, 
he  gave  in  1878  the  name  of  "The  Salva- 
tion Army,"  under  which  it  soon  became 
widely  known,  and  grew  rapidly  until  it 
now  has  (April  1898)  4611  corps  and  out- 
posts at  stations  established  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  France,  the  United  States, 
Australasia,  India,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Canada,  Scandinavia,  Holland,  Belgium, 
Italy,  Japan,  West  Indies,  South  America, 
and  elsewhere.  13,623  officers  or  evan- 
gelists are  entirely  employed  in  and  sup- 
ported by  this  Army,  under  the  General's 
absolute  direction,  and  they  hold  upwards 
of  79,095  services  in  the  open  air  and  in 
theatres,  music  halls,  and  other  buildings 
every  week.  The  General  has  published 
several  hymn  and  music  books,  volumes 
entitled  "Salvation  Soldiery,"  "Training 
of  Children,"  and  "Letters  to  Soldiers," 
describing  his  views  as  to  religious  life 
and  work.  "Holy  Living"  and  "Orders 
and  Regulations  for  the  Salvation  Army  " 
are  some  of  the  smaller  publications 
issued  by  him  for  the  direction  of  the 
Army  as  to  teaching  and  services.  He 
also  contributed  an  article  on  "The 
Salvation  Army"  to  the  Contemporary 
Review  for  August  1882.  Mrs.  Booth 
shared  largely  in  all  the  General's  efforts, 
and  further  explained  their  views  in 
"Practical  Religion,"  "Aggressive  Chris- 


tianity," "Godliness,"  "Life  and  Death," 
and  "  The  Salvation  Army  in  Relation  to 
Church  and  State."  She  died  of  cancer 
in  October  1890,  after  a  painful  illness 
borne  with  Christian  fortitude.  The 
General's  eldest  son  is  his  Chief  of  Staff, 
managing  all  his  business ;  his  eldest 
daughter,  with  her  husband,  directs  the 
work  in  Belgium  and  Holland ;  another 
son  is  in  charge  of  the  work  in  Australasia  ; 
the  second  daughter,  together  with  her 
husband,  supervises  the  operations  in  the 
United  States  of  America ;  the  third 
daughter  has  the  direction  of  affairs  in 
Canada  ;  the  fourth  daughter  and  her  hus- 
band are  at  the  head  of  the  work  in  France 
— so  that  each  member  of  the  family  is 
actively  employed  in  some  branch  of  the 
Army's  service.  The  General  established 
The  War  Cry  as  a  weekly  gazette  of  the 
Army  in  1880.  It  is  now  published 
weekly  in  England,  similar  papers  being 
published  at  each  Colonial  and  Foreign 
headquarters,  so  that  there  are  now  34 
weekly  War  Cry's,  with  a  circulation  of 
over  652,776.  En  Avant  appears  in  Paris, 
Strids  Ropet  in  Stockholm,  the  Jangi 
Pokar  (Gujarati)  edition  in  Gujarat,  a 
Tamil  one  in  Madras,  a  Singhalese  one  in 
Ceylon,  and  an  English  and  Marathi 
edition  in  Bombay.  Belgium,  Holland, 
and  Germany  also  publish  separate  edi- 
tions in  their  respective  languages.  In 
November  1890  he  published  a  volume 
entitled  ' '  In  Darkest  England  and  the 
Way  Out,"  containing  a  scheme  for  the 
enlightenment  and  industrial  support  of 
the  lowest  classes.  The  General  appealed 
for  £100,000  with  which  to  begin  the 
work  of  social  rescue,  and  subsequently 
started  76  rescue  homes  for  fallen  women, 
and  100  "  slum  posts,"  besides  a  system  of  J 
Labour  Bureaux,  and  food  dep6ts,  shelters, 
factories,  and  homes  for  inebriates.  In 
May  1892  General  Booth  again  stated  that 
£30,000  a  year  would  be  necessary  in 
order  to  carry  out  the  "  Darkest  England  " 
scheme.  The  appeal  was  endorsed  by 
such  well-known  public  men  as  the  Earl 
of  Aberdeen,  Lord  Compton,  Mr,  H.  H. 
Fowler,  Mr.  Labouchere,  and  Archdeacon 
Farrar.  Subsequently  General  Booth  sub- 
mitted the  working  of  the  scheme  to  a 
committee  of  inquiry,  consisting  of  the 
Earl  of  Onslow,  Sir  Henry  James,  M.P., 
Mr.  E.  Waterhouse  (President  Institute 
of  Chartered  Accountants),  Mr.  Walter 
Long,  and  Mr.  C.  E.  Hobhouse,  M.P. 
These  gentlemen  reported  favourably  as 
to  the  working  of  the  scheme  and  the 
application  of  the  funds  thereto  sub- 
scribed. In  1896  there  were  two  notable 
celebrations,  the  one  in  commemoration  of 
his  return  from  his  second  tour  in  South 
Africa,  Australasia,  Ceylon,  and  India  (this 
was  held  in  March  at  the  Crystal  Palace), 

H 


114 


BOOTHBY—  BOTTOMLEY 


and  the  other  a  Twelve  Days'  Exhibition 
of  the  work  of  the  Army  throughout  the 
world  (held  at  the  Agricultural  Hall). 
Address  :  101  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.C. 

BOOTHBY,  Guy  Newell,  was  born 
at  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  on  Oct.  13, 
1867,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas 
Wilde  Boothby,  sometime  Member  of 
the  House  of  Assembly,  and  grandson  of 
Mr.  Justice  Boothby.  He  has  travelled  a 
good  deal,  and  in  1891  he  crossed  Australia 
from  north  to  south.  He  is  the  author  of : 
"On  the  Wallaby,"  1894;  "In  Strange 
Company,"  1894  ;  "  The  Marriage  of 
Esther,"  1895  ;  "A  Lost  Endeavour,"  1895  ; 
"A  Bid  for  Fortune,"  1895;  "Beautiful 
White  Devil,"  1896  ;  "Dr.  Nikola,"  1896  ; 
"  Fascination  of  the  King,"  and  "  Sheilah 
M'Leod,"  1897,  &c.  He  is  married  to 
Rose  Alice,  third  daughter  of  William 
Bristowe,  of  Champion  Hill.  Address  : 
Alveston,  Thames  Ditton,  Surrey. 

BORNIEB,     Vicomte    Henri     de, 

French  poet  and  dramatist,  born  at  Lunel, 
Dec.  25,  1825,  studied  at  Montpellier  and 
and  Saint-Pons,  and  in  1845  completed  his 
legal  studies  at  Paris.  The  same  year  he 
published  "Les  Premieres  Feuilles,"  a 
volume  of  poems,  and  submitted  a  play 
to  the  The'atre  Francais,  "Le  Mariage  de 
Luther."  They  attracted  the  notice  of 
Salvandy,  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, who  appointed  the  youthful  poet  a 
supernumerary  at  the  Bibliotheque  de  1' 
Arsenal,  where  he  has  risen  successively 
to  be  sub-librarian,  librarian,  and  finally, 
in  March  1889,  administrator.  In  July 
1891  he  was  made  an  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  In  1853  he  published  a  play, 
"Dante  de  Beatrix,"  and  in  1884  he  wrote 
a  recitation  for  the  Odeon,  "  La  Muse  de 
Corneille,"  which  has  often  been  recited 
on  the  poet's  birthday.  A  pendant  to  this 
was  "  Le  Quinze  Janvier  ou  la  Muse  de 
Moliere,"  which  he  wrote  for  the  Fran9ais 
in  1860.  The  following  year  he  obtained 
the  first  prize  for  poetry  with  "  L'Isthme 
de  Suez,"  and  again  in  1863,  and  the  prize 
for  eloquence  in  1864  with  "L'EIoge  de 
Chateaubriand."  In  1868  his  "Agamem- 
non" was  played  at  the  Francais,  and  his 
"  La  Fille  de  Roland  "  in  1875.  Among  later 
dramas  must  be  mentioned  "  L'Aretirj " 
(1885),  destined  to  show  the  deplorable 
effects  of  licentious  reading,  and  "Maho- 
met," on  which  he  had  worked  for  several 
years.  This  last  had  been  accepted  by  the 
Francais,  but  was  forbidden  by  the  Govern- 
ment at  the  request  of  the  Turkish  Ambas- 
sador as  likely  to  offend  the  religious 
susceptibilities  of  their  Turkish  subjects, 
Ma.rch  1890.  His  complete  poetical  works 
were  published  in  1888  in  2  vols.  He  was 
elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1893  in 


succession  to  Xavier  Marmier,  and  lives 
at  1  Rue  de  Sully,  Paris. 

BOSISTO,  Joseph,  C.M.G.,  was  born 
March  21,  1827,  at  Hammersmith.  He 
became  a  druggist,  and  emigrated  to 
Adelaide,  South  Australia,  in  1848,  where 
he  remained  for  three  years,  and  estab- 
lished the  wholesale  business  of  Messrs. 
Faulding  &  Co.  After  a  short  attack  of 
the  gold  fever  in  1851,  he  went  to  Mel- 
bourne, and  began  business  at  Bridge 
Road,  Richmond.  The  business,  at  first 
almost  purely  a  pharmaceutical  one,  soon 
developed  into  a  regular  manufacturing 
concern,  and  upon  its  founder  discovering 
the  remarkable  antiseptic  properties  of 
the  eucalyptus  trees,  it  developed  into  a 
large  undertaking.  The  Pharmaceutical 
Society  of  Victoria  was  founded  by  Mr. 
Bosisto  in  1857,  with  the  aid  and  cordial 
co-operation  of  a  few  of  the  chief  pharma- 
ceutists of  Victoria,  and  has  proved  to 
have  exerted  a  highly  beneficial  influence 
in  the  development  of  pharmaceutical 
and  therapeutical  knowledge  throughout 
the  colony.  Mr.  Bosisto  sat  as  a  Municipal 
Councillor  for  over  twelve  years,  in  the 
course  of  which  time  he  held  the  office  of 
Mayor  for  two  consecutive  periods.  He 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Richmond 
Magisterial  Bench  for  five  years  succes- 
sively, was  returned  to  Parliament  in  1874, 
and  has  always  been  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  poll  in  the  elections  until  1886.  Mr. 
.Bosisto  was  appointed  President  of  the 
Royal  Commission  of  Victoria  at  the  Colo- 
nial and  Indian  Exhibition,  1886. 

BOTTOMLEY,     James    Thomson 

M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.C.S. 
Lecturer  on  Natural  Philosophy,  and  elec 
trical  engineer,  was  born  at  Fortbreda, 
county  Down,  Ireland,  on  Jan.  10,  1845, 
His  father  was  William  Bottomley,  mer 
chant,  of  Belfast,  and  Justice  of  the  Peace 
his  mother  was  second  daughter  of  the 
late  Dr.  James  Thomson,  Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
and  a  sister  of  Sir  William  Thomson, 
F.R.S.,  now  Lord  Kelvin,  and  Professor 
James  Thomson,  F.R.S.,  both  Professors  in 
Glasgow  University.  Mr.  Bottomley  was 
educated  partly  at  a  private  school,  and 
partly  at  the  Royal  Belfast  Academical 
Institution.  His  parents  intended  that  he 
should  enter  the  then  Established  Church 
in  Ireland,  and  he  was  sent  to  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  with  that  object ;  but 
when  he  had  passed  through  half  of  his 
undergraduate  course,  the  desire  of  follow- 
ing a  scientific  career  became  so  strong 
that  he  was  permitted  to  pursue  his  bent. 
He  then  became  a  pupil,  and  subsequently 
an  assistant,  of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas 
Andrews,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Chemistry 


BOTTOMLEY 


115 


in  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  studying  with 
him  Chemistry  and  Chemical  Physics,  and 
devoting  much  attention  at  the  same  time 
to  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy. 
He  finally  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and 
M.A.  with  first-class  Honours  and  Gold 
Medals  in  Natural  Philosophy  and  Chemistry 
in  the  Queen's  University  in  Ireland.  After 
a  year's  residence  in  Glasgow  with  his 
uncle,  Sir  William  Thomson,  where  he 
studied  Chemistry  under  the  late  Dr. 
Thomas  Anderson,  and  Physics  in  the 
Natural  Philosophy  Laboratory,  Mr.  Bot- 
tomley  was  appointed  Demonstrator  in 
Chemistry  at  King's  College,  London, 
under  the  late  Dr.  W.  A.  Miller,  F.RS. 
He  held  this  office  only  one  year ;  for,  to 
his  great  disappointment,  his  health  be- 
came injuriously  affected  in  the  Chemical 
Laboratory,  and  he  was  glad,  with  the 
consent  of  Dr.  Miller,  and  at  the  wish  of 
Professor  W.  G.  Adams,  to  be  transferred 
to  the  post  of  Demonstrator  in  Natural 
Philosophy  in  King's  College.  In  1870  he 
removed  to  Glasgow  to  take  part  in  the 
teaching  of  the  Natural  Philosophy  Class 
in  the  University,  under  a  special  arrange- 
ment made  for  that  purpose,  Sir  William 
Thomson  being  at  that  time  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  great  work  of  laying  some  of 
the  submarine  cables ;  and  Mr.  Bottomley 
has  continued  to  assist,  and  when  neces- 
sary represent,  Sir  William  Thomson  since 
that  time.  He  is  the  author  of  original 
papers  on  ':  Conduction  of  Heat,"  "  Radia- 
tion of  Heat,"  "Elasticity  of  Wires,"  &c., 
which  have  been  published  in  The  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society, 
The  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
Philosophical  Magazine,  Proceedings  of 
the  British  Association,  and  elsewhere. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  elementary  text- 
books on  "Dynamics,"  and  on  "  Hydro- 
statics," and  of  "Four  Figure  Mathe- 
matical Tables."  He  is  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  and  of  the  Physical  Society. 
Address  :  13  University  Gardens,  Glasgow. 

BOTTOMLEY,    "William   Beecroft, 

M.A.,  Ph.D.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  only  son  of 
Joseph  Bottomley,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Ap- 
perley  Bridge,  Leeds,  in  1863,  and  edu- 
cated" at  the  Royal  Grammar  School, 
Lancaster.  He  gained  a  Natural  Science 
Scholarship  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Lon- 
don, in  1883,  and  studied  there  and  at 
University  College,  London,  during  1883 
and  1884.  In  1885  he  proceeded  to  Ger- 
many, studying  at  the  Universities  of 
Heidelberg  and  Erlangen.  In  1886  he 
was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Biology  and 
Science    Tutor    in    St.    Mary's    Hospital, 


which  appointment  he  continued  to  hold 
until  1891.  In  1888  he  entered  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  as  Exhibitioner,  and 
graduated  in  1891.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant  to  the  Professor  of 
Botany  in  University  College,  London.  In 
the  following  year,  1893,  he  was  elected 
Professor  of  Botany  in  King's  College, 
London  ;  and  in  1894  Professor  of  Biology 
in  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  London, 
both  of  which  appointments  he  still  holds. 
After  graduating  at  Cambridge,  Professor 
Bottomley  was  for  three  years  engaged 
giving  series  of  University  Extension  Lec- 
tures throughout  Kent  upon  Botany  in 
its  relation  to  Agriculture.  He  was  thus 
brought  into  intimate  touch  with  matters 
connected  with  rural  economy,  and  be- 
came an  earnest  advocate  of  Agricultural 
Co-operation.  In  1895  he  founded  the 
South-Eastern  Co-operative  Agricultural 
Society  upon  similar  lines  to  the  Syndi- 
cats  Agricultural  of  France,  for  the  joint- 
purchase  of  agricultural  requisites  and 
joint-disposal  of  produce.  He  also  joined 
with  Mr.  Yerburgh  in  promoting  the 
establishment  of  Rural  Co-operative  Credit 
Banks,  and  became  Hon.  Secretary  of  the 
Agricultural  Banks  Association.  In  1896  he 
spent  six  weeks  in  Germany  investigating 
the  working  of  the  Raiffeisen  Rural  Credit 
Banks,  and  upon  his  return  read  a  paper 
at  the  Liverpool  Meeting  of  the  British  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
describing  the  Raiffeisen  Banks  of  Ger- 
many, with  their  unlimited  liability  of 
members,  limited  areas  of  operation,  ab- 
sence of  all  paid  administrative  posts, 
exclusion  of  individual  profit,  and  exami- 
nation into  application  of  loan  granted, 
and  its  economic  utility.  He  also  published 
a  series  of  articles  upon  ' '  Raiffeisen  and 
his  Work,"  showing  that  it  would  be  ad- 
vantageous to  the  agricultural  industry 
of  Great  Britain  if  some  system  could 
be  established  in  this  country  somewhat 
similar  to  the  Raiffeisen  organisation  with 
its  Local  Rural  Loan  Banks,  grouped  into 
county  areas,  and  these  again  controlled 
and  directed  by  a  central  association. 
Professor  Bottomley  is  also  joint  Hon. 
Secretary,  with  Dr.  Paton  of  Nottingham, 
of  the  English  Land  Colonisation  Society, 
which  has  for  its  object  the  establishment 
of  co-operative  colonies  of  small  holdings. 
He  is  also  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors of  the  West  Indian  Co-operative  Union, 
which  has  recently  been  formed  to  promote 
agricultural  co-operation  and  the  develop- 
ment of  minor  industries  in  the  West  In- 
dian Islands.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
papers  upon  science,  rural  economy,  and 
agricultural  co-operation  ;  and  is  also  well 
known  for  his  popular  lectures  upon  various 
scientific  subjects.  Address:  The  Botanical 
Laboratories,  King's  College,  London. 


116 


BOUGHTON  —  BOULNOIS 


BOUGHTON,  George  Henry,  K.A., 
was  born  near  Norwich  in  1833.  His 
father  was  William  Boughton.  His  family 
went  to  America  in  1836,  and  he  passed 
his  youth  in  Albany,  New  York,  where  he 
early  developed  an  artistic  taste.  In  1853  he 
came  to  London,  and  passed  several  months 
in  the  study  of  art.  Returning  to  America 
he  settled  in  New  York,  and  soon  became 
known  as  a  landscape  painter.  In  1859  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted  two  years 
to  study,  and  in  1861  he  opened  a  studio 
in  London.  He  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  June  19,  1879. 
Among  his  best  works  are :  ' '  Winter 
Twilight,"  "The  Lake  of  the  Dismal 
Swamp,"  "Passing  into  the  Shade," 
"Coming  into  Church,"  "Morning 
Prayer,"  "The  Scarlet  Letter,"  "The  Idyl 
of  the  Birds,"  "The  Return  of  the  'May- 
flower,'" "Counsellors  of  Peter  the  Head- 
strong," "A  Morning  in  May,  Isle  of 
Wight,"  and  "  The  Ordeal  of  Purity"  (1894). 
In  recent  Academies  he  has  exhibited  the 
following :  "  Sunrise  after  Sharp  Frost, 
Suffolk,"  and  a  portrait  of  Gladys,  daughter 
of  Walter  Palmer,  Esq.,  1895  ;  "  A  Sports- 
woman on  a  Highland  River,"  "The  Gar- 
dener's Daughter,"  and  two  portraits, 
1896;  "Memories"  (Diploma  work),  and 
"After  Midnight  Mass,  fifteenth  century," 
1897;  and  "The  Road  to  Camelot,"  and 
two  portraits,  one  of  a  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Kendal,  1898.  Mr.  Boughton 
has  of  late  years  made  a  study  of  the 
picturesque  aspects  of  the  old  Puritan  life 
of  New  England,  and  many  of  his  recent 
works  have  illustrated  it.  He  has  also 
visited  Holland,  and  painted  a  number  of 
Dutch  scenes,  and,  with  Mr.  Edwin  Abbey, 
is  the  author  of  "A  Sketching  Tour  in 
Holland,"  1885.  He  has  frequently  ex- 
hibited at  the  National  Academy  of  New 
York,  and  was  made  a  Member  of  that 
Academy  in  1871.  He  was  made  R.A.  in 
March  1896.  Address :  West  House, 
Campden  Hill,  W. 

BOTJGTJEREATJ,  Adolphe  "Wil- 
liam, a  French  painter,  and  Member  of 
the  Institute,  was  born  at  La  Rochelle, 
Nov.  30,  1835.  He  began  life  in  a 
business  house  at  Bordeaux,  but  obtained 
permission  to  attend  the  drawing  school  of 
M.  Alaux  for  two  hours  a  day.  His  fellow 
pupils  treated  him  with  contempt  on  account 
of  his  business  connections,  and  when  at 
the  end  of  the  year  he  gained  the  first 
prize,  the  excitement  was  so  great  that  a 
riot  ensued,  and  a  formal  protest  was  made 
by  the  pupils  against  his  receiving  it,  but 
without  effect.  He  then  turned  all  his 
attention  to  painting,  and  entered  the 
studio  of  Picot  in  Paris,  and  later,  entered 
the  Ecole  de  Beaux  Arts,  where  his  pro- 
gress was  rapid.   Having  gained  the  "  Prix 


de  Rome  "  with  his  picture  of  "  Zenobia  on 
the  banks  of  the  Araxes,"  in  1850  he  went 
to  Rome,  and  in  1854  exhibited  "The 
Body  of  St.  Cecilia  borne  to  the  Cata- 
combs," since  which  time  he  has  occupied 
a  leading  position  among  the  artists  of 
the  Modern  French  School.  His  next 
great  work  was  "  Philomela  and  Procne," 
1861.  Both  these  pictures  are  now  in 
the  Luxembourg.  "  Mater  Afflictorum,"  or 
"Vierge  Consolatrice,"  1876,  was  pur- 
chased by  the  French  Government  for 
12,000  francs.  Among  his  pictures  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  mav  be  mentioned, 
"The  Bather,"  1870;  ""Harvest  Time," 
1872;  "The  Little  Marauders,"  1873; 
"Homer  and  his  Guide,"  1874;  "Flora 
and  Zephyrus,"  1875;  "PieU,"  1876; 
' '  Youth  and  Love,"  1877  ;  "  The  Scourging 
of  Our  Lord,"  1880;  "The  Virgin  with 
Angels,"  1881 ;  "  Slave  carrying  a  Fan," 
1882;  "The  Youth  of  Bacchus"  and 
"Byblis,"  1885  ;  "Love  Disarmed,"  1886; 
"Love  Victorious,"  1887  ;  "Baigneuses," 
1888;  "Pyscheand  Love,"  1889;  "L'Amour 
Mouille',"  1891.'  M.  Bouguereau  executed 
the  mural  paintings  in  the  St.  Louis  Chapel 
of  the  Church  of  St.  Clotilde  and  in  the 
Church  of  St.  Augustine.  Many  of  his 
pictures  have  been  engraved  by  Francois. 
They  have  been  made  familiar  by  the 
Autotype  Company  in  England.  Address : 
75  Rue  Notre  Dame  des  Champs,  Paris. 

BOTJLENGER,  George  Albert, 

F.R.S.,  F.Z.S.,  was  born  at  Brussels  on  Oct. 
19,  1858.  In  1882,  after  having  served  a 
time  as  Aide-Naturaliste  in  the  Royal 
Belgian  Museum,  he  was  appointed  first- 
class  Assistant  in  the  Zoological  Depart- 
ment of  the  British  Museum,  and  there 
took  charge  of  the  collections  of  Reptiles 
and  Fishes.  On  these  groups  of  animals 
he  has  published  very  numerous  memoirs 
and  papers,  from  1877  to  the  present  day. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  British  Museum 
Catalogues  of  Reptiles  (7  vols.,  1885-96) 
and  of  Batrachians  (2  vols.,  1882),  which 
are  the  standard  works  for  the  determina- 
tion of  these  animals,  and  of  a  "  Catalogue 
of  Percoid  Fishes,"  1895.  Other  works 
are  "Fauna  of  India,  Reptiles  and  Batra- 
chians," 1890,  and  "The  Tailless  Batra- 
chians of  Europe,"  1897-98.  Since  1880 
he  has  prepared  the  annual  reports  on 
Reptiles  and  Fishes  for  the  "Record  of 
Zoological  Literature."  Address  :  8  Court- 
field  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 

BOTJXNOIS,  Edmund,  M.P.,  son  of 
the  late  W.  Boulnois,  of  Baker  Street, 
Marylebone,  was  born  on  June  17,  1838, 
and  was  educated  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.A.  in 
1868.     He  has  sat  in  the  House  of  Com- 


BOUECHIEE  —  BOURGET 


117 


mons  since  1889  as  Conservative  member 
for  East  Marylebone,  and  he  also  repre- 
sents the  same  constituency  on  the  London 
County  Council.  Mr.  Boulnois  is  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  both  London  and  Middle- 
sex, is  Chairman  of  the  West  Middlesex 
Waterworks  Company,  Director  of  the  Lon- 
don Life  Association,  and  the  Westminster 
Electric  Supply  Corporation,  and  he  is  the 
proprietor  of  the  Baker  Street  Bazaar,  in 
London.  Address :  27  Westbourne  Ter- 
race, W. 

BOURCHIER,  Arthur,  M.A.,  the 
only  son  of  Captain  Charles  John  Bour- 
chier,  late  8th  Hussars,  was  born  at  Speen, 
Berkshire,  on  June  22,  1864,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
Whilst  at  the  University  he  founded  the 
Oxford  Dramatic  Society,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  the  building  of 
the  new  theatre  there,  in  which  he  played 
the  characters  of  Shylock,  Falstaff,  Brutus, 
Eeste,  and  Thanatos  (in  the  "Alcestis"). 
Taking  to  the  stage  as  a  profession,  he 
made  his  first  appearance  at  Wolverhamp- 
ton, as  Jacques  in  "As  You  Like  It,"  in 
1889,  and  he  subsequently  played  this  part 
at  the  St.  James's  Theatre,  London.  He 
has  appeared  as  Joseph  Surface  at  the 
Criterion,  and  as  Charles  Surface  at  Daly's 
Theatre  ;  and  in  1895  he  became  manager 
of  the  Royalty  Theatre,  where  he  produced 
"The  Chili  Widow"  (which  ran  over  300 
nights)  and  "The  Queen's  Proctor."  He 
has  adapted  several  plays,  amongst  them 
being  "  The  Chili  Widow,"  from  the  French. 
Mr.  Bourchier  was  married  in  1894  to  Miss 
Violet  Vanbrugh,  the  well-known  actress 
(j.t>.).    Address  :  190  Earl's  Court  Boad,  W. 

BOURCHIER,    Mrs.   Arthur.      See 

Vanbktjgh,  Miss  Violbt. 

BOURGEOIS,  Leon  Victor  Au- 

guste,  French  statesman,  was  born  in 
Paris,  May  21,  1851.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Lyc^e  Charlemagne,  and  became 
Doctor  of  Laws.  He  was  Secretary  of 
the  Bar  Committee,  and  entered  official 
life  in  the  Office  of  Public  Works  in 
1876.  He  was  elected  Sous-Pre'fet  of 
Eeims  in  1880,  and  Pre'fet  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Tarn  in  1882.  In  the  strike 
at  Carmaux  he  conciliated  the  miners, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  Pre- 
fet  of  the  Haute-Garonne,  and  returned 
to  Paris  in  1886  to  the  Ministry  of  the 
Interior.  In  1887  he  became  Pre'fet  de 
Police,  and  was  successful  in  that  difficult 
office  at  the  time  of  President  Gravy's 
resignation,  when  there  was  much  fear 
of  a  dangerous  rising.  He  entered  the 
Chamber  in  1888  as  Deputy  for  the  Marne, 
and  became  Under-Secretary  of  the   In- 


terior in  the  Floquet  Cabinet,  which 
resigned  in  1889.  In  1890  he  became 
Minister  of  the  Interior  on  the  resignation 
of  M.  Constans,  which  he  exchanged  for 
that  of  Public  Instruction  in  the  Freycinet 
Cabinet  of  the  same  year.  In  1895  he 
undertook  the  formation  of  a  Radical 
cabinet  on  the  overthrow  of  M.  Ribot,  but 
he  found  himself  absolutely  dependent 
upon  the  votes  of  the  Socialists  for  a 
working  majority  in  the  Chamber.  This, 
and  a  conflict  with  the  Senate,  led  to  his 
downfall  in  April  1896,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Protectionist  and  Moderate 
Cabinet  of  M.  Meline.  He  has  published 
a  study  of  democracy  in  France  ;  and  in 
June  1898  he  was  offered,  and  accepted, 
the  portfolio  of  Public  Instruction  in  the 
Brisson  Cabinet  of  that  year. 

BOURGET,  Paul,  French  poet  and 
novelist  of  the  psychological  school,  was 
born  at  Amiens  on  Sept.  2,  1852.  His 
father,  a  learned  mathematician,  was 
afterwards  Rector  of  the  Academies  of 
Aix  and  Clermont.  M.  Bourget  was  edu- 
cated at  Clermont,  at  the  Sainte-Barbe 
College  in  Paris,  and  at  the  College  des 
Hautes  Etudes.  Together  with  Richepin, 
Bouchor,  and  other  future  celebrities,  he 
formed  part  of  a  literary  society  that  led 
him  to  abandon  teaching  as  a  profession. 
In  1872  he  began  writing  for  the  Renais- 
sance journal,  and  in  1873  published  an 
article  in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes, 
characteristically  entitled  "  Le  Roman 
realiste  et  le  Roman  pi^tiste."  His  first 
volume  of  poems,  "La  Vie  inquiete,"  ap- 
peared in  1874.  He  then  left  poetry  for 
romance,  and  among  his  best  known-works 
we  may  mention  "Etudes  et  Portraits," 
1888;  "Portraits  d'Ecrivains  "  ;  "Etudes 
Anglaises " ;  "Pastels,  dix  portraits  de 
femmes,"  1889;  "  Nouveaux  Pastels," 
1891 ;  and  the  following  novels  :  "  Cruelle 
Enigme,"  1885  ;  "Mensonges,"  1887;  "Le 
Disciple,"  1889,  a  study  of  the  scientific 
and  pessimist  tendencies  of  the  age  ;  and 
"Cosmopolis,"  which  contains  a  study  of 
the  present  Pope.  His  poems  were  pub- 
lished in  two  volumes  in  1885-87.  M. 
Bourget  is  a  traveller,  and  admires  Eng- 
land and  the  English,  and  he  has  lectured 
before  the  University  of  Oxford.  He  has 
shown  himself  a  psychological  "maniac," 
as  he  himself  says,  and  a  passionate  lover 
of  the  analytic  school,  inaugurated  by 
Stendhal.  He  is  one  of  the  most  widely 
read  novelists  in  France,  and  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1894 
to  the  seat  of  Maxime  du  Camp.  Among 
his  recent  works  should  be  mentioned 
"Notre  Coeur,"  1890;  "La  Terre  Pro- 
mise "  and  "  Sensations  d'ltalie,"  1892  ; 
"L'Idylle  Tragique "  and  "Outre  Mer," 
1895.     The  last-mentioned  deals  with  the 


118 


BOUTELLE  —  BOWER 


United  States  of  America.  His  last  work, 
"Voyageuses  "  (1898),  has  been  published 
in  book  form,  after  running  as  a  serial  in 
Cosmopolis. 

BOUTELLE,    Charles   Addison, 

American  statesman,  was  born  at  Dama- 
riscotta,  Maine,  Feb.  9,  1839,  and  received 
an  academic  education.  He  followed  his 
father's  occupation  as  shipmaster,  and  in 
the  spring  of  1862  was  appointed  Acting 
Master  in  the  United  States  Navy,  and 
was  promoted  for  gallant  conduct  to  be 
Lieutenant,  May  5,  1864.  Afterwards  in 
command  of  the  U.S. S.  Nyanza,  he  parti- 
cipated in  the  capture  of  Mobile,  and  was 
assigned  to  command  naval  forces  in  Mis- 
sissippi Sound.  He  was  honourably  dis- 
charged, at  his  own  request,  Jan.  14,  1866. 
In  1870  he  became  managing  editor,  and 
in  1874  proprietor,  of  the  Whig  and  Courier 
of  Bangor,  Maine.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Forty-eighth  Congress,  and  re-eleoted  to 
the  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Fifty- 
second,  Fifty  -  third,  Fifty  -  fourth,  and 
Fifty-fifth  Congresses.  He  is  leader  of 
the  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs  of  the 
United  States  House  of  Representatives. 

BOWELL,     Hon.    Sir    Mackenzie, 

K.C.M.G.,  Canadian  statesman,  was  born 
at  Rickinghall,  Suffolk,  England,  Dec.  27, 
1823.  He  went  to  Canada  with  his  parents 
in  1833,  entered  the  military  service  as  en- 
sign in  the  Bellville  Rifle  Company  in  1857, 
and  after  some  service  on  the  American 
frontier  in  1864  and  later,  he  was  made 
major  in  1867  and  lieut.-colonel  in  1872,  re- 
tiring with  that  rank  in  1874.  He  repre- 
sented North  Hastings  for  twenty-five  years 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  being  then  called 
to  the  Senate.  In  1878  he  entered  Sir 
John  Macdonald's  Cabinet  as  Minister  of 
Customs,  occupying  that  office  for  thirteen 
years ;  under  Sir  John  Abbott  he  was 
Minister  of  Militia,  and  under  Sir  John 
Thompson  he  was  Minister  of  Trade  and 
Commerce.  On  the  death  of  the  latter  Mr. 
Bowell  formed  an  Administration,  Decem- 
ber 1894,  the  main  policy  of  which  was  the 
enforcement  of  remedial  legislation  in  the 
matter  of  the  Manitoba  School  question. 
Having  failed  to  accomplish  this  object, 
he  retired  from  the  Government,  April  27, 
1896.  He  was  appointed  a  K.C.M.G. 
Jan.  1,  1895,  shortly  after  becoming  Prime 
Minister. 

BOWEN,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir 
George  Ferguson,  G.C.M.G.,Hon.  D.C.L. 
and  Hon.  LL.D.,  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Edward  Bowen,  born  in  1821,  was 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  Tri- 
nity College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a 
scholarship  in  1840,  and  graduated  B.A.  as 
first  class  in  classics  in  1844.     In  the  same 


year  he  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  of 
Brasenose  College,  and  became  a  member 
of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  Chief  Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  the  Ionian  Islands 
from  1854  to  1859,  and  was  appointed  in 
that  year  the  first  Governor  of  the  new 
colony  of  Queensland,  in  Australia,  com- 
prising the  north-eastern  portion  of  the 
Australian  Continent.  He  was  appointed, 
in  1868,  Governor  of  New  Zealand ;  and  in 
May  1873,  Governor  of  Victoria.  He  was 
Governor  of  Mauritius  from  1875  to  1883, 
when  he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Hong- 
Kong.  He  retired  on  his  pension  in  1887  ; 
but  in  1888  he  was  appointed  Royal  Com- 
missioner at  Malta  to  make  arrangements 
respecting  the  new  Constitution  granted  to 
that  island.  Sir  George  is  the  author  of 
"A  Handbook  for  Travellers  in  Greece," 
one  of  Murray's  Handbooks ;  "  Mount 
Athos,  Thessaly,  and  Epirus  :  a  Diary  of 
a  Journey  from  Constantinople  to  Corfu," 
1852;  "' Ithaca  in  1850"  and  "Imperial 
Federation,"  1886,  &c.  A  full  account  of 
his  public  services  will  be  found  in  "  Thirty 
Years  of  Colonial  Government,"  being  a 
selection  from  the  "Despatches  and  Let- 
ters of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  G.  F.  Bowen, 
G.C.M.G,  Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  Hon.  LL.D. 
Cambridge.  Edited  by  Stanley  Lane- 
Poole."  Sir  George  Bowen  is  a  member  of 
the  Governing  Bodies  of  the  Imperial  In- 
stitute and  of  Charterhouse  School,  and 
married  in  1856  the  Countess  Roma, 
only  surviving  daughter  of  Count  Roma, 
G.C.M.G.,  then  President  of  the  Senate  of 
the  Ionian  Islands.  The  Countess  Roma 
died  in  1893,  and  he  was  again  married 
in  1896  to  Florence,  daughter  of  Dr.  T. 
Luby,  Senior  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  widow  of  the  Rev.  H.  White. 
Addresses  :  16  Lowndes  Street,  S.W. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

BOWER,  Frederick  Orpen,  D.Sc, 
F.R.S.  (1891),  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.Ed.,  was  born 
on  Nov.  4,  1855,  at  Ripon,  Yorkshire.  He 
is  the  younger  son  of  Abraham  Bower, 
Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Elmcrofts,  Ripon,  Yorks. 
Educated  at  Ripon  Grammar  School, 
Repton  School,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, he  graduated  in  the  first  class  of 
the  Nat.  Sci.  Tripos  in  1877.  Having 
served  as  assistant  to  the  Professor  of 
Botany  in  University  College,  London,  he 
was  appointed  first  Lecturer  in  Botany  at 
the  Normal  School  of  Science  (now  Royal 
College  of  Science),  South  Kensington,  in 
1882,  and  in  1885  Regius  -  Prof  essor  of 
Botany  in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He 
acted  as  Examiner  in  the  University  of 
London  in  1885-89.  He  has  co-operated 
with  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott  in  translating  the 
"Comparative  Anatomy  of  Phanerogams 
and  Ferns,"  by  De  Bary  (Clarendon  Press, 
1884),  and  with   Professor  Vines  in  the 


BO  WEE  — BOYD 


119 


production  of  a  "Course  of  Practical  In- 
struction in  Botany,"  in  its  third  edition 
in  1891.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
memoirs  published  by  the  Royal  Society, 
the  Linn.  Soc,  in  the  Q.J.M.S.,  and  "An- 
nals of  Botany."  One  of  his  most  recent 
works  is  "  Practical  Botany  for  Beginners," 
1894.  Address  :  45  Kersland  Terrace, 
Hillhead,  Glasgow. 

BOWER,  Sir  Graham  John,  K.C.M.G., 
the  son  of  Admiral  James  Paterson  Bower, 
was  born  in  Ireland  on  June  15,  1848.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Gosport,  entered  the  Navy  in  1861,  and 
retired  in  1880  as  Commander.  In  the 
latter  year  he  became  private  secretary  to 
Sir  Hercules  Robinson,  Governor  of  the 
Cape,  and  High  Commissioner  for  South 
Africa,  and  from  1884  to  1897  he  acted  as 
Imperial  Secretary  to  the  High  Commis- 
sioner. He  came  to  England  after  the 
Jameson  raid,  and  gave  evidence  at  the 
parliamentary  inquiry  held  at  Westminster 
regarding  that  event.  Sir  Graham  has 
recently  (1898)  been  appointed  Colonial 
Secretary  of  the  Island  of  Mauritius.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Practical  Federation," 
a  book  published  under  the  name  of  "  Cen- 
turion." He  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  in 
1892,  and  was  married  in  1882  to  Maude 
Laidley  Mitchell,  of  Sydney,  N.S.W. 

BOWLES,  Thomas  Gibson,  M.P., 
was  born  in  1842,  and  was  educated  pri- 
vately in  England  and  abroad,  and  at 
King's  College,  London.  He  was  in  the 
Inland  Revenue  Department  of  the  Civil 
Service  from  I860  to  1868,  and  in  the 
latter  year  he  founded  the  paper  Vanity 
Fair,  selling  it,  however,  eventually.  In 
the  year  1878  he  assisted  in  starting  the 
Stafford  House  Committee  for  the  relief 
of  the  distressed  and  suffering  Turks,  and 
he  was  presented  with  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidie.  He  has  represented  King's  Lynn, 
as  Conservative  member  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  since  1892.  He  is  the  author  of: 
"The  Defence  of  Paris,"  " Maritime  War- 
fare," 1878  ;  "  Flotsam  and  Jetsam,"  1882  ; 
"Log  of  the  Nereid,"  1889.  Mr.  Bowles 
was  married  in  1876  to  Jessica,  daughter 
of  General  Evans  Gordon  (she  died  in 
1887).  Addresses :  25  Lowndes  Square, 
S.W.  ;  and  Wilbury  House,  Salisbury. 

BOWBJNG,  Edgar  Alfred,  C.B.,  a 
younger  son  of  the  late  Sir  John  Bowring, 
was  born  in  1826,  and  educated  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London.  He  entered  the 
Civil  Service  in  the  Board  of  Trade  in  1841, 
and  filled  in  succession  the  post  of  private 
secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  to 
Earl  Granville,  and  to  Lord  Stanley  of 
Alderley.  He  was  appointed  Precis  Writer 
and  Librarian  to  that  department  in  1848, 


and  Registrar  in  1853,  but  retired  from  the 
service  on  the  abolition  of  his  office  at  the 
end  of  1863.  He  acted  as  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Commission  for  the  Great  Exhibition 
of  1851,  and  held  that  appointment  until 
his  election  as  M.P.  for  Exeter  at  the 
general  election  of  1868.  His  services  were 
so  highly  appreciated  by  the  late  Prince 
Consort,  the  President  of  the  Commission, 
that  immediately  after  H.R.H.'s  decease, 
her  Majesty  nominated  Mr.  Bowring  a 
Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  Civil 
Division.  Mr.  Bowring  lost  his  seat  for 
Exeter  at  the  general  election  of  February 
1874.  He  is  the  author  of  an  English 
poetical  version  of  "The  Book  of  Psalms," 
English  versions  of  the  poetical  works  of 
Schiller,  Goethe,  and  Heine,  and  (jointly 
with  Lord  Hobart)  of  a  reply  to  the  "  So- 
phisms of  Free  Trade,"  by  Mr.  Justice 
Byles.  Besides  having  been  a  frequent 
contributor  to  periodical  literature,  he  is 
understood  to  have  translated  two  small 
volumes  of  German  hymns,  selected  by 
the  Queen,  and  privately  printed  for  her 
Majesty's  use,  one  volume  on  the  death  of 
the  Duchess  of  Kent,  and  the  other  on 
that  of  Prince  Albert. 

BOYD,  The  Kev.  Andrew  Kennedy 
Hutchison,  D.D.  and  LL.D.,  born  at 
Auchinleck,  Ayrshire,  of  which  parish  his 
father  was  incumbent,  November  1825,  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  where  he 
obtained  the  highest  honours  in  philo- 
sophy and  theology,  and  was  author  of 
several  prize  essays,  taking  the  degree  of 
B.A.  in  April  1846.  He  was  ordained  in 
1851,  and  has  been  incumbent  successively 
of  the  parishes  of  Newton-on-Ayr,  Kirk- 
patrick-Irongray  (in  Galloway),  St.  Ber- 
nard's (Edinburgh),  and  of  the  University 
city  of  St.  Andrews,  which  he  still  holds. 
He  first  became  known  as  a  writer  by 
papers  which  appeared  in  Fraser's  Magazine 
under  the  signature  of  A.  K.  H.  B.  Of 
these,  the  most  important  have  been 
reprinted  ;  the  best  known  of  these  being 
"  The  Recreations  of  a  Country  Parson  " 
(three  series).  Dr.  Boyd  is  also  the  author 
of  many  volumes  of  sermons,  under  the 
titles  of  "The  Graver  Thoughts  of  a 
Country  Parson,"  and  "Counsel  and  Com- 
fort spoken  from  a  City  Pulpit,"  "Present- 
day  Thoughts  :  Memorials  of  St.  Andrews 
Sundays,"  1870;  "Towards  the  Sunset," 
1883  ;  "  What  Set  Him  Right,"  1885  ;  and 
"The  Best  Last,"  in  1888.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  in  1864,  and  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews  in  1889.  In 
May  1890  he  was  elected  Moderator  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land. His  latest  works  are  "  Twenty-five 
Years  of  St.  Andrews,"  published  in  1892  ; 


120 


BOYD  — BOYS 


"  St.  Andrews  and  Elsewhere,"  1894  ;  and 
"  The  Last  Years  of  St.  Andrews."  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
studied  for  two  years  for  the  English  Bar. 
In  1895  he  was  made  a  Fellow  of  King's 
College.  Address  :  7  Abbotsford  Crescent, 
St.  Andrews. 

BOYD,  The  Rev.  Henry,  M.A.,  D.D., 
Principal  of  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  was 
born  on  Feb.  26,  1831,  and  is  the  third  son 
of  William  Charles  Boyd,  Esq.  He  was 
educated  at  Hackney  School  and  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  matriculated  at 
the  age  of  seventeen.  He  was  in  the  second 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1852,  and  was  Ellerton 
Essayist  in  1853,  and  Denyer  Theological 
Essayist  in  1856  and  1857  (B.A.  1852; 
M.A.  1857;  B.D.  and  D.D.  1879).  From 
1862  to  1874  he  was  incumbent  of  St. 
Mark's,  Victoria  Docks,  E.,  and  from  1875 
to  1890  was  Hon.  Canon  of  Kochester.  In 
1874  Dr.  Boyd  was  elected  Fellow,  and  in 
1877  Principal,  of  Hertford.  In  1879  he 
was  select  preacher  before  the  University, 
and  in  1890  Vice-Chancellor.  Address : 
Hertford  College,  Oxford. 

BOYD,  Hon.  Walter,  LL.D.,  was  born 
at  Dublin  on  Jan.  28,  1833,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Portora,  Enniskillen,  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  He  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar  in  1856,  was  appointed  Q.C.  in 

1877,  and  Queen's  Advocate  for  Ireland  in 

1878.  He  became  a  Judge  in  the  Irish  Court 
of  Bankruptcy  in  1885,  and  after  holding 
that  position  for  twelve  years,  he  was  in 
1897appointed  a  Justice  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice  in  Ireland.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Law  and  Practice  of  the  Court  of  Admir- 
alty in  Ireland."  Addresses :  66  Merrion 
Square,  Dublin  ;  and  Howth  House,  Howth, 
County  Dublin. 

BOYLE,  Sir  Courtenay,  K.C.B.,  was 
born  in  Jamaica  on  Oct.  21,  1845,  being 
the  son  of  Cavendish  Spencer  Boyle,  and 
was  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  Appointed  private  secre- 
tary to  the  Viceroy  of  Ireland  in  1868,  he 
became  an  Inspector  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  in  1873,  returning  again  to 
the  private  secretaryship  to  the  Viceroy  in 
1882.  Three  years  later,  in  1885,  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Secretary  to  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  after  seven  years'  service  in 
that  position,  he  became  Permanent  Secre- 
tary to  the  Board  of  Trade  in  1893.  Sir 
Courtenay  Boyle  was  created  a  K.C.B.  in 
1892,  and  is  married  to  Lady  Muriel  Sarah 
Campbell,  daughter  of  the  2nd  Earl  of 
Cawdor.  He  played  in  the  Oxford  cricket 
eleven  from  1864  to  1867,  and  has  also 
represented  his  University  at  tennis. 
Address :  11  Granville  Place,  Portman 
Square,  W. 


BOYLE,  The  Very  Rev.  George 
David,  Dean  of  Salisbury,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  David  Boyle, 
Lord  Justice-General  and  President  of  the 
Court  of  Session  in  Scotland,  by  his  second 
marriage  with  Camilla  Catherine,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  David  Smythe,  of 
Methven,  Perthshire,  and  was  born  in 
1828.  He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh 
Academy,  the  Charterhouse,  and  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1851,  M.A.  1853). 
Between  1853  and  1860  he  held  in  succes- 
sion curacies  in  Kidderminster  and  Hagley. 
He  was  Incumbent  of  St.  Michael's,  Hands- 
worth,  from  1861  to  1867,  and  Rural  Dean 
of  Handsworth,  1866-67.  He  was  appointed 
Vicar  of  Kidderminster  in  1867,  and  Rural 
Dean  in  1877,  and  he  was  Hon.  Canon  of 
Worcester  from  1872  till  1880,  when  he 
was  appointed  Dean  of  Salisbury.  Dean 
Boyle  is  the  author  of  "My  Aids  to  the 
Divine  Life,"  "  Richard  Baxter,"  "  Re- 
collections of  the  Dean  of  Salisbury," 
1895;  and  editor  of  "Characters  and 
Episodes  of  the  Great  Rebellion  from 
Clarendon."  He  married  in  1861  Mary 
Christiana,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Robins,  of  Hagley,  Worcester- 
shire. Addresses  :  Deanery,  Salisbury  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

BOYNE,  Leonard,  actor,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1852,  was  educated  by  a  private 
tutor  at  Dublin,  was  originally  intended 
for  the  army,  but  eventually  entered  the 
dramatic  profession  in  1869.  Unsuccessful 
at  first,  he  soon,  however,  by  bard  and 
conscientious  work,  advanced  rapidly  in 
his  profession,  and  before  he  was  twenty 
years  of  age  he  was  leading  man  in  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and 
was  playing  such  parts  as  Bob  Brierly, 
Macduff,  and  Richmond.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  supported  Mrs.  Scott-Siddons  at 
Glasgow,  playing  Charles  Surface,  Orlando, 
&c.  He  first  appeared  in  London  in  1874, 
in  the  character  of  John  Fein  in  "Pro- 
gress," and  in  the  following  year  he  was 
engaged  by  Miss  Ada  Cavendish  to  play 
Romeo,  Orlando,  Claude  Melnotte,  and 
similar  parts.  In  1884  he  joined  Wilson 
Barrett's  company,  in  order  to  take  the 
important  part  of  Claudian  in  the  play  of 
that  name.  Since  then  he  has  played  in 
"  The  Armada,"  "  Sister  Mary,"  "  Ariane," 
"The  English  Rose,"  and  "The  Prodigal 
Daughter." 

BOYS,  Charles  Vernon,  F.R.S.,  was 
born  at  Wing,  near  Oakham,  Rutland,  and 
is  the  youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
Boys.  Mr.  C.  V.  Boys  was  educated  at 
Marlborough  College  and  at  the  Royal 
School  of  Mines,  of  which  he  is  an  Asso- 
ciate. He  was  appointed  Demonstrator  in 
1881,  and  Assistant  Professor  of  Physics 


BKACKENBUBY  —  BRADDON 


121 


in  1889,  at  the  Normal  School  of  Science 
and  Royal  School  of  Mines,  South  Kensing- 
ton and  Jermyn  Street.  He  resigned  this 
position  at  the  beginning  of  1897,  on  being 
appointed  one  of  the  Metropolitan  Gas 
Referees.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
papers  published  by  the  Royal  Society,  the 
Physical  Society,  the  Royal  Institution, 
and  the  Society  of  Arts  ;  of  which  the 
more  important,  or  the  best  known,  are  on 
integrating  and  other  calculating  machines, 
on  quartz  fibres,  on  the  "radio-micrometer," 
and  other  instruments  for  measuring 
radiant  heat,  on  the  photography  of  flying 
bullets  by  means  of  the  electric  spark,  and 
on  the  measurement  of  the  Newtonian 
Constant  of  Gravitation  or  the  Weight  of 
the  Earth.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Officer  of  Public  Instruction  of 
France,  Member  of  the  Physical  Society 
of  London,  and  of  the  Royal  Institution. 
Address  :  66  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

BBACKENBXJRY,  Lieut.-General 
Sir  Henry,  K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  R.A.,  born 
at  Bolingbroke,  Lincolnshire,  Sept.  1, 1837, 
was  educated  at  Tonbridge,  Eton,  and 
Woolwich.  He  was  appointed  to  the 
Royal  Artillery  in  April  1856,  and  served 
in  the  suppression  of  the  Indian  Mutiny 
in  1857-58.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed 
to  the  staff  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy 
at  Woolwich,  first  as  Officer  for  Discipline, 
then  as  Instructor  in  Artillery,  finally  as 
Professor  of  Military  History.  He  served 
throughout  the  Franco  -  German  war  as 
chief  representative  of  the  British  National 
Society  for  Aid  to  Sick  and  Wounded  in 
War,  received  the  Iron  Cross  from  the 
Emperor  of  Germany,  and  was  made  Officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour  by  the  French 
Government,  and  Knight  of  the  First  Class 
of  the  Bavarian  Order  of  St.  Michael. 
Being  appointed  Military  Secretary  to  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley,  he  served  with  him 
throughout  the  Ashanti  Campaign,  1873- 
1874.  He  served  as  a  member  of  a  special 
mission  to  Natal  in  1875,  was  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  to  the  Cyprus  Expedi- 
tionary Force  in  1878,  and  raised  and 
organised  the  Cyprus  Military  Police.  In 
1879  he  accompanied  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley 
to  South  Africa  as  Military  Secretary,  and 
later  succeeded  Sir  G.  Colley  as  Chief  of 
the  Staff,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
throughout  the  closing  operations  of  the 
Zulu  war  and  the  campaign  against  Seku- 
kuni.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Viceroy  of  India,  and 
returned  to  England  with  the  Earl  of 
Lytton  on  his  resignation.  He  was 
Military  Attach^  to  the  British  Embassy 
at  Paris  from  January  1881  to  May  1882, 
when  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Under- 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  to  deal  with  all 
matters  relating  to  police  and  crime  in 


that  country.  He  resigned  the  latter  post, 
however,  on  July  19,  1882.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  Deputy  Adjutant-General 
of  the  Nile  Expeditionary  Force,  and 
subsequently  Brigadier-General  and  second 
in  command  of  the  River  Column  of  the 
expedition.  When  General  Earle  was 
killed  during  the  action  of  Kirbekan, 
General  Brackenbury  assumed  command 
of  the  column,  and  conducted  it  to  near 
Abu  Hamed,  whence  it  was  recalled  by 
Lord  Wolseley,  down  the  rapids  to  Korti. 
He  was  promoted  to  be  a  Major-Genera], 
June  15,  1S85,  for  distinguished  service  in 
the  field,  and  Lieut.-General,  April  1, 1888. 
He  was  appointed  head  of  the  Intelligence 
Department  of  the  War  Office,  Jan.  1, 
1886,  and  retained  this  position  till  March 
1891.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  a  Member 
of  a  Royal  Commission,  under  the  Chair- 
manship of  Lord  Hartington,  to  inquire 
into  the  administration  of  the  Naval  and 
Military  Departments  of  the  State.  In 
April  1891  he  was  appointed  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Governor-General  of 
India,  and  continued  in  this  position  till 
April  1896.  He  was  knighted  in  1894. 
He  has  been  President  of  the  Ordnance 
Committee  since  May  1896,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Colonel  Commandant  of  the  Royal 
Artillery  in  1897.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Fanti  and  Ashanti,"  1873  ;  "  Narrative  of 
the  Ashanti  War  "  ;  "  The  River  Column  "  ; 
and  of  several  military  pamphlets.  He 
married  Emilia,  daughter  of  E.  S.  Halswell, 
and  widow  of  Reginald  Morley,  in  1861. 
Address  :  23  Hanover  Square,  W. 

BRADDON,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
Edward  Nicholas  Coventry,  K.C.M.G., 
son  of  Henry  Braddon  of  Skirdon  Lodge, 
Cornwall,  and  brother  of  the  novelist,  Miss 
E.  Braddon  (Mrs.  Maxwell),  was  born  June 
11,  1829  ;  educated  at  private  schools  and 
by  private  tutor,  and  at  the  London  Uni- 
versity ;  went  to  India  in  1847  to  the 
mercantile  house  of  his  cousins,  Messrs. 
Bagshaw  and  Co.  (afterwards  Braddon  and 
Co.),  Calcutta.  After  eight  years  spent  in 
mercantile  pursuits,  he  was  engaged  in 
civil  engineering  in  charge  of  an  Assistant 
Engineer's  length  of  the  East  India  Rail- 
way, during  which  time  he  led  a  small 
force  of  volunteers  against  the  insurgent 
Santhals ;  he  subsequently  served  as  a 
volunteer  with  the  7th  N.I.  against  the 
rebels,  and  on  the  close  of  the  rebel- 
lion pursued  and  captured  fourteen  of  the 
leading  Santhals  implicated  in  the  murder 
of  several  Europeans  and  natives.  As 
some  recognition  of  these  services  he 
received  the  appointment  of  Assistant 
Commissioner  in  charge  of  the  Deoghur 
District,  Santhal  Pergunnahs,  October  1857. 
He  served  under  Sir  George  Yule  as  a 
volunteer  against  the  rebel  Sepoys  in  the 


122 


BRADDON  —  BRADLEY 


Purneah  and  adjoining  districts  (Mutiny 
medal  and  favourable  mention  in  des- 
patches). Raised  a  regiment  of  Santhals, 
for  which  service  he  was  thanked  specially 
by  the  Lieut.-Governor  of  Bengal.  In 
April  1862  Mr.  Braddon  was  promoted  to 
be  superintendent  of  Excise  and  Stamps, 
Oudh ;  subsequently  made  Inspector- 
General  of  Begistration,  and  Superinten- 
dent of  Trade  Statistics  in  that  Province, 
and  during  eighteen  months  acted  in 
addition  as  Revenue  Secretary  to  the 
Financial  Commissioner.  Retired  from 
the  service,  Mr.  Braddon  made  Tasmania 
his  home.  He  arrived  there  in  May  1878, 
and  was  elected  in  July  1879  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Assembly  for  West  Devon. 
That  seat  he  retained  through  four  elec- 
tions until  he  left  Tasmania  as  Agent- 
General.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  leader 
of  the  Opposition.  In  1887  he  took  office 
in  a  new  Administration  as  Minister  of 
Lands  and  Works  and  Education.  On 
Oct.  29,  1888,  he  was  appointed  Agent- 
General  for  Tasmania,  but  was  succeeded 
in  that  office  by  Sir  Robert  Herbert,  K.C.B., 
in  1893.  Since  1894  he  has  been  Premier 
and  Leader  of  the  House  of  Assembly.  In 
1891  he  was  made  a  K.C.M.G.  He  was 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  on  the  occasion 
of  the  Queen's  Jubilee,  1897.  Sir  E. 
Braddon  has  contributed  many  articles  to 
reviews,  magazines,  and  newspapers.  His 
first  published  work,  "Life  in  India," 
came  out  in  1870,  since  which  he  has  pub- 
lished, in  1895,  "  Thirty  Years  of  Shikar." 
He  married,  second,  in  1876  Alice,  daughter 
of  W.  H.  Smith.  Address  :  Treglith,  West 
Devon,  Tasmania. 

BRADDON,   Mary  Elizabeth.      See 

Maxwell,  Mrs.  John. 

BRADFORD,  Colonel  Sir  Edward 
Ridley  Colborne,  G.C.B.,  K.S.C.I.,  Com- 
missioner of  Police  in  succession  to  Mr. 
Munro  since  the  year  1890,  is  a  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  W.  M.  K.  Bradford,  Rector  of 
West  Meon,  Hants,  by  Mary,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  H.  C.  Ridley,  and  he  was  born 
in  1836.  He  entered  the  Madras  Army  in 
1853,  became  Lieutenant  in  1855,  Captain 
in  1865,  Major  in  1873,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
in  1879,  and  Colonel  in  1883.  Sir  Edward 
Bradford  has  the  Persian  medal,  and 
served  with  the  14th  Light  Dragoons  in 
the  Persian  campaign  from  February  21 
till  June  8,  1857,  in  the  Jubbulpore  district 
during  1857,  and  afterwards  in  the  North- 
Western  Provinces  with  General  Michel's 
force  in  Mayne's  Horse  against  Tantia 
Topee  in  1858.  He  was  present  at  the 
general  action  of  Scindwha  and  the  action 
and  pursuit  at  Karai,  and  served  with 
General  Napier's  columns  in  Mayne's  Horse 
from  December  1858  to  September  1859, 


and  was  present  in  several  actions  with 
the  enemy,  gaining  the  medal,  and  being 
twice  thanked  in  despatches.  The  new 
Commissioner  has  held  the  position  of 
General  Superintendent  of  the  operations 
for  the  suppression  of  Thnggi  and  Dacoity, 
was  Resident  First  Class  and  Governor- 
General's  Agent  for  Rajpootana,  and  has 
been  Chief  Commissioner  in  Ajmere.  He 
has  since  his  return  to  this  country  been 
Secretary  of  the  Political  and  Secret  De- 
partment of  the  India  Office.  Sir  Edward, 
who  was  knighted  in  1885,  and  appointed 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen  in  the  year  1889, 
accompanied  H.RH.  the  late  Duke  of 
Clarence  and  Avondale  on  his  visit  to 
India.  He  held  the  appointment  of  AD.C. 
till  1893.  He  has  lost  his  left  arm,  the 
result  of  an  encounter  with  a  tiger  some 
years  ago.  Addresses :  58  Eccleston  Square, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BRADFORD,  John  Rose,  M.D.,  was 
born  in  London,  May  7,  1863,  and  was 
educated  at  University  College  School, 
University  College,  and  University  College 
Hospital.  He  holds  the  degrees  of  M.D. 
and  D.Sc.  of  London  ;  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  and  was 
elected  a  I"ellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1894.  Elected  Assistant-Physician  to  Uni- 
versity College  Hospital  in  1889,  he  became 
subsequently  Physician,  and  was  appointed 
Professor  Superintendent  of  the  Brown  In- 
stitution in  1896.  Dr.  Bradford  has  made 
contributions  to  scientific  and  medical 
literature,  in  the  Proceedings  of  ike  Royal 
Society,  and  in  the  Transactions  of  various 
medical  societies.  Address  :  60  Wimpole 
Street,  W. 

BRADLEY,    Professor   Andrew 

Cecil,  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Bradley,  of 
St.  James's,  Clapham,  and  half-brother  of 
Dean  Bradley,  was  born  at  Clapham,  March 
26,  1851.  He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham 
College,  whence  in  1869  he  passed  as  an 
Exhibitioner  to  Balliol  College,  Oxford. 
Having  taken  his  degree,  with  a  first-class 
in  honours  in  1873,  he  was  in  the  following 
year  elected  to  a  Fellowship  in  Balliol 
College,  and  soon  afterwards  gained  the 
Chancellor's  prize  for  an  English  Essay. 
He  was  elected  to  a  lectureship  in  philo- 
sophy, and  continued  as  a  teacher  at 
Balliol  until  the  beginning  of  1882,  when 
he  became  Professor  of  Modern  Literature 
and  History  at  the  newly-founded  Univer- 
sity College,  Liverpool.  Here  he  remained 
until  July  1889,  when,  on  the  resignation  of 
Professor  Nichol,  he  was  appointed  Regius 
Professor  of  English  Language  and  Litera- 
ture in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  Besides 
various  literary  and  philosophical  articles 
and  addresses,  he  is  the  author  of  an  essay 
on   Aristotle's   Conception  of   the   State, 


BRADLEY—  BRADY 


123 


published  in  Mr.  Evelyn  Abbott's  "  Hel- 
lenica."  He  is  also  the  editor  of  the  "Pro- 
legomena to  Ethics,"  a  work  left  unfinished 
by  Professor  Green,  who  was  his  tutor  at 
Oxford.     Address  :  Glasgow  University. 

BRADLEY,  The  Very  Rev.  George 
Granville,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Dean  of  West- 
minster, is  one  of  the  sons  of  the  Eev. 
Charles  Bradley,  who  was  for  many  years 
vicar  of  Glasbury,  in  the  county  of  Brecon, 
and  sometime  incumbent  of  St.  James's 
Chapel  at  Clapham,  Surrey.  He  was  born 
in  1821,  and  educated  under  the  Rev.  C. 
Pritchard  at  the  Clapham  Grammar  School, 
and  for  three  years  under  Dr.  Arnold  at 
Rugby,  from  which  school  he  was  elected 
to  an  open  scholarship  at  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  was  a  favourite 
pupil  of  Dean  Stanley,  who  at  that  time 
was  tutor.  He  took  his  Bachelor's  degree 
in  Easter  Term,  1844,  as  a  first  class  in 
Classical  Honours,  and  in  1845  obtained 
the  Chancellor's  prize  for  a  Latin  essay, 
his  subject  being  "The  Equestrian  Order 
in  the  Roman  Republic."  Having  been 
elected  to  a  Fellowship  in  1844,  he  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  in  1847.  Mr.  Bradley  was 
one  of  the  assistant  -  masters  of  Rugby 
School  for  some  years,  under  Dr.  Tait 
and  his  successor,  Dr.  Goulburn,  and  was 
elected  in  1858  to  the  Headmastership  of 
Marlborough  College,  on  the  preferment 
of  his  predecessor,  Dr.  Cotton,  to  the 
bishopric  of  Calcutta.  Mr.  Bradley  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1858  by  the  Bishop 
of  London,  and  priest  in  the  same  year 
by  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury.  In  December 
1870  he  was  elected  to  the  Mastership  of 
University  College,  Oxford,  in  the  place 
of  the  late  Dr.  Plumptre.  The  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  Feb.  25, 
1873.  He  was  appointed  Examining  Chap- 
lain to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
1874 ;  was  Select  Preacher  at  Oxford, 
1874-75 ;  held  the  post  of  Hon.  Chaplain 
to  the  Queen,  1874-75  ;  and  of  Chaplain 
in  Ordinary,  1876-81.  In  October  1880,  he 
was  nominated  a  Member  of  the  Oxford 
University  Commission,  in  the  place  of 
Lord  Selborne,  resigned.  He  obtained  a 
Canonry  in  Worcester  Cathedral  in  Feb- 
ruary 1881,  and  August  in  the  same  year 
he  was  appointed  by  the  Crown  to  the 
Deanery  of  Westminster,  in  succession  to 
the  late  Dean  Stanley.  The  degree  of 
D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  at  Oxford, 
Oct.  28,  1881.  In  1882  he  delivered  at 
Edinburgh  a  series  of  lectures,  afterwards 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Recollections 
of  Arthur  Penrhyn  Stanley,"  1883.  On 
the  death  of  Mr.  Theodore  Walrond,  Dr. 
Bradley  undertook  the  task  of  preparing 
for  publication  the  biography  of  Dean 
Stanley,  which  was  finally  completed  by 


Mr.  R.  E.  Prothero  at  the  close  of  the  year 
1893.  In  1885  he  published  a  volume  of 
Westminster  Abbey  Lectures  on  the  Book 
of  Ecclesiastes,  and  in  1887  a  similar 
volume  on  the  Book  of  Job.  He  is  also 
the  writer  of  two  books  on  Latin  Prose, 
which  have  had  a  large  circulation.  Dr. 
Bradley  married  in  1849  Marian  Jane, 
fifth  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Phil- 
pot,  formerly  Rector  of  Great  Cressingham, 
Norfolk.  One  of  his  daughters,  Margaret 
L.  Woods  (q-v.),  wife  of  the  late  President 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  is  the  authoress 
of  "A  Village  Tragedy,"  1887,  and  other 
well-known  works.  Another  daughter,  now 
Mrs.  A.  Murray  Smith,  is  the  authoress  of 
the  "Life  of  Lady  Arabella  Stuart,"  pub- 
lished in  1886,  and,  with  a  third  sister, 
of  the  "Deanery  Guide"  to  Westminster 
Abbey.  The  Dean's  eldest  son,  Mr.  A.  G. 
Bradley,  is  the  author  of  "  The  Life  of 
General  Wolfe,"  "Sketches  in  Old  Vir- 
ginia," and  other  works.  Addresses:  The 
Deanery,  Westminster ;  and  AthenEeum. 

BRADLEY,  Henry,  son  of  John 
Bradley,  was  born  at  Manchester,  Dec.  3, 
1845,  and  was  educated  at  Chesterfield 
Grammar  School.  After  spending  some 
part  of  his  early  life  in  teaching,  he  found 
work  as  a  commercial  clerk  and  foreign 
correspondent  at  Sheffield.  Removing  to 
London  in  1884,  he  took  up  literary  work, 
contributed  to  the  Academy  and  the 
Athenceum,  and  was  temporary  editor  of 
the  Academy  for  a  portion  of  the  year 
1884-85.  He  acted  as  President  of  the 
Philological  Society  from  1891  to  1893, 
and  joined  Dr.  Murray  as  joint-editor  of 
the  Oxford  English  Dictionary  in  1889. 
He  is  the  author  of:  "The  Story  of  the 
Goths,"  1888;  revised  edition  of  "  Strat- 
mann's  Middle-English  Dictionary,"  1891  ; 
revised  editions  of  "Morris's  Elementary 
Lessons  in  Historical  English  Grammar," 
and  of  ' '  Morris's  Primer  of  English  Gram- 
mar," 1897  ;  and  he  has  edited  the  sections 
E.,  F.,  and  G.  of  the  Oxford  English 
Dictionary.  Address  :  North  House,  Clar- 
endon Press,  Oxford. 

BRADY,    Professor    George 

Stewardson,  born  in  1832,  at  Gateshead- 
on-Tyne,  was  educated  at  Ackworth  School, 
Yorkshire,  Tulketh  Hall,  Lancashire,  and 
at  the  University  of  Durham  College  of 
Medicine,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne;  M.D., 
and  LL.D.  (hon.)  St.  Andrews;  F.R.S.  ; 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  and  Academy  of  Natural 
Science,  Philadelphia,  &c. ;  Professor  of 
Natural  History  in  the  Durham  College 
of  Science,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  ;  Hon. 
Physician  to  the  Sunderland  Infirmary. 
His  principal  published  works  are  as  fol- 
lows :    "  A    Monograph    of    the    Recent 


124 


BEADY  —  BRAMWELL 


British  Ostracoda,"  in  Transactions  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  1868  ;  "  A  Monograph  of 
the  Post-Tertiary  Entomostraca  of  Scot- 
land and  Parts  of  England  and  Ireland  " 
(Palasontographical  Society,  1874 — jointly 
with  H.  W.  Crosskey  and  D.  Robertson) ; 
"  A  Monograph  of  the  Fossil  Ostracoda  of 
the  Antwerp  Crag"  (Transactions  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  1875) ;  "A 
Monograph  of  the  Free  and  Semiparasitic 
Copepoda  of  the  British  Islands,"  3  vols. 
(Bay  Society,  1877-80);  "Report  on  the 
Ostracoda  of  the  Challenger  Expedition  " 
(1880);  "Report  on  the  Copepoda  of  the 
Challenger  Expedition  "  (1884)  ;  "A  Mono- 
graph of  the  Marine  and  Fresh-Water 
Ostracoda  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  of 
North-Western  Europe  :  Section  1,  Podo- 
copa "  (Transactions  of  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society,  vol.  iv.  1889 — jointly  with  the  Rev. 
Canon  Norman,  D.C.L.)  ;  "  A  Supplemen- 
tary Report  on  the  Myodocopa  obtained 
during  the  Challenger  Expedition"  (Trans- 
actions of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London, 
1897)  ;  "  On  Ostracoda  Collected  in  the 
South  Sea  Islands  by  H.  B.  Brady,  Esq., 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S. "  (Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  1889),  besides  numer- 
ous contributions  to  medical  and  scientific 
journals.  Professor  Brady  was  in  practice 
as  physician  and  surgeon  in  Sunderland 
from  1857  to  1892,  and  held  the  positions 
of  Physician  to  the  Sunderland  Infirmary 
and  to  the  Sunderland  Children's  Hospital, 
the  Girls'  Reformatory,  and  the  Industrial 
School.  He  is  now  President  of  the  "  Sun- 
derland Subscription  Library  and  Literary 
Society,"  and  of  the  "  Sunderland  Micro- 
scopical Society,"  and  Vice-President  of 
the  "  Natural  History  Society  of  North- 
umberland, Durham,  and  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne."  He  has  been  twice  President  of 
the  "Tyneside  Naturalists'  Field  Club," 
and  was  a  Vice-President  of  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Zoologists,  1898.  Ad- 
dress :  The  Durham  College  of  Science, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

BRADY,  Sir  Thomas  Francis,  son 

of  Patrick  William  Brady  of  Cavan,  was 
born  in  July  1824,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  entered 
the  Irish  Board  of  Public  Works  in  1846, 
and  was  appointed  an  Inspector  of  Irish 
Fisheries  in  1860,  which  position  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  until  1891.  He  has  served 
as  a  Member  of  several  Royal  Commissions, 
viz.,  that  on  "  Sea  and  Oyster  Fisheries" 
in  1868,  and  the  one  on  "Trawling"  in 
1884.  Sir  Thomas  is  the  author  of: 
"  Digests  of  the  Irish  Fishery  Laws,"  and 
is  married  to  Annie,  daughter  of  John 
Lipsett,  Manor  House,  Ballyshannon.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in 
1886.  Address:  11  Percy  Place,  Dublin; 
and  Baltimore,  county  Cork. 


BRAMLEY,  Frank,  A.R.A.,  son  of 
Charles  Bramley  of  Fiskerton,  Lincoln, 
was  born  near  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  on 
May  6,  1857,  and  was  educated  at  Lincoln. 
He  studied  at  the  Lincoln  School  of  Art 
and  at  Antwerp,  and  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  in 
1894.  Amongst  his  works  there  may  be 
mentioned:  "Domino,"  1886  ;  "Eyes  and 
no  Eyes,"  1887;  "A  Hopeless  Dawn," 
1888  (purchased  under  the  terms  of  the 
Chantrey  Bequest);  "Saved,"  1889;  "For 
of  such  is  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven,"  1891 ; 
"Old  Memories,"  1892;  "After  Fifty 
Years,"  1893  ;  "Sleep,  a  Portrait  of  Mrs. 
Bolitho,"  1895  ;  "After  the  Storm,"  1896; 
and  several  portraits  in  1897.  Mr.  Bram- 
ley was  married,  in  1891,  to  Katherine, 
daughter  of  John  Graham  of  Huntingstile, 
Grasmere.  Address :  Huntingstile,  Gras- 
mere,  Westmoreland. 

BRAMWELL,  Sir  Frederick 
Joseph,  Bart.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
Past  President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  youngest  son  of  the  late  George 
Bramwell,  banker,  was  born  in  the  year 
1818.  From  his  earliest  boyhood  he 
showed  great  interest  in  mechanics,  as 
evinced  by  his  endeavours  to  repeat,  in  a 
rough  model,  the  steam  ^engines  and 
winding  machinery  which  he  had  seen  at 
the  age  of  nine  in  use  in  the  construction 
of  the  St.  Katharine's  Dock.  In  1834  he 
was  apprenticed  to  one  of  the  old  school 
of  mechanical  engineers,  John  Hague, 
with  whom  he  served  his  time,  and  with 
whom  he  continued  for  a  few  years  as 
principal  draughtsman ;  then,  after  a  varied 
experience  in  the  employment  of  others, 
in  1853  he  began  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count as  a  civil  engineer.  In  1856  he  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  ;  in  1862  was  transferred 
to  full  membership  of  that  body  ;  in  1867 
was  elected  a  Member  of  its  Council,  and 
in  1884-85  had  the  honour  of  filling  the 
position  of  President,  having  previously 
been,  in  the  years  1874-75,  President  of 
the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
In  1881,  on  the  formation  of  the  present 
Ordnance  Committee,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  two  lay  members  of  that  Com- 
mittee. He  has  also,  in  the  exercise  of 
his  profession,  and  at  the  instance  of  the 
Government,  served  on  several  committees 
which  have  been  appointed  for  various 
purposes.  Having  been  for  some  years  a 
member  of  the  British  Association,  he 
was  in  1872  made  President  of  Section  G 
(Mechanical  Section),  and  was  selected  to 
refill  this  office  on  the  occasion  of  a  visit 
of  the  Association  to  Montreal  in  1884, 
and  was  elected  President  of  that  body 
for  the  year  commencing  with  the  Bath 
meeting,   September  1888.      In    1873   he 


BRAMWELL  —  BRANDES 


125 


was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  the  year  1878  served  on  its  Council. 
Having  been  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Managers  of  the  Royal  Institution  for 
some  time,  he  was,  on  the  retirement  of 
Sir  William  Bowman  in  1885,  appointed 
to  the  position  of  Hon.  Secretary  of  that 
body.  In  1884  he  was  nominated  by 
H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  the  position 
of  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Council  of 
the  Inventions  Exhibition  which  was  held 
in  the  following  year.  On  the  formation 
of  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London  Institute 
for  the  Advancement  of  Technical  Educa- 
tion, he  was  appointed  by  the  Goldsmiths' 
Company  as  one  of  their  representatives, 
being  at  that  time  Prime  Warden  of  the 
Company,  and  was  elected  by  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  Institute  to  be  their 
Chairman.  In  1885  he  became  Hon.  Sec- 
retary of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain.  In  1881  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood  in  connection  with  his 
services  in  the  promotion  of  technical 
education,  and  in  1886  the  honorary 
degree  of  D.C.L.  from  Oxford.  In 
1889  he  was  created  a  Baronet,  and 
in  1891  was  made  an  honorary  LL.D. 
of  Cambridge.  Addresses :  1A  Hyde 
Park  Gate,  S.W.  ;  Four  Elms,  Kent ;  5 
Great  George  Street,  Westminster ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

BRAMWELL,  John  Milne,  M.B., 
born  at  Perth,  N.B.,  May  11,  1852,  is 
the  son  of  James  Paton  Bramwell,  M.D., 
of  Perth,  and  was  educated  at  Perth 
Grammar  School  and  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.B.  and  CM.,  1873.  Immediately  after 
graduating,  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in 
the  Liverpool,  Brazil,  and  River  Plate 
Mail  SS.  Co.,  remained  a  year  in  the 
Company,  made  three  voyages  to  Brazil 
and  River  Plate ;  then  he  was  appointed 
Assistant-Surgeon  at  the  Perth  City  In- 
firmary, and  subsequently  settled  in  Goole 
as  partner  with  Malcolm  Morris  (now 
Lecturer  on  Skin  Diseases,  St.  Mary's 
Hospital,  London).  He  has  recently  de- 
voted much  study  to  hypnotism,  to  which 
his  attention  was  first  drawn  by  seeing, 
when  a  child,  hypnotic  experiments  per- 
formed by  his  father.  He  read  Dr. 
Gregory's  book  on  the  subject,  and  a 
translation  from  the  German  book  by 
Reichenbach,  and  never  lost  interest  in 
the  subject ;  but  he  commenced  its  serious 
study  not  many  years  ago,  and  has  read 
much  of  the  important  Continental  lite- 
rature bearing  upon  it.  He  has  twice 
visited  Nancy,  and  observed  the  methods 
employed  there,  and  at  La  Salpe'triere  at 
Paris,  and  has  also  spent  some  time  at  the 
hypnotic  cliniques  in  Switzerland,  Holland, 
and  Sweden.    The  French  methods  of  in- 


ducing hypnosis  differ.  He  combined  the 
two  methods,  and  found  the  result  far 
more  successful  than  that  obtained  by 
either  of  the  French  schools,  pushed  hyp- 
notic practice  more  boldly  after  returning 
from  France,  and  has  treated  many  cases. 
On  March  28,  1890,  he  gave  to  medical 
men  at  Leeds  demonstration  of  hypnotism 
as  an  Anaesthetic,  a  report  of  which  was 
published  in  The  Lancet  and  The  British 
Medical  Journal  of  April  5,  1890.  Mr. 
Bramwell's  publications  are  :  "Extractions 
under  Hypnotism,"  The  Journal  of  the 
British  Dental  Association,  March  15,  1890  ; 
an  article  in  Health  on  hypnotism,  May 
16,  1890;  "Successful  Treatment  of  Dip- 
somania, Insomnia,  &c.,  &c,  and  Various 
Diseases  by  Hypnotic  Suggestion,"  1890-92 ; 
' '  Alterations  in  the  Special  Senses  and 
Induction  of  Anaesthesia  for  Operative 
Purposes  by  Suggestion  in  the  apparently 
Waking  State,"  1892;  "Hypnotism  with 
Illustrative  Cases,"  Transactions  of  the 
Harveian  Society ;  "On  Imperative  Ideas," 
Brain,  Parts  lxx.  and  lxxi. ;  "James  Braid, 
Surgeon  and  Hypnotist,"  ibid. ,  Part  Ixxiii. ; 
"  Un  Cas  d'Hyperhydrose  Localised  Traitd 
avec  Succes  par  la  Suggestion  Hypnotique," 
Revue  de  VHypnot,  1895  ;  "  La  Gueiison 
des  Obsessions  par  la  Suggestion,"  ibid., 
1896;  "Hypnotic  Anaesthesia,"  Practi- 
tioner, 1896;  "James  Braid:  his  Work 
and  Writings,"  Proceedings  of  the  Society 
of  Psychological  Research,  1896;  "Per- 
sonally Observed  Hypnotic  Phenomena : 
and  What  is  Hypnotism?"  ibid.,  1896; 
"  On  the  Evolution  of  Hypnotic  Theory," 
Brain,  Part  lxxvi.,  1896;  "On  the  So- 
called  Automatism  of  the  Hypnotised 
Subject,"  and  "On  the  Appreciation  of 
Time  by  Somnambules,"  Dritter  Internat. 
Cong,  fur  Psychol.,  Miinchen,  1896;  "Sug- 
gestion :  its  Place  in  Medicine  and 
Scientific  Research"  ("Humane  Science 
Lectures  by  Various  Authors,"  George 
Bell  &  Sons),  1897.  Address  :  2  Henrietta 
Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

BKANDES,  Georg,  a  Danish  author 
of  Jewish  family,  was  born  at  Copenhagen, 
Feb.  4,  1842.  He  studied  in  the  University 
of  his  native  city,  1859-64,  applying  him- 
self first  to  Jurisprudence  and  then  to 
philosophy  and  aesthetics.  In  1862  he 
gained  the  gold  medal  of  the  University 
by  an  essay  on  "Fatalism  among  the 
Ancients,"  and  afterwards  passed  the 
examination  for  his  degree  with  the 
highest  distinction.  As  soon  as  he  had 
graduated  he  left  Denmark  and  spent 
several  years  in  different  countries  on  the 
Continent.  He  was  at  Stockholm  in  1865  ; 
passed  the  winter  of  1866-67  at  Paris  ;  was 
in  Germany  in  1868  ;  and  in  France  and 
Italy  in  1870-71.  He  published  "Dualis- 
meni  von  nyeste  Filosofi"  ("  The  Dualism 


126 


BEANDIS 


of  the  Philosophy  of  the  Present  Time  ") 
in  1866,  with  reference  to  the  relations 
between  science  and  faith — a  work  which 
exposed  him  to  violent  attacks  from  the 
orthodox  party;  "^Esthetic  Studies," 
1868;  "Criticisms  and  Portraits,"  1870; 
and  "French  ^Esthetics  at  the  Present 
Day,"  1870.  On  returning  from  his  travels 
he  became  a  private  tutor  in  the  University 
of  Copenhagen,  and  delivered  the  series 
of  lectures  which  were  published  at  Copen- 
hagen in  5  vols.,  1872-82,  under  the  title 
of  "  Hovedstromninger  i  det  19  Aarhun- 
dredes  literatur"  ("The  Great  Literary 
Currents  of  the  Nineteenth  Century"), 
and  were  subsequently  translated  into 
German  by  himself.  He  has  given  Danish 
translations  of  John  Stuart  Mill's  essay  on 
the  "  Subjection  of  Women,"  1869,  and 
his  "  Utilitarianism,"  1872 ;  and  edited 
"  Soren  Kierkegaard,"  1877  ;  and  "Danske 
Digtere  "  (Danish  Poets),  1877.  In  October 
1877  Brandes  left  Denmark  and  settled  in 
Berlin,  where  he  diligently  studied  and 
made  himself  master  of  the  German  lan- 
guage. At  Berlin  he  composed  the  bio- 
graphies "Esajas  Tegner"  and  "Benjamin 
d'Israeli,"  both  published  in  1878.  In  the 
spring  of  the  year  1883  he  returned  to 
Denmark,  his  fellow-countrymen  having 
guaranteed  him  an  income  of  4000  crowns 
for  ten  years,  with  the  single  stipulation 
that  he  should  deliver  public  lectures 
on  literature  at  Copenhagen.  He  has 
further  published  "Ferdinand  Lassalle," 
1881;  "Men  and  Works,"  1883;  "The 
Men  of  the  Modern  Literary  Revival," 
1883;  "Ludwig  Holberg,"  1884  ;  "Berlin," 
1885;  "Impressions  of  Poland,"  1888; 
"  Impressions  of  Russia,"  1888  ;  and  2  vols, 
of  his  "Essays,"  1889.  English  transla- 
tions of  his  works,  edited  in  England  and 
America,  are  "Lord  Beaconsfield,"  1880; 
"Eminent  Authors  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury," 1886  ;  and  "  Impressions  of  Russia," 
1889.  His  Study  of  Shakespeare  in  1898 
was  received  with  much  favour  in  Eng- 
land. It  was  principally  translated  by  Mr. 
William  Archer,  and  is  worthy  of  a  scholar 
who  has  soaked  himself  in  Shakespereana 
for  the  last  thirty  years.  On  the  disputable 
point  of  the  sonnets,  he  supports  the  theory 
that  the  originator  of  them  was  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke,  whose  liaison  with  Mary 
Fitton  he  holds  to  be  the  subject  of  the 
series.  He  points  out  the  change  that 
took  place  in  Shakespeare's  plays  after 
his  patron,  Lord  Southampton,  had  been 
condemned  for  participation  in  Essex's  re- 
bellion— how  the  optimism  of  "  Henry  V." 
changes  to  the  sombreness  of  "Lear" 
and  "  Coriolanus."  The  great  purpose  of 
his  book  is  to  show  that  Shakespeare  was 
a  man,  and  not  a  mere  label  for  the  author 
of  some  plays  and  poems.  His  contempt 
for  the  Baconian  theory  is  marked. 


BE,  AND  IS,  Sir  Dietrich,  Ph.D., 
K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  Dr.  Christian 
August  Brandis,  Professor  of  Philosophy 
at  the  University  of  Bonn,  by  Caroline, 
daughter  of  Bernhard  Housmann,  of  Han- 
over, was  born  at  Bonn  on  March  31,  1824. 
He  was  educated  at  the  High  School 
(Gymnasium)  of  Bonn,  Copenhagen,  and 
Gottingen,  and  from  1837  to  1839,  while  in 
Athens  (where  his  father  had  been  called 
to  assist  in  organising  the  University), 
was  educated  by  Dr.  Ernst  Curtius,  now 
Professor  at  Berlin.  He  studied  at  the 
Universities  of  Copenhagen,  Gottingen 
and  Bonn  ;  took  his  degree  as  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  at  Bonn  in  1848,  was  lecturer 
on  Botany  at  that  University  from  1849  to 
1855 ;  was  appointed  by  Lord  Dalhousie, 
then  Governor-General  of  India,  Superin- 
tendent of  Forests  in  Pegu,  which  appoint- 
ment he  gained  in  January  1856.  The 
charge  of  the  forests  of  Tenasserim  and 
Martaban  was  added  in  1857.  On  the 
amalgamation  of  the  provinces  he  was 
appointed  Superintendent  of  Forests  in 
British  Burmah.  In  November  1862  Dr. 
Brandis  was  called  to  Calcutta  to  organise 
Forest  administration  in  the  provinces 
immediately  under  the  Government  of 
India,  and  in  1864  he  was  appointed  In- 
spector-General of  Forests  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India.  On  several  occasions  he 
was  deputed  to  assist  in  the  organisation 
of  Forest  business  in  the  minor  Presi- 
dencies, viz.,  to  Sind  in  1868,  to  Bombay 
in  1870,  and  to  Madras  in  1881.  While  on 
furlough  to  recruit  his  health,  Dr.  Brandis 
published  (in  1874)  a  Forest  Flora  of 
North- West  and  Central  India.  In  1878 
he  founded  the  Indian  Forest  School  at 
Dehra  Dim,  in  North-West  India,  for  the 
education  of  natives  of  India  for  the  post 
of  forest  rangers.  In  1883  he  retired  from 
the  service.  Of  his  numerous  official 
publications  the  most  important  are  a 
"Report  on  the  Attaran  Forests,"  pub- 
lished at  Calcutta  in  1861,  and  a  "Report 
on  the  Forest  Administration  in  the 
Madras  Presidency,"  published  at  Madras 
in  1883.  In  1878  Dr.  Brandis  was  created 
a  Companion  of  the  Indian  Empire,  and 
in  1887  the  honour  of  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  same  Order  was  con- 
ferred upon  him.  In  1874  Dr.  Brandis  was 
made  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Scottish 
Arboricultural  Society,  and  in  1875  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  Of 
the  numerous  papers  contributed  by  him 
to  scientific  periodicals  may  be  mentioned: 
"  On  the  Distribution  of  Forests  in  India," 
"Ocean  Highways,"  1872;  "Progress  of 
Forestry  in  India,"  Transactions,  Scottish 
Arboricultural  Society,  1884;  "Regen  und 
Wald  in  Indien,"  Deutsche  Meteorologmhc 
Zeitschrift,  October  1887.  He  is  now  living 
in  retirement  at  Bonn,  his  native  place. 


BRANDL  —  BEEADALBANE 


127 


BRANDL,  Alois,  German  author, 
was  born  at  Innsbruck,  June  21,  1855,  and 
studied  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  and 
then  at  Berlin  under  Miillenhoff  and 
Zupitza,  where  he  specialised  in  Old 
English.  This  led  to  his  coming  to  Eng- 
land in  1879,  where  he  studied  under 
Sweet  and  Furnivall.  In  1884  he  became 
Professor  of  English  at  Prague,  at  Gottin- 
gen  in  1888,  and  was  called  to  succeed 
Ten  Brink  at  Strasbourg  in  1892.  This 
post  he  resigned  for  a  corresponding  one 
in  Berlin  in  1895.  His  chief  works  are  : 
"Thomas  of  Erceldoune,"  1881;  "S.  T. 
Coleridge  und  die  Englische  Eomantik," 
1886;  and  "Shakspere,"  1894.  He  has 
edited  the  Archiv  fur  das  Stadium  dtr 
ntueren  Sprachen  since  1896.  Berlin 
address  :  Kaiserin  Augusta  Strasse  73. 

BRASSEY,  Lord,  Sir  Thomas 
Brassey,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  1st 
Baron,  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Brassey,  the 
well-known  contractor  for  public  works, 
was  born  at  Stafford  on  Feb.  11,  1836,  and 
educated  at  Bugby  and  University  College, 
Oxford,  graduating  in  honours  in  the 
Modern  Law  and  History  School.  He 
was  elected  for  Devonport  in  1865,  has 
represented  Hastings  from  1868  to 
18S6,  and  was  appointed  Civil  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  in  1880,  and  Secretary  to  the 
Admiralty  in  1884.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Work  and  Wages,"  "Lectures  on  the 
Labour  Question,"  "English  Work  and 
Foreign  Wages,"  "British  Seamen,"  "The 
British  Navy,"  in  5  vols.,  and  The  Naval 
Annual,  a  serial  publication,  commenced 
in  1886.  He  has  published  numerous 
pamphlets  on  political,  economical,  and 
naval  questions.  Lord  Brassey  began  his 
career  in  Parliament  by  seconding  a  motion 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Hughes  in  1869  for  an 
inquiry  into  the  Labour  Laws.  In  1871  he 
began  the  first  of  a  series  of  speeches  on 
Naval  Administration.  The  subjects  dealt 
with  have  included  the  defence  of  the 
commercial  harbours,  the  organisation  of 
the  Comptroller's  Department  of  the  Ad- 
miralty and  of  the  Dockyards,  the  principal 
reform  advocated  being  a  more  decen- 
tralised management.  In  treating  of 
ship-building  policy,  the  objections  to 
extreme  dimensions  have  been  strongly 
urged.  The  Question  of  the  Naval  Re- 
serves was  brought  forward  by  Lord 
Brassey  in  Parliament  on  several  occa- 
sions, and  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  the 
consent  of  the  Admiralty  to  the  enrolment 
of  a  second  class  reserve,  for  which  the 
fishing  population  would  be  eligible.  The 
present  strength  of  the  force  is  10,000. 
He  also  took  an  active  part  in  establishing 
the  Royal  Naval  Artillery  Volunteers. 
Lord  Brassey  moved  for  a  select  committee 
on  the  Euphrates  Valley  Railway  in  1871, 


and  for   a  Royal  Commission  on  Marine 
Insurance  in  1875.     In  1879  he  seconded 
Mr.  Chaplain's  motion  for  the  appointment 
of   a   Royal   Commission   on    Agriculture. 
In  1874-75  he  served  on  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Unseaworthy  Ships,  in  1885  he 
was   appointed   a   member   of    the    Com- 
mission  on   the   Defence   of   the   Coaling 
Stations,  and  in  1893-94  he  acted  as  the 
President   of    the   Royal    Commission    on 
Opium,  which   held   its   inquiry   in   India 
and    Burmah.       As    a    yachtsman,    Lord 
Brassey  has  made  many  distant   voyages. 
In  1876-77  he  went  round  the  world    in 
the  Sunheam.     In  1884  he  visited  the  West 
Indies,  and   in   1886-87,  India,  Australia, 
and  the  Cape.     A  series  of  letters  by  him 
on  the  state  of  the  defences  of  the  coaling 
stations  on  the  route  to  Australia  by  the 
Suez  Canal,  and  to  India  by  the  Cape  of 
Good   Hope,  was  published  in  the  Times. 
He  was  the  first  yachtsman  who  obtained 
a   Board   of    Trade    certificate   for    com- 
petency to  navigate  as  master.     The  late 
Lady  Brassey  was  the  author  of  the  well- 
known  work,  "Voyage  of   the  Sunbeam," 
and  other  popular  books  of   travel.     She 
died  at  sea,  Oct.  14,  1887.     At  the  general 
election  of   1886  Lord  Brassey  withdrew 
from   Hastings   and   offered  himself   as  a 
Gladstonian  Liberal  for  one  of  the  divisions 
of   Liverpool.     He  was  defeated,  and  on 
the  resignation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Govern- 
ment he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.     Lord 
Brassey  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
organisation   of   the   Imperial  Federation 
League.     He  introduced  the  deputation  to 
Lord  Salisbury,  at  whose  instance  the  con- 
vening of  the  Colonial  Conference  of  1887 
was   considered   by  the   Government.     In 
1895  he  was  appointed  to  the  Governorship 
of    Victoria,    a    position    which    he    still 
occupies.     He  is  a  Younger  Brother  of  the 
Trinity  House,  a  Governor  of  University 
College,  London,  and  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.     On  Sept.  8,  1890,  Lord 
Brassey  married   the  Hon.  Sybil  de  Vere 
Capell,    youngest   daughter    of    the    Vis- 
countess Maiden,  and  sister  of  the  present 
Earl   of    Essex.     His    heir    is    the    Hon. 
Thomas  Brassey,  born  in  1862.    Addresses  : 
24  Park  Lane,  W. ;  Normanhurst,  Battle, 
Sussex ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BREADALBANE,  Marquis  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Gavin  Campbell,  E.G.,  D.L., 
was  born  April  9,  1851,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  Earl  of  Breadalbane  (in  the  Scotch 
Peerage)  in  1871.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Andrews,  was  a  Lord-in-Waiting  from 
1873  to  1874,  Treasurer  of  the  Queen's 
Household  from  1880  to  1885,  and  Lord 
Steward  of  the  Household  from  1892  to 
1895.  He  also  acted  as  Lord  High  Com- 
missioner to  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland  from  1893  to  1895.    He 


128 


BBEAL  — BEEWEE 


is  a  Major  in  the  5th  Volunteer  Battalion 
of  the  Royal  Highlanders,  and  Brigadier- 
General  of  the  Royal  Company  of  Archers. 
Lord  Breadalbane  was  created  a  Marquis 
in  the  Peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom  in 
1885,  and  was  married,  in  1872,  to  Alma, 
daughter  of  the  4th  Duke  of  Montrose. 
Address  :  19  Cavendish  Square,  W. ;  and 
Taymouth  Castle,  Perthshire. 

BKEAI,   Michel    Jules   Alfred,   a 

French  philologist,  was  born  at  Landau, 
Bavaria,  of  French  parentage,  March  26, 
1832.  He  received  his  early  education  in 
France,  and  studied  Sanskrit  at  Berlin, 
under  Professors  Bopp  and  Weber.  Re- 
turning to  Paris,  he  joined  the  staff  at 
the  Bibliotheque  Impenale,  and  in  1862 
obtained  the  Academy's  prize  for  his 
"L'Etude  des  Origines  de  la  Religion 
Zoroastrienne."  In  1864  he  was  made 
Professor  of  Comparative  Grammar  at  the 
College  of  France.  M.  Breal  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  Institute,  Dec.  3,  1875, 
and  made  Director  at  the  Ecole  des  Hautes 
Etudes.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  In- 
spector-General of  Public  Instruction  for 
secondary  education.  He  retired  in  1888, 
but  still  keeps  his  position  as  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  Higher  Education  in 
France.  He  was  made  a  Commander  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1890.  Among 
his  works  are  :  "  Hercule  et  Cacus,  Etude 
de  Mythologie  comparee,"  1863  ;  transla- 
tion of  the  "  Bopp's  Grammaire  compared 
des  Langues  Indo-Europe'ennes,"  1867-72  ; 
"  Quelques  Mots  sur  l'lnstruction  publique 
en  France,"  1872  ;  "  L'Enseignement  de  la 
Langue  Francaise,"  1878;  "Excursions 
pedagogiques,"  1880;  "La  Relorme  de 
Forthographie  Francaise,"  1890.  Address  : 
70  Rue  d'Assas,  Paris. 

BREITMANN,  Hans.    See  Leland, 
Charles  Godfrey. 

BKETT,    Hon.   Reginald   Baliol, 

C.B.,  was  born  in  London,  June  30,  1852, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Lord  Esher, 
Master  of  the  Rolls.  He  was  educated  at 
Cheam  School,  in  Surrey,  and  at  Eton, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  1874,  and  took  his  M.A.  degree 
in  1877.  At  the  end  of  that  year  he  was 
appointed  private  secretary  to  the  Marquis 
of  Hartington,  then  the  leader  of  the 
Liberal  party.  At  the  general  election  in 
1880,  Mr.  Brett  was  returned  to  Parliament 
for  Falmouth,  defeating  Sir  Julius  Vogel, 
the  late  Prime  Minister  of  New  Zealand. 
Mr.  Brett  continued  for  a  time  to  act  as 
unpaid  secretary  to  the  Marquis  of  Hart- 
ington, who  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  for  India  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Gov- 
ernment. At  the  general  election  of  1885 
Mr.  Brett  contested  Plymouth,  and  was 


defeated  by  Sir  Edward  Clarke,  M.P.  In 
1895  he  was  appointed  Secretary  to  H.M. 
Office  of  Works,  and  in  June  1897,  was 
created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath.  Mr. 
Brett  is  the  author  of  "  Footprints  of 
Statesmen,"  1892,  "The  Yoke  of  Empire," 
and  of  many  articles  on  historical  and  poli- 
tical subjects  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  and 
the  Nineteenth  Century.  In  September 
1879  he  married  Eleanor,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  M.  Sylvain  Van  de  Weyer,  one 
of  the  founders  of  Belgian  independence,  a 
member  of  the  Provisional  Government  of 
1830,  and  for  many  years  subsequently 
Belgian  Minister  at  the  Court  of  St.  James. 
Addresses ;  2  Tilney  Street,  Mayfair ; 
Orchard  Lea,  Windsor  Forest ;  The  Roman 
Camp,  Callander. 

BRETTL,  Karl  Hermann,  was  born  at 
Hanover,  Aug.  10,  1860,  and  educated  from 
1868  to  1878  atthe  Lyceum  of  his  native  town. 
From  1878  to  1883  he  studied  at  the  Univer- 
sities of  Tubingen,  Strassburg,  under  Ten 
Brink,  and  Berlin,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1883.  In  that  year  he 
went  to  Paris  and  studied  under  Gaston, 
Paris,  and  translated  Tobler's  work  on 
"  Old  and  Modern  French  Versification." 
In  June  1884  he  was  appointed  University 
Lecturer  on  German  at  Cambridge,  and  in 
1886  the  degree  of  M.A.  [honoris  causa)  was 
conferred  upon  him.  He  was  appointed 
Lecturer  in  German  at  Newnham  and 
Girton  Colleges  in  1885,  and  in  1897  he 
obtained  the  degree  of  Litt.D.,  and  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  Special  Board 
of  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Languages.  He 
has  examined  for  the  Universities  of  Cam- 
bridge,  Oxford,  London,  Victoria,  Ireland 
(Royal),  and  the  London  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. Since  1897  he  has  acted  as  German 
sub-editor  of  The  Modern  Quarterly,  the 
organ  of  the  Modern  Language  Association, 
of  which  he  has  been  a  prominent  member 
from  its  commencement  in  1893.  Dr. 
Breul  is  an  enthusiastic  supporter  of  the 
teaching  of  modern  languages  as  living 
tongues,  and  is  in  thorough  accord  with 
those  teachers  who  are  endeavouring  to 
introduce  the  more  scientific  educational 
methods  of  Germany  into  England.  His 
chief  publications  are :  "  Le  Dit  de 
Robert  le  Diable"  (Halle,  1895);  "A. 
Bibliographical  Guide  to  the  Study  of 
German  "  (London,  1895) ;  editions  of  Ger- 
man classics,  such  as  "Das  Bild  des 
Kaisers,"  "Wilhelm  Tell,"  "Maria  Stuart," 
"  Wallenstein "  (Cambridge  University 
Press,  1888-96);  "Die  Frauencollegen 
an  der  Universitat  Cambridge"  (1891). 
Address :  Engelmere,  Cambridge. 

BREWER.,  David  Josiah,  American 
jurist,  is  the  son  of  an  American  missionary 
to  Turkey,  and  was  born  at  Smyrna,  in 


BKIALMONT  —  BKLDGE 


129 


Asia  Minor,  June  20,  1837.  He  graduated 
from  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, in  1856,  and  from  the  Law  School 
at  Albany,  New  York,  in  1858.  He  estab- 
lished himself  in  his  profession  at  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas,  in  1859,  and  resided  there 
until  he  removed  to  Washington  to  enter 
upon  his  duties  in  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States.  In  1862-65  he  was 
Judge  of  the  Probate  and  Criminal  Courts 
of  Leavenworth  County ;  from  1865  to 
1869,  Judge  of  the  District  Court,  and  in 
1870  was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  his  State,  being  re-elected  in 
1875  and  1882.  In  1884  he  was  appointed 
Judge  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court 
for  the  Eighth  District,  and  was  appointed 
a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  in  December  1889.  In 
1896  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Venezuela  Boundary  Commission,  of  which 
he  was  unanimously  elected  President. 

BKIALHONI,  General  Alexis 
Henri,  a  Belgian  military  engineer,  and 
writer  on  military  subjects,  son  of  General 
Laurent  Mathieu  Brialmont,  was  born  at 
Venloo,  in  the  province  of  Limburg,  May 
25,  1821.  He  quitted  the  military  school 
at  Brussels  with  the  rank  of  sub-lieutenant 
in  1843.  Being  connected,  as  au  engineer 
officer,  with  the  management  of  the  fortifi- 
cations, he  was  appointed  to  carry  out  the 
works  at  the  fortress  of  Diest.  From  1847 
to  1850  he  was  private  secretary  to  General 
Chazal,  then  Minister  of  War.  In  1855  he 
left  the  corps  of  engineers  and  became  a 
member  of  the  staff,  attaining  to  the  rank 
of  Captain  in  1857.  In  due  course  he 
became  Major-General,  and  in  1877  Lieu- 
tenant-General. He  was  appointed  In- 
spector-General of  Fortifications  and  of 
the  Sappers  and  Miners  in  Belgium  in  1875. 
Lieut.  -  General  Brialmont  has  written 
many  works  on  military  history  and  tac- 
tics. The  following  are  the  principal : 
"Eloge  de  la  Guerre,  ou  refutation  des 
doctrines  des  Amis  de  la  Paix,"  1  vol.  in 
12mo,  1894;  "Precis  d'Art  militaire,"  4 
vols,  in  12mo,  1850  ;  "  Considerations  poli- 
tiques  et  militaires  sur  la  Belgique,"  3  vols, 
in  8vo,  1851-52;  "  Histoire  du  Due  de 
Wellington,"  3  vols,  in  8vo,  1856  ;  "  Agran- 
dissement  general  d'Anvers,"  1  vol.  in  8vo, 
with  atlas,  1858  ;  "  Complement  de  l'CEuvre 
de  1830,"  1  vol.,  in  8vo,  1860  ;  "Etudes  sur 
la  Defense  des  Etats  et  sur  la  Fortification," 
3  vols,  in  8vo,  with  atlas,  1863;  "Etudes 
sur  l'Organisation  des  Armies,"  1  vol.  in 
8vo,  1867  ;  "Traits  de  Fortification  poly- 
gonale,"  2  vols.  gr.  in  8vd,  with  atlas, 
1869;  "La  Fortification  a  fosses  sees," 
2  vols.  gr.  in  8vo,  with  atlas,  1872 ;  "  La 
Fortification  improvisee,"  1  vol.  in  12mo, 
1870  ;  "  Etudes  sur  la  Fortification  des 
Capitales  et  1'investissement  des   Camps 


retranches,"  1  vol.  gr.  in  8vo,  1873;  "La 
Defense  des  Etats  et  les  Camps  retranches," 
1  vol.  in  8vo,  1876  ;  "La  Fortification  du 
champ  de  bataille,"  1  vol.  gr.  in  Svo,  with 
atlas,  1879  ;  "  Manuel  de  Fortification  de 
Campagne,"  1  vol.  in  Svo,  1879;  "Etude 
sur  les  Formations  de  Combat  de  l'lnfan- 
terie,  l'attaque  et  la  defense  des  positions 
retranches,"  1  vol.  in  Svo,  1880;  "Tac- 
tique  des  trois  Armees,"  2  vols,  in  8vo, 
with  atlas,  1881 ;  "  Situation  militaire  de 
la  Belgique,  travaux  de  defense  de  la 
Meuse,"  1  vol.  in  Svo,  1882;  "Le  general 
Todleben,  sa  vie  et  ses  travaux,"  1  vol.  in 
12mo,  1884;  "La  Fortification  du  temps 
present,"  2  vols.  gr.  in  8vo,  with  atlas, 
1885;  "Influence  du  Tir  plongeant  et  des 
Obus-torpilles  sur  la  Fortification,"  1  vol. 
gr.  in  Svo,  with  atlas,  1888;  "Les  regions 
fortifiers,"  1  vol.  gr.  in  8vo,  with  atlas, 
1890;  and  forty  pamphlets  on  political 
and  military  subjects,  published  from 
1846  to  1890.  General  Brialmont  made  the 
principal  fortifications  of  Antwerp  in 
1858 ;  the  fortifications  of  Bucharest  in 
1883,  as  well  as  those  of  Liege,  and  of 
Namur  in  1887. 

BRIDGE,  Sir  John,  J.P.,  born  in  1824, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1850.  Appointed  a  Police 
Magistrate  at  the  Bow  Street  Court  in 
1872,  he  became  Chief  Police  Magistrate 
for  London  in  1890,  and  in  the  same  year 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  Sir 
John  was  married  in  1857  to  Ada  Louisa, 
daughter  of  George  Bridge.  Addresses  : 
50  Inverness  Terrace,  W.  ;  Headley  Grove, 
Epsom ;  and  Athenasum. 

BRIDGE,  Sir  (John)  Frederick, 
Mus.D.,  F.R.C.O.,  Organist  at  Westminster 
Abbey,  son  of  John  Bridge,  was  born 
Dec.  5,  1844,  at  Oldbury,  Worcestershire, 
educated  at  Rochester  Cathedral  School 
under  John  Hopkins,  and  afterwards 
became  a  pupil  of  Sir  John  Goss.  He 
was  appointed  Organist  of  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  Windsor,  in  1865  ;  of  Manchester 
Cathedral  in  1869  ;  Professor  of  Harmony 
at  Owens  College,  Manchester,  in  1871  ; 
Permanent  Deputy  Organist  of  West- 
minster Abbey  in  1875;  and  succeeded  to 
the  full  offices  of  Master  of  the  Choristers 
and  Organist  in  1882.  He  is  also  Pro- 
fessor of  Harmony  and  Counterpoint  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Music.  Sir  John 
Bridge  has  composed  the  oratorio  "Mount 
Moriah,"  a  cantata,  "Boadicea,"  "Hymn 
to  the  Creator  "  (the  song  of  St.  Francis), 
produced  at  the  Worcester  Festival,  1884  ; 
"Rock  of  Ages"  (Latin  translated  by 
Mr.  Gladstone),  produced  at  the  Bir- 
mingham Festival,  1885;  "Callirhoe"  at 
the  Birmingham   Festival,    1889;    church 


130 


BRIDGES  — BRIGHT 


music  and  part  songs.  He  is  the 
author  of  theoretical  works  on  Counter- 
point, Double  Counterpoint,  and  Canon, 
and  "Organ  Accompaniment" — all  pub- 
lished in  Novello's  series  of  Primers. 
He  wrote  an  oratorio  for  the  Worcester 
Festival  of  1890,  and  has  composed  "The 
Inchcape  Rock "  and  other  works  for 
various  societies.  He  was  appointed 
Gresham  Professor  of  Music  in  1891.  His 
last  work  is  a  Primer,  entitled  "  Musical 
Gestures,"  which  is  a  new  system  of  teach- 
ing the  rudiments  of  music  by  Manual 
Exercises.  On  Sir  Joseph  Barnby's  death 
in  1896,  he  .was  appointed  Conductor  of 
the  Royal  Choral  Societj'.  For  the  concert 
which  concluded  the  season,  and  whicli 
was  made  the  occasion  of  a  celebration  of 
the  Jubilee,  he  set  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's 
ballad,  "  The  Flag  of  England,"  to  music. 
He  was  knighted  by  her  Majesty  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Diamond  Jubilee,  1897. 
Address  :  The  Cloisters,  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, S.W. 

BRIDGES,  Robert,  M.A.,  M.B.  Oxon., 
poet,  the  son  of  I.  T.  Bridges,  of  St.  Nicholas 
Court,  Isle  of  Tlianet,  was  born  on  Oct.  23, 
1844,  and  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  of  which 
latter  foundation  he  is  an  Hon.  Fellow. 
On  leaving  Oxford  he  pursued  the  study 
of  medicine  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
London,  and  eventually  became  Assistant 
Physician  at  the  Children's  Hospital,  in 
Great  Ormond  Street,  and  Physician  at 
the  Great  Northern  Hospital.  He  retired 
from  his  medical  duties  in  1882.  Dr. 
Bridges  has  a  considerable  reputation  as  a 
poet,  and  has  published  numerous  plays 
and  poems,  the  latter  having  been  often 
privately  printed  at  the  Rev.  Mr.  Daniell's 
private  printing  press,  Worcester  College, 
Oxford.  He  is  also  the  author  of  "An 
Essay  on  Milton's  Poems,"  and  "A  Cri- 
tical Essay  on  Keats."  He  was  married  in 
1884  to  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  Alfred 
Waterhouse,  R.A.  Address  :  Yattendon, 
Newbury. 

BRIGGS,   Charles  Augustus,  D.D., 

was  born  in  New  York  City,  Jan.  15,  1841. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Virginia  (1857-60),  and  at  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  New  York  City 
(1861-63),  studying  afterwards  at  the 
University  of  Berlin  under  Dorner  and 
Rodiger  (1868-69).  From  1870  to  1874 
he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
at  Rosselle,  N.  J.,  and  since  1874  he  has 
held  a  Professorship  at  the  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  On  his  transferral  in 
1891  from  the  chair  of  Hebrew  and  Cog- 
nate Languages  to  that  of  Biblical  Theo- 
logy, he  made  an  Address  on  "Authority 
of  Holy   Scripture "   that  provoked   con- 


siderable controversy  on  the  inerrancy 
of  the  Bible,  and  ultimately  (in  1893) 
caused  his  suspension  by  the  American 
Presbyterian  Church  from  the  ministry. 
He  retains  his  Professorship,  however,  as 
the  trustees  and  faculty  of  the  seminary 
have  sustained  him  in  the  controversy. 
He  has  nevertheless  recently  formally 
withdrawn  from  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  applied  for  orders  as  a  Protestant 
Episcopal  clergyman.  His  principal  pub- 
lications, in  addition  to  contributions  to 
periodicals,  are:  "Biblical  Study,"  1883; 
"American  Presbvterianism,"  1885; 
"  Messianic  Prophecy,"  1886  ;  "  Whither  ? " 
1889;  "Biblical  History,"  1890;  "Autho- 
rity of  Holy  Scripture,"  1891  ;  "The Messiah 
of  the  Gospels,"  1894;  "The  Messiah  of 
the  Apostles,"  1895.  He  was  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  Commentaries  on  the 
Psalms  and  Ezra  in  the  "  American  Lange 
Series." 

BRIGHT,  The  Right  Hon.  Jacob, 

M.P.,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Jacob  Bright 
and  brother  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  John 
Bright,  was  born  in  1821,  and  educated  at 
the  Friends'  School,  York.  He  sat  for 
Manchester  from  1867  to  1874,  and  again 
from  1876  to  November  1885,  when  he 
was  defeated  ;  he  was  returned  in  1886, 
and  again  in  1892,  for  the  South- West 
Division  of  Manchester.  He  retired  in 
1895.  Mr.  Jacob  Bright  has  identified 
himself  with  the  chief  Radical  movements 
of  his  time,  and  has  for  many  years  been 
in  favour  of  Home  Rule  for  Ireland.  He 
obtained  the  Municipal  vote  for  women 
in  1869,  and  has  always  supported  their 
efforts  to  obtain  the  Parliamentary  vote. 
He  has,  in  fact,  been  one  of  the  most 
thorough  supporters  of  women  in  all  that 
concerns  their  property  and  their  status. 
In  1883  he  succeeded  in  preventing  the 
ratification  of  a  treaty  which  proposed  to 
give  both  banks  of  the  Congo  to  Portugal. 
Mr.  Gladstone  then  made  the  unprece- 
dented promise  that  the  treaty  should  not 
be  ratified  without  the  consent  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  Nothing  more  was 
heard  of  the  treaty,  and  shortly  after- 
wards freedom  of  commerce  on  the  Congo 
was  secured  by  the  African  Conference  at 
Berlin.  Mr.  Jacob  Bright  is  a  Director  of 
the  Manchester  Ship  Canal.  He  is  Chair- 
man of  John  Bright  &  Brothers  of  Roch- 
dale. He  married  in  1855  Ursula,  daughter 
of  Joseph  Mellor,  merchant,  of  Liverpool. 
Address  :  31  St.  James's  Place,  S.W. 

BRIGHT,     James    Franck,    D.D., 

Master  of  University  College,  Oxford,  was 
born  in  St.  James's,  Westminster,  on  May 
29, 1832,  and  is  the  third  son  of  Dr.  Richard 
Bright  of  Guy's  Hospital.  He  was  edu- 
cated   at    Rugby,    and    matriculated   at 


BRIGHT  — BRISSON 


131 


University  College  at  the  age  of  eighteen. 
He  was  in  the  first  class  in  Law  and 
History  in  1854;  B.A.,  1855;  M.A.,  1858; 
B.D.  and  D.D.,  1884.  From  185G  to  1872 
he  was  an  assistant  master  at  Marlborough 
College,  and  at  the  head  of  its  Modern 
Department ;  and  returned  to  his  College 
in  1872,  when  he  became  Lecturer  and 
Tutor  in  Divinity  and  Modern  History  at 
Balliol,  and  Modern  History  Lecturer  at 
University.  In  1874  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  his  College,  in  1875  Dean,  in 
1877  Tutor,  in  1881  Master.  From  1872 
to  1875  he  was  Modern  History  Lecturer 
at  University  ;  from  1873  to  1875  at  Wad- 
ham  and  Queen's  ;  from  1875  to  1881  at 
New  College  ;  from  1873  to  1875  Lecturer 
and  Tutor  at  Corpus  Christi ;  aad  from 
1872  to  1882  Lecturer  and  Tutor  in  Divinity 
and  Modern  History  at  Balliol.  In  1877  he 
was  appointed  an  Hon.  Fellow  of  Balliol. 
He  has  been  History  Examiner  on  numerous 
occasions,  and  is  the  author  of  the  well- 
known  text-book,  "A  History  of  England," 
in  4  vols.  In  1897  he  published  lives  of 
Maria  Theresa  and  Joseph  II.  He  married 
in  1864  Emmeline  Theresa,  daughter  of 
the  Eev.  E.  D.  Wickham,  Vicar  of  Holm- 
wood.  Addresses :  University  College, 
Oxford ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BRIGHT,  Canon  "William,  D.D., 
Regius  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History, 
and  Canon  and  Sub-Dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  was  born  at  Doncaster  Dec.  14, 
1824,  and  is  the  son  of  William  Bright, 
Town  Clerk  of  Doncaster.  From  Rugby 
School  he  was  elected  scholar  of  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
in  the  first  class  in  Classics  in  1846.  The 
next  year  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  his 
College,  and  gained  the  Johnson  Theological 
Scholarship  and  the  Ellerton  Theological 
Prize,  and  in  1849  he  proceeded  MA. 
Applying  himself  to  the  study  of  divinity, 
he  was  ordained  deacon  in  1848,  and 
priest  in  1850,  and  in  the  succeeding  year 
became  theological  tutor  in  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Glenalmond.  He  returned  to  Oxford 
in  1859,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
Tutor  of  University  College.  He  was  pro- 
moted in  1868  to  the  Regius  Professor- 
ship of  Ecclesiastical  History,  and  to  the 
canonry  of  Christ  Church,  which  is  attached 
to  that  chair.  The  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1869.  He 
became  Proctor  for  the  Chapter  in  Con- 
vocation in  1878,  and  on  subsequent 
occasions,  and  was  Examining  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  1885-93.  Dr. 
Bright's  works  are :  "  Ancient  Collects 
selected  from  Various  Rituals,"  1857,  1867  ; 
"A  History  of  the  Church,  from  the  Edict 
of  Milan  to  the  Council  of  Chalcedon," 
1860,  1888;  "Select  Sermons  of  St.  Leo 
on    the    Incarnation,    with    his    '  Tome,' 


translated  with  notes,"  1862,  1886  ;  "Faith 
and  Life  :  Readings  from  Ancient  Writers," 
1864,  1866.  In  1865  he  published,  in 
collaboration  with  the  Rev.  P.  G.  Medd, 
M.A.,  a  Latin  version  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer;  "Hymns  and  other 
Verses,"  1866  and  1874;  reprints  of 
"Eusebius's  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "St. 
Athanasius's  Orations  against  the  Arians," 
"Socrates'  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "Select 
Anti-Pelagian  Treatises  of  St.  Augustine," 
and  "  St.  Athanasius's  Historical  Writings," 
with  introductions,  in  1872,  1873,  1878, 
1880,  1881,  1882,  1883,  1893;  "Chapters 
of  Early  English  Church  History,"  1878, 
1888, 1897  ;  "  Later  Treatises  of  St.  Athana- 
sius,  translated  with  Notes  and  Appendix," 
in  the  "  Library  of  the  Fathers,"  1881  ; 
"  Notes  on  the  Canons  of  the  First  Four 
General  Councils,"  1882,  1892;  "Private 
Prayers  for  a  Week,"  1882;  "Family 
Prayers  for  a  Week,"  1885;  "  Iona,  and 
Other  Verses,"  1886;  "Addresses  on  the 
Seven  Sayings  from  the  Cross,"  1887 ; 
"The  Incarnation  as  a  Motive  Power," 
1889,  1891;  "Lessons  from  the  Lives  of 
Three  Great  Fathers,  1890-91  ;  "  Morality 
in  Doctrine,"  1892  ;  "  Waymarks  in  Church 
History,"  1894;  "The  Roman  See  in  the 
Early  Church,  and  other  Studies  in  Church 
History,"  1896;  "The  Law  of  Faith," 
1898.     Address  :  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

BRISSON,  Eugene  Henri,  a  French 
politician,  was  born  July  31,  1835,  at 
Bourges,  and  is  the  son  of  a  lawyer  in  that 
city,  studied  law  in  Paris,  and  entered  the 
profession  in  1859.  He  wrote  for  the  Temps 
and  the  Avenir  National,  and  established 
in  1868,  in  conjunction  with  MM.  Lacour 
and  Allain-Targe,  the  Revue  Politique.  As 
a  democratic  candidate  at  the  elections  in 
1869  he  was  unsuccessful  in  obtaining  a 
seat  in  the  Corps  L^gislatif,  but  after 
the  Revolution  of  Sept.  4,  1870,  he  was 
appointed  Deputy  Mayor  of  Paris  by  the 
Government  for  the  National  Defence. 
This  position  he  resigned  on  October  3. 
On  Feb.  8,  1871,  he  was  elected  as  repre- 
sentative of  the  Seine  in  the  Assembly, 
and  submitted  a  proposition  of  amnesty 
for  all  political  crimes.  At  the  general 
elections  in  February  1876,  he  was  elected 
for  the  tenth  arrondissement  of  Paris,  and 
followed  in  the  new  Chamber  the  same 
political  line.  He  was  one  of  the  363 
deputies  who  refused  a  vote  of  confidence 
to  the  Broglie  Cabinet.  At  the  opening 
of  the  session  of  1879  M.  Brisson  was 
elected  Vice-President,  and  was  named 
President  of  the  Budget  Commission  on 
February  27  of  the  same  year.  He  suc- 
ceeded M.  Gambetta  as  President  of  the 
Chamber,  Nov.  3,  1881,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1883.  He  accepted  the  office  of  Prime 
Minister  on  the  fall  of  M.  Ferry  in  1885, 


132 


BRISTOL  —  BRO  ADHURST 


but  after  a  few  months  gave  place  to  M.  de 
Freycinet.  At  the  elections  of  September 
1889,  he  was  the  only  Republican  candi- 
date elected  in  Paris,  "au  premier  tour 
du  scrutin. "  In  the  autumn  of  1890 
he  put  forward  proposals  for  compelling 
religious  bodies  to  pay  up  considerable 
arrears  due  from  them  under  the  new 
laws  relating  to  church  property.  These 
proposals  caused  considerable  discussion 
in  the  newspapers.  In  1892  he  brought 
forward  a  plan  for  completely  reorganising 
the  French  naval  forces,  but  the  Naval 
Budget  Committee  refused  to  support  him 
against  the  existing  Ministry.  He  was 
one  of  the  candidates  for  the  Presidency 
of  the  French  Republic  in  June  1894,  and 
stood  second  in  the  poll,  receiving  195 
votes  to  M.  Casimir-Perier's  451.  In  1896 
he  was  elected  President  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  and  his  firm  action  during  the 
difficult  days  of  the  Zola  trial  (1897)  has 
been  much  admired  throughout  France. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  new  Parliament  in 
May  1898,  he  was  defeated  on  the  re-elec- 
tion of  President  by  M.  Paul  Deschanel,  a 
moderate  Republican  (q.v.).  M.  Brisson  is 
well  known  for  the  Spartan  nature  of  his 
Republicanism  ;  his  address  in  Paris  is  Rue 
Mazagran  9,  and  he  lives  on  the  fifth  floor 
in  a  bare  flat  that  the  Iron  Duke  would 
have  admired.  He  has  never  been  known 
to  take  a  cab,  but  always  travels  on  the 
outside  of  omnibuses.  In  fact,  he  is  the 
living  embodiment  in  France  of  what  we 
should  call  the  Nonconformist  conscience. 
His  mission  in  life  is  to  preside  over 
Commissions  of  Inquiry,  especially  when 
scandals  have  to  be  investigated  with 
inflexible  severity.  His  presidency  of  the 
Panama  Commission  was  appreciated  by 
all.  When  the  Meline  Cabinet  fell  in 
June  1898,  after  MM.  Peytral,  Sarrien,  and 
Ribot  (q.v.)  had  failed  to  form  cabinets, 
M.  Brisson  was  commissioned  by  the  Pre- 
sident to  undertake  this  duty,  which  he 
carried  to  a  successful  issue.  His  com- 
bination was  a  Radical  one,  and  included 
MM.  Cavaignac,  Sarrien,  Delcasse",  and 
Bourgeois  (q.v.).  With  a  courage  that 
merits  all  honour,  M.  Brisson  and  his 
colleagues  persisted  in  their  patriotic  work 
of  vindicating  before  the  civilised  world 
the  unimpeachable  integrity  and  absolute 
justice  of  the  national  conscience.  As 
the  weeks  dragged  their  weary  course, 
the  tension  of  the  situation  became  dan- 
gerously strained,  and  special  means  had 
to  be  adopted  to  preserve  public  order. 
On  the  Chamber  reassembling  on  Oct. 
25,  1898,  the  Government  was  violently 
assailed,  and  received  a  sudden  blow  by 
the  dramatic  and  reprehensible  resigna- 
tion of  General  Chanoine  (q.v.),  the  new 
Minister  of  War.  After  a  series  of  votes 
affirming  the  supremacy  of  the  civil  over 


the  military  power,  declaring  continued 
confidence  in  the  army,  and  rejecting  by 
274  votes  to  261  a  motion  censuring  the 
Government  for  "not  causing  the  army 
to  be  respected,"  the  Chamber,  on  the 
motion  of  M.  de  Malny,  called  upon 
the  Government  to  institute  prosecutions 
against  persons  "insulting  the  army." 
This  proceeding  M.  Brisson  declined  to 
take,  and  the  subsequent  vote  of  confi- 
dence in  the  Government  was  lost  by 
286  to  254 — an  extraordinary  majority, 
M.  Brisson  and  his  ministers  immediately 
withdrew  from  the  Chamber,  and  tendered 
their  resignations,  whicli  were  at  once 
accepted  by  M.  Faure,  Parliament  being 
adjourned  till  November  4,  when  M. 
Charles  Dupuy  returned  to  office.  Thus 
fell  a  Government  which  will  be  famed 
hereafter  for  its  determined  effort  to  free 
the  nation  from  an  aggressive  militarism. 

BEISTOL,  Bishop  of.  See  Bbowne, 
The  Right  Rev.  Geoege  Foeeest. 

BROADBENT,  Sir  William  Henry, 

Bart.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  the  son  of  John 
Broadbent,  of  Longwood  Edge,  Hudders- 
field,  was  born  in  Yorkshire  on  Jan.  23, 
1835,  and  was  educated  at  Huddersfield 
College,  Owens  College,  Manchester,  and 
Paris.  He  has  been  Physician  to  the 
Western  General  Dispensary,  the  London 
Fever  Hospital,  and  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
of  which  last-named  institution  he  is  now 
a  consulting  physician.  He  has  occupied 
the  position  of  President  of  the  Harveian 
Society  of  London,  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  London  in  1881,  of  the  Clinical  Society 
during  the  years  1887-88,  and  of  the 
Neurological  Society  from  1895  to  1896. 
He  has,  moreover,  served  as  Censor  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London 
during  the  years  1888-89  and  1895-96. 
Since  1892  Sir  William  has  been  Physician- 
in-Ordinary  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  he 
attended  both  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  on 
the  occasion  of  his  fatal  illness  in  1892, 
and  also  the  Duke  of  York,  who  went 
through  a  severe  attack  of  typhoid  fever 
in  1891.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Pulse," 
1890  ;  "  The  Heart,"  1897.  In  1893  he  was 
created  a  Baronet,  and  he  has  a  son  and 
heir,  John,  born  1865.  Sir  William  Broad- 
bent  was  in  July  1898  appointed  one  of 
her  Majesty's  Physicians  Extraordinary, 
in  the  room  of  Sir  Richard  Quain,  M.D., 
deceased.  Address  :  84  Brook  Street, 
Grosvenor  Square. 

BROADHTJRST,  Henry,  M.P.,  J.P., 
son  of  a  journeyman  stonemason,  was  born 
at  Littlemore,  near  Oxford,  on  April  30, 
1840,  and  received  some  education  at  a 
village  school  there.  He  worked  as  a 
journeyman   stonemason  up  to  the  year 


BROCK  —  BRODRICK 


133 


18T2,  when  he  became  Secretary  of  the 
Labour  Representation  League.  In  1875 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Parlia- 
mentary Committee  of  the  Trades  Union 
Congress,  but  resigned  through  ill-health 
in  1890.  During  the  agitation  on  the 
Eastern  Question  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  organisation  of  meetings,  &c,  in 
support  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  policy.  He 
was  elected  Member  of  Parliament  for 
Stoke-on-Trent  in  1880  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Reformatories 
and  Industrial  Schools  in  1881-82  ;  served 
on  the  Royal  Commission  on  the  Housing 
of  the  Working  Classes  in  1884-85  ;  and 
at  the  general  election  of  1885  he  was 
returned  for  the  Bordesley  Division  of 
Birmingham.  In  February  1886  he  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Home  Department  in  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Ministry.  At  the  general  election  of  1886 
he  successfully  stood  for  West  Nottingham, 
but  was  not  re-elected  in  1892.  He  took 
a  leading  part  in  the  passing  of  the  Em- 
ployers' Liability  Act,  1880,  and  many 
other  measures  affecting  the  industrial 
classes.  He  is  the  author  of  the  Leasehold 
Enfranchisement  Bill,  and  during  the  ses- 
sions of  1884-85  he  had  charge  of  the 
Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill.  He  is  also  a 
prominent  advocate  of  Old  Age  Pensions. 
He  has  served  on  the  Royal  Commission 
on  the  Condition  of  the  Aged  Poor.  He 
resigned  his  seat  on  the  Market  Royal 
Commission,  and  has  been  twice  offered 
important  Inspectorships  which  he  has 
refused — the  first  occasion  being  in  1882, 
when  he  declined  an  Inspectorship  of 
Factories  and  Workshops ;  the  second  in 
1884,  when  he  declined  one  of  Canal  Boats. 
He  was  elected  Member  of  Parliament  for 
Leicester  in  1894,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
double  vacancy  caused  by  the  retirement 
of  Sir  T.  Whitehead  and  Mr.  T.  A.  Picton, 
and  now  represents  that  constituency. 
In  the  Eastern  Counties  he  holds  many 
important  public  positions.  Address : 
Cromer. 

BROCK,  Thomas,  R.A.,  sculptor,  was 
born  in  1847  at  Worcester,  where  his 
father,  William  Brock,  was  a  decorator. 
He  was  educated  first  at  the  Government 
School  of  Design  in  that  city,  then  came 
to  London  and  studied  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  where  he  obtained  both  silver 
and  gold  medals.  He  became  a  pupil  and 
afterwards  an  assistant  of  the  late  J.  H. 
Foley,  the  sculptor.  After  Mr.  Foley's 
death  he  completed  the  numerous  works 
left  unfinished  by  him,  the  chief  of  these 
being  the  O'Connell  monument  in  Dublin. 
Among  Mr.  Brock's  ideal  works  may.be 
mentioned  "Salmacis,"  "Hercules  stran- 
gling Antseus,"  statuettes  of  Paris  and 
(Enone,  and  a  large  equestrian  group,  "  A 


Moment  of  Peril,"  purchased  for  the 
nation  by  the  Royal  Academy.  He  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1889  "  The 
Genius  of  Poetry."  Among  portrait  statues 
may  be  named  Richard  Baxter,  Robert 
Raikes,  Sir  Rowland  Hill,  Sir  Richard 
Temple,  Sir  Erasmus  Wilson,  the  poet 
Longfellow  (the  latter  for  the  Westminster 
Abbey  Memorial),  Sir  Richard  Owen,  a 
bronze,  now  in  the  Natural  History  Museum, 
South  Kensington  ;  Dr.  Phillpott,  a  marble 
bust  in  Worcester  Cathedral ;  Lord  Bowen  ; 
Lord  Derby  ;  Sir  Richard  Quain.  In  the 
Royal  Academy's  Exhibition  of  1898  he 
had  no  less  than  five  sculptures,  including 
a  statue  of  Eve,  and  a  bronze  bust  of 
Henry  Tate,  Esq.,  to  be  placed  in  the 
National  Gallery  of  British  Art.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy Jan.  16,  1883;  R.A.  in  1891.  Ad- 
dress :  30  Osnaburgh  Street,  Regent's 
Park,  N.W. 

BRODRICK,  The  Hon.  George 
Charles,  LL.B.,  D.C.L.,  Warden  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
seventh  Viscount  Middleton,  formerly  Dean 
of  Exeter,  and  was  born  at  Castle  Rising, 
Norfolk,  May  5,  1831.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  School,  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  taking  his  degree  in  1854  (first- 
class  Mods.,  1852  ;  first-class  Lit.  Hum., 
1853;  Law  and  History  School,  1854; 
English  Essay  Prize  and  Arnold  Historical 
Essay,  1855).  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Merton  College  in  1855.  He  was  President 
of  the  Union  Debating  Society.  He  also 
carried  off,  in  1858,  the  Law  Scholarship 
at  the  University  of  London,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.B.  In  1885  he  was 
created  D.C.  L.  of  Oxford  by  a  University 
decree.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  from 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  and  for  some  years 
practised  as  a  barrister  on  the  Western 
circuit.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Free- 
mantle  (now  Dean  of  Ripon)  he  edited,  in 
1865,  "  The  Ecclesiastical  Judgments  of 
the  Privy  Council."  In  1877  Mr.  Brodrick 
was  unanimously  elected  by  the  School 
Board  for  London  to  fill  a  death  vacancy, 
being  the  first  member  so  elected.  He 
long  served  on  the  Council  of  the  London 
Society  for  the  Extension  of  University 
Teaching,  and  he  is  a  member  of  the 
governing  body  of  Eton  College.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  promoting  the  Uni- 
versity Tests  Act,  and  other  measures  of 
academical,  and  generally  of  educational 
interest.  In  1868,  and  again  in  1874,  he 
contested  the  borough  of  Woodstock  as 
a  Liberal  candidate,  and  in  1880  he  was  a 
candidate  for  the  undivided  county  of 
Monmouthshire.  In  February  1881,  he 
was  elected  Warden  of  Merton  College  in 
the  place  of  the  late  Dr.  Bullock-Marsham. 
Mr.  Brodrick  is  known  to  have  contributed 


134 


BRODRICK  —  BROOME 


largely,  but  for  the  most  part  anonymously, 
to  the  daily  Press  and  leading  periodicals. 
A  selection  of  articles  published  under  his 
own  name,  together  with  two  more  elabo- 
rate treatises  on  "Primogeniture"  and 
"  Local  Government,"  and  other  occasional 
essays,  were  republished  in  a  volume 
entitled  "Political  Studies"  in  1880.  In 
the  following  year  he  published  a  work 
entitled  "  English  Land  and  English  Land- 
lords," being  an  inquiry  into  the  origin, 
structure,  and  proposed  reform  of  the 
English  Land  system  ;  and  he  afterwards 
discussed  the  Irish  Land  question,  and 
the  claim  of  Tenant-right  for  British 
farmers,  in  three  articles  which  appeared 
in  Fraser's  Magazine  for  1881-82.  Mr. 
Brodrick  is  also  the  author  of  articles  on 
"The  Progress  of  Democracy  in  England," 
and  "  Democracy  and  Socialism,"  which 
appeared  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  during 
1883  and  1884.  His  latest  contributions 
to  literature  are  mainly  connected  with 
academical  history,  including  a  volume 
entitled  "Memorials  of  Merton  College," 
1885 ;  a  compendious  "  History  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,"  1886  ;  and  several 
papers  on  kindred  subjects.  Since  the 
adhesion  of  the  late  Mr.  Gladstone  to 
Home  Rule  in  188G,  Mr  Brodrick  has  been 
an  active  member  of  the  Liberal  Unionist 
party.  Addresses :  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford, &c.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BRODRICK,     The    Right    Hon. 
William  St.  John  Freemantle,   M.P., 

eldest  son  of  Viscount  Midleton,  and 
nephew  of  the  Hon.  G.  C.  Brodrick,  Warden 
of  Merton  College,  was  born  in  1856  and 
educated  in  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  1879, 
and  M.A.  1882.  He  was  also  President 
of  the  Oxford  Union  Debating  Society. 
He  represented  West  Surrey  in  the  Parlia- 
ments of  1880-85,  and  after  the  passing  of 
the  Redistribution  Act  successfully  stood 
for  the  Guildford  Division  of  the  county, 
which  he  still  represents.  He  served  on 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Prisons  in  Ire- 
land, 1883-85.  In  Lord  Salisbury's  second 
Administration,  1886-92,  Mr.  Brodrick 
was  appointed  Financial  Secretary  to  the 
War  Office.  It  was  on  his  motion  that 
Lord  Rosebery's  Government  was  over- 
thrown in  June  1895,  and  he  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  War,  with 
charge  of  the  War  Office  business  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  July  1895.  He 
was  raised  to  the  Privy  Council  in  1897, 
and  in  October  1898  was  appointed  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
succession  to  Lord  Curzon.  He  married 
Lady  Hilda  Charteris,  third  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Wemyss,  in  1880.  Addresses : 
Peper-Harrow,  Godalming ;  34  Portland 
Place,  W.,  and  Athenaeum. 


BROOKE,  The  Rev.  Augustus 
Stopford,  born  in  Dublin  in  1832,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  gained  the  Downe  prize  and  the  Vice- 
Chancellor's  prize  for  English  verse.  He 
graduated  B.A.  in  1856  and  M.A.  in  1858. 
He  was  curate  of  St.  Matthew,  Marylebone, 
1857-59;  curate  of  Kensington,  1860-63; 
minister  of  St.  James's  Chapel,  York  Street, 
St.  James's  Square,  1866-75 ;  and  became 
minister  of  Bedford  Chapel,  Bloomsbury, 
June  1876.  He  was  appointed  a  Chaplain 
in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  1872.  Mr. 
Brooke  is  the  author  of  "Life  and  Letters 
of  the  late  Frederick  W.  Robertson,"  1865  ; 
"Theology  in  the  English  Poets,"  1874; 
"  Primer  of  English  Literature,"  and  four 
volumes  of  "Sermons,"  1868-77;  "The 
Early  Life  of  Jesus,"  a  volume  of  poems 
1888  ;  a  "History  of  English  Poetry,"  a 
standard  study  of  Tennyson,  1894 ;  and 
"The  Old  Testament  and  Modern  Life," 
1896.  In  1880  he  seceded  from  the  Church 
of  England,  his  reason  for  this  step  being 
that  he  had  ceased  to  believe  that  miracles 
were  credible,  and  that,  since  the  Estab- 
lished Church  founded  its  whole  scheme 
of  doctrine  on  the  miracle  of  the  Incarna- 
tion, disbelief  in  that  miracle  put  him 
outside  the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of 
England.  Mr.  Brooke  then  joined  the 
Unitarian  Church,  and  officiated  for  some 
years  at  Bedford  Chapel,  Bloomsbury. 
In  1895,  after  prolonged  illness,  he  resigned 
this  position. 

BROOKE,    Sir    Charles    Anthony, 

G.C.M.G.,  born  in  1829,  son  of  Sir  James 
Brooke,  the  famous  first  Rajah  of  Sarawak, 
was  educated  at  Crewkerne  Grammar 
School,  and  passed  into  the  Royal  Navy, 
where  he  rose  to  be  a  Lieutenant.  He 
succeeded  his  father  as  2nd  Rajah  of 
Sarawak  in  1868,  and  has  since  ruled  that 
state  with  the  same  skill  and  success. 
He  was  created  a  G.C.M.G.  in  1888.  He 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Clayton  de 
Windt,  of  Biunsden  Hall,  Wiltshire.  Ad- 
dresses :  Sarawak,  Borneo  ;  and  12  Hans 
Place,  S.W. 

BROOME,  Mary  Ann,  Lady  (for- 
merly Lady  Barker,  under  which  name 
most  of  her  books  were  published),  is  the 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  W.  G.  Stewart, 
Esq.,  Island  Secretary  of  Jamaica,  in  which 
island  she  was  born.  Sent  to  England  at 
two  years  old,  she  returned  to  Jamaica 
in  1850.  In  1852  she  married  Captain 
(afterwards  Colonel)  G.  R.  Barker,  Royal 
Artillery,  who  distinguished  himself  very 
highly  in  the  Crimean  war  and  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  and  was  made  K.C.B.  for  services 
in  the  field.  Lady  Barker  went  to  India 
to  join  Sir  George  in  1860,  but  he  died 
that  year,  and  she  returned  to  England. 


BROS  —  BROUGH 


135 


In  1865  Lady  Barker  married  tue  late  Mr. 
Frederick  Napier  Broome,  then  of  Canter- 
bury, New  Zealand,  and  accompanied  him 
back  to  the  Middle  Island.  In  1869  Mr. 
Napier  Broome  and  his  wife  returned  to 
England.  "Station  Life  in  New  Zealand," 
from  her  pen,  was  published  in  that  year, 
and  its  success  encouraged  the  author 
to  write,  in  the  following  year,  a  small 
volume  for  children  called  "  Stories  About." 
This  second  work  was  soon  followed  by 
"A  Christmas  Cake  in  Four  Quarters," 
"Spring  Comedies,"  "Travelling  About," 
"Holiday  Stories,"  "Ribbon  Stories," 
"  Sybil's  Book,"  "Station  Amusements  in 
New  Zealand,"  "Boys,"  "The  White  Bat," 
&c,  besides  many  articles  for  magazines. 
In  1874  she  published  also  a  little  book 
called  "First  Principles  of  Cooking,"  of 
which  the  circulation  has  been  large,  and 
almost  immediately  after  its  appearance 
she  accepted  the  post  of  Lady  Superin- 
tendent of  the  National  Training  School 
of  Cookery,  South  Kensington.  She  was 
also  for  some  years  editor  of  Evening  Hours, 
a  family  magazine.  Mr.  Napier  Broome 
having  entered  the  Colonial  service  in 
1875,  her  next  experiences  were  of  South 
Africa  and  Mauritius.  Her  life  in  the 
former  country  is  described  in  "A  Year's 
Housekeeping  in  South  Africa,"  1877.  In 
1883,  her  husband  having  been  appointed 
Governor  of  Western  Australia,  she  went 
to  that  colony,  which  is  described  in  her 
la«t  published  book,  "Letters  to  England," 
1885.  On  leaving  Western  Australia  in 
1890,  Lady  Broome  received  an  affectionate 
farewell  from  the  people  of  the  colony, 
by  whom  she  was  greatly  beloved.  Sir 
Frederick  Napier  Broome,  K.C.M.G.,  died 
on  Nov.  26,  1896. 

BROS,  James,  son  of  Thomas  Bros, 
barrister,  was  born  in  1841,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1866. 
He  was  appointed  a  Police  Magistrate  at 
the  Clerkenwell  Court  in  1888.  Address  : 
31  Elm  Park  Gardens,  S.W. 

BEOUARDEL,  Paul  Camille  Hip- 
polyte,  French  doctor  and  authority  on 
forensic  medicine,  was  horn  at  St.  Quentin, 
Feb.  13,  1837,  educated  at  the  Lycee  St. 
Louis  at  Paris,  and  attained  the  doctorate 
in  1865.  He  became  Physician  at  the 
H6pital  St.  Antoine  in  1873,  was  made 
Professor  of  Forensic  Medicine  in  1879, 
and  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  1880,  of  which  he  is  now  the 
dean.  He  succeeded  Wurtz  in  1884  as 
President  of  the  Consulting  Committee  of 
Public  Hygiene  in  France.  He  is  often 
called  upon  to  give  evidence  in  the  courts 
of  law  on  delicate  points  of  forensic  medi- 
cine. He  has  also  travelled  on  medical 
missions,  notably  to  Germany  in  1883,  to 


study  trichinosis,  on  which  he  published 
important  reports.  He  was  made  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1885. 
His  chief  works  are  :  "  L'Uree  et  la  Foie," 
1877  ;  " Etudes  Me"dico-Legales  sur  la  Com- 
bustion du  Corps  humain,"  1878;  "Des 
Causes  d'erreur  dans  les  Expertises  Relatives 
aux  Attentats  a  la  Pudeur,"  1883;  "  Le 
Secret  Me'dical,"  1886,  dealing  with  a  case 
arising  out  of  the  death  of  the  painter 
Bastien  Lepage ;  besides  works  in  colla- 
boration with  eminent  men  of  science. 
Recently  he  has  published  "  L'Infanticide  " 
and  "La  Mort  et  la  Mort  Soudaine,"  1897, 
and  "  La  Responsabilitd  Me'dicale,"  1898. 

BROUGH,  Miss  Fanny,  actress,  a 
daughter  of  Robert  Brough,  was  born  in 
the  fifties.  She  first  made  her  appearance 
on  the  boards,  being  then  quite  young,  at 
the  Princess's  Theatre,  Manchester,  in 
Mr.  Calvert's  company,  staying  there  two 
years,  and  once  taking  the  role  of  Ophe- 
lia to  Mr.  Barry  Sullivan's  Hamlet.  She 
made  her  first  appearance  in  London  at 
the  St.  James's  Theatre  as  Fernande  in 
the  autumn  of  1890,  and  afterwards  at  the 
same  house  took  other  parts  in  the  "Two 
Thorns"  and  "War,"  and,  during  Mrs. 
John  Wood's  management,  played  in  many 
comedies,  and  in  the  "Caste"  Company 
took  many  leading-  parts.  She  was  engaged 
in  many  provincial  tours,  and  came  back 
to  the  Princess's  and  Drury  Lane  in 
various  characters.  She  played  the  part 
of  Mrs.  Othello  at  Toole's  Theatre  in  1893, 
and  appeared  at  a  set  of  morning  perform- 
ances at  the  Lyric  on  April  5,  1894.  One 
of  her  latest  notable  performances  was  in 
"  The  Eider-down  Quilt,"  produced  by 
Mr.  Playfair  in  1896. 

BROUGH,  Lionel,  comedian,  was 
born  at  Pontypool,  Monmouthshire,  March 
10, 1836,  being  the  fourth  son  of  Mr.  Barna- 
bas Brough,  and  a  younger  brother  of  the 
weU-known  comic  authors,  "  The  Brothers 
Brough."  His  first  employment  was  in  the 
capacity  of  office-boy  to  Mr.  J.  Timbs,  in 
the  Illustrated  London  News  office,  in 
Douglas  Jerrold's  time.  Subsequently  he 
published  the  first  number  of  the  Daily 
Telei/rnpli,  and  for  five  years  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  Morning  Star.  Going  to 
Liverpool  with  other  members  of  the 
Savage  Club  to  give  amateur  theatrical 
performances  in  aid  of  the  Lancashire 
Relief  Fund,  he  achieved  so  decided  a 
histrionic  success  that  he  was  offered  a 
regular  engagement  by  Mr.  A.  Henderson, 
and  accordingly  made  his  first  professional 
appearance  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre 
at  Liverpool  in  1864.  His  first  appearance 
in  London  was  at  the  Queen's  Theatre  in 
1867.  Mr.  Brough  was  manager  of  Covent 
Garden    Theatre  for  Mr.  Dion  Boucicault 


136 


BKOUGHTON  —  BROWN 


during  the  season  in  which  "Babil  and 
Bijou  "  was  produced.  He  afterwards  be- 
came, for  a  short  time,  joint  lessee  of  the 
Novelty  Theatre,  Great  Queen  Street.  For 
the  last  thirty  years  he  has  played  a  round 
of  the  principal  "low  comedy"  parts  in 
almost  every  important  theatre  in  London 
and  the  provinces  ;  in  comic  opera,  farce, 
burlesque,  plays,  &c,  and  particularly  in 
most  of  the  "Old  Comedy"  revivals.  It 
is  on  record  that  he  has  played  Tony 
Lumpkin  in  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,"  776 
times.  He  has  also  played  in  America, 
and  some  years  ago  played  a  repertoire  of 
thirty-eight  pieces  through  all  the  principal 
towns  in  South  Africa.  Mr.  Brough  has 
been  engaged  for  some  time  at  the  Hay- 
market  and  her  Majesty's  Theatres  under 
the  management  of  Mr.  Beerbohm  Tree, 
playing  in  all  the  principal  productions 
during  a  series  of  seasons.  During  one 
vacation  he  again  visited  South  Africa, 
taking  a  journey  of  14,000  miles,  to  tell 
anecdotes  for  fourteen  nights.  On  his 
last  appearance  at  Johannesburg  he  was 
persuaded  to  play  "  Tony  Lumpkin  "  once 
more,  so  that  he  now  has  the  record  of 
having  played  it  777  times.  He  again 
visited  America  with  Mr.  Tree  and  his 
company,  taking  the  part  of  "  The  Laird  " 
in  "Trilby,"  and  playing  in  "  Seats  of  the 
Mighty,"  and  opened  at  her  Majesty's 
Theatre  in  "The  Silver  Key."  He  is  now 
engaged  at  the  "Avenue."  Permanent 
address  :  Percy  Villa,  South  Lambeth. 

BROUGHTON,  Miss  Rhoda,  a  popu- 
lar English  novelist,  is  the  daughter  of  a 
clergyman,  and  was  born  Nov.  29,  1840,  in 
North  Wales.  Her  principal  works  are  : 
"Cometh  Up  as  a  Flower,"  1867;  "Not 
Wisely,  but  Too  Well,"  1867  ;  "Red  as  a 
Rose  is  She,"  1870;  "Goodbye,  Sweet- 
heart, Goodbye,"  1872;  "Nancy,"  1873; 
"Tales  for  Christmas  Eve,"  1873  (repub- 
lished in  1879  under  the  title  of  "Twi- 
light Stories");  "Joan,"  1876;  "Second 
Thoughts,"  1880;  "Belinda,"  1883;  and 
"Doctor  Cupid,"  1886.  More  recently  she 
has  published  "Alas,"  1890  (2nd  edit. 
1891);  "Mrs.  Bligh,"  1892;  "A Beginner," 
1894;  "Scylla  or  Charybdis?"  1895;  and 
"Dear  Faustina,"  1897.  Address:  Holy- 
well Street,  Oxford. 

BROWN,  Alexander  Cram,  M.A., 
M.D.  (Edin.),  D.Sc.  (Lond.),  Hon.  LL.D. 
(Aberd.),  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.R.C.P.E., 
F.C.S.,  F.I.C.,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Brown, 
D.D.,  of  Bronghton  Place  Church,  was 
born  in  Edinburgh  on  March  26,  1838. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  High 
School  and  at  Mill  Hill,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versities of  Edinburgh,  Heidelberg,  and 
Marburg.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  Lec- 
turer and  in  1869  Professor  of  Chemistrv 


in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  in 
1891  was  elected  President  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Society  of  London,  which  office  he 
held  for  two  years.  He  is  the  author  of 
many  papers  in  scientific  journals,  and 
in  the  publications  of  learned  societies. 
He  married  Jane  Bailie,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  James  Porter,  Drumlee,  county 
Down.  Address :  8  Belgrave  Crescent, 
Edinburgh. 

BROWN,  Horace  T.,  F.R.S.,was  born 
at  Burton-on-Trent  on  July  20,  1848,  and 
was  educated  at  Burton-on-Trent  and 
Atherstone  Grammar  Schools,  and  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Chemistry.  He  was 
engaged  in  brewing  at  Burton-on-Trent 
from  1866  to  1893.  He  acted  as  Vice- 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society  from 
1894  to  1897,  received  the  Longstaff  Medal 
of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1894,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  International  Catalogue 
Committee  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  has 
contributed  many  papers  on  chemical, 
biological,  and  geological  subjects  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Chemical  Society,  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Society,  Quarterly 
Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  &c.  He 
was  married  in  1874  to  Annie,  daughter 
of  Paul  J.  Fearon.  Address  :  52  Nevern 
Square,  Kensington,  W. 

BROWN,  John  George,  N.A.,  Ameri- 
can figure  painter,  was  born  at  Durham, 
England,  Nov.  11,  1831.  He  began  his  art 
studies  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  at  first  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  afterwards  spent 
a  year  at  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Academy. 
Removing  to  America  in  1853,  he  entered 
the  schools  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design  in  New  York,  and  in  1856  opened  a 
studio  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  remained 
until  1860,  when  he  transferred  his  studio 
to  New  York  City.  He  was  made  an 
Academician  in  1863,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Water-Colour  Soeiety,  of 
which  for  the  past  seven  years  he  has  been 
President.  He  has  twice  (1880  and  1885) 
exhibited  at  the  London  Royal  Academy, 
and  has  received  several  medals  and  hon- 
ourable mention  in  Paris.  Eight  of  his 
pictures  were  exhibited  at  the  Chicago 
Exposition  in  1893.  Among  his  more  im- 
portant productions  are,  "  His  First  Cigar," 
"Curling  in  Central  Park,"  "The  'Long- 
shoreman's Noon,"  "Tough  Customers," 
"The  Thrilling  Moment,"  "The  Passing 
Show,"  "The  Dress  Parade,"  "  The  Three 
(Scape)  Graces,"  "  Left  his  Money  on  the 
Piano,"  "The  Lost  Child,"  "The  Transit 
of  Venus,"  "  A  Merry  Air  and  a  Sad  Heart," 
"Clear  the  Track]"  "The  Dog  Show," 
"A  Collection  of  Antiques,"  "As  Good  as 
New!  "  "The  Old  Folks  at  Home,"  "Plot- 
ting Mischief,"  "Under  the  Weather," 
"The    Wounded    Playfellow,"   "A  Jolly 


BROWN  —  BROWNE 


137 


Lot,"  "The  Monopolist,"  "Day  Dreams," 
"You're  a  Nice  Pup,"  and  "Watching  the 
Clouds. " 

BROWN,  Pisistratus.  See  Black, 
William. 

BROWN,  Robert,  F.S.A.,  born  at 
Barton-upon-Humber,  July  6,  1844,  was 
educated  at  Cheltenham  College,  and  is 
known  as  a  writer  on  archaic  religion, 
mythology,  and  astronomy.  His  works 
are  "  Poseidon  :  a  Link  between  Semite, 
Hamite,  and  Aryan,"  1872 ;  "  The  Great 
Dionysiak  Myth,"  2  vols.,  1877-78;  "The 
Religion  of  Zoroaster,  considered  in  con- 
nection with  Archaic  Monotheism,"  1879  ; 
"The  Religion  and  Mythology  of  the 
Aryans  of  Northern  Europe,"  1880; 
"Language,  and  Theories  of  its  Origin," 
1881;  "The  Unicorn,"  1881;  "The  Law 
of  Kosmic  Order,"  1882 ;  "  Eridanus  : 
River  and  Constellation,"  1883 ;  "  The 
Mythe  of  Kirks', "  1883  ;  "The  Phainomena 
or  '  Heavenly  Display '  of  Aratos  :  Done 
into  English  Verse,"  1885;  "A  Trilogy 
of  the  Life  to  Come,"  and  other  poems, 
1885 ;  "  The  Etruscan  Inscriptions  of 
Lemnos,"  1888 ;  "  The  Etruscan  Nume- 
rals," 1889;  "Remarks  on  the  Tablet  of 
the  Thirty  Stars,  or  Babylonian  Lunar 
Zodiac,"  1890.  In  1895  appeared  his 
"Tellis  and  Kleobeia,  and  other  Poems," 
and  in  1898,  "Semitic  Influence  on 
Hellenic  Mythology,"  a  criticism  of  Max 
Miiller  and  Andrew  Lang,  which  has 
given  rise  to  considerable  discussion. 
Mr.  Brown  is  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Asiatic  Society,  and  was  in  1892  Secretary 
to  the  Hellenic  Section  of  the  Inter- 
national Oriental  Congress  (London), 
when  he  published  "  The  Celestial  Equator 
of  Aratos."  Address  :  c/o  Captain  Bolton, 
Booking  Hall,  Braintree,  Essex. 

BROWN,  Rev.  William  Haig.     See 

Haig-Bkown,  Rev.  William. 

BROWNE,  The  Right  Rev.  George 
Forrest,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bristol,  Hon. 
Fellow  of  St.  Catharine's  College,  and  Hon. 
D.C.L.  of  Durham,  son  of  George  Browne, 
Proctor  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  of  York, 
and  Anne,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  R.  Forrest, 
Precentor  of  York  Minster,  was  born  at 
York,  Dec.  4,  1833,  and  educated  at  St. 
Peter's  School,  York,  and  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge,  graduating  in  1856.  He  was 
Mathematical  Master  at  Glenalmond,  1857  ; 
ordained  Deacon  1858,  Priest  1859,  by  the 
Bishop  of  Oxford  ;  and  appointed  Theo- 
logical Tutor  and  Bell  Lecturer  in. Ecclesi- 
astical History  in  the  Episcopal  Church  of 
Scotland,  1862 ;  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of 
St.  Catharine's,  Cambridge,  1863.  He 
vacated  his   Fellowship  on   his   marriage 


with  Mary  Louisa,  eldest  daughter  of  Sir 
J.  Stewart  Richardson,  Bart,  of  Pitfour 
Castle,  Perthshire,  and  was  rector  of  Ash- 
ley, 1869-74 ;  Proctor  of  the  University,  i 
1869-71,  1876-78,  1879-81 ;  Secretary  of 
the  University  Commission,  1877-81 ;  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Senate 
(1874-92),  the  General  Board  of  Studies, 
and  various  Boards  and  Syndicates  ;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Cambridge  Local  Examinations, 
1869-92  ;  and  of  Local  Lectures,  1877-92  ; 
and  editor  of  the  official  University  Re- 
porter, Statuta,  Ordinances,  Endowments, 
&c.  He  has  been  University  Preacher  on 
various  occasions,  is  a  Magistrate  for  the 
Borough  of  Cambridge,  was  Alderman  of 
the  County  Council  for  Cambridgeshire, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  governing  body 
of  Selwyn  College.  As  a  member  of  the 
Alpine  Club,  Mr.  Browne  published  in  the 
Comkill  Magazine  various  papers  on  Alpine 
Expeditions;  on  "Subterranean  Ice,"  in 
Fraser,  &c,  and  a  book  on  "  The  Ice  Caves 
of  France  and  Switzerland,"  1864.  He 
published  "University  Sermons,"  in  1879, 
1880,  and  1888;  "The  Venerable  Bede," 
1880 ;  and  since  1881  has  published  a 
number  of  papers  on  "  English  Sculptured 
Stones  of  pre-Norman  Type."  He  was 
Disney  Professor  of  Archaeology  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge  from  1888  to 
1893,  and  is  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  From  1893  to 
1897  he  published  five  volumes  of  Early 
Church  History,  namely:  (1)  "Lessons 
of  Early  English  Church  History "  ;  (2) 
"  Christianity  in  these  Islands  before  the 
Coming  of  Augustine";  (3)  "Augustine 
and  his  Companions";  (4)  "  The  Conver- 
sion of  the  Heptarchy";  (5)  "Theodore 
and  Wilfrith";  and  "in  1895,  "Oil  the 
Mill,"  a  collection  of  holiday  essays.  In 
1891  he  was  made  Canon  of  St.  Paul's, 
in  1895  Bishop  of  Stepney,  and  in  1897 
Bishop  of  Bristol,  then  separated  from 
Gloucester.  A  considerable  number  of 
the  publications  of  the  Church  Historical 
Society,  of  which  he  was  the  first  chair- 
man, were  from  his  pen.  Addresses  ;  The 
Palace,  Bristol ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BROWNE,    Sir    J.    Crichton.       See 

Crichton-Beowne. 

BROWNE,  John  Hutton  Balfour, 

Q.C.,  brother  of  Sir  James  Crichton- 
Browne,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
Sept.  13,  1845,  at  Crichton  House,  Dum- 
fries, Scotland.  His  father  was  Dr.  W.  A. 
F.  Browne,  F.R.S.,  at  that  time  Medical 
Superintendent  of  the  Crichton  Royal 
Institution,  Dumfries,  but  afterwards 
Commissioner  in  Lunacy  for  Scotland. 
His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Andrew 
Balfour,  of  Edinburgh,  a  sister  of  J  H. 
Balfour,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Uni- 


138 


BROWNE 


versity  of  Edinburgh,  and  also  connected 
with  Dr.  Hutton,  the  geologist,  whose 
work  on  "  The  Theory  of  the  Earth  "  made 
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  geology.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Dumfries  Academy 
and  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where 
he  obtained  high  distinction  in  Philosophy 
and  in  Literature.  He  was  for  several 
years  President  of  the  Speculative  Society, 
and  at  one  time  intended  to  become  a 
Scotch  advocate.  In  1868  he  began  to 
read  for  the  English  Bar,  and  was  "called" 
to  the  Bar  by  the  Middle  Temple  in  June 
1870.  He  went  the  Midland  Circuit.  In 
1870  he  published  a  work  on  "  The  Medical 
Jurisprudence  of  Insanity."  In  1874, 
having  written  and  published  a  work  on 
the  "Law  of  Carriers,"  he  was  appointed 
Registrar  and  Secretary  to  the  Railway 
Commission,  which  appointment  he  held 
until  1881.  He  published  in  1874  a  work 
on  "The  Law  of  Rating,"  and  afterwards 
several  other  legal  works.  In  1880  he 
published  a  well-known  work  on  the  "  Law 
of  Railways."  In  1896  appeared  his  "Law 
of  Compensation."  He  went  to  the  Par- 
liamentary Bar  in  1874,  and  was  made  a 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1885.  He  has  been 
engaged  for  the  promoters  in  all  the  Bills 
for  the  formation  of  a  Ship  Canal  to  Man- 
chester ;  is,  perhaps,  the  leading  authority 
on  Gas  and  Water  Bills,  and  conducted,  as 
leader,  the  case  of  the  Traders  against  all  the 
Railway  Companies,  in  1889-90,  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  before  the  Board 
of  Trade  in  settling  the  Classification  of 
Articles,  and  the  Schedule  of  Rates,  under 
the  Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1888. 
He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  county 
of  Dumfries,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and 
a  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Kirkcudbright- 
shire. In  1870  and  1871  he  wrote  and 
published  several  works  of  fiction,  which 
were  fairly  popular;  one,  "For  Very 
Life,"  was  published  first  in  the  St.  James's 
Magazine,  and  was  praised  by  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  at  that  time  Mr.  Disraeli ;  another, 
"  Men  were  Deceivers  Ever,"  was  dedicated 
to  Carlyle,  who  was  a  countryman,  almost 
a  townsman,  of  the  author ;  another, 
"  Sir  Edward's  Wife,"  went  through 
several  editions.  In  1874  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Lord  Justice  Lush.  Per- 
manent address :  Goldielea,  near  Dum- 
fries, N.B. 

BROWNE,  General  Sir  Samuel 
James,  G.C.B.,  K.C.S.I..  ».«.,  was  born 
in  1824,  and  entered  the  Bengal  Army  in 
the  46th  Bengal  Native  Infantry,  Dec!  22, 
1840 ;  became  lieutenant,  Oct.  26,  1844 ; 
captain,  Feb.  10,  1855 ;  brevet  major, 
July  20,  1858 ;  major,  Feb.  18,  1861  ; 
brevet  lieut.  -  colonel,  April  26,  1859; 
lieut.  -  colonel,  Dec.  22,  1866 ;  brevet 
colonel,    Nov.    17,    1864 ;     major-general, 


Feb.  6,  1870;  lieut.  -  general,  Oct.  1, 
1877;  general,  Dec.  1,  1888.  Sir  Samuel 
James  Brown  served  throughout  the 
Punjaub  Campaign  of  1848-49,  and  was 
present  at  the  passage  of  the  Chenab,  the 
actions  of  Ramnuggar,  Sadvolapore,  Chil- 
lianwallah,  and  Goojerat  (medal  with  two 
clasps) ;  was  in  command  of  the  Punjaub 
Cavalry  and  Corps  of  Guides ;  served  on 
the  Derajat  and  Peshawur  frontier  from 
1850  to  1869,  including  operations  against 
Oomurzaie  Wuzeerees  in  1851-52;  the 
Bozdar  Belooch  Expedition  in  March  1857; 
the  attacks  on  Narinjee  (Eusofzai  border) 
in  July  and  August  1857  ;  and  in  various 
minor  skirmishes  (medal  with  clasp) ;  was 
in  command  of  the  2nd  Punjaub  Cavalry 
during  the  Indian  Mutiny  Campaign  of 
1858,  including  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Lucknow  (Brevet  of  Major),  actions  of 
Korsee,  Rooyah,  and  Allygunge,  and  cap- 
ture of  Bareilly.  He  commanded  a  field 
force  of  cavalry  and  infantry  in  the  attack 
and  defeat  of  the  enemy  in  their  position 
at  Seerpoorah.  and  capture  of  their  guns 
and  camp  (several  times  mentioned  in 
despatches,  and  thanked  by  the  Com- 
mander -  in  -  Chief,  and  by  Government. 
Brevet  of  Lieut. -Colonel,  C.B.,  Victoria 
Cross,  and  medal  with  clasp).  He  received 
the  V.€.  "for  having,  at  Seerpoorah,  in  an 
engagement  with  the  rebel  forces  under 
Khan  Alie  Khan,  on  Aug.  31,  1858,  whilst 
advancing  upon  the  enemy'sposition  at  day- 
break, pushed  on,  with  one  orderly  sowar, 
upon  a  9-pounder  gun  that  was  command- 
ing one  of  the  approaches  to  the  enemy's 
position,  and  attacked  the  gunners,  thereby 
preventing  them  from  reloading  and  firing 
upon  the  infantry,  who  were  advancing  to 
the  attack.  In  doing  this  a  personal  con- 
flict ensued,  in  which  Major  Browne,  Com- 
mandant of  the  2nd  Punjaub  Cavalry, 
received  a  severe  sword-cut  wound  on  the 
left  knee,  and  shortly  afterwards  another 
sword-cut  wound,  which  severed  the  left 
arm  at  the  shoulder,  not,  however,  before 
he  had  succeeded  in  cutting  down  one  of 
his  assailants.  The  gun  was  eventually 
captured  by  the  infantry,  and  the  gunners 
slain."  In  1876  he  was  made  K.C.S.I., 
and  in  the  Afghan  war  of  1878-79  he 
commanded  the  1st  Division  Peshawur 
Valley  Field  Force  in  the  attack  and  cap- 
ture of  the  Fort  of  Ali  Musjid  ;  the  forcing 
of  the  Khyber  Pass  in  November  1878, 
and  subsequent  operations  till  the  end  of 
the  campaign  (received  the  thanks  of  the 
Government  of  India,  and  of  both  Houses 
of  Parliament,  K.C.B.,  medal  with  clasp). 
He  received  the  honour  of  G.C.B.  in  1891. 
Addresses  :  The  Wood,  Ryde,  I.  W.,  and 
United  Service  Club. 

BROWNE,    Thomas   Alexander, 

Australian  novelist  under  the  pseudonym 


BROWNING  —  BROWNLOW 


139 


of  "  Rolf  Boldrewood,"  was  born  in  London, 
August  6,  182G,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Captain  Sylvester  Browne  and  Eliza  Ansell 
Alexander.  He  was  educated  at  Sydney 
College,  New  South  Wales,  where  he  took 
the  prize  for  English  Composition  in  1842. 
In  early  life  he  was  one  of  the  pioneer 
squatters  in  the  goldfields  of  Victoria,  and 
became  a  Police  Magistrate  and  Warden 
of  the  Goldfields  of  New  South  Wales,  from 
which  post  he  retired  in  1895.  His  first 
novel,  "  Robbery  under  Arms  "  was  an  in- 
stant success  when  published  in  England 
in  1888,  and  has  run  through  scores  of 
editions,  the  last  of  which  has  been  a 
sixpenny  one  in  1898.  His  other  works 
are  :  "  The  Miner's  Right,"  and  "  A.  Colonial 
Reformer,"  1890;  "A  Sydney-Side  Saxon," 
1891 ;  "A  Modern  Buccaneer,"  1894  ;  "  The 
Squatter's  Dream,"  1895  ;  "  Old  Melbourne 
Memories,"  1895;  and  "My  Run  Home," 
'  1897.  Address :  Melbourne  Club,  Mel- 
bourne. 

BROWNING,  Oscar,  M.A.,  Senior 
Fellow  and  Assistant  -  Tutor  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge  University ;  Lecturer 
in  History  and  Principal  of  Cambridge 
University  Day  Training  College,  was  born 
in  Cumberland  Terrace,  Regent's  Park, 
London,  on  Jan.  17,  1837,  being  the 
youngest  son  of  William  Skipton  Brown- 
ing, merchant,  and  Mariana  Margaret 
Bridge,  his  wife.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  College,  and  became  a  Scholar  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1856.  While 
at  the  University  he  was  President  of  the 
Union  Society,  and  took  his  degree  in  1860 
as  fourth  in  the  first  class  of  the  Classical 
Tripos.  He  accepted  a  mastership  at 
Eton  in  May  1860,  and  remained  there  till 
December  1875.  After  a  short  stay  abroad 
he  returned  to  Cambridge,  and  has  since 
that  time  been  chiefly  engaged  in  College 
and  University  work.  He  is  well  acquainted 
with  modern  languages,  and  was  made  Offl- 
cier  d'Acade"mie  by  the  French  Government 
in  1889.  Soon  after  his  return  to  Cam- 
bridge he  became  Secretary  of  the  Teachers' 
Training  Syndicate,  a  post  which  he  still 
holds.  He  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in 
all  movements  for  the  training  of  teachers. 
He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  late  Sir 
John  Seeley,  and  under  his  influence  has 
devoted  himself  at  Cambridge  mainly  to 
the  teaching  of  Political  Science,  and  of 
modern  Political  History.  He  has  always 
taken  an  interest  in  politics,  and  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  "Eighty  Club."  He 
has  stood  for  Parliament  as  a  Home  Ruler 
in  three  general  elections — for  Norwood  in 
1886,  East  Worcestershire  in  1892,  where 
he  fought  a  vigorous  battle  against  Mr. 
Austen  Chamberlain,  and  for  the  West 
Derby  division  of  Liverpool  in  1895.  The 
demands  of  practical  work  have  left  him 


but  little  time  for  continuous  literary 
labour,  but  he  has  published  a  considerable 
number  of  books,  of  which  the  following 
are  the  most  important  :  "  Modern  Eng- 
land," 1879;  "Modern  France,"  1880; 
"  History  of  Educational  Theories,"  1881 ; 
"Political  Memoranda  of  the  Duke  of 
Leeds,"  1884;  "Earl  Gower's  Despatches 
from  Paris,"  1885;  "England  and  Napo- 
leon in  1803,"  1887;  "History  of  Eng- 
land," in  4  vols.,  1890;  "Life  of  George 
Eliot,"  1890;  "Aspect  of  Education," 
1888.  He  .also  contributed  articles  on 
"  Dante  "  and  "Goethe  "  to  the  last  edition 
of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  which 
have  since  been  republished.  He  has 
written  a  good  deal  for  the  Edinburgh, 
Quarterly,  Fortnightly,  and  other  Reviews, 
and  has  collected  some  of  these  articles  in 
a  volume  entitled  "The  Flight  to  Var- 
ennes,  and  other  Historical  Essays,"  1892. 
He  has  also  published  a  "  Life  of  Barto- 
lommeo  Colleoni,"  1891;  "The  Citizen, 
his  Rights  and  Responsibilities,"  being  a 
handbook  of  practical  politics,  1893 ; 
"Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,"  1894;  "The 
Age  of  the  Condottieri,"  1895 ;  forming 
together  a  short  history  of  mediaeval  Italy  ; 
"The  Journal  of  Admiral  Sir  George 
Rooke,"  1897 ;  and  a  "  Life  of  Peter  the 
Great,"  1898.  He  was  an  early  member  of 
the  Alpine  Club,  and  made  a  journey  from 
Cambridge  to  Venice  by  way  of  Carinthia 
on  a  tricycle  in  1882,  being  the  first  to 
cross  the  Alps  on  that  kind  of  machine. 
Permanent  addresses :  King's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  88  St.  James'  Street,  London, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BEOWNLOW,  Earl,  The  Bight 
Hon.  Adelbert  Wellington  Brownlow 

Oust,  was  born  in  London  in  1844,  and 
succeeded  his  brother  as  3rd  Earl  in  1867. 
After  serving  in  the  Grenadier  Guards  from 
1863  to  1866,  he  represented  North  Shrop- 
shire in  the  House  of  Commons  during  the 
following  year,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
Upper  House.  Appointed  Parliamentary 
Secretary  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
in  1885,  he  became  Paymaster-General  in 
1887,  and  two  years  later  was  made  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  War,  filling  this  last- 
mentioned  office  until  1892.  Lord  Brown- 
low  is  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Lincolnshire,  an 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioner  for  England, 
was  appointed  a  Trustee  of  the  National 
Gallery  in  1897,  and  in  the  same  year  became 
an  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen.  He  was  married 
in  1868  to  Adelaide,  daughter  of  the  18th 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury  and  Talbot.  Addresses  : 
8  Carlton  House  Terrace,  S.W.  ;  and  Ash- 
ridge  Park,  Berkhampstead,  Herts. 

BROWNLOW,  The  Right  Bev. 
William  Robert,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Clifton,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 


140 


BRUANT  —  BRUCE 


Rev.  William  Brownlow,  Eector  of  Wilms- 
low,  Cheshire,  and  Frances,  only  daughter 
of  E.  J.  Chambers,  Esq.,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Sir  Robert  Chambers,  Chief 
Justice  of  Bengal,  and  an  intimate  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  Bishop  Brownlow  was 
born  July  4,  1830,  and  educated  at  Rugby 
under  Dr.  Tait,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  mathematical 
honours  in  1852.  He  became  a  minister 
of  the  Established  Church,  and  from  1853 
to  1863  held  curacies  at  Great  Wyrley,  St. 
Bartholomew's,  Cripplegate,  Tetbury,  and 
St.  John's,  Torquay.  In  1863  he  was 
received  into  the  Catholic  Church  by  Dr. 
Newman  at  the  Oratory,  Birmingham,  and 
made  his  studies  for  the  priesthood  at  the 
English  College,  Rome,  where  he  was 
ordained  by  Cardinal  Patrizi  in  1866. 
Returning  to  England,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  charge  of  the  Mission  and  Dominican 
Convent  at  St.  Mary  Church  near  Torquay, 
where  he  remained  from  1867  until  1888. 
In  1878  he  was  appointed  a  Canon  of  Ply- 
mouth Cathedral,  and  Diocesan  Inspector 
of  Schools.  In  1888  the  Bishop  of  Ply- 
mouth appointed  him  his  Vicar-General, 
and  Administrator  of  the  Cathedral  Mis- 
sion. In  1893  Pope  Leo  XIII.  appointed 
him  one  of  his  Domestic  Prelates  ;  and  by 
Brief,  dated  March  20,  1894,  he  was  made 
Bishop  of  Clifton,  in  succession  to  the 
Hon.  and  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Clifford,  who  had 
died  in  the  preceding  year.  Mgr.  Brown- 
low was  consecrated  in  the  Pro-Cathedral, 
Clifton,  on  May  1,  1894,  by  Cardinal 
Vaughan.  While  at  Tetbury,  Mr.  Brown- 
low delivered  and  published  a  course  of 
lectures  on  the  History  of  the  Church ; 
he  translated  and  edited  the  "Cur  Deus 
Homo "  of  St.  Anselm,  and  published  a 
Memoir  of  his  only  sister.  Since  1863  he 
has  published  several  controversial  pam- 
phlets, "How  and  why  I  became  a 
Catholic,"  a  first  and  second  "  Letter  to 
Anglican  Friends  who  frequent  St.  John's, 
Torquay,"  five  "  Lectures  on  English 
Church  History  "  for  the  magic  lantern  ; 
a  series  of  Dialogues  between  Catholics 
and  Non-conformists,  and  "Episcopal 
Jurisdiction  in  Bristol,"  in  reply  to  Dr. 
Browne,  the  new  Bishop  of  Bristol. 
Bishop  Brownlow  has  also  written  a 
"Memoir  of  Sir  James  Marshall,  late  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Gold  Coast,"  and  a 
"Life  of  Mother  Rose  Columba  Adams," 
Foundress  of  the  Dominican  Convent  at 
North  Adelaide,  formerly  Prioress  at  St. 
Mary  Church.  In  partnership  with  Dr. 
Northcote  he  assisted  in  the  publication 
of  the  English  "  Roma  Sotterranea,"  which 
embodied  in  1869  the  principal  results  of 
the  researches  of  the  great  Roman  archae- 
ologist Commendatore  De  Rossi,  and  ten 
years  later  the  further  discoveries  of  the 
same  eminent  authority  in  a  second  edi- 


tion in  2  vols.,  published  by  Longmans 
in  1879.  They  also  edited  the  late  Mr. 
William  Palmer's  "Early  Christian  Sym- 
bolism," illustrated  with  hand-painted 
plates,  and  published  by  Kegan  Paul  and 
Company.  Mgr.  Brownlow  frequently 
lectured  on  the  Catacombs  before  the 
Torquay  Natural  History  Society,  and 
gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  ,rSlavery  and 
Serfdom  in  Europe,"  which  were  after- 
wards published.  He  also  read  papers 
before  the  Devonshire  Association  on  St. 
Boniface,  St.  Willibald,  and  his  Brother 
and  Sister,  on  Bishop  Grandisson,  on  St. 
Mary  Church  in  mediaeval  times,  and  on 
mediaeval  clerical  and  social  life  in  Devon. 
Address :  Bishop's  House,  Park  Place, 
Clifton,  Bristol. 

BRUANT,  Aristide,  French  popular 
singer,  was  born  at  Courtenay,  Loiret, 
May  6,  1851,  of  middle-class  parents,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Lycfe  of  Sens.  In 
1870  he  formed  one  of  a  band  of  free- 
lances that  opposed  the  invading  Germans. 
After  the  war  he  came  to  Paris,  and 
entered  the  service  of  the  Northern  Rail- 
way Company.  He  then  began  to  spend 
his  leisure  time  in  singing  and  composing 
songs.  At  last  he  became  a  public  singer, 
first  at  the  Epoque  and  then  at  the  Smla, 
singing  the  songs  he  himself  had  composed 
and  written.  Later  he  would  only  sing  at 
cafe's  and  clubs,  such  as  the  Chat  Noir, 
and  then  opened  a  cafe  of  his  own  in  the 
Boulevard  Rochechouart,  called  the  Mir- 
litem.  He  was  proposed  for  the  "  Socie'te' 
des  Gens  de  Lettres,"  by  Francois  Coppe'e 
(q.  v.),  and  Oscar  Me'te'nier  has  written  his 
biography.  His  best  known  songs  are : 
"A  la  Villette,"  "Serrez  vos  rangs,"  "A 
laRoquette,"  "Aupresde  ma  Blonde,"  "A 
Biribi."  He  has  written  "  Sur  la  Rue" 
and  "  Sur  la  Route,"  two  collections  of 
poetic  songs  and  monologues,  and  he  edits 
two  newspapers,  the  Mirliton  and  the 
Lanterne  de  Bruant.  He  was  a  candidate 
for  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  May  1898 
for  the  twentieth  arrondissement  of  Paris. 

BRUCE,  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  of  Arnot,  Kinross,  of  which  county 
he  is  a  Deputy-Lieutenant,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Thomas  Bruce,  Esq.,  of  Arnot,  and 
was  born  in  1837,  and  educated  at  Harrow. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Die  Geschichte  von 
Nala  und  Damayanti,"  a  critical  revision 
of  the  Sanscrit  text,  published  by  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  St.  Petersburg,  1862, 
and  of  other  Sanscrit  and  Vedic  studies. 
He  published  in  1863  a  translation  of 
"  Nala  und  Damayanti "  in  English  verse ; 
in  1865,  "  The  Story  of  Queen  Guinivere, 
and  Other  Poems."  He  was  appointed 
Assistant-Librarian  at  the  British  Museum 
in    1863 ;    Professor    of    Sanscrit,   King's 


BKUCE  —  BRUCE-JOY 


141 


College,  1865  ;  Hector  of  the  Royal  College, 
Mauritius,  1868 ;  Director  of  Public  In- 
struction, Ceylon,  1878  ;  was  President  of 
the  Ceylon  Branch  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society ;  appointed  Colonial  Secretary  of 
Mauritius,  1882 ;  Lieut.-Governor  and 
Government  Secretary  of  British  Guiana, 
1885 ;  and  has  on  several  occasions  ad- 
ministered the  Government  of  Mauritius 
and  British  Guiana.  He  was  appointed 
Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Windward  Islands,  1893.  In  1889  he  was 
made  a  K.C.M.G.  In  1897  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Mauritius,  of  which  he  is  now 
Governor.  He  married  in  1868  Clara, 
daughter  of  J.  Lucas.  Addresses  :  Arnot 
Tower,  Leslie,  Scotland  ;  and  Le  Reduit, 
Mauritius. 

BRUCE,  Hon.  Sir  Gainsford,  KB., 
Q.C.,  D.C.L.,  Justice  of  the  High  Court, 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  Collingwood 
Bruce,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  of  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  by  Charlotte,  daughter  of  T. 
Gainsford  Bruce,  Esq.,  of  Gerrard's  Cross, 
Bucks,  was  born  in  1834,  and  educated  at 
Glasgow  University.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1859,  and 
joined  the  Northern  Circuit  in  the  same 
year.  In  1883  he  became  a  Q.C.,  and  in 
1887  a  Bencher.  He  was  Solicitor-General 
for  the  County  Palatine  of  Durham  from 
1879  to  1886,  Attorney-General  from  1886 
to  1887,  and  Temporal  Chancellor  from 
1887  to  1892,  when  he  was  appointed  a 
Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice 
(Queen's  Bench  Division),  and  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  for  fifteen 
years  Recorder  of  Bradford.  In  April  1880 
he  unsuccessfully  contested  Gateshead, 
and  afterwards  stood  for  three  northern 
constituencies  without  being  returned,  but 
in  November  1888  he  was  elected  for  the 
Holborn  Division  of  Finsbury,  and  sat  till 
July  1892  as  a  Conservative.  He  is  part- 
author  of  "  Williams  and  Bruce's  Admiralty 
Practice"  and  of  "Maude  and  Pollock  on 
Shipping."  In  1868  he  married  Sophia, 
daughter  of  Francis  Jackson,  Esq.,  of 
Chertsey.  Addresses  :  Yewhurst,  Bromley, 
Kent ;  Gainslaw  House,  near  Berwick- 
upon-Tweed  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BRUCE- JOY,  Albert,  R.H.A.,F.R.G.S., 

sculptor,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Aug.  21, 
1842,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Dr.  W. 
Bruce-Joy.  He  was  sent,  at  the  age  of 
nine,  to  Dr.  Becker's  school  at  Offenbach, 
near  Frankfort,  and  continued  his  educa- 
tion in  Paris  under  a  private  tutor,  and  at 
King's  College,  London.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  went  to  the  South  Kensington 
Schools  of  Art,  and  in  1862  became  a  pupil, 
for  four  years,  of  Foley.  In  1863  he  entered 
the  Royal  Academy  Schools,  and  in  1866 
went  to  Rome  and  studied  art  for  three 


years.     In   1866  he  first  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  since  which  date  he  has 
been  a  large  and  constant  contributor  to 
its  exhibitions.     At  the   Paris  Exhibition 
of   1878   he  was  voted  one  of   the    three 
medals    awarded    to    Great     Britain    for 
sculpture,  sharing  this  signal  honour  with 
Leighton  and  Boehm.     At  the  Paris  Salon 
of  1896  the  only  award  made  to  busts  by 
sculptors  of  all  nationalities  was  made  to 
Mr.  Bruce-Joy.     In  1885,  at  the  Antwerp 
Exhibition,  he   represented  Great  Britain 
on  the  International   Jury  for  Fine  Arts. 
As   a   sculptor   he    has    chiefly   produced 
colossal   statues.     Of  these  the  principal 
are  a  statue  of  Mr.  John  Laird,  the  Harvey 
Tercentenary  Statue   at   Folkestone  ;   the 
Graves   Statue   at   the    Royal   College   of 
Physicians,    Dublin ;    the   statue  of   Lord 
Chief-Justice   Whiteside   in    St.    Patrick's 
Cathedral,  Dublin  ;  that  of  Mr.  Gladstone 
in  front    of    Bow  Church,   London ;    that 
of   Mr.   John   Bright   in   the  Art   Gallery 
at  Birmingham  ;   and   that   of    the   same 
statesman  in  the  Town  Hall  Square,  Man- 
chester ;    that  of  Oliver  Heywood  in  the 
same    square ;    that    of    Lord    Frederick 
Cavendish  at  Barrow-in-Furness.     He  has 
also  executed  memorials  of  Admiral  Sir  E. 
Codrington  (of  Navarino)  in  St.  Paul's  ;  of 
Dean  Daunt  in  Dublin  ;  and  of  Mr.  Pratt 
in  Harrow  School  Chapel ;  besides  many 
busts  in  marble  and  terra-cotta  of  cele- 
brities past  and  present.    Of  these  especial 
mention    should    be    made    of    the    bust 
of    "Lord    Farnborough,"   in   the   House 
of  Commons;   the  "Berkeley"  Statue   in 
Cloyne    Cathedral  ;     the    "  Montgomery " 
Memorial  in  the  India  Office,  and  monu- 
ment in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  the  bust  of 
Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  Walker  Art  Gallery, 
Liverpool ;  and  that  of  Sir  Edward  Harland 
in  Belfast  Harbour  ;  the  city's  bust  of  Lord 
Salisbury  in  the  Mansion   House ;    Arch- 
bishop  Benson's    bust  ;    Lord  Cairns's,  in 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  the  "Astronomer  Adams" 
monument  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
also  is  his   bust  of   "  Matthew  Arnold "  ; 
the  "Adams"  memorial  bust,  St.  John's 
College,    Cambridge;    the    "Archdeacon 
Hannah  "  bust,  in  Brighton  Pavilion  ;  the 
bust  of  "Robert  M'Donnell"  (late  Presi- 
dent),   in     Royal    College     of     Surgeons, 
Dublin;     the      "Whitley"     statue,      St. 
George's  Hall,   Liverpool ;    in  which  city 
also  are  his  statues  of  "  Alexander  Balfour  " 
and    "Christopher   Bushell";    the    Mark 
Firth    memorial    bust    in   Firth   College, 
Sheffield  ;  and  that  of  "  Colonel  Akroyd," 
in    Halifax    Museum,    and    "  Davies "    in 
Peel  Park   Museum,  Manchester.     Among 
American  subjects  we  note   his   busts  of 
Miss  IMary  Anderson  ;    the   Hon.   Colonel 
Loudon-Snowden     (late     Ambassador     to 
Spain)  ;  George  W.  Childs,  of  Philadelphia 
Ledger;  the   Hon.   Chauneey  Depew,  the 


142 


BKUCH  — BKUNNER 


property  of  the  Lotos  Club,  New  York  ; 
and  a  monument  in  Lowell.  Among  his 
ideal  subjects,  mention  should  be  made  of 
"The  Young  Apollo,"  "The  Forsaken," 
"The  Pets,"  "Moses  and  the  Brazen 
Serpent,"  "The  First  Flight,"  and 
among  his  many  medallion  portraits  of 
the  late  Duke  of  Albany  and  Sir  Humphry 
Davy.  This  list  is  long,  but  it  represents 
only  a  selection  from  over  one  hundred  and 
fifty  things  in  his  catalogue.  English  ad- 
dresses :  The  Studio,  Beaumont  Road,  West 
Kensington,  &c. ;  and  Athenseum. 

BRTJCH,  Max,  musical  composer,  was 
born  at  Cologne,  Jan.  6,  1838,  and  received 
his  first  musical  instruction  from  his 
mother  (nie  Almenriider),  who  was  a  highly 
esteemed  teacher  of  music,  and  who  often 
in  her  young  days  sang  at  the  Rhenish 
musical  festivals.  At  the  age  of  eleven 
Bruch  attempted  compositions  on  a  large 
scale,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  had 
already  brought  out  a  symphony  at 
Cologne.  From  1853  to  1857  he  held  the 
Mozart  scholarship  at  Frankfort  o/M.,  and 
in  that  capacity  he  was  a  special  pupil  of 
Ferdinand  Hiller  (then  Conductor  of  the 
Cologne  concerts,  and  Director  of  the 
Cologne  Conservatorium)  in  the  theory  of 
music  and  composition ;  and  of  Karl 
Reinecke  (till  1854),  and  of  Ferdinand 
Breunnung  in  playing  the  piano.  After  a 
short  stay  in  Leipzig,  he  resided  from 
1858  to  1861  as  musical  teacher  at  Cologne, 
and  was  assiduous  in  composing.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1861,  he  set  out  on 
an  extensive  tour  of  study,  which,  after 
brief  stays  at  Berlin,  Leipzig,  Vienna, 
Dresden,  and  Munich,  ended  at  Mannheim, 
where  his  opera  "  Lorelei  "  (after  the  text 
written  by  Geibel  for  Mendelssohn)  was 
produced  in  1863.  At  Mannheim,  also, 
between  1862  and  1864  he  wrote  the 
chorus-works,  "  Frithjof,"  "Romischer 
Triumphgesang."  "  Gesang  der  heiligen 
drei  Konige,"  and  "  Flucht  der  heiligen 
Familie."  In  1864-65  he  was  again  on  his 
travels,  visiting  Hamburg,  Hanover,  Dres- 
den, Breslau,  Munich,  Brussels,  and  Paris. 
Then  he  brought  out  his  "Frithjof"  with 
success  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Leipzig,  and 
Vienna.  From  1865  to  1867  he  was  musical 
director  at  Coblentz,  and  from  1867  to 
1870  Director  of  the  Court  Orchestra  at 
Sondershausen.  At  Coblentz  he  wrote 
among  other  things,  his  well-known  First 
Concerto  for  the  Violin,  and  at  Sonders- 
hausen two  symphonies  and  portions  of  a 
Mass.  The  opera  "  Hermione,"  which  was 
produced  in  1872  in  Berlin,  where  Bruch 
resided  from  1871  to  1873,  had  only  a 
succes  d'estime.  The  choral  work,  or 
secular  cantata,  "  Odysseus,"  likewise 
belongs  to  the  period  of  the  composer's 
residence  at  Berlin.     After  he  had  been 


five  years  (1873-78)  at  Bonn,  devoting  his 
time  exclusively  to  composing  "  Arrninius," 
"The  Lay  of  the  Bell,"  and  his  Second 
Concerto  for  the  Violin,  and  after  he  had 
paid  two  visits  to  this  country  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  some  of  his  works, 
he  became  in  1878,  on  the  resignation  of 
Stockhausen,  Director  of  Stern's  Singing 
Academy  at  Berlin  ;  and  in  1880  he  was 
nominated  to  succeed  Sir  Julius  Benedict 
as  Director  of  the  Philharmonic  Society  at 
Liverpool.  In  1881  he  married  the  vocalist, 
Miss  Tuczek,  of  Berlin. 

BRTJNET-DESBAINES,  Louis 
Alfred,  French  painter  and  engraver,  is 
the  son  of  a  distinguished  architect,  and 
was  born  at  Havre  on  Nov.  5,  1845.  He 
followed  the  artistic  courses  of  M.  Pils  and 
M.  Lalaune,  and  then  devoted  himself  to 
painting.  Among  his  works  are  many 
architectural  paintings,  some  water-colours, 
and  copies  of  the  great  masters,  including 
Constable,  Corot,  and  Turner.  Among  his 
best  known  engravings  are  "Nine  Aquatint 
Engravings,  after  Turner,"  1877  ;  "  Daphnis 
and  ChloeV' after  Fran cais;  "Chill October," 
after  Millais,  1884  ;  ' '  Parting  Days,"  after 
Leader,  1887.  M.  Brunet-Desbaines  gained 
a  medal  of  the  first  class  in  1886,  and  a 
gold  medal  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1889. 
He  is  chiefly  noted  for  his  etchings  of 
architectural  and  natural  beauties,  few 
great  illustrated  works  appearing  without 
one  of  his  masterpieces. 

BRTJNETIERE,  Ferdinand,  French 
author,  was  born  at  Toulon,  July  19,  1849, 
and  educated  at  the  Lyc^e  Louis-le-Grand. 
On  failing  for  the  Ecole  Normale,  he 
turned  to  literature,  and  in  1875  won 
distinction  by  a  criticism  on  Wallon's 
"Saint  Louis  et  son  Temps,"  in  the  Revue 
Blcuc.  He  then  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  of  which  he  became 
secretary,  and  finally  chief  editor,  the  post 
he  now  holds.  In  1886  he  was  Professor 
of  French  Literature  at  the  Ecole  Normale, 
and  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1887.  His  chief  works  are, 
"  Etudes  critiques  sur  l'histoire  de  la  Langue 
Francaise,"  1880,  which  was  crowned  by 
the  French  Academy  ;  "  Nouvelles  etudes 
critiques,"  1882  ;  "  Le  Roman  naturaliste," 
1883;  "l'Evolution  des  genres  de  Litera- 
ture," 1890,  in  which  he  applied  the 
Darwinian  theory  to  literature.  His  Essays 
have  been  translated  by  Mr.  D.  N.  Smith, 
and  were  published  in  1898. 

BETONEB,  Sir  John  Tomlinson, 

Bart.,  M.P.,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Brunner  of  Zurich,  who  eventually  became 
a  schoolmaster  at  Everton,  Liverpool,  was 
born  at  Everton  in  1842,  and  was  educated 
at  his  father's  school.     Entering  business 


BRUNTON  —  BRYAN 


143 


at  Liverpool  in  1857,  he  eventually,  assisted 
by  the  well-known  chemist  Ludwig  Mond, 
F.RS.  iq.v.),  established  the  Winnington 
Alkali  Works  at  Northwich,  which  are 
now  the  largest  of  their  kind  in  the  world. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Univer- 
sity College,  Liverpool ;  and  he  has  been  a 
considerable  benefactor  to  both  that  insti- 
tution, and  to  several  schools  and  public 
libraries  as  well.  He  has  presented  North- 
wich with  a  free  library.  Elected  as 
Liberal  member  for  Northwich  in  1885,  he 
represented  that  constituency  until  1886. 
He  was  again  elected  for  the  same  borough 
in  1887,  and  still  holds  the  seat.  Sir 
John  has  published  handbooks  on  Public 
Education  in  Cheshire  in  1890  and  1896. 
Address :  9  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.  ; 
and  Winnington  Old  Hall,  Northwich, 
Cheshire. 

BRTJNTON,  Thomas  Lauder,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  Roxburghshire  in  1844, 
and  educated  at  Edinburgh  University, 
where  he  graduated  M.D.  and  D.Sc, 
obtaining  honours  and  a  gold  medal  for  his 
thesis  "On  Digitalis,"  and  the  Baxter 
Scholarship  in  Natural  Science.  In  1867 
he  made  some  observations  on  the  path- 
ology of  angina  pectoris,  which,  together 
with  the  knowledge  he  possessed  of  the 
physiological  action  of  nitrate  of  amyl,  led 
him  to  the  successful  application  of  the 
drug  to  the  treatment  of  the  disease.  This 
application  affords  one  of  the  earliest  and 
best  marked  instances  of  rational  as  distin 
guished  from  empirical  therapeutics.  After 
spending  about  three  years  in  foreign  travel 
and  study,  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Materia  Medica  at  the  Middlesex  Hospital, 
London,  in  1870,  and  in  the  following  year 
he  was  appointed  to  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  In  1874  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1886  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  commission  to 
report  upon  the  treatment  of  hydrophobia, 
and  went  to  Paris  to  examine  Pasteur's 
system.  In  1889  he  was  deputed  by  the 
Lancet  to  represent  it,  at  the  invitation  of 
the  Nizam's  Government,  on  the  second 
commission  appointed  at  Hyderabad,  to 
investigate  the  action  of  chloroform.  He 
wrote  the  section  on  Digestion,  Secretion, 
and  Animal  Chemistry  in  Sanderson's 
"  Handbook  for  the  Physiological  Labora- 
tory," which  was  the  first  text-book  of 
practical  physiology  published  in  this 
country.  In  conjunction  with  Sir  Joseph 
Fayrer  he  investigated  the  action  of  snake 
poison,  and  discovered  that  life  could  be 
greatly  prolonged,  though  not  ultimately 
saved,  by  the  use  of  artificial  respiration. 
His  work  has  been  chiefly  directed  to 
ascertaining  the  action  of  drugs  with  a 
view  to  their  application  in  disease  ;  and 
he  has  published,  alone  or  in  conjunction 


with  others,  numerous  papers  on  this 
subject,  as  well  as  the  Goulstonian  lectures 
on  "Pharmacology  and  Therapeutics,"  in 
1877  ;  the  Croonian  lectures  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  in  1889  on  "  The 
Connection  between  Chemical  Structure 
and  Physiological  Action  "  ;  and  a  text- 
book in  which  he  has  treated  the  action  of 
drugs  from  a  physiological  point  of  view. 
His  lectures  on  the  "Action  of  Medicines," 
delivered  in  1896,  were  published  in  1897. 
He  delivered  the  Harveian  Oration  before 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  on  Oct. 

18,  1894,  and  the  general  address  for 
England  at  the  twelfth  International 
Medical    Congress    at    Moscow   on    Aug. 

19,  1897.  Address:  10  Stratford  Place, 
W. 

BRYAN,  George  Hartley,  D.Sc, 
F.R.S.,  the  only  son  of  Robert  Purdie 
Bryan,  of  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  was 
born  at  Cambridge  on  March  1,  1864.  He 
was  eddcated  at  Peterhouse  College,  Cam- 
bridge, graduated  in  the  Mathematical 
Tripos  in  1886,  was  Smith's  Prizeman  in 
1888,  and  held  a  Fellowship  at  Peterhouse 
from  1889  to  1895.  He  now  occupies  the 
Chair  of  Pure  and  Applied  Mathematics  in 
the  University  College  of  North  Wales. 
Address  :  Plas  Gwyn,  Bangor,  Carnarvon- 
shire. 

BRYAN,  William  Jennings,  Ameri- 
can political  leader,  was  born  at  Salem, 
Marion  County,  Illinois,  March  19,  1860, 
and  was  educated  at  local  schools,  and 
at  Illinois  College,  where  he  graduated  in 
1881.  He  studied  law  at  Chicago  for  two 
years,  and  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  where  a 
year  later  he  married  Mary  E.  Bard  of 
Perry,  Illinois.  In  1887  they  removed  to 
Lincoln,  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Neb- 
raska, where  his  wife  was  also  a'dmitted 
to  the  Bar,  and  gave  him  efficient  aid  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  became 
widely  known  as  an  orator,  advocating  a 
tariff  for  revenue  only.  In  1890  he  was 
elected  to  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1892,  but  refused  a  third  nomination  in 
1894.  In  Congress  he  actively  supported 
the  Democratic  view  of  the  tariff,  and  be- 
came a  conspicuous  advocate  of  the  free 
coinage  of  silver,  gaining  notice  also  by 
his  readiness  as  a  speaker  and  his  skill 
in  parliamentary  tactics.  In  1896  he  was 
a  member  of  the  National  Democratic  Con- 
vention, and  was  put  in  nomination  as  a 
presidential  candidate  on  July  10,  although 
his  nomination  had  not  been  thought  of  as 
possible  until  the  delivery  by  him  of  an 
oration  before  the  Convention  advocating 
the  free  coinage  of  silver.  At  the  election 
(November  1896)  he  received  176  electoral 
votes,   while   his   opponent   received   271. 


144 


BEYANT 


Mr.  Bryan  has  devoted  his  time  since  that 
election  principally  to  lecturing  and  poli- 
tical agitation. 

BRYANT,  Sophie  (nie  "Willock), 
D.Sc. ,  London,  is  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  W.  A.  Willock,  D.D.,  formerly  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  She  was  born 
in  Dublin,  and  spent  her  childhood  in  the 
northern  county  of  Fermanagh,  where  her 
father  played  a  prominent  part  in  the  Irish 
National  Educational  Movement.  After 
the  family  moved  to  London,  she  gained 
an  Arnott  Scholarship  at  Bedford  College. 
At  nineteen  she  married  Dr.  William  Hicks 
Bryant  of  Plymouth,  and  after  his  death 
— a  year  later — resumed  her  work  as  a 
student,  more  especially  in  mathematics 
and  philosophy,  and  became  Mathematical 
Mistress  in  the  North  London  Collegiate 
School  for  Girls,  under  Miss  Frances  Mary 
Buss,  whom  she  afterwards  succeeded  in 
1895  as  Headmistress  of  the  school.  In 
January  1879,  when  the  University  of 
London  was  first  opened  to  women,  Mrs. 
Bryant  took  the  second  place  in  the 
Matriculation  Examination,  and  in  1881 
graduated  in  Science,  with  Mathematical 
and  Moral  Science  honours.  In  1884  she 
took  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Science  in 
the  Moral  Science  Branch,  being  the  first 
woman  to  take  that  degree.  In  1894,  Mrs. 
Bryant,  with  Lady  Frederick  Cavendish 
and  Mrs.  Henry  Sidgwick,  was  selected 
to  serve  upon  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Secondary  Education.  Besides  contribut- 
ing various  philosophical  and  scientific 
articles  to  Mind,  the  Philosophical  Maga- 
zine, the  International  Journal  of  Ethics, 
the  Contemporary  Review,  the  Journal  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute,  Proceedings  of 
the  Aristotelian  Society,  the  Proceedings  of 
the  London  Mathematical  Society,  Dublin  Uni- 
versity Review,  and  the  Economic  Journal; 
and  educational  articles  to  the  Journal  of 
Education,  the  Educational  Review,  and  the 
Educational  Times,  Mrs.  Bryant  has  pub- 
lished the  following  books  :  "  Educational 
Ends  "  (Longmans,  Green  &  Co.) ;  "Celtic 
Ireland  "  (Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Triibnerand 
Co.);  "Studies  in  Character"  (Swan  Son- 
nenschein  &  Co.);  "The  Teaching  of 
Morality  in  the  Family  and  the  School" 
(Swan  Sonnenschein  &  Co.),  1898;  and 
"  The  Teaching  of  Chiist  on  Life  and 
Conduct"  (Swan  Sonnenschein  &  Co.), 
1898.  Mrs.  Bryant  takes  an  active  part, 
especially  as  a  lecturer  and  speaker,  in 
various  educational,  social,  and  political 
movements,  is  one  of  the  promoters  of  the 
London  School  of  Ethics,  and  is  noted  for 
the  warm  interest  which  she  takes  in  all 
phases  of  the  Irish  question,  and  the  close 
and  continuous  attention  with  which  she 
follows  it.  Address :  North  London  Col- 
legiate School  for  Girls. 


BRYANT,  Thomas,  F.R.C.S.  Eng- 
land  and  Ireland,  M.Ch.R.U.  Ireland,  Con- 
sulting Surgeon  to  Guy's  Hospital,  and 
Surgeon  Extraordinary  to  the  Queen,  was 
the  son  of  the  late  T.  Egerton  Bryant,  a 
medical  practitioner  of  South  London,  and 
Fothergillian  Medallist  and  President  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  London.  He  was 
born  on  May  20,  1828,  and  was  educated 
at  King's  College  School,  and  as  a  medical 
student  at  Guy's  Hospital.  He  became  a 
Member  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  in  1849, 
and  a  Fellow  in  1853,  and  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  College  in 
1880,  and  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  in 
1882.  In  1890  he  was  made  President  of 
the  College,  and  had  the  distinction  of 
being  re-elected  on  two  occasions.  He  has 
also  served  as  Hunterian  and  Bradshaw 
Lecturer  at  the  College,  and  in  1893,  on 
the  centenary  of  John  Hunter's  death,  he 
was  the  Hunterian  orator — an  occasion  on 
which  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke 
of  York  honoured  him  by  their  presence. 
He  is  now  a  Member  of  the  Council  of 
his  College,  and  its  representative  on  the 
General  Medical  Council,  of  which  he  is 
Joint-Treasurer.  As  honorary  degrees,  he 
possesses  the  M.Ch.  of  the  Royal  University 
of  Ireland,  the  M.D.  of  the  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, and  the  F.R.C.S.  of  the  Irish  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  ;  he  is  also  a  Member  of 
the  Surgical  Society  of  Paris.  At  Guy's 
Hospital  Mr.  Bryant  worked  as  a  surgeon 
from  1857  to  1888,  and  for  thirteen  years 
he  lectured  on  surgery  in  the  school ;  he 
is  now  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Hospital. 
He  is  at  present  President  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  and  has 
been  President  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
London,  of  the  Clinical  Society,  the  Hun- 
terian Society,  and  the  Harveian  Society ; 
he  has  also  been  Vice-President  of  the 
Pathological  Society.  As  a  writer  he  has 
done  much  work  ;  in  1863  he  published 
his  "  Lettsonian  Lectures  on  the  Surgical 
Diseases  of  Children  "  ;  in  1872  he  pub- 
lished his  work  on  "  Surgery,"  which  ran 
through  three  editions  in  a  brief  period, 
for  the  fourth  was  issued  in  1884  ;  in  1887 
he  wrote  his  book  on  "  Diseases  of  the 
Breast."  In  the  Guy's  Hospital  Reports  and 
the  Transactions  of  the  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical Society  many  papers  from  his  pen  are 
to  be  found ;  in  the  Cruy's  Reports,  on 
"  Ovariotomy,"  "  Diseases  of  the  Testicle," 
"Hernia,"  "Strictures,"  "Stone  in  the. 
Bladder,"  and  on  "  Operative  Surgery  "  ;  in 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society's  Trans- 
actions, those  on  the  "  Torsion  of  Arteries,"' 
"Torsion  of  the  Testicle,"  "Prolapse  of 
the  Female  Urethra,"  and  "Intussuscep- 
tion due  to  the  Presence  of  a  Villous 
Growth  in  the  Rectum,"  being  the  most 
important.  In  the  Lancet,  he  has,  during 
the  past  few  years,  been  giving  some  in- 


BRYCE  — BUCHAN 


145 


teresting  records  of  his  general  surgical 
experience,  including  a  paper  on  "  Ab- 
dominal Injuries,"  printed  in  1895,  and 
one  on  "Rectal  Surgery"  in  1898.  Ad- 
dresses :  65  Grosvenor  Street,  W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum  Club. 

BRYCE,  Right  Hon.  James,  D.C.L., 
M.P.,    F.R.S.,   the   son  of   James  Bryce, 
LL.D. ,  of  Glasgow,  and  Margaret,  eldest 
daughter  of  James  Young,  Esq.,  of  Abbey- 
ville,    co.    Antrim,    was   born    at   Belfast, 
May  10,  1838,  and  educated  at  the  High 
School  and  University  of  Glasgow,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  (of  which  he  was 
a  scholar),  graduating   B.A.  1862,  with  a 
double   first  class.     He   obtained  various 
University  prizes,  and  proceeded  to  study 
for  a  time  at  Heidelberg.     He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1862,  and 
became   a   barrister  at   Lincoln's   Inn   in 
1867,  practising  for  some  years.     In  1870 
he  was  appointed  Regius  Professor  of  Civil 
Law  in   Oxford  University,  a  post  which 
he  resigned  in  1893,  and  in  1880  was  elected 
Liberal  member  for  the  Tower  Hamlets. 
He   was   Assistant  -  Commissioner  to   the 
Schools  Inquiry  Commission,  1865-66,  and 
in   1894-95  was   Chairman   of   the  Royal 
Commission  on  Secondary  Education.     He 
is  Hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh 
Universities,  Hon.  Doctor  of  the  Univer- 
sities of  Buda  Pesth   and  Michigan;  and 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Institute  of 
France,  and  of   the  Academies  of   Turin 
and   Brussels.      In    1885    he   was   elected 
member   for   South    Aberdeen,   which   he 
now  represents,  and  was  appointed  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Government  in  1886.     He 
was  one   of   the  chief   supporters  of   the 
Home  Rule  Bill,  and  after  the  dissolution 
was  returned  unopposed  for  South  Aber- 
deen in  1886.     In  1892  he  was  appointed 
Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  with 
a  seat  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabinet,  and  in 
1894  succeeded  Mr.  Mundella  as  President 
of  the  Board  of  Trade.    Mr.  Bryce's  literary 
works  are:    "The  Holy  Roman  Empire" 
(1st  edit.,   1864,  12th   edit.,   1895;   trans- 
lated into  German,  1873  ;  do.  into  Italian, 
1886  ;  do.  into  French,  1889) ;  "  The  Trade 
Marks  Registration  Acts,  1875  and  1876, 
with    Introduction     and    Notes,"     1877  ; 
"Transcaucasia  and  Ararat,  a  Narrative 
of  a  Journey  in  Asiatic  Russia   in    the 
Autumn  of  -1876,  with  an  Account  of  the 
Author's  Ascent  of   Mount  Ararat,"  1877 
(3rd  edit.,  1878;  4th  edit.,  1896);   nume- 
rous articles  in  magazines,  mostly  political, 
historical,  or  geographical,  including  de- 
scriptions of  Iceland,  and  of  the  highlands 
of  Hungary  and  Poland  ;  "  Two  Centuries 
of  Irish   History,"  1888,  edited   by   him, 
with    an    Introductory    Chapter  ;     "  The 
American  Commonwealth,"  1888  (2nd  edit., 


1889;  3rd  edit.,  1893);  and  an  important 
work  entitled,  "Impressions  of  South 
Africa,"  1897.  He  has  been  active  on 
various  political  and  social  subjects,  such 
as  the  Abolition  of  University  Tests,  the 
Protection  of  the  Christian  Subjects  of 
the  Sultan  and  the  Extension  of  the  Fron- 
tiers of  Greece,  the  Preservation  of  Com- 
mons and  Open  Spaces,  the  Reform  of 
Endowments,  the  Revision  and  Consolida- 
tion of  the  Statute  Law,  the  Establishment 
of  a  Universal  International  Copyright,  and 
the  Creation  of  a  Teaching  University  in 
London  ;  and  he  has  carried  Acts  for  the 
Reform  of  City  Parochial  Charities  and  for 
the  Amendment  of  the  Law  of  Guardian- 
ship (known  as  the  "Infants  Bill"),  and 
the  International  and  Colonial  Copyright 
Act,  1886.  Mr.  Bryce  married  in  1889 
Elizabeth  Marion,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Ashton,  Esq.,  of  Ford  Bank,  Didsbury, 
near  Manchester,  ex-High  Sheriff  of  Lan- 
cashire. Addresses  :  54  Portland  Place, 
W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

BTJCCLEXJCH,  Duke  of,  William 
Henry  Walter  Montagu  Douglas 
Scott,  K.G.,  K.T.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was  born  in 
London  on  Sept.  9,  1831,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  6th  Duke  in  1884.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  sat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons as  Conservative  member  for  Mid- 
lothian from  1853  to  1868,  and  from  1874 
to  1880.  He  was  Lieut. -Colonel  of  the 
Midlothian  Yeomanry  from  1856  to  1872, 
and  is  now  Lieut.-General  of  the  Royal 
Company  of  Archers  (the  Queen's  Body- 
guard in  Scotland),  and  is  also  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Dumfriesshire.  He  was 
married  in  1859  to  the  third  daughter  of 
the  1st  Duke  of  Abercorn,  and  he  sits 
in  the  House  of  Lords  under  the  title  of 
Earl  of  Doncaster.  Addresses  :  Montagu 
House,  Whitehall,  S.W. ;  Boughton  House, 
Kettering  ;  and  numerous  other  country 
seats. 

BTJCHAN,  Alexander,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
born  at  Kinnesswood,  in  Kinross -shire,  on 
April  11,  1829,  is  the  son  of  Alexander 
Buchan  and  Janet  Hill.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Free  Church  Training  College,  Edin- 
burgh, and  at  the  Edinburgh  University, 
where  he  graduated  as  Master  of  Arts. 
He  was  engaged  as  a  public  teacher  till 
Christmas  1860,  when  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Scottish  Meteorological 
Society.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Handy 
Book  of  Meteorology,"  1867  (2nd  ed.,  1868) ; 
and  "  Introductory  Text  Book  of  Meteor- 
ology," 1871;  the  article  "Meteorology" 
in  the  last  edition  of  the  "Encyclopedia 
Britannica,"  "  Reports  on  Atmospheric 
Circulation  and  Oceanic  Circulation," 
being  two  of  the  reports  of  the  CJiallenger 

K 


146 


BUCHANAN 


Expedition;  besides  numerous  monographs 
in  the  publications  of  the  learned  societies 
at  home  and  abroad,  including  "  The  Mean 
Pressure  and  Prevailing  Winds  of  the 
Globe,"  "Weather  and  Health  of  Lon- 
don," "  Climatology  of  the  British  Isles," 
&c.  He  is  M.A.  Edinburgh  University  ; 
LL.D.  Glasgow  University;  Curator  of 
the  Library  and  Museum  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Edinburgh ;  Member  of  Meteoro- 
logical Council ;  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Sciences  of  Upsala  ;  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Philosophical  Society,  Man- 
chester ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Philosophical  Society,  Glasgow  ;  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  Philosophical 
Society,  Emden  ;  Hon.  Member  of  the 
Meteorological  Societies  of  Austria,  Ger- 
many, Algiers,  Mauritius,  &c.  He  was 
married  to  Sarah,  daughter  of  David 
Ritchie,  Musselburgh,  in  July  1864.  Ad- 
dress :  Heriot  Row,  Edinburgh. 

BUCHANAN,    George    WiUiam, 

was  born  at  Copenhagen  on  Nov.  25,  1854, 
and  is  the  son  of  Sir  Andrew  Buchanan, 
Bart.,  G.C.B.  He  was  educated  at  Wel- 
lington, and  entered  the  Foreign  Office 
as  Attache  in  1875.  He  held  posts  at 
Vienna,  Rome,  and  Tokio,  and  in  1890  he 
acted  as  ChargtS  d' Affaires  at  Berne.  In 
1893  he  was  appointed  to  his  present  post 
of  Charge  d'Affaires  at  Darmstadt  and 
Carlsruhe.  He  married  Lady  Georgiana, 
daughter  of  the  6th  Earl  of  Bathurst,  in 
1885.  Address :  The  British  Legation, 
Darmstadt. 

BUCHANAN,  John  Young,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  the  son  of  John  Buchanan  of 
Dowanhill,  was  born  in  Scotland,  Feb.  20, 
1844,  and  was  educated  at  Glasgow  High 
School ;  at  the  Universities  of  Glasgow, 
Marburg,  Leipzig,  and  Bonn  ;  and  at  the 
Ecole  de  Medicine,  Paris.  He  served  as 
chemist  and  physicist  on  the  Challenger 
Expedition,  and  was  subsequently  Lecturer 
in  Geography  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. He  now  devotes  his  time  to 
chemical  studies  and  investigations.  Ad- 
dress :  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 

BUCHANAN,     Robert    "Williams, 

poet  and  prose  writer,  was  born  at  Cavers- 
wall,  Staffordshire,  on  Aug.  18,  1841,  and 
is  the  only  son  of  Robert  Buchanan, 
socialist,  missionary,  and  journalist,  and 
his  wife,  Margaret  Williams,  of  Stoke- 
upon-Trent.  He  was  educated  at  the 
High  School  and  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
His  first  work,  "  Undertones,"  appeared 
in  1862,  and  was  followed  by  "Idylls  and 
Legends  of  Inverburn,"  in  1863,  and 
"London  Poems,"  in  1866.  Mr.  Buchanan 
edited  "Wayside  Posies,"  and  translated 
the  National  Ballads  of  Denmark  in  1866. 


Then  followed  "  North  Coast  Poems," 
1867;  "The  Bar  of  Orm,"  1869;  "Napo- 
leon Fallen  :  a  Lyrical  Drama,"  1871 ; 
"The  Land  of  Lome;  including  the 
Cruise  of  the  Tern  to  the  Outer  Hebrides," 
1871;  "The  Drama  of  Kings,"  1871;  "The 
Fleshly  School  of  Poetry,"  an  attack  on 
the  poems  of  Mr.  D.  G.  Rossetti  and  Mr. 
Swinburne,  1872;  and  "Master  Spirits," 
1873.  Many  years  ago  his  tragedy  of 
"The  Witchfinder"  was  brought  out  at 
Sadlers  Wells  Theatre  ;  and  a  comedy  by 
him,  in  three  acts,  entitled  "A  Madcap 
Prince,"  was  acted  at  the  Haymarket  in 
August  1874.  He  has  also  contributed  to 
the  stage,  "A  Nine  Days'  Queen,"  in 
which  his  sister-in-law,  Miss  Harriet  Jay, 
the  novelist,  first  appeared  as  an  actress ; 
and  a  dramatic  version  of  her  novel,  "  The 
Queen  of  Connaught."  In  1869  Mr.  Buch- 
anan gave,  in  the  Hanover  Square  Rooms, 
a  series  of  "Readings"  of  selections  from 
his  own  poetical  works.  A  collected 
edition  of  his  poems  was  published  in 
3  vols.,  1874.  Previously  to  that  he  had 
issued  anonymously  two  works  which 
achieved  instant  popularity ;  "  St.  Abe 
and  his  Seven  Wives,"  and  "White  Pose 
and  Red,"  both  humorous  stories  in  verse. 
In  1876  Mr.  Buchanan  published  his  first 
novel,  "The  Shadow  of  the  Sword,"  which 
has  been  since  followed  bv  "A  Child  of 
Nature,"  1879  ;  "  God  and  the  Man,"  1881 ; 
"  The  Martyrdom  of  Madeline,"  1882  ;  and 
several  other  novels  from  time  to  time. 
A  new  volume  of  poems,  entitled  "Ballads 
of  Life,  Love,  and  Humour,"  and  a 
"Selection"  from  his  various  poems,  were 
issued  simultaneously  in  1882.  His  novel, 
"Love  Me  for  Ever,"  appeared  in  1883, 
and  his  comedy,  "  Lady  Clare,"  was 
brought  out  at  the  Globe  Theatre  on  April 
11  in  the  same  year.  "Alone  in  Lon- 
don," a  drama  written  in  conjunction  with 
Miss  Harriet  Jay,  was  produced  at  the 
Olympic,  Nov.  2,  1S85,  and  "Sophia,"  an 
adaptation  of  Fielding's  "  Tom  Jones,"  at 
the  Vaudeville  on  April  12,  1886.  This 
play  had  a  phenomenal  run  of  close  upon 
two  years.  His  play,  "Joseph's  Sweet- 
heart," was  produced  early  in  1888,  and 
ran  for  eighteen  months.  In  the  same 
year  he  published  an  epic  poem,  entitled, 
"  The  City  of  Dream."  In  1890  the  drama, 
"  A  Man's  Shadow,"  was  produced  at  the 
Haymarket.  In  1891  his  works  were, 
"  The  Moment  After,"  "  The  Gifted  Lady  " 
(a  satire  on  Ibsen),  "  The  Coming  Terror," 
a  collection  of  papers  reprinted  from 
newspapers,  and  "  The  Outcast"  ;  and  in 
1892,  "  Come  Live  with  Me  and  be  my 
Love."  Early  in  1893  he  published  "  The 
Wandering  Jew,"  a  poem  which  led  to 
long  correspondence  in  the  Daily  Chronicle. 
In  1894  his  play,  "  Dick  Sheridan,"  was 
produced  at    the    Comedy  Theatre,  and 


BUCHHEIM  — BUCK 


147 


shortly  afterwards  ,:The  Charlatan"  at 
the  Haymarket.  Mr.  Buchanan's  more 
recent  contributions  to  literature  have  been 
"The  Devil's  Case"  (a  work  which  pro- 
voked much  controversy),  the  "  Ballad  of 
Mary  the  Mother,"  and  a  prose  story,  the 
"  Bev.  Annabel  Lee."  A  complete  edition 
of  his  poetical  works,  in  1  vol.,  was 
published  by  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus 
in  1885.  Address :  36  Gerrard  Street, 
Shaftesbury  Avenue,  W. 

BUCHHEIM,  Charles  Adolphus, 
Phil.  Doc.  (Eostock),  F.C. P.,  was  born  in 
Moravia,  Jan.  22,  1828.  After  having  com- 
pleted his  academical  studies,  including  a 
course  of  Padatjoijik  at  the  University  of 
Vienna,  he  devoted  himself,  botli  at  that 
town  and  successively  at  Leipzig,  Brussels, 
and  Paris,  to  the  production  of  belletristic 
and  historical  works,  which  occupation  he 
continued  for  some  time  after  his  arrival 
in  1852  in  this  country.  He  also  translated 
some  of  Dickens'  works  into  German,  and 
towards  the  end  of  the  fifties  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  teaching  profession  and  to 
the  production  of  educational  works  (in- 
cluding an  annotated  edition  of  Schiller's 
"  Wallenstein"),  which  were  most  favour- 
ably received.  His  popularity"  in  this 
country  and  in  America  is  based  on  his 
annotated  editions  of  German  classics, 
issued  at  the  Clarendon  Press.  In  the 
thirteen  volumes  hitherto  published  Pro- 
fessor Buchheim  has  practically  shown  for 
the  first  time  that  the  works  of  Lessing, 
Goethe,  Schiller,  and  Heine  are  as  worthy 
as  the  ancient  classics  of  a  scholarly  treat- 
ment, and  the  result  is  that  his  editions 
are  largely  used  wherever  German  is 
taught  through  the  medium  of  English, 
and  have  even  been  introduced  into 
German  schools.  Dr.  Buchheim  is  also 
the  editor  of  the  "Deutsche  Lyrik,"  the 
"  Balladen  .und  Bomanzen,"  and  "  Heine's 
Lieder  und  Gedichte,"  in  the  "Golden 
Treasury  Series,"  and  in  1883  he  issued, 
conjointly  with  the  Bev.  Dr.  Wace,  the 
Principal  of  King's  College,  a  volume 
entitled  "First  Principles  of  the  Beforma- 
tion,"  to  which  he  contributed  an  essay  on 
the  "Political  Course  of  the  Eeformation," 
and  a  translation  of  one  of  Luther's 
celebrated  "Beformationsschriften."  In 
1863  Dr.  Buchheim  was  appointed  Professor 
of  the  German  Language  and  Literature 
in  King's  College,  London,  and  later  on  he 
was  elected  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Pre- 
ceptors. He  filled  the  post  of  Examiner 
in  German  to  the  University  of  London 
during  three  periods  of  five  years  each, 
and  he  also  acted,  and  still  acts,  as 
examiner  for  various  public  examining 
bodies  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  espe- 
cially so  for  the  Universities  of  Oxford, 
Cambridge,  and  New  Zealand.    In  Decem- 


ber 1897  the  University  of  Oxford  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.A.  He  was  at  one  time  German  tutor 
to  the  children  of  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales.  Address  :  47  Leamington  Boad 
Villas,  W. 

BUCHNEB,  Eriedrich  Karl  Chris- 
tian Ludwig,  M.D.,  a  German  philosopher, 
born  at  Darmstadt,  March  29,  1824,  is  the 
son  of  a  distinguished  physician  in  that 
town.  After  a  preliminary  education,  he 
was  sent  in  1843  to  the  University  of 
Giessen,  where  he  studied  philosophy, 
though  he  subsequently  at  Strasburg  turned 
his  attention  to  medicine,  in  compliance 
with  the  wishes  of  his  family.  He  took 
his  doctor's  degree  at  Giessen  in  1848, 
and  then  continued  his  studies  in  the  uni- 
versities of  Wiirzburg  and  Vienna.  After 
practising  medicine  for  some  time  in  his 
native  place,  he  settled  at  Tubingen  as 
a  private  lecturer,  being  also  appointed 
Assistant  Clinical  Professor.  He  was 
deprived  of  this  position,  however,  by  the 
authorities,  in  consequence  of  the  philo- 
sophical doctrines  propounded  in  his 
famous  book  on  "Force  and  Matter," 
1855.  He  thereupon  returned  to  Darm- 
stadt, and  resumed  practice  as  a  physician. 
In  the  work  referred  to — which  is  entitled 
in  German  "Kraft  und  Stoff"  (1855; 
16th  edit.,  1888),  and  which  has  been 
translated  into  most  European  languages — 
Dr.  Bucbner  explains  the  principles  of  his 
system  of  philosophy,  which  he  contends 
is  in  harmony  with  the  discoveries  of 
modern  science.  He  insists  on  the  eternity 
of  matter,  the  immortality  of  force,  the 
universal  simultaneousness  of  light  and 
life,  and  the  infinity  of  forms  of  being  in 
time  and  space.  Dr.  Biichner  has  further 
explained  his  system  in  "  Nature  and 
Spirit,"  3rd  edit.,  1876;  "Physiological 
Sketches,"  2nd  edit.,  1875;  and  "Nature 
and  Science,"  3rd  edit.,  1874  ;  "  Man,  and 
his  Place  in  Nature,"  3rd  edit.,  1889; 
"The  Intellectual  Life  of  Animals,"  3rd 
edit.,  1880;  "The  Theory  of  Darwin," 
5th  edit.,  1890;  "Light  and  Life,"  1882: 
"The  Future  Life  and  Modern  Science," 
1889,  and  several  other  works.  He  has 
also  contributed  to  periodical  publications 
various  treatises  on  physiology,  pathology, 
and  medical  jurisprudence.  Dr.  Biichner's 
brother  George,  who  was  born  in  1813, 
and  died  in  1837,  was  also  a  doctor  by 
profession,  but  was  distinguished  as  a 
poet.  His  sister  Louise,  who  was  born  in 
1823.  and  died  in  1877,  wrote  novels  and 
poems. 

BUCK,  Dudley,  American  musical 
composer,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut, March  10,  1839.  He  studied  three 
years  at  Leipzig  and  in  Dresden,  and  one 


148 


BUCKLE 


in  Paris,  under  Hauptmann,  Eichter,  Eietz, 
Moscheles,  Plaidy,  and  Schneider.    In  1862 
he  returned  to  America,  and  in  1864  began 
a  series  of  organ  concerts  in  the  principal 
cities   and   towns   of   the   United    States, 
which   were   continued   for    a    period    of 
fifteen  years,  and  which  made  him  widely 
known  to  the  American  public  both  as  a 
performer  and  as  a  composer.    From  Hart- 
ford, where,  since  his  return  from  Europe, 
he  has  been  organist  of  the  North  Congre- 
gational Church,  he  removed  in   1869  to 
Chicago,  to  assume  charge  of  the  music  in 
St.  James's  Church,  but  immediately  after 
the  great  fire  there  in  1871,  where  he  met 
with  severe  losses  (including  unpublished 
compositions),  he  went  back  to  the  East 
and  took  the  musical  direction  of  St.  Paul's 
Church,   Boston,   and   shortly   afterwards 
was  appointed  organist  of  the  Music  Hall 
in   the   same   city.      These    positions    he 
retained    for    three    years,    relinquishing 
them  in  1875  to  become  assistant  conductor 
in  Theodore  Thomas'  (N.Y.)  Central  Park 
Garden  Concerts.     In  the  following  year 
his  cantata,   "The  Centennial  Meditation 
of  Columbia,"  was  performed  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Thomas  by  a  chorus  of 
1000   voices   and   an   orchestra   of   nearly 
200   pieces   at    the    inauguration    of    the 
Centennial    Exhibition    in     Philadelphia. 
Later  in  the  same  year  (1876)  he  became 
organist    of    the    Holy    Trinity    Church, 
Brooklyn,  where  he  still  remains.     Among 
his  numerous  compositions  may  be  men- 
tioned two  "  Motett  Collections,"  a  series 
of   "Studies  in   Pedal  Phrasing,"  several 
groups  of  songs,  a  "  Symphonic  Overture  " 
to  Scott's   "Marmion,"  the   "Forty-sixth 
Psalm,"  and  "  The  Legend  of  Don  Munio," 
a  romantic  cantata  of  which  the   text  is  a 
metrical  version  of  Irving's  "Alhambra." 
The  largest  of  his  works  is  "  The  Light  of 
Asia"  (the  text  from  Sir  Edwin  Arnold's 
poem),   published  in   1885.     In   the   same 
year  he  wrote  "The  Voyage  of  Columbus" 
(a  cantata),  which  was  first  performed  by 
the  Apollo  Club,  a  Brooklyn  Society  of  male 
voices  founded  and  conducted  by  Mr.  Buck. 
His   "  Golden   Legend,"    based   on   Long- 
fellow's poem  of  the  same  title,  received 
the  prize  offered  by  the  Cincinnati  Music 
Festival  Association  for  the  best  composi- 
tion for  solo  voices,  chorus  and  orchestra 
($1000),     Other  of  his  works  are  a  comic 
opera,  "  Deseret,"  produced  in  New  York 
in  1880 ;  "  Illustrations  in  Choir  Accompani- 
ment," 1877  ;   and  a  number  of  literary- 
musico  treatises  on  themes  connected  with 
his  profession.     Among  his  latest  works 
are  two  cantatas  for   church   use,    "The 
Story  of  the  Cross"  and  "The  Triumph 
of  David,"  and  a  "Communion    Service 
in   C,"  in   nine   numbers.      Mr.  Buck   is 
on   the   editorial    staff   of   "The   People's 
Cyclopaedia. " 


BUCKLE,  Vice-Admiral  Claude 
Edward,  was  born  in  February  1839,  and 
entered  the  navy  in  August  1852.  As  a 
cadet  he  served  in  the  Black  Sea  during 
the  Russian  war,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
operations  connected  with  the  embarkation 
of  the  allied  army  at  Varna.  He  joined 
H.M.S.  Valorous  as  midshipman  in  1854, 
and  was  present  in  two  night  attacks  on 
the  sea  front  of  Sebastopol,  and  also  at  the 
capture  of  Kertch  and  Kinburn,  for  which 
he  was  awarded  the  Crimean  and  Turkish 
medals  with  Sebastopol  clasp.  In  1856  he 
proceeded  to  China  in  the  Inflexible,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  destruction  of  the 
Chinese  Fleet  at  Escape  Creek.  Mr.  (now 
Admiral)  Buckle  was  afterwards  attached 
to  a  detachment  which  succeeded  in 
dragging  its  two  field-guns  up  the  wall  of 
Canton.  These  he  brought  into  action  at 
a  very  opportune  moment,  and  for  this 
service  was  mentioned  in  despatches.  As 
a  Lieutenant  in  H.M.S.  Mar/icienne,  he  took 
part  in  the  attack  on  Pei-ho  Forts,  being 
in  command  of  a  gun  and  scaling  ladders, 
was  twice  severely  wounded,  and  again 
mentioned  in  despatches  by  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief. He  received  the  China 
medal  and  three  clasps.  He  was  a  Lieu- 
tenant in  H.M.S.  Hero,  when  she  took 
H.E.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  Canada. 
He  was  promoted  Commander  in  1866, 
and  Captain  in  1877,  and  was  appointed 
A.D.  C.  to  the  Queen,  and  Senior  Naval 
Officer  at  Gibraltar  in  1889.  He  hoisted 
his  flag  as  Rear-Admiral  in  H.M.S.  Howe 
during  1895,  having  been  selected  to  take 
over  the  duties  of  Senior  Officer  on  the 
Coast  of  Ireland.  During  this  command 
he  had  a  narrow  escape  from  drowning. 
In  company  with  a  dockyard  labourer, 
Admiral  Buckle  was  examining  some  large 
subterranean  water  tanks  in  Haulbowline 
Yard,  when  the  man,  who  was  showing  the 
way  by  the  light  of  a  candle,  struck  his 
head  against  a  beam,  and  fell  half -stunned 
into  a  tank.  The  Admiral  promptly 
jumped  in  after  him,  and  with  great 
difficulty  succeeded  in  saving  him,  after 
which  the  Admiral  himself  was  assisted 
out.  He  also  holds  the  Eoyal  Humane 
Society's  medal  for  saving  life  in  Queens- 
town  Harbour.  Vice-Admiral  Buckle  was 
promoted  to  his  present  rank  in  December 
1897. 

BUCKLE,  George  Earle,  the  editor 
of  the  Times,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Eev. 
George  Buckle,  Canon  and  Precentor  of 
Wells,  and  was  born  June  10,  1854,  at 
Twertou  Vicarage,  near  Bath,  and  educated 
at  Honiton  Grammar  School,  1863-65,  and 
Winchester  College,  where  he  was  a  scholar 
on  the  Foundation,  1866-72.  He  was  a 
scholar  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1872-77, 
I  where  he  won  the  Newdigate  Prize  for 


BUCKNILL  —  BULLER 


149 


English  Verse,  1875,  and  gained  a  first 
class  in  Literal  Humaniores,  1876,  and  a 
first  class  in  Modern  History,  1877 ; 
graduating  B.A.  1876,  and  M.A.  1879.  He 
■was  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford, 
1877-85,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1880.  He  entered  the  Times 
office  on  the  editorial  staff  in  1880,  and 
was  appointed  editor  on  Mr.  Chenery's 
death  in  February  1884.  He  married  in 
1885  a  daughter  of  Mr.  James  Payn,  the 
novelist.  Addresses  :  76  Ashley  Gardens, 
S.W.  ;  and  Athensonm. 

BUCKNILL,  Thomas  Townshend, 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  the  second  son  of  Sir  J.  C. 
Bucknill,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1845,  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster  and  at 
Geneva.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1868,  became  a  Q.C.  in 
1885,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
Becorder  of  Exeter.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Bar  Committee,  and  was  elected 
a  Bencher  in  1891.  He  has  sat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  since  1892  as  Conser- 
vative member  for  the  Epsom  Division  of 
Surrey,  and  he  served  as  County  Alderman 
for  Surrey  from  1889  to  1892.  Mr.  Buck- 
nill has  edited  Cunningham's  Reports  and 
Sir  S.  Cook's  Common  Pleas  Reports.  Ad- 
dresses :  Hylands  House,  Epsom  ;  10  King's 
Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.C. ;  andAthenaanm. 

BUCKTON,    George    Bowdler,     of 

Weycombe,  Haslemere,  Surrey,  Fellow  of 
the  Royal,  the  Linnsean,  the  Chemical  and 
Entomological  Societies  of  London,  and  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  France,  was 
born  in  London  on  May  24,  1817.  His 
father,  George  Buckton,  Esq.,  of  Oakrield, 
Hornsey,  Proctor  of  the  Prerogative  Court 
of  Canterbury,  Doctor's  Commons,  came  of 
an  old  Yorkshire  family,  whilst  his  mother 
was  eldest  daughter  of  Eichard  Merricks, 
Esq.,  of  Runcton  House,  Mundham,  Sussex. 
Partial  paralysis,  through  an  accident  in 
very  early  life,  incapacitated  him  for  a 
university  career.  He  studied  under  the 
private  tutorships  of  Rev.  Oliver  Lodge, 
Rector  of  Barking,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Meuse, 
formerly  Headmaster  of  the  Cholmondeley 
School  at  Highgate.  The  early  friendship 
of  Thomas  Bell,  F.R.S.,  led  to  his  intro- 
duction in  1845  to  the  Linnaean  Society,  on 
whose  Council  he  served  for  several  years. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  he  moved  into 
London,  and  joined  as  a  student  the  Royal 
College  of  Chemistry,  under  Professor  A. 
W.  Hofmann,  who  became  his  close  friend. 
Singly  and  in  conjunction  with  him,  he 
published  several  papers  on  organic  che- 
mistry in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
and  Chemical  Societies,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  member  in  1857  and  1852  respec- 
tively, and  on  whose  Councils  he  served, 
enjoying  the  society  of  Bell,  Owen,  Yarrell, 


Forbes,  Sir  J.  Hooker,  E.  Day,  and  West- 
wood,  on  the  physical  side,  of  Brodie, 
Odling,  Frankland,  Abel,  Crookes,  and 
other  chemists.  In  1867  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Philosophical  club  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  was  the  first  in  this 
country,  as  an  amateur,  successfully  to 
grind  astronomical  specula  on  Foucault's 
method  of  silver  on  glass.  In  1865  he 
married  Mary  Ann,  only  daughter  of 
George  Odling,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.,  of  Croy- 
don, and  settled  in  Haslemere,  where 
he  gathered  materials  for  his  monograph, 
in  4  vols.,  of  the  "British  Aphides," 
published  by  the  Bay  Society  in  1876, 
the  coloured  plate  being  lithographed 
,by  himself  from  nature.  In  1890  his 
illustrated  monograph  of  the  "British 
Cicadas"  was  published  by  Macmillan, 
and  followed  in  1895  by  a  monograph  of 
"Eristalis  tenax."  Papers  from  his  pen 
have  appeared  down  to  the  present  time 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  London,  and  in  the  Museum 
Notes  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 
Address  :  Weycombe,  Haslemere. 

BUDGE,  Ernest  A.  Wallis,  Litt.D., 

F.S.A..,  was  educated  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  Assyrian 
Scholar  and  Tyrwhitt  Hebrew  Scholar  of 
his  university.  He  is  now  keeper  of  the 
Egyptian  and  Assyrian  antiquities  in  the 
British  Museum.  Mr.  Budge  is  the  author 
of  numerous  publications,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned:  "Assyrian  Texts," 
1880  ;  "  The  History  of  Esarhaddon,"  1881  ; 
"Babylonian  Life  and  History,"  1884; 
"The  Dwellers  on  the  Nile,"  1885  ;  "Mar- 
tyrdom of  St.  George,"  1888  ;  "  History  of 
Alexander  the  Great,"  1889;  "The  Nile," 
1890;  "Catalogue  of  the  Fitz-William 
Egyptian  Collection,"  1893;  "The  Mum- 
my," 1893;  "Discourses  of  Philoxenus," 
1894;  "Eabban  Hormizd,"  1894;  "St. 
Michael,"  1894;  "Book  of  the  Dead". 
(Papyrus  of  Ani),  1895  ;  "  First  Steps  in 
Egyptian,"  1895;  "An  Egyptian  Reading 
Book  for  Beginners,"  1896;  "Life  and 
Exploits  of  Alexander  the  Great,"  1896 ; 
"Oriental  Wit  and  Wisdom,"  1896,  &c. 
Address  :  10  St.  Lawrence  Road,  W. 

BULGARIA,  Prince  of.  See  Fer- 
dinand. 

BULLEB,  Admiral  Sir  Alexander, 
K.C.B.,  son  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Buller, 
of  Lanreath,  Cornwall,  was  born  in  June 
1834,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1848.  He 
served  as  mate  in  H.M.S.  Royal  Albert  in 
the  Black  Sea  during  the  Crimean  war, 
and  as  Lieutenant  in  H.M.S.  Princess  Royal 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Kertch  and 
Kinburn,  and  in  all  the  operations  before 
Sebastopol.    For  these  services  he  received 


150 


BULLEK 


the  Crimean  and  Turkish  medals.  He 
was  promoted  Commander  in  1863,  and 
Captain  in  1869.  In  the  latter  rank  he 
commanded  the  Naval  Brigade  landed 
for  operations  against  the  Malays  in  the 
Straits  of  Malacca  during  the  Perak  Cam- 
paign of  1875.  He  was  created  a  C.B.  and 
received  the  Perak  Medal  with  clasp. 
Admiral  Buller  was  appointed  Aide-de- 
Campto  the  Queen  in  1884,  and  from  1889 
to  1892  he  filled  the  office  of  Admiral 
Superintendent  of  Malta  dockyard.  He 
proceeded  to  the  China  station  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  1895,  and  owing  to  the 
aggression  of  certain  European  powers, 
the  squadron  under  his  command  was  in- 
creased in  strength,  becoming,  after  the 
Mediterranean  fleet,  the  most  important 
English  force  in  foreign  waters.  He  re- 
linquished the  command  in  January  1888, 
when  he  became  a  full  Admiral.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  in  May  1896,  and  also 
holds  the  Royal  Humane  Society's  medal 
for  assisting  to  save  life  while  a  Lieutenant 
in  H.M.S.  Edgar.  He  married  in  1870 
Emily,  daughter  of  Henry  Tritton,  Esq.,  of 
Beddington,  Surrey.  Address  :  Erie  Hall, 
Plympton,  Devon. 

BTTLLER,  The  Right  Hon.  Lieut.- 
General  Sir  Redvers  Henry,  ©.C, 
G.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  is  the  eldest  surviving 
son  of  the  late  James  Wentworth  Buller, 
M.P.,  of  Downes,  Crediton,  Devonshire, 
and  of  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  late 
Lord  H.  Howard,  and  was  born  in  1839. 
He  entered  the  30th  Rifles  May  23,  1858  ; 
lieutenant,  Dec.  9,  1862  ;  captain,  May  28, 
1870;  major,  April  1,  1874;  lieut. -colonel, 
Nov.  11,  1878;  colonel,  Sept.  27,  1879; 
Major-General,  May  21,  1884.  He  served 
with  the  2nd  Battalion  60th  Rifles  through- 
out the  campaign  of  1860  in  China  (medal 
with  two  clasps);  with  the  1st  Battalion 
on  the  Red  River  Expedition  of  1870 ; 
accompanied  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  to  the 
Gold  Coast  in  September  1873  ;  and  served 
as  D.A.  Adjutant  and  Quartermaster- 
General  and  Head  of  the  Intelligence 
Department  throughout  the  Ashantee  War 
of  1873-74,  including  the  action  of  Essa- 
man,  battle  of  Amoaful,  advanced  guard 
engagement  at  Jarbinbah,  battle  of  Orda- 
hai  (slightly  wounded),  and  capture  of 
Coomassie  (several  times  mentioned  in 
despatches,  brevet  of  Major,  C.B.,  medal 
with  clasp).  He  served  in  the  Kaffir  War 
of  1878-79,  and  commanded  the  Frontier 
Light  Horse  in  the  engagement  of  Taba 
ka  Udoda,  and  in  the  operations  at  Moly- 
neux  Path  and  against  Manyanyoba's 
stronghold  (several  times  mentioned  in 
despatches) ;  also  throughout  the  Zulu 
War  of  1879,  and  commanded  the  cavalry 
in  the  engagements  at  Zeobane  Mountain 
and  Kambula ;   conducted  the  reconnais- 


sance before  Ulundi,  and  was  present  in 
the  engagement  at  Ulundi  (several  times 
mentioned  in  despatches,  thanked  in 
General  Orders,  brevet  of  Lieut. -Colonel, 
Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  Victoria  Cross, 
C.M.G.,  medal  with  clasp).  The  %.€.  was 
given  "for  his  gallant  conduct  at  the 
retreat  at  Inhloband,  on  March  28,  1879, 
in  having  assisted,  while  hotly  pursued  by 
Zulus,  in  rescuing  Captain  C.  DArcy  of 
the  Frontier  Light  Horse,  who  was  retir- 
ing on  foot,  Colonel  Buller  carrying  him 
on  his  horse  until  he  overtook  the  rear- 
guard ;  also  for  having  on  the  same  day, 
and  in  the  same  circumstances,  conveyed 
to  a  place  of  safety  Lieutenant  C.  Everitt 
of  the  Frontier  Light  Horse,  whose  horse 
had  been  killed  under  him.  Later  on, 
Colonel  Buller,  in  the  same  manner,  saved 
a  trooper  of  the  Frontier  Light  Horse, 
whose  horse  was  completely  exhausted, 
and  who  otherwise  would  have  been  killed 
by  the  Zulus,  who  were  within  eighty 
yards  of  him."  Colonel  Buller  served  in 
the  Boer  War  of  1881  as  Chief  of  the  Staff 
to  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  with  the  local  rank 
of  Major-General ;  in  the  Egyptian  War 
of  1882  in  charge  of  the  Intelligence  De- 
partment, and  was  present  in  the  action  at 
Kassassin,  September  9,  and  at  the  battle 
of  Tel-el-Kebir  (mentioned  in  despatches, 
K.C.M.G.,  medal  with  clasp,  third  class  of 
the  Osmanieh,  and  Khedive's  Star) ;  served 
in  the  Soudan  Expedition  under  Sir  Gerald 
Graham  in  1884,  in  command  of  the  1st 
Infantry  Brigade,  and  as  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  expedition,  and  was  present 
in  the  engagement  at  El  Teb  and  Temai 
(twice  mentioned  in  despatches,  promoted 
to  Major-General  for  distinguished  service 
in  the  field,  medal  and  two  clasps) ;  served 
in  the  Soudan  campaign  in  1884-85  as 
Chief  of  the  Staff  to  Lord  Wolseley. 
When  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  was  wounded, 
and  Colonel  Burnaby  had  been  killed,  he 
took  command  of  the  Desert  Column,  and 
withdrew  it  from  Gubat  to  Gakdul  in  the 
face  of  the  enemy,  defeating  them  at  Abu 
Klea  Wells  on  February  16  and  17  (men- 
tioned in  despatches,  K.C.B.,  medal  and 
clasp).  From  1887  to  1890  Sir  Redvers 
Buller  was  Quartermaster-General  of  the 
Army,  and  in  October  of  the  latter  year 
became  Adjutant-General  to  the  Forces  in 
succession  to  Lord  Wolseley.  In  April 
1891  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant-General.  G.C.B.  1894.  He  is 
married  to  Audrey,  daughter  of  the  4th 
Marquis  Townshend,  and  widow  of  the 
Hon.  G.  T.  Howard.  Addresses:  29  Bruton 
Street ;  Downes,  Crediton ;  and  Athenseum. 

B  TILLER,  Sir  Walter  La-wry, 
K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  the  descendant  of  an 
ancient  Cornish  family  and  the  oldest  sur- 
viving son  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Buller, 


BULLOCK  —  BULWEK 


151 


was  born  at  Newark,  in  the  Bay  of  Islands, 
New  Zealand,  on  Oct.  9,  1838.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  Auckland 
College,  and  afterwards  became  a  pupil  of 
William  Swainson,  F.K.S. ,  the  celebrated 
zoologist,  who  had  settled  in  that  colony. 
For  a  continuous  period  of  fifteen  years 
he  held  various  official  appointments,  but 
chiefly  in  connection  with  native  affairs, 
as  he  had  early  acquired  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  Maori  language ;  and  on  eight 
different  occasions  he  received  the  special 
thanks  of  the  Colonial  Government.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  also  contributed  largely 
to  zoological  literature,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Linnean  and  of  various  other 
learned  societies.  From  1855  to  1860  he 
acted  as  Government  Interpreter  and 
Native  Commissioner.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  editor-in-chief  of  The  Maori 
Messenger,  an  English  and  Maori  journal 
published  by  authority.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-four  he  was  appointed  a  Resident 
Magistrate,  and  three  years  later  a  Judge 
of  the  Native  Land  Court.  In  1865  he 
served  as  a  volunteer  on  Sir  George  Grey's 
staff  at  the  taking  of  the  Weraroa  Pa, 
for  which  lie  received  the  New  Zealand 
War  Medal.  On  that  occasion,  declining 
the  protection  of  a  military  escort,  he 
carried  the  Governor's  despatches,  at  night, 
through  forty  miles  of  the  enemy's  coun- 
try, attended  only  by  a  Maori  orderly,  for 
which  gallant  service  he  was  mentioned  in 
despatches.  In  1871  he  visited  England, 
and  two  years  later  published  a  splen- 
didly illustrated  "History  of  the  Birds  of 
New  Zealand."  The  Royal  University  of 
Tubingen  bestowed  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science,  and  he  re- 
ceived several  other  foreign  distinctions. 
In  1874  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple.  In  1875  Her  Majesty,  in 
recognition  of  the  value  of  his  scientific 
work,  created  him  a  C.M.G.  ;  and  in  1876 
he  was  elected  F.R.S.  In  1882  he  pub- 
lished a  "Manual  of  the  Birds  of  New 
Zealand,"  for  the  use  of  students  ;  and  in 
1883  was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
New  Zealand  Exhibition,  "for  Science 
and  Literature."  From  1875  to  1885  in- 
clusive he  practised  his  profession  in  the 
Colony  with  remarkable  success.  In  1886 
he  returned  to  England  as  New  Zealand 
Commissioner  at  the  Colonial  and  Indian 
Exhibition,  and  for  his  services  on  that 
occasion  was  promoted  by  Her  Majesty 
to  the  rank  of  K.C.M.G.  In  1887  he  was 
awarded  the  Galileian  Medal  by  the  Royal 
University  of  Florence  ;  and  in  1888  he 
published  a  new  and  much  enlarged  edition 
of  "  The  Birds  of  New  Zealand  "  (imperial 
quarto).  In  1889  he  was  a  Member  of  the 
Mansion  House  Committee  for  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  and  served  on  the  Executive 
Council  of  that  body.     In  the  following 


year  he  proceeded  to  New  Zealand,  and 
in  1893  returned  to  England  to  represent 
that  Colony  on  the  permanent  governing 
body  of  the  Imperial  Institute,  retaining 
this  position  until  1896.  Sir  Walter  Buller 
holds  the  rank  of  Officier  in  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  He  is  also  "Officier  de  ['In- 
struction Pnblique"  (Gold  Palms  of  the 
Academy),  Knight  first  class  of  the  Order 
of  Francis  Joseph  of  Austria,  Knight  first 
class  of  the  Order  of  Frederick  of  Wur- 
temberg,  and  Knight  first  class  of  the 
Order  of  Merit  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  Ad- 
dress :  The  Terrace,  Wellington,  New 
Zealand. 

BULLOCK,  The  Rev.  Charles,  B.D., 

was  born  in  1829.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
Parish  of  Rotherham,  and  became  Rector 
of  St.  Nicholas,  Worcester,  in  1860.  Re- 
signing this  post  in  1874,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  popular  literature  ;  and  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  in  this  direction  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  B.D.  The  magazines 
edited  by  him  are  The  Fireside  (first  pub- 
lished in  1864),  Home  Words,  which  in  its 
localised  form  is  known  throughout  the 
country,  and  The  Day  of  Days,  for  Sunday 
reading.  In  1876  he  founded  Hand  and 
Heart,  as  a  penny  illustrated  Church  of 
England  Social  and  Temperance  Journal. 
More  recently  he  has  established  "The 
News :  a  National  Journal  and  Review" 
He  is  also  author  of  several  religious  books, 
of  which  we  may  mention  his  "  Memorials 
of  Frances  Ridley  Havergal."  Address  : 
Coomrith,  Eastbourne. 

BULOW,  Bernhard  von,  German 
Foreign  Secretary,  was  born  in  1850,  and 
is  a  son  of  the  Herr  von  Biilow  who  was 
Foreign  Secretary  of  Germany  between 
the  years  1873  and  1879.  In  1873,  after 
entering  the  German  Foreign  Office,  he 
became  successively  Secretary  of  Embassy 
in  Rome,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Vienna. 
During  the  Russo-Turkish  War  he  dis- 
charged the  arduous  duties  of  Charge' 
d'Affaires  at  Athens.  He  was  one  of  the 
Secretaries  of  the  Berlin  Congress,  served 
subsequently  in  diplomatic  capacities  in 
Paris  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Minister  to  Roumania  in  1888. 
In  1893  he  became  Minister  to  Italy.  In 
the  absence  from  his  post  of  Baron  Mar- 
schall  von  Buberstein  in  1897  he  acted  as 
Foreign  Secretary  in  Berlin,  and  succeeded 
to  that  office  on  October  21. 

BTJLWEB,  Sir  Henry  Ernest  Gas- 
coigne,  G.C.M.G.,  was  born  on  Dec.  11, 
1836,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
W.  E.  Lytton  Bulwer  of  Heydon,  Norfolk, 
and  Emily,  daughter  of  the  late  General 
Gascoigne.      He  was  educated  at  Trinity 


152 


BULWEK  —  BURDETT 


College,  Cambridge.  After  serving  as 
private  secretary  to  the  Lieut. -Governor 
of  Prince  Edward's  Island  he  became,  in 
1860,  an  official  Resident  of  the  Ionian 
Islands ;  in  1866,  Receiver-General  and 
Treasurer  of  Trinidad ;  in  1867,  Admini- 
strator of  Dominica ;  and  from  1871  to 
1875,  Governor  of  Labuan,  and  Consul- 
General  at  Borneo.  He  was  then  appointed 
Lieut.-Governor  of  Natal,  which  post  he 
held  until  1880.  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
Governor  of  Natal ;  in  1883  he  was  made 
G.C.M.G.  ;  and  in  1885,  Lord  High  Com- 
missioner of  Cyprus.  He  retired  from  his 
Cyprus  post  in  1892.  Addresses  :  17  South 
Audley  Street,  W. ;  Heydon,  Norwich ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

BULWER,  James  Redfoord,  Q.C., 
J.P.,  Master  in  Lunacy,  was  born  on  May  22, 
1820,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  James 
Bulwer.  He  was  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  Called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1847,  he  was  Recorder  of 
Ipswich  from  1861  to  1866,  and  then  for 
twenty  years  edited  the  Common  Law 
Series  of  the  Law  Reports.  In  1886  he 
was  appointed  Recorder  of  Cambridge. 
He  represented  Ipswich  in  the  Conservative 
interest  in  Parliament  from  1874  to  1880, 
and  Cambridgeshire  from  1881  to  1885. 
Address  :  2  Temple  Gardens,  E.C. 

BUNSEN,  Professor  Robert  Wil- 
helm  Eberhard,  M.D.,  chemist  and  phy- 
sicist, bom  March  13,  1811,  at  Gottingen, 
where  his  father  was  professor  of  Occi- 
dental literature  ;  studied  in  the  university 
the  physical  and  natural  sciences,  and 
completed  his  education  at  Paris,  Berlin, 
and  Vienna.  Having  at  Gottingen  in  1833 
taken  his  degrees  for  teaching  chemistry, 
he  succeeded  Wohler  three  years  later  as 
Professor  of  this  science  in  the  Polytechnic 
Institution  at  Cassel.  In  1838  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Marburg,  became  Titular  Pro- 
fessor in  1841,  then  Director  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Institute.  In  1851  he  passed  to  the 
University  of  Breslau,  and  in  1852  to  the 
University  of  Heidelberg.  Some  years  ago 
Professor  Bunsen  declined  a  call  to  Berlin 
which  he  received  at  the  same  time  as 
Professor  Kirchhoff,  with  whom  he  is  the 
founder  of  stellar  chemistry  (spectrum 
analysis).  He  has  made  many  important 
discoveries,  and  the  charcoal  pile  which 
bears  his  name  is  in  very  extensive  use,  as 
is  the  Bunsen  burner  and  magnesium  light. 
From  the  spectrum  analysis  down  to  the 
simplest  manipulations  of  practical  chemi- 
stry his  numerous  discoveries  have  ren- 
dered the  most  distinguished  services  to 
science.  The  University  of  Leyden  con- 
ferred on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D. 


in  February  1875.  In  July  1877  the  Uni- 
versity  of  Heidelberg  commemorated  the 
twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  Professor  Bun- 
sen's  election  to  the  Chair  of  Experimental 
Chemistry.  In  January  1883  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  eight  Foreign  Associates 
of  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences.  He 
has  written  on  hygrometry  (1830) ;  a  work 
on  gasometry  (1857),  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Sir  H.  E.  Roscoe ; 
and  on  the  analysis  of  ashes  and  mineral 
waters.  In  May  1898  the  Society  of  Arts 
awarded  him  their  Albert  Medal  "in  recog- 
nition of  his  numerous  and  most  valuable 
applications  of  chemistry  and  physics  to 
the  arts  and  to  manufactures." 

BURBTJRY,     Samuel     Hawksley, 

F.R.S.,  born  at  Kenilworth  on  May  18, 
1831,  was  educated  at  Kensington  Gram- 
mar School,  and  afterwards  at  Shrewsbury 
School,  and  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  was  Craven  University 
Scholar  in  1853 ;  fifteenth  Wrangler  and 
second  in  the  Classical  Tripos  and  second 
Chancellor's  Medallist,  1854;  M.A.  1857. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1858,  and 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1890.  He  is  joint  author  (with  Rev.  H.  W. 
Watson)  of  "The  Application  of  Generalised 
Co-ordinates  to  the  Dynamics  of  a  Material 
System,"  1879 ;  "  The  Mathematical  Theory 
of  Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  1885  and 
1889  ;  author  of  a  paper  "  On  the  Second 
Law  of  Thermodynamics  in  Connexion  with 
the  Kinetic  Theory  of  Gases,"  Philosophical 
Magazine,  1876 ;  "  On  a  Theorem  in  the 
Dissipation  of  Energy,"  Philosophical  Maga- 
zine, 1882  ;  and  various  other  papers  on 
mathematical  and  physical  subjects  in  that 
magazine.  He  is  married  to  Alice,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Edward  Taylor,  of  Dodworth 
Hall,  J.P. ,  D.L.  Addresses  :  17  Upper 
Phillimore  Gardens,  Kensington ;  and  1 
New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn. 

BURDETT,  Sir  Henry  Charles, 
K.C.B.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Halford 
R.  Burdett,  of  Northampton,  and  grandson 
of  the  Rev.  D.  J.  Burdett,  rector  of  Gil- 
morton,  Leicestershire,  a  living  which  had 
been  in  the  Burdett  family  almost  uninter- 
ruptedly since  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Mr.  Burdett  was  born  at  Broughton,  Ket- 
tering, on  March  18,  1846,  and  began  his 
active  career  in  the  Midland  Bank,  Bir- 
mingham. In  1 868  he  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary to  the  Queen's  Hospital,  Birmingham, 
and  in  a  very  short  time  succeeded  in 
uniting  the  two  rival  medical  colleges  of 
that  town  under  one  management,  thus 
constituting  the  present  strong  and  useful 
medical  school  of  the  Midlands.  He  was 
for  a  time  Secretary  to  the  Society  for 
exempting  Charities  from  Rating ;  and  was 
also  the  first  to  organise  the  system  of 


BURDETT-COUTTS 


153 


training  nurses  according  to  modern  ideas 
and  methods,  insisting  specially  upon  the 
employment  of  young  women  only.  The 
latter  idea  was  much  criticised  at  the  time, 
and  many  evils  were  predicted  of  its  future 
working.  As  all  the  world  knows,  however, 
its  success  has  been  great  beyond  the  most 
sanguine  expectations.  In  1873  Mr.  Bur- 
dett  became  a  medical  student,  and,  at 
Birmingham  and  Guy's  Hospital,  London, 
went  through  the  whole  curriculum  neces- 
sary for  medical  examination  and  practice. 
A  year  later  he  was  appointed  House  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Dreadnought  Seaman's  Hospi- 
tal, Greenwich,  and  in  six  years  raised  the 
income  of  that  institution  from  £7000  to 
£13,000  a  year.  In  1877  he  established 
the  well-known  paying  hospital  for  the 
middle  and  upper  classes  at  Fitzroy  House, 
Fitzroy  Square,  having  succeeded  in  raising 
no  less  a  sum  than  £26,000  for  that  purpose. 
Perhaps  the  most  permanently  valuable, 
as  it  is  certainly  the  most  interesting,  of 
Mr.  Burdett's  public  services  was  the 
founding  in  1888  of  the  National  Pension 
Fund  for  trained  nurses  and  hospital 
officials.  Among  those  who  have  helped 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Fund,  and 
without  whose  munificent  aid  indeed  it 
would  have  been  impossible  for  Mr.  Bur- 
dett  to  realise  his  benevolent  ideal,  may 
be  mentioned  Lord  Eothschild,  Mr.  J.  S. 
Morgan,  Mr.  H.  Hambro,  and  Mr.  Huchs 
Gibbs,  each  of  whom  gave  £5000  to  form 
a  bonus  fund  for  the  increase  of  pensions. 
Several  other  gentlemen  contributed  vary- 
ing sums,  and  the  Fund  started  with  nearly 
£30,000  in  hand.  The  Princess  of  Wales 
occupies  the  position  of  President  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales  that  of  Patron  to  the 
Fund.  In  every  department  of  hospital 
administration  and  finance  Mr.  Burdett  is 
admittedly  the  chief  authority  in  the  whole 
of  the  British  Empire.  From  1883  to  1897 
he  was  Secretary  of  the  Share  and  Loan 
Department  of  the  London  Stock  Ex- 
change. He  was  created  K.C.B.  in  1897. 
He  is  founder  and  editor  of  The  Hospital, 
and  since  1881  has  published  and  compiled 
the  well-known  "Burdett's  Official  Intelli- 
gence." He  also  annually  publishes  the 
handbook  "  Burdett's  Hospitals  and  Chari- 
ties," and  was  the  author  in  1891  of  the 
standard  work  "The  Hospitals  and  Asy- 
lums of  the  World,"  in  four  thick  volumes, 
together  with  a  portfolio  of  plans.  He 
married  in  1875  Helen,  daughter  of  the 
late  Gay  Shute,  F.R.C.S.  Address:  The 
Lodge,  Porchester  Square,  W. 

BURDETT  -  COUTTS,      Baroness, 
Angela  G-eorgina  Burdett -Coutts,  is 

the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
Francis  Burdett,  Baronet,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Mr.  Thomas  Coutts,  the 
banker,  and  was  born  on  April  26,  1814. 


In  1837  she  succeeded  to  the  great  wealth 
of  Mr.  Coutts,  through  his  widow,  once  the 
fascinating  Miss  Mellon,  who  died  Duchess 
of  St.  Albans.  The  extensive  power  of 
benefiting  her  less  fortunate  fellow- 
creatures  thus  conferred,  the  Baroness 
Burdett-Coutts  has  wisely  exercised, 
chiefly  by  working  out  her  own  well-con- 
sidered projects.  A  consistently  liberal 
churchwoman  in  purse  and  opinions,  her 
munificence  to  the  Establishment  is  his- 
torical. Besides  contributing  large  sums 
towards  building  new  churches  and  new 
schools  in  various  poor  districts  through- 
out the  country,  Miss  Coutts  erected  and 
endowed  at  her  sole  cost  the  handsome 
church  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster,  with 
its  three  schools  and  parsonage  ;  and  more 
recently,  another  church  at  Carlisle.  She 
endowed,  at  an  outlay  of  £50,000,  the 
three  colonial  bishoprics  of  Adelaide,  Cape 
Town,  and  British  Columbia ;  besides 
founding  an  establishment  in  South  Aus- 
tralia for  the  improvement  of  the  abori- 
gines. She  also  supplied  the  funds  for 
Sir  Henry  James's  Topographical  Survey 
of  Jerusalem  ;  and  offered  to  restore  the 
ancient  aqueducts  of  Solomon  to  supply 
that  city  with  water — a  work,  however, 
which  the  Government  did  not  fulfil.  In 
no  direction  are  the  Baroness's  sympathies 
so  fully  expressed  as  in  favour  of  the  poor 
and  unfortunate  of  her  own  sex.  Her  ex- 
ertions in  the  cause  of  reformation,  as  well 
as  in  that  of  education,  have  been  nume- 
rous and  successful.  For  young  women 
who  had  lapsed  out  of  well-doing  she  pro- 
vided a  shelter  and  a  means  of  reform  in 
a  "Home"  at  Shepherd's  Bush.  Nearly 
half  the  cases  which  passed  through  her 
reformatory  during  the  seven  years  it 
existed  resulted  in  new  and  prosperous 
lives  in  the  Colonies.  Again,  when  Spital- 
fields  became  a  mass  of  destitution,  Miss 
Coutts  began  a  sewing-school  there  for 
adult  women,  not  only  to  be  taught,  but 
to  be  fed  and  provided  with  work  ;  for 
which  object  Government  contracts  are 
undertaken  and  successfully  executed. 
Nurses  were  sent  daily  from  this  unpre- 
tending charity  in  Brown's  Lane,  Spital- 
fields,  amongst  the  sick,  who  were  pro- 
vided with  medical  comforts  ;  while  outfits 
were  distributed  to  poor  servants,  and 
clothing  to  deserving  women.  In  1859 
hundreds  of  destitute  boys  were  fitted  out 
for  the  Royal  Navy,  or  placed  in  various 
industrial  homes.  In  the  terrible  winter 
of  1861  the  frozen-out  tanners  of  Ber- 
mondsey  were  aided,  and  at  the  same  time 
she  suggested  the  formation  of  the  East 
London  Weavers'  Aid  Association,  by 
whose  assistance  many  of  the  sufferers 
from  decaying  trade  were  able  to  remove 
to  Queensland.  One  of  the  black  spots 
of   London  in   that  neighbourhood,  once 


154 


BURGESS 


known  to,  and  dreaded  by,  the  police  as 
Nova  Scotia  Gardens,  was  bought  by  Miss 
Coutts,  and  upon  that  area  of  squalor  and 
refuse  she  erected  the  model  dwellings 
called  Columbia  Square,  consisting  of 
separate  tenements  let  at  low  weekly 
rentals  to  about  two  hundred  families. 
Close  to  it  is  Columbia  Market,  one  of  the 
handsomest  architectural  ornaments  of 
North-Eastern  London.  The  Baroness 
takes  great  interest  in  judicious  emigra- 
tion. When  a  sharp  cry  of  distress  arose 
some  years  ago  in  the  town  of  Girvan,  in 
Scotland,  she  advanced  a  large  sum  to 
enable  the  starving  families  to  seek  better 
fortune  in  Australia.  Again,  the  people  of 
Cape  Clear,  Shirkin,  close  to  Skibbereen, 
in  Ireland,  when  dying  of  starvation,  were 
relieved  from  the  same  source,  by  emigra- 
tion, and  by  the  establishment  of  a  store 
of  food  and  clothing,  by  efficient  tackle, 
and  by  a  vessel  to  help  them  in  their  chief 
means  of  livelihood — fishing.  Miss  Coutts 
materially  assisted  Sir  James  Brooke  in 
improving  the  condition  of  the  Dyaks  of 
Sarawak,  and  a  model  farm  is  still  entirely 
supported  by  her,  from  which  the  natives 
have  learnt  such  valuable  lessons  in  agri- 
culture that  the  productiveness  of  their 
country  has  been  materially  improved. 
Taking  a  warm  interest  in  the  reverent 
preservation  and  ornamental  improvement 
of  our  town  churchyards,  and  having,  as 
the  possessor  of  the  great  tithes  of  the 
living  of  Old  St.  Pancras,  a  special  con- 
nection with  that  parish,  the  Baroness,  in 
1877,  laid  out  the  churchyard  as  a  garden 
for  the  enjoyment  of  the  surrounding  poor, 
besides  erecting  a  memorial  sundial  to  its 
illustrious  dead.  In  the  same  year,  when 
accounts  were  reaching  this  country  of  the 
sufferings  of  the  Turkish  peasantry  flying 
from  their  homes  before  the  Russian  inva- 
sion, Lady  Burdett-Coutts  instituted  the 
Turkish  Compassionate  Fund,  a  charitable 
organisation  by  means  of  which  the  sum 
of  nearly  £30,000,  contributed  in  money 
and  stores,  was  entrusted  to  Mr.  Burdett- 
Coutts  and  to  the  British  Ambassador  for 
distribution,  and  saved  thousands  from 
starvation  and  death.  In  recognition  of 
her  important  services  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh  was  conferred  upon  her.  This 
is  but  an  imperfect  enumeration  of  the 
Baroness's  good  works  as  a  public  bene- 
factress. The  amount  of  her  private  chari- 
ties it  is  impossible  to  estimate.  She  is  a 
liberal  patroness  of  artists  in  every  depart- 
ment of  art.  In  June  1871  Miss  Coutts 
was  surprised  by  the  Prime  Minister  with 
the  offer  from  her  Majesty  of  a  peerage, 
which  honour  was  accepted.  Her  ladyship 
was  admitted  to  the  freedom  of  the  City 
of  London,  July  11,  1872,  and  to  the  free- 
dom of  the  City  of  Edinburgh,  Jan.  15, 
1874.     On  Nov.  1,  1880,  the  Haberdashers' 


Company  publicly  conferred  their  freedom 
and  livery  on  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts 
in  recognition  of  her  judicious  and  ex- 
tensive benevolence  and  her  munificent 
support  of  educational,  charitable,  and 
religious  institutions  and  efforts  through- 
out the  country.  She  has  since  become  a 
member  of  the  Turners'  Company,  and  was 
received  with  great  enthusiasm  during  a 
recent  visit  to  Ireland,  where  she  had 
previously  organised  a  fishing  fleet,  having 
its  headquarters  in  Bantry  Bay.  The 
Baroness  has  also  taken  a  leading  part  in 
promoting  and  supporting  the  Children's 
Protection  Society,  of  which  she  was  at 
once  asked  to  become  President  on  the 
death  of  the  late  Lord  Shaftesbury.  The 
Baroness  was  married  on  Feb.  12,  1881, 
to  Mr.  William  Lehman  Ashmead-Bartlett, 
who  obtained  the  royal  license  to  use  the 
surname  of  Burdett-Coutts.  Addresses  : 
1  Stratton  Street,  Piccadilly,  W. ;  and 
Holly  Lodge,  Highgate. 

BURGESS,  James,  C.I.E.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.E.,  Hon.  A.R.I.B.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  &o., 
was  born  in  the  parish  of  Kirkmahoe, 
Dumfriesshire,  on  Aug.  14,  1832.  In  1855 
he  went  to  Calcutta  as  a  Professor  of 
Mathematics,  and  in  1858  wrote  a  paper 
"On  Hypsometrical  Measurements,"  and 
published  editions  of  some  English  text- 
books, with  philological  notes,  &c,  for  the 
Calcutta  University  Examinations  in  1859. 
Early  in  1861  he  removed  to  Bombay,  and 
was  engaged  in  educational  work  till  1873. 
There  he  contributed  papers  on  the  Tides, 
Hypsometry,  &c,  to  the  Philosophical 
Magazine,  Transactions  of  the  Bombay 
Geographical  Society,  &c.  As  Secretary 
to  the  Commission  on  the  Colaba  Obser- 
vatory in  1865,  he  prepared  the  report  for 
Government  on  that  establishment.  In 
1869  he  published  a  large  folio  on  "The 
Temples  of  Shatrunjaya,"  illustrated  by 
forty-five  photographic  views.  This  was 
followed  by  a  similar  volume  on  the  anti- 
quities at  Somnath,  Girnar,  and  Junagarh. 
In  1871,  besides  some  educational  class- 
books,  appeared  a  monograph  on  "  The 
Rock-Temples  of  Elephanta  or  Gharapuri," 
illustrated ;  and  in  1872  he  started  The 
Indian  Antiquary,  a  monthly  journal  of 
Oriental  archaeology,  history,  literature, 
and  folk-lore,  which  he  conducted  for 
thirteen  years,  and  which  soon  acquired 
a  European  reputation.  He  travelled 
through  Gujarat  and  Rajputana  in  1872, 
and  wrote  the  letterpress  for  a  large  folio 
of  views  of  the  architecture  and  scenery 
of  these  countries.  The  Bombay  Govern- 
ment nominated  him  in  1873  to  organise 
and  direct  the  Archaeological  Survey  of 
that  Presidency  and  the  neighbouring 
states,  Gujarat,  &c.  ;  and  since  1873  the 
results  of  this   survey  have  been  partly 


BURN AND  —  BURNETT 


155 


published  in  quarto  volumes  fully  illus- 
trated, viz.  :  "  Report  on  the  Antiquities 
in  the  Belgaum  and  Kaladgi  Districts," 
1874  ;  "  On  the  Antiquities  of  Kathiawar 
and  Kachh,"  1876;  "On  the  Antiquities 
of  Bidar  and  Aurangabad  Districts,"  1878  ; 
"The  Buddhist  Caves  and  their  Inscrip- 
tions," "Caves  of  Elura  and  other  Brah- 
manical  and  Jaina  Caves  in  Western  India," 
1883  ;  "  The  Muhammadan  Architecture  of 
Gujarat,"  1896;  and  "The  Antiquities  of 
Dabhoi  in  Gujarat"  (published  by  H.H. 
the  Gaikwar  of  Baroda),  1888,  in  about  a 
dozen  occasional  papers,  1874-85,  and  in 
a  special  volume  on  "The  Cave-Temples 
of  India,"  the  caves  in  Northern  and  East- 
ern India  being  described  by  the  late  Mr. 
James  Fergusson.  Other  volumes  richly 
illustrated  are  in  preparation.  The  super- 
intendence of  the  Archaeological  Survey  of 
the  Madras  Presidency  was  added  to  that 
of  Western  India  on  its  initiation  in  1881, 
the  results  of  which  are  published  in  "The 
Buddhist  SMtpas  of  Amaravati  and  Jagga- 
yapeta,"  with  numerous  plates  and  wood- 
cuts, and  other  volumes  are  in  preparation. 
In  1885  he  was  put  in  charge  also  of  the 
surveys  in  Northern  India,  and  appointed 
Director-General  of  the  Archaeological 
Survey  of  India.  In  1888  he  edited  and 
published  "  The  Sharqi  Architecture  of 
Jannpur,"  from  the  reports  of  Dr.  A. 
Fiihrer  and  Mr.  E.  W.  Smith,  the  pro- 
vincial surveyors,  with  seventy-four  sheets 
of  architectural  drawings.  He  also  started 
and  edited  for  Government  The  Epigraphia 
Indica,  issued  in  fasciculi,  forming  two 
large  quarto  volumes,  1891  and  1894,  con- 
taining important  Sanskrit  and  Pali  in- 
scriptions translated  by  the  most  com- 
petent Oriental  scholars.  He  retired  from 
the  Directorship  of  the  Surveys  in  1889, 
and  the  office  was  then  abolished.  He 
recently  prepared  "  Constable's  Hand- 
Gazetteer  of  India,"  1898,  and  published  a 
paper  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  on  a  definite  Integral, 
that  plays  an  important  part  in  various 
departments  of  physical  research,  with 
very  extensive  tables  of  values.  At  its 
fiftieth  anniversary,  1897,  the  Imperial 
Russian  Archaeological  Society  elected  him 
an  honorary  member ;  he  is  also  an  Honor- 
ary Corresponding  Member  of  the  Batavian 
Society  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  the 
Berlin  Society  of  Anthropology,  Ethnology, 
&c.  Hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1881 ;  created 
C.I.E.,  1885.  Address  :  22  Seton  Place, 
Edinburgh. 

BXTRNAND,  Francis  Cowley,  born 
in  1837,  and  descended  on  his  father's  side 
from  an  old  Savoyard  family,  and  on  his 
mother's  from  Hannah  Cowley,  the  author- 
ess, and  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,   Cambridge,   where,   in   his   first 


year,  he  founded  the  Club  known  as  the 
A.D.C.,  or  Amateur  Dramatic  Club.  Mr. 
Burnand  took  his  degree  in  1857-58,  and 
for  a  time  read  for  the  Church  under 
Canon  Liddon  at  Cuddesdon.  Afterwards 
he  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1861,  and  occa- 
sionally practised.  He  married  early,  and 
began  to  write,  being  introduced  by  Mr. 
George  Meredith  to  Once  a  Week.  He  is 
the  author  of  about  a  hundred  dramatic 
pieces,  principally  burlesques.  His  chief 
work  for  Punch  was  the  now  well-known 
serial  "Happy  Thoughts,"  and  "Strap- 
more,"  a  parody  of  Ouida's  "  Strathmore." 
His  burlesque  of  Douglas  Jerrold's  nautical 
drama,  "Black-eyed  Susan,"  achieved  what 
was  in  those  days  the  unprecedented  run 
of  over  four  hundred  consecutive  nights 
at  the  Royalty  Theatre,  Dean  Street,  Soho  ; 
and  later  his  comedy  "The  Colonel"  ran 
for  about  a  year  and  a  half  at  the  Prince's 
Theatre  in  Tottenham  Court  Road,  which 
has  now  disappeared.  In  1879  he  published 
"The  'A.D.C.';  being  Personal  Reminis- 
cences of  the  University  Amateur  Dramatic 
Club,  Cambridge "  ;  and  in  July  1880  he 
became  editor  of  Punch  on  the  death  of 
Tom  Taylor.  His  connection  with  Punch 
dates  from  the  publication  of  his  burlesque 
novelette  "Mokeanna"  by  Mark  Lemon. 
In  1888  his  parody  of  "Ariane,"  entitled 
"  Airey-  Annie,"  was  produced  at  the 
Strand  Theatre.  He  has  of  late  years 
added  "Very  Much  Abroad,"  "Quite  at 
Home,"  and  "Very  Much  at  Sea,"  &c.,  to 
the  "Happy  Thought"  books.  Together 
with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  he  wrote  "  The 
Chieftain,"  produced  at  the  Savoy  in  1894. 
Mr.  Burnand  divides  his  time  between 
Ramsgate  and  London.  Addresses  :  27  The 
Boltons,  S.W.  ;  and  18  Royal  Crescent, 
Ramsgate. 

BURNETT,  Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson, 

nee  Hodgson,  was  born  at  Manchester,  Nov. 
24,  1849.  There  she  passed  the  first  fif- 
teen years  of  her  life,  acquired  her  educa- 
tion, and  gained  her  knowledge  of  the 
Lancashire  dialect  and  character.  At  the 
close  of  the  American  Civil  War  reverses 
of  fortune  led  her  parents  to  leave  Eng- 
land for  America,  where  they  settled  at 
Knoxville,  Tennessee,  1865.  She  there 
began  to  write  short  stories  for  the  maga- 
zines, the  first  of  which  appeared  in  1867. 
In  1872  her  dialect  story,  "Surly  Tim's 
Trouble,"  was  published  in  Scribner's 
Montldy  (now  The  Century),  and  in  book 
form  in  1877.  "  That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's" 
was  first  presented,  serially,  in  Scribner, 
and  its  remarkable  popularity  demanded 
its  immediate  separate  issue,  1877.  In 
1878-79  some  of  her  earlier  magazine 
stories  were  reprinted,  viz.  :  "  Kathleen 
Mavourneen,"  "Lindsay's  Luck,"  "Miss 
Crespigny,"    "Pretty   Polly    Pemberton," 


156 


BURNS  —  BURNSIDE 


"  Theo,"  "Dolly"  (also  issued  under  the 
title  of  "Vagabondia"),  "  Jarl's  Daughter," 
and  "Quiet  Life."  "Haworth's  "  appeared 
in  1879,  and  was  followed  by  "Louisiana," 
1880  ;"AFair  Barbarian,"  1881  ;  "Through 
One  Administration,"  1883  ;  "  Little  Lord 
Fauntleroy,"  1886  ;  "  Sarah  Crewe,"  1888  ; 
"  The  Pretty  Sister  of  Jose,"  1889  ;  and 
' '  Little  Saint  Elizabeth, "  1890.  From  1886 
until  1894  her  work  was  confined  princi- 
pally to  studies  of  child  life.  Among  these 
may  be  mentioned,  "  The  One  I  knew  the 
Best  of  All — A  Memory  of  the  Mind  of  a 
Child,"  which  is  autobiographical.  Of  her 
children's  stories  the  most  widely  known  is 
probably  "  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,"  which 
has  been  published  in  nearly  every  Conti- 
nental language.  In  1896  Mrs.  Burnett 
published  a  novel  of  the  period  of  Queen 
Anne,  entitled  "A  Lady  of  Quality,"  and 
in  lS97a  second  novel  of  the  same  period, 
entitled  "His  Grace  of  Osmonde."  Mrs. 
Burnett's  dramatic  work  has  been — the 
play  of  "Esmeralda,"  a  dramatisation 
(written  in  collaboration)  of  one  of  her 
short  stories,  successfully  played  in  New 
York  and  London  ;  "  The  Real  Little  Lord 
Fauntleroy,"  which  was  produced  at 
Terry's  Theatre,  London,  and  the  Broad- 
way, New  York,  and  which  is  still  being 
played  in  England,  America,  France,  and 
Germany  ;  "  Phyllis,"  produced  in  London 
and  Boston  ;  "  Nixie  "  (in  collaboration), 
played  at  Terry's  and  the  Globe  Theatre, 
London,  in  1890 ;  "  The  Showman's 
Daughter,"  produced  at  the  Eoyalty 
Theatre,  London,  in  1892 ;  "  A  Very 
Young  Couple,"  which  was  played  in 
America  in  1892  ;  "  The  First  Gentleman  of 
Europe"  (in  collaboration),  produced  at 
the  Lyceum  Theatre,  New  York,  in  1897  ; 
and  the  drama  "  A  Lady  of  Quality"  (in 
collaboration),  now  playing  in  the  United 
States.  Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett, 
then  Miss  Hodgson,  was  married  in  1873  to 
Dr.  Burnett.  She  has  resided  much  at 
Washington.  Her  present  address  is  63 
Portland  Place. 

BURNS,  John,  M.P.,  L.C.C.,  labour 
leader,  is  the  son  of  Alexander  Burns,  an 
engineer,  formerly  of  Ayrshire,  and  was 
born  in  humble  circumstances  at  Vauxhall 
in  1858.  He  was  sent  to  Christ  Church 
School,  Battersea,  and  at  the  age  of  ten 
years  was  set ,  to  work  in  a  local  candle 
factory.  He  then  became  a  rivet  boy  at 
a  Vauxhall  engineer's,  and  afterwards 
bound  himself  apprentice  to  an  engineer 
at  Millbank,  under  whom  he  served  till  he 
was  twenty-one.  Throughout  his  earlier 
years  he  read  omnivorously,  and  imbibed 
Socialistic  theories  from  a  fellow-workman, 
a  Frenchman,  who  had  fled  from  Paris 
after  the  Commune.  On  coming  of  age 
he  worked  for  a  year  as  foreman  engineer 


on  the  Niger,  and  on  his  return  from  West 
Africa  spent  his  savings  in  a  six  months' 
tour  of  Europe.  As  a  boy  he  had  got  into 
trouble  with  his  employers  for  delivering 
an  open-air  address,  but  he  did  not  come 
into  public  notice  as  a  speaker  until  at 
an  Industrial  Remuneration  Conference  in 
London  he  delivered  certain  speeches  on 
Socialism  which  attracted  attention.  Since 
that  time  he  has  constantly  addressed  work- 
man audiences.  Becoming  prominent  in 
his  own  union  —  the  Amalgamated  En- 
gineers— he  stood  as  a  Socialist  candidate 
for  the  western  division  of  Nottingham 
at  the  General  Election  of  1885,  but 
obtained  only  598  votes.  In  1886  he  took  • 
a  leading  part  in  the  unemployed  agita- 
tion, and  was  one  of  the  heads  of  the  crowd 
which  broke  from  its  leaders  and  caused 
a  riot  in  the  West  End  on  Feb.  8,  1887. 
Subsequently  he  contested  the  right  of 
public  meeting  in  Trafalgar  Square,  and 
underwent  a  short  term  of  imprisonment 
(six  weeks)  for  resisting  the  police.  During 
the  great  Dock  Strike  of  1889  John  Burns 
was  the  hero  of  the  hour.  He  addressed 
dockers'  meetings  in  the  East  End  every 
day  for  weeks,  walking  from  Battersea 
every  morning  and  returning  on  foot  at 
night.  His  main  contention  was  that  the 
docker  deserved  sixpence  (a  "  tanner ") 
more  a  day  than  he  had  hitherto  been 
paid,  but  he  was  also  indefatigable  as  an 
organiser  and  strike  manager.  When  the 
dock  labourers  finally  won  a  great  victory 
in  their  long  struggle  for  higher  wages 
Burns's  reputation  as  the  first  of  labour 
leaders  and  labour  organisers  was  made. 
He  is  now  regarded  as  an  authority  on 
labour,  and  the  mouthpiece  of  respectable 
artisan  opinion  in  London,  and  his  help 
and  advice  are  constantly  sought  by  work- 
men and  their  organisations.  He  has 
been  four  times  elected  to  the  London 
County  Council  as  member  for  Battersea, 
and  he  has  been  returned  to  Parliament 
twice  for  the  same  division.  Address : 
108  Lavender  Hill,  Battersea. 

BURNSIDE,  Sir  Bruce  Lockhart, 

Kt.,  second  son  of  the  late  Hon.  J.  J. 
Burnside,  Surveyor-General  of  the  Baha- 
mas, was  born  on  July  26,  1833,  at  Baha- 
mas, and  was  educated  at  King's  College 
there  and  privately.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  by  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1856  ;  and  during 
the  war  which  shortly  afterwards  broke 
out  between  the  North  and  the  South  in 
America  he  was  conspicuous  for  the  active 
part  which  he  took  as  legal  adviser  to 
what  was  called  the  Confederacy  in  the 
many  delicate  questions  of  international 
law  which  were  at  that  time  raised  in  con- 
sequence of  the  blockade  of  the  Southern 
ports  and  of  the  fitting  out  of  armed 
cruisers  by  the  Confederate  Government. 


BURROWS— BUET 


157 


He  successfully  defended  the  Alexandra, 
the    Orelo,   and    the    Florida,    prosecuted 
in  the   B.  A.  Court  for  breaches  of  the 
Foreign  Enlistment  Act.    He  was  Speaker 
of    the  House,    Solicitor,   and   Attorney- 
General  of  the  Bahamas,  and  was  made 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Council.     He  pre- 
pared a  valuable  "Manual  for  Justices  of 
the  Peace,"   for  which   he  received   the 
thanks  of  the  Colonial  Government.      In 
1879  he  was  appointed  Queen's  Advocate 
of  Ceylon,  and  was  employed  at  Downing 
Street  for  a  considerable  time  in  preparing 
a  "Penal  Code"  and  a  "Criminal  Pro- 
cedure    Code,"   which    were     afterwards 
passed  by  the  legislature,  and  for  which 
he    was    specially   commended    by   Lord 
Derby,  the  Secretary  of  State.     In  1883 
he  was  appointed  Chief-Justice  of  Ceylon, 
there  being  at  the  time  most  scandalous 
arrears  in  the  Supreme  Court,  which  had 
attracted  public  attention  and  condemna- 
tion.    He  retired  in  1893.     Sir  Bruce  was 
knighted  in  1885.      He  married   in  1856 
Mary,  daughter  of  E.  Francis.     Address  : 
Fincastle,  Colombo. 

BURROWS,  Montagu,   R.N.,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  third  son  of  Lieut.-General  Mon- 
tagu Burrows  and  of  Mary  Anne,  daughter 
of   Captain  Larcom,   R.N.,   Commissioner 
of  Malta  Dockyard,  was  born  at  Hadley, 
Middlesex,    Oct.   27,    1819,  and   educated 
at  the  Boyal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth, 
where   he   obtained    the    "First    Medal" 
in  1834.      On  passing  through   the   R.N. 
College   as   a   mate  in   1842  he  obtained 
a  First  Class  in  Mathematics.     He  served 
continuously    in    the    Royal    Navy    until 
he  obtained  the  rank  of  Commander  in 
1852,  and  became  a  retired  Post-Captain 
in  1862.     He  matriculated  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity  early   in    1853,    and    obtained    a 
Double  First  Class  (Classics  and  Modern 
History)  ;  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  there 
in    1856,    and    received    an    Hon.    M.A. 
degree     at     Cambridge    in     1859 ;     was 
elected  to  the  Chichele   Professorship  of 
Modern  History  (the  first  since  its  founda- 
tion)  in   1862 ;    became  a  Fellow  of   All 
Souls  in  1870  ;   Chairman  of   the   Oxford 
School  Board  in  1873  ;  and  Member  of  the 
Hebdomadal  Council  of  his  University  in 
1876.     During  his  service  in  the  navy  he 
was  engaged  in  several  actions  with  Malay 
pirates,    under    Captain    Chads,   and    he 
received    medals    from   the   English   and 
Turkish  Governments  for  the  capture  of  St. 
Jean  d'Acre'  in  1840.      He  was  employed 
on  the  coast  of  Africa  for  some  years  in 
the  suppression  of  the  slave  trade,  and 
was   made   Commander    for  his    services 
on  the   staff  of  H.M.S.  Excellent.     He  is 
the  author  of  "Pass  and  Class:   An  Ox- 
ford Guide-Book  through   the  courses   of 
Literae  Humaniores,  Mathematics,  Natural 


Science,  Law,  and  Modern  History,"  3rd 
edit.,   1866;    "Constitutional  Progress :   a 
series  of   Lectures   delivered  before  the 
University  of  Oxford,"  1869;  "A  Memoir 
of  Admiral  Sir  H.  Chads,  G.C.B.,"  1869; 
"  Worthies  of  All  Souls  : — Four  Centuries 
of   English   History  illustrated   from   the 
College     Archives,"     1874 ;     "  Parliament 
and  the  Church  of  England,"  1875  ;  "Im- 
perial England,"  1880;    "Oxford  Univer- 
sity during  the  Commonwealth"  (Camden 
Society),  1881  ;    "  Wiclif's   Place   in   His- 
tory," 1882   (new  edit.   1884);    "Life    of 
Admiral    Lord    Hawke,"    1883  (2nd   edit. 
1896);    "History  of    the   Brocas   Family 
of  Beaurepaire  and   Roche  Court,"  1886  ; 
"History  of  the  Cinque  Ports,"  1888  (4th 
edit.  1895)  ;  "  Memoir  of  William  Grocyn  " 
(in  "Collectanea,"  vol.  ii.,  of  the  Oxford 
Historical  Society),  1890;  "Commentaries 
on  the  History  of  England,"  1893;  "His- 
tory of  the  Foreign  Policy  of  Great  Bri- 
tain,"  1895  (2nd  edit.   1897) ;   articles   in 
the  Quarterly  and  Edinburgh  Reviews,  &c. 
In  1892,  for  services  to  France  in  relation 
to  the  publication  of  the  Gascon  Rolls,  he 
was  made  "  Officier  de  l'lnstruction  Pub- 
lique."      He  married  in  1849  Mary  Anna, 
daughter  of  Sir  James  W.  S.  Gardiner,  Bart., 
of  Roche  Court,  Hants ;  and  has  three  sons 
and  one  daughter — Edward  Henry,  H.M. 
Inspector  of  Schools,  married  to  Dorothy, 
daughter    of    Ralph    Assheton,    Esq.,    of 
Downham  Park  ;  Stephen  Montagu,  H.M. 
Civil  Service,   Ceylon,   married   to  Isabel 
Cruickshank,  Sydney,  Australia ;  the  Rev. 
Alfred  ;  and  F.  Emily,  married  to  Bishop 
Scott  of  N.  China.     Address  :    9  Norham 
Gardens,  Oxford. 

BTJRT,  Thomas,  M.P.,  was  born  Nov. 
12, 1837,  at  Murton  Row,  near  Percy  Main, 
Northumberland,  and  is  the  son  of  Peter 
Burt,  a  coal  miner.  While  he  was  yet  a 
child  seventeen  months  old,  his  parents 
went  to  Whitley,  whence  they  had  to 
remove  about  a  year  afterwards,  when  the 
pit  was  thrown  out  of  gear  by  an  explo- 
sion. Their  next  place  of  abode  was  New 
Row,  Seghill,  now  styled  Blake  Town, 
where  they  remained  five  years,  and  at  a 
later  period  they  settled  at  the  Seaton 
Delaval  Colliery.  Young  Burt,  who  had 
been  working  in  the  coal  pits  from  ten 
years  of  age,  here  began  that  course  of 
self-culture  which  has  gone  so  far  to  sup- 
ply the  deficiencies  of  his  previous  educa- 
tion. In  1860  he  removed  to  Choppington, 
and  in  1865  he  was  appointed  Secretary  to 
the  Northumberland  Miners'  Mutual  As- 
sociation. In  this  capacity  he  rendered 
himself  so  popular  among  the  miners  that 
it  was  determined  to  nominate  him  as  the 
working-class  candidate  for  the  represen- 
tation of  Morpeth  at  the  general  election 
of  February  1874.      He  was  returned  by 


158 


BURT  — BURTON 


3332  votes  against  585  given  for  Captain 
Duncan,  the  Conservative  candidate.  In 
Jane  1880  lie  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Reform  Club  by  the  Political  Committee, 
under  the  rule  empowering  the  body  to 
elect  two  candidates  in  each  year  for 
marked  and  obvious  services  to  the  Liberal 
cause.  He  is  President  of  the  Miners' 
National  Union,  and  has  presided  over 
several  important  conferences  of  miners 
held  at  Manchester,  Birmingham,  and  else- 
where. He  has  been  President  of  the 
Trades  Union  Congress,  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  in  1891.  He  has  also  presided  at 
several  International  Miners'  Conferences 
held  in  Paris,  Brussels,  and  other  places 
on  the  Continent.  Mr.  Burt  has  been  a 
member  of  several  Royal  Commissions, 
including  those  inquiring  into  accidents 
in  mines,  loss  of  life  at  sea,  mining  royal- 
ties, and  the  Labour  Commission,  of  which 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire  was  President. 
He  was  one  of  the  British  delegates  to  the 
International  Labour  Conference  held  at 
Berlin  in  March  1890.  Mr.  Burt  was  in- 
vited by  Mr.  Gladstone  in  1892  to  join  his 
administration  as  Parliamentary  Secretary 
to  the  Board  of  Trade,  a  post  which  he 
accepted  and  held  until  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1895.  He  is  the  author  of  articles 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Contemporary, 
and  Fortnightly.  In  1860  he  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Weatherburn.  Ad- 
dress :  20  Burdon  Terrace,  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne. 

BUST,  T.  Seymour,  F.R.S.,  M.R.A.S., 
&c. ,  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Charles  Henry  Burt,  and  was  student  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  then  Curate 
of  Plympton  St.  Mary,  Devon  ;  next  of 
Westgate  House,  Bridgwater,  Somerset, 
and  for  upwards  of  twenty  years  Vicar 
of  Cannington,  in  the  same  county ;  a 
chaplain-in-ordinary  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke 
of  Sussex ;  an  acting  magistrate  for 
Somerset ;  a  retired  chaplain  to  the  24th 
Light  Dragoons.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  ;  and  has  published 
the  following  works  : — "Papers  on  Scien- 
tific Subjects,"  vols.  1,  2,  3, 1837  and  1858  ; 
"  Trip  in  Search  of  Ancient  Inscriptions," 
1838 ;  "  Metrical  Epitome  of  the  History 
of  England,"  1852  ;  "  Poems  by  Koi  Hai," 
1853 ;  "  Account  of  a  Voyage  to  India 
via  the  Mediterranean,"  1857  ;  "  A  Trans- 
lation into  Blank  Verse  of  all  Virgil's 
Works,"  vols.  1,  2,  3,  &c,  1883-84; 
"  Transposition  into  Blank  Verse  of  Wes- 
ley's translation  of  T.  a  Kempis,"  1883- 
1884;  "Transposition  into  Blank  Verse 
of  'Hamilton's  Translation  of  Sacred  His- 
tory,'" 1883-84;  "  Transposition  into  Blank 
Verse  of  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall's  '  Come 
to  Jesus,'"  1883-84.     He  is  likewise  the 


author  of  numerous  papers  published  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal, — "  Description  of  the  Mode  of 
Extracting  Salt  from  the  damp  sandbeds 
of  the  River  Jumna  as  practised  by  the 
Inhabitants  of  Bundelkhund  "  ;  "  Inscrip- 
tion found  near  Bhabra,  three  marches 
from  Jeypore  on  the  road  from  Delhi  to 
Nusseerabad  "  ;  "  Description  of  an  Instru- 
ment for  trisecting  angles  "  ;  "  Notice  of 
an  Inscription  on  a  Slab  discovered  in 
February,  1883  "  ;  "Inscription  taken  from 
a  Baolee  at  Bussuntgurh,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Southern  range  of  hills  running  parallel 
to  Mount  Aboo  "  ;  "  Observations  on  a 
second  Inscription  taken  in  facsimile  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Mount  Aboo"  ;  "  De- 
scription with  Drawings  of  the  ancient 
stone  pillar  at  Allahabad  called  Bhim 
Sen's  Gadd  or  Club,  with  accompanying 
copies  of  four  inscriptions  engraven  in 
different  characters  upon  its  surface." 

BURTON,  Sir  Frederic  William, 
R.H.A.,  F.S.A.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  ex- 
Director  of  the  National  Gallery,  third 
son  of  Samuel  Burton,  of  Mungret,  co. 
Limerick,  and  grandson  of  Edward  William 
Burton,  of  Clifden  House,  co.  Clare,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1816,  and  educated  at 
Dublin,  where  he  first  studied  drawing 
under  the  brothers  Brocas.  He  was 
elected  Associate  of  the  Royal  Hibernian 
Academy  of  Arts  in  1837,  and  R.  H. 
Academician  in  1839,  in  which  latter  year 
his  picture  (in  water  colours),  "  The  Blind 
Girl  at  the  Holy  Well,"  was  chosen  for 
publication  by  the  Irish  Art  Union,  and 
was  engraved  by  Ryall.  In  the  following 
year  the  picture  of  ' '  The  Arran  Fisher- 
man's Drowned  Child  "'also  was  engraved 
for  the  Irish  Art  Union.  A  large  com- 
position of  the  same  year,  "The  Con- 
naught  Toilet,"  representing  peasant  girls 
at  a  stream,  preparing  themselves  to  enter 
the  market  town,  was,  together  with  the 
former,  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
in  London  in  1842.  The  latter  picture 
was  afterwards  destroyed  by  fire  at  the 
Pantechnicon,  where  it  had  been  tempo- 
rarily deposited  by  its  owner.  From  1832 
to  1851  his  time  was  occupied  in  portrait 
painting.  About  1840  he  was  elected 
member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  of 
Science,  Antiquities,  and  Belles  Lettres, 
and  for  many  years  sat  in  the  Council  of 
Antiquities.  In  1851  he  went  to  Munich. 
There,  at  Nuremberg,  and  in  various 
wanderings  in  Upper  Franconia,  where 
he  found  ample  subjects  for  the  pencil, 
about  seven  years  were  passed.  In  1855 
he  became  Associate,  and  in  the  following 
year  full  Member  of  the  (now  Royal) 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  and 
continued  to  exhibit  annually  at  their 
rooms  until  1870,  when   he  retired  from 


BUSCH  —  BUSH 


159 


the  Society.     In  November  1886  he  was 
elected   an   Honorary    Member.      He   ex- 
hibited also  on  various  occasions  at  the 
Royal  Academy  and  the  Dudley  Gallery. 
In   1874,  Sir   William   Boxall   having   re- 
signed the  Directorship  of   the  National 
Gallery,   Mr.    Burton    was    nominated    to 
that  post,  from  which  he  retired  in  March 
1894.       He   is    primarily    responsible   for 
the   large  and   very   important   additions 
to  the  collection  which  have   been  made 
during  the  past  twenty  years,  and  which 
include   Leonardo  da  Vinci's  "Virgin  of 
the  Rocks,"  Raphael's  "  Ansidei  Madonna," 
Vandyck's  "  Equestrian  Portrait  of  Charles 
I."    (the    last   two    from    Blenheim),    the 
"Ambassadors,"    by    Holbein,     and     the 
' '  Portrait  of  Admiral  Parcja,"  by  Velazquez 
(both   from   the   Radnor   collection),   and 
the  various  purchases  from  the  Hamilton 
and  other  famous  sales.     Since  1863  Sir 
F.  W.  Burton   has  been  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of   Antiquaries.     In    1884  he   re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood,  and  in 
1889  the  hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  of  Dublin. 
Addresses :     43   Argyll    Road,    W.  ;    and 
Athenseum. 

BUSCH,  Moritz,  German  author  and 
journalist,  was  born  Feb.  13,  1821,  at 
Dresden,  and  educated  at  the  University 
of  Leipzig.  On  the  completion  of  his 
theological  and  philosophical  studies  he 
became  a  journalist,  and  was  employed 
on  the  staff  of  various  newspapers.  In 
1851  he  visited  America,  and  on  his 
return  in  1853  published  an  account  of  his 
tour.  Subsequently  he  travelled  for  some 
years  in  the  East,  then  took  up  journalism 
again,  and  finally,  in  1870,  settled  in  Berlin, 
where  he  obtained  an  appointment  at  the 
Foreign  Office.  From  that  time  up  to 
Prince  Bismarck's  death  in  July  1898,  Dr. 
Busch  was  the  inseparable  companion  and 
confidant  of  the  old  Chancellor,  taking 
daily  notes  of  his  sayings,  and  earning  for 
himself  the  title  of  "Bismarck's  Boswell." 
In  1880  he  published  an  account  of  the 
life  of  his  hero,  writing  soon  after  a  second 
instalment,  since  famous  under  the  title 
of  "Our  Chancellor."  Bismarck  himself 
declared  in  1891  that  "little  Busch" 
should  some  day  write  "a  secret  history  of 
our  time  from  good  sources,"  and,  during 
the  short  interval  between  his  dismissal 
and  his  death,  Bismarck  used  every  oppor- 
tunity of  informing  his  faithful  scribe  on 
those  matters  which  were  to  be  explained 
to  an  expectant  world  after  his  decease. 
But  forty -eight  hours  from  the  death 
of  his  beloved  master  Dr.  Busch  con- 
tributed to  the  Times  newspaper  an  im- 
portant article,  "Bismarck  and  William 
I.,"  and  round  this  essay,  for  a  season, 
centred  the  comment  of  a  world.  It  opened 
with  an  analysis  of  the  character  of  the  old 


Emperor,  passed  to  a  consideration  of  the 
constitutional  struggle  and  the  momentous 
Congress  of  Princes  in  1863,  and  proceeded 
to  explain   "  how   Bismarck  prepared  the 
French  War"  and  the  tragic  incident  of 
the  "  Ems  Despatch,"  concluding  with  the 
testimony  of  the  old  Emperor's  gratitude 
when  he  wrote  in   1872  that  he  returned 
thanks    to    Heaven     for    having     placed 
Bismarck  at  his  side  in  the  decisive  hour, 
thus  giving  to  his  reign  "  a  fulness  which 
exceeded  all  thought  and  comprehension." 
This  remarkable  contribution  to  Bismarck- 
lore  was  eclipsed  in  September  1898  by  the 
issue  of  a  three-volume  work,  "Bismarck  : 
Some  Secret  Pages  of  his  History,"  being 
the  record  of  a  diary  kept  by  Dr.  Moritz 
Busch  during  twenty-five  years  of  official 
and    private   intercourse   with   the   great 
Chancellor.      The    publication    of     these 
memoirs    naturally    excited    considerable 
notice,  and  evoked  strong  expressions  both 
of  approval  and  disapproval.     In  England 
the  volumes  were  welcomed,  on  the  whole, 
as  probably  the   nearest  approach  to  an 
authentic  revelation  that  the  world  would 
see,    and    were   described    by   a   journal, 
certainly  not  over-critical,  as  "  one  of  the 
most  remarkable,  if  not  the  most  agree- 
able,  books    of    the    century."      On    the 
Continent,   however,  the  work   has    been 
vigorously  assailed  as  pedantic,  inaccurate, 
and,  indeed,  scarcely  appreciably  valuable. 
This    criticism    may    be     the    result    of 
unpleasant  surprises,  for  we  in   England 
can  understand  the  probable  correctness 
of  the  Saturday  Review's  remark  that  the 
diary  "  is  a  book  which  may  well  bring  a 
blush  to  the  cheek  of  every  Hohenzollern 
who    reads    it."      While    the     storm     of 
criticism   was   at    its    height    Dr.   Moritz 
Busch  was  understood  to  have  disappeared, 
or  to  have  become  lost  to  the  world's  eye. 
This   unusual    proceeding   was   either   an 
enforced    retirement    owing   to    Imperial 
displeasure,    or   but   a   mere,    yet   timely, 
exercise  of   an   instinct   of   self-preserva- 
tion.    Dr.  Moritz  Busch  was  still  invisible 
at  the  beginning  of  October  1898. 

BUSH,  The  Rev.  Joseph,  late  Presi- 
dent of  the  Wesleyan  Conference,  was 
born  March  8,  1826,  in  the  village  of 
Ashby,  near  Spilsby,  Lincoln.  He  was 
educated  at  Spilsby  Academy  and  Gram- 
mar School.  In  November  1840  he  was 
apprenticed  at  Horncastle  with  Mr.  Mark 
Holdsworth.  In  March  1849,  on  the 
nomination  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Fowler,  he 
was  recommended  for  the  work  of  the 
ministry  by  the  City  Road  Quarterly 
Meeting.  After  passing  the  May  District 
Meeting  and  the  July  Committee  he  was 
accepted  by  the  Conference  for  the  Home 
Work,  and" his  name  was  placed  on  the 
List   of   Reserve.     In   February    1850   he 


160 


BUTCHER  — BUTE 


was  sent  by  the  President,  the  Eev.  Thomas 
Jackson,  to  the  Maidstone  Circuit  as 
supply  for  the  Eev.  George  Hanibly  Rowe, 
who  died  a  few  days  after  Mr.  Bush's 
arrival  in  the  circuit.  He  remained  at 
Marden  until  the  end  of  August,  when  he 
was  received  into  Richmond  College.  At 
the  Conference  of  1853  Mr.  Bush  was 
appointed  as  Mr.  Rattenbury's  assistant  in 
Leeds.  In  1854  he  went  to  London 
(Hinde  Street)  ;  in  1857,  to  Islington  ;  in 
1860,  to  York ;  in  1863,  to  Bolton ;  in 
1866,  to  Manchester  ;  in  1869,  to  Brixton 
Hill ;  in  1872,  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne  ;  in 
1875,  to  Edinburgh  ;  in  1878,  to  Bradford  ; 
in  1881,  to  Altrincham  ;  and  in  1884,  to 
Highbury.  He  was  then  appointed  the 
General  Superintendent  of  the  North- 
west Essex  Mission.  In  1871  Mr.  Bush 
was  appointed  one  of  the  Conference 
official  Letter- writers,  and  held  the  office 
fifteen  years — until,  in  1886,  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  Secretary  of  the  Con- 
ference in  the  compiling  and  editing  of 
the  "  Minutes."  In  1872  he  was  elected 
Chairman  of  the  Newcastle  District,  and 
has  since  been  Chairman  of  the  Edin- 
burgh and  Aberdeen,  the  Halifax  and 
Bradford  Districts,  and  the  First  London 
District.  In  1873,  on  the  nomination  of 
Dr.  Gervase  Smith,  he  was  elected  into 
the  Legal  Hundred,  having  then  served 
twenty-one  years  in  the  ministry.  From 
time  to  time  Mr.  Bush  has  used  his  pen 
in  the  service  of  Methodism.  He  has 
published  the  following  : — "  The  Sabbath  : 
Whose  Day  Is  It?"  "Bread  from  Heaven"; 
"The  Class  Meeting";  "Courtship  and 
Marriage "  ;  "  Mary  Bell  Hodgson  :  a 
Memorial  "  ;  "  Character,  and  other 
Sermons  "  ;  "Methodist  Sunday  Schools  "  ; 
"  What  to  Preach,  and  How  "  ;  "  How  to 
Keep  our  Members :  Practical  Counsels 
addressed  to  Class  Leaders "  ;  "  The 
Intermediate  State ;  or,  The  Condition 
of  Human  Souls  between  the  Hour  of 
Death  and  the  Day  of  Judgment."  In 
addition  Mr.  Bush  has  written  on  various 
subjects  for  the  monthly  periodicals  and 
the  London  Quarterly.  He  has  also 
edited  "  The  Mission  of  the  Spirit "  ; 
"The  Pillar  and  Ground  of  the  Truth"; 
and  "The  Life  of  the  Rev.  William  0. 
Simpson."  Some  years  ago,  by  direction 
of  the  Conference,  Mr.  Bush  re-cast  the 
"  Liverpool  Minutes,"  and  also  collected 
and  classified  all  resolutions  of  the  Con- 
ference on  Pastoral  Work  from  1811  to 
1884,  interweaving  and  embodying  the 
whole  in  one  homogeneous  document. 
This  pamphlet  is  the  "  Methodist  Manual 
of  Pastoral  Duty." 

BUTCHER,  Professor  Samuel 
Henry,  M.A.,  Hon.  LL.D.  (Glasgow), 
Hon,  Litt.  D.  (Dublin,  on  the  occasion  of 


the  Tercentenary  celebration  of  that  Uni- 
versity), J.P.  for  co.  Kerry,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Samuel  Butcher,  Bishop  of 
Meath,  and  of  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late 
John  Leahy,  Esq.,  of  Southhill,  Killarney ; 
was  born  in  Dublin,  April  16,  1850,  and 
educated  at  Marlborough  College,  under 
Dr.  Bradley,  now  Dean  of  Westminster. 
He  was  elected  to  a  Minor  Scholarship  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1869  ;  to  a 
Foundation  Scholarship  in  that  college, 
and  to  the  Bell  University  Scholarship, 
in  1870 ;  to  the  Waddington  University 
Scholarship  in  1871  ;  and  obtained  the 
Powis  Medal  for  Latin  Hexameters  in 
1871  and  1872.  He  was  Senior  Classic 
and  Chancellor's  Medallist  in  1873,  and 
held  a  Mastership  at  Eton  College  for  a 
short  time.  He  was  elected  to  a  Fellow- 
ship at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1874,  and  held  an  Assistant  Tutorship 
there  till  1876.  Having  vacated  his  Fellow- 
ship at  Cambridge  by  marriage,  he  was 
elected  to  an  Extraordinary  Fellowship, 
without  examination,  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  Lecturer  till  1882, 
when  he  was  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Greek 
at  Edinburgh  University,  on  the  retire- 
ment of  Professor  Blackie.  He  published 
in  1879,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang,  a  prose  translation  of  the  "  Odyssey," 
now  in  its  tenth  edition ;  in  1881  a 
small  volume  on  "Demosthenes,"  in  Mac- 
millan's  Classical  Series;  in  1891  "Some 
Aspects  of  the  Greek  Genius  "  (Macmillan 
and  Co.),  now  in  a  second  edition  ;  in  1895 
"Aristotle's  Theory  of  Poetry  and  Fine 
Art,  with  a  Critical  Text  and  Translation 
of  the  Poetics,"  a  second  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1898.  In  March  1886  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Athenseum  Club, 
without  ballot,  by  the  committee.  In  1889 
he  was  appointed  a  Member  of  the  Scottish 
Universities  Commission.  Since  1889  he 
has  been  one  of  the  representatives  of  the 
Edinburgh  Senatus  Academicus  on  the 
University  Court  of  Edinburgh  University. 
Since  1886  he  has  vigorously  supported 
the  Unionist  cause  by  speaking  and  writ- 
ing. He  is  brother  of  J.  G.  Butcher,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  and  in  1876  married  Rose  Julia, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Archbishop 
Trench.  Addresses  :  27  Palmerston  Place, 
Edinburgh;  and  Athenasum. 

BUTE,  Marquis  of,  John  Patrick 
Crichton  Stuart,  K.T.,  LL.D.,  is  the  son 

of  the  2nd  Marquis,  and  was  born  at  Mount 
Stuart  House,  in  the  isle  of  Bute,  Sept.  12, 
1847,  succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1848,  and  received  his 
education  at  Harrow  School,  whence  he 
proceeded  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
was  admitted  into  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  by  Monsignor  Capel,  in  London, 
on  Dec.  1,  1868.    He  was  created  a  Knight 


BUTLER 


161 


of  the  Order  of  the  Thistle  in  February 
1875,  and  is  Lord-Lieutenant  of  the  county 
of  Bute.  The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
has  been  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Uni- 
versities of  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and  St. 
Andrews.  He  presented  the  Great  Hall 
to  the  buildings  of  the  former.  Lord  Bute 
has  published  "  The  Roman  Breviary,  trans- 
lated out  of  Latin  into  English";  "The 
Coptic  Morning  Service  for  the  Lord's  Day, 
translated  into  English";  Bikelas'  "  Essays 
upon  Christian  Greece";  "The  Arms  of 
the  Royal  and  Parliamentary  Burghs  of 
Scotland,"  as  well  as  lectures  and  essays, 
mostly  upon  Scottish  and  Continental  sub- 
jects. These  include  a  description  of  some 
Christian  monuments  of  Athens  and  of  a 
personal  visit  to  Patmos.  The  Marquis 
of  Bute  has  also  written  on  the  language 
of  the  aborigines  of  Teneriffe,  ' '  The  Altus 
of  St.  Colum  ba,"  &c.  He  was  elected  Mayor 
of  Cardiff  in  1891  (being  the  first  Peer 
chosen  for  such  an  office  since  the  Reform 
Bill),  and  Provost  of  Rothesay  in  1896  ;  and 
Lord  Rector  of  St.  Andrews  University 
in  1892,  and  again  in  1895.  His  lordship 
married  in  1872  the  Hon.  Gwendoline  Mary 
Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  Lord  Howard  of 
Glossop,  and  has  issue,  living,  three  sons 
and  a  daughter.  Addresses :  St.  John's 
Lodge,  Regent's  Park  ;  Cardiff  Castle,  &c.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

BUTLER,  Lady  Elizabeth  Souther- 
den,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  J. 
Thompson,  by  Christiana,  daughter  of  Mr. 
T.  E.  Weller,  was  born  at  Lausanne,  in 
Switzerland.  Her  parents  removed  to 
Prestbury,  near  Cheltenham,  where,  at 
the  age  of  five  years,  Miss  Thompson  first 
began  to  handle  the  pencil.  After  two  or 
three  years'  sojourn  at  Prestbury,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Thompson  went  to  live  in  Italy,  and 
the  young  artist  continued  her  studies  at 
Florence.  In  1870  the  family  returned 
to  England,  and  took  up  their  abode  at 
Ventnor,  where  they  remained  till  the 
great  success  of  Miss  Thompson's  picture 
of  the  "Roll  Call"  made  a  removal  to 
London  desirable.  At  one  period  she 
studied  in  the  Government 'School  of  Art, 
Kensington.  For  some  years  she  exhibited 
at  the  Dudley  and  other  galleries.  Her 
first  picture  at  the  Royal  Academy  was 
"Missing,"  1873.  It  was  followed  in  1874 
by  the  "Roll  Call,"  a  picture,  which  at- 
tracted universal  attention,  and  which 
was  purchased  by  the  Queen.  "The  28th 
Regiment  at  Quatre  Bras  "  was  exhibited 
at  the  Academy  in  1875  ;  "  Balaclava,"  in 
Bond  Street,  in  1876;  and  "Inkerman," 
in  Bond  Street,  in  1877.  In  later  years  she 
has  painted:  '"Listed  for  the  Connaught 
Rangers,"  "The  Remnants  of  an  Army," 
1879 ; "  The  Defence  of  Rorke's  Drift,"  1881 ; 
"  Floreat  Etona  1 "  1882,  an  incident  in  the 


attack  on  Laing's  Nek  ;  a  picture  represent- 
ing the  famous  charge  of  the  Scots  Greys 
at  Waterloo,  1882;  "Tel-el-Kebir,"  1885; 
"To  the  Front,"  1889;  "Evicted,"  1890; 
"The  Camel  Corps,"  1894;  "Halt  on  a 
Forced  March,"  "The  Dawn  of  Water- 
loo," 1895;  and  "Steady,  the  Drums  and 
Fifes,"  1897.  Miss  Thompson  became 
the  wife  of  Major-General  Sir  William 
Francis  Butler,  K.C.B.,  June  11, 1877.  Ad- 
dresses :  Cape  Town  ;  Monavoe,  Delgany, 
Ireland. 

BUTLER,  The  Very  Rev.  Henry 
Montagu,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (Glasgow),  late 
Dean  of  Gloucester,  Master  of  Trinity, 
Camb.,  and  ex -Vice -Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  is  the  fourth 
and  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  George 
Butler,  D.D.,  Head  Master  of  Harrow, 
and  afterwards  Dean  of  Peterborough, 
and  was  born  July  2,  1833,  and  educated 
at  Harrow,  under  Dr.  Vaughan,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
elected  Bell  University  Scholar  in  1852, 
and  Battie  University  Scholar  in  1853. 
In  1853  he  won  Sir  W.  Browne's  medal 
for  the  Greek  ode,  and  in  1854  the  Porson 
Prize  for  the  Greek  ode,  the  Camden  medal 
for  Latin  hexameters,  and  the  Members' 
Prize  for  a  Latin  essay.  In  1855  he 
graduated  B.A.  as  Senior  Classic,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  elected  Fellow  of  his 
college.  On  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Vaughan, 
at  Christmas  1859,  he  was  elected  to  the 
head-mastership  of  the  school,  over  which 
his  father  had  presided  for  twenty-four 
years,  from  1805  to  1829.  He  held  this 
post  until  1885,  when  he  was  appointed 
Dean  of  Gloucester.  In  1886  he  resigned 
the  Deanery,  being  nominated  by  the 
Crown  Master  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  succession  to  the  late  Dr.  Hep- 
worth  Thompson.  He  was  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  in  1889  and  1890.  He 
was  Honorary  Chaplain  to  the  Queen,  1875- 
1877;  Chaplain-in-Ordinary,  1877;  Preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's  and  Examining  Chaplain 
to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Dr.  Tait, 
1879,  and  to  his  successor,  Archbishop 
Benson,  1883.  He  has  been  several  times 
Select  Preacher  at  the  Universities  of  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  ;  and  he  published  in 
1861  and  in  1866  volumes  of  "  Sermons 
preached  in  the  Chapel  of  Harrow  School." 
He  is  brother  of  Canon  Butler,  and  was 
married  in  August  1888  to  Miss  Ramsay 
of  Girton  College,  who  distinguished  her- 
self by  taking  the  first  place  in  the  Cam- 
bridge Classical  Tripos  in  1887.  Address  : 
Trinity  Lodge,  Cambridge. 

BUTLER,  Major-General  Sir  Wil- 
liam Francis,  K.C.B.,  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen,  was  born  in  the  county  of  Tipper- 
ary,    Ireland,    in    1838,   and    educated   at 

L 


162 


BUTLIN  — BUXTON 


Dublin.  He  was  appointed  Ensign  of  the 
69th  Regiment,  Sept.  17,  1858;  Lieu- 
tenant, November  1863;  Captain,  1872; 
Major,  1874  ;  and  Deputy-Adjutant-Quar- 
termaster -  General,  Headquarter  Staff, 
1876.  Major  Butler  served  on  the  Red 
River  Expedition ;  was  sent  on  a  special 
mission  to  the  Saskatchewan  Territories 
in  1870-71 ;  and  served  on  the  Ashanti 
Expedition  in  1873,  in  command  of  the 
West  Akim  native  forces.  He  was  several 
times  mentioned  in  despatches  of  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley,  and  in  the  House  of 
Lords  by  the  Field-Marshal  Commanding- 
in-Chief.  He  was  appointed  a  Companion 
of  the  Bath  in  1874.  In  February  1879 
he  was  despatched  to  Natal  to  assume 
the  responsible  post  of  Staff  Officer  at  the 
port  of  disembarkation.  In  the  subse- 
quent expeditions  under  Lord  Wolseley, 
Major-General  Butler  has  generally  held 
an  important  post,  and  especially  in  the 
Soudan  Expedition.  On  the  return  of  the 
forces  he  was  left  behind  in  command 
of  the  British  advanced  posts.  He  was 
Colonel  on  the  Staff  in  Egypt  from  1890 
to  1892,  and  Brigadier-General  in  Egypt 
from  December  1892  to  November  1893, 
when  he  was  appointed  Major-General 
at  Aldershot.  He  till  lately  held  the 
South  -  Eastern  District  command,  with 
headquarters  at  Dover,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  troops  at  the 
Cape  in  1898.  General  Butler  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Great  Lone  Land," 
1872;  "The  Wild  North  Land,"  1873; 
"Akimfoo,"  1875;  and  "Far  Out:  Rov- 
ings  Retold,"  1880;  "Red  Cloud,  the 
Solitary  Sioux,"  1882  ;  "  The  Campaign 
of  the  Cataracts,"  1887  ;  "Charles  George 
Gordon,"  1889;  "Sir  Charles  Napier," 
1891.  He  was  married  June  11,  1877,  at 
the  church  of  the  Servite  Fathers,  Ful- 
ham  Road,  London,  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Thompson,  the  painter.  Address  :  Cape 
Town. 

BUTLIN,  Henry  Trentham,  born 
at  Camborne,  Cornwall,  son  of  the  Rev. 
W.  W.  Butlin,  was  educated  at  home  and 
at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England;  D.C. L.  (hon.  causd) 
of  the  University  of  Durham  ;  and  Sur- 
geon to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital. 
During  the  year  1896-97  he  was  President 
of  the  Pathological  Society  of  London,  of 
the  Laryngological  Society,  and  of  the 
Metropolitan  Branch  of  the  British  Medi- 
cal Association,  and  was  for  six  years 
Treasurer  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  is  now  a  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land. As  Erasmus  Wilson  Professor  of 
Pathology,  and  later  Professor  of  Patho- 
logy and  Surgery  to  the  College  of  Sur- 


geons, he  delivered  a  series  of  lectures  on 
malignant  disease ;  and  he  has  published 
several  works  on  malignant  disease  and 
on  the  operative  surgery  of  the  same. 
Address  :  82  Harley  Street,  W. 

BUTTERFIELD,  "William,  F.S.A., 
architect,  was  born  Sept.  7,  1814.  He 
early  devoted  himself  to  a  study  of  the 
various  periods  of  Gothic  architecture, 
and  consequently  found  himself  in  warm 
sympathy  and  intercourse  with  the  Cam- 
bridge Camden  Society,  which  was  just 
then  coming  into  existence,  and  which 
played  an  important  part  in  the  revival  of 
Gothic  architecture.  He  has  in  his  prac- 
tice introduced  various  colours  to  a  large 
extent  into  ecclesiastical  and  domestic 
buildings  by  the  help  of  brick,  stone, 
marble,  and  mosaic  combined ;  and  .he 
has  made  great  use  of  tiles  which  have 
figures  and  subjects  painted  upon  them, 
and  which  are  afterwards  fired.  Amongst 
the  buildings  designed  by  him  are  : 
St.  Augustine's  College,  Canterbury ;  the 
entire  buildings  of  Keble  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  Balliol  College  Chapel,  Oxford  ;  St. 
Michael's  Hospital,  Axbridge  ;  the  County 
Hospital,  Winchester ;  the  School  Build- 
ings at  Winchester  College  ;  the  Grammar 
School,  Exeter ;  the  Chapel,  Quadrangle, 
and  many  other  large  buildings  at  Rugby 
School ;  the  rebuilding  of  Rugby  Parish 
Church  ;  Heath's  Court,  Ottery  St.  Mary ; 
the  Guards'  Chapel,  Caterham  Barracks; 
All  Saints,  Margaret  Street,  London ;  St. 
Alban's,  Holborn  ;  St.  Augustine's,  Queen's 
Gate  ;  Gordon  Boys'  Home  Buildings,  near 
Bagshot ;  St.  Thomas,  Leeds ;  togetherwith 
a  large  number  of  other  new  churches, 
such  as  St.  Mary  Magdalene's  Church  and 
tlie  Vicarage  at  Enfield  ;  and  old  build- 
ings and  churches  restored,  as  St.  Cross, 
Church  and  Hospital  Buildings,  near  Win- 
chester ;  St.  Mary's  Church  in  Dover 
Castle,  and  the  Parish  Church,  Totten- 
ham. He  has  also  added  the  new  buildings 
to  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  has  restored 
its  chapel.  St.  Augustine's  new  Church, 
Bournemouth ;  Parish  Church,  Barnet ; 
Chapel  and  other  works  at  Fulham  Palace; 
Ardleigh  Church,  Essex ;  Chapel  and  Do- 
mestic Buildings  at  Ascot  Priory  are  fur- 
ther instances  of  his  method  and  style. 
Addresses  :  42  Bedford  Square,  W.C. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

BUXTON,  Sydney,  M.P.,  was  bom 
in  1853,  and  is  the  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fowell  Buxton,  and  the  son  of  Charles 
Buxton,  M.P.,  and  of  Emily,  daughter  of 
Sir  Henry  Holland  the  physician.  He  was 
educated  at  Clifton  College  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  a  Member 
of  the  London  School  Board  from  1876 
to  1881.     In  1880  he  unsuccessfully  con- 


BUXTON  —  BYE 


163 


tested  Boston  at  the  General  Election,  was 
returned  for  Peterborough  in  1883,  and 
defeated  in  1885.  In  1886  he  stood  for 
Croydon  at  a  bye-election,  but  was  not  re- 
turned. In  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
for  Poplar,  and  re-elected  in  1892  and 
again  in  1895.  In  1892  he  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies. 
In  1882-84  Mr.  Sydney  Buxton  acted  as 
Hon.  Secretary  of  Mr.  Tuke's  Irish  Emi- 
gration Fund,  and  was  instrumental  in 
emigrating  some  10,000  persons,  in  fami- 
lies, from  the  congested  districts  of  Ire- 
land. In  1889  he,  with  the  late  Cardinal 
Manning  and  the  Lord  Mayor,  constituted 
the  "Mansion  House  Committee  of  Con- 
ciliation," which  helped  to  bring  the  great 
dock  strike  of  the  year  to  a  satisfactory 
conclusion.  From  188G  to  18S9  he  was 
a  Member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Elementary  Education.  In  1891  he  moved 
the  "Fair  Wages  Resolution"  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  successful  in  raising  the  age  of  "  half- 
timers"  from  ten  to  eleven.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  "  Handbook  to  Political  Ques- 
tions," 1880  (now  in  its  ninth  edition) ;  "A 
Political  Manual";  "Finance  and  Poli- 
tics :  an  Historical  Study,  1796-1884," 
1889;  a  "Handbook  to  Death  Duties," 
1890 ;  besides  numerous  pamphlets  and 
articles  on  political  and  financial  subjects. 
In  1882  Mr.  Sydney  Buxton  married  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  Sir  John  Lubbock. 
She  died  in  1892.  In  1896  he  married 
Mildred,  daughter  of  Hugh  Colin  Smith. 
Addresses:  15  Eaton  Place,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

BUXTON,     Sir     Thomas     Fowell, 

Bart.,  G.C.M.G.,  son  of  the  late  Sir  Edward 
North  Buxton,  M.P.,  and  grandson  of  the 
well-known  philanthropist,  was  born  Jan. 
26,  1837,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  3rd 
baronet  in  1858.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  as 
Liberal  Member  for  King's  Lynn  from 
1865  to  1868.  He  acted  as  High  Sheriff 
of  Norfolk  in  1876,  and  was  Colonel  of 
the  2nd  Tower  Hamlet  Volunteers  from 
1864  to  1883.  In  April  1895  Sir  Thomas 
Buxton  was  appointed  Governor  of  South 
Australia.  He  has  retired  from  this  Go- 
vernorship. He  has  made  himself  conspi- 
cuous as  a  philanthropist,  is  of  Evangelical 
principles ;  and  was  married  in  1862  to 
Victoria,  daughter  of  the  1st  Earl  of 
Gainsborough.  Addresses  :  14  Grosvenor 
Crescent,  S.W.  ;  and  Warlies,  Waltham 
Abbey. 

BUZZARD,  Thomas,  M.D.,  was  born 
in  London,  and  was  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  at  first  in  the  School, 
and  later  in  the  Medical  Department  of 


the  College.  M.R.C.S.  1854,  graduated 
M.B.  in  the  University  of  London  1857, 
and  M.D.  1860 ;  University  Medical  Scholar 
and  gold  medallist ;  Fellow  of  King's 
College,  London  ;  M.R.C.P.  London  1867, 
and  F.R.C.P.  1873  ;  Physician  to  the 
National  Hospital  for  the  Paralysed  and 
Epileptic,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury.  Dr. 
Buzzard  was  President  of  the  Harveian 
Society  of  London  in  1889  ;  President  of 
the  Neurological  Society  of  London  in 
1890  ;  President  of  the  Clinical  Society 
of  London  in  1895-96.  He  is  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society 
of  London  ;  Member  of  the  Pathological, 
Clinical,  and  Ophthalmological  Societies  ; 
and  author  of  several  works  on  the  subject 
of  Neurology,  besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  medical  and  other  journals.  Dr. 
Buzzard  was  attached  to  the  Headquarters 
of  H.H.  Omer  Pasha  in  the  Crimean  Cam- 
paign in  1855-56.  He  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol ;  with  the  second  ex- 
pedition to  Kertch  :  and  at  the  battle 
of  the  Tctrernaia.  After  the  fall  of 
Sebastopol  he  accompanied  the  army 
of  Omer  Pasha  to  the  Caucasus  in  its 
winter  campaign,  and  took  part  in  the 
establishment  and  conduct  of  a  base 
hospital  for  Turkish  troops  at  Trebi- 
zonde,  in  Asia  Minor.  Address  :  74  Gros- 
venor Street,  W. 

BYLES,  William  Pollard,  the  son 

of  William  Byles,  founder  of  the  Brad- 
ford Observer,  was  born  Feb.  13,  1839,  and 
was  educated  privately.  He  represented 
the  Shipley  Division  of  Yorkshire  in  the 
House  of  Commons  from  1892  to  1895, 
and  has  very  decided  opinions  as  a  Radical 
and  a  Social  Reformer.  He  is  now  pro- 
prietor of  the  paper  which  his  father 
founded,  viz.,  the  Bradford  Observer,  Ad- 
dress :  Oakfield,  Bradford. 

BYE,  Robert.     See  Bayer,  Karl  Em- 
meeich  Robert. 

BYRNE,    The    Hon.    Mr.    Justice 

(Sir  Edmund  Widdrington  Byrne),  the 
eldest  son  of  Edmund  Byrne,  solicitor, 
Westminster,  was  born  at  Islington,  June 
30,  1844,  and  was  educated  at  King's 
College,  London.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1867,  was  appointed 
a  Q.C.  in  1888,  was  elected  a  Member  of 
the  Bar  Committee  in  1891,  and  a  Bencher 
in  1892.  He  represented  the  Walthamstow 
Division  of  Essex  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons from  1892  to  1897,  and  in  the  latter 
year  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Chancery  Division  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice.  He  was  married  in  1874  to 
Henrietta,  daughter  of  the  late  James 
Gulland  of  Newton-Wemyss,  Fife.  Ad- 
dress :  33  Lancaster  Gate,  W. 


164 


CABLE  —  CAFFYN 


0 


CABLE,  George  Washington,  novel- 
ist, son  of  George  W.  Cable,  of  Virginia, 
was  born  in  New  Orleans  on  Oct.  12,  1844, 
where  he  resided  almost  uninterruptedly 
until  1884,  when  he  removed  to  New  Eng- 
land. His  present  residence  is  in  North- 
ampton, Massachusetts.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  his  father  died,  leaving  his  family 
in  such  reduced  circumstances  as  to  compel 
his  son  to  leave  school  in  order  to  aid  in 
the  support  of  his  mother  and  siste  s. 
From  that  time  until  1863  he  was  usually 
employed  as  a  clerk.  In  that  year  he 
entered  the  Confederate  armj*,  where  he 
remained  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 
Returning  to  New  Orleans,  he  made  such 
a  living  as  he  could — at  first  as  an  errand 
boy  (though  he  was  nearly  twenty-one 
years  of  age),  then  in  book-keeping,  and 
finally  secured  a  position  in  a  prominent 
house  of  cotton  factors,  which  he  left  in 
1879  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  litera- 
ture. His  first  literary  work  was  in  the 
form  of  contributions  to  the  New  Orleans 
Picayune,  under  the  signature  of  "  Drop- 
Shot."  His  work,  however,  did  not  attract 
any  very  general  attention  until  his  Creole 
sketches  appeared  in  Scribner's  Monthly, 
now  The  Century  Magazine.  These  were 
published  in  book  form  in  1879,  under  the 
title  of  "Old  Creole  Days."  They  were 
followed  by  "The  Grandissimes,"  1880; 
"Madame  Delphine."  1881  ;  "  The  Creoles 
of  Louisiana,"  1884  ;  "  Dr.  Sevier,"  1884  ; 
"The  Silent  South,"  1885;  "Bonaventure," 
1887;  "Strange  True  Stories  of  Louisiana," 
1889;  "The  Negro  Question,"  1890;  and 
"  John  March,  Southerner,"  1894.  In  these 
Mr.  Cable  has  shown  such  a  mastery  of  the 
Louisiana  dialect  and  such  an  insight  into 
the  Creole  character  as  to  give  him  a 
prominent  place  among  American  writers  ; 
and  the  public  readings  from  his  works 
which  he  has  given  during  the  past  few 
years  in  Northern  cities  have  been  very 
largely  attended.  Although  writing  addi- 
tional essays  from  time  to  time,  and  a  few 
short  stories,  he  has  devoted  his  later  years 
almost  entirely  to  the  platform  and  to  the 
establishment  of  charitable  societies,  not- 
ably the  Home  Culture  Clubs  for  the  edu- 
cational benefit  of  the  working  poor. 
Address  :  Tarrya while,  Northampton, 
Massachusetts. 

CADGE,  William,  F.R.C.S.,  received 
his  medical  education  at  University  College 
Hospital,  London,  where  he  was  at  one 
time  Assistant-Surgeon  and  Demonstrator 
in  Anatomy.  He  was  formerly  Member  of 
Council  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 


England  ;  is  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Medical 
Chirurgical  Society,  and  Consulting  Sur- 
geon to  the  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Hospital, 
to  which  he  has  given  two  donations,  the 
first  being  anonymous,  of  £10,000  each. 
As  Hunterian  Professor  of  Surgery  and 
Pathology  he  lectured  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  1886  on  the  surgical  treat- 
ment of  stone,  and  contributed  to  Mor- 
ton's "Surgical  Anatomy"  the  "Surgical 
Anatomy  of  the  Head  and  Neck  and  other 
limbs,"  and  to  the  Lancet  of  1847  a  brief 
account  of  the  last  illness  and  autopsy  of 
Liston.  In  1874  he  delivered  an  address 
on  Surgery  to  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion. Address :  49  St.  Giles's  Street, 
Norwich. 

CADOGAN,  Earl,  The  Eight  Hon. 
George   Henry    Cadogan,   K.G.,  J.P., 

Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  eldest  son  of 
the  4th  Earl,  was  born  at  Durham  on 
May  12,  1840.  He  succeeded  to  the  title 
on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1873,  having 
been  for  a  few  months  previously  M.P.  for 
Bath.  He  was  appointed  Parliamentary 
Under-Secretary  for  War  in  May  1875 ; 
and  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies  in  March  1878,  in  succession  to 
Mr.  J.  Lowther,  who  had  been  advanced 
to  the  post  of  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland. 
He  went  out  of  office  with  the  Conserva- 
tive party  in  April  1880.  In  Lord  Salis- 
bury's second  administration,  1886,  he 
was  appointed  Lord  Privy  Seal,  without 
a  seat  in  the  Cabinet,  but  he  joined  the 
Cabinet  in  1887,  and  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  Grand  Committees  in  1889. 
In  Lord  Salisbury's  third  administration 
he  was  appointed  Lord  -  Lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet,  1895. 
He  is  a  Hereditary  Trustee  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  married  in  1873  Beatrix, 
daughter  of  the  2nd  Earl  of  Craven, 
M.P.  for  Bath.  Addresses :  Viceregal 
Lodge,  Dublin  ;  Chelsea  House,  Cadogan 
Place,  S.W. ;  Culford  Hall,  Bury. 

CAFFYN,  Kathleen  Mannington, 

("Iota"),  widow  of  the  late  Mr.  Manning- 
ton  Caffyn,  was  born  at  Waterloo  House, 
co.  Tipperary,  and  is  the  daughter  of 
William  Hunt  and  Louisa  Going.  The 
future  novelist  was  educated  under  English 
and  German  governesses,  and  then  went 
through  a  short  course  of  training  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital  preparatory  to  becoming 
a  nurse  under  the  National  and  Metro- 
politan Nursing  Association.  Shortly  after 
entering  on  this  career  she  married  Mr. 
Mannington  Caffyn,  a  surgeon  and  writer 
of  some  repute,  his  novel,  "  Miss  Milne  and 
I,"  having  been  one  of  the  notable  books 
of  its  time.  He  died  when,  shortly  after 
their  marriage,  they  had  gone  out  to 
Sydney.     Mrs.  Mannington  Caffyn  began 


CAILLARD  —  CAINE 


165 


her  literary  career  during  her  early  widow- 
hood in  the  Colonies.  At  first  she  contri- 
buted to  the  papers,  and  in  1894  sprang 
into  sudden  fame  by  her  "  Yellow  Aster," 
which  proved  a  sensational  example  of 
the  problem  novel  at  a  time  when  "  The 
Heavenly  Twins "  had  made  that  style  of 
writing  momentarily  popular  and  import- 
ant. Her  subsequent  works  have  been  : 
"  Children  of  Circumstances,"  1894  ;  "  A 
Comedy  of  Spasms,"  1895 ;  and  "  A  Quaker 
Grandmother,"  1896.  Address :  6  Cedar 
Gardens,  Putney,  S.W. 

CAILLARD,  Sir  Vincent  Henry 
Penalver,  was  born  on  Oct.  23,  1856,  and 
is  the  son  of  Judge  Caillard  and  Emma 
Louisa  Reynolds,  first  cousin  once  removed 
to  the  late  Lord  Beaconsfield.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary Academy,  Woolwich,  where  he  was 
Pollock  Gold  Medallist,  and  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  Royal  Engineers  in 
1875.  Early  in  1879  he  was  appointed  to 
assist  the  English  Commissioner  on  the 
Montenegro  Frontier  Commission  ;  in  the 
October  of  that  year  he  was  on  the  Arab 
Tabia  Commission.  In  1880  he  rejoined 
the  Montenegrin  Commission,  and  in  July 
was  sent  on  a  special  political  mission  to 
Epirus  in  behalf  of  the  Report  to  the 
Berlin  Congress.  At  the  naval  demonstra- 
tion at  Dulcigno  in  September  he  was 
specially  attached  to  Sir  Beauchamp  Sey- 
mour; in  1882  he  was  in  the  service  of 
the  Intelligence  Department,  and  in  the 
August  of  that  year  he  was  attached  to  the 
Headquarter  Staff  during  the  Egyptian 
campaign.  He  had  thus  gained  a  very 
wide  and  varied  experience  of  Levantine 
affairs  when,  in  October  1883,  he  was  ap- 
pointed President  of  the  Ottoman  Public 
Debt  Council.  He  has  held  this  arduous 
post  for  more  than  fourteen  years,  and  has 
also  been  Financial  Representative  of 
England,  Holland,  and  Belgium  in  Con- 
stantinople. In  April  1898  it  was  an- 
nounced that  he  was  about  to  relinquish 
his  post  as  Administrator  of  the  Public 
Debt,  in  order  to  take  up  his  residence  in 
London,  at  the  instance  of  certain  leading 
financiers  who  desire  the  advantage  of  his 
experience  in  the  matter  of  financial 
organisation  and  administration.  He  has 
various  orders,  including  the  Medal  and 
Bronze  Star,  Egyptian  campaign,  1882 ; 
Grand  Cordon  of  the  Medjidieh  ;  Grand 
Cordon  of  Ordre  pour  le  Merite  Civile,  &c. 
He  married  in  1886  Eliza  Frances,  sister  of 
Sir  John  Hanham,  Bart.   Club:  St.  James's. 

CAINE,  Thomas  Henry  Hall,  novel- 
ist and  dramatist,  was  born  in  1853.  He 
began  life  as  an  architect,  but  at  an  early 
period  turned  his  attention  to  literature. 
He  lived  with  Dante  Rossetti  in  London 


during  the  trying  twelve  months  pre- 
ceding that  poet's  death  in  1882,  and 
published  "  Recollections  of  Rossetti  "  in 
the  same  year.  He  published  "  Sonnets 
of  Three  Centuries"  in  1882;  "Cobwebs 
of  Criticism,"  1883.  Then  he  began  his 
career  as  a  novelist,  publishing  "The 
Shadow  of  a  Crime  "  in  1885  ;  "  A  Son  of 
Hagar"  in  1887;  also  "The  Deemster," 
1887,  which  was  dramatised  under  the 
title  of  "Ben-my-Chree,"  1888.  In  1890 
he  published  "The  Bondman";  "The 
Scapegoat,"  1891  ;  "The  Manxman,"  1894 
(twice  dramatised  under  the  same  name, 

1894  and  1895) ;  and  "  The  Christian,"  1897. 
The  last  mentioned  provoked  much  contro- 
versy, and  passed  through  a  first  edition 
of  50,000  copies  within  a  month.  Mr.  Hall 
Caine  was  principal  agent  in  the  abolition 
of    the   English  three-volume   novel.      In 

1895  he  went  to  Canada  as  the  ambassa- 
dor of  the  Society  of  Authors  to  protest 
against  the  proposed  Canadian  copyright 
legislation.  He  framed  a  compromise, 
which  was  accepted  by  the  interested 
parties  and,  with  modifications,  by  the 
Dominion  Government  and  the  Colonial 
Office  as  a  basis  of  fresh  legislation.  His 
permanent  address  is  Greeba  Castle,  Isle 
of  Man. 

CAINE,  "William  Sproston,  J.P.,  was 

born  at  Seacombe,  Cheshire,  March  26, 
1842,  and  is  the  son  of  Nathaniel  Caine, 
J.P.  for  Lancashire  and  Liverpool,  a  Liver- 
pool merchant.  He  was  educated  privately 
by  the  Rev.  Richard  Wall,  M.  A. ;  married 
in  1868  to  Alice,  daughter  of  Rev.  Hugh 
Stowel  Brown,  of  Liverpool.  In  1873  he 
contested  Liverpool  in  the  Liberal  interest 
at  a  bye-election,  and  afterwards  at  the 
General  Election  in  1874,  both  times  un- 
successfully. In  1880  he  was  returned  for 
Scarborough,  and  again  in  1884  on  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  office  of  Civil  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  administra- 
tion of  1880-85.  In  1885  he  consented  to 
contest  the  county  of  Middlesex  at  the 
following  General  Election,  and  on  the 
passing  of  the  Redistribution  Act  stood 
for  the  Tottenham  division  of  that  county 
in  1885  without  success.  At  a  bye-election 
in  April  1886  he  was  returned  for  Barrow- 
in-Furness  by  a  large  majority,  and  was 
again  returned  at  the  General  Election. 
In  1892  he  was  elected  for  the  Eastern 
Division  of  Bradford,  and  was  defeated 
for  the  same  constituency  in  1895.  He 
is  a  J.P.  for  the  North  Riding  of  York- 
shire and  the  county  of  London,  and  is 
largely  engaged  in  the  iron  trade  of  Cum- 
berland. He  was  Chairman  of  a  Special 
Commission  for  the  reorganisation  of  the 
Metropolitan  Constituencies  in  the  Liberal 
interest,  and  is  now  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on   Indian   Expenditure   and 


166 


CA1KD  — CALVE 


the  Koyal  Commission  on  the  Licensing 
Laws.  Mr.  Caine  separated  from  Mr. 
Gladstone  on  the  Home  Rule  question, 
and  has  been  one  of  the  whips  of  the 
Liberal  Unionist  party,  but  rejoined  the 
Liberal  party  in  1890,  accepting  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's amended  scheme  for  the  govern- 
ment of  Ireland.  He  is  an  active  leader  in 
the  Temperance  Reformation,  and  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  British  Temperance  League 
and  the  National  Temperance  Federation, 
and  is  a  Director  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Temperance  and  Provident  Institution. 
He  is  the  author  of  "A  Trip  Round  the 
World  in  1887-88"  ;  "  Hugh  Stowell  Brown: 
a  Memorial  Volume,"  1888  ;  "  Picturesque 
India,"  1890;  and  "Young  India,"  1891. 
Address  :  North  Side,  Clapham  Common, 
S.W. 

CAIRD,  Edward,  M.A.,  Hon.  D.C.L., 
Master  of  Balliol,  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
University  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  a  Snell  Exhibitioner.  In 
1861  he  was  Pusey  and  Ellerton  Scholar, 
took  a  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations 
in  1862,  and  a  first  class  in  Literas  Hu- 
maniores  in  1863.  He  was  subsequently 
elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Merton  College, 
where  he  was  for  two  years  a  tutor  until 
appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Moral  Philosophy 
at  Glasgow.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Jowett 
he  was  elected  Master  of  Balliol  (Nov. 
14,  1893).  He  has  published  the  follow- 
ing works  :  "  The  Critical  Philosophy  of 
Immanuel  Kant,"  2  vols.;  "The  Social 
Philosophy  and  Religion  of  Comte  "  ;  "  The 
Evolution  of  Religion,"  2  vols,  (being  the 
Gifford  Lectures  at  St.  Andrews,  1891-92), 
1893;  "Hegel,"  in  Blackwood's  Philo- 
sophical Classics;  "Essays  in  Religion 
and  Philosophy,"  1892.  Address:  Balliol 
College,  Oxford. 

CAIRD,  Mrs.  Mona,  authoress,  only 
daughter  of  John  Alison,  inventor  of  the 
vertical  boiler,  was  born  at  Ryde,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  Her  first  acknowledged 
work  was  "Whom  Nature  Leadeth."  This 
was  followed  in  1887  by  "One  that  Wins," 
and  in  the  spring  of  1889  by  "  The  Wing 
of  Azrael."  In  the  Westminster  Review  for 
August  and  November  1888  Mrs.  Mona 
Caird  wrote  articles  on  "  Marriage "  and 
"  Ideal  Marriage,"  which  led  to  a  volumi- 
nous correspondence  in  the  Daily  Telegraph, 
entitled  "Is  Marriage  a  Failure?"  She 
afterwards  contributed  to  the  Fortnightly 
an  article  entitled  "  The  Morality  of  Mar- 
riage," which  was  a  reply  to  Mrs.  Lynn 
Linton's  attack  on  the  "  Wild  Woman " 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  Other  works 
from  her  pen  are:  "A  Romance  of  the 
Moors,"  1891 ;  "The  Yellow  Drawing-Room 
and  other  Short  Stories,"  "  The  Daughters 
of  Danaus,"  1894;  "A  Sentimental  View 


of  Vivisection,"  "Beyond  the  Pale,"  1896; 
"  The  Morality  of  Marriage,"  1897.  Club : 
Pioneer. 

CALLENDAR,  Professor  Hugh 
Longbourne,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.C,  LL.D., 
son  of  the  Rev.  Hugh  Callendar,  M.A., 
Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  who  died  in  1867,  was  born  on 
April  18,  1863,  at  Hatherop,  Gloucester- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Marlborough 
College,  of  which  he  was  head  boy  in 
1880-82.  He  entered  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  Sept.  1882,  and  was  elected 
Mayor  Scholar  in  December  of  the  same 
year,  and  Bell  University  Scholar  in  Feb. 
1883.  He  was  in  the  first  class  in  Classics 
in  1884,  was  14th  Wrangler  in  1885,  and 
was  elected  to  a  College  Fellowship  in 
Natural  Science  in  1886.  He  became  a 
University  Extension  Lecturer  in  1892, 
Professor  of  Physics  at  the  Royal  Hollo- 
way  College  in  1893,  and  M'Donald  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  M'Gill  University, 
Montreal,  in  Oct.  1893.  In  1897  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Physics  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  In  June  1894,  he 
was  elected  F.R.S.,  and  was  made  LL.D. 
in  1898.  He  has  written  various  papers 
on  subjects  connected  with  the  measure- 
ment of  temperature,  the  most  important 
of  which  have  appeared  in  the  Phil. 
Trans.  A,  1887,  and  A,  1891.  He  has  also 
devised  a  system  of  shorthand,  published 
by  the  Cambridge  University  Press  under 
the  titles  of  "Phonetic  Cursive,"  1889,  and 
"Orthographic  Cursive,"  1891.  Address: 
University  College,  Gower  Street,  W.C. 

CALVE,  Madame  Emma,  operatic 
singer,  was  born  in  France  in  1866,  her 
father  being  a  civil  engineer.  She  took 
her  first  lessons  from  M.  Laborde,  and 
subsequently  with  Madame  Marchesi,  and 
made  her  debut  at  the  Theatre  de  laMonnaie, 
Brussels,  1882,  in  Gounod's  "Faust."  She 
played  in  Paris  in  1884  at  the  Theltre 
Italien,  with  MM.  Maurel  and  Edouard  de 
Reszke,  in  "Aben  Hamet,"  and  then  at  the 
Ope'ra  Comique,  where  she  sang  in  the 
following  roles  :  The  Countess  in  Mozart's 
"  Nozze  di  Figaro  "  ;  the  heroine  of  Felicien 
David's  "Lalla  Rookh;"  and  Pamina  in 
Mozart's  "II  Flauto  Magico";  and  after- 
wards made  a  tour  in  Italy,  visiting  Milan, 
Rome,  Naples,  and  Florence,  including 
in  her  repertoire  Ophelia  in  Ambroise 
Thomas's  "Hamlet,"  and  Leila  in  Bizet's 
"  Pecheurs  des  Perles."  She  appeared 
at  Covent  Garden  in  1892  as  Santuzza  in 
"Cavalleria  Rusticana,"  and  in  "L'Amico 
Fritz,"  the  leading  soprana  part  in  which 
she  had  created  at  the  Costanza  Theatre, 
Rome,  in  October  1891.  She  sang  in  both 
at  Windsor  Castle  by  command  of  the 
Queen  in  July  1893.      She   visits  Covent 


CAMBON  —  CAMERON 


167 


Garden  annually  in  the  season.    Her  Paris 
address  is  1  Rue  Dumont  d'Urville. 

C AMBON,  Pierre  Paul,  French  diplo- 
matist, was  born  on  Jan.  20,  1843,  and  his 
first  appointment  was  that  of  Secretary  of 
the  Alpes-Maritimes  Department  in  April 
1871.  In  1872  he  was  promoted  to  be 
Preset  of  the  Aube,  and  ne  has  held  the 
same  post  in  the  Departments  of  the  Doubs 
and  Nord.  In  1882  he  beoame  Resident  in 
Tunis,  and  distinguished  himself  for  his 
organising  activity  in  the  new  French  Pro- 
tectorate— law,  finance,  and  public  works 
being  entirely  reconstituted.  In  this  work 
he  came  into  conflict  with  General  Bou- 
langer,  the  military  governor,  and  although 
he  was  supported  by  the  government  then 
in  power,  he  had  to  resign  when  Boulanger 
was  appointed  Minister  of  War.  In  1886 
he  was  appointed  Ambassador  at  Madrid, 
whence  he  succeeded  the  Count  de  Mon- 
tebello  at  Constantinople  in  1890.  Here 
he  distinguished  himself  in  the  delibera- 
tions following  on  the  Grasco-Turkish  War. 
In  September  1898  he  was  appointed  Am- 
bassador at  the  Court  of  St.  James'  in 
succession  to  the  Baron  de  Courcel  (q.v.). 
His  younger  brother,  Jules  Martin,  born 
1845,  after  being  Governor  -  General  of 
Algeria,  was  appointed  Ambassador  at 
Washington,  where  he  was  the  interme- 
diary between  Spain  and  the  United  States 
after  the  Cuban  War  in  August  1898.  M. 
Paul  Cambon  is  a  Grand  Officier  of]  the 
Legion  of  Honour  ;  and  his  Paris  address  is 
15  Rue  de  Milan. 

CAMBRAY-DIGNY,  Louis  Guil- 
laume,  Contl  di,  Italian  statesman,  was 
born  at  Florence  Aug.  8,  1820,  and  is 
the  son  of  Conti  Louis  di  Cambray-Digny, 
who  rose  from  cobbler  to  be  the  chief 
minister  of  Ferdinand  III.,  Grand  Duke 
of  Tuscany.  He  was  educated  at  Pisa, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-two  returned  to 
Florence,  where  he  became  one  of  the 
counsellors  of  the  Grand  Duke  Leopold  II., 
and  advised  him,  even  up  to  the  last 
moment,  to  grant  concessions  to  the  people 
and  renounce  his  Austrian  alliance.  In 
1859  the  Grand  Duke  was  compelled  to 
fly,  and  Tuscany  joined  Piedmont.  The 
Count  was  thereupon  elected  deputy  for 
Tuscany  in  the  new  Parliament.  In  1865  he 
presided  at  the  sexcentenary  celebration 
of  Dante's  birth,  and  delivered  an  oration 
before  his  monument.  In  1867  he  became 
Minister  of  Finance  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy,  and  found  a  deficit  of  900,000,000 
lire.  He  proposed  to  meet  this  by  a  tax 
on  corn-grinding,  which  was  very  unpopu- 
lar, but  was  accepted  out  of  necessity. 
He  also  brought  forward  a  bill  for  bring- 
ing the  manufacture  of  tobacco  under  the 
administration  of  the  State,  which,  after 


violent  opposition,  passed  in  August  1868. 
His  Ministry  fell  in  November  1869  on  a 
minor  point,  and  he  has  since  lived  in 
retirement. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Duke  of,  the  Bight 
Hon.  Field-Marshal  H.R.H.  George 
William  Frederick  Charles,  K.G.,  K.P., 
G.C.M.G.,  G.C.H.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  son  of 
Adolphus  Frederick,  the  1st  Duke,  grand- 
son of  King  George  III.,  and  first  cousin 
to  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  was  born  at 
Hanover,  March  26, 1819,  and  succeeded  his 
father  July  8,  1850.  He  became  a  Colonel 
in  the  army  Nov.  3,  1837,  was  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  Major-General  in  1854,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  command  the  two 
brigades  of  Highlanders  and  Guards, 
united  to  form  the  first  division  of  the 
army  sent  in  aid  of  Turkey  against  the 
Emperor  of  Russia  ;  and  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  General  in  1856.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery and  Royal  Engineers,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  Field-Marshal  Nov. 
9,  1862.  His  Royal  Highness  has  been 
successively  Colonel  of  the  17th  Light 
Dragoons,  of  the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards,  and 
in  succession  to  the  late  Prince  Consort, 
of  the  Grenadier  Guards.  At  the  battle 
of  the  Alma  his  Royal  Highness  led  his 
division  into  action  in  a  manner  that  won 
the  confidence  of  his  men  and  the  respect 
of  the  veteran  officers  with  whom  he  served. 
At  Inkerman  he  was  actively  engaged, 
and  had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  Shortly 
after  this,  in  consequence  of  impaired 
health,  he  was  ordered  by  the  medical 
authorities  to  Pera  for  change  of  air,  and 
after  staying  there  some  time  proceeded 
to  Malta ;  whence,  his  health  still  failing, 
he  was  directed  to  return  to  England.  At 
a  later  period  his  Royal  Highness  gave  the 
result  of  his  camp  experience  in  evidence 
before  the  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  appointed  to  investigate  the 
manner  in  which  the  war  had  been  con- 
ducted. On  the  resignation  of  Viscount 
Hardinge  in  1856  the  Duke  of  Cambridge 
was  appointed  to  succeed  as  Commander- 
in-Chief,  and  continued  to  hold  that  post 
till  the  autumn  of  1895,  the  appointment 
being  perpetuated  by  Letters  Patent  in 
1887.  In  1895  the  new  scheme  of  Army 
Reform  led  to  the  Duke's  retirement.  His 
mother,  the  Duchess  of  Cambridge,  died 
April  6,  1889,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
ninety-two.  He  is  Ranger  of  Hyde  Park 
and  Richmond  Park. 

CAMERON,  Sir  Charles,  Bart.,  M.P. 
(Glasgow,  Bridgeton  Division),  son  of 
the  late  John  Cameron,  newspaper  pro- 
prietor, of  Glasgow  and  Dublin,  by  his 
marriage  with  Miss  Galloway,  was  born 
at  Dublin  in  1841.     He  married  in   1869 


168 


CAMERON 


Frances   Caroline,  youngest    daughter   of 
the  late  J.  W.   Macauley,  M.D.     He  was 
educated  at  Madras  College,  St.  Andrews, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.    He  studied 
medicine    at    Dublin    University   School, 
and  was  gold  medallist  of  the  Pathological 
Society,  Dublin.      He   graduated   B.A.   as 
First  Senior  Moderator,  and  gold  medallist 
in  Experimental  and  Natural  Sciences  in 
1862,  and  took  the  first  place  in  examina- 
tions for  degrees  of  M.B.  and  Master  in 
Surgery.     He  also  studied  at  the  medical 
Bchools  of  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna  ;  pro- 
ceeded to  the  degrees  of  M.D.  and  M.A.  in 
1865  ;  and  in  1871  took  out  those  of  LL.B. 
and  LL.D.     He  edited  the  North  British 
Daily  Mail  newspaper  from  1864  to  1874. 
He  served  as  a  member  for  the  City  of 
Glasgow  in  the  Parliaments  of   1874  and 
1880,  and  on  the  subdivision  of  the  con- 
stituency sat  for  the  College  Division  of 
Glasgow  in  the  three  succeeding  Parlia- 
ments until  1895,  when  he  was  defeated. 
He  was  elected  member  for  the  Bridgeton 
Division  of  Glasgow  on  the  retirement  of 
Sir   George   Trevelyan  in  1897.      He  was 
President  of  the   Health    Section,   Social 
Science   Congress,   in    1881,   and    of    the 
Public  Medicine  Section,  British  Medical 
Association   Congress,  in   1884.      He  was 
created   a   baronet   in    1893,  and   D.L.  of 
Glasgow  in  1894.    In  1876  he  succeeded  in 
carrying  the  Publicans'  Certificate  (Scot- 
land) Act,  a  measure  which  conferred  on 
the  popularly  elected  magistrates  of  Scot- 
tish  burghs   the   power  of   refusing   new 
liquor  licenses.     To  him,  too,  are  due  the 
introduction  of   the   Inebriates  Acts,  the 
abolition   of    imprisonment    for    debt    in 
Scotland  in  1880,  an  amendment  of  the 
Scottish  Marriage  Laws,  1878,  and  the  re- 
solution to  the  effect  that  the  minimum 
charge   for  inland    telegrams    should    be 
reduced  from  a  shilling,  at  which  it  then 
stood,  to  sixpence,  the  carriage  of  which 
in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1883  led  to 
the   introduction   of    the   present   system 
of   sixpenny  telegrams.      Sir  C.  Cameron 
served  in  1894  as  Chairman  of  a  Depart- 
mental Committee  appointed  by  the  Pre- 
sident  of    the    Board   of  Agriculture    to 
report  on  the  coastwise  transit  of  cattle. 
In  1894-95  he  was  Chairman  of  a  Depart- 
mental Committee  appointed  by  the  Sec- 
retary for   Scotland   to   inquire   into   the 
alleged    increase    of    habitual    offenders, 
vagrants,  and  inebriates  in  Scotland,  and 
the  best  manner  of  dealing  with  it ;  and 
in  1896  he  was  appointed  a  Member  of 
Lord    Peel's    Royal    Commission   on   the 
Liquor  Licensing  Laws.      Address:    Bal- 
clutha,  Greenock. 

CAMERON,  Professor  Sir  Charles 
Alexander,  C.B.  (1898),  M.D.,  R.U.I., 
F.R.S.C.I.,  M.K.  and  Q.C.P.I.,  D.P.H.,  and 


ex-Examiner,  Cambridge  University,  A.H. 
(Aoti.  causd),  D.P.H.,  R.C.S.I.   (hon.  causd), 
was  born  in  Dublin  on  July  16,  1830.     His 
father,  Captain  Ewen  Cameron,  was  grand- 
son of  the  unfortunate  Archibald  Cameron, 
younger   brother   of  "Lochiel,"  who  was 
executed  for  taking  part  in  the  Jacobite 
rising  in  1745.     Sir  Charles's  mother  was 
Belinda  Smith,  a  county  Cavan  lady.     Sir 
Charles  was  educated  at  schools  in  Dublin 
and  Guernsey.     He  studied  medical  and 
chemical  science  in  Dublin  and  Germany, 
graduating   as   Doctor   of    Medicine    and 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1856.     At  first  he 
devoted    much   attention   to   agricultural 
chemistry.    In  1867  he  read  a  paper  before 
the  British  Association   detailing  experi- 
ments which  proved  that  urea  could  be 
assimilated   by  plants,  and   that  all  the 
nitrogen   which   they   required    could   be 
taken  from  it.     In  1862  he  contributed  a 
series  of  papers  to  the  Cliemical  News  on 
"The  Inorganic  Constituents  of  Plants." 
In  1862  he  was    elected    Public   Analyst 
for  the  city  of  Dublin,  and  was  the  only 
analyst  in  the  United  Kingdom  who  suc- 
ceeded in  applying  the  provisions  of  the 
first   and  very  defective   Adulteration  of 
Food  Act  of  1860.      He  next  turned  his 
attention  to  sanitary  science,  and  in  1867 
was  elected  Professor  of  Hygiene  or  Poli- 
tical  Medicine   in   the   Royal   College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland.      He  was  for  some 
years  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  and  Physics 
in  two  medical  schools — Steevens  Hospital 
Medical  College,  and  Ledwich  School  of 
Medicine.    Sir  Charles's  public  lectures  on 
Hygiene,  open  to  ladies,  were  numerously 
attended.      He  is   an    Hon     Member  and 
Professor  of  Chemistry  and  ex-Professor 
of  Anatomy  to  the  Royal  Hibernian  Aca- 
demy of   the  Fine  Arts,  &c,  Lecturer  on 
Agricultural   Chemistry   and    Geology  in 
the   Albert    (Government)    Model    Farm, 
Glasnevin,  and   he   is  Public  Analyst  for 
the  greater  number  of  Irish  counties  and 
boroughs,  as  well  as  Consultant  to  nearly 
all  the  Public  Departments.    He  holds  the 
Professorships  of  Chemistry  and  Hygiene 
in   the   College  of   Surgeons,  and  he  has 
the  entire  control  of  the  Public  Health 
Department   of   the   Dublin   Corporation, 
being  both  Executive  and  Superintendent 
Medical    Officer  of    Health.      Under  his 
rigime  an  immense  improvement  has  taken 
place  in   the  dwellings  of    the  working 
classes,  and  the  state  of  public  health  has 
been  greatly  improved.     Sir  Charles  and 
the  Irish  Registrar-General  were  appointed 
in  1888  to  inquire  into  the  conditions  of 
the  Royal  Barracks  in  Dublin.    Sir  Charles 
served  on  the  juries  of  several  of  the  great 
exhibitions,   including  that    of    Paris  in 
1867.      He  was  President  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  1885-86 ;  President  of 
the  British  Public  Health  Medical  Society* 


CAMPBELL 


169 


1880-90 ;  Vice-President  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry,  1884-90  ;  President  of  the  Bri- 
tish Institute  of  Public  Health,  1890-93  ; 
of  the  Irish  Medical  Association,  1891-92  ; 
of  the  Society  of  Public  Analysts  ;  and 
Hon.  Member  of  many  Medical  Societies 
abroad  and  in  America.  His  chief  works 
are  a  voluminous  "History  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  of  the 
Irish  Medical  Institutions,  including  300 
Biographies,"  and  a  "Manual  of  Hygiene, 
and  Compendium  of  the  Sanitary  Laws." 
His  smaller  works,  including  translations 
of  poems  from  the  German,  are  numerous. 
His  "Elementary  Agricultural  Chemistry 
and  Geology  "  is  on  the  list  of  the  school 
books  of  the  National  Education  Com- 
missioners. His  original  papers  chiefly 
appear  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  and  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
and  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Medicine, 
the  Chemical  News,  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medicine.  In  pure  chemistry  he  is  best 
known  for  his  numerous  papers  on  Sele- 
nium Compounds.  Sir  Charles  was  knighted 
in  1886,  "in  recognition  of  his  services  in 
the  improvement  of  Public  Health,  and 
his  scientific  researches."  He  is  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of 
Sweden,  the  State  Medical  Society  of 
California,  the  Hygiene  Societies  of  France, 
Paris,  Bordeaux,  Belgium,  the  Institute 
of  Architects,  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers. In  social  life  Sir  Charles  has  a 
great  reputation  as  an  after-dinner  speaker, 
and  he  frequently  occupies  the  chair  at 
public  dinners.  He  has  presided  at  the 
Sanitary  Congress,  Portsmouth,  1892,  and 
at  many  public  gatherings  in  London, 
Dublin,  and  other  places.  In  1862  he 
married  Lucie,  daughter  of  John  Macna- 
mara,  solicitor,  of  Dublin.  She  died  in 
1883,  leaving  seven  children,  of  whom  five 
survive.  Address :  51  Pembroke  Road, 
Dublin. 

CAMPBELL,  Lady  Colin,  nee  Ger- 
trude Blood  ("G.  Brunefllle,"  "Vera 
Tsaritsyn,"  "Q.E.D.,"  "Fiamma,"  &c), 
author  and  journalist,  is  the  daughter  of 
Edmond  Maghlin  Blood,  who  died  in  1891, 
and  whose  estates  in  county  Clare  have 
been  held  in  the  family  since  the  middle 
of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Miss 
Gertrude  Blood  was  not  sixteen  when  she 
published  an  account  of  foreign  travel  in 
Cassells'.  In  the  same  year  she  published, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "  G.  E.  Brunefille," 
a  story  of  child-life  in  Italy,  entitled 
"Topo,"  which  was  illustrated  by  Miss 
Kate  Greenaway.  At  the  same  time  she 
studied  painting  in  Florentine  studios, 
and,  under  her  father's  guidance,  became 
^acquainted  with  the  best  work  of  Con- 
tinental masters,  both  old  and  modern. 


As  a  journalist  Lady  Colin  Campbell  has 
been  at  various  times  English  correspon- 
dent for  sundry  Italian  and  American 
papers,  as  well  as  for  the  Parisian  Le 
Gaulois.  The  first  article  she  sent  to  the 
Saturday  Review  resulted  in  her  being 
requested  to  join  the  staff  of  that  then 
famous  literary  journal  ;  and  her  contri- 
butions ranged  from  book-reviewing  and 
essays,  art  and  musical  criticisms,  to 
papers  on  sporting  subjects,  but  treated 
from  a  purely  literary  standpoint.  One 
series  of  these  latter  was  re-issued  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Book  of  the  Running 
Brook  and  of  Still  Waters."  Other  essays 
on  fishing,  and  the  art  of  fencing,  from 
her  pen,  form  part  of  the  "Gentlewoman's 
Book  of  Sports."  Upon  the  latter  subject, 
indeed,  Lady  Colin  (owing  to  her  acquaint- 
ance with  the  play  of  nearly  every  swords- 
man of  note  and  her  own  practice  under 
the  greatest  masters  of  the  Continent) 
is  recognised  as  one  of  the  best  woman 
experts  living.  As  art  critic  Lady  Colin 
has  contributed  at  different  times  to  many 
other  papers  and  periodicals,  among  others 
to  the  Art  Journal,  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette, 
the  National  Review,  and  Les  Lettres  et  les 
Arts.  But  above  all,  "Q.E.D.'s"  accounts 
of  her  own  impressions  "  In  the  Picture 
Galleries,"  which  since  1889  have  appeared 
almost  weekly  in  the  World,  will  remain 
as  a  critical  conspectus,  year  by  year,  of 
English  painting.  Although  Lady  Colin 
Campbell's  first  novel,  "Darell  Blake," 
ran  through  many  editions,  the  literary 
form  she  affects  most,  which  no  doubt  fits 
in  best  with  her  multifarious  tastes  and 
interests,  is  that  of  small  and  very  definite 
compass.  She  has  published  a  number 
of  short  stories,  all  marked  with  much 
"point."  But  perhaps  the  most  original 
style,  among  Lady  Colin's  various  styles, 
is  to  be  appreciated  in  her  characteristic 
"  Woman's  Walks,"  of  which  nearly  some 
two  hundred  have  already  appeared  (the 
matter  of  half-a-dozen  octavo  volumes  at 
least)  in  the  columns  of  the  World.  Lady 
Colin  Campbell  is  distinguished  not  only 
with  the  pen.  She  has  an  admirable  con- 
tralto voice,  trained  in  early  days  by  Baci 
(the  pupil  and  successor  of  the  Romani 
who  formed  most  of  the  great  singers  of 
his  time)  and  later  by  Tosti.  In  painting 
she  was  the  pupil  of  Duveneck  ;  in  fencing, 
of  Camille  Provost  himself  and  Phillippe 
Bourgeois  ;  she  is  a  rider  of  the  haute-icole 
as  well  as  of  the  hunting-field  ;  a  noted 
swimmer  ;  adept  in  fly-fishing ;  and  she 
was  one  of  the  early  promoters  of  ladies' 
cycling.  She  was  married  in  1881  to  Lord 
Colin  Campbell,  fifth  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Argyll,  and  at  that  time  M.P.  for  Argyll- 
shire. Two  years  later  she  obtained  a 
divorce  on  the  ground  of  cruelty,  which 
was  upheld  against  appeal.      Lord  Colin 


170 


CAMPBELL 


Campbell  died  in  1895.  Address  :  67  Car- 
lisle Mansions,  Victoria,  S.W. 

CAMPBELL,     The     Rev.     Lewis, 

M.A.,  LL.D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Greek 
in  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  son  of 
Robert  Campbell,  R.N.,  sometime  Governor 
of  Ascension  Isle,  and  cousin  of  Campbell 
the  poet,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  Sept.  3, 
1830.  He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh 
Academy,  at  Glasgow  University,  and  at 
Trinity  and  Balliol  Colleges,  Oxford,  in  the 
former  as  Scholar,  in  the  latter  as  Snell 
Exhibitioner.  He  was  thus  brought  into 
contact  with  the  late  Master  of  Balliol 
(Professor  Jowett),  whose  influence  as  a 
college  tutor  was  already  conspicuous. 
He  took  a  first-class  in  Classics  in  1853, 
was  Fellow  of  Queen's  from  1855  to  1858, 
and  tutor  from  1856  to  1858.  In  1857  he 
was  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  and 
in  1858  became  Vicar  of  Milford,  Hants. 
He  remained  there  until  1863,  when  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Greek  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  a  post  from 
which  he  retired  in  1892.  Professor 
Campbell  has  published  many  works  on 
classical  subjects,  of  which  the  chief  are  : 
"  The  Theaetetus  of  Plato,"  1861  (2nd  edit., 
1883);  "The  Sophistes  and  Politicus  of 
Plato,"  1867;  "Sophocles — The  Plays  and 
Fragments,"  Vol.  I.,  1871  (2nd  edit.,  1879) ; 
Vol.  II.,  1881  ;  Verse  Translations  of 
Sophocles,  1873-83,  and  of  ^Eschylus, 
1890;  "Sophocles"  in  Macmillan's  series 
of  Classical  Writers,  1879.  The  1883 
edition  of  "Sophocles  in  English  Verse" 
having  been  exhausted,  a  final  edition  was 
published  by  Murray  in  1896.  Professor 
Campbell  has  also  written  articles  on  Plato 
and  Sophocles  in  the  " Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica,"  and  contributed  various  papers 
to  the  Quarterly,  National,  and  Classical 
Reviews,  the  American  Journal  of  PkUology, 
and  other  home  and  foreign  periodicals. 
He  fortnightly  published  in  1877  a  volume 
of  sermons,  "  The  Christian  Ideal,"  and  in 
1882  (in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Garnett), 
"The  Life  of  James  Clerk  Maxwell." 
Since  1892  he  has  been  resident  in  London, 
and  from  the  time  of  Professor  Jowett's 
death  in  1893  has  been  active  as  one  of 
his  literary  executors.  In  1894  he  repub- 
lished by  his  friends'  desire  the  work  on 
the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  which  had  been 
the  subject  of  a  violent  controversy  in  the 
author's  lifetime.  The  work  was  repub- 
lished by  Murray  &  Co.  The  com- 
mentary is  condensed,  but  the  essays, 
including  the  famous  Essay  on  the  Inter- 
pretation of  Scripture,  contributed  to  "  Es- 
says and  Reviews"  in  1860,  are  reprinted 
entire.  In  the  same  year,  1894,  there 
appeared  the  edition  of  Plato's  "  Republic  " 
(3  vols.  8vo),  on  which  Professors  Jowett 
and    Campbell    had   long    been    engaged 


together ;  and  in  the  spring  of  1897  was 
published  "The  Life  and  Letters  of  Ben- 
jamin Jowett,"  2  vols.  8vo,  by  Abbott 
and  Campbell,  which  in  a  few  months 
reached  a  third  edition.  An  edition  of  the 
text  of  .Sschylus  for  Macmillan's  Par- 
nassus Series  has  been  amongst  the  labours 
of  these  last  years  ;  and  the  smaller  edition 
of  Sophocles  by  Campbell  and  Abbott  is 
being  prepared  for  a  new  issue  at  the 
Clarendon  Press.  In  1894-95  Professor 
Campbell  held  the  Gifford  Lectureship  at 
St.  Andrews,  and  he  hopes  shortly  to  pub- 
lish the  substance  of  his  lectures  in  a 
volume  on  "  Religion  in  Greek  Literature." 
He  also  contemplates  the  preparation,  in 
collaboration  with  others,  of  a  new  Con- 
cordance or  Lexicon  to  Plato.  A  new 
and  original  theory  of  the  Order  of 
the  Platonic  Dialogues,  propounded  by 
Professor  Campbell  in  1867,  has  lately 
met  with  wide  recognition.  Addresses  : 
32  Campden  House  Chambers,  W. ;  and 
Atheneeum. 

CAMPBELL,  Mrs.  Patrick,  who  has 

become  famous  in  the  title-rdle  of  "Mrs. 
Tanqueray "  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre, 
was  born  at  Forest  House,  Kensington 
Gardens,  and  is  the  youngest  daughter 
of  John  Tanner  and  Louisa  Romanini. 
She  was  married  in  1884  to  Patrick  Camp- 
bell, third  son  of  Patrick  Campbell,  of 
Stranraer.  She  was  educated  at  private 
schools  and  in  Paris,  gained  a  scholar- 
ship at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music, 
and  made  her  name  as  an  amateur  actress 
long  before  she  was  known  in  professional 
circles.  Her  early  amateur  successes  were 
gained  with  a  West  Norwood  dramatic 
society,  "The  Anomalies,"  in  1886-87. 
From  1888  to  1891  she  toured  with  various 
dramatic  companies,  including  Mr.  Ben 
Greet's,  and  first  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  critics  while  playing  the  part  of 
Helen  in  an  amateur  performance  of  "  The 
Hunchback,"  given  at  Colchester.  In  1890 
she  gained  an  opportunity  of  appearing  on 
the  London  stage  in  a  matinie  performance 
of  Mr.  Louis  Parker's  "A  Buried  Talent" 
at  the  Vaudeville.  Here  she  again  made 
so  favourable  an  impression  as  to  be  en- 
couraged to  try  a  theatrical  venture  on 
her  own  account.  In  June  1891  she  took 
the  Shaftesbury  Theatre  in  order  to  essay 
Rosalind.  In  August  she  obtained  an  en- 
gagement at  the  Adelphi,  where,  except 
for  an  interruption  by  illness,  she  remained 
till  she  went  to  the  St.  James's  to  act 
Paula  in  "The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray." 
At  the  Adelphi  Mrs.  Campbell  created  four 
parts  :  as  Astrea  in  "  The  Trumpet  Call," 
Elizabeth  Cromwell  in  the  "White  Rose," 
Tress  in  "The  Lights  of  Home,"  and  Clarice 
Berton  in  "The  Black  Domino."  "The 
Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray  "  had  a  long  run. 


CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN  —  CAMPOS 


171 


In  November  1894  Mrs.  Campbell  appeared 
as  Kate  Cloud,  the  heroine  of  "  John 
a'Dreams,"  at  the  Hay  market  Theatre. 
She  has  also  appeared  as  Agnes  in  "The 
Notorious  Mrs.  Ebbsmith,"  as  Fedora, 
as  Juliet  in  the  revival  of  "Romeo  and 
Juliet"  by  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  at  the 
Lyceum  in  September  1895,  as  Lady 
Teazle  in  "The  School  for  Scandal,"  and 
as  Ophelia  in  "Hamlet,"  also  in  company 
with  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  at  the  Lyceum. 
In  October  1898  she  played  Lady  Macbeth 
at  the  same  theatre,  with  the  last-named 
actor  as  Macbeth.  Address  :  Milford, 
Surrey. 

CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN,  The 
Bight  Hon.  Sir  Henry,  G.C.B.,  MP., 
LLC,  D.L.,  J.P.,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Sir  James  Campbell,  of  Stracathro, 
Forfarshire,  some  time  Lord  Provost  of 
Glasgow,  by  Janet,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Bannerman,  of  Man- 
chester, and  was  born  in  1836.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (B.A., 
1858;  M.A.,  1861).  In  1872  he  assumed 
the  additional  surname  of  Bannerman, 
under  the  will  of  his  uncle,  Mr.  Henry 
Bannerman,  of  Hunton  Court,  Kent.  Mr. 
Campbell-Bannerman,  who  is  a  magistrate 
for  the  counties  of  Lanark  and  Kent, 
has  represented  the  Stirling  district  of 
burghs  in  the  Liberal  interest  since 
December  1868.  He  was  Financial  Secre- 
tary at  the  War  Office  from  1871  to  1874 ; 
was  again  appointed  to  that  office  in  1880; 
and  in  May  1882  was  nominated  Secretary 
to  the  Admiralty.  He  was  Chief  Secre- 
tary for  Ireland,  1884-85,  during  which 
time  he  was  said  by  Mr.  Tim  Healy  to  be 
governing  Irishmen  with  "  Scotch  jokes  "  ; 
and  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  third  Cabinet,  1886, 
held  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State  for 
War,  and  was  again  appointed  to  the  same 
office  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Ministry,  1892. 
The  Unionists  suggested  him  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  Speakership  to  which  Mr. 
Gully  was  appointed.  He  is  a  man  of 
great  wealth,  a  moderate  and  cool  politi- 
cian, and  somewhat  of  an  opportunist,  and 
has  been  described  as  "  a  survival  of  that 
rapidly  decaying  type  of  M.P.  which  de- 
clines to  be  perturbed  overmuch  about 
insignificant  trifles."  At  the  time  of 
going  to  press  he  has  been  elected  by 
his  party  as  Sir  William  Harcourt's  suc- 
cessor in  the  leadership  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  has 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He 
married  in  1860  Charlotte,  daughter  of 
the  late  Major-General  Sir  Charles  Bruce, 
K.C.B.  Addresses  :  6  Grosvenor  Place, 
S.W.  ;  Belmont  Castle,  Meigle,  Scotland ; 
and  Athenaeum. 


CAMPOS,     Arsenio     Martinez,     a 

Spanish  general  and  statesman,  born  in 
1834,  the  son  of  a  brigadier-general,  left 
the  Staff  School  at  Madrid  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  went  through  the  campaign 
in  Morocco,  in  1859,  as  a  member  of  the 
staff  of  the  commander-in-chief.  O'Donnell, 
and  was  there  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
major.  In  1864  he  joined  the  army  of 
Cuba  as  colonel,  and  he  remained  six  years 
in  that  island.  On  his  return  to  Spain  in 
1870  he  was  sent,  with  the  title  of  brigadier- 
general,  to  join  the  Army  of  the  North, 
which  was  engaged  in  repelling  the  Carlist 
rebellion.  After  the  abdication  of  King 
Amadeo  he  declined  to  give  in  his  adhesion 
to  the  new  order  of  things,  and  made  no 
secret  of  his  antipathy  to  the  Republic. 
He  was  put  on  the  retired  list  in  1873,  and 
shortly  afterwards  was  confined  in  a  for- 
tress as  a  conspirator.  From  his  prison  he 
addressed  to  General  Zabala,  Minister  of 
War,  the  well-known  letter  in  which  he 
requested  permission  to  go  and  fight,  as 
a  private,  under  the  orders  of  General 
Concha,  the  Carlist  forces  in  Navarre  and 
the  Basque  Provinces.  This  letter  obtained 
for  him  his  liberty,  and  he  was  sent  to 
the  Army  of  the  North,  in  April  1874,  to 
command  a  division  of  the  Third  Corps.  He 
took  part  in  the  engagements  of  Las 
Munecas  and  Galdames,  which  led  to  the 
siege  of  Bilbao  being  raised,  and  he  was 
the  first  to  enter  the  liberated  city  on 
May  1,  1874.  When  General  Concha  re- 
organised the  Liberal  army,  Martinez 
Campos  was  appointed  General  in  com- 
mand of  the  Third  Corps.  He  fought  at  the 
head  of  his  troops  on  the  25th,  the  26th, 
and  particularly  on  the  27th  of  June,  the 
day  on  which  the  Commander-in-Chief, 
General  Concha,  was  killed  in  the  attack 
on  Monte  Moru,  near  Estella.  General 
Martinez  Campos,  besieged  at  Zurugay,  on 
the  same  day,  by  the  main  body  of  the 
Carlists,  opened  a  passage  through  the 
enemy's  ranks,  at  the  head  of  a  column 
which  numbered  barely  1800  men,  and 
went  to  rejoin,  at  Murillo,  the  head- 
quarters, where  he  was  able  to  organise 
the  retreat  of  the  army  on  Tafalla.  Re- 
turning to  Madrid,  he  continued  to  con- 
spire almost  overtly  in  favour  of  Don 
Alfonso,  whilst  Marshal  Serrano,  chief  of 
the  executive  power,  was  operating  against 
the  Carlists.  In  conjunction  with  General 
Jovellar  he  made  the  military  pronuncia- 
micnto  of  Sagonto,  which  gave  the  throne 
of  Spain  to  Alfonso  XII.  The  new  Gov- 
ernment sent  him  into  Catalonia,  as  Cap- 
tain-General and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
that  military  district.  In  less  than  a 
month  he  pacified  the  country,  put  down 
the  Carlist  bands,  and  took  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  North.  He  brought 
the  civil  war  to  a  close  by  the  defeat  of 


172 


CANDOLLE  —  CANNING 


Don  Carlos  at  Pena  de  Plata,  in  March 
1876.  The  high  dignity  of  Captain-General 
of  the  Army,  which  is  equivalent  to  that 
of  a  Marshal  of  France,  was  the  recom- 
pense for  his  signal  services.  A  year 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  army  in  Cuba,  which  the 
rebels  had  held  in  check  for  seven  years. 
Under  his  leadership  the  Spaniards  were 
uniformly  victorious,  but  neither  these 
triumphs  nor  the  strategical  talents  of  the 
Commander-in-Chief  would  have  succeeded 
in  bringing  about  the  complete  pacification 
of  the  island  if  the  recognition  of  the 
political  rights  of  the  Cubans  and  new 
Liberal  concessions  had  not  satisfied  the 
demands  of  the  insurgents.  On  his  return 
to  Spain,  General  Martinez  Campos  ac- 
cepted the  portfolio  of  War  and  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  Council  (March  7,  1879),  and 
endeavoured  to  procure  the  fulfilment  of 
the  promises  made  to  the  Cubans  ;  but  not 
obtaining  the  support  of  the  Cortes  he 
resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  Senor 
Canovas  del  Castillo  (Dec.  9,  1879).  Early 
in  1881  the  Conservative  Government  of 
Senor  Canovas  del  Castillo  was  overthrown, 
and  a  coalition  between  Senor  Sagasta  and 
General  Martinez  Campos  came  into  power, 
and  retained  it  till  October  1883,  when 
it  resigned  in  consequence  of  being  unable 
to  obtain  from  the  French  Government  a 
satisfactory  apology  for  the  insult  offered 
to  King  Alfonso  by  the  Paris  mob  on  his 
visit  to  Paris.  In  March  1883  he  warmly 
opposed  the  project  for  a  Pyrenean  railroad, 
on  the  ground  that  it  would  lay  Spain  open 
to  French  attacks.  On  Jan.  18,  1884,  he 
received  the  command  of  the  Spanish 
Army  of  the  North,  and  resigned  it  in 
February  1885.  The  following  December 
he  was  elected  President  of  the  Senate. 
In  1888  he  was  appointed  Captain -General 
of  New  Castille.  This  post  he  left  in  order 
to  proceed  to  Cuba,  where  the  refusal  to 
grant  reform  had  rekindled  the  insurrec- 
tion. He  arrived  at  Havana,  April  26, 
1895,  and  successfully  met  the  rebels  in 
several  engagements.  In  September  he 
forwarded  a  petition  for  Home  Rule,  and 
throughout  he  was  in  favour  of  meeting 
the  rebels  half-way.  This  petition,  how- 
ever, did  not  meet  with  favour  at  home, 
and  he  was  recalled  in  January  1896,  to  be 
succeeded  by  General  Weyler  (q.v.).  Since 
then  he  has  been  Governor  of  Madrid,  and 
during  the  threatened  dynastic  troubles  he 
has  been  the  chief  counsellor  of  the  Queen 
Regent  [q.v.). 

CANDOLLE,  Anne  Casimir  Pyra- 

mus  de,  Hon.  Doctor  of  the  University  of 
Rostock,  son  of  Alphonse,  grandson  of 
Augustin  Pyramus,  born  at  Geneva,  Feb. 
20,  1836  ;  has  published  several  papers  on 
anatomy  of  plants  and  descriptive  botany 


in  the  "  Prodromus  "  and  the  Monographies 
of  his  father  as  well  as  in  "  Memoires  de 
la  Socie'te  de  Physique  et  d'Histoire  natur- 
elle  de  Geneve,"  a  society  of  which  he  was 
President  in  the  year  1882. 

CANDY,  George,  M.A.,  Q.C.,  was 
born  in  Bombay,  Oct.  14,  1841,  being  the 
third  son  of  the  Rev.  George  Candy,  then 
Incumbent  of  Trinity  Church,  Bombay. 
He  was  educated  privately  at  Cheltenham, 
Bristol,  and  at  the  Islington  Proprietary 
School,  whence  he  went  in  1860  with  an 
Open  Scholarship  to  Wadham  College,  Ox- 
ford. At  Oxford  he  went  in  for  athletics, 
winning,  in  1862,  the  Prize  Foils  at 
Maclaren's  Gymnasium,  and  rowing  stroke 
of  the  College  Torpids,  and  seven  of  the 
College  Eight.  He  obtained  a  second 
class  in  Classical  Moderations,  and  a 
second  class  in  Greats,  reading  privately 
with  T.  H.  Green  of  Balliol,  afterwards 
Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy,  and  with 
Edward  Caird,  afterwards  Master  of  Balliol. 
He  accepted  in  1865  a  mastership  at  St. 
Peter's  College,  Radley,  but  resigned 
through  ill-health.  He  then  resided  in 
Oxford,  taking  private  pupils,  and  edited 
Gray's  Poems  for  the  "British  India 
Classics,"  afterwards  becoming  successively 
Master  at  Wellington,  Marlborough,  and 
Manchester.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
November  1869,  joined  the  Oxford  Circuit, 
and  went  the  Oxford  and  Gloucester 
Sessions.  He  married  in  1873  Emily, 
daughter  of  Colonel  Joseph  Reade  Revell 
of  Round  Oak,  Englefield  Green,  by  whom 
he  has  issue.  He  joined  the  Home  Circuit 
in  1874,  and  went  the  Surrey  Sessions. 
He  took  Silk  in  1886.  He  published  in 
1879  a  "Treatise  on  the  Jurisdiction, 
Practice,  and  Procedure  of  the  Mayor's 
Court,  London";  in  1883  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Powers  and  Discretion  of  Licensing 
Justices"  ("Is  Local  Option  a  Fact?"); 
in  1888  "Registration  versus  Muzzling," 
with  suggestions  for  a  reform  of  the  Dog 
Laws;  in  1893  "The  First  Step  to  Pro- 
hibition," a  criticism  of  the  Local  Control 
Bill  of  Sir  W.  Harcourt ;  in  1897  "The 
Public  and  the  Publican,"  the  decision  of 
the  House  of  Lords  in  "Boulter  v.  Kent 
Justices  "  examined.  In  February  1896  he 
unsuccessfully  contested  Southampton  in 
the  Unionist  interest,  being  rejected  by  35 
votes  out  of  a  total  poll  of  11,077.  He  has 
been  a  journalist  nearly  all  his  life,  having 
written  for  the  Globe,  Pall  Mall  Gazette, 
Echo,  and  Morning  Advertiser.  Addresses: 
84  St.  George's  Square,  S.W.  ;  3  Har- 
court Buildings,  Temple ;  and  the  Maze, 
Gold  Hill,  Chalfont  St.  Peter's,  Bucks. 

CANNING,  Sir  Samuel,  C.E.,  upon 
whom  the  responsibility  of  laying  the 
Atlantic  cables   of  1865,  1866,  and  1869 


CANNON  —  CAPRIVI 


173 


devolved,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Robert 
Canning,  Esq.,  of   Ogbourne   St.  Andrew, 
Wiltshire,   and    was    born    in    1823.      He 
began  his  career  as  assistant  to  the  late 
Mr.  Joseph  Locke,  C.E.,  F.R.S.,  from  1844 
to  1849,  and  was  resident  engineer  during 
the  formation  of  the  Liverpool,  Ormskirk, 
and  Preston  Railway.     Since  then  he  has 
been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  and  sub- 
mersion  of   the  most   important   lines  of 
submarine  telegraph   cables   almost  from 
their  initiation  in  1850.      He  was  among 
the    pioneers    of     Atlantic     cables,     and 
achieved  the  submergence  of  the  first  line 
of  1858,  and  that  of  other  Atlantic  lines. 
To  his  skill  and  energy  the  success  of  the 
Atlantic  expedition  of  1866  is  undoubtedly 
due  ;  he  perfected  the  paying-out  and  the 
recovering   and   grappling   machinery   for 
that  cable,  which  so  materially  aided  its 
submersion,  and  the  recovery  of  the  cable 
lost  in  the  preceding  year.     He  has  also 
connected  England  with  Gibraltar,  Malta, 
and  Alexandria,  and  laid  other  important 
lines  of  cable  connecting  various  countries 
in  the  Mediterranean,  North  Sea,  &c.     He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1866, 
a  Gold  Medal  from  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of   Liverpool  March  14,  1867,  and 
the   Insignia   of   the    Order  of    St.    Jago 
d'Espada  from  the  King  of  Portugal.      He 
married   in    1859   Elizabeth,   daughter   of 
the  late  W.  H.   Gale.      Address  :  1  Inver- 
ness Gardens,  W. 

CANNON,  Joseph  G-. ,  American 
statesman,  was  born  at  Guilford,  North 
Carolina,  May  7,  1836,  and  received  a 
liberal  education.  He  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  commencing 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Tuscola, 
Illinois.  He  was  States  Attorney  from 
March  1861  to  December  1868  ;  and  was 
elected  to  the  Forty-third  Congress,  and 
re  -  elected  to  the  Forty  -  fourth,  Forty- 
fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Forty- 
eighth,  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first, 
Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth,  and  Fifty-fifth 
Congresses.  He  is  leader  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Appropriations  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 

CANTERBURY,    Archbishop    of. 

See  Temple,  The  Most  Rev.  Frederick. 

CAPEL,  The  Right  Reverend  Mon- 
signor Thomas  John,  D.D.,  was  born 
Oct.  28,  1836.  Having  completed  his  edu- 
cation by  six  years'  private  tuition  under 
the  Rev.  J.  M.  Glennie,  B.A.,  Oxon.,  in  the 
autumn  of  1860  he  was  ordained  priest 
by  Cardinal  Wiseman.  In  January  1854 
he  became  co-founder  and  Vice-Principal 
of  St.  Mary's  Normal  College  at  Ham- 
mersmith. Shortly  after  ordination  he 
-was  obliged  to  go  to  a  southern  climate 


to  recruit  his  strength.  When  staying  at 
Pau,  he  established  the  English  Catholic 
Mission,  and  was  formally  appointed  its 
chaplain.  Subsequently,  his  health  having 
improved,  he  returned  to  London,  where 
his  sermons  and  doctrinal  lectures  in 
various  churches,  and  more  especially  at 
the  Pro-Cathedral  at  Kensington,  soon 
raised  him  to  the  foremost  rank  among 
English  preachers.  During  several  visits 
to  Rome  he  also  delivered  courses  of  Eng- 
lish sermons  in  that  city  by  the  express 
command  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff.  Mon- 
signor  Capel,  while  labouring  at  Pau  in 
the  work  of  "conversions,"  was  named 
private  chamberlain  to  Pope  Pius  IX.  in 
1868,  and  after  his  return  to  England 
domestic  prelate  in  1873.  With  returning 
health  Monsignor  Capel  once  more  took 
to  the  work  of  education,  and  in  February 
1873  established  the  Roman  Catholic  Public 
School  at  Kensington.  He  was  appointed 
Rector  of  the  College  of  Higher  Studies 
at  Kensington — the  nucleus  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  English  University — in  1874,  by 
the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Bishops,  and  he  held  that  appointment 
until  he  resigned  it  in  1878.  Then  having 
delivered  a  series  of  conferences  on  the 
Doctrines  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
in  Florence  by  the  wish  of  Leo  XIII., 
Monsignor  Capel  carried  out  his  long-pro- 
posed visit  to  America.  There,  in  all  the 
great  cities,  he  lectured  and  preached  to 
large  audiences  on  religious,  social,  poli- 
tical, and  literary  subjects.  In  1882  Mon- 
signor Capel  wrote  "  Great  Britain  and 
Rome,"  urging  the  importance  of  having 
a  Papal  Nuncio  accredited  to  England, 
and  during  his  tour  in  America  he 
published  treatises  on  "Confession," 
"The  Holy  Catholic  Church,"  "The 
Name  Catholic,"  "The  Pope  the  Head 
of  the  Christian  Church,"  besides  re- 
editing  the  well-known  work,  "Faith 
of  Catholics."  He  is  now  resident  in 
California. 

CAPRIVI  DE  CAPRERA  DE 
MONTECUCCULI,  Count  Georg  Leo 
von,  late  German  Chancellor,  is  the  eldest 
of  the  four  sons  of  Julius  Edward  von 
Caprivi,  who  was  a  high  legal  functionary 
in  the  service  of  the  Prussian  State. 
General  von  Caprivi  was  born  at  Char- 
lottenburg  on  Feb.  24,  1831.  Entering  a 
general  regiment  in  his  eighteenth  year 
he  won  rapid  promotion,  and  served  with 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  of  1864  and 
1866.  In  1870  he  acted  as  Chief  of  the 
Staff  to  the  10th  Corps,  of  which  he  is 
now  the  Commander,  and  reaped  fresh 
laurels  in  all  the  battles  on  the  Loire. 
Swiftly  ascending  the  other  steps  of  the 
military  ladder,  he  was  appointed  in  1883 
to  the  command  of  the  30th  Division  at 


174 


CAEAN  D'ACHE  — CARDUCCT 


Metz  ;  and  next  year,  passing  from  the 
army  to  the  navy,  he  succeeded  Herr  von 
Stosch,  on  the  latter's  retirement  from 
the  head  of  the  Admiralty.  In  a  short 
time  naval  men  by  profession  were  amazed 
at  the  mastery  of  their  art  and  the  percep- 
tion of  their  interests  which  were  displayed 
by  a  mere  landsman  and  soldier.  Soon 
after  the  present  Emperor's  accession,  on 
the  death  of  Count  Monts,  he  reorganised 
the  navy  ;  the  command  of  the  Imperial 
fleet  being  vested  in  Admiral  von  der 
Goltz,  while  something  like  a  ministry  of 
marine  was  created  under  Rear-Admiral 
von  Heusner  ;  and  it  was  on  this  occasion 
that  General  von  Capri  vi,  sharing  in  the 
redistribution  of  military  commands,  was 
rewarded  for  his  loyalty  to  the  army,  no 
less  than  for  his  naval  services,  with  the 
10th  or  Hanoverian  Army  Corps,  which  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  whole  army. 
During  the  manoeuvres  of  the  autumn  of 
1889,  when  the  Hanoverians  and  West- 
phalians  met  in  mimic  warfare,  with 
smokeless  powder  and  other  innovations 
on  their  trial,  the  Emperor  had  oppor- 
tunity enough  anew  to  study  the  character 
of  General  von  Caprivi,  and  this  general's 
character  and  ability  to  serve  him  in  a 
political  capacity  must  have  fairly  con- 
vinced his  Majesty,  otherwise  he  would 
neser  have  asked  him  to  assume  the 
enormous  burden  of  responsibility  which 
Prince  Bismarck  had  laid  down.  It  was 
not.  without  grave  scruples  and  self-dis- 
trust that  General  von  Caprivi  listened 
to  the  proposals  of  the  Emperor ;  but  his 
Majesty,  it  is  said,  had  finally  decided  to 
have  a  soldier  for  his  new  Chancellor, 
thinking,  as  he  does,  with  Frederick  the 
Great,  that  a  General  must  be  the  surest 
conductor  of  a  foreign  policy,  as  knowing 
best  how  far  he  can  go  with  the  army 
behind  him.  On  March  19,  1890,  the 
appointment  of  General  Caprivi  as  suc- 
cessor to  Prince  Bismarck  was  made 
public.  The  General  received  the  title 
of  Count  from  the  Emperor  in  December 
1891.  He  gave  up  his  position  as  Prussian 
Prime  Minister  to  Count  von  Eulenberg 
in  March  1892,  but  remained  Chancellor 
and  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs.  In  1892 
and  1893,  despite  of  prolonged  opposition, 
he  conducted  the  German  Army  Bills  suc- 
cessfully through  Parliament.  He  unex- 
pectedly resigned  in  October  1894,  owing 
to  friction  with  Count  Eulenberg  in  the 
matter  of  the  Agrarian  League  malcon- 
tents. The  Emperor,  to  show  that  his 
resignation  was  only  due  to  personal 
reasons,  gave  him  the  Black  Eagle  set 
in  diamonds,  and  his  successor,  Prince 
Hohenlohe,  carried  out  his  policy. 

CAEAN    D'ACHE.     See  PoiiuS, 

Emanuel. 


CARATHEODORY  PASHA,  Alex- 
ander, a  native  of  Constantinople,  belongs 
to  one  of  the  most  distinguished  families 
of  the  Greek  community  in  the  Turkish 
capital,  and  through  his  wife  is  connected 
with  the  noble  family  of  the  Aristarchi. 
He  was  brought  up  at  Constantinople,  and 
was  sixteen  years  of  age  when  he  was 
sent  to  the  west  of  Europe  to  complete 
his  studies.  On  his  return  to  Turkey  he 
was  employed  in  the  Government  offices 
of  the  Sublime  Porte,  and  soon  attracted 
notice  by  his  assiduity  and  intelligence. 
In  several  capitals  of  Europe  he  occupied 
the  post  of  First  Secretary  of  Embassy, 
and  he  was  appointed,  for  the  first  time, 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs  during  the  Grand-Vizieriat  of  the 
late  A'ali  Pacha.  About  this  period  he 
was  nominated  Minister  of  the  Sultan  at 
the  Court  of  Rome,  where  he  resided  for 
two  years.  He  was  recalled  to  occupy, 
for  the  second  time,  the  post  of  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  was  sent,  as  chief  plenipotentiary  of 
Turkey,  to  the  Congress  of  the  Great 
Powers  which  assembled  at  Berlin  in 
1878  to  revise  the  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  of  San  Stefano.  He  had  pre- 
viously been  raised  to  the  rank  of  Muchir. 
Afterwards  he  became  Minister  of  Public 
Works,  and  in  November  1878  he  was 
appointed  Governor-General  of  Crete.  In 
May  1885  he  was  appointed  Prince  of 
Samos  and  adjoining  islands,  which  were 
accorded  a  measure  of  autonomy  under 
the  suzerainty  of  the  Porte. 

CARDEN,  Colonel  Sir  Frederick, 

K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1839,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Royal  Military  College, 
Sandhurst.  Entering  the  Bengal  Army 
in  1858  he  served  on  the  North-West 
Frontier  of  India  in  1863,  and  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches.  He  was  Deputy- 
Assistant  Quartermaster-General  at  Alder- 
shot  from  1872  to  1878,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  went  out  to  South  Africa  to  take 
part  in  the  Zulu  War  of  1879-81,  when 
he  was  again  mentioned  in  despatches. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  Transvaal  in  1881, 
and  acted  as  Assistant  Military  Secretary 
in  China  from  1882  to  1883.  After  being 
Sub-Commissioner  for  Zululand  from  1884 
to  1886  he  was  appointed  Resident  Com- 
missioner in  1890.  He  now  occupies  the 
position  of  Governor  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  Sierra  Leone,  and  was  created  a 
K.C.M.G.  in  1897.  He  married  in  1887, 
as  his  second  wife,  Katherine,  daughter  of 
the  late  J.  Saville,  and  widow  of  Colonel 
Kent  Jones.  Address:  Government  House, 
Freetown,  Sierra  Leone. 

CARDTJCCI,  Giosue,  Italian  poet  and 
critic,  is  the  son  of  a  physician,  and  was 


CARLNI  —  CARLISLE 


175 


born  at  Val-di-Castello,  near  Pietra  Santa, 
on  July  27,    1836,   and   educated  at  the 
college  of  the  Scolopii  at  Florence,  where 
he  early  gave  proof   of   his   talents.      In 
1858   he  founded  a  literary  review,   the 
Poliziano,  in  which  he  proposed  to  render 
the    Italian    language    classical    in  form 
though  modern  in  thought.     At  the  same 
time    he     published     his    Juvenilia,    and 
several  critical  essays  on  the  old  Italian 
poets.     These  writings  obtained   him,   in 
1860,    an    appointment    as    Professor    of 
Italian    Literature   at   the    University   of 
Bologna.     He  was   returned,  in    1876,   to 
the  Italian  Chamber  as  a  Republican,  and 
became  a  senator  in  1890.     Among  Signor 
Carducci's   poetical  works   may   be   men- 
tioned his  famous  "  Hymn  to  Satan,"  pub- 
lished under  the  pseudonym  of  "Enotrio 
Romano";    "Levia  Gravia,"  1875;    "  Odi 
Barbari,"  Odes  in  irregular  metres,  1880  ; 
"September,  1792,"  1883.     M.  Luzol   has 
translated  the  Barbaric  Odes  into  French, 
and  Mr.  G.  A.  Greene  has  published  some 
translations  of   Carducci   in   his   "Italian 
Lyrists  of   To-day."     A  complete  edition 
of  his  poetical  works  in  twenty  volumes 
began  to  be  published  at  Bologna  in  1889. 
Among  Carducci's  critical  works  may  be 
mentioned     "  Literary     Studies,"      1874 ; 
"Commentaries     on      Petrarch,"      1879; 
"Critical  Conversations"  and  "Lives  and 
Portraits,"  1884.    Address  :  Bologna. 

CARINI,  Isidore,  was  born  at  Palermo 
(Sicily)  on  Jan.  7, 1843,  and  ordained  Priest 
in  1866,  Canon  of  the  Cathedral  of  Palermo 
in  1875,  Professor  of  Palaeography  and 
Curator  of  the  Archives  of  Palermo  in 
1877.  In  1882  he  was  sent  by  the  Govern- 
ment into  Spain  to  collect  and  publish 
documents  relative  to  the  Sicilian  Vespers  ; 
and  recalled  to  Rome  by  His  Holiness 
Leo  XIII.  as  assistant  archivist  and  first 
Professor  of  Palaeography  at  the  new  Vati- 
can school  in  1884.  In  1889  he  was  ap- 
pointed Premier  Prefet  at  the  Vatican 
Library.  Canon  Carini  has  been  a  prolific 
writer,  not  merely  upon  archaeological 
subjects,  but  also  on  religion,  literature, 
languages,  bibliography,  &c.  He  is  a 
member  of  various  literary  societies,  and 
for  his  services  during  the  cholera  in  1885 
received  a  gold  medal  from  the  King  of 
Italy. 

CARLE.     See  Saedou,  Victoeien. 

CARLING,  Hon.  Sir  John,  K.C.M.G., 
was  born  in  London,  Ontario,  on  Jan.  23, 
1828,  and  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  place.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Carling  &  Co.,  brewers,  London,  and  was 
a  director  of  the  Great  Western  Railway, 
the  London,  Huron,  and  Bruce  Railway, 


and  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Railway. 
He  was  elected  Trustee  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  London,  in  1850,  and  held  this 
office  until  in  1854  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  for  the  same 
city.  In  1857  he  was  returned  as  a  mem- 
ber for  London  to  the  General  Assembly, 
holding  the  seat  continuously  until  the 
Confederation.  He  was  Receiver-General 
of  Canada  in  1862 ;  was  elected  to  the 
Commons  in  1867,  holding  the  seat  to 
1874,  and  was  also  returned  to  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  of  Ontario  in  1867.  He 
was  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Public 
Works  from  July  1867  until  December 
1871 ;  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council,  and 
was  Postmaster-General  from  May  23, 1882, 
until  Sept.  25,  1885,  when  he  resigned  this 
portfolio  and  accepted  that  of  the  Minister 
of  Agriculture.  He  was  re-elected  to  the 
Commons  in  1878,  and  continued  to  sit  for 
London  until  1891.  He  was  called  to  the 
Senate  in  1891,  but  resigned  his  seat  in 
the  spring  of  1892,  and  again  successfully 
contested  London  for  the  Commons.  He 
retained  the  portfolio  of  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture until  September  1892  ;  since  then 
he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Cabinet 
without  portfolio.  He  was  called  to  the 
Senate  in  1896.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G. 
in  1893.  He  is  married  to  Hannah,  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  Dalton,  London,  Ontario. 
Address  :  London,  Ontario. 

CARLISLE,  Bishop  of.  See  Bards- 
ley,  The  Right  Rev.  John  Waeeing. 

CARLISLE,  Earl  of,  George  James 
Howard,  born  Aug.  12,  1843,  is  the  son 
of  the  Hon.  Charles,  fourth  son  of  the 
6th  Earl,  and  succeeded  to  the  title  as 
9th  Earl  in  1889.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  Liberal 
Member  for  East  Cumberland  from  1879 
to  1880,  and  from  1881  to  1885.  He  is  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  and  a  Trustee  of  the 
National  Gallery.  He  was  married  in 
1864  to  Rosalind,  youngest  daughter  of 
Lord  Stanley  of  Alderley.  Addresses  :  1 
Palace  Green,  Kensington,  W.  ;  and  Na- 
worth  Castle,  Carlisle. 

CARLISLE,  John  Griffin,  American 
statesman,  was  born  in  Campbell  (now 
Kenton)  County,  Kentucky,  Sept.  5,  1835. 
He  received  a  common  school  education, 
studied  law,  and  began  its  practice  in 
1858.  From  1859  to  1861  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Kentucky  House  of  Representa- 
tives, and  of  the  State  Senate  from  1866 
to  1871,  resigning  his  seat  to  accept  the 
office  of  Lieut. -Governor,  to  which  he  was 
elected  in  August  1871,  and  which  he 
occupied  until  1875.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of 


176 


CARLOS 


Congress,  where  he  continued  to  sit  until 
May  1890,  when  he  was  sent  to  the  United 
States  Senate  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
the  late  Senator  Beck  (to  1895).  From 
1883  to  1889  he  was  the  (Democratic) 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  from  1893  to  1897  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  under  President  Cleveland. 

CARLOS  I.,  Dom  Carlos,  King  of 
Portugal  and  the  Algarves,  son  of  Louis  I., 
was  born  in  Lisbon  on  Sept.  28,  1863, 
married  in  Lisbon,  May  22,  1886,  Amelie, 
Princess  of  Orleans-Bourbon,  daughter  of 
the  late  Comte  de  Paris,  and  has  two 
children.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  on 
Oct.  19,  1889.     During  a  financial  crisis  in 

1892  King  Carlos  and  the  Royal  Family 
renounced  a  fifth  of  their  yearly  income 
for  the  benefit  of  the  nation.      In  April 

1893  an  attempt  was  made  on  the  king's 
life  as  he  was  being  driven  through 
Lisbon.  He  visited  England  in  November 
1895. 

CARLOS,  Don,  Duke  of  Madrid, 
Carlos  Maria  de  los  Dolores  Juan 
Isidoro  Josef  Francesco  Quirino  An- 
tonio   Miguel    Gabriel    Rafael,    who 

claims,  under  the  special  law  of  succession 
established  by  Philip  V.,  to  be  the  legiti- 
mate King  of  Spain  by  the  title  of  Charles 
VII.,  was  born  at  Laybacb,  in  Austria,  on 
March  30,  1848.  His  father,  Don  Juan, 
was  the  brother  of  Don  Carlos,  Charles  VI., 
known  as  the  Count  de  Montemolin,  in 
support  of  whose  claims  the  Carlist  risings 
of  1848,  1855,  and  1860  were  organised. 
As  Charles  VI.  died  without  children, 
Jan.  13,  1861,  his  rights  devolved  upon 
his  brother,  Don  Juan,  who  had  married 
on  Feb.  6,  1847,  the  Archduchess  Maria 
Teresa  of  Austria,  Princess  of  Modena, 
who  is  still  living  at  Gratz,  in  Austria. 
Their  son,  the  present  Don  Carlos,  who 
was  educated  principally  in  Austria,  mar- 
ried on  Feb.  4,  1867,  Margaret  de  Bourbon, 
of  Bourbon,  Princess  of  Parma,  daughter  of 
the  late  Duke  Ferdinand  Charles  III.,  Ma- 
demoiselle de  France,  Duchess  of  Parma, 
and  sister  of  the  late  Comte  de  Cham- 
bord  (Henry  V.  of  France).  In  October 
1868  Don  Juan  abdicated  in  favour  of  his 
son,  whose  standard  was  raised  in  the 
north  of  Spain  by  some  of  his  partisans, 
April  21,  1872.  On  July  16  in  that  year 
Don  Carlos  published  a  proclamation,  ad- 
dressed to  the  inhabitants  of  Catalonia, 
Aragon,  and  Valentia,  calling  upon  them 
to  take  up  arms  in  his  cause,  and  pro- 
mising to  restore  to  them  their  ancient 
liberties ;  and  in  the  following  December 
Don  Alfonzo,  the  brother  of  Don  Carlos, 
assumed  the  command  of  the  Carlist 
bands  in  Catalonia.  Don  Carlos  himself 
made  his  entry  into  Spain  July  15,  1873, 


announcing  that  he  came  for  the  purpose 
of  saving  the  country.  From  that  period 
the  war  was  waged  with  remarkable  vigour, 
and  the  various  governments  which  came 
into  power  at  Madrid  strove  in  vain  to 
dislodge  the  Carlists  from  their  strong- 
holds in  the  north  of  Spain.  When  the 
Republic  came  to  an  end,  and  the  eldest 
son  of  the  ex-Queen  Isabella  returned  to 
Spain  as  Alfonso  XII.,  Don  Carlos  issued 
a  proclamation,  dated  at  his  headquarters 
at  Vera,  Jan.  6,  1875,  calling  upon  Spain 
to  adhere  to  his  side.  The  contest  was 
carried  on  with  great  stubbornness  and 
gallantry  by  the  Carlists  for  more  than  a 
twelvemonth  after  that ;  but  in  January 
1876  Tolosa,  their  last  stronghold,  fell,  and 
its  defenders,  flying  in  disorder,  sought 
refuge  on  French  territory.  This  war  is 
called  the  "Four  Years'  War,"  to  distin- 
guish it  from  the  "  Seven  Years'  War  "  of 
1833  to  1840.  In  both  several  prominent 
Englishmen  fought  on  the  Legitimist  side. 
Don  Carlos  passed  through  France  to 
London  and  travelled  in  the  United  States 
and  Mexico,  and  in  1877  joined  the  Rus- 
sian army  in  Turkey  and  fought  at  Plevna, 
where  he  was  decorated  by  the  Emperor 
for  charging  the  enemy  at  the  head  of 
his  own  escort.  In  1880  he  returned  to 
France,  but  was  expelled  the  country  by 
President  Grevy  (Aug.  12,  1881)  for  having 
attended  Mass  with  French  Royalists  on 
St.  Henry's  Day  (July  15),  in  honour  of 
the  Comte  de  Chambord.  This  order  has 
never  been  rescinded.  In  1884  he  visited 
India,  and  was  the  guest  of  the  Duke  of 
Connaught  at  Meerut ;  he  returned  through 
Ceylon  and  Egypt.  In  1887  he  visited 
South  America,  being  the  first  member  of 
the  Spanish  Bourbons  to  see  these  old 
Spanish  possessions.  Alfonso  XII.  made 
every  possible  effort  to  restore  the  lost 
prosperity  of  his  kingdom  and  to  secure 
and  consolidate  his  own  dynasty,  but  in 
1885  he  died  prematurely.  The  fight  for 
the  succession  now  raged  between  Maria 
Christina  of  Austria,  the  widow  of  Alfonso 
XII. ,  and  Don  Carlos.  However,  the 
posthumous  birth  of  the  present  king  in 
the  following  year,  1886,  kindled  in  the 
nation  a  feeling  of  loyalty  to  the  varying 
fortunes  of  the  House  of  Bourbon,  which 
has  continued  to  exist  up  to  the  present 
time.  Many  rumours  have  been  current 
as  to  the  intentions  of  Don  Carlos,  but  up 
till  now  he  has  not  taken  any  definite  step 
toward  reasserting  his  old  claim.  It  is 
considered,  however,  that  he  is  merely 
waiting  for  a  favourable  opportunity.  He 
lives  for  the  most  part  of  the  year  in  his 
palace  on  the  Grand  Canal  at  Venice, 
welcoming  all  Spaniards  who  offer  him 
their  respects.  Tall,  handsome,  and  with 
engaging  manners,  he  is  said  to  be  a 
consummate  horseman,  and  was  without 


CAEMEN  SYLVA  — CARPENTER 


177 


doubt  one  of  the  pluckiest  of  soldiers 
during  the  Carlist  war.  His  father,  Don 
Juan,  died  at  Brighton  Nov.  18,  1887, 
where  he  resided  incognito.  Don  Carlos 
lost  his  first  wife  at  Viareggio  in  1893, 
and  in  the  next  year  married  the  Princess 
Berthe  de  Rohan,  a  descendant  of  the  old 
sovereigns  of  Brittany.  His  only  son,  Don 
Jaime,  is  at  present  serving  in  the  Russian 
army,  gaining  experience  for  a  probable 
Spanish  campaign,  signs  of  the  approach 
of  which  are  not  lacking.  The  following 
skeleton  table  will  show  his  claim  : — 


Carlos  IV. 


I 


Ferdinand  VII. 

! 

Isabella. 

I 
Alfonso  XII. 

I 
Alfonso  XIII. 


Carlos  V. 
(War  of  1833). 


I 


I 


Carlos  VI.      Don  Juan. 


Carlos  VII. 


Don  Carlos  has  five  children — the  Infanta 
Blanca,  born  Sept.  7,  1868 ;  the  Infante 
Jaime  (Don  Jaime),  Prince  of  the  Asturias, 
born  June  27,  1870  ;  the  Infanta  Elvira, 
born  July  28,  1871 ;  the  Infanta  Beatrix, 
born  March  21,  1874 ;  and  the  Infanta 
Alicia,  born  June  29,  1876. 

CARMEN  SYLVA.  See  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Roumania. 

CARNEGIE,  Andrew,  the  "Iron 
King,"  an  American  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  25, 
1837.  His  family  removed  to  the  United 
States  in  1848  and  settled  at  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  and  two  years  later  Andrew  began 
his  business  career  by  attending  a  small 
stationary  engine.  This  he  soon  left  to 
become  a  telegraph  messenger,  and  later 
he  became  an  operator.  While  clerk  of 
the  superintendent  of  the  telegraph  lines 
of  the  Pennsylvania  R.  R.  Co.  at  Pitts- 
burgh, he  aided  in  the  adoption  by  that 
company  of  the  Woodruff  sleeping-car, 
and  this  gave  him  the  nucleus  of  his  pre- 
sent great  fortune.  He  was  made  super- 
intendent of  the  Pittsburgh  division  of 
the  Pennsylvanian  road,  and  soon  after- 
wards acquired  an  interest  in  some  oil 
wells  that  proved  very  profitable.  Subse- 
quently he  became  associated  with  others 
in  establishing  a  rolling-mill,  which  has 
grown  to  be  the  largest  and  most  complete 
system  of  iron  and  steel  industries  in  the 
world  ever  controlled  by  one  individual. 
He  has  spent  large  sums  of  money  for 
educational  and  charitable  purposes.  At 
his  native  place  he  erected,  in  1879,  com- 
modious swimming-baths  for  the  use  of 
the  people,  and  in  the  following  year  gave 


it  $40,000  for  a  free  library.  He  gave 
$50,000  in  1884  to  the  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  at  New  York  for  a  histo- 
logical laboratory.  Since  1885  he  has 
expended  nearly  two  millions  of  dollars 
on  a  music-hall,  library,  and  art  gallery  at 
Pittsburgh  and  Alleghany  City,  Pa.  A 
large  music-hall  in  1890  was  built  in  New 
York  through  his  generosity,  at  a  cost  of 
$1,125,000.  Edinburgh  has  also  received 
$250,000  from  him  for  a  free  library  ;  and 
other  libraries  have  been  established  by 
him  at  Braddock,  Pa.,  and  elsewhere.  His 
latest  benefaction  is  the  gift  of  $50,000 
for  a  public  library  at  Ayr.  He  has  fre- 
quently contributed  to  periodicals  on  the 
labour  question  and  similar  economic 
topics,  and  has  published  in  book  form 
"An  American  Four-in-Hand  in  Britain," 
1883;  "Round  the  World,"  1884;  and 
"  Triumphant  Democracy,"  1886  (new 
edition  1893),  besides  several  pamphlets. 

CAROLTJS-DURAN.  See  Durand, 
Charles  Auguste  Emile. 

CARON,  Hon.  Sir  Joseph.  Philippe 
Rene  Adolphe,  Canadian  statesman, 
was  born  in  the  city  of  Quebec  Dec.  24, 
1843.  He  was  educated  in  the  seminary 
there,  and  graduated  B.C.L.  at  M'Gill 
University  in  1865.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  soon  after,  and  for  some  years  devoted 
himself  to  his  profession,  and  was  created 
a  Q.C.  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome  in  1879. 
He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  for  the 
county  of  Quebec  from  March  1873  to 
1891,  when  he  was  returned  for  Rimouski. 
At  the  General  Election  of  1896  he  was 
elected  for  Three  Rivers  and  St.  Maurice. 
He  entered  Sir  John  Macdonald's  govern- 
ment as  Minister  of  Militia  Nov.  9,  1880, 
and  was  continued  in  that  office  under  Sir 
John  Abbott  until  Jan.  25,  1892,  when 
he  became  Postmaster-General.  He  re- 
mained at  the  head  of  the  Post  Office 
Department  under  Sir  John  Thompson  and 
Sir  Mackenzie  Bowell,  and  retired  from 
office  with  the  latter  April  27,  1896.  For 
his  services  while  at  the  head  of  the 
Militia  Department  during  the  Riel  re- 
bellion in  1885  he  was  created  a  K.C.M.G. 

CARPENTER,  George  Alfred,  M.D. 
London,  and  M.R.C.P.,  was  born  in  1859. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  late  John  William 
Carpenter,  M.D.,  St.  Andrews,  and  nephew 
of  that  distinguished  pioneer  in  and  ex- 
ponent of  hygiene,  the  late  Alfred  Car- 
penter, M.D.,  of  Croydon.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Epsom  College  and  at  King's 
College,  London,  matriculating  at  the 
London  University  in  1879.  The  following 
year  he  entered  as  a  student  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  and  during  a  very  suc- 
cessful  career  he   obtained   many  prizes. 

M 


178 


CAEPENTER  —  CAER 


He  became  a  Member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  England  in  1885,  and  gra- 
duated M.B.  of  London  University  in  1886, 
proceeding  M.D.  in  1890,  his  thesis  being 
"Tuberculosis  of  the  Choroid,"  a  subject 
to  which  he  has  given  much  attention. 
In  November  1885  he  was  appointed 
Registrar  and  Pathologist  to  the  Evelina 
Hospital  for  Sick  Children,  and  some  two 
years  later  Resident  Medical  Officer,  a 
post  which  he  held  until  his  appointment 
on  the  full  staff  of  the  Hospital  as  Phy- 
sician to  out-patients  in  January  1889. 
During  his  connection  with  the  Evelina 
Hospital  as  a  junior  Dr.  Carpenter  entered 
as  a  student  at  Guy's  Hospital.  For- 
merly he  was  Deputy  Medical  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Coppice  Lunatic  Hospital, 
Nottingham,  and  is  now  Medical  Officer 
of  Health  for  Beckenham,  Kent.  Dr. 
Carpenter  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
medical  literature  in  this  country  and 
America.  The  following  papers  on  various 
subjects  are  a  few  of  the  more  impor- 
tant which  have  come  from  his  pen : 
"Cases  of  Hereditary  Ataxia,"  1888; 
"Craniotabes  in  Young  Children:  a  Re- 
cord of  100  Cases,"  1889;  "Tubercular 
Peritonitis,"  1891  ;  "Congenital  Syphilis," 
"  Impetigo  Gangrenosa,  with  Tuberculosis 
of  the  Lungs,"  1894  ;  "  Fibroid  Disease  of 
the  Heart-  in  an  Infant,"  "Double  Optic 
Neuritis,"  "On  the  Value  of  Rectal 
Exploration  as  an  Aid  to  Diagnosis  in 
Children's  Diseases,"  1896;  "On  Infant 
Feeding,"  1898.  A  separate  work  on 
"Congenital  Affections  of  the  Heart" 
appeared  in  1894.  Dr.  Carpenter  is  also 
the  author  of  the  fifteenth  edition  of 
Chavasse's  "Advice  to  a  Mother,"  which, 
with  but  few  and  trifling  exceptions,  has 
been  re-written  by  him.  It  is  a  work 
which  has  been  translated  into  most  of 
the  European  and  Asiatic  languages.  Dr. 
Carpenter  is  also  the  editor  of  Pediatrics, 
the  well-known  medical  journal. 

CARPENTER,  The  Right  Rev. 
William  Boyd,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of 
Ripon,  born  March  26,  1841,  was  educated 
at  St.  Catherine's  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  1864,  M.A.  1867).  He  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  Carpenter,  Incumbent  of 
St.  Michael's,  Liverpool,  and  of  Hester, 
daughter  of  Archibald  Boyd,  Londonderry, 
Ireland.  After  holding  various  curacies 
he  was,  in  1870,  appointed  Vicar  of  St. 
James's,  Holloway,  where  he  remained 
until,  in  1879,  he  became  Vicar  of  Christ 
Church,  Lancaster  Gate,  W.  He  was 
Select  Preacher  at  Cambridge  in  1875  and 
1877;  Hulsean  Lecturer  at  Cambridge, 
1878  ;  Honorary  Chaplain  to  the  Queen, 
1878  ;  Select  Preacher  at  Oxford  in  1882; 
Bampton  Lecturer,  1887 ;  and  received 
from  the  University  of  Oxford  an  honorary 


D.C.L.  in  1889.  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
to  a  vacant  canonry  at  Windsor.  On  the 
death  of  the  late  Dr.  Bickersteth  he  was, 
in  1884,  consecrated  Bishop  of  Ripon.  He 
presided  over  the  Church  Congress  held 
at  Wakefield  in  1886,  and  at  Bradford  in 
1898  ;  and  in  1887  he  was  selected  by  the 
House  of  Commons  to  preach  the  Jubilee 
Sermon  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Thoughts  on  Prayer," 
1871;  "Narcissus";  "Heart  Healing"; 
"The  Witness  of  the  Heart  to  Christ" 
(Hulsean  Lectures),  1879;  and  a  Com- 
mentary on  Revelation  in  the  same  year ; 
"  Truth  in  Tale,"  "  Permanent  Elements  of 
Religion"  (Bampton  Lectures),  1889;  "Lec- 
tures on  Preaching,"  "Christian  Reunion," 
and  the  "Great  Character  of  Christ," 
1895,  &c.  Addresses  :  The  Palace,  Ripon  ; 
71  Carlisle  Place,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CARR,  Joseph  William  Comyns, 

was  born  in  1849.  In  1870  he  matricu- 
lated at  the  London  University,  and  after- 
wards passed  in  the  honours  division  of 
the  first  examination  for  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws.  He  became  a  student 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1869,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1872,  having  gained  a 
studentship  in  Roman  and  International 
Law  at  the  Inns  of  Court.  Mr.  Comyns 
Carr  then  joined  the  Northern  Circuit,  but 
shortly  afterwards  ceased  to  practise  at 
the  Bar,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature 
and  journalism.  From  1870  to  1880  he 
was  a  constant  contributor  to  the  principal 
literary  reviews  and  magazines.  Writing 
especially  upon  subjects  connected  with 
art,  he  held  for  some  years  the  post  of  art 
critic  on  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  and  in 
1875  he  accepted  the  English  editorship  of 
L'Art  He  was  also  associated  with  Sir 
Coutts-Lindsay  in  the  establishment  of 
the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  and  was  one  of 
the  directors  of  that  institution.  His 
works  on  art  include  "Drawings  by  the 
Old  Masters,"  1877;  "The  Abbey  Church 
of  St.  Albans,"  1878  ;  "Examples  of  Con- 
temporary Art,"  1S78;  "Essays  on  Art," 
"  Art  in  Provincial  France,"  1883 ;  and 
"  Papers  on  Art,"  1884.  Mr.  Carr  has  also 
written  for  the  stage.  In  1882  he  pro- 
duced a  dramatised  version  of  Mr.  Hardy's 
novel,  "Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd"; 
and  in  1884  he  collaborated  with  the  late 
Hugh  Conway  in  the  drama  of  "Called 
Back,"  founded  upon  the  popular  story  of 
that  name.  "  King  Arthur,"  acted  at  the 
Lyceum  in  1895,  was  from  his  pen.  To- 
gether with  Mr.  Haddon  Chambers,  Mr. 
Comyns  Carr  wrote  "In  the  Days  of  the 
Duke,"  acted  at  the  Adelphi  in  1897,  and 
in  1898  he  was  one  of  the  collaborators  in 
the  musical  play,  "The  Beauty  Stone," 
produced  at  the  Savoy.  Address :  18 
El  don  Road,  Kensington. 


CAKR  GLYN  —  CARSON 


179 


CARR  GLYN.    See  Glyn,  The  Right 
Rev.  Hon.  Edward  Care. 

CARRINGTON,  Earl,  The  Bight 
Hon.    Sir    Charles    Robert    Wynn- 
Carrington,  G.C.M.G.,  Joint  Hereditary 
Lord  Great  Chamberlain  of  England,  was 
born  in  1843,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1863.     Subsequently 
he  entered  the  Royal  Horse  Guards,  where 
he  rose  to  the  rank  of  Captain,  and  after- 
wards  became  Lieut.-Colonel   of   the  3rd 
Battalion   of    the   Oxfordshire    Light   In- 
fantry.    From  1865  to  1868  he  was  M.P. 
for   Wycombe.      He  was  Captain  of   the 
Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms  from  1881  to 
1885  ;  Governor  of  New  South  Wales  from 
1885  to  1890;   Lord  Chamberlain   of   the 
Queen's    Household    from    1892   to   1895 ; 
and  is  a  member  of   the  London  County 
Council,  in  which  he  represents  West  St. 
Pancras  as  a  Progressive.    Lord  Carrington 
was  A.D.C.  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  his 
visit  to  India  in  1875-76,  and  has  travelled 
in  the   United   States   and   the   Colonies. 
He  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Welsh 
Land  Commission  in  1893.     In  July  1895 
Lord  Carrington  was  granted  the  dignities 
of  a  Viscount  and  an  Earl  by  the  names, 
styles,   and  titles  of  Viscount  Wendover 
of  Chepping  Wycombe,  in  the  county  of 
Buckingham,   and    Earl    Carrington.      In 
politics  he  is  a  strong  Liberal.     In  July 
1878  he  married  Cecilia,  eldest  daughter  of 
Charles,  5th   Lord   Suffield.       Addresses  : 
Gwydyr   Castle,    Llaurwst,    &c. ;    and    50 
Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

CARRINGTON,  Major-General  Sir 
Frederick,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  is  the  son 
of  Edmund  Carrington,  Esq.,  of  Chelten- 
ham, where  he  was  born  on  Aug.  23,  1844. 
He  entered  the  army  as  Ensign  in  the 
24th  Foot,  now  known  as  the  South  Wales 
Borderers,  and  was  promoted  Lieutenant 
in  1867  and  Captain  in  1878.  In  the 
expedition  to  Griqualand,  West  South 
Africa,  of  1875  he  organised  and  com- 
manded the  Mounted  Infantry.  During 
the  Kaffir  War  of  1877-81  he  saw  consider- 
able war  service  as  commander  of  the 
Frontier  Light  Horse,  which  was  after- 
wards called  " Carrington's  Horse."  He 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Quintana,  and 
the  subsequent  operations  in  the  Transkei 
and  in  the  Peri  Bush,  being  mentioned 
in  despatches.  During  1878-79,  as  Com- 
mandant of  the  Transvaal  Volunteer  Force, 
he  had  charge  of  the  advance  guard  and 
the  left  attacking  party  at  the  storming 
and  taking  of  the  stronghold  of  Sekukuni, 
a  rebellious  Kaffir  chief.  He  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  and  received  the 
Brevet  of  Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
and  also  a  C.M.G.     In   the    Basutoland 


Campaign  of  1880-81  Sir  Frederick  Car- 
rington commanded  the  Cape  Mounted 
Rifles  during  the  siege  of  Mafeteng  by  the 
Basutos,  who  were  repulsed  with  great  loss. 
Subsequently  obtaining  supreme  command 
of  the  Colonial  Forces  in  the  further  opera- 
tions he  gained  many  victories  over  the 
rebels,  on  one  occasion  being  severely 
wounded.  He  was  promoted  to  Colonel 
in  1884,  and  in  the  Bechuanaland  Expedi- 
tion of  that  year  he  commanded  the  2nd 
Mounted  Rifles.  He  was  for  several  years 
employed  on  special  service  in  South  Africa 
and  the  Bechuanaland  Border  Police  Force, 
and  was  promoted  to  Major-General  in  1893 
in  consideration  of  these  services.  During 
the  operations  in  Zululand  of  1888  he  com- 
manded the  native  levies.  In  May  1895  Sir 
Frederick  went  to  Gibraltar  to  take  over  the 
command  of  the  Infantry  Brigade.  He  mar- 
ried in  1897  Susan  Margaret,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Elmes,  Colesbourne. 
Address  :  College  Lawn,  Cheltenham. 

CARRINGTON,  Very  Rev.  Henry, 
M.A.,  Dean  and  Rector  of  Booking,  was 
born  in  1814,  and  was  educated  at  Charter- 
house and  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  M.A.  degree.  He  became 
Dean  of  Booking  in  1845,  an  appointment 
which  he  still  holds.  He  has  translated 
Victor  Hugo's  poems,  and  has  also  pub- 
lished a  metrical  translation  of  Thomas  a 
Kempis.  In  1842  Mr.  Carrington  married  a 
daughter  of  Captain  Haseldine  Lyell,  R.N., 
and  has  two  daughters,  one  of  whom,  Evelyn 
Lilian  Haseldine,  is  now  Contessa  Mar- 
tinengo,  and  is  the  authoress  of  "  Studies 
in  Folk-lore,"  "Italian  Characters,"  and 
"The  Liberation  of  Italy."  Address: 
Booking  Deanery,  Braintree,  Essex. 

CARRTJTHERS,   "William,    F.R.S., 

F.L.S.,  was  born  at  Moffat,  Scotland,  in 
1830,  and  educated  at  the  Academy  there, 
and  afterwards  at  the  University  and 
New  College,  Edinburgh.  He  entered  the 
British  Museum  as  assistant  in  the  de- 
partment of  Botany  in  1859,  and  succeeded 
Mr.  J.  J.  Bennett  as  keeper  of  that  depart- 
ment on  his  retirement  in  1871.  He  has 
now  retired.  Mr.  Carruthers  has  con- 
ducted many  original  investigations  on 
living  and  fossil  plants,  and  has  published 
numerous  memoirs  on  fossil  botany  in 
the  journals  and  transactions  of  learned 
societies.  He  re-edited  Lindley  and  Hut- 
ton's  "  Fossil  Flora,"  and  was  afterwards 
engaged  in  preparing  an  account  of  the 
fossil  plants  of  Britain,  supplementary  to 
that  work.  Address  :  14  Vermont  Road, 
Norwood,  S.E. 

CARSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Edward 
Henry,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  is  the  second  son  of 
the  late  Edward   Henry  Carson,  C.E.,  of 


180 


CARTER  —  CART  WRIGHT 


Dublin,  and  Isabella,  daughter  of  Captain 
Lambert,  of  Castle  Ellen,  co.  Galway. 
He  was  born  in  1854,  and  educated  at 
Portlushington  School  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  of  which  he  is  M.A.  He  went  to 
the  Irish  Bar,  and  in  time  became  Bencher 
of  the  King's  Inns,  Dublin,  and  in  1889 
Q.C.  (Irish).  At  the  time  that  Mr.  Arthur 
Balfour  held  the  Irish  Secretaryship  and 
spoke  of  the  necessity  of  resolute  govern- 
ment for  twenty  years  to  come,  Mr.  Carson 
was  much  in  his  counsels.  In  1892  he 
was  Solicitor-General  for  Ireland.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  returned  to  Parliament 
for  that  anti-Nationalist  stronghold,  Dub- 
lin University,  and  was  re-elected  in  1895. 
He  has  transferred  the  scene  of  his  legal 
activity  from  Ireland  to  England,  and  in 
1894  became  a  Q.C,  having  been  called  to 
the  English  Bar  in  1893.  Here  he  has 
won  a  very  high  reputation  as  a  cross- 
examiner,  having  figured  in  many  famous 
trials.  In  Parliament  he  sits  as  a  Conser- 
vative, but  in  1898  criticised  Mr.  Gerald 
Balfour's  Irish  Local  Bill  with  great  can- 
dour. He  was  sworn  of  the  Irish  Privy 
Council  in  1896.  Address:  39  Kutland 
Gate,  S.W. 

CARTER,    Sir    Gilbert    Thomas, 

K.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  the  Bahamas  since 
1897,  was  born  in  1868,  and  educated  at  the 
Royal  Naval  School,  Greenwich,  whence 
he  entered  the  Royal  Navy  in  1864.  He 
was  appointed  Administrator  of  the  Gambia 
Settlement  in  1888,  and  from  1891  to  1897 
he  was  Governor  of  Lagos.  In  1893,  he 
was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  Address:  Govern- 
ment House,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 

CARTER,    Robert   Brudenell,   son 

of  Thomas  Carter,  Major,  Royal  Marines, 
by  his  second  wife  Louisa,  daughter  of 
Richard  Jeffreys  of  Basingstoke,  in  the 
countv  of  Hants,  Esq.,  was  born  on  Oct. 
2,  1828,  at  Little  Wittenham,  Berks,  of 
which  parish  his  grandfather,  the  Rev. 
Henry  Carter,  a  younger  brother  of  Eliza- 
beth Carter,  the  translator  of  "Epictetus," 
and  famous  letter-writer,  was  Rector  for 
more  than  fifty  years.  Educated  at  pri- 
vate schools  and  at  the  London  Hospital, 
Mr.  Carter  became  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England  in  1851, 
and  a  Licentiate  of  the  Society  of  Apo- 
thecaries in  1852.  He  served  during  the 
Crimean  War  with  the  local  rank  of  Staff- 
Surgeon,  obtaining  the  English  and  Turkish 
Crimean  medals.  In  1864  he  became  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
and  in  1868  settled  in  London  to  practise 
as  an  ophthalmic  specialist.  He  was 
appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  South 
London  Ophthalmic  Hospital  in  1869, 
Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital in  1870  (and  retired  as  Consulting 


Ophthalmic  Surgeon  in  1893),  Ophthalmic 
Surgeon  to  the  National  Hospital  for  the 
Paralysed  and  Epileptic,  Consulting  Sur- 
geon to  the  Shropshire  Eye,  Ear,  and 
Throat  Hospital,  and  to  the  Ophthalmic 
Hospital  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  at  Jeru- 
salem. He  is  a  Member  (representing  the 
Society  of  Apothecaries)  of  the  General 
Medical  Council ;  has  been  Orator,  Lett- 
somian  Lecturer,  and  President  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London  ;  Hunterian 
Professor  of  Pathology  and  Surgery  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  ;  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Clinical  Society  ;  and,  besides 
membership  of  the  other  medical  societies 
of  London,  is  a  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  a  Foreign  Associate  of  the 
French  Society  of  Hygiene.  He  is  a 
Knight  of  Grace  of  the  Order  of  the 
Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in  Eng- 
land. He  has  written  a  large  number  of 
books  and  essays  on  medical,  ophthal- 
mological,  and  educational  subjects,  the 
principal  being:  "The  Pathology  and 
Treatment  of  Hysteria,"  1853;  "The  In- 
fluence of  Education  and  Training  in  pre- 
venting Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System," 
1855  ;  "  On  the  Artificial  Production  of 
Stupidity  in  Schools,"  1857  ;  "A  Practical 
Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  1875 ; 
"Eyesight,  Good  and  Bad,"  1879;  "Lec- 
tures on  Cataract,"  1884 ;  the  articles  on 
Diseases  of  the  Eye  in  Quain's  "  Diction- 
ary of  Medicine,"  and  in  Heath's  "Dic- 
tionary of  Surgery";  and  the  article  on 
Medical  Ophthalmology  in  Allbutt's  "  Sys- 
tem of  Medicine."  Addresses  :  31  Harley 
Street,  W. ;  "Kenilworth,"  Clapham  Com- 
mon, S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CART  WRIGHT,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Richard  John,  K.C.M.G.,  Canadian 
statesman,  was  born  at  Kingston,  Dec.  4, 
1835.  He  was  educated  at  his  native  city 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  entered 
the  Canadian  Parliament  as  a  Conservative 
in  1863,  but  in  1870  left  that  party,  and 
has  since  been  one  of  the  Liberal  leaders 
of  the  Dominion.  In  1873  he  was  made 
Minister  of  Finance  in  the  Mackenzie 
Government,  an  office  he  retained  until 
the  general  defeat  of  the  Liberals  in  1878. 
In  July  1896  he  became  Minister  of  Trade 
and  Commerce  in  Sir  Wilfred  Laurier's 
Government,  and  during  Mr.  Laurier's 
absence  from  Canada  in  1897,  he  was  tem- 
porary leader  of  the  Government  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  is  now  Member 
for  Central  Huron.  In  1879  he  was  created 
a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George  and  G.C.M.G.  in 
1897.  In  1859  he  married  Frances,  daughter 
of  Colonel  Alexander  Law,  of  the  East 
India  Company's  Service.  Address  :  King- 
ston, Canada,  &c. 


CARYSFORT—  CASATI 


181 


CARYSFORT,  Earl  of,  William 
Proby,  K.P.,  J.P.,  born  at  Glenart  Castle, 
co.  Wioklow,  in  1836,  succeeded  his  brother 
as  5th  Earl  in  1872.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(M.A.),  and  is  Lord- Lieutenant  of  the 
county  of  Wicklow.  He  is  the  possessor 
of  some  celebrated  pictures  by  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  Hobbema,  Gerard  Dow,  Franz 
Hals,  Landseer,  Roruney,  &c.,  most  of 
which  are  kept  at  Elton  Hall,  Peter- 
borough ;  also  of  an  extensive  library  con- 
taining several  Caxton  Bibles  and  a  Prayer- 
book  of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  married  in 
I860  to  Charlotte,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Boothby  Heathcote,  of  Friday  Hill, 
Chingford,  Essex.  Addresses  :  10  Hereford 
Gardens,  Park  Lane,  W.  ;  and  Elton  Hall, 
Peterborough. 

CASATI,  Gaetano,  is  the  son  of  a 
doctor  at  Monza,  where  he  was  born  in 
1838.  He  studied  at  Monza,  Milan,  and 
Pavia,  devoting  himself  more  especially 
to  mathematics.  When  one-and-twenty, 
inspired  by  the  youthful  ardour  of  those 
days  for  the  independence  of  Italy,  he 
became  a  soldier  in  Piedmont,  joining 
the  corps  of  Bersagliere.  He  obtained 
advancement,  and  in  1867  was  elevated 
to  the  rank  of  captain.  But  service  in  the 
army  did  not  offer  him  sufficient  scope  for 
his  energy.  He  set  his  mind  on  becoming 
an  African  explorer,  and  to  this  end  gave 
in  his  resignation  in  1879.  Regarded  as  a 
man  of  great  promise  and  capacity,  he 
was  commissioned  by  the  Societa  d'Es- 
plorazione  Commerciale  d' Africa  to  pro- 
ceed to  that  country  at  their  expense,  and 
he  sailed  from  Genoa  on  Dec.  24,  1870. 
He  went  by  way  of  Suakim  and  Berber  to 
Khartoum,  where  he  arrived  about  the 
middle  of  May  1880,  his  immediate  object 
being  to  reach  the  Bahr-el-Ghazel,  and 
there  see  his  fellow-countryman,  Gessi 
Pacha,  then  governor  of  that  particular 
Tegion.  In  this  he  succeeded,  and  the 
meeting  of  the  two  was  of  a  touching 
character.  Gessi  soon  afterwards  nursed 
Casati  through  a  dangerous  fever,  paying 
him  the  most  devoted  attention,  and  re- 
fusing to  leave  him  until  he  was  thoroughly 
restored  to  health.  Then,  however,  Gessi 
moved  on  to  Khartoum,  intending  to  return 
to  Europe,  though  he  got  no  farther  than 
Suez,  where  he  died.  After  Gessi's  depar- 
ture -Casati  had  another  severe  attack  of 
fever,  this  time  of  prolonged  duration,  but 
lie  was  able,  on  Oct.  14,  1880,  to  proceed 
to  Rumbeck.  After  this  nothing  was  heard 
about  him  by  his  friends  until  a  letter 
reached  them  from  Tangasi,  dated  Dec. 
29,  1881,  stating  that  he  had  been  kept 
a  prisoner  by  a  certain  chief,  Azanga  by 
name,  and  had  only  succeeded  in  making 
his   escape   on    the   7th    of    that   month. 


Getting  on  the  march  again  in  1881,  Casati 
made  his  way  to  the  Niam-Niam  territory, 
which  lies  immediately  to  the  west  of 
what  was  once  Emin  Pacha's  province, 
and  has  since  been  visited  and  described 
by  George  Schweinfurth.  In  a  letter  dated 
April  13,  1883,  Casati  describes  his  cordial 
reception  by  Emin  Pacha  at  Lado,  where 
he  saw  also  Junker,  the  Russian  explorer. 
Emin  Pacha,  .he  says,  treated  him  with 
"rare  liberality  and  generosity."  At  that 
time,  however,  the  Mahdi  was  assuming 
a  very  threatening  attitude,  and  thus  the 
three  Europeans  found  themselves  "  united 
but  shut  in  "  in  this  extreme  corner  of  the 
Egyptian  possessions.  Two  expeditions 
were  organised  to  effect  their  rescue,  one 
conducted  by  Dr.  Fischer,  which  got  as 
far  as  the  east  of  Victoria  Nyanza,  and 
then  had  to  return  for  want  of  the  requi- 
site goods  for  barter ;  and  the  other  led 
by  Dr.  Lenz,  who  proceeded  by  way  of 
the  Congo,  but  also  was  obliged  to  abandon 
his  attempt,  leaving,  as  we  all  know,  the 
real  honours  of  the  rescue  to  be  obtained 
by  Stanley.  At  the  request  of  Emin 
Pacha  he  went  to  live  as  "resident"  in 
the  territory  of  King  Kabba  Rega,  son  of 
M'tesa,  of  Unyoro.  In  this  capacity  part 
of  his  duty  was  to  play  the  rfjle  of  Emin's 
postmaster.  Emin  forwarded  to  him  all 
his  correspondence  for  Europe,  and  he 
had  to  devise  the  means  as  best  he  could 
by  which  it  was  to  be  sent  to  the  coast. 
At  first  Casati  was  well  treated  by  the 
king  ;  but,  after  the  lapse  of  about  twenty 
months,  Kabba  Rega  changed  his  humour, 
and  condemned  him  to  death,  together 
with  an  Arab  merchant  named  Biri,  who, 
Casati  heard,  was  actually  killed.  Casati, 
however,  though  at  first  tied  with  cords 
round  his  neck,  arms,  and  legs,  managed 
to  escape  with  some  of  his  men.  Chased 
from  place  to  place,  he  got  over  sufficient 
ground  during  the  night  to  reach  at  last 
the  Albert  Nyanza,  where  lay  his  sole  hope 
of  safety,  though  even  then  he  ran  the 
risk  of  being  caught  by  a  certain  chief  in 
that  region  who,  as  he  heard,  had  received 
orders  from  the  king  to  capture  and 
murder  him.  Happily  they  found  a  boat, 
in  which  one  of  the  men  went  off  to  tell 
Emin  Pacha  what  had  happened.  Two 
days  afterwards  Emin  Pacha  arrived  in 
his  steamer,  and  rescued  Casati  from  his 
perilous  situation.  It  was  high  time.  For 
three  days  Casati  had  not  had  a  morsel  of 
food  to  eat.  "I  am  now  in  safety,  it  is 
true,"  wrote  he  from  the  Albert  Nyanza 
on  March  25,  1888,  "but  I  am  oppressed 
with  grief  at  the  loss  of  all  my  notes.  The 
work  of  so  many  years  has  vanished  like 
smoke  I  "  But  Casati  had  previously  sent 
home  sufficient  information  to  show  that 
he  had  already  done  valuable  service  to 
the  cause  of  African  exploration. 


182 


CASHEL  —  CASIMIR-PEEIEK 


CASHEL,  Bishop  of.     See  Day,  The 
Right  Rev.  Maurice  Fitzgerald. 

CASIMIH-PERIER,  Jean  Paul 
Pierre,  ex-President  of  the  French  Re- 
public, is  the  son  and  grandson  of  states- 
men, his  father,  Auguste  Casimir-Perier, 
the  diplomatist,  having  been  Minister  of 
the  Interior  in  1871,  whilst  his  grand- 
father was  leader  of  the  Opposition  on  the 
accession  of  Louis-Philippe,  and  after- 
wards Premier.  The  ex-President  was 
born  on  Nov.  8,  1847.  After  a  brilliant 
career  as  a  student  of  literature  and  his- 
tory he  received  the  University  degree  of 
licencii  is  lettres,  and  in  the  Franco-Prussian 
War  joined  the  Mobiles  of  the  Aube  who 
were  summoned  to  Paris,  where  during 
the  siege  he  behaved  with  such  gallantry 
as  to  be  mentioned  in  an  Order  of  the 
Day,  and  afterwards  to  receive  the  decora- 
tion of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  When  his 
father  joined  the  first  Republican  Cabinet  of 
M.  Thiers,  he  became  chef  du  cabinet  under 
him  at  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior.  In 
order  to  open  to  him  a  political  career  his 
father  resigned  his  position  as  Councillor- 
General  of  the  Aube  in  April  1874,  and 
introduced  him  to  the  electors  of  Nogent- 
sur-Seine,  under  the  sanction  of  the 
Perier  political  tradition.  He  was  elected 
Deputy  without  opposition  on  July  18. 
The  same  year  he  conducted  a  brisk 
electoral  campaign  in  his  department  in 
support  of  the  Republican  candidature  of 
General  Saussier.  At  the  general  elec- 
tions of  February  1878,  he  was  elected 
unopposed  for  Nogent-sur-Seine.  His 
profession  of  faith  was  resolutely  Re- 
publican, and  he  joined  the  Left  Centre 
and  the  Republican  Left  in  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  voting  constantly  with  the 
majority  supported  by  these  groups. 
After  the  crisis  of  May  1877,  he  was  one 
of  the  363  deputies  who  refused  to  pass 
a  vote  of  confidence  in  the  Broglie 
Ministry.  At  the  succeeding  elections 
he  was  returned  by  a  large  majority  over 
the  Bonapartist  candidate,  M.  Walkenaer, 
and  when  in  December  a  purely  Repub- 
lican Cabinet  was  formed  he  was  appointed, 
under  M.  Bordoux,  Under-Secretary  of 
State  at  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion. He  retained  this  post  until  the 
Cabinet  Dufaure  went  out  of  office  in 
January  1879.  Three  months  later  he 
abandoned  the  Left  Centre  for  the  Re- 
publican Left.  Re-elected  for  Nogent- 
sur-Seine  in  August  1881,  he  joined  the 
Union  Re"publicaine.  In  February  1883, 
he  retired  from  the  Chamber  on  the  law 
being  passed  to  exclude  members  of 
French  royal  families  from  public  em- 
ployments. In  this  he  followed  family 
tradition,  and  is  in  consequence  still  re- 
garded as  Orleanist  in  tendency.     In  the 


following  March  he  consented  to  re-enter 
Parliament,  and  on  Oct.  17,  1883,  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State  at  the 
Ministry  of  War,  and  remained  there  till 
his  superior  Minister,  General  Campenan, 
retired  in  January  1885.  In  the  October 
elections  of  the  same  year  he  was  returned 
by  a  large  majority  for  the  Aube.  In 
September  1889  he  was  again  elected 
for  Nogent-sur-Seine.  In  each  successive 
Parliament  M.  Casimir-Perier  has  enjoyed 
great  personal  influence  among  the  Re- 
publican majority.  In  1890  he  was  elected 
Vice-President  of  the  Chamber  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Budget  Committee.  In  the 
summer  of  1894  he  was  elected  President 
of  the  French  Republic,  immediately  after 
the  assassination  of  the  late  President 
Carnot.  His  political  tradition  was  not 
so  purely  revolutionary  as  that  of  the 
Carnots,  but  his  election  took  place  at  a 
crisis  in  the  affairs  of  France  when  an 
essentially  strong  and  courageous  man 
was  needed  at  the  head  of  the  State. 
But  in  Casimir-Perier  the  French  Cham- 
bers, and,  indeed,  the  French  people 
thought  they  had  at  last  found  a  "  strong 
man  "  who  would  defend  them  against  the 
combined  assaults  of  predatory  radicalism 
and  of  a  form  of  revolutionary  socialism 
inimical  to  all  social  order.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  the  election  of  M.  Casi- 
mir-Perier was  hailed  by  all  Europe  as 
an  indication  of  the  determination  of  the 
French  nation  to  combat  the  destructive 
agencies  which  threatened  the  national 
security.  Hence,  Casimir-Perier  became 
the  mark  of  the  motley  crowd  of  maligners 
who  were  the  recognised  apostles  of  social 
disorder.  The  President  was  traduced  and 
openly  insulted  in  every  possible  manner, 
and  so  persistent  did  these  disgraceful 
tactics  become  that  the  Government  at  last 
took  action,  and  prosecuted  M.  Girault- 
Richard,  a  writer  of  small  repute,  who  had 
published  libels  on  Casimir-Perier,  which 
were  described  as  nothing  less  than  "atro- 
cious." Girault-Richard  was  sentenced  to 
six  months'  imprisonment;  and  one  of  the 
advanced  Radical  arrondissements  of  Paris, 
thinking  the  affair  an  excellent  opportunity 
for  placing  on  record  their  absolute  indiffer- 
ence to  the  critical  issues  at  stake,  elected 
the  scribe  as  a  Deputy,  and  the  Socialists, 
carrying  the  campaign  on  to  a  further 
point,  demanded  that  Girault-Richard 
should  be  "given  to  the  Chamber" — that 
is,  released.  Although  the  release  by 
Napoleon  III.  of  M.  Rochefort,  while  under 
sentence  for  a  political  offence,  provided 
a  precedent  for  this  proposed  action,  the 
Government  determinedly  refused  the  So- 
cialist demand,  and  after  a  debate,  which 
was  not  so  violent  as  was  anticipated,  the 
Chamber  supported  the  Government  by 
309  votes  to  219.     Naturally,  immense  in- 


CASSAGNAC  —  CASTELAR 


183 


terest  was  taken  in  this  vote,  especially 
as  it  was  whispered  that  the  President 
would  consider  an  adverse  vote  as  per- 
sonal to  himself.  Meanwhile,  however, 
serious  differences  began  to  arise  between 
M.  Casimir  -  Perier  and  his  supporters. 
Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the 
fact  that  his  election  to  the  Presidency 
was  hailed  by  France,  and  by  Moderate 
Europe  as  well,  as  a  supreme  triumph 
of  Moderate  ideas.  Considerable  dissatis- 
faction was  aroused,  therefore,  when  the 
notion  gained  currency  that  the  President 
was  not  always  inclined  to  present  so  bold 
a  front  to  the  advances  of  the  Radicals  as 
had  been  expected.  This  feeling  came  to 
a  head  on  the  election  of  a  President  of 
the  Chamber.  The  Radical  leader  himself, 
M.  Brisson,  ran  for  the  chair,  and  it  was 
felt  that  his  defeat  could  be  assured  only 
by  the  counter-nomination  of  a  Minister. 
But  Casimir-Perier  would  not  allow  the 
nomination  to  be  made.  He  was  willing 
to  stand  against  M.  Brisson  for  the  chief 
place  in  the  State,  but  he  would  not  permit 
one  of  his  Ministers  to  stand  against  him 
for  the  chief  place  in  the  Chamber.  Con- 
sequently the  election  of  M.  Brisson  re- 
sulted. During  the  week  following,  the 
Government  were  defeated  on  a  resolution 
which  they  had  refused  to  endorse,  and 
M.  Dupuy  and  his  colleagues,  justly  re- 
garding this  as  a  vote  of  "  No  confidence," 
immediately  left  the  Chamber,  and  ten- 
dered their  resignations.  To  the  astonish- 
ment of  the  Ministry,  and,  indeed,  of  the 
whole  nation,  the  President  did  not  accept 
the  resignations,  but  informed  the  Premier 
that  he  must  retain  power  for  a  time,  since 
he  (Casimir-Perier)  had  determined  to  re- 
sign the  Presidential  Chair.  M.  Dupuy, 
suddenly  confronted  with  a  crisis  of  the 
utmost  gravity,  protested  against  the 
President's  step,  but  all'  to  no  purpose. 
M.  Casimir-Perier  persisted  in  his  inten- 
tion ;  and  in  a  few  hours  his  formal  letter 
of  resignation  was  read  in  both  Chambers. 
In  this  document,  which  was  received  in 
the  Chamber  with  comparative  silence,  but 
in  the  Senate  with  jeering  interruptions, 
the  Prpsident  said  that  "the  attempt  to 
mislead  public  opinion  has  succeeded  " ; 
that  his  twenty  years  of  public  life  had 
not  convinced  Republicans  of  the  sincerity 
and  ardour  of  his  political  faith  ;  that  for 
six  months  a  campaign  of  insult  had  been 
waged  against  him,  as  well  as  against 
Parliament  and  the  Magistracy  ;  that  he 
could  not  acknowledge  it  to  be  his  duty 
to  bear  such  insult,  and  that  he  conse- 
quently laid  down  his  functions.  "Per- 
haps in  doing  so  I  shall  have  marked  out 
the  path  of  duty  to  those  who  are  soli- 
citous for  the  dignity  of  power  and  the 
good  name  of  France  in  the  world."  It  is 
difficult  to  decide  how  far  Casimir-Perier 


was  justified  in  suddenly  leaving  the  helm 
of  State.  At  the  time,  the  best  informed 
English  opinion  averred  that  the  action 
was  condemned  by  all  Europe.  However, 
there  was  but  one  course  for  the  French 
Parliament  to  adopt,  and  his  resignation 
was  accepted.  During  the  Zola  trial  of 
1898,  it  became  known  that  the  real  reason 
for  his  resignation  was  the  fact  that  his 
Cabinet  concealed  material  facts  of  their 
policy  from  him,  so  that  he  nearly  found 
himself  in  a  serious  quarrel  with  Ger- 
many, owing  to  his  ignorance  of  the 
Dreyfus  scandal.  It  was  even  said  that 
private  documents  on  the  Dreyfus  affair 
from  the  German  Ambassador  in  Paris  to 
his  Emperor  had  been  abstracted  and 
photographed  en  route.  In  order  to  disso- 
ciate himself  from  such  acts,  and  prevent  an 
immediate  declaration  of  war,  M.  Casimir- 
Perier  retired  from  the  Presidency  and 
from  political  life.  Addresses :  23  Rue 
Nitot,  Paris;  and  Chateau  de  Pout-sur- 
Seine,  Aube. 

CASSAGNAC,  Granier  de.  See 
Granier  de  Cassagnac,  Paul  de. 

CASTELAR,  Emilio,  for  long  a 
Spanish  statesman,  and  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  orators  of  the  age,  was  born  at 
Cadiz  on  Sept.  8,  1832.  His  father  was  a 
mercantile  man  and  a  strong  Liberal,  but 
died  when  his  sou  was  only  seven.  Emilio 
was  brought  up  at  Elda,  a*  village  not  very 
farfrom  the  famous  Elche,  sometimes  called 
Elche  of  the  Palms.  From  Elche  he  was 
sent  to  Alicante  with  the  object  of  further 
pursuing  his  studies  in  that  provincial 
capital.  He  remained  at  Alicante  till  he 
was  sixteen  years  of  age,  a  studious  lad, 
evincing  little,  if  any,  inclination  for  the 
customary  recreations  of  his  fellow-stu- 
dents. However,  he  is  said  to  have  been 
at  this  time  passionately  attached  to  the 
study  of  history,  with  a  sustained  enthu- 
siasm for  the  classics,  and  evidencing  early 
and  brilliant  promise  of  literary  power  and 
of  a  high  and  poetic  imagination.  In 
October  1848  he  migrated  to  Madrid,  the 
city  destined  to  be  the  scene  of  his  greatest 
achievements.  For  six  years  he  worked 
steadily  on,  attracting  considerable  atten- 
tion by  reason  of  his  contributions  to 
newspapers  and  reviews.  Suddenly,  in 
September  1854,  he  electrified  Madrid  and 
the  country  by  a  speech  at  a  great  electoral 
meeting  in  the  capital.  A  vast  concourse, 
tired  and  listless  owing  to  much  platform 
declamation,  was  unexpectedly  thrilled  in 
a  few  minutes  by  young  Castelar's  oration, 
and,  in  an  hour,  the  hardly  known  youth- 
ful democrat  had  become  a  celebrity. 
Hundreds  of  thousands  of  copies  of  his 
address  were  scattered  throughout  the 
country,  and  the  Liberal  papers,  conscious 


184 


CASTELAR 


of  the  advent  of  a  new  champion,  did  their 
utmost  to  obtain  his  co-operation.  A  few 
weeks  later,  he  further  increased  his 
widening  reputation  by  several  speeches 
made  in  the  defence  of  various  journals 
which  had  been  prosecuted  for  political 
articles.  The  ideas  which  he  preached  in 
these  early  days  have  crystallised  into  a 
philosophy  of  life,  for,  in  his  political 
ideals,  Castelar  has  scarcely  changed. 
These  theories  of  the  State  and  its  func- 
tions gained  for  him  a  notoriety  almost 
unexampled  in  one  so  young,  nevertheless 
carrying  with  it  recognition  and  encourage- 
ment in  high  quarters.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  History  and  Philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Madrid ;  but,  unlike  many 
similarly  favoured,  this  position  did  not 
shut  his  mouth,  and  in  1866  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment which  was  finally  crushed  by  Serrano. 
On  this  occasion  he  was  condemned  to 
death,  but  he  made  good  his  escape,  and 
sought  refuge  first  at  Geneva  and  after- 
wards in  France.  When  the  revolution 
broke  out  in  September  1868,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  energetic  leaders  of  the  Republican 
movement.  He  exerted  himself  to  the 
utmost  in  order  to  bring  about  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Republic,  but  at  the  general 
election  for  the  Constituent  Cortes  in 
February  1869,  the  Republicans  succeeded 
in  returning  only  a  small  proportion  of 
their  candidates,  among  whom,  however, 
was  Senor  Castelar.  In  the  discussions 
respecting  the  new  constitution  of  Spain, 
Senor  Castelar  advocated,  but  unsuccess- 
fully, the  principle  of  Republican  institu- 
tions. In  June  1869  he  vigorously  op- 
posed the  project  of  a  regency,  and  he 
was  also  concerned  in  the  Republican  in- 
surrections which  occurred  in  October  of 
that  year.  In  the  government  chosen  by 
the  Cortes  after  the  abdication  of  King 
Amadeo,  Senor  Castelar  was  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  On  Aug.  24,  1873,  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Cortes  by  135 
votes  against  73,  but  he  vacated  that  post 
on  September  6,  when  he  was  nominated 
President  of  the  Executive  Power.  His 
first  measure  was  the  prorogation  of  the 
Cortes  and  the  assumption  of  dictatorial 
power.  He  next  took  energetic,  but  in- 
effectual, measures  to  suppress  the  Carlist 
insurrection,  and  despatched  the  Minister 
of  War  in  person  to  Cuba  to  protect 
Spanish  interests  in  that  island.  When, 
however,  the  Cortes  re-assembled  on  Jan. 
2,  1874,  it  refused  by  120  votes  against 
100,  to  pass  a  vote  of  confidence  in  Presi- 
dent Castelar,  who  resigned.  Thereupon 
General  Pavia,  as  Captain-General  of 
Madrid,  forcibly  dissolved  the  Cortes,  and 
appointed  a  provisional  government,  with 
Marshal  Serrano  at  its  head.     Soon  after 


the  pronunciamiento  in  favour  of  Alfonso 
XII.,  Senor  Castelar  quitted  Madrid  and 
proceeded  to  Geneva,  January  1875.  While 
in  that  city,  being  disgusted  at  the 
educational  decree  promulgated  by  the 
Spanish  Government,  he  resigned  the 
Chair  of  History  in  the  University  of 
Madrid,  March  6,  1875.  Subsequently  he 
returned  to  Spain,  and  succeeded,  though 
not  without  considerable  difficulty,  in  ob- 
taining a  seat  in  the  Cortes  as  Deputy  for 
Madrid,  at  the  elections  of  January  1876. 
Since  that  time  he  has  spoken  frequently, 
and  always  with  effect ;  but  he  has  been  a 
politician  without  a  party,  too  advanced 
for  Sagasta  and  too  moderate  for  the 
Zorrillists.  Senor  Castelar  has  never  form- 
ally renounced  his  Republican  convictions, 
but  he  came  to  recognise  that  the  existing 
monarchical  regime  had  realised,  except  in 
so  far  as  concerned  the  form  of  govern- 
ment, every  article  of  his  old  programme, 
bestowing  on  the  country  order  and  peace, 
and  no  small  share  of  material  prosperity. 
Accordingly,  in  1893,  he  retired  from 
public  life,  and  advised  his  adherents  to 
join  the  Liberal  party,  although  he  him- 
self was  not  prepared  to  do  so.  His  many 
friends  naturally  concluded  that  his 
brilliant  career  had  closed,  but  in  May 
1898,  during  the  war  with  America, 
Castelar  wrote  an  article  in  a  French 
magazine  reproaching  the  Queen-Regent 
with  unjustifiably  interfering  in  political 
affairs,  drawing  a  parallel  between  the 
then  position  of  her  Majesty  and  that  of 
Marie  Antoinette  on  the  eve  of  the  French 
Revolution.  The  article  in  question  raised 
a  storm  of  indignation  in  Spanish  political 
circles,  but  scarcely  outside,  since  the 
Queen-Regent,  at  the  time,  was  becoming 
very  unpopular  with  the  people.  One  of 
the  more  chivalrous  Republican  journals 
said  that  it  was  not  for  the  Queen-Regent, 
wounded  as  woman,  mother,  and  queen, 
that  men  with  human  feelings  felt  most 
pity  ;  nor  was  it  for  Spain,  in  the  hour  of 
supreme  danger,  to  receive  from  him  who 
was  once  her  favourite  son  no  better 
assistance  than  those  miserable  sugges- 
tions in  the  article  referred  to  ;  it  was  for 
Don  Emilio  Castelar,  who  might  be  one  of 
the  greatest  figures  of  this  century,  and 
who  seemed  obstinately  resolved  to  pre- 
vent his  glory  from  surviving  him.  Some 
biting  references  to  Senor  Castelar  were 
made  in  the  Contemporary  Review  for  June 
1898,  in  an  article  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Dillon 
on  "The  Ruin  of  Spain."  Sefior  Castelar 
has  been  a  voluminous  writer,  and  the 
following  are  included  amongst  his  col- 
lected works :  "  Lucan  :  his  Life,  his 
Genius,  his  Poems  "  ;  "  A  History  of  Civili- 
sation during  the  First  Five  Centuries 
of  Christianity "  ;  "  Portraits  of  Euro- 
pean   Celebrities    (Semblanzas) " ;    "Sou- 


CASTLETOWN  —  CAVAIGNAC 


185 


venirs  of  Italy";  "History  of  the  Re- 
publican Movement  in  Europe  "  ;  "  The 
Eeligious  Revolution  " ;  "  Historical  Studies 
in  the  Middle  Ages  "  ;  "  The  History  of  a 
Heart"  ;  "  Historical  Gallery  of  Celebrated 
Women";  "The  Formula  of  Progress"; 
"Political  and  Social  Questions";  "The 
Ransom  of  the  Slave";  "Letters  on 
European  Politics";  "Tragedies  of  His- 
tory"; "Contemporary  Russia,"  1881; 
"The  Life  of  Lord  Byron,"  and  numberless 
articles,  essays,  and  contributions  to  con- 
temporary literary,  philosophical,  political, 
and  historical  thought.  It  is  being  freely 
whispered  among  public  men  in  Spain  that 
Senor  Castelar  is  beginning  to  feel  some 
slight  mental  strain  after  so  many  years 
of  toil.  His  friends — and  they  are  to  be 
found  in  all  grades  and  places — thus  seek 
to  account  for  the  revolutionary  character 
of  his  latest  writings  during  the  Hispano- 
American  War. 

CASTLETOWN,  Lord,  Bernard 
Edward  Barnaby  FitzPatrick,  2nd 
Baron  Castletown,  of  Upper  Ossory,  was 
born  in  London  on  July  29,  1849,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  graduating,  after  obtaining  a  place 
in  Class  II.  of  the  Law  and  Modern  History 
School  (B.A.)  He  went  through  the  Franco- 
Prussian  campaign  as  assistant  under  the 
Red  Cross  Society,  and  was  present  in  Paris 
during  the  earlier  days  of  the  Commune. 
From  1871  to  1875  he  served  in  the  1st 
Life  Guards,  and  was  with  the  Household 
Cavalry  in  the  Egyptian  -Campaign  of 
1882,  gaining  the  medal  and  clasp  after 
Tel-el-Kebir.  He  has  travelled  extensively 
in  Lapland,  the  little-known  parts  of  Asia 
Minor,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  British 
North  America.  He  sat  in  Parliament 
for  three  years  as  Conservative  member 
for  Portarlington  (1880-83),  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  discussion  of  Irish 
questions.  Since  his  accession  to  the 
House  of  Lords  his  political  attitude  has 
always  been  that  of  a  "Moderate."  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
Barrow  Drainage  Royal  Commission,  and 
he  is  a  D.L.  and  J.P.  for  Queen's  County, 
Ireland.  He  married  in  1875  Ursula,  only 
child  of  Viscount  Doneraile.  Address  : 
Doneraile  Court,  Doneraile,  Ireland,  &c. 

CATES,  Arthur,  F.RI.B.A,  F.S.I.,  &c, 
architect,  born  in  London,  April  29,  1829, 
was  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
and  became  a  pupil  of  Sydney  Smirke, 
R.A.  In  1870  he  succeeded  Sir  James 
Pennethorne  as  Architect  to  the  Land 
Revenues  of  the  Crown  in  London, 
under  the  Commissioners  of  her  Majesty's 
Woods  and  Forests.  He  succeeded  Sydney 
Smirke,  R.A.,  as  Surveyor  to  the  Honour- 


able Society  of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  on 
retiring  from  practice  at  the  end  of  1897 
resigned  these  and  other  appointments. 
For  some  years  he  was  Hon.  Secretary  to, 
and  is  now  a  Vice-President  of,  the  Society 
of  Biblical  Archaeology.  He  was  Hon. 
Secretary  to  the  Architectural  Publi- 
cation Society,  and  brought  "The  Dic- 
tionary of  Architecture  "  to  a  successful 
termination.  He  has  been  (1887-91)  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  and  is  Chairman  of 
"  The  Tribunal  of  Appeal "  constituted 
under  the  London  Building  Act,  1894. 

CAUSTON,  Richard  Knight,  M.P., 
son  of  the  late  Sir  J.  Causton,  was  born  in 
1843.  He  represented  Colchester  in  the 
House  of  Commons  from  1880  to  1885, 
and  since  1895  has  been  Liberal  member 
for  West  Southwark.  He  was  Master  of 
the  Skinners'  Company  during  the  year 
1877-78,  and  during  the  last  administra- 
tion was  a  Junior  Lord  of  the  Treasury  from 
1892  to  1895.  He  is  Director  of  the  firm 
of  Sir  Joseph  Causton  &  Sons,  Limited,  a 
Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy  for  London, 
Chairman  of  the  London  Liberal  and 
Radical  Union,  and  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  London 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  was  married 
in  1871  to  Selina  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Sir  T.  Chambers.  Address  :  12 
Devonshire  Place,  W. 

CAVAIGNAC,  Jacques  Marie 
Eugene  Godefroy,  French  Minister  of 
War,  was  born  May  22,  1853,  and  is  the 
son  of  General  Eugene  Cavaignac,  who 
was  the  Chief  of  the  State  in  1848,  and 
the  principal  rival  of  Louis  Napoleon  for 
the  Presidency.  The  family,  like  that 
of  the  Carnots  and  Casimir-Periers,  is  a 
famous  one  in  the  history  of  French 
Republicanism,  for  the  first  well-known 
Cavaignac  was  a  Member  of  the  Conven- 
tion, and  voted  for  the  death  of  Louis  XVI. 
The  subject  of  our  biography  was  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar  at  the  Lycee  Louis  le 
Grand,  and  in  1867  had  taken  many  prizes. 
The  Prince  Imperial,  then  twelve  years 
old,  was  to  distribute  them,  but  young 
Cavaignac  refused  to  accept  his  from  the 
hands  of  the  son  of  his  father's  successful 
rival,  who  had  basely  betrayed  the  Re- 
public. During  the  Franco- Prussian  War 
he  volunteered,  and  gained  the  Military 
Medal  for  his  bravery  at  Avron.  In  1872 
he  entered  the  Ecole  Polytechnique,  and 
obtained  a  post  as  engineer  at  Angouleme. 
He  returned  to  Paris  to  study  law,  and  in 
1881  obtained  a  post  in  the  Conseil  d'Etat. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  in  1882 
for  Saint-Calais,  and  sat  with  the  Repub- 
licans. In  1885  he  became  Under-Secre- 
tary of  War  under  GeneralCampenon  in 


186 


CAVAN  —  CESNOLA 


the  Brisson  Cabinet,  and  in  1891  he  was 
Minister  of  Marine.  During  the  Panama 
scandals  in  1890  he  proposed  a  famous 
resolution  for  the  cleansing  of  political 
life.  At  the  fall  of  the  Maine  Cabinet  in 
June  1898  he  was  chosen  by  M.  Brisson 
for  the  Ministry  of  War,  and  he  incurred 
some  blame  by  continuing  General  Billot's 
(q.v.)  policy  with  regard  to  the  Dreyfus 
affair.  He  made  a  speech  in  the  Chamber 
in  which  he  declared  his  belief  in  Dreyfus' 
guilt,  and  it  was  posted  up  throughout 
France.  However,  on  examining  the 
dossier  he  discovered  a  forged  document 
by  Colonel  Henry,  which  led  to  that 
officer's  suicide.  On  M.  Brisson  declaring 
a  new  trial  necessary,  he  declared  his  con- 
tinued belief  in  the  justice  of  the  original 
sentence,  and  sooner  than  give  way  he 
resigned  in  the  early  days  of  September 
1898.  He  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  those 
who  may  one  day  be  called  to  the  Presi- 
dency, unless  he  suffer  his  father's  fate. 

CAVAN,  Earl  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
Frederick  Edward  Gould  Lambart, 
K.P.,  J.P.,  was  born  in  1839,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  9th  Earl  in  1887.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  entering  the 
navy,  he  was  present  as  a  Lieutenant  at 
the  siege  of  Sebastopol  in  1854,  and  at  the 
bombardment  of  Canton  in  1856.  He  sat 
in  the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for 
the  East  Division  of  Somerset  from  1885 
to  1892,  and  held  office  as  Vice-Chamber- 
lain in  1886.  He  is  the  author  of  "  With 
Yacht,  Camera,  and  Cycle  in  the  Medi- 
terranean "  ;  "  With  Yacht  and  Camera  in 
Eastern  Waters."  Lord  Cavan  is  the 
owner  of  the  yacht  Roseneath,  some  of 
whose  cruises  have  been  published ;  and  is 
the  President  of  the  Lawn  Tennis  Associa- 
tion of  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and 
Wales.  He  was  married  in  1863  to  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  Bev.  John  Olive,  Hector 
of  Ayot  St.  Lawrence,  Herts.  Address  : 
Wheathampstead  House,  Wheathampstead. 

CAVENDISH.     See  Jones,  Henry. 

CECIL,  Lord  Eustace  Brownlow 
Henry,  second  surviving  son  of  the  2nd 
Marquis  of  Salisbury,  by  his  first  wife,  was 
born  in  London  in  1834,  and  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Sandhurst.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1851,  served  in  the  Crimea,  and 
retired  as  Captain  and  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
Coldstream  Guards,  in  1863.  He  repre- 
sented South  Essex  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, in  the  Conservative  interest,  from 
July  1865  to  December  1868,  and  West 
Essex  from  1868  until  1885.  In  February 
1875  he  was  appointed  Surveyor-General 
of  Ordnance,  which  post  he  retained  until 
the  resignation  of  his  party  in  1880.  Lord 
Eustace  Cecil  is  the  author  of  "  Impres- 


sions of  Life  at  Home  and  Abroad,"  1865. 
He  is  a  magistrate  for  Middlesex,  Essex, 
and  Dorset,  and  a  county  alderman  of 
Dorset.  Addresses :  111  Eaton  Square, 
S.W. ;  and  Lytchett  Heath,  Poole. 


CENTURION. 

Graham  John. 


See   Bower,    Sir 


CESNOLA,  Count,  Luigi  Palma  di, 
LL.D.,  archaeologist,  was  born  at  Rivarolo, 
near  Turin,  Italy,  June  29,  1832.     He  re- 
ceived a  collegiate  education,  after  which 
he  was  placed  in  a  seminary  with  a  view 
to  his  entering  the  priesthood.    Preferring, 
however,  a  more  active  life,  he  left  the 
seminary  to  enter  the  Sardinian  army  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Austria  in 
1848.     In  February  1849  he  was  promoted 
to  a  Lieutenancy  on  the  battle-field  for 
bravery.     On  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was 
ordered  to  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
Cherasco    (near   Turin),    from    which    he 
graduated   in    1851.      After  remaining  in 
the  army  several  years,  he  went  to  New 
York  in   1860,  and  in  1861  was  made  a 
Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  Volunteer  ser- 
vice of  the  U.  S.  army,  and  subsequently 
Colonel  of  the  4th  New  York  Cavalry,  and 
served  throughout  the  war,  commanding  a 
brigade  of  cavalry  much  of  the  time.     At 
Aldie,  Va.,  June  17,  1863,  he  was  presented 
by  General  Kilpatrick  with  his  own  sword 
for  heroic  conduct  on  the  battle-field,  and 
at    the    next    charge    he    was    severely 
wounded,   made   a   prisoner   of   war,  and 
was  confined  in  Libby  Prison  for  over  nine 
months.     At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  he 
was  appointed  American  Consul  at  Cyprus, 
where   he   remained   until   the  Consulate 
was  abolished  (1865-77).     It  was  while  he 
occupied  that  position  that  he  made  the 
discovery   of   antiquities  with   which  his 
name  is  now   associated.     He  has  been 
made  an  honorary  member  of  many  scien- 
tific and  literary  societies,  both  in  Europe 
and  in  America,  and  the  kings  of  Italy  and 
Bavaria    have    bestowed   knightly   orders 
upon   him.     Both   Columbia  and  Prince- 
ton Colleges  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of    LL.D.      In     1873     the    Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art  in  New  York  secured  by 
purchase    the     Cypriote    antiquities    col- 
lected up  to  that  date,  and  Cesnola  was 
granted  an  extended  leave  of  absence  to 
visit  New  York  and  arrange  and  classify 
them.     Returning  to  Cyprus  in  1873,  he 
made  further  discoveries  and  collections, 
which  also   were  secured  to  the  Metro-1 
politan  Museum.     In  1877  he  settled  per- 
manently in  New  York.      In  1878  he  was 
made  a  Trustee  of  the  Museum,  and  Sec- 
retary of  the  Board  of  Trustees.     In  1879, 
when  the  museum  was  removed  to  Central 
Park,   he  was  appointed  Director  of  it. 
Since  that  day  his  time  has  been  chiefly 


CHAD  WICK  —  CHAMBERLAIN 


187 


devoted  to  promoting  the  growth  of  the 
Museum,  which  is  to-day  one  of  the  leading 
Museums  of  the  world.  He  published  a 
narrative  of  the  discoveries  and  excava- 
tions in  1878  under  the  title  of  "Cyprus: 
its  Ancient  Cities,  Tombs,  and  Temples"  ; 
and  in  1882  a  description  of  the  "  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art."  In  18'JO  he  issued 
the  second  volume  of  the  "Atlas  of  the 
Cesnola  Collection,"  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Museum. 

CHADWICK,  Bight  Rev.  George 
Alexander,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Derry  and 
Raphoe,  was  born  in  1840.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  was 
ordained  in  1863,  becoming  Rector  of 
Armagh  in  1872,  and  holding  that  prefer- 
ment until  1896.  He  was  Dean  of  Armagh 
from  1886  to  1896,  and  in  the  latter  year 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Derry  and 
Raphoe.  He  is  author  of  "  Christ  Bearing 
Witness  to  Himself"  (Donnellan  Lectures), 
1879;  "As  he  that  Serveth,"  1880;  "My 
Devotional  Life,"  1882  ;  and  of  "  Exodus  " 
and  "St.  Mark,"  in  the  Expositor's  Bible. 
Address  :  The  Palace,  Londonderry. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  The  Right  Hon. 
Joseph,  M.P.,  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies,  was  born  in  London  in  July  1836. 
He  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Joseph 
Chamberlain,  a  member  of  one  of  the 
City  Companies,  and  his  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  Henry  Harben.  He  was 
educated  at  University  College  School, 
and  afterwards  became  a  member  of  a 
firm  of  screw  manufacturers  at  Birming- 
ham, Messrs.  Nettlefold  and  Chamberlain, 
which  his  father  had  joined  in  1854.  He 
retired  from  business'in  1874,  shortly  after 
the  decease  of  his  father.  Mr.  Chamberlain 
had  at  this  time  obtained  a  certain  local 
celebrity  in  consequence  of  his  advanced 
Radical  opinions,  and  the  fluency  of  speech 
with  which  he  expressed  them  in  one  of 
the  Birmingham  debating  societies.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
first  Executive  Committee  of  the  Educa- 
tion League,  and  in  November  of  the  same 
year  a  member  of  the  Birmingham  Town 
Council.  In  1873  he  became  Chairman  of 
the  Birmingham  School  Board,  of  which 
he  was  first  elected  a  member  in  1870. 
Mr.  Chamberlain  is  also  an  alderman  of 
Birmingham,  and  was  three  times  in 
succession  elected  Mayor  of  the  borough. 
To  his  energy  was  due  the  transfer  of 
the  Gas  and  Water  Works  to  the  borough 
authorities,  and. he  was  the  author  of  the 
improvement  scheme  which  has  entirely 
transformed  the  face  of  central  Birming- 
ham. His  name  was  first  brought  before 
the  public  in  February  1874,  when  he 
came  forward  at  the  general  election  to 
oppose  Mr.  Roebuck  at  Sheffield.     He  was 


not  successful,  but  in  June  1876  he  was 
returned  unopposed  for  Birmingham,  to 
fill  up  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the 
retirement  of  Mr.  Dixon.  He  soon  made 
his  mark  in  Parliament,  and  at  the  general 
election  of  April  1880,  he  was  returned 
with  Mr.  Muntz  and  Mr.  Bright  for  Bir- 
mingham, the  three  Liberals  having  a 
large  majority  over  the  Conservative  can- 
didates. On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's administration  immediately  after 
that  election,  Mr.  Chamberlain  was  nomi- 
nated President  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet.  As  such  he 
prepared  and  passed  the  Bankruptcy  Act 
which  is  now  in  force,  and  attempted,  but 
in  vain,  to  pass  a  strong  Merchant  Shipping 
Bill.  Meanwhile  his  influence  was  rapidly 
increasing  outside  the  House  ;  he  came  to 
be  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  extreme 
Radical  party,  and  enunciated  schemes  for 
the  regeneration  of  the  masses  which  were 
based  on  the  doctrine  of  the  ' '  restitution  " 
of  land  and  the  "ransom"  of  property. 
During  the  general  election  of  1886  he 
was  most  severe  in  his  strictures  on  the 
moderate  Liberals,  and  produced  an  "un- 
authorised" programme,  which  included 
the  re-adjustment  of  taxation,  free  schools, 
and  the  creation  of  allotments  for  com- 
pulsory purchase.  He  was  returned  free 
of  expense  by  the  western  division  of 
Birmingham  in  February  1886,  and  became 
President  of  the  Local  Government  Board, 
but  resigned  in  March  because  of  his 
strong  objection  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home 
Rule  Bill,  and  after  the  "Round  Table" 
conference  had  failed  to  re-unite  the 
Liberal  party,  he  assumed  an  attitude  of 
uncomprising  hostility  to  his  old  leader's 
new  policy.  He  visited  Ulster  in  1887, 
and  did  much  to  strengthen  the  Unionist 
cause  there.  Mr.  Chamberlain  is  of  opinion 
that  Unionism,  in  order  to  remain  a  power 
in  politics,  should  abandon  its  merely 
negative  policy.  Shortly  afterwards  he 
went  to  America  as  Chairman  of  the 
Fisheries  Commission,  which  had  been 
appointed  to  settle  the  fishery  disputes 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
On  the  elevation  of  Lord  Hartington  to 
the  Peerage  as  Duke  of  Devonshire,  he 
was  nominated  the  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Unionist  party  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
During  the  general  election  of  1892  he 
spoke  and  worked  with  marked  effect. 
He  strongly  opposed  the  Government  in 
most  of  their  measures  during  1894,  but 
took  practically  no  part  in  the  Disestablish- 
ment debate.  In  the  autumn  he  delivered 
several  speeches  in  the  North,  and  in  the 
course  of  one  of  them  made  the  significant 
statement  that  the  gulf  between  him  and 
the  Liberal  party  could  not  now  be  bridged 
over.  On  the  formation  of  the  Coalition 
Ministry  in  June   1895,  Mr.   Chamberlain 


188 


CHAMBERLAIN 


took  office  under  Lord  Salisbury  as  Colonial 
Secretary,  and  has  proved  a  remarkably 
successful  Minister.  In  his  first  year  of 
office  he  had  trouble  with  Prempeh,  King 
of  Ashanti,  who  was  endeavouring  to  evade 
the  Treaty  of  1874.  Mr.  Chamberlain 
refused  to  meet  the  ambassadors  sent  to 
England  by  Prempeh,  and  decided  to 
despatch  a  punitive  expedition  to  the 
Gold  Coast.  Sir  Francis  Scott  was  ap- 
pointed in  charge,  and  by  forced  marches 
soon  reached  Kumassi.  The  king  was 
dethroned  and  a  British  resident  installed. 
There  was  no  bloodshed,  and  the  excellent 
medical  arrangements  enabled  the  force 
successfully  to  withstand  the  pestilential 
climate.  Prince  Henry  of  Battenberg, 
however,  who  was  accompanying  the  ex- 
pedition as  a  volunteer,  had  an  attack  of 
fever,  and  returned  to  the  coast.  He  after- 
wards embarked  on  a  cruiser  for  Madeira, 
and  died  on  the  way.  In  the  autumn  of 
1895  serious  trouble  with  the  Transvaal 
was  anticipated,  owing  to  the  closing  of 
the  Drifts  by  Mr.  Kruger.  Mr.  Chamberlain 
promptly  sent  an  ultimatum  to  the  Boer 
President,  and  the  Drifts  were  at  once 
re-opened.  The  question  of  the  Drifts 
proved  to  be  only  one  of  a  long  series  of 
grievances  of  the  English  residents  in  the 
Transvaal,  and  agitation  for  constitutional 
reform  increased  in  intensity  during  1896, 
and  culminated  in  the  Jameson  Paid  in 
December  of  that  year.  As  soon  as  the 
news  of  this  incursion  reached  England, 
Mr.  Chamberlain  ordered  the  High  Com- 
missioner of  South  Africa  publicly  to 
repudiate  Dr.  Jameson's  proceedings.  At 
the  same  time  he  ordered  a  proclamation 
to  be  issued  calling  upon  the  British  resi- 
dents in  Johannesburg  to  disarm,  which  at 
once  placed  them  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
the  Boers.  Immediately  after  the  battle 
of  Krugersdorp,  on  receiving  the  rumour 
that  Jameson  and  his  fellow-prisoners  were 
to  be  shot,  Mr.  Chamberlain  wired  to  the 
Transvaal  President,  that  he  relied  upon 
his  generosity  in  the  hour  of  victory.  All 
the  consequences  of  the  raid  were  met  by 
Mr.  Chamberlain  with  unswerving  spirit, 
and  his  able  engineering  at  the  Colonial 
Office  averted  a  grave  crisis.  A  congratu- 
latory telegram  by  the  German  Emperor 
to  Mr.  Kruger  did  not  improve  matters, 
and  much  indignation  was  felt  both  in 
England  and  the  Cape  at  Germany's  inter- 
ference. Mr.  Chamberlain  was  subjected 
to  a  great  deal  of  acrimonious  criticism 
in  the  House,  and  also  in  certain  sections 
of  the  press,  as  it  was  believed  by  some 
that  he  was  implicated  in  the  movement 
which  led  to  the  raid.  Time  has  proved 
the  absolute  falsity  of  that  opinion.  In 
February  he  gave  his  view  of  the  situation 
in  the  Transvaal,  and  explained  the  policy 
of  the  British  Government  in  a  despatch 


to  Sir  Hercules  Robinson,  which  was  simul- 
taneously published  in  London,  and  for 
the  publication  of  which  before  it  had 
reached  Pretoria  Mr.  Chamberlain  was 
gravely  rebuked  by  Mr.  Kruger.  In  his 
despatch  Mr.  Chamberlain  suggested  local 
self-government,  but  to  this  the  President 
would  not  agree.  In  Parliament  the 
Jameson  Raid  came  in  for  a  full  share 
of  discussion,  and  the  Colonial  Secretary 
made  a  statement  regarding  the  agitation 
in  Johannesburg,  the  raid,  and  other 
matters.  In  July  Mr.  Chamberlain  moved  : 
"That  a  Select  Committee  be  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  origin  and  circumstances 
of  the  incursion  into  the  Transvaal  by  ah 
armed  force,  and  into  the  administration  of 
the  British  South  Africa  Company,  and 
to  report  thereon."  The  Committee  was 
appointed,  and  met  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  Mr.  Jackson  on  the  day  Parliament 
was  prorogued ,  and  it  was  decided  to  put 
off  the  business  until  the  next  session. 
Accordingly,  early  in  1897  the  same  Com- 
mittee was  re-appointed.  During  the 
proceedings  Mr.  Chamberlain  elected  to 
go  into  the  witness  chair.  He  gave  evi- 
dence in  which  he  said,  "I  desire  to  say 
in  the  most  explicit  manner  that  I  did 
not  then  have,  and  that  I  never  had,  any 
knowledge  or  the  slightest  suspicion  of 
anything  in  the  nature  of  a  hostile  or 
armed  invasion  of  the  Transvaal."  In  the 
Report  of  the  Committee  it  was  stated 
that  there  was  not  the  slightest  evidence 
to  show  that  any  one  in  the  Colonial 
Office  had  a  foreknowledge  of  the  raid. 
A  debate  took  place  in  Parliament  upon 
the  report,  which  was  not  very  favourably 
received,  mainly  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  Committee  had  not  insisted  upon  the 
production  of  certain  telegrams  which  had 
passed  between  Mr.  Rhodes  and  his  repre- 
sentative in  London,  Dr.  Rutherford  Harris, 
previous  to  the  raid.  -These  telegrams  had 
been  read  by  Mr.  Chamberlain  at  an  inter- 
view he  had  with  Dr.  Harris  at  the  Colonial 
Office.  In  reply  to  a  question  in  the 
House,  Mr.  Chamberlain  said  that  he  bad 
perused  the  missing  telegrams  confiden- 
tially, but  as  far  as  he  was  concerned  he 
had  no  objection  whatever  to  their  pro- 
duction and  publication.  With  regard  to 
Mr.  Rhodes  he  said,  that  although  a  very 
great  fault  had  been  committed  by  him, 
there  existed  nothing  against  his  personal 
character  as  a  man  of  honour,  and  that  the 
Government  had  no  intention  of  punish- 
'  ing  him.  In  the  early  part  of  1897  Mr. 
Chamberlain  took  part  in  a  debate  upon 
Egyptian  affairs,  and  made  a  vigorous  reply 
to  Mr.  Morley,  who  strongly  condemned, 
the  British  advance  in  the  Soudan.  In 
the  course  of  his  speech  he  said,  "All 
authorities  agreed  that  to  leave  Egypt 
now,  would  mean  that  all  the  beneficent 


CHAMBERLAIN  —  CHAMBERS 


189 


work  which  had  arisen  out  of  the  British 
occupation  would  be  undone."  The  Work- 
men's Compensation  Act  of  1897  was 
greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  Chamberlain's 
advocacy  during  its  passage  through  the 
House.  In  June  1897  advantage  was  taken 
of  the  presence  of  the  Premiers  of  the 
self-governing  colonies  in  London  during 
the  Jubilee  celebrations,  to  hold  a  con- 
ference for  the  discussion  of  the  political 
and  commercial  relations  between  the 
mother-country  and  the  colonies.  Several 
meetings  were  held  at  the  Colonial  Office 
under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Chamberlain,  to 
whom  must  be  attributed  much  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  conference.  Upon  the  subject 
of  Imperial  Federation,  Mr.  Chamberlain 
made  an  important  speech  to  the  members 
of  the  Congress  of  Chambers  of  Com- 
merce of  the  Empire,  in  which  he  gave 
more  direct  countenance  to  proposals  for 
a  commercial  union  of  the  Empire  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  in  office.  He 
found  it  necessary,  however,  to  emphasise 
his  declaration  that  the  principle  to  be 
accepted,  if  we  are  to  make  any,  even  the 
slightest  progress,  is  that  within  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  Empire  protection  must 
disappear,  and  that  the  duties  must  be 
revenue  duties,  and  not  protection  duties 
in  the  sense  of  protecting  the  products  of 
one  part  of  the  Empire  against  those  of 
another  part.  Mr.  Chamberlain  is  also 
very  much  in  favour  of  an  Anglo-American 
alliance.  In  October  1896  he  was  elected 
Lord  Rector  of  Glasgow  University,  and 
is  also  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Chamberlain  has  been 
three  times  married,  his  present  wife 
being  Mary,  only  daughter  of  W.  C. 
Endicott,  Secretary  for  War  of  the  United 
States,  and  late  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  New  York.  His  eldest  son  is  Mr. 
Austen  Chamberlain  [q.v.),  Civil  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty.  Addresses  :  40  Princes 
Gardens,  S.W.,  and  Highbury,  Moor  Green, 
Birmingham. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Joseph  Austen, 
M.P.,  and  Civil  Lord  of  Admiralty,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Joseph 
Chamberlain,  and  Harriet,  daughter  of 
the  late  Archibald  Kenrick  of  Birmingham. 
He  was  born  in  1863,  and  educated  at 
Rugby,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1889. 
He  also  studied  in  Berlin  and  Paris.  In 
1892  he  was  returned  to  Parliament  as  a 
Liberal  Unionist  for  Worcestershire  East, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1895,  when  he  was 
appointed  a  Civil  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
in  July.  Addresses:  Highbury,  Moor  Green, 
Birmingham ;  and  40  Princes  Gardens,  S.W. 

CHAMBERLAIN',  General  Sir 
Neville    Bowles,   G.C.B.,    G.C.S.I.,   the 


third  son  of  the  late  Sir  Henry  Chamber- 
lain, Bart,  (who  was  for  some  years  Con- 
sul -  General  and  Charge'  d'Affaires  in 
Brazil),  born  at  Rio,  Jan.  10,  1820,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Indian  Army  in  1837.  He 
served  as  a  subaltern  with  much  distinc- 
tion in  Afghanistan,  and  was  wounded  at 
Kandahar  and  at  Ghuznee.  In  184-i  he 
was  attached  to  the  Governor-General's 
body-guards,  and  in  1843  appointed  De- 
puty-Assistant Quartermaster-General  to 
the  Army.  In  1846  he  was  appointed 
Military  Secretary  to  the  Governor  of 
Bombay.  In  1848  he  was  nominated  by 
Lord  Dalhousie  one  of  his  aides-de-camp, 
and  commanded  the  8th  Irregular  Cavalry, 
attached  to  the  army  in  the  Punjaub.  He. 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Chillian- 
wallah  and  Gujerat  in  1849.  In  1855, 
having  previously  discharged  some  im- 
portant civil  duties  as  Military  Secretary 
to  the  Chief  Commissioner  (Sir  John  Law- 
rence), he  was  placed  in  command  of  a 
force  of  irregular  troops,  which  he  retained 
until  the  breaking  -  out  of  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  On  the  death  of  Colonel  Chester 
before  Delhi,  Colonel  Chamberlain  (then 
Brigadier-General)  succeeded  to  the  post 
of  Adjutant-General  of  the  Bengal  Army, 
and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  sortie  of 
July  18.  He  was  nominated  a  C.B.  in 
1857,  and  in  reward  for  his  services  in  the 
Mutiny,  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to 
the  Queen.  He  afterwards  gained  dis- 
tinction by  his  services  against  the  hill, 
tribes,  led  the  Umbeylah  campaign,  and 
has  been  wounded  more  frequently  than 
any  other  officer  in  the  service.  He  was 
made  Major- General  for  distinguished 
service  in  1864 ;  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant-General  in  May  1872  ; 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Bengal  Infantry 
in  May  1874 ;  a  member  of  Council  of 
the  Governor  of  Madras  in  1875  ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Madras  Army  in 
December  1875  ;  and  General  in  1877.  In 
August  1878  he  was  appointed  the  head 
of  the  English  special  mission  to  Cabul. 
This  mission  was  abruptly  stopped  by  the 
refusal  of  the  Ameer  of  Afghanistan's 
officer  at  Ali  Musjid  to  permit  it  to  ad- 
vance (September  21).  He  was  military 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Governor- 
General  of  India.  He  retired  in  1886. 
Address  :  Lordwood,  Southampton, 

CHAMBERS,    Charles    Haddon, 

dramatist,  was  born  at  Stanmore,  Sydney, 
New  South  Wales,  on  April  22,  1860,  and 
is  son  of  John  Ritchie  Chambers  of  the 
New  South  Wales  Civil  Service,  formerly 
of  Ulster,  and  Frances,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Kellet,  Waterford,  Ireland.  He 
was  educated  at  home,  and  at  Marrickville 
and  Fort  Street  Public  Schools,  Sydney. 
In  1875  he  entered  the  Civil  Service  of  his 


190 


CHAMPNEYS  —  CHANEY 


colony  ;  in  1877  became  stockrider  in  the 
bush  ;  and  in  1880  visited  England  and 
Ireland.  In  1882  he  came  and  settled  in 
England,  and  took  up  journalism  and 
authorship.  He  has  written  the  following 
plays:  "Captain  Swift,"  Mr.  Beerbohm 
Tree's  part ;  "  The  Idler,"  one  of  Mr. 
Alexander's  most  successful  roles  ;  "  The 
Honourable  Herbert"  ;  "  The  Old  Lady"  ; 
"  John-a-Dreams"  ;  and  has  collaborated 
in  the  authorship  of  "  The  Fatal  Card,"  and 
"  Boys  Together."     Address  :  Westgate. 

CHAMPNEYS,  Basil,  architect,  son 
of  the  late  Dean  of  Lichfield,  was  born  in 
1842,  and  educated  at  Charterhouse,  being 
elected  Foundation  Scholar  and  Gold 
Medallist  in  1860,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  classical 
honours  in  1864.  He  studied  architecture 
under  the  late  John  Prichard,  diocesan 
architect  of  Llandaff,  and  began  practice 
in  1867.  Amongst  other  works  he  has 
designed  the  following  public  buildings  : 
at  Cambridge  the  Divinity  and  Literary 
Schools,  all  the  buildings  of  Newnham 
College,  the  Archaeological  Museum,  and 
All  Saints'  Memorial ;  at  Oxford,  the 
Indian  Institute,  the  new  buildings  at 
New  College,  including  the  Robinson 
Memorial  Tower,  and  Mansfield  College  ; 
at  Bedford,  the  Girls'  Schools  and  new 
Grammar  School  buildings  for  the  Harpur 
Trust ;  at  Harrow,  the  new  school  build- 
ings and  Butler  Museum ;  at  Mill  Hill 
College,  Hendon,  the  new  chapel ;  at 
Winchester,  the  Quincentenary  Museum  ; 
and  the  Eylands  Library  in  Manchester. 
He  has  designed  the  following  churches  : 
St.  Luke's,  Kentish  Town ;  St.  Peter-le- 
Bailey,  Oxford  ;  St.  Mary  Star  of  the  Sea, 
Hastings  ;  Havering-atte-Bowe,  in  Essex  ; 
Matfield,  in  Kent ;  Glascote,  in  Warwick- 
Shire  ;  Stonefold  and  Laneside,  in  Lanca- 
shire ;  and  Slindon,  in  Staffordshire.  Mr. 
Champneys  has  carried  out  the  restoration 
of  Tatenhill,  Tamworth,  Wednesbury,  and 
Alrewas,  in  Staffordshire ;  Bexley,  in  Kent; 
Upholland,  in  Lancashire ;  Chilcote,  in 
Derbyshire;  Okewood,  in  Surrey;  St. 
Dunstan's,  Stepney ;  St.  Bride's,  Fleet 
Street ;  St.  Alphege,  Greenwich ;  St. 
George's,  Camberwell,  and  St.  George  the 
Martyr,  South wark,  in  the  London  district. 
He  is  also  the  designer  of  the  Royal  Palace 
Hotel,  in  Kensington,  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Crowther,  he  was  appointed  architect 
to  the  Cathedral  of  Manchester,  for  which 
he  erected  the  new  boundaries,  reredos, 
Victoria  West  porch,  &c.  Among  his 
domestic  works  are  St.  Bride's  Vicarage, 
70  Gunismore  Gardens ;  Hasleybury, 
Bournemouth;  Bannach  Edge,  Witley ; 
the  Grange  and  Cronborough  Wood,  Mat- 
field.  Mr.  Champneys  is  the  author  of 
a   work    entitled,    "  A    Quiet    Corner    of 


England,"  published  in  1875.     Address : 
Hall  Oak,  Frognal,  Hampstead. 

CHANDLER,  Charles  Frederick, 
M.D.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  American  chemist, 
born  at  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  Dec.  6, 
1836,  studied  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  of  Harvard  College,  and  afterwards 
at  the  Universities  of  Gbttingen  and  Berlin, 
receiving  his  degree  of  Ph.D.  at  Gottingen 
in  1856.  In  1857  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  chemical  department  of  Union 
College,  and  in  1858  was  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  Chemistry  in  the  New  York 
College  of  Pharmacy.  In  1864  he  was 
made  Professor  of  Analytical  and  Applied 
Chemistry  in  the  newly  instituted  School 
of  Mines  connected  with  Columbia  College, 
New  York,  and  on  the  reorganisation  of 
the  school  in  1877  became  Professor  of 
Chemistry  both  in  the  school  and  in  the 
college.  In  1865  he  was  appointed  Che- 
mist to  the  New  York  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Health,  of  which  for  a  number  of  years 
he  was  President.  In  1870,  in  connection 
with  his  brother,  he  established  the  Ameri- 
can Chemist,  a  monthly  periodical,  in  which 
the  results  of  his  principal  investigations 
have  appeared,  but  which  was  discontinued 
in  1877.  He  became  connected  with  the 
New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  1872  as  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Medical  Jurisprudence, 
succeeding  to  the  full  Professorship  in 
1876.  The  degree  of  M.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  in  1873,  and  that  of  LL.D.  by 
Union  College  in  the  same  year.  He  is 
a  Member  of  the  Chemical  Societies  of 
London,  Berlin,  Paris,  and  New  York,  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  and 
of  a  large  number  of  other  scientific  asso- 
ciations. While  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Health  Dr.  Chandler  did  much  to  im- 
prove the  sanitary  condition  of  New  York 
by  establishing  a  rigid  inspection  of  milk 
and  food  supplied,  by  securing  the  passage 
of  the  Tenement  House  Act,  by  regulating 
the  location  of  slaughter-houses,  and  in 
numerous  other  ways.  He  has  published 
"The  Inaugural  Dissertation,"  1856  ;  "Re- 
port on  Water  for  Locomotives,"  1865; 
"Examination  of  Various  Rocks  and 
Minerals,"  which  appeared  in  the  geolo- 
gical reports  of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin ; 
"Investigations  on  Mineral  Waters,"  and 
papers  on  the  water  supply  of  cities,  on 
petroleum,  on  the  purification  of  coal-gas ; 
and  has  also  contributed  numerous  scien- 
tific articles  to  Johnso"-'^  "  Universal 
Cyclopaedia,"  1874-77.        » v 

CHANEY,  Henry  James,  F.R.A.S., 
born  at  Windsor  in  1842,  was  educated  at 
a  private  school,  entered  the  Civil  Service 
in   1859,    was  appointed  in   1860  to  the 


CHANLER  —  CHANNING 


]91 


Exchequer  to  take  charge  of  the  technical 
duties  arising  under  the  Sale  of  Gas  Act, 
1859,  became  Secretary  to  the  Royal  Com- 
missions on  Standards,   1867-68,  and,  on 
the  retirement  in  1876  of  the  Warden  of 
the  Standards,  he  was  appointed  Superin- 
tendent,  Standards    Department,   in   the 
Board  of  Trade.     He  has  been  a  member 
of  various  committees  relating  to  units 
and   standards  of   measurement ;   and  re- 
presented Great  Britain  in  Paris  in  1889 
at  the  General  Conference  of  the  Inter- 
national Committee  of  Weights  and  Mea- 
sures.   He  is  identified  with  improvements 
in  the  local  administration   of  the  laws 
relating  to  the  weights  and  measures  used 
in   trade,   and   with   recent   demands   for 
higher  accuracy  in  weighing  and  measur- 
ing instruments  used    for  scientific  and 
manufacturing     purposes.       His     printed 
papers,  issued  under  the  direction  of  the 
Board    of    Trade,    include    "Reports    on 
Standards    of     Measurement    for    Gas " ; 
"  Verification  of  Standards  for  the  Govern- 
ments of  India  and  Russia,"  1877  ;  "  Screw 
Gauges,"  1881-83  ;  "Apothecaries'  Weights 
and   Measures,"    1881;    "Calculations   of 
Densities   and   Expansions,"    1883  ;    "  On 
the  Prevention  of  Fraud  in  the  Sale  of 
Coal  and  of  Bread";  "Expansion  of  Pal- 
ladium ;"  "Re-Comparison  of  the  Imperial 
and   Metric   Units,"   1883;    "Verification 
of   the  New  Parliamentary  Standards  of 
Length   and   Weight,"    1881-83;    "Mode 
of    Testing    Weighing-Machines,"     1886 ; 
"Note  on  the  Gold  Coinage,"  1886  ;  "Re- 
Determination  of  the   Scientific  Unit  of 
Volume,"    1889;     "Treatise    on   Weights 
and  Measures,"  1897.    Address  :  29  Chalcot 
Crescent,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

CHANLER,  Mrs.  Amelie,  nie  Rives, 

an  American  writer,  was  born  at  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,  in  1863.  She  was  edu- 
cated chiefly  at  the  home  of  her  grand- 
father, William  C.  Rives,  Castle  Hill, 
Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  and  early 
showed  a  taste  for  literature.  Her  first 
published  story  was  "  A  Brother  to  Dra- 
gons," and  appeared  in  the  Atlantic  in 
1886.  This  was  followed  by  "  Farrier  Lass 
of  Piping  Pebworth,"  "  Nurse  Crumpet's 
Story,"  "Story  of  Arnon,"  and  "Virginia 
of  Virginia. "  In  1888  her  "Quick  or  the 
Dead"  was  issued,  and  it  at  once  attracted 
wide  attention,  and  proved  one  of  the 
literary  sensations  of  the  year.  Her  later 
works  are  a  five-act  Syrian  tragedy  entitled 
"  Herod  and  Mariamne,"  "The  Witness  of 
the  Sun,"  and  "According  to  St.  John." 
Miss  Rives  vCiT  married  in  June  1888  to 
John  Armstrong  Chanler  of  New  York, 
a  great-grandson  of  the  late  William  B. 
Astor,  and  has  spent  considerable  time 
since  then  in  England  and  on  the  Con- 
tinent of  Europe. 


CHANNELL,  The  Hon.  Sir  Arthur 
Moseley,  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Queen's  Bench,  is  the  sole  surviving 
son  of  the  late  Sir  W.  F.  Channell,  Baron 
of  the  Exchequer,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  Nov.  13,  1838.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow  and  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  as  26th  Wrangler,  and  was 
placed  in  Class  II.  of  the  Classical  Tripos 
of  1861.  While  at  college  he  gained 
much  fame  as  an  oar,  winning  the  Colqu- 
houn  Skulls  in  1860,  the  University  Pairs 
in  1861,  and  rowing  in  the  First  Trinity 
boat  which  won  the  Grand  Challenge  Cup 
and  the  Ladies'  Plate  at  Henley  in  1861. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1863,  and  became  a  Q.C.  in 
1885.  From  1888  to  1897  he  was  Recorder 
of  Rochester.  He  became  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  Law  Reporting  in  1894, 
and  in  1895  Vice-Chairman  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  Bar.  In  the  autumn  of  1897 
he  was  raised  to  the  Bench,  and  received 
the  customary  honour  of  knighthood.  He 
married  (1)  in  1865  Beatrice,  fourth  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  A.  W.  Wyndham,  of  Bland- 
ford,  and  (2)  in  1877  Constance,  only 
daughter  of  the  late  W.  B.  Trevelyan,  of 
The  Oaks,  Hendon.  Addresses  :  1  Bram- 
ham  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  S.W. ; 
Farrar's  Building,  Temple ;  and  Athenajum. 

CHANNING,  Francis  Allston,  M.P., 
only  son  of  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Channing,  was 
born  in  1841,  was  educated  privately  and 
at  Oxford,  taking  honours  in  Classics  and 
Mathematics,  the  Chancellor's  Prize  in 
1865  for  his  essay  on  "Instinct,"  and  the 
Arnold  Prize  in  1866  for  "The  Greek 
Orators  as  Historical  Authorities."  He 
was  a  Classical  Scholar  of  Exeter,  and 
afterwards  Fellow  of  University  College, 
where  he  was  Lecturer  in  Philosophy. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  Lincoln's  Inn, 
but  does  not  practise.  In  1870,  on  leav- 
ing Oxford,  Mr.  Channing  was  offered  an 
Examinership  in  the  Education  Office  by 
Mr.  W.  E.  Forster,  but  declined  it  for 
private  reasons.  He  resided  some  years 
in  Devonshire  and  afterwards  at  Brighton, 
where  he  was  a  Home  Commissioner  and 
Member  of  the  School  Board,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  organisation  of  the 
Liberal  party  in  Brighton  and  Sussex,  and 
the  Home  Counties  generally,  as  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  London  and  Counties 
Liberal  Union.  In  1885  Mr.  Channing 
was  returned  for  East  Northamptonshire 
by  a  majority  of  2055  over  Mr.  R.  Ramsden, 
Conservative  (5414  to  3359),  and  in  1886 
by  4428  to  3012  over  the  Hon.  Leopold 
Agar  Elliz,  in  1892  by  5832  to  4348  over 
Mr.  Potter,  Q.C,  and  in  1895  by  6177  to 
4961  over  Mr.  Lush  Wilson.  Mr.  Channing 
was  one  of  the  group  of  advanced  Liberals 
who    rallied    round    Mr.    Chamberlain   in 


192 


CHANOINE  —  CHAPLIN 


1883,  1884,  and  1885,  but  in  the  break-up 
of  1886  sided  with  Mr.  Gladstone,  believing 
that  the  "Radical  Programme"  of  1884 — 
democratic  local  self-government,  land  for 
the  people,  disestablishment,  free  educa- 
tion, graduated  taxation,  &c. — could  only 
be  obtained  through  the  Liberal  party. 
In  Parliament  his  chief  work  has  been  in 
connection  with  questions  affecting  labour, 
land,  and  agriculture,  national  education, 
and  the  protection  of  the  Eastern  Chris- 
tians from  Turkish  oppression.  His  pro- 
posals for  diminishing  the  risks  and  short- 
ening the  hours  of  railway  servants  were 
substantially  enacted  in  the  Railway  Re- 
gulation Acts  of  1889  and  1893.  The 
principle  of  the  latter  Act,  that  the  Board 
of  Trade  should  have  an  elastic  power  to 
shorten  the  excessive  hours  of  labour  of 
adult  males,  on  their  complaint,  and  on 
the  merits  of  each  case,  was  a  wholly 
original  step  in  labour  legislation.  Mr. 
Channing  was  active  in  the  Parliament  of 
1886  in  pushing  the  allotments  question, 
and  as  Chairman  of  the  Liberal  County 
Members  in  1893-94  did  much  to  shape 
the  land  acquisition  proposals  of  the  Parish 
Council  Bill.  He  has  promoted  a  long 
series  of  measures  for  the  benefit  of  tenant 
farmers,  including  the  most  complete 
Agricultural  Holdings  Bill  so  far  intro- 
duced, and  the  prevention  of  frauds  as 
to  feeding  stuffs  and  fertilisers.  He  was 
elected  Chairman  of  the  Central  and  Asso- 
ciated Chambers  of  Agriculture  in  1894, 
and  during  his  year  of  office  moved  for 
and  served  on  the  Select  Committee  on 
Food  Adulteration,  which  reported  in 
1897.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Agricultural 
Depression,  for  which  he  prepared  an 
exhaustive  minority  report  in  1897.  In 
reference  to  education,  Mr.  Channing  has 
been  one  of  the  most  strenuous  supporters 
of  a  uniform  system  of  State-paid  schools 
under  local  representative  control,  merg- 
ing the  existing  denominational  schools 
in  a  national  system,  while  reserving  the 
right  of  the  managers  to  use  the  buildings 
for  specific  doctrinal  teaching  outside  the 
secular  time-table.  He  also  favours  the 
close  connection  of  secondary  with  ele- 
mentary education.  Mr.  Channing  has 
been  from  the  first  an  active  member  of 
the  Anglo-American  and  Grosvenor  House 
and  Cretan  Committees.  Mr.  Channing  is 
a  magistrate  for  Northamptonshire.  Mr. 
Channing  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  press  and  to  periodical  literature. 
His  publications  include  "Instinct,"  "The 
Great  Orators  as  Historical  Authorities," 
"The  Second  Ballot,"  "The  Truth  about 
Agricultural  Depression,"  &c.  He  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Henry  Bryant,  Esq., 
of  Boston  and  Cohasset,  U.S.A.  Address  : 
40  Eaton  Place,  S.W. 


CHANOINE,  General,  late  French 
Minister  of  War,  was  born  at  Dijon  in 
1835.  After  passing  through  St.  Cyr  he 
served  in  the  Zouaves  and  in  the  Dragoons, 
and  in  1860  became  Head  of  the  Staff  of 
the  French  Expedition  to  China.  He  next 
served  as  chief  of  a  military  mission  to 
Japan.  In  1869  he  was  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Bourbaki,  and  after  going  through 
the  war  of  1870,  General  Chanoine  joined 
the  General  Staff  at  the  War  Office.  He 
became  Colonel  of  the  14th  Cuirassiers  in 
1880,  and  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the 
Far  East.  On  his  return  he  was  promoted 
Brigadier -General  in  1885,  and  Major- 
General  in  1893.  In  that  year  he  was 
given  the  command  of  the  Lille  garrison. 
On  the  resignation  of  General  Zurlinden 
(Sept.  17, 1898),  General  Chanoine  accepted 
the  portfolio  of  Minister  of  War  in  the 
Brisson  Cabinet.  He  is  a  good  linguist, 
speaking  Russian  as  well  as  English  and 
German,  and  on  this  account  he  was 
despatched  to  the  Russian  manoeuvres  in 
1875.  He  also  acted  as  the  cicerone  of  the 
Russian  naval  visitors  in  1893.  Politically 
General  Chanoine  is  a  staunch  Republican. 
He  gave  in  his  resignation  in  a  most  un- 
expected and  sensational  manner  at  the 
first  meeting  of  the  French  Chamber  of 
Deputies  on  Oct.  25,  1898.  His  plea  was 
the  usual  one,  "the  army  insulted,"  &c. 
His  bluntly  military  and  quite  incoherent 
speech,  delivered  from  the  tribune  as  it 
were  at  the  invitation  of  M.  Deroulede, 
was  rapturously  applauded  by  the  crowds 
of  Chauvinists  present,  but  the  Brisson 
Ministry  immediately  stultified  this  show 
of  outraged  dignity  by  reading  recent 
letters  in  his  handwriting,  which  proved 
that  he  has  repeatedly  refused  to  allow 
newspapers  to  be  prosecuted  for  attacks 
on  the  army. 

CHAPLIN,  The  Right  Hon.  Henry, 
M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  President  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  and  late  President  of 
the  Board  of  Agriculture,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Chaplin,  by 
Horatia,  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Ellice,  Esq.  He  was  born  in  1841,  and 
educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  From  November  1868  to  Novem- 
ber 1885  he  represented  Mid-Lincolnshire 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  since  when  he 
has  sat  for  North  Kesteven  or  for  the 
Sleaford  Division  of  Lincolnshire,  which 
he  now  represents.  Mr.  Chaplin  is  a  pro- 
minent member  of  the  Conservative  party,, 
a  frequent  debater,  and  an  authority  on. 
agricultural  matters.  From  June  1885  to 
January  1886  he  was  Chancellor  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  in  1889  was 
appointed  the  President  of  the  newly- 
formed  Board  of  Agriculture,  with  a  seat 
in  the  Cabinet.     He  retained  his  position, 


CHARLES  I.  — CHARLEY 


193 


as  President  until  1892.  He  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Local  Government  Board 
in  June  1895,  and  in  1896  conducted  the 
Agricultural  Rates  Act  through  the  House 
of  Commons.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1885.  Mr.  Chaplin  is  a  repre- 
sentative country  gentleman  and  a  leading 
member  of  the  turf.  He  is  a  J.P.  and  D.L. 
of  Lincolnshire.  In  1890  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity conferred  upon  him  its  honorary 
LL.D.  degree.  He  married  in  1876  Lady 
Florence  Leveson-Gower,  daughter  of  the 
3rd  Duke  of  Sutherland.  She  died  in  1881. 
Addresses  :  Blankney,  Sleaford  ;  Stafford 
House,  St.  James's,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CHARLES  I.,  Charles  Eitel  Frede- 
rick Zepriirin  Louis,  King  of  Roumania, 
was  born  April  20,  1839,  being  the  second 
son  of  Prince  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 
head  of  the  second  of  the  non-reigning 
branches  of  the  princely  house  of  Hohen- 
zollern.  He  was  elected  and  proclaimed 
Prince  Regnant  of  Roumania,  with  here- 
ditary succession,  by  a  plebiscite,  taken 
April  8-20,  1866,  and  definitely  recognised 
on  Oct.  24  in  that  year  by  the  Sublime 
Porte  and  the  guaranteeing  Powers.  The 
Prince  had  previously  been  a  Sub-Lieu- 
tenant in  the  2nd  Regiment  of  Prussian 
Dragoons,  and  it  is  believed  that  his 
candidature  for  the  throne  of  Roumania, 
which  had  become  vacant  by  the  expulsion 
of  Prince  Alexander  John,  was  proposed 
by  Prussia,  and  supported  by  her  diplo- 
matic action.  His  reign  has  been  marked 
throughout  by  internal  dissensions  and 
parliamentary  crises.  The  unwarrantable 
persecution  of  the  Jews  in  Moldavia 
elicited  indignant  protests  from  various 
foreign  governments,  who  likewise  com- 
plained that  bands  of  armed  men  were 
allowed  to  be  formed  within  the  Rou- 
manian territory,  with  the  object  of  creat- 
ing disturbances  on  the  Lower  Danube. 
The  disputes  in  the  Roumanian  Chamber, 
and  the  incessant  ministerial  changes, 
led  to  a  dissolution  of  the  Chamber  of 
Bucharest  in  1869.  A  convention  was 
concluded  between  his  government  and 
the  Czar,  permitting  the  Russians  to  cross 
the  Danube  in  April  1877.  The  Roumanian 
army  was  then  mobilised,  and  war  declared 
against  Turkey.  In  September  and  Octo- 
ber 1877  Prince  Charles  held  the  nominal 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  West,  and 
he  fought  at  Plevna,  where  the  Rou- 
manians behaved  with  great  gallantry, 
and  suffered  heavy  losses.  He  received  in 
acknowledgment  of  his  services  the  Cross 
of  St.  George  from  Alexander  II.,  to  whom 
he  sent  in  return  the  decoration  of  the 
Order  of  the  Star  of  Roumania.  He  had 
the  title  of  "Royal  Highness"  from  1878 
till  March  26,  1881,  when  he  was  pro- 
claimed  King  of   Roumania  by  a  unani- 


mous vote  of  the  representatives  of  the 
nation.  The  coronation  ceremony  took 
place  on  May  22.  As  the  King  has  no 
heirs,  his  nephew,  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Hohenzollern,  was  declared  Prince  Roy;d 
of  Roumania  by  a  decree  of  March  18, 
1889,  and  in  January  1893  he  was  married 
to  the  Princess  Marie,  daughter  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Edinburgh  and 
Saxe-Coburg,  and  has  issue,  a  son,  Prince 
Carol,  and  a  daughter,  Princess  Elizabeth. 
Charles  I.  married  Nov.  15,  1869,  Pauline 
Elizabeth  Ottilie  Louise  (born  1843), daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Prince  Hermann  of  Wied. 
(See  Elizabeth.) 

CHARLES,  Sir  Arthur,  K.B.,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Robert  Charles, 
Esq.,  of  London  and  Carisbrooke,  I.W., 
and  was  born  in  1839.  He  received  his 
education  at  University  College,  London, 
and  graduated  B.A.  of  London  University 
with  mathematical  honours  in  1858,  subse- 
quently receiving,  in  1884,  an  hon.  M.A. 
from  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
an  hon.  D.  C.L.  from  the  University  of 
Durham.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  January  1862,  after  ob- 
taining a  certificate  of  honour  of  the  first 
class.  He  then  joined  the  Western  Cir- 
cuit, and  became  one  of  its  leaders.  In 
February  1877  he  took  silk,  and  was 
elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  January 
1880.  From  1878  to  1887  he  was  Recorder 
of  Bath,  and  from  1884  to  1887  Chancellor 
of  Southwell  Diocese,  and  Commissary  of 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster. 
In  September  of  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  a  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice,  and  was  also  knighted.  He  was 
for  many  years  a  member  of  Council  and 
President  of  the  Senate  of  University 
College,  London,  and  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  Legal  Education.  From  1877 
to  1882  he  examined  in  Common  Law  in 
London  University,  of  which  he  unsuccess- 
fully contested  the  Parliamentary  repre- 
sentation in  1880.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  Chief  Commissioner  to  inquire  into 
corrupt  practices  at  the  Canterbury  elec- 
tion, and  in  1881-83  a  Royal  Commissioner 
to  inquire  into  the  working  of  Ecclesias- 
tical Courts.  He  resigned  his  judicial 
office  in  March  1897.  He  married  Rachel 
Christian,  daughter  of  T.  D.  Newton, 
Plymouth,  in  1866.  Addresses :  Shelley 
House,  Chelsea  Embankment,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

CHARLEY,  Sir  William  Thomas, 
Q.C.,  D.C.L.,  born  at  Woodbourne  on 
March  5,  1833,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the 
late  Matthew  Charley,  Esq.,  of  Finaghy 
House,  near  Belfast.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  took  his 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1856,  and  of  B.C.L.  and 

N 


194 


CHARLOTTE  —  CHARTERIS 


D.C.L.,  by  accumulation,  in  1868.  In  1865 
he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  having  obtained  the  first  certifi- 
cate of  honour  of  the  first  class,  and  the 
exhibition  at  the  final  examinations  of 
Council  of  Legal  Education.  He  was 
elected  Common  Serjeant  of  the  City  of 
London  in  April  1878,  becoming  a  Com- 
missioner of  Oyer  and  Terminer  at  the 
Central  Criminal  Court  and  Judge  of  the 
Mayor's  Court  of  London.  On  reaching 
the  fifteenth  year  of  his  judicial  service 
in  1892,  he  resigned  the  office  of  Common 
Serjeant,  retiring  on  a  pension  of  two- 
thirds  of  his  judicial  salary,  which  had 
been  increased  some  years  before.  In  1880 
he  was  made  a  Q.C.  For  twelve  years,  viz., 
from  1 868  to  1880,  he  represented  Salford 
in  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  Conser- 
vative interest.  He  was  unsuccessful  at 
the  election  of  1880,  and  unsuccessfully 
contested  Ipswich  in  1883  and  1885.  In 
the  latter  year  the  majority  against  him 
was  very  small,  and  his  opponents  were 
unseated  for  bribery  by  their  agents.  He 
was  invited  to  stand  again,  but  declined 
on  account  of  ill-health.  Two  Conserva- 
tives were  returned.  Sir  William  Charley 
is  a  Past-Master  of  the  Worshipful  Com- 
pany of  Loriners,  a  member  of  the  Court 
of  Lieutenancy  of  the  City  of  London,  and 
Hon.  Colonel  of  the  3rd  Volunteer  Batta- 
lion of  the  Royal  Fusiliers  (City  of  London 
Regiment).  He  is  also  Trustee  and  Hon. 
Standing  Counsel  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Beneficent  Association,  Trustee  of  the 
Church  of  England  Young  Men's  So- 
ciety, and  Vice-President  of  the  City 
of  London  Conservative  Association,  the 
Eastbourne  Conservative  and  Unionist 
Association,  the  Church  Defence  Insti- 
tution, and  numerous  other  societies. 
He  is  the  author  of  works  on  the 
"Real  Property  Acts"  and  "Judicature 
Acts,"  which  have  run  through  three  edi- 
tions ;  also  of  "  The  Crusade  against  the 
Constitution  :  an  Historical  Vindication  of 
the  House  of  Lords,"  a  copy  of  which  was 
accepted  by  the  Queen.  When  in  Parlia- 
ment he  carried  several  measures  of  social 
reform,  such  as  the  "  Infant  Life  Protec- 
tion Act,  1872,"  and  the  "  Offences  against 
the  Person  Act,  1875,"  the  principles  of 
which  have  been  extended  by  subsequent 
legislation.  He  was  knighted  in  1880.  In 
the  spring  of  1890  he  married  Miss  Clara 
Harbord,  daughter  of  F.  G.  Harbord,  Esq., 
of  Kirby  Park,  Cheshire,  and  has  issue, 
Clara  Noel,  born  on  Christmas  Day,  1890  ; 
and  Estelle  Dumergue,  born  Dec.  20, 1894. 
Addresses  :  Queen  Anne's  Mansions,  S.W.. 
and  Court  Lodge,  Hartfield  Square,  East- 
bourne. 

CHARLOTTE,     Ex-Empress     of 
Mexico     (Marie     Charlotte    Amelie 


Auguste  Victoire  Clementine  Leo- 
poldine),  daughter  of  Leopold  I.,  King 
of  the  Belgians,  born  June  7,  1840,  was 
married  July  27,  1857,  to  the  ill-fated  Maxi- 
milian, afterwards  Emperor  of  Mexico, 
who  was  shot  at  Queretaro  June  19,  1867, 
by  the  command  of  the  inhuman  Juarez. 
In  the  midst  of  his  embarrassments,  Maxi- 
milian sent  his  empress  to  Paris  in  1866  to 
seek  more  effectual  aid  from  the  Emperor 
Napoleon.  She  failed  entirely  in  her  mis- 
sion, and  proceeded  to  Italy,  where  her 
reason  gave  way  in  consequence  of  the 
troubles  she  had  already  undergone,  and 
of  those  which  she  foresaw  her  husband 
would  experience.  Her  Majesty  was  re- 
moved to  the  palace  of  Laeken,  near 
Brussels,  and  was  there  when  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1890.  It  is  said  that 
during  lucid  intervals  she  formerly  em- 
ployed her  time  in  writing  Memoirs  of  the 
History  of  the  Mexican  Empire.  Her  re- 
covery is  considered  hopeless. 

CHARNOCK,  Richard  Stephen, 
Ph.D.,  F.S.A.,  born  in  London  Aug.  11, 
1820,  is  the  son  of  Richard  Charnock,  Esq., 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  barrister-at-law.  He 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  London, 
and  admitted  an  attorney  in  1841.  He 
has  travelled  through  the  whole  of  Europe, 
and  has  also  visited  the  North  of  Africa 
and  Asia  Minor  ;  and  has  devoted  much 
time  to  the  study  of  anthropology,  archae- 
ology, and  philology,  especially  the  Celtic 
and  Oriental  languages.  Dr.  Charnock  is 
a  member  of  many  learned  societies,  and 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  of  the  University 
of  Gottingen.  Among  very  many  contri- 
butions to  philology,  anthropology,  and 
science  in  general,  Dr.  Charnock  is  author 
of  "Guide  to  the  Tyrol,"  1857;  "Local 
Etymology,"  1859;  "  Bradshaw's  Guide 
to  Spain  and  Portugal,"  1865;  "Verba 
Nominalia,"  1866  ;  "Ludus  Patronymicus," 
1868;  "The  Peoples  of  Transylvania," 
1870  ;  "  Manorial  Customs  of  Essex,"  1870; 
"  Patronvmica  Cornu-Britannica,"  1870; 
"  On  the  Physical,  Mental,  and  Philological 
Characters  of  the  Wallons,"  1871;  "Le 
Sette  Commune,"  1871;  "A  Glossary  of 
the  Essex  Dialect,"  1879;  "Pramomina; 
or,  the  Etymology  of  the  Principal  Chris- 
tian Names  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land," 1882;  and  "  Nuces  Etymologies. " 
1889. 

CHARTERIS,  Professor  the  Rev. 
Archibald  Hamilton,  M.A.,  D.D.,  eldest 
son  of  John  Charteris,  schoolmaster,  born 
in  Wamphray,  Dumfriesshire,  Dec.  13, 
1835,  was  educated  at  the  parish  school 
and  Edinburgh  University,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1852,  and  of  M.A.  in 
1853.  He  was  presented  to  the  parish  of 
St.   Qmvox,    Ayrshire,   in  1858,   to  New- 


CHAETRES  —  CHASE 


195 


abbey   in    1859,   and   called   to    the   Park 
Church,  Glasgow,  in  1863.      He  was  ap- 
pointed  one  of  her  Majesty's   Chaplains 
for   Scotland   in    1870,   having   previously 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.   from  Edin- 
burgh University  in   1868.      He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Chair  of  Biblical  Criticism 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1868, 
which    he    resigned    in    1898.       Professor 
Charteris  is  the  author  of   "The  Life  of 
James  Robertson,  D.D.,"  1863;  "  Canoni- 
city  :  a  Collection  of  Early  Testimonies  to 
the  Books  of  the  New  Testament,"  1880  ; 
"The    Christian    Scriptures,"    being    the 
Croall    Lectures,     1888;     "The    Faithful 
Churchman,"   1898,   and  of   several  occa- 
sional pamphlets  and  lectures.     In  eccle- 
siastical    work     he     is     best     known    as 
Vice-Convener  of  the  General  Assembly's 
Committee  for  the  Abolition  of  Patronage, 
which  accomplished  its  work  in  1874,  and 
as   Convener   of   the   General   Assembly's 
Committee  on  Christian   Life  and   Work 
from  its  first  appointment  (1869)  to  1894. 
The  purpose  of  this  committee  is  to  in- 
quire into  and  report  upon  the  methods 
of  work  employed  in  the  various  parishes 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  so  that  through 
the  influence  of  the  General  Assembly  and 
of  public  opinion,  those  methods  may  be 
developed  and   improved.      Through  this 
committee  many  changes  have  been  grad- 
ually,   and    with    general    approval,    in- 
troduced, almost  all   in   the  direction  of 
turning  the  forces  of  the  Christian  Church 
into  channels  of  social  helpfulness.     The 
Young    Men's    Guild    and    the    Woman's 
Guild,   founded  by  it,   have  been  largely 
imitated  by  other  churches  in   Scotland, 
England,  and  America.     Deaconesses  have 
also  been  trained  and  appointed,  and  Guild 
Sisters  (for  special  work  among  the  poor) 
are  trained  by  this  committee.     The  speci- 
alty of  all  these  agencies  is  that  they  are 
part  of  the  organisation  of  the  Church  : 
authorised,  regulated,   and  supervised  by 
the  Church  Courts ;  not  (as  had  been  pre- 
viously the  case)  originated  and  maintained 
by  individuals  or  associations  outside  of 
ordinary  church  organisation.      Professor 
Charteris  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
Assembly  of   the  Church  of   Scotland  in 
1892.      In    1863    he    married    Catharine 
Morice,    daughter   of    Sir   Alexander   An- 
derson of  Aberdeen.      Address  :   Cameron 
House,  Edinburgh. 

CHARTEES,  Due  de,  Robert 
Philippe  -  Louis  -  Eugene  -  Ferdinand 
d'Orleans,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Duke 
of  Orleans,  and  grandson  of  the  late  King 
Louis  Philippe,  was  born  at  Paris  Nov.  9, 
1840.  When  only  two  years  of  age  he  lost 
his  father,  and  six  years  later  the  Revolu- 
tion drove  him  into  exile.  The  young 
duke  was   carefully   brought  up  at  Eise- 


nach in  Germany,  and  afterwards  joined 
his  family  in  England.  He  served  in  the 
Italian  army,  1859,  and  in  the  Federal 
army  in  the  first  campaign  of  the  American 
Civil  War  in  1862.  After  the  Revolution 
of  Sept.  4,  1870,  he  returned  incognito  to 
France,  and  served  in  General  Chanzy's 
army  under  the  assumed  name  of  "  Robert 
Lefort";  and  in  1871,  when  the  National 
Assembly  had  revoked  the  law  of  banish- 
ment against  the  Orleans  family,  he  was 
appointed  a  Major,  and  served  first  in 
Algiers  ;  he  was  subsequently  appointed 
Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel.  In  1883 
his  name  was  struck  off  the  active  list  of 
the  army  by  a  decree  of  the  Republican 
Government ;  and  he  was  at  once  removed 
from  the  command  of  the  12th  Chasseurs, 
and  was  peremptorily  ordered  on  Feb.  25 
to  quit  Rouen,  at  which  city  that  regiment 
was  stationed.  He  bade  farewell  to  his 
regiment  in  a  dignified  order  of  the  day, 
and  asked  leave  of  absence  in  order  to 
travel  in  the  Caucasus.  In  1886,  in  obedi- 
ence to  the  decree  of  June  22,  his  name 
was  finally  struck  off  the  French  army 
lists.  He  married,  June  11,  1863,  Fran- 
chise -  Marie  -  Amelie  of  Orleans,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Prince  de  Joinville,  and 
has  issue  two  daughters,  born  respectively 
Jan.  13,  1865,  and  Jan.  25,  1869,  and  two 
sons,  born  respectively,  Oct.  16,  1867,  and 
Sept.  4,  1874.  The  former  is  the  famous 
explorer,  Prince  Henri  d'Orleans  (q.v.). 
Address  in  Paris:  27  Rue  Jean-Gonjon  ; 
Chateau  de  St.  Firmin,  Oise ;  Villa  de 
Fayeres,  Cannes. - 

CHASE,  Marian  B.  T.,  second 
daughter  of  the  late  John  Chase,  member 
of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours,  was  born  in  Upper  Charlotte 
Street,  Fitzroy  Square,  April  18,  1844. 
She  was  educated  at  home,  excepting  for 
two  years  and  a  half  when  she  was  at 
school  at  Ham,  near  Richmond.  The 
foundation  of  her  art-education  she  re- 
ceived from  her  father,  who  also  taught 
her  landscape  painting.  The  late  Miss 
Margaret  Gillies  kindly  gave  her  lessons 
in  figure  painting.  Miss  Chase,  however, 
has  devoted  herself  principally  to  still-life 
and  flower  painting ;  and  in  this,  the 
special  style  of  her  choice,  the  study  of 
her  still  -  life  models  and  of  the  living 
flowers  has  been  her  sole  means  of  instruc- 
tion. She  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-Colonrs  in 
1876.  She  has  frequently  exhibited  also  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  the  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
and  the  chief  provincial  exhibitions.  Some 
of  her  principal  works  are  "  The  Untidy 
Corner,"  "  Music,  Literature,  and  Art," 
"Gold,"  "Checkmate,"  "The  Skill  and 
Thought  of  Bygone  Years,"  "Treasures," 
and  "The  Past  and  To-day."     Miss  Chase 


196 


CHASSEPOT  —  CHELMSFOKD 


lives  with  her  sisters,  at  18  Christchurch 
Avenue,  Brondesbury,  London,  N.W. 

CHASSEPOT,  Antoine  Alphonse, 
a  P'rench  inventor,  born  March  4,  1833,  is 
the  son  of  a  working  gunsmith,  to  which 
trade  he  was  himself  brought  up.  Enter- 
ing the  Government  workshops,  he  was 
attached  in  1858  to  that  of  St.  Thomas,  in 
Paris,  as  Controller  of  the  second  class  ; 
attained  the  rank  of  Controller  of  the  first 
class  in  1861,  and  that  of  Principal  in  1864. 
The  result  of  his  study  of  the  mechanism 
of  small  arms,  especially  of  the  famous 
Prussian  needle-gun,  was  the  invention  of 
the  Chassepot  rifle,  which  was  adopted  by 
the  French  army ;  and,  according  to  the 
official  accounts,  "did  wonders"  against 
the  Garibaldians  at  Mentana.  M.  Chasse- 
pot was  afterwards  officially  attached  to 
the  national  manufactory  of  arms  at  Cha- 
tellerault,  near  Poitiers.  He  took  out 
patents  for  his  invention,  and  the  royalty 
he  received  on  the  rifles  manufactured 
brought  him  in  a  large  income.  He  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1866,  and  promoted  to  the  rank  of  officer 
of  the  same  in  1870.  The  Chassepot  was 
famous  in  the  war  of  1870,  but  has  long 
since  been  superseded.  He  ultimately 
became  a  hotel-keeper  at  Nice. 

CHATTERTON,  The  Right  Hon. 
Hedges  Eyre,  was  born  at  Cork  in 
1819,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  eventually  obtaining  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  He  was  called  to- the  Irish  Bar  in 
1843,  became  Solicitor-General  for  Ireland 
in  1866,  and  Attorney-General  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  In  1867  he  was  raised  to  the 
Bench  of  Judges,  and  was  appointed  Vice- 
Chancellor  of  Ireland,  having  represented 
the  University  of  Dublin  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  February  to  August  of 
the  same  year.  He  was  married  in  1845 
to  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William 
Halleran,  Prebendary  of  Cloyne.  Address  : 
Newpark,  Blackrock,  Dublin. 

CHAWNER,  "William,  M.A.,  has 
been  Master  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, since  1895.  He  was  born  in  Feb- 
ruary 1838,  and  educated  at  Rossall  School 
and  Emmanuel  College.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  The  Influence  of  Christianity  upon  the 
Legislation  of  Constantine  the  Great,"  1874. 
Address  :  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge. 

CHELMSFORD,  Lord,  General 
Frederic  Augustus  Thesiger,  G.C.B., 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  1st  Lord 
Chelmsford  (who  was  twice  Lord  Chan- 
cellor in  the  Government  of  the  late 
Lord  Derby)  by  his  wife  Anna  Maria, 
youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  William  Tinling, 
of  Southampton.      He  was  born   May  31, 


1827,  and  educated  at  Eton.  In  1844  he 
entered  the  Rifle  Brigade.  He  was  trans- 
ferred in  1845  to  the  Grenadier  Guards  as 
ensign,  and  became  captain,  1850;  Brevet- 
Major,  1855;  Lieut. -Colonel,  1857;  Colonel, 
1863 ;  Major-General,  1868  ;  Lieut.-General, 
1882  ;  and  General,  1888.  He  served  in 
the  Crimean  campaign  as  aide-de-camp  to 
Major-General  Markbam,  including  the 
siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol,  and  for  this 
service  he  was  promoted  to  a  brevet 
majority.  Having  exchanged  into  the 
95th  Regiment  as  second  Lieut. -Colonel, 
he  served  in  the  Indian  Mutiny  campaign, 
and  subsequently  as  Deputy  Adjutant- 
General,  British  troops,  in  the  Bombay 
Presidency.  He  succeeded  Colonel  Raines, 
C.B.,  in  the  command  of  the  95th  Regiment. 
As  Deputy  Adjutant-General  in  the  Abys- 
sinian campaign  of  1868  he  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  Magdala.  For  his  services 
in  this  campaign  he  was  nominated  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Bath  and  one  of  her  Majesty's 
aides-de-camp.  He  was  Adjutant-General 
to  the  forces  in  India  from  1869  till 
December  1874,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  command  the  troops  at  Shorncliffe,  and 
subsequently  the  1st  Infantry  Brigade  at 
Aldershot.  In  March  1877  he  attained 
the  rank  of  Major-General,  and  in  January 
of  the  following  year  he  was  nominated  to 
succeed  General  Sir  Arthur  Cunninghame 
as  Commander  of  the  Forces  and  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Cape  Colony.  He  completed 
the  subjugation  of  the  Kaffirs,  and  restored 
Caffraria  to  a  condition  of  tranquillity,  and 
for  these  services  was  made  a  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath. 
He  had  succeeded  to  the  peerage  on  his 
father's  death  in  1878.  Lord  Chelmsford 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  of 
the  British  troops  in  the  Zulu  War  of  1879. 
Lieut. -Colonel  Durnford's  column,  con- 
sisting of  1774  Englishmen  and  650  natives, 
was  encamped  at  Isandhlwana,  when  an 
attack  was  made  on  the  fortified  camp  by 
the  Zulus,  resulting  in  the  annihilation  of 
half  the  garrison.  A  gallant  defence  was 
made  the  same  day  at  Rorke's  Drift,  about 
ten  miles  from  Isandhlwana,  by  Lieutenants 
Chard  and  Bromhead,  who  with  110  men 
of  the  24th  Regiment  and  twenty-nine 
others  held  the  post  against  the  desperate 
assaults  of  3000  Zulus.  Lord  Chelms- 
ford's troops  arrived  after  the  natives 
had  been  beaten  off  and  had  retired.  On 
April  2,  an  attack  was  made  by  an  army  of 
11,000  Zulus  upon  the  fortified  camp  of 
the  British  troops  under  Lord  Chelmsford 
at  Gingholova,  on  the  road  to  Ekowe,  but 
the  Zulus  were  repulsed  with  great  loss  ; 
and  two  days  later  the  British  troops,  who 
bad  been  surrounded  at  Ekowe  by  Zulus 
after  the  disaster  of  Isandhlwana,  were 
relieved  by  the  force  under  Lord  Chelms- 
ford's command.     The  decisive   battle  of 


CHEKBULIEZ  —  CHESNELONG 


197 


Ulundi  was  fought  on  July  4,  when  the 
Zulu  army  was  completely  defeated.  The 
credit  of  the  victory  admittedly  belongs  to 
Lord  Chelmsford,  but  before  this  battle 
was  fought  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  had 
landed  at  Durban,  Natal,  to  supersede 
him  in  the  command  of  the  British  troops 
operating  against  the  Zulus.  Lord  Chelms- 
ford, having  resigned  the  command,  was 
created  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath,  and  arrived  in  England  in 
August  1879.  In  1884  he  was  appointed 
Lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London,  which 
he  held  until  1889.  Lord  Chelmsford 
retired  in  1893.  He  married  in  1867  Adria 
Fanny,  daughter  of  Major-General  Heath, 
of  the  Bombay  army.  Address  :  5  Knares- 
borough  Place,  S.W. 

CHERBULIEZ,  Victor,  son  of  a  Pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Geneva,  was  born  in 
that  city  in  1829.  His  early  education  at 
Geneva  was  completed  in  Paris,  at  Bonn, 
and  in  Berlin,  and  after  a  voyage  to  the 
East  he  published  his  first  essay,  an 
antiquarian  trifle  entitled  "  A  propos  d'un 
Cheval,  Causeries  Athe'niennes,"  1860,  re- 
printed in  1864  under  the  title  of  "  Un 
Cheval  de  Phidias."  After  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1874  he  settled  in  Paris, 
where  he  published  a  number  of  novels, 
all  of  which  appeared  originally  in  the 
columns  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. 
Among  them  are  "  Le  Comte  Kostia," 
1863;  "Le  Prince  Vitale,"  1864;  "Paule 
Merey  1864;  "Le  Roman  d'une  honnete 
Femme,"  1866  ;  "Le  Grand  (Buvre,"  1867; 
"Prosper  Randoce,"  1868;  "  L'Aventure 
de  Ladislas  Bolski,"  1869;  "Le  Fiance1  de 
Mademoiselle  de  Saint-Maur,"  1876;  and 
"L'Idee  de  Jean  Teterol,"  1878,  which 
was  translated  into  English  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Wish  of  his  Life."  Later  books 
are  "Noirs  et  Rouges,"  "Olivier  Maugant," 
"La  Ferme  du  Choquard,"  1884;  "La 
Bete,  1887;  "La  Vocation  du  Comte 
Ghislam,"  1888;  "  Une  Gageure,"  1890; 
"L'Art  et  la  Nature,"  1892;  and  "Le 
Secret  du  Precepteur,"  1893.  Most  of  M. 
Cherbuliez's  works  have  been  translated 
and  published  in  America,  and  many  have 
been  translated  into  Danish,  English, 
German,  Italian,  Polish,  and  Spanish. 
M.  Cherbuliez  is  also  a  political  writer  of 
influence,  the  numerous  articles  in  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Monies  signed  "G.  Valbert" 
being  from  his  pen.  M.  Cherbuliez  has 
been  reinstated  in  his  rights  as  a  French 
citizen,  which  had  been  lost  through  his 
ancestors  having  left  France  during  the 
religious  persecutions  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  On  May  25,  1882,  he  was  re- 
ceived into  the  French  Academy  as  the 
successor  of  M.  Dufaure.  He  is  of  the 
world  worldly,  mixing  with  his  fellows, 
and  taking  a  vivid  interest  in  their  doings. 


Indeed,  his  knowledge  of  men  and  things 
is  encyclopaedic.  The  many  allusions  met 
with  in  his  works  are  not  merely  literary, 
but  the  result  of  personal  investigation. 
His  sympathies  are  universal,  his  tastes 
cosmopolitan.  Knowing  English  and  Ger- 
man as  well  as  he  does  French,  he  intro- 
duces his  characters,  be  they  Russian  or 
English,  Italian  or  American,  with  the 
easy  urbanity  of  a  man  of  the  world  who 
knows  most  types  of  men  and  women.  A 
recent  French  critic  described  him  as  "  an 
attentive  tourist  whom  nothing  escapes." 
M.  Cherbuliez  is  held  in  high  estimation 
by  those  who  are  entitled  to  speak  with 
authority  on  his  work.  His  last  novel, 
"Jacquine  Vanesse"  (1898)  shows  no  de- 
cline of  his  powers.  Paris  address  :  12 
Rue  de  Tournon. 

CHERMSIDE,  Major-General  Sir 
Herbert  Charles,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  late  of 
the  Royal  Engineers,  was  born  at  Wilton, 
near  Salisbury,  on  July  31, 1850,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  Rev.  Seymour  Chermside. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  entered  the 
Army  (Royal  Engineers)  in  1868,  becoming 
a  Lieutenant  in  1870 ;  Captain,  1882 ; 
Major,  1882  ;  Lieut.-Colonel,  1885  ;  Colonel, 
1887.  During  the  Russo-Turkish  War  he 
was  Military  Attache  with  the  Turks, 
1877-78,  and  gained  a  medal.  In  1878-79 
he  assisted  in  the  Delimitation  of  the 
Frontiers  of  Turkey ;  was  Military  Vice- 
Consul  in  Anatolia,  1879-82;  served  during 
the  Egyptian  Expedition  of  1882,  being 
awarded  medal  and  star ;  served  with  the 
Egyptian  Army  from  1883  to  1888,  and 
in  the  Sudan  and  Suakim  Expeditions  of 
that  period.  From  1884  to  1886  he  was 
Governor-General  of  the  Red  Sea  Littoral, 
and  from  1886  to  1888  commanded  the 
Egyptian  Nile  Frontier.  In  the  action 
at  Sarras  he  was  in  command  of  the 
Egyptian  forces,  and  obtained  the  brevet 
of  Colonel.  From  1888  to  1889  he  was 
British  Consul  in  Kurdistan,  and  from 
1889  to  1896  Military  Attache"  at  Con- 
stantinople. On  March  17,  1897,  he  was 
appointed  British  Military  Commissioner 
and  Commander  in  Crete,  on  the  same 
day  that  autonomy  was  declared  in  the 
island.  He  has  the  Second  Class  of  the 
Medjidieh.  He  received  the  honour  of 
the  K.C.M.G.  in  1897,  and  was  created 
G.C.M.G.  at  New  Year  1899.  Club :  United 
Service. 

CHESNELONG,  Pierre  Charles,   a 

French  politician,  was  born  at  Orthez 
(Basses-Pyrenees),  April  1820,  and  educated 
at  Pau.  Formerly  he  was  a  dealer  in  hams 
and  tissues  at  Bayonne,  at  first  in  partner- 
ship with  his  father,  but  he  afterwards 
handed  over  the  management  of  the  busi- 
ness to  his  eldest  son,  though  still  retain- 


198 


CHESTER  —  CHEYNE 


ing  an  interest  in  it.     In  1848  M.  Chesne- 
long  declared  at   a  public   meeting   that 
"the  republican  form  of  government  must 
be  regarded  as  the  only  possible  one  in  the 
present  and  in  the  future  by  all  men  who 
conscientiously  take  account  of  the  move- 
ment of   ideas  and  providential   progress 
of  facts."    However,  he  afterwards  changed 
his   sentiments,   and   in    1865   became   an 
official  candidate,   under  the  Empire,  for 
the  representation  of  the   second  circon- 
scription    of    the    Basses-Pyrenees.      His 
candidature  was  successful,   and  he  was 
re-elected  in  1869.      At   the   elections   of 
January  1872,  he   was  again  returned  to 
the   National   Assembly   for    the    Basses- 
Pyrenees,  and  he  took  his  seat  among  the 
monarchical    majority.      He   took    a   very 
prominent  part  in  the  monarchical  negotia- 
tions in  October  1873.     As  a  member  of 
the  Committee  of   Nine,  he  was  sent  to 
the  Comte  de  Chambord,  at  Salzburg,  in 
order  to  arrange  with  him  the  conditions 
of  a  monarchical  restoration.     M.  Chesne- 
long  took  back  a  satisfactory  account  of 
his  interview  with  the  Pretender,  and  pre- 
parations were  being  made  for  the  entry 
of  the  King  into  Paris  when  the  manifesto 
of  the  27th  of  October  cast  disorder  and 
carried  desolation  into  the  Legitimist  camp. 
At  the  general  elections  of  Feb.  20,  1876, 
he  was  again  chosen  as  Deputy  for   the 
arrondissement  of  Orthez,  but  the  Chamber 
invalidated   the    election,   and   when    M. 
Chesnelong   sought   the   suffrages   of   the 
electors  a  second  time  he   was   defeated 
by  his  Republican   opponent,   M.  Vignan- 
court    (May   21,    1876).      A    few    months 
later  (Nov.   24,   1876),   he   was   elected   a 
senator  for  life.     M.  Chesnelong  has  taken 
a   leading   part    in    all    Eoman    Catholic 
movements,   both   in   and   out   of   Parlia- 
ment.    He  accompanied  the  pilgrimage  to 
Paray-le-Monial,  in  honour  of  the  Sacred 
Heart,   and  he  subscribed  the  address  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Deputies  to  Pope  Pius 
IX.      He   was   President   of    the   general 
assemblies  of  the  Roman   Catholic  Com- 
mittees of  France,  held  at  Paris  in   1874 
and  1875.      He  is  Vice-President  of  the 
Conseil-General   of    the    Basses-Pyre'ne'es. 
Paris  address :  16  Rue  de  la  Bienfaisance. 

CHESTER,  Bishop  of.  See  Jayne, 
The  Right  Rev.  Fkancis  John. 

CHESTERFIELD,  Earl  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Edwyn  Francis  Scuda- 
more  Stanhope,  J.P.,  was  born  March  15, 
1854,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  10th 
Earl  in  1887.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1880.  He  acted  as  Treasurer  of  the 
Queen's  Household  from  1892  to  1894,  and 
was  Captain  of  the  Corps  of  Gentlemen- 


at-Arms  from  1894  to  1895.  He  is  Captain 
of  the  4th  Battalion  of  the  King's  (Shrop- 
shire) Light  Infantry.  Addresses  :  16 
Pont  Street,  S.W. ;  and  Holme  Lacy, 
Hereford. 

CHEVALIER,  Albert,  comedian  and 
music-hall  artiste,  is  the  son  of  a  former 
French  master  at  Kensington  Grammar 
School,  and  has  also  Irish  and  Welsh 
blood  in  his  veins.  He  early  gained  some 
success  as  an  amateur,  but  did  not  appear 
on  the  stage  until  1877,  when  he  acted, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Knight,  in 
"An  Unequal  Match"  at  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  Theatre,  under  the  Bancrofts.  , 
Later  he  was  with  Mr.  John  Hare  at  the 
Court.  In  February  1891  began  his  now 
famous  career  as  a  singer  of  "coster" 
songs,  the  scene  of  his  performance  being 
the  Pavilion  Music  Hall.  For  some  years 
his  manner  of  impersonating  the  London 
costermonger  was  the  rage.  He  is  said  to 
have  written  the  music  and  words  for  some 
forty  of  the  fifty  songs  in  his  repertoire, 
which,  in  its  way,  is  as  famous  as  Mr. 
Kipling's  "  Soldiers'  Three."  He  has  re- 
fused large  offers  from  theatrical  managers 
anxious  to  retain  his  services.  In  the 
autumn  of  1898  his  play,  "Tommy  Dodd," 
in  which  he  took  a  leading  part,  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Globe  Theatre. 

CHEYNE,     Professor      the     Rev. 
Thomas  Kelly,    M.A.,   D.D.,    youngest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Charles  Cheyne,  second 
master  of  Christ's  Hospital,  and  grandson 
of  the  Rev.  T.  Home,  author  of  the  once 
popular     theological     text-book     on     the 
"  Introduction   to    the    Holy   Scriptures," 
was  born  in  London,  Sept.  18,   1841,  and 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Worcester  College,  Oxford.     While  at  the 
University  he   obtained   the   Chancellor's 
Prize    for   an   English   Essay,    the    Pusey 
and  Ellerton  and  the  Kennicott  Hebrew 
Scholarships,     the     Johnson     Theological 
Scholarship,  and  the  Ellerton  prize  for  a 
Theological  Essay.  In  1864  he  was  admitted 
to  deacon's  and  in  1865  to  priest's  orders 
in  the   Church  of   England.     In  1869   he 
was  elected  Fellow  of  Balliol  College  for 
attainments    in    Biblical     criticism     and 
Semitic  philology,  and   became   the   first 
lecturer  in  Oxford  who  held  and  taught 
the  main  results  of  modern  Old  Testament 
criticism.    Soon  afterwards,  at  the  instance 
of  Professor  Jowett,  he  was  commissioned 
by    Messrs.    Eyre    and    Spottiswoode    to 
edit   the    Old   Testament   portion   of    the 
now  well-known   "Variorum  Bible,"  and 
selected  as  his  co-editor  the  present  Regius 
Professor  of  Hebrew  at  Oxford.     He  was 
also   a   member    of    the    Old    Testament 
Revision  Company,  and  contributed  many 
articles  on   Old   Testament    criticism    to 


CHEYNE  — CHI  LO  FENGLUH 


199 


the  latest  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopedia 
Britannica."  In  addition  to  this  and 
other  work  he  organised,  under  the  late 
Dr.  Appleton,  the  theological  department 
of  the  original  "Academy,"  which  section 
became  in  his  hands  an  organ  of  critical 
theology  as  understood  by  Continental 
scholars  and  their  like-minded  English 
colleagues.  The  publication  of  his  larger 
work  on  Isaiah  in  1880-81  foreshadowed 
the  new  movement  for  the  reconciliation 
of  criticism  and  an  enlightened  Church 
theology,  and  in  1881  he  gave  an  earnest 
of  his  revived  attachment  to  the  Church  by 
accepting  the  college  living  of  Tendring, 
Essex.  In  1884,  at  the  tercentenary  cele- 
bration of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  he 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  At  the  end  of 
1885  he  was  elected  to  the  Oriel  Professor- 
ship of  the  Interpretation  of  Holy  Scripture 
at  Oxford,  to  which  chair  a  canonry  in 
Kochester  Cathedral  is  attached.  Between 
November  1897  and  January  1898,  he 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  Jewish 
Religious  Life  in  Post-Exilic  Times  in  some 
of  the  chief  literary  and  academical  centres 
of  the  United  States  (in  the  press).  The 
object  of  these  was  to  help  to  bridge  over 
the  gulf  between  advanced  critics  and  the 
general  public.  Professor  Cheyne  is  the 
author  of  many  works  on  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, including,  "Notes  and  Criticisms 
on  the  Hebrew  Text  of  Isaiah,"  1869 ; 
"The  Book  of  Isaiah  Chronologically 
Arranged,"  1870 ;  "  The  Prophecies  of 
Isaiah,"  2  vols.,  1880-81,  3rd  edit.,  1885; 
"The  Books  of  Micah  and  Hosea,"  Cam- 
bridge Bible  for  Schools  and  Colleges, 
1882,  1884;  "Exposition  of  Jeremiah  and 
Lamentations,"  Pulpit  Commentary,  1883, 
1885;  "The  Book  of  Psalms,"  a  new 
version,  Parchment  Library,  1884;  "Job 
and  Solomon ;  or,  the  Wisdom  of  the 
Hebrews,"  1886;  "The  Book  of  Psalms;  a 
New  Translation  and  Commentary,"  1888  ; 
"  The  Life  and  Times  of  Jeremiah,"  1888  ; 
"  The  Hallowing  of  Criticism,"  1888;  "The 
Origin  and  Eeligious  Contents  of  the 
Psalter,"  1891  (Bampton  Lectures  for  1889) ; 
"Aids  to  the  Devout  Study  of  Criticism 
(I.  the  David  Narratives :  II.  The  Book  of 
Psalms),"  1892;  "Founders  of  Old  Testa- 
ment Criticism  "  (including  a  survey  of  the 
questions  in  debate  between  the  moderate 
and  advanced  schools  of  Old  Testament 
criticism),  1893;  "Introduction  to  the 
Book  of  Isaiah,"  1896  ;  and  the  translation 
of  Isaiah  in  the  "Polychrome  Bible,"  1898. 
The  introduction  to  the  work  on  "The 
Origin  of  the  Psalter "  contains  a  sketch 
of  Professor  Cheyne's  development  as  a 
critical  scholar,  which  was  called  for  by 
the  attacks  of  which  his  Bampton  Lectures 
were  the  object  during  and  after  their 
delivery.  His  position  as  a  Churchman 
may   be   understood    from    parts    of    the 


same  introduction,  and  from  his  two 
Church  Congress  papers  on  "Faith  and 
Criticism,"  reprinted  respectively  in  "Job 
and  Solomon,"  pp.  1-9,  and  "  Hallowing  of 
Criticism,"  pp.  183-207,  with  which  an 
article  on  "  Reform  in  the  Teaching  of  the 
Bible  "  [Contemporary  Review,  August  1890), 
may  be  compared,  Some  animadversions 
on  his  views  offered  by  Mr.  Gladstc  ne 
called  forth  a  detailed  reply  from  Pro- 
fessor Cheyne  in  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
December  1891  ("Ancient  Beliefs  in  Im- 
mortality ").  He  married  Frances  E.,  third 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  T.  R.  Godfrey, 
Fellow  of  Queen's,  Oxford,  and  Rector 
of  Stow  -  Bedon,  Norfolk.  Addresses  : 
South  Elms,  Oxford  ;  The  Precincts,  Ro- 
chester. 

CHEYNE,  William  Watson,  M.B., 
F.R.C.S.,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Surgery  at 
King's  College,  London,  was  born  in  the 
Shetland  Islands,  and  educated  in  Edin- 
burgh University,  in  the  Medical  School  of 
which  he  obtained  his  M.B.  and  CM.  with 
first-class  honours  in  1875.  He  studied 
also  in  Vienna,  Paris,  and  Strassburg,  and 
is  generally  considered  Lord  Lister's  most 
brilliant  pupil.  In  1879  he  became  F.R.C.S. 
of  England  ;  obtained  the  Syme  Surgical 
Fellowship  in  1877  ;  was  Boylston  Medical 
Prizeman  and  Gold  Medallist  in  1880; 
Jacksonian  Prizeman  in  1881 ;  Astley 
Cooper  Prizeman  in  1889.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  surgery  at  King's 
College,  London,  in  1880,  is  a  Surgeon  at 
King's  College  Hospital,  Surgeon  at  Pad- 
dington-Green  Children's  Hospital,  and 
Consulting  Surgeon  and  Surgeon  of  a 
number  of  other  institutions.  He  is  an 
Examiner  in  Surgery  at  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, has  examined  in  surgery  at  the 
Victoria  and  Edinburgh  Universities,  was 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1891  was  Hunterian 
Professor  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England.  He  is  author  of  "Antiseptic 
Surgery  :  its  Principles,  Practice,  History, 
and  Results ;  Treatment  of  Wounds,  Ulcers, 
and  Abscesses,"  1894  (new  edit.,  1898),  and 
other  valuable  and  standard  works  on 
surgical  subjects.  He  has  contributed 
"  Lectures  on  Tubercular  Diseases  of  Bones 
and  Joints  "  to  the  British  Medical  Journal, 
1890-92,  and  papers  to  the  Lancet.  Ad- 
dress :  75  Harley  Street,  W. 

CHICHESTER,    Bishop    of.      See 

wllberfokce,  the  right  rev.  ernest 
Roland. 

CHICHESTER,  Dean  of.  See  Ran- 
dall, The  Veky  Rev.  Richard  William. 

CHI  LO  FENGLUH.  See  Lo  Feng- 
luh. 


200 


CHINA  —  CHEEE 


CHINA,  Dowager-Empress  of.     See 

TZE-HSI. 


CHINA,  Emperor  of. 

Hsu. 


See  KWANG 


CHINNERY-HALDANE,  The 
Right  Rev.  James  Robert  Alexander, 
LL.B.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the 
Isles,  is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Alexander 
Haldane,  Barrister-at-Law,  heir  male  of  the 
family  of  Haldane  of  Gleneagies,  and  was 
born  on  Aug.  14,  1842,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  LL.B.,  1864,  and  D.D.,  1888. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1866,  and 
Priest  in  1867,  both  by  the  Bishop  of 
Salisbury  ;  and  after  serving  for  two  years 
as  Curate  under  the  Rev.  John  Duncan, 
Vicar  of  Calne,  he  became  Assistant  Curate 
of  All  Saints,  Edinburgh,  which  curacy  he 
held  for  about  seven  years.  He  was  after- 
wards incumbent  of  St.  Bride's,  Nether 
Lochaber,  1876 ;  Dean  of  Argyll  and  the 
Isles,  1881 ;  Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles, 
1883.  Among  his  publications  should  be 
mentioned,  "The  Scottish  Communicant," 
and  "The  Communicant's  Guide."  He 
married  in  1864  Anna  Elizabeth  Frances 
Margaretta,  only  child  and  heiress  of  Rev. 
Sir  Nicholas  Chinnery,  Bart.,  of  Flintville, 
co.  Cork,  when  he  assumed  the  additional 
name  of  Chinnery.  Address:  Ballachulish, 
N.B. 

CHIROL,  Valentine,  born  in  1852, 
and  educated  chiefly  in  France  and  Ger- 
many (Hachelier-es-lettres  of  the  University 
of  Paris),  was  appointed  in  1872  to  a  clerk- 
ship in  the  Foreign  Office,  which  he  re- 
signed in  1876.  He  has  travelled  extensively 
in  Oriental  countries,  and  has  been  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  leading  magazines 
and  newspapers.  In  1892  he  joined  the 
permanent  staff  of  the  Times.  He  is  the 
author  of  '"Twixt  Greek  and  Turk  "  (Black- 
wood, 1881),  and  of  "  The  Far  Eastern 
Question"  (Macmillan,  1895).  Address: 
59  St.  Ermin's  Mansions,  Westminster. 

CHITTY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Joseph  William,  K.B.,  is  the  second 
and  only  surviving  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Thomas  Chitty,  of  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
was  born  in  London  in  1828.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  won  the  Vinerian  Scholar- 
ship and  graduated  in  1851,  taking  a  first 
class  in  Classics.  Subsequently  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Exeter  College,  and 
proceeded  M.A.  in  1854.  At  college  he 
was  famous  as  an  oar,  and  was  thrice 
stroke  of  the  Oxford  boat.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1856,  and 
was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1874. 
Mr.  Chitty  for  some  years  enjoyed  a  very 


extensive  practice  in  the  Rolls  Court,  of 
which  he  was  the  leader.  He  was  formerly 
a  Major  in  the  Inns  of  Court  Volunteers. 
To  the  general  public,  however,  Mr.  Chitty's 
name  was  once  most  familiarly  known  in 
his  capacity  as  umpire  at  the  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  boat  race,  which  post  he  filled 
for  some  years.  He  entered  Parliament 
at  the  General  Election  of  1880  as  one 
of  the  Liberal  members  for  Oxford.  In 
September  1881  he  was  appointed  a  Judge 
of  the  Chancery  Division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  in  place  of  Sir  George 
Jessel,  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  who  had 
been  transferred  to  the  Court  of  Appeal. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  received  the  cus- 
tomary honour  of  knighthood.  In  January 
1897  he  was  appointed  a  Lord  Justice  of 
the  Court  of  Appeal,  and  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council.  He  married  in  1858 
Clara  Jessie,  sixth  daughter  of  the  late 
Right  Hon.  Sir  Frederick  Pollock.  Ad- 
dresses :  33  Queen's  Gate  Gardens,  W. ; 
and  Athenseum. 

CHOATE,  Joseph  Hodges,  American 
lawyer,  Ambassador  to  the  Court  of  St. 
James's,  was  born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
Jan.  24,  1832,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
University  in  1852.  He  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Massachusetts 
in  1855,  and  in  New  York  in  1856,  where 
he  has  since  practised  his  profession,  and 
has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Bar  there.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Con- 
vention to  revise  the  Constitution  of  the 
State  of  New  York  in  1894.  He  has  argued 
many  important  cases,  notably  that  in- 
volving the  constitutionality  of  the  provi- 
sions of  the  income  tax  in  the  tariff  law 
of  1894,  in  which  case  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States  upheld  his  contention 
that  the  income  tax  could  not  be  collected, 
but  leaving  the  remainder  of  the  tariff 
law  in  force.  Mr.  Choate  in  1898  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  Mr.  Hay  as  United 
States  ambassador  to  Great  Britain.  He 
arrived  in  England  on  March  1,  1899. 

CHREE,  Charles,  was  born  in  1860, 
at  the  Manse,  Lintrathen,  Forfarshire, 
being  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
Chree,  D.D.,  minister  of  Lintrathen,  and 
his  wife,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  W.  Bain, 
Kirkwall,  Orkney.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  home,  and  at  the  Grammar 
School,  Old  Aberdeen  ;  entered  Aberdeen 
University  in  October  1875,  and  during  his 
career  there  obtained  many  class  prizes ; 
graduated  in  the  spring  of  1879  with  first- 
class  honours  in  Mathematics,  obtaining 
the  Simpson  Mathematical  Prize,  the  gold 
medal  awarded  annually  to  the  most  dis- 
tinguished graduate  in  Arts,  and  later 
in  the  year  the  Fullerton  Mathematical 
Scholarship  ;  entered  King's  College,  Cam- 


CHRISTIAN  IX. 


201 


bridge,  in  October  1879 ;  was  elected  to  a 
foundation  scholarship  in  1880,  and  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1883,  being  bracketed  sixth 
■wrangler ;  obtained  a  first  division  in  the 
third  part  of  the  Mathematical  Tripos,  and 
a  first  class  (in  Physics)  in  the  second  part 
of  the  Natural  Sciences  Tripos  ;  was  elected 
Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1885,  and  re-elected  five  years  later  as 
"Research"  Fellow;  appointed  Superin- 
tendent of  Kew  Observatory  in  1893.  Mr. 
Chree  has  written  upwards  of  forty  ori- 
ginal papers  on  Mathematics  and  Physics. 
His  principal  mathematical  papers  have 
dealt  with  the  theory  of  Elasticity  and  its 
applications  to  Engineering,  to  theories 
of  the  Earth,  and  to  Seismology.  They 
have  appeared  at  intervals  since  1885  in 
the  Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the 
Cambridge  Philosophical  Society,  the  Quar- 
terly Journal  of  Pure  and  Applied  Mathe- 
matics, the  Philosophical  Magazine,  the 
American  Journal  of  Mathematics,  and  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  prin- 
cipal physical  investigations  have  treated 
of  the  conduction  of  heat  in  liquids,  the 
magnetic  properties  of  cobalt,  thermo- 
metry, terrestrial  magnetism,  and  atmos- 
pheric electricity.  They  have  been  de- 
scribed in  the  publications  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Cambridge  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, and  the  British  Association,  and  in 
the  Philosophical  Magazine,  Mr.  Chree  is 
M.A.  and  LL.D.  of  Aberdeen,  M.A.  and 
Sc.D.  of  Cambridge ;  he  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  and 
the  Physical  Society  of  London,  and  was 
elected'an  F.R.S.  in  1897.  Official  address : 
Kew  Observatory,  Richmond,  Surrey. 

CHRISTIAN  IX.,  King  of  Den- 
mark, fourth  son  of  the  late  Duke  William 
of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonclerburg-Gliicks- 
burg,  was  born  April  8,  1818.  Before  his 
accession  to  the  crown  he  was  Inspector- 
General  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Danish  Cavalry.  The  succession  was 
vested  in  him  by  the  protocol  of  London, 
May  8,  1852,  and  he  ascended  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  Frederic  VII.,  Nov.  15, 
1863.  On  his  accession  the  position  of 
affairs  with  respect  to  Schleswig-Holstein 
was  completely  changed.  The  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Augustenburg  immediately  laid 
claim  to  the  sovereignty  of  the  duchies, 
although  his  father  had  for  a  compensa- 
tion resigned  all  his  rights  in  1852.  The 
independence  of  Holstein  more  especially, 
and  of  a  portion  of  Schleswig,  was  warmly 
espoused  by  the  German  Diet,  which  forth- 
with ordered  the  advance  of  a  Federal 
army  to  occupy  the  debatable  territory, 
for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  its  enfran- 
chisement from  Danish  rule.  Before 
matters  had  proceeded  far,  Austria  and 
Prussia  determined  to  interfere,  and  by  a 


combined  armed  occupation  of  the  dis- 
puted territory  to  bring  the  question  to 
an  issue  independently  of  the  Diet,  and  in 
opposition  to  the  wishes  of  that  body. 
They  accordingly  invaded  the  duchies, 
which,  after  a  hotly  contested  campaign, 
they  succeeded  in  wresting  from  Denmark, 
also  taking  temporary  possession  of  Jut- 
land. Christian  IX.,  disappointed  in  not 
obtaining  assistance  from  some  European 
power,  after  the  failure  of  the  conference 
convened  in  London  in  1864 — which  failure 
was  in  some  measure  attributable  to  the 
obstinacy  of  the  Danish  Government — 
entered  into  negotiations  for  peace  with 
Prussia  and  Austria,  and  a  treaty  was 
signed  at  Vienna  Oct.  30,  1864.  The  King 
of  Denmark  renounced  all  his  rights  to 
Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lauenburg,  and  in 
1866  the  two  German  powers  quarrelled 
over  the  spoil.  Since  then  His  Majesty 
has  sought  to  develop  the  interior  re- 
sources and  popular  institutions  of  his 
country.  A  new  constitution  was  inaugu- 
rated in  November  1866,  when  the  King 
opened  the  first  Rigsdag,  the  members  of 
which  were  elected  in  accordance  with 
the  new  electoral  law.  The  army  and 
navy  have  also  been  thoroughly  reorga- 
nised, agriculture  and  commerce  have  re- 
ceived a  great  stimulus,  and  several  rail- 
ways have  been  constructed.  In  spite 
of  this,  however,  the  social  state  of  the 
country  is  far  from  satisfactory  ;  the  hos- 
tility between  the  leaders  of  the  people 
and  the  Court  party  is  intense,  and  the 
Crown  is  by  no  means  universally  popular. 
Christian  IX.  and  the  late  Queen  Louise 
visited  the  Princess  of  Wales  at  Marl- 
borough House,  London,  in  March  1867. 
The  marriage  of  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Denmark  with  the  Princess  Louisa,  daugh- 
ter of  the  King  of  Sweden,  at  Stockholm, 
on  July  28,  1869,  was  hailed  as  a  pledge 
of  union  between  the  two  countries.  His 
Majesty  granted  a  new  constitution  to 
Iceland,  which  came  into  operation  in 
August  1874,  that  being  the  thousandth 
year  of  Iceland's  existence  as  a  nation. 
He  went  to  Reikiajvik  on  the  occasion 
of  the  anniversary  being  celebrated,  and 
on  his  return  paid  a  flying  visit  to  Leith 
and  Edinburgh,  Aug.  18, 1874.  He  visited 
the  Emperor  William  II.  of  Germany  at 
Berlin  in  August  1888,  and  in  the  autumn 
of  1889  was  visited  by  the  Emperor 
of  Russia  and  his  family.  In  1842  King 
Christian  married  the  Princess  Louise, 
daughter  of  the  Landgrave  William  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  by  whom  he  has  had  six 
children,  and  among  them  the  Crown 
Prince  Frederick,  the  King  of  Greece,  Her 
Royal  Highness  the  Princess  Alexandra  of 
Wales,  and  the  Princess  Dagmar,  married 
to  the  late  Tsar  Alexander  III.  of  Russia. 
On  July  22,  1896,  the  second  son  of  the 


202 


CHRISTIAN  —  CHURCH 


Crown  Prince  of  Denmark,  Prince  Charles, 
married  Princess  Maud  of  Wales.  On  May 
26,  1892,  the  King  and  Queen  of  Denmark 
celebrated  their  golden  wedding  amid 
many  demonstrations  of  loyalty  and  popu- 
lar rejoicing.  They  were  present  at  the 
marriage  of  the  Duke  of  York  and  Princess 
May  of  Teck  in  July  1893.  The  Queen  of 
Denmark  died,  greatly  lamented,  in  the 
autumn  of  1898. 

CHRISTIAN,  Prince,  His  Royal 
Highness  Frederick-Christian- 
Charles-Augustus,  Prince  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein-Sonderburg,  KG.,  born 
Jan.  22,  1831,  married  July  5,  1866,  Helena 
Augusta  Victoria,  Princess  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland.  Prince  Christian  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Royal  Highness  by 
command  of  Her  Majesty,  and  was  made 
a  Knight  of  the  Garter  in  July  1866.  He 
is  on  the  active  list  of  Generals  in  the 
British  Army,  is  a  personal  Aide-de-Camp 
to  the  Queen,  and  is  Ranger  of  Windsor 
Park. 

CHRISTIAN,  Princess,  Her  Royal 
Highness  Helena  Augusta  Victoria, 
Princess  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, and  the  Duchess  of  Saxony, 
third  daughter  of  Her  Majesty  Queen 
Victoria,  was  born  May  25,  1846,  and 
married  at  Windsor  Castle  July  5,  1866,  to 
His  Royal  Highness  Frederick-Christian- 
Charles-Augustus,  Prince  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein  -  Sonderburg  -  Augustenburg,  and 
has  five  children,  viz.,  Christian  V.  (see 
under  Schleswig-Holstein,  H.H.  Prince 
Christian  Victor  A.  L.  E.  A.  of),  born 
April  14,  1867;  Albert  J.,  born  Feb.  26, 
1869;  Victoria  L.,  born  May  3,  1870; 
Louise  A.,  born  Aug.  12,  1872,  and  mar- 
ried on  July  6,  1891,  to  Prince  Aribert  of 
Anhalt ;  and  Harold,  who  was  born  and 
died  in  May  1876.  On  Her  Royal  High- 
ness's  marriage  a  dower  of  £30,000  and  an 
annuity  of  £6000  was  granted  to  her  by 
Parliament.  The  Princess  is  a  Member  of 
the  Royal  Order  of  Victoria  and  Albert 
(1st  Class),  and  a  Lady  of  the  Imperial 
Order  of  the  Crown  of  India,  and  of 
the  Royal  Red  Cross,  &c.  She  is  well 
known  for  her  active  interest  in  every 
kind  of  philanthropic  movement.  Prin- 
cess Christian  takes  a  warm  interest  in 
nurses  and  the  nursing  profession,  and  she 
has  been  President  of  the  Royal  British 
Nurses'  Association  for  many  years.  She 
is  moreover  a  prominent  patroness  of  the 
National  Health  Society.  The  Princess  is 
an  accomplished  musician,  and  with  her 
daughter  frequently  attends  the  practices 
of  the  Windsor  Madrigal  Society. 

CHRISTIE,   William    Henry   Ma- 
honey,  C.B.,  F.R.S.,  P.R.A.S.,  Astronomer- 


Royal,  was  born  at  Woolwich  in  1845,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Professor  S.  H. 
Christie,  F.R.S.  He  was  educated  at 
King's  College  School,  London,  and  Tri- 
nity College,  Cambridge,  and  became  a 
Fellow  of  his  College.  He  graduated  B.A. 
1868  as  fourth  wrangler  ;  was  appointed 
in  1870  Chief  Assistant  at  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich.  On  Sir  G.  B. 
Airy's  retirement  in  1881  Mr.  Christie 
was  appointed  Astronomer-Royal.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  "Manual  of  Elementary 
Astronomy,"  and  has  contributed  valuable 
papers  to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  Fellow 
in  1881,  and  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  Fellow 
in  1871.  Address  ;  Royal  Observatory, 
Greenwich. 

CHRISTINA,   Queen-Regent  of 
Spain.    See  Makia  Christina. 

CHURCH,  The  Rev.  Alfred  John, 

M.A.,  born  in  London,  Jan.  29,  1829,  third 
son  of  John  Thomas  Church,  solicitor,  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1851  (second  class  in  Lit.  Hum.). 
He  was  ordained   in   1853,   and  held  the 
curacy  of  Charlton,  Malmesbury,  till  the 
end   of   1856.      He   was   successively  As- 
sistant  Master   at   the   Royal   Institution 
School,  Liverpool,  and  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  London,  1857-70;  and  Head 
Master  of  Henley,  1870-72;  and  of  Retford 
Grammar  Schools,  1873-80.      In   1880  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Latin  at 
University   College,   London  ;   this  he  re- 
signed  in    1889.      From   1892-97  he  was 
Rector  of  Ashley,  Tetbury,  Wilts.     He  has 
published,  in  conjunction  with  the  Rev.  W. 
J.  Brodribb,  a  translation  of   "Tacitus," 
1862-77,   and  of   Livy,   xxi.-xxv.,  an  edi- 
tion of  "  Select  Letters  of  Pliny,  and  Pliny 
the  Younger,"  in   "Blackwood's  Ancient 
Classics    for    English    Readers,"    "Taci- 
tus," in  "  Macmillan's  Series  of  Literature 
Primers,"  and  editions  of  "Tacitus,  Annals 
VI."  and   "Agricola"  and   "Germania." 
He  contributed    "Ovid"   to  Blackwood's 
series  above  mentioned,  and  is  conductor 
of  "Seeley's  Cheap  School  Books,"  several 
of  which   come  from    his  pen.      He  also 
edited,   in   1868,   a   collection   of   transla- 
tions   from    Tennyson    into    Latin   verse, 
under  the  title  of  "  Hora  Tennysonianse." 
But  the  works  by  which  he  is  best  known 
are  a  series  of  volumes  which  aim  at  popu- 
larising some  of  the  great  Greek  and  Latin 
classics.    "  Stories  from  Homer  "  appeared 
in  1877,  and  were  followed  by  "  Stories 
from  Virgil,"   "  Stories  from   the   Greek 
Tragedians,"    "Stories    from    the    East," 
"  The  Story  of  the  Persian  War,"  "  Stories 
j  from  Livy,"  "Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of 


CHURCH  —  CLAIRMONTE 


203 


Cicero,"  "A  Traveller's  True  Tale,  after 
Lucian."  "The  Story  of  Jerusalem, "  and 
"Heroes  and  Kings,"  belong  to  the  same 
series.  Other  books  for  the  young  written 
by  him  are  "The  Chantry  Priest  of  Bar- 
net"  ;  "With  the  King  at  Oxford"  ;  "Two 
Thousand  Years  Ago  :  or,  the  Adventures 
of  a  Roman  Boy  "  ;  "  Lord  of  the  World,"  a 
tale  of  the  fall  of  Carthage  and  Corinth  ; 
"  Stories  of  the  Magicians  "  ;  and  "  To  the 
Lions!"  a] tale  of  the  early  Church.  He 
has  also  written  "Carthage"  and  "Early 
Britain,"  in  Messrs  G.  P.  Putnam  &  Sons' 
"  Series  of  the  Story  of  the  Nations." 
Mr.  Church  obtained  in  1884,  at  Oxford, 
the  prize  for  a  poem  on  a  sacred  sub- 
ject. The  subject  was  "  The  Sea  of 
Galilee."  Permanent  address  :  The  Wil- 
derness, Cleveden. 

CHURCH,  Arthur  Herbert,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  F.  C.S. ,  fourth  and  youngest  son  of 
the  late  John  Thomas  Church,  solicitor, 
of  Bedford  Row,  was  born  June  2,  1834, 
educated  at  King's  College  and  the  Royal 
College  of  Chemistry,  London,  and  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  first  class  in 
Natural  Science  School,  Oxford;  B.A. 
1860,  M.A.  1863;  has  been  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts 
in  London  since  1879  ;  Lecturer  on  Or- 
ganic Chemistry  at  Cooper's  Hill  College 
since  1888.  He  was  formerly,  1863-79, 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural College,  Cirencester.  Mr.  Church 
is  the  discoverer  of  Turacin,  an  animal 
pigment  containing  copper,  and  of  several 
new  mineral  species,  including  the  only 
British  cerium  mineral.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Precious  Stones,"  1883;  "English 
Earthenware,"  1884  ;  "English  Porcelain," 
1886;  "The  Laboratory  Guide  for  Agri- 
cultural Students,"  6th  edit.  1888;  "Food 
Grains  of  India,"  1886;  "Colour,"  2nd 
edit.  1887;  "Food,"  2nd  edit.  1889,  &c; 
also  of  researches  on  Vegetable  Albinism, 
on  Colein  or  Erythrophyll,  on  Aluminium 
in  Vascular  Cryptogams,  &c.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society 
in  1856  ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1888.    Address  :  Shelsley,  Kew  Gardens. 

CHURCH,  Frederic  Edwin,  an 
American  artist,  was  born  at  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  May  4,  1826.  He  early  deve- 
loped a  fondness  for  art,  and  became  a 
pupil  of  Thomas  Cole.  Among  his  first 
notable  works  were  some  views  in  the 
Catskill  Mountains.  He  visited  South 
America  in  1853,  and  again  in  1857,  and 
on  his  return  from  his  second  visit  finished 
his  great  picture,  "The  Heart  of  the 
Andes."  In  1857  he  completed  a  large 
painting,  "The  Great  Fall,  Niagara," 
which  at  once  gave  him  a  high  rank 
among  landscape  artists.      This  was  fol- 


lowed in  1868  by  "Niagara"  (a  still 
larger  painting,  comprising  both  Falls), 
which  was  exhibited  both  in  England  and 
in  the  United  States.  He  has  since  painted 
"  Cotopaxi,"  "Morning,"  "  On  the  Cordil- 
leras," "  Under  Niagara,"  "  The  Icebergs," 
"Sunset  on  Mount  Desert  Island,"  and 
"Moonlight  under  the  Tropics."  In  1868 
he  visited  Europe  and  the  Holy  Land. 
Among  the  paintings  inspired  by  this  visit 
are  "Damascus,"  1869;  "Jerusalem," 
1870;  and  "  The  Parthenon,"  1871.  His 
"Tropical  Scenery,"  painted  from  sketches 
made  during  a  trip  in  the  West  Indies, 
was  exhibited  in  New  York  in  1873.  He 
has  been  an  Academician  since  1849. 
Among  the  more  important  of  his  later 
productions  are  "  iEgean  Sea,"  1875 ; 
"Syria  by  the  Sea,"  1876;  "Morning 
in  the  Tropics,"  1877  ;  "  The  Monas- 
tery," 1878;  "Valley  of  Santa  Marta," 
1879. 

CHURCH,  William  Selby,  M.D.,  was 

born  Dec.  4,  1837,  at  Woodside,  Hatfield, 
Herts,  and  was  the  second  son  of  John 
Church  of  that  place,  and  Isabella,  daughter 
of  George  Selby  of  Twizell  House,  North- 
umberland. He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1S60,  after  obtaining  a  first  class  in  the 
Natural  Science  School.  He  was  elected 
Dr.  Lee's  Reader  in  Anatomy  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1860;  took  the  M.B. 
degree  in  1864,  and  the  M.D.  in  1868.  'He 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  of  London  in  1870 ;  was 
Harveian  Orator  of  that  College  in  1895, 
and  Senior  Censor  in  1896.  He  has  been 
the  representative  for  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  the  General  Council  of  Medi- 
cal Education  since  1889.  After  holding 
several  junior  posts  in  the  Medical  School 
of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Physician  in  1867,  and 
became  Physician  to  the  Hospital  in  1875. 
He  is  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Royal 
General  Dispensary,  to  which  he  was  for- 
merly Physician,  and  he  was  also  Assistant 
Physician  to  the  City  of  London  Hospital 
for  Diseases  of  the  Chest.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  article  on  "  Acute  Rheuma- 
tism "  in  Allbutt's  "  System  of  Medicine," 
1897  ;  and  of  various  papers  in  the  "  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  Reports,"  and 
other  journals.  Dr.  Church  is  a  J.  P.  for 
Hertfordshire,  and  a  member  of  the  Hat- 
field Rural  District  Council.  Addresses  : 
130  Harley  Street,  W.  ;  and  Woodside, 
Hatfield,  Herts. 

CLAIRMONTE,   Mrs.  Egerton 

("George  Egerton"),  was  born  at  Mel- 
bourne, Australia,  and  is  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Captain  John  J.  Dunne, 
Queen's  County,  Ireland,  and  Isabel  George 


204 


CLANCY  —  CLAEETIE 


Bynon,  Glamorganshire.  She  married  (1), 
in  1888,  H.  W.  Melville,  Esq.,  who  died  in 
1889 ;  and  (2),  in  1891,  Egerton  Clair- 
monte,  Esq.,  eldest  son  of  Adolphus  J. 
Clairmonte,  of  Lakelands,  Nova  Scotia. 
She  was  educated  privately,  and  was  ori- 
ginally intended  for  an  artist.  Family 
affairs,  however,  stood  in  the  way,  and 
prevented  her  from  following  this  career. 
She  has  been  a  great  traveller,  having 
visited  the  United  States,  South  America, 
and  most  of  the  countries  of  Europe.  Her 
publications  are  :  "  Keynotes,"  1893  ;  "  Dis- 
cords," 1894 ;  "  Young  Ofig's  Ditties,"  1895 ; 
"Symphonies,"  "Fantasies,"  1897;  "The 
Wheel  of  God,"  1898.  Addresses  :  5  Danes 
Inn,  Strand,  W.C.  ;  and  Milford,  near 
Witley,  Surrey. 

CLANCY,  John  Joseph,  M.A.,  M.P., 
son  of  William  Clancy,  of  Carragh,  was 
born  in  Galway  on  July  15,  1847,  and  was 
educated  at  the  College  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception,  Athlone,  at  Queen's  College, 
Galway,  and  at  the  Boyal  University  of  Ire- 
land, where  he  graduated  with  honours  in 
Classics.  After  spending  three  years  as 
Classical  Master  of  the  Holy  Cross  School, 
Tralee,  be  became,  in  1870,  assistant  editor 
of  the  Nation,  remaining  on  the  staff  of 
that  journal  till  1885.  He  was  called  to 
the  Irish  Bar  in  1887,  acted  as  editor  of 
the  Irish  Press  Agency  in  England  from 
1886  to  1890,  and  has  been  a  member  of 
the  staff  of  the  Irish  Daily  Independent 
since  1891.  He  has  represented  the  North- 
ern Division  of  Dublin  county,  as  a  Par- 
nellite  Member,  in  the  House  of  Commons 
since  1885.  Mr.  Clancy  has  written  a  good 
many  political  pamphlets,  and  has  pub- 
lished various  essays  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  the  Fortnightly  Review,  and  the 
Contemporary  Review.  Address  :  53  Rutland 
Square,  Dublin. 

CLANWILLIAM,  Earl  of,  Sir 
Richard  James  Meade,  Bart.,  G.C.B., 
K.C.M.G.,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  is  the 
son  of  the  3rd  Earl  by  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  the  11th  Earl  of  Pembroke,  and  was 
born  on  Oct.  3,  1832.  He  entered  the 
Navy  in  1845,  and  was  promoted  Lieutenant 
in  1852.  In  that  rank  his  Lordship  served 
in  H.M.S.  Irnpirieuse,  which  was  employed 
during  1854  in  blockading  the  Gulf  of 
Finland.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
received  the  Baltic  medal.  In  1857  he 
proceeded  to  China,  and  took  part  in  the 
destruction  of  the  Chinese  fleet  at  Escape 
Creek,  and  also  the  destruction  of  the 
Fatshau  flotilla.  At  the  capture  of  Canton 
his  arm  was  broken  by  a  gingal  ball,  and 
he  was  specially  mentioned  in  despatches 
for  various  services.  He  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Commander,  and  received  the 
China  medal  with  two  clasps.     His  Lord- 


ship was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Queen  in  1872,  holding  that  appointment 
until  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Rear-Ad- 
miral in  1876.  The  following  year  he  was 
created  a  C.B.  He  was  also  a  Lord  Com- 
missioner of  the  Admiralty  from  1874  to 
1880,  when  he  hoisted  his  flag  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  a  flying  squadron. 
H.M.S.  Baccliante,  in  which  were  the  late 
Duke  of  Clarence  and  the  Duke  of  York, 
formed  part  of  that  fleet,  and  after  a  cruise 
of  about  two  years,  during  which  time 
many  parts  of  the  world  were  visited  for 
the  benefit  of  the  two  princes,  the  squadron 
returned  to  England  and  was  dismissed. 
Lord  Clanwilliam  was  created  a  K.C.M.G. 
in  commemoration  of  the  cruise.  He  was 
appointed  Commander-in-Chief  on  the 
North  American  Station  in  1885,  and  also 
held  the  Portsmouth  command  from  1891 
to  1894.  His  Lordship  is  a  Commissioner 
of  the  Patriotic  Fund,  and  an  F.R.G.S. 
He  married  the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir 
Arthur  Kennedy,  late  Governor  of  Queens- 
land, in  1867,  and  his  son  and  heir,  Lord 
Gillford,  is  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  Addresses :  32  Belgrave  Square, 
S.W.  ;  and  Gill  Hall,  Dromore,  co.  Down. 

CLARETIE,  Jules  Arsene  Arnaud, 

a  French  writer,  was  born  at  Limoges,  Dec. 
3,  1840,  and  was  educated  in  the  Lyc^e 
Bonaparte  at  Paris.  Adopting  literature 
as  a  profession,  he  contributed  a  very  large 
number  of  articles  to  various  French  and 
Belgian  journals,  including  La  Patrie,  La 
France,  La  Revue  Francaise,  Le  Figaro,  and 
L' Independence  Beige.  In  1866  he  followed 
in  Italy  the  campaign  against  Austria,  in 
the  capacity  of  correspondent  of  L'Avenir 
Natimial.  Two  series  uf  lectures,  delivered 
by  him  in  Paris  in  1865  and  1868,  were 
interdicted  by  the  Imperial  authorities. 
In  1869  he  was  condemned  to  pay  a  fine 
of  1000  francs  for  having  described,  in  Le 
Figaro,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Candide," 
the  double  execution  of  Martin,  called 
Bidoure',  by  order  of  the  Prefect  Pastour- 
eau,  in  the  department  of  the  Var.  In 
the  following  year  he  succeeded  M.  Frau- 
cisque  Sarcey  as  dramatic  critic  of  L'Opin- 
ion  Nationale,  and  subsequently  he  followed 
the  French  army  to  Metz,  and  sent  letters 
from  the  seat  of  war  to  L'Opinion  Nation- 
ale,  V Illustration  and  Le  Rappel.  After 
the  fall  of  the  Empire  he  was  appointed 
by  M.  Gambetta  to  the  post  of  secretary 
of  the  Commission  of  the  papers  of  the 
Tuileries  ;  but  he  soon  resigned  that  office, 
and  he  was  next  charged  by  M.  Etienne 
Arago,  Mayor  of  Paris,  with  the  duty  of  or- 
ganising a  library  and  lecture-hall  in  each 
of  the  twenty  arrondissements  of  Paris. 
For  a  very  short  time  he  commanded 
the  second  battalion  of  the  volunteers  of 
the  National  Guard,  which  was  dissolved 


CLAEK 


205 


by  General  Cle'ment  Thomas  when  those 
volunteers  were  replaced  by  the  mobilised 
National  Guards.  M.  Jules  Claretie  was 
present  at  nearly  all  the  engagements 
which  took  place  under  the  walls  of  Paris  ; 
and  on  Jan.  20,  1871,  in  the  capacity  of  an 
officer  of  the  staff,  he  negotiated  with  the 
aide-de-camp  of  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Prussia  the  truce  which  gave  an  oppor- 
tunity for  removing  the  dead  from  the 
field  of  battle  at  Buzenval.  At  the  general 
elections  of  Feb.  8,  1871,  he  stood  as  a 
candidate  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Vienne,  in  the  Republican  interest ;  but, 
being  unsuccessful,  he  resumed  his  jour- 
nalistic and  literary  pursuits.  He  has 
published  thirty  or  forty  volumes  of 
causeries,  history,  and  fiction,  of  which  the 
most  celebrated  are:  "  Une  Dr61esse," 
1862;  " L'Assassin,"  1866;  "La  Libre 
Parole,"  1868  :  "  La  Debacle,"  1871  ; 
"Paris  Assiege,"  1871;  "Portraits  Con- 
temporains,"  1875;  "Le  Troisieme  Des- 
sous,"  1878  ;  "Le  Drapeau,"  1879  ;  "Mon- 
sieur le  Ministre,"  1881  ;  "  Le  Prince 
Zilah,"  1884;  "La  Cigarette,"  1890;  and 
'  Le  Million."  On  the  death  of  M.  Perrin, 
M.  Claretie  was  appointed  Director  of  the 
Theatre  Frangais,  1885,  and  in  the  summer 
of  1893  brought  the  company  of  the  theatre 
to  London,  where  a  successful  season  was 
inaugurated  at  Drury  Lane.  A  poem  by 
M.  Claretie,  commemorative  of  this  un- 
usual artistic  event,  was  distributed  in  the 
theatre  at  the  first-night  representation. 
M.  Claretie  was  created  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1887,  and  Commander  in  1894, 
and  elected  into  the  Academic  Francaise  in 
1889,  where  he  succeeded  Cuvillier  Fleury. 
His  Paris  address  is  10  Kue  de  Douai. 

CLARK,  Charles  E.,  United  States 
naval  officer,  was  born  in  Vermont,  Sept. 
29,  1840.  He  finished  his  education  at  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy,  which  he 
entered  Sept.  29,  1860 ;  became  Acting 
Ensign  Oct.  1,  1863  ;  Master,  May  10,  1866  ; 
Lieutenant,  Feb.  21,  1867 ;  Lieutenant- 
Commander,  March  12, 1868  ;  Commander, 
Nov.  15,  1881  ;  and  Captain,  June  21,1896. 
Early  in  March  1898  he  was  in  command 
of  the  battleship  Oregon  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  and  received 
orders  to  take  his  ship  to  the  North  Atlan- 
tic Station.  He  took  her  through  the 
Straits  of  Magellan  and  up  the  Atlantic 
coast,  touching  at  Callao,  Peru,  Punta 
Arenas,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Barbadoes, 
and  arrived  at  Key  West,  Florida,  May  26, 
with  his  ship  in  perfect  order  and  ready  to 
go  on  duty  at  once,  after  a  journey  of  over 
14,000  miles.  His  vessel  performed  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  battle  of  July  3,  1898, 
in  which  the  American  fleet  destroyed 
entirely  the  Spanish  fleet  commanded  by 
Admiral  Cervera. 


CLARK,  Edwin  Charles,  LL.D.   of 

Cambridge,  F.S.A.  ;  Barrister-at-Law  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  Regius  Professor  of  Civil 
Law,  Cambridge  ;  late  Professor  of  Roman 
Law  to  the  London  Council  of  Legal 
Education  ;  Present  Fellow  of  St.  John's, 
and  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  born  in  1835  at  Ellinthorp 
Hall,  Boroughbridge,  Yorkshire  ;  educated 
at  Richmond  School,  Yorkshire,  Shrews- 
bury School,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  7th  Senior  Optime  in 
Mathematical  Tripos,  Senior  Classic,  and 
Senior  Chancellor's  Medallist  (Classical), 
1858.  His  publications  are:  "Early 
Roman  Law,"  1872;  "An  Analysis  of 
Criminal  Liability,"  1880;  "Practical 
Jurisprudence,"  1883  ;  "  Cambridge  Legal 
Studies,"  1888  ;  and  various  papers  pub- 
lished by  the  Royal  Archaeological  In- 
stitute, and  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian 
Society.  Address  :  Newnham  House,  Cam- 
bridge. 

CLARK,  Latimer,  C.E.,  F.R.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  M.I.C.E.,  Past  President  of  the 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  and 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  d'Honneur,  was 
born  at  Great  Marlow,  in  Buckingham- 
shire on  March  10,  1822,  and  in  the  year 
1847  he  commenced  railway  surveying,  and 
his  brother,  Mr.  Edwin  Clark,  who  had 
been  engaged  in  making  a  number  of  ex- 
periments preliminary  to  the  construction 
of  the  Britannia  Tubular  Bridge  across 
the  Menai  Strait,  having  been  appointed 
Superintending  Engineer  of  that  great 
work,  Mr.  Latimer  Clark  became  his 
Assistant  Engineer,  and  afterwards  pub- 
lished a  small  work  entitled,  "  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Britannia  and  Conway  Tubular 
Bridges,"  which  has  run  through  several 
editions.  In  1850  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Electric  Telegraph  Company  as 
Assistant  Engineer,  under  bis  brother. 
He  afterwards  became  their  Engineer-in- 
Chief  and  Consulting  Engineer,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  the  General  Post 
Office  finally  took  over  the  telegraphs  in 
January  1870.  In  the  year  1853  he  made 
a  long  series  of  researches  on  the  subject 
of  the  underground  telegraph  wires,  the 
results  of  which  were  afterwards  fully  set 
forth  in  the  Government  Report,  issued 
in  1861,  on  Submarine  Telegraph  Cables. 
In  the  course  of  the  experiments  he  was 
the  first  to  witness  the  retardation  of 
electric  signals  in  submarine  lines,  and  to 
demonstrate  that  currents  of  low  tension 
travel  as  fast  as  those  of  high  tension.  At 
the  request  of  Professor  Airy,  the  late 
Astronomer-Royal,  some  of  these  experi- 
ments were  repeated  before  Professor 
Faraday,  and  formed  the  subject  of  a 
leeture  at  the  Royal  Institution,  delivered 
in  January  1854.     They  are  fully  described 


206 


CLARKE 


in  Faraday's  "  Experimental  Researches." 
He  also  aided  Professor  Airy  in  the  simul- 
taneous announcement  of  time  through- 
out the  country,  and  assisted  in  magnetic 
research,  and  in  1857  was  the  means  of 
affording  the  interesting  information  that 
during  a  display  of  Aurora  Borealis  the 
magnetic  needles  were  strongly  affected 
by  the  magnetic  storm  of  which  this 
northern  light  is  a  sign.  He  wrote  to  the 
Astronomer  Koyal  suggesting  that  mag- 
netic observatories  should  be  furnished 
with  wires  stretching  out  towards  the 
four  cardinal  points,  to  act  as  feelers  for 
electric  currents.  This  suggestion  has 
since  been  acted  upon,  with  valuable  results 
to  science.  During  his  brief  intervals  of 
leisure  he  amused  himself  with  photo- 
graphy, and  in  1853  devised  a  plan  of  ob- 
taining stereoscopic  pictures  with  a  single 
camera.  In  1858  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  In  the 
succeeding  year,  after  the  failure  of  the 
first  Atlantic  cable,  he  became  for  a  short 
time  Engineer  to  the  Atlantic  Cable  Tele- 
graph Company,  and  in  1860  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Committee  appointed 
jointly  by  the  Government  and  that  Com- 
pany to  inquire  into  the  whole  subject  of 
Submarine  Telegraph  Cables.  This  in- 
vestigation lasted  for  some  time,  and 
resulted  in  the  publication  of  an  elaborate 
and  valuable  report  of  considerable  ex- 
tent, embodying  all  that  up  to  the  period 
of  its  issue  was  known  with  relation  to 
submarine  telegraphy.  In  1861  he  read 
a  paper  before  the  British  Association, 
"On  the  Principles  to  be  observed  in 
Forming  Standards  of  Electric  Measure- 
ments." In  this  paper  he  suggested  the 
names  of  Ohm,  Farad,  and  Volt,  to  be 
employed  for  the  electrical  units,  names 
which  have  since  become  so  familiar  to 
electricians.  Mr.  Latimer  Clark  also  for 
many  years  was  Engineer  to  the  Indian 
Government  Cable  lines  in  the  Persian 
Gulf.  On  one  occasion  the  expedition  of 
which  he  had  charge  was  wrecked  in  the 
Carnatic  on  the  Island  of  Shadwan,  in 
the  Red  Sea,  and  he  narrowly  escaped 
with  his  life.  As  head  of  the  firm  of 
Clark,  Forde  &  Co.,  and  in  connection 
with  other  engineers,  he  has  superintended 
the  submergence  of  about  fifty  thousand 
miles  of  submarine  cables  in  all  parts  of 
the  globe.  In  1868  he  published  a  work 
in  which  he  laid  down  with  great  clearness 
the  principles  of  electric  measurement. 
It  was  translated  into  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish,  and  eagerly  perused  by  foreign 
savants,  whose  idea  of  its  value  may  be 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  when,  some 
time  afterwards,  Mr.  Latimer  Clark  was 
in  Paris,  and  entered  a  scientific  meeting 
then  sitting,  the  President  rose  from  his 
seat,  and  hailing  with  delight  the  advent 


of  their  visitor,  stated  that  he  had  never 
fully  appreciated  the  laws  of  electricity 
until  he  had  read  that  work.  In  1871  Mr. 
Latimer  Clark  published,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Eobert  Sabine,  "  Electrical 
Tables  and  Formulae  for  Operators  in 
Submarine  Cables."  In  1873  he  read 
before  the  Royal  Society  a  paper  on  "  A 
Single-Cell  Battery  as  a  Standard  of 
Electromotive  Force,"  now  in  general  use 
under  the  name  of  "  Clark's  Standard 
Cell."  In  1875  he  was  elected  the  fourth 
President  of  the  Society  of  Electric  Tele- 
graph Engineers,  and  in  his  inaugural 
address  gave  some  highly  interesting  out- 
lines of  the  harbingers,  and  even  what 
might  be  called  premonitions  of  the 
electric  telegraph,  mentioning  the  idea  of 
some  old  writers,  that  two  magnetic  needles 
would  vibrate  in  unison  at  any  distance 
apart,  though  unconnected  with  each  other. 
He  referred  to  the  fact  that  a  Scotchman, 
named  Charles  Marshall,  or  Morrison,  of 
Paisley,  had  in  1758  published  a  full  and 
clear  description  of  a  practicable  electric 
telegraph,  suggesting  that  the  wires  should 
be  coated  with  an  insulating  material;  and 
he  referred  to  the  electric  telegraph  erected 
by  the  late  Sir  Francis  Ronalds,  in  the 
year  1816,  in  his  garden  at  Hammersmith. 
He  bore  testimony  to  the  remarkable 
foresight  of  Sir  F.  Ronalds  with  regard  to 
the  value  of  the  telegraph,  which,  in  1823, 
he  had  proposed  that  the  Government 
should  establish  all  over  the  kingdom. 
Mr.  Latimer  Clark  has  taken  out  about 
150  patents  in  different  countries  to  secure 
the  value  of  his  various  inventions,  relat- 
ing not  only  to  electrical  telegraphy,  but 
also  to  engineering  work  in  general.  He 
is  the  inventor  of  the  well-known  system 
of  covering  submarine  cables  with  "Clark's 
Compound,"  which  is  in  universal  use. 
He  also  designed  the  well-known  double- 
cupped  insulators,  which  are  in  use  on 
almost  all  land  lines  throughout  the  world. 
Mr.  Clark  also  invented  and  introduced 
the  system  of  pneumatic  tubes  for  the 
mechanical  transmission  of  messages, which 
is  also  in  universal  use.  He  published  in 
1868  his  "Elementary  Treatise  on  Elec- 
trical Measurement";  and  in  1882,  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Transit  Instrument,"  be- 
sides several  smaller  works.  Addresses  : 
31  The  Grove,  Boltons,  South  Kensington, 
S.W. ;  and  Little  Halt,  Maidenhead. 

CLARKE,  Lieut.-General  the  Hon. 
Sir  Andrew,  R.E.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  CLE., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Colonel  Andrew 
Clarke,  of  Belmont,  co.  Donegal,  Governor 
of  West  Australia,  was  born  at  Southsea 
on  July  27,  1824,  and  educated  at  the  Royal 
Military  Academy,  Woolwich.  He  entered 
the  Royal  Engineers  as  second-lieutenant, 
1844  ;  became   captain,   1854  ;  lieutenant- 


CLAEKE 


207 


colonel,  1867 ;  colonel,  1872;  major-general, 
1884 ;   lieutenant-general,    1886.      He   was 
aide-de-camp  and   then  private  secretary 
to  Sir  W.  Denison,  the  Governor  of  Van 
Diemen's  Land  ;   subsequently  a  member 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  that  colony  ; 
served  in  New  Zealand  during  the  years 
1847-48  (medal).    In  1853  he  was  appointed 
Surveyor-General    of    Victoria.      He   was 
elected   to    the   Victorian    Assembly    for 
Melbourne,   under   the    new   constitution, 
and  became  Minister  for  Public  Lands  ;  but 
he  resigned   office  in   1857,  and  returned 
to  this  country  in  the  following  year.     He 
commanded  the  Royal  Engineers  of   the 
Eastern  and  Midland  districts  of  England 
till  1863,  when  he  went  on  special  service 
to  the  West  Coast   of   Africa   respecting 
the  Ashanti  difficulties.     On  his  return  he 
was  appointed,   in  August  1864,  Director 
of  the  Works  of  the  Navy,   which   office 
he  held  till  June  1873.     From  the  latter 
date  till  February  1875,  he  was  Governor 
of  the  Straits  Settlements,  and  when  there 
brought  the  Malay  States  under  the  pro- 
tection of   Great   Britain.     He  was   next 
appointed  Minister  for   Public  Works   in 
India.    He  was  Commandant  of  the  School 
of  Military  Engineering  at  Chatham  from 
1881    to    1882,    when    he   was    appointed 
Inspector-General    of    Fortifications.      In 
November  1882,  he  was  despatched  to  Cairo, 
charged  with  the  duty  of  inquiring  into 
the  causes  of  the  sickness  and  mortality 
which  were  prevailing  among  the  British 
army  of  occupation,  and  was  invested  with 
full  power  to  make  any  alterations  which 
he  might  consider  necessary  in  the  sanitary 
arrangements.      From    1881    to    1886    Sir 
Andrew  Clarke  was  Inspector-General  of 
Fortifications.      He   has    constructed    de- 
fences for  coaling-stations  from  plans  of  his 
own.     Sir  Andrew  Clarke  is  the  author  of 
several  works  on  engineering.    Addresses  : 
42  Portland  Place,  W.,  and  Athenseum. 

CLARKE,  Sir  Campbell,  was  born 
Oct.  3,  1835,  and  was  educated  at  Bonn  on 
the  Rhine.  He  was  during  eighteen  years 
a  Librarian  in  the  British  Museum,  1852-78. 
He  has  since  1872  been  Paris  Correspondent 
of  the  Daily  Telegraph.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Lieutenants  of  the  City  of 
London  in  1874.  He  is  an  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour ;  Officer  of  Public 
Instruction ;  Grand  Officer  of  the  Medjidie ; 
Officer  of  the  Lion  and  Sun  of  Persia,  and 
of  the  Redeemer  of  Greece ;  Knight  of 
Charles  HI.  of  Spain,  &c.  He  has  been  a 
special  correspondent  in  several  European 
countries,  was  a  member  of  the  Jury  at 
the  two  Paris  Exhibitions  of  1878  and 
1889,  and  has  translated  papers  for  the 
Philological  Society.  He  married  in  1870 
Annie,  daughter  of  the  late  J.  M.  Levy, 
J.P.    Addresses  :  116  Avenue  des  Ohamps- 


Elysees,     Paris ;     and    Athenaeum     Club, 
London. 

CLARKE,  Caspar  Purdon,  Director 
of  the  Arts  Department  of  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  may  be  said  to  be  a 
son  of  the  Museum,  having  been  trained 
there  for  the  profession  of  architect, 
and  having  gained,  in  1865,  the  National 
Medallion  for  a  set  of  designs  for  an  old 
English  house.  When  Dr.  Percy  began 
to  reorganise  the  heating  and  ventila- 
tion of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,'  young 
Purdon  Clarke  was  employed  to  make  a 
complete  set  of  drawings  of  the  whole  of 
Barry's  masterpiece,  the  great  architect's 
original  plans  being  undiscoverable.  The 
task  was  executed  in  two  years.  Promoted 
to  be  assistant  to  General  Scott,  Director 
of  the  Museum  Works,  he  was  sent  to 
Italy  as  Superintendent  of  Reproductions 
for  South  Kensington,  afterwards  travel- 
ling in  Egypt  and  Turkey  in  Europe  and 
Palestine,  where  he  made  extensive  pur- 
chases for  the  Museum.  He  was  next  sent 
to  Persia  as  Superintendent  of  H.M.'s 
works  at  the  Embassy,  which  he  com- 
pleted. The  task  was  semi-political,  and 
was  thoroughly  well  performed.  He  at 
the  same  time  made  an  exhaustive  artistic 
tour  of  Persia  in  the  interests  of  South 
Kensington  Museum.  In  1878  he  acted  as 
agent  of  the  Indian  Government  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition,  being  created  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  in  the  same 
year  was  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  the 
loan  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  collection, 
thereby  making  the  finest  display  of  Indian 
art  ever  seen  in  Europe.  In'  1881)  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  sent  him  to 
India,  and  his  tour  was  so  successful  that 
he  was  made  CLE.  In  1885  he  was  again 
sent  to  India  on  special  duty.  In  1883  he 
was  appointed  Divisional  Keeper  of  the 
Indian  Section,  and  rearranged  the  collec- 
tions three  times.  In  1890  he  was  made 
Keeper  of  the  Art  Collections,  and  soon 
after  Assistant  Director  of  the  Museum. 
He  was  promoted  to  his  present  position  in 
the  summer  of  1896.  Mr.  Purdon  Clarke 
is  an  authority  on  textile  manufactures, 
wood  and  stone  carving,  &c,  furniture, 
and  the  embroideries,  pottery,  and  tiles  of 
Southern  Europe.  He  saved' Paul  Pindar's 
beautiful  house-front  for  the  Museum.  He 
has  read  technical  papers  before  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute,  the  Society  of  Arts,  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  and 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  (his  paper  there 
being  on  the  subterraneous  rooms  under 
St.  Clemente  in  Rome).  Address  :  South 
Kensington  Museum. 

CLARKE,  Charles  Baron,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  born  June  17,  1832, 
at   Andover,   Hants,   is  the   eldest  son  of 


208 


CLAEKE 


the  late  Turner  Poulter  Clarke,  of  Arid- 
over,  J.P.,  and  was  educated,  from  eight  to 
fourteen,  under  the  Rev.  Lewis  Tomlinson, 
of  Salisbury,  from  fourteen  to  nineteen  at 
King's  College  School,  London,  then  at 
Trinity  and  Queen's  Colleges,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in 
January  1856  (bracketed  third  Wrangler). 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1858  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  was  elected  Fellow  of  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  1857.  He  was  Mathe- 
matical Lecturer  of  Queen's  College,  Cam- 
bridge," from  1858-65,  entered  the  Bengal 
Educational  Service  in  1866,  was  super- 
annuated 1887.  He  has  published  "  Specu- 
lations from  Political  Economy,"  1886 ; 
and  numerous  other  papers  on  Political 
Economy ;  various  papers  on  music  (as  in 
Nature,  January  1883);  the  "Class-Book 
of  Geography,"  1889  ;  and  other  text- 
books ;  also  an  account  of  Khasi  Dolmen 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Society. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  of 
the  Linnaaan  Society,  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  &c.  ;  and  has  been  for 
some  years  past  almost  exclusively  devoted 
to  the  studies  of  Morphological  Botany  and 
English  History.  His  principal  botanic 
work  is  published  in  the  De  Candolle 
Monographies,  in  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker's 
"Flora  of  British  India,"  and  in  the 
Journals  and  Transactions  of  the  Linncean 
Society.  Address  :  13  Kew  Gardens  Road, 
Kew,  Surrey 

CLARKE,  Sir  Edward  George,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  eldest  son  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Clarke, 
of  Moorgate  Street,  E.C.,  and  Frances, 
daughter  of  H.  George,  Bath,  was  born  on 
Feb.  15,  1841,  and  educated  at  College 
House,  Edmonton,  and  the  City  Commer- 
cial School,  Lombard  Street,  E.C.  In 
1859  he  obtained  a  writership  in  the  India 
Office,  but  retired,  1860.  Afterwards  he 
was  a  reporter  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  was  on  the  literary  staff  of  the  Stan- 
dard and  Morning  Herald.  He  obtained 
the  Tancred  Law  Studentship  in  1861,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1864  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  joined  the  Home  Circuit.  In 
1880  he  was  created  a  Queen's  Counsel,  and 
two  years  later  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  bis 
Inn.  He  was  elected  member  for  South- 
wark  a  few  weeks  before  the  dissolution  of 
1880,  but  lost  his  seat  at  the  general  elec- 
tion. Since  July  1880  he  has  represented 
Plymouth  in  the  Conservative  interest. 
His  first  great  professional  success  was 
made  in  the  well-known  "  Penge  Mystery," 
and  he  made  a  great  impression  by  his 
able  speech  in  the  Pimlico  case,  in  defence 
of  Mrs.  Bartlett,  in  the  Baccarat  case,  1891, 
and  in  the  Jameson  case,  1896.  On  the 
accession  of  Lord  Salisbury's  second  Gov- 
ernment to  power  in  August  1886,  Sir 
(then  Mr.)  Edward  Clarke  was  made  Soli- 


citor-General, and  received  the  honour  ot 
Knighthood.  He  declined  to  resume  this 
office  upon  the  formation  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury's third  Administration  in  1895.  He 
is  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Law  of 
Extradition,"  of  which  a  third  edition 
appeared  in  1888,  and  has  published  two 
series  of  Public  Speeches,  the  second 
being  chiefly  forensic.  He  married  (1) 
Annie,  daughter  of  G.  Mitchell,  in  1866 
(she  died  in  1881),  and  (2)  Kathleen  Ma- 
thilda, daughter  of  A.  W.  Bryant,  in  1882. 
Addresses  :  37  Russell  Square,  W.C.  ; 
Thorncote,  Staines. 

CLARKE,  Colonel  Sir  George 
Sydenham,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Clarke,  was  bom 
on  July  4,  1848.  He  was  educated  at 
Rossall  and  Haileybury,  and  had  the 
advantage  of  being  a  sixth -form  boy 
under  the  Rev.  A.  G.  Butler  at  the 
latter  school.  Although  early  showing  a 
decided  taste  for  mechanical  science,  he 
owes  much  to  the  classical  training  he 
received  at  Haileybury.  After  a  year's 
special  preparation  at  Wimbledon  school 
he  passed  first  in  the  open  competition  for 
the  R.  M.  Academy,  Woolwich,  in  Decem- 
ber 1866,  and  in  June  1868  he  passed  first 
out  of  the  Academy,  winning  the  Pollock 
medal  and  seven  prizes.  In  July  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  in  the  Royal  Engi- 
neers, and  in  1871  he  was  selected  by  the 
late  Sir  G.  Chesney  to  be  instructor  in 
engineering  drawing  at  the  R.  I.  Engineer- 
ing College.  While  carrying  out  the  duties 
of  this  appointment,  he  published  four 
books  :  "  Practical  Geometry  and  En- 
gineering Drawing,"  a  translation  of  Von 
Ott's  Graphischen  Statik,  "Principles  of 
Graphic  Statics,"  and  "Plevna,"  a  study 
of  the  Russo-Turkish  War,  together  with 
many  miscellaneous  papers  on  military  and 
scientific  subjects.  He  also  became  an 
Examiner  to  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment, which  post  he  held  for  years.  On  pro- 
motion to  the  rank  of  Captain  in  1880,  he 
resigned  his  appointment  at  Cooper's  Hill, 
ceiving  the  thanks  of  the  India  Office,  and 
served  as  a  regimental  officer  in  Bermuda 
and  Gibraltar  till  the  outbreak  of  hostili- 
ties in  Egypt  in  1882,  writing  several 
military  papers  during  this  period,  and 
especially  a  study  of  "Provisional  Forti- 
fications." He  took  part  in  the  Egyptian 
Expedition  of  1882,  and  wrote  an  exhaus- 
tive official  report  on  the  defences  of  Alex- 
andria and  the  effects  of  the  bombardment. 
Returning  to  England  in  October  1882, 
Captain  Clarke  was  employed  at  the  War 
Office  until  1892.  This  was  a  turning-point 
in  his  career.  The  experience  obtained  at 
Alexandria  not  only  led  him  to  take  strong 
views  on  the  altered  conditions  of  forti- 
fications,  but  caused  him   to    study  the 


CLARKE 


209 


whole  question  of  Imperial  defence,  more 
especially  in  relation  to  the  Navy.  From 
1893  he  began  to  write  largely  upon  naval 
questions,  and  all  matters  relating  to 
"Imperial  defences,"  a  term  which  he 
originated.  While  still  connected  with 
the  War  Office,  he  served  on  the  staff  of 
Sir  G.  Graham's  expeditionary  force  in 
the  Sudan  in  1885,  was  present  in  several 
engagements,  and  was  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches. He  was  also  employed  on 
official  missions  to  Bucharest,  Sweden, 
Malta,  Gibraltar,  United  States,  Halifax, 
Berlin,  Paris,  Belgium,  Linz,  and  Mag- 
deburg. He  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Colonial  Defence  Committee  on  return 
from  the  Sudan,  and  received  a  C.M.G.  in 
1887,  and  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1893  for  his 
services  in  organising  the  Colonial  de- 
fences. His  services  were  also  acknow- 
ledged by  the  Colonial  Office  and  Admi- 
ralty. Major  Clarke  was  Secretary  of  the 
Royal  Commission  on  the  Administration 
of  the  Admiralty  and  War  Office,  pre- 
sided over  by  Lord  Hartington.  During 
this  period  he  wrote  many  papers  and 
articles  on  naval  and  military  subjects,  and 
published  "  Fortifications,  Past,  Present, 
and  Future,"  which  work  has  exercised  a 
marked  influence  upon  the  science  of 
fortifications  at  home  and  abroad.  After 
serving  as  second  in  command  of  the 
Engineers  at  Malta,  and  becoming  a 
Lieut. -Colonel  on  April  1,  1894,  he  was 
appointed  Superintendant  of  the  Eoyal 
Carriage  Department  at  Woolwich,  which 
post  he  still  occupies,  receiving  a  brevet 
Colonelcy  in  the  present  year.  At  the 
Carriage  Department  he  has  proposed  and 
carried  out  great  changes  in  the  mounting 
of  guns  for  coast  defence,  has  taken  out 
three  important  patents,  which  have  been 
assigned  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
War,  and  devised  and  perfected  an  auto- 
matic sight  lately  adopted  into  the  ser- 
vice, which  will  have  an  important  effect 
in  increasing  the  powers  of  coast  artillery. 
In  addition  to  many  professional  papers 
and  magazine  articles  on  various  subjects 
he  has,  during  the  last  three  years,  pub- 
lished "The  Navy  and  the  Nation,"  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  J.  E.  Thursfield,  and 
"  Imperial  Defence,"  dedicated  to  H.M. 
the  Queen.  Imperial  and  naval  questions 
continue  to  be  his  principal  interest, 
and  he  has  been  present  at  six  of  the 
annual  naval  manoeuvres  in  the  endeavour 
to  understand  naval  matters  so  far  as  is 
possible  for  a  landsman.  In  1896  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 
Addresses  :  24  Arniston  Gardens,  Kensing- 
ton ;  and  Athenfeum. 

CLARKE,  Lieut. -Col.  Sir  Marshal 
James,  K.C.M.G.,  Resident  Commissioner 
in  Rhodesia,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Eev. 


Mark  Clarke,  of  Shronell,  Tipperary.  He 
was  born  in  1841,  and  entered  the  Army  as 
a  Lieutenant  of  Royal  Artillery  in  1863,  be- 
coming Captain  in  1875,  Major  in  1880,  and 
two  years  afterwards  retired  from  the 
Army  with  the  honorary  rank  of  Lieut.  - 
Colonel.  In  1874,  Captain  Clarke  was 
appointed  Resident  Magistrate  and  Ad- 
ministrator of  native  law  at  Pietermaritz- 
burg,  Natal,  and  in  1876  he  was  chosen  to 
be  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Theophilus  Shep- 
stone,  the  Special  Commissioner  in  South 
Africa,  and  in  that  capacity  was  employed 
on  a  mission  to  the  Chief  Sikukunis.  From 
1877  to  1880  he  was  Commissioner  at  Ly- 
denburg,  Transvaal,  and  acquired  there  a 
knowledge  of  the  Boers  and  their  national 
traits,  which  afterwards  stood  him  in  good 
stead.  During  the  South  African  war  he 
was  appointed  Political  Officer  and  Special 
Commissioner,  and  sent  to  help  to  pacify 
the  Boers.  He  was  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches, and  awarded  a  C.M.G.  and 
the  brevet  of  Major.  In  December  1880, 
Major  Clarke  arrived  at  Potchefstroom,  the 
old  capital  of  the  Transvaal,  and  took  over 
the  command  of  the  regulars  and  volun- 
teers, numbering  in  all  rather  less  than 
300  men.  A  rumour  having  reached  him 
that  the  Boers  meant  to  appeal  to  arms, 
he  moved  the  troops  into  a  fort  outside 
the  city,  and  there  waited  the  attack. 
He  protested  against  the  action  of  the 
Boers,  but  in  vain.  Close  to  the  fort  were 
the  gaol  and  court-house,  and  Major  Clarke 
himself,  with  thirty-four  men,  took  charge 
of  the  latter.  They  were  then  attacked  in 
great  force,  many  of  the  Boers  stationing 
themselves  behind  a  wall  within  twelve 
feet  from  the  court-house,  from  which  they 
threw  fire-balls  on  the  thatched  roof. 
After  a  gallant  defence,  their  ammunition 
being  exhausted  and  several  men  killed, 
Major  Clarke  and  his  little  band  surren- 
dered unconditionally.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  Resident  Magistrate  at  Outhing, 
Basutoland,  and  shortly  after  Commander 
of  the  Kaffrarian  Police.  He  was  much 
appreciated  by  the  blacks,  of  whose  pre- 
judices and  ideas  he  has  a  vast  knowledge 
He  does  not  believe  that  it  is  necessary 
for  the  advance  of  civilisation  that  the 
native  tribes  should  adopt  the  industrial 
or  political  methods  of  the  whites  ;  and 
his  plan  is,  so  far  as  possible,  to  leave  their 
old  customs  untouched,  and  to  employ 
their  own  chiefs  to  govern  them.  For 
about  two  years  Sir  Marshal  Clarke  was 
the  Commander  of  the  Turkish  Reserve 
Egyptian  Constabulary,  but  he  returned 
to  Basutoland  in  1884  as  Resident  Com- 
missioner ;  and  in  1893  he  was  appointed 
to  the  same  office  in  Zululand.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1886,  and  also  holds 
the  Medjidie  of  the  third  class.  He  was 
appointed  Resident  Commissioner  in  Rho- 

o 


210 


CLAUSEN  —  CLAYDEN 


desia  in  May  1898.  Sir  Marshal  Clarke 
married  in  1880  Annie,  daughter  of  the 
late  Major-General  Bannastre  Lloyd.  Ad- 
dress :  Eshowe,  Zululand. 

CLAUSEN,  George,  A.R.A.,  was  born 
in  London  April  18,  1852,  his  father  being 
a  decorative  artist,  and  studied  at  South 
Kensington,  under  the  late  E.  Long,  R.A. 
Here  he  gained  several  medals  in  the 
National  Competitions  and  a  National 
Scholarship.  He  continued  his  studies  in 
Paris,  under  Fleury.  He  first  exhibited  at 
the  Academy  in  1876,  his  picture  repre- 
senting High  Mass  in  a  Zuyder  Zee  fishing 
village,  and  has  since  exhibited  there,  and 
at  most  other  exhibitions.  He  paints 
principally  rustic  pictures  and  people  in 
the  open  air — mowers,  ploughmen,  &c. ; 
his  picture,  "  Girl  at  the  Gate,"  was 
purchased  for  the  Chantrey  Collection  in 
1889.  Mr  Clausen  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal  Water  Colour  Society  in 
1889,  and  a  full  Member  in  April  1898, 
and  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1895,  and  has  received  medals  at  Paris, 
Chicago,  and  Brussels  (1897).  He  married 
in  1881  Agnes,  daughter  of  George  Web- 
ster, of  Lynn.  Address  :  Widdington, 
Newport,  Essex. 

CLAYDEN,  Arthur  William,  M.A., 
Principal  of  the  Technical  and  University 
Extension  College,  Exeter,  born  Dec.  12, 
1855,  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Mr.  P.  W.  Clayden  and  his 
first  wife  Jane,  and  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College  School  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Clayden  entered  the 
University  at  the  early  age  of  seventeen, 
obtained  a  foundation  scholarship  in  1875, 
and  graduated  in  the  second  class  of  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos  of  1876,  finishing 
all  his  examinations  before  his  twenty- 
first  birthday.  In  1878  he  was  appointed 
Science  Master  at  Bath  College,  a  post 
which  he  held  for  nine  years.  In  1887  he 
resigned  his  post  at  Bath  and  removed  to 
London  on  his  appointment  as  a  Lecturer 
on  the  University  Extension  Schemes  of 
Cambridge  and  London.  At  the  1890 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  he  was 
appointed  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Meteorological  Photography.  In 
1893  he  was  made  a  Staff  Lecturer  to  the 
Cambridge  University  Extension  Syndi- 
cate, and  was  selected  to  fill  the  post  of 
Principal  in  the  Technical  and  University 
Extension  College  at  Exeter,  a  new  type 
of  institution,  under  the  joint  control  of 
the  Exeter  City  Council  and  the  University 
Syndicate.  In  addition  to  these  appoint- 
ments he  was,  in  1895,  also  made  Super- 
intendent Lecturer  for  the  whole  of  the 
Devonshire  district.  Mr.  Clayden  is  the 
author  of  numerous  contributions  to  the 


Proceedings  of  the  Physical  Society,  and  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Royal  Meteorological 
Society,  and  other  scientific  publications, 
being  best  known  for  his  work  in  con- 
nection with  meteorological  photography, 
and  for  his  working  models  of  ocean  cur- 
rents. In  recent  years  he  has  conducted 
a  series  of  measurements  of  cloud  altitudes 
by  an  original  photographic  method.  He 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  Chemical,  Physical, 
Geological,  Royal  Astronomical,  and  Royal 
Meteorological  Societies,  and  was  for  some 
years  a  Member  of  the  Institute  of  Jour- 
nalists. He  married  in  1883  Ethel,  second 
daughter  of  A.  S.  Paterson,  Esq.  Address: 
St.  John's,  Polsloe  Road,  Exeter. 

CLAYDEN,  Peter  William,  eldest  son 
of  Peter  Clayden,  of  Wallingford  and  Far- 
ringdon,  Berks,  was  born  at  Wallingford, 
Oct.  20,  1827,  educated  privately  for  a 
business  career,  became  minister  of  the 
Unitarian  Congregation  at  Boston  in  1855, 
Rochdale  in  1859,  and  Nottingham  in 
1860.  He  joined  the  staff  of  the  Daily 
News  as  a  leader  writer  on  the  retirement 
of  Miss  Martineau,  and  on  her  recom- 
mendation, in  1866.  In  1868,  when  the 
Daily  Neivs  was  reduced  in  price  to  one 
penny,  Mr.  Clayden  removed  to  London, 
and  became  assistant  editor.  He  acted 
as  assistant  editor  and  leader  writer  till 
August  1887,  and  then,  till  February  1896, 
was  associated  with  Sir  John  Robinson  in 
the  editorship.  Mr.  Clayden  was  Liberal 
candidate  for  Nottingham,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Charles  Seely,  now  Sir  Charles 
Seely,  at  the  General  Election  in  1868. 
He  unsuccessfully  contested  the  Norwood 
Division  of  Lambeth  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest in  1885,  and  the  Northern  Division 
of  Islington  in  1886.  During  his  residence 
at  Boston  he  edited  the  Boston  Guardian, 
and  at  Rochdale  wrote  leaders  for  the 
Rochdale  Observer,  While  at  Nottingham 
he  contributed  to  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
the  Fortnightly  Review,  the  Theological 
Review,  the  Cornhill  Magazine,  and  later  to 
various  other  periodicals.  In  1873  he 
established  the  Reading  Observer  as  an 
organ  of  Liberal  principles  in  his  native 
county,  disposing  of  it  to  its  present  pro- 
prietors in  1879.  Mr.  Clayden  is  the  author 
of  many  political  and  other  pamphlets  and 
books,  of  which  these  may  be  mentioned  : 
"  Religious  Value  of  the  Doctrine  of  Con- 
tinuity," 1866 ;  two  works  on  Samuel 
Rogers;  "England  under  the  Coalition," 
1892.  He  published  "England  under  Lord 
Beaconsfield,"  1880;  "Samuel  Sharpe, 
Egyptologist  and  Translator  of  the  Bible," 
1884  ;  "  The  Early  Life  of  Samuel  Rogers," 
1887;  "Rogers  and  his  Contemporaries," 
2  vols.,  1889;  and  "England  under  the 
Coalition "  in  1892.  Mr.  Clayden  is  a 
member  of  the  Executive  of  the  National 


CLEEVE  —  CLEMENCEAU 


211 


Liberal  Federation,  and  Hon.  Secretary  of 
"The  Liberal  Forwards."  Mr.  Clayden  has 
been  President  of  the  Institute  of  Journal- 
ists (1893-94),  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
successful  effort  to  procure  for  the  Insti- 
tute a  Royal  Charter.  He  was  also  a 
President  of  the  International  Congress  of 
the  Press,  held  at  Antwerp  in  1894.  Mr. 
Clayden  has  been  twice  married  ;  first  to 
Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
Charles  Fowle,  of  Dorchester,  in  1853 
(died  1870) ;  and  second,  in  1887,  to  Ellen 
(died  1897),  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Henry  Sharpe,  whose  recollections  of 
his  uncle,  Samuel  Rogers,  have  an  im- 
portant place  in  "Rogers  and  his  Con- 
temporaries." Address:  1  Upper  Woburn 
Place,  W.C. 

CLEEVE,  Lucas  (Mrs.  Kingscote), 

daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Drummond  Wolff, 
and  wife  of  Colonel  Kingscote,  is  an 
authoress,  and  amongst  her  publications 
there  may  be  mentioned  :  "  Tales  of  the 
Sun,"  "Life  of  Eugenie  Berni,"  "In  the 
Ricefields,"  "Woman  Who  Wouldn't," 
1895  ;  "Lazarus,"  "Epicures,"  1896  ;  "The 
Monks  of  the  Holy  Tear,"  1898,  &o.  She 
has,  moreover,  contributed  articles  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century.  Address  :  The  Beeches, 
Headington,  Oxford. 

CLELAND,  Professor  John,  M.D. 
(Edinburgh),  LL.D.  (St.  Andrews),  D.Sc. 
(Q.U.I.),  L.R.C.S.E.,  F.R.S.,  born  at  Perth, 
June  15,  1835,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
John  Cleland,  surgeon  at  Perth,  for  some 
time  Assistant  Surgeon  in  1st  Dragoons. 
Dr.  Cleland  was  appointed,  in  1863,  to  the 
Chair  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in 
Queen's  College,  Gal  way,  and  in  1877 
Regius  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow.  He  is  the  author  of 
numerous  Anatomical  Contributions,  and 
the  following  books  :  "  Directory  for  the 
Dissection  of  the  Human  Body,"  1876 ; 
"Animal  Physiology,"  1877;  "Evolution," 
Expression,  and  Sensation,"  1881  ;  also 
"  Scala  Natures  and  other  Poems,"  1887. 
In  conjunction  with  others  he  took  part 
in  the  7th  edition  of  Quain's  "Elements 
of  Anatomy,"  18G7.  In  1889  he  published 
Vol.  I.  of  "Memoirs  and  Memoranda  in 
Anatomy,"  and  "Human  Anatomy,  Gene- 
ral and  Descriptive,"  Cleland  and  Mackay, 
in  1896.  He  married  in  1888  Ada,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Professor  J.  H.  Balfour 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Address : 
2  University,  Glasgow. 

CLEMENCEAU,  Georg-es  Ben- 
jamin, M.D. ,  a  French  physician  and 
politician,  born  at  Mouilleron-en-Pareds 
(Vendee)  Sept.  28,  1841,  began  his  profes- 
sional studies  at  Nantes,  and  completed 
them    in    Paris,    where    in    1869    he    was 


created  a  Doctor  of  Medicine,  and  prac- 
tised at  Montmartre.  After  the  revolution 
of  Sept.  4,  1870,  he  was  appointed  Mayor 
of  the  18th  arrondissement  of  Paris,  and  a 
member  of  the  Commission  of  Communal 
Education.  At  the  election  of  Feb.  8, 
1871,  he  was  elected  a  representative  of 
the  Department  of  the  Seine  in  the  Na- 
tional Assembly,  where  he  took  his  place 
among  the  members  of  the  Extreme  Left, 
and  voted  against  the  preliminaries  of 
peace.  On  the  18th  of  March  he  endea- 
voured to  save  the  lives  of  the  Generals 
Lecomte  and  Clement  Thomas,  but  in 
vain,  for  he  did  not  arrive  at  the  Rue  des 
Rosiers  until  after  their  execution.  On 
this  occasion  the  Central  Committee  of 
the  Communists,  which  was  sitting  at  the 
Hotel  de  Ville,  resolved  that  Dr.  Cle"men- 
ceau  should  be  arrested ;  but  he  was  for- 
tunate enough  to  elude  the  vigilance  of 
the  insurrectionary  police.  When  the  mur- 
derers were  put  upon  their  trial,  Nov.  29, 
1871,  some  of  the  witnesses  accused  him 
of  not  having  interfered  as  early  as  he 
might  have  done,  but  he  was  warmly 
defended  by  Colonel  Langlois,  whose  tes- 
timony appeared  to  clear  Dr.  Clemenceau 
from  all  blame  in  the  matter.  However, 
the  accusations  led  to  a  duel  between  Dr. 
ChSmenceau  and  M.  le  Commandant  de 
Poussargues,  who  was  wounded  in  the  leg 
by  a  pistol-shot.  Dr.  Clemenceau  was 
prosecuted  for  this  affair  a  month  later, 
the  result  being  that  he  was  condemned 
by  the  Seventh  Chamber  of  Correctional 
Police  to  be  imprisoned  for  a  fortnight, 
and  to  pay  a  fine  of  twenty-five  francs. 
In  the  sitting  of  the  20th  of  March  he 
introduced  in  the  National  Assembly  a 
bill,  signed  by  the  Radical  fraction  of  the 
Deputies  of  the  Department  of  the  Seine, 
to  authorise  the  election  of  a  Municipal 
Council  for  the  city  of  Paris,  to  consist  of 
eighty  members  ;  and  he  was  one  of  those 
who  signed  the  manifesto  of  deputies  and 
mayors  fixing  the  municipal  elections  on 
the  26th  of  that  month.  As  a  candidate 
at  those  elections  he  polled  752  votes,  but 
was  not  elected.  After  having  taken  part 
in  the  unsuccessful  attempts  at  concilia- 
tion between  the  Government  and  the 
Commune,  he  sent  in  his  resignation  both 
as  Mayor  and  as  Deputy,  and  retired  for  a 
short  period  into  private  life.  On  July  23, 
1871,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Municipal  Council  of  Paris  for  the  Clig- 
nancourt  quarter,  and  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  discussions  concerning  primary 
secular  instruction  and  financial  questions. 
On  Nov.  29,  1874,  he  was  re-elected  a 
member  of  the  Municipal  Council,  of 
which  he  became  successively  Secretary 
and  Vice-President,  and  eventually  Presi- 
dent in  November  1875.  He  was  elected 
a  Deputy  for  the  Department  of  the  Seine 


212 


CLEMENS 


by  the  18th  arrondissement  of  Paris,  Feb. 
20,  1876,  and  afterwards  he  became  Secre- 
tary of  the  Chamber.  In  the  following 
April  he  resigned  his  place  in  the  Muni- 
cipal Council.  He  was  again  re-elected  to 
the  National  Assembly  by  the  18th  arron- 
dissement of  Paris  at  the  General  Elections 
of  Oct.  14,  1877.  Since  that  time  he  has 
been  generally  regarded  as  the  leader  of 
the  Advanced  Left,  and  as  such  he  has 
made  and  unmade  many  Governments. 
His  opposition  to  the  Tonquin  policy  de- 
cided the  fall  of  M.  Ferry,  and  his  support 
kept  M.  de  Freycinet  in  office.  He  is 
editor  and  chief  proprietor  of  the  influen- 
tial Radical  journal  La  Justice.  It  was  a 
resolution  moved  by  M.  Clemenceau,  and 
insisting  on  a  thorough  investigation  of  the 
Wilson  scandal,  that  led  to  the  overthrow 
of  the  Rouvier  Government,  and  the  con- 
sequent fall  of  M.  Gre"vy.  M.  CMmenceau 
was  asked  by  the  President  to  form  a 
Ministry,  but  declined,  and  told  the  Pre- 
sident plainly  that  the  crisis  was  not  a 
political,  but  a  presidential  one.  He  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  expert  swords- 
men in  France,  and  acted  as  one  of  the 
seconds  to  M.  Floquet  in  his  duel  with 
General  Boulanger  in  July  1888.  At  the 
General  Elections  of  September  1889  M. 
Clemenceau  was  returned  by  a  large  ma- 
jority for  Draguignan,  and  in  Parliament 
again  made  himself  the  mouthpiece  of 
Radicalism.  As  such  he  uttered  the 
famous  epigram,  "La  Revolution  est  un 
bloc,  dont  on  ne  peut  rien  detacher,  rien 
rejeter."  This  was  spoken  during  a  debate 
(January  1891)  on  Sardou's  "Thermidor," 
the  suppressed  play.  Somewhat  later, 
on  being  asked  if  the  Socialist  Deputy 
Lafargue  could  be  let  out  of  prison,  he 
announced  that,  Boulangism  being  no 
longer  a  danger,  the  alliance  between  the 
Radical  and  Opportunist  Republicans  was 
at  an  end,  and  thenceforward  became  an 
opponent  of  the  Freycinet  Ministry.  Dur- 
ing the  Panama  scandals  he  was  persis- 
tently and  violently  attacked  by  oppo- 
nents, who  accused  him  of  selling  his 
country,  but  these  accusations  were  found 
to  be  based  on  forgeries.  He  was,  how- 
ever, defeated  at  the  General  Election 
in  September  1893,  and  has  not  since  sat 
in  the  Chamber.  Paris  address :  8  Rue 
Franklin. 

CLEMENS,    Samuel    Langhorne, 

generally  known  by  his  pseudonym  of 
"  Mark  Twain,"  was  born  at  Florida,  Mis- 
souri, Nov.  30,  1835.  At  the  age  of  thir- 
teen he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer,  and 
worked  at  the  trade  in  St.  Louis,  Cincin- 
nati, Philadelphia,  and  New  York.  In 
1855  he  became  for  a  short  time  pilot  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  in  1861  went  to 
Nevada  as  private  secretary  to  his  brother, 


the  Secretary  of  the  territory.  He  then 
went  to  the  mines,  and  afterwards  for 
several  months  acted  as  reporter  for  Cali- 
fornian  newspapers.  He  spent  six  months 
in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in  1866,  and  after 
delivering  humorous  lectures  in  California 
and  Nevada,  returned  to  the  East  in  1867, 
where  he  published  "The  Jumping  Frog." 
In  that  year  he  embarked,  with  a  large 
number  of  other  passengers,  on  a  pleasure 
excursion  up  the  Mediterranean  to  Egypt 
and  the  Holy  Land,  which  he  describes  in 
"The  Innocents  Abroad,"  1869.  For  a 
time  he  was  editor  of  a  daily  newspaper 
published  in  Buffalo,  New  York  State, 
where  he  married  a  lady  possessed  of  a 
large  fortune.  In  1872  he  visited  Eng- 
land, giving  several  humorous  lectures ; 
and  a  London  publisher  made  a  collection, 
in  four  volumes,  of  his  humorous  papers, 
adding,  however,  many  which  the  author 
asserts  were  never  written  by  him.  In 
1874  he  produced  in  New  York  a  comedy, 
"The  Gilded  Age,"  which  had  a  remark- 
able success,  owing  mainly  to  the  persona- 
tion, by  Mr.  Raymond,  of  the  leading 
character,  "  Colonel  Mulberry  Sellers." 
Mr.  Clemens  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  magazines,  and  in  addition  to  the 
books  mentioned  above  has  published  : 
"Roughing  It,"  1872;  "Adventures  of 
Tom  Sawyer,"  1S76 ;  "Punch  Brothers, 
Punch,"  1878;  "A  Tramp  Abroad,"  1880; 
"The  Prince  and  the  Pauper,"  1882;  "The 
Stolen  White  Elephant,  and  other  Tales," 
1882  ;  and  "Life  on  the  Mississippi,"  1883. 
In  1884  he  established  in  New  York  the 
publishing  house  of  C.  L.  Webster  &  Co. 
(since  gone  out  of  business),  which  issued 
in  1885  a  new  story  by  him  entitled  "Ad- 
ventures of  Huckleberry  Finn,"  a  sequel 
to  "Tom  Sawyer,"  and  brought  out  in  that 
and  the  following  year  General  Grant's 
"Memoirs,"  of  which  Mrs.  Grant's  share 
of  the  profits  amounted  to  $480,000.  Since 
then  he  has  published  "A  Connecticut 
Yankee  in  King  Arthur's  Court,"  1889 ; 
"The  American  Claimant,"  1892  ;  "Pudd'n- 
head  Wilson,"  1893;  "Tom  Sawyer  Abroad," 
1893  ;  "  The  Tragedy  of  Pudd'nhead  Wilson 
and  The  Comedy  of  those  Extraordinary 
Twins,"  1895;  "Personal  Recollections 
of  Joan  of  Arc,"  1896;  "Following  the 
Equator,"  1897;  and  "How  to  Tell  a 
Story,  and  other  Stories,"  1897.  His 
books  have  been  republished  in  England, 
and  translations  of  the  principal  ones 
in  Germany.  Mr.  Clemens  is  understood 
to  have  lost  a,  fortune  in  a  typesetting 
machine,  but  his  deliverance  from  his 
financial  troubles  is,  we  trust,  only  a 
question  of  time.  He  is  credibly  rumoured 
to  have  acted  heroically  in  the  several 
transactions  connected  with  his  loss.  In 
November  1897  and  February  1898  he  was 
brilliantly  feted  in  Vienna,  and,  before  a 


CLEVELAND  —  CLIFFORD 


213 


German  audience,  had  the  courage  to  give 
one  of  his  fine  descriptions  of  the  German 
language.  His  description  of  the  Jubilee 
Procession  in  London  in  1897  was  pub- 
lished in  the  New  York  Journal,  and 
was  considered  in  America  a  magnificent 
performance.  Address :  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. 

CLEVELAND,  Grover,  late  twenty- 
second  President  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Caldwell,  New  Jersey,  March 
18,  1837.  When  he  was  three  years  of 
age  his  father,  who  was  a  Presbyterian 
minister,  moved  to  Fayetteville,  Onondaga 
County,  New  York,  where  they  lived  until 
1851,  when  the  family  went  to  Clinton, 
Oneida  County,  leaving  Grover  in  Fayette- 
ville, where  he  remained  about  two  years 
as  a  clerk  in  the  village  store.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1853  he  went  to 
New  York,  and  for  about  a  year  was  book- 
keeper and  assistant  teacher  in  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind.  Thence  he  removed 
to  Buffalo  in  1855,  where  he  studied  law, 
and  began  its  practice  in  1859.  In  1863 
he  was  appointed  Assistant  District  Attor- 
ney for  Erie  County,  and  in  1865  was  the 
Democratic  nominee  for  District  Attorney, 
but  failed  to  secure  the  election.  From 
Jan.  1,  1871,  to  Jan.  1,  1874,  he  was  She- 
riff of  that  county,  and  in  1881  was  elected 
Mayor  of  Buffalo.  The  reformed  methods 
of  administering  the  city's  affairs  insti- 
tuted by  him  while  filling  that  office,  led 
to  his  election  in  the  following  year  as 
Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York  by  a 
majority  of  192,000  votes  over  his  oppo- 
nent, Judge  Folger,  the  Republican  Secre- 
tary of  the  United  States  Treasury.  This 
phenomenal  success,  as  indicative  of  the 
probability  of  his  carrying  New  York  and 
of  attracting  the  Independent  vote,  secured 
him  the  Democratic  nomination  for  the 
Presidency  in  1884,  and  in  November  of 
that  year  he  was  elected  over  Mr.  Blaine, 
the  Republican  candidate.  Mr.  Cleveland's 
administration,  1885-89,  was  marked  by 
great  prosperity  to  the  country  at  large, 
by  the  admission  of  four  new  States — 
Washington,  Montana,  North  Dakota,  and 
South  Dakota — to  the  Union,  by  an  exten- 
sion of  the  reform  in  the  Civil  Service 
begun  under  his  predecessor,  Mr.  Arthur, 
and  by  a  freer  use  of  the  veto-power  than 
had  generally  been  exercised  by  other 
Presidents.  On  the  meeting  of  Congress 
in  December  1887  he  devoted  his  annual 
message  mainly  to  the  advocacy  of  a  re- 
duction in  tariff  duties  in  order  to  prevent 
the  further  increase  of  the  surplus  in  the 
United  States  Treasury,  which  was  already 
large,  and  which  threatened  to  cause 
financial  difficulties.  This  message  occa- 
sioned a  prolonged  discussion  of  the  prin- 
ciples  of   protection,    and   furnished    the 


issue  in  the  National  Political  Campaign 
of  1888,  when  Mr.  Cleveland  was  renomi- 
nated by  the  Democrats,  and  Mr.  Harrison 
was  chosen  as  the  Republican  candidate. 
Although  the  former  received  a  popular 
majority  larger  than  he  had  had  in  1884, 
the  latter  had  the  greater  number  of  elec- 
toral votes,  and  accordingly  on  March  4, 
1889,  Mr.  Cleveland  left  Washington  and 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  remained 
in  the  practice  of  law  till  1893.  At  the 
Presidential  Election  of  Nov.  9,  1892, 
Mr.  Cleveland  defeated  Mr.  Harrison  by 
another  very  large  majority.  The  second 
inauguration  of  President  Cleveland  took 
place  at  Washington  on  March  4,  1893, 
amid  great  popular  enthusiasm.  In  his 
inaugural  address  the  President  declared 
that  the  nation  could  never  be  prosperous 
without  a  sound  and  stable  currency.  On 
July  1  he  convened  Congress  by  proclama- 
tion for  August  7,  to  consider  the  financial 
condition  of  the  country.  After  a  pro- 
longed debate,  and  largely  through  the 
personal  exertions  and  influence  of  Mr. 
Cleveland,  the  silver  purchase  provisions 
of  the  Sherman  law  were  repealed  by 
Congress,  Nov.  1,  1893.  The  two  other 
most  important  events  in  this  adminis- 
tration were  the  controversy  with  Great 
Britain  over  the  Venezuelan  boundary  line, 
and  the  passage  of  the  Wilson  tariff  law. 
The  former  was  happily  settled  without 
producing  the  serious  difficulties  between 
the  two  great  English-speaking  nations 
that  at  one  time  seemed  possible.  The 
Wilson  Bill  slightly  reduced  the  tariff  rate 
from  that  of  the  preceding  Republican 
(McKinley)  measure,  but  it  also  contained 
an  income-tax  clause  of  which  President 
Cleveland  could  not  approve.  He  did  not, 
however,  veto  it,  but  allowed  it  to  become 
a  law  without  his  signature.  Tins  provi- 
sion of  the  Bill  was  subsequently  declared 
unconstitutional  by  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court.  Mr.  Cleveland  was  not  a 
candidate  for  renomination,  and  since  his 
retirement  (March  4,  1897)  has  resided  at 
Princeton,  New  Jersey. 

CLIFFORD,  Frederick,  Q.C.,  was 
born  in  1828,  and  called  to  the  Bar  of  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1859.  He  served  as 
Assistant  Boundary  Commissioner  under 
the  Reform  Act  of  1867,  and  was  appointed 
one  of  her  Majesty's  Counsel  in  1894.  Mr. 
Clifford,  who  was  for  many  years  on  the 
literary  staff  of  the  Times,  and  practises 
at  the  Parliamentary  Bar,  is  the  author  of 
a  treatise  on  "The  Steamboat  Powers  of 
Railway  Companies,"  1865  ;  and  is  joint 
author  (with  Mr.  Pembroke  Stephens,  Q.C.) 
of  a  treatise  on  "The  Practice  of  the 
Court  of  Referees  on  Private  Bills  in 
Parliament,"  1870,  a  standard  text-book 
in  Private  Bill  Practice.     He  is  also  joint 


214 


CLIFFOKD 


author  of  yearly  volumes  of  Reports  of 
cases  as  to  the  locus  standi  of  Petitioners, 
decided  each  Session  by  the  Court  of 
Referees  from  18G7  down  to  the  year  1884. 
But  his  chief  work  in  this  connection  is  a 
"History  of  Private  Bill  Legislation,"  in 
2  vols.,  1885-86,  dedicated  by  permis- 
sion to  her  Majesty  the  Queen  ;  a  work 
of  great  labour,  research,  and  of  general 
interest  to  historical  students  for  the  light 
it  throws  upon  social  progress  in  Great 
Britain.  He  published  in  1875,  "The 
Agricultural  Lock-out  of  1874 ;  with  Notes 
upon  Farming  and  Farm  Labour  in  the 
Eastern  Counties,"  founded  on  a  series  of 
letters  which  appeared  in  the  Times;  and 
he  is  the  author  also  of  a  treatise  on 
"  The  Agricultural  Holdings  Act,  1875";  of 
other  Papers  reprinted  from  the  Journal  of 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society ;  and  of  an 
article  on  "English  Land  Law,"  forming 
one  of  the  treatises  prepared  under  the 
direction  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society, 
and  translated  and  published  by  "La 
Socie'te'  des  Agriculteurs  de  France,"  for 
the  "  Congres  International  de  l'Agri- 
culture  "  held  in  Paris  in  1878.  Mr.  Clif- 
ford is  joint  proprietor  with  Sir  William 
Leng  of  a  Conservative  provincial  news- 
paper, the  Sheffield  Daily  Telegraph,  and 
the  group  of  journals  published  by  the 
firm  of  Leng  &  Co,  in  Sheffield  and  London. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  served 
as  Chairman  of  the  Press  Association,  a 
body  of  provincial  newspaper  proprietors, 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  mutual  and 
general  news-supply,  now  developed  into 
a  very  important  and  wide -spreading 
organisation,  with  its  centre  in  London. 
Sir  John  Robinson,  manager  of  the  Daily 
News,  and  Mr.  Clifford  were  the  last  sur- 
viving members  of  the  Council  of  the 
Guild  of  Literature  and  Art,  a  charitable 
society,  constituted  by  private  Act  of 
Parliament  in  1858,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  Queen  and  Prince  Albert,  chiefly  by 
the  efforts  of  Sir  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton, 
Charles  Dickens,  and  some  of  the  best- 
known  literary  men  and  artists  of  the 
day.  As  the  benevolent  objects  of  the 
founders  were  not  fulfilled,  a  private  Bill 
was  promoted  by  Sir  John  Robinson  and 
Mr.  Clifford,  and  was  passed  in  1897,  to 
dissolve  the  Guild  and  hand  over  its  landed 
property  (consisting  of  almshouses  at  Kneb- 
worth)  and  funded  assets,  to  the  Royal 
Literary  Fund  and  the  Artists'  General 
Benevolent  Fund,  in  equal  shares.  This 
work  is  now  (in  1898)  being  carried  out. 
Mr.  Clifford  married  in  1853  Caroline, 
third  daughter  of  Thomas  Mason,  ship- 
builder, of  Hull.  Residence :  24  Colling- 
ham  Gardens,  South  Kensington. 

CLIFFORD,  John,  D.D.,  B.Sc,  LL.B., 
F.G.S.,     minister    of    Westbourne    Park 


Church,  was  born  at  Sawley,  near  Derby, 
Oct.  16,  1836,  educated  at  the  Nottingham 
Baptist  College,  1855-58,  and  at  University 
College,  London,  1858-66,  taking  the 
London  University  degrees  of  B.A.,  1861, 
B.Sc,  1862,  with  honours  in  Geology, 
Logic,  and  Moral  Philosophy;  M.A.,  1864, 
bracketed  first;  LL.B.,  1866,  with  honours 
in  Principles  of  Legislation.  Since  1858 
he  has  been  Pastor  of  the  Westbourne 
Park  Church,  Paddington,  London.  He 
was  President  of  the  General  Baptist 
Association,  1872  ;  and  Secretary,  1876-78, 
of  the  London  Baptist  Association  ;  Presi- 
dent, 1879;  and  from  1870  to  1883  (in- 
clusive) edited  The  General  Baptist 
Magazine;  and  was  President  of  the 
Baptist  Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, 1888  ;  and  President  of  the  National 
Council  of  Free  Evangelical  Churches  of 
England  and  Wales,  1898.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Familiar  Talks  on  'Starting  in 
Life,'"  London,  1872;  "George  Mostyn," 
1874;  "Is  Life  Worth  Living?  an  Eight- 
fold Answer,"  1880,  7th  edit.,  1894  ;  "Eng- 
lish Baptists  :  Who  they  are,  and  What 
they  have  Done"  (edited),  1883,  2nd  edit., 
1884;  "Daily  Strength  for  Daily  Living, 
Expositions  of  Old  Testament  Themes," 
3rd  edit. ,  1890 ;  "The  Dawn  of  Manhood,"  a 
book  for  Young  Men,  1886,  7th  edit.,  1894; 
"  Baptist  Theology,"  Contemporary  Review, 
March,  1888;  "The  Great  Forty  Years," 
1888;  "The  New  City  of  God,"  1888; 
"The  Place  of  Baptists  in  the  Evolu- 
tion of  British  Christianity,"  Time,  1889 ; 
"Who  are  Christian  Ministers?"  Lippin- 
cott's  Magazine,  March  1890,  &c.  ;  "Chris- 
tian Certainties,"  1893,  4th  thousand, 
1897  ;  and  "  The  Inspiration  and  Authority 
of  the  Bible,"  10th  thousand,  1895.  In 
1862  Dr.  Clifford  married  Rebecca,  daughter 
of  Dr.  Carter  of  Newbury,  Berks.  Address : 
50  St.  Quintin  Avenue,  North  Kensington. 

CLIFFORD,  Mrs.  'William  King- 
don,  novelist,  is  the  daughter  of  John 
Lane,  formerly  of  Barbados,  son  of  a 
Speaker  of  Assembly  in  that  Colony.  She 
was  married  in  1875  to  Professor  W.  K. 
Clifford,  F.R.S.,  the  brilliantly  distin- 
guished mathematician  and  philosopher, 
who  died  in  1879.  At  his  death  at  the 
early  age  of  thirty-three,  she  was  granted 
a  civil  list  pension,  and  was  the  recipient 
of  a  public  testimonial,  subscribed  for  by 
the  many  admirers  of  her  husband's  genius. 
As  a  girl  Mrs.  Clifford  had  already  written 
stories,  magazine  articles,  and  an  anony- 
mous novel,  and,  in  1882,  she  published 
her  first  well-known  book,  "Very  Short 
Stories  and  Anyhow  Stories."  This  was 
followed  by  the  powerful  and  painful 
novel  or  psychological  study,  "  Mrs.  Keith's 
Crime,"  1 885,  by  which  she  became  famous, 
and  this  again  was  succeeded  by  "Love 


CLIFTON  —  CLUSEEET 


215 


Letters  of  a  Worldly  Woman,"  1891  ;  "A 
Sad  Comedy,"  "The  Last  Touches,"  and 
"Aunt  Anne,"  1893;  "A  Wild  Proxy," 
1894;  "A  Flash  of  Summer,"  1895,  and 
"Mere  Stories,"  1896.  Address:  27  Col- 
ville  Road,  W. 

CLIFTON,  Professor  Robert  Bel- 
lamy, M.A.  (Cantab,  et  Oxon.),  F.R.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  only  child  of  the  late  Robert 
Clifton,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Gedney,  Lin- 
colnshire, March  13,  1836.  After  receiv- 
ing his  early  education  at  private  schools 
he  entered  University  College,  London,  in 
1852,  and  studied  Mathematics  under  the 
late  Professor  de  Morgan.  In  1855  he 
proceeded  to  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1859  graduated  (B.A.)  as 
sixth  Wrangler,  gaining  also  the  second 
Smith's  Prize  for  proficiency  in  Mathe- 
matics and  Natural  Philosophy.  In  1860 
he  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  in  St. 
John's  College,  and  also  became  Professor 
of  Natural  Philosophy  in  Owens  College, 
Manchester,  an  appointment  which  he  re- 
tained until  elected  Professor  of  Experi- 
mental Philosophy  in  the  Universitv  of 
Oxford  in  1865.  In  1868  he  was  admitted 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1869  a 
Fellowship  in  Merton  College,  Oxford,  was 
conferred  upon  him,  and  he  subsequently 
became  also  a  Fellow  of  Wadham  College, 
Oxford.  Professor  Clifton  is  the  author  of 
some  papers  on  subjects  connected  with 
optics  and  electricity,  but  he  has  princi- 
pally devoted  himself  to  the  development 
of  physios  as  a  branch  of  study,  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.  The  Clarendon 
Laboratory— the  first  laboratory  erected 
in  England  specially  for  instruction  in 
practical  physics — was  designed  and  orga- 
nised by  him.  From  1879  to  1886  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Accidents  in  Mines,  and  he  took  an  active 
part  in  the  investigations  involved  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  inquiry.  Professor 
Clifton  has  been  President  of  the  Physical 
Society  of  London,  1882-84;  he  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  and  of 
several  other  scientific  societies  in  London, 
Cambridge,  and  Manchester.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  of  the 
Royal  Observatory  at  Greenwich.  Ad- 
dresses :  3  Bardwell  Road,  Banbury  Road, 
Oxford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CLOGHEB,,  Bishop  of.  See  Stack, 
The  Right  Rev.  Chables  Maueice. 

CLOWES,    "William    Laird,    is    the 

eldest  son  of  William  Clowes,  sometime 
one  of  the  Registrars  in  Chancery,  and 
was  born  at  Hampstead,  Feb.  1,  1856. 
Educated  successively  at  Aldenham,  King's 
College,  London,  and  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  at 
the  last  moment  abandoned  the  Bar  for 


journalism;  and,  as  a  special  correspon- 
dent, or  as  a  writer  on  technical  subjects, 
chiefly  naval,  he  afterwards  served  the 
Daily  News,  the  Standard,  and  finally  the 
Times,  until  1895.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
period  he  gradually  relinquished  journal- 
ism, and  became  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  Nineteenth  Century,  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  the  Contemporary,  Blackwood,  and 
similar  publications,  French  and  German, 
as  well  as  British.  Since  1883,  moreover, 
he  has  specially  devoted  himself  to  the 
subject  of  naval  improvement  and  reform, 
and  to  researches  in  naval  history.  His 
papers  on  the  condition  of  the  Navy,  under 
the  pseudonym  "Nauticus";  on  "The 
Needs  of  the  Navy "  (reprinted  from  the 
Daily  Graphic) ;  on  the  gunning  of  battle- 
ships (reprinted  from  the  St.  James's 
Gazette) ;  on  quick-firing  guns ;  on  the 
mission  of  torpedo-boats  in  war-time  ;  and 
on  the  value  of  the  ram,  have  been  trans- 
lated into  many  languages,  and  have  pro- 
bably, for  good  or  evil,  had  an  enormous 
influence  upon  naval  as  well  as  public 
opinion.  Mr.  Laird  Clowes,  who  in  1882 
married  Ethel,  second  daughter  of  the  late 
L.  F.  Edwards  of  Mitcham,  served  on  the 
arts  and  general  committees  of  the  Royal 
Naval  Exhibition  of  1891  ;  gained  the  gold 
medal  of  the  United  States  Naval  Institute 
in  1892  ;  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  King's 
College,  London,  in  1895  ;  and  was  chosen 
an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Royal  United 
Service  Institution,  before  which  he  has 
more  than  once  lectured,  in  1896.  He  has 
always  been  much  interested  in  the  cause 
of  cheap  literature,  and  it  was  he  who 
induced  Messrs.  Cassell  to  begin  the 
periodical  publication  of  their  "National 
Library."  Equally  interested  in  the  cause 
of  naval  archaeology,  he  first  suggested  in 
the  columns  of  the  Times  the  idea  which 
later  gave  birth  to  the  Navy  Records 
Society.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
books,  including  "The  Naval  Pocket 
Book"  (continued  annually),  "The  Captain 
of  the  Mary  Rose,"  "Blood  is  Thicker  than 
Water,"  "The  Great  Peril,"  "The  Double 
Emperor,"  and  "Black  America  :  a  Study 
of  the  ex-Slave  and  his  late  Master,"  and 
he  is  now  the  editor  of,  and  principal  con- 
tributor to,  "The  Royal  Navy:  a  History, 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present," 
of  which  Vols.  I.,  II.,  and  III.  have  been 
published,  and  of  which  the  two  conclud- 
ing volumes  may  be  expected  to  appear  in 
1899.  Mr.  Laird  Clowes,  who  is  now  per- 
manently exiled  from  England  on  account 
of  his  health,  lives  at  Davos,  Switzerland. 

CLUSEEET,  Gustave  Paul,  a 
French  military  adventurer  and  Com- 
munist general,  was  born  at  Paris,  June 
23,  1823.  His  father  was  an  ancien  officier 
of  the  First  Empire,  and  became  colonel 


216 


COBBE 


of  a  regiment  of  the  line  under  the  mon- 
archy of  July.  Young  Cluseret  studied  in 
the  military  school  of  St.  Cyr,  and  upon 
leaving,  in  1845,  was  appointed  a  sub- 
lieutenant of  his  father's  regiment,  the 
55th.  In  the  revolution  of  February  1848, 
Cluseret  was  in  command  of  a  section  of 
grenadiers  told  off  for  the  protection  of 
the  Bank.  When  the  National  Guard  of 
the  quartier  relieved  the  troops,  Baron 
d'Argoult  hid  the  young  officer  and  his 
soldiers  for  two  days,  and  then  assisted 
them  to  escape  in  disguise  from  the  fury 
of  the  people.  In  the  days  of  June, 
Cluseret  was  elected  a  chief  of  a  battalion 
of  National  Guards,  and  for  his  bravery 
under  fire  was  named  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  After  the  dissolution 
of  the  Garde  Mobile  he  returned  to  his 
old  regiment  with  the  grade  of  lieutenant, 
and  shortly  afterwards  was  put  on  the 
retired  list  in  consequence  of  a  manifes- 
tation of  politics  adverse  to  the  Prince- 
President.  He  was  replaced  at  the  inter- 
cession of  Marshal  Magnan,  an  old  friend 
of  his  father's,  and  in  1853  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Chasseurs-a-pied,  with  whom 
he  went  through  the  campaign  in  the 
Crimea,  was  made  Captain,  and,  after  the 
peace,  went  to  Africa,  where,  as  his  bio- 
grapher, M.  Jules  Bichard,  delicately  puts 
it,  "the  elasticity  of  his  principles  in  the 
matter  of  the  ownership  of  property  made 
it  necessary  for  him  to  resign."  In  1860 
he  turned  up  with  the  army  of  Garibaldi, 
where  hebecameLieutenant-Colonel.  When 
the  war  broke  out  in  America  he  joined  the 
Federals,  and  fought  against  the  South 
with  the  grade  of  a  Colonel.  After  the 
close  of  the  American  war  Cluseret 
founded  the  New  Nation  newspaper,  and 
returned  to  France  and  took  up  the  pro- 
fession of  journalism.  Another  indication 
of  "elasticity  of  principles"  led  to  the 
necessity  of  his  quitting  Paris,  and  he 
came  over  to  England,  where  he  mixed 
himself  up  with  the  Fenian  agitation. 
Returning  again  to  France,  he  got  into 
trouble  by  reason  of  the  publication  of 
a  newspaper  article  to  which  his  name 
was  appended,  and  was  condemned  to 
two  months'  imprisonment  in  St,  Pelagie. 
There,  in  addition  to  the  acquaintance  of 
his  biographer,  he  made  that  of  certain 
agents  of  the  International  Society,  the 
effect  of  which  was  shortly  afterwards 
seen  in  his  organising  the  strike  of  the 
shop-assistants  in  Paris  in  1869.  After 
the  elections  of  June  in  that  year, 
Cluseret  was  expelled  from  France  at  the 
instance  of  the  Minister  of  War,  who  had 
reason  to  believe  that  the  ex-captain  was 
tampering  with  the  sous  -  officiers  of  the 
garrison.  Immediately  upon  the  procla- 
mation of  the  Provisional  Government  of 
Sept.  4,  1870,  the  exile  turned  up  again, 


and  his  subsequent  history  is  legibly 
written  in  the  records  of  revolution  at 
Marseilles,  Lyons,  and  Paris.  For  a  short 
time  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  military 
operations  of  the  Paris  Commune,  but, 
like  nearly  all  the  other  agents  of  that 
body,  he  soon  fell  under  suspicion,  and 
was  arrested,  though  he  was  released 
from  custody  shortly  before  the  entrance 
of  the  Versailles  troops.  It  was  reported 
that  he  was  shot  before  Sept.  22-26, 
1871  ;  but,  notwithstanding  the  vigilant 
search  made  for  him  by  the  police,  he 
remained  in  concealment  in  Paris  till 
the  end  of  the  month  of  December  1871, 
when  he  escaped  to  London.  Soon  after- 
wards he  went  to  the  United  States. 
The  Third  Council  of  War,  sitting  at 
Versailles,  condemned  him  to  death,  par 
contumace,  Aug.  30,  1872.  Cluseret  and 
his  publisher  were,  on  Jan.  27,  1881, 
sentenced  by  default  to  two  years'  im- 
prisonment and  3000  francs'  fine  for  an 
article  inciting  soldiers  to  mutiny.  He 
again  left  France  and  returned  in  1884, 
when  he  exhibited  his  paintings,  of  which 
some  have  lately  appeared  in  the  Salon. 
In  1887-88  he  published  his  Memoirs.  They 
deal  with  the  Second  Siege  of  Paris,  and 
are  an  apology  for  the  Commune.  In  1888 
General  Cluseret  stood  for  Parliament  in  the 
Var,  and  was  elected  as  a  "revolutionist." 
He  was  re-elected  at  Toulon  in  1889. 

COBBE,  Frances  Power,  daughter 
of  Charles  Cobbe,  of  Newbridge  House, 
co.  Dublin,  D.L.,  J.P.  (who  fought  at 
Assaye  as  lieutenant  in  the  19th  Light 
Dragoons),  was  born  Dec.  .4,  1822,  and 
educated  at  Brighton.  She  has  been 
a  frequent  contributor  to  the  periodi- 
cals of  the  day,  and  is  the  author  of  the 
following  works  :  "An  Essay  on  Intuitive 
Morals,"  1855  (3rd.  edit.,  "  1859) ;  "Re- 
ligious Duty,"  1857  (2nd  edit.,  1864)  ; 
"Pursuits  of  Women,"  1863;  "Cities  of 
the  Past,"  1863;  "Broken  Lights,"  1864 
(3rd  edit.,  two  American  edits.);  "Italics," 
1864;  "Studies  Ethical  and  Social," 
1865  ;  "  Hours  of  Work  and  Play,"  1867  ; 
"Dawning  Lights,"  1868;  "Alone,  to 
the  Alone,"  1871  (3rd  edit.,  1881); 
"Darwinism  in  Morals,"  1872;  "Hopes 
of  the  Human  Race,"  1874,  1880;  "Re- 
echoes," 1876  ;  "  False  Beasts  and  True," 
1875;  "Duties  of  Women,"  1880  (3rd 
English,  8th  American  edit.,  1889)  ;  "The 
Peak  in  Darien,"  1881;  "A  Faithless 
World,"  1885  ;  "  The  Scientific  Spirit  of 
the  Age,"  1888;  "The  Modern  Rack," 
1889  ;  "  The  Friend  of  Man  "  (2nd  edit.), 
1890.  Beside  these  books  Miss  Cobbe 
has  issued  a  great  number  of  pamphlets, 
among  which  are  :  "  The  Workhouse  as 
an  Hospital,"  1861;  "Friendless  Girls, 
and  How  to  Help  Them,"  1861,  containing 


COFFIN  —  COLLET 


217 


an  account  of  the  original  Preventive 
Mission  at  Bristol ;  "  Female  Education," 
1862  (a  plea  for  granting  University 
Degrees  to  women),  and  more  than  two 
hundred  pamphlets  and  leaflets  on  the 
vivisection  question.  Miss  Cobbe  resided 
for  some  years  in  Bristol  with  the  late 
Mary  Carpenter,  for  the  purpose  of  work- 
ing at  her  reformatory  and  ragged  schools ; 
and  subsequently  originated,  in  concert 
with  Miss  Elliot,  a  scheme  for  befriend- 
ing young  servants  (now  worked  by  the 
Metropolitan  Association  founded  for  that 
purpose) ;  and  another  for  the  relief  of 
destitute  incurables.  After  journeys  to 
Egypt,  Palestine,  and  Greece,  and  several 
visits  to  Italy,  Miss  Cobbe  joined  her 
friend,  Miss  Lloyd,  of  Hengwrt,  in  taking 
a  house  in  South  Kensington,  where  she 
lived  for  twenty  years.  She  was  for  a  part 
of  this  time  on  the  staff  of  the  Echo,  and 
subsequently  on  that  of  the  Standard,  and 
contributed  largely  to  other  newspapers 
and  periodicals,  the  Quarterly  Review, 
Fraser,  &c.  She  was  engaged,  besides 
literary  work,  in  promoting  the  Act  (41 
Vict.  c.  19)  of  1878,  whereby  wives  whose 
husbands  have  been  convicted  of  aggra- 
vated assaults  upon  them  are  enabled  to 
obtain  Separation  Orders ;  and  also  in 
aiding  the  movement  for  obtaining  Parlia- 
mentary suffrage  for  women.  In  1880-81 
she  twice  delivered  to  audiences  of  ladies 
a  course  of  lectures  on  the  Duties  of 
Women,  which  have  been  largely  circu- 
lated in  America,  and  also  translated  and 
published  in  Danish,  Italian,  and  French. 
During  the  last  fifteen  years  Miss  Cobbe 
has  been  principally  occupied  in  founding 
and  directing  as  Hon.  Secretary  the  Vic- 
toria Street  Society  for  the  Protection  of 
Animals  from  Vivisection,  an  Association 
of  which  the  late  Lord  Shaftesbury  was 
President.  She  resigned  in  1884  her 
office  and  the  editorship  of  the  Zoophilist 
and  the  Society  (now  called  the  National 
Society).  Having  subsequently  modified  its 
programme,  Miss  Cobbe  has  withdrawn 
from  it  altogether.  Miss  Cobbe  resides  at 
Hengwrt,  near  Dolgelly  ;  but  continues  to 
work  on  behalf  of  the  cause  of  sentiment 
towards  animals  as  opposed  to  the  demands 
of  biological  science.  Address  :  Hengwrt, 
Dolgelly,  N.  Wales. 

COFFIN,  Charles  Hayden,  was  born 
at  Manchester  in  1862,  his  father  and 
mother  being  Americans,  who  had  come 
over  from  New  England,  U.S.A.  He  was 
educated  at  University  College,  London, 
intended  originally  to  enter  the  medical 
profession,  and  passed  the  preliminary 
examinations.  In  1885,  however,  he  went 
on  the  stage,  and  being  possessed  of  a 
good  voice,  he  has  gained  a  high  reputa- 
tion as  a  singer  in  comic  and  light  opera. 


He  has  recently  appeared  in  "The  Geisha" 
at  Daly's  Theatre,  and  was  in  1898-99  en- 
gaged in  "  The  Greek  Slave  "  at  the  same 
theatre.  He  was  married  in  1892  to  Ade- 
line, daughter  of  Frederick  de  Leuw,  of 
Graf  rath,  Germany.  Address  :  Campden 
Hill  Cottage,  Kensington,  W. 

COLCHESTER,  Bishop  Suffragan 

of.    See  Johnson,  The  Eight  Bev.  H.  F. 

COLERIDGE,  The   Hon.    Stephen, 

second  son  of  the  1st  Lord  Coleridge,  was 
born  in  1854,  and  married  in  1879  Ger- 
aldine,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  the  late 
Charles  Manners  Lushington,  jun.,  of  Nor- 
ton Court,  Kent,  M.P.  He  was  educated 
at  Bradfield,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, graduating  B.A.  in  1876,  and  M.A. 
in  1880.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1886. 
After  leaving  Cambridge  he  travelled  in 
the  East,  and  then  went  to  South  America 
for  a  year,  where  he  was  in  Chili  and  Peru 
during  the  war  between  those  countries. 
He  visited  Panama  when  Lesseps  cut  the 
first  sod  of  the  Canal,  and  he  has  fre- 
quently visited  the  United  States.  He 
was  private  secretary  to  his  father,  the 
late  Lord  Chief -Justice  of  England,  from 
1882  to  1890,  when  he  was  appointed 
Clerk  of  Assize  on  the  South  Wales  Cir- 
cuit, which  office  he  still  holds.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Demetrius,"  1887;  and 
"The  Sanctity  of  Confession,"  1890;  and 
has  reviewed  for  several  papers  for  some 
years.  He  is  an  artist,  exhibiting  his 
pictures  regularly  in  the  London  and 
Provincial  Galleries.  But  perhaps  his 
greatest  interest  is  in  humanitarian  causes. 
He  is  one  of  the  Council  of  the  National 
Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Children,  and  is  a  leader  of  the  Anti- 
Vivisection  Movement,  being  Hon.  Sec- 
retary of  the  National  Anti-Vivisection 
Society,  into  whose  internal  regulations 
he  has  introduced  reforms,  and  over  whose 
methods  of  carrying  on  the  agitation  he 
has  exercised  considerable  influence.  Ad- 
dresses :  7  Egerton  Mansions,  South  Ken- 
sington ;  and  The  Ford,  Greywell,  Hants. 

COLLEN,  Sir  Edwin  Henry  Hayter, 

K.C.I.E.,  was  born  in  1843,  and  entered 
the  Boyal  Artillery  in  1863.  He  served  in 
the  Abyssinian  War,  1868,  in  the  Afghan 
War,  1880,  and  in  the  Soudan  Expedition 
in  1885.  In  1893  he  was  created  a  K.C.I.E. 
He  is  also  a  C.B.  He  is  a  Colonel  on  the 
Indian  Staff  Corps,  and  Secretary  to  the 
Military  Department  of  the  Government 
of  India.     Address  :  Calcutta. 

COLLET,  Sir  Mark  Wilks,  Bart., 
J.P.,  was  born  in  London  in  September 
1816,  is  the  second  son  of  Mr.  James 
Collet,    a     London     merchant,    and    was 


218 


COLLIE  —  COLLINGS 


educated  abroad.  He  is  a  partner  in  the 
house  of  Brown.  Shipley  &  Co.,  London; 
was  elected  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of 
England  in  1866;  filled  the  office  of 
Deputy  Governor  of  the  Bank  from  1885 
to  1887,  and  of  Governor  from  1887  to 
1889.  He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1888 
in  recognition  of  services  rendered  as 
Governor  of  the  Bank  in  connection  with 
the  Conversion  of  the  National  Debt, 
effected  in  that  year.  He  is  a  J.P.  and 
Deputy  Lieutenant  for  the  County  of 
Kent,  and  for  the  County  of  London,  and 
also  a  Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy  for 
the  City  of  London.  Addresses  :  St.  Clere, 
Kemsing,  Kent ;  and  2  Sussex  Square,  W. 

COLLIE,     John     Norman,     Ph.D., 

F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Alderley  Edge, 
Cheshire,  on  Sept.  10,  1859,  and  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Clifton 
College.  He  is  Professor  of  Chemistry 
to  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great 
Britain,  Bloomsbury  Square,  London, 
W.C.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  ;  of  the  Geographi- 
cal Society ;  of  the  Chemical  Societies  of 
London  and  Berlin ;  and  of  the  Alpine 
Club,  &c.  &c.  Address :  16  Campden 
Grove,  Kensington. 

COLLINGS,  The  Right  Hon.  Jesse, 
M.P.,  was  born  in  1831  in  the  parish  of 
Littleham-cum-Exmouth  in  Devonshire. 
He  comes  of  humble  parentage,  but  re- 
ceived what  in  those  days  was  considered 
a  fair  education,  and  at  an  early  period  of 
his  life  entered,  as  clerk,  the  Birmingham 
firm  of  Messrs.  Samuel  Booth  &  Co.,  sub- 
sequently becoming  their  representative  in 
the  South  and  West  of  England.  He  at 
length  acquired  their  business  and  settled 
in  Birmingham  in  1866  as  head  partner  in 
the  firm  of  "  Collihgs  &  Wallis."  Taking, 
as  he  did,  an  active  part  in  public  work, 
he  was  in  1867  elected  a  member  of  the 
Birmingham  Education  Society,  and  early 
in  1868  published  a  vigorous  pamphlet 
entitled  "An  Outline  of  the  American 
School  System  :  with  Remarks  on  the 
Establishment  of  a  Common  School  System 
in  England."  In  this  pamphlet,  which 
had  a  large  circulation,  he  advocated  the 
formation  of  "  a  Society  on  the  Principle 
of  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League,  national  in 
name  and  constitution,  refusing  all  com- 
promise, its  platform  being  National 
Secular  (or  unsectarian)  Education,  com- 
pulsory in  rating  and  in  attendance." 
Later  in  the  same  year  "The  National 
Education  League"  was  formed,  Mr. 
George  Dixon  being  President,  Mr.  Joseph 
Chamberlain  Chairman  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  and  Mr.  Jesse  Collings  Hon- 
orary Secretary.  The  action  of  the  League 
materially   assisted   the    passing    of    the 


National  Education  Act  in  1870,  and  Mr. 
Collings  was  to  the  front  in  all  its  de- 
liberations. In  1868  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Town  Council  of  Birmingham,  and 
in  1878  was  unanimously  elected  Mayor. 
His  tenure  of  office  was  notable  in  many 
ways.  In  1878-79  he  did  much  to  alleviate 
the  prevalent  distress  among  the  poor  of 
Birmingham  by  instituting  the  "  Mayor's 
Fund,"  which  gave  relief  to  more  than 
10,000  families.  In  1879  he  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  rebuilding  the  Central 
Free  Libraries  of  Birmingham,  which  had 
been  destroyed  by  fire.  He  became  no- 
torious in  1878  for  his  severe  action  against 
certain  "Jingo"  dissentients  who  dis- 
turbed a  political  meeting  of  which  he 
was  chairman.  These  persons — of  whom 
there  were  some  hundreds — created  a  dis- 
turbance at  a  political  meeting  called  at 
the  Town  Hall  "  to  consider  the  Afghan 
Policy  of  the  Government,"  and  were 
ejected  by  the  police  at  Mr.  Collings's 
request.  Several  of  the  rejected  brought 
actions  against  the  Mayor  and  others, 
and  the  case  was  tried  in  the  Criminal 
Court,  where  Mr.  Collings  was  defended 
by  Sir  Henry  James.  The  Stipendiary, 
Mr.  Kynnersley,  declined  to  state  a  case, 
and  the  right  of  a  chairman  to  eject  up- 
roarious opponents  remains  unsettled. 
About  twenty  years  ago  Mr.  Collings 
assisted  in  the  formation  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Labourers'  Union,  and  was  for  some 
time  a  member  of  its  Executive  Com- 
mittee. His  political  life  is  intimately 
associated  with  the  aims  of  this  associa- 
tion. In  1880  he  entered  Parliament  as 
Radical  member  for  Ipswich,  and  repre- 
sented that  constituency  till  1885.  On 
entering  Parliament  he  determined  to 
devote  himself  chiefly  to  the  cause  of  the 
agricultural  labourer,  and  in  1882,  after 
several  defeats,  he  succeeded  in  passing 
the  Allotments  Extension  Act.  At  the 
same  time  he  introduced  a  General  Allot- 
ments Bill  and  a  Small  Holdings  Bill, 
which  embodied  the  policy  known  as 
"Three  Acres  and  a  Cow."  These  bills 
were  repeatedly  defeated,  until  in  1886 
Mr.  Collings  moved  an  amendment  to  the 
Address,  setting  forth  the  necessity  for 
legislation  favourable  to  the  agricultural 
labourers.  The  amendment  was  carried, 
and  caused  the  fall  of  the  Conservative 
Government.  In  1887  the  Unionist  Gov- 
ernment passed  the  Allotments  Bill  with 
but  slight  alteration.  The  Small  Holdings 
Bill  was  also  adopted  and  passed  in  1892, 
and  the  administration  of  the  Act  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  County  Councils. 
The  Act  tends  to  produce  a  peasant  pro- 
prietary, and  Mr.  Collings  holds  "  that 
not  only  the  rural  labourers,  but  the 
working  men  in  towns  and  centres  of  in- 
dustry,   as   well   as    shopkeepers,    manu- 


COLLING  WOOD  —  COLLINS 


219 


facturers,  and  traders  generally,  will  all  be 
benefited  by  the  increased  production  of 
the  smaller  articles  of  food,  which  can 
alone  be  produced "  by  owners  of  small 
holdings.  Mr.  Collings  has  been  a  warm 
opponent  of  the  action  of  the  Charity 
Commissioners  in  rural  districts.  He  has 
opposed  their  schemes,  and  to  a  great 
extent  modified  their  policy  towards  the 
poorer  classes  in  country  districts.  When 
in  1885  a  bill  was  passed  for  disfranchising 
voters  who  had  received  parochial  relief, 
he  succeeded  in  carrying  a  proviso  that  a 
labourer  who  had  been  attended  by  a  Poor 
Law  Medical  Officer  should  not  lose  his 
vote.  In  1SS3  he  founded  the  Allotments 
Association,  but  was  turned  out  of  it  in 
1886  owing  to  his  having  become  a 
Unionist.  He  thereupon  formed  the 
present  Rural  Labourers'  League,  which 
aims  at  securing  to  the  labourer  the 
benefits  given  him  under  recent  Acts.  Mr. 
Jesse  Collings  was  re-elected  in  1892  to 
the  Bordesley  Division  of  Birmingham, 
which  he  has  represented  since  1886.  He 
is  author  of  several  pamphlets  on  free 
education  and  peasant  proprietorship.  In 
1858  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Edward  Oxenbould,  by  whom  he  has  one 
daughter,  married  to  Mr.  H.  C.  Field.  He 
is  a  Unitarian  in  creed.  In  1886  he  was 
Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the  Local 
Government  Board,  and  in  1891  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Labour  Commission. 
In  1895  he  became  a  member  of  Lord 
Salisbury's  Government  as  Under  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Home  Department. 
Address  :  The  Woodlands,  Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Cuthbert,  M.A. 
and  B.M.  Oxon.,  F.L.S.,  &c,  was  born  at 
Greenwich,  Dec.  25,  1826,  and  educated 
at  King's  College  School,  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  Edinburgh  University,  and  Guy's 
Hospital.  He  also  studied  in  Paris  and 
Vienna.  From  1858  to  1866  he  resided  in 
Liverpool,  occupying  during  that  period 
the  Chair  of  Botany  in  the  Medical  School, 
and  that  of  Biology  in  the  School  of  Science. 
He  was  also  Senior  Physician  to  the  Liver- 
pool Northern  Hospital.  Dr.  Collingwood 
has  been  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnsean  Society 
since  1853,  and  sat  on  the  Council  in  1868. 
In  1866-67  he  undertook  as  a  volunteer, 
under  the  sanction  of  the  Admiralty,  a 
scientific  voyage  for  the  study  of  marine 
zoology,  &c,  visiting  China,  Formosa, 
Borneo,  and  Singapore,  the  results  being 
recorded  in  "  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist  on 
the  Shores  and  Waters  of  the  China  Sea," 
1868,  in  numerous  papers  read  before 
scientific  societies,  and  in  scientific  jour- 
nals. He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Vision  of 
Creation,"  "The  Travelling  Birds,"  and 
numerous   scientific   papers.      In    1876-77 


Dr.  Collingwood  travelled  in  Palestine  and 
Egypt,  and  published  an  account  of  his 
journey. 

COLLINS,  Right  Hon.  Sir  Richard 

Henn,  Lord  justice  of  Appeal,  third  son 
of  Mr.  Stephen  Collins,  Q.C.,  of  Dublin, 
and  Frances,  daughter  of  William  Henn 
and  Susanna,  sister  of  Sir  Jonathan  Lovett, 
of  Liscombe,  Bucks,  Bart.,  was  born  in 
1842,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  took  the  highest  honours 
in  classics  and  moral  science.  He  left 
Dublin  without  taking  a  degree,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Downing  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  bracketed  fourth  in  the  Classical 
Tripos,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Down- 
ing in  1865,  becoming  an  Hon.  Fellow  on 
the  expiration  of  his  Fellowship.  Called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  Novem- 
ber 1867,  he  joined  the  Northern  Circuit, 
and  was  created  a  Q.C.  in  1883,  and  elected 
a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1884.  He  enjoyed 
a  large  practice  both  as  junior  and  as 
Queen's  Counsel,  and  appeared  latterly  in 
the  important  licensing  appeal  of  "  Sharp 
v.  Wakefield"  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and 
in  the  Clitheroe  Abduction  Case,  in  which 
he  appeared  as  leading  Counsel  for  Mr. 
Jackson  in  the  Court  of  Appeal.  He  was 
for  long  well  known  as  a  sound  and 
careful  lawyer.  In  April  1891  he  was 
elevated  to  the  Bench  in  succession  to  the 
late  Mr.  Justice  Stephen,  who  had  then 
recently  retired.  He  was  for  four  years 
President  of  the  Railway  Commission.  In 
1897  lie  was  raised  to  the  Court  of  Appeal 
and  made  a  Privy  Councillor.  He  was  for 
some  years  a  member  of  the  Bar  Com- 
mittee, and  is  joint  editor  of  "Smith's 
Leading  Cases."  He  married  in  1868  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  Very  Rev.  0.  W.  Moore, 
Dean  of  Clogher.  Addresses  :  3  Bramham 
Gardens,  S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

COLLINS,  Dr.  William  Job,  M.D., 
B.Sc,  F.R.C.S.,D.L.,  J.P.,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Dr.  Collins  of  Regent's  Park, 
and  comes  of  a  Warwickshire  family.  He 
is  related  through  his  mother  and  the 
Huguenot  family  of  Garnault  to  Sir  Samuel 
Rornilly.  He  was  born  on  May  9,  1859, 
and  was  educated  at  University  College 
School  and  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
where  his  career  was  distinguished.  He 
graduated  M.B.  at  the  University  of  Lon- 
don, with  double  first-class  honours,  and 
became  F.R.  C.S.  before  he  was  twenty-six. 
He  was  appointed  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to 
the  North  West  London  Hospital  in  1884, 
and  Assistant  Surgeon  and  in  1896  Surgeon 
to  the  Royal  Eye  Hospital  at  Southwark. 
Since  1888"  Dr.  Collins  has  been  Surgeon  to 
the  London  Temperance  Hospital.  In  1892 
he  became  a  candidate,  in  the  Progressive 
interest,   for   West    St.    Pancras,   for   the 


220 


COLOMB 


London  County  Council,  and  was  re-elected 
at  the  top  of  the  poll  in  1895  and  1898. 
He  became  Chief  Whip  to  the  Progressive 
Party,  and  later  Chairman  of  the  Party 
Committee.  He  served  as  Chairman  of 
the  Public  Control  Committee  of  the 
Council  for  two  years,  and  in  1896-97  was 
unanimously  appointed  Vice-Chairman  of 
the  Council.  He  was  elected  Chairman  of 
the  London  County  Council  in  March 
1897,  and  acted  as  spokesman  for  that 
body  on  numerous  public  occasions.  He 
received  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales 
when  the  former  opened  the  great  Thames 
Tunnel,  at  Blackwall,  on  behalf  of  the 
Queen,  on  May  22  of  that  year.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  Diamond  Jubilee  Celebra- 
tion, Dr.  Collins  wrote  and  read  the  first 
address  presented  to  her  Majesty  by  the 
London  County  Council.  At  the  general 
election  of  1895  he  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested West  St.  Pancras  as  a  Liberal.  He 
is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  a  Deputy 
Lieutenant  for  the  County  of  London. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  University  of  Lon- 
don, having  been  elected  to  the  Senate  of 
that  body  by  his  fellow  graduates  in  1893. 
He  has  taken  a  great  interest  in  the  ques- 
tion of  University  reform,  and  has  given 
evidence  before  two  Royal  Commissions  on 
behalf  of  Convocation,  and  in  favour  of 
maintaining  the  impartial  and  high  stan- 
dard of  degrees  for  which  the  University 
has  been  famous.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  the  London  Technical  Education  Board 
from  its  commencement.  From  1889  to 
1896  he  served  on  the  Royal  Commission 
which  inquired  into  the  working  of  the 
Vaccination  Acts,  and  dissented  from  the 
final  report  of  the  majority  of  the  Com- 
mission, as  he  objected  to  compulsory  en- 
forcement of  the  operation,  and  favoured 
a  more  extensive  reliance  on  sanitary 
organisation  and  reform  for  the  preven- 
tion of  epidemics.  Dr.  Collins  is  the  author 
of  numerous  contributions  to  medical  and 
scientific  periodicals  and  societies  on  Sur- 
gical, Ophthalmic,  and  Sanitary  questions. 
He  represented  the  London  County  Council 
and  London  University  at  the  International 
Congresson  Hygiene  at  Buda-Pesthinl894, 
and  read  a  paper  there  on  the  provision  of 
Mortuaries.  He  took  a  leading  part  in 
establishing  a  laboratory  at  Claybury 
Asylum  for  the  better  study  of  the  Patho- 
logy of  Mental  Diseases.  He  has  endea- 
voured to  bring  the  principle  of  evolution 
to  bear  on  the  nature  and  origin  of  diseases. 
He  has  published  statistics  of  surgical 
operations,  in  which  the  non-alcoholic 
treatment  has  been  adopted  with  success. 
In  professional  as  in  political  matters  he 
has  adopted  liberalism  and  progress.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  short  account  of  the  life 
and  philosophy  of  Spinoza  the  Pantheist. 
On    the   formation    of    the    new    London 


County  Council  in  1898,  Dr.  Collins  was 
nominated  as  leader  of  the  Progressives  by 
a  ballot  of  the  whole  party,  but  in  May  he 
informed  the  Progressive  Whip  that  he 
could  not  undertake  the  responsibilities  of 
the  position.  In  August  1898  he  married 
Jane  S,,  daughter  of  John  Wilson,  M.P. 
for  Govan.  Address :  1  Albert  Terrace, 
Regent's  Park. 

COLOMB,  Sir  John  Charles  Ready, 
K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Captain  R.N.,  M.P., 
born  May  1,  1838,  is  the  son  of  General 
G.  T.  Colomb,  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  A.  B. 
King,  Bart.  He  was  educated  privately 
and  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  and  served 
in  the  Royal  Marine  Artillery,  1854-69. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  series  of  lectures, 
1869-86,  delivered  before  the  United  Ser- 
vice Institution  and  Royal  Colonial  Insti- 
tute, and  subsequently  published,  "On 
the  Distribution  of  Our  War  Forces "  ; 
"  General  Principles  of  Military  Organ- 
isation "  ;  "  Russian  Development  "  ; 
"  Our  Naval  and  Military  Position  in 
the  North  Pacific,"  1877;  "The  Naval 
and  Military  Resources  of  Our  Colonies"  ; 
"The  Protection  of  Commerce  in 
War,"  1867;  "Imperial  Strategy,"  1871; 
"  Colonial  Defence  and  Colonial  Opinion," 
1876  ;  "  The  Defence  of  Great  and  Greater 
Britain,"  1879  ;  "  Naval  Intelligence  and 
Protection  of  Commerce,"  1881 ;  "  The 
Use  and  Application  of  Marine  Forces," 
1883;  and  "Imperial  Federation,  Naval 
and  Military,"  1886  ;  and  has  received  the 
thanks  of  Colonial  Governments.  He  has 
contributed  to  Blackwood,  Fraser,  Nine- 
teenth Century,  Murray's  Magazine,  &c.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Imperial 
Federation  League  in  conjunction  with 
the  late  Rt.  Hon.  W.  E.  Forster,  M.P., 
was  elected  M.P.  for  the  Bow  and  Bromley 
Division  of  the  Tower  Hamlets,  1886,  and 
was  made  K.C.M.G.  in  1889.  He  was  de- 
feated for  Parliament  in  1892,  and  elected 
by  Great  Yarmouth  in  1895.  He  is  a  D.L. 
and  J.  P.  for  co.  Kerry.  He  married  Emily 
Anna,  daughter  of  R.  S.  Palmer,  and 
widow  of  Charles  Augustus  Paret,  Lieut. 
R.N.  Addresses  :  75  Belgrave  Road,  S.W., 
and  Dromquinna,  Kenmare,  co.  Kerry. 

COLOMB,  Vice  Admiral  Philip 
Howard,  F.R.G.S.,  was  born  in  Scotland 
on  May  29,  1831,  and  is  the  third  son  of 
the  late  General  G.  T.  Colomb  and  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  A.  B.  King,  Bart. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  entered 
the  Navy  in  November  1846,  and  was  pro- 
moted Lieutenant  in  February  1855.  He 
was  a  Midshipman  in  H.M.S.  Reynard 
during  1849-51,  and  engaged  in  the  pursuit 
and  capture  of  Chinese  pirates.  The 
Reynard  was  totally  wrecked  on  the  Plata 
Shoal  in  1851.      He  was  then  appointed 


COLONNE  —  COLQUHOUN 


221 


Mate  in  H.M.S.  Serpent,  and  took  part  in 
the  Burmese  War,  for  which  he  received 
the  medal  with  Pegu  clasp.  As  Mate  in 
H.M.S.  Phoenix  he  was  in  the  Arctic  Expe- 
dition of  1854,  and  was  awarded  the  Arctic 
medal.  During  the  Russian  War  Admiral 
Colomb  saw  considerable  service  in  the 
Baltic,  and  as  a  lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  Hast- 
ings, he  engaged  the  batteries  and  gun- 
boats on  the  night  attack  at  Sveaborg. 
He  was  appointed  Flag- Lieutenant  to 
Rear-Admiral  Sir  T.  Pasley  in  1859,  and 
during  this  service  he  invented  the  present 
system  of  flashing  signals  for  night,  day, 
and  fog,  and  at  the  same  time  revised  all 
the  signal  systems  throughout.  He  also 
produced  the  present  scheme  of  naval 
tactics,  and  in  1867  he  was  attached  to 
the  Royal  Engineers  to  perfect  military 
signalling.  As  Commander  of  H.M.S. 
Dryad  he  was  engaged  in  the  suppression 
of.  the  slave  trade.  During  1874  he  pro- 
duced the  adopted  system  of  interior 
lighting,  and  the  arrangement  of  voice- 
tubes  in  ships  of  war,  and  was  shortly 
afterwards  appointed  Flag-Captain  to 
Vice-Admiral  Ryder  on  the  China  Station . 
In  1880  Admiral  Colomb  was  chosen  to 
command  H.M.S.  Thunderer,  and  the  year 
following  he  became  Captain-Superinten- 
dent of  the  Portsmouth  Steam  Reserve, 
which  was  entirely  re-organised  under  his 
direction.  His  last  appointment  on  the 
active  list  was  that  of  Flag-Captain  to  Sir 
Geoffrey  Hornby,  G.C.B.  He  was  placed 
on  the  retired  list  under  the  age  clause  in 
1886,  being  promoted  to  Rear-Admiral  the 
following  year «and  Vice-Admiral  in  1892. 
Admiral  Colomb's  writings  and  essays  on 
naval  defence,  and  the  possibilities  open 
to  modern  ships  of  war,  place  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  those  who  have  brought  the 
Fleet  to  its  present  state  of  efficiency.  He 
is  a  great  advocate  of  the  torpedo  boat 
destroyer,  and  believes  that  type  of  vessel 
will  play  a  most  important  part  in  the 
next  naval  war.  He  has  also  been  un- 
sparing in  his  efforts  to  induce  the  Ad- 
miralty to  adopt  a  more  satisfactory  scheme 
of  naval  retirement.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  Admiral  Colomb's  works:  "Slave 
Catching  in  the  Indian  Ocean  "  ;  "  Our 
Peril  Afloat "  ;  "  The  Duel,  a  Naval  War 
Game";  "The  Dangers  of  the  Modern 
Rule  of  the  Road  at  Sea";  "Fifteen 
Years  of  Naval  Retirement "  ;  "  Essays  on 
Naval  Defence"  ;  "The  Official  System  of 
Measuring  the  Manoeuvring  Powers  of 
Ships";  "  Naval  Warfare  "  ;  "  The  Naval 
War  Game "  ;  "  The  Collision  Diagram," 
1896;  and  Editor  of  the  "Naval  Year 
Book."  Admiral  Colomb  was  a  Lecturer 
on  Naval  Strategy  and  Tactics  at  the  R.N. 
College,  Greenwich,  in  1887-88.  He  is  a 
gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution,  a  younger  Brother  of  Trinity 


House,  and  Nautical  Assessor  to  the  House 
of  Lords.  Addresses :  Steeple  Court, 
Botley,  Hants  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

COLONNE,  Jean,  French  musician, 
was  born  at  Bordeaux,  July  23,  1838,  and 
studied  at  the  Conservatoire,  where  Gierard 
and  Saugay  taught  him  the  violin,  and  Am  - 
broise  Thomas  counterpoint  and  harmony. 
In  1863  he  obtained  the  first  prize  for 
violin-playing.  He  entered  the  Paris  Opera 
as  one  of  the  first  violins  in  the  same  year. 
In  1871  he  threw  up  his  post  to  found  a 
National  Concert,  which  afterwards  be- 
came the  Association  artistique,  whose 
winter  concerts  were  first  given  at  the 
Odeon,  and  then  at  the  Theatre  du  Cha- 
telet.  He  welcomed  the  younger  French 
composers,  and  produced  the  "Marie  Made- 
leine" and  "Scenes  Pittoresque"  of  Mas- 
senet, the  "Pieces  d'orchestre"  of  Theo- 
dore Dubois,  the  "Fiesque"  of  Lalo,  &c. 
He  also  gave  a  place  to  the  chief  works 
of  Wagner  and  other  foreign  composers, 
and  introduced  Guilmant,  the  organist, 
to  Parisian  audiences.  In  1891  he  was 
chosen  by  M.  Bertrand,  the  Director  of 
the  Opera,  as  chief  Conductor,  and  started 
on  his  duties  in  January  1892.  He  had 
great  difficulty  in  getting  Wagner  a  hear- 
ing in  Paris,  after  the  grossly  insulting 
remarks  the  great  Maestro  had  allowed 
himself  to  utter,  but  in  1893  he  succeeded 
in  producing  "Lohengrin."  M.  Colonne 
brought  his  orchestra  to  London  in  1897, 
and  was  most  favourably  received. 

COLaUHOUN,   Archibald   Ross, 

Assoc.  Mem.  I.C.E.,  F.R.G.S.,  gold  medal- 
list of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  was 
born  off  the  Cape  in  March  1848,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  Archibald  Colquhoun, 
of  Edinburgh,  who  gained  renown  in  the 
H.E.I.C.  S.  during  the  first  Afghan  cam- 
paign. Mr.  Colquhoun  was  educated  in 
Scotland  and  on  the  Continent ;  entered 
the  Indian  Public  Works  Department  as 
assistant  engineer  in  1871,  and  was  first 
posted  under  Dr.  Holt  Hallett  in  the 
Tenasserim  Division.  This  Division  forms 
the  Eastern  portion  of  British  Burma,  and 
borders  Siam  and  the  Siamese  Shan  States. 
Having  gained  considerable  experience  in 
the  railway,  canal,  and  other  divisions, 
in  1879  he  was  appointed  secretary  and 
second  in  command  of  the  Government 
Mission  despatched  to  Siam  and  the 
Siamese  Shan  States.  In  1881  he  returned 
to  England  on  furlough,  and  together  with 
Mr.  Hallett  formed  the  project  for  the 
connection  of  India  and  China  and  the 
opening  up  of  Siam  and  Central  Indo- 
china by  railway,  which  led  to  the  explo- 
ration by  Messrs.  Colquhoun  and  Wahab 
through  Southern  China  and  the  Chinese 
Shan  States  in  1881-82,  and  by  Mr.  Holt 


222 


COLVILLE 


Hallett  in  Siam  and  the  Siamese  Shan 
States  in  1883-84,  during  which  they  suc- 
ceeded in  tracing  out  the  best  route  for 
their  proposed  system  of  railways.  On 
his  return  to  England  Mr.  Colquhoun  was 
awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society  ;  published  "  Across 
ChryseV'  a  book  in  two  volumes,  giving 
an  account  of  his  travels.  He  contributed 
many  important  letters  to  the  Times  on 
China  and  Indo-China,  addressed  several 
Chambers  of  Commerce,  and  awakened 
general  interest  in  those  parts  of  the  East 
and  in  the  proposed  system  of  railways. 
"Among  the  Shans"  was  published  in 
1883.  In  June  1883  he  left  England  for 
China  and  Tonquin  as  special  correspon- 
dent of  the  Times ;  his  able  letters  and 
descriptions  of  the  people  and  country  at 
once  placed  him  in  the  foremost  rank  of 
correspondents,  and  were  quickly  repub- 
lished. Returning  to  England  in  October, 
lie  again  left  for  the  Times  in  November, 
remaining  in  the  East  until  the  close  of 
the  Franco-Chinese  war.  He  came  back 
to  England  in  July  1885,  addressed  the 
London  Chamber  of  Commerce  upon 
"English  Commercial  Policy  in  the  East," 
proposed  the  annexation  of  Upper  Burma, 
and  the  alliance  of  England  and  China  so 
as  to  frustrate  the  aims  of  France  and 
Russia  in  the  East,  and  to  advance  the 
development  of  our  commerce  with  China. 
Whilst  in  China  he  did  all  in  his  power  to 
increase  the  friendly  feeling  of  the  Chinese 
Government  for  the  English,  and  was  en- 
trusted by  Li  Hung  Chang  with  a  message 
to  the  Viceroy  of  India,  proposing  the 
early  connection  of  India  and  China  by 
telegraph,  vid  Burma  and  the  Burmese 
Shan  States.  In  Siam  he  saw  the  King, 
and  explained  the  proposed  system  of 
railways,  and  was  subsequently  informed 
by  our  Minister  at  Bangkok  that  the  Sia- 
mese would  construct  their  portion  of  the 
railway  if  the  British  would  meet  them 
with  a  line  to  the  frontier.  Mr.  Colquhoun 
acted  from  1885  to  1889  as  a  Deputy- 
Commissioner  in  Upper  Burma,  where  he 
gained  much  credit  for  his  able  adminis- 
tration of  affairs.  In  1889  he  left  Burma 
on  leave,  and  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Rhodes 
to  the  British  South  Africa  Company,  and 
employed  in  drawing  up  regulations  for 
Mashonaland.  In  1890  he  accompanied 
the  Pioneer  Expedition  for  the  occupation 
of  Mashonaland,  invested  with  a  commis- 
sion to  assume  the  duties  of  Administrator 
and  Chief  Magistrate,  which  post  he  filled 
in  1890-91,  organising  the  first  settlement 
of  that  important  colony.  The  Manika 
Treaty,  which  secured  a  valuable  territory 
for  Britain,  was  executed  by  him.  In  1891 
Mr.  Colquhoun  was  invalided  home,  and 
retired  from  the  service  of  the  British 
South  Africa  Company  in  1892.      In  No- 


vember 1893  he  retired  on  a  pension  from 
the  service  of  the  Government  of  India. 
In  December  1893  he  published  "Matabele- 
land  and  our  Position  in  South  Africa," 
and  subsequently  addressed  many  of  the 
leading  Chambers  of  Commerce  on  "  Ma- 
tabeleland  and  our  New  Colony  in  Soutli 
Africa."  In  1892-93  he  visited  the  United 
States,  and  in  1895  Central  America,  in 
order  to  examine  the  Nicaragua  and  Pa- 
nama canal  routes.  He  subsequently  went 
to  China.  His  last  book  (1895)  is  entitled 
"The  Key  of  the  Pacific."     Club  :  Savage. 

COLVILLE,    Major- General    Sir 
Henry  Edward,    K.C.M.G.,   C.B.,   was 
born  at  Kirkby  Hall,  Leicestershire,  on  July 
10,  1852,  his  father  being  Charles  Robert 
Colville,  Esq.,   of   Lullington,  Burton-on- 
Trent,  and   his   mother   Katherine   Sarah 
Georgina   Russell,   daughter  of   the   22nd 
Baroness  de  Clifford  and  Commander  John 
Russell,  R.N.,  son  of  Lord  William  Russell, 
brother  of  the  5th  and  6th  Dukes  of  Bed- 
ford.    He  is  head  of  the  senior  branch  of 
the  families  of  Colvile  and  Colville,  which 
separated   in   the   twelfth    century.       He 
was  educated   at   Eton,  and   entered  the 
Grenadier  Guards  in  1870.      He  was  ap- 
pointed A.D.C.   to   General   the   Hon.   Sir 
Leicester  Smythe,  commanding  the  forces 
in  South  Africa,  in  1880.      He  served  on 
the  Intelligence  Department  of  the  Suakim 
Expedition   of   1884,   was   present  at  the 
battles  of  El  Teb  and  Tamai,  mentioned 
in   despatches,   and   received   the   bronze 
star,    medal,    and    clasp.       He    was   em- 
ployed   on    special   service  in  the  Sudan 
prior  to  the  Nile  Expedition  of   1884-85, 
and   during    that    Expedition    served    as 
D.A.A.G.  ;  was  mentioned  in  despatches  ; 
received  the  clasp,  and  was  created  C.B. 
At   the  close  of   the   Expedition   he  was 
Chief    of     the    Intelligence    Department 
of   the   Frontier   Force ;    was   present  at 
the  action   at   Giniss  ;   was  mentioned  in 
despatches,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  Colonel.     He  was  then  attached  to  the 
Intelligence  Department  at  headquarters, 
and  wrote  the  official  history  of  the  Sudan 
Campaign.     In  1893  he  succeeded  the  late 
Sir  Gerald  Portal  as  Commissioner  (Act- 
ing) for  Uganda,  commanded  the  Unyoro 
Expedition,  which  resulted  in  the  inclusion 
of  that  country  into  the  Protectorate ;  re- 
ceived  the   Central   African    medal,    was 
created  K.C.M.G.,  and  received  the  second- 
class  Brilliant  Star  of  Zanzibar.     He  was 
selected    for   promotion    to   the    rank   of 
Major-General,  April  12,  1898.     He  is  the 
author  of  "A  Ride  in  Petticoats  and  Slip- 
pers," 1879;  an  account  of  exploration  in 
the  Lesser  Atlas  ;   "The  Accursed  Land," 
1884 ;    an  account  of   exploration   in   the 
Wady  el  Arabah  ;  "  History  of  the  Sudan 
Campaign,"  compiled  for  the  War  Office, 


COLVIN  —  COMMEEELL 


223 


1887;  "The  Laud  of  the  Nile  Springs," 
1895,  an  account  of  the  TJnyoro  Campaign. 
He  married  (1)  in  1880  Alice  Rosa,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Hon.  Robert  Daly,  who  died  in 
Natal  in  1882;  (2)  in  1886  Zelie  Isabelle, 
daughter  of  M.  Pierre  Richaud  de  Pre'ville, 
Chateau  des  Moudrans,  Basses  Pyrenees, 
by  whom  he  has  issue,  Gilbert  de  Prdville, 
born  1887.  Addresses:  Lullington,  Burton- 
on-Trent ;  Lightwater,  Bagshot. 

COLVIN,  Sir  Auckland,  K.C.M.G., 
K.C.S.I.,  C.I.E.,  son  of  the  late  John 
Russell  Colvin,  B.C.S.,  late  Lieut.-Governor 
of  the  North-West  Provinces  of  India,  by 
Emma  Sophia,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  W. 
Sneyd,  was  born  in  1838.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  Haileybury  (East 
India)  College,  and  entered  the  Indian 
Civil  Service  in  1858.  In  1879  he  was 
nominated  to  the  charge  of  the  Cadastre 
in  Egypt,  and  became  later  in  that  year 
the  British  member  of  the  C'aisse  de  la 
Dette  Publique.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
International  Commission  of  Egyptian 
Liquidation  in  1880,  and  was  appointed 
British  Controller-General  in  Egypt  the 
same  year.  In  1881  he  was  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  SS. 
Michael  and  George,  in  1883  C.I.E.,  and 
in  1892  K.C.S.I.  Sir  Auckland  Colvin 
took  a  prominent  part  in  assisting  and 
advising  the  Khedive  on  the  occasion  of 
Arabi  Pasha's  military  demonstration  on 
Sept.  9,  1881,  and  in  July  1883  he  received 
the  thanks  of  her  Majesty's  Government 
for  his  services  prior  and  subsequent  to 
that  event.  After  the  abolition  of  the 
Dual  Control  (January  1883),  he  became 
Financial  Adviser  to  the  Khedive.  In 
October  1883  he  became  Financial  Mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  the  Governor-General 
of  India,  and  in  1887  he  was  appointed 
Lieut.-Governor,  North-West  Provinces, 
and  Chief  Commissioner,  Oudh,  India.  In 
1892  he  retired.  He  is  Chairman  of  Bur- 
mah  Railways  Company  and  Egyptian 
Delta  Light  Railways  Company.  He  has 
received  the  grand  cordons  both  of  the 
Order  of  the  Medjidieh  and  of  the  Os- 
manieh.  He  has  published  "John  Russell 
Colvin"  in  the  "Rulers  of  India"  Series, 
1895.  In  1859  he  married  Charlotte  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  the  late  Lieut.-General 
Charles  Herbert,  C.B.  She  died  in  1865. 
Address :  Earl  Soham  Lodge,  Wickham 
Market,  Suffolk. 

COLVIN,  Sidney,  M.A.,  was  born  at 
Norwood,  Surrey,  June  18,  1845.  He  is 
the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Bazett  D. 
Colvin,  of  the  firm  of  Crauford,  Colvin, 
and  Co.,  of  71  Old  Broad  Street,  and  of 
Bealings,  Woodbridge,  Suffolk,  by  his  wife 
Mary  Steuart,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  William   Butterworth  Bayley,  of  the 


East  India  Company's  Civil  Service.  Mr. 
Colvin  was  educated  at  home  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
Chancellor's  English  Medallist  in  1865, 
and  where  he  graduated  as  third  in  the 
first  class  of  the  Classical  Tripos  in  1867. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College 
in  1869 ;  Slade  Professor  of  Fine  Arts, 
1873  (re-elected  1876,  1879,  1882,  and 
1885) ;  and  was  appointed  Director  of  the 
Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cambridge,  in  1876. 
Having  been  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Department  of  Prints  and  Drawings  in 
the  British  Museum  in  December  1884, 
Mr.  Colvin  resigned  the  direction  of  the 
Fitzwilliam  Museum  at  that  date,  and  the 
post  of  Slade  Professor  in  January  1886. 
He  is  a  Member  of  the  German  Archaeolo- 
gical Institute,  and  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber of  the  Historical  Society  of  Maine, 
U.S.  Since  1867  he  has  been  a  frequent 
contributor,  chiefly  as  a  critic  and  his- 
torian of  art  and  literature,  to  the  Port- 
folio, Fortnightly  Review,  Cornhill  Magazine, 
Nineteenth  Century,  Edinburgh  Review,  Mac- 
millan's  Magazine,  and  other  periodicals. 
In  addition  to  his  being  a  contributor  to 
periodical  literature,  he  is  the  author  of 
the  following  books  :  "  Children  in  Italian 
and  English  Design,"  1872;  "Landor," 
in  the  "English  Men  of  Letters"  series, 
1882;  and  "Keats,"  in  the  same  series, 
1886.  He  has  also  edited  "  Selections  from 
the  Writings  of  Walter  Savage  Landor," 
1884;  and  "Letters  of  Keats,"  1887.  He 
is  now  preparing  the  "  Life  and  Letters  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson,"  and  has  during 
recent  years  edited  the  magnificent  Edin- 
burgh edition  of  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son's collected  works.  Addresses  :  British 
Museum  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

COKMERELL,  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet  Sir  John  Edmund,  G.C.B.,  ».«., 
J.P.,  second  son  of  Mr.  John  W.  Commerell, 
of  Stroud  Park,  Horsham,  Sussex,  by  So- 
phia, daughter  of  Mr.  William  Bosanquet, 
of  Harley  Street,  London,  was  born  in 
London  in  1829.  Entering  the  Royal 
Navy  in  1842,  he  became  Lieutenant  in 
1848,  Commander  in  1855,  Captain  in  1859, 
Rear-Admiral  in  1877,  and  Vice-Admiral 
in  1881.  He  served  in  China  and  South 
America,  and  took  part  in  all  the  opera- 
tions in  the  Parana  (1845-46),  especially 
at  Punta  Obligado,  where  he  assisted  in 
cutting  the  chain  that  defended  the  river. 
Afterwards  he  served  in  the  Baltic  and 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  (1854),  and  as  Lieu- 
tenant of  H.M.S.  Weser  was  present  at 
Sebastopol,  and  in  several  operations  in 
the  Sea  of  Azov.  He  was  twice  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  received  the  Victoria 
Cross  for  hazardous  service  in  the  Putrid 
Sea.  He  commanded  H.M.S.  Fury  in  1859, 
and  in  July  of  that  year  he  led  a  division 


224 


COMMON  —  CONGREVE 


of  seamen  in  the  attack  on  the  Taku  Forts. 
For  this  service  he  was  highly  praised  in 
despatches,  and  promoted  to  H.M.S.  Magi- 
cienne,  in  which  he  served  during  the 
subsequent  operations  in  China.  In  1866 
he  was  in  command  of  H.M.S.  Terrible, 
and  rendered  active  service  in  laying  the 
Atlantic  cable.  He  commanded  H.M.S. 
Monarch  on  particular  service  in  1868-69, 
and  in  1872-73  he  served  as  Commodore 
of  the  second  class,  and  senior  officer  in 
command  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and 
West  Coast  of  Africa.  In  August  1873, 
whilst  reconnoitring  up  the  river  Prah 
to  discover  the  position  of  the  Ashantees, 
the  boats  were  fired  upon  from  the  banks, 
and  Commodore  Commerell  was  so  dan- 
gerously wounded  as  to  necessitate  his 
relinquishing  the  command  of  the  station. 
After  going  to  Cape  Town  for  the  cure  of 
his  wounds  he  returned  to  England,  when 
he  was  nominated  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  appointed 
a  Groom-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen.  Sir 
J.  E.  Commerell  was  second  in  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet  from  July 
1877  to  October  1878,  and  was  a  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  from  October  1879  to  May 
1880.  He  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
Chief,  North  American  and  West  India 
Stations,  in  1882,  Admiral  in  1886,  and 
Admiral  of  the  I'leet  in  1892.  He  was 
Commander-in-Chief  at  Portsmouth  at  the 
time  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany's  first 
visit  to  England  in  1889,  and  was  pre- 
sented with  a  large  bronze  medal  by  the 
Queen  to  commemorate  this  event.  From 
the  Emperor  he  received  a  sword  and  an 
autograph  letter  in  commemoration  of  the 
Naval  Review  at  Spithead.  Appointed 
Groom-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen  in  June 
1891,  he  was  selected  by  her  to  be  Senior 
Naval  Officer  in  attendance  on  the  German 
Emperor  in  1891  and  1893.  In  December 
1893  he  was  presented  by  the  Sultan  with 
the  insignia  of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh 
of  the  First  Class.  He  represented  South- 
ampton in  Parliament  from  1885  to  1888, 
and  voted  as  a  Conservative.  He  married 
in  1853  a  daughter  of  J.  Bushby,  Esq. 
Address  :  45  Eutland  Gate,  S.W. 

COMMON,  Andrew  Ainslie,  F.R.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  was  born  Aug.  7,  1841,  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas 
Common,  surgeon.  He  was  educated  pri- 
vately, was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  in  1876,  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1885,  was  President  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1895-96, 
and  Gold  Medallist  for  work  in  Celestial 
Photography,  carried  on  principally  at  his 
observatory  at  Ealing,  near  London,  where 
he  has  one  of  the  largest  equatorial  tele- 
scopes, and  has  been  most  successful  in 
obtaining    photographs    of    the    heavens, 


including  nebulae  and  stars  of  the  eleventh 
magnitude.  He  has  also  made  many  large 
reflecting  equatorials,  one  of  which  is 
the  largest  known.  Address :  Eaton  Rise, 
Ealing. 

COMPTON,  The  Right  Rev.  Lord 
Alwyne  Frederick,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Ely, 
is  a  younger  son  of  the  2nd  Marquis  of 
Northampton,  by  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Major-General  Douglas  Maclean 
Clephane,  of  Torloisk,  N.B.  He  was  born 
in  1825,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.,  coming  out  as  a  wrangler  in  1848. 
He  was  appointed  rector  of  Castle  Ashby, 
Northamptonshire,  in  1852,  and  nominated 
to  an  honorary  canonry  in  Peterborough 
Cathedral  in  1856.  He  was  made  rural  dean 
of  Preston  Deanery  in  1874,  and  in  1875  was 
appointed  to  the  Archdeaconry  of  Oakham, 
which  he  held  till  October  1879,  when  he 
was  nominated  by  Lord  Beaconsfield  to  the 
Deanery  of  Worcester,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Dr.  Yorke.  He  held  this  post  until 
1885,  when  he  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Ely  in  succession  to  the  late  Dr.  Woodford. 
Lord  Alwyne  Compton  was  for  some  years 
an  active  and  zealous  member  of  the  Con- 
vocation of  the  Clergy,  both  as  Proctor 
for  the  diocese  of  Peterborough  and  also 
as  Archdeacon.  He  was  appointed  Lord 
High  Almoner  in  1882.  His  Lordship  is 
married  to  a  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
Robert  Anderson,  of  Brighton.  Addresses  : 
The  Palace,  Ely  ;  Ely  House,  37  Dover  St., 
W. ;  and  Athenasum. 

CONGER,  Edwin  H.,  was  born  in 
Knox  County,  Illinois,  March  7,  1843,  and 
was  graduated  from  Lombard  University, 
Galesburg,  Illinois,  in  1862.  Immediately 
after  graduating  he  entered  the  Army, 
and  became  Lieutenant,  CaptaiD,  and 
Brevet-Major  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
action  in  the  field.  After  the  war  between 
the  States  was  over  he  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  practised  his 
profession  in  Galesburg.  In  1868  he  re- 
moved to  Iowa,  and  engaged  in  stock- 
raising  and  banking.  He  was  Treasurer 
of  the  State  of  Iowa  from  1882  to  1885, 
and  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1884 ; 
served  three  terms  in  Congress,  and  was 
made  United  States  Minister  to  Brazil  by 
President  Harrison.  In  1897  he  was  sent 
as  United  States  Minister  to  China. 

CONGREVE,  Richard,  M.A.,M.R.C.P. 
(1866),  third  son  of  Thomas  and  Julia 
Congreve,  born  at  Leamington,  Hastings, 
Warwickshire,  Sept.  4,  1818,  was  educated 
at  Rugby  under  Dr.  Arnold,  and  became 
successively  Scholar,  Fellow,  and  Tutor 
of  Wadham  College,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1840,  taking  first-class  Honours  in 


CONNAUGHT  AND  STRATHEARN  —  CONNEMARA 


225 


Classics.  Having  acted  for  some  time  as 
an  Assistant  Master  at  Rugby,  he  returned 
to  Oxford,  where  he  resumed  his  Tutorship 
at  Wadhain  College.  In  1855  he  published 
a  small  volume  on  the  history  of  the 
Roman  Empire  of  the  West,  and  an  edition 
of  Aristotle's  "Politics,"  with  notes  (2nd 
edit.  1874).  He  resigned  his  Fellowship, 
and  after  deeply  studying  the  social  and 
religious  system  of  the  late  M.  Comte, 
embraced  it  as  the  best  solution  of  the 
social  and  religious  difficulties  which  sur- 
rounded him.  Mr.  Congreve  has  since 
published  "Gibraltar,"  a  pamphlet  on 
Indian  matters,  in  which  he  recommends 
England  to  give  up  its  Indian  Empire 
as  indefensible  ;  •'  Italy  and  the  Western 
Powers";  "Elizabeth  of  England";  va- 
rious translations  from  Comte,  such  as 
"The  Catechism  of  Positive  Religion," 
1858;  "Essays:  Political,  Social,  and 
Religious,"  1874  ;  and  some  sermons. 

CONNAUSHT  and  STRATH- 
EARN,  Duchess  of,  Her  Royal  High- 
ness the  Princess  Louise  Margaret 
of  Prussia,  born  July  25,  1860,  and  mar- 
ried at  Windsor  Castle  March  13,  1879, 
is  the  third  daughter  of  the  late  Prince 
Frederick  Charles,  and  grand-niece  of  the 
late  Emperor  William  of  Germany.  Her 
Royal  Highness  has  three  children — the 
Princess  Margaret  Victoria  Charlotte  Au- 
guste  Norah,  born  at  Bagshot  Park  Jan.  16, 

1882  ;  the  Prince  Arthur  Frederick  Patrick 
Albert,  born  at  Windsor  Castle   Jan.  13, 

1883  ;  and  the  Princess  Victoria  Patricia 
Helena  Elizabeth,  bom  March  17,  1886. 

CONNAUGHT  and  STRATH- 
EARN,  Duke  of,  His  Royal  High- 
ness Arthur  William  Patrick  Albert, 
K.G.,  K.T.,  K.P.,  G.  C.  S.I.,  G.  C.  I.E., 
G.  C.V.  O.,  G.  C.  B.,  G.C.  M.G.,  A.D.C., 
General,  Prince  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
the  third  son  of  her  Majesty  Queen  Vic- 
toria, was  born  at  Buckingham  Palace 
May  1,  1850.  He  entered  the  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich  as  a  cadet  in  1866, 
became  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Engi- 
neers in  1868,  and  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Royal  Artillery  in  February  1869.  He 
was  appointed  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Rifle 
Brigade  in  August  1869,  and  a  Captain  in 
excess  of  the  establishment  of  the  regi- 
ment in  1871.  On  attaining  his  majority 
in  the  last-named  year,  Parliament  voted 
him  a  grant  of  £15,000  per  annum,  and 
an  addition  of  £10,000  was  voted  on  his 
marriage  in  1879.  Prince  Arthur  was 
created  Duke  of  Connaught  and  Strath- 
earn,  and  Earl  of  Sussex,  May  26,  1874, 
and  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords 
on  the  8th  of  the  following  month.  At  a 
Council  held  at  Windsor  May  16,  1878, 
the  Queen  declared  the  intended  marriage 


of  the  Duke  of  Connaught  and  Strathearn 
to  Princess  Louise  Margaret  of  Prussia, 
third  daughter  of  the  late  Prince  Frederick 
Charles,  and  grand-niece  of  the  late  Em- 
peror William  of  Germany.  The  marriage 
was  celebrated  at  Windsor  March  13,  1879. 
His  Royal  Highness's  staff  services  are  : 
Brigade-Major  at  Aldershot  in  1873  ;  Bri- 
gade-Major to  the  Cavalry  Brigadier  at 
the  same  quarters  in  1875,  in  the  October 
of  which  year  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  at  Gibraltar,  which  post 
he  held  until  April  1876.  In  1880  he  was 
made  a  General  of  Brigade  at  Aldershot. 
He  commanded  the  Guards  Brigade  in  the 
First  Division  in  the  Expedition  to  Egypt 
in  1882 ;  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Mahshuta  and  Tel-el-Kebir,  and  was  three 
times  mentioned  in  despatches.  He  thus 
fulfilled  one  of  his  dearest  ambitions, 
which  was  to  see  active  service.  It  was 
suggested  at  the  time  that  he  had  been 
expressly  kept  out  of  danger,  but  this  was 
categorically  denied  by  Lord  Wolseley.  He 
was  appointed  in  October  1882  Honorary 
Colonel  of  the  13th  Bengal  Lancers  serving 
in  Egypt.  In  1883  he  assumed  command 
of  the  Meerut  Division  in  the  Bengal 
Presidency,  and  in  1886  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Bombay  army.  In 
September  1886  the  Duke,  accompanied 
by  the  Duchess,  left  England  for  India, 
arriving  at  Bombay  September  27.  His 
Royal  Highness  was  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  forces  in  the  Bengal  Presidency 
until  1890,  and,  on  his  returning  home,  of 
the  Southern  District  in  England.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  General 
(April  1893),  and  was  appointed  Comman- 
der-in-Chief at  Aldershot  in  August,  in 
succession  to  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  vacat- 
ing this  post,  in  which  he  has  been  de- 
servedly popular  with  all  ranks,  October 
1898.  In  June  1898  he  was  made  G.C.B. 
In  1898  he  was  present  at  the  French 
autumn  manoeuvres  as  the  guest  of  the 
late  President  Faure. 

CONNEMARA,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  Robert  Bourke,  G.C.S.I.,  third  son 
of  the  5th  Earl  of  Mayo,  was  born  at  Hayes, 
co.  Meath,  June  11,  1827,  and  educated  at 
Enniskillen  School,  at  Hall  Place,  Kent, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1852, 
he  went  the  South  Wales  Circuit,  and 
attended  the  Knutsford  sessions  for  twelve 
years.  Mr.  Bourke  also  had  a  large  busi- 
ness at  the  Parliamentary  Bar.  He  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Lynn  Regis,  in  the  Con- 
servative interest,  at  the  general  election 
of  December  1868,  and  continued  to  repre- 
sent that  borough  in  the  House  of  Commons 
until  1886.  When  Mr.  Disraeli  came  into 
power  in  February  1874,  Mr.  Bourke  was 
appointed   Under-Secretary  of    State    for 

P 


226 


CONRAD  —  CONSTANS 


Foreign  Affairs,  and  he  held  that  office  till 
April  1880,  when  he  was  added  to  the 
Privy  Council.  In  1880  he  was  commis- 
sioned to  go  to  Turkey  to  arrange  the 
external  debt  of  that  country,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  effecting  a  settlement  of  the 
question.  In  1885  he  resumed  his  former 
place  at  the  Foreign  Office  under  Lord 
Salisbury,  and  remained  there  till  the 
defeat  of  the  Government  in  January  1886. 
On  the  retirement  of  Sir  M.  E.  Grant-Duff, 
in  1886,  he  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Madras,  and  resigned  that  post  in  1890. 
He  was  created  1st  Lord  Connemara  in 
1887,  for  distinguished  service  as  Under- 
Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs.  He  has 
travelled  in  America,  India,  and  the  Holy 
Land,  and  contributed  his  views  upon 
these  countries  to  various  magazines.  He 
is  also  the  author  of  "Parliamentary  Pre- 
cedents." He  married  in  1863  Lady  Susan 
Georgiana,  eldest  daughter  of  the  1st 
Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  and  secondly,  on 
Oct.  23,  1894,  Gertrude,  widow  of  Edward 
Coleman,  Esq.,  of  Stoke  Park,  and 
daughter  of  James  Walsh,  Esq.,  of  Park 
Place,  Hampton.  She  died  on  Nov.  23, 
1898.  Addresses  :  43  Grosvenor  Square  ; 
and  Athenseum. 

CONK  AD,  Joseph,  novelist,  is  of 
Polish  extraction,  his  early  years  having 
been  spent  in  Poland.  His  grandfather 
was  a  soldier  of  the  great  Napoleon's 
Grande  Armee,  and  his  father  was  a 
Polish  revolutionist,  who  underwent  a 
term  of  imprisonment  for  his  political 
principles,  and  died  at  Warsaw,  whence 
his  son,  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  reached 
Paris,  and  afterwards  Marseilles,  where 
he  became  a  merchant  seaman.  He  is 
now  a  captain  in  the  merchant  service. 
His  first  book,  "Almayer's  Folly,"  pub- 
lished in  1895,  achieved  instant  success, 
and  has  been  followed  by  "An  Outcast  of 
the  Islands,"  1896,  and  "The  Nigger  of 
the  Narcissus,"  1897,  which  was  one  of 
the  literary  sensations  of  the  year.  In 
1898  he  published  "Tales  of  Unrest,"  and 
for  this  work  obtained  one  of  the  three  £50 
prizes  annually  awarded  by  the  Academy  to 
writers  of  decided  promise,  the  other  win- 
ners being  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  and  Mr.  Maurice 
Hewlett,  author  of  "  The  Forest  Lovers." 
Address :  Pent  Farm,  Stanford,  Hythe,  Kent. 

CONROT,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  M.A., 
F.K.S.,  the  only  child  of  Sir  Edward 
Conroy  and  Lady  Alicia,  daughter  of  the 
2nd  Earl  of  Rosse,  was  born  in  Kensington 
on  Aug.  16,  1845,  and  succeeded  his  father 
as  3rd  Baronet  in  1869.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  with  first-class  Honours  in 
Natural  Science  in  1868.  He  was  for 
many  years  Lecturer  in  Natural   Science 


at  Keble  College,  and  is  now  Fellow  and 
Bedford  Lecturer  of  Balliol  College.  Ad- 
dresses: Balliol  College,  Oxford;  andAthe- 


CONSTANS,  Jean  Antoine  Ernest, 

French  statesman,  was  born  at  Beziers, 
May  3,  1833,  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  and 
then  became  Professor  of  Law  at  Douai, 
Dijon,  and  Toulouse.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876  as  member 
for  Toulouse,  and  became  part  of  the 
Republican  majority,  and  voted  against 
the  Broglie  Ministry  on  the  vote  of  want 
of  confidence  which  caused  its  fall  in  1877. 
In  1879  he  became  Under-Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  and  on  M.  Lepere's  resignation  in 
1880,  he  was  promoted  to  Minister  of  the 
Interior  in  the  Kreycinet  Cabinet,  which 
post  he  retained  in  the  Ferry  Cabinet  of 
the  same  year.  He  resigned  with  that 
Cabinet  in  1881,  when  Gambetta  took 
office,  and  supported  the  revision  of  the 
Voting  Laws,  substituting  scrutin  de  liste 
for  scrutin  d'arrondissfmcnt,  which  passed 
into  law  in  1885.  In  1886  he  was  sent  by 
M.  de  Freycinet  as  Envoy  Extraordinary 
to  China,  where  he  obtained  valuable 
concessions  for  France  as  modifications 
of  the  Treaty  of  Tientsen.  He  was  re- 
turning to  Europe  in  1887  when  he  received 
at  sea  his  nomination  as  Governor- 
General  of  French  Indo-China,  a  post  that 
had  been  so  fatal  to  his  predecessors,  Paul 
Bert  and  Filippini.  Sfter  a  few  months 
of  wise  administration  and  conciliation  to 
the  natives,  he  returned  on  leave  to  Paris, 
where  his  views  on  Colonial  policy  did  not 
meet  with  the  approval  of  the  Colonial 
Office.  Accordingly,  in  1888,  he  proposed 
a  vote  of  censure  in  the  Chamber  on  the 
Colonial  Minister,  which  naturally  led  to 
the  resignation  of  his  post.  In  1889  he 
was  offered  the  portfolio  of  Minister  of  the 
Interior  in  the  Tirard  Cabinet,  which  he 
accepted,  and  in  that  year  accomplished 
three  great  works  :  the  organisation  of  the 
Universal  Exhibition  of  that  year,  the 
struggle  against  Boulanger,  and  the  direc- 
tion of  the  elections  rrnder  the  new  laws. 
The  second  of  these  obtained  for  him 
enormous  notoriety,  and  led  to  the  total 
defeat  of  the  General,  who  fled  to  Belgium, 
April  2,  1889,  and  was  condemned  in  his 
absence  to  transportation,  August  14, 
The  elections  of  1889  were  very  violent,  as 
the  Conservatives  and  Boulangists  united 
against  the  Republicans,  but  M.  Constans 
was  triumphantly  re-elected  for  Toulouse, 
and  two  months  after  was  elected  to  the 
Senate.  In  1892  he  was  attacked  by 
Rochefort  in  the  Intvansigiant,  and  two 
survivors  of  Boulangism  brought  up  a  vote 
of  censure  on  him  in  the  Chamber,  during 
which  a  free  fight  occurred  in  consequence 
of  M.  Constans  striking  his  accuser  vio^ 


CONSTANT  —  CONWAY 


227 


lently  on  his  descent  from  the  tribune. 
The  vote  was  defeated  by  339  votes  to  43. 
M.  Constans  resigned  his  position  in  1892, 
and  has  not  since  taken  part  in  any  Mini- 
stry. He  has  been  often  called  "the 
strong  man  of  France."  Paris  address  ; 
93  Avenue  des  Champs  Elysees. 

CONSTANT,  Jean  Joseph  Ben- 
jamin, a  French  painter,  born  at  Paris, 
June  10,  1845,  studied  iu  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux-Arts,  and  then  entered  the  atelier 
of  M.  Cabanel.  The  first  picture  which  he 
sent  to  the  Salon  was  "  Hamlet  et  le  Roi," 
18C>9  ;  and  he  has  since  exhibited  "Trop 
tard,"  1870;  "Samson  et  Delilah,"  1872; 
"  Femmes  du  Riff  (Maroc) "  and  "  Bouchers 
maures  a  Tanger,"  1873;  "Coin  de  Rue" 
and  "  Carrefour  a  Tanger,"  1874  ;  Prison- 
niers  Marocains,"  "Femmes  de  Harem 
a  Maroc,"  and  "  Le  Dr.  Gueneau  de 
Massy,"  1875;  "Mohamed  II.,  le  29  Mai 
1453,"  a  picture  of  colossal  dimensions, 
afterwards  sent  to  the  Exposition  Uni- 
verselle  of  1878;  "  M.  Emmanuel  Arago," 
1876;  "La  Soif,"  "  Le  Harem,"  and 
"  Hamlet  au  Cimetiere,"  1878;  "LeSoirsur 
les  Terrasses  au  Maroc "  and  "  Favorite 
de  l'Emir,"  1879;  "Le  dernier  Rebelle," 
1880  ;  "Herodiade,"  1881 ;  "LeLendemain 
d'une  Victoire  a  lAlhambra,"  1882;  "La 
Vengeance  du  Cberif,"  1885,  a  large  pic- 
ture, which  is  typical  of  M.  Constant's 
latest  manner  —  an  Oriental  subject,  as 
melodramatic  as  possible ;  ample  oppor- 
tunities for  painting  the  nude;  and  strong 
effects  of  colour.  He  exhibited  "Judith" 
and  "Justinien,"  1886;  "Orphee"  and 
"Theodora,"  1887;  decorative  panels  for 
the  new  Sorbonne,  1888;  "Le  Jour  des 
Funerailles,"  a  scene  in  Morocco,  1889; 
"Beethoven"  and  "Victrix,"  1890.  The 
painter  has  received  several  medals,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  successful  and  most 
studied  members  of  the  modern  French 
school.  M.  Constant,  who  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
in  1884,  married  one  of  the  daughters  of 
M.  Emmanuel  Arago.  Paris  address :  27 
Rue  Pigalle. 

CONWAY,    Dr.    Moncure    Daniel, 

lately  minister  of  the  South  Place  Ethical 
Society,  was  born  in  Virginia  on  March  17, 
1832,  and  is  the  son  of  Americans  of  the 
best  Revolutionary  stock,  his  father  being 
Walker  Peyton  Conway,  Justice  of  Stafford 
County,  descended  from  the  Washingtons, 
and  his  mother  Margaret  Eleanor  Daniel, 
granddaughter  of  Thomas  Stone,  who  was 
one  of  the  signatories  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  Educated  at  Dickinson 
College,  Pennsylvania,  he  studied  law  and 
entered  the  Methodist  Ministry  in  1850. 
In  1852  he  entered  the  Unitarian  Divinity 
College  at  Harvard,  followed  a  course  in 


Divinity,  and  became  a  Unitarian  preacher 
at  Washington  in  1854.  So  strenuously 
did  he  denounce  slavery  from  the  pulpit 
that  he  was  compelled  to  leave  this  cure. 
He  became  Unitarian  minister  in  Cin- 
cinnati in  1857.  In  1861  the  war  between 
North  and  South  broke  out,  and  he  pro- 
ceeded on  a  lecturing  campaign  against 
slavery  in  the  Northern  States.  For  this 
tour  he  accepted  no  pecuniary  reward. 
Putting  his  belief  in  emancipation  into 
practice,  he  colonised  his  father's  slaves 
in  Ohio.  For  a  short  time  he  lived  at 
Concord,  and  while  there  was  editor  of 
the  Boston  Commonwealth.  In  1863  he 
came  to  England  to  lecture  on  the  war, 
and  in  the  following  year  began  his  much- 
talked -of  career  as  minister  of  South 
Place  Chapel,  the  ethical  or  religious 
teaching  of  which  community  is  of  the 
most  advanced  kind.  In  the  Franco- 
German  War  he  was  with  the  Germans 
as  correspondent  of  the  New  York  World. 
Mr.  Moncure  Conway,  besides  being  well 
known  as  a  lecturer  and  preacher  of  ad- 
vanced views,  has  been  for  years  a  leading 
figure  in  the  literary  world  of  London  and 
New  York.  He  has  written  voluminously 
for  the  reviews  and  magazines,  and  has 
published:  "Tracts  for  To-day,"  1857; 
"  The  Rejected  Stone,"  1861 ;  "  The  Golden 
Hour,"  1862;  "The  Earthward  Pilgri- 
mage;" "The  Sacred  Anthology,"  1872; 
"  Idols  and  Ideals,"  1874  ;  "  Travels  in 
South  Kensington,"  1875;  "Demonology 
and  Devil-lore,"  1879  ;  "  The  Wandering 
Jew,"  1880;  "Emerson  at  Home  and 
Abroad,"  1882  ;  "  Thomas  Carlyle,"  1886  ; 
"  Life  of  Edmund  Randolph,"  1887 ; 
"Nathaniel  Hawthorne,"  1890;  "Barons 
of  the  Potomack  and  Rappahanock,"  and 
"  Life  of  Thomas  Paine,"  1892 ;  and  a 
standard  edition  of  Tom  Paine's  works, 
which  appeared  between  the  years  1893 
and  1896.  In  1897  Dr.  Moncure  Conway 
resigned  his  ministry.  He  married  in 
1858  Ellen  Davis  Dana.  Address :  305 
West  Seventieth  Street,  New  York. 

CONWAY,   Sir   William    Martin, 

was  born  at  Rochester  in  1856,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  William  Conway,  who 
became  eventually  Canon  of  Westminster. 
He  was  educated  at  Repton,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his 
M.A.  degree,  and  continued  to  reside  until 
about  1880.  At  Cambridge  he  was  much 
influenced  by  Henry  Bradshaw,  the  cele- 
brated University  Librarian,  who  took  a 
keen  interest  in  the  early  history  of 
printing  and  wood-engraving  ;  and  at  his 
suggestion  Mr.  Conway,  after  visiting  the 
most  important  libraries  of  Europe,  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  material,  pub- 
lished his  "History  of  the  Wood-cutters 
of  the  Netherlands,"  an  authoritative  work. 


228 


COOK 


After  lecturing  for  a  short  time  on  the 
History  of  Art  under  the  University  Ex- 
tension, he  was  in  1884  appointed  the  first 
Professor  of  Art  in  University  College, 
Liverpool,  a  post  which  he  held  for  three 
years.  Whilst  at  Liverpool  he  assisted  in 
organising  an  association  for  the  advance- 
ment of  art,  and  succeeded  in  bringing 
about  the  holding  of  three  congresses  at 
Liverpool,  Edinburgh,  and  Birmingham. 
After  resigning  his  professorship,  he  spent 
nine  months  travelling  in  Egypt,  on  the 
Nile,  in  Syria,  Greece,  Turkey,  and  Asia 
Minor,  also  visiting  Algiers  and  the  south 
of  Spain.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
published  several  books,  of  which  there 
may  be  mentioned  :  "  A  History  of  Flemish 
Art"  ;  a  work  on  "  The  Literary  Remains 
of  Albert  Diirer";  a  "Study  of  Reynolds 
and  Gainsborough";  and  "The  Dawn  of 
Art,"  a  work  treating  of  prehistoric  art 
and  the  arts  of  Chaldsea,  Assyria,  Egypt, 
&c.  In  1892  Mr.  Conway,  who,  as  a  mere 
schoolboy,  had  gone  in  for  mountain- 
climbing,  aud  had  soon  become  a  member 
of  the  Alpine  Club,  conducted  a  moun- 
taineering and  exploring  expedition  to  the 
Himalayas,  receiving  for  this  purpose 
grants  from  the  Royal  Society,  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  and  the  British 
Association.  During  the  expedition  he 
crossed  the  longest  glacier  pass  in  the 
world,  and  climbed  a  peak  nearly  23,000 
feet  high — the  greatest  altitude  reached 
till  then,  except  in  balloons.  As  a  result 
of  this  feat  in  climbing,  he  published  in 
1893  two  volumes  entitled  "Climbing  and 
Exploration  in  the  Kara-Koram  Hima- 
alayas."  In  1894  Mr.  Conway  traversed 
the  whole  range  of  the  Alps  from  end  to 
end  ;  and  in  1896  and  1897  he  made  the 
first  exploration  of  the  interior  of  Spitz- 
bergen,  which  is  described  in  "The  First 
Crossing  of  Spitsbergen,"  1897.  In  August 
189S,  having  sailed  for  Bolivia  with  the 
experienced  Swiss  guides  Antoine  Ma- 
quignaz  and  Louis  Pelissier,  who  made 
the  first  ascent  of  Mount  St.  Elias  in 
Alaska  in  1897  with  the  Duke  of  Abruzzi, 
he  successfully  accomplished  the  ascent  of 
a  high  peak  in  the  Andes  (22,000  ft.),  and 
has  subsequently  had  many  strange  ex- 
periences while  exploring  and  surveying 
in  South  America.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  of  the  Geogra- 
phical Society ;  and  has  been  Chairman  of 
the  Managing  Committee  of  the  Incorpo- 
rated Society  of  Authors,  being  re-elected 
in  1898  in  succession  to  Mr.  Rider  Haggard. 
In  1895  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood, and  in  the  same  year  he  contested 
Bath  as  a  Parliamentary  candidate  in  the 
Liberal  interest.  He  married  a  daughter 
of  C.  Lam  bard  of  Maine,  U.S.A.  Address  : 
The  Red  House,  Thornton  Street,  Kensing- 
ton, W. 


COOK,  Charles  Henry  ("  John  Bicker- 
dyke  "),  M.A.,  novelist  and  journalist,  was 
born  in  London  in  1858.  He  was  educated 
at  Baden-Baden,  and  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  M.A.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1880.  He  is  the  author  of  "An  Irish 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  1884  ;  "With 
the  Best  Intentions,"  1884;  "The  Curio- 
sities of  Ale  and  Beer "  (in  collaboration 
with  J.  M.  Dixon),  1886;  "Angling  in 
Salt  Water,"  1887;  "Book  of  the  Ail- 
Round  Angler,"  1888;  "Thames  Rights 
and  Thames  Wrongs,"  1894  ;  "A  Banished 
Beauty,"  1894  ;  "Days  in  Thule  with  Rod, 
Gun,  and  Camera,"  1894;  "Sea-Fishing" 
(Badminton  Library),  1895;  "Days  of  My 
Life  on  Waters  Fresh  and  Salt,"  1895; 
"The  Best  Cruise  on  the  Broads,"  1895; 
"Lady  Val's  Elopement,"  1896;  "Wild 
Sports  in  Ireland,"  1897;  "Daughters  of 
Thespis,"  1897;  "Her  Wild  Oats,"  1898; 
"  Practical  Letters  to  Young  Sea-Fishers," 
1898.  He  has  been  a  regular  contributor 
to  the  Field  since  1S84,  and  has  written 
for  Blackwood's  Magazine,  the  Saturday 
Review,  the  Graphic,  Cliawbers's  Journal, 
Baily's  Magazine,  the  New  Review,  &c,  &c. 
He  has  done  a  good  deal  of  work  in  con- 
nection with  preserving  public  rights  on 
the  Thames,  and  in  Thames  Fishery  pre- 
servation. He  was  founder  of  the  Henley- 
on-Thames  Fishery  Preservation  Society, 
and  took  a  leading  part  in  founding  the 
British  Sea-Anglers'  Society.  He  is  Hon. 
Counsel  to  the  Reading  and  South  Berks- 
Footpath  Preservation  Society ;  is  on  the 
Committee  on  the  National  Footpath  Pre- 
servation Society  and  Fly-Fishers'  Clnb  ;  is 
Vice-President  of  the  British  Sea-Anglers' 
Society  ;  and  is  President  of  the  Thames  Re- 
stocking Association.  Addresses :  Elmlea, 
Southstoke,  Oxon.  ;  and  Regatta  View", 
Gurnard,  Cowes,  I.W. 

COOK,  Edward  Tyas,  M.A.,  editor  of 
the  Daily  News,  born  at  Brighton  in  1857,  is 
the  fifth  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Silas  Kemball 
Cook,  Secretary  and  House  Governor  of  the 
Seaman's  Hospital,  Greenwich.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  College,  1869-76 
(head  of  the  school),  and  went  with  a 
Scholarship  to  New  College,  Oxford.  First 
Class  Classical  Moderations,  1877 ;  First 
Class  Greats  (Classics),  1880  ;  President  of 
the  Union  and  of  the  Palmerston  clubs  ; 
graduated  B.A.,  1880;  M.A.,  1883.  He 
was  Secretary  of  the  London  Society 
for  the  Extension  of  University  Teach- 
ing, 1882-85  ;  and  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette,  1883,  of  which  he  was 
appointed  editor,  in  succession  to  Mr. 
W.  T.  Stead,  1890.  On  the  sale  of  the 
paper  to  Mr.  W.  W.  Astor,  and  a  conse- 
quent change  in  its  politics,  he  resigned 
the    editorship   (October   1892).      A    new 


COOK  —  COOKE 


229 


Liberal  journal,  the  Westminster  Gazette, 
was  thereupon  founded  by  George  Newnes, 
M.P.,  and  Mr.  Cook  was  appointed  editor 
(Jan.  31,  1893).  He  is  the  author  of  "A 
Popular  Handbook  to  the  National  Gallery  " 
(5th  edit.,  1897) ;  and  "  Studies  in  Ruskin  " 
(2nd  edit.,  1891).  In  1896  he  was  appointed 
editor  of  the  Daily  News.  He  married  in 
1884  Emily,  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Forster  Baird,  Bowmont  Hill,  Northumber- 
land.    Address  :  6  Tavistock  Square,  W.C. 

COOK,  The  Rev.  Joseph,  LL.D.,  born 
at  Ticonderoga,  New  York,  Jan.  26,  1838, 
was  educated  at  Yale  and  Harvard,  gra- 
duating in  1865.  He  afterwards  studied 
four  years  at  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminary,  and  then  spent  two  years  in 
Germany  and  in  foreign  travel.  Since 
his  return  to  America  he  has  resided 
principally  at  Boston,  where  he  has  de- 
livered a  series  of  more  than  two  hundred 
"Boston  Monday  Lectures,"  for  which 
he  is  principally  noted.  He  has  repeated 
these  lectures  in  other  cities  of  the  United 
States,  and  has  published  them  in  eleven 
volumes,  1877-88,  under  titles  of  "  Biology," 
"Conscience,"  "Heredity,"  "Labor," 
"Marriage,"  "Orthodoxy,"  "Socialism," 
"Transcendentalism,"  "Occident,"  "Ori- 
ent," and  "Current  Religious  Perils." 
Numerous  editions  of  these  books  have 
appeared  in  England.  In  1880-83  Mr. 
Cook,  with  his  wife,  made  a  tour  of  the 
world  as  a  lecturer  on  philosophical  and 
religious  topics,  and  spoke  to  great  audi- 
ences in  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  India, 
Japan,  and  Australia.  In  1888  he  founded 
Our  Day,  a  monthly  record  and  review  of 
current  reform,  and  is  its  editor,  with  the 
co-operation  of  ex-President  Cyrus  Hamlin 
and  other  eminent  specialists.  Mr.  Cook 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  "World's 
Parliament  of  Religions,"  held  at  Chicago 
during  seventeen  days  of  September  1893, 
in  connection  with  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion. The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Howard  University  (Wash- 
ington) in  1890. 

COOK,  Mrs.  Russell,  born  in  1857, 
is  the  eldest  daughter  of  Mr.  T.  Eustace 
Smith,  late  M.P.  for  Tynemouth.  She 
lived,  when  a  child,  at  Gosforth  House, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  was  educated  at  Or- 
leans, and  passed  the  public  examination 
for  French  schoolmistresses.  In  1878  Mrs. 
Russell  Cook,  then  Mrs.  Ashton  Dilke, 
became  an  active  member  of  the  Woman's 
Suffrage  Society,  and  has  delivered  lectures 
and  speeches  on  the  subject  of  female 
suffrage  all  over  England.  She  wrote  in 
1885  a  book  on  the  subject  as  part  of  the 
"Imperial  Parliament  Series,"  edited  by 
Mr.  Sydney  Buxton,  M.P.  Mrs.  (look  be- 
came in  1883  trustee  for  the  Weekly  Dispatch 


newspaper,  over  the  policy  and  arrange- 
ments of  which  she  has  since  then  kept  a 
general  control.  She  has  been  active  in 
the  promotion  of  many  schemes  for  the 
improvement  of  the  position  of  women, 
and  has  served  on  the  councils  of  many 
Working  Men's  and  Radical  Clubs.  She 
was  elected  in  November  1888  member  of 
the  London  School  Board  for  the  West 
Lambeth  Division,  and  as  such  was  a 
strong  advocate  of  free  education  and  a 
progressive  educational  policy.  She  is 
not  a  member  of  the  present  London 
School  Board.  She  married  in  1876  Ashton 
W.  Dilke,  second  son  of  the  late  Sir 
C.  Wentworth  Dilke,  who  became  M.P. 
for  Newcastle  in  1880,  and  died  in  1883 
at  Algiers.  Her  second  husband  is  Mr. 
Russell  Cook. 

COOKE,  Mordecai  Cuhitt,  botanist, 
was  born  on  July  12,  1825,  at  Horning, 
Norfolk,  where  his  parents  owned  the 
general  village  shop.  He  received  but 
scant  education  as  a  boy,  pursuing  his 
self-training  whilst  occupied  as  a  school- 
master. When  employed  in  this  capacity 
he  studied  economic  botany,  taught  ele- 
mentary botany  to  evening  classes,  and 
published  his  manual  of  "Structural  Bo- 
tany," which  recently  reached  its  thirty- 
fifth  thousand.  From  this  time  also 
dates  his  first  application  to  the  study 
of  fungi,  in  which  he  subsequently  ac- 
quired his  chief  reputation.  He  has  pub- 
lished, among  a  numerous  collection  of 
works,  the  "Manual  of  Botanic  Terms," 
1862;  "A  Plain  and  Easy  Account  of 
British  Fungi";  "Rust,  Smut,  Mildew, 
and  Mould";  "A  Fern  Book  for  Every- 
body," 1867;  the  "Handbook  of  British 
Fungi"  ;  "Fungi:  their  Nature,  Influence, 
and  Uses,"  1874  ;  "  Mycographia,"  6  parts  ; 
"Illustrations  of  British  Fungi,"  8  vols., 
containing  1200  plates  from  outlines  in 
pen  and  ink  executed  by  himself  ;  "British 
Fresh  Water  Algae";  "Introduction  to 
Fresh  Water  Algaa,"  1890;  "British 
Edible  Fungi,"  1891;  "Vegetable  Wasps 
and  Plant  Worms,"  1892  ;  "  Edible  and 
Poisonous  Mushrooms,"  1894;  "An  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Fungi,"  1895.  Mr. 
Cooke  is  an  Associate  of  the  Linnajan 
Society,  and  possesses  the  honorary  degree 
of  MA.  of  the  St.  Lawrence  University 
of  New  York,  and  of  Yale  University. 
In  1861  he  entered  upon  his  duties  at 
the  India  Museum,  in  association  with  the 
impending  Exhibition  of  1862,  and  from 
that  time  to  his  retirement  at  the  close  of 
1892  he  was  in  the  service  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India  as  a  scientific  ex- 
pert. During  the  last  twelve  years  of  that 
period,  and  after  the  disruption  of  the 
India  Museum,  he  was  detailed  on  special 
duty    at    Kew    Gardens,    where    he    had 


230 


COOLEY  —  COOPEK 


charge  of  and  was  referee  on  all  subjects 
connected  with  fungi.  Some  years  ago 
his  entire  herbarium  and  portfolios  of 
drawings  of  fungi  were  acquired  by  the 
authorities  for  the  National  Herbarium  at 
Kew.  Any  one  glancing  over  the  pages 
of  the  eight  volumes  of  Saccardo's  "  Syl- 
loge  "  will  find  evidence  of  his  activity  in 
Mycology,  since  there  is  scarcely  a  page 
in  which  his  name  does  not  occur.  Since 
the  death  of  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley  he 
has  been  the  oldest  active  mycologist  in 
Europe,  having  be.en  continuously  work- 
ing and  writing  on  the  subject  for  more 
than  thirty  years.  Address  :  146  Junction 
Road,  N. 

COOLEY,  Thomas  Mclntyre,  LL.D., 

was  born  at  Attica,  New  York,  Jan.  6, 
1824.  In  1843  he  removed  to  Michigan, 
where  he  was  in  1845  admitted  to  the  Bar. 
In  1857  he  was  appointed  to  compile  and 
publish  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  in  1858 
he  was  made  reporter  of  the  decisions  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  a  position  which  he 
held  for  several  years,  during  which  he 
published  eight  volumes  of  reports,  fol- 
lowed by  a  digest  of  all  the  decisions  of 
the  State.  In  1859  the  law  department  of 
the  University  of  Michigan  was  organised, 
and  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  professors, 
and  subsequently  became  Dean  of  the 
Faculty,  holding  the  position  until  1885, 
after  which  he  was  for  three  years  Pro- 
fessor of  Constitutional  History  in  the 
same  institution.  For  three  years  he  was 
Lecturer  on  Governmental  subjects  in 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore.  In 
1864  he  was  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy 
on  the  Bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State,  a  position  which  he  held  for  twenty- 
one  years,  being  a  part  of  the  time  Chief 
Justice.  In  1887  he  was  appointed  by  the 
United  States  Circuit  Court  at  Chicago 
Receiver  of  the  Wabash  Railway  Company, 
and  took  upon  himself  the  management 
of  that  road,  but  resigned  it  after  a  few 
months'  service  at  the  urgent  request  of 
President  Cleveland  to  accept  the  appoint- 
ment of  Commissioner  under  the  Inter- 
State  Commerce  Law  for  the  Regulation 
of  Railroads.  He  was  chosen  by  his  Asso- 
ciates Chairman  of  the  Commission,  and 
held  the  office  for  four  years,  when  his 
health  so  completely  gave  way  in  conse- 
quence of  overwork  that  he  was  obliged  to 
resign,  and  since  then  has  held  no  public 
office.  He  has  published  "The  Constitu- 
tional Limitations  which  rest  upon  the 
Legislative  Power  of  the  States  of  the 
American  Union,"  1868,  which  has  gone 
through  several  editions ;  an  edition  of 
Blackstone's  "Commentaries,"  1870,  and 
of  Story's  "  Commentaries  on  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  with  Addi- 
tional Chapters  on  the  New  Amendments," 


1873;  "Law  of  Taxation,"  1876;  "Law 
of  Torts,"  1879;  "General  Principles  of 
Constitutional  Law  in  the  United  States," 
1880 ;  and,  for  a  series  of  State  histories, 
"  Michigan  :  a  History  of  Governments," 
1885.  He  published  "The  Elements  of 
Torts,"  1895.  He  furnished  nearly  all  the 
legal  articles  in  Appleton's  "American 
Encyclopaedia,"  1873-76,  and  has  been  a 
voluminous  writer  for  magazines  and  re- 
views, mostly  on  legal  subjects.  His 
articles  which  of  late  have  attracted  most 
attention  have  been  one  in  opposition  to 
the  annexation  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  to 
the  United  States,  and  a  number  insisting 
upon  the  right,  the  power,  and  the  duty 
of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  to  pro- 
ceed to  put  a  stop  to  the  obstructive 
measures  of  the  minority  on  such  ques- 
tions as  the  repeal  of  the  Silver  Purchase 
Clause  of  the  Sherman  Act,  and  to  vote 
upon  such  subjects  directly.  He  has  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  both 
Michigan  University  and  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. 

COOPER,  Alfred,  F.R.C.S.,  F.R.C.S.E., 
was  born  at  Norwich  on  December  28, 
1838,  and  is  the  son  of  William  Cooper, 
Esq.,  B.A.  Oxon.,  Barrister-at-Law  of  the 
old  Norfolk  Circuit,  and  late  Recorder  of 
Ipswich.  He  was  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  and  entered  St.  Bartho- 
lomew's Hospital  in  1858.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  and  a  member  of 
Council  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England.  He  was  appointed  Surgeon- 
in-Ordinary  to  his  Royal  Highness  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-CoburgGotha(Dukeof  Edin- 
burgh) in  1897  ;  is  Consulting  Surgeon  tothe 
West  London  Hospital ;  Senior  Surgeon  to 
St.  Mark's  Hospital  for  Fistula,  &c. ;  and 
Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians. 
He  has  published  "  Diseases  of  Rectum  and 
Anus  "  (1st  edit.  1887,  2nd  edit.  1892).  He 
is  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  St.  Stanislaus, 
1874  ;  has  the  Victoria  Decoration  and  the 
Jubilee  Medal.  In  1882  he  married  the 
Lady  Agnes,  sister  of  the  Duke  of  Fife. 
Addresses  :  9  Henrietta  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  W.  ;  and  Cooper  Angus  Lodge, 
Whiting  Bay,  Isle  of  Arran. 

COOPEK,  Charles  Alfred,  F.R.S.E., 
editor  of  the  Scotsman,  was  born  at  Hull, 
Yorkshire,  on  Sept.  16,  1829.  He  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Charles  Cooper,  architect,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Hull  Grammar  School, 
and  early  in  life  entered  the  office  of  the 
Hull  Packet,  a  weekly  newspaper  of  good 
standing.  There  he  became  a  reporter, 
and  took  a  share  in  sub-editorial  work. 
In  1861  he  removed  to  London,  and  entered 
the  gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons  as  a 
reporter  for   the  Morning  Star.      Of   this 


COOPER  —  COPELAND 


231 


paper  he  subsequently  became  the  sub- 
editor, and  held  the  post  until  1868,  when 
he  became  assistant-editor  of  the  Scotsman, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  for  several 
years.  In  1876  he  became  editor  of  the 
Scotsman,  and  in  1881,  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  the  Liberal  party,  he  was  made 
a  member  of  the  Reform  Club,  without  a 
ballot,  on  the  nomination  of  the  political 
committee.  Earlier  he  had  taken  a  great 
interest  in  the  opening  of  the  gallery  of 
the  House  of  Commons  to  the  reporters  of 
provincial  newspapers,  and  he  had  the 
gratification  of  seeing  this  object  gained. 
He  has  published  "  Seeking  the  Sun,"  a 
series  of  letters  from  Egypt,  1891 ;  "Let- 
ters on  South  Africa,"  1895  ;  "An  Editor's 
Retrospect,"  1896.  He  married  in  1852 
Susannah,  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas 
Towers,  of  Hull.  She  died  in  1887.  Ad- 
dress :  41  Drumsheugh  Gardens,  Edin- 
burgh, &c. 

COOPER,  Sir  Daniel,  Bart.,  acting 
Agent-General  for  New  South  Wales  in 
England,  was  born  at  Bolton-le-Moors, 
Lancashire,  on  July  1,  1821,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  University  College,  Gower  Street. 
He  went  out  to  New  South  Wales,  and  was 
for  some  years  a  merchant  at  Sydney,  where 
he  was  elected  member  of  the  Legislative 
Council  in  1848.  Under  the  new  constitu- 
tion, he  was  first  Speaker  in  1856.  From 
1855-61  he  was  President  of  the  Bank  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  owns  large  estates 
in  that  colony,  and  has  represented  it 
thrice  in  this  country  as  acting  Agent- 
General,  and  at  all  the  great  International 
Exhibitions  of  recent  years.  He  married 
in  1846  Miss  Elizabeth  Hill.  Address  :  6 
De  Vere  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 

COOPER,  Edward  Herbert,  novelist, 
was  born  at  Newcastle-under-Lyne,  on  Ocr. 
6,  1867,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Samuel  Herbert  Cooper,  of  New  Park, 
Prentham,  Staffordshire.  He  was  educated 
at  University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  a  third  class  in  Modern  History  in 
1889  (B.A.  1890).  In  1896  he  was  Secretary 
of  the  Suffolk  Liberal  Unionist  Association, 
and  Secretary  in  1893  of  the  Ulster  Conven- 
tion League.  In  1896  he  was  appointed 
Paris  correspondent  of  the  New  York  World. 
His  novels  are:  "Geoffrey  Hamilton," 
1893;  "  Richard  Escott,"  1893  ;  "TheEne- 
mies,"  1896;  "Mr.  Blake  of  Newmarket," 
and  "The  Marchioness  against  the  County," 
1897.  He  resides  in  Paris.  Address  : 
Authors'  Club. 

COOPER,  Thomas  Sidney,  R.A.,  was 
born  at  Canterbury  Sept.  26,  1803.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  became  painter  at 
the  Hastings  Theatre,  and  for  three  years 
gained    a    moderate    income    by    scene- 


painting.  Then  he  became  a  drawing- 
master  at  Canterbury  till  the  year  1827, 
when  he  set  out  from  Dover  to  Calais, 
and  literally  "  sketched  his  way "  from 
that  French  port  to  the  Belgian  capital, 
paying  tavern  bills  by  likenesses  of  hosts 
and  hostesses.  At  Brussels  his  talents 
secured  him  patrons  and  employment ; 
and  having  settled  there,  he  married,  and 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  various  Flemish 
artists.  There,  too,  his  pencil  was  first 
directed  to  the  study  of  landscape,  and 
the  branch  of  art,  animal-painting,  which 
secured  him  his  present  high  reputation, 
with  abundant  and  profitable  employment. 
The  revolution  of  1830  involved  him  and 
his  family  in  difficulties,  and  forced  him 
to  return  to  England.  He  first  exhibited 
in  the  Suffolk  Street  Gallery  in  1833.  His 
picture  attracted  attention,  and  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  from  Mr.  Vernon  for 
a  picture  now  in  the  Vernon  Gallery. 
About  ten  years  later  his  Cuyp-like  groups 
of  cattle,  "Going  to  Pasture,"  "Watering 
at  Evening,"  "Cattle  Reposing"  in  the 
heat  of  a  summer  afternoon,  "The  King 
of  the  Meadows,"  attracted  general  notice. 
Mr.  Cooper  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1845,  and  a  Royal 
Academician  in  1867,  and  still  continues 
to  exhibit,  painting,  it  is  understood,  in 
bed.  He  exhibited  as  many  as  four  typical 
pictures  in  the  1898  Royal  Academy  Exhi- 
bition. In  1882  he  presented  to  the  city 
of  Canterbury  the  Gallery  of  Art  which 
he  had  founded  some  ten  or  twelve  years 
earlier,  and  in  which  he  had  since  given 
gratuitous  instructions  to  students.  A 
condition  made  by  the  donor  was  that 
only  a  nominal  fee  should  be  charged  to 
the  artisan  classes  for  tuition,  the  original 
object  for  which  the  gallery  was  built 
having  been  the  teaching  of  drawing  to 
poor  boys.  At  the  meeting  at  which  Mr. 
Cooper's  gift  was  announced  it  was  deter- 
mined to  convert  the  gallery  into  a  school, 
and  to  affiliate  it  to  the  Science  and  Art 
Department  at  South  Kensington.  Mr. 
Cooper  has  published  his  reminiscences, 
under  the  title  of  "My  Life,"  1890.  He 
has  found  innumerable  imitators,  and  at 
one  time  was  constantly  called  upon  to 
decide  upon  the  authenticity  of  cattle- 
pictures  reputed  to  be  the  work  of  his 
brush.  He  has  latterly  charged  a  fee  to 
the  persons  sending  such  paintings  for 
his  inspection.  Address :  Vernon  Holme, 
Harbledown,  Canterbury. 

COPELAND,  Ralph,  Ph.D.,  F.R.A.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  Astronomer-Royal  for  Scotland, 
and  Professor  of  Astronomy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  since  1889,  in  the  place  of 
Professor  Piazzi  Smyth,  who  resigned,  was 
born  in  1837  at  Woodplumpton,  Lanca- 
shire.   Having  determined  to  devote  his  life 


232 


COPLESTON  —  COQUELLN 


to  astronomy,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Gbttingen  in  1865,  and  became  assistant 
under  the  late  Professor  Klinkerfues  at  the 
observatory  there.  In  1869-70  he  served 
on  the  second  German  Arctic  Expedition, 
which  was  the  first  to  winter  on  the  north- 
east coast  of  Greenland.  He  for  some  time 
assisted  Lord  Rosse  with  his  observations ; 
and  from  1876  to  1889  was  connected  with 
Lord  Crawford's  observatory  at  Dunecht. 
For  the  purpose  of  observing  the  transit  of 
Venus  across  the  sun's  disc,  Professor  Cope- 
land  visited  Mauritius  and  Jamaica  ;  and 
in  1883  he  took  astronomical  observations 
in  Peru  and  Bolivia  at  various  heights, 
rising  to  14,000  feet.  He  travelled  to  Russia 
in  1887,  and  Norway  in  1896,  to  observe 
total  eclipses  of  the  sun  ;  failure,  owing  to 
bad  weather,  on  both  these  occasions  being 
recompensed  by  the  successful  Indian 
eclipse  of  1898.  Address  :  Royal  Observa- 
tory, Edinburgh. 

COPLESTON,  The  Right  Rev.  Regi- 
nald Stephen,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Colombo, 
son  of  the  Rev.  R.  E.  Copleston,  formerly 
Fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  was 
born  at  Barnes,  Surrey,  in  1845.  From 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  he  proceeded  to 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.  A.  (second  class  in  Classics)  in  1869. 
He  was  then  elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  of  which  he  became  senior  tutor  ; 
and  he  proceeded  M.A.  from  that  College 
in  1871.  When  Dr.  Jermyn  resigned  the 
Bishopric  of  Colombo,  in  Ceylon,  Mr. 
Copleston  was  selected  by  the  Crown  to 
fill  the  vacant  See,  and  he  was  consecrated 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  Dec.  28,  1875.  He 
has  published  " iEschylus,"  in  Blackwood's 
"  Classics  for  English  Readers"  ;  and  was 
one  of  the  three  writers  of  the  "Oxford 
Spectator."  In  1894  he  published  "  Bud- 
dhism, Primitive  and  Present."  Dr.  Copies- 
ton  married  a  daughter  of  the  late  Arch- 
bishop Trent  in  1882.  Address  :  Colombo, 
Ceylon. 

COPPEE,  Francois  Edouard  Joa- 
chim, a  French  poet,  was  born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  12,  1842.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Lycfe  St.  Louis,  and  became  a  clerk  in 
the  Ministry  of  War.  He  early  gained  a 
reputation  as  a  poet  among  the  "Parnas- 
sians "  of  1866,  and  published  in  the  same 
year  a  volume  of  poems  entitled,  "  Le 
Reliquaire,"  which  was  followed  two  years 
later  by  "Intimites."  In  these,  among 
the  clever  imitations  of  the  past  romantic 
movement,  could  be  seen  plentiful  proofs 
of  originality.  Two  of  his  pieces,  "La 
Be'ne'diction "  and  "La  Greve  des  For- 
gerons  "  achieved  great  popularity  as  re- 
citations. He  then  turned  his  attention 
to  the  theatre,  and  wrote  "Le  Passant," 
produced  at  the  Ode"on  in  1869  ;  "L'Aban- 


donne'e"and  "Fais  ce  que  dois,"  1871,  a 
patriotic  piece  whose  fine  verses  were 
recited  all  through  France;  "Le  Bijou 
de  la  Delivrance,"  1872;  "Le  Luthier  de 
Cremone,"  produced  at  the  Theatre  Fran- 
yais  in  1877;  "Madame  de  Maintenon," 
1881  ;  "Severo  Torelli,"  1883  ;  "Les  Jaco- 
bites," 1885.  For  several  years  M.  Coppe"e 
was  librarian  of  the  Senate,  and  in  1878 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  records  at 
the  Comedie  Francaise.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Acade'mie  Framjaise  in 
1884,  when  he  resigned  his  Keepership, 
and  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1888.  Among  his  later  poems  may  be 
mentioned  "Les  Humbles,"  1872,  in  which 
he  hymns  the  virtues  of  the  poor;  "L'Ex- 
ilee,"  1876;  "Les  Mois,"  1877;  "La 
Marchande  de  Journaux,"  1880;  "  Contes 
en  vers  et  poesies  diverses,"  1881  ;  "L'En- 
fant  de  la  Balle,"  1883  ;  "  Arriere-Saison," 
1887.  He  has  published  several  novels 
and  collections  of  stories,  such  as  "Contes 
en  prose,"  1882  ;  "  Contes  Rapides,"  1888  ; 
and  "Toute  une  Jeunesse,"  1890.  He  has 
published  his  collected  works  in  two  sets, 
"  Th&tre,"  1875-86  (4  vols.) ;  and  "(Euvres 
Completes,"  1885  (6  vols.).  His  one-act 
piece,  "Le  Pater,"  1890,  representing  a 
scene  of  the  Commune  of  1871,  after  being 
unanimously  accepted  by  the  Theatre 
Francais,  and  acted  for  three  nights,  was 
stopped  by  the  Government.  His  greatest 
success,  however,  has  been  his  drama, 
"Pour  la  Couronne,"  which  was  produced 
at  the  Odebn,  Jan.  19,  1895,  and  was  at 
once  greeted  by  the  critics,  especially 
MM.  Jules  Lemaitre  and  Henry  Fouquier, 
with  a  chorus  of  praise.  In  delineating 
the  struggle  of  the  Sclavonic  Bulgarians 
against  the  Turks  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
he  was  sure  of  a  friendly  audience  in 
France,  where  the  Russo-French  alliance 
was  then  all  the  rage.  The  play  was 
compared  to  the  "Choephori"  and  "Eu- 
menides"  of  iEschylus,  both  representing 
the  struggles  of  a  righteous  son  against 
a  wicked  mother  and  weak  father.  It 
was  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  John 
Davidson  (q.v.),  and  acted  at  the  Lyceum 
by  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  (q.v.)  as  Constan- 
tine  Brancomir,  the  son,  Mrs.  Patrick 
Campbell  (q.v.)  as  Militza,  the  slave  girl 
who  loves  him,  and  Miss  Winifred  Emery 
(q.v.)  as  Bazilide,  the  ambitious  mother. 
The  translation  was  especially  noteworthy 
for  the  little  poem,  "Butterflies,"  inter- 
polated by  Mr.  Davidson  with  the  permis- 
sion of  M.  Coppfe.  In  1896  he  produced 
"  Mon  franc  Parler  "  ;  in  1897  "  Toute  une 
Jeunesse  "  ;  and  in  1898  "Une  Idylle  pen- 
dant le  Siege."  Paris  address  :  12  Rue 
Oudinot. 

COaiTELIN,    Benoit    Constant 
("  Coquelin  Aine  "),  a  French  actor,  born 


COQUELIN  —  CORELLI 


233 


at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Jan.  23,  1841,  is  the 
son  of  a  baker,  and  was  destined  ori- 
ginally to  follow  that  trade,  but  evincing 
a  great  aptitude  for  the  stage,  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Con- 
servatoire on  May  29,  1859,  joining  M. 
Regnier's  class,  of  which  he  became  the 
most  brilliant  pupil.  He  obtained  the 
second  prize  for  comedy,  and  made  his 
d£but  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  on  Dec.  7, 
1860,  in  the  character  of  Gros-Rene  in  the 
"  Depit  Amoureux."  He  afterwards  played 
with  success  in  the  "  Fourberies  de  Scapin," 
"  Mariage  de  Figaro,"  "Don  Juan,"  and 
other  classical  pieces  ;  Lupin  in  "La  Mere 
Confidente  ;"  the  Marquis  in  "Le  Joueur"; 
Annibal  in  "  L'Aventuriere, "  &c.  He 
created  the  role  of  Anatole  in  "Une 
Loge  d'Opera,"  John  in  "  Trop  Curieux," 
Gagneux  in  "Jean  Baudry,"  Vincent  in 
"  L'OEillet  Blanc,"  Aristide  in  "  Le  Lion 
Amoureux,"  Gringoire  in  the  play  of  that 
name,  Beaubourg  in  "Paul  Forestier," 
Eucrate  in  "  Le  Coq  de  Mycille,"  &c.  M. 
Coquelin  has  obtained  great  success  in 
society  by  reciting  in  private  and  at  public 
meetings,  and  has  thus  added  to  the  re- 
putation of  new  poets,  particularly  of 
Eugene  Manuel  and  Francois  Coppee.  In 
1886  he  was  put  on  the  list  of  "  soci^taires 
pensionnaires "  of  the  Theatre  Fran$ais, 
and  this  prevented  him  from  appearing 
as  an  actor  in  any  French  theatre.  But, 
after  travelling  abroad  in  America  and 
Alsace  at  the  head  of  a  dramatic  company 
of  his  own  formation,  he  re-entered  the 
Comddie  Francaise  in  December  1889,  and 
played  Mascarille,  Diafoirus,  and  Argente, 
and  other  parts,  in  order  to  support  his 
son  Jean,  at  that  time  making  his  first 
appearances  as  an  actor.  He  created  the 
part  of  Labussiere  in  M.  Sardou's  "Ther- 
midor,"  which  after  three  representations 
was  interdicted  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment (Jan.  25,  1891).  His  next  creation 
was  Petruccio  in  a  modified  version  of  the 
"  Taming  of  the  Shrew"  (November  1892). 
As  his  engagement  at  the  Theatre  Franeais 
lasts  only  six  months  each  year,  he  has 
recently  taken  to  touring  abroad  with  a 
company  of  his  own  selection,  and  in  the 
summer  of  1892  he  brought  "Thermidor" 
and  "La  MCgere  Apprivoisee"  to  London. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  works  on  the 
comedian's  art.  In  1898  he  brought  out 
at  the  Ponte  St.  Martin  Theatre  "  Cyrano 
de  Bergerac,"  the  renowned  play  of  M. 
Edmond  Eostand.  It  was  an  immediate 
success,  for  such  a  combination  of  Roman- 
ticism, pathos,  swagger,  and  excellent 
literary  French  had  not  been  equalled  for 
many  years.  The  part  fitted  him  like  a 
glove,  and  he  repeated  the  success  gained 
when  a  young  man  as  Mascarille  in  "Les 
Precieuses  Ridicules."  In  July  of  the 
same   year   he  brought   this   play  to  the 


Lyceum  Theatre  in  London,  where  it 
created  the  same  enthusiasm  as  in  Paris. 
Paris  address  :  6  Rue  de  Presbourg. 

COQUELIN,  Ernest  Alexandre 
Honore,  better  known  as  "Coquelin 
Cadet,"  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  May  16,  1848.  He 
entered  the  service  of  the  Northern  Rail- 
way Company,  but  being  irresistibly  drawn 
towards  the  theatrical  profession,  he  went 
to  Paris,  and,  in  1864,  entered  M.  Regnier's 
class  at  the  Conservatoire,  and  three  years 
later  carried  off  the  first  prize  for  comedy. 
After  successfully  making  his  debut  at  the 
Odeon  in  the  comic  roles  of  classic  pieces, 
he  entered  the  Come'die  Fran^'aise  in  June 
1876,  and  played  with  his  brother.  During 
the  siege  of  Paris  he  gained  the  Military 
Medal  for  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Buzenval. 
Among  his  best  creations  are  Ulrich  in 
"Le  Sphinx  "of  Octave  Feuillet,  Isidore 
in  "  La  Reprise  du  Testament  de  C&ar 
Girodot,"  Frederic  in  "  L'Ami  Fritz"  of 
MM.  Erckmann-Chatrian,  and  Basile  in 
"  Le  Barbier  de  Seville. "  He  is  noted  as  a 
reciter,  and  is  the  author  of  many  "  mono- 
logues," which  he  delivers  at  public  and 
private  entertainments.  Paris  address : 
6  Rue  du  Bel-Respiro. 

COQ/UELIN,  Jean,  French  actor,  son 
of  Coquelin  Atne,  was  born  Dec.  1,  1865, 
and  destined  for  the  stage.  He  did  not 
go  to  the  Conservatoire,  but  accompanied 
his  father  for  four  years  in  his  foreign 
trips,  where  he  played  jeune  premier,  being 
seen  several  times  in  London  at  the 
Royalty  Theatre.  In  1890  he  became  a 
•pennomxaire  of  the  Comedie  Fran9aise, 
where  he  made  his  debut  in  his  father's 
earliest  role,  that  of  Gros-Rene  in  the 
"Depit  Amoureux."  He  also  played 
Scapin  in  "Les  Fourberies,"  and  in  the 
"Malade  Imaginaire"  he  played  Diafoirus 
to  his  father's  Purgon  and  his  uncle's 
Argan,  probably  a  unique  performance  for 
one  family.  Latterly  he  played  Lubin  in 
"Thermidor,"  and  Ragueneau,  the  poetic 
pastry-cook,  in  "  Cyrano  de  Bergerac,"  in 
which  he  appeared  with  his  father  at  the 
Porte  St.  Martin  in  Paris,  and  the  Lyceum 
in  London,  in  July  1898. 

CORELLI,  Marie,  whose  parentage 
is  Gaelic  and  Italian,  is  the  adopted 
daughter  of  the  late  popular  poet,  Charles 
Mackay,  LL.D.  She  was  born  and  edu- 
cated in  England,  with  the  exception  of 
four  years'  "finishing"  training  in  a  French 
convent-school.  She  was  long  finding  a 
publisher  for  her  first  romance,  but  is  now 
perhaps  the  wealthiest  of  lady  novelists, 
the  royalties  from  her  first  book  alone 
being  sufficient  to  afford  her  a  handsome 
competence.      She    has    published:     "A 


234 


CORFIELD 


Romance  of  Two  Worlds,"  1886;  "Ven- 
detta," 1886  ;  "  Thelma,"  1887  ;  "  Ardath  : 
the  Story  of  a  Dead  Self,"  1889;  "The 
Soul  of  Lilith,"  1892;  "Wormwood"; 
"Barabbas:  a  Dream  of  the  World's 
Tragedy,"  1893;  "The  Sorrows  of  Satan," 
1895;  "The  Mighty  Atom,"  1896;  "The 
Murder  of  Delicia,"  1896;  "  Ziska :  the 
Problem  of  a  Wicked  Soul,"  1897;  and 
"Jane,"  1897.  Of  these,  "Barabbas" 
and  "  A  Romance  of  Two  Worlds "  have 
been  translated  into  all  the  languages  of 
Europe,  including  Russian  and  modern 
Greek.  "  Barabbas  "  is  also  to  be  had  in 
Persian  and  Hindustani,  and  has  an  im- 
mense vogue  throughout  India.  "The 
Mighty  Atom"  has  been  accorded  the 
unusual  distinction  of  being  translated 
and  published  in  Russia  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Holy  Synod.  The  late  Mr.  Eric 
Mackay,  the  poet,  was  Miss  Corelli's  step- 
brother. Miss  Corelli  has  no  London 
address,  having  given  up  her  town  resi- 
dence in  this  present  year  (1898)  on  account 
of  her  intention  to  reside  abroad  for  the 
future. 

CORFIELD,  William  Henry,  M.A., 
M.D.  (Oxon.),  F.R.C.P.,  Hon.  A.R.I.B.A., 
was  born  in  December  1843  at  Shrews- 
bury, and  was  educated  at  the  Cheltenham 
Grammar  School,  and  obtained  a  Demyship 
in  Natural  Science  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  in  March  1861,  at  the  early  age  of 
seventeen.  In  the  subsequent  October  he 
matriculated,  and  in  1863  took  a  first 
class  in  Mathematics  at  Moderations.  In 
the  same  year  he  had  the  honour  of  being 
selected  by  Professor  Daubeny,  the  emi- 
nent Chemist,  Botanist,  and  Vulcanologist, 
to  accompany  him  in  his  examination  of 
the  volcanic  appearances  in  the  Mont- 
brison  district  of  Anvergne.  In  1864  lie 
passed  in  the  final  Classical  Schools,  and 
took  a  first  class  in  Mathematics  for  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Early  in  the 
following  year  Mr.  Corfield  obtained,  in 
open  competition,  the  Medical  Fellowship 
at  Pembroke  College,  and  thus  the  line 
of  his  future  career  was  decided.  He  next 
gained  first-class  honours  in  the  Natural 
Science  Schools,  taking  Chemistry  and 
Geology  as  special  subjects.  Other  suc- 
cesses followed  rapidly,  and  the  Btirdett- 
Coutts  University  Scholarship  in  Geology 
and  the  Allied  Sciences  fell  to  him  in  1866, 
to  which,  a  year  later,  was  added  the  Rad- 
cliffe  Travelling  Fellowship  in  Medicine. 
This  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  visiting 
the  professional  centres  of  the  Continent, 
including,  of  course,  Paris,  where  he 
studied  analysis,  with  special  reference  to 
hygienic  matters,  under  Berthe'lot,  at  the 
College  de  France,  and  took  the  oppor- 
tunity then  afforded  of  clinical  study 
under    B^hier,     See,     Hardy,    and    other 


eminent  teachers,  besides  attending  Bou- 
chardat's  lectures  on  Hygiene.  He  next 
proceeded  to  Lyons,  where  he  worked  at 
clinical  medicine  and  surgery,  and  also 
made  a  special  study  of  the  remains  of 
the  remarkable  aqueducts  of  ancient  Lng- 
dunum,  and  then  passed  over  into  Algiers, 
visiting  afterwards  some  of  the  medical 
schools  in  Italy  and  Sicily.  In  1868  he 
took  his  M.B.  degree,  and  was  appointed 
Examiner  for  Honours  in  Natural  Science 
at  the  University  of  Oxford  ;  and  in  1869 
he  received  the  further  appointment  of 
Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Public  Health 
at  University  College,  London.  His  In- 
troductory Lecture  was  printed  in  the 
British  Medical  Journal  on  June  18  and  25, 
1870,  and  was  afterwards  published  in 
pamphlet  form,  under  the  title  of  a 
"  Resumed  of  the  History  of  Hygiene." 
He  still  directs  the  Hygienic  Laboratory 
which  he  started  at  this  College,  and  in 
which  many  pupils,  who  have  subsequently 
gained  important  sanitary  posts,  have  been 
trained.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London  in 
1869,  and,  in  the  same  year,  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Committee  appointed  by 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  to  report  on  the  Treat- 
ment and  Utilisation  of  Sewage.  The 
alarming  illness  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  at 
Londesborough  Lodge, Scarborough, where 
he  was  attacked  by  typhoid  fever  at  the 
close  of  the  year  1871,  called  attention 
very  prominently  to  the  subject  of  house 
sanitation,  and  Professor  Corfield  made, 
at  Lord  Londesborough's  request,  a  careful 
inspection  of  the  condition  of  the  Lodge, 
and  described  the  results  in  a  letter  which 
appeared  in  the  Times  on  Jan.  22,  1872. 
In  1871  he  was  elected  Medical  Officer  of 
Health  for  Islington,  and  in  1872  ob- 
tained, and  still  holds,  the  same  post  for 
St.  George's,  Hanover  Square.  He  took 
his  M.D.  degree  at  Oxford  in  1872,  and 
was  next  year  appointed  Lecturer  on  the 
Law  of  Health  at  the  Birmingham  and 
Midland  Institute,  an  office  which  he  held 
for  five  years.  Afterwards  he  accepted  a 
similar  post  at  the  Saltley  Training  College. 
In  1873  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
on  "  Water  Supply,  Sewerage,  and  Sewage 
Utilisation"  to  the  Royal  Engineers  sta- 
tioned at  Chatham  ;  these  lectures  were  at 
once  reprinted  in  the  United  States.  Dr. 
Corfield,  in  1874,  read  a  paper  before  the 
Epidemiological  Society  "On  the  Supposed 
Spontaneous  Origin  of  the  Poison  of  En- 
teric Fever,"  in  which  he  vigorously  com- 
bated the  possibility  of  the  de  novo  origin 
of  the  disease.  In  1875  Professor  Corfield 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  ;  and  he  has  published  some 
"  Remarks  on  the  Study  and  Practice  of 
Public  Medicine,"  which  were  delivered 


COEK  — COENU 


235 


as  an  Introductory  Lecture  to  the  Students 
of  University  College  in  that  year.  In 
1879  he  delivered  a  course  of  Cantor  Lec- 
tures before  the  Society  of  Arts,  taking 
for  his  subject,  "Dwelling-houses,  their 
Sanitary  Construction  and  Arrangements." 
Professor  Corfield's  most  recent  publica- 
tions are  :  the  third  edition  of  his  work 
on  "  The  Treatment  and  Utilisation  of 
Sewage,"  in  the  preparation  of  which  he 
has  been  assisted  by  his  former  pupil,  Dr. 
Louis  Parkes  ;  his  Anniversary  Address  to 
the  Sanitary  Institute  on  "The  Water  Sup- 
ply of  Ancient  Roman  Cities,  with  especial 
reference  to  Lugdunnm  (Lyons),"  in  which 
he  shows  that  the  Romans  employed  in- 
verted siphons  made  of  lead  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  their  aqueducts  across  deep 
valleys,  and  which  is  illustrated  by  litho- 
graphs from  sketches  made  by  himself  on 
the  spot;  his  paper  on  "Outbreaks  of 
Sore  Throat  caused  by  slight  escapes  of 
Coal  Gas,"  read  before  the  Society  'of 
Medical  Officers  of  Health ;  nnd  his  Har- 
veian  Lectures  delivered  before  the  Har- 
veian  Society  of  London  in  1893,  on 
"  Disease  and  Defective  House  Sanita- 
tion." Professor  Corfield  is  prominently 
before  the  profession  as  Professor  of 
Hygiene  and  Public  Health  at  University 
College,  London,  and  for  some  years  one 
of  the  Examiners  for  the  Diploma  in 
Public  Health  at  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  as  a  Fellow  of  the  Institute 
of  Chemistry  and  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society,  a  Past 
President  of  the  Society  of  Medical  Officers 
of  Health,  and  Vice-President  and  Past 
Chairman  of  the  Council  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute,  an  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Socie'te'  Francaise  d'Hygiene,  and  of  many 
other  important  foreign  societies.  He  was 
President  of  the  Public  Health  Section  of 
the  Congress  of  the  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation at  Bristol  in  1894,  and  of  Section  I. 
of  the  Congress  of  the  Sanitary  Institute 
at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  1896,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  Council  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  in  1898.  He  has 
been,  for  the  last  twenty  years,  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Sunday  Society, 
and  has  thus  played  a  leading  part  in  the 
movement  which  has  resulted  in  the  open- 
ing of  our  National  Museums  to  the  public 
on  Sunday  afternoons.  In  1884  he  gave 
an  address  to  the  International  Congress 
of  Hygiene,  at  the  Hague,  on  "La  Science 
Ennemie  de  la  Maladie."  He  was  then 
asked  why  the  Congress  had  never  been 
invited  to  London  ;  he  felt  that  it  was  a 
disgrace  to  English  Hygienists  that  this 
had  not  been  done,  and  determined  that  it 
should  be,  and  from  that  time  forth  he 
never  rested  until  he  presented  the  invita- 
tion of  the  Sanitarv  Institute  and  Parkes 


Museum  to  the  Permanent  Committee,  at 
the  Congress  at  Vienna  in  1887,  with  the 
result  that  the  next  Congress  was  held  in 
London  in  1891,  under  the  presidency  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  with  Sir  Douglas 
Galton,  K.C.B. ,  as  Chairman  of  the  Orga- 
nising Committee,  and  was  the  largest 
Congress  of  Hygienists  ever  held.  Pro- 
fessor Corfield  acted  as  Foreign  Secretary 
to  that  Congress,  and  through  his  personal 
acquaintance  with  many  of  the  leading 
Hygienists  in  various  countries,  was  able 
to  obtain  the  formation  of  committees  for 
making  the  Congress  known  abroad,  and 
for  thus  insuring  the  attendance  of  foreign 
Hygienists.  He  is  the  only  Englishman 
who  has  received  the  honour  of  being- 
elected  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Public  Health  of  Belgium,  of 
which  the  other  Hon.  Members  are  chiefly 
ambassadors,  ministers,  and  high  State 
officials.  He  is  an  enthusiastic  geologist, 
angler,  and  collector  of  Bewick  wood  en- 
gravings. Professor  Corfield  married  in 
1876  Emily  Madelina,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  John  Pike,  F.S.A.  Addresses  : 
17  Savile  Row,  W.  ;  and  Whindown,  Bex- 
hill,  Sussex. 

CORK,  Bishop  of.  See  Meade,  The 
Right  Rev.  W.  E. 

CORK  and  ORRERY,  Earl  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Richard  Edmund  St.  Law- 
rence Boyle,  K.P.,  a  descendant  of  the 
Hon.  Robert  Boyle,  the  natural  philosopher, 
was  born  in  Dublin  inl829,  and  succeeded  to 
the  title  in  1856.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  of  which  he  is 
B.A.  From  1854  to  1856  he  represented 
Frome  in  the  Liberal  interest  in  Parlia- 
ment. He  has  been  thrice  Master  of  the 
Buckhounds,  in  1866,  1868-74,  1880-85; 
and  twice  Master  of  the  Horse,  in  1886 
and  1894-95.  He  is  Hon.  Colonel  of  the 
North  Somersetshire  Yeomanry,  and  A.D.C. 
to  the  Queen.  He  married  Emily,  second 
daughter  of  the  1st  Marquis  of  Clan- 
ricarde,  and  his  heir,  Viscount  Dungarvan, 
was  born  in  1861.  Addresses  :  40  Charles 
Street,  Mayfair;  and  Marston  Biggott, 
Frome. 

CORNO  DI  BASSETTO.  See  Shaw, 
George  Bernard. 

CORNTJ,  Marie  -  Alfred,  was  born 
March  6,  1841,  admitted  into  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique  in  1860,  whence  he  passed 
to  the  School  of  Mines,  and  became  an 
engineer  in  1866.  In  1867  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Physics  at  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique,  and  since  then  he  has  suc- 
ceeded Becquerel  as  member  of  the  Aca- 
demic des  Sciences.  He  owed  this  to  his 
important  experiments  in  determining  the 


236 


CORRIGAN  —  COSSON 


velocity  of  light,  perfecting  Fizeau's 
method,  which  extended  over  two  years. 
He  has  also  experimented  on  the  mean 
density  of  the  earth,  following  Cavendish's 
work.  He  received  the  Rumford  Medal  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1878,  has 
been  President  of  the  B>ench  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  is  Officier 
de  la  Le'gion  l'Honneur,  and  member  of  the 
Bureau  des  Longitudes  (1886).  Professor 
Cornu's  researches  have  been  chiefly  de- 
voted to  optical  subjects,  and  he  is  one 
of  the  first  living  authorities  upon  light, 
having  greatly  improved  Fizeau's  toothed 
wheel,  and  so  given  to  measurements  of 
the  velocity  of  light  a  precision  which  was 
previously  impossible.  His  principal  ex- 
periments upon  this  subject  are  recorded 
in  the  "  Annals  of  the  Paris  Observatory  "  ; 
many  of  his  other  papers  are  in  the 
Comptes  Jicndus,  and  deal  with  crystalline 
reflection,  the  reversal  of  the  lines  in  the 
spectrum  of  metallic  vapours,  the  spectre 
of  the  aurora  borealis,  and  the  normal 
solar  spectrum.  Paris  address :  9  Rue  de 
Grenelle. 

CORRIG  AN.The  Most  Rev.  Michael 

Augustine,  D.D.,  American  (R.C.)  prelate, 
was  born  at  Newark,  N.J. ,  Aug.  13,  1839. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  College, 
Wilmington,  Delaware  ;  and  at  Mount  St. 
Mary's,  Emmetsburg,  Maryland,  graduating 
at  the  latter  institution  in  1859.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  priesthood  at  Rome  in 
1863,  and  in  the  following  year  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  After  filling  for  a  few 
years  the  chair  of  Dogmatic  Theology  and 
Sacred  Scripture  at  Seton  Hall  College, 
Orange,  N.J.,  he  became  its  President  in 
1868.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  by  Pius 
IX.  to  the  See  of  Newark,  and  in  1880  was 
made  coadjutor  to  Cardinal  M'Closkey, 
Archbishop  of  New  York,  under  title  of 
Archbishop  of  Petra  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
the  Cardinal  in  1885  he  became  Metropoli- 
tan of  the  diocese  of  New  York. 

CORSER,  Haden,  M.A.,  J.P.,  Metro- 
politan Police  Magistrate  sitting  at  Wor- 
ship Street,  was  born  in  1845,  and  is  the 
only  son  of  Charles  Corser  of  Wolver- 
hampton. He  was  educated  at  Chelten- 
ham College,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  a  third  class  in  the  School 
of  Law  and  History  in  1869.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1870, 
and  was  appointed  Deputy  Stipendiary 
Magistrate  at  Wolverhampton  in  1878.  He 
held  this  post  till  1880.  From  1888  to  1889 
he  was  Recorder  of  Wenlock,  and  in  the 
latter  year  was  appointed  Metropolitan 
Police  Magistrate  (North  London).  He 
married  in  1870  Mary,  daughter  of  W. 
T.  Blacklock,  Pendleton,  Lancashire.  Ad- 
dress :  The  Hyde,  Ingatestone,  Essex. 


COSSON,  Charles  Alexander  Baron 

de,  F.S.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  born  at  Durham,  Aug. 
26,  1846,  is  descended  from  an  ancient 
French  family  established  in  Guienne  at 
the  period  of  the  Revolution,  when  his 
grandfather  emigrated,  serving  first  in  the 
army  of  the  Princes,  and  then  in  the 
Hompesch  regiment  of  the  Hussars.  When 
that  regiment  was  incorporated  in  the 
British  army  as  the  10th  Hussars,  he  came 
to  England,  his  father  having  been  guillo- 
tined and  his  estates  forfeited.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  1855,  and  died  there 
in  1867,  at  the  age  of  ninety-eight,  his  life 
thus  reaching  from  the  reign  of  Louis  XV. 
almost  to  the  close  of  that  of  Napoleon  III. 
Baron  de  Cosson  was  educated  at  home, 
and  travelled  much  on  the  Continent  with 
his  family.  In  December  1868  he  had 
written  to  the  Times  a  long  account  of 
the  insurrection  at  Cadiz,  which  the  lead- 
ing article  described  as  the  first  exact 
narrative  of  that  event  received  in  Eng- 
land. In  the  winter  of  1872  he  went 
to  Egypt,  and  thence  proceeded  to  Abys- 
sinia, in  company  with  his  brother  the 
late  Major  de  Cosson,  who  published  an 
account  of  this  journey  in  "The  Cradle 
of  the  Blue  Nile."  He  visited  Adowa  and 
Axum,  and  crossed  the  Lamalmon  Pass  to 
Gondar  and  Lake  Tsana.  The  travellers 
were  well  received  by  the  late  King  John 
of  Abyssinia.  In  the  summer  of  1873,  his 
brother,  having  to  return  to  England,  left 
him,  and  travelled  vid  Khartoum  and  the 
desert,  to  Suakim.  The  experience  thus 
gained  led  to  his  being  appointed  to  the 
water  transport  of  Sir  Gerald  Graham's 
Field  Force  in  1885,  when  he  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  and  gazetted  Major. 
Baron  de  Cosson  remained  in  Abyssinia 
some  months  longer,  returning  to  Masso- 
wah,  by  Debra  Tabor,  Sokota,  and  the 
interior  of  the  country.  He  is  best  known, 
however,  for  the  attention  he  has  given 
for  the  last  twenty  years  to  the  study  of 
ancient  armour  and  weapons.  In  con- 
junction with  the  late  William  Burges, 
A.R.A.,  he  organised  an  exhibition  of 
helmets  and  mail  at  the  Royal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  in  1880,  and  undertook 
the  description  of  the  European  helmets. 
In  that  work  he  formulated  the  principles 
which  he  considered  ought  to  regulate  the 
scientific  study  of  ancient  armour.  He 
especially  insisted  that  each  fine  piece  of 
armour  was  a  well-considered  and  skilfully 
wrought  piece  of  metal  work,  having  its 
definite  purpose,  for  which  it  was  ad- 
mirably adapted,  and  that  armour  should 
not  be  looked  at,  as  was  so  often  the  case, 
simply  as  people  regard  the  objects  at 
Madame  Tussaud's  Exhibition.  Since 
then  he  has  contributed  various  papers 
to  the  Archaological  Journal,  and  other 
antiquarian  publications.     He  has  also,  at 


COSTAKI  — COTTON 


237 


his  house  at  Chertsey,  a  small  but  carefully 
formed  collection  of  arms  and  armour. 
He  has  of  late  been  engaged  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Conde  de  Valencia  de  Don 
Juan,  at  Madrid,  in  collecting,  as  far  as 
possible,  all  notices  and  marks  of  ancient 
armourers  and  swordmakers.  In  1878  he 
married  Cecilia  Nefeeseh  Bonomi,  second 
daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Bonomi,  well 
known  for  his  travels  in  the  East  and  his 
works  on  ancient  Egypt  and  Assyria. 

COSTAKI,  Anthopoula  Pasha,  Otto- 
man Ambassador  at  the  Court  of  St.  James', 
is,  like  his  two  predecessors — Mousouros 
and  Rustem — a  Christian.  He  was  born 
of  Greek  parentage  at  Constantinople  in 
1832,  was  admitted  an  Advocate  of  the 
Turkish  Bar  in  1870,  and  was  appointed 
Public  Prosecutor  in  1880.  When  troubles 
arose  in  Crete  in  1888  he  was  sent  out  to 
be  Governor,  as  the  Cretans  would  have  a 
Christian,  and  the  Powers  supported  their 
desire.  However,  his  amnesty  was  illusory, 
and  though  he  tried  to  calm  the  rebels,  he 
was  not  backed  up  at  headquarters,  and 
towards  the  end  of  the  year  he  was  re- 
placed by  Chakir  Pasha.  He  was  appointed 
to  his  present  post,  Jan.  31,  1896.  In 
1899  the  Sultan  conferred  upon  him  the 
insignia  and  star  of  the  Osmanieh  in  bril- 
liants as  a  token  of  high  satisfaction  and 
a  reward  for  services  rendered  in  diplo- 
macy. 

COTES,  Mrs.  Everard,  n(e  Sara 
Jeanette  Duncan,  was  born  at  Brant- 
ford,  Canada,  in  1861,  and  is  a  daughter 
of  Charles  Duncan,  merchant.  She  was 
educated  chiefly  at  Brantford,  and  began 
her  literary  career  as  a  journalist.  She 
was  first  of  all  correspondent  to  the 
Washington  Post.  Afterwards  she  joined 
its  editorial  staff,  as  well  as  writing  for 
various  Canadian  papers.  She  wrote 
special  articles  for  the  Montreal  Star, 
among  which  were  her  letters  from  Japan 
and  the  East.  These  letters  were  subse- 
quently embodied  in  an  altered  form  in 
"  A  Social  Departure  :  how  Orthodoxia 
and  I  Went  Round  the  World  by  Ourselves," 
1890.  Her  other  works  are  :  "An  American 
Girl  in  London,"  1891  ;  "  The  Simple 
Adventures  of  a  Memsahib,"  1893  ; 
"Vernon's  Aunt,"  1894;  "The  Story  of 
Gonny  Sahib,"  and  "A  Daughter  of  To- 
day," 1894;  "His  Honour  and  a  Lady," 
1896;  and  "A  Voyage  of  Consolation,  a 
tale,"  1898.  She  married  Everard  Cotes, 
editor  of  one  of  the  chief  Calcutta  daily 
papers,  in  1890.  Address :  19  British 
Indian  Street,  Calcutta. 

COTTERILL,  James  Henry,  M.A., 
P.R.S.,  the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Joseph  Cotterill,  was  born  in  Norfolk,  Nov. 


2,  1836.  He  was  educated  at  Brighton 
College,  and  was  then  apprenticed  to  the 
engineering  firm  of  Fairbairn  &  Co. ;  event- 
ually, however,  he  proceeded  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  In  1866  he  was  ap- 
pointed Lecturer  at  the  old  Royal  School 
of  Naval  Architecture  at  South  Kensing- 
ton, becoming  its  Vice-Principal  in  1870. 
Three  years  later  he  became  Professor  of 
Applied  Mechanics  at  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich,  and  only  resigned  that 
position  when  he  retired  in  1897.  He  is 
the  author  of  "The  Steam  Engine  consid- 
ered as  a  Thermodynamic  Machine,"  1878, 
and  3rd  edit.,  1895;  "Applied  Mechanics," 

1884,  and  4th  edit.,  1895.  Mr.  Cotterill 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1878.  Address  ;  18  Gloucester  Place, 
Greenwich,  S.E. 

COTTESLOE,  Lord,  Sir  Thomas 
Francis  Fremantle,  Bart.,  M.A.,  J.P., 
was  born  Jan.  30,  1830,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  2nd  Baron  in  1890.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  in  1852,  obtaining  first- 
class  honours  in  Classics,  and  he  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1855. 
He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  mem- 
ber  for   Buckinghamshire    from    1876  'to 

1885.  Lord  Cottesloe  is  Vice-Chairman  of 
the  Bucks  County  Council,  and  Deputy- 
Chairman  of  the  Bucks  Quarter  Sessions. 
He  was  married  in  1859  to  Augusta, 
daughter  of  the  2nd  Earl  of  Eldon,  and 
has  a  son  and  heir,  the  Hon.  Thomas 
Fremantle,  born  in  1862.  Address :  43 
Eaton  Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Swanbourne, 
Winslow,  Bucks. 

COTTON,  General  Sir  Arthur 
Thomas,  K.C.S.I.,  son  of  the  late  H.  C. 
Cotton,  Esq.,  and  a  cousin  of  the  late 
Lord  Combermere,  born  at  Wood  cot  House, 
Oxfordshire,  in  1803,  was  educated  at 
Addiscombe.  He  entered  the  Madras 
army  in  1819,  became  Colonel  of  Engineers 
in  1854,  and  served  in  the  first  Burmese 
war  from  1824  to  1826.  In  1861  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  for  his  activity 
in  developing  the  irrigation  and  internal 
navigation  of  India.  He  was  nominated 
a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Star  of  India 
on  the  re-organisation  of  that  Order  in 
1866.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
nominated  a  Lieut. -General  in  the  army, 
and  placed  on  the  fixed  establishment  of 
general  officers.  He  attained  the  rank  of 
General  in  1876,  and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  the  following  year.  In  ]  841 
he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Learmonth,  of  Hobart, Tasmania.  Address: 
Woodcot,  Dorking. 

COTTON,  James  Sutherland,  M.A., 
was    born    at    Coonoor,    in    the    Madras 


238 


COUATY  —  COURCEL 


Presidency,  on  July  17,  1847,  and  is  the 
third  son  of  J.  J.  Cotton,  H.B.l.C.S.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  successively  Exhibi- 
tioner of  Lincoln,  Scholar  of  Trinity,  and 
Fellow  of  Queen's.  He  obtained  a  first 
class  in  Classical  Moderations,  and  also 
in  the  Final  Classical  School,  and  was  for 
a  time  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Union  Debating  Society.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  (1874),  and 
joined  the  Western  Circuit.  He  assisted 
Sir  W.  W.  Hunter  in  compiling  the  "  Sta- 
tistical Account  of  Bengal "  (20  vols., 
1875-77) ;  the  "  Statistical  Account  of 
Assam"  (2  vols.,  1879) ;  and  the  "Imperial 
Gazetteer  of  India"  (9  vols.,  1881;  also 
2nd  edit.,  14  vols.,  1885-87).  He  is  the 
author  of  the  "  Decennial  Statement," 
exhibiting  the  Moral  and  Material  Pro- 
gress of  India  for  the  period  1873-74  to 
1882-83  (issued  as  a  Blue-book,  1885) ;  of 
"India,"  in  the  volume  of  the  "English 
Citizen  Series,"  entitled  "Colonies  and 
Dependencies"  (1883);  and  of  "Mount- 
stuart  Elphinstone,"  in  the  series  of  "  Rulers 
of  India"  (1892).  He  also  contributed  an 
essay  on  "  The  Intentions  of  the  Founders 
of  Fellowships"  to  "Essays  on  the  En- 
dowment of  Research"  (1876);  and  has 
been  a  contributor  to  the  "  Encyclopedia 
Britannica,"  "Chambers's  Encyclopaedia," 
and  the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Bio- 
graphy." Since  1887  he  has  edited  "  Pat- 
erson's  Practical  Statutes,"  an  annual 
volume  containing  the  important  Acts  of 
Parliament  of  the  year,  with  introductions 
and  notes.  He  is  best  known  as  the 
editor  of  the  Academy,  having  conducted 
that  important  review  from  1881  until 
1896.  He  married  in  1873  Isabella,  daughter 
of  John  Carter,  of  Clifton.  Address  :  107 
Abingdon  Road,  Kensington,  W. 

COUATY,  Rev.  Thomas  J.,  American 
Prelate  (R.C.),  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1856, 
but  went  with  his  parents  to  America 
when  very  young.  He  was  educated  at 
the  College  of  the  Holy  Cross  by  the 
Jesuits,  and  at  the  Seminary  at  Troy,  New 
York.  He  subsequently  became  Rector  of 
the  Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart  at  Wor- 
cester, Massachusetts,  and  was  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  at  the  head  of  the  Catholic 
Summer  School  at  Plattsburg,  New  York  ; 
was  editor  of  a  weekly  paper  called  The 
Catholic  School  Gazette,  and  is  known  as  a 
temperance  lecturer.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  the  Jesuit  College  of 
Georgetown  in  1889,  and  was  appointed 
Rector  of  the  Catholic  University  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  in  November  1896,  to  succeed 
Bishop  Jno.  J.  Keane. 

COUCH,    Arthur   Thomas   Quiller, 

who  writes  as  "Q,"  is  the  eldest  son  of 


the  late  Thomas  Quiller  Couch,  of  Bodmin, 
and  was  born  in  Cornwall  on  Nov.  21, 1863. 
He  was  educated  at  Newton  Abbot  College, 
Clifton  College,  and  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford. He  was  a  Scholar  of  his  College, 
and  obtained  a  first-class  in  Moderations, 
and  a  second  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1886,  when 
he  graduated  B.A.  At  the  University  he 
was  more  than  once  a  candidate  for  the 
Newdigate,  and,  after  taking  his  degree, 
he  was  a  classical  lecturer  at  his  College 
for  about  a  year.  On  leaving  Oxford,  he 
remained  for  some  years  in  London,  but 
in  1891  he  went  back  to  Cornwall,  where 
he  continues  to  reside.  Mr.  Quiller  Couch 
has  written  for  the  Speaker  since  its  first 
appearance,  and  his  principal  novels  are 
the  following  :  "Dead  Man's  Rock,"  1887  ; 
"  Troy  Town,"  1888  ;  "  The  Splendid  Spur," 
1889;  "Noughts  and  Crosses,"  1891;  "The 
Blue  Pavilions,"  1891;  "I  Saw  Three 
Ships,"  1892;  "The  Warwickshire  Avon," 
1892;  "The  Delectable  Duchy,"  1893; 
"  Wandering  Heath,"  1895  ;  "  The  Golden 
Pomp,"  1895;  "la,"  1896;  "Adventures 
in  Criticism,"  1896  ;  "Poems  and  Ballads," 
1896.  He  has  completed  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson's  unfinished  novel,  "  St.  Ives," 
in  a  manner  which  proves  him  to  be  a 
master  of  imitation.  Address :  The  Haven, 
Fowey,  Cornwall. 

COUCH,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Richard,  born  July  4,  1817,  is  the  only 
son  of  Richard  Couch,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1841,  and 
practised  for  many  years  on  the  Norfolk 
Circuit.  He  was  for  some  years  Recorder 
of  Bedford,  but  in  1862  was  appointed  a 
Puisne  Judge  of  the  Bombay  High  Court, 
entering  upon  office  in  August  of  that 
year.  In  April  1866,  on  the  retirement " 
of  the  late  Sir  Matthew  Sausse,  he  was 
promoted  to  be  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
High  Court  of  Judicature  at  Bombay, 
receiving  soon  afterwards  the  honour  of 
knighthood ;  and  in  1870  he  succeeded 
Sir  Barnes  Peacock  as  Chief  Justice  of  the 
High  Court  of  Calcutta.  He  resigned  the 
latter  post  in  1875,  when  his  name  was 
added  to  the  roll  of  the  Privy  Council. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  President  of  the 
Commission  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
charges  against  the  Gaekwar  of  Baroda. 
He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Judicial 
Committee  of  the  Privy  Council  in  January 
1881.  In  1845  he  married  Anne,  daughter 
of  R.  T.  Beck,  Combs,  Suffolk.  Addresses : 
25  Linden  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. ;  and 
AthenEeum. 

' '  COUNTRY  PARSON."    See  Boyd, 
Rev.  A.  K.  H. 

COURCEL,    Baron  de,' Alphonse 
Chodron,  French  diplomatist,  born  July 


COURTHOPE  —  COURTNEY 


239 


30, 1835,  was  educated  at  the  Lycee  Charle- 
magne, and  studied  law  at  Paris,  Bonn, 
and  Berlin.  In  1859  he  entered  the  French 
diplomatic  service  and  was  made  an 
attache'  at  Brussels,  and  in  1861  passed  to 
St.  Petersburg.  After  work  at  the  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs  he  succeeded  in 
1881  the  Comte  de  St.  Vallier  as  Am- 
bassador at  Berlin,  a  post  he  retained 
until  1886.  In  1892  he  was  elected  Senator 
for  his  department,  Seine  et  Oise,  in  which 
he  owned  much  land  at  Athis.  He  is  the 
Chairman  of  the  Orleans  Eailway,  and  a 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  In 
October  1894  he  succeeded  M.  Decrais  as 
Ambassador  at  the  Court  of  St.  James's, 
and  distinguished  himself  for  careful 
diplomacy  during  a  very  stormy  period. 
He  resigned  in  October  1898,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Monsieur  Paul  Cambon. 
Address :  10  Boulevard  Montparnasse, 
Paris,  &c. 

COURTHOPE,  Professor  William 
John,  C. B..  Hon.  D.  Litt.,  was  born  on 
July  17,  1842,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
Eev.  William  Courthope,  Rector  of  South 
Mailing.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  New  College,  Oxford,  where  his  career 
was  distinguished.  He  gained  a  first 
class  in  Classical  Moderations  in  18.63, 
and  a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1865, 
besides  obtaining  the  Newdigate  Prize  in 
1864,  and  the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  an 
English  Essay  in  1868.  He  was  appointed 
a  Civil  Service  Commissioner  in  1887,  and 
First  Civil  Service  Commissioner  in  1892, 
and  in  1893  was  elected  Professor  of  Poetry 
at  his  old  University  without  opposition. 
In  this  position  he  has  lectured  admirably 
on  poetry,  his  course  on  "Life  in  Poetry," 
including  such  subjects  as  "  Law  in  Taste," 
and  "Poetical  Decadence,"  forming  in 
itself  a  weighty,  valuable,  and  conserva- 
tive Ars  Poetica.  Professor  Courthope  is 
well  known  for  his  standard  edition  of 
Pope's  Works  and  for  his  life  of  that  poet. 
His  other  publications  are:  "Ludibria 
Luna;,"  1869;  "The  Paradise  of  Birds," 
1870;  "Addison"  (Men  of  Letters  Series), 
1882  ;  and  the  two  opening  volumes  of  a 
"  History  of  English  Poetry,"  published 
respectively  in  1895  and  1897.  He  married 
Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  John  Scott, 
H.M.  Inspector- General  of  Hospitals, 
Bombay.  Addresses  :  29  Chester  Terrace, 
Regent's  Park,  N.W.  ;  and  Athenamm. 

COURTNEY,  The  Right  Hon. 
Leonard  Henry,  M.A.,  M.P.,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  John  Sampson  Courtney, 
banker,  of  Penzance,  Cornwall,  by  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Mr.  John  Mortimer,  of  St. 
Marv's,  Scilly,  was  born  at  Penzance,  July 
6,  1832.  He  was  educated  at  the  Regent 
House  Academy  in  that  town,  under  Mr. 


Richard  Barnes,  and  afterwards  privately 
under  Mr.  L.  R.  Willan,  M.D.  Mr.  Court- 
ney was  for  some  time  in  the  bank  of 
Messrs.  Bolitho,  Sons  &  Co.,  but  went 
to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1851, 
and  graduated  B.A.  as  Second  Wrangler 
in  1855,  being  bracketed  First  Smith's 
Prizeman.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College,  and  for 
some  years  he  has  been  an  Honorary 
Fellow.  For  some  time  he  was  engaged 
in  private  tuition  at  the  University.  In 
1858  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn.  He  was  appointed  in  1872  to  the 
Chair  of  Political  Economy  at  University 
College,  London,  and  held  that  professor- 
ship until  a  lengthened  visit  to  India  in 
the  winter  of  1875-76  necessitated  his 
retirement.  For  two  years  he  was  Ex- 
aminer in  Constitutional  History  in  the 
University  of  London,  1873-75.  In  1874 
he  contested  Liskeard,  but  polled  only 
329  votes  against  334  recorded  for  Mr. 
Horsman,  but  at  the  election  which  was 
held  after  that  gentleman's  death,  Mr. 
Courtney  gained  the  seat,  Dec.  22,  1876, 
polling  388  votes  against  281  votes  given 
to  his  opponent,  Lieut. -Colonel  Stirling. 
He  held  the  seat  as  long  as  Liskeard  re- 
mained a  parliamentary  borough,  and 
when  it  was  merged  in  the  Division  of 
South-East  Cornwall  he  won  the  enlarged 
constituency  at  the  General   Election   of 

1885,  and  has  been  returned  ever  since. 
He  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Home  Department  in  De- 
cember 1880.  In  August  1881,  he  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Colonies,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Grant 
Duff,  who  had  been  nominated  Governor 
of  Madras  ;  and  in  May  1882  he  succeeded 
the  late  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish  as 
Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  but 
resigned  his  appointment  on  finding  that 
the  last  Reform  Bill  did  not  include  the 
principle  of  proportional  representation, 
which  he  and  the  late  Mr.  Fawcett  had 
long   advocated.      In    1885   and   again  in 

1886,  having  been  returned  as  a  Unionist 
Liberal,  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of 
Committees  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
He  was  a  member  of-  the  Labour  Com- 
mission (1893-94),  of  the  Indian  Currency 
Commission,  the  Commission  for  the  Uni- 
fication of  London,  and  the  Commission 
on  Lighthouse  Dues.  Mr.  Courtney  was 
for  some  years  a  regular  writer  for  the 
Times.  In  1860  he  published  a  pamphlet 
on  "Direct  Taxation";  and  to  the  Journal 
of  the  Statistical  Society,  1868,  he  con- 
tributed a  paper  on  the  "  Finances  of  the 
United  States,  1861-67."  He  is  the  pre- 
sent chairman  of  the  Statistical  Society. 
Mr.  Courtney  has  written  various  papers 
in  the  Fortnightly  Review,  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  and  the  International  Review.     He 


240 


COURTNEY  —  CO  WEN 


was  made  a  Privy  Councillor  in  1889  ;  and 
was  presented  with  the  hon.  freedom  of 
Penzance.  He  married,  March  15,  1883, 
Catherine,  eldest  unmarried  daughter  of 
Mr.  Richard  Potter,  a  lady  well  known 
for  her  exertions  in  providing  decent 
homes  for  the  poor.  Addresses:  15Cheyne 
Walk,  Chelsea,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

COURTNEY,     William     Leonard, 

M.A.,  LL.D.  St.  Andrews,  Fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  was  born  Jan.  5,  1850, 
at  Poona  in  India.  He  is  the  youngest 
son  of  William  Courtney,  late  of  the  India 
Civil  Service,  and  of  Anne  Edwardes  Scott, 
and  was  educated  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  society  he  was  a  scholar. 
First  Class  first  Public  Examination,  1870  ; 
First  Class  Greats,  1872  ;  Fellow  of  Merton 
College,  1872;  became  Head  Master  Somer- 
setshire College,  Bath,  1873  ;  was  elected 
Fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1876  ;  and 
for  many  years  was  a  prominent  member 
of  University  Society,  Treasurer  0.  U.  B.  C, 
and  one  of  the  chief  supporters  of  the 
University  Dramatic  Club,  with  whom  he 
often  acted  ;  resigned  Tutorship  to  come 
to  London  in  1890,  when  he  joined  the 
Editorial  Staff  of  the  Daily  Telegraph  as 
literary  critic.  He  became  editor  of 
Murray's  Magazine  in  1891 ;  was  made 
editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  in  1894, 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Frank  Harris  ;  and  in 
1898  was  elected  one  of  the  directors  of 
Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  ' '  The  Metaphysics  of  John  Stuart 
Mill,"  1879;  "Studies  in  Philosophy," 
1882  ;  "  Constructive  Ethics,"  1886 ; 
"Studies  New  and  Old,"  1888;  "Life  of 
John  Stuart  Mill,"  1889  ;  "  Studies  at 
Leisure,"  1892;  "Kit  Marlowe"  (produced 
at  St.  James's  Theatre),  a  blank-verse 
drama,  1893.  Mr.  Courtney  married  in 
1874  Cordelia  Blanche,  daughter  of  Com- 
mander Place,  R.N.  Address  :  53  Belsize 
Park,  N.W. 

COVENTRY,   Earl   of,   The   Right 
Hon.  George  William  Coventry,  son 

of  Viscount  Deerhurst,  the  eldest  son  of 
the  8th  Earl  of  Coventry,  was  born  on  May 
9,  1838,  at  Wilton -Crescent,  London.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  and  in  1843  he  succeeded 
his  grandfather  in  the  title.  He  has  been 
the  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Worcestershire 
since  1891,  has  been  chairman  of  the 
Worcester  Quarter  Sessions  for  a  period 
of  seven  years,  and  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Worcester  County  Council  since  its 
first  establishment.  He  was  Master  of  the 
Buckhounds  from  1886  to  1892,  and  has 
again  occupied  that  position  since  1895. 
He  has  been  twice  Captain  of  the  Hon. 
Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms,  is  a  Privy 
-Councillor,  and  a  member  of  the  Council 


of  the  RA.S.  He  is  the  possessor  of 
many  valuable  historical  pictures  and 
tapestries,  which  are  kept  at  Croorne 
Court,  Worcestershire.  He  is  married  to 
Blanche,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Craven, 
and  has  a  son  and  heir,  Viscount  Deer-  . 
hurst,  born  in  1865.  Addresses  :  1  Balfour 
Place,  Park  Lane,  W. ;  and  Croome  Court, 
Worcester. 

COWELL,  Professor  Edward  Byles, 

Hon.  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  Professor  of  Sanskrit, 
Cambridge  University,  born  at  Ipswich, 
Jan.  23, 1826,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Cowell, 
was  educated  at  the  Ipswich  Grammar 
School  and  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  Classics, 
December  1854,  and  M.A.  1857.  In  1856 
he  went  to  Calcutta  as  Professor  of  History 
in  the  newly-established  Presidency  Col- 
lege, and  was  appointed  soon  afterwards 
Principal  of  the  Sanskrit  College  also. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1864,  and  in 
1867  was  elected  Professor  of  Sanskrit  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  in  Corpus 
Christi  College.  Professor  Cowell's  chief 
published  works  are  :  "The  Prakrit  Gram- 
mar of  Vararuci"  (Sanskrit  and  English), 
1854;  "  Kaushitaki  Upanishad"  (Sanskrit 
and  English),  1861 ;  "Maitrayaniya  Upani- 
shad "  (Sanskrit  and  English),  1870 ; 
"  Kusumanjali ;  or  Hindoo  Proof  of  the 
Existence  of  a  Supreme  Being"  (Sanskrit 
and  English),  1864;  "Taittiriya,  or  Black 
Yajur  Veda"  (Sanskrit),  Vols.  I.  II.,  edited 
with  Dr.  Roer,  1860-64;  "Elphinstone's 
History  of  India,"  edited  with  notes,  1866; 
" Colebrooke's  Essays,"  edited  with  notes, 
1873 ;  ' '  The  Aphorisms  of  Siindilya,"  trans- 
lated from  the  Sanskrit,  1873  ;  "  The 
Nyaya-Miilii-Vistara,''  a  Sanskrit  work  on 
the  "  Purva-mimansd,"  left  unfinished  by 
the  original  editor,  Professor  Goldstucker, 
and  completed,  1878 ;  "The  Sarva-Darsana- 
Samgraha,  or  Review  of  the  different 
Schools  of  Hindoo  Philosophy,"  translated 
in  conjunction  with  Professor  A.  E.  Gongh, 
1882  ;  "  The  Divyavadana,"  a  collection  of 
early  Buddhist  legends  in  Sanskrit,  edited 
in  conjunction  with  R.  A.  Neil,  Fellow  of 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1886 ; 
"  The  Buddha-Carita,"  edited  in  1893,  and 
translated  in  1894 ;  and  the  historical 
romance,  the  "Harsha-carita,"  translated 
from  the  Sanskrit  in  conjunction  with  F. 
W.  Thomas,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1897.  He  married  Elizabeth 
Charlesworth  in  1847.  Address :  10  Scroope 
Terrace,  Cambridge. 

COWEN,  Frederic  Hymen,  com- 
poser, born  of  English  parents  on  Jan.  29, 
1852,  at  Kingston,  in  Jamaica,  exhibited 
as  an  infant  an  extraordinary  love  of  music. 
He  was  brought  to  England  at  the  age  of 


CO  WEN 


241 


four,  and  from  that  time  showed  so  much 
musical  talent,  both  in  composition  and 
in  playing,  as  to  render  it  advisable  to 
place  him  under  the  tuition  of  Sir  Julius 
(then  Mr.)  Benedict  and  Sir  John  (then 
Mr.)  Goss,  whose  pupil  he  remained  until 
the  winter  of  18G5.  He  then  studied  at 
the  conservatoires  of  Leipzig  and  Berlin, 
and  returned  to  London  in  1868.  His 
first  essay  in  composition  was  a  waltz, 
written  at  six  years  old.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  numerous  small  pieces,  including 
an  operetta  entitled  "  Garibaldi."  On  his 
return  from  Berlin  he  wrote  a  fantaisie 
sonata,  a  trio,  a  quartet,  a  concerto  for 
piano,  and  a  symphony  in  C  minor,  the 
latter  played  firstly  at  the  composer's  own 
concert,  and  then  at  the  Crystal  Palace. 
Mr.  Cowen's  more  important  works  com- 
prise two  cantatas,  "The  Rose  Maiden," 
1870  ;  and  "  The  Corsair  "  (written  for  the 
Birmingham  Festival),  1876 ;  an  opera, 
"Pauline,"  1876;  an  oratorio,  "The  Deluge," 
unpublished;  Symphonies  No.  2  and  No.  3 
(Scandinavian),  which  latter  has  made  his 
name  known  throughout  Europe  ;  a  sacred 
cantata,  "Saint  Ursula"  (produced  at 
the  Norwich  Festival,  1881) ;  Symphony 
No.  i  (the  Welsh);  cantata,  "Sleeping 
Beauty"  (written  for  the  Birmingham 
Festival),  1885  ;  Symphony  No.  5,  in  F ; 
the  oratorio  "Ruth"  (written  for  the 
Worcester  Festival),  1887;  "A  Song  of 
Thanksgiving"  (for  the  opening  of  the 
Melbourne  Centennial  Exhibition),  1888  ; 
the  cantata,  "St.  John's  Eve"  produced 
at  the  Crystal  Palace,  December  1889 ; 
an  opera,  "  Thorgrim,"  produced  at  Drury 
Lane  by  the  Carl  Rosa  Company,  April 
1890;  a  cantata,  "The  Water  Lily,"  pro- 
duced at  the  Norwich  Festival,  1893 ;  the 
opera  "Signa,"  produced  at  Milan  in 
November  1893,  being  the  first  opera  by 
an  Englishman  produced  in  Italy  for  over 
half  a  century ;  the  opera  "  Harold,"  pro- 
duced at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  June 
1895;  a  church  cantata,  "The  Transfigura- 
tion "  (written  for  the  Gloucester  Festival, 
September  1895) ;  Symphony,  No.  6,  "  The 
Idyllic,"  1897;  Scena  for  tenor,  "The 
Dream  of  Endymion,"  1897.  Mr.  Cowen's 
works  also  comprise  several  overtures,  a 
sinfonietta,  two  suites  de  ballet  ("The 
Language  of  Flo  wers,"  and  "  In  Fairyland  " ), 
pieces  for  the  pianoforte,  and  more  than 
250  songs  and  ballads,  many  of  which 
have  attained  great  popularity.  In  1888 
Mr.  Cowen  was  engaged  by  the  Victorian 
Government  to  direct  the  series  of  concerts 
at  the  Melbourne  Centennial  Exhibition, 
extending  over  a  period  of  six  months, 
and  returned  to  England  in  the  spring  of 
1889.  He  was  elected  Conductor  of  the 
Philharmonic  Society  in  1888,  but  resigned 
in  1892.  In  1896  he  accepted  the  positions, 
rendered  vacant  by  the  death  of  Sir  Charles 


Halle",  of  Conductor  of  the  Manchester 
Concerts,  Liverpool  Philharmonic  Society, 
Bradford  Festival  Choral  Society,  &c, 
which  positions  he  still  occupies.  Address : 
73  Hamilton  Terrace,  N.W. 

COWEN,  Joseph,  late  M.P.  for  New- 
castle, eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Joseph 
Cowen  (who  represented  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne  from  1865  till  his  death  in  December 
1873),  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Anthony 
Newton,  of  Winlaton,  co.  Durham,  was 
born  at  Blayden  Burn  in  that  county  in 
1831.  He  received  his  education  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  Early  in  life 
Mr.  Cowen  contracted  close  friendship 
with  Mazzini,  Garibaldi,  Kossuth,  Herzen, 
and  other  political  exiles.  He  was  unceas- 
ing in  his  advocacy  of  the  cause  of  the 
oppressed  European  nationalities.  To  aid 
their  propaganda  he  established  a  private 
press,  at  which  their  revolutionary  mani- 
festoes were  printed  and  smuggled  into 
Italy,  Hungary,  and  Poland.  He  was 
intimately  and  actively  identified  with  the 
different  Garibaldian  expeditions  to  estab- 
lish a  free  and  united  Italy,  and  with 
Langiewicz's  unsuccessful  effort  for  Polish 
independence.  At  the  death  of  his  father 
Mr.  Cowen  was  elected  for  Newcastle, 
which  he  represented  until  1886.  In  home 
politics  he  is  a  democrat,  and  in  foreign 
affairs  an  imperialist.  He  disregards  con- 
ventional party  ties,  and  in  Parliament  has 
always  acted  independently.  He  would 
have  England  to  keep  her  empire,  and 
assert  and  maintain  her  position  as  an 
active  and  efficient  member  of  the  Euro- 
pean Areopagus.  He  believes  this  can  be 
best  done  by  a  system  of  Imperial  Federa- 
tion, and  be  would  carry  federation  the 
length  of  granting  Home  Rule  to  Ireland, 
which  he  advocates  as  a  means  of  con- 
solidating and  strengthening  the  empire. 
Mr.  Cowen  is  a  member  of  most  of  the 
representative  bodies  in  Tyneside.  He  was 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  co-operation,  and 
has  been  an  ardent  advocate  of  educa- 
tion and  social  progress,  on  which  subjects 
he  has  written  several  pamphlets.  In 
Parliament  Mr.  Cowen  has  promoted  bills 
for  the  extension  of  County  Courts,  for  the 
establishment  of  Licensing  Boards,  and 
for  amendments  in  the  electoral  law.  He 
is  an  extensive  coal  owner,  and  fire-brick 
and  clay  retort  manufacturer.  He  is  also 
proprietor  of  the  Newcastle  Daily  and 
Weekly  Chronicles,  and  has  contributed 
largely  to  these  and  other  periodicals. 
His  addresses  to  his  constituents  have 
been  collected  and  published  in  three 
volumes.  His  life,  by  Major  Jones,  and  a 
selection  of  the  speeches  he  has  delivered 
in  the  House  of  Commons  and  at  literary 
institutions,  also  have  been  published. 
After  the  dissolution  of  1886,  Mr.  Cowen 

Q 


242 


COWIE  — COX 


did  not  offer  himself  for  re-election.  He 
has  since  his  retirement  from  Parliament 
written  extensively  for  his  own  news- 
papers and  for  other  political  and  literary 
publications.  He  married  in  1854  Jane, 
daughter  of  Mr.  John  Thompson,  of  Fat- 
field.  Address  :  Stella  Hall,  Blaydon-on- 
Tyne. 

COWIE,  The  Very  Rev.  Benjamin 
Morgan,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Exeter  and  Pre- 
centor of  Exeter  Cathedral,  born  June  8, 
1816,  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.,  as 
Senior  Wrangler,  in  1839,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  his  College.  In  1844  he  was 
appointed  Principal  of  the  College  of 
Civil  Engineers  at  Putney.  He  was  a 
Select  Preacher  in  his  University,  and 
preached  the  Hulsean  Lectures  in  1853  and 
1854;  was  elected  Professor  of  Geometry 
at  Gresham  College  in  1854,  and  became  a 
Minor  Canon  of  St.  Paul's  in  1858.  He 
also  held  the  vicarage  of  St.  Laurence 
Jewry,  in  the  City  of  London,  from  1858 
to  1873.  In  1859  he  was  appointed  a 
Government  Inspector  of  Training  Schools, 
and  in  1866  Warburtonian  Lecturer  at 
Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  nominated  one  of 
the  Chaplains  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty, 
Jan.  14,  1871,  and  was  appointed  Dean  of 
Manchester  in  October  1872.  In  1880  he 
was  elected  Prolocutor  of  the  Lower  House 
of  Convocation  of  the  Province  of  York, 
in  succession  to  the  late  Dean  of  York, 
the  Hon.  A.  Duncombe.  In  1882  Dr. 
Cowie  was  appointed  Dean  of  Exeter.  He 
published  in  1846  a  "Catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  "  ; 
and  he  is  the  author  of  some  theological 
works.  He  married  Gertrude,  daughter  of 
C.  Carnsew,  of  Flexbury  Hall,  Cornwall. 
Address  :  The  Deanery,  Exeter. 

COWIE,  Most  Rev.  William  Gar- 
den, D.D.,  the  son  of  Alexander  Cowie, 
of  Auchterless,  Aberdeenshire,  was  born  in 
1831,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  a  scholar,  and 
graduated  with  first-class  honours  in  Civil 
Law.  Ordained  in  1854,  he  was,  four 
years  later,  appointed  Chaplain  to  Lord 
Clyde's  army  at  Lucknow,  and  from  1863 
to  1864  he  acted  in  the  same  capacity  with 
Sir  Neville  Chamberlain's  column,  in  its 
march  against  the  Afghans.  He  held  the 
rectory  of  Stafford  from  1867  to  1869,  and 
in  the  latter  year  was  appointed  Bishop 
of  Auckland,  becoming  Primate  of  New 
Zealand  in  1895.  Dr.  Cowie  is  the  author 
of  "Notes  on  the  Temples  of  Cash- 
mere," "A  Visit  to  Norfolk  Island."  He 
was  married,  in  1869,  to  Eliza,  daugh- 
ter of  W.  Webbers,  of  Moulton,  Suffolk. 
Address :  Bishopscourt,  Auckland,  New 
Zealand. 


COWPER,  Earl,  The  Right  Hon. 
Francis  Thomas  De-Grey  Cowper, 
K.G.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  sixth 
Earl,  was  born  on  June  11,  1834,  and 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  a  first  class  in  law  and  modern 
history  in  1855.  He  succeeded  to  the 
title  on  his  father's  death,  in  1856.  He 
was  Captain  of  the  Gentlemen-at-Arms 
from  April  1871  to  December  1873.  On 
May  5,  1880,  he  was  installed  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  at  Dublin  Castle,  and 
he  held  that  post  till  April  28,  1882,  when 
he  and  Mr.  Forster  resigned  together,  he 
being  succeeded  by  Earl  Spencer.  Hence- 
forward he  did  not  take  much  part  in 
public  affairs  until  Mr.  Gladstone  promul- 
gated his  Home  Eule  policy,  when  Lord 
Cowper  declared  himself  opposed  to  it.  He 
was  Chairman  of  the  celebrated  "Opera 
House"  meeting  of  Unionists,  and  took 
other  measures  against  Mr.  Gladstone's 
bill.  After  the  accession  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury, Lord  Cowper  was  appointed  Chair- 
man of  the  Commission  for  investigating 
the  working  of  the  Irish  Land  Act  of 
1881.  He  was  appointed  Chairman  of 
the  Gresham  University  Commission  in 
1892.  Lord  Cowper  has  been,  since  1861, 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Bedfordshire,  and  was 
married,  in  1870,  to  Katrine,  daughter 
of  the  4th  Marquis  of  Northampton. 
Addresses  :  4  St.  James's  Square,  S.W. ; 
Panshanger,  Herts  ;  and  Athenaeum,  &c. 

COX,  The  Rev.  Sir  George  William, 

Bart.,  M.A.,  eldest  son  of  George  Hamilton 
Cox,  H.E.I.C.S.,  born  in  Benares  on  Jan.  10, 
1827,  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  scholar, 
and  where  he  graduated  S.C.L.  in  1849, 
and  proceeded  B.A.  and  M.A.  in  1859.  He 
entered  holy  orders  in  1850,  and  was  Curate 
of  Salcombe  Regis,  Devon,  in  1850-51,  of 
St.  Paul's,  Exeter,  1854-57,  held  an  As- 
sistant-Mastership in  Cheltenham  College 
in  1860-61,  was  Vicar  of  Bekesbourne,  Kent, 
1881,  and  Rector  of  Scrayingham,  York, 
1881-97.  With  his  friend  Edward  A. 
Freeman  (afterwards  the  historian  of  the 
Norman  Conquest  and  of  Sicily)  he  pub- 
lished in  1850  a  volume  of  "Poems  Le- 
gendary and  Historical."  His  "  Life  of  St. 
Boniface "  was  published  in  1853.  He 
is  also  author  of  "Tales  from  Greek 
Mythology"  and  "The  Great  Persian 
War,"  1861;  "Tales  of  the  Gods  and 
Heroes,"  1862;  "Tales  of  Thebes  and 
Arzos,"  1863  ;  "  A  Manual  of  Mythology 
in  the  form  of  Questions  and  Answers," 
1867  ;  "  Tales  of  Ancient  Greece,"  col- 
lected  edition,  1868;  "Latin  and  Teu- 
tonic Christendom,"  1870  ;  "  The  Myth- 
ology of  Aryan  Nations,"  2  vols.,  10  ; 
"Popular  Romances  of  the  Middle  Ages," 
1871 ;  and  "  Tales  of  the  Teutonic  Lands," 


cox 


243 


1872,  both  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Eustace 
Hinton  Jones;  "A  History  of  Greece," 
2  vols.,  1874;  "The  Crusades,"  1874; 
"  The  Greeks  and  the  Persians,"  1876  ; 
"The  Athenian  Empire,"  1876;  "A 
General  History  of  Greece,  from  the 
earliest  period  to  the  death  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  with  a  sketch  of  the  subse- 
quent history  to  the  present  time,"  1876  ; 
"  School  History  of  Greece,"  1877  ;  "His- 
tory of  British  Rule  in  India,"  1881  ; 
"Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Com- 
parative Mythology  and  Folklore,"  1881 ; 
"  Alexander  the  Great,"  and  other  arti- 
cles in  the  ninth  edition  of  the  "  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica "  ;  "Lives  of  Greek 
Statesmen,"  2  vols.,  1886;  "A  Concise 
History  of  England  and  the  English 
People,"  1887.  He  has  been  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Edinburgh.  Review  since 
1857.  In  1861  he  became  literary  ad- 
viser to  the  publishing  firm  of  Messrs. 
Longman,  and  this  relation  continued 
for  twenty-five  years.  He  edited  (jointly 
with  Mr.  W.  T.  Brande)  the  "Dictionary 
of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art"  (3  vols. 
1865-67  ;  new  edition,  3  vols.  1875),  and 
contributed  to  the  "  Glossary  of  Terms 
and  Phrases,"  edited  by  the  Rev.  H. 
Percy  Smith,  1883.  To  Dr.  Colenso, 
Bishop  of  Natal,  during  his  sojourn  in 
England,  1863-65,  he  gave  all  the  help  in 
his  power,  and  the  intimate  associations 
of  these  years  supplied  him  with  an  abun- 
dance of  materials  of  which,  after  the 
Bishop's  death,  he  was  enabled  to  avail 
himself  in  drawing  up  the  story  of  his 
great  work  on  the  Pentateuch  and  the 
Old  Testament  history  generally.  In 
1888  he  published  his  "Life  of  Bishop 
Colenso,"  avowing  that  his  motive  in 
writing  it  was  to  lay  before  the  world 
for  his  words  and  his  acts  generally  a  full 
and  complete  vindication,  and  to  record 
the  fact  that  for  his  method  and  its  con- 
clusions a  decisive  justification  is  fur- 
nished by  the  series  of  judgments  which 
have  issued  from  the  highest  courts  of 
the  Church  of  England.  Claiming  for  the 
Bishop  of  Natal  a  genuine  and  hearty 
loyalty  for  the  Church  of  England,  for 
which  throughout  his  whole  life  he  worked 
and  fonght,  and  seeing  the  prevalent  dis- 
position to  turn  the  controversy  to  false 
issues,  he  put  forth,  later  in  the  same  year, 
1888,  under  the  title  of  "The  Church  of 
England  and  the  Teaching  of  Bishop 
Colenso,"  a  series  of  154  propositions, 
embodying  all  that  is  of  any  importance 
in  the  several  volumes  published  by  the 
Bishop,  the  conclusion  being  that  the  law 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  with  it  a 
silence  which  implies  acquiescence  on  the 
part  of  all  schools  and  parties,  make  it  in 
every  way  competent  for  any  clergyman 
to  hold  and  to  teach  any  of  these  proposi- 


tions. On  the  death  of  his  uncle,  Sir  Ed- 
mund Cox,  which  occurred  in  Canada  in 
1877,  he  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  ;  and 
he  is  the  14th  Baronet  in  succession  from 
Sir  Richard  Cox,  Chancellor  of  Ireland.  In 
1896  he  was  granted  a  Civil  List  Pension 
of  £120  per  annum.  He  resigned  his  living 
in  1897,  owing  to  ill-health.  He  married 
in  1850  Emily  Marian,  daughter  of  Lieut. - 
Colonel  William  Stirling,  H.E.I.C.S.  Ad- 
dress :  Woodside,  Pembury,  Tunbridge 
Wells. 

COX,  Horace,  the  second  son  of 
William  Cox,  was  born  in  London  on  May 
31,  1842,  and  was  educated  privately. 
He  has  during  the  past  thirty-five  years 
been  employed  in  the  Field  and  Queen 
publishing  offices,  and  he  is  now  the 
manager  of  the  Field,  the  Queen,  and  the 
Law  Times.  Address  :  Windsor  House, 
Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. ;  and  The  Her- 
mitage, Harrow-on-the-Hill. 

COX,  Irwin  Edward  Bainbridge, 
J.P.,  D.L.,  eldest  son  of  the  lale  Serjeant 
E.  W.  Cox,  was  born  at  Taunton  on  July  9, 
1838,  and  was  educated  at  Crewkerne  and 
Magdalen  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degree  in  1861.  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1862,  and  after  four  years'  suc- 
cessful practice,  retired  in  order  to  enter 
on  a  journalistic  career,  for  which  he 
always  had  a  great  liking.  The  papers 
owned  by  the  late  Mr.  Serjeant  Cox  at  that 
time  were  the  Field,  Queen,  Law  Times,  Critic, 
County  Courts  Clironicle,  and  others.  The 
death  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Crockford,  which 
deprived  Mr.  Serjeant  Cox  of  an  old  and 
valued  servant,  afforded  Mr.  Irwin  Cox  the 
journalistic  opening  he  bad  so  long  de- 
sired. He  therefore  threw  up  his  practice 
at  the  bar,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
conduct  of  the  newspapers.  During  his 
management,  from  1865  to  1880,  the  Field 
passed  through  one  of,  if  not  the  most 
successful  transition  ever  known  in  jour- 
nalism, turning  as  it  did  from  a  compara- 
tively small  uninfluential  newspaper  to 
a  large  and  valuable  journal,  whose  opin- 
ions carried  great  weight.  The  Queen  has 
had  almost  as  remarkable  an  experience 
as  the  Field.  The  billiard  room  at  Moat 
Mount,  Mill  Hill,  Mr.  Cox's  principal  seat, 
has  a  great  history,  being  really  the  dining 
hall  of  the  late  Serjeants'  Inn.  At  the 
dissolution  of  the  Honourable  Society  of 
Serjeants  in  1877,  Mr.  Serjeant  Cox,  who 
then  purchased  the  whole  of  the  property 
of  the  Serjeants,  removed  the  hall  at  their 
especial  request  to  Moat  Mount,  and  con- 
stituted it,  together  with  its  furniture,  an 
heirloom  in  his  family.  It  is  perhaps  one 
of  the  most  unique  monuments  existing  of 
a  formerly  very  powerful  legal  Order.  Its 
stained  windows  are  preserved,  and  it  is 


244 


COX  — COXWELL 


adorned  with  the  arms  of  Serjeants  from 
the  earliest  times.  Mr.  Cox,  who  became 
a  magistrate  at  the  early  age  of  22,  is 
Chairman  of  several  Conservative  Associa- 
tions, and  has  represented  Pinner  at  the 
Middlesex  County  Council  since  County 
Councils  were  established.  In  1865,  Mr. 
Cox  married  Katharine,  the  fourth  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Eev.  Bartholomew  Nicholls, 
M.A.,  then  vicar  of  Mill  Hill.  Address  : 
Moat  Mount,  Mill  Hill,  N.W. 

COX,  Palmer,  American  author  and 
artist,  was  born  at  Granby,  Province  of 
Quebec,  April  28,  1840,  and  educated  at 
Granby  Academy.  He  devoted  himself  to 
mercantile  pursuits,  and  drifted  to  Cali- 
fornia, where  an  artist  who  saw  his  work 
advised  him  to  place  himself  under  in- 
structors, and  to  seek  a  market  for  his 
drawings.  From  1863  to  1875,  he  wrote 
stories  for  the  periodicals  of  San  Francisco, 
and  drew  cartoons.  Returning  east,  he 
settled  in  New  York.  He  has  distinguished 
himself  chiefly  by  illustrating  his  own 
writings  with  characteristic  drawings,  as 
shown  in  the  "  Brownie  Stories,"  the  first 
of  which  was  published  in  St.  Nicholas  in 
1881.  Among  other  works  by  him  are 
'•'Squibs  of  California,"  1874;  '•  Hans  von 
Pelter's,  Trip  to  Gotham,"  "  How  Columbus 
found  America,"  and  "That  Stanley," 
1878;  "Comic  Yarns"  and  "Queer 
People,"  1888 ;  a  cantata  for  children 
called  "The  Brownies  in  Fairyland,"  and 
a  spectacular  play  called  "Palmer  Cox's 
Brownies." 

COXWELL,  Henry  Tracy,  was  born, 
March  2,  1819,  at  the  Parsonage  House, 
Wouldham,  near  Rochester  Castle.  He  is 
the  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Coxwell, 
deputy-lieutenant  for  Gloucestershire,  and 
son  of  Commander  Joseph  Coxwell,  R.N., 
and  was  educated  at  the  Military  School, 
Chatham.  In  1844  the  young  balloonist, 
who  at  that  time  was  an  enthusiastic 
amateur,  ascended  from  White  Conduit 
Gardens  in  North  London.  In  1845  he 
projected  and  edited  the  Aerostatic  Maga- 
zine; after  that  he  made  numerous  ascents 
with  Mr.  Hampton,  Mr.  Gypson,  and 
Lieutenant  Gale.  He  was  a  fellow-tra- 
veller with  Albert  Smith  when  a  balloon 
(Gypson's)  burst  over  London  in  a  storm 
of  lightning  and  thunder,  and  it  was 
owing  to  Mr.  Coxwell's  promptitude  in 
cutting  a  line  which  turned  the  balloon 
into  a  parachute  that  the  lives  of  the 
four  aerial  travellers  were  saved.  This 
incident  was  one  of  the  means  used  by 
his  friends  to  induce  him  to  undertake 
the  management  of  a  balloon  himself, 
•which  he  did  most  successfully  in  the  year 
1848  at  Chelmsford.  In  the  same  year 
he  commenced  an  aeronautic   campaign 


on  the  Continent :  starting  at  Brussels, 
with  his  typical  war  balloon,  he  de- 
monstrated a  new  plan  of  discharging 
aerial  torpedoes.  The  torpedoes  were 
dropped  from  a  second  car  or  battery 
connected  by  a  rope  ladder,  40  feet  long, 
below  the  passenger  car.  Down  this  rope 
ladder  Mr.  Coxwell  descended  in  order 
not  to  risk  the  gas  exploding  when  the 
shells  were  lighted  and  discharged.  They 
fell  over  the  city  and  exploded  in  mid- 
air. With  this  balloon  a  succession  of 
experiments  took  place  at  Elberfeld, 
Berlin,  and  the  principal  towns  of 
Germany  and  Austria.  In  the  year  1851 
Mr.  Coxwell  returned  to  London,  and 
about  the  time  of  the  Crimean  War  he 
called  the  attention  of  the  military 
authorities  to  his  system  of  signalling, 
by  using  semaphore  arms  attached  to 
the  ring  and  car.  Some  years  later  he 
adopted  other  codes  more  in  accordance 
with  the  telegraphic  improvements  of 
the  present  day.  In  1862  Mr.  Coxwell, 
after  making  numerous  ascents  in  Great 
Britain,  turned  his  attention  to  meteoro- 
logical ballooning.  Mr.  James  Glaisher, 
F.R.S.,  having  undertaken  to  make  ob- 
servations for  the  British  Association, 
Mr.  Coxwell  was  invited  to  co-operate. 
On  Sept.  5,  1862,  Messrs.  Glaisher  and 
Coxwell  accomplished  an  exploration  to 
the  unprecedented  elevation  of  seven 
miles,  where  Mr.  Glaisher  was  in  a  state 
of  insensibility,  while  Mr.  Coxwell  had 
to  mount  up  into  the  ring  to  seize  the 
valve  cord  between  his  teeth,  as  he  had 
lost  power  in  his  hands,  they  being  frost- 
bitten, and  he  could  not  effect  a  descent 
until  he  had  opened  the  valve.  It 
was  here  that  Mr.  '  Coxwell  observed 
an  aneroid  to  indicate  their  maximum 
elevation,  which  was  confirmed  by  other 
meteorological  instruments  as  read  and 
verified  by  Mr.  Glaisher  before  and  after 
his  temporary  unconsciousness  of  thirteen 
minutes,  during  which  time  a  vast  dip 
had  been  made  of  nearly  19,000  feet. 
Lofty  flights  above  our  highest  moun- 
tain-tops were  continued  for  some  time, 
but  never  equalled  the  first.  About 
this  time  Mr.  Coxwell  ascended  from 
Woolwich  Arsenal  and  from  Aldershot 
camp  for  purely  military  objects.  In  the 
year  1870  Prussia  formed  in  Cologne  two 
detachments  of  aeronauts,  in  order  to  use 
them  during  the  Franco-German  War, 
and  Mr.  Coxwell  was  engaged  to  instruct 
the  officers  and  soldiers  in  this  service. 
Some  time  before  the  Egyptian  Campaign 
Mr.  Coxwell  showed  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
how  one  large  balloon  and  two  smaller 
ones  could,  by  a  variation  in  their  posi- 
tions while  in  a  captive  state,  illustrate  a 
system  of  signalling.  He  retired  in  the 
year   1885,   when  his  last  public  ascent 


COZENS-HARDY—  CRACKANTHORPE 


245 


had  been  made  from  York,  where  he  had 
ascended  consecutively  for  twenty-eight 
years.  He  has  written  two  volumes  of 
his  "Life  and  Ballooning  Experiences;" 
these  were  published  in  1887-89. 

COZENS-HARDY,  Herbert  Hardy, 

Justice  of  the  High  Court,  was  born  at 
Letheringsett  Hall,  Dereham,  Norfolk,  on 
Nov.  22,  1838,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  William  Hardy  Cozens-Hardy.  He 
was  educated  at  Amersham  School  and  at 
University  College,  London,  where  he 
obtained  a  law  scholarship  and  was  sub- 
sequently elected  Fellow  and  Member  of 
Council.  In  1862  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  having  previously 
obtained  a  certificate  of  honour  and  a 
studentship.  He  became  a  Q.C.  in  1882, 
and  in  1885  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  his 
Inn.  Up  to  the  time  of  his  appointment 
as  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice  in  February  1899,  he  was  leader 
of  the  Chancery  Bar,  being  popular  and 
well  known  as  the  senior  of  the  specials. 
He  was  also  Chairman  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  Bar,  being  succeeded  in 
this  office  by  Mr.  Joseph  Walton,  Q.C,  in 
March  1899.  From  1885  to  the  time  of 
his  elevation  to  the  Bench  he  represented 
North  Norfolk  in  the  House  of  Commons 
in  the  Liberal  and  Badical  interest.  Ad- 
dresses: 50  Ladbroke  Grove,  W.  ;  and 
Letheringsett  Hall,  Norfolk. 

CRACKANTHORPE,  Montague 
Hughes  (formerly  Montague  Cookson), 
Q.C,  D.C.L.,  younger  son  of  Christopher 
Cookson,  of  Nowers,  Somerset,  Esq.,  and 
grandson  of  Dr.  Cookson,  Canon  of  Wind- 
sor, whose  sister  married  William  Words- 
worth, the  poet,  was  born  in  1832.  His 
son,  the  late  Mr.  Hubert  Crackanthorpe, 
was  a  brilliant  writer  of  short  studies  and 
stories,  and  promised  at  the  time  of  his 
death  to  rival  Maupassant  or  Kipling  in 
that  school  of  writing.  In  1850  Mr.  Mon- 
tagu Crackanthorpe  went  to  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  succes- 
sively Scholar  and  Fellow.  In  Easter 
term,  1852,  he  gained  the  Junior  Uni- 
versity Mathematical  Scholarship  (open 
to  all  undergraduates),  and  was  in  the 
same  term  second  for  the  Hertford  Latin 
Scholarship.  He  took  a  double  first  class 
in  Classics  and  Mathematics  in  Modera- 
tions, and  the  like  double  honours  in  the 
Final  Schools.  In  1856  he  was  elected 
Eldon  Law  Scholar,  and  entered  as  a 
student  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Here  he  was 
a  pupil  in  the  chambers  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Lewin,  whom  he  afterwards  assisted  in 
bringing  out  a  new  edition  of  his  treatise 
on  the  "  Law  of  Trusts,"  and  he  also  read 
with  Mr.  John  Wickens,  better  known  as 
Vice-Chancellor  Sir  John  Wickens.      In 


1859  he  was  awarded  the  Studentship  of 
the  Four  Inns  of  Court.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  Lecturer  in  Equity  and  Real 
Property  to  the  Incorporated  Law  Society, 
a  post  which  he  relinquished  in  1866, 
owing  to  his  increasing  practice  at  the  Bar. 
In  1875  he  was  made  a  Q.C,  and  in  1877 
became  a  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  recognised  leader 
in  the  Chancery  Division,  notably  in  the 
Court  presided  over  by  Mr.  Justice  (after- 
wards Lord  Justice)  Fry.  Of  late  he  has 
ceased  to  attach  himself  to  any  court,  and 
practises  mainly  before  the  House  of  Lords 
and  Privy  Council.  In  1888  he  succeeded, 
on  the  death  of  his  cousin,  William  Crack- 
anthorpe, Esq.,  to  the  Newbiggin  Hall 
estate,  situate  partly  in  Westmorland  and 
partly  in  Cumberland,  a  property  which 
has  continued  in  the  Crackanthorpe  family 
since  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  In  the 
same  year  he  obtained  a  grant  of  a  royal 
license  to  change  his  name  from  Cookson 
to  Crackanthorpe,  and  to  bear  the  arms 
of  Crackanthorpe,  quartered  with  his  own 
arms.  From  time  to  time  Mr.  Crackan- 
thorpe has  contributed  to  many  of  our 
leading  periodicals,  writing  usually  on  so- 
cial, political,  and  legal  subjects.  Among 
his  best  known  articles  are  "The  Morality 
of  Married  Life  "  in  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
"The  Nation  before  Party"  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  and  divers  papers  on  legal 
reform.  He  is  the  author  of  an  essay  on 
the  "  Immigration  of  Destitute  Aliens," 
published  by  Swan  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  in 
their  Social  Science  Series.  His  letters  to 
the  Times  on  Ireland,  written  in  1887,  after 
making  a  tour  of  political  inspection  in 
that  country,  have  been  frequently  quoted 
by  Unionist  speakers  in  support  of  the 
case  against  Home  Rule.  He  is  a  Liberal- 
Unionist,  and  as  a  Liberal  he  has  contested 
two  divisions  of  the  Metropolis.  He  has 
delivered  a  large  number  of  political  and 
social  addresses  in  the  North  of  England. 
In  London,  Mr.  Crackanthorpe  was  until 
lately  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Legal 
Education.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Bar  Committee,  and  he  is  Vice-Chairman 
of  the  Council  of  Law  Reporting.  In 
Oxford  he  is  Standing  Counsel  to  the 
University  and  an  honorary  Fellow  of 
St.  John's  College.  In  Westmorland  he 
is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant,  and  Chairman  of  Quarter  Ses- 
sions. In  1896  he  attended  the  meeting 
of  the  American  Bar  Association  at  Sara- 
toga, in  company  with  the  Lord  Chief- 
Justice  and  the  late  Sir  Frank  Lockwood, 
and  delivered  an  address  on  the  Historical 
Method  of  Studying  English  Law,  which 
was  subsequently  published  in  the  Law 
Quarterly  Review.  In  1897  he  attended  the 
First  International  Congress  of  Advocates 
at  Brussels,  as  the  accredited  representa- 


340 


CRAMER-ROBERTS  —  CRANE 


tive  of  the  English  Bar,  and  delivered  an 
address  in  French  on  Methods  of  Legal 
Education,  which  was  published  in  the 
Compte  Rendu  of  the  Congress.  He  is 
married  to  the  younger  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Eardley  Chauncy  Holt,  a  descendant 
of  Sir  John  Holt,  Chief-Justice  of  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench,  and  also  of  Sir 
John  Eardley  Wilmot,  Chief-Justice  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  Addresses  : 
65  Rutland  Gate,  S.W.  ;  Newbiggin  Hall, 
Westmorland  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CRAMER-ROBERTS,    The    Bight 
Rev.  Francis  Alexander  Randal,  D.D., 

Assistant  to  Bishop  of  Manchester,  and 
Vicar  of  Blackburn,  was  born  at  Armagh, 
on  Dec.  3,  1840,  and  is  the  son  of  Colonel 
Cramer-Roberts,  of  the  68th  Regiment. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  was  Curate  at  Frant, 
near  Tunbridge  Wells,  from  1864  to  1868,  and 
of  Hawley.in  Hants,  from  1868  to  1870,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Rectory  of  Llan- 
dinaboo,  Herefordshire.  Here  he  remained 
for  two  years,  and  then  returned  to  Haw- 
ley,  Hants,  after  which  he  was  Vicar  of 
Bindley,  Heath,  Surrey,  for  five  years 
(1873-78),  Bishop  of  Nassau,  Bahamas, 
from  1878  to  1886,  and  Assistant  to  the 
Bishop  of  Winchester  from  1886  to  1887. 
In  1887  he  was  appointed  to  the  Vicarage 
of  Blackburn. 

CRATJBORNE,    Viscount,    James 
Edward     Hubert     Gascoyne    Cecil, 

M.A. ,  M.P. ,  eldest  son  of  the  present 
Marquis  of  Salisbury,  was  born  in  London, 
Oct.  23,  1861,  and  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1884.  He  sat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  Conservative  mem- 
ber for  the  Darwen  Division  of  Lancashire 
from  1885  to  1892,  and  he  has  since  1893 
represented  Rochester  in  the  same  interest. 
Lord  Cranborne  is  Chairman  of  the  Church 
Parliamentary  Committee,  and  he  was  in 
1896  elected  Chairman  of  the  Hertford- 
shire Quarter  Sessions.  He  is  married  to 
Cicely,  daughter  of  the  5th  Earl  of  Arran, 
and  has  a  son  and  heir,  Robert,  born  in 
1893.  Addresses :  9  Park  Place,  St. 
James's,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

CRANBROOK,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.     Gathorne     Gathorne  -  Hardy, 

G.C.S.I.,  is  the  third  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
John  Hardy,  of  Dunstall  Hall,  Stafford- 
shire (who  for  many  years  represented  the 
town  of  Bradford  in  Parliament),  and  of 
Isabel,  daughter  of  Mr.  Richard  Gathorne, 
of  Kirkby  Lonsdale.  He  was  born  at 
Bradford,  Oct.  1,  1814,  and  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  at  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  gained  a  second  class  in 
Classics,  and  took  the  degree   of  B.A.  in 


1836.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1840,  and  practised  as 
a  barrister  for  several  years.  Mr.  Hardy 
unsuccessfully  contested  Bradford  in  the 
Conservative  interest  in  1847,  but  was 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  1856 
as  member  for  Leominster,  which  borough 
he  continued  to  represent  till  the  cele- 
brated Oxford  election  in  July  1865,  when, 
after  an  exciting  contest,  he  defeated  Mr. 
Gladstone  by  a  majority  of  180,  this  being 
the  principal  Conservative  success  at  the 
General  Election  of  that  year.  In  1858  Mr. 
Hardy  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Home  Department  in  Lord 
Derby's  second  administration ;  on  the 
formation  of  Lord  Derby's  third  adminis- 
tration in  July  1866  he  became  President 
of  the  Poor-Law  Board  ;  and  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Mr.  Walpole  in  May  1867,  he  was 
nominated  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home 
Department,  which  office  he  held  till  the 
resignation  of  the  Conservative  ministry  in 
December  1868.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Disraeli's  administration  in  February  1874, 
Mr.  Hardy  was  nominated  Secretary  of 
State  for  War.  In  May  1858  he  was  raised 
to  the  House  of  Peers  by  the  title  of  Vis- 
count Cranbrook,  of  Hemsted,  in  the 
county  of  Kent ;  and  he  assumed,  by  royal 
license,  the  additional  surname  of  Gathorne. 
In  the  same  year  he  succeeded  the  Marquis 
of  Salisbury  as  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 
and  held  that  office  until  the  Conservatives 
retired  from  office  in  May  1880.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  cabinet  of  1885,  and  again  in 
1886,  Lord  Cranbrook  held  the  office  of 
Lord  President  of  the  Council ;  and  in  1892, 
on  the  resignation  of  the  Government,  he 
was  created  Earl  of  Cranbrook  and  Baron 
Medway  of  Hemsted  in  the  county  of  Kent. 
Lord  Cranbrook  is  a  D.L.  and  J.P.,  and  a 
Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  He  married 
in  1838  Jane,  daughter  of  Mr.  James  Orr, 
of  Holyrood  House,  co.  Down.  She  died 
in  1897.  His  eldest  son,  the  Hon.  J.  S. 
Gathorne-Hardy,  now  Lord  Medway,  sat 
in  Parliament  for  the  Medway  Division  of 
Kent,  and  his  third  son,  the  Hon.  A.  E. 
Gathorne-Hardy,  for  the  East  Grinstead 
Division  of  Sussex.  Addresses  :  Hemsted 
Park,  Cranbrook  ;  2  Cadogan  Square,  S.W.; 
and  Athenseum. 

CRANE,  Stephen,  author,  was  born 
in  1870,  at  Newark,  New  Jersey,  and  is  the 
son  of  J.  I.  Crane,  D.D.  He  was  educated 
at  Lafayette  College,  Syracuse  University. 
He  sprang  into  fame  with  his  series  of 
vivid  and  sufficiently  revolting  descriptions 
of  modern  warfare,  entitled  "  The  Red 
Badge  of  Courage."  This  was  published 
in  1895,  and  purports  to  be  the  sensations 
of  a  raw  recruit  in  the  war  between  North 
and  South.  The  work,  so  far  as  that 
campaign  was    concerned,   is   a  brilliant 


CRANE 


247 


imaginative  effort.  Mr.  Stephen  Crane 
was  employed  as  war  correspondent  to  the 
Westminster  Gazette,  to  which  he  sent  home 
some  vivid  letters,  and  to  the  New  York 
Journal  during  the  Graeco-Turkish  War, 
1897.  He  was  correspondent  to  the  latter 
before  Santiago,  in  Puerta  Rico,  and 
Havana,  before  the  Spaniards  had  gone. 
Other  volumes  from  his  pen  are,  "  Maggie," 
a  realistic  tale  of  the  Boweries,  "The 
Black  Riders  and  other  Lines,"  "  George's 
Mother,"  "The  Little  Regiment,"  "The 
Third  Violet,  a  Romance,"  "The  Open 
Boat,"  "  The  Eternal  Patience,"  "  Pictures 
of  War,"  1898,  &c.  Address  :  Hartwood, 
Sullivan  Co.,  New  York. 

CRANE,  Walter,  painter  and  decora- 
tive designer,  second  son  of  Thomas  Crane, 
of  Chester,  miniature  and  portrait  painter, 
sometime  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Liverpool  Academy,  was  born  at  Liver- 
pool, Aug.  15,  1845  ;  apprenticed,  1859,  to 
W.  J.  Linton  (the  eminent  wood  engraver, 
poet,  and  Chartist),  for  three  years,  to 
learn  the  craft  of  drawing  on  wood  for 
engraving.  This  turned  his  work  largely 
in  the  direction  of  book  illustration,  which 
he  followed  side  by  side  with  painting  and 
decorative  designing.  He  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  the  General 
Exhibition,  known  as  the  Dudley  Gallery, 
of  Water-Colour  Drawings  in  1879,  and 
resigned  that  position  in  1881.  He  was 
Examiner  at  the  National  Competition  of 
Drawings,  South  Kensington,  1879,  and 
has  so  acted  since.  He  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours  in  1882,  also  of  the  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Oil,  but  resigned  membership 
of  both  in  1886.  He  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours  (the  old  society)  in  March 
1888,  and  has  since  exhibited  there.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Societa  d'Acqu- 
arellisti  of  Rome  in  1883.  He  first  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy  (a  small 
picture,  "  The  Lady  of  Shalott")  in  1862  ; 
and  he  exhibited  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery 
every  year  from  its  foundation  in  1877, 
on  which  he  ceased  to  appeal  to  the 
Academy.  His  principal  pictures  are : 
"  The  Renaissance  of  Venus,"  1877  ;  "  The 
Fate  of  Persephone,"  1878  ;  "  The  Sirens," 
1879;  "Truth  and  the  Traveller,"  1880; 
"Europa,"  "The  Laidley  Worm,"  1881; 
"  The  Roll  of  Fate  "  and  "  Dunstanborough 
Castle,"  1882;  "Diana and  the  Shepherd," 
1883  ;  "  The  Bridge  of  Life,"  1884  ;  "Free- 
dom," 1885;  "Pandora,"  1885;  "The 
Chariots  of  the  Hours,"  1887;  "Sunrise," 
1888;  "Flora,"  1889;  "Pegasus,"  1889. 
"A  Diver,"  1885,  won  a  silver  medal  at 
the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  1889.  He 
has  published  "  Walter  Crane's  Toy  Books," 
1869-75;  "  Picture  Books,"  1874-75  ;  "The 


Baby's  Opera,"  1877,  &c.  ;  "The  Sirens 
Three,"  a  poem  written  and  illustrated  by 
himself,  1886,  which  appeared  originally 
in  the  English  Illustrated  Magazine.  He 
was  associated  with  the  movement  against 
the  Royal  Academy,  1886,  and  in  favour  of 
the  establishment  of  a  National  Exhibition 
in  which  all  the  arts  should  be  represented. 
Afterwards,  in  conjunction  with  other  well- 
known  decorative  artists,  he  founded  the 
Arts  and  Crafts  Exhibition  Society,  1888, 
and  became  its  President.  The  society 
opened  its  first  exhibition  at  the  New 
Gallery  in  the  autumn  of  1888.  In  1884 
he  became  associated  with  the  Socialist 
movement,  and  has  since  worked  for  it  by 
means  of  lectures,  writings,  and  designs. 
In  1889  he  gave  the  Cantor  Lectures 
(course  of  three)  at  the  Society  of  Arts, 
"  On  the  Decoration  and  Illustration  of 
Books."  He  was  President  of  the  Section 
of  Applied  Art  at  the  National  Art  Congress 
at  Liverpool,  1888  ;  and  designed  the  Seal 
of  the  London  County  Council,  1889.  Since 
1889  he  has  illustrated  "  Flora's  Feast " 
(written  by  himself) ;  "The  Book  of  Wed- 
ding Days,"  "Echoes  of  Hellas,"  "Queen 
Summer,"  1891  (written  by  himself);  "A 
Wonder  Book"  (Nathaniel  Hawthorne), 
1892;  "The  Old  Garden"  (Margaret  De- 
land),  1892  ;  "  Illustrations  to  Shakespeare's 
Tempest,"  "  The  Glittering  Plain  "  (William 
Morris),  issued  by  the  Kelmscott  Press  ; 
"  Renaiscence,  a  Book  of  Verse,"  1891  (by 
himself) ;  more  recently  "  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene,"  published  by  George  Allen,  an 
elaborate  edition  with  many  illustrations, 
which  was  commenced  in  1894  and  fin- 
ished in  1897  ;  and  "  The  Shepherd's 
Calendar  "  (Harper  Bros.),  1897-98.  He  has 
also  written  "The  Claims  of  Decorative 
Art,"  1892  (Lawrence  &  Bullen),  which 
has  been  translated  into  German  and  also 
Dutch  ;  "The  Decorative  Illustrations  of 
Books"  (Bell  &  Sons),  1892;  and  "The 
Bases  of  Design"  (Bell  &  Sons),  1898; 
"  Cartoons  for  the  Cause  "  (Twentieth  Cen- 
tury Press),  1897.  In  1891  an  exhibition 
of  Walter  Crane's  works  was  held  at  the 
Fine  Art  Society  in  Bond  Street,  compris- 
ing book  designs,  decorations,  and  easel 
pictures  in  oil  and  water  colours.  This 
collection  was  afterwards  shown  in  the 
United  States  of  America  (in  1891-92), 
whither  Mr.  Crane  accompanied  it,  and  in 
Germany,  opening  at  Berlin  (Kunstgeunbe 
Museum),  and  afterwards  at  the  principal 
cities,  Leipzig,  Frankfort,  Cref eld,  Dresden, 
Darmstadt,  Munich,  &c,  also  at  Prague  and 
Briinn,  and  later  at  Basle  and  Brussels, 
finishing  its  Continental  tour  at  Copen- 
hagen, Christiania,  Stockholm,  and  Gothen- 
burg. This  is  probably  the  first  instance 
of  a  collection  of  the  works  of  an  English 
artist  being  shown  over  so  large  a  Conti- 
nental  area.     One   of   the   results  was    a 


248 


CKANWOETH  —  CRAWFORD 


monograph  on  the  works  of  Walter  Crane 
by  Herr  von  Bestepsch,  published  by  Dr. 
Carl  Masner  of  Der  Graphischekunst  of 
Vienna.  Mr.  Crane's  principal  easel  pic- 
tures since  1889  are  a  "  Masque  of  the 
Senses,"  "Poppies  and  Corn,"  "A  Masque 
of  Spring  Flowers,"  and  "  Neptune's 
Horses."  The  two  latter  were  exhibited 
at  the  New  Gallery  in  1893;  also  "The 
Swan  Maidens,"  1894;  "England's  Em- 
blem," 1895;  "The  Rainbow  and  the 
Wave,"  1896  ;  "  Britannia's  Vision,"  1897. 
Just  prior  to  his  visit  to  America  he  sat  to 
G.  F.  Watts  for  his  portrait,  which  was 
exhibited  at  the  New  Gallery  in  1893.  In 
September  1893  he  was  appointed  Director 
of  Design  at  the  Manchester  Municipal 
School  of  Art.  He  resigned  this  post  in 
1896.  In  August  1898  the  Lords  of  the 
Committee  of  Council  appointed  Mr. 
Walter  Crane  to  the  Principalship  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Art  at  South  Kensington, 
vacant  by  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Sparkes. 
In  1871  Mr.  Walter  Crane  married  Frances, 
daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Andrews, 
Hempstead,  Essex.  Address  :  Holland 
Street,  Kensington,  W. 

CEANWOBTE,  Lord,  Robert 
Th.oriib.augh.  Gurdon,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  Brampton  Gurdon,  of  Letton,  Norfolk, 
and  was  born  in  1829.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(M.A.,  1852).  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1856.  As  a  Liberal  he 
represented  South  Norfolk  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  1880-85,  and  Mid  Norfolk 
in  1885-86  and  1886.  As  a  Liberal  Unionist 
he  sat  for  the  same  constituency  from 
1886-92,  and  from  April  to  July  in  1895. 
He  is  extremely  popular  in  his  county,  and 
is  D.L.,  J.P.,  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions, 
and  Colonel  of  the  4th  Volunteer  Bat- 
talion of  the  Norfolk  Regiment.  He  is 
Chairman  of  the  Norfolk  County  Council. 
He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  for  his  ser- 
vices to  the  cause  of  Liberal  Unionism  at 
new  year  1899,  with  the  title  of  Baron 
Cran worth,  of  Letton  and  Cranworth  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk.  His  second  wife, 
whom  he  married  in  1874,  is  a  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  R.  Heathcote.  Address  :  Letton, 
Norfolk. 

CRAWFORD,  Mrs.  Emily,  Paris 
correspondent  of  the  Daily  News,  daughter 
of  Andrew  and  Grace  Johnstone,  was  born 
in  Dublin  on  May  31,  1841.  Her  education 
was  a  home  one  until  she  went  to  Paris  in 
1857.  Her  reading  was  extensive,  and 
when  a  young  girl  she  was  engaged  to 
write  a  daily  letter  to  the  Morning  Star. 
She  married,  in  1864,  George  Morland 
Crawford,  Esq.,  of  Chelsfield  Court  Lodge, 
Kent,  and  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  who 
was  then  Paris  correspondent  of  the  Daily 


News.  After  her  marriage  she  greatly 
aided  her  husband  in  his  work,  remained 
in  France  during  the  war  of  1870,  and  was 
in  Paris  during  the  Communal  Civil  War. 
She  frequently  contributed  leading  and 
miscellaneous  articles  to  the  Daily  News, 
and  wrote  for  many  papers,  besides  Eng- 
lish and  American  magazines  and  reviews; 
amongst  others,  Truth,  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  the  Illustrated  Journal,  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette,  the  New  York  Tribune, 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  the  Century,  and 
Maemillan's,  to  which  she  furnished,  in 
October  1877,  a  monograph  on  M.  Thiers. 
She  also  wrote  the  biography  of  that 
statesman  which  appeared  after  his  death 
in  the  Daily  News.  Her  first  review  article 
was  asked  for  by  the  editor  of  the  Museum 
of  Edinburgh,  on  the  suggestion  of  the 
late  Matthew  Arnold,  who,  when  he  made 
it,  was  not  acquainted  with  her,  but  had 
been  struck  with  some  observations  which 
she  had  made  on  the  weak  side  of  the 
system  of  higher  education  in  France,  and 
had  entered  into  a  correspondence  with 
her  on  the  subject.  Mrs.  Crawford  has 
also  contributed  to  the  Contemporary  and 
Universal  Review,  and  Subjects  of  the  Day. 
Mrs.  Crawford  was  proposed  for  the  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  but  preferred 
that  the  decoration  offered  her  should  be 
given  to  her  son,  Mr.  Robert  Crawford. 
Mrs.  Crawford  is  an  Hon.  Member  of  the 
Cobden  Club.  Address :  60  Boulevard  de 
Courcelles,  Paris. 

CRAWFORD,    Francis    Marion, 

American  writer,  the  son  of  Thomas  Craw- 
ford, the  sculptor,  was  born  at  Bagni  di 
Lucca,  Italy,  Aug.  2,  1854.  He  was  edu- 
cated partly  in  America  (Concord,  N.H. ), 
partly  in  Italy,  and  partly  in  England, 
1870-74,  where  he  had  a  private  tutor  and 
was  a  member  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. From  1874-76  he  studied  at 
Karlsruhe,  and  for  a  short  time  at 
Heidelberg.  He  passed  1876-78  at  the 
University  of  Rome,  studying  Sanskrit. 
In  1879  he  went  to  India  and  was  editor 
of  a  daily  paper,  the  Indian  Herald,  pub- 
lished at  Allahabad.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1881,  remaining  there  till 
1883,  when  he  went  to  Italy,  where  (with 
the  exception  of  a  visit  to  Turkey  in  1884) 
he  has  since  principally  resided,  his  home 
being  near  Sorrento.  Mr.  Crawford's 
writings  have  been  chiefly  novels,  though 
he  has  done  some  work  in  critical 
philosophy  and  philology.  His  books 
include  "Mr.  Isaacs,"  1882;  "Dr. 
Claudius,"  1883;  "To  Leeward,"  1883; 
"  A  Roman  Singer,"  1884  ;  "  An  American 
Politician,"  1884;  "Zoroaster,"  1885; 
"A  Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish,"  1886; 
"  Saracinesca,"  1887;  "  Marzio's  Cruci- 
fix," 1887;  "Paul  Patoff,"  1887;  "With 


CRAWFORD  —  CREIGHTON 


249 


the  Immortals,"  1888;  "  Greifenstein," 
1889;  "Sanf  Ilario,"  1889;  and  "A 
Cigarette  Maker's  Romance,"  1890 ; 
"Khaled,"  "The  Witch  of  Prague," 
"Don  Orsino,"  "  Pietro  Ghisleri,"  "The 
Children  of  the  King,"  and  "The  Novel: 
What  it  is,"  1893;  "Katharine  Lauder- 
dale," "Love  in  Idleness,"  "The  Ralstons," 
"The  Upper  Berth,"  and  "By  the  Waters 
of  Paradise,"  1894;  "  Casa  Braccio," 
"Constantinople,"  and  "Adam Johnstone's 
Son,"  1895  ;  "Bar  Harbour,"  "Taquisara," 
1896;  and  "A  Rose  of  Yesterday"  and 
"Corleone,"  1897.  Mr.  Marion  Crawford 
a  few  years  ago  was  awarded  a  prize  of 
1000  francs  by  the  French  Academy,  as  an 
acknowledgment  of  the  merit  of  his  novels, 
and  especially  of  two  of  them,  "Zoroaster" 
and  "Marzio's  Crucifix,"  which  were 
written  in  French  as  well  as  in  English. 
He  is  married  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
General  Berdan,  U.S.  Army.  Address : 
Sanf  Agnello  di  Sorrento,  Sorrento. 

CRAWFORD,  Earl  of,  James 
Ludovic  Lindsay,  K.T.,  J. P.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye, 
France,  on  July  28,  1847,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  26th  Earl  in  1880.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  was  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Grenadier  Guards  for  some  time.  He  re- 
presented Wigan  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1874  to  1880,  was  formerly  President 
of  the  Astronomical  Society,  and  is  the 
author  of  several  works  on  Astronomy. 
Lord  Crawford  is  the  premier  Earl  of 
Scotland,  is  a  Commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  is  a  Trustee  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  was  married,  in  1869,  to 
Emily,  daughter  of  Colonel  Hon.  Edward 
Wilbraham,  and  granddaughter  of  the  1st 
Baron  Skelmersdale.  Addresses :  2  Caven- 
dish Square,  W. ;  Balcarres,  Colinsburgh, 
Fifeshire  ;  and  Athenseum. 

CRAWFXJRD,  Oswald,  C.M.G.,  son 
of  the  late  John  Crawfurd,  sometime  Envoy 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  Court  of  Siam,  and 
subsequently  Governor  of  Singapore,  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford.  Leaving 
the  University  he  entered  the  Foreign 
Office,  and  was  appointed  Consul  at  Oporto 
in  1867.  He  is  the  author  of  the  following 
novels:  "World  we  Live  In,"  "Sylvia 
Arden,"  "  Beyond  the  Seas,"  and  of  several 
works  dealing  with  Portuguese  matters. 
In  1890  he  was  created  C.M.G.,  and  in 
the  same  year  published  "  Round  the 
Calendar  in  Portugal."  He  is  editor  of 
Chapman's  Magazine  and  literary  editor 
of  the  London  Review.  He  is  Chairman 
and  Managing  Director  of  Chapman  and 
Hall,  Limited,  and  Chairman  of  the 
Authors'  Club.  He  married  Margaret, 
youngest   daughter  of    the   late  Richard 


Ford.     Addresses :    Queen    Anne's    Man- 
sions, S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

GREAGE,  Charles  Vandeleur, 
C.M.G.,  was  born  Oct.  4,  1842,  and  is  the 
second  surviving  son  of  Captain  James 
Creagh,  R.N.,  of  Cahirbane,  Co.  Clare, 
Ireland,  and  grandson  of  the  O'Moore,  of 
Cloghan  Castle,  King's  Co.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Royal  Naval  School,  New 
Cross,  and  at  Eastman's  Naval  Academy, 
Southsea ;  passed  the  examination  for 
admission  to  the  India  Navy  in  1857,  and 
entered  the  Punjaub  Police,  as  Assistant 
District  Superintendent,  in  1865.  He 
obtained  a  second  -  class  certificate  in 
Oriental  languages,  and  in  1867  was  sup- 
ported by  the  Indian  Government  in 
raising  a  Sikh  Police  Corps,  for  which 
service  he  had  been  selected  by  the 
Governor  of  Hong  Kong.  He  has  held 
the  following  appointments  in  Hong 
Kong:  1868,  J.P. ;  Acting  Captain  Super- 
intendent of  Police  in  1869-70,  and  1877- 
78  ;  Sheriff,  1874 ;  Aide-de-Camp,  1878  ; 
Superintendent  of  the  Fire  Brigade, 
1878-80.  He  studied  law  in  the  Middle 
Temple  during  eight  terms,  and  passed 
the  examinations  in  Roman  and  Common 
Law.  He  passed  with  credit  the  six 
Acting  Police  Magistrate  and  Coroner 
examinations  in  Chinese  prescribed  by 
Government ;  and  was  Arbitrator  for 
Government  under  the  Opium  Ordinance 
in  1879  ;  was  appointed  Assistant  British 
President  and  Member  of  the  State 
Council,  Perak,  on  the  application  of  the 
President,  Sir  Hugh  Low,  in  1882  ;  and 
Judge  of  the  Presidency  Court,  Perak.  He 
acted  frequently  for  the  President  during 
his  absence.  In  1888  he  was  selected 
for  the  post  of  Governor  and  Commander 
in  Chief  and  Chief  Judicial  Officer  of  the 
British  North  Borneo  Company's  terri- 
tory, with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 
State.  On  Jan.  1,  1890,  he  was  appointed 
Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
Labuan.  In  1892  he  was  made  a  C.M.G., 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar.  He  retired  in 
1895. 

CREDITON,  Bishop  of.  See  Teb- 
fusis,  The  Right  Rev.  Robert  Edwabd. 

CREIGHTON,  The  Right  Rev. 
Mandell,  Bishop  of  London,  D.D.  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge ;  Hon.  LL.D.  Glas- 
gow, Hon.  D.C.L.  Durham,  LL.D.  of 
Harvard  University,  Litt.D.  Dublin,  Fel- 
low of  the  Societa  Romana  di  Storih. 
Patria,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  in  1843, 
educated  at  Durham  Grammar  School, 
and  elected  Postmaster  at  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  in  1862.  At  Oxford  he  was  placed 
in  the  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations, 
and  in  the  first  class  in  Literce  Humaniores, 


250 


CREMER 


and  in  the  second  class  in  Law  and 
Modern  History  in  1866.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  Merton 
College,  and  remained  at  Oxford  as  tutor 
of  Merton.  He  was  ordained  deacon  in 
1870,  and  priest  in  1873,  and  in  1875 
accepted  the  living  of  Embleton,  in  North- 
umberland. He  was  appointed  by  Bishop 
Lightfoot  rural  dean  of  Alnwick  in  1879, 
and  on  the  formation  of  the  diocese  of 
Newcastle,  in  1882,  was  made  honorary 
canon  of  Newcastle  and  examining  chap- 
lain to  the  Bishop.  In  1883  the  University 
of  Glasgow  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  In  1884  he  was  elected 
to  the  newly  founded  professorship  of 
Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  In  1885  he  received  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University 
of  Durham,  and  was  appointed  by  the 
Crown  Canon  Besidentiary  of  Worcester 
Cathedral.  He  has  frequently  acted  as 
public  examiner  and  select  preacher  in  the 
Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 
He  has  also  been  examining  chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Worcester.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  historical  works: — "Primer  of 
Roman  History,"  1875 ;  "  The  Age  of 
Elizabeth,"  1876;  "The  Life  of  Simon  de 
Montfort,"  1877 ;  "  Primer  of  English 
History,"  1877;  "Cardinal  Wolsey,"  in 
the  series  of  English  Statesmen,  1888 ; 
"Carlisle,"  in  Historic  Towns,  1889.  His 
principal  work  is  a  "  History  of  the  Papacy 
during  the  Period  of  the  Reformation,"  of 
which  the  first  two  volumes  were  published 
in  1882,  two  others  in  1887,  and  a  fifth  in 
1894.  Other  more  recent  works  of  his 
are  : — "  Persecution  and  Tolerance,"  1894  ; 
"The  Early  Renaissance  in  England," 
1895;  "The  English  National  Character," 
1896  ;  and  "  The  Story  of  Some  English 
Shires,"  1897.  He  was  founder  and  first 
editor  of  the  English  Historical  Review,  the 
first  number  of  which  appeared  in  January 
1886.  Professor  Creighton  represented 
Emmanuel  College  at  the  250th  anniver- 
sary celebration  of  Harvard  College, 
Massachusetts,  in  November  1886,  when 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  was 
elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts.  In 
1889  he  was  elected  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford.  In  1890  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Crown  Canon  of  Wind- 
sor, but  before  entering  on  that  office  was 
appointed  Bishop  of  Peterborough,  and 
was  consecrated  on  April  25,  1891.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
and  in  1892  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  Litt.  D.  at  the  tercentenary  of  the 
University  of  Dublin.  In  1893  he  was 
elected  Hulsean  Lecturer  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge.  In  1898  he  was  elected 
Professor   of   Ancient   Literature   in   the 


Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  and  in  March  of 
that  year  was  appointed  a  Trustee  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  in  succession  to 
Lord  de  L'Isle  and  Dudley  deceased.  Dr. 
Creighton  was  translated  to  London  in 
1897,  when  he  was  also  appointed  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Privy  Council.  Addresses  : 
Fulham  Palace,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenseum. 

CREMES,  William  Kandal,  ex- 
M.P.,  was  born  in  1838,  of  poor  parents, 
at  Farebam,  in  Hampshire,  and  lost  his 
father,  who  was  a  herald  painter,  at  an 
early  age.  As  soon  as  he  was  old  enough 
he  was  apprenticed  to  the  carpenter's 
trade,  and  in  Brighton,  as  well  as  in 
London,  where  he  worked  as  a  joiner,  he 
found  time  to  associate  himself  in  all  the 
Progressive  movements  of  the  day,  and  in 
1859  took  a  leading  part  in  the  "nine 
hours'  movement,"  which  resulted  in  the 
memorable  lock-out  in  the  building  trade. 
In  1860  he  advocated  and  succeeded  in 
getting  united  the  various  small  local 
Unions  in  the  Amalgamated  Society  of 
Carpenters  and  Joiners.  In  the  same  year 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  demonstra- 
tion arranged  for  the  reception  of  Gari- 
baldi on  his  visit  to  England,  and  to  him 
also  were  mainly  due  the  organising 
arrangements  for  the  great  demonstra- 
tions of  the  Reform  League  in  Hyde  Park 
and  the  Agricultural  Hall.  Since  then  he 
has  been  associated  in  all  the  movements 
on  behalf  of  the  working-classes,  such  as 
the  Education  League  (before  the  passing 
of  Mr.  Forster's  Act),  the  agricultural 
labourers'  agitation,  and  the  Workmen's 
Peace  Association  (at  the  time  of  the 
Franco-German  War).  Mr.  Cremer  is  the 
author  of  several  addresses  to  the  working- 
classes  upon  the  folly  of  war,  and  has 
repeatedly  visited  Paris,  arranging  demon- 
strations and  addressing  meetings.  At 
the  General  Election  of  1885  he  was  re- 
turned as  a  working-class  Radical  member 
for  the  Haggerston  Division  of  Shoreditch, 
and  was  again  elected  in  18S6  and  in  1892. 
In  1895  he  was  defeated  by  the  small 
majority  of  31.  He  is  Secretary  of  the  In- 
ternational Arbitration  League,  and  editor 
of  the  Arbitrator.  In  1864  he  was  first 
Hon.  General  Secretary  of  the  "Inter- 
national." In  1890  he  was  made  a  Che- 
valier of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  Mr. 
Cremer  originated,  and  was  the  chief 
organiser,  of  the  Inter-Parliamentary  Con- 
ferences, which  were  first  held  at  Paris 
and  London  in  1889  and  1890,  to  promote 
friendly  relations  between  the  nations  of 
Europe.  M.  Jules  Simon  presided  at  the 
Paris  Conference,  and  Lord  Herschell  at 
the  Conference  in  London.  These  Con- 
ferences have  since  been  followed  by  others 
held  in  the  Parliamentary  Chambers  at 
Rome,  Berne,  The  Hague,  Buda-Pesth,  and 


CREMONA  —  CRICHTON-BROWNE 


251 


Brussels.  Every  Parliament  in  Europe 
except  the  Spanish  has  new  groups,  num- 
bering from  50  to  100  members,  adhering 
to  the  movement.  In  1887  he  secured  the 
adhesion  of  234  members  of  the  House  of 
Commons  to  a  Memorial  to  the  President 
and  Congress  of  the  United  States  in 
favour  of  a  Treaty  of  Arbitration  with  this 
country,  and  a  similar  Memorial  in  1891 
signed  by  354  M.P.'s.  Both  these  Memo- 
rials he  presented  to  the  President  and 
Congress  at  Washington,  and  in  1893  suc- 
ceeded in  carrying,  by  a  unanimous  vote, 
a  resolution  in  the  House  of  Commons  in 
favour  of  such  a  treaty.  Mr.  Cremer  is 
a  widower,  and  has  been  twice  married. 
Address  :  11  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  W.C. 

CREMONA,  Professor  Luigi,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Higher 
Mathematics  at  the  University  of  Rome, 
and  Senator  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  &c, 
was  born  at  Pavia  on  Dec.  7,  1830.  In 
1848,  leaving  school  and  home,  he  fought 
for  eighteen  months  for  the  independence 
of  Italy,  taking  part  in  most  engagements 
in  Venetia.  Subsequently  he  went  to  the 
University  of  Pavia  and  continued  his 
studies,  having  Brioschi  as  a  master.  He 
very  soon  entered  upon  his  career  as  a 
teacher,  at  first  at  the  Gymnasium  of 
Cremona,  and  at  the  Lyceum  of  Milan ; 
then  as  Professor  of  Higher  Geometry  at 
the  University  of  Bologna.  In  1886  he 
passed  to  the  Higher  Technical  Institute 
of  Milan.  In  1873  he  was  called  to  re- 
organise the  School  of  Engineers  in  Rome, 
of  which  he  has  been  director  for  many 
years.  Luigi  Cremona  has  devoted  the 
whole  of  his  scientific  life  to  the  study 
of  higher  geometry,  and  to  the  reform  of 
mathematical  instruction  in  the  secondary 
and  higher  schools.  The  introduction  of 
projective  geometry  and  of  graphic  statics 
in  public  instruction  in  Italy  is  almost 
exclusively  his  work.  He  is  a  Senator 
of  the  Realm,  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Council  of  the  Italian  Parliament.  No 
question  on  higher  teaching  is  ever  dis- 
cussed in  the  Chamber  without  Cremona 
ably  taking  up  the  subject,  for  he  does  this 
with  a  perfect  knowledge  of  it.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  large  number  of  memoirs 
and  works  dealing  chiefly  with  geometry, 
of  which  two  have  been  translated  into 
French,  "  Les  Elements  de  Gdometrie  Pro- 
jective" in  1873  and  "Les  Figures  Rfei- 
proques  en  Statique  Graphique"  in  1885. 
Address  :  San  Pietro  in  Vincoli,  Rome. 

CREWE,  Earl  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
Robert     Ofney    Ashburton     Crewe  - 

Milnes,  Baron  Houghton  of  Great  Hough- 
ton in  the  county  of  York,  is  the  son  of 
the  poet,  the  late  Monckton  Milnes,  first 
Lord  Houghton,  by  Annabella  Hungerford, 


a  daughter  of  the  second  Baron  Crewe. 
He  was  born  in  London  on  Jan.  12,  1858, 
and  received  his  education  at  Harrow 
and  Trinity,  Cambridge,  his  father's  old 
college.  He  entered  political  life  as  un- 
paid Private  Secretary  to  the  late  Earl 
Granville,  and  continued  to  hold  his  post 
during  his  chief's  reign  at  the  Foreign 
Office.  Entering  the  House  of  Lords  on 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1885,  as  Lord 
Houghton,  he  was  warmly  welcomed  by 
the  Liberal  peers,  and  in  1886,  on  the 
creation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Government, 
he  became  a  Lord-in-Waiting,  and  repre- 
sented the  Board  of  Trade  in  the  Upper 
House.  In  1892,  on  the  return  to  power 
of  the  Liberal  party,  he  was  appointed 
Viceroy  of  Ireland.  The  appointment 
caused  general  surprise,  as  Lord  Brassey 
had  been  confidently  promoted  to  the  post 
by  the  newspapers.  Lord  Houghton  was 
one  of  the  youngest  Viceroys  of  modern 
times.  The  honours  of  Dublin  Castle  were 
dispensed  by  his  sisters,  the  wives  of  the 
Hon.  Arthur  Henniker  and  of  Sir  Gerald 
Fitzgerald,  K.C.M.G.  He  was  succeeded 
in  1895  by  the  Right  Hon.  Gerald  Balfour. 
He  is  President  of  the  Literary  Fund,  and 
is  himself  a  poet.  Like  his  father  he  is 
a  bibliophile,  and  is"  interested  in  all  lite- 
rary matters.  He  played  an  important 
part  at  the  unveiling  of  the  American  bust 
of  Keats  in  Hampstead  Parish  Church  in 
1895.  He  married,  in  1880,  Sybil  Marcia, 
daughter  of  Sir  Frederick  Graham,  Bart., 
and  a  daughter  of  the  12th  Duke  of 
Somerset.  This  lady  died  in  1887,  leaving 
him  a  widower  during  his  tenure  of  the 
Irish  Viceroyalty.  His  second  marriage 
took  place  on  April  20,  1899,  his  bride 
being  Lady  Margaret  Primrose,  youngest 
daughter  of  Lord  Rosebery.  Addresses : 
Crewe  Hall,  Crewe;  and  23  Hill  Street, 
W.,  &c. 

CRICHTON  -  BROWNE,  Captain 
Harold  W.  A.  F. ,  was  born  at  Bens- 
sham,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  on  July  3, 
1866,  and  is  the  only  son  of  Sir  James 
Crichton-Browne,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.  He 
was  educated  at  University  College  School, 
at  a  private  tutor's,  and  at  Magdalen 
College,  Cambridge.  He  became  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  3rd  Battalion  King's  Own 
Scottish  Borderers,  and  F.R.G.S.  and  Cap- 
tain in  1893.  In  1888  he  joined  Mr.  Joseph 
Thomson's  exploring  expedition  to  the 
Atlas  Mountains,  and  with  that  traveller 
traversed  the  interior  of  southern  and 
northern  Morocco,  crossed  the  mountains 
in  these  districts,  not  before  entered  by 
Europeans,  and  reached  the  summit  of 
Tizi  Likumpt,  15,000  feet  high.  On  the 
recall  of  Mr.  Thomson  to  England  to  take 
charge  of  an  Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedi- 
tion   then    contemplated,    Mr.    Crichton- 


252 


CRICHTON-BROWNE  —  CRISPI 


Browne  remained  for  three  months  in  sole 
charge  of  the  expedition.  He  is  the  author 
of  "In  the  Heart  of  the  Atlas,"  a  lecture 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain;  "  Two  African  Cities";  "Across 
the  Veldt  to  Buluwayo,"  &c.  He  received 
a  commission  in  the  Bechuanaland  Border 
Police  in  1890,  and  served  in  South  Africa 
for  three  years.  While  on  an  expedition 
in  Matabeleland  in  1892  he  was  taken 
prisoner  by  a  Matabele  impi  and  carried 
to  Buluwayo,  where  he  was  hospitably 
entertained  by  Lobengula.  Permanent 
address  :  Easton  Court,  W.  Tenbury. 

CRICHTON  BROWNE,  Sir  James, 

M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  Knt.  B.  1866, 
born  in  1840  at  Edinburgh,  is  the  son  of 
Dr.  W.  A.  F.  Browne,  H.M.  Commissioner 
in  Lunacy  for  Scotland,  who  was  emi- 
nent as  a  physician  and  introduced  many 
ameliorations  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane.  Sir  James  Crichton-Browne  was 
educated  at  the  Dumfries  Academy,  Trinity 
College,  Glenalmond,  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  the  Medical  Schools  of 
London  and  Paris,  and  is  Honorary  Member 
and  was  formerly  Senior  President  of  the 
Royal  Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh.  He 
js  Fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of 
New  York,  and  of  many  learned  Societies  ; 
has  been  President  of  the  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association  and  of  the  Neurological 
Society  of  London  ;  is  Vice-President  and 
Treasurer  of  the  Royal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain;  J. P.  for  Dumfries-shire; 
was  formerly  Medical  Superintendent  of 
the  Newcastle-on-Tyne  Borough  Asylum ; 
Lecturer  on  Psychological  Medicine  in 
the  Newcastle  College  of  Medicine ;  is 
Medical  Superintendent  of  the  West  Riding 
Asylum  ;  Lecturer  on  Mental  Diseases  in 
the  Leeds  School  of  Medicine  ;  and  is  Lord 
Chancellor's  Visitor  in  Lunacy.  He  has 
published  a  large  number  of  monographs 
on  the  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the 
Nervous  System,  and  on  Mental  Diseases  ; 
a  work  on  "Education  and  the  Nervous 
System,"  1884  ;  and  many  lectures  and 
addresses  and  contributions  to  medical 
journals.  He  founded  and  edited  for  six 
years  the  West  Riding  Asylum  Medical 
Reports,  the  first  British  Journal  of  Neuro- 
logy, and  has  edited  translations  from  the 
Danish  of  Kestal  on  "Overpressure  in 
Schools,"  1885.  While  at  the  head  of  the 
West  Riding  Asylum,  where  he  had  1500 
insane  patients  under  his  professional  care, 
Sir  James  not  only  raised  that  institu- 
tion into  the  first  rank  amongst  kindred 
institutions,  and  made  it  famous  for  good 
management  and  successful  results,  but 
converted  it  into  a  great  Medical  School, 
in  which  important  researches  were  carried 
on,  and  in  which  young  medical  men  were 
trained  for  asylum  practice.     He   estab- 


lished a  laboratory,  in  which  original  inves- 
tigations were  conducted,  and  in  which 
Ferrier's  first  discoveries  in  the  functions 
of  the  brain  were  made.  He  also  estab- 
lished a  museum,  and  periodically  gave 
lectures,  and  brought  the  moral  treatment 
of  the  inmates  and  discipline  of  the  staff 
to  a  high  pitch  of  perfection.  His  reports 
and  letters  on  overpressure  in  elementary 
schools  led  to  a  number  of  modifications 
in  the  curriculum  of  such  schools,  all  tend- 
ing to  mitigate  the  severity  of  the  pressure 
upon  the  children,  and  especially  on  such 
children  as  are  dull  or  delicate.  His 
writings  also,  by  calling  attention  to  the 
half-starved  condition  of  large  numbers  of 
the  children  in  elementary  schools,  led  to 
the  establishment  of  free  breakfasts.  At 
the  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute  at  Liverpool,  October  1894,  he 
lectured  to  a  working-man  audience  on 
"  The  Prevention  of  Tubercular  Disease." 
Address  :  61  Carlisle  Place  Mansions,  Vic- 
toria Street,  S.W. 

CRIP  PS,  Henry  "William,  M.A., 
Q.C.,  was  born  March  20,  1815,  at  Ciren- 
cester. He  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Cripps,  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford. 
He  was  appointed  Recorder  of  the  City  of 
Lichfield  in  1853,  Queen's  Counsel  in  1866, 
and  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple  in  the 
same  year.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  first 
County  Council  of  Bucks,  and  has  been 
Chairman  of  Quarter-Sessions  of  Bucks 
since  1886.  Since  1883  he  has  been  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Diocese  of  Oxford,  and  is  an 
Acting  Governor  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty. 
He  is  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  "Laws 
of  the  Church  and  Clergy,"  1845.  Ad- 
dresses :  1  Essex  Court,  Temple ;  and 
Beechwood,  Marlow. 

CRISPI,  Francesco,  an  Italian  states- 
man, born  at  Ribera,  in  Sicily,  Oct.  4, 
1819,  studied  law  at  Palermo,  and  became 
a  member  of  the  Bar  at  Naples,  where  he 
took  part  in  the  conspiracies  which  led  to 
the  overthrow  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  in  1848.  He  was  one  of  the  chief 
promoters  of  the  insurrection  of  Palermo, 
became  a  Deputy  and  General  Secretary  of 
War,  and  for  two  years  was  the  heart  and 
soul  of  the  resistance  offered  by  the 
Sicilian  people.  After  the  victory  gained 
by  the  Swiss  regiments,  Signor  Crispi 
fled  to  France.  In  1859  and  1860  he 
organised  the  new  Sicilian  revolution, 
landed  at  Palermo  with  Garibaldi  and  his 
volunteers,  and  after  fighting  as  a  simple 
soldier  became  a  Minister,  in  which 
capacity  he  paved  the  way  for  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  Two  Sicilies  to  the  kingdom 
of  Italy.  In  1861  he  was  returned  by 
the  city  of  Palermo  to  the  first   Italian 


CRISPI 


253 


Parliament,  in  which  he  took  a  prominent 
and    influential   position,    becoming   in   a 
short  time  the  acknowledged    leader  of 
the  constitutional  opposition.     It  was  the 
understanding  between  Signor  Crispi  and 
the  old  Piedmontese  "third  party"  which 
led  to  the  formation  of  the  new  Ratazzi 
Ministry.     He  was  chosen  as  a  Deputy  at 
the  election  of  November  1876  by  several 
electoral  colleges,  and  "opted"  for  that 
of  Bari.     On  the  22nd  of  that  month  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies   by  232  votes  against  115.     The 
following     year     the     party    of     "  Moral 
Order "    returned    to    power    in    France, 
and,     the     interests     of     Italy     seeming 
menaced  by  them,   Signor   Crispi   under- 
took  semi-official    journeys   in   search   of 
allies    against     the     Republic.      He    was 
cordially    received     in     London     and    at 
Berlin  (1877).     Some  weeks  later  he  be- 
came   Minister    of    the    Interior    in    the 
remodelled  Depretis   Cabinet,  but  retired 
in  March  1878.      During  the  ten  follow- 
ing years  in  which  M.  Depretis  was  in- 
termittently in  power,   he   remained   one 
of    the   leaders   and   principal   orators   of 
the  Left.     On  May  15,  1880,  he  delivered 
a   speech   which   was   commented   on   by 
the  European  press,  and  unfolded  therein 
the   policy   of    his   party.     The   Chamber 
required,  he   declared,  to  be  directed  by 
a    vigorous    hand.       "  Italia     Irredenta," 
the   "  unredeemed "   Italy  of  the  Adriatic 
coast,  which  is  still  under  Austrian  sway, 
was   to   be   encouraged   in   its    desire    to 
become  Italian.     Italy  was  to  take  a  more 
prominent    position     in    the    concert    of 
nations,  and  was  to  aim  at  the  acquisi- 
tion  of   increased   influence   in  the  East. 
After  the  delivery  of  this  speech  he  ad- 
vocated electoral  reform  and  the  adoption 
of    Scrutin  de  liste.      In   March   1881   he 
began   to   attack   France   in    his    journal 
La  Riforma,  and  afterwards  advocated  a 
German  alliance  and  an  increase  of  the 
national    armaments    and    defences,   and 
complete      military     reorganisation.      In 
November  1883  he  declared  war  against 
the    clerical    party   as    being    hostile    to 
modern     Italian     institutions,    and     thus 
completed  what  he  calls  the  "traditional 
programme     of    the     Left."      After    the 
Italian  reverses  in  Africa  in  1887,  Signor 
Crispi  asked  the  Government  to  vote  an 
extraordinary  credit  in  order  to  send  re- 
inforcements  to   Massowah.      The   credit 
was     voted,     the     Depretis     Government 
again  went  out  of  office,  and  Crispi  asked 
the   Chamber   to   express    utter   condem- 
nation of  the  fallen  Ministry.     This  was 
not  done,  and  in  the  end  Signor  Crispi 
became  Minister  of   Foreign  Affairs  in  a 
new  Depretis  cabinet,  and  after  the  death 
of  that  statesman  in  July  1887,  succeeded 
him    as    President    of    the    Council    and 


Home  and  Foreign  Minister.  On  October  1 
Signor  Crispi  began  paying  a  series  of  visits 
to  Prince  Bismarck  at  Friedrichsruhe,  the 
result  of  which  was  the  entry  of  Italy  into 
the  Triple  Alliance.  The  country  was  now 
asked  to  vote  enormous  sums  for  the  main- 
tenance of  an  increased  army  and  navy. 
Financial  crises  ensued,  and  disturbances 
in  Rome  and  Naples.  Crispi  became  very 
unpopular,  and  in  September  1889  two 
attempts  were  made  on  his  life  in  the 
above-named  towns.  In  1888  the  com- 
mercial treaty  with  France  was  broken 
and  not  renewed,  and  the  relations  be- 
tween the  Government  and  the  Papacy 
became  increasingly  strained,  owing  to 
the  anti-clerical  legislation  of  the  former. 
Signor  Crispi,  however,  thought  it  ex- 
pedient to  go  to  the  country,  and  after  a 
brilliant  electoral  campaign,  in  which  he 
made  a  great  speech  at  Florence,  in  Nov- 
ember 1890,  containing  a  declaration  of 
foreign  policy  and  repudiating  the  Irre- 
dentists as  hostile  to  Austria,  he  brought 
his  party  back  into  power  with  a  majority 
in  the  Chamber  of  236.  The  Premier  him- 
self was  returned  by  four  electoral  colleges. 
Two  months  later,  however,  the  Crispi 
Ministry  fell  on  a  question  of  taxation, 
the  chief  Minister  having  made  himself 
unpopular  by  his  high-handed  refusal  to 
consider  the  necessity  of  retrenchment  in 
military  and  naval  expenditure.  Though 
out  of  power,  Signor  Crispi  continued  for 
some  time  to  express  his  views  on  political 
questions  at  public  banquets  and  meetings 
throughout  the  country,  as  well  as  in  the 
Chamber,  and  in  December  1891  made  a 
notable  attack  on  his  successor,  Signor  di 
Rudini,  apropos  of  the  Papal  question. 
But  he  retired  from  the  strife  before  the 
attack  had  been  fully  rebutted.  In  1892 
he  gave  up  the  leadership  of  the  opposi- 
tion, but  retained  his  seat.  After  the 
ensuing  bank  scandals,  and  the  resignation 
on  Nov.  24,  1894,  of  Signor  Giolitti,  the 
Premier  who  succeeded  Rudini  (rj.v. ),  Signor 
Crispi  was  again  called  on  to  form  a  Cabi- 
net. He  succeeded  in  forming  a  Ministry 
of  all  parties  on  Dec.  10,  and  afterwards 
called  on  politicians  in  general  to  aid  him 
in  restoring  the  national  credit.  On  May 
14,  1895,  Signor  Crispi  gained  a  victory  in 
the  Chamber  on  the  question  of  the  Budget, 
but  in  June  his  Cabinet  resigned  on  the  Fin- 
ance question.  They,  however,  retained 
office  on  Baron  Sonnino's  ceasing  to  be 
Finance  Minister.  Signor  Crispi's  govern- 
ment nevertheless  supported  Sonnino's  pro- 
posed financial  reforms,  and  pledged  them- 
selves to  effect  an  economy  of  20,000,000 
lire  in  national  expenditure  in  1895-96. 
In  October  1894  the  Crispi  government 
suppressed  the  Socialist  Corporation  of 
Italian  Workers,  after  having  taken  severe 
measures  against  the  revolutionary  move- 


254 


CEITCHETT 


ment  in  Sicily  (February).  A  series  of 
questions  dealing  with  Italy's  relations 
with  England,  Austria,  and  Brazil  gave 
occasion  for  much  anxiety  in  1895,  and 
public  feeling  was  intensified  by  the  dis- 
astrous results  which  attended  the  Govern- 
ment's forward  policy  in  Africa.  In  the 
following  year  Italy  sustained  her  most 
serious  defeat  of  modern  times  at  the 
battle  of  Adowa,  and  the  Crispi  Ministry 
fell  almost  immediately.  At  this  juncture 
Crispi  entered  upon  a  phase  of  his  public 
career  which,  in  the  case  of  a  less  power- 
ful statesman,  would  have  ended  in  com- 
plete political  extinction.  The  Radical 
leader,  Signor  Cavallotti,  in  November 
1894  preferred  the  gravest  charges  against 
his  integrity,  and  subsequently  brought 
them  before  the  Criminal  Court,  where 
they  finally  collapsed,  the  judicial  autho- 
rities declaring  that  the  charge  of  perjury 
was  not  substantiated,  and  that  certain 
other  charges  referring  to  a  decoration 
awarded  to  Dr.  Cornelius  Herz,  whilst 
appearing  to  be  equally  baseless,  were 
beyond  the  cognisance  of  the  ordinary 
tribunals.  The  Chamber  after  this  ig- 
nored Cavalotti's  reiterated  accusations, 
for  no  competent  person,  knowing  the 
great  sacrifices  which  Signor  Crispi  had 
made  for  the  cause  of  Italian  unity, 
attached  the  smallest  value  to  the  charges 
brought  forward.  The  country  adopted 
the  views  of  the  Chamber,  and  for  a  few 
months  there  was  the  appearance  of  a  lull 
in  the  agitation.  But  the  revelations  of 
the  Banco  Romano  scandals  raised  in  a 
week  the  whirlwind  of  national  passion. 
The  Directorate  of  the  Bank  of  Naples, 
one  of  the  Italian  State  Banks,  had  opened 
in  the  autumn  of  1893  a  branch  establish- 
ment at  Bologna,  under  the  management 
of  a  trusted  employee,  by  name  Luigi 
Favilla.  In  May  1896,  suspicion  having 
been  aroused  as  to  Favilla,  a  new  manager 
was  appointed  at  the  instance  of  Baron 
Sonnino,  Treasury  Minister,  and  it  was 
afterwards  discovered  that  Favilla  had 
appropriated  .£40,000  of  the  bank's  funds, 
had  lost  £65,000,  and  had  permitted  over- 
drafts to  be  made  to  the  extent  of  £80,000. 
He  was  arrested  in  November  1896,  as 
were  also  several  of  his  accomplices,  and 
in  the  course  of  Favilla's  examination 
Signor  Crispi  was  directed  under  a  warrant 
to  appear  before  the  Court  and  deliver  to 
the  examining  magistrate  an  account  of 
his  financial  relations  with  Favilla.  On 
the  next  day,  March  21,  Crispi  was  re- 
elected a  Deputy  of  the  Chamber,  thus 
regaining  an  immunity  from  arrest  and 
prosecution.  Nevertheless,  Signor  Crispi 
presented  himself  before  the  magistrate, 
and  submitted  documentary  proof  of  the 
various  sums  he  had  previously  obtained 
from   Favilla.      However,   the  examining 


magistrate,  yielding,  it  is  believed,  to 
pressure  from  the  Public  Prosecutor  and 
from  Signor  Giacomo  Costa,  late  Minister 
of  Justice  in  the  Rudini  Cabinet,  persisted 
in  his  suggestions  of  Crispi's  illegal  com- 
plicity with  Favilla,  and  in  his  report 
recommended  that  he  be  prosecuted  for 
conniving  with  Favilla  in  his  fraudulent 
transactions.  Crispi,  who,  it  is  said,  had 
good  grounds  for  fearing  that  a  fair  trial 
would  be  denied  him,  retorted  that  as  the 
proceedings  in  question  had  taken  place 
in  the  time  he  had  been  Italian  Premier 
and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  the  ordinary 
courts  were  not  competent  to  deal  with 
the  charges,  seeing  that  by  Article  47  of 
the  Italian  Constitution  Ministers  are 
answerable  for  acts  committed  during 
their  term  of  office  only  to  the  Senate 
itself  sitting  as  a  High  Court  of  Justice. 
The  important  question  of  constitutional 
law  which  this  objection  raised  was  carried 
to  the  Supreme  Court  (the  Court  of  Cas- 
sation), who  held  that  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  alone  was  competent  to  decide 
whether,  in  the  case  of  crimes  enacted  by 
a  Minister,  that  Minister  should  be  im- 
peached before  the  Senate.  As  a  result 
of  this  judgment,  the  Chamber  appointed 
in  December  1897  a  special  committee  of 
five  members  to  make  an  exhaustive  in- 
quiry and  to  report  to  the  Chamber  with- 
out delay.  The  examination  of  all  the 
documents  and  persons  connected  with 
the  Commission,  including  Signor  Crispi 
and  Favilla,  was  completed  in  three 
months,  and  the  committee's  report  was 
presented  to  the  Chamber  in  March  1898. 
By  a  majority  of  207  to  7  the  Chamber 
resolved,  after  receiving  the  report,  to 
pass  to  the  order  of  the  day.  Thus  did 
the  Italian  Parliament  practically  endorse 
the  findings  of  the  Commission,  and  these 
affirmed  that  whilst  Crispi  was  not  guilty 
of  any  criminal  offence  known  to  the 
law,  certain  irregular  practices,  both  in 
the  way  in  which  he  obtained  funds  for 
political  purposes  and  in  the  repayment 
of  loans  made  to  him  personally  out  of 
State  moneys,  were  deserving  of  political 
censure.  A  motion  instituting  an  im- 
peachment of  Crispi  was  defeated  on  a 
show  of  hands,  and  the  Chamber  pro- 
ceeded to  the  next  business.  Although 
now  advanced  in  years,  Signor  Crispi  con- 
tinues to  follow  the  varying  fortunes  ef 
his  native  land  with  the  keen  interest  of 
a  true  patriot.  In  the  autumn  of  1898 
Crispi  wrote  an  article  on  the  Anarchist 
Conference  of  European  Powers  for  an 
English  newspaper.  He  is  sometimes 
called  the  Grand  Old  Man  of  Italy. 

CRITCHETT,  George  Anderson, 
F.R.C.S.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  Ophthalmic  Surgeon, 
was  born   in  London   on   Dec.  18,  1845, 


CROCKETT  —  CEOFTS 


255 


and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  George 
Critohett,  F.R.C.S.      He  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  where  he  gained  the  prize  for 
English  Literature,  and  at  Gaius  College, 
Cambridge.      He  graduated  B.A.  in  1867, 
subsequently   studied    for    some    time   in 
Germany    and     France,     and     graduated 
M.A.  in  1873.     He  became  a  Member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England 
in  1872,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh  in   1880.      He 
was  appointed  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  the 
Royal  Free  Hospital  in  1879,  but  resigned 
that  office  in  1881,  when  he  was  appointed 
Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
and   Lecturer   on  Ophthalmology   at    the 
Medical  School.     He  was  President  of  the 
Ophthalmic  Section  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  at  the  meeting  held  in  Leeds 
in     1889,     and     delivered    the     opening 
address  for  discussion,  the  subject  being 
"The  Treatment  of  Immature  Cataract." 
He  is  Honorary  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  the  Actors'  As- 
sociation, and  the  Infant  Orphan  Asylum 
at  Wanstead.  He  was  Vice-President  of  the 
Ophthalmological    Society  of    the  United 
Kingdom  from  1894  till  1897,  and  Hono- 
rary President  of  the  International  Oph- 
thalmic Congress   held  at  Edinburgh    in 
1894.    He  delivered  the  Introductory  Lec- 
tures at  St.  Mary's  Hospital  at  the  opening 
of  the  winter   session   in   1887  ;  and  has 
published  in  the  leading  medical  journals 
numerous  papers  and  lectures  on  Diseases 
of  the  Eye,  the  best  known  of  these  being 
"  Eclecticism  in  Operations  for  Cataract," 
1883  ;    '"Nature's    Speculum  in  Cataract 
Extraction,"  1886  ;  and  "  Conical  Cornea  : 
its  Surgical  Evolution,"  1895.      Address  : 
21  Harley  Street,  W. 

CROCKETT,    Samuel   Rutherford, 

Scottish  novelist,  was  born  Sept.  24,  1860. 
He  is  the  son  of  a  Galloway  farmer,  and 
was  brought  up  at  the  farm  of  Duchrae, 
in  the  parish  of  Balmaghie,  in  Galloway. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  from  which 
University  he  graduated  in  1879.  There- 
after he  travelled  extensively  for  six 
years,  returning  to  Scotland  to  take  up 
the  duties  of  minister  of  Penicuik  in 
1886.  He  resigned  his  charge  and  left 
the  ministry  some  years  later,  since  which 
date  he  has  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
literature.  He  has  written  "The  Stickit 
Minister,"  1893;  "The  Raiders";  "The 
Lilac  Sunbonnet "  ;  "  Mad  Sir  Uchtred  "  ; 
"The Play  Actress,"  1894  ;  "  Bog,  Myrtle, 
and  Peat"  ;  "  The  Men  of  the  Moss  Hags  "  ; 
■'  Sweetheart  Travellers,"  1895  ;  "  Clegg 
Kelly"  ;  "  The  Grey  Man,"  1896  ;  "  Lad's 
Love  "  ;  "  Lochinvar  "  ;  "  The  Surprising 
Adventures  of  Sir  Toady  Lion."  The  two 
books  by  Mr.  Crockett  which  appeared  in 
1898   were    "The   Standard-Bearer"  and 


"The  Red  Axe."  The  latter  was  first 
printed  serially  in  the  Graphic,  Harper's, 
and  the  Melbourne  Argus.  Mr.  S.  R. 
Crockett's  books  have  been  translated  into 
most  European  languages,  a  complete  edi- 
tion having  appeared  in  Swedish,  and  a 
translation  being  at  present  in  course  of 
publication  in  Arabic.  Mr.  Crockett's 
address  is  c/o  Messrs.  A.  P.  Watt  &  Son, 
Hastings  House,  Norfolk  Street,  W.C. 

CROFTON,  Morgan  W.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S., 
was  born  at  Dublin,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  was  from 
1870  to  1884  Professor  of  Mathematics 
and  Mechanics  at  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  and  he  is-  the  author 
of  various  memoirs,  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  on  the 
Theory  of  Probability,  which  were  pub- 
lished from  1868  to  1870.  Dr.  Crofton 
also  wrote  the  article  "Probability"  in 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica."  Address  : 
Ambrose  Place,  Worthing. 

CROFTS,  Ernest,  R.A.,  military 
painter,  was  born  at  Leeds,  Sept.  15,  1847, 
being  the  son  of  Mr.  John  Crofts,  J. P.,  of 
Adel,  near  that  town.  He  was  educated 
at  Rugby  School,  and  after  remaining  there 
several  years  went  to  Berlin.  Thence  he 
removed  to  London,  where  he  studied  for 
some  years  as  a  pupil  under  Mr.  A.  B. 
Clay.  Afterwards  he  went  to  Diisseldorf, 
where  he  became  a  pupil  of  Herr  Emil 
Hunten,  the  well-known  military  painter 
to  the  late  Emperor  William  of  Germany. 
Mr.  Crofts  subsequently  returned  to  Lon- 
don, and  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  June  19,  1878  ;  R.A.,  1896. 
Among  his  pictures  from  time  to  time  ex- 
hibited, chiefly  at  the  Royal  Academy,  are 
the  following :  "The  Retreat:  an  Episode 
in  the  German-French  War,"  1874,  now  in 
the  Public  Gallery,  Kbnigsberg,  Prussia ; 
"  One  Touch  of  Nature  makes  the  Whole 
World  Kin,"  which  obtained  the  Crystal 
Palace  Silver  Medal,  1874  ;  "  Ligny," 
1875,  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  and  after- 
wards at  the  International  Exhibition, 
Philadelphia,  1876;  "On  the  Morning  of 
the  Battle  of  Waterloo  " — Napoleon  seated 
outside  a  cottage  consulting  a  map — 1876 
(this  was  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Inter- 
national Exhibition,  1878);  "Oliver  Crom- 
well at  Marston  Moor,"  1877  ;  "Ironsides 
Returning  from  Sacking  a  Cavalier's 
House,"  1877  ;  "Wellington  on  his  March 
from  Quatre  Bras  to  Waterloo,"  1878 ;  "  On 
the  evening  of  the  Battle  of  Waterloo," 
1879,  bought  by  the  Walker  Art  Gallery, 
Liverpool ;  "  Marlborough  after  the  Battle 
of  Ramillies,"  1880,  exhibited  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  1889,  where  itobtained  a  medal ; 
"  George  II.  at  the  Battle  of  Dettingen, 
1881 ;  "  A  Pause  in  the  Attack  :  Hougou- 


256 


CROKE  —  CROMER 


mont,  Waterloo  "  ;  "At  the  Farm  of  Mont 
St.  Jean,  Waterloo,"  1882  ;  "  At  the  Sign 
of  the  Blue  Boar,  Holborn  "  ;  "  Charles  I. 
on  his  Way  to  the  Scaffold,"  1883  ;  "  Wal- 
lenstein,"  1884;  "William  III.  at  London," 
1885 ;  "  Farewell,"  1886  ;  "  Napoleon  leav- 
ing Moscow,"  1887;  "Marston  Moor," 
1888;  "The  Knight's  Farewell,"  1889; 
"  Whitehall,  Jan.  30th,  1649,"  1890  ; 
"Prince  Rupert,"  1893;  "Roundheads 
Victorious,"  1894;  "Napoleon's  Last  Grand 
Attack:  Waterloo,"  1895 ;  "The  Capture 
of  a  French  Battery  by  the  52nd  Regiment 
at  Waterloo,"  1896;  "The  Attack  on  the 
Gate-House  of  the  Chateau  of  Hougoumont, 
Waterloo,"  1897;  "To  the  Rescue:  an 
Episode  of  the  Civil  War  "  (diploma  work) ; 
and  "Charles  II.  at  Whiteladies,"  1898. 
Address  :  45  Grove  End  Road,  N.W. 

CROKE,  The  Most  Rev.  Thomas 
W. ,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of 
Cashel,  was  born  near  the  town  of  Mallow, 
co.  Cork,  May  19,  1824,  and  was  educated 
partly  at  home,  but  principally  at  the 
Chorleville  Endowed  School,  which  he  left 
at  the  age  of  fourteen.  He  then  went  to 
Paris  and  entered  the  Irish  College,  read 
there  the  usual  course  of  philosophy  and 
theology,  and  left  in  the  year  1844.  After 
spending  a  year  in  the  College  of  Menin  in 
Belgium,  where  he  taught  English,  mathe- 
matics, and  rhetoric,  he  went  in  November 
1845  to  the  Irish  College  in  Rome,  where 
lie  remained  nearly  three  years,  attending 
lectures  in  the  celebrated  Roman  Univer- 
sity, and  reading  theology  under  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  Perrone  and  Passaglia.  In  1846 
he  won  the  gold  and  silver  medals,  and  in 
the  following  year  took  his  degree  as 
Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  was  ordained 
priest,  afterwards  returning  to  Ireland. 
In  1848  he  taught  rhetoric  in  Carlow 
College,  and  in  1849  theology  in  the  Irish 
College  at  Paris.  For  the  next  nine  years 
he  was  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  the 
Diocese  of  Cloyne,  co.  Cork,  and  in  1858 
was  appointed  President  of  St.  Colman's 
College,  Fermoy.  In  1865  he  was  ap- 
pointed parish  priest  of  Doneraile  and 
Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of  Cloyne.  Five 
years  later  he  accepted  the  Bishopric  of 
Auckland,  New  Zealand,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1874.  In  1875  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  Archiepiscopal  See  of  Cashel. 
Of  late  years  Dr.  Croke's  name  has  been 
conspicuous  by  its  connection  with  the 
Land  League  and  Irish  Nationalist  move- 
ments.    Address  :  Cashel. 

CROKER,   Mrs.    Beatrice    M.,   the 

only  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  W.  Sheppard, 
Rector  of  Kilgefin,  co.  Roscommon,  was 
educated  at  Rockferry,  Cheshire,  and  is 
married  to  Lieut.-Colonel  J.  Croker.  She 
has  written  a  large  number   of   novels, 


amongst  which  there  may  be  mentioned  : 
"Proper  Pride,"  1882;  "Pretty  Miss 
Neville."  1883  ;  "Some  One  Else,"  1884  ; 
"Diana  Barrington,"  1888;  "Two  Mas- 
ters," 1890;  "A  Family  Likeness,"  1892  ; 
"  A  Third  Person,"  1893  ;  "  To  Let,"  1893  ; 
"  Mr.  Jervis,"  1894  ;  "  Village  Tales,  and 
Jungle  Tragedies,"  1894;  "Married  or 
Single,"  1895  ;  "Beyond  the  Pale,"  1897; 
"Miss  Balmaine's  Past,"  1898.  Many  of 
Mrs.  Croker's  books  have  been  translated 
into  French  and  German,  and  a  few  into 
Norwegian.  Address  :  3  Radnor  Cliff, 
Sandgate,  Kent. 

CROMER,  Viscount,  The  Right 
Hon.  Sir  Evelyn  Baring,  G.  C.  B., 
G.C.M.G.,  K.C.S.I.,  "Maker  of  Modern 
Egypt,"  was  born  at  Cromer  Hall,  Norfolk, 
on  Feb.  26,  1841.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Baring,  M.P.,  by  adaughter  of  the  late 
Vice-Admiral  Windham.  Af tersomeprivate 
tuition  at  home,  young  Baring  was  sent  to 
the  Ordnance  School,  Carshalton,  and  sub- 
sequently joined  the  Woolwich  Academy, 
to  qualify  for  a  commission  in  the  army. 
He  became  a  Lieutenant  of  the  Royal 
Artillery  in  1858,  and  was  promoted  Captain 
in  1868,  in  which  year  he  entered  the  Staff 
College.  Some  two  years  later  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  military  essays  which 
attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention.  This 
was  followed  by  a  translation  of  a  German 
work  on  military  organisation.  In  the 
early  sixties,  Mr.  Baring  was  stationed  at 
Corfu,  and  served  as  A.D.C.  to  the  High 
Commissioner  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  Sir 
Henry  Storks.  In  1865  he  accompanied 
that  gentleman  to  Jamaica  when  he  went 
to  preside  over  the  Commission  which  was 
sent  to  inquire  into  the  circumstances  of 
the  outbreak  that  had  been  suppressed  by 
Governor  Eyre.  From  1872  to  1876  he 
was  private  secretary  to  his  cousin,  Lord 
Northbrook,  who  was  then  Viceroy  of 
India.  About  this  time  he  retired  from 
the  army  with  the  rank  of  Major.  In 
1879,  soon  after  the  purchase  by  England 
of  the  Suez  Canal  shares,  he  was  made  a 
Commissioner  of  the  Egyptian  Debt,  and 
was  also  appointed  one  of  the  Controllers- 
General  representing  England  and  France, 
when  the  Khedive  Ismail  was  deposed  by 
the  Sultan's  firman  and  Tewfik  Pasha 
became  ruler  of  Egypt.  In  co-operation 
with  his  French  colleague,  M.  de  Blignieres, 
Major  Baring  successfully  carried  on  the 
Control  until  he  accepted,  towards  the 
close  of  1880,  the  office  of  Financial 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India  left 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Sir  John 
Strachey.  His  new  appointment  was  one 
of  much  dignity,  and  afforded  great  oppor- 
tunities of  public  service.  During  his 
term  of  office  he  framed  and  carried  three 
successful  Budgets.     In  1883  he  returned 


CEOMMELIN  —  CEOOKES 


257 


to  England  and  was  created  a  K.C.S.I.  for 
his  services.  Shortly  after,  he  succeeded 
Sir  Edward  Malet  at  Cairo  as  Consul- 
General  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  and 
thus  became  virtually  Viceroy  of  Egypt. 
Sir  Evelyn  Baring  began  his  work  on 
September  11,  just  two  days  after  Hicks 
Pasha  started  on  his  ill-fated  journey  from 
Khartoum.  All  the  anxious  events  in  the 
Soudan  in  connection  with  the  fall  of 
Khartoum  and  the  death  of  Gordon,  with 
whom  he  was  in  constant  correspondence, 
added  very  materially  to  the  difficulties 
which  Lord  Cromer  had  to  meet.  At 
that  time  Egypt  was  practically  bankrupt, 
but  Lord  Cromer's  masterly  finance  has 
entirely  transformed  the  situation,  and 
the  country  is  now  in  a  prosperous  con- 
dition. The  old  corrupt  administration 
has  been  replaced  by  local  governors  who 
are  under  strict  surveillance ;  land  and 
other  taxes  have  been  reduced  ;  irrigation 
is  scientifically  and  honestly  distributed  ; 
the  prison  system  has  been  reformed,  and 
the  army,  instead  of  being  hated,  is  now 
popular.  There  has  been  a  vast  extension 
of  the  railway,  postal,  and  telegraph  ser- 
vices, and  a  corresponding  augmentation  of 
the  receipts.  Trade  has  steadily  increased 
and  public  credit  been  considerably  raised, 
and  slavery  almost  abolished.  It  is  there- 
fore difficult  to  over-estimate  what  the 
work  of  England  in  Egypt  owes  to  the 
sagacity,  fortitude,  and  patience  of  Lord 
Cromer,  who  is  one  of  the  best  living  ex- 
amples of  the  iron  hand  within  the  velvet 
glove.  In  the  early  part  of  1898  he  issued 
a  report  containing  the  history  of  the  Brit- 
ish administration  in  Egypt.  The  publica- 
tion is,  in  a  modest  and  indirect  way,  a 
testimony  to  his  own  services.  The  most 
important  point  in  the  Eeport  is  the  ques- 
tion of  the  Mixed  Tribunals  established 
by  the  Powers  in  1876.  Lord  Cromer  is 
of  opinion  that  it  would  be  undesirable  for 
Egypt  to  withdraw  from  them,  and  that 
to  abolish  the  Mixed  Tribunals  altogether 
would  cause  a  serious  dislocation  of  Egyp- 
tian affairs.  In  concluding  his  report 
Lord  Cromer  says  :  "  For  the  present  what 
Egypt  most  requires,  and  for  many  years 
to  come  will  require,  is  an  honest,  just, 
and  orderly  administration,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  supremacy  of  the  Law 
in  the  widest  sense  of  the  term.  It  is 
conceivable  that  at  some  future  time  the 
Egyptian  question  may  pass  from  the  ad- 
ministrative into  the  political  stage.  For 
the  present,  however,  that  moment  would 
appear  distant."  Lord  Cromer  has  been 
at  the  back  of  the  successive  expeditions 
which,  under  the  command  of  the  Sirdar 
of  the  Egyptian  army,  Sir  H.,  now  Lord, 
Kitchener,  have  won  back  Dongola,  Berber, 
and  Khartoum  from  the  Khalifa.  Before 
the  battle  at  Atbara  he  issued  an  edict 


against  war  correspondents  accompanying 
the  forces,  but  had  to  withdraw  it  in  con- 
sequence of  the  storm  it  raised  in  England. 
He  was  created  a  peer  in  1892,  taking  his 
title  from  his  birthplace.  In  the  same  year 
Oxford  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
D.C.L.  Lord  Cromer  has  also  the  order 
of  the  Medjidie  of  the  first  class.  He 
married,  in  1876,  Ethel,  a  daughter  of 
Sir  Rowland  Errington,  and  has  issue. 
Lady  Cromer  died  at  Cairo  on  Oct.  16, 
1898.  Her  loss  will  be  much  felt  by  all 
classes  who  came  under  the  influence  of 
her  charming  personality.  Lord  Cromer 
was  created  a  Viscount  at  New  Year  1899. 

CROMMEIilN,  May  de  la  Cherois 

(May  Crommelin),  daughter  of  the  late  S. 
de  la  Cherois  Crommelin,  of  Car«owdore 
Castle,  co.  Down,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and 
was  educated  privately.  She  is  a  popular 
novelist,  who  has  achieved  some  success, 
and  amongst  her  publications  there  may 
be  mentioned  :  "  Queenie,"  "  A  Jewel  of  a 
Girl,"  "My  Love,  she's  but  a  Lassie," 
"  Black  Abbey,"  "Orange  Lily,"  "In  the 
West  Countrie,"  "Brown  Eyes,"  "Goblin 
Gold,"  "Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hemes,"  "For 
Sake  of  the  Family,"  "Love  Knots," 
"Dead  Men's  Dollars,"  "Dust  before  the 
Wind,"  "Half-round  the  World  for  a 
Husband."     Club :  Albemarle. 

CRON  WRIGHT  -  SCHREINER, 

Mrs.     See  Schbelneb,  Olive. 

CROOKES,  Professor  Sir  William, 

F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London  in  1832.  In 
1848  he  entered  the  Royal  College  of 
Chemistry  as  a  pupil  of  the  distinguished 
chemist  Dr.  Hofman,  and  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  gained  the  Ashburton  Scholar- 
ship. After  two  years'  study  he  became, 
first  junior,  then  senior  assistant  to  Dr. 
Hofman  until  1854,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  superintend  the  meteorological  depart- 
ment of  the  Radcliffe  Observatory  at  Ox- 
ford. In  1855  he  became  Professor  of 
Chemistry  at  the  Training  College,  Chester. 
In  1859  he  founded  the  Chemical  News,  and 
is  still  its  proprietor  and  editor ;  and  in 
1864  he  became  editor  of  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Science.  Mr.  Crookes'  earliest 
original  researches  were  begun  whilst  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry,  and  his 
first  paper,  "On  the  Seleno-Cyanides,"  was 
published  in  the  Quarterly  journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society  in  1851.  Since  that  date 
he  has  been  much  engaged  in  original 
research  on  questions  connected  with 
chemistry  and  physics.  In  1861  Mr. 
Crookes  discovered  by  means  of  spectrum 
observations  and  chemical  reactions,  the 
metal  thallium,  and  he  also  determined  its 
position  among  elementary  bodies,  and 
produced  a  series  of  analytical  notes  on 

E 


258 


CROOKES 


the  new  metal.  In  1863  Mr.  Crookes  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society ;  in 
1865  he  discovered  the  sodium  amalgama- 
tion process  for  separating  gold  and  silver 
from  their  ores.  In  1866  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Government  to  report  upon  the 
application  of  disinfectants  in  arresting 
the  spread  of  the  cattle  plague,  which  in 
that  year  excited  much  alarm  in  England. 
In  1871  he  was  a  member  of  the  English 
expedition  to  Oran  to  report  upon  the 
total  phase  of  the  solar  eclipse  which 
occurred  in  December  of  that  year.  In 
June  1872  he  laid  before  the  Royal  Society 
laborious  researches  on  the  atomic  weight 
of  thallium,  researches  that  extended 
over  a  period  of  eight  years.  In  1872  he 
began  his  experiments  on  "Repulsion 
resulting  from  Radiation."  His  first  paper 
on  the  subject  was  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  Dec.  11,  1873,  and  between  that 
time  and  1880  Mr.  Crookes  sent  to  the 
Society  other  communications  on  colla- 
teral subjects,  which  are  all  published 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions.  One  im- 
portant result  of  these  investigations  is 
the  Radiometer.  In  1875  Mr.  Crookes 
received  from  the  Royal  Society  the  award 
of  a  Royal  Medal  for  chemical  and  physical 
researches.  In  1876  he  was  elected  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
and  the  next  year  a  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1877  he  described 
the  Otheoscope — a  greatly  modified  Radio- 
meter, susceptible  of  an  almost  endless 
variety  of  forms.  In  1878  he  gave  before 
the  Royal  Society  a  "Bakerian  Lecture," 
containing  another  long  series  of  experi- 
ments and  observations  on  "  Repulsion 
resulting  from  Radiation."  In  1879  the 
Royal  Society  published  in  its  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  records  of  Mr. 
Crookes'  experiments  on  "Molecular 
Physics  in  High  Vacua."  In  the  same 
year  appeared  a  further  paper  on  "  Repul- 
sion resulting  from  Radiation " ;  and  he 
was  again  appointed  Bakerian  Lecturer  to 
the  Royal  Society,  his  subject  being  the 
"  Illumination  of  Lines  of  Molecular 
Pressure,  and  the  Trajectory  of  Molecules." 
In  1880  the  French  Acadimie  des  Sciences 
bestowed  on  Mr.  Crookes  an  extraordinary 
prize  of  3000  francs  and  a  Gold  Medal,  in 
recognition  of  his  discoveries  in  Molecular 
Physics  and  Radiant  Matter.  In  1881  Mr. 
Crookes  acted  as  a  Juror  at  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  Electricity  in  Paris. 
In  this  official  position  he  was  not  entitled 
to  a  medal,  but  in  the  official  report  his 
fellow  jurors,  after  discussing  the  merits 
of  four  systems  of  incandescent  lamps, 
declared,  "None  of  them  would  have 
succeeded  had  it  not  been  for  these  ex- 
treme vacua  which  Mr.  Crookes  has  taught 
us  to  obtain."  Mr.  Crookes  is  the  author 
of  "  Select  Methods  in  Chemical  Analysis  " 


(2nd  edit.,  revised  and  extended,  1886) ; 
of  the  "Manufacture  of  Beetroot-Sugar 
in  England"  ;  of  a  "  Handbook  of  Dyeing 
and  Calico-Printing"  ;  and  of  a  manual  of 
' '  Dyeing  and  Tissue  Printing,"  1882, — one 
of  the  Technological  Handbooks  pre- 
pared for  the  examinations  of  the  City 
and  Guilds  of  London  Institute.  He  is 
also  joint  author  of  the  English  adaptation 
of  Kerl's  "  Treatise  on  Metallurgy."  He 
has  edited  the  three  last  editions  of 
Mitchell's  "Manual  of  Practical  Assay- 
ing," and  has  translated  into  English  and 
edited  Reimann's  "Aniline  and  its  Deriva- 
tives," Wagner's  "Chemical  Technology," 
Auerbach's  "  Anthracen  and  its  Deriva- 
tives" (2nd  edit.  1890),  and  Ville's  "Arti- 
ficial Manures "  (2nd  edit.  1882).  Mr. 
Crookes  is  an  authority  on  the  subject 
of  water  supply  and  sanitary  questions, 
especially  the  disposal  of  town-sewage, 
and  his  views  have  been  laid  before  the 
public  in  two  pamphlets,  "  A  Solution  of 
the  Sewage  Question"  and  "The  Profit- 
able Disposal  of  Sewage."  Since  the  year 
1881  he  has,  in  conjunction  at  the  present 
time  with  Professor  Dewar,  carried  out 
daily  analyses  of  the  waters  supplied  to 
the  Metropolis,  and  has  published  monthly 
reports  on  their  quality  and  composition. 
Since  1883  Mr.  Crookes  has  been  almost 
exclusively  engaged  with  researches  on 
the  nature  and  constitution  of  the  Rare 
Earths  as  interpreted  by  the  "Radiant 
Matter"  test,  a  new  method  of  spectro- 
scopic examination,  the  outcome  of  his 
earlier  discoveries  on  "Radiant  Matter," 
which  seems  likely  to  throw  a  side-light 
on  the  origin  and  constitution  of  the 
elements.  On  this  subject  he  has  com- 
municated many  papers  to  the  Royal  and 
other  societies,  some  of  the  most  important 
being  the  following:  "Radiant  Matter 
Spectroscopy";  the  " Detection  and  Wide 
Distribution  of  Yttrium,"  the  Bakerian 
Lecture  for  1883 ;  "  On  Radiant  Matter 
Spectroscopy,  Part  II.,  Samarium" ;  "Notes 
on  the  Spectra  of  Erbia,  and  the  Earth 
Ya  "  ;  "  On  some  New  Elements  in  Gado- 
linite  and  Sarmarskite,  detected  Spectro- 
scopically";  "On  the  Crimson  Line  of 
Phosphorescent  Alumina."  In  1882  Mr. 
Crookes  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum  Club,  under  Rule  2.  In  1886 
Mr.  Crookes  was  elected  President  of  the 
Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, and  at  their  Birmingham  meeting 
that  year  he  delivered  an  address  in  which 
he  propounded  some  novel  speculations  on 
the  probable  origin  of  the  Chemical  Ele- 
ments, showing  that  the  balance  of  evidence 
was  in  favour  of  the  view  that  our  so-called 
elements  have  been  formed  by  a  process  of 
evolution  from  one  primordial  matter.  In 
1887  he  delivered  a  Friday  evening  dis- 
course before  the  members  of  the  Royal 


CROSS  —  CROUD  ACE 


259 


Institution  on  the  "  Genesis  of  the  Ele- 
ments." In  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society ;  he 
held  office  for  the  usual  period  of  two 
years,  and  at  the  anniversary  meetings  he 
delivered  two  addresses,  one  on  "  Elements 
and  Meta-Elements,"  and  the  other  on 
"  The  Spectroscopic  History  of  the  so- 
called  Bare  Earths."  In  1888  Mr.  Orookes 
was  awarded  the  Davy  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  for  his  Radiant  Matter  researches. 
In  1897  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood "in  recognition  of  the  eminent 
services  he  had  rendered  to  the  advance 
of  scientific  knowledge  during  Her  Ma- 
jesty's reign."  In  the  same  year  he  was 
selected  for  the  office  of  President  of  the 
British  Association  at  their  meeting  at 
Bristol.  Addresses :  7  Kensington  Park 
Gardens,  W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CROSS,  Viscount,  The  Right  Hon. 
Richard  Assheton  Cross,  G.C.B., 
G.C.S.I.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  D.L.,  J.P., 
Lord  Privy  Seal,  was  born  at  Red  Scar, 
near  Preston,  May  30,  1823,  being  the 
third  son  of  the  late  William  Cross,  Esq., 
by  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late  Edward 
Chaffers,  Esq.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby 
School  under  Dr.  Arnold,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1846.  In  1819  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
for  several  years  he  went  the  Northern 
Circuit.  He  was  elected  M.  P.  for  Preston 
in  the  Conservative  interest  in  March 
1857,  and  continued  to  represent  that 
borough  till  March  1862.  At  the  general 
election  of  December  1868,  he  was  elected 
Conservative  Member  for  South -West 
Lancashire.  At  the  general  election  of 
1874,  Mr.  Cross  was  returned  without 
opposition.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Disraeli's  administration,  Mr.  Cross  was 
appointed  Home  Secretary,  Feb.  21,  1874, 
on  which  day  he  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council.  He  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1876,  received  the  Hon. 
degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1877,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  Oct.  24,  1878, 
and  LL.D.  St.  Andrews.  He  resigned  the 
seals  of  the  Home  Department  when  the 
Conservatives  went  out  of  office  in  April 
1880.  At  that  period  he  was  created  a 
G.C.B.,  and  was  again  returned  for  South- 
West  Lancashire.  He  was  appointed 
Home  Secretary  in  Lord  Salisbury's  short 
administration  of  1885,  and  at  the  general 
election  of  the  same  year  was  returned 
for  the  Newton  Division  of  South-West 
Lancashire.  After  the  general  election  of 
1886,  at  which  he  was  again  returned  for 
Newton,  he  was  made  a  Viscount,  and 
became  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in 
Lord    Salisbury's    administration.       Lord 


Cross  was  a  Member  of  the  Council  on 
Education,  and  an  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioner for  England ;  and  is  a  Magistrate 
for  Cheshire  and  Lancashire,  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  the  latter  county,  and  was 
formerly  Chairman  of  the  Lancashire 
Quarter  Sessions.  He  became  Treasurer 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1895,  in  which 
year  he  was  appointed  Lord  Privy  Seal. 
He  is  the  compiler  of  two  legal  works  : 
' '  The  Acts  relating  to  the  Settlement  and 
Removal  of  the  Poor,  with  notices  of  cases, 
indices,  and  forms,"  1853;  and  "The 
General  and  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace : 
their  jurisdiction  and  practice  in  other 
than  criminal  matters "  (written  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  H.  Leeming),  1858,  2nd 
edit.,  1867.  In  1852  he  married  Georgiana, 
daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Lyon,  Esq., 
of  Appleton  Hall,  Wallington.  Addresses : 
12  Warwick  Square,  S.W  ;  Eccle  Riggs, 
Broughton-in-Furness ;  and  Athenaeum. 

CROSTHWAIIE,  Sir  Charles 
Haukes  Todd,  K.  C.  S.I.,  is  the  second  son  of 
the  Rev.  John  Clarke  Crosthwaite,  and  was 
born  in  Ireland  on  Dec.  5,  1835.  He  was 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford.  Entering  the 
Bengal  Civil  Service  in  1857,  he  eventually 
reached  the  position  of  Chief  Commissioner 
of  British  Burmah  in  1883.  Two  years 
later  he  was  appointed  Chief  Commissioner 
of  the  Central  Provinces,  in  1887  Chief 
Commissioner  of  Burmah,  and  in  1892 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  North-West 
Provinces  and  Oudh.  He  retired  in  1895, 
and  was  in  the  same  year  appointed  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Notes  on  the  North- 
western Provinces  of  India,"  1870.  He 
was  created  a  K.C.S.I.  in  1888.  Address  : 
Coombefield,  Maiden,  Surrey. 

CROSTHWAITE,  Sir  Robert 
Joseph,  K.C.S.I.,  Agent  to  Governor- 
General  for  Rajputana  and  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of  Ajmere,  born  Jan.  17,  1841,  third 
son  of  Rev.  J.  Crosthwaite,  Rector  of  St. 
Mary-at-Hill,  was  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  and  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  Pusey  and  Eller- 
ton  Scholar  in  1860.  In  1863  he  entered 
the  Indian  Civil  Service,  and  in  1868  he 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  He  became  Judicial  Commis- 
sioner of  Burmah  and  Agent  to  the 
Governor-General  for  Central  India.  He 
married,  firstly,  the  daughter  of  W.  W.  T. 
Baldwin  in  1868,  and  in  1877  the  daughter 
of  S.  H.  James  of  St.  Just,  Cornwall. 
Address :  The  Residency,  Mount  Abu, 
Rajputana,  India. 

CROTJDACE,  Camilla  Mary,  Lady- 
Resident    of    Queen's    College,    was   born 


260 


CROWE 


Jan.  9,  1844,  at  Marsh  House,  Homerton, 
and  is  the  youngest  child  of  Thomas 
Croudace  and  his  wife  Camilla,  whose 
father,  Charles  Vignoles,  had  won  distinc- 
tion in  great  engineering  works  in  various 
parts  of  Europe.  Amongst  these  was  the 
suspension  bridge  at  Kieff,  and  thither 
Mrs.  Croudace  went  in  1848  to  superintend 
her  father's  establishment,  taking  with  her 
the  little  Camilla  and  one  other  of  the 
children.  Very  soon  after  their  arrival 
in  Eussia,  about  the  month  of  May,  news- 
papers arrived,  much  mutilated  and  purged 
of  revolutionary  taint,  but  containing  a 
paragraph  destined  to  bear  much  fruit  in 
the  little  girl's  after  career  :  it  told  of  the 
foundation  of  Queen's  College,  Harley 
Street.  Mrs.  Croudace's  interest  was 
aroused,  and  she  determined  to  enter  her 
daughter  as  a  pupil  in  that  the  first  college 
for  the  higher  education  of  women,  started 
by  F.  D.  Maurice.  An  opportunity,  how- 
ever, did  not  offer  itself  until  eight  years 
later,  and  in  1856  the  present  Lady-Resi- 
dent of  Queen's  College  made  her  debut  as 
a  "new  girl."  Among  the  ranks  of  the 
Professors  at  that  time  were  such  names 
of  eminence  as  Dr.  Plumptre,  Dean  of  the 
College;  Frederick  Denison  Maurice,  the 
founder  ;  C.  G.  Nicolay,  the  Librarian  of 
King's  College  ;  R.  C.  Trench,  later  Arch- 
bishop of  Dublin  ;  Dr.  John  Hullah  ;  Sir 
William  Sterndale  Bennett ;  the  Rev.  T.  A. 
Cook,  and  many  others.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  Camilla  Croudace  won  the  Pro- 
fessor's Scholarship,  and  on  leaving  the 
College  in  1861  obtained  a  first-class  certi- 
ficate in  general  proficiency,  which  entitled 
her  to  be  received  as  an  "Associate  "  when 
that  honour  was  instituted  ten  years  later. 
From  1861  to  1869  Miss  Croudace  was 
engaged  in  teaching,  for  which  she  had 
a  passion,  but  did  not  enter  school  work. 
From  1869  to  1872  she  travelled  with  her 
mother  in  Italy,  spending  long  months  in 
different  cities  studying  art  and  archae- 
ology. On  their  return  to  England  in  1872 
mother  and  daughter  settled  at  North 
End,  Hampstead,  and  remained  there  nine 
years,  spending  fifteen  months  in  Italy 
during  that  period ;  and  in  1880  Miss 
Croudace,  who  longed  to  return  to  teach- 
ing, became  an  assistant  mistress  in  the 
Kensington  High  School,  wishing  to  see 
what  modern  methods  were,  and  if  there 
were  any  improvements  on  the  education 
she  had  received  at  Queen's  College.  She 
found,  however,  that  though  the  work  was 
interesting  to  the  teacher,  it  could  be  by 
no  means  so  inspiring  to  the  pupil  as  the 
College  system.  Fortunately,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  1881,  she  was  able  to  resume 
her  connection  with  Queen's  College,  where 
she  was  appointed  Lady-Resident  by  the 
very  Professors  who  had  educated  her 
twenty  years  before.     It  has  been  her  sad 


duty  to  mourn  one  by  one  the  death  of  these 
venerable  teachers,  while  a  new  genera- 
tion has  arisen.  At  her  appointment  the 
Rev.  J.  LI.  Davis  was  Principal,  and  he 
was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Canon  Elwyn 
from  1886  to  1894,  who  shortly  before  his 
death  was  followed  in  office  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  C.  J.  Robinson,  whose  death  took  place 
in  November  1898.  Great  exertions  were 
made  by  Miss  Croudace  in  the  spring  of 
1898  to  celebrate  the  College  Jubilee 
worthily.  The  buildings  had  been  en- 
larged and  beautified,  and  the  first  week 
in  May  was  given  up  to  entertaining  the 
crowds  of  old  pupils,  who  came  from  far 
and  near  to  commemorate  the  event,  while 
the  crowning  honour  of  the  celebration 
vises  a  visit  from  her  Majesty  the  Queen 
on  May  9th.  An  address  was  offered  by 
the  Council  and  Committee,  and  a  basket 
of  roses  was  presented  by  the  Lady-Resi- 
dent's niece,  Kathleen  Camilla  Croudace. 
It  is  the  Lady-Resident's  aim  to  keep  up 
among  past  and  present  students  the  feel- 
ing of  devotion  to  the  College  and  venera- 
tion for  its  founders  which  she  has  herself 
experienced,  and  she  has  indeed  been  the 
means  of  handing  on  the  torch  kindled  in 
the  enthusiasm  of  fifty  years  ago.  Ad- 
dress :  Queen's  College,  Harley  Street,  W. 

CROWE,  Eyre,  A.R.A.,  an  historical 
and  a  genre  painter,  son  of  Eyre  Evans- 
Crowe,  historian,  born  in  London  in  Octo- 
ber 1824,  studied  painting  in  the  atelier  of 
Paul  Delaroche  at  Paris.  He  went  with 
that  distinguished  artist  and  his  other 
pupils  to  Rome  in  1844.  Acting  as  amanu- 
ensis to  Mr.  W.  M.  Thackeray,  he  visited 
the  United  States  in  1852-53,  writing  in 
1893  on  that  subject,  "  With  Thackeray  in 
America,"  and  in  the  year  1897,  "  Haunts 
and  Homes  of  W.  M.  Thackeray,"  in 
Scribner.  He  is  an  occasional  inspector 
of  the  Science  and  Art  Department.  Mr. 
Eyre  Crowe  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy  in  April  1876.  Amongst 
his  paintings  may  be  mentioned  :  "  Gold- 
smith's Mourners,"  1863  ;  "Friends,"  1871; 
"Blue  Coat  Subjects,"  1872;  "French 
Savants  in  Egypt,"  1875:  "The  Rehear- 
sal," 1876;  "Sanctuary,"  "Prayer,"  and 
"  Bridal  Procession  at  St.  Maclou,  Rouen," 
1877;  "School  Treat,"  1878;  "Blue  Coat 
Bovs  returning  from  their  Holiday," 
"Marat:  13  July  1793,"  "The  Blind 
Beggar,"  and  "  The  Queen  of  the  May  "  in 
1879;  "Queen  Eleanor's  Tomb"  and 
"Forfeits"  in  1880;  "Sandwiches"  and 
"  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  and  the  Spectator 
at  Westminster  Abbey,"  1881;  "How 
Happy  could  I  be  with  Either ! "  and 
"The  Defence  of  London  in  1643,"  ex- 
hibited in  1882;  "Old  Porch,  Evesham," 
in  1884  ;  "  School  at  the  Aitre,  St.  Maclou, 
Rouen,"  "A  Rifle   Match   at  Dunnottar, 


CROWE  —  CUDLIP 


261 


N.B.,"  1890;  "Peg  of  Limavaddy,"  1893  ; 
and  "  The  Brigs  o£  Ayr,"  1894;  "Baptism 
in  the  Cathedral  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne," 
Thomas  Carlyle,  &c,  1895;  "Drawing 
Lots  for  the  Guelph  Succession,"  1896 ; 
"  Trial  for  Bigamy,"  "  The  Gipsy's  Rest," 
&c,  1897  ;  "  James  II.  at  the  Battle  of  La 
Hogue,  May  1692,"  1898.  Address  :  27 
Charlotte  Street,  Portland  Place,  W. 

CROWE,  Mrs.  George,  nit  Kate 
Josephine  Bateman,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  in  October  1842.  Both 
her  parents  were  actors,  and  she  and  her 
sister,  two  years  younger  than  herself, 
appeared  in  public  as  the  "Bateman 
Children "  as  early  as  1851,  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre.  She  afterwards  pre- 
pared herself  assiduously  for  the  stage, 
and  in  1859  played  successfully  in  the 
leading  American  theatres,  her  principal 
characters  being  those  of  Evangeline, 
founded  on  Longfellow's  poem ;  Geraldine, 
in  a  play  written  for  her  by  her  mother  ; 
Julia,  in  the  "Hunchback";  Pauline,  in 
the  "Lady  of  Lyons";  and  Juliet  and 
Lady  Macbeth.  She  arrived  in  England 
in  the  autumn  of  1863,  and  appeared  210 
times  in  the  character  of  the  Jewish 
maiden  Leah,  in  an  adaptation  of  the 
German  play  "Deborah,"  at  the  Adelphi 
Theatre.  After  a  provincial  tour,  she  re- 
appeared at  the  Adelphi,  playing  Julia  in 
the  "Hunchback,"  and  other  characters. 
She  took  a  farewell  of  the  English  public 
at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  in  the  character 
of  Juliet,  in  "Borneo  and  Juliet,"  Dec.  22, 
1865,  and  was  married  to  Mr.  George 
Crowe  in  October  1866.  Mrs.  Crowe  re- 
turned to  the  stage  in  1868,  retaining  her 
stage  name  of  Kate  Bateman.  In  1868 
she  played  the  part  of  Mary  Warner,  in 
the  play  of  that  name  written  for  her  by 
the  late  Tom  Taylor,  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre.  In  1872,  and  subsequently,  she 
appeared  with  great  success  in  London  as 
Medea,  in  the  play  of  that  name.  In  1875, 
on  a  revival  of  "  Macbeth  "  at  the  Lyceum 
(Mr.  Irving  as  Macbeth),  she  played  the 
part  of  Lady  Macbeth.  She  also  sustained 
the  title-r61e  in  Tennyson's  "Queen  Mary," 
which  was  produced  at  the  same  house  in 
April  1876. 

CROZIER,   The  Right  Rev.  John 

Baptist,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Ossory,  Ferns, 
and  Leighlin,  eldest  son  of  the  Bev. 
Baptist  Barton  Crozier,  B.A.,  of  Kockview, 
Ballyhaise,  co.  Cavan,  was  born  April  8, 
1853.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  took  honours  and  prizes  in 
Classics,  Hebrew,  and  Irish,  was  Junior 
Moderator  in  Logic  and  Ethics,  gained  a 
first-class  Divinity  Testimonium,  was  Pre- 
sident of  the  University  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, Auditor  of  the  College  Theological 


Society,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1872,  M.A. 
in  1876,  B.D.  and  D.D.  in  1888.  He  was 
Curate  of  Belfast  from  1877  to  1880,  and 
in  the  latter  year  was  appointed  to  the 
Vicarage  of  Holywood,  co.  Down,  which 
preferment  he  held  until  1897.  After 
acting  as  domestic  and  examining  chaplain 
to  Dr.  Knox  from  1885  to  1893,  during 
which  time  that  Prelate  was  successively 
Bishop  of  Down  and  Archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, he  became  chaplain  to  the  Bishop 
of  Down  in  1892,  and  chaplain  to  the 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1891,  both 
of  which  offices  he  held  until  1897.  He 
was  Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Diocesan  Synod  of 
Down  and  Connor  from  1892,  and  Hon. 
Sec.  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Church 
of  Ireland  from  1896  ;  and  Canon  of  Down- 
patrick  Cathedral  from  1889,  and  Canon 
of  St.  Patrick's  National  Cathedral  from 
1896.  Dr.  Crozier  was,  in  1897,  elected 
Bishop  of  Ossory  by  the  House  of  Bishops, 
and  was  consecrated  on  November  30  of 
that  year.  He  was  married  in  1877  to 
Alice  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John 
Hackett,  M.A.  The  Bishop's  family  have 
been  settled  in  the  co.  Fermanagh  for  the 
past  300  years,  having  migrated  from  Lid- 
desdale  and  the  Debateable  Land  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  One  of  his  ancestors 
was  High  Sheriff  for  co.  Fermanagh  in 
1766,  and  the  present  head  of  the  family, 
who  lives  at  Gortra  House,  co.  Fermanagh, 
was  High  Sheriff  in  1897.  Address  :  The 
Palace,  Kilkenny. 

CUDLIP,  Mrs.  Pender,  nte  Annie 
Thomas,  was  born  at  Aldborough,  in 
Suffolk,  where  her  father,  Lieutenant 
George  Thomas,  was  in  charge  of  the 
Coast-guard  station.  She  is  a  voluminous 
writer.  Her  first  novel,  "  The  Cross  of 
Honour,"  appeared  in  1863,  and  has  been 
followed  by  "Sir  Victor's  Choice,"  "Denis 
Donne,"  1864;  "  Theo  Leigh,"  and 
"Barry  O'Byrne,"  1865;  "Played  Out," 
and  "High  Stakes,"  1866;  "Called  to 
Account,"  1867;  "A  Noble  Aim,"  1868; 
"Only  Herself,"  "Mrs.  Cardigan,"  "On 
Guard,"  "The  Dower  House,"  and  "False 
Colours,"  1869;  "The  Dream  and  the 
Waking,"  1870;  "A  Passion  in  Tatters," 
1872;  "He  Cometh  Not,  she  said,"  1873; 
"No  Alternative,"  1874;  "A  Narrow 
Escape,"  1875;  "Blotted  Out,"  1876;  "A 
Laggard  in  Love,"  1877;  "A  London 
Season,"  and  "Stray  Sheep,"  1879; 
"Fashion's  Gay  Mart,"  and  "Society's 
Verdict,"  1880  ;  "Eyre  of  Blendon,"  1881 ; 
"  Allerton  Towers,"  and  many  other  novels, 
stories,  and  sketches,  of  which  one  of  the 
most  recent  is  "Four  Women  in  the  Case," 
1896.  Miss  Annie  Thomas  was  married  in 
1867  to  the  Rev.  Pender  Hodge  Cudlip. 
Address  :  Sparkwell  Vicarage,  Plympton, 
Devon. 


262 


CUFFE  —  CUMMINGS 


CTJFFE,  The  Hon.  Hamilton  John 
Agmondesham.  See  Desaet,  Earl 
op. 

CULME-SEYMOTJR,  Admiral  Sir 
Michael,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  John  Culme-Seymour,  and  grand- 
son of  a  distinguished  admiral,  and  was 
born  at  Berkhampstead  on  March  13, 1836. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  entering  the 
Navy  in  February  1850.  Sir  Michael  served 
in  H.M.S.  Hastings  during  the  Burmese 
War,  and  was  awarded  the  medal  with 
Pegu  clasp.  He  next  saw  active  service 
in  the  Baltic,  from  which  sea  he  brought 
home  a  prize.  He  was  present  at  the 
bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  and  served 
in  the  Naval  Brigade  throughout  the 
winter  of  1854,  taking  part  in  the  capture 
of  Kertch,  Kinburn,  and  Yenikale'.  At 
the  finish  of  the  war  he  received  the 
Crimean  medal,  with  Inkerman  and 
Sebastopol  clasps,  the  Turkish  medal, 
and  the  Medjidieh  of  the  Fifth  Class.  In 
the  China  War  he  served  as  a  Lieutenant 
in  H.M.S.  Calcutta,  but  had  independent 
command  of  a  boat  at  Fatshan  Creek  and 
in  the  operations  in  the  Canton  River,  and 
was  also  present  at  the  capture  of  the 
Peiho  Forts.  For  these  services  he  was 
awarded  the  China  medal  with  three 
clasps.  Sir  Michael  was  promoted  Com- 
mander in  1859,  and  Captain  in  1865,  and 
from  1874  to  1876  he  acted  as  private  sec- 
retary to  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 
In  1879  he  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to 
the  Queen,  and  held  the  office  until  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  Rear- Admiral  in 
1882.  He  was  successively  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  the  Pacific,  the  Channel,  and 
the  Mediterranean,  where  he  held  com- 
mand for  four  years,  completing  his  own 
regulation  term  of  three  years  and  the  un- 
expired time  of  Sir  George  Try  on,  who 
was  drowned  in  H.M.S.  Victoria.  In  1894 
he  received  from  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  the 
Order  of  the  Medjidieh  of  the  First  Class, 
and  also,  as  a  gift,  a  cigar-case  studded 
with  brilliants.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Portsmouth  Com- 
mand, and  promoted  G.C.B.  Sir  Michael 
married  in  1866  Mary,  a  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Richard  Watson,  of  Rockinghapj 
Castle,  and  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  in 
1880.  Address :  Admiralty  House,  Ports- 
mouth. 

CUMMIN GS,  William  Hayman, 

F.S.  A.,  Hon.  R.A.M.,  eldest  son  of  Edward 
Manley  Cummings,  was  born  at  Sidbury, 
Devon,  on  Aug.  22,  1831.  He  is  Principal 
of  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Incorporated  Staff  Sight-Sing- 
ing College,  Hon.  Treasurer  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Musicians,  Hon.  Treasurer  of 
the  Philharmonic  Society,  Vice-President 


of  the  Musical  Association,  Member  of  the 
Council  of  the  National  Society  of  Profes- 
sional Musicians,  and  F.S.A.  When  Mr. 
Cummings  was  five  his  father  moved  to 
London,  and  the  boy  entered  the  choir 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  at  six-and-a-half 
years  of  age.  Goss  was  organist,  and  the 
sight-seeing  test,  which  he  successfully 
read  off,  was  from  an  anthem  by  Jeremiah 
Clarke.  Afterwards  the  boy  was  moved  to 
the  Temple  Church,  where  he  remained 
till  his  voice  broke,  studying  the  organ 
meanwhile  under  Mr.  Hopkins,  so  that  he 
was  able  when  still  in  his  teens  to  take 
an  appointment  as  organist  at  Waltham 
Abbey.  From  there  he  returned  to  Lon- 
don, and  the  gradual  development  of  a 
fine  tenor  voice  fixed  his  musical  path. 
He  studied  under  Hobbs,  a  tenor  singer 
and  composer  well  known  in  his  day,  and 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  times  was 
articled  to  him  for  three  years,  during 
which  he  had  to  deputise  for  him,  both  in 
teaching  and  singing.  Soon  he  was  ap- 
pointed as  tenor  singer  in  the  choirs  of 
the  Temple,  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the 
Chapels  Royal.  It  was,  however,  impos- 
sible that  he  should  rest  satisfied  with 
laurels  of  this  kind.  The  routine  was  too 
quiet,  and  the  public  soon  found  out  the 
purity  and  ease  of  his  voice,  the  refine- 
ment of  his  phrasing,  and  the  delicacy 
of  his  pronunciation.  Mr.  Cummings 
stepped  into  the  front  rank  of  our  native 
singers,  and  for  a  long  period  was  in  con- 
stant demand  at  oratorios  and  concerts. 
As  a  boy  Mr.  Cummings  sang  in  the  first 
performance  in  London  of  "  Elijah."  The 
alto  part  was  too  high  for  the  men,  and 
women  altos  at  that  time  were  few.  So 
some  of  the  Temple  boys,  who  were  good 
readers,  were  put  on  to  the  chorus  alto 
part.  When  the  performance  was  over, 
Mendelssohn  in  passing  the  boy  patted 
him  on  the  head  and  said,  "  What  is  your 
name?"  took  the  programme  from  the 
little  hand,  and  wrote  his  own  name  upon 
it  in  pencil  as  a  memento.  This  power  of 
singing  at  sight  often  stood  Mr.  Cummings 
in  good  stead.  Once  at  the  Birmingham 
Festival  Mario  was  unexpectedly  absent, 
and,  at  half-an-hour's  notice,  Mr.  Cum- 
mings sang  the  tenor  part  in  Sullivan's 
cantata,  "  Kenilworth,"  which  Mario 
should  have  taken.  Twice  he  fulfilled 
engagements  in  America,  where  he  was 
enthusiastically  received.  Sir  Sterndale 
Bennett  composed  for  him  the  air  "  His 
salvation  is  nigh  them  that  fear  Him," 
in  "  The  Woman  of  Samaria "  ;  and  Mr. 
Cummings  possesses  the  autograph,  which 
shows  how  readily  the  composer  con- 
sented to  some  "  cuts  "  which  the  singer 
suggested.  Mr.  Cummings  has  also  done 
much  useful  work  as  a  lecturer  on  musical 
subjects,  and  is  rich  in   a  knowledge  of 


CUNNINGHAM 


263 


antiquarian  music.  He  has  composed  a 
good  deal  of  music,  a  large  number  of 
songs,  a  cantata  ("The  Fairy  Ring"), 
and  some  glees.  His  first  glee  prize  was 
won  as  long  ago  as  1847.  Mr.  Cummings' 
primer,  "  The  Rudiments  of  Music,"  in 
Novello's  series,  is  well  known.  The  eighty- 
first  thousand  has  recently  been  issued  ; 
also  a  Spanish  edition,  for  Spain  and  South 
America.  Mr.  Cummings  has  also  pub- 
lished a  "  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Musi- 
cians," and  a  biography  of  Purcell ;  and 
has  contributed  articles  to  Sir  George 
Grove's  "  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musi- 
cians," and  to  the  "  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography."  As  a  teacher  of  singing  Mr. 
Cummings  has  had  great  experience,  for 
from  1879  to  1896  he  was  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  singing  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  of  which  he  is  now  an  Hon. 
Member,  and  he  still  serves  on  the  Com- 
mittee of  Management.  In  1882  he  be- 
came Chorus  Master  of  the  now  defunct 
Sacred  Harmonic  Society,  and  subse- 
quently Conductor,  in  succession  to  Halls'. 
Among  his  other  important  appointments 
may  be  mentioned  the  Precentorship  of 
St.  Anne's,  Soho,  which  he  held  from  1886 
to  1888.  In  June  1896  Mr.  Cummings  was 
elected  Principal  of  the  Guildhall  School 
of  Music,  in  succession  to  the  late  Sir 
Joseph  Barnby,  and  since  his  accession  to 
office  he  has  planned  many  new  schemes, 
which  greatly  increase  the  value  of  the 
school  curriculum.  Address :  Sydcote, 
West  Dulwich,  S.E. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Professor  Daniel 
John,  M.D.  (Gold  Medal)  Edinburgh, 
M.D.  (Hon.)  Dublin,  D.Sc.  (Hon.)  Dublin, 
LL.D.  (Hon.)  St.  Andrews,  D.C.L.  (Hon.) 
Oxon.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Crieff,  Perth- 
shire, in  1850.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Principal  Cunningham,  D.D.,  of  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  and  Susan 
Porteous  Murray,  of  Crieff.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Morison's  Academy,  Crieff,  and 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  has 
been  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  since  1883  ;  he  is  Vice- 
President  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  and 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Zoological 
Society  of  Ireland.  He  is  the  author  of 
the  "Dissector's  Guide,"  Parts  I.  to  III.  ; 
"Report  on  Marsupialia"  in  Challenger 
Reports,  and  of  numerous  memoirs  on 
morphological  subjects.  Address  :  Trinity 
College,  Dublin. 

CUNNINGHAM,  William,  D.Sc. 
and  Hon.  LL.D.  (Edin.),  D.D.,  Hon.  Fellow 
Caius  College  (Cambridge),  is  the  son  of 
James  Cunningham,  W.S.,  and  was  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Dec.  29,  1849.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and 
Edinburgh  University,  entered  Caius  Col- 


lege, Cambridge,  in  1869,  and  migrated  to 
Trinity  College  on  his  election  to  a  scholar- 
ship in  1873.  His  literary  activity  com- 
menced immediately  after  his  degree 
(bracketed  Senior  in  the  Moral  Sciences 
Tripos),  and  he  published  several  academic 
exercises:  "Influence  of  Descartes  on 
Metaphysical  Speculation  in  England " 
(D.Sc.  Degree  Thesis),  "Epistle  of  St. 
Barnabas  "  (Hulsean  Prize,  1873), 
"Churches  of  Asia"  (Kaye  Prize,  1879), 
"Christian  Civilisation"  (Maitland,  1879), 
"Christian  Opinion  on  Usury"  (B.D. 
Thesis,  1884).  He  began  to  lecture  on 
Economics  in  1874  as  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  the  University  Extension  movement  in 
Leeds,  Bradford,  Liverpool,  Bolton,  Wigan, 
and  other  towns.  Since  his  return  to 
Cambridge  in  1878  he  has  been  lecturing 
on  English  Economic  History,  and  has 
carried  on  the  work  to  which  Professor 
Thorold  Rogers  devoted  himself,  though 
on  rather  different  lines,  as  he  has  set  him- 
self to  interpret  the  economic  facts  of 
each  period  in  the  light  of  the  ideas  cur- 
rent at  that  time.  He  has  made  important 
researches  both  in  the  economic  inter- 
pretation of  history  and  in  the  history  of 
economic  doctrine.  The  results  of  his 
work  are  mostly  embodied  in  his  "Growth 
of  English  Industry  and  Commerce  "  (Vol. 
I.  in  the  Middle  Ages,  2nd  edit.  1896; 
Vol.  II.  in  Modern  Times,  2nd  edit. 
1892) ;  but  he  has  also  been  successful  in 
inducing  his  pupils  to  undertake  special 
researches ;  the  late  Miss  E.  Lamond's 
"  Walter  of  Henley "  (1890)  and  "Dis- 
course of  the  Common  Weal"  (1893)  would 
not  have  appeared  but  for  the  encourage- 
ment he  gave,  and  several  of  his  pupils 
have  contributed  to  his  "Alien  Immi- 
grants to  England,"  1897.  He  has  acted 
as  examiner  in  Philosophy  both  in 
Edinburgh  and  Cambridge,  was  deputy 
for  the  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy 
in  Cambridge  in  1881,  and  University 
Lecturer  in  History  in  1884,  a  post  which 
he  resigned  on  being  elected  to  a  Trinity 
Fellowship  in  1891.  He  was  also  President 
of  Section  F,  British  Association,  at  Car- 
diff, and  Professor  of  Economics  at 
King's  College,  London,  1891-97.  During 
his  tenure  of  that  office  he  engaged  in 
a  vigorous  crusade  in  favour  of  a  more 
realistic  treatment  of  Economic  Science, 
and  inveighed  especially  against  attempts 
to  formulate  "  economic  laws  "  as  unneces- 
sary, inconvenient,  and  misleading  (articles 
in  Economic  Journal,  ii.,  and  Economic  Re- 
view, ii.  and  iv.).  He  has  also  exemplified 
the  realistic  mode  of  treatment  in  ' 'Modern 
Civilisation,"  1896;  "Outlines  of  English 
Industrial  History,"  with  Miss  M Arthur 
(2nd  edit.  1898);  and  "Essay  on  Western 
Civilisation  in  Ancient  Times,"  1898;  as 
well  as  in  his  "Politics  and  Economics," 


264 


CUENOW  — CTJEEIE 


1885  ;  and  "  Use  and  Abuse  of  Money," 
1891.  Since  his  ordination  in  1873  he  has 
been  regularly  engaged  in  clerical  as  well 
as  academic  work  ;  he  has  been  Vicar  of 
Great  St.  Mary's,  Cambridge,  since  1887  ; 
Proctor  for  the  Diocese  of  Ely  since  1892  ; 
he  is  Rural  Dean  of  Cambridge,  and  Hon. 
Canon  of  Ely.  He  has  published  his  Hul- 
sean  Lectures  on  St.  Austin,  1886,  as  well 
as  various  sermons  and  addresses  on  ques- 
tions of  the  day — "Path  towards  Know- 
ledge," 1891;  "True  Womanhood,"  1896. 
He  was  married  in  1876  to  Adile  Rebecca, 
daughter  of  Andrew  A.  Dunlop,  Esq.  Ad- 
dress :  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

CUBNOW,  Professor  John,  M.D., 
was  born  on  Jan.  26,  1846,  at  Towednack, 
near  Penzance,  Cornwall.  He  is  the  son 
of  Andrew  and  Esther  Curnow,  nie  Grylls, 
and  was  educated  at  Penzance  and  pri- 
vately. He  entered  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, as  a  medical  student  on  Oct.  1,  1864, 
and  gained  the  second  Warneford  Entrance 
Scholarship.  In  1865  he  obtained  a  Junior 
Medical  Scholarship,  and  matriculated  with 
honours  at  the  University  of  London.  In 
1868,  having  passed  as  M.R.C.S.  and  L.S.A., 
he  was  appointed  Assistant  House  Phy- 
sician to  King's  College  Hospital,  and  in 
1869  House  Physician.  In  1868  he  passed 
the  Intermediate  M.B.  Examination  at  the 
University  of  London,  taking  the  Exhibi- 
tions and  Gold  Medals  in  Anatomy  and  in 
Chemistry  and  Materia  Medica,  and  in  1870 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.B.,  being  University 
Scholar  and  gold  medallist  in  Medicine 
and  in  Obstetric  Medicine.  In  1871  he 
obtained  the  full  degree  of  M.D.  London, 
being  placed  first  and  awarded  the  Gold 
Medal.  He  became  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London  in 
1873,  and  a  Fellow  in  1878,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  give  the  Gulstonian  Lectures  to 
the  College  in  the  next  year,  taking  as  his 
subject  "  The  Lymphatic  System  and  its 
Diseases."  In  1869  he  was  elected  an 
Associate,  and  in  1872  a  Fellow  of  King's 
College,  London.  After  studying  at  Dublin 
and  abroad,  he  was  asked  in  1870  to  under- 
take the  duties  of  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
under  the  late  Professor  Partridge,  and  in 
1873  succeeded  his  old  teacher  in  the 
chair,  and  resigned  it  in  1897,  thus  teaching 
anatomy  actively  for  twenty-seven  years. 
During  this  period  he  wrote  many  papers 
and  showed  many  specimens  of  abnormal 
anatomy,  especially  as  affecting  nerves 
and  muscles.  For  thirteen  years  (1883-96) 
he  also  undertook  the  duties  of  Dean  of 
the  Medical  Faculty  of  King's  College. 
On  entering  on  the  duties  of  the  office  he 
was  presented  with  an  illuminated  address 
of  congratulation  by  the  students,  and  on 
his  retirement  a  complete  breakfast  service 
of  plate  was  given  to  him  by  past  and 


present  pupils  as  a  token  of  their  apprecia- 
tion of  his  services.  In  1874  he  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant  Physician  to  King's 
College  Hospital,  in  1882  Physician  with 
care  of  out-patients,  and  in  1890  full 
Physician.  In  1896  he  succeeded  the  late 
Sir  George  Johnson  as  Professor  of 
Clinical  Medicine.  In  1880  he  was  ap- 
pointed Physician  to  the  Seamen's  Hos- 
pital (late  Dreadnought),  and  is  now  the 
Senior  Visiting  Physician.  He  has  been 
Examiner  in  Anatomy  at  the  University  of 
London  (twice),  of  Durham,  and  the  Victoria 
University.  He  has  also  contributed  several 
papers  and  articles  on  medical  subjects  to 
the  medical  journals,  and  has  taken  much 
interest  in  the  different  phases  of  modern 
medical  education.  He  is  now  writing 
historical  sketches  of  King's  College  and 
King's  College  Hospital  in  the  King's 
College  Hospital  reports.  Addresses :  9 
Wimpole  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  Lon- 
don ;  and  Penzance,  Cornwall. 

CTJUBIE,  Sir  Donald,  G.C.M.G.,  D.L., 
J.P.,  M.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James 
Currie,  and  was  born  in  1825.  He  is  at 
the  head  of  the  firm  of  Donald  Currie 
and  Co.,  owners  of  the  Castle  Line  of  steam- 
ships between  London  and  South  Africa. 
Sir  Donald  takes  an  active  interest  in  all 
questions  connected  with  South  Africa, 
and  he  has  rendered  great  services  to  the 
country  and  to  the  Government.  For  his 
services  in  the  settlement  of  the  Diamond 
Fields  dispute  and  the  Orange  Free  State 
boundary  he  was  made  a  C.M.G.  in  1877, 
in  1881  a  K.C.M.G.  for  further  assistance 
during  the  Zulu  War,  and  especially  in 
connection  with  the  relief  of  Ekowe,  and  a 
G.C.M.G.  in  1897.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1880  as  Liberal  Member  for  Perthshire, 
and  in  1885,  and  again  in  1886,  1892,  and 
1895,  was  returned  for  the  new  division  of 
West  Perthshire.  At  the  last  three  general 
elections  he  stood  as  a  Liberal  Unionist. 
Sir  Donald  Currie,  it  will  be  remembered, 
has  on  several  occasions  taken  the  late 
Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone  long  trips  in  his 
ocean  steamers  when  he  was  in  need  of 
a  voyage  to  restore  him  to  health.  He 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  J.  Miller, 
in  1851.  Addresses :  4  Hyde  Park  Place, 
London,  W. ;  and  Garth,  Aberfeldy,  Perth- 
shire. 

CTJKRIE,  Sir  Edmund  Hay,  second 
son  of  Leonard  Currie  of  Bromley  and 
Tunbridge  Wells,  and  Caroline  Christina, 
daughter  of  General  Sir  James  Hay,  was 
born  in  1834,  and  educated  at  Harrow. 
He  is  the  grandson  of  the  late  Sir  James 
Hay,  K.C.B.,  and  has  for  many  years  been 
associated  with  various  philanthropic 
movements  for  promoting  the  education 
and  improving  the  social  condition  of  the 


CURRIE  — CURZON 


265 


poor  in  the  east  end  of  London.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  promoting  the  success  of 
the  People's  Palace,  and  was  chairman  of 
the  trustees  of  that  institution.  Sir  Ed- 
mund was  formerly  a  Member  and  Vice- 
Chairman  of  the  School  Board  for  London 
and  Chairman  of  the  Metropolitan  Asylums 
Board  and  of  the  London  Hospital.  He  is 
Chairman  of  the  People's  Palace.  He  was 
knighted  in  1876.  He  married  in  1877 
Harriet  Anne,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
Edward  Golding,  Vicar  of  Brimpton  and 
Maiden-Erlegh,  Berkshire.  Address:  Sea- 
field  Park,  Crofton,  Hants. 

CURRIE,  Lady  (Violet  Pane)  (nte 
Mary    Montgomerie    Lamb),    is    the 

eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Charles  J.  S. 
Montgomerie  Lamb,  only  son  of  Sir  Charles 
Montolieu  Lamb,  Bart.,  and  Mary  Mont- 
gomerie, daughter  and  heiress  of  the  11th 
Earl  of  Eglinton.  As  "Violet  Fane"  she 
has  won  a  high  reputation  as  a  poetess, 
and  has  published  "From  Dawn  to  Noon," 
1872;  "Denzil  Place,"  1875;  "The  Queen 
of  the  Fairies,"  1877;  "The  Edwin  and 
Angelina  Papers,"  1878;  "Collected 
Verses,"  1880  ;  "Sophy;  or  The  Adventures 
of  a  Savage,"  1881 ;  "Through  Love  and 
War,"  1886;  "Autumn  Songs  "  and  "The 
Story  of  Helen  Davenant,"  1889;  "Me- 
moirs of  Marguerite  de  Valois,"  1892; 
"  Under  Cross  and  Crescent,"  1896.  She 
was  married  (1)  in  1864  to  Henry  Syden- 
ham Singleton,  who  died  in  1893,  and  (2) 
in  1894  to  Sir  Philip  Wodehouse  Currie, 
then  Ambassador  at  Constantinople,  with 
whom  she  shared  the  honours  of  the  leave- 
taking  accorded  him  on  quitting  Turkey 
recently.  Address  ;  British  Embassy, 
Rome. 

CTTRRIE,  Lord,   The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Philip  Henry  Wodehouse,  G.C.B., 

fourth  son  of  the  late  Raikes  Currie,  Esq., 
M.P.,  and  the  Hon.  Laura  Sophia  Wode- 
house, was  born  in  1834,  and  educated  at 
Eton.  He  entered  the  Foreign  Office  in 
1854,  and  became  senior  clerk  in  1874. 
In  1876  he  accompanied  the  Marquis  of 
Salisbury  as  Secretary  on  his  Special  Em- 
bassy to  Constantinople,  and  in  1878  was 
appointed  (jointly  with  Mr.  Montagu 
Corry,  now  Lord  Rowton)  secretary  to  the 
Special  Embassy  during  the  Congress  at 
Berlin,  and  was  made  a  C.B.  He  was  in 
charge  of  the  correspondence  respecting 
the  affairs  of  Cyprus  from  August  1878 
to  April  1880,  and  in  1882  was  appointed 
Assistant  Under-Secretary  for  Foreign 
Affairs.  He  was  Joint  Protocolist  to  the 
Conference  in  London  on  Egyptian  Fin- 
ance from  June  28  to  Aug.  2,  1884,  and 
was  made  a  K.C.B.  Dec.  1,  1885.  He  was 
appointed  Permanent  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  April  2,  1889. 


In  the  same  year  he  was  one  of  the  British 
Delegates  to  examine  the  question  of 
boundary  between  the  Netherlands  posses- 
sions in  Borneo  and  those  under  British 
protection.  He  was  made  a  G.C.B.  in  1892. 
In  1894  he  was  appointed  Ambassador  at 
Constantinople  in  succession  to  the  Right 
Hon.  Sir  Clare  Ford,  and  has  been  the 
object  of  many  flattering  attentions  from 
the  Sultan.  His  position  in  Constantinople 
during  the  Armenian  troubles  was  one  of 
the  most  difficult  in  which  a  British  am- 
bassador can  be  placed.  Appointed  to  be 
Her  Majesty's  Ambassador  Extraordinary 
and  Plenipotentiary  in  Italy,  Sir  Philip 
Currie,  together  with  Lady  Currie,  left 
Constantinople  at  the  end  of  May  1898, 
the  occasion  marking  their  great  popularity 
in  Constantinople.  Many  British  residents 
and  the  heads  of  all  the  ambassadorial 
staffs  were  present  at  the  farewell,  and 
the  Sultan,  the  Grand  Vizier,  and  Tewfik 
Pasha  sent  their  representatives.  Sir 
Philip  Currie  arrived  in  Rome,  in  order 
to  take  up  his  new  duties,  in  June.  He 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  at  New  Year 
1899.  He  married  Lady  Currie  (q.v.)  in 
1894.  English  address  :  Hawley,  Black- 
water,  Hants. 

CURZON,  Lord  The  Right  Hon. 
George  Nathaniel,  Viceroy  of  India, 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Alfred,  4th  Lord 
Scarsdale,  by  Blanche,  second  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Pooklington-Senhouse 
of  Netherhall,  Cumberland,  was  born  at 
Kedleston  Hall,  the  family  seat  in  Derby- 
shire, on  Jan.  11,  1859.  In  1872  he  went 
to  Eton  and  began  his  successful  career 
by  carrying  off  innumerable  prizes.  Some 
eight  years  later  he  entered  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  again  took  a  large  share 
of  honours.  In  1883  he  won  the  Lothian 
Prize  for  an  essay  on  "Justinian,"  and 
soon  after  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
All  Souls.  He  was  awarded  in  1884  the 
Arnold  Historical  Prize  for  an  essay  on 
"Sir  Thomas  More,"  and  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  the  same  year  and  M.A.  in 
1886.  Mr.  Curzon  soon  showed  great 
power  of  debate,  and  was  the  most  con- 
spicuous orator  of  modern  times  in  the 
Oxford  Union,  of  which  he  afterwards 
became  President.  In  1885,  when  he  acted 
as  assistant  private  secretary  to  the  Mar- 
quis of  Salisbury,  Mr.  Curzon  unsuccess- 
fully contested  South  Derbyshire  in  the 
Conservative  interest ;  but  in  the  following 
year  he  succeeded  in  capturing  the  South- 
port  division  of  Lancashire  from  the  Glad- 
stonian  Liberals  by  a  majority  of  nearly 
500  votes.  His  popularity  in  the  con- 
stituency has  steadily  increased  since  1886, 
and  his  majorities  have  grown  at  every  suc- 
ceeding election.  Before  leaving  college 
Mr.  Curzon,  who  is  a  born  traveller,  decided 


266 


OUST 


to  study  Asiatic  countries  at  first  hand. 
His  determination  was  the  result  of  a 
voyage  round  the  world  which  he  made 
after  leaving  Eton.  In  1888  he  undertook 
a  journey  along  the  newly-constructed 
Transcaspian  Railway  and  other  parts  of 
Central  Asia  within  the  dominions  of  the 
Czar,  and  during  the  course  of  the  next 
year  he  published  his  work  on  "  Russia  in 
Central  Asia."  In  1889  he  explored  Persia, 
and  acted  as  correspondent  for  the  Times, 
to  which  paper  he  contributed  a  number 
of  articles  on  the  subject  of  Persia.  He 
became  acquainted  with  the  Shah,  and 
spent  six  months  in  his  country.  He 
embodied  his  experiences  in  a  large  work 
of  two  volumes,  entitled  "Persia  and  the 
Persian  Question."  Mr.  Curzon  believes 
that  the  British  Empire  is  the  greatest 
instrument  for  good  the  world  has  ever 
seen,  and  holds  that  its  work  in  the  Far 
East  is  not  yet  accomplished.  His  book 
on  the  Far  East,  therefore,  which  was  the 
outcome  of  his  journeys  in  China,  Japan, 
and  Corea  during  1887-88  and  1892-93  was 
read  with  the  greatest  interest,  and,  com- 
ing as  it  did  at  a  critical  time,  it  was  found 
to  be  of  the  highest  value.  Mr.  Curzon's 
last  journey  was  to  the  Pamirs,  and  he 
"believes  he  knows  better  than  any  one 
can  tell  him  what  Russia  intends  in  those 
high  regions."  The  chief  outcome  of  that 
trip  was  that  Mr.  Curzon  became  a  staunch 
supporter  of  the  "  Forward  Policy  "  on  the 
north-west  frontier  of  India,  and  he  has 
recently  ratified  his  allegiance  to  the  for- 
ward doctrine.  While  in  Afghanistan  he 
became  intimate  with  the  Ameer,  and  a 
friendly  correspondence  has  been  kept  up 
between  them  eversince.  His  appointment, 
therefore,  to  the  Viceroyalty  of  India  is  ex- 
ceedingly opportune,  and  gave  great  satis- 
faction to  the  Ameer.  The  value  of  his 
contributions  to  geographical  knowledge 
was  recognised  in  1895  by  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  which  awarded  to  him 
its  gold  medal.  Mr.  Curzon's  Parlia- 
mentary career  has  been  remarkably  suc- 
cessful. He  early  caught  the  ear  of  the 
House,  and  towards  the  close  of  the 
last  Conservative  Government  he  became 
Under-Secretary  for  India.  When  Lord 
Salisbury  formed  his  present  administra- 
tion Mr.  Curzon  was  made  Under-Secretary 
for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  it  has  been  his 
good  fortune  to  fill  that  post,  and  to  repre- 
sent British  Foreign  Policy  in  the  House 
of  Commons  at  a  time  when  foreign  affairs 
have  held  the  first  place  in  public  interest. 
His  reputation  for  being  able  to  combine 
hard  work  with  extreme  readiness  of 
speech,  and  sometimes  even  with  elo- 
quence, has  grown  steadily,  though  in  his 
more  recent  speeches  and  replies  on  the 
Chinese  question  he  has  laid  himself  open 
to  very  serious  criticism.     In  August  1898 


it  was  announced  that  the  Queen  had  been 
pleased  to  approve  of  the  appointment  of 
Mr.  Curzon  to  be  Viceroy  and  Governor- 
General  of  India  in  succession  to  the  Earl 
of  Elgin.  It  was  felt  that  the  appoint- 
ment was  something  of  an  experiment, 
but  it  was  generally  conceded  at  home  and 
in  India  that  Mr.  Curzon  was  eminently 
fitted  for  the  post.  Some  surprise  was 
expressed  that  he  should  give  up  a  brilliant 
parliamentary  career  to  go  to  India;  but 
Asia  has  always  possessed  a  great  fascina- 
tion for  him  ;  and  to  obtain  at  the  age  of 
thirty-nine  years  what  is  truly  called  the 
most  splendid  position  under  the  Crown, 
falls  to  the  lot  of  very  few.  For  the  British 
Empire  in  the  Far  East  Mr.  Curzon  has 
the  greatest  hope.  He  says,  "This  splendid 
future  is  no  idle  dream  of  fancy,  but  is 
capable  of  realisation  at  no  indefinite 
period.  Moral  failure  alone  can  shatter 
the  prospect  that  awaits  this  country  in 
the  impending  task  of  regeneration."  On 
Sept.  24,  1898,  it  was  announced  that  the 
Queen  had  been  pleased  to  confer  the 
dignity  of  a  peerage  upon  the  Right  Hon. 
George  N.  Curzon,  Viceroy  designate  of 
India,  by  the  name,  style,  and  title  of 
Baron  Curzon  of  Kedleston,  in  the  Peer- 
age of  Ireland.  By  this  creation  Lord 
Curzon  is  not  deprived  of  his  eligibility  to 
the  House  of  Commons  in  case  he  ceases 
to  be  Viceroy  and  returns  to  England 
before  becoming  Lord  Scarsdale.  Lord 
Curzon,  who  is  a  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Derby- 
shire, married  in  1895  Mary,  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  L.  T.  Leiter  of  Washington,  U.S.A. 
Lady  Curzon  is  said  to  have  brought  her 
husband  great  wealth.  A  daughter  was 
born  to  them  in  1896.  In  February  1899 
Lady  Curzon  received  the  decoration  of 
the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Crown  of 
India.  English  addresses :  The  Priory, 
Reigate  ;  4  Carlton  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenfeum. 

OUST,  Henry  John  Cockayne,  is  the 

son  of  Major  H.  F.  Cockayne  Cust,  of 
Cockayne  Hatley,  and  was  born  on  Oct.  10, 
1861.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  sat  in 
the  House  of  Commons  as  Member  for 
Stamford  from  1890  to  1895.  Mr.  Cust 
was  until  lately  the  editor  of  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette.  He  was  married  in  1893  to 
Emmeline,  only  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Welby  -  Gregory,  Bart.,  and  he  is  the 
heir  to  the  earldom  of  Brownlow.  Ad- 
dress :  Cockayne  Hatley,  Sandy,  Bedford- 
shire. 

CUST,  Robert  Needham,  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  J.P.,  son  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev. 
Henry  Cockayne  Cust  and  Lady  Anna 
Maria  Needham,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Kilmorey,  was  born  Feb.  24,  1821,  at  Cock- 


DAGONET  —  DALBY 


267 


ayne  Hatley,  Bedfordshire,  and  educated 
at  Eton.  He  entered  her  Majesty's  Indian 
Civil  Service  and  took  honours  in  four 
Oriental  languages  in  the  College  of  Fort 
William,  Calcutta.  He  held  the  highest 
judicial  and  revenue  posts  in  Northern 
India,  and  served  many  years  with  Lord 
Lawrence  in  the  Punjab,  being  present 
at  the  battles  of  Mudki,  Ferozeshah,  and 
Sobraon,  and  at  the  taking  of  Lahore, 
1845-46.  He  took  part  in  the  Punjab 
War,  1848-49,  and  in  the  pacification  of 
the  country  after  the  Mutinies  in  1858. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Legislative 
Council  of  the  Viceroy,  1864-65,  and  is 
Barrister-at-Law,  J.P.  for  the  counties  of 
London  and  Middlesex,  Honorary  Secre- 
tary of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  and  has 
been  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society.  He  is  also  Honorary 
Lay  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Missions 
of  the  Church  of  England.  He  has  pub- 
lished "Modern  Languages  of  East  Indies," 
1878;  "Modern  Languages  of  Africa," 
1882;  "Modern  Languages  of  Oceania," 
1887;  "Modern  Languages  of  the  Cau- 
casian Group,"  1887;  "Linguistic  and 
Oriental  Essays"  (Series  I.-V.),  1880- 
1898  ;  "  Sketches  of  Anglo-Indian  Life  "  ; 
"  The  Shrines  of  Lourdes,  Zaragossa,  and 
Loretto,"  1892;  "Essays  on  Bible  Diffu- 
sion," 1892;  "Notes  on  Missionary  Sub- 
jects " ;  "  Poems  of  Many  Years  and 
Places"  (Series  I.  1887,  Series  II.  1897); 
"Bible  Translation,"  1890  ;  "Africa  Redi- 
viva,  or  Missionary  Occupation  of  Africa," 
1891;  "Methods  of  Evangelisation  of  the 
Word,"  1894;  "Common  Features  which 
appear  in  all  the  Religions  of  the  World," 
1895;  "Clouds  on  the  Horizon,  or  the 
Various  Forms  of  Religious  Errors,"  1890; 
"Gospel-Message,"  1896  ;  "Five  Essays  on 
Religious  Conceptions,"  1898 ;  and  is  a 
constant  contributor  to  oriental,  literary, 
and  religious  publications,  and  an  earnest 
supporter  of  all  Protestant  Missionary 
Societies.  He  was  called  upon  to  read  a 
paper  on  "  The  Progress  of  African  Philo- 
logy," at  the  Chicago  Congress,  1893,  which 
has  been  published.  Dr.  Cust  is  a  Member 
of  Committees  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge,  and  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society,  a  Member  of  the  German 
and  French  Oriental  Societies,  Hon.  Secre- 
tary of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  and 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Geographical 
Society  of  Holland  and  the  American 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Boston,  United 
States.  He  married  (1),  in  1855,  Maria, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Louis 
Hobart,  Dean  of  Windsor,  brother  of 
the  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire,  and  (2), 
in  1868,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  J.  Ma- 
thews. Address  :  63  Elm  Park  Gardens, 
S.W. 


D 


DAGONET. 

ROBEBT. 


See   Sims,    George 


DAHN,  Professor  Geheimrath 
Julius  Sophus  Felix,  German  histo- 
rian, a  writer  on  German  law,  a  novelist, 
and  poet,  son  of  the  celebrated  actors 
Friedrich  and  Constance  Dahn  of  Munich, 
was  born  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  9,  1834,  and 
educated  at  the  Gymnasium  and  University 
of  Munich.  In  1862  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Jurisprudence  at  Wiirzburg, 
and  in  1872  proceeded  to  Konigsberg, 
where  he  still  resides.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  a  volunteer  in  the  war  of 
1870-71.  Amongst  his  historical  works 
the  chief  are:  "The  Germanic  Kings" 
(Die  Konige  der  Germanen),  6  vols., 
1861-72  ;  "Procopius  of  Caesarea,"  1865  ; 
"West  Gothic  Studies,"  1874;  "Lombard 
Studies,"  1876  ;  "Reasons  in  Law,"  1879  ; 
"  The  Early  History  of  the  Germanic  and 
Romance  Peoples,  I.-1V,  1881-90  ;  "Ger- 
man History,"  I.  1883,  II.  1889.  As  a 
poet,  Professor  Dahn  has  written  a  num- 
ber of  ballads  which  take  high  rank : 
"Twelve  Ballads,"  1875;  "Ballads  and 
Songs,"  1878,  and  others.  As  a  novelist 
he  ranks  still  higher.  "  Ein  Kampf  um 
Rom,"  which  appeared  in  1876,  made  a 
great  impression  throughout  Germany  ;  it 
was  followed  in  1878  by  "  Kampf ende 
Herzen,"  and  "  Odhins  Trost,"  which 
reached  a  6th  edit,  in  1883.  He  has 
written  also  :  "  Kleine  Romane  aus  der 
Vblkerwanderung,"  I.-VIL,  6  editions  ; 
"Bis  zum  Tode  getreu,"  6th  edit.,  1887; 
"Weltuntergang,"  6th  edit.,  1889,  and 
several  novels  on  subjects  from  Northern 
and  Scandinavian  history.  In  1888  he 
accepted  a  vocation  to  the  University  of 
Breslau.  In  1890-93  he  published  his 
"  Erinnerungen." 

DAI.BY,     Sir    William    Bartlett, 

M.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Charles  Allsopp  Dalby,  and  was  born  at 
Ashby-de-la-Zouche,  Dec.  10,  1840.  He 
was  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1863,  subsequently  taking  the  degree  of 
M.B.  in  1866.  He  studied  medicine  at 
St.  George's  Hospital,  and  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
England  in  1867.  He  was  for  several  years 
Aural  Surgeon,  and  Lecturer  on  Aural 
Surgery,  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  and  is 
now  Consulting  Aural  Surgeon  to  that  in- 
stitution. He  was  President  of  the  Medical 
Society  from  1894  to  1895 ;  and  is  the 
author  of  ' '  Lectures  on  Diseases  and  In- 


268 


D  ALLINGEE  —  D  ALE  YMPLE 


juries  of  the  Ear;"  "The  Education  of 
Deaf  and  Dumb  by  means  of  Lip-reading 
and  Articulation,"  1872;  "Educational 
treatment  of  Incurably  Deaf  Children  ;  " 
the  article  "Diseases  and  Injuries  of  the 
Ear,"  in  Holmes's  "  System  of  Surgery  "  ; 
the  article  "Diseases  of  the  Ear,"  in 
Quain's  "  Dictionary  of  Medicine  "  ;  and  of 
numerous  articles  in  connection  with  Aural 
Surgery,  which  have  appeared  in  the 
various  medical  journals  and  periodicals. 
He  was  knighted  in  1886;  and  was  married 
in  1873  to  Hyacinthe,  daughter  of  the  late 
Major  Edward  Wellesley,  of  the  73rd 
Regiment.  Addresses  :  18  Savile  Row,  W. ; 
and  the  Athenaeum. 

DALLINGER,  the  Rev.  William 
Henry,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
F.L.S.,  son  of  Joseph  S.  Dallinger,  artist, 
etcher,  and  line  engraver,  was  born  at 
Devonport  on  July  5,  1841,  and  educated 
privately.  He  entered  the  Wesleyan 
ministry  in  1861,  and  was  appointed  suc- 
cessively to  Faversham,  Cardiff,  Bristol, 
and  Liverpool,  remaining  in  the  last 
place  twelve  years.  From  there  he  was 
appointed  Principal  of  Wesley  College, 
Sheffield,  which  he  resigned,  in  1888,  in 
order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  the  pur- 
suit of  minute  biological  research.  For 
that  purpose  he  has  constructed  a  micro- 
scopical laboratory  near  London,  where  the 
work  he  is  engaged  in  is  still  progressing. 
Fond  of  nature  and  science,  from  early 
school-days  he  made  himself  master  of  the 
use  of  the  best  and  most  powerful  micro- 
scopical lenses,  and  being  duly  interested 
in  the  discussion  then  rife  amongst  biolo- 
gists as  to  the  origin  of  life,  he,  without 
leaning  either  to  biogenesis  or  abiogenesis, 
gave  himself  to  the  working  out,  by  micro- 
scopical research,  of  the  life-histories  of  the 
minute  forms  of  life  the  mode  of  whose 
origin  was  in  dispute.  The  best  lenses 
and  appliances  obtainable  were  employed  ; 
but  under  the  influence  of  this  work  the 
defects  and  deficiencies  of  lenses  of  enor- 
mous power  were  disclosed,  and  all  the 
years  since  have  been  employed  by  opti- 
cians and  mathematicians  in  bringing  them 
nearer  perfection.  The  result  has  been  that 
the  life-histories  of  these  minutest  orga- 
nisms have  been  worked  out  successfully 
by  Dr.  Dallinger  ;  and  it  has  been  shown 
that,  so  far  from  their  having  origin  in 
not-living  matter,  they  actually  arise  in 
spores  or  germs,  fertilised  by  a  genetic 
process  like  all  the  higher  and  more  com- 
plex forms  above  them.  Dr.  Dallinger's 
latest  work  (1885-96)  has  been,  by  the  aid 
of  still  more  nearly  perfect  lenses,  to 
demonstrate  that  the  cell-nucleus  in  these 
minute  organisms  (and  probably  in  all 
simple  cells)  undergoes  profound  changes 
prior  to  the  several  changes  of  the  body, 


and  he  is  endeavouring  by  a  study  of  the 
changes  undergone  by  the  nuclei  of  the 
majority  of  the  unicellular  animals  to 
approximate  an  interpretation  of  what  is 
involved  in  cellular  multiplication.  Dr. 
Dallinger's  earliest  work  was  rewarded  by 
an  unsought  grant  of  £100  from  the  Royal 
Society  for  further  research.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1888  ;  gave  a  series  of  discourses  on  his 
researches  at  the  Royal  Institution,  Lon- 
don, and  was  appointed  Rede  Lecturer  to 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  also 
discoursed  on  his  researches  before  the 
University  of  Oxford.  He  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Royal  Microscopical  So- 
ciety in  1883  ;  and,  at  the  request  of  the 
committee  of  the  British  Association,  went 
to  Montreal  to  give  the  principal  results 
of  his  work  to  the  British  Association 
assembled  there  in  1884,  receiving  on  that 
occasion  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  Victoria  University  ;  and  in  1892, 
at  the  celebration  of  the  ter-centenary 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  he  received, 
honoris  causd,  the  Doctor  of  Science  degree 
of  that  University.  The  University  of  Dur- 
ham in  like  manner  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  in  1896.  The  work  done 
is  recorded  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
and  the  Royal  Microscopical  Societies,  and 
has  been,  in  connection  with  other  more 
general  biological  work,  communicated  to 
several  of  the  leading  journals.  He  has 
also  been  for  many  years,  and  still  is,  a 
lecturer  on  the  Gilchrist  educational  staff. 
As  a  minister  he  has  ever  sought  to  incul- 
cate the  wisdom  of  a  fearless  acceptance 
of  scientific  truth,  and  has  endeavoured  to 
show  that  this  may  comport  with  a  firm 
hold  on  the  fundamental  truths  of  Chris- 
tianity. He  married  Emma  J.,  daughter 
of  David  Goldsmith,  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 
Permanent  address  :  Ingleside,  Newstead 
Road,  Lee,  Kent. 

DALMACOND,  See  Macdonald, 
George. 

DALRTMPLE,  Sir  Charles,  M.A., 
M.P.,  J.P.,  is  the  second  son  of  Sir  Charles 
Dalrymple-Fergusson,  Bart.,  and  was  bora 
at  Kilkerran,  Ayrshire,  on  Oct.  15,  1839. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
M.A.  in  1865.  Called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  the  same  year,  he  was  in 
1868  elected  to  represent  Bute  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  he  continued  to 
hold  that  seat  until  1885.  In  the  latter 
year  he  opposed  Mr.  Gladstone  in  his  can- 
didature for  Midlothian,  and  in  1886  he  was 
elected  Conservative  member  for  Ipswich, 
a  seat  which  he  has  since  continuously 
held.  He  was  a  Junior  Lord  of  the  Trea- 
sury from  1885  to  1886,   and  has  served 


DALTON  —  DANA 


269 


on  several  important  Commissions,  viz. : 
The  Cathedral  Establishments  Commis- 
sion, 1879-1885  ;  the  Reformatories  and 
Industrial  Schools  Commission,  1882-1883  ; 
the  Vaccination  Commission,  1890-1896  ; 
the  Scottish  Universities  Commission, 
1889-1896.  Sir  Charles  Dalrymple  acted 
as  Grand  Master  Mason  of  Scotland  from 
1893  to  1896,  is  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of 
Scotland,  and  was  created  a  Baronet  in 
1887.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
Haddingtonshire,  Midlothian,  and  Ayr- 
shire ;  and  he  was  married  to  Alice  Mary, 
second  daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Hunter- 
Blair,  Bart,  (she  died  in  1884).  Addresses  : 
Newhailes,  Musselburgh,  N.B.  ;  20  Onslow 
Gardens,  S.W. ;  and  the  Athenaeum. 

DALTON,  Rev.   Herbert  Andrew, 

M.A.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Charles 
Browne  Dalton,  Vicar  of  Highgate  and  Pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  and  of  Mary  Frances, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Blomfield,  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  was  born  in  London  on  May 
18,  1852.  He  was  educated  at  Highgate 
School,  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
being  elected  Scholar  of  his  College  in 
1871,  and  gaining  a  first-class  both  in 
Classical  Moderations  and  in  the  Final 
School  of  Litt.  Hum.  in  1875.  He  was  a 
Senior  Student  of  Christ  Church  from  1875 
to  1878,  and  in  1877  was  appointed  Head- 
Master  of  St.  Edward's  School,  Oxford. 
In  1884  he  became  an  Assistant-Master 
at  Winchester  College,  and  was  in  1890 
appointed  Head-Master  of  Felsted  School. 
Mr.  Dalton  has  edited  "  Select  Epodes, 
and  the  Ars  Poetica  of  Horace,"  1884  ; 
and  is  the  author  of  "Helps  to  Self- 
Examination  for  Boys  in  Public  Schools," 
1892.  He  was  married  in  1879  to  Mabel, 
daughter  of  Captain  Charles  Simeon. 
Address  :   Schoolhouse,  Felsted,  Essex. 


DALY, 

Louis  F. 


Frederic.       See     Austin, 


DANA,  Marvin,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  Ph.D., 
F.R.G.S.,  &c,  editor  of  Judy,  was  born  in 
Cornwall,  Vermont,  U.S.A.,  March  2,  1867, 
and  is  the  son  of  Edward  Summers  Dana 
and  Mary  Howe  Squier  Dana,  his  wife,  of 
"The  Poplars," Newhaven,  Vermont,  being 
also  lineal  descendant  of  the  Count  de 
Dunois,  1400.  His  earlier  education  was 
gained  at  Middlebury  College,  Vermont 
(B.A.,  1886  ;  M.A.,  1889).  He  also  studied 
at  the  Sauveur  College  of  Languages,  and 
received  the  diploma  of  that  institution. 
He  attended  lectures  in  the  law  depart- 
ment of  Union  University,  Albany,  New 
York,  and  gained  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Laws  in  1886.  He  then  travelled  for  a 
time,  after  which,  in  1890,  he  entered  the 
General  Seminary,  New  York,  where, 
after  three  years   of  study,  he  was  hon- 


oured with  the  Litterati's  degree.  At  the 
same  time,  he  matriculated  in  the  post 
graduate  department  of  the  University  of 
New  York,  where  he  won  distinction  for 
his  work  in  philosophy.  Already  his 
writings  were  beginning  to  attract  atten- 
tion. Indeed,  as  early  as  1889,  when  he 
was  only  twenty-two  years  of  age,  a 
volume  of  his  verses  was  published,  under 
the  title,  "Mater  Christi,  and  Other 
Poems,"  and  was  successful.  His  interest 
in  economical  subjects  caused  him  to  be 
elected  Councillor  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Civics  in  1892.  Two  years  later 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society.  He  had  been 
unanimously  chosen  class-poet  by  his 
fellow-students,  both  in  the  University 
and  in  the  Seminary.  He  was  now,  in 
1894,  elected  by  the  Alumni  of  Middlebury 
College  to  deliver  the  annual  Alumni 
Poem.  In  this  year  he  married  Gertrude, 
daughter  of  the  late  J.  Mortimer  Hill,  of 
"The  Arbors,"  Pasadena,  California, 
U.S.A.  Mr.  Dana's  literary  labours  have 
been  remarkably  varied.  In  addition  to 
the  many  poems  he  has  contributed  to  the 
leading  periodicals,  English  and  American, 
he  has  written  a  large  number  of  short 
stories,  while  his  first  novel  is  about  to  be 
published  simultaneously  in  London  and 
New  York.  Moreover,  he  is  the  author  of 
many  essays  on  scientific,  philosophical, 
and  historical  subjects.  Among  these 
"The  Sepulture  of  the  Living,"  which 
appeared  in  the  Arena  Magazine  (Bos- 
ton), for  May  1897,  perhaps  attracted 
most  attention  at  home  and  abroad.  A 
"History  of  the  Mormons,"  and  "Wars of 
the  Century,"  are  among  his  other  works. 
In  1897,  he  wrote  a  review  of  the  last 
decade  in  the  world's  history,  to  form  the 
final  volume  in  a  new  edition  of  Dr.  Rid- 
path's  "History  of  Events."  At  present 
he  is  accumulating  material  for  another 
historical  volume,  and  he  has  nearly  com- 
pleted his  notes  for  a  general  history  of 
the  literature  of  the  world.  In  October, 
1897,  Mr.  Dana  came  to  London,  where  he 
became  editor  of  Judy.  Despite  the 
demands  made  upon  him  by  his  editorial 
duties,  he  finds  time  to  do  other  work  in 
the  world  of  letters.  A  recent  example  of 
this  is  to  be  found  in  the  six  sonnets  contri- 
buted by  him  to  the  Pall  Mall  Magazine 
for  January  1899.  Mr.  Dana  is  a  skilled 
musician,  his  favourite  instrument  being 
the  violin,  and  a  good  linguist,  knowing  at 
least  a  dozen  languages.  Mr.  Dana,  when 
in  town,  takes  his  chief  exercise  in  fencing, 
of  which  he  is  very  fond,  and  in  which 
he  is  an  adept.  In  the  country  he  is  an 
enthusiastic  lover  of  all  sports,  and  is  par- 
ticularly devoted  to  hunting  and  mountain- 
climbing.  Mr.  Dana  is  a  member  of  the 
Society    of    the    Sons   of    the    American 


270 


DANCKWEETS  —  DAKTMOUTH 


Revolution,  and  he  is  a  charter  member  of 
the  Order  of  Founders  and  Patriots.  His 
address  is  1  Army  and  Navy  Mansions, 
Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

DANCKWEBTS,  William  Otho 
Adolph  Julius,  is  the  son  of  Adolph 
Victor  Danckwerts,  of  Somerset  East, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  was  born  in  1853. 
He  was  educated  at  Peterhouse  College, 
Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  July  1878.  He  is 
a  Special  Pleader  on  the  South-Eastern 
Circuit  ;  and  is  Counsel  to  H.M.  Commis- 
sioners of  Works  and  Public  Buildings, 
and  also  junior  Standing  Counsel  to  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Inland  Revenue. 
Address  :  7  New  Court,  Carey  Street,  W.C. 

D'ANNTJNZIO,  Gabriele,  Italian 
novelist,  was  born  in  1864  on  board  the 
ship  Irene  in  the  Adriatic  Sea.  He  was 
educated  in  the  College  at  Prato,  and  in 
1880,  having  been  impressed  by  reading 
Carducci's  "  Odi  Barbare,"  he  wrote  his 
first  book  of  poems,  entitled  "  Primo  Vere." 
He  then  proceeded  to  the  University  at 
Rome,  and  published  in  1882  a  volume  of 
prose,  "  Terra  Vergine,"  and  a  volume  of 
verse,  "Canto  Novo,"  and  another,  "Inter- 
mezzo di  Rime,"  in  the  next  year.  Finding 
that  the  attractions  of  the  capital  inter- 
fered with  his  work,  he  retired  to  his 
native  province  of  Chieti ;  and  thence  in 
1884  he  published  a  volume  of  short  stories, 
"II  Libro  delle  Vergini,"  and  another  in 
1886,  "San  Pantaleone,"  both  of  which 
are  filled  with  pictures  of  brutality  and 
violence.  He  also  issued  the  following 
volumes  of  poetry :  "  Isotheo,"  "Chimera," 
"  Elegie  Romane"  and  "  Poema  Paradi- 
siaco,"  but  he  holds  that  prose  is  the  best 
medium  to  express  the  complexities  of  the 
modern  soul.  He  is  best  known  in  Eng- 
land by  his  "  Trionfo  della  Morte,"  a  novel 
of  great  power,  but  distinctly  decadent 
tendency ;  it  was  published  in  January 
1896,  and  has  been  translated  into  many 
European  languages,  notably  into  English 
in  1898.  In  1897  he  wrote  "The  Dream 
of  a  Spring  Morning"  for  Signora  Duse, 
a  play  that  was  forbidden  by  the  Lord 
Chamberlain  when  Madame  Bernhardt  pro- 
posed to  play  it  in  London  in  June  1898. 
He  proposes  to  write  three  more  of  the 
same  series.  The  second  was  written  in 
1898,  "The  Dream  of  a  Summer  After- 
noon." He  is  now  said  to  be  writing  a 
drama  on  the  subject  of  St.  Francis,  to 
be  called  "Fratre  Sole,"  and  a  novel  "The 
Fire."  He  is  proposing  to  build  a  theatre 
at  Florence  in  which  Signora  Duse  can  act 
his  plays.  He  has  recently  been  elected  a 
Deputy  for  his  native  village  to  the  Italian 
Parliament.  Address  :  Villa  Cappucina, 
Florence. 


DARLING,  Charles  John,  Justice  of 
the  High  Court,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Charles  Darling,  of  Langham  Hall, 
Essex,  and  was  born  in  1849.  Educated 
by  private  tutors,  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1874,  went 
the  Oxford  Circuit,  was  made  Q.C.  in  1885, 
and  was  elected  a  bencher  of  his  Inn, 
1892.  He  was  appointed  a  Commissioner 
of  Assize  for  the  Oxford  Circuit  in  1896. 
In  1885  and  1886  he  stood  for  South 
Hackney,  but  was  on  both  occasions  beaten 
by  the  present  Lord  Chief  -  Justice.  In 
February  1888  he  was  returned  for  Dept- 
ford  at  a  bye-election,  and  sat  as  a  Con- 
servative till  his  elevation  to  the  Bench 
in  October  1897.  Many  years  ago  he 
gained  a  reputation  as  a  satirist  by  his 
skit  on  things  legal,  entitled  "  Scintilla? 
Juris."  "Meditations  in  the  Tea-Room" 
is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married,  in  1885, 
Mary  Caroline,  daughter  of  Major-General 
Wilberforce  Greathed,  C.B.,  R.E. 

DARLING,  Lord.  See  Stokmonth- 
Darling,  Loed. 

DARMESTETER,  Madame,  nee 
Agnes  Mary  F.  Robinson,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Mr.  G.  F.  Robinson,  F.S.A., 
was  born  at  Leamington,  Feb.  27,  1856. 
She  is  the  widow  of  the  late  celebrated 
French  Orientalist,  James  Darmesteter. 
For  seven  years  she  studied  at  University 
College,  giving  especial  attention  to  Greek 
literature.  She  has  published  a  volume  of 
verses,  "A  Handful  of  Honeysuckles,"  1878; 
"  The  Crowned  Hippolytus,"  a  translation 
of  Euripides,  1880  ;  "  Arden,"  a  novel,  and 
"  Emily  Bronte  "  and  "  Marguerite,  Queen 
of  Navarre,"  in  the  Eminent  Women 
Series,  1883 ;  "  The  New  Arcadia,  and  other 
poems,"  1884,  and  "An  Italian  Garden," 
1886.  Her  younger  sister,  Frances  Mabel 
Robinson,  has  won  praise  as  a  writer. 
Madame  Darmesteter  has  of  late  been 
busily  engaged  in  working  up  documentary 
material  for  her  history  of  the  Italian 
campaigns  of  the  French  King  Charles  V., 
which,  until  recently,  have  been  strangely 
neglected  by  historians.  In  1891  appeared 
"Lyrics  selected  from  the  Works  of 
A.  M.  F.  Robinson,"  &c.  In  1893  Madame 
Darmesteter  published  "Retrospect  and 
other  Poems,"  and,  in  1897,  a  "Life  of 
Renan,"  and  "A  Mediaeval  Garland." 

DARTMOUTH,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  William  Heneage  Legge,  J.P., 

was  born  on  May  6,  1851,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  6th  Earl  in  1891.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  In  1878  he  was  elected  Con- 
servative member  for  West  Kent,  and  he 
retained  the  seat  until  1885,  when  he 
became   member    for    Lewisham,   in    the 


DARWIN"  —  DAVENPORT 


271 


same  interest ;  this  latter  constituency  he 
continued  to  represent  until  1891,  when 
he  succeeded  to  the  Peerage.  He  was  for 
some  years  a  Conservative  whip  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  he  acted  as  Vice- 
Chamberlain  of  the  Household  for  part  of 
1885,  and  again  from  1886  to  1891.  Lord 
Dartmouth  was  appointed  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Staffordshire  in  1891,  and  he  became 
Provincial  Grand-Master  of  Freemasons 
for  Staffordshire  in  1893.  He  was  married, 
in  1879,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  the  2nd  Earl 
of  Leicester.  Address  :  Patshull  House, 
Wolverhampton. 

DARWIN,  Francis,  M.A.,  M.B., 
F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late  Charles  Darwin, 
was  born  at  Down,  in  Kent,  Aug.  16,  1848, 
and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  at  St.  George's 
Hospital,  London.  At  College,  he  took  the 
Degrees  of  M.A.  1874,  M.B.  1874,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  1882. 
He  was  appointed  University  Lecturer  in 
Botany,  1884  ;  Reader  in  Botany,  1888  ; 
and  became  Fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
1888.  He  acted  as  his  father's  assistant 
from  1874  to  1882;  and  is  the  joint  author 
of  "The  Power  of  Movement  in  Plants," 
1880,  and  author  of  various  papers  on 
Physiological  Botany,  and  is  editor  of 
"Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Darwin," 
1887.  In  1892  he  published  "Charles 
Darwin";  in  1894,  jointly  with  the  late 
E.  H.  Acton,  "Practical  Physiology  of 
Plants,"  1894;  and,  in  1895,  "Elements 
of  Botany. "  Addresses;  Wychfield,  Cam- 
bridge, and  Athenaeum. 

DARWIN,  George  Howard,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  D.Sc,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Charles  R.  Darwin.  He  was  born  at  Down, 
Kent,  on  July  9,  1845,  and  is  married  to 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Charles  Du  Puy,  of 
Philadelphia.  In  October  1864  he  entered 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  graduated 
in  1868  as  Senior  Wrangler,  and  was 
awarded  the  Second  Smith's  Prize.  He 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity 
College  in  October  1868,  and  afterwards 
studied  for  the  Bar,  and  was  called  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  April  30,  1872  ;  but  he  never 
pursued  the  profession  of  the  law,  and  in 
1873  he  returned  to  Cambridge.  In  1879 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  in  1885  "a  royal  medal"  was 
awarded  to  him  by  the  Royal  Society  in 
recognition  of  his  scientific  work.  He 
also  received  a  medal  from  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society.  In  1875  he  pre- 
sented two  papers  to  the  Statistical  Society 
on  consanguineous  marriages,  and  in  1876 
he  contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  a  paper  "  On  the  Influence 
of  Geological  Changes  on  the  Earth's  Axis 
of   Rotation."      This   was   followed   by  a 


series  of  papers  on  the  part  played  by 
the  tides  in  the  history  of  planets  and 
satellites.  He  has  also  been  engaged  in 
experimental  investigations  on  the  pres- 
sure of  loose  sand  (Inst.  C.E.),  and  jointly 
with  his  brother,  Mr.  Horace  Darwin,  on 
small  changes  of  level  in  the  earth's  sur- 
face, and  minute  earthquakes  (Brit.  Assoc. 
Reports).  In  1882  he  assisted  Sir  William 
Thomson  (Lord  Kelvin)  in  the  preparation 
of  the  second  part  of  the  new  edition  of 
"Thomson  and  Tait's  Natural  Philosophy." 
He  was  for  several  years  occupied  with 
the  theory  and  prediction  of  the  tides, 
especially  with  reference  to  the  operations 
of  the  tidal  department  of  the  survey  of 
India.  An  account  of  his  work  in  thia 
branch  will  be  found  in  Reports  to  the 
British  Association  for  1883-85.  Besides 
a  number  of  papers  on  various  astrono- 
mical subjects,  he  has  written  on  ripple 
marks  in  sand.  On  Jan.  16,  1883,  he  was. 
elected  to  the  Plumian  Professorship  of 
Astronomy  and  Experimental  Philosophy 
at  Cambridge,  vacant  by  the  death  of  the 
Rev.  James  Challis,  M.A.,  F.R.S.  In  1885 
he  was  appointed  a  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Meteorological  Office.  He  is  an 
honorary  graduate  of  the  Universities  of 
Glasgow,  Dublin,  and  Padua,  and  a  Mem- 
ber of  several  British  and  Foreign  Aca- 
demies of  Science.  Address  ;  Newnham 
Grange,  Cambridge. 

DARYIi,  Sidney.  See  Straight,  Sir- 
Douglas. 

DAVENPORT,SirSamuel,K.C.M.G., 
LL.D.,  fourth  son  of  the  late  George 
Davenport,  Esq.,  of  Oxford,  and  of  Great 
Wigston,  Leicestershire,  was  born  in  1818, 
and  settled  in  South  Australia  in  1842.. 
He  became  an  enterprising  cattle  and 
sheep  farmer,  and  also  occupied  himself 
with  the  cultivation  of  the  olive  and  the 
manufacture  of  olive  oil,  and  with  vine- 
yards and  wine.  He  was  Crown  Nominee- 
of  Legislative  Council  in  1846-47,  and 
Member  from  1857  to  1866.  He  has  taken 
a  prominent  part  in  the  organisation  of 
the  various  exhibitions  that  have  been 
held  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  being 
Executive  Commissioner  in  London,  1851, 
Philadelphia,  1876,  Sydney,  1879,  Mel-' 
bourne,  1880,  and  London,  1886.  He  was 
also  for  many  years  President  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society  and 
of  the  Chamber  of  Manufactures  of  South 
Australia.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  Pre- 
sident of  the  South  Australian  branch  of 
the  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia. 
He  was  knighted  in  1884,  and  in  June 
1886  he  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.,  and  in 
July  1886  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Cambridge.. 
He  married    in   1842  Margaret,   daughter 


272 


DAVEY 


of  W.  L.  Cleland. 
near  Adelaide. 


Address  :   Beaumont, 


DAVEY,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Horace,  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Peter 
Davey,  of  Torquay,  and  formerly  of  Horton, 
Buckinghamshire,  by  marriage  with  Caro- 
line Emma,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
William  Pace,  rector  of  Eampisham  and 
Wraxall,  Dorsetshire.  He  was  born  in 
the  year  1833,  and  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
from  which  school  he  was  elected  to  a 
Scholarship  at  University  College,  Oxford. 
He  obtained  a  first  class  in  Moderations, 
and  also  on  taking  his  degree,  and  was 
subsequently  chosen  a  Fellow  of  his  col- 
lege. He  was  also  Senior  Mathematical 
Scholar  and  Eldon  Law  Scholar.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
January  1861,  and  soon  rose  to  eminence 
as  an  equity  lawyer.  He  obtained  a  silk 
gown  in  1875.  He  sat  for  Christchurch, 
Hants,  from  1880  down  to  1885,  when  he  was 
defeated.  He  was  Solicitor-General  for  a 
few  months  in  1886  under  Mr.  Gladstone's 
.administration,  and  was  elected  member 
for  Stockton-on-Tees,  Dec.  21,  1888.  But 
in  1892  he  was  not  re-elected.  In  the 
trial  of  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln  he  was 
counsel  for  the  prosecution,  and  in  the 
Berkeley  Peerage  Case  (1891)  he  was 
leading  counsel.  In  October  1898  he 
was  appointed  a  Commissioner  to  make 
Statutes  and  Regulations  for  the  new  or 
revised  University  of  London.  In  Sep- 
tember 1893  he  was  appointed  a  Lord 
Justice  of  Appeal  in  the  place  of  Lord 
Justice  Bowen,  and  in  the  following  year 
was  appointed  a  Lord  of  Appeal  in  Ordi- 
nary, and  was  created  a  peer  for  life  with 
the  title  of  Lord  Davey  of  Fernhurst.  He 
is  married  to  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  John  Donkin.  Lord  Davey  is  an  Hon. 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and  F.R.S.  Addresses  : 
Verdley  Place,  Fernhurst,  Sussex ;  86 
Brook  Street,  W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

DAVEY,  Richard  Patrick  Boyle, 

youngest  and  only  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Robert  Davey,  Esq.,  of  Mileham, 
Norfolk,  and  of  Eliza  Boyle,  was  born 
July  12,  1848.  Mr.  Davey  was  educated 
in  Italy,  and  in  1870  left  Europe  for 
America,  where  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  a  journalist,  and  edited  the 
musical  and  dramatic  section  of  the  New 
York  Spirit  of  the  Times  with  marked 
success.  In  the  year  1878  he  visited  the 
West  Indies  and  wrote  a  series  of  amusing 
letters  from  Havannah  and  Nassau  (Ba- 
hamas), which  attracted  much  attention. 
In  1880  Mr.  Davey  returned  to  England 
and  joined  the  staff  of  the  Morning  Post, 
and  successfully  represented  this  journal 
at  the  series  of  exhibitions  at  South 
.Kensington,  his  articles  on  our  colonies 


contributed  to  that  paper  in  1866  being 
much  praised.  In  1848  he  joined  the 
staff  of  the  Saturday  Review,  and  con- 
tributed a  series  of  musical  and  dramatic 
articles  of  much  value  and  interest,  and 
also  a  remarkable  series  of  papers,  "  Side- 
lights of  the  French  Revolution."  In 
1893-94  he  visited  Constantinople,  the 
result  of  his  stay  in  that  capital  being 
embodied  in  a  work  in  two  volumes  pub- 
lished in  1897  by  Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall, 
and  entitled  "The  Sultan  and  his  Sub- 
jects," for  which  he  received  universal 
praise ;  it  has  been  pronounced  the  best 
book  ever  written  on  Turkey.  Mr.  Davey 
has  produced  with  success  the  following 
plays:  "Paul  and  Virginia,"  1886; 
"Lesbia"  (Lyceum  Theatre),  1888;  aver- 
sion of  Hugo's  "Marion  de  L'Orme,"  1889; 
"St.  Ronan's  Well,"  in  collaboration  with 
Mr.  W.  H.  Pollock,  1892  ;  and  "  L'HcHtage 
d'HeUene "  (Paris,  1889),  translated  into 
English  as  "  Inheritance."  This  play  has 
been  performed  1500  times  in  America. 
Mr.  Davey  is  well  known  as  a  linguist  and 
as  a  brilliant  conversationalist.  He  pub- 
lished in  1881  an  historical  romance,  "A 
Royal  Amour,"  and  in  1897  an  historical 
romance,  "  Wetherleigh,"  and  a  series  of 
volumes  on  historical  women  (Roxburghe 
Press) :  Victoria  R.  and  I.,  Mary  I. ,  Jane 
Grey,  and  Arabella  Stuart.  He  has  also 
written  "A  Wild  Hunt,"  a  comedy  in  four 
acts,  in  collaboration  with  W.  H.  Pollock, 
accepted  by  W.  Augustus  Daly.  Address  : 
12  Buckingham  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

DAVEY,  Very  Rev.  William  Har- 
rison, M.A.,  eldest  son  of  William  Davey, 
was  born  July  28,  1825,  at  Thorpe,  near 
Norwich,  and  was  educated  at  Charter- 
house, whence  he  proceeded  as  a  scholar 
to  Lincoln  College,  Oxford.  At  the  Uni- 
versity he  gained  second-class  Honours  in 
the  final  schools  of  both  Lit.  Hum.  and 
Mathematics  in  1847,  proceeded  to  his 
M.A.  degree  in  due  course,  and  in  1851 
was  Denyer  Theological  Prizeman,  taking 
as  the  subject  of  his  essay  "  The  Divinity 
of  the  Holy  Ghost."  After  spending  a 
year  at  Marlborough  as  Assistant  Master, 
he  was  ordained  in  1850  by  the  Bishop  of 
Rochester  to  the  Curacy  of  Halstead, 
Essex.  He  became  Vice  -  Principal  of 
Chichester  Theological  College  in  1852, 
and  was  appointed  to  a  similar  post  at 
Cuddesdon  Theological  College  in  1859. 
From  the  latter  year  to  1872  he  was  Vicar 
of  Aston  Rowant,  Oxfordshire,  and  from 
1872  to  1876  held  the  Vice-Principalship 
of  St.  David's  College,  Lampeter.  Mr. 
Davey  was  appointed  in  1876  a  Prebendary 
of  St.  David's  Cathedral,  and  in  1895 
Chancellor  and  Canon  Residentiary  of  St. 
David's.  Finally,  in  1897,  he  became  Dean 
of  Llandaff.     He  is  the  author  of  "Articuli 


DAVIDS  —  DAVIDSON 


273 


EcclesiEe  Anglicance,"  a  comparative  view 
of  the  various  editions  of  the  Articles  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  1861  ;  the  Books 
of  Deuteronomy  and  Joshua,  in  the  Com- 
mentary on  the  Old  Testament,  S.P.G.K., 
1876  ;  and  various  articles  in  Theological 
Eeviews.  Address :  The  Deanery,  Llan- 
daff. 

DAVIDS,  Professor  Thomas  Wil- 
liam Rhys,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Secretary  and 
Librarian  since  1887  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society,  was  born  at  Colchester.  May  12, 
1843,  and  educated  at  the  Brighton  School 
and  in  the  University  of  Breslau.  He  was 
appointed  a  writer  in  the  Ceylon  Civil 
Service  in  February  1866,  and  filled  various 
judicial  appointments  in  that  island,  where 
he  also  acted  as  Archaeological  Commis- 
sioner to  the  Government  of  Ceylon.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  by  the  Middle 
Temple  in  May  1877,  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Pali  and  Buddhist  Literature 
at  University  College,  London,  in  1882  ; 
and  was  married  in  September  1893  to 
Caroline  Augusta,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
John  Foley,  B.D.,  Vicar  of  Wadhurst, 
Sussex.  She  was  a  distinguished  student 
of  University  College,  London,  of  which, 
in  1896,  she  was  elected  a  Fellow.  She 
has  edited  two  volumes  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Croom  Robertson's  lectures.  Pro- 
fessor Rhys  Davids  is  the  author  of : 
"Buddhism:  a  Sketch  of  the  Life  and 
Teachings  of  Gautama,  the  Buddha,"  1877 
(16th  edit.,  1894);  of  "Buddhist  Suttas," 
Oxford  University  Press,  1881 ;  of  "  Vinaya 
Texts,"  Oxford  University  Press,  1882-85  ; 
of  "Buddhist  Birth  Stories,  being  Tales 
of  the  Anterior  Birth  of  Gautama  Buddha," 
and  of  "The  Questions  of  King  Milinda," 
Oxford  University  Press,  1890  and  1894  ; 
and  has  edited  in  the  original  Pali  various 
books  of  the  Buddhist  Scriptures  for  the 
Pali  Text  Society  (1882-1890).  He  has 
also  published  "  American  Lectures  on 
Buddhism."  New  York  and  London,  1894  ; 
and  a  "  Manual  of  Indian  Mysticism," 
1896.  He  was  the  Hibbert  Lecturer  for 
the  year  1881  ;  is  an  Honorary  Ph.D.  of 
the  University  of  Breslau,  an  Honorary 
LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
Professor  of  Pali  and  Buddhist  Literature 
at  University  College,  London  ;  Chairman 
of  the  Pali  Text  Society.  Address  :  22 
Albemarle  Street,  W. 

DAVIDSON,  Professor  George, 

A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  was  born  at  Notting- 
ham, May  9,  1825,  but  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Philadelphia  in  1832.  He  re- 
ceived the  rudiments  of  his  education 
from  his  mother,  then  attended  the  public 
schools  at  Philadelphia,  and  graduated 
from  the  Central  High  School  at  twenty 
years  of  age.     He  was  appointed  to  the 


United  States  Coast  Survey  in  1845,  and 
from  that  year  to  1850  he  served  on  field 
duty  from  Maine  to  Texas.  From  1850  to 
1860  he  was  engaged  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
and  in  1861  lie  made  surveys  for  the 
defence  of  the  Delaware  River.  In  1862 
he  commanded  the  armed  steamer  Vixen 
in  Florida.  When  General  Lee's  army 
invaded  Pennsylvania  (1863)  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  engineer  of  fortifications 
for  the  defence  of  Philadelphia.  Under 
direction  of  Professor  Peirce  he  undertook 
in  May  1867  a  geographical  reconnaissance 
of  the  coasts  of  Alaska,  for  the  purchase 
of  which  the  government  was  then  nego- 
tiating with  Russia.  In  1869  he  took 
charge  of  the  astronomical  expedition  to 
Alaska  to  observe  the  total  solar  eclipse  of 
August  1869,  and  was  the  first  American 
who  went  up  the  Chilkaht  River.  In  1874, 
in  charge  of  the  American  Transit  of 
Venus  Expedition  to  Japan,  he  observed 
the  phenomena  and  took  about  sixty  pho- 
tographs at  Nagasaki ;  and  determined 
the  telegraphic  difference  of  longitude 
between  that  place  aud  Vladivostock  and 
Tokyo.  In  1874  he  computed  a  field  cata- 
logue of  983  transit  stars,  aud  in  1883  he 
finished  the  computation  of  a  second  and 
enlarged  edition  of  1278  time  and  circum- 
polar  stars.  In  1874  he  had  finished  the 
computation  of  a  table  of  57,500  transit 
star  factors  to  three  places  of  decimals  ; 
and  has  in  part  computed  another  equally 
extensive.  As  one  of  the  United  States 
Commissioners  of  Irrigation  he  visited 
China,  India,  Egypt,  Italy,  and  other 
countries  of  Europe,  to  examine  and  re- 
port upon  the  systems  of  irrigation,  and 
their  application  to  the  needs  of  the 
United  States,  particularly  to  the  Pacific 
Coast  (1875).  He  has  written  four  editions 
of  the  "Coast  Pilot  of  California,  Oregon, 
and  Washington,"  1858,  '62,  '69,  '88.  He 
also  wrote  (1869)  the  "Coast  Pilot  of 
Alaska,"  Part  I.  In  1888  he  finished 
a  monograph  on  the  landfalls  of  Ulloa, 
Cabrillo,  Ferrelo,  Drake,  and  Vizcaino  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  between  1539  and  1603, 
and  has  located  every  one  of  the  localities 
mentioned  by  these  explorers.  In  1880 
he  carried  his  equatorial  telescope  to  the 
summit  of  Santa  Lucia,  6000  feet  above 
and  overlooking  the  ocean,  and  observed 
the  total  solar  eclipse  of  January  11.  In 
1882  he  had  charge  of  the  United  States 
Transit  of  Venus  party  in  New  Mexico, 
and  at  an  elevation  of  5500  feet  he  ob- 
served the  four  contacts  of  the  planet 
and  sun,  and  took  216  photographs  of  the 
planet  in  transitu,  every  plate  of  which 
was  accepted  and  measured.  In  these 
transits  of  Venus,  in  those  of  Mercury, 
and  in  occultations  of  stars  by  the  moon, 
and  in  solar  eclipses,  he  has  demonstrated 
that  the  phenomena  of  the  "black  drop," 

s 


274 


DAVIDSON 


"ligament,"  "Baily's  beads,"  &c,  are 
due  solely  to  the  unsteadiness  of  our 
atmosphere  at  the  time  and  place  of  ob- 
servation. In  1893  he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  location  and  measurement 
of  the  diagonal  part  of  the  boundary 
line  between  the  states  of  California  and 
Nevada.  He  has  devised  new  forms  of 
instruments,  notably  the  new  meridian 
instrument  for  latitude  and  time  named 
after  him,  break  circuit  chronometer,  new 
vertical  clam  for  transit  instruments,  &c, 
and  the  spirit-level  horizon  to  sextant, 
and  has  shown  the  obscure  mechanical 
defects  of  micrometers,  &c.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  a  Member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences.  From  the  incep- 
tion of  the  Geographical  Society  of  the 
Pacific  in  1881  he  has  yearly  been  elected 
President,  and  has  published  papers  upon 
the  ascent  of  Makushin  Volcano,  the  erup- 
tions of  Bogoslov,  and  other  volcanoes  of 
the  Aleutian  Islands.  Professor  Davidson 
has  held  the  position  of  honorary  Pro- 
fessor of  Geodesy  and  Astronomy  in  the 
University  of  California  since  1873,  and 
was  a  regent  of  the  same  institution  from 
1877  to  1884.  Since  1873  he  has  had 
charge  of  the  main  triangulation  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  During  his  forty-eight 
years  of  active  field  service  on  the  Survey, 
his  itinerary  shows  over  385,500  miles 
travelled,  and  always  with  instruments, 
note-book,  and  sketch-block  in  hand.  In 
answer  to  recent  inquiries  from  the  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  France,  he  has  shown 
that  he  has  written  over  2500  octavo 
pages  of  geographical  matter,  illustrated 
by  530  views,  maps,  &c. 

DAVIDSON,  John,  poet,  was  born  on 
April  11,  1857,  at  Barrhead,  Renfrewshire, 
where  his  father  was  Evangelical  Union 
Minister.  He  went  to  school  at  Greenock, 
whither  his  father  removed  in  1862,  and 
in  his  thirteenth  year  entered  the  chemi- 
cal department  of  a  sugar  refinery.  On 
the  Food  Act  becoming  law  about  a  year 
after,  he  went  to  the  Public  Analyst's 
Office.  In  his  fifteenth  year  he  returned 
to  school  as  a  pupil-teacher,  and,  on 
finishing  his  apprenticeship,  spent  one 
session  at  Edinburgh  University.  He  sub- 
sequently taught  in  various  Scotch  towns. 
He  came  to  London  in  1890,  and  has  since 
busied  himself  as  an  author,  chiefly  of 
poetry.  Mr.  John  Davidson  has  published  : 
"The  North  Wall,"  1885;  "Bruce:  a 
Drama,"  1886;  "Smith:  a  Tragic  Farce," 
1888;  "An  Unhistorical  Pastoral,"  "A 
Romantic  Farce,"  and  "Scaramouch  in 
Naxos  "  (his  best  known  volume  of  verse), 
1889;  "Perfervid,"  1890;  "The  Great  Men" 
and  "In  a  Music-Hail,"  1891;  "Fleet 
Street  Eclogues,"  1893  (second  series, 
1895);   "A  Random  Itinerary,"   "Baptist 


Lake,"  "  The  Wonderful  Mission  of  Earl 
Lavender,"  and  "Plays:  Collected  Edition," 
1894;  "New  Ballads,"  1896.  Address: 
Rayleigh  House,  Shoreham,  Sussex. 

DAVIDSON,  The  Right  Rev. 
Randall  Thomas,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, son  of  Henry  Davidson,  Muirhouse, 
Edinburgh,  and  Henrietta,  daughter  of 
John  Swinton,  Kimmerghame,  was  born 
in  1848,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1871,  and  M.A.  in  1875. 
Owing  to  a  serious  gunshot  accident  in 
1866  he  was  for  several  yea,rs  incapacitated 
from  active  work,  and  during  his  Oxford 
career  he  spent  much  time  out  of  England. 
Ordained  in  1874  to  the  curacy  of  Dart- 
ford,  in  Kent,  he  was  appointed  in  1877 
Chaplain  and  Private  Secretary  to  Dr.  Tait, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  This  position 
he  held  until  the  Archbishop's  death  in 
December  1882.  On  him  devolved,  in 
large  measure,  the  arrangements  connected 
with  the  great  Lambeth  Conference  of  100 
Bishops  in  1878.  During  those  years,  he 
contributed  articles  on  various  historical 
and  ecclesiastical  subjects  to  the  Contem- 
porary Review,  Macmitlan's  Magazine,  and 
other  periodicals.  Bishop  Lightfoot  of 
Durham  appointed  him  Examining  Chap- 
lain in  1880,  and  in  1882  he  became  Sub- 
almoner  and  honorary  Chaplain  to  the 
Queen,  and  one  of  the  six  preachers  of 
Canterbury  Cathedral.  Archbishop  Ben- 
son, on  succeeding  to  the  Primacy,  re- 
tained Mr.  Davidson's  services  as  Resident 
Chaplain  and  Private  Secretary,  and  after 
holding  that  office  for  six  months,  he  was, 
in  June  1883,  appointed  by  the  Queen  to 
the  deanery  of  Windsor,  and  became  also 
Resident  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  the 
Queen,  and  Registrar  of  the  Order  of  the 
Garter.  In  the  same  year  he  received 
from  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.D.  In  1884  he  be- 
came a  trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  in 
the  management  of  which  he  takes  an 
active  part.  In  1887  he  was  elected  by  the 
Masters  of  Eton  College  as  their  represen- 
tative on  the  governing  bodv  of  the  School. 
This  post  he  held  until  1896.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  governing  bodies  of 
Charterhouse  School,  Wellington  College, 
and  the  Royal  Holloway  College  for 
Women.  In  1888  Dr.  Davidson  acted  as 
Hon.  Secretary  to  the  third  Lambeth 
Conference,  attended  by  145  Bishops  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  and  a  few  months 
after  the  conclusion  of  its  sessions  he 
published,  through  the  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge,  a  volume 
containing  a  History  of  these  Conferences 
from  their  commencement,  together  with 
all  the  official  and  other  documents  con- 
nected with  them.     In  1891  he  published, 


DAVIES 


275 


in  conjunction  with  Canon  Benham,  the 
biography  of  his  father-in-law,  Archbishop 
Tait,  whose  daughter,  Miss  Edith  Tait,  he 
had  married  in  1878.  In  April  1891, 
Dr.  Davidson  was  consecrated  Bishop  of 
Rochester,  and  in  the  same  year  he  became, 
in  succession  to  Bishop  Philpott,  Clerk  of 
the  Closet  to  the  Queen.  This  office  he 
still  holds.  On  the  death  of  Bishop 
Thorold,  in  July  1895,  Bishop  Davidson 
was  nominated  to  the  See  of  Winchester. 
At  the  request  of  Archbishop  Benson 
(who,  however,  died  before  the  Conference 
assembled)  he  undertook  the  duties  of 
chief  Episcopal  Secretary  to  the  fourth 
Lambeth  Conference  of  Bishops,  which 
met  in  July  1897.  He  edited  the 
official  Reports  of  its  proceedings.  Ad- 
dresses :  Farnham  Castle,  Surrey ;  Lol- 
lards' Tower,  Lambeth,  S.E.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

DAVIES,  Cushman  Kellogg,  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  at  Henderson, 
Jefferson  Co.,  New  York,  June  16,  1838. 
He  graduated  from  University  of  Michigan 
in  1857,  and  chose  law  as  his  profession. 
He  was  First  Lieutenant  in  28th  Wis- 
consin Infantry  in  1862-1864  ;  was  a 
Member  of  the  Minnesota  Legislature, 
1868-1873;  was  Governor  of  Minnesota, 
1874-1875  ;  was  elected  to  the  United 
States   Senate  and  took  his  seat,  Mar.  4, 

1887  ;  was  re-elected  in  1893,  and  in 
August  1898  was  appointed  on  the  Com- 
mission to  arrange  terms  of  peace  with 
Spain. 

DAVIES,  The  Right  Hon.  Alder- 
man   and    Colonel    Sir    Horatio    D., 

K.C.M.G.,  M.P.,  late  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  was  born  in  1842,  and  educated 
at  Dulwich  College.  He  was  destined  to 
be  an  engraver,  and  was  apprenticed  to 
the  trade,  but  preferred  commerce,  and 
has  had  a  prosperous  career  at  the  head  of 
more  than  one  enterprise  of  his  own 
initiation.  In  1885  he  was  Common 
Councilman  for  the  Ward   of   Cheap  ;  in 

1888  Sheriff;  in  1889  was  elected  Alder- 
man of  Bishopsgate  Ward.  Returned  to 
Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for 
Rochester  in  1892,  he  was  unseated  on 
petition,  and  in  1895  was  returned  for 
Chatham.  He  was  elected  Lord  Mayor  of 
London  in  1897,  and  towards  the  close  of 
his  mayoralty,  in  October  1898,  was  pre- 
sented by  about  500  of  his  Chatham  con- 
stituents with  a  silver  scroll  inscribed  with 
a  congratulatory  address.  He  is  a  Lieut. - 
Colonel,  retired,  of  the  3rd  Middlesex 
Artillery,  and  is  Chairman  of  the  Visiting 
Justices  of  Holloway  Prison  and  of  the 
City  of  London  Asylum  at  Dartford.  He 
married,  in  1867,  Lizzie,  daughter  of  J.  C. 
Gordon.      During  the  Mayoralty  (August 


and  September  1898)  this  lady  was  very 
seriously  ill.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G. 
in  November,  1898.  Address  :  Watering- 
bury  Place,  Kent. 

DAVIES,  The  Rev.  John  Llewelyn, 

M.A.,  D.D.,  Chaplain  to  the  Queen,  born  at 
Chichester,  Feb.  26,  1826,  his  father  being 
the  Rev.  J.  Davies,  D.D. ,  afterwards  Rec- 
tor of  Gateshead,  and  Hon.  Canon  of 
Durham.  He  was  educated  at  Repton 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  that  Society 
in  1850.  He  was  appointed  Incumbent  of 
St.  Mark's,  Whitechapel,  in  1852,  and 
Rector  of  Christ  Church,  St.  Marylebone, 
in  1856.  He  was  appointed,  in  February 
1881,  a  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen  ; 
and  in  October  1882,  Rural  Dean  of  the 
deanery  of  St.  Marylebone.  In  1889  he 
became  Vicar  of  Kirkby-Lonsdale,  and  in 
1890  Hulsean  Lecturer  at  Cambridge.  He 
has  received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.D. 
from  the  University  of  Durham,  and  has 
been  Select  Preacher  at  Oxford.  Mr. 
Davies  has  translated  (jointly  with  D.  J. 
Vaughan)  "  Plato's  Republic  ;  "  and  has 
published  several  volumes  of  sermons  ;  an 
edition  of  Ephesians,  Colossians,  and 
Philemon;  contributions  to  "Peaks,  Passes, 
and  Glaciers,"  and  to  periodical  literature, 
also  "  Theology  and  Morality,  Belief  and 
Practice,"  1873;  "The  Christian  Calling," 
1875;  and  "  Social  Questions,"  1885.  One 
of  his  most  recent  works  is  "  Order  and 
Growth  as  involved  in  the  Spiritual  Con- 
stitution of  Human  Society,"  1891.  He 
was  a  contributor  to  Dr.  William  Smith's 
"Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  and  "Dic- 
tionary of  Christian  Biography."  For 
some  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
London  School  Board  for  the  Marylebone 
Division,  and  Principal  of  Queen's  College 
in  Harley  Street.  He  is  a  theologian  of 
the  school  of  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Maurice,  and 
read  at  the  Nottingham  Church  Congress 
of  1897  a  paper  on  "  The  Influence  of  the 
Broad  Church  Movement  on  the  Thought 
and  Life  of  the  Church."  He  married  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Mr.  Justice  Crompton, 
and  became  a  widower  in  1895.  He  has 
six  sons,  three  of  whom  have  been  elected 
Fellows  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
one  daughter,  who  is  the  General  Secretary 
of  the  Women's  Co-operative  Guild ;  and 
Miss  Emily  Davies,  the  founder  of  Girton 
College,  is  his  sister.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  Alpine  Club,  and 
made  first  ascents  of  the  Dom  in  1858, 
and  the  Taschorn  in  1862.  Address : 
Vicarage,  Kirkby-Lonsdale. 

DAVIES,  Sir  Louis  Henry,  K.C.M.G., 
the  son  of  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Davies,  was 
born  in  Prince  Edward  Island,  Canada,  in 
1845,  and  was  educated  at  the  Prince  of 


276 


DAVIES  —  DAVIES-COLLEY 


Wales  College  in  the  same  island.  Called  to 
the  Bar  in  1 867,  he  became  Solicitor-General 
of  Prince  Edward  Island  in  1869,  and  filled 
the  same  position  again  from  1871  to  1872. 
After  being  Leader  of  the  Opposition  from 
1873  to  1876,  he  filled  the  offices  of  Premier 
and  Attorney-General  of  the  island  from 
1876  to  1879.  Since  1882  Sir  L.  Davies 
has  had  a  seat  in  the  Dominion  House  of 
Representatives  at  Ottawa,  and  he  was  in 
1880  appointed  a  Q.  C.  At  the  International 
Fisheries  Arbitration  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  which  was  held  at 
Halifax  in  1877,  he  acted  as  Counsel  for 
the  British  side.  In  1896  Sir  Louis  was 
appointed  Canadian  Minister  of  Marine 
and  Fisheries,  and  became  a  member  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  Canada.  Address  : 
Ottawa,  Canada. 

DAVIES,  Mrs.  Mary,  vocalist,  born 
in  London,  of  Welsh  parents.  Feb.  27, 
1855,  was  Welsh  scholar  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music  for  three  years,  study- 
ing principally  under  Signor  Randegger, 
and  winning  successively  bronze  and  silver 
medals,  as  well  as  the  Parepa-Rosa  gold 
medal,  and  the  Christine  Nilsson  prize. 
After  remaining  at  the  Royal  Academy 
five  years,  she  was  elected  an  Associate, 
and  afterwards  a  Fellow,  of  the  Academy  ; 
acted  as  Honorary  Examiner  for  the  vocal 
competitions  of  the  Academy  in  1889  and 
subsequently  ;  and  delivered  the  medals 
and  prizes  to  the  successful  students  at  the 
Royal  Academy  Annual  meeting  in  1887. 
She  has  sung  at  various  festivals  in  the 
provinces,  including  those  of  Worcester, 
Gloucester,  and  Norwich,  and  in  London 
at  the  concerts  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society,  the  Philharmonic  Society,  and  at 
the  Richter  Concerts,  whilst  she  has  been 
associated  as  leading  soprano  with  Mr. 
Boosey's  London  Ballad  Concerts  since 
1878.  She  also  sang  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  Chicago  in  1893.  Mrs.  Mary  Davies,  in 
1880,  created  the  part  of  Margarec  in  the 
English  version  of  Berlioz's  "  Faust,"  pro- 
duced by  Sir  Charles  Halle ;  the  other 
artists  associated  with  the  work  being  Mr. 
Charles  Santley  and  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd. 
She  was  married  to  Mr.  W.  Cadwaladr 
Davies,   of  the  Inner  Temple,  March  22, 

1888.  Mrs.  Davies  acts  as  Examiner 
for  Scholarships  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Music  and  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music. 
Address  :  5  Douro  Place,  Victoria  Road, 
Kensington,  W. 

DAVIES,  The  Hon.  Sir  Matthew 
Henry,  K.B.,  MP.,  Speaker  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  of  Victoria  in  1887  and 

1889,  was  born  at  Geelong,  1850,  and  is  the 
son  of  Ebenezer  Davies,  Esq.,  and  Ruth, 
daughter  of  Mark  Bartlett,  Esq.,  Berkshire, 
and  grandson  of  the  Rev.  John  Davies,  of 


Trevecca  College,  South  Wales.  He  was 
educated  at  Geelong  College,  matriculated 
at  Melbourne  University  in  1869,  and  was 
admitted  as  a  Solicitor  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1875.  For  five  years  he  was 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Council  of  the 
Law  Institute  of  Victoria.  He  is  a  J.P. 
for  the  Central  Bailiwick,  and  was  Mayor 
of  the  city  of  Prahran,  1881-82,  and  repre- 
sented the  electoral  district  of  St.  Kilda  in 
Parliament  from  1883  to  1888.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Transfer  of  Land  and  Titles  to  Land  in 
1885  ;  was  sworn  an  ex-Councillor,  Feb- 
ruary 1886  ;  and  joined  the  Gillies-Deakin 
Government  as  Minister  without  respon- 
sible office.  He  visited  England  in  con- 
nection with  the  Indian  and  Colonial 
Exhibition,  1886-87  ;  was  Chairman  of  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Banking,  1887 ; 
elected  Speaker  of  the  Legislative  As- 
sembly, October  1887  (from  which  post  he 
retired  in  1892) ;  Chairman  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  the  Electric  Lighting  and 
Ventilation  of  the  Parliament  Houses, 
1888  ;  Executive  Commissioner  and  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Centennial  International 
Exhibition,  Melbourne,  1888  ;  returned  un- 
opposed for  the  electoral  district  of  Toorak, 
1889 ;  and  was  unanimously  re-elected 
Speaker,  1889.  Sir  Matthew'  Davies  was 
created  a  K.B.  in  1890.  He  married  Eliza- 
beth Locke,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Mercer,  Presbyterian  minister,  of  Mel- 
bourne.    Address  :  Invermay,  Melbourne. 

DAVIES-COLLEY,  John  Neville 
Colley,  M.A.  Cantab.,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  re- 
ceived his  medical  training  at  Cambridge 
University  and  Guy's  Hospital,  taking  his 
M.A.  degree  in  1867,  his  M.B.  and  M.C.  in 
1868,  and  becoming  F.R.C.S.  in  1870.  At 
Guy's  he  has  been  Demonstrator  of  Ana- 
tomy, Lecturer  on  Experimental  Philo- 
sophy, Surgical  Registrar,  and  is  now 
Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery  at  that 
hospital.  Among  many  important  posi- 
tions of  a  similar  nature,  he  is  Member  of 
Council  and  Member  of  the  Court  of 
Examiners  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England,  and  was  Examiner  in 
Anatomy  for  their  Fellowship.  He  is  also 
Examiner  in  Anatomy  at  the  "Conjoint 
Board."  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirnrgical  Society  and 
Medical  Society,  London.  He  has  con- 
tributed the  article  on  "  Injuries  and 
Diseases  of  the  Neck  and  Throat  and 
(Esophagus,"  together  with  three  others, 
to  Heath's  "  Dictionary  of  Surgery,"  and 
in  Morris's  "Treatise  of  Anatomy,"  1893, 
is  the  author  of  the  article  on  "Muscles." 
To  the  medical  journals,  especially  to  the 
"  Guy's  Hospital  Reports,"  he  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  of  articles  and  re- 
ports.    Address  :  36  Harley  Street,  W. 


DAVIS 


277 


DAVIS,  Henry  William  Banks, 
R.A.,  J.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  H.  J. 
Davis,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  was  born  at 
Finchley,  Aug.  26,  1833,  and  educated  at 
home  and  at  Oxford.  When  a  student  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  in  1S54,  he  obtained 
two  silver  medals — one  for  perspective, 
the  other  for  a  model  in  the  Life  School. 
He  matriculated  at  Oxford  in  1856,  but 
after  residing  a  few  terms  at  the  univer- 
sity, he  resumed  his  art  pursuits,  and 
was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  January  1873.  In  1861  Mr. 
Davis  painted  "Rough  Pasturage,"  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy ;  in  1865, 
"The  Strayed  Herd";  in  1866,  "Spring 
Ploughing"  (engraved);  in  1870,  "Dewy 
Eve";  in  1871,  "Moonrise,"  and  "The 
Praetorium  at  Neuf  chatel "  ;  in  1872,  "  A 
Panic"  (engraved),  and  "Trotting  Bull," 
in  bronze,  which  obtained  a  medal  for 
sculpture  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition ;  in 
1873,  "A  Summer  Afternoon";  in  1874, 
"  A  French  Lane,"  "  The  End  of  the  Day," 
and  "In  Picardy";  in  1876,  "Early 
Summer,"  "A  Spring  Morning,"  "The 
Rustling  Leaves,"  and  "Mares  and  Foals  : 
Picardy";  in  1877,  "After  Sundown," 
"Reconnoitring,"  "Contentment,"  and 
"The  Approach  of  Night";  in  1878, 
"Mid-day  Shelter,"  "Afternoon  on  the 
Cliffs,"  "Evening  Light,"  and  "The 
Lowing  Herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea  "  ; 
in  1879,  "  Cutting  Forage  on  the  French 
Coast,"  "A  Midsummer  Night,"  "Wan- 
derers," "Picardy  Sheep,"  and  "Cloud 
and  Sunshine";  in  1880,  "Family  Affec- 
tion," and  "Returning  to  the  Fold,"  which 
was  purchased  by  the  President  and  Coun- 
cil of  the  Royal  Academy  under  the 
terms  of  the  Chantrey  bequest ;  in  1881, 
"Mother  and  Son,"  "Noon,"  and  "The 
Evening  Star";  in  1882,  "In  Ross-shire," 
"Sea  and  Land  Waves,"  "Broken 
Weather  in  the  Highlands,"  and  "  Showers 
in  June  "  ;  in  1883,  "  Gathering  the  Flock," 
"Ben  Eay,"  "At  Kinlochewe"  ;  in  1886, 
"A  Flood  on  the  Wye,"  ;ind  "Fording"  ; 
in  1887,  "  Now  came  still  evening  on,"  and 
"  Summer"  ;  in  1890,  "A  Placid  Morning 
on  the  Wye,"  "The  Picardy  Dunes,"  and 
"A  Ford  on  the  Wye."  All  the  above- 
mentioned  pictures,  as  well  as  similar 
Highland  scenes  painted  during  recent 
years,  were  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  Mr  Davis  was  elected  a  full 
member  of  the  Academy,  June  18,  1877. 
In  1889  Mr  Davis  was  one  of  the  British 
jurors  in  the  Fine  Arts  Department  of  the 
Paris  International  Exhibition.  In  1892 
he  exhibited  at  the  Champ  de  Mars  Salon, 
and  was  elected  associate  (Associt)  of  the 
Socie"te  Nationale  des  Beaux  Arts  in 
Paris,  and  the  following  year  was  elected 
full  member  (Soctitaire).  In  1893  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  British  judges  in  Fine 


Arts  at  the  Chicago  Columbian  Exposition, 
and  was  President  of  the  International 
Committee  of  Judges  in  Fine  Arts  there. 
He  was  also  elected  Chairman  of  the 
Judges  in  the  section  of  painting.  In 
June  of  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Radnorshire.  In 
1894  he  exhibited  at  the  Vienna  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  Art,  and  was 
awarded  a  large  gold  medal ;  also  at  the 
International  Exhibition  held  the  same 
year  at  Antwerp,  where  he  was  awarded 
a  first-class  medal  diploma.  In  1896  he 
was  appointed  British  Delegate  and  Juror 
to  the  International  Exhibition,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  centenary  of  the  Berlin 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  in  Berlin.  He 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1896, 
"  An  Orchard  in  Wales " ;  in  1897, 
"  Flow'ry  May,"  and  "The  Banks  of  the 
Upper  Wye."  Address  :  Glaslyn,  Rhay- 
ader, Radnor. 

DAVIS,  General  Sir  John,  K.C.B., 
was  born  in  April  1832,  and  entered  the 
army  as  an  Ensign  of  the  35th  Foot 
(Royal  Sussex  Regiment)  in  February  1852. 
He  obtained  his  company  in  September 
1859,  and  was  promoted  to  Major  in  August 
1866.  He  served  with  his  regiment  in  the 
Shahabad  District  during  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  He  obtained  the  brevet  of  Colonel 
in  February  of  1873,  and  in  that  rank 
served  on  the  Staff  at  Shorncliffe  for  two 
years.  He  was  promoted  Major-General 
in  August  1883,  and  commanded  the  2nd 
Infantry  Brigade  in  the  Egyptian  Expedi- 
tion of  1884,  and  was  present  at  the  en- 
gagements at  El  Teb  and  Tamai,  being 
several  times  mentioned  in  despatches. 
He  received  a  C.B.,  the  medal,  and  Khe- 
dive's star  for  his  services,  and  was  also 
employed  in  the  Suakin  Expedition  of  the 
following  year.  From  April  1886  until 
the  end  of  1887  he  commanded  the  troops 
at  Malta,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Dublin  District.  He  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant-General  in  April  1891,  being  soon 
after  chosen  to  succeed  the  Duke  of  Con- 
nauglit  as  Commander-in-Chief  at  Ports- 
mouth. General  Sir  John  Davis  obtained 
his  present  military  rank  in  May  1896, 
and  was  made  a  K.C.B.  on  the  occasion  of 
the  Queen's  Birthday  in  1898.  Address  : 
Headquarters  of  Southern  District,  Ports- 
mouth. 

DAVIS,  Lucien,  artist,  was  born  at 
Liverpool,  1860,  being  the  fourth  son  of 
William  Davis,  artist,  and  was  educated  at 
St.  Francis  Xavier's  College,  Liverpool. 
He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-colours  in 
1893 ;  gained  a  studentship  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts  in  1877  ;  and  twice  won 
the  Armitage  Prize  for  Figure  Composi- 


278 


DAVISON  — DAVITT 


tion.  His  first  important  black  and  white 
drawing  was  published  in  the  Graphic  in 
1881,  and  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  Illus- 
trated London  News  in  1885,  since  which 
time  he  has  carried  out  important  draw- 
ings, taken  from  life,  of  the  most  celebrated 
social  events  of  the  day,  including  the 
Queen's  Drawing-room,  the  Queen's  Garden 
Parties,  events  at  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament, &c.  Since  1879  his  work  has 
been  reproduced  in  most  of  the  leading 
magazines  of  the  day,  and  the  Badminton 
volumes  on  Billiards,  Cricket,  and  Tennis 
were  illustrated  by  him.  Amongst  his 
portraits  have  been  those  of  Mrs.  Corn- 
wallis  West  and  her  daughter  and  the 
Princess  of  Pless.  The  Queen,  moreover, 
honoured  him  in  1894  by  purchasing  one 
of  his  drawings  at  the  Royal  Institute. 
Address  :  49  South  Hill  Park,  Hamp- 
stead,  N. 

DAVISON,  Mrs.,  nee  Arabella  Grod- 
dard,  pianist,  daughter  of  Mr.  T.  Goddard, 
of  Welbeck  Street,  born  at  St.  Servan, 
near  St.  Malo,  in  Brittany,  in  January 
1836,  almost  from  infancy  showed  an 
extraordinary  taste  for  music.  On  her 
first  appearance  in  public,  at  a  concert 
given  in  her  native  village  of  St.  Servan, 
when  she  played  a  fantasia  on  themes 
from  Mozart's  "Don  Juan,"  she  was  little 
more  than  four  years  of  age.  At  this 
time  the  promise  of  future  celebrity  in  the 
child  was  so  great  that  her  parents  re- 
moved with  her  to  Paris,  where  she 
received  lessons  from  Kalkbrenner.  Re- 
turning to  London  soon  after  the  revolution 
of  February  1848,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Goddard 
confided  the  cultivation  of  their  daughter's 
musical  talents  to  Mrs.  Anderson,  her 
Majesty's  pianiste.  She  was  only  eight 
years  of  age  when  she  was  called  upon  to 
perform  at  Buckingham  Palace  before  her 
Majesty  and  the  late  Prince  Albert,  who 
highly  complimented  her  on  her  playing. 
The  completion  of  her  musical  education 
was  entrusted  to  Thalberg.  She  first 
appeared  in  public,  at  a  matinee  at  her 
father's  residence,  Mar.  30,  1850  ;  and  in 
October  made  her  dihut  at  the  Grand 
National  Concerts,  when  she  played  the 
"  Elisire  "  fantasia,  and  the  "  Tarantella  " 
of  Thalberg,  with  marked  success.  From 
that  time  she  appeared  frequently  in  pub- 
lic and  established  her  fame  by  her  per- 
formance of  various  fantasias  by  Thalberg, 
Prudent,  &c.  The  first  performances  of 
Miss  Goddard  at  the  concerts  given  at 
Her  Majesty's  Theatre  were  confined 
.principally  to  works  of  the  modern  ro- 
mantic school.  She  has  since  become 
equally  distinguished  as  &  pianiste  in  more 
classical  compositions.  Miss  Goddard 
afterwards  became  the  pupil  of  Mr.  G.  A. 
Macfarren,  under  whom  she  studied  har- 


mony ;  and  left  England  for  a  tour  on  the 
Continent  in  1854,  visiting  nearly  all  the 
principal  cities  of  France,  Germany,  and 
Italy  ;  giving  concerts,  and  meeting  with 
great  success.  She  returned  to  England 
in  May  1856,  and  in  1860  was  married  to 
Mr.  Davison,  a  musical  critic,  though  in 
public  and  private  concerts  she  has  re- 
tained her  maiden  name.  Miss  Goddard 
took  her  farewell  of  the  British  public  at 
St.  James's  Hall,  Feb.  11,  1873,  and  soon 
afterwards  went  on  a  professional  tour 
through  Australia,  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  the  United  States.  She  returned  to 
England  in  April  1876. 

DAVITT,  Michael,  M.P.,  Irish  Na- 
tionalist, was  born  on  March  25,  1846, 
in  the  village  of  Straide,  co.  Mayo.  His 
parents  were  of  the  poorer  class  of 
western  Irish  peasantry,  with  some  Ameri- 
can antecedents,  his  mother  having  been 
born  in  the  States,  and  when  Michael 
was  five  years  old  his  father  was  evicted 
from  the  small  holding  on  which  the  family 
subsisted.  This  early  experience  of  land- 
lord power  has  doubtless  largely  tended 
to  influence  his  action  in  the  fierce  crusade 
which  he  has  waged  of  recent  years  against 
Irish  landlordism.  The  family  then  emi- 
grated to  Lancashire,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed in  a  cotton  factory,  and  at  the  age 
of  eleven  lost  his  right  arm  through  a 
machinery  accident.  He  was  then  sent  to 
the  Wesleyan  School  at  Haslingden,  and 
at  fifteen  obtained  work  in  a  printing- 
office,  where  he  remained  for  seven  years. 
In  1866  he  joined  the  Irish  Revolutionary 
movement  initiated  by  James  Stephens, 
and  in  1870  was  arrested  in  London,  tried 
on  an  indictment  of  "treason-felony,"  and 
sentenced  to  fifteen  years'  penal  servitude. 
After  undergoing  seven  years  and  a  half 
of  imprisonment,  chiefly  in  Dartmoor 
Convict  Prison,  Mr.  Davitt  was  released 
on  ticket-of-leave.  In  conjunction  with 
other  amnestied  Fenian  prisoners  he  was 
tendered  a  public  reception  by  the  people 
of  Dublin,  and  after  making  a  tour  of  the 
West  of  Ireland  and  paying  a  hurried 
visit  to  America,  he  started  the  Land  Agi- 
tation in  his  native  county  of  Mayo  early 
in  1879.  In  October  of  that  year  he,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Parnell  and  others, 
founded  the  Land  League  organisation, 
and  became  its  guiding  spirit.  He  was 
arrested  and  prosecuted  in  November  of 
that  year  for  a  seditious  speech,  but  after 
a  week's  imprisonment  and  an  abortive 
trial  the  prosecution  was  abandoned. 
During  the  partial  famine  of  1879-80,  he 
had  the  chief  direction  of  the  Land 
League  relief  funds.  In  May  1880  he 
proceeded  to  America  to  superintend  the 
organisation  of  the  American  branch  of 
the  Land  League,  and  made  an  organising 


DAWKINS 


279 


tour  of  the  Northern  States  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco  and  back.  Recalled 
to  Ireland  by  the  State  prosecution  of  the 
executive  of  the  Land  League,  he  was 
again  arrested  on  Feb.  3,  1881,  by  order 
of  the  Government,  and  consigned  to 
Portland  Convict  Prison  on  a  revocation 
of  his  original  ticket-of-leave.  After  an 
incarceration  of  fifteen  months,  during 
which,  on  his  own  admission,  he  was 
exempt  from  ordinary  convict  labour,  he 
was  again  released  on  ticket-of-leave,  Mr. 
Parnell  and  other  Irish  members  going 
down  to  Portland  to  receive  him  on  his 
discharge.  On  the  very  day  of  this  release, 
May  6,  1882,  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish 
and  Mr.  Burke  were  assassinated  in  the 
Phoenix  Park.  In  conjunction  with  Messrs. 
Parnell  and  Dillon,  he  issued  a  manifesto 
to  the  Irish  race  condemnatory  of  the 
murder.  After  again  visiting  America  and 
submitting  to  a  meeting  of  Irish  American 
representatives  in  New  York  a  plan  for  the 
amalgamationof  existing  national  organisa- 
tions in  the  United  States,  he  returned  to 
Ireland,  and  succeeded  in  persuading  Mr. 
Parnell  to  summon  a  National  Convention 
in  Dublin  to  effect  the  revival  of  the  Land 
League  movement.  The  National  League 
organisation  was  the  outcome  of  this 
convention — with  the  restoration  of  Irish 
legislative  independence  as  the  first  plank 
in  its  platform.  In  February  1883  Mr. 
Davitt  was  again  prosecuted  for  a  violent 
speech  against  rent  and  landlordism,  and, 
refusing  to  enter  into  bail  to  keep  the 
peace,  he  underwent  four  months'  imprison- 
ment in  Richmond  Bridewell,  Dublin. 
Since  then  he  has  been  an  incessant  pro- 
pagandist of  Land  League  principles  and 
Nationalist  aspirations  in  Ireland  and 
Great  Britain.  While  imprisoned  in  Port- 
land in  1882  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Meath,  but  was  disqualified  by  a  vote  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  When  legally 
eligible  on  the  expiration  of  his  ticket-of- 
leave  in  1885,  he  was  solicited  to  become 
a  candidate  by  several  Irish  constituencies, 
but  refused  to  enter  the  Imperial  Parlia- 
ment from  an  objection  to  take  the  oath 
of  allegiance.  He  at  the  same  time  refused 
to  accept  a  national  testimonial  for  his 
services  to  the  Irish  people.  In  December 
1884  Mr.  Davitt  published  "  Leaves  from  a 
Prison  Diary,"  a  work  which  was  written 
during  his  imprisonment  in  Portland,  and 
which  has  had  a  very  large  circulation.  In 
1891  appeared  his  "Defence  of  the  Land 
League. "  Occupied  with  literary  work  as 
a  means  of  livelihood,  Mr.  Davitt  is  a  con- 
stant contributor  to  American  and  Colonial 
newspapers,  and  an  occasional  writer  in 
Irish  and  English  journals  and  reviews. 
In  1898  he  wrote  several  letters  to  the 
Times,  in  which  he  contended  that  the 
conquering  Anglo-Saxon  race  is  in  America 


largely  Celtic  in  origin,  and,  therefore, 
anti-Saxon  in  feeling.  In  the  same  year 
he  wrote  a  series  of  articles  in  the  Daily 
Chronicle  entitled  "  Prisons  Revisited."  He 
has  a  decided  leaning  towards  Socialistic 
doctrines  in  his  writings  and  speeches,  and 
is  far  from  being  in  union  with  the  other 
Irish  leaders  ;  his  theories  of  land  being 
more  in  accordance  with  those  of  the  late 
Henry  George  than  with  those  of  the  late 
Mr.  Parnell.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Dublin 
Corporation,  and  is  a  delegate  from  that 
body  to  the  Port  and  Docks  Board  of  the 
city.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Dublin  North 
City  Milling  Co.,  and  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  Irish  National 
League.  He  has  undergone  altogether 
over  nine  years'  imprisonment  for  his 
connection  with  Irish  political  movements. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  were  implicated 
in  the  charges  made  in  the  articles  on 
"Parnellism  and  Crime,"  and  conducted 
his  own  case  with  an  ability  which  called 
forth  commendations  even  from  the  pre- 
siding Judge  (1889).  In  1890  he  started 
the  short-lived  Labour  World,  and  in  1891 
stood  for  Parliament  at  Waterford,  but 
was  not  returned.  In  July  1892  he  was 
elected  member  for  North  Meath,  but  was 
unseated  for  alleged  "clerical  intimida- 
tion." He  was  subsequently  returned 
unopposed  for  North-East  Cork,  but  had 
again  to  retire  from  Parliament  in  May 
1893,  in  consequence  of  proceedings  in 
bankruptcy  connected  with  the  costs  of 
the  North  Meath  petition.  In  1895  he  was 
returned  unopposed  for  East  Kerry  and 
South  Mayo.  He  was  in  Australia  at  the 
time.  He  has  travelled  in  most  parts  of 
the  world.  Address :  House  of  Commons 
Library. 

DAWKTNS,  Professor  "William 
Boyd,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.S.A.,  Assoc. 
Inst.  C.E.,  geologist  and  palaeontologist, 
only  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard  Dawkins, 
was  born  Dec.  26,  1838,  at  Buttington 
Vicarage,  Welshpool,  Montgomeryshire. 
He  received  his  education  at  Rossall 
School  and  at  the  University  of  Oxford, 
where  he  became  a  scholar  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, and  first  Burdett-Coutts  geological 
scholar.  He  was  appointed  assistant- 
geologist  in  her  Majesty's  Geological 
Survey  of  Great  Britain  in  1862  ;  geologist 
in  1867 ;  Curator  of  the  Manchester 
Museum,  1869 ;  Lecturer  on  Geology  in 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  in  1870  ;  Pro- 
fessor in  1874 ;  and  President  of  the 
Manchester  Geological  Society  in  1874. 
Professor  Dawkins  is  the  author  of  nume- 
rous essays  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Geological,  Anthropological,  and  Royal 
Societies,  relating  principally  to  fossil 
mammalia;  "British  Pleistocene  Mam- 
malia "      in      the     Proceedings      of     the 


280 


DAWSON 


Palaaontological  Society,  1866-78,  and 
"Cave-Hunting:  Researches  on  the  Evi- 
dences of  Caves  respecting  the  Early  In- 
habitants of  Europe,"  1874.  In  1875  he 
went  round  the  world,  by  way  of  Australia 
and  New  Zealand.  In  1880  he  published 
a  work  on  "  Early  Man  in  Britain,  and  his 
place  in  the  Tertiary  Period  "  ;  and  gave  a 
series  of  lectures  before  the  Lowell  Insti- 
tute, Boston,  Massachusetts.  '  He  was 
appointed,  in  1882,  a  Member  of  the  Scien- 
tific Committee  of  the  Channel  Tunnel, 
and  entrusted  with  the  geological  survey  of 
the  English  and  French  coasts  for  that 
enterprise.  He  presided  over  the  Anthro- 
pological section  of  the  British  Association 
at  Southampton,  in  August  1882  ;  and  in 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford.  In 
1883-4  he  was  engaged  in  laying  down  the 
line  for  a  tunnel  under  the  Humber,  and 
in  1885  made  a  preliminary  survey  of 
the  antiquities  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  in 
the  same  year  being  elected  Examiner  in 
the  University  of  London.  In  1886  he 
began  the  search  for  coal  at  Dover,  which 
has  recently  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  a 
coal-field  in  South-Eastern  England.  He 
was  appointed  President  of  the  Geological 
Section  of  the  British  Association  in  1888,; 
and,  in  1889,  Lyell  Medallist,  and  Ex- 
aminer in  the  University  of  Oxford.  In 
1895  and  1897  he  was  President  of  the  Anti- 
quarian Section  of  the  Royal  Archaeological 
Institute  at  Scarborough  and  Dorchester 
respectively,  and  was  elected  to  give  the 
James  Forrest  Lecture  at  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers  in  1898.  During  the  last 
twenty  years  he  has  advised  on  various 
engineering  works — the  water-supply  of 
the  Metropolis,  of  Croydon,  Cardiff, 
Bristol,  Southport,  Sheffield,  Tynemouth, 
Folkestone,  Eastbourne,  Newhaven,  Sea- 
ford,  Bacup,  Manchester,  and  Liverpool, 
the  salt  of  Northwich,  the  Manchester 
Ship  Canal,  and  the  kerosene  shales  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  married  Frances 
Evans  in  1866.  Addresses :  Woodhurst, 
Fallowfield,  Manchester,  and  Athenaeum. 

DAWSON,  George  Mercer,  C.M.G., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  Sir  J.  William  Daw- 
son, was  born  at  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia,  on 
Aug.  1,  1849.  He  was  educated  at  M'Gill 
University,  Montreal,  and  at  Royal  School 
of  Mines,  London,  Murchison  and  Edward 
Forbes  Medallist  at  Royal  School  of  Mines. 
He  was  appointed  Geologist  and  Naturalist 
to  H.M.  North  American  Boundary  Com- 
mission in  1873,  and  in  1875  he  published 
a  detailed  report  on  the  country  traversed 
from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  entitled  "Geology  and  Re- 
sources of  the  49th  Parallel."  He  was 
appointed  to  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada  in  1875,  and  has  since  been  prin- 


cipally engaged  in  the  survey  and  explora- 
tion of  the  North-West  Territory  and 
British  Columbia,  and  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Yukon  Expedition,  under- 
taken by  the  Canadian  Government  in 
1887.  He  was  appointed  (with  Sir  George 
Baden-Powell)  one  of  H.M.'s  Behring  Sea 
Commissioners  in  1891,  and  spent  the 
summer  of  that  year  in  investigating  the 
facts  connected  with  the  fur-seal  fishery  on 
the  Northern  Coasts  of  America  and  Asia. 
Meetings  of  the  International  Commission 
were  subsequently  held  at  Washington, 
and  a  Report  of  the  Commissioners  was 
published  as  a  parliamentary  paper  in 
1892.  In  1893  he  was  on  the  staff  of 
the  Behring  Sea  Arbitration,  convened  at 
Paris.  In  1890  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Queen's  University, 
Kingston,  and  in  1891  from  M'Gill  Uni- 
versity, Montreal.  He  was  awarded  the 
Bigsby  Medal  of  the  Geological  Society 
of  London  in  1891,  for  his  researches  into 
the  Geological  Structure  of  Canada.  He 
was  made  a  Companion  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George  in  1892,  and 
was  elected  President  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Canada,  1893.  His  geological  work 
includes  the  first  detailed  account  of  the 
surface  geology  and  glacial  phenomena 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  continent  of 
America  west  of  the  great  Lakes,  as  well 
as  the  investigation  of  the  great  coal 
and  lignite  deposits  of  the  North-West 
Territory  and  of  large  portions  of  British 
Columbia  and  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 
The  results  of  these  investigations  are 
published  in  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  from  1875 
to  the  present  time.  In  January  1895, 
he  was  appointed  Director  of  the  Survey. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  original 
scientific  papers,  principally  geological, 
but  including  geographical,  ethnological, 
and  other  observations  made  in  the  course 
of  his  explorations,  published  in  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society, 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada., 
Canadian  Naturalist,  Canadian  Record  of 
Science,  and  elsewhere.  Address :  Geo- 
logical Survey,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

DAWSON,  Sir  J.  William,  C.M.G., 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  geologist 
and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Pictou,  Nova 
Scotia,  on  Oct.  30,  1820.  He  studied  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  return- 
ing home  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
the  natural  history  and  geology  of  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  The  results 
of  these  investigations  are  embodied  in 
his  "Acadian  Geology,"  3rd  edit.,  1878. 
In  1842,  and  again  in  1852,  he  accompanied 
Sir  Charles  Lyell  in  his  explorations  in 
Nova  Scotia,  aiding  him  materially  in  his 
investigations.     Since  1843,  he  has   con- 


DAY 


281 


tributed  largely  to  the  Proceedings  of  the 
London  Geological  Society,  and  to  scien- 
tific periodicals.  He  has  also  published 
numerous  monographs  on  special  subjects 
connected  with  geology,  more  especially 
on  the  Land  Animals  and  Plants  of  the 
Palseozoic  Period  and  on  the  Pleiocene 
Deposits  of  Canada.  His  two  volumes  on 
the  "  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  Flora 
of  Eastern  North  America,"  published  by 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  are 
among  the  most  important  contributions 
yet  made  to  the  palaeozoic  botany  of 
North  America ;  and  he  first  described 
the  Eozoon  Canadense,  of  the  Laurentian 
limestones,  the  oldest  known  form  of 
animal  life.  In  1850  he  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  Education  for  Nova 
Scotia,  and  in  1855  became  Principal  of 
the  M-Gill  University  at  Montreal.  He 
is  a  member  of  many  learned  societies  in 
Europe  and  America.  Among  his  works 
not  already  mentioned  are  :  "  Archaia,  or 
Studies  on  the  Cosmogony  and  Natural 
History  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,"  1858  ; 
"The  Story  of  the  Earth  and  Man,"  1872, 
in  which  he  gives  a  popular  summary  of 
geological  history  ;  "  The  Dawn  of  Life," 
1875,  an  account  of  the  oldest  known 
fossil  remains,  and  of  their  relations  to 
geological  time  and  the  development  of 
the  animal  kingdom;  "The  Origin  of 
the  World,"  1877  ;  "Fossil  Men  and  their 
Modern  Representatives,"  1878  ;  and  "The 
Chain  of  Life  in  Geological  Time,"  1880, 
a  sketch  of  the  origin  and  succession  of 
animals  and  plants.  He  has  also  contri- 
buted largely  to  the  Canadian  Naturalist 
and  Canadian  Record  of  Science,  and  to  many 
educational,  scientific,  and  religious  pub- 
lications in  Great  Britain,  the  United 
States,  and  Canada.  In  1882  he  received 
the  Lyell  medal  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London  for  eminent  geological  discoveries, 
was  created  a  Companion  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George ;  was  selected 
by  the  Governor-General,  the  Marquis  of 
Lome,  to  take  the  (first)  Presidency  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Canada,  and  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  attended  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  at  Southport,  and 
travelled  in  Egypt  and  Syria,  on  the  geo- 
graphy and  geology  of  which  he  has  pub- 
lished several  papers  and  a  little  popular 
work,  "Egypt  and  Syria,  their  Geology 
and  Physical  Geography  in  relation  to 
Bible  History."  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
and  was  knighted  by  her  Majesty  in  1884, 
and  in  1885  was  elected  President  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  for  the  meeting  at  Birmingham 
in  1886 ;  and  at  that  meeting  he  delivered  a 
remarkable  address,  taking  for  his  subject 


the  geological  history  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  He  has  been  elected  an  honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Edin' 
burgh,  and  honorary  member  of  the  Philo- 
sophical societies  of  Liverpool,  Glasgow, 
Manchester,  and  Leeds.  He  was  elected 
President  of  the  American  Geological 
Society  in  1893.  He  retired  from  the 
office  of  Principal  of  M'Gill  University, 
July  31,  1893,  and  was  at  once  appointed 
Emeritus  Principal  and  Professor  and  Hon. 
Curator  of  the  Peter  Eedpath  Museum. 
Sir  W.  Dawson's  more  recent  works  are  : 
"Modern  Science  in  Bible  Lands,"  Lon- 
don, 1888 ;  "  The  Geological  History  of 
Plants,"  International  Scientific  Series, 
1888;  "Modern  Ideas  of  Evolution,"  Lon- 
don, 1890 ;  "  Salient  Points  in  the  Science  of 
the  Earth,"  1893 ;  "  The  Canadian  Ice  Age," 
1893  ;  "  The  Meeting- Place  of  Geology  and 
History,"  1894;  "The  Historical  Deluge 
in  its  Relations  to  Scientific  Discovery  and 
to  Present  Questions,"  1895  ;  "Eden  Lost 
and  Won,"  1896;  "Relics  of  Primeval 
Life,"  1897.  Address  :  293  University 
Street,  Montreal. 

DAY,  Sir  John  Charles,  son  of  Cap- 
tain John  Day,  of  the  49th  Regiment,  by 
Emily,  daughter  of  Jan  Caspar  Hartsinck, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  June  20,  1826. 
He  was  educated  at  Fribourg,  and  at  the 
Benedictine  College  of  St.  Gregory,  at 
Downside,  near  Bath,  and  graduated  B.A. 
at  the  University  of  London.  He  entered 
the  Middle  Temple  in  1845  ;  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  January  1849 ';  joined  the  Home 
(now  the  South-Eastern)  circuit ;  was  made 
a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1872;  and  elected  a 
Bencher  of  his  inn  in  1873.  For  many 
years  he  enjoyed  a  very  extensive  practice 
both  in  London  and  on  circuit.  In  June 
1882,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  in  the 
Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Justice 
Bowen,  who  had  been  elevated  to  the 
Court  of  Appeal ;  and  he  received  the 
usual  honour  of  knighthood.  Mr.  Justice 
Day  is  the  editor  of  the  "Common  Law 
Procedure  Acts,"  and  joint  editor  of  Ros- 
coe's  "Evidence  at  Nisi  Prius."  In  1886 
he  was  made  President  of  the  special 
Commission  sent  to  inquire  into  the  origin 
and  circumstances  of  the  Belfast  riots.  In 
1889  he  was  one  of  the  Judges  on  the 
Royal  Commission  in  the  Parnell  Inquiry. 
He  married,  in  1846,  Henrietta,  daughter 
of  J.  H.  Brown.  She  died  in  1893.  Ad- 
dresses: 25  Collingham  Gardens,  S.W.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

DAY,  The  Right  Rev.  Maurice 
Fitzgerald,  D.D.,  Protestant  Bishop  of 
Cashel,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  John  Day,  rector  of  Kiltallagh,  co. 
Kerry,    by    Arabella,     daughter     of     Sir 


282 


DAY— DEACON 


William  Godfrey,  Bart.,  of  Bushfield,  in 
the  same  county.  He  was  born  at  Kil- 
tallagh  in  1816,  and  received  his  academi- 
cal education  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
(B.A.  1838  ;  M.A.  1858). '  For  several  years 
he  was  Vicar  of  St.  Matthias,  Dublin 
was  appointed  Dean  of  Limerick,  and 
Vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Limerick,  in  1868 
and  was  chosen  to  succeed  the  late  Dr. 
Daly  in  the  united  Sees  of  Cashel,  Emly 
Waterford,  and  Lismore,  in  March  1872, 
the  consecration  ceremony  being  performed 
in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  on  April 
13.  He  married  Jane,  daughter  of  J. 
Gabbett,  of  Dublin,  in  1852.  Residence : 
The  Palace,  Waterford. 

DAY,  William  It. ,  American  jurist, 
was  born  at  Ravenna,  Ohio,  April  17,  1849, 
and  comes  of  a  race  of  lawyers,  his  father 
having  been  a  Chief-Justice  of  the  State 
of  Ohio,  and  both  paternal  and  maternal 
grandfathers  having  been  Justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Ohio.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1870, 
studied  law  in  the  law  department  of 
the  same  university,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  in  1872.  In  October  of  that  year 
he  settled  in  Canton,  Ohio,  and  in  1886  he 
was  elected  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas 
Court  by  both  political  parties.  In  1889 
he  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  United 
States  District  Court  for  the  Northern 
District  of  Ohio,  but  failing  health  com- 
pelled him  to  resign  before  taking  the 
office.  He  became  Assistant-Secretary  of 
State  in  March  1897,  and  was  made  head 
of  that  department,  April  26,  1898,  but 
later  in  that  year  he  resigned  to  become 
one  of  the  Commissioners  to  settle  terms 
of  peace  between  Spain  and  the  United 
States. 

DEACON,    George    Frederick, 

M.  Inst.  C.E.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Frederick  Deacon,  solicitor,  was  born  at 
Bridgewater,  in  the  county  of  Somerset, 
on  July  26,  1843,  and  was  educated 
at  Heversham  and  Glasgow  University. 
Having  given  proof  of  a  strong  taste  for 
physical  science,  he  was  apprenticed  in 
1859  to  Messrs.  Robert  Napier  &  Sons,  the 
eminent  mechanical  engineers  of  the  Clyde. 
Glasgow  University  had  then  taken  the 
lead  in  the  establishment  of  a  curriculum 
of  engineering  science,  and  in  1863  Mr. 
Deacon  changed  from  the  workshop  to 
the  University,  where  Macquorn  Rankine 
held  the  Chair  of  Civil  Engineering  and 
Mechanics,  and  William  Thomson  (now 
Lord  Kelvin)  that  of  Natural  Philosophy. 
In  the  first  term  Mr.  Deacon  took  several 
prizes,  and  his  work  in  the  physical 
laboratories,  especially  in  connection  with 
submarine  telegraphy,  was  such  that  Sir 
William,   then    scientific    referee   to    the 


Atlantic      Telegraph     Company,     recom- 
mended him  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  to 
fill  a  remunerative  office  in  that  company. 
This  change  prevented  the  completion  of 
his  University  course  ;  but  the  late   Pro- 
fessor Rankine  has  recorded  the  fact  that 
he    highly    distinguished    himself.      Mr. 
Deacon  now  inspected  the  manufacture,  in 
the   contractors'  works  at  Greenwich,   of 
the  first  successful  Atlantic  cable,  and  in 
the   expedition  of   1865  accompanied  the 
Great  Eastern   to   lay   it.     The  temporary 
loss  of  this  cable,  its  remarkable  recovery, 
repeated  loss,  its  abandonment  until  the 
following  summer,  the  subsequent  lifting 
of  the  broken  end,  and  its  completion  and 
success,  are  now  matters  of  history.     In 
the  autumn  of  1865  Mr.  Deacon's  services 
were  again  sought  for  Atlantic  work  ;  but 
a  business   engagement   previously   made 
prevented  his  further  connection  with  the 
company,  and  he  commenced  practice  in 
Liverpool     as     a     consulting    Civil     and 
Mechanical  Engineer.     In  1869-70  he  was 
Lecturer   on    Civil   Engineering  and   Me- 
chanics at  Queen's  College,  Liverpool.    In 
1871   Mr.  James  Newlands,   the   Borough 
Engineer,  and  Mr.   Thomas  Duncan,   the 
Waterworks  Engineer  of  Liverpool,  having 
died,  their  offices  were  amalgamated,  and 
out  of  a  large  number  of  candidates,  Mr. 
Deacon,   at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  was 
unanimously  appointed  to  the  joint  office. 
Under    him    the    reconstruction    of    the 
sewers,  of  the  pavements,  and  of  the  tram- 
ways of  Liverpool  was  rapidly  undertaken. 
The   supply   of    water,    though    good    in 
quality,  had  become  insufficient  in  quan- 
tity,   and   from   the    year    1865   only   an 
intermittent    supply    could    be    afforded. 
Mr.  Deacon's  invention,  now  widely  known 
as  the  differentiating  waste-water  meter, 
and  applied  to  about  thirteen  millions  of 
persons,    showed    conclusively    that    the 
whole  difficulty  arose  from  leakage.     By 
its  aid   the  waste  was   automatically  re- 
corded, its  localities  separately  detected, 
and,    without   any   additional    water,   the 
Liverpool  people  were,  before  the  end  of 
1875,   in  possession  of  a  constant  supply 
under  higher  pressure  than   before.     Be- 
tween 1873,  when   this  work  was  begun, 
and  1890,  the  population  supplied  had  in- 
creased by  218,000  persons,  and  the  value 
of  the  water  saved  from  leakage  and  sup- 
plied to  this  additional  population  is  esti- 
mated  at   considerably  over   £50,000  per 
annum.     During  Mr.  Deacon's  tenure  of 
the  office  of  Borough  Engineer,  which  he 
resigned    in   1881,    the    relative    zymotic 
death-rate  of  Liverpool  decreased  about  34 
per  cent.,  a  result  which,  is  still  substan- 
tially maintained.     The  rapid  growth  of 
population   having  made   it  necessary  to 
seek  for  an  additional  supply  of  water,  Mr. 
Deacon  investigated,  at  the  instance  of 


DEAKLN  —  DE  AMICUS 


283 


the  Liverpool  Corporation,  the  lake  district 
of  Cumberland  and  Westmorland,  North 
Lancashire,  and  Wales.  Mr.  Deacon,  in 
the  beginning  of  1877,  projected  his  great 
scheme  of  water  supply,  involving  the 
restoration  of  an  ancient  lake — now  known 
as  Lake  Vyrnwy — in  Montgomeryshire,  and 
the  construction  of  an  aqueduct  76  miles 
in  length  therefrom  to  Liverpool.  The 
project  received  the  support  of  the  late 
Mr.  Bateman  and  the  late  Mr.  Hawksley, 
at  that  time  the  leading  authorities  on 
hydraulic  engineering.  A  Bill  was  obtained 
in  1880,  and,  until  1885,  Mr.  Hawksley  and 
Mr.  Deacon  acted  in  conjunction  as  the 
engineers.  Thenceforth  Mr.  Deacon  was 
engineer- in-chief,  and  he  completed  the 
work  in  1891.  This  undertaking  was  the 
first  in  the  country  by  which  water  was 
obtained  from  a  great  distance.  Man- 
chester now  draws  water  from  Thirlmere  ; 
Birmingham  is  constructing  works  of 
supply  from  central  Wales ;  while  Sir 
Alexander  Binnie  has  surveyed  and  recom- 
mended large  mountain  areas  of  Wales  as 
sources  of  supply  to  London,  a  scheme 
which  is  supported  by  a  joint  report  of  Sir 
Benjamin  Baker  and  Mr.  Deacon  recently 
made  at  the  instance  of  the  London  County 
Council.  Mr.  Deacon  was  also  consulted 
about  the  aqueduct  now  in  progress  for 
the  supply  of  the  Coolgardie  Gold-fields  in 
Western  Australia.  This  eclipses  all  others 
in  length,  for  the  water  is  to  be  pumped 
from  a  source  328  miles  distant.  Mr. 
Deacon  has  received,  among  others,  the 
Telford,  the  Watt,  and  the  George  Stephen- 
son medals  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers.  He  is  the  author  of  many 
scientific  and  engineering  papers,  is  a 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
of  the  Royal  Meteorological  and  of  other 
scientific  societies,  and  Past  President  of 
the  Association  of  Municipal  and  Sanitary 
Engineers,  of  the  Engineering  Section  of 
the  Sanitary  Institute  Congress,  Liverpool, 
1894,  and  of  the  Mechanical  Science  Sec- 
tion of  the  British  Association,  Toronto, 
1897.  Addresses:  19  Warwick  Square, 
S.W.  ;  and  Victoria  Mansions,  Victoria 
Street,  S.W. 

DEAKIN,  Alfred,  was  born  in  Mel- 
bourne on  Aug.  3,  1856,  and  is  the  son 
of  William  Deakin,  a  well-known  coach 
proprietor  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony, 
and  of  Sarah  Deakin,  daughter  of  a  Mon- 
mouthshire farmer.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Church  of  England  Grammar  School, 
Melbourne,  and  at  Melbourne  University  ; 
became  a  barrister-at-law  in  1877  ;  jour- 
nalist also  till  1883  ;  was  elected  for  West 
Bourke  in  Feb.  1879,  but  owing  to  an 
informality   at   one    polling   place,  which 


occasioned  much  ill-feeling,  resigned  and 
was  defeated  by  15  votes  on  a  heavy  poll 
in  August  1879  ;  and  was  again  defeated 
early  in  1880  ;  but  returned  at  the  head 
of  the  poll  six  months  later  and  continued 
to  represent  that  constituency  until  it  was 
divided  in  1889,  when  he  was  returned  for 
Essendon  and  Flemington,  a  portion  of  the 
same  district.  He  joined  the  Service- 
Berry  Ministry  in  March  1883,  as  Minister 
of  Public  Works  and  Water  Supply.     In 

1884  he  exchanged  the  latter  office  for 
that  of  Solicitor-General.  In  1886  he  was 
elected  leader  of  the  Liberal  party,  and 
joined  Mr.  Duncan  Gillies  in  forming  a 
Government,  in  which  he  held  office  as 
Chief  Secretary,  Minister  of  Water  Supply 
and  Minister  of  Health.  The  former  two 
offices  he  resigned  in  November  1890.     In 

1885  he  was  appointed  President  of  a 
Royal  Commission  on  Water  Supply,  and 
in  that  capacity  visited  the  United  States, 
presenting  upon  his  return  an  elaborate 
report  upon  irrigation  as  practised  in  the 
States,  upon  which  Victorian  legislation, 
introduced  by  himself,  has  since  been 
largely  founded.  In  1887  he  was  the 
senior  representative  of  the  Colony  at 
the  Imperial  Conference  in  London,  when 
he  was  offered  and  declined  the  title  of 
K.C.M.G.  On  the  way  thither  he  visited 
Egypt  and  Italy,  and  published  a  second 
report  upon  irrigation  as  practised  in  those 
countries.  He  was  the  second  Victorian 
delegate  to  the  Australian  Conference  at 
Sydney  on  the  Chinese  question  in  1888. 
In  1889  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Federal  Council  of  Australasia,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  its  session  at  Hobart 
in  the  same  year.  In  1890  he  was  one 
of  the  two  representatives  of  Victoria  at 
the  Federation  Conference  held  in  Mel- 
bourne ;  and,  later  in  the  same  year,  was 
appointed  one  of  the  seven  representatives 
of  the  Colony  at  the  Convention  in  the 
early  part  of  1891,  which  was  entrusted 
with  the  task  of  framing  a  constitution 
for  a  Federal  Australasian  State  for  sub- 
mission to  the  several  Colonies.  He  was 
Chairman  to  the  Committee  of  Public 
Accounts  in  1896,  and  Member  of  the 
National  Australian  Federal  Convention 
in  1897.  He  has  published  works  on  Irri- 
gation in  Australia  and  other  countries, 
and,  in  1894,  "Temple  and  Tomb."  He 
is  married  to  Pattie,  daughter  of  Hugh 
Junor  Broune,  J.P.,  of  Ventnor,  Mel- 
bourne. Address:  Llanarth,  South Uarra, 
Melbourne. 

DE  AMICIS,  Edmondo,  a  popular 
Italian  writer,  was  born  at  Oneglia,  Oct.  21, 
1846,  of  a  Genoese  family.  He  began  his 
studies  at  Cuneo,  and  after  a  preliminary 
training  in  the  Instituto  Candallero  at 
Turin,  he  entered  the  military  school  of 


284 


DEANE  — DEARMER 


Modena,  which  he  quitted  in  1865  as  sub- 
lieutenant in  the  3rd  Regiment  of  the 
line.  In  1866  he  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Custozza.  The  following  year  he  was 
established  at  Florence  as  Director  of  the 
Italia  MUitare.  After  the  seizure  of  Eome 
by  the  troops  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel, 
it  appeared  to  him  that  his  career  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  army  of  Italian  inde- 
pendence had  naturally  come  to  an  end. 
He  took  up  his  abode  at  Turin,  and  devoted 
his  energies  exclusively  to  literature,  in 
which  he  had  already  made  a  mark  by  his 
sketches  of  military  life — "  La  Vita  mili- 
tare  :  bozzetti "  (sketches),  (Milan,  1868). 
After  composing  his  "Ricordo  del  1870- 
71,"  he  wrote  a  volume  of  "  Novelle,"  com- 
prising "  Gli  Amici  di  Collegio,"  "  Camilla 
Furio,"  "Un  Gran  Giorno,"  "Alberto," 
"  Foi  tezza,"  and  "  La  Casa  paterna  "  ( Flor- 
ence, 1872 ;  2nd  edit.  Milan,  1879).  A  series 
of  tours  through  Spain,  Holland,  and  Mo- 
rocco, with  visits  to  London,  Paris,  and 
Constantinople,  afforded  him  the  material 
for  several  works  which,  written  in  a  lively 
and  attractive  style,  increased  the  author's 
fame,  had  a  wide  circulation,  and  were 
translated  into  several  European  lan- 
guages. Their  titles  are  :  "  La  Spagna" 
(Florence,  1873);  "  Recordi  di  Londra," 
1874  ;  "  Olanda  "  (Florence,  1874)  ;  "  Con- 
stantinopolia "  (6th  edit.,  2  vols.,  Milan, 
1877-8)  ;  "  Morocco  "  (Milan,  1879) ;  "  Ri- 
cordi  di  Parigi"  (3rd  edit.,  Milan,  1879). 
Of  these  the  following  have  appeared  in 
London  in  English  versions  by  Caroline 
Tilton  :  "  Constantinople,"  1878  ;  "  Mo- 
rocco, its  People  and  Places,"  1879  ;  and 
"Holland,"  1880.  Signor  De  Amicis  has 
also  published  "  Ritratti  letterari  "  (Milan, 
1881)  ;  "  Poesie  "  (2nd  edit.,  Milan,  1881) ; 
"  La  Porta  d'  Italia,"  1884 ;  "  Sull'  Oceano," 
1889,  and  "'  Scenes  de  la  Vie  militaire." 

DEANE,   Henry    Bargrave,   is  the 

only  surviving  son  of  Sir  James  Parker 
Deane,  Q.C.,  and  was  born  on  April  28, 
1846.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester, 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  International  Law  Essay  Prize 
in  1870.  In  the  same  year  he  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  he 
now  practises  on  the  Sonth-Eastern  circuit. 
Mr.  Deane  was,  in  1885,  appointed  Recorder 
of  Margate,  and  he  acts  as  Official  to  the 
Archdeaconry  of  Middlesex.  He  was  the 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Wellington  College  in  1879-1880  ;  and  he 
is  the  author  of  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Blockade."  Address  :  2  King's  Bench 
Walk,  Temple,  E.C. 

DEANE,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  James 
Parker,  D.C.L.,  the  son  of  the  late  Henry 
Deane,  of  Hurst  Grove,  Berks,  was  born  in 
1812,  and   was  educated  at  Winchester, 


and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  in  1834,  becoming  eventually 
a  Fellow  of  his  College.  Called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1841,  he  be- 
came a  Q.C.  in  1858,  and  has  for  some 
years  held  the  position  of  Vicar-General 
of  the  Province  and  Diocese  of  Canterbury, 
and  Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of  Salisbury. 
He  received  the  honour  of  Knighthood  in 
1885,  and  he  is  a  member  of  the  Privy 
Council.  Address  :  16  Westbourne  Ter- 
race, W. 

DEARMER,  The  Rev.  Percy,  M.A. 
Oxon.,  was  born  in  London  in  1867  ;  his 
father  was  Thomas  Dearmer,  an  artist. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was 
ordained  Deacon  in  1891,  and  Priest  in 
1892,  his  first  curacy  being  at  St.  Anne's, 
South  Lambeth.  In  1897  he  became  senior 
curate  of  St.  Mark's,  Marylebone  Road. 
Since  1890  he  has  been  Secretary  of  the 
London  Branch  of  the  Christian  Social 
Union.  He  has  done  much  journalistic 
work  {Daily  Chronicle,  Clarion,  &c),  and  is 
part  editor  of  the  Commonwealth,  a  paper 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  Christian 
Social  Union.  He  has  been  for  three  years 
on  the  Executive  of  the  Fabian  Society, 
and  is  on  the  Committee  of  the  Clergy  and 
Artists'  Association.  Besides  contributing 
to  "Some  Aspects  of  Disestablishment" 
(1894)  ;  "  The  New  Party  "  (1894) ;  "  The 
Church  of  the  People"  (1894);  he  has 
edited  "  Lombard  Street  in  Lent  "  (1894)  : 
contributed  to  and  edited  "  A  Lent  in  Lon- 
don "  (1895);  and  "Lombard  Street  Ser- 
mons "  (1897).  He  has  also  written  "  The 
Cathedral  Church  of  Oxford  "  (1897) ;  "Re- 
ligious Pamphlets"  (1897);  and  "The 
Cathedral  Church  of  WTells  "  (1898).  Ad- 
dress :  9  Devonport  Street,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

DEARMER.Mrs.  Percy  (Mabel  Dear- 
mer), the  daughter  of  Surgeon-Major 
William  White,  of  Penrhos,  Carnarvon,  was 
born  in  1872.  She  studied  art  first  at 
Richmond,  Surrey,  and  in  1890  at  the  Her- 
komer  School,  Bushey,  for  about  one  year ; 
but  in  1891  she  married  the  Rev.  Percy 
Dearmer  and  gave  up  her  work.  In  1893 
she  gave  a  dramatic  representation  of 
Brand  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  Act  IV.,  at 
Princes  Hall,  Piccadilly.  This  perform- 
ance excited  some  attention,  and  in  order 
to  advertise  it  she  designed  a  poster. 
This  poster  (since  named  "  The  Reading 
Lady")  was  at  once  bought  up,  and  has 
been  exhibited  in  Paris,  Chicago,  and  Lon- 
don (Earl's  Court  Exhibition),  and  is  re- 
produced in  many  works  on  the  poster  in 
German,  French,  and  English.  She  then 
turned  her  attention  exclusively  to  work 
for  reproduction  both  in  colour  and  in 
black  and  white,  and  she  has  designed  a 


DEBUS  —  DECRAIS 


285 


number  of  book  plates,  the  two  best  known 
of  which  are  those  of  Mrs.  Fawcett  and 
Richard  Le  Gallienne.  During  1894-95 
she  had  work  reproduced  in  a  good  many 
magazines,  including  the  Studio,  the  Savoy, 
and  the  Yellow  Book.  For  Christmas  1896 
she  designed  a  frontispiece  for  the  Parade 
in  two  colours,  and  illustrated  "Wymps," 
by  Evelyn  Sharp,  these  pictures  being  in 
four  colours.  For  Christmas  1897  she 
illustrated  another  work  on  the  same  lines, 
"All  the  Way  to  Fairyland."  These 
pictures,  which  are  in  a  style  never  before 
attempted,  are  like  miniature  posters, 
bright  and  flat  in  colour.  Mrs.  Dearmer 
is  now  exclusively  engaged  in  illustrat- 
ing children's  books  in  this  particular 
style.  Address  :  9  Devonport  Street,  Hyde 
Park,  W. 

DEBUS,  Heinrich,  F.R.S.,  Ph.D., 
chemist,  was  born  at  Hessen,  Germany, 
July  13,  1824,  and  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  Marburg.  He  occupied  the 
post  of  Lecturer  in  Chemistry  at  Queen- 
wood  College,  Clifton,  Guy's  Hospital, 
and  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  from 
1851  to  1888.  He  also  examined  for  the 
University  of  London  between  1864  and 
1882.  In  1888  he  retired  to  Cassel,  where 
he  occupies  himself  with  his  favourite  sub- 
ject.    Address  :  Cassel,  Hessen. 

DE   CASSAGNAO,   Paul   Granier, 

son  of  Adolphe  Granier  de  Cassagnac, 
born  about  1840,  became  at  an  early  age  a 
contributor  to  the  minor  Parisian  journals, 
and  soon  acquired  notoriety  by  the  fierce- 
ness of  his  personal  attacks  on  his  con- 
temporaries, and  the  numerous  duels  to 
which  they  gave  rise.  In  1866,  under  the 
auspices  of  his  father,  he  joined  the  staff 
of  Le  Pays,  of  which  soon  afterwards  he 
became  the  principal  editor.  Since  then 
he  has  been  perpetually  embroiled  in 
quarrels  with  his  brother  journalists  and 
anti-Bonapartist  politicians.  It  would  be 
difficult  to  enumerate  all  the  "affairs  of 
honour"  in  which  he  has  been  engaged, 
but  his  duel  with  the  late  M.  Gustave 
Flourens,  in  1869,  may  be  mentioned  as 
being  one  of  the  most  desperate  fought  in 
modern  times.  M.  Paulde  Cassagnac  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  on 
the  Emperor's  fete-day  in  1868,  and  in 
July  1869  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Conseil  General  for  the  Department  of 
Gers.  On  the  declaration  of  war  against 
Prussia  in  August  1870,  M.  Paul  de  Cas- 
sagnac, who  was  still  suffering  from  a 
recent  wound  in  the  chest,  and  who  had 
just  been  appointed  a  Major  of  the  Garde 
Mobile  of  the  Department  of  Gers,  pre- 
ferred to  enrol  himself  as  a  volunteer  in 
the  first  regiment  of  Zouaves.  Taken 
prisoner    at    Sedan,    he   was    imprisoned 


eight  months  at  Kosel  in  Silesia.  On 
recovering  his  liberty  he  went  to  Venice 
for  the  benefit  of  his  health  ;  and  after- 
wards established  in  the  Department  of 
Gers,  L'Appel  au  Peuple,  a  political  journal 
which  met  with  considerable  success. 
Returning  to  Paris  in  January  1872,  he 
resumed  the  editorship  of  Le  Pays.  In 
July  of  that  year  he  was  condemned  to  a 
week's  imprisonment,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of 
100  francs  in  consequence  of  his  duel 
with  M.  Lockroy.  On  July  7,  1873,  he 
fought  a  duel  on  the  Luxembourg  frontier 
with  M.  Ranc,  a  Paris  journalist,  both 
combatants  being  wounded,  and  M.  Ranc 
disabled.  He  was  tried  in  Paris,  July  2, 
1874,  for  the  publication  in  Le  Pays  of 
articles  calculated  to  disturb  the  public 
peace,  and  to  stir  up  hatred  and  contempt 
between  citizens.  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac 
undertook  his  own  defence  and  obtained 
a  verdict  of  "Not  Guilty,"  a  result  which 
was  regarded  by  the  Bonapartists  as  a 
signal  triumph.  In  1874  he  published  in 
his  journal  a  series  of  violent  articles  in 
reference  to  the  capitulation  of  Sedan,  the 
whole  responsibility  of  which  was  thrown 
on  to  General  Wimpffen's  shoulders.  The 
General  accordingly  instituted  a  prosecu- 
tion for  libel  in  the  Assize  Court  of  the 
Seine,  but  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac  was 
acquitted  by  the  jury  (February  1875).  On 
Nov.  24,  1875,  he  delivered,  at  a  meeting 
at  Belleville,  a  speech  in  which  he  con- 
tended that  the  restoration  of  the  Empire 
was  the  essential  condition  of  the  welfare 
of  the  people.  The  Pays  and  other  news- 
papers were  prosecuted  for  printing  a  re- 
port of  this  discourse,  but  they  were  all 
acquitted.  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac  was 
returned  to  the  National  Assembly  by  the 
arrondissement  of  Condom  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Gers,  at  the  general  elections  of 
February  1876  and  October  1877.  The 
latter  election  was  annulled  by  the  Cham- 
ber, Nov.  11,  1878,  but  in  the  following 
February  M.  de  Cassagnac  was  elected, 
and  he  has  been  at  subsequent  general 
elections.  Of  late  years  his  fiery  zeal  has 
somewhat  abated,  chiefly  on  account  of 
the  unfortunate  dissensions  in  the  Bona- 
parte family,  but  during  the  Boulangist 
agitation  he  sided  strongly  with  the  party 
of  the  late  General,  and  in  the  September 
elections  of  1889  his  followers  were  directed 
to  support  Revisionist  candidates  wherever 
Conservatives  failed  to  present  themselves. 
In  1884  he  ceased  editing  the  Pays,  and 
founded  the  AutoriU,  in  the  columns  of 
which  he  constantly  attacks  the  present 
Republican  order.  Address  :  161  Boule- 
vard Malesherbes,  Paris. 

DECRAIS,    Pierre    Louis    Albert, 

French  diplomatist,  born  Sept.  18,  1838, 
was  educated  for  the  bar.     On  the  fall  of 


286 


DEFREGGER  — DE  FREYCINET 


the  Empire  he  was  appointed  by  M.  Thiers 
Prefect  of  the  department  of  the  Indre-et- 
Loire,  and  in  1876  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Gironde.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
Minister  of  France  to  Belgium  ;  being  re- 
called in  1882,  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  political  department  of  the  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs.  In  November 
of  the  same  year  he  went  as  Ambassa- 
dor to  Rome,  whence  he  was  promoted  in 
1886  to  Vienna  as  successor  to  M.  Foucher 
de  Careilles.  He  succeeded  M.  Waddington 
in  London  in  1893,  but  stayed  only  till 
September  1894,  being  succeeded  by  the 
Baron  de  Courcel.  He  is  a  Grand  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  Address :  62 
Avenue  du  Bois  de  Boulogne,  Paris. 

DEFREGGER,  Franz,  an  Austrian 
painter,  born  at  Stronach,  in  the  Tyrol, 
April  30,  1835,  showed  from  his  infancy  a 
strong  inclination  for  artistic  pursuits, 
and  received  his  first  lessons  from  a 
sculptor  at  Innsbruck  in  1860.  Then  he 
went  to  Munich,  entered  the  School  of 
Arts  there,  and  continued  his  artistic 
studies  under  the  direction  of  Piloty.  In 
1863  he  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  he 
stayed  two  years,  and  then  returned  to 
Munich,  where  he  painted  a  series  of 
genre  pieces  representing  the  life  of 
the  people  in  his  native  country.  Among 
his  works  may  be  mentioned  :  "  The  Last 
Return  of  the  Forester";  "  The  Poachers  "; 
"Joseph  Speckbacher  and  his  Son"  ;  the 
"  Zither  Player,"  and  the  large  painting 
"  La  Derniere  Levee  en  1809."  In  1878  he 
sent  the  "Zither  Player"  to  the  Paris 
Exhibition  and  obtained  a  third  prize.  In 
1883  the  King  of  Bavaria  raised  this  cele- 
brated painter  to  noble  rank,  by  bestowing 
on  him  the  Bavarian  Order  of  the  Crown. 

DE    FREYCINET,   Charles  Louis 

de  Saulces,  French  senator  and  engineer, 
was  born  at  Foix,  Nov.  14,  1828.  He 
received  his  professional  training  in  the 
Polytechnic  School,  was  fourth  in  the 
examination  for  the  Corps  des  Mines  in 
1848,  and  was  employed  by  the  Govern- 
ment in  the  same  year  on  several  impor- 
tant public  works.  Appointed  engineer  of 
the  mines  at  Mont-de-Marsan,  he  was,  in 
the  regular  course  of  promotion,  trans- 
ferred to  Chartres  in  1854,  and  to  Bor- 
deaux in  1855.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  chief  engineer  to  the  Compagnie 
du  Chemin  de  Fer  du  Midi  ;  and  during 
the  five  years  of  his  tenure  of  this  im- 
portant post,  he  gave  to  the  Compagnie 
du  Midi  a  typical  organisation  which  the 
other  French  railway  companies  did  not 
fail  to  imitate.  M.  de  Freycinet  was  next 
employed  by  the  Government  in  various 
scientific  or  industrial  missions  in  France 
and  in  foreign  countries.     In  1864  he  was 


nominated  ordinary  engineer  of  the  first 
class,  and  he  was  likewise  a  member  of  the 
Conseil  General  of  the  department  of  Tarn- 
et-Garonne,  when  the  war  of  1870  broke 
out.  After  the  revolution  of  September  4,  he 
was  appointed  Prefect  of  Tarn-et-Garonne. 
On  the  10th  October  following,  M.  Gam- 
betta  having  taken  possession,  in  the 
provinces,  of  the  office  of  Minister  of 
War,  chose  M.  de  Freycinet  as  his  dele- 
gate, and  entrusted  him  with  the  supreme 
control  of  that  department.  On  the  con- 
clusion of  peace  M.  de  Freycinet  retired 
for  a  time  from  public  life.  He  was 
elected  a  senator  by  the  department  of 
the  Seine,  Jan.  30,  1876,  being  placed  first 
on  the  list  of  successful  candidates  ;  his 
term  of  office  expired  in  1882.  When  the 
Dufaure  Ministry  was  formed  in  Dec. 
1877,  he  accepted  the  portfolio  of  Public 
Works.  On  May  8,  1878,  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  as 
successor  to  M.  de  Bussy.  His  former 
studies  on  water  supply,  sewage,  and 
engineering  won  for  him  this  distinction. 
M.  de  Freycinet  continued  in  his  office 
of  Minister  of  Public  Works  in  the  Cabinet 
presided  over  by  M.  Waddington  (Feb.  4, 
1879),  after  M.  Grevy  had  succeeded 
Marshal  MacMahon  as  President  of  the 
Republic.  At  the  close  of  that  year  (Dec, 
27),  he  was  appointed  President  of  the 
Council  in  place  of  M.  Waddington,  and 
he  took  the  portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
He  resigned  Sept.  19,  1880,  in  consequence 
of  the  difficulties  relative  to  the  execution 
of  the  decrees  against  the  unauthorised 
religious  Orders ;  and  M.  Jules  Ferry  was 
then  entrusted  with  the  formation  of  a 
new  Cabinet.  In  January  1882,  M.  Gam- 
betta's  Ministry  was  overthrown  on  the 
Scrutiii  de  Liste  proposal,  by  a  majority 
in  the  Chamber  of  305  to  110.  M.  de 
Freycinet  was  then  recalled  to  power,  and 
again  held,  with  the  Presidency  of  the 
Council,  the  portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
His  proposals  for  safeguarding  the  Suez 
Canal  were  rejected  by  a  majority  of  416 
to  75  (July  29).  The  Ministry  at  once 
resigned,  and,  as  the  Chamber  had  de- 
clared in  the  plainest  possible  terms 
against  intervention  in  Egypt,  France 
became  a  passive  spectator  of  England's, 
action.  After  M.  de  Freycinet's  resigna-- 
tion,  President  Grevy,  after  many  diffi- 
culties, succeeded  in  forming  a  "  Ministry 
of  Affairs  "  under  M.  Duclerc.  Then  fol- 
lowed the  second  Government  of  M.  Ferry,, 
who  in  his  turn  was  succeeded  by  M. 
Brisson  ;  and  he,  after  a  short  and  feeble 
tenure  of  office,  gave  place  to  M.  de  Frey- 
cinet, who  took  the  Presidency  of  the 
Council  and  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs.  He  went  out  of  office  in  December 
1886,  and  was  succeeded  by  M.  Goblet. 
At  the  Presidential  election  of  December- 


DE  HAAS  — DELCASSE 


287 


1887,  he  was  one  of  the  three  candidates  for 
the  presidency,  the  other  two  being  MM. 
Ferry  and  Floquet.     But  he  retired  from 
the   contest  in   view   of    the    improvised 
candidature   of  the  late    M.    Carnot.     In 
April    1888,    he     returned    to    power    as 
Minister  of  War  in  the  Floquet  Cabinet. 
He   was   the   first   civilian    to   hold   that 
position   since   the   days    of    the    Aneien 
Regime,    but    he    retained    his    portfolio 
during  successive  ministries,  and  in  March 
1890  was  for  the  fourth  time  Premier  and 
Minister  of  War.    In  February  1892  he  was 
defeated  and  succeeded  by  M.  Loubet,  in 
whose  ministry   he  nevertheless   retained 
the  position  of  Minister  of  War.     On  the 
reconstruction  of  the  Cabinet  in  January 
1893,  he   had  to  resign   his  post,   having 
been    to    some    extent    affected    by    the 
Panama   scandals.      As  Minister   of   War 
M.  de  Freycinet  has  left  his  mark  on  the 
constitution  of  the  French  army.     To  him 
is  owing  the  establishment  of  the  three 
years'  system  of  obligatory   military  ser- 
vice, and  the  extension  of  such  obligatory 
service    to    students    preparing    for    the 
priesthood,    and    to    young    men    in   the 
learned   professions.      He   has   created   a 
Conseil  Superieur  de  la.   Guerre,   and   has 
instituted  the  post  of  a  General  Chief  of 
Staff  to  whom  in  war  time  are  to  be  en- 
trusted plans  of  mobilisation  and  all  kinds 
of  military  preparations.     During  the  four 
years  he  was  at  the  Ministry  of  War  he 
increased  the  number  of  fortresses  on  the 
frontiers,   greatly   strengthened   those  al- 
ready   in    existence,    gave    an    immense 
extension  to  the  annual  French  military 
manoeuvres,  which  now  involve  the  move- 
ments of  armies,  and  applied  several  secret 
improvements  to  French  arms  and  ammu- 
nition.      These    important    secrets    were 
partially  revealed  by  the  Turpin-Triponin 
affair,  which  occurred  in  May  and  June  of 
1891.      As   President   of   Council,    M.    de 
Freycinet  has  frequently  taken  up  a  strong 
attitude,    especially   in    matters    affecting 
the  clergy.  In  December  1891,  he  called  for 
stern  repressive  legislation  in  the  matter 
of  clerical  associations,  and  the  discussion 
of  the  law  in  which  these  measures  were 
embodied,   led   to  the   fall  of  the  strong 
ministry  over  which  he  presided.     M.  de 
Freycinet  was   re-elected  Senator  of   the 
Seine  in  January  1891.     He  has  made  his 
mark   as   an    author,   both   scientific   and 
literary,    having   published   a  "  Traite  de 
Mecanique  rationnelle,"  2  vols.,  1858  ;   "  De 
1' Analyse     infinitesimale,"     1860  ;     "  Des 
Pentes  economiques  en  Chemin^de  Fer," 
1861;    "Emploi   des    Eaux    d'Egout    en 
Agriculture,"   1869;    "  Principes   de  l'As- 
sainissement  industriel,"   1870  ;  and  "  La 
Guerre  en  Province  pendant  le  Siege  de 
Paris,"   1871  ;  besides  a  series  of  literary 
Pensees  Contemporaines.     In  May  1882,  he 


was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  in  1890  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Academy  in  succession  to 
Emile  Augier.  In  1898  he  endeavoured  to 
form  a  Coalition  Ministry  on  the  fall  of  the 
Meline  Cabinet,  but  was  unsuccessful. 

DE  HAAS,  Maurits,  F.  H. ,  marine 
painter,  was  born  at  Rotterdam,  Dec.  12, 
1832.  He  studied  under  J.  Spoel  and  at 
the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  his  native 
city,  and  finished  his  artistic  education 
under  Louis  Meyer  at  the  Hague.  In 
1857  he  was  made  artist  to  the  Dutch 
Navy,  and  in  1859  he  went  to  New  York, 
where  he  has  since  lived.  The  subjects  of 
his  earlier  pictures  are  chiefly  from  the 
English  Channel  and  French  Coast ;  and 
among  them  are  :  "  Storm  off  the  Isle  of 
Jersey,"  "After  the  Wreck,"  "Seashore 
near  Hastings,"  "Calm  off  Newport," 
"Wreck  off  St.  Heliers,"  "Yacht  Hen- 
rietta," "Clearing  Up,"  "British  Chan- 
nel," "The  Rescue,"  "The  Old  Wreck," 
and  "Moonrise  at  Sunset."  His  best 
known  American  works  are  "The  Rapids 
above  Niagara  Falls  "  and  "  Farragut  pass- 
ing the  Forts  at  New  Orleans."  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  National 
Academy  in  1863,  and  an  Academician  in 
1867,  and  was  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  American  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colours.  Of  late  years  he  has 
painted  most  of  his  subjects  on  the  New 
England  coast. 

DELAND,  Margaretta  Wade,  ne'e 
Campbell,  an  American  writer,  was  born 
at  Alleghany,  Pennsylvania,  Feb.  23, 1857. 
She  was  educated  at  Pelham  Priory,  New 
Rochelle,  N.Y.,  then  studied  at  Cooper- 
Union  (N.Y.  City),  and  in  1878-79  taught 
industrial  design  in  the  Girls'  Normal 
College,  at  New  York.  In  1880  she  was 
married  to  Lorin  F.  Deland,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  She  has  published  :  "The 
Old  Garden  and  other  Verses,"  1886; 
"John  Ward,  Preacher,"  1888,  a  novel' 
which  has  attracted  very  much  attention  y 
"Florida  Days,"  1889;  "Sidney,"  1890;- 
"Philip  and  his  Wife,"  1894;  "The 
Wisdom  of  Fools,"  1897.  In  1893  "The 
Old  Garden  and  other  Verses,"  was  re- 
published with  decorations  by  Walter 
Crane. 

DELCASSE,  Theophile,  French 
statesman,  was  born  at  Pamiers,  March  1, 
1852,  and  having  passed  his  liccnce-es-lettres, 
he  took  up  journalism  and  became  one  of 
the  staff  of  La  Republique  Franfaise,  where 
he  dealt  with  questions  of  foreign  politics. 
In  1889  he  defeated  the  monarchist  can- 
didate in  the  arrondissement  of  Foix,  and 
entered  the  Chamber.  He  defended  the 
credits  for  the  Soudan  and  Tonkin  in  the, 


DELOMBRE  —  DENNING 


Budget  of  1892  very  warmly,  pointing  out 
the  vital  necessity  of  France  keeping  up 
with  the  other  Great  Powers  in  their  work 
of  colonisation.  On  May  30,  1894,  he 
was  appointed  Colonial  Minister  in  the 
Dupuy  Cabinet,  and,  as  such,  was  noted 
for  his  anti-English  feeling.  On  M. 
Brisson  (q.v.)  taking  office  in  June  1898, 
he  succeeded  M.  Hanotaux  as  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  In  September  1898,  the 
"Marchand"  incident  filled  the  journals 
of  Europe,  and  for  a  time  disturbed  a 
continent.  On  the  overthrow  of  M. 
Brisson's  Ministry  in  October  1898,  M. 
Delcasse'  was  requested  to  continue  the 
personal  superintendence  of  his  foreign 
policy,  and,  consequently,  joined  the  new 
.combination  under  the  leadership  of  M. 
Charles  Dupuy.  The  particular  honour  of 
this  re-appointment  becomes  emphasised 
when  it  is  recalled  that  M.  Delcasse1 
succeeded  in  office  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished French  statesmen  of  his  gene- 
ration, namely,  M.  Hanotaux  (q.v.).  Paris 
address  :  11  Boulevard  de  Clichy. 

DELOMBRE,  Paul,  French  states- 
man, was  born  at  Maubeuge  in  1848.  He 
studied  for  the  law,  and  subsequently 
practised  at  the  Paris  Court  of  Appeal. 
He  then,  like  many  others,  took  to 
journalism,  and,  for  a  time,  held  the  im- 
portant position  of  financial  editor  of  the 
Temps.  He  entered  the  Chamber  in  1893  as 
Deputy  for  Barcelonnette,  and,  in  October 
1898,  accepted  office  under  M.  Dupuy  as 
Minister  of  Commerce,  this  being  his  first 
portfolio.  M.  Delombreis  an  economist  of 
-wide  repute  in  France. 

DENBIGH,  Earl  of,  Rudolph 
Robert  Basil  Aloysius  Augustine 
Fielding',  son  of  the  8th  Earl  and  Mary, 
daughter  of  Robert  Berkeley,  of  Spetchley 
Park,  Worcestershire,  was  born  at  Downing 
Hall,  Holywell,  North  Wales,  on  May  26, 
1859,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  1892. 
He  was  educated  at  Oscott  College,  Bir- 
mingham, and  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich.  He  entered  the 
army  in  December  1878,  and,  as  a  Captain 
of  the  Royal  Artillery,  saw  service  in 
Egypt  in  1882,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir.  In  1883  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Royal  Horse  Artillery, 
and  served  in  India  during  1886.  The 
following  year  he  went  to  Ireland  as  Aide- 
.  de-Camp  to  the  Lord-Lieutenant,  and 
shortly  afterwards  retired  from  the  army. 
Lord  Denbigh  at  one  time  intended  to 
contest  the  Rugby  Division  of  Warwick- 
shire, and  after  three  years'  hard  work, 
was  unable  to  do  so  owing  to  the  death  of 
his  father  just  before  the  general  electiorj. 
He  moved  the  Address  in  the  House  of 
Lords  in  August  1892.     In  1895  he  was 


elected  to  the  Warwickshire  County  Coun- 
cil, but  resigned  the  seat  on  being  elected 
to  the  London  County  Council  in  February 
1896  as  one  of  the  four  representatives  of 
the  City.  He  did  not  seek  re-election  in 
the  City  in  1898,  but  contested  Battersea 
and  was  beaten.  In  ]  897  he  was  appointed 
Lord-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen.  Lord 
Denbigh  takes  an  active  interest  in 
politics,  and  has  charge  of  the  Irish 
Government  business  in  the  Upper  House. 
He  also  took  charge  of  the  Infant  Life 
Protection  Bill,  which  became  law  in 
1897.  He  is  the  Lieutenant-Colonel  Com- 
manding the  Honourable  Artillery  Com- 
pany. In  1884  he  married  the  Hon. 
Cecilia  Clifford,  daughter  of  Lord  Clif- 
ford of  Chudleigh,  and  has  issue.  Lord 
Denbigh,  besides  possessing  various  Irish 
titles,  is  Count  of  Hapsburg  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  Addresses :  Newnham 
Paddox,  Lutterworth ;  and  Downing, 
Holywell,  Flintshire. 

DENMAN,  George  Lewis,  LL.M., 
J.P.,  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Justice  George 
Denman,  and  was  born  in  London,  May  5, 
1854.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1877,  and  was 
Recorder  of  Queenborough  from  1882-85. 
He  was  appointed  a  Metropolitan  Police 
Magistrate  in  1890,  and  sits  at  Lambeth. 
He  has  edited  the  2nd  edit,  of  Broom's 
"Constitutional  Law,"  1885.  Addresses: 
8  Cranley  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

DENMARK,  King  of.  See  Chris- 
tian IX. 

DENMARK,  The  Crown  Prince  of, 

K.G.,  was  born  in  Copenhagen  in  1843. 
He  was  educated  at  an  ordinary  school, 
and  then  underwent  a  thorough  military 
training  in  the  Swedish  army.  He  was 
married  in  1869  to  the  Princess  Louise  of 
Sweden  ;  his  second  son,  Prince  Charles, 
is  married  to  the  Princess  Maud,  third 
daughter  of  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales. 

DENNING,    "William     Frederick, 

F.R.A.S.,  was  born  at  Braysdown,  near 
Bath,  Somerset,  on  Nov.  25,  1848.  His  ' 
father  was  Isaac  Poyntz  Denning  (born  in 
the  East  Indies  in  December  1819,  and.  son 
of  Isaac  Denning,  who  served  in  the  53rd 
Regiment  during  the  Indian  wars  about  a 
century  ago),  then  manager  of  the  Brays- 
down Collieries  ;  but  who  in  January  1850 
removed  to  Bristol  and  became  a  public 
accountant.  The  son  attended  several 
private  schools,  and  early  evinced  a  love 
for  natural  history.  In  October  1865, 
when  acting  as  clerk  to  a  manufacturing 


DEPEW  —  DERBY 


289 


firm  at  Bristol,  he  was  attracted  to  the 
study   of   astronomy.      He   had   probably 
inherited  this  taste  from  his  mother,  who 
had    long    been    led    to    "  consider    the 
heavens,"  and  had  first  aroused  in  him 
that  love  for  the  science  which  developed 
itself   in  his  after  life.     Procuring  some 
lenses  he  soon  constructed  a  small  tele- 
scope, and  commenced  that  observational 
work   which  he   pursued   with   so  much 
diligence  in  later  years.     His  father  en- 
couraged these  initiatory  efforts  by  pre- 
senting    him    with    a    3-inch    refracting 
telescope,  and  afterwards  with  one  of  4J 
inches.    The  latter  was  superseded  by  a 
10-inch  reflector  by  With  and  Browning 
in   1871,   and   this  has  since   formed   the 
chief  working  instrument  of  Mr.  Denning. 
He  has  effected  many  planetary  observa- 
tions, and  obtained  some  interesting  results 
with  regard  to  the  varieties  and  motions 
of  the  spots  on  Jupiter.     On  the  morning 
of  Oct.  4,  1881,  he  discovered  a  periodical 
comet  of  8f  years  ;  on  March  26,  1894,  he 
detected    another   periodical   comet,   the 
computed  time  of  which  is  1\  years.  Other 
comets  were  found  by  him  on  July  23, 
1890,  March  30,  1891,  and  March  18,  1892. 
Mr.   Denning's  chief  work  has,  however, 
been  effected    in    the    field  of    meteoric 
astronomy.     For  many  years  he  watched 
the   fall  of  meteors  and  recorded  their 
numbers  and  directions.     A  large  quantity 
of  materials  was  accumulated  in  this  way, 
and  in  May  1890  a  paper  by  Mr.  Denning 
was  published  by  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  in  which  he  gave  the  positions  of 
918  radiant  points  of  meteoric  showers  de- 
duced from  observations  of  12,083  meteors. 
No  other  observer  has  obtained  such  ex- 
tensive results  in  this  branch  of  astronomy. 
In   1877   he  discovered   that   the   August 
meteors    (called    "Perseids")    present    a 
radiant  which  changes  its  position,  from 
night  to  night,  amongst  the  fixed  stars, 
and  he  subsequently  detected  many  showers 
of  long  duration  and  stationary  position. 
Mr.  Denning  has  written  about  seventy-five 
papers  which  have  been  printed  in  the 
Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  and  he  has  been  a  very  frequent 
contributor  to  English  and  foreign  scien- 
tific journals.  A  large  number  of  his  papers 
have  appeared  in  Nature  ,.  the  Astronomical 
Register,     the     Observatory,     the     English 
Mechanic,  Knowledge,  and  the  Astronomiscke 
Nachrickten.    He  acted  as  President  of  the 
Liverpool  Astronomical  Society  in  1877-78, 
and  is  the  author  of  books  entitled  "Tele- 
scopic Work  for  Starlight  Evenings  "  and 
"The  Great  Meteoric  Shower  of  November." 
He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical  Society   in   June   1877,   and  was 
elected  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Liverpool 
Astronomical  Society  in  1882.  In  December 
1895  he  was  awarded  the  "Valz  "  prize  by 


the  Academy  of  Sciences,  Paris,  for  his 
observations  and  discoveries  of  meteoric 
showers  and  comets.  In  February  1898, 
at  the  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Fellows, 
he  was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  recognition 
of  his  labours  in  various  departments  of 
the  science,  and  particularly  in  that  of 
meteoric  astronomy.  Address :  102  City 
Road,  Bristol. 

DEPEW,  Chauncey  MitcheH,  LL.D., 

American  lawyer,  was  born  at  Peekskill, 
New  York,  April  23,  1834.  He  graduated 
at  Tale  College  in  1856  ;  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  In  1861-62  he 
was  a  Member  of  the  New  York  Assembly, 
and  from  1863-65  was  New  York  Secretary 
of  State.  He  was  also  a  tax-commissioner 
for  New  York  City,  and  for  a  brief  time 
Minister  to  Japan.  In  1866  he  became 
Attorney  for  the  New  York  and  Harlem 
Raised  Railway  Company,  and  on  its  con- 
solidation in  1869  with  the  New  York 
Central  Railway  Company  he  was  appointed 
the  general  counsel  of  the  united  com- 
panies. The  Legislature,  in  1874,  chose 
him  a  Regent  of  the  State  University,  and 
he  was  also  placed  on  the  Commission  for 
building  the  Capitol  at  Albany.  In  1882 
he  became  Second  Vice-President  of  the 
New  York  Central  Railway,  and  in  1885  its 
President.  He  was  also  President  of  the 
West  Shore  Railway,  and  of  the  Union 
League  Club  of  New  York,  and  for  ten 
years  of  the  Yale  Alumni  Association,  and 
also  of  ■  the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution.  In  1888  he  was  a 
candidate  before  the  Republican  National 
Convention  for  President  of  the  United 
States,  receiving  100  votes.  In  the  Con- 
vention of  1892  he  led  the  forces  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison.  Mr.  Depew  is  distinguished 
not  only  as  an  eminently  successful  railway 
manager  and  as  a  prominent  leader  of  his 
political  party,  but  also  as  one  of  the 
most  popular  speakers  of  his  country,  his 
orations  on  public  occasions  and  his  after- 
dinner  addresses  being  in  great  demand. 
In  1887  the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Yale  College.  A  volume  of 
his  "  Orations  and  After-dinner  Speeches  " 
was  published  in  1890. 

DERBY,  Bishop  of.  See  Webb,  the 
Right  Rev.  Edwabd  Ash. 

DERBY,  Earl,  The  Right  Hon. 
Frederick  Arthur  Stanley,  K.G., 
K.C.B.,  A.D.C.,  J.  P.,  LL.D.,  younger 
son  of  the  14th  and  brother  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Derby,  by  Emma,  second 
daughter  of  the  first  Lord  Skelmers- 
dale,  was  born  in  London  on  Jan. 
15,  1841,  and  received  bis  education  at 
Eton.     He  entered  the  Grenadier  Guards 

T 


290 


DERING  — DESART 


in  1858,  was  appointed  Lieutenant  and 
Captain  in  1862,  and  retired  in  1865.  He 
represented  Preston  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, in  the  Conservative  interest,  from 
July  1865  till  December  1868,  when  he 
was  elected  for  North  Lancashire.  He 
was  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  from  August 
to  December  1868,  and  Financial  Secretary 
for  War  from  February  1874  till  August 
1877,  when  he  became  Financial  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury.  On  April  2,  1878,  Colonel 
Stanley  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State 
for  War,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Hardy,  now 
Lord  Cranbrook,  and  was  sworn  of  the 
Privy  Council.  In  the  autumn  recess  of 
that  year  he  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  the 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  with  a  nume- 
rous suite,  visited  the  island  of  Cyprus. 
He  went  out  of  office  with  his  party  in 
April  1880.  In  Lord  Salisbury's  govern- 
ment he  was  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies  from  June  1885  till  February  1886, 
and  in  the  Cabinet  of  August  1886  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage  with  the  title  of 
Lord  Stanley  of  Preston.  In  1888  he  be- 
came Governor-General  of  Canada,  and 
was  succeeded  in  1893  by  Lord  Elgin.  In 
the  same  year  he  succeeded  to  the  title  of 
the  late  Lord  Derby.  He  was  Mayor  of 
Liverpool  1895-96,  and  since  189*7  has 
been  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Lancashire.  He 
married,  in  1864,  Lady  Constance,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  4th  Earl  of  Clarendon. 
Addresses  :  33  St.  James's  Square,  S.W.  ; 
Knowsley  Park,  Prescot,  &c. 

DER.ING,     Sir     Henry    Nevill, 

Bart.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  to  Mexico, 
was  born  Sept.  21,  1839,  and  is  the  fourth 
son  of  the  8th  Baronet  and  a  daughter  of 
Lord  Kensington.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  and  entered  the  Diplomatic  Ser- 
vice in  1859.  From  1892  to  1894  he  was 
Consul-General  in  Bulgaria,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  his  present  post.  He  was 
made  a  C.B.  in  1895,  and  in  1896  succeeded 
his  father  as  9th  Baronet,  the  creation 
dating  from  1626.  In  1863  he  married  the 
daughter  of  J.  Underwood,  Esq.  Address: 
Surrenden  Dering,  Ashford,  Kent. 

DEROTJLEDE,  Paul,  French  politi- 
cian and  journalist,  was  born  at  Paris  on 
Sept.  2,  1846,  and  is  the  nephew  of  Emile 
Augier.  He  was  educated  at  the  Lycee 
Louis-le-Grand,  and  in  1867  had  his  first 
verses  printed  in  the  Revue  Nationale.  He 
travelled  all  over  Europe,  and  in  1869, 
"Jean  Strenner,"  his  drama,  was  acted  at 
the  The'atre  Francais.  He  was  wounded 
at  Sedan,  and  taken  prisoner  to  Breslau, 
whence  he  escaped  and  fought  in  the 
Loire  campaigns.  As  a  result  he  issued 
two  volumes  of  "  Chants  du  Soldat "  (1872 
and    1875),    which    became    popular    all 


through  France,  and  were  crowned  by  the 
French  Academy.  His  "Hetman"  was 
played  at  the  Odebn  in  1877,  and  his 
"Moabite,"  although  accepted  by  the 
Francais,  was  forbidden  by  the  Censor  on 
account  of  its  religious  opinions.  It  was 
read  to  the  press  in  the  salon  of  Madame 
Adam  (q.v.)  in  1880.  In  1882  he  acquired 
great  notoriety  by  founding  the  "  Ligue 
des  Patriotes,"  which  was  destined  to 
unite  all  Frenchmen  in  a  desire  for 
revenge.  He  supported  General  Boulanger 
violently  in  1884,  and  undertook  an  anti- 
German  crusade  in  Russia  in  1883,  and  in 
1887,  on  the  death  of  the  famous  journa- 
list, Katkoff.  In  1888  he  was  defeated  at 
the  elections  of  the  Charente,  but  in  1889 
he  was  successful  at  Angouleme,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  most  violent  partisans  of 
Boulanger  after  his  flight.  He  was  forcibly 
ejected  from  the  Chamber  on  Jan.  20 
1890,  and  soon  after  returned  to  literary 
work.  He  has  recently  been  extremely 
active  as  an  anti-Dreyfusard,  and  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  seditious 
behaviour  on  the  occasion  of  M.  Loubet's 
election  to  the  Presidency  of  the  French 
Republic  early  in  1899.  He  published 
"  Histoire  d'Amour"  in  the  same  year, 
and  in  1895  wrote  a  play  for  the  Ambigu, 
"  Bertrand  Duguesclin,"  which  was 
violently  patriotic  and  Anglophobe.  He 
is  the  finest  specimen  of  the  French 
Chauvinist.  He  lives  at  108  Avenue 
Kle'ber,  Paris. 

DERRY  AND  RAPHOE,   Bishop 

of.  See  Chad  wick,  The  Right  Rev. 
G.  A. 

DE    RUTZEN,   Albert,    B.A.,   J. P., 

was  born  in  1831,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1857.  He 
occupies  at  present  the  position  of  Metro- 
politan Police  Magistrate  at  Marlborough 
Street.  Address  :  90  St.  George's  Square, 
S.W. 

DESART,  Earl  of,  Hamilton  John 
Agmondesham  Cuffe,  C.B.,  Solicitor  to 
the  Treasury,  Director  of  Public  Prosecu- 
tions, and  Queen's  Proctor,  was  born  Aug. 
30,  1848,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the  3rd 
Earl  of  Desart  and  Lady  Elizabeth  Camp- 
bell. He  was  educated  at  Radley  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  served  in 
the  Royal  Navy  from  1860-1863.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1872.  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  Assistant-Solicitor  to  the  Trea- 
sury, and  in  1894  was  promoted  to  his 
present  post.  On  Sept.  14,  1898,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom  of  Desart,  on  the 
death  of  his  elder  brother.  In  1876  he 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  4th  Earl 
of  Harewood.  Address  :  2  Rutland  Gar- 
dens, S.W.     Clubs :  St.  James',  Travellers'. 


DESCHANEL  —  DESHUMBERT 


291 


DESCHANEL,  Emile  Martin,  was 

born  at  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1819,  and,  after  a 
brilliant   course  of   study  at  the  College 
Louis-le-Grand,  was  appointed  Professor 
of   Rhetoric   at  the  College  of  Eourges  ; 
shortly  afterwards  he  returned  in  the  same 
capacity  to  Paris.      He  wrote  successively 
for  the  Revue  IncUpenclante,  the  Reeue  des 
Deux  Mondes,  and  the  National,  and  several 
articles  on  literary  criticism  for  La  Liberti 
de  Penser.      To  this  last-named  journal  he 
contributed    also   a   series    of    essays    on 
politics    and    social    philosophy,    entitled 
"  Catholicisme  et  Socialisme,"  and  in  con- 
sequence was  cited  to  appear  before  the 
Council  of  Public  Instruction,  and,  in  spite 
of  an  eloquent  appeal,  was  suspended  from 
all  his  offices.     He  then  gave  his  entire 
energies  to  the  Republican  press.     On  Dec. 
2,  1851,  he  was  arrested,  imprisoned  for 
some    time,    and    subsequently   banished. 
Until  1859  he  resided  in  Brussels,  when  he 
returned  to  France  and  became  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Journal  des  Debuts.     In  1869 
he  joined  the   staff  of  the  National.     At 
the  general  elections  of  February  1876,  M. 
Deschanel  was  returned  for  the  Seine,  and 
after  the  act  of  May  16,  1877,  he  was  one 
of  the  363  deputies  who  refused  a  vote  of 
confidence  in  the  Broglie  Ministry.      He 
is  the  author  of  "  Les  Courtisanes  de  la 
Grece,"  1854;   "Histoire  de  la  Conversa- 
tion,"  1858;    "La  Vie    des    Comediens," 
1860;    "Physiologie  des  Ecrivains  et  des 
Artistes,"    1864;,     "Etudes    sur    Aristo- 
phane,"  1867  ;  "A.  Batons  rompus,"  1868  ; 
"Les  Conferences  a  Paris  et  en  France," 
1870;   "La  Question   des    Femmes   et   la 
Morale  la'ique,"  1876;    "Le  Peuple  et  la 
Bourgeoisie,"  1881 ;  "  Le  Romantisme  des 
Classiques,"  which  is  a  carefully  re-edited 
reprint  of  many  of  his  lectures.     He  con- 
tributes to  the  Inddpendance  Beige  under 
the  signature  of  ABS.      In  June  1881  he 
was  elected  a  Life  Senator  and  Honorary 
Professor    of    French    Literature    at    the 
College  de  France. 

DESCHANEL,  Paul  Eugene  Louis, 

President  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  son 
of  Emile  Martin  Deschanel,  the  eminent 
physicist,  was  born  at  Brussels,  Feb.  13, 
1859  ;  educated  at  the  Lycee  Ste.  Barbe 
and  the  Lycee  Condorcet.  In  1876  and 
1877  he  was  secretary  to  Marcere  and 
Jules  Simon  when  Ministers  of  the  Interior. 
In  1877  he  was  appointed  Sous-pre'fet  of 
Dreux,  then  of  Brest  and  of  Meaux.  In 
1881  he  resigned  his  post  to  put  up  for 
Parliament,  and  failed  to  get  in  for  Dreux, 
but  succeeded  in  the  department  of  the 
Eure-et-Loir,  in  1885,  as  a  moderate  Re- 
publican. From  the  first  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  orator.  His  maiden 
speech  was  in  favour  of  duties  on  cereals, 
June  28,  1886.     In  1888,  after  a  speech  on 


French  interests  in  the  East,  the  Sultan 
made  him  a  Grand  Cross  of  the  Medjidie 
and  Grand  Officer  of  the  Osmanieh.  He 
also  spoke  on  the  Navy  Estimates,  and 
exposed  the  needs  of  the  French  fleet.  In 
1889  he  was  returned  unopposed  for 
Nogent-le-Rotrou.  In  the  new  Parliament 
his  chief  speeches  were  on  the  Liberty  of 
the  Press  and  the  Customs.  He  was  sent 
on  an  official  mission  to  the  United  States 
in  1891.  He  has  visited  the  Socialist 
leader,  M.  Jaures,  at  Carmaux.  He  is  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  Dibals  and  the 
Revue  Politique,  and  has  written  the  fol- 
lowing works :  "  La  Question  du  Ton- 
kin," 1883;  "La  Politique  I'rancaise  en 
Occanie,"  1884,  with  a  preface  by  M.  de 
Lesseps ;  "Orateurs  et  Hommes  d'Etat," 
1888,  which  was  crowned  by  the  Academy, 
as  was  his  "Figures  de  Femmes"  in  1889. 
These  works  prove  his  powers  as  a  stylist. 
His  last  work  is  entitled  "  La  Republique 
Nouvelle,"  and  gives  an  account  of  his 
social  and  political  theories.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  new  Parliament  in  May  1898, 
M.  Deschanel  was  chosen  by  the  Moderates 
to  oppose  M.  Henri  Brisson,  the  well- 
known  Radical,  for  the  Presidency  of  the 
Chamber.  It  was  a  bold  move,  even  for 
one  who  had  been  Vice-President,  for  M. 
Brisson  had  held  the  office  in  the  two 
preceding  Parliaments,  and  when  M. 
Deschanel  was  elected  by  a  majority  of 
four  the  confusion  and  scenes  of  violence 
were  remarkable  even  for  the  French 
Chamber. 

DESHUMBERT,  Marius,  born  in 
Lyons  in  1856,  began  public  life  as  a 
teacher  in  the  same  town  at  the  age  of  18, 
and  was  visiting  master  for  five  years  at 
the  Ecole  de  la  Martiniere,  the  Ecole  de 
Commerce,  the  Ecole  Centrale,  and  the 
Ecole  des  Mines.  He  came  to  London 
in  1879,  and  prepared  candidates  almost 
exclusively  for  army  examinations,  and 
was  appointed  Professor  of  French  at  the 
Staff  College  in  1889,  and  Professor  at  the 
Royal  Military  College  in  1897.  By  the 
decision  of  the  Under  Secretary  of  State 
for  War  these  two  posts  may  be  held  by 
the  same  Professor.  The  best  known 
works  of  Prof.  Deshumbert  are:  "A 
Dictionary  of  Difficulties  met  with  in 
Reading,  Writing,  and  Speaking  French  " 
(5th  thousand),  1890;  "A  Public  Ex- 
amination French  Hand  -  Book  "  (2nd 
thousand),  1892,  to  which  have  been 
added  "  Hints  on  the  Study  of  the  French 
Language  "  ;  "A  French  and  English  List 
of  Military  Terms  "  (4th  thousand).  Prof, 
Deshumbert's  hobby  is  the  Study  of  Ethics 
and  he  has  written  several  pamphlets  on 
the  subject ;  among  others,  "  First  Prin- 
ciples of  Common-Sense  Ethics,"  1894 ; 
"  Life  and  Doctrines  of  Confucius,"  1895  ; 


292 


DE  STAAL  — DES  VCEUX 


and  has  edited  a  "blank-page"  journal 
called  "  Daily  Record  of  my  Physical, 
Moral,  and  Intellectual  Development."  He 
is  also  the  editor  of  a  new  quarterly 
magazine  for  "  the  harmonious  develop- 
ment of  the  faculties"  called  "Common- 
Sense  Ethics."  Address  :  Montclair,  Cam- 
berley. 

DE  STAAL,  Georges,  entered  the 
diplomatic  service  as  Secretary  of  Embassy 
at  Constantinople.  He  subsequently  be- 
came Minister  to  the  Court  of  Wurtemberg, 
and  was  thence  transferred  to  London  as 
Russian  Ambassador  in  July  1884.  He, 
with  M.  Lessar  as  special  coadjutor,  had 
the  management  of  the  delicate  diplomatic 
negotiations  that  attended  the  despatch 
of  the  Afghan  Frontier  Commission,  the 
"unfortunate  incident"  of  Penjdeh,  &c.  ; 
and  those  also  which  followed  the  various 
crises  in  Bulgarian  affairs,  1885-86.  Ad- 
dress :  Chesham  House,  S.W. 

DES  VCEUX,  Sir  George  William, 

G.C.M.G,  is  a  younger  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Henry  Des  Voeux,  and  brother  of  the 
present  baronet  of  that  name.  He  was 
born  at  Baden-Baden  on  Sept.  22,  1834, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  Intended 
for  the  Church,  he  preferred  to  seek  his 
fortune  in  the  Colonies.  In  1862  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  of  Ontario  (then  Canada 
West) ;  and  having  passed  his  legal  exami- 
nations with  distinction,  he  was  appointed 
in  1863  to  be  a  special  magistrate  in 
British  Guiana  by  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
then  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies. 
After  five  years'  service  in  Demerara,  his 
representations  to  the  Home  Government 
caused  the  appointment  of  a  Royal  Com- 
mission to  inquire  into  the  treatment  of 
the  Coolie  immigrants,  and  resulted  in  a 
large  amelioration  of  their  condition.  In 
1869  Mr.  Des  Vceux  was  appointed  Admini- 
strator of  St.  Lucia,  and  on  taking  charge 
of  that  post  he  found  the  colony  in  a 
state  of  extreme  depression,  due  largely 
to  corruption  in  the  administration  of 
justice  and  other  official  misconduct.  But 
the  severe  measures  which  he  adopted 
quickly  brought  about  improvement,  and 
within  three  years  the  revenue  nearly 
doubled.  During  his  tenure  of  office  in 
this  island  he  initiated  a  great  number  of 
useful  measures,  and  also,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Chief-Justice  Armstrong,  prepared 
the  code  of  law  now  in  force,  which,  being 
based  on  the  ancient  law  of  the  island 
(the  Coutume  de  Paris),  embodies  with 
it  improvements  taken  from  the  code  of 
Quebec,  the  Code  Napoleon,  and  the  code 
of  Louisiana,  as  well  as  many  modifica- 
tions required  by  modern  and  local  condi- 
tions.    This  code,  unlike  other  codes  of  a 


similar  character,  contains  a  chapter  of 
definitions  which  was  entirely  the  work 
of  Mr.  Des  Vceux.  In  1877  he  was  ap- 
pointed Lieutenant-Governor  of  Trinidad, 
and  though  received  there  with  coolness, 
owing  to  his  views  and  action  with  refer- 
ence to  contract-labour,  he,  on  leaving  the 
colony  after  a  year's  administration,  had 
won  the  regard  of  all  classes — employers 
as  well  as  employed.  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  to  act  for  Sir  Arthur  Gordon 
(now  Lord  Stanmore)  in  the  government 
of  Fiji,  and  during  this  administration 
her  Majesty's  Government  recognised  by 
special  despatch  his  ' '  energy  and  re- 
source "  as  displayed  in  the  protection 
of  the  colony  under  peculiarly  difficult 
circumstances  on  the  arrival  of  a  ship  con- 
taining six  hundred  coolies  infected  with 
cholera  and  smallpox.  In  May  1880  he 
was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Bahamas ; 
but  when  on  the  point  of  departure  for 
that  colony  he,  on  the  request  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  proceeded  again  to 
Fiji,  being  appointed  Governor  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  A.  Gordon,  and  arrived  there 
in  December  of  that  year.  In  1882,  on 
the  resignation  by  Sir  Arthur  Gordon  of 
the  government  of  New  Zealand,  Mr.  Des 
Voeux,  by  virtue  of  a  commission,  until 
then  dormant,  assumed  the  functions  of 
High  Commissioner  of  the  Western  Pacific, 
an  office  which  he  retained  until  his  depar- 
ture from  Fiji  in  1885.  In  that  capacity 
he  attended  the  Australasian  Convention 
held  at  Sydney  in  1883,  forming  one  of 
the  committee  which  drafted  the  Federal 
Council  Bill,  and  initiating  some  of  the 
resolutions  of  the  Convention  with  refer- 
ence to  New  Guinea  and  the  Western 
Pacific.  Mr.  (now  become  Sir  G.  William) 
Des  Voeux  returned  to  England  in  ill- 
health  in  the  spring  of  1885  ;  and  being 
in  1886  appointed  Governor  of  Newfound- 
land, received  on  his  departure  for  that 
colony  a  joint  address  from  the  Anti- 
Slavery  and  Aborigines  Protection  Socie- 
ties, bearing  testimony  to  his  "  prolonged 
and  successful  efforts  in  the  cause  of 
humanity  and  civilisation."  Sir  William 
arrived  in  Newfoundland  at  a  time  of 
great  political  and  sectarian  excitement 
(aroused  by  an  appointment  to  the  office 
of  Governor,  which  had  to  be  withdrawn 
and  was  superseded  by  his  own),  and  at 
once  set  himself  to  bring  about  peace,  with 
so  much  success  that  within  a  few  months 
three  Catholic  members  were  taken  into 
the  Government,  which  had  been  formed 
as  exclusively  Protestant.  When  leaving 
the  colony  after  a  year's  administration, 
Sir  William  received  addresses  of  very 
unusual  warmth  from  both  Houses  of 
the  Legislature,  while  the  leaders  of  the 
two  most  opposed  sects  (Catholics  and 
Wesleyans)  separately  attributed  to  him 


DETAILLE  — DE  VILLIEES 


293 


a  religious  peace  such  as  had  not  been 
known  for  many  years.  Appointed  in 
1887  Governor  of  Hong  Kong,  Sir  William 
proceeded  thither  in  October  of  that  year, 
and  when  after  an  administration  of  little 
more  than  Two  years  he  was  compelled  by 
ill-health  to  seek  a  change  of  climate,  he 
experienced  on  his  departure  for  England 
a  demonstration  of  respect  on  the  part  of 
all  classes  of  the  community,  Europeans 
and  Chinese  alike,  such  as  was  said  to 
have  been  unprecedented  in  the  history 
of  the  Colony.  Sir  William  returned  to 
Hong  Kong  in  December  1880,  when,  his 
health  having  again  broken  down,  he  felt 
compelled  to  resign  his  office,  and  return- 
ing to  England  vid  Japan  and  America, 
he  for  the  fourth  time  during  his  service 
completed  the  circuit  of  the  globe.  Sir 
William  was  appointed  C.M.G.  in  1877, 
was  promoted  to  K. C.M.G.  in  1882,  and 
in  1883  to  G. C.M.G.,  in  recognition  of 
his  "long  and  valuable  services."  Sir 
William's  writings  have  been  mostly  of  an 
official  character,  and  except  some  articles 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  letters  in 
the  Times,  have  been  published  exclusively 
in  Blue-books.  He  was  for  the  second 
time  elected  President  of  the  China  Asso- 
ciation in  1898,  and  is  a  principal 
authority  on  the  Far  Eastern  Question. 
He  married  in  1875  Marion  Denison, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Pender,  G.C.M.G., 
M.P.,  and  has  four  children  living.  Ad- 
dress :  Victoria,  Hong  Kong. 

DETAILLE,  Jean  Baptiste 
Edouard,  French  painter,  was  born  in 
Paris,  Oct.  5,  1848.  He  was  one  of  Meis- 
sonnier's  favourite  pupils,  but  his  first 
picture,  "Coin  d' Atelier,"  in  the  Salon, 
attracted  little  notice  in  1867.  In  1869 
his  "  Repos  pendant  la  Manoeuvre "  was 
one  of  the  successes  of  the  year.  During 
the  war  of  1870  he  was  secretary  to 
General  Appert,  and  took  advantage  to 
study  military  life  at  close  quarters.  His 
most  famous  pictures  have  been  "  Le 
Regiment  qui  passe,"  1875;  "En  Recon- 
naissance," 1876,  which  was  much  ad- 
mired at  the  Guildhall  Loan  Collection  in 
1898;  "Le  Reve,"  1888,  his  masterpiece, 
in  the  Luxembourg  Museum  at  Paris, 
together  with  his  "  Sortie  de  la  garnison 
de  Huningen  en  1815,"  noted  for  its  won- 
drous perspective.  Monsieur  Detaille  is 
the  most  famous  military  painter  in  France, 
and  his  work  is  noted  for  its  care  and 
accuracy.  He  is  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  and  a  Member  of  the 
Academie  des  Beaux  Arts. 

DEUCHEB,  Adolph,  was  elected 
Vice-President  of  the  Swiss  Confederation 
for  1896,  and  in  May  1  in  that  year  opened 
the  National  Exhibition  at  Geneva,  which 


aimed  at  presenting  a  complete  illustra- 
tion of  Swiss  trade  and  industry.  He  was 
elected  President  for  1897  on  Dec.  17, 1896. 

DE  VERE,  Aubrey  Thomas,  poet, 
third  son  of  the  late  Sir  Aubrey  de  Vere, 
Bart.,  of  Curragh  Chase,  co.  Limerick, 
was  born  in  1814,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  His  father,  who  died  in 
1846,  was  descended  from  Vere  Hunt,  a 
Cromwellian  officer  who  settled  in  Curragh 
during  the  Commonwealth.  He  was  him- 
self a  distinguished  poet,  whose  sonnets 
were  pronounced  by  Wordsworth  to  be 
the  "most  perfect  of  our  age."  Mr.  Aubrey 
de  Vere  is  also  famous  as  a  sonnet  writer, 
and  has  published  many  volumes  of  verse, 
viz.,  "  The  Waldenses,"  1842 ;  "  The  Search 
after  Proserpine,"  1843  ;  "Poems,  Miscel- 
laneous and  Sacred,"  1853  ;  "May  Carols," 
1857;  "The  Sisters,"  1861  ;  "The  Infant 
Bridal,"  1864;  "Irish  Odes,"  1869;  "The 
Legends  of  St.  Patrick,"  1872;  "Alex- 
ander the  Great,"  1874  ;  "  St.  Thomas  of 
Canterbury,"  1876 ;  "  Legends  of  the  Saxon 
Saints,"  1879;  "The  Foray  of  Queen 
Meave,  and  other  Legends  of  Ireland's 
Heroic  Age,"  1882;  "Legends  and  Re- 
cords of  the  Church  and  the  Empire," 
1887;  "St.  Peter's  Chains,"  1888.  He  is 
also  a  prolific  writer  of  prose,  and  has 
published,  among  other  works,  "English 
Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds,"  1848  ;  "  Pic- 
turesque Sketches  of  Greece  and  Turkey," 
1850;  "Ireland's  Church  Property  and 
the  Right  Use  of  It,"  1867,  and  several 
other  works  on  the  Church  of  Ireland ; 
"Constitutional  and  Unconstitutional  Poli- 
tical Action,"  1881 ;  two  volumes  of  essays 
on  literary  and  ethical  subjects  ;  "  Proteus 
and  Amadeus,"  a  selection  of  his  own 
poems,  1890;  "Religious  Poems  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  1893;  "Mediaeval 
Records  and  Sonnets,"  and  an  important 
and  interesting  account  of  his  long  life 
among  the  distinguished  men  of  several 
generations,  entitled  "Recollections  of 
Aubrey  de  Vere,"  1897.    Club:  Athenaeum. 

DE  VILLIERS,  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
John  Henry,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1842. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1865,  and  he  served  as  Attorney- 
General  of  Cape  Colony  from  1872  to  1874. 
He  is  at  present  Chief -Justice  at  the  Cape, 
and  also  occupies  the  position  of  President 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  that  colony. 
On  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's  Diamond 
Jubilee,  in  June  1897,  Sir  John  Villiers 
came  to  this  country,  accompanied  by  the 
Cape  Premier,  and  was  present  at  most 
of  the  important  functions  connected  with 
the  celebration.  He  was  married  in  1871 
to  Aletta,  daughter  of  J.  P.  Jourdan,  of 
Worcester,  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Address  : 
Wynberg,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


294 


DEVONSHIRE 


DEVONSHIRE,  Duke  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Spencer  Compton  Caven- 
dish, K.G.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  eldest  surviving 
son  of  the  late  William,  7th  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  by  Lady  Blanche  Georgina 
Howard,  daughter  of  George,  6th  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  was  born  July  23,  1833,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1854,  and  was  made 
LL.D.  in  1862.  He  was  attached  to  Earl 
Granville's  special  mission  to  Eussia  in 
1856.  In  March  1857  he  was  returned  to 
the  House  of  Commons  in  the  Liberal 
interest  as  one  of  the  members  for  North 
Lancashire.  At  the  opening  of  the  new 
Parliament  in  1859,  he  moved  a  vote  of  no 
confidence  in  Lord  Derby's  Government, 
and  it  was  carried  by  323  votes  against 
310.  In  March  1863  he  was  appointed 
a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  in  April  in 
the  same  year  Under-Secretary  for  War. 
On  the  reconstruction  of  Lord  Russell's 
second  Administration,  in  February  1866, 
the  Marquis  of  Hartington,  as  he  then 
was,  became  Secretary  for  War,  and  re- 
tired with  his  colleagues  in  July  of  that 
year.  At  the  general  election  of  Decem- 
ber 1868,  he  lost  his  seat  for  North  Lan- 
cashire, but  was  immediately  afterwards 
returned  for  the  Radnor  boroughs,  having 
first  received  the  office  of  Postmaster- 
General  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabinet.  He 
held  that  office  till  January  1871,  when 
he  succeeded  Mr.  Chichester  Fortescue  as 
Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland.  His  lordship 
went  out  of  office  with  his  party  in  Febru- 
ary 1874.  When  Mr.  Gladstone,  shortly 
before  the  assembling  of  Parliament  in 
1875,  announced  his  intention  of  abandon- 
ing the  post  of  leader  of  the  Liberal  party, 
a  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Opposi- 
tion was  held  at  the  Reform  Club  (February 
3),  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  John  Bright. 
On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Villiers,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Samuel  Morley,  a  resolution  was 
unanimously  passed  to  the  effect  that  the 
Marquis  of  Hartington  should  be  requested 
to  undertake  the  leadership  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  the  House  of  Commons.  His 
lordship  accepted  this  responsible  posi- 
tion, and  became  the  acknowledged  leader 
of  the  Opposition  in  the  Lower  House. 
He  received  the  freedom  of  the  city  of 
Glasgow,  Nov.  5,  1877  ;  and  was  installed 
as  Lord  Rector  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  31,  1879.  At  the  general 
election  of  April  1880,  he  was  elected 
M.P.  for  North-East  Lancashire.  On  the 
resignation  of  the  Conservative  Govern- 
ment, the  Marquis  of  Hartington  was  sent 
for  by  the  Queen  to  form  an  Administra- 
tion ;  but  this  task,  having  been  declined 
by  him  and  Earl  Granville,  eventually 
devolved  on  the  former  leader  of  the 
Liberal  party,  Mr.  Gladstone,  who  con- 
structed a  Cabinet,  in  which  the  Marquis 


of  Hartington  occupied  a  seat  as  Secretary 
of  State  for  India,  from  May  1880  till 
Dec.  16,  1882,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
the  War  Office  in  succession  to  Mr.  Chil- 
ders,  who  had  become  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer.  He  resigned  with  the  Govern- 
ment in  June  1885,  and  was  elected  for 
the  Rossendale  division  of  Lancashire, 
December  1885.  In  1886,  on  the  formation 
of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Rule  Cabinet, 
Lord  Hartington  declined  to  join  it  ;  but, 
on  the  contrary,  took  up  the  position  of 
leader  of  the  Unionist  Liberals.  He  moved 
the  first  resolution  at  the  great  Opera 
House  meeting ;  and  also,  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  the  rejection  of  the  Bill  at 
the  debate  on  the  second  reading.  His 
election  for  the  Rossendale  division  in 
1886  was  looked  upon  with  immense  inte- 
rest. He  was  returned  by  5399  votes 
against  3949.  When  the  new  Govern- 
ment was  formed,  he  declined  to  become 
a  member  of  it,  preferring  to  give  Lord 
Salisbury  an  "outside  support."  After 
the  secession  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill, 
Lord  Salisbury  again  endeavoured  to  in- 
duce Lord  Hartington  to  join  the  Cabinet, 
but  in  vain.  He  has  since  allied  himself 
closely  with  Lord  Salisbury,  and  his  anta- 
gonism to  the  policy  of  Home  Rule  has 
become  more  and  more  decided.  In  1890 
he  was  severely  ill  for  some  time.  In 
April  1891  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Labour.  At 
the  close  of  the  same  year  he  succeeded 
his  father  as  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  in 
January  1892  was  inaugurated  as  Chancel- 
lor of  Cambridge  University  in  succession 
to  the  late  Duke.  His  installation  took 
place  in  June.  In  August  he  was  married 
at  Christ  Church,  Mayfair,  to  Louise, 
Duchess  of  Manchester,  widow  of  the 
7th  Duke,  who  died  in  1890.  Shortly 
afterwards  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  was 
invested  with  the  Order  of  the  Garter. 
In  1892  he  was  appointed  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  Derbyshire.  On  Sept.  5, 1893,  he  moved 
the  rejection  of  the  Home  Rule  Bill  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  1895  he  became  Lord 
President  of  the  Council.  He  is  President 
of  a  Cabinet  Committee  of  National  and 
Imperial  Defence,  is  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
co.  Waterford,  and  was  Mayor  of  East- 
bourne in  1897-98.  Of  late  years  he  has 
been  prominently  before  the  public  in  con- 
nection with  the  scheme  for  a  Teaching 
University  for  London.  Speaking  on  Aug. 
15,  1895,  for  Lord  Salisbury's  Government, 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire  took  the  side  of 
the  majority  of  the  Convocation  of  the 
existing  University  of  London,  who  were 
then,  as  now,  warmly  opposed  to  the 
scheme  for  a  Teaching  University  as  re- 
commended by  Lord  Cowper's  Commission. 
In  July  1897  he  presented  the  London 
University  Commission  Bill,  proposing  the 


DEWAR  — DEWEY 


295 


appointment  of  a  new  commission  for  the 
reconstitution  of  the  University  of  London, 
in  accordance  with  the  well-known  Gre- 
sham  University  scheme,  but  this  Bill, 
though  amended  and  sent  down  to  the 
legislators  of  the  Lower  House,  was  with- 
drawn in  August  owing  to  the  opposition 
of  Convocation  and  others.  The  Duke  is 
also  keenly  interested  in  technical  educa- 
tion, and  presided  at  the  Fourth  Interna- 
tional Congress  on  Technical  Education 
held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
London,  in  June  1897.  Addresses  :  78 
Piccadilly,  W. ;  Chatsworth,  &c.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

DEWAR,  Professor  James,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  was  born  on  Sept. 
20,  1842,  at  Kincardine-on-Fortb,  Scot- 
land, and  was  educated  at  Dollar  Aca- 
demy and  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  assistant  to  Sir  Lyon  Playfair, 
when  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  from  whom  he 
received  his  chemical  training.  Subse- 
quently he  studied  at  Ghent,  under  the 
celebrated  Professor  Auguste  Kekulie.  He 
has  been  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  at  the 
Dick  Veterinary  College,  Chemist  to  the 
Highland  and  Agricultural  Society,  and 
Examiner  in  the  Universities  of  London 
and  Edinburgh.  At  present  he  is  Jack- 
sonian  Professor  of  "Natural  Experi- 
mental Philosophy"  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  and  Fullerian  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  Royal  institution  of 
Great  Britain.  He  is  M.A.  and  Fellow 
of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
F.R.S.  of  London  and  Edinburgh.  On 
March  31,  1897,  Professor  Dewar  was 
elected  President  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
Hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  St.  Andrews,  and 
Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the  Directors  of 
the  Davy-Faraday  Research  Laboratory  of 
the  Royal  Institution.  He  is  a  Past  Presi- 
dent of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry. 
Professor  Dewar  is  the  author  of  papers 
on  organic  and  physical  chemistry,  viz., 
on  "The  Oxidation  Products  of  Picoline," 
"  Transformation  of  Chinoline  into  Ani- 
line," "Physical  Constants  of  Hydroge- 
nium,"  "Specific  Heat  of  Carbon  at  High 
Temperatures,"  "The  Physiological  Action 
of  Light,"  "Spectroscopic  Investigations," 
&c.  The  Professor  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  conduct  of  recent  Exhibitions, 
having  occupied  the  respective  positions 
of  Chairman  of  the  Heating  and  Lighting 
Jury  of  the  Health  Exhibition,  and  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
Inventions  Exhibition.  He  has  several 
times  given  demonstrations  at  the  Royal 
Institution  to  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales  on  the  formation  of  liquid  oxygen 
and  air  and  the  production  of  temperatures 
approaching  that  of   the  absolute   zero, 


and  during  the  past  fourteen  years  he  has 
been  engaged  on  experimental  researches 
at  low  temperatures,  and  has  published 
numerous  papers  on  liquid  air  and  the 
behaviour  of  bodies  at  low  temperature  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Intitution,  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Society,  &c.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Government  Committee  on 
Explosives,  and,  in  association  with  Sir 
Frederick  Abel,  has  made  inventions  with 
regard  to  smokeless  powders,  and  their 
application  to  military  purposes.  With 
Sir  F.  Abel  he  invented  cordite.  In  1897, 
in  conjunction  with  M.  Moissan,  Professor 
Dewar  succeeded  in  liquefying  fluorine. 
He  has  delivered  many  Christmas  courses 
of  lectures  to  young  people  at  the  Royal 
Institution.  Of  late  years,  in  conjunction 
with  Professor  Fleming,  he  has  carried 
on  researches  on  the  electric  and  magnetic 
properties  of  metals  and  other  bodies  at 
low  temperature.  The  Rumford  medal  of 
the  Royal  Society  was  awarded  to  Pro- 
fessor Dewar  in  1894,  in  recognition  of  his 
investigations  on  the  properties  of  matter 
at  lowest  temperatures.  Professor  Dewar's 
latest  chemical  triumph  is  the  liquefaction 
of  hydrogen,  which  he  effected  at  the 
Royal  Institution  on  May  10,  1898.  The 
liquid  was  exhibited  to  Lord  Rayleigh, 
who  happened  to  be  present.  Subse- 
quently, at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society, 
Professor  Dewar  contributed  a  preliminary 
note  on  the  liquefaction  of  hydrogen  and 
helium.  The  feat  is  without  precedent. 
"Liquid  hydrogen,"  says  a  man  of  science 
writing  to  the  Times,  ' '  in  quantity  is  not 
only  of  enormous  scientific  interest  in  it- 
self, but  is  also  of  immense  importance 
as  placing  a  new  and  potent  instrument 
in  the  hands  of  investigators,  who  have 
hitherto  found  their  progress  barred  by 
its  absence."  Helium  is  a  rare  gas,  which 
has  hitherto  never  been  liquefied.  Per- 
manent address  :  Royal  Institution,  Albe- 
marle Street,  W.     Club  :  Athenaeum. 

DEWEY,  George,  Rear  -  Admiral, 
American  Navy,  was  born  Dec.  26,  1838, 
in  Vermont.  He  graduated  from  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1858. 
He  became  Passed  Midshipman,  Jan.  19, 
1861;  Master,  Feb.  23,  1861;  Lieutenant, 
April  19,  1861.  He  was  with  Farragut 
when  the  fleet  forced  an  entrance  to 
the  Mississippi  River  and  captured  New 
Orleans  in  April  1862.  He  was  on  the 
warship  Mississippi  when  she  grounded  in 
front  of  the  batteries  at  Port  Hudson, 
where  she  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  shot 
from  the  guns  of  the  Confederates,  the 
crew  being  forced  to  hurry  away  in  small 
boats.  The  Lieutenant  shared  in  the 
attack  on  Fort  Fisher,  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina,  in  December  1864  and 
January  1865,  and  was  promoted  to  Lieu- 


296 


DE  WINDT  —  DIAZ 


tenant  Commander,  March  3,  1865,  serving 
in  this  capacity  on  the  celebrated  warship 
Kearsarge.  Promoted  to  Commander, 
April  13,  1872,  he  was  in  command  of  the 
Narragansett,  1872-1876.  Later  he  was  a 
Member  of  the  Lighthouse  Board,  and 
Sept.  27,  1884,  he  became  a  Captain.  He 
commanded  the  Pensacola  from  1885  to 
1888,  and  became  Commodore,  Feb.  28, 
1896.  In  January  1898,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Asiatic  station,  and  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  with  Spain  he  destroyed  the 
Spanish  fleet  in  a  brilliant  action  in 
Manilla  Bay  (May  1,  1898),  without  losing 
any  of  his  own  vessels.  For  this  he  was 
promoted  to  be  Bear-Admiral,  and  was 
voted  a  sword  of  honour,  together  with  the 
thanks  of  Congress  and  the  American 
people.  He  also  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.    from   the    University  of   Pennsyl- 


DE  "WINDT,  Harry,  was  born  in 
Paris  in  April  1856,  and  was  educated 
at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  He 
served  as  A.D.C.  to  his  brother-in-law, 
the  Eajah  Brooke  of  Sarawak,  from  1876 
to  1878,  and  in  later  years  he  has  been 
known  as  a  great  traveller  and  explorer. 
In  1887  he  made  a  journey  by  land  from 
Pekin  to  France,  and  in  1  'he  travelled 
in  the  same  way  from  issia,  through 
Persia,  into  India.  He  has  visited  the 
prisons  of  Western  Siberia,  and  the  mines 
and  political  prisons  of  Eastern  Siberia, 
within  recent  years.  Mr.  De  Windt  nearly 
lost  his  life  on  the  Behring  Straits  in  1895, 
when  he  was  attempting  to  travel  by  land 
from  New  York  to  Paris  ;  and  during  1897 
he  was  engaged  in  an  exploration  of  the 
Klondyke  gold-fields.  He  is  the  author  of  : 
"  On  the  Equator,"  1882  ;  "From  Pekin  to 
Calais  by  Land,"  1887;  "A  Ride  to  India," 
1890  ;  "  Siberia  as  it  is,"  1892  ;  "  The  New 
Siberia,"  1895;  "Through  the  Gold-Fields 
of  Alaska  to  Behring  Straits,"  1898  ;  and 
a  novel  styled  "A  Queer  Honeymoon." 
Address  :  58  Jermyn  Street,  S.W. 

DE  WINTON,  Major-General  Sir 
Francis,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.M.G..  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  was  born  in  1835  at  Maesllwch 
Castle,  near  Hay  on  the  Wye,  and  is  the 
son  of  Walter  de  Winton  and  Julia,  third 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Collinson,  Rector 
of  Gateshead.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  and  in 
1854  entered  the  Royal  Artillery,  subse- 
quently serving  in  the  Crimean  campaign, 
and  as  A.D.C.  to  Sir  W.  F.  Williams  in 
British  North  America,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
at  Gibraltar.  From  1877-78  he  was  Mili- 
tary Attache'  at  Constantinople,  and  from 
1878-80  and  again  from  1880-83  Secretary 
to  the  Marquis  of  Lome  in  Canada.  From 
1884-85  he  was  Administrator-General  of 


the  Congo  just  before  it  was  definitely 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  State  ;  was  Adju- 
tant Quartermaster  General  at  Head- 
quarters in  1888-89 ;  Commissioner  to 
Swazi-land  in  1889  ;  and  since  1892  has 
been  Comptroller  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Duke  of  York's  household.  He  is  on  the 
retired  list  of  the  army.  He  married  a 
Canadian  lady  in  1864.  Addresses  :  York 
House,  St.  James's  Palace,  and  Congham 
Lodge,  Hillingdon,  Norfolk. 

DEYM,  Count  Francis,  of  Stfitei, 
Ambassador  of  Austria-Hungary  at  the 
Court  of  St.  James,  was  born  Aug.  25, 
1837,  and  began  his  diplomatic  career  at 
St.  Petersburg  in  1860.  He  was  First 
Secretary  at  the  Vatican  in  1874,  and  in 
London  in  1876.  Having  been  elected  a 
Member  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
in  1879  by  Bohemia,  he  left  London  and 
interrupted  his  diplomatic  career  for  eight 
years.  In  1887  he  was  appointed  Minister 
to  the  Court  of  Bavaria,  and  in  1888  to  his 
present  post.  In  1894  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  conferred  upon  him  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  Leopold.  He  is 
a  perpetual  Member  of  the  Upper  House 
of  the  Reichsrath,  and  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  St.  John  of  Malta.  He  married 
in  1870  Countess  Anne  of  Lehlabrendorf, 
and  his  estates  are  near  Arnau  in  Bohemia. 

D'EYNCOTJRT,    E.    C.    Tennyson, 

was  born  on  Feb.  11,  1855,  at  Bryanston 
Square,  W.,  his  father  being  the  late  Louis 
Charles  Tennyson  D'Eyncourt,  a  Metropo- 
litan Police  Magistrate  for  forty  years,  and 
his  mother  being  the  youngest  daughter  of 
John  Ashton  Yates,  formerly  M.P.  for 
Carlow.  He  was  educated  on  the  founda- 
tion at  Eton,  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  in  1875. 
Called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
May  1881,  he  joined  the  South-Eastern 
Circuit,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Kent 
Sessions.  He  was  appointed  a  Metropoli- 
tan Police  Magistrate  for  North  London  in 
January  1897,  which  post  he  now  holds. 
He  is  also  a  J.P.  for  Lincolnshire.  In  1892 
he  married  Ruth,  only  child  of  A.  F.  God- 
son, M.P.  Addresses  :  31  Cornwall  Gar- 
dens, S.W. ;  and  Farmfield,  Charlwood, 
Surrey. 

DIAZ,  General  Porfirio,  Mexican 
soldier  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Oaxaca, 
Sept.  15,  1830.  He  was  educated  in  his 
native  city,  and  began  the  study  of  law, 
but  abandoned  it  to  enter  the  National 
Guards  when  the  Americans  invaded 
Mexico  in  1847.  In  1854  he  joined  in  the 
insurrection  against  Santa  Anna,  and  from 
that  time  until  his  election  to  the  Presi- 
dency in  1876  was  actively  engaged  in  the 
many  attempts  against  the  various  govern- 


DIBBS  — DICEY 


297 


ments  which  in  rapid  succession  tried  to 
rule  Mexico.  During  this  period  he  dis- 
played great  abilities  as  a  leader  and 
military  commander;  and  as  early  as  1861, 
at  the  request  of  General  Ortega,  his 
superior  officer,  was  made  a  General. 
Twice  (1863  and  1865)  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner, but  each  time  effected  his  escape. 
His  first  administration  as  President  was 
a  stormy  one,  and  much  of  his  time  was 
occupied  in  quelling  revolts.  At  the  end 
of  his  term  (1880)  he  secured  the  election 
of  General  Gonzalez  (his  Secretary  of  War) 
as  his  successor ;  and  he  himself  took 
charge  of  one  of  the  departments  of  the 
Government,  and  was  also  appointed  Chief- 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  but  never 
took  his  seat.  When  Gonzalez's  term  ex- 
pired in  1884,  Diaz  was  elected  for  a  second 
term ;  and  by  successive  re-elections  has 
been  continued  in  the  presidential  office 
to  the  present  time.  His  administration 
on  the  whole  has  been  a  successful  one. 
The  country  has  been  pacified,  its  trade 
increased,  its  resources  developed,  its 
education  advanced,  and  its  railroads 
and  telegraphs  extended.  On  Sept.  16, 
1897,  when  he  was  attending  the  public 
celebrations  of  the  anniversary  of  Mexican 
independence,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
assassinate  him,  which  was  happily  unsuc- 
cessful, the  criminal  being  dragged  from 
prison  by  the  mob  and  lynched. 

DIBBS,     Sir    George     Richard, 

K.C.M.G,,  has  for  many  years  been  repre- 
sentative of  Murrumbidgee  in  the  New 
South  Wales  Legislature.  From  1883  to 
1885  he  was  Colonial  Treasurer  under  Sir 
Alexander  Stuart,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
the  Premiership.  He  was  Colonial  Secre- 
tary in  1886-87,  and  in  1889  was  again 
Premier  for  a  short  period.  On  the  defeat 
of  Sir  H.  Parkes  in  1891  he  became 
Premier  for  the  third  time,  and  signalised 
his  tenure  of  power  by  introducing  a  strong 
Protectionist  tariff.  In  1892  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  having  come  to 
England  to  establish  confidence  in  Aus- 
tralian, and  more  especially  in  New 
South  Wales,  Stock.  In  1893  he  became 
bankrupt,  and  resigned  his  seat  in  the 
Legislative  Assembly  whilst  retaining  the 
Premiership,  but  he  was  at  once  re-elected. 
He  was  defeated  at  the  elections  of  1894, 
and  resigned  office.  Address :  Riverside, 
Emu  Plains,  N.  S.  Wales. 

DICEY,  Professor  Albert  Venn, 
M.A.,  B.C.L.,  and  Hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow 
and  Edinburgh,  was  born  in  1835,  and 
is  a  son  of  the  late  T.  E.  Dicey,  Esq.,  of 
Claybrook  Hall,  Leicestershire.  He  was 
educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1866,  and  a  first  class  in 


the  Final  School  of  Litt.  Hum.  in  1858. 
He  eventually  became  a  Fellow  of  his 
College,  and  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
and  now  holds  a  Fellowship  at  All  Souls' 
College.  Mr.  Dicey  gained  the  Arnold 
Essay  Prize  in  I860,  his  subject  being 
"The  Privy  Council"  ;  and  in  1882  he  was 
appointed  Vinerian  Professor  of  English 
Law  in  the  University.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1863,  and 
he  acted  as  Public  Examiner  in  the  Final 
School  of  Jurisprudence  from  1874  to  1875. 
He  is  the  author  of  :  "  Treatise  on  Rules 
for  Selection  of  Parties,"  1870  ;  "  The  Law 
of  Domicil,"  1879;  "England's  Case  against 
Home  Rule,"  1886  ;  and  "  The  Privy  Coun- 
cil "  (Arnold  Essay),  1860  and  1887;  and 
an  important  work  on  "  The  Law  of  the 
Constitution,"  1886.  Mr.  Dicey  was  ap- 
pointed a  Q.C.  in  1890,  and  in  1899  suc- 
ceeded Sir  John  Lubbock  as  principal  of 
the  Working  Men's  College,  Great  Ormond 
Street.  Address :  All  Souls'  College, 
Oxford. 

DICEY,  Edward,  C.B.,  second  son  of 
the  late  T.  E.  Dicey,  Esq.,  was  born  in  1832, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  honours  both  in  the  Mathe- 
matical and  ir  ■  tjie  Classical  Tripos.  He 
has  frequently  C  .- .'.'tributed  tothe  Nineteenth 
Century,  FortniiJXily  Review,  St.  Paul's,  and 
Maemillan's  Magazine,  and  other  periodi- 
cals, and  was  for  some  years  a  leader- 
writer  on  the  staff  of  the  Daily  Telegraph, 
for  which  he  has  acted  as  special  correspon- 
dent in  different  parts  of  the  Continent. 
While  travelling  in  the  East,  Mr.  Dicey 
was  asked  to  undertake  the  editorship  of 
the  Daily  News.  He  held  this  post  for 
about  three  months  in  1870.  Immediately 
on  quitting  the  Daily  News  Mr.  Dicey  was 
offered  and  accepted  the  editorship  of  the 
Observer,  a  position  which  he  held  up  to 
1889.  He  is  the  author  of  :  "A  Memoir  of 
Cavour";  "  Rome  in  1860"  ;  "  The  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  War,"  1864;  "The  Battle- 
fields of  1866,"  published  in  1866;  "A 
Month  in  Russia  during  the  Marriage  of 
the  Czarewich,"  1867 ;  "  The  Morning 
Land,"  an  account  of  three  months'  tour 
in  the  East,  1870;  "Victor  Emmanuel"  in 
the  New  Plutarch  Series,  1882;  "Eng- 
land and  Egypt,"  1884  ;  "  Bulgaria,  the 
Peasant  State,"  1895.  Mr.  Dicey  is  an 
authority  on  Egypt,  and  has  been  a  strong 
advocate  of  a  British  annexation  of  that 
country.  He  was  made  a  C.B.  in  1885. 
Of  late  years  he  has  taken  much  interest 
in  South  African  affairs,  and  has  paid  a 
long  visit  to  the  Transvaal.  He  has  also 
travelled  in  Bulgaria,  and  has  published  a 
work  on  the  Bulgarian  people  and  politics, 
mentioned  above.  His  brother,  Mr.  Albert 
Dicey,  is  Vinerian  Professor  of  English 
Law   at   Oxford.       He   married,  in    1867, 


298 


DICKENS  —  DICKSEE 


Anne  Greene  Chapman,  an  American  lady, 
who  died  in  1878.  Addresses  :  Piccadilly 
Mansions,  W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

DICKENS,    Henry  Fielding,  Q.C., 

is  the  son  of  the  late  Charles  Dickens,  of 
Gadshill  Place,  Higham,  Kent,  and  was 
born  on  Jan.  16,  1849.  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1872,  and  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  November 
1873.  He  practises  on  the  South-Eastern 
Circuit,  was  appointed  Becorder  of  Deal 
in  1883,  and  became  Becorder  of  Maidstone 
in  1892.  Mr.  Dickens  acted  as  Bevising 
Barrister  for  Mid-Kent  and  Greenwich  in 
1884,  and  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1892. 
Address  :  2  Paper  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 

DICKINSON,    William   Howship, 

M.D.,  F.B.C.P.,  J.P.,  was  born  June  9, 
1832,  at  Brighton,  and  educated  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  and  St.  George's 
Hospital,  London.  He  is  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Caius  College.  After  holding 
the  offices  of  Medical  Registrar  and  Cura- 
tor of  the  Museum  he  became  Assistant- 
Physician  to  St.  George's,  then  Physician 
and  Lecturer  on  Medicine,  and  finally 
Consulting  Physician.  He  was  also  in 
succession  Assistant-Physician,  Physician, 
and  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Hospital 
for  Sick  Children.  Dr.  Dickinson  held  at 
different  times  the  offices  of  Examiner 
in  Medicine  to  the  Universities  of  Cam- 
bridge, London,  and  Durham,  and  the 
Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He 
was  appointed  in  1869  Secretary  to  the 
Pathological  Society,  and  in  1889  Presi- 
dent. In  1885  he  became  Censor  to  the 
College  of  Physicians.  He  has  made  re- 
searches in  connection  with  pathology  and 
other  branches  of  medicine,  of  which  the 
following  are  the  more  important :  On 
the  Action  of  Digitalis  upon  the  Uterus, 
describing  for  the  first  time  its  contractile 
effect  upon  that  organ  (1885) ;  on  the 
Pathology  of  the  Kidney,  distinguishing 
disease  of  the  intertubular  structures  from 
that  of  the  tubes,  and  asserting  the  inter- 
tubular origin  of  granular  degeneration 
(1859,  1860,  1861)  ;  on  the  Function  of  the 
Cerebellum,  assigning  to  that  organ  an 
especial  effect  upon  the  lower  limbs  (1865) ; 
on  the  nature  of  the  so-called  Amyloid  or 
Lardaceous  Degeneration,  pointing  out  its 
connection  with  Suppuration  (1867) ;  on 
the  Nature  of  the  enlargement  of  the 
Viscera,  which  occurs  in  rickets,  showing 
the  affection  of  those  organs  to  be  analo- 
gous to  that  of  the  bones  (1869)  ;  on  the 
Futility  of  Counter-irritation  as  a  Method 
of  Treatment  ;  on  the  changes  produced 
in  the  Nervous  System  by  the  Amputation 
of  Limbs :  on  Chronic  Hydrocephalus, 
pointing  out  the  frequent  origin   of  the 


disease  in  cranial  relaxation  ;  on  Diabetes, 
showing  the  general  presence  of  structural 
changes  in  the  nervous  system,  and  refer- 
ring the  symptoms  to  organic  change, 
instead  of,  as  hitherto,  to  functional  de- 
rangement ;  on  the  Pathology  of  Tetanus 
and  of  Chorea,  with  reference  to  structural 
alterations  in  the  nervous  centres  ;  on  the 
Pathological  Results  of  Alcohol ;  and  on 
the  Presystolic  Murmur,  falsely  so  called. 
Most  of  the  preceding  papers  are  published 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Society.  Dr.  Dickinson  is  also  the 
author  of  works  on  Albuminuria,  Diabetes, 
and  Renal  and  Urinary  Affections,  of  a 
course  of  Lumleian  Lectures  on  "  The 
Tongue  as  an  Indication  of  Disease,"  and 
of  a  volume  of  ' '  Occasional  Papers  on 
Medical  Subjects."  In  1891  he  delivered 
the  Harveian  Oration.  He  married  Laura, 
daughter  of  James  Arthur  Wilson,  M.D. 
Addresses  :  9  Chesterfield  Street,  Mayfair ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

DICKSEE,  Frank,  R.  A.,  son  of  Thomas 
Francis  Dicksee,  was  born  Nov.  27,  1853, 
and  received  his  first  artistic  instruction 
from  his  father.  In  1870  he  became  a 
student  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  in 
1872  obtained  a  silver  medal  for  a  draw- 
ing from  the  antique.  In  1875  he  gained 
the  gold  medal  for  an  historical  painting, 
"Elijah  confronting  Ahab  and  Jezebel  in 
Naboth's  Vineyard,"  and  in  the  following 
year  exhibited  the  picture.  At  that  time 
he  worked  also  at  drawings  for  book  illus- 
trations and  made  some  designs  for  stained 
glass.  In  1877  he  exhibited  "Harmony," 
which  was  purchased  by  the  trustees  of 
the  Chantrey  Bequest  Fund  ;  this  was  fol- 
lowed in  1879  by  "Evangeline."  He  has 
since  exhibited  "  The  House  -  Builders," 
1880;  "Portraits  of  Sir  William  and  the 
Hon.  Lady  Welby-Gregory, "  " The  Symbol," 
1881;  "The  Love  Story,"  1881;  "The 
Foolish  Virgins,"  1883;  "Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  1884;  "Chivalry,"  1885;  and 
"Memories,"  1886.  In  1887  "Hesperia" ; 
in  1888,  "Within  the  Shadow  of  the 
Church";  in  1889,  "The  Passing  of 
Arthur  "  ;  and  in  1890,  "  The  Redemption 
of  Tannhauser,"  were  exhibited.  In  1881 
he  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  In  1891  Mr.  Dicksee  was  elected 
a  Royal  Academician,  and  in  the  same 
year  exhibited  the  "Mountain  of  the 
Winds,"  and  the  "Crisis."  In  1892  he 
exhibited  "Leila"  and  "Startled,"  the 
latter  being  his  diploma  work  ;  in  1893, 
"The  Funeral  of  a  Viking";  in  1894, 
"The  Magic  Crystal,"  and  "A  Summer 
Sea  "  ;  in  1895,  "  Paolo  and  Francesca,"  and 
"  A  Reverie  "  ;  in  1896,  "  The  Confession," 
and  "The  Mirror";  in  1897,  "Dawn  and 
Meditation  "  ;  in  1898,  "  An  Offering,"  and 
"  The  Infant  Christ. "    Addresses :  Greville 


DICKSON  — DIDON 


299 


House,  3  Greville  Place,  St.  John's  Wood, 
N.W. ,  and  Athenaeum. 

DICKSON,  Sir  Collingwood,  R.A., 
0.®.,  G.C.B.,  was  born  in  1817,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Major-General  Sir  A.  Dick- 
son, G.C.B.,  K.C.B.,  and  Eularia,  daughter 
of  Don  Stephen  Briones.  He  entered  the 
army,  and  became  Second  Lieutenant,  Dec. 
18,  1835  ;  First  Lieutenant,  Nov.  29,  1837; 
Captain,  April  1,  1846  ;  Brevet-Major,  May 
22,  1846  ;  Brevet  Lieut. -Colonel,  June  20, 
1854;  Lieut. -Colonel,  Feb.  23,  1856; 
Brevet  Colonel,  June  29,  1855  ;  Colonel, 
April  5,  1866  ;  Colonel-Commander,  Nov. 
17,  1875  ;  Major-General,  Aug.  24,  1866  ; 
Lieut. -General,  June  8,  1876  ;  General, 
Oct.  1,  1877.  Sir  Collingwood  Dickson 
served  on  the  staff  of  Lord  Raglan  during 
the  Eastern  Campaign,  1854-55,  and  was 
present  at  the  affairs  of  Bulganac  and 
M'Kenzie's  Farm,  the  battles  of  Alma 
and  Inkerman,  the  charge  at  Balaclava, 
the  Expedition  to  Kertch,  and  the  siege 
of  Sebastopol  (wounded  Feb.  4,  1855). 
He  commanded  the  right  siege  train,  and 
was  present  at  the  bombardments  of  Octo- 
ber 17,  April  9,  and  June  17  (medal  with 
four  clasps,  C.B. ,  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Queen,  and  Colonel,  Victoria  Cross,  Officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  2nd  Class  of  the 
Medjidieh,  and  Turkish  medal).  He 
was  awarded  the  0.®.,  "for  having,  on 
Oct.  17,  1854,  when  the  batteries  of  the 
Right  Attack  had  run  short  of  powder, 
displayed  the  greatest  coolness  and  con- 
tempt of  danger  in  directing  the  unload- 
ing of  several  waggons  of  the  field  battery 
which  were  brought  up  from  the  trenches 
to  supply  the  want,  and  having  personally 
assisted  in  carrying  the  powder-barrels 
under  a  severe  fire  from  the  enemy."  Sir 
Collingwood  is  also  a  Knight  of  Charles 
the  Third  ;  1st  class  St.  Fernando  ;  and 
Knight  of  Isabella  the  Catholic.  He  has 
retired.  Address  :  79  Claverton  Street, 
N.W. 

DICKSON  -  POYNDER.,  Sir  John 
Poynder,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  born  in  1866. 
He  is  the  son  of  Admiral  Dickson,  C.B., 
grandson  of  Admiral  Sir  Archibald  Dick- 
son, and  grand-nephew  of  General  Sir 
Alexander  Dickson,  G.C.B.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  in  1881  inherited  estates  in 
Wiltshire  and  in  London  from  his  uncle, 
Mr.  William  Poynder  of  Hilmarton  Lodge, 
Calne,  and  Hartham  Park,  Corsham,  Wilt- 
shire. He  was  returned  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest  for  the  Chippenham  Division 
of  Wiltshire  in  1892,  and  he  still  holds  the 
seat.  He  represents  Holborn  in  the  Lon- 
don County  Council,  and  is  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Wiltshire.  He  has  travelled 
considerably  in  past  years,  especially  in 


India,  and  along  the  North-West  Frontier 
of  India,  and  has  written  articles  on  the 
subject.  He  was  at  one  time  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  Royal  Scots  Lothian  Militia,  and 
is  now  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Wilts 
Yeomanry.  He  was  married  in  1896  to 
Anne,  daughter  of  Henry  Dundas,  Esq. 
Address  :  Hartham  Park,  Corsham,  Wilts, 
and  39  Hill  Street,  W.,  &c. 

DIDON,  Henri,  a  celebrated  French 
Dominican  preacher  and  author,  was  born 
at  Touvet,  Isere,  on  March  17,  1840.  At 
an  early  age  he  came  under  the  influence 
of  Lacordaire,  and  became  a  novice  in  a 
Dominican  convent,  taking  his  vows  in 
1862  and  being  shortly  afterwards  sent  to 
Rome  to  complete  his  studies.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-eight  he  made  his  first  appear- 
ance as  a  preacher  in  Paris,  and  was 
thenceforward  regarded  as  a  disciple  of 
Lacordaire,  whose  Liberal  Catholicism  he 
warmly  espoused.  In  1871  he  preached 
the  funeral  sermon  at  Nancy  on  Mon- 
seigneur  Darboy.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  Prior  of  the  Dominicans  of  the 
Rue  St.  Jean  de  Beauvais  in  Paris,  and  in 
their  chapel  began  giving  a  series  of  ad- 
dresses which  made  him  famous.  Science 
and  faith  chiefly  occupied  his  attention. 
He  was  himself  a  student  of  physiology, 
and  his  friendship  for  Claude  Bernard  was 
well  known.  In  1879,  however,  he  treated 
of  divorce,  and  alarmed  his  clerical  supe- 
riors, who  forbade  him  to  continue  his 
lectures  on  that' subject.  He  was  sum- 
moned to  Rome,  and  was  sent  into  disci- 
plinary seclusion  in  the  Convent  of  Cor- 
bara  in  Corsica.  At  the  end  of  eighteen 
months  spent  in  study  and  retirement, 
he  went  into  Germany  and,  as  a  student, 
followed  courses  of  lectures  on  Greek, 
Hebrew,  &c.  He  made  a  very  thorough 
study  of  German  opinion,  manners,  and 
customs,  and  on  his  return  to  France 
published  an  interesting  work  on  that 
country,  in  which  he  pointed  out  that 
theory  and  practice,  speculation  and 
reality,  have  nothing  in  common  in  the 
Fatherland.  Pere  Didon  has  published 
numerous  volumes  of  sermons,  of  which 
the  first,  "What  is  a  Monk?"  appeared 
in  1868.  His  best  known  work  is  his 
"  Vie  de  Je"sus,"  in  the  writing  of  which 
he  sought  impressions  in  Palestine  itself, 
as  M.  Renan  had  done  before  him.  The 
work  was  published  in  1890,  and  has  had 
an  immense  circulation.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  that  year  Pere  Didon  was  appointed 
director  of  the  College  of  Albert  le  Grand 
at  Arcueil,  and  solemnly  installed  on 
March  27.  In  January  1891,  he  preached 
a  notable  sermon  at  the  Madeleine  in 
Paris,  the  subject  of  which  was  "The 
Church  and  the  Papacy."  In  Lent,  1892, 
he  preached  in  the  same  church,  and  he 


300 


DIGGLE  —  DILKE 


generally  occupies  that  pulpit  during  the 
special  periods  of  Lent  and  Advent.  When 
M.  Zola  published  his  "  Lourdes"  in  1894, 
Pere  Didon  issued  a  reply  to  that  author's 
disbelief  in  the  miracles  performed  at  the 
shrine.  He  has  recently  (1899)  visited 
England  to  study  educational  methods. 

DIGGLE,  Joseph. Robert,  M. A.,  J.P., 
was  born  on  May  12,  1849,  in  Lancashire, 
and  is  the  youngest  son  of  William  Diggle, 
Park  House,  Astley.  He  was  sent  to 
Manchester  Grammar  School,  and  com- 
pleted his  education  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  placed  in  Class  I.  of 
the  School  of  Modern  History.  He  was 
ordained  Priest  in  1875,  and  was  Curate  of 
St.  Mary's,  Bryanston  Square,  till  1878. 
In  1879  he  resigned  his  curacy  in  order  to 
devote  himself  to  a  career  of  public  use- 
fulness. In  1879  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  London  School  Board  for  Maryle- 
bone,  and  in  1885  was  chosen  Chairman  in 
place  of  Mr.  Buxton,  who  was  defeated. 
He  was  re-elected  to  the  Chair  in  1888, 
and  again  in  1892.  He  headed  the  cleri- 
cal party  in  the  School  Board,  and 
during  1894  was  involved  in  the  contro- 
versy with  regard  to  religious  education 
in  the  Board  Schools  of  London.  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  Chairmanship  of  the 
Board,  towards  the  close  of  1894,  by 
Lord  George  Hamilton.  He  was  member 
for  the  Marylebone  Division  of  the  London 
School  Board  to  the  end  of  1897,  when  he 
shared  in  the  defeat  of  the  Moderate  Party, 
after  issuing  (July  1897)  in  their  behalf  a 
weighty  manifesto,  in  which  he  pointed 
ont  that  the  Moderate  attitude  as  to  the 
necessity  of  Christian  teaching  as  a  basis 
of  popular  education  had  been  substanti- 
ally the  same  from  the  day  it  was  adopted 
by  a  majority  of  the  first  Board.  Mr. 
Diggle  took  advantage  of  the  Clerical 
Disabilities  Act  in  1889,  thereby  removing 
his  ineligibility  to  sit  in  Parliament.  In 
1885  he  had  been  nominated  for  West 
Marylebone  to  test  the  eligibility  of 
clergymen  to  be  nominated,  and  at  the 
polls  received  a  few  votes.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Pleas  for  Better  Administration 
upon  the  London  School  Board."  He  is 
Mayor  of  Tenterden.  In  1878  he  married 
Jane  Wrigley,  daughter  of  T.  W.  Macrae, 
of  Aigburth,  Liverpool.  Addresses:  19 
Cornwall  Terrace,  NW. ;  St.  Michael's 
Hall,  Tenterden,  Kent. 


DILKE,    Mrs.   Ashton. 

Mrs.  Russell. 


See  Cook, 


DILKE,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Charles  Wentworth,  Bart.,  LL.M., 
J.P.,  M.P.,  was  born  at  Chelsea,  Sept.  4, 
1843,  being  the  son  of  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Wentworth  Dilke,  and  grandson  of  Charles 


Wentworth  Dilke,  the  critic,  who  both 
were  noticed  in  previous  editions  of  this 
work.  He  received  his  academical  edu- 
cation at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  a  Mathematical  Scholar, 
and  where  he  graduated  as  senior  legalist 
(head  of  Law  Tripos)  in  January  1866.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Middle  Temple.  At  Cambridge  he 
rowed  "head  of  the  river,"  and  stroke  of 
his  college  eight,  and  was  twice  Vice- ' 
President,  and  then  twice  President  of 
the  Union,  a  tenure  of  office  without  pre- 
cedent before  or  since.  In  June  1866  he 
proceeded  to  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  where  he  travelled  alone  for  some 
months.  At  the  end  of  August  1866  he 
met  at  St.  Louis  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon, 
with  whom  he  crossed  the  Great  Plains 
and  Rocky  Mountains,  and  visited  the 
Mormon  cities.  Parting  at  Salt  Lake 
City  from  Mr.  Dixon,  who  returned  to 
England,  and  shortly  afterwards  dedi- 
cated to  him  "New  America,"  Mr.  Dilke 
passed  on  to  Nevada  and  California,  and 
after  a  considerable  stay  at  San  Francisco, 
sailed  for  Panama,  and  thence  to  New 
Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  Australia,  where 
he  visited  all  the  Colonies,  and  gathered 
much  information  as  to  their  political 
present  and  their  prospects  of  a.  great 
commercial  future.  Visiting  Ceylon  on 
his  way,  Mr.  Dilke  passed  from  West 
Australia  to  Madras  and  Calcutta,  whence 
he  crossed  Upper  India  to  Lahore,  and 
returned  to  England  by  the  Indus,  Kurra- 
chee,  Bombay,  and  Egypt ;  thus  complet- 
ing the  circuit  of  the  globe.  The  result  of 
these  journeyings  was  the  publication  of 
"  Greater  Britain  :  a  Record  of  Travel  in 
English-speaking  Countries  during  1866- 
67,"  2  vols.,  1868 — a  work  which,  treating 
the  new  subject  of  the  influence  of  race 
on  government  and  of  climatic  conditions 
upon  race,  had  perhaps  the  greatest  suc- 
cess that  ever  attended  the  publication  of 
an  author's  first  work.  It  passed  through 
four  editions  in  a  single  year  in  England, 
and,  having  been  republished  by  two  firms 
in  America,  also  passed  through  a  still 
larger  number  of  editions  there.  One  of 
its  results  was  the  election,  in  1868,  of  its 
author,  who  is  in  politics  a  Radical,  to 
represent  the  new  borough  of  Chelsea. 
He  was  returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll, 
and  by  a  majority  of  nearly  two  to  one 
overDr.W.H.  Russell, and  was  at  that  time 
the  youngest  man  who  ever  represented  a 
metropolitan  constituency  ;  in  Parliament 
he  chiefly  spoke  upon  foreign,  Indian,  and 
Colonial  affairs,  but,  in  1870,  seconded  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Henry  Richard  for  the  rejec- 
tion of  Mr.  W.  E.  Forster's  Education  Bill. 
Sir  Charles  Dilke  succeeded  his  father 
and  grandfather  in  the  proprietorship  of 
the  Athenaum,  and  is  understood  to  have 


DILKE  — DILLON 


301 


at  one  time  followed    his    grandfather's 
example  in  assuming  the  editorship  him- 
self.    He  is  also  the  proprietor  of  Notes 
and  Queries,  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of 
the  Gardener's  Chronicle.     Having  in  1871 
been    attacked    for    holding    Republican 
opinions,    he   admitted    publicly   that   he 
had  always  preferred  a  Republican  form 
of  Government  to  a  Constitutional  Mon- 
archy.    His  re-election  at  Chelsea  was  in 
consequence  violently  opposed  in  February 
1874,   but  he  was   again  returned  at  the 
head  of  the  poll.     In  the  same  year  he 
published  an  anonymous  satire,  the  author- 
ship of  which  remained  a  secret  for  four 
months.      It    was    called    "The    Fall    of 
Prince  Florestan  of  Monaco,"  and  passed 
through  three  editions,  and  was  translated 
into  French.      In   1875  he  published  the 
works  of  his  grandfather,  with  a  memoir, 
under  the  title  of  "Papers  of  a  Critic." 
In  the  same  year  he  again  went  round  the 
world,  and  wrote  on  China  and  Japan  in 
the  monthly  magazines.     His  chief  legis- 
lative achievements  before  1880  were  the 
creation  of  School  Boards  directly  elected 
by  the  ratepayers  (in  place  of  committees 
of  boards  of   guardians,  as   proposed   by 
Mr.  W.  E.  Forster)  by  an  amendment  of 
the  Education  Bill;  the  conferring  of  the 
municipal  franchise  on  women  ;  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  barbarous  penalty  of  drawing 
and  quartering;  and,  in  1878,  the  exten- 
sion  of   the   hours   of   polling   at    parlia- 
mentary elections  in  the  metropolis  by  the 
measure   known   as    "  Dilke's   Act."      On 
the  formation  of  Mr.   Gladstone's  admin- 
istration in  May  1880  Sir  Charles  Dilke 
was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of   State 
for  Foreign  Affairs.      In  1881-82  he  was 
Chairman   of  the  Royal   Commission   for 
the  Negotiation  of  a  Commercial  Treaty 
with  France,  which  sat  for  many  months 
in  conference  with  the  French  Government 
High  Commissioners  both  in  London  and 
in  Paris.     In  December  1882  he  was  made 
President  of  the  Local  Government  Board 
(with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet),  in  succession 
to  Mr.  Dodson,  who  had  been  transferred 
to   the   Chancellorship   of  the    Duchy   of 
Lancaster.     In  1883  Sir  Charles  Dilke  had 
charge    of   the    Unreformed    Corporation 
Bill,   which  he  carried.     In   1884  he  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  the   Royal   Com- 
mission on  the  Housing  of   the  Working 
Classes,   of  which  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
Lord    Salisbury,    and   Cardinal    Manning 
were  other  members.      In   1885   he  had 
charge  of  the  Bill  for  the  Redistribution 
of  Seats.     In  the  same  year  he  carried  the 
Diseases  Prevention  (Metropolis)  Act.     At 
the  general  election  of  1885  he  was  again 
returned  for   Chelsea  (reduced  borough), 
but  in  1886  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Whitmore, 
the  Conservative  candidate.     In  1885  Sir 
Charles  Dilke  married  Mrs.  MarkPattison, 


widow  of  the  late  Rector  of  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford.  In  1887  he  published, 
through  Chapman  &  Hall,  "  The  Present 
Position  of  European  Politics,"  which  was 
translated  into  French  under  the  title  of 
"L'Europe  en  1887,"  and  published  by 
Quantin  of  Paris.  In  1888  he  published, 
through  Chapman  &  Hall,  "The  British 
Army "  ;  and  at  the  beginning  of  1890, 
through  Macmillan  &  Co.,  "  Problems  of 
Greater  Britain,"  which  has  passed  through 
several  editions  in  England,  the  United 
States,  and  the  Colonies.  In  1891  Sir 
Charles  Dilke  wrote,  with  Mr.  Spencer 
Wilkinson,  a  volume  entitled  "Imperial 
Defence,"  which  was  published  by  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  In  1892  he  was  elected 
Member  of  Parliament  for  the  Forest  of 
Dean  division  of  Gloucestershire,  which 
he  continues  to  represent.  Addresses  : 
76  Sloane  Street,  SW.  ;  Dockett  Eddy, 
Shepperton,  R.S.O.,  Middlesex;  and  Pyr- 
ford,  Maybury,  Woking,  the  last-named 
being  Lady  Dilke's  freehold,  where  she 
keeps  her  choice  small  collection  of  books. 

DILKE,  Lady  Emilia  Francis, 
daughter  of  the  late  Colonel  Henry  Strong, 
of  the  Madras  army,  born  Sept.  2,  1810, 
married  first,  in  1862,  the  Rev.  Mark 
Pattison  (who  died  on  July  30,  1884), 
Rector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  and 
second,  in  October  1885,  the  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Charles  Wentworth  Dilke,  Bart.  Lady 
Dilke  was  long  a  writer  in  the  Saturday 
and  Westminster  Reviews,  and  afterwards 
became,  for  some  time,  fine-art  critic  of 
the  Academy.  In  1879  Lady  Dilke  pub- 
lished, through  Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  and 
Co.,  a  work  in  two  volumes,  illustrated  by 
herself,  and  entitled  "  The  Renaissance 
of  Art  in  France."  In  1884  she  published, 
in  French,  through  the  Librairie  de  l'Art, 
a  monograph  on  Claude.  In  1886  she  pub- 
lished, through  Routledge  &  Sons,  "The 
Shrine  of  Death,"  a  volume  of  stories. 
In  1888  she  published,  through  Chapman 
and  Hall,  "Art  in  the  Modern  State."  In 
1888-90  she  contributed  several  archaic 
stories  to  the  Universal  Review,  and  wrote 
in  the  Fortnightly  Review  and  the  New 
Review  on  Trades  Unions  for  Women,  in 
which  she  takes  a  deep  interest.  Lady 
Dilke  has  since  published,  through  Chap- 
man &  Hall,  "The  Shrine  of  Love,"  1891. 
For  many  years  Lady  Dilke  wrote  the 
articles  on  Italy  and  France  in  the  Annual 
Register.  She  has  for  some  time  been 
engaged  on  a  history  of  the  French  art  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  for  which  she  has 
worked  at  Berlin  and  Stockholm.  Ad- 
dresses :  see  under  Dilke,  SlE  CHARLES. 

DILLON,  Viscount,  Harold  Ar- 
thur Lee-DiUon,  17th  Viscount,  Hon. 
M.A.  of  Oxford,  President  of  the  Society 


302 


DILLON  — DIX 


of  Antiquaries  and  of  the  Eoyal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute,  late  lieutenant  Rifle  Bri- 
gade, and  Major  4th  Oxon.  Light  Infantry, 
was  born  on  Jan.  24,  1844,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  the  16th  Viscount,  in  1892. 
He  was  educated  at  Eltham  in  Kent,  an 
old  town  full  of  interesting  relics  of  the 
past,  which  may  have  imbued  him  with 
his  love  of  antiquity.  He  is  well  known 
for  his  interest  in  antiquarianism  and 
archeology,  has  contributed  frequently  to 
the  journals  devoted  to  those  subjects, 
and  was  elected  P.S.A.  in  1897.  He  is  an 
ex-offlcio  Trustee  of  the  British  Museum, 
has  been  a  Trustee  of  the  National  Por- 
trait Gallery  since  1894,  and  is  Curator  of 
the  Tower  Armouries.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Athenaeum  under  Rule  II.  in  February 
1898.  He  married  in  1870  Miss  Julia 
Stanton,  a  Canadian.  Address  :  Ditchley, 
Enstone,  Oxfordshire. 

DILLON,  John,  M.P.,  second  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  John  Blake  Dillon  (M.P.  for 
Tipperary,  and  one  of  the  rebels  of  1848), 
was  born  in  1851,  and  educated  at  the 
Roman  Catholic  University  of  Dublin, 
where  he  was  distinguished  for  his  profi- 
ciency in  mathematics.  He  afterwards 
studied  medicine,  and  became  a  licentiate 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Ire- 
land. In  1880  he  was  returned  as  member 
for  Tipperary,  but  in  March  1883  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  seat  on  account  of 
ill-health.  During  his  parliamentary 
career  he  was  one  of  Mr.  Parnell's  most 
active  supporters,  and  on  Feb.  2,  1881, 
was  the  first  member  "suspended"  on 
the  occasion  of  the  suspension  of  the 
whole  Parnellite  party.  He  was  twice 
imprisoned  as  a  "suspect"  under  Mr. 
Forster.  In  1885  he  was  returned  un- 
opposed for  East  Mayo  ;  and  in  1886  was 
re-elected,  and  continues  to  represent  that 
constituency.  Mr.  Dillon  was  a  chief 
agitator  for  the  well-known  "Plan  of 
Campaign,"  in  accordance  with  which  he 
received  the  rents  of  tenants  at  Lough- 
rea  in  November  1886.  For  this  offence  he 
was  arrested,  tried,  but  not  convicted. 
In  May  1888  he  was,  however,  sentenced 
to  six  months'  imprisonment  for  having 
taken  part  in  "  the  criminal  conspiracy  " 
of  the  Plan  of  Campaign  at  Tullyallen. 
On  appeal  this  sentence  was  confirmed. 
Imprisoned  at  Dundalk,  he  was  liberated 
in  September.  In  1890  he  collected  large 
sums  in  Australia  in  aid  of  his  party,  and 
returning  to  Ireland,  was  arrested  and 
tried  on  a  political  charge.  Mr.  Dillon, 
in  company  with  Mr.  W.  O'Brien,  having 
been  liberated  on  bail,  pending  a  further 
hearing  in  November  1890,  forfeited  the 
bail  and  escaped,  first  to  Cherbourg  and 
then  to  the  United  States,  to  fulfil  a  lectur- 
ing engagement  there.     In  February  1891 


he  gave  himself  up  to  the  authorities,  and 
was  imprisoned  in  Ireland.  He  was  re- 
leased on  July  30  from  Gal  way  Gaol, 
and  in  a  speech,  delivered  at  Mallow  on 
August  9,  threw  in  his  lot  with  the 
McCarthyites,  as  opposed  to  the  Par- 
nellites.  At  the  beginning  of  the  session 
of  1896  Mr.  Dillon,  who  is  certainly  the  most 
earnest  and  formidable  of  the  Nationalist 
leaders,  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Irish 
Party  in  succession  to  Mr.  McCarthy,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1897.  He  married  in 
1895  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Sir 
James  Mathew,  and  grand-niece  of  the 
famous  Father  Mathew.  Address :  2  North 
Great  George  Street,  Dublin. 

DIMSDALE,  Sir  Joseph  Cockfield, 

a  managing  director  in  the  well-known 
banking  house  of  Prescott,  Dimsdale,  Cave, 
Tugwell,  &  Co.,  Lim.,  50  Cornhill,  E.C., 
was  born  in  1849,  and  educated  at  Eton. 
He  has  been  an  Alderman  of  the  City  of 
London  since  1891,  and  was  Sheriff  of 
London  in  1894,  when  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  London  County  Council 
in  1898.  In  1873  he  married  Beatrice, 
daughter  of  R.  H.  Holdsworthy.  Address : 
3  Lancaster  Street,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

DIVERS,  Edward,  M.D.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S., 
was  born  in  London,  Nov.  27,  1837,  and 
was  educated  at  the  City  of  London  School, 
the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry,  and  at  the 
Queen's  College,  Galway,  Ireland.  He 
became  Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence 
at  the  Middlesex  Hospital  Medical  School 
in  1870,  but  three  years  later  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
Imperial  College  of  Engineering,  Japan ; 
and  in  1886  he  succeeded  to  the  Chair  of 
Chemistry  in  the  Imperial  University  of 
Japan.  Professor  Divers  is  a  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  the  Rising 
Sun  of  Japan,  and  is  the  author  of  nume- 
rous articles  on  subjects  connected  with 
chemistry.  He  unfortunately  lost  the 
sight  of  his  right  eye  through  an  explosion 
in  1S85.     Address  :  Hongo,  Tokyo,  Japan. 

DIX,  Morgan,  D.D.,  American  clergy- 
man, was  born  at  New  York  City,  Nov.  1, 
1827,  and  was  graduated  from  Columbia 
College  in  that  city  in  1848.  He  studied  at 
the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  (New  York),  and  became 
a  deacon  in  1852  and  priest  in  1853.  In 
1855  he  was  appointed  an  assistant  minister 
in  Trinity  Parish  (the  largest  and  most 
important  in  New  York),  of  which  he  has 
been  Rector  since  1862.  His  principal 
publications  are :  "  Commentary  on  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans,"  1864;  "Exposi- 
tion of  the  Epistles  to  the  Galatians  and 
Colossians,"  1865;  "Lecture  on  the  Pan- 


DIXON 


303 


theistic  Idea  of  an  Impersonal-Substance 
Deity,"  1865;  "Essay  on  Christian  Art," 
1853  ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Two  Estates,  that 
of  Wedded  in  the  Lord  and  that  of  Single 
for  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven's  Sake,"  1872 ; 
"Memoirs  of  John  A.  Dix,"  1883;  "The 
Gospel  and  Philosophy,"  1866;  "Harriet 
Starr  Cannon,  first  Mother  Superior  of 
the  Sisterhood  of  St.  Mary,"  1S97  ;  and 
some  volumes  of  sermons  and  devotional 
manuals. 

DIXON,  Professor  Harold  Baily, 

F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  second  son  of  the 
late  William  Hepworth  Dixon,  was  born  in 
London,  Aug.  11,  1852.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  where  he  was 
elected  on  the  Foundation  in  1867.  In 
1871  he  obtained  a  Junior  Studentship  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  At  Oxford  he 
studied  Chemistry  under  Mr.  A.  G.  Vernon 
Harcourt  in  the  Christ  Church  Laboratory. 
In  1874  he  accompanied  his  father 
through  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
visiting  the  mines  of  Nevada  and  Cali- 
fornia. At  the  end  of  1875  he  took  a  first 
class  in  the  Natural  Science  School,  and 
became  assistant  to  Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt. 
In  1876  he  began  the  researches  on  the 
reactions  of  pure  gases,  to  which  he  has 
since  devoted  himself.  In  1879  he  was 
appointed  Millard  Lecturer  at  Trinity 
College,  and  in  1881  Bedford  Lecturer  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  of  which  College 
he  was  afterwards  elected  Fellow.  In 
1880-81  Mr.  Dixon  experimented  for  the 
Board  of  Trade  on  Standards  of  Light 
to  be  used  in  Photometry,  and  in  1884-85 
he  made  photometric  determinations  of 
various  illuminants  at  the  experimental 
lighthouses  erected  at  the  South  Foreland 
by  the  Elder  Brethren  of  the  Trinity  House. 
In  1886  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society,  and  in  the  same  year  was  chosen 
to  succeed  Sir  Henry  Roscoe  as  Professor 
of  Chemistry  and  Director  of  the  Chemical 
Laboratories  of  the  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester. At  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  at  Manchester  in  1877  Pro- 
fessor Dixon  gave,  in  a  lecture  in  the  Free 
Trade  Hall,  a  popular  account  of  his 
researches  on  the  explosions  of  gases. 
Professor  Dixon  acted  as  Secretary  of  the 
General  Board  of  Studies  of  the  Victoria 
University  in  1888-90.  In  1890  he  was 
elected  Deputy  Chairman  of  the  Board, 
and  in  1892  Chairman.  In  1891  Mr.  Dixon 
was  appointed  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  to  investigate  the  explosive 
action  of  dust  in  coal-mines.  In  carrying 
out  this  inquiry  he  visited  the  scenes  of 
all  the  colliery  explosions  during  three 
years,  examining  the  air  and  analysing  the 
dust  of  the  mines.  In  1893  he  delivered 
the  Bakerian  Lecture  of  the  Royal  Society, 


"  On  the  Rate  of  Explosion  in  Gases."  In 
1894  Professor  Dixon  was  President  of 
the  Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation at  the  Oxford  meeting ;  in  his 
presidential  address  he  pleaded  for  the 
recognition  of  research  work  as  part  of 
the  University  training  in  science.  His 
chief  papers  are  :  "  The  Conditions  of 
Chemical  Change  in  Gases,"  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  Royal  Society,  1884  ;  "  On 
the  Combustion  of  Cyanogen,"  "On  the 
Decomposition  of  Carbonic  Acid  by  the 
Electric  Spark,"  and  "On  the  Combustion 
of  Carbonic  Oxide  and  Hydrogen,"  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society;  "On  the 
Oxidation  of  Sulphurous  Acid,"  and  "On 
the  Rate  of  Explosions  in  Gases,"  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  1893;  "On  the  Ex- 
plosion of  Cyanogen,"  and  "  On  the  mode 
of  formation  of  Carbonic  Acid  in  the 
burning  of  Carbon  Compounds."  Mr. 
Dixon  married,  in  1885,  Olive  Beechey 
Hopkins,  daughter  of  the  late  Edward 
Martin  Hopkins,  of  Montreal,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Admiral  Beechey,  F.  R.  S. 
Address :  Birch  Hall,  Rusholme,  Man- 
chester. 

DIXON,   Canon   Richard  Watson, 

poet,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  Dixon  the  celebrated 
Wesleyan  minister,  and  grandson  of 
Richard  Watson,  the  Wesleyan  theolo- 
gian. He  was  born  in  London,  1833,  and 
educated  at  King  Edward's  School,  Bir- 
mingham, where  on  the  occasion  of  the 
Tercentenary  he  shared  the  prize  for  an 
essay  on  the  Influence  of  the  Reformation 
upon  Literature  with  Sir  Ed.  Burne  Jones 
and  the  late  Dr.  Hatch.  At  Oxford,  where 
he  entered  at  Pembroke  College,  he  took 
a  moderate  class,  but  won  the  Arnold 
Prize  for  history  and  the  Cramer  Prize  for 
poetry.  At  Oxford,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  (now  Sir  Ed.)  Burne  Jones  and  the 
late  Mr.  William  Morris,  he  started  the 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  Magazine,  advocating 
Pre-Raphaelitism,  to  which  Rossetti  and 
other  leading  men  contributed.  This 
periodical  lasted  a  year.  Mr.  Dixon  be- 
came curate  of  St.  Mary  the  Less,  Lam- 
beth, under  the  present  Dean  Gregory,  in 
1858  ;  Second  Master  of  the  High  School 
of  Carlisle  in  1863  ;  he  was  made  Hon. 
Canon  of  Carlisle  in  1874,  accepted  the 
Vicarage  of  Hay  ton  in  Cumberland  in 
1875,  and  of  Warkworth  in  Northumber- 
land in  1883.  In  1861  he  published 
"  Christ's  Company  and  other  Poems," 
followed  in  1863  by  "Historical  Odes." 
In  1873  he  gained  the  second  Peek  Prize 
for  an  essay  on  the  "  Maintenance  of  the 
Church  of  England  as  an  Established 
Church."  In  1875  he  published  the  "  Life 
of  James  Dixon,  D.D. ",  his  father.  He 
has  since  been  engaged  in  writing  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Church  of  England  from  the 


304 


DIXON-HAKTLAND  —  DOBSON 


Abolition  of  the  Roman  Jurisdiction." 
This  is  a  large  work,  based  on  original 
researches.  Four  volumes  have  hitherto 
appeared  ;  the  first  of  which  was  in  1877, 
the  fourth  in  1890.  In  1883  Mr.  Dixon 
published  "  Mano,  a  Poetical  History  in 
Four  Books."  In  1884,  1886,  and  1888,  at 
the  private  press  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Daniel 
of  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  he  published 
in  succession,  "  Odes  and  Eclogues  "  ; 
''Lyrical  Poems";  and  "The  Story  of 
Eudocia  and  her  Brothers."  In  1896  he 
published  "  Songs  and  Odes,"  in  Mr. 
Elkin  Mathew's  "  Shilling  Garland  "  series. 
Mr.  Dixon  is  Rural  Dean  of  Alnwick,  and 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  New- 
castle. Address  :  Warkworth  Vicarage, 
Northumberland. 

DIXON-HARTLAND,  Sir  Frede- 
rick Dixon,  Bart.,  M.P.,  J.P.,  F.S.A., 
F.R.G.  S.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Nathaniel  Hartland,  of  the  Oaklands, 
Charlton  Kings,  Gloucestershire,  and  was 
born  in  1832,  and  educated  at  Cheltenham 
College  and  the  Old  Clapham  Grammar 
School.  He  was  elected  as  Conservative 
Member  for  Evesham  in  1880,  and  in 
1885  was  elected,  in  the  same  interest,  as 
Member  for  the  Uxbridge  Division  of 
Middlesex,  a  constituency  which  he  still 
continues  to  represent.  He  is  a  partner 
in  the  firm  of  Woodbridge,  Lacy,  Hartland 
and  Co.,  and  also  a  partner  in  the  Uxbridge 
Old  Bank.  He  is  a  County  Alderman  for 
Middlesex,  a  Lieutenant  for  the  City  of 
London,  and  has  been  Chairman  of  the 
Thames  Conservancy  since  1895.  Sir  F. 
Dixon-Hartland  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Primrose  League,  and  is  a  Governor 
of  Christ's  Hospital.  He  is  the  author  of  : 
"Royal  Genealogical  and  Chronological 
Chart  of  Royal  Families  of  Europe " ; 
"  Chronological  Dictionary  of  Royal  Fami- 
lies of  Europe."  He  was  married  in  1895 
to  Agnes  Chichester,  daughter  of  W.  Lang- 
ham  Christie,  of  Glyndebourne,  Sussex. 
Addresses  :  Ashley  Manor,  Cheltenham  ; 
and  14  Chesham  Place,  S.W. 

DOBSON,  Henry  Austin,  son  of  Mr., 
George  Clarisse  Dobson,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  at  Plymouth,  Jan.  18,  1840. 
At  the  age  of  eight  or  nine  he  was  taken 
by  his  parents  to  Holyhead,  in  the  island 
of  Anglesea  ;  he  was  educated  at  Beau- 
maris, at  Coventry,  and  finally  at  Strass- 
burg,  whence  he  returned,  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  with  the  intention  of  becoming 
a  civil  engineer.  It  was  decided,  how- 
ever, that  he  should  enter  the  Civil  Ser- 
vice, and  accordingly,  in  December  1856, 
he  was  appointed  to  a  clerkship  in  the 
Board  of  Trade,  where  he  is  now  a  Princi- 
pal. When  Mr.  Anthony  Trollope  first 
started  his  magazine,  St.  Paul's,  in  1868, 


Mr.  Dobson  was  one  of  his  most  frequent 
contributors.  In  1873  Mr.  Dobson  first 
collected  his  scattered  lyrics  into  a  volume 
dedicated  to  Mr.  Trollope,  and  entitled 
"  Vignettes  in  Rhyme,  and  Vers  de 
Socie'te'."  It  was  followed  by  "Proverbs 
in  Porcelain  "  in  1877.  A  selection  from 
these  two  volumes  was  published  at  New 
York  in  1880,  and  dedicated  to  Dr.  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes.  This  was  reprinted  in 
England  in  1883,  under  the  title  of  "  Old 
World  Idylls,"  which  has  since  been  suc- 
ceeded by  a  companion  volume,  "  At  the 
Sign  of  the  Lyre,"  1885.  Mr.  Dobson  is 
also  the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Hogarth,"  in 
the  Biographies  of  Great  Artists,  1879  ; 
and  of  a  chapter  on  "  Illustrated  Books," 
in  the  "  Library  "  by  Andrew  Lang  (Art 
at  Home  Series),  1881.  For  the  Parch- 
ment Library,  he  has  edited  "  Eighteenth- 
Century  Essays,"  1882;  "Gay's  Fables," 
1882;  and  "The  Vicar  of  Wakefield," 
1883  ;  for  the  Clarendon  Press  he  has 
edited  Beaumarchais'  "  Le  Barbier  de 
Seville,"  1884;  "Selections  from  Steele" 
and  "  Selections  from  Goldsmith,"  1885. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  contributors  to 
Ward's  "English  Poets,"  1880;  to  which 
he  supplied  the  critical  sketches  of  Prior, 
Praed,  Gay,  and  Hood.  Mr.  Dobson  has 
also  contributed  to  the  Cornhill,  Blackwood, 
Century,  Scribner's,  Longman's,  Temple  Bar, 
Contemporary,  Good  Words,  and  other  maga- 
zines. He  was  one  of  the  first  to  introduce 
the  French  forms  of  verse  now  so  popular 
in  England  and  America — i.e.,  rondeau, 
ballade,  villanelle,  and  so  forth,  and  he 
contributed  a  chapter  on  these  forms  to 
Mr.  Davenport  Adams'  "  Latter  Day 
Lyrics."  Mr.  Dobson  also  wrote  the  "Life 
of  Fielding"  for  Macmillan's  English 
Men  of  Letters,  the  series  edited  by  Mr. 
John  Morley  ;  and  he  has  written  a  long 
study  of  Bewick,  the  artist  and  wood 
engraver,  for  the  Century  Magazine,  which 
has  since  been  republished  under  the  title 
of  "  Thomas  Bewick  and  his  Pupils,"  1884. 
He  has  written  also  a  "Life  of  Steele" 
(English  Worthies),  1886,  and  a  "Life 
of  Goldsmith"  (Great  Writers),  1888. 
Since  1888  Mr.  Dobson's  chief  works  have 
been  a  "  Memoir  of  Horace  Walpole,"  1890, 
and  an  exhaustive  expansion  of  his  smaller 
life  of  Hogarth.  This  appeared  in  1891, 
and  again,  much  enlarged,  in  1898.  He 
has  also  issued,  as  volumes  of  essays, 
"Four  Frenchwomen "  (1890),  and  "  Eight- 
eenth-Century Vignettes  "  (1892),  a  second 
and  third  series  of  which  latter  appeared 
in  1894  and  1896  respectively  ;  and  he  has 
edited  "Goldsmith's  Plays  and  Poems" 
(1889),  and  "  Citizen  of  the  World."  (1891), 
for  the  Temple  Library  ;  "  Prior's  Se- 
lected Poems"  (1889),  for  the  Parch- 
ment Library ;  Fielding's  "  Journey  to 
Lisbon"  (1892),  for  the   Chiswick   Press 


DODDS  —  DODS 


305 


Reprints,  and  Holbein's  "Dance  of  Death" 
(1892),  and  Durer's  "Little  Passion"  (1894), 
for  the  Ex-Libris  Series.  In  1897  his 
"  Collected  Poems  "  were  issued  in  a  single 
volume,  with  portrait.  Mr.  Dobson  is  on 
the  Councils  of  the  Royal  Literary  Fund 
and  the  Society  of  Authors,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Athenaeum  Club,  to  which  he 
was  elected  in  1891  under  Rule  II.  He 
married  Frances  Mary,  daughter  of  Na- 
thaniel Beardmore,  C.E.  Address  :  75 
Eaton  Rise,  Ealing,  W. 

DODDS,  Alfred  Am^dee,  a  French 
general,  was  born  on  Feb.  6, 1842,  at  Saint- 
Louis,  in  Senegal,  where  his  father  held 
an  administrative  post.  He  entered  the 
Marine  Infantry  in  1864,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  General  of  Brigade  in  November 
1892.  He  served  in  the  Reunion  campaign 
in  1869,  and  in  the  war  of  1870  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Prussians  at  Sedan,  but 
escaped  and  served  in  the  campaigns  of 
the  Loire  and  the  East.  He  was  sent  to 
Senegal  in  1872,  and  remained  there  for 
twenty  years,  only  leaving  it  in  order  to 
take  part  in  the  Cochin-China  and  Tonkin 
expeditions.  During  his  long  sojourn  in 
Africa  he  suppressed  numerous  revolts 
against  the  French,  notably  that  of  the 
people  of  Fouta  in  1891.  In  April  1892 
Col.  Dodds,  who  had  returned  to  France 
and  was  in  command  of  the  8th  Regiment 
of  Marine  Infantry  at  Toulon,  was  ap- 
pointed Commander-in-Chief  of  the  expe- 
dition against  King  Behanzin  of  Dahomey, 
who  had  recently  shown  himself  hostile 
to  France.  He  hurried  to  the  scene  of 
action,  conducted  a  difficult  campaign, 
and  by  November  17  was  master  of  the 
capital  of  Dahomey  and  had  put  Behanzin 
to  flight.  He  returned  to  France  to  rest, 
and  was  enthusiastically  received,  but 
Behanzin's  conduct  rendered  a  second 
expedition  necessary,  which  was  again 
placed  under  his  command  and  started 
from  Marseilles  on  Aug.  10,  1893.  On 
November  7  he  occupied  Atcharibe,  where 
the  Dahomeyans  submitted,  while  the 
king  fled  to  Djeja  on  the  Douffo.  On 
Jan.  5,  1894,  General  Dodds  declared  him 
deposed,  on  the  15th  the  king's  successor 
was  appointed,  and  acknowledged  by  the 
chiefs  ;  and  on  the  25th  Behanzin  gave 
himself  up  and  was  transported  to  Mar- 
tinique. After  bringing  this  campaign  to 
a  successful  issue,  General  Dodds  was  ap- 
pointed Inspector-General  of  Marines,  and 
set  out  to  inspect  the  troops  stationed  in 
Reunion  and  New  Caledonia.  In  Decem- 
ber 1892  General  Dodds  was  promoted 
Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

DODGE,  Mary,  nie  Mapes,  American 
authoress,  was  born  at  New  York  in  1838. 
Early   in  life   she    married    Mr.    William 


Dodge,  a  lawyer  in  New  York,  and  on  his 
death  was  left  a  widow  with  two  sons  to 
support.  She  took  up  literature,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
Hearth  and  Home,  assisting  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe  and  Donald  G.  Mitchell  ("  Ik  Mar- 
vel"). When  in  1873  St.  Nicholas,  an 
illustrated  monthly  for  children,  was 
started  by  the  owners  of  the  Century 
Magazine,  it  was  placed  in  charge  of  Mrs. 
Dodge,  and  under  her  able  direction  it 
has  met  with  very  great  success.  In  ad- 
dition to  her  editorial  labours  she  has 
contributed  to  a  number  of  English  and 
American  periodicals,  and  has  published  : 
"Irvington  Stories,"  1864  ;  "  Hans  Brinker, 
or  the  Silver  Skates,"  1865,  which  has 
been  translated  into  French,  German, 
Dutch,  and  other  European  languages  ; 
"A  Few  Friends  and  How  They  Amused 
Themselves,"  1869;  "Rhymes  and  Jingles," 
1874  ;  "  Theophilus  and  Others,"  1876  ; 
"  Along  the  Way,"  1879,  poems  ;  "  Donald 
and  Dorothy,"  1883 ;  "  The  Land  of  Pluck," 
"  When  Life  was  Young,"  1894  ;  "A  New 
Baby  World,"  1897.  An  amusing  sketch 
by  her  called  "  Miss  Malony  on  the  Chinese 
Question,"  which  appeared  in  Scribner's 
Monthly  (now  the  Century)  in  1870,  attracted 
many  readers  at  the  time,  and  is  included 
in  "  Theophilus  and  Others."  So,  like- 
wise, is  "  The  Insanity  of  Cain,"  which 
appeared  originally  in  Scribner's  Monthly. 

DODS,  Professor  the  Kev.  Marcus, 
D.D.,  was  born  in  1834  at  Belford,  North- 
umberland, and  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  Rev.  Marcus  Dods,  of  the  Scotch 
Church,  Belford.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Edinburgh  Academy  and  University,  where 
he  took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1854.  He  en- 
tered the  Theological  Training  College  of 
the  Free  Chnrch  in  Edinburgh  (New  Col- 
lege), and  after  four  years'  curriculum  was 
licensed  in  1858.  He  was  ordained  in  1864 
as  minister  of  Renfield  Free  Church,  Glas- 
gow, where  he  remained  until  appointed 
Professor  of  New  Testament  Exegesis  in 
New  College,  Edinburgh,  in  1889.  He 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Edinburgh  University  in  1871.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  his  published  works  : 
"The  Prayer  that  Teaches  to  Pray,"  1st 
edit.,  1863,  6th  edit.,  1889;  "The  Epistle 
to  the  Seven  Churches,"  1865  ;  "  Israel's 
Iron  Age,"  "Mohammed,  Buddha,  and 
Christ,"  "  The  Parables  of  Our  Lord,"  2 
vols.  ;  The  Book  of  Genesis,  The  First 
Epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  and  the  Gos- 
pel of  St.  John  (4  vols,  in  "  The  Exposi- 
tor's Bible.")  He  edited  the  English 
translation  of  Lange's  "  Life  of  Christ," 
6  vols.,  Edin.,  1864;  and  of  Augustine's 
Works,  1872-1876  ;  and  Clark's  "  Series 
of  Handbooks  for  Bible  Classes "  ;  con- 
tributed   translations    to    Clark's      Ante- 

u 


306 


DOEHME  —  DOUDNEY 


Nicene  Christian  Library,  and  articles 
to  the  ninth  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  to  the  Expositor,  and  other 
periodicals.  He  also  edited  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John  for  Nicholl's  "  Expositor's  Greek 
Testament,"  1897.  Address:  23  Great 
King  Street,  Edinburgh. 

DOEHME,  Madame,  better  known 
by  her  stage  name  of  Madame  (Lilian) 
Nordica,  is  the  youngest  of  the  six  chil- 
dren of  Edwin  and  Amanda  Elvira  Norton. 
She  was  born  at  Farmington,  Maine, 
Dec.  12,  1859.  Her  parents  were  distin- 
guished amateur  musicians,  and  she  re- 
ceived her  early  musical  education  at  the 
Boston  Conservatoire  of  Music,  where  she 
greatly  distinguished  herself.  She  after- 
wards proceeded  to  Italy  to  complete 
her  training.  Her  chief  triumph  on  the 
operatic  stage  has  been  her  impersona- 
tion of  the  part  of  Marguerite  in  Gounod's 
"Faust."  Gounod  was  said  to  regard  her 
Marguerite  as  second  only  to  that  of 
Madame   Patti.      Mdlle.  Nordica  married 

(1)  Mr.  Gower,  who  is  now  deceased,  and 

(2)  Herr  Doehme. 

DOLE,  Sanford  Ballard,  was  born  at 
Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands,  in  1844,  where 
his  father  and  mother  had  gone  as  mis- 
sionaries in  that  year.  He  received  his 
early  education  at  Pubahan  College  on 
the  island,  choosing  the  profession  of  the 
law  and  then  finishing  his  education  at 
Williams  College  in  America.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  at  Boston,  Mass., 
after  which  he  returned  to  Hawaii,  and 
practised  his  profession  there,  until  in 
1887  he  was  appointed  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  Kingdom.  In  1884  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  taking  a 
prominent  part  in  the  Reform  movement 
which  culminated  in  1887.  In  1889  he 
was  again  a  member  of  the  Legislature, 
and  was  on  the  Executive  Committee  of 
that  body.  He  was  made  the  head  of 
the  Provisional  Government  set  up  by  the 
Revolution  of  January  1893,  and  was  made 
President  of  the  Republic,  July  4,  1894. 
He  was  married  in  1873  to  Miss  Anna  P. 
Cate  of  Massachusetts. 

DONALDSON,  James,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.E.,  Vice-Chancellor  and  Principal 
of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  born 
April  26,  1831,  at  Aberdeen,  was  educated 
at  the  Grammar  School  and  Marischal 
College  and  University  in  Aberdeen,  New 
College  in  London,  and  the  University  of 
Berlin.  He  was  appointed  Greek  Tutor 
in  Edinburgh  University  in  1852,  Rector 
of  the  High  School  of  Stirling  in  1854, 
Classical  Master  in  the  High  School  of 
Edinburgh  in  1856,  Rector  of  the  same 
school  in  1866,  and  Professor  of  Humanity 


in  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in  1881, 
and  Principal  of  the  United  College  of 
St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  St. 
Andrews  University  in  1886  ;  and  in  1890, 
by  the  Universities  (Scotland)  Act,  he 
became  Principal  of  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews.  He  has  published  a  "Modern 
Greek  Grammar  for  the  use  of  Classical 
Students,"  1853;  "Lyra  Graeca:  Speci- 
mens of  the  Greek  Lyric  Poets  from 
Callinus  to  Soutsos,"  with  Critical  Notes 
and  a  Biographical  Introduction,  1854 ; 
' '  Critical  History  of  Christian  Literature 
and  Doctrine  from  the  Death  of  the 
Apostles  to  the  Nicene  Council,"  3  vols., 
1864-66;  "The  Ante-Nicene  Christian 
Library,"  edited  by  him  in  conjunction 
with  the  Rev.  Alexander  Roberts,  D.D., 
24  vols.,  1867-72  ;  the  article  "  Greek  Lan- 
guage "  in  Kitto's  "  Cyclopaedia,"  3rd  edit. ; 
"Lectures  on  the  History  of  Education 
in  Prussia  and  England,  and  on  kindred 
topics,"  1874;  the  article  "  Education  "  in 
Chambers's  "  Information  for  the  People," 
1874;  a  paper  "On  the  Expiatory  and 
Substitutionary  Sacrifices  of  the  Greeks," 
read  before  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, May  17,  1875  ;  and  articles  on  the 
Characters  of  Plautus,  on  the  Position  of 
Women  in  Ancient  Greece,  Rome,  and 
early  Christianity,  and,  in  the  Contemporary 
Review,  on  University  Reform.  Besides 
these,  he  edited  the  Museum,  or  English 
Journal  of  Education,  for  several  years, 
and  he  has  contributed  to  the  "  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,"  and  Edinburgh  Review, 
Scottish  Review,  and  other  periodicals. 
Address:  The  University,  St  Andrews. 

DONNELLY,  Major- General  Sir 
John  Fretcheville  Dykes,  K.C.B.,  was 
born  in  1834,  and  was  educated  at  the  Royal 
Military  Academy,  Woolwich.  Entering 
the  Royal  Engineers  in  1853,  he  was 
engaged  in  the  Crimean  War  from  1854 
to  1855.  After  retiring  from  the  service, 
he  was,  in  1844,  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Science  and  Art  Department  at  South 
Kensington,  a  position  which  he  continues 
to  hold.  Sir  John  Donnelly  is  a  Knight 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  was  created 
a  K.C.B.  in  1893.  Address:  59  Onslow 
Gardens,  S.W.  ;  Felday,  Dorking;  and 
the  Athenaeum. 

DOUDNEY,  Sarah,  youngest  child 
of  G.  E.  Doudney,  was  born  in  a  suburb 
of  Portsmouth,  Hants,  on  Jan.  15,  1843. 
A  great  portion  of  her  childhood,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  her  girlhood,  were 
spent  in  a  remote  village  in  Hampshire. 
She  studied  with  Mrs.  Kendall,  of  South- 
sea,  and  also  at  Madame  Dowell's  College 
at  Southsea,  a  small  establishment,  chiefly 
for  French  girls.  Sarah  Doudney  began 
to  write  verses  and  stories  at  an  early  age. 


DOUGLAS 


307 


At  eighteen  she  wrote  two  poems,  which 
Charles  Dickens  commended,  and  pub- 
lished in  All  the  Year  Round.  Some  of 
her  earliest  verses,  which  attracted  notice, 
appeared  in  the  Churchman's  Family  Maga- 
zine, conducted  by  the  Rev.  F.  Arnold. 
For  this  serial  she  wrote  a  story  in  verse, 
entitled  ''Sister  Margaret,"  and  in  1864 
"The  Lesson  of  the  Water-Mill,"  which 
has  since  become  one  of  the  national 
songs  of  America.  But  it  is  as  a  writer 
of  tales  for  girls  that  she  is  most  widely 
known.  The  following  is  a  list  of  her 
publications  :  "  Under  Grey  Walls,"  1871  ; 
"Monksbury  College,"  1872;  "Faith  Har- 
rowby,"  1872  ;  "Wave  upon  Wave,"  1873  ; 
"The  Pilot's  Daughters,"  1874;  "Miss 
Irving's  Bible,"  "Marion's  Three  Crowns," 
"Loser  and  Gainer,"  "Oliver's  Oath," 
1877;  "Archie's  Old  Desk,"  1877;  "The 
Great  Salterns,"  "  Old  Anthony's  Secret," 
"Janet  Darnev's  Story,"  "Strangers  Yet," 
1880;  "Stepping  Stones,"  1880;  "Thy 
Heart's  Desire,"  1880;  "When  We  Two 
Parted,"  1880 ;  "  Michaelmas  Daisy,"  1882  ; 
"Stories  of  Girlhood,"  1882;  "Nothing 
but  Leaves,"  1882  ;  "Anna  Cavaye,"  1882  ; 
"Nelly  Channel'l,"  1883;  "What's  in  a 
Name,"  1883  ;  "  A  Woman's  Glory,"  1883  ; 
"When  We  Were  Girls  Together,"  1884; 
"A  Long  Lane  with  a  Turning,"  1884; 
"The  Strength  of  Her  Youth,"  1884; 
"Prudence  Winterburn,"  1886;  "A  Son 
of  the  Morning,"  1887;  "The  Missing 
Rubies,"  1888  ;  "  Miss  Willowburn's  Offer," 
1888;  "Under  False  Colours,"  1889; 
"  Where  the  Dew  Falls  in  London,"  1889  ; 
"Gatty  Fenning,"  1890  ;  "A  Romance  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,"  "Through  Pain  to  Peace," 
1892  ;  also  the  following  volumes  of  verses : 
"Psalms  of  Life,"  1871  ;  "Drifting  Leaves," 
1881;  "Thistle  Down,"  1890;  "Godiva 
Durleigh"  and   "My  Message,"  a  poem, 

1892,  and    "Violets    for    Faithfulness," 

1893.  (Novels)  "Pilgrims  of  the  Night," 
1897;  "A  Cluster  of  Roses,"  "A  Flower 
of  Light,"  1898.  Sarah  Doudney  is  the 
author  of  the  well-known  hymn,  "Sleep 
on,  Beloved,"  which  was  sung  by  order 
of  the  Queen  at  the  Duchess  of  Teck's 
funeral.  Address  :  Pioneer  Club,  5  Graf- 
ton Street,  W. 

DOUGLAS,  The  Hon.  and  Right 
Kev.  Arthur  Gascoigne,  D.D.,  D.C.L., 
Bishop  of  Aberdeen  and  Orkney,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  George  Sholto,  late  Earl 
of  Morton,  by  Frances  Theodora,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  George 
Henry  Rose,  G.C.B.,  of  Sandhills,  Hants. 
He  was  born  Jan.  5,  1827,  and  graduated 
at  University  College,  Durham,  taking  his 
B.A.  degree  in  1849,  and  proceeding  M.A. 
in  1850,  in  which  year  he  was  ordained 
deacon  by  Dr.  Maltby,  Bishop  of  Durham. 
He  was  admitted  into  priest's  orders  by 


the  Bishop  of  Worcester  in  1851.  Having 
held  for  a  short  time  the  curacy  of  Kid- 
derminster, Mr.  Douglas  was  appointed  in 
1855  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Olave,  South- 
wark,  and  in  the  following  year  was  col- 
lated to  the  Rectory  of  Scaldwell,  North- 
amptonshire, which  living  he  held  till 
1872,  when  he  accepted  the  vicarage  of 
Shapwick,  in  the  diocese  of  Salisbury. 
On  May  1,  1883,  he  was  consecrated,  in 
the  church  of  St.  Andrew,  Aberdeen,  to 
the  Scottish  Bishopric  of  Aberdeen  and 
Orkney,  in  succession  to  the  late  Bishop 
Suther.  He  married  in  1855  Anna  Maria 
Harriett,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
Richard  Richards,  Esq.,  of  Caerynwch,  M.P. 
for  Merionethshire.  Address :  Bishop's 
Court,  Aberdeen. 

DOUGLAS,  Kobert  Kennaway,  was 

born  Aug.  23,  1838,  at  Larkbear  House, 
near  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Devon,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  Rev.  Philip  W.  Douglas.  He  was 
educated  at  a  private  school  at  Bath,  and 
at  the  Blandford  Grammar  School.  He 
was  appointed,  by  the  Foreign  Office, 
Student  Interpreter  in  the  China  Consular 
Service  in  1858  ;  in  1860  he  became  Secre- 
tary to  the  Allied  Commission  for  the 
Government  of  the  City  of  Canton  ;  was 
temporarily  attached  to  her  Britannic 
Majesty's  Legation  at  Pekin  in  1861 ;  was 
the  same  year  appointed  Interpreter  on 
the  staff  of  General  Sir  Charles  Staveley, 
K.C.B.  ;  and  was  appointed  Acting  Vice- 
Consul  at  Taku  in  1862,  which  post  he  held 
until  his  return  to  England  on  leave  in 
1864.  In  the  following  year  he  resigned 
his  appointment  in  the  Consular  Service 
in  order  to  take  up  the  post  of  Assistant 
of  the  Upper  Section  of  the  first  class  in 
the  Library  of  the  British  Museum,  with 
special  charge  of  the  Chinese  and  Japanese 
Libraries ;  he  was  promoted  to  the  office 
of  Assistant-Keeper  in  1880,  with  the 
additional  charge  of  the  Sub-Department 
of  Maps ;  and  was  made  Keeper  of  the 
Department  of  Oriental  Printed  Books  and 
MSS.  in  1892.  In  1873  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Chinese  at  King's  College, 
London.  Prof.  Douglas  is  the  author  of 
"  Two  Lectures  on  the  Language  and 
Literature  of  China,"  1875  ;  "  The  Life  of 
Jenghiz  Khan,"  1877  ;  "  Confucianism  and 
Taouism,"  1879;  "China,"  in  1882;  "A 
Chinese  Manual,"  1889;  "  Chinese  Stories," 
1893  ;  "  Society  in  China,"  1894  ;  and  the 
"Life  of  Li  Hung  Chang,"  1895.  He  was 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  International 
Conference  of  Orientalists  during  the  ses- 
sion in  London  in  1874,  and  edited  the 
Proceedings;  he  also  represented  England 
at  the  session  held  at  St.  Petersburg  in 
1876.  He  compiled  and  edited  a  catalogue 
of  the  Chinese  books  and  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum,  which  was  printed  by 


308 


DOVER  — DOWDEN   » 


order  of  the  Trustees  in  1876 ;  and  he 
added  a  companion  catalogue  of  the 
Japanese  books  and  MSS.  in  1898.  He 
further  edited  a  catalogue  of  the  Printed 
Maps,  Plans,  and  Charts  in  the  British 
Museum,  which  was  published  in  1885. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  articles  on 
China  and  the  Far  East,  in  the  ninth  edi- 
tion of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica"  ; 
he  has  also  contributed  linguistic  and 
other  articles  relating  to  the  same  subjects 
to  the  periodicals  of  the  day.  During  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  1894  he  con- 
tributed many  letters  to  the  Times  relative 
to  the  Corean  War,  and  has  constantly 
published  letters  on  the  Chinese  Question 
in  the  Times  since  that  year.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  AthenEeum  under 
Rule  II.  in  February  1899.  He  married,  in 
1866,  Rachel,  daughter  of  Kirkby  Fenton, 
Caldecote  Hall,  Warwickshire.  Prof. 
Douglas  is  a  governor  of  Dulwich  College, 
and  resides  at  5  College  Gardens,  Dul- 
wich ;  and  Athenaeum. 


DOVER,    Bishop    of. 

The  Right  Rev.  W. 


See  Walsh, 


DOWDEN,  Professor  Edward,  M.A., 
Litt.D.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  in  Cork, 
May  3,  1843,  and  is  the  son  of  John  W. 
Dowden  and  Alicia  Bennett.  He  was 
educated  by  private  teachers,  and  at 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  He  obtained  in  Trinity  College 
the  Vice-Chancellor's  prizes  in  English 
Verse  and  English  Prose ;  was  elected 
President  of  the  Philosophical  Society ; 
and  gained  the  first  Senior  Moderatorship 
in  Logic  and  Ethics,  1863.  In  1867  he 
was  elected  to  the  Professorship  of  English 
Literature.  He  has  published  the  follow- 
ing works:  "  Shakspere  :  A  Study  of  his 
Mind  and  Art,"  which  has  been  translated 
into  German  and  Russian ;  "Poems  ";  "Shak- 
spere Primers,"  which  have  been  translated 
into  Italian  ;  "Introduction  to  Shakspere " ; 
"  Studies  in  Literature  "  ;  "  New  Studies  in 
Literature  "  ;  "  Transcripts  and  Studies  "  ; 
"Southey"(in  English  Men  of  Letters); 
"  Southey's  Correspondence  with  Caroline 
Bowles "  ;  "  The  Correspondence  of  Sir 
Henry  Taylor";  an  edition  of  "  Shak- 
spere's  Sonnets,"  with  notes  ;  an  edition  of 
"  The  Passionate  Pilgrim  "  ;  an  edition  of 
"Lyrical  Ballads,  1798";  "Wordsworth's 
Poetical  Works,"  edited  in  seven  vols. ; 
"Shelley's  Poetical  Works";  "The  Life 
of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,"  two  vols., 
founded  on  the  papers  in  the  possession  of 
the  Shelley  family,  &c.  ;  this  last,  his  most 
important  work,  will  probably  remain  the 
standard  Life  of  Shelley.  He  has  also 
written  articles  in  the  Contemporary  Re- 
view, the  Fortnightly  Review,  the  Nineteenth 
y,  and  other  periodicals.     He  has 


received  the  Cunningham  Gold  Medal  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  is  an  honorary 
LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
an  honorary  D.C.  L.  of  Oxford.  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  English  Goethe 
Society  in  1888,  in  succession  to  Prof. 
Muller.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  the 
first  Taylorian  Lecturer,  in  the  Taylor 
Institution,  University  of  Oxford.  In  1893 
he  was  appointed  Clark  Lecturer,  Trin- 
ity College,  Cambridge,  and  held  the 
lectureship  during  three  years.  He  is  a 
Commissioner  of  National  Education,  Ire- 
land, a  trustee  of  the  National  Library, 
Ireland,  Secretary  to  the  Liberal  Union  of 
Ireland,  a  Vice-President  of  the  Irish 
Unionist  Alliance,  and  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  opposing  Home  Rule.  In  1896  he 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  at  the 
sesquicentennial  celebration  of  Princeton 
College,  New  Jersey,  and  received  the 
hon.  LL.D.  of  that  University.  The  lec- 
tures were  subsequently  published  with 
the  title  "The  French  Revolution  and 
English  Literature."  In  1897  he  published 
a  "History  of  French  Literature,"  and  a 
selection  with  introduction  and  notes  from 
the  poems  of  Wordsworth.  He  married  in 
1866  (1)  Mary,  daughter  of  David  Clerke, 
Esq.,  whose  death,  in  1892,  deprived  him  of 
an  active  helper  and  adviser  in  all  his  lite- 
rary work;  (2) Elizabeth  Dickinson,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Very  Rev.  John  West,  Dean  of 
St.  Patrick's,  Dublin.  Permanent  address  : 
Buona  Vista,  Killiney,  Co.  Dublin. 

DOWDEN,  The  Right  Rev.  John, 

D.D.,  Bishop  of  Edinburgh,  was  born  in 
Cork,  June  29,  1840  (elder  brother  of  Prof. 
Edward  Dowden),  and  was  educated  at 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  He  graduated  as  B.A.,  obtaining 
a  Senior  Moderatorship  and  Gold  Medal 
in  Logic  and  Ethics  in  1861.  After  study- 
ing for  two  years  in  the  Divinity  School  of 
the  University  of  Dublin,  and  taking  a 
first  class  at  the  final  examination,  he 
was  ordained  deacon  in  1864  and  priest  in 
1868  by  the  Bishop  of  Kilmore.  He  served 
as  curate  at  St.  John's,  Sligo,  till  1867, 
when  he  became  perpetual  curate  of  Calvy, 
in  the  same  town.  In  1870  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  chaplains  to  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland  (Earl  Spencer),  and 
the  following  year  became  assistant  at  St. 
Stephen's  Chapel  of  Ease,  Dublin.  In 
1874  he  accepted  an  invitation  of  the 
Scottish  bishops  to  become  Pantonian 
Professor  of  Theology  and  Bell  Lecturer 
at  the  Theological  College  of  the  Scottish 
Church,  then  situated  at  Trinity  College, 
Glenalmond,  in  Perthshire.  After  two 
years  the  Theological  Department  of 
Trinity  College  was  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  there  he  served  as  Head  of 
the    Theological  College   and   Canon    of 


DO  WIE  —  DOYLE 


309 


St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  till  he  was  elected, 
in  1886,  to  the  Bishopric  of  Edinburgh. 
Dr.  Dowden  was  Donellan  Lecturer  in 
the  University  of  Dublin  in  1885,  and 
Select  Preacher  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  1888.  Besides  several  sepa- 
rate sermons  and  articles  in  magazines, 
Dr.  Dowden  published,  in  1884,  "The 
Annotated  Scottish  Communion  Office," 
a  copious  historical  and  liturgical  account 
of  the  Scottish  and  American  liturgies. 
He  is  also  author  of  "The  Celtic  Church 
in  Scotland,"  and  has  edited  for  the  Scot- 
tish Historical  Society  the  Lauderdale 
Correspondence  with  Archbishop  Sharp. 
Address :  Lynn  House,  Gillsland  Road, 
Edinburgh. 

DOWIE,  Menie  Muriel.  See  Nor- 
man, Mrs. 

DOWN,  Bishop  of.  See  Welland, 
The  Right  Rev.  Thomas  James. 

DOWNER,  The  Hon.  Sir  John 
William,  K.C.M.G.,  Q.C.,  was  born  in 
Adelaide,  South  Australia,  July  6,  1844, 
and  educated  at  St.  Peter's  College,  Ade- 
laide, and  was  a  Scholar  and  Prize  Essay- 
ist there.  In  1862  he  obtained  the  first 
prize  at  the  Government  Public  Competi- 
tion examinations,  open  to  all  the  Colony 
of  South  Australia,  and,  at  the  same  exa- 
mination, special  prizes  for  Greek,  politi- 
cal economy,  physiology,  and  zoology.  He 
became  Practitioner  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  South  Australia  in  1867;  was  made 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1878  ;  and  in  the  same 
year  was  elected  member  of  the  House  of 
Assembly.  From  1881-84  he  was  Attor- 
ney-General, during  which  time  he  caused 
some  important  law  reforms  to  be  effected  ; 
amongst  others,  persons  accused  of  criminal 
offences  were  made  competent  witnesses  on 
their  own  behalf.  In  1883  he  was  one  of 
the  members  of  the  Federal  Convention 
held  in  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.  From 
1885  to  1887  he  was  Premier,  from  1892  to 
1893  Chief  Secretary  and  Premier,  of  South 
Australia,  and  from  1885  has  been  Attor- 
ney-General. In  1887  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Colonial  Conference  in  London,  and 
was  made  a  K.C.M.G.  Since  then  he  has 
introduced  a  bill  for  the  amendment  of  the 
law  of  divorce,  on  lines  similar  to  the  bill 
since  carried  in  Victoria.  In  1890  he  was 
elected  by  the  Parliament  of  South  Aus- 
tralia to  be  a  member  of  the  Federal  Con- 
vention to  be  held  in  1891.  He  is  married 
to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J. 
Henderson.  Address  :  North  Adelaide, 
South  Australia. 

DOWNING,  Arthur  Matthew- 
Weld,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  born  April 
13,   1850,  at  Bagenalstown,   co.    Carlow, 


Ireland,  is  the  younger  son  of  the  late 
Arthur  Matthew  Downing,  of  the  Lodge, 
Bagenalstown,  and  22  Waterloo  Road, 
Dublin.  He  was  educated  at  Nutgrove 
School,  Rathfarnham,  co.  Dublin,  and 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  won  a 
Mathematical  Scholarship  in  1871,  B.A. 
1871,  M.A.  1881,  D.Sc.  1893.  He  was 
appointed  Second-Class  Assistant  at  the 
Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  in  January 
1873  ;  promoted  to  be  First-Class  Assistant 
in  August  1881.  He  is  the  author  of  be- 
tween forty  and  fifty  papers,  contributed 
chiefly  to  the  "Monthly  Notices"  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  from  May 
1877  to  March  1898;  and  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  in  February  1882  ; 
Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  in  February  1889  ;  Vice- 
President  in  February  1893  ;  a  member 
of  the  "Astronomische  Gesellschaft,"  of 
Leipzig,  in  1884 ;  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  June  1896.  He  was 
President  of  the  British  Astronomical 
Association,  1892-94.  Since  1892  he  has 
been  Superintendent  of  the  "Nautical 
Almanac,"  and  has  edited  the  same  since 
1896.  Address :  3  Verulam  Buildings, 
Gray's  Inn,  W.C. 

DOYLE,  Arthur  Conan,  author,  was 
born  on  May  22,  1859,  and  comes  of  a 
family  of  artists,  being  the  eldest  son  of 
Charles  Doyle,  an  artist,  the  nephew  of  the 
famous  Dicky  Doyle,  and  the  grandson  of 
the  celebrated  caricaturist  H.  B.  (John 
Doyle).  He  was  educated  at  Stonyhurst, 
in  Germany,  where  he  edited  school 
magazines,  and  at  Edinburgh  University, 
where  he  studied  medicine,  graduating  as 
M.B.  and  CM.  in  1881  and  M.D.  in  1885. 
His  first  literary  venture,  "  The  Mystery 
of  the  Sassassa  Valley,"  appeared  in 
Chambers  in  1878.  He  practised  his  pro- 
fession for  some  years  at  Southsea,  during 
which  period  he  began  his  very  successful 
career  as  an  author,  publishing  "A  Study 
in  Scarlet "  in  1887  ;  "  Micah  Clarke," 
1888;  "The  Sign  of  Four,"  1889;  "The 
White  Company,"  1890.  In  the  latter  year 
the  success  of  the  last-named  book  led 
him  to  abandon  practice,  and  in  1891  he 
sprang  into  fame  with  his  creation,  "The 
Adventures  of  Sherlock  Holmes,"  to  which 
"The  Memoirs  of  Sherlock  Holmes" 
formed  a  supplement  in  1893.  Sherlock 
Holmes  is  the  type  of  the  almost  super- 
human detective.  Other  works  of  his 
are:  "The  Refugees,"  1891;  "  The  Great 
Shadow,"  1892  ;  "Round  the  Red  Lamp," 
1894  ;  "  The  Stark  Monro  Letters,"  deal- 
ing with  the  struggles  of  a  young  medical 
man,  1895;  "The  Exploits  of  Brigadier 
Gerard,"  and  "Rodney  Stone,"  1896; 
"  Uncle  Bernac,"  1897 ;  and  "  The  Tragedy 


310 


DRAGE  —  DRIVER 


of  the  Korosko,"  1898.  In  1894  Mr. 
Conan  Doyle  achieved  great  success  as  a 
playwright  with  his  delightful  "  Story  of 
Waterloo,"  produced  by  Sir  Henry  Irving 
at  the  Lyceum,  and  now  forming  part  of 
the  great  actor's  repertoire.  He  has 
travelled  in  the  Arctic  regions  and  in 
Africa.     Address :  Hind  Head,  Surrey. 

DRAGE,  Geoffrey,  M.P.,  was  born  in 
1860,  and  is  the  second  surviving  son  of 
Dr.  Charles  Drage.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  after  obtaining  a  first  class 
in  Classical  Moderations  and  a  second- 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  (B.A.,  M.A.).  He 
completed  his  academic  training  in  Berlin 
and  at  various  foreign  universities,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
After  leaving  College  he  travelled  much  on 
the  Continent,  in  the  United  States,  and 
in  the  Colonies.  He  first  came  prominently 
into  notice  as  Secretary  to  the  Labour 
Commission,  1891-94.  His  services  in  this 
capacity  were  of  the  first  importance, 
and  he  was  sent  by  the  Commission  on 
missions  to  France,  Germany,  the  United 
States,  and  other  countries.  In  February 
1895  he  was  returned  as  Conservative 
junior  Member  of  Parliament  for  Derby, 
which  he  continues  to  represent.  His 
profound  knowledge  of  economics  and 
social  questions,  especially  of  Poor  Law 
Reform,  has  rendered  him  a  valuable 
addition  to  the  ranks  of  his  party  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  was  Vice-Pre- 
sident of  the  International  Congress  on 
Accidents,  held  in  Milan  in  1894,  and  was 
a  delegate  at  the  International  Congress 
on  the  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes, 
which  sat  at  Brussels  in  1897.  Besides 
writing  many  pamphlets  and  widely-read 
letters  in  the  Times  on  his  own  special 
subjects,  he  has  published  "The  Criminal 
Code  of  the  German  Empire,  with  Prolego- 
mena and  Commentary,"  1885;  "Foreign 
Reports  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Labour,"  "Eton  and  the  Labour  Ques- 
tion," and  "The  Unemployed,"  1894; 
"The  Aged  Poor,"  1895;  and  "The 
Labour  Problem,"  1896.  A  novel  from 
his  pen  entitled  "Cyril"  has  run  through 
seven  editions  since  its  original  date  of 
publication  in  1889.  "Eton  and  the 
Empire"  is  another  popular  work  from 
his  pen.  In  March  1899  he  was  elected 
Chairman  of  the  General  Committee  of 
the  Imperial  South  African  Association  in 
succession  to  Mr.  Wyndham,  M.P.,  Under- 
Secretary  for  War.  He  is  married  to  Ethel 
Sealby,  daughter  of  T.  H.  Ismay,  D.L.  of 
Dawpool.    Address:  15  Wilton  Place,  S.W. 

DRAGOUMIROW,  General,  one  of 

the  most  distinguished  generals  in  the 
Russian  army   during  the  Russo-Turkish 


war,  and  the  author  of  a  well-known 
manual  on  the  preparation  of  troops  for 
battle.  He  commanded  the  advanced 
guard  at  the  passage  of  the  Danube  in 
1877.  He  has  strong  French  tendencies, 
and  at  the  French  manoeuvres  of  1895 
he  was  in  close  attendance  on  Generals 
Saussier  and  Boisdeffre. 

DRAPER,  William  F.,  was  born 
April  9,  1842,  in  Massachussetts.  He  en- 
listed in  the  war  between  the  States,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  valour. 
He  was  breveted  Brigadier-General  before 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  declined  a 
nomination  for  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, but  served  four  years  in  Congress, 
from  March  4,  1893.  For  many  years  in 
England  and  America  the  ancestors  of 
General  Draper  have  been  engaged  in 
textile  manufacturing,  and  he  has  himself 
patented  more  than  fifty  different  inven- 
tions, covering  substantially  the  entire 
field  of  cotton  machinery,  but  with  special 
reference  to  spinning  and  weaving.  He 
has  been  the  head  of  the  firm  of  George 
Draper's  Sons,  of  Hopedale,  Mass.,  for  ten 
years.  In  1897  he  was  sent  as  United 
States  Minister  to  Italy. 

DREYER,  John  Louis  Emil,  M.A. 
and  Ph.D.,  Copenhagen  University,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Armagh  Observatory,  born  Feb. 
13,  1852,  at  Copenhagen,  is  the  third  son 
of  Lieut. -General  Dreyer,  late  Inspector- 
General,  Royal  Danish  Engineers.  He 
was  appointed  Astronomer  at  the  Earl  of 
Rosse's  Observatory,  Birr  Castle,  1874 ; 
Assistant  Astronomer  at  the  Observatory 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1878  ;  Director 
of  Armagh  Observatory,  1882 ;  and  was 
Joint  Editor  of  Copernicus :  an  Interna- 
tional Journal  of  Astronomy,  Vols.  I.-IIL, 
1881-84.  He  is  the  author  of  "Second 
Armagh  Catalogue  of  3300  Stars  for  1875, 
from  Observations  made  in  the  Years 
1859-83  under  the  Direction  of  T.  R. 
Robinson,"  8vo,  1886  ;  "  A  New  General 
Catalogue  of  Nebulae  and  Clusters  of 
Stars,"  4to,  1888  (Mem.  E.  Astr.  Soc.) ; 
"  Tycho  Brahe  :  a  Picture'  of  Scientific 
Life  and  Work  in  the  Sixteenth  Century," 
8vo,  1890  (German  translation,  Karlsruhe, 
1894)  ;  and  many  papers  in  Proc.  R.  Irish 
Aead.,  Trans.  R.  1.  Acad.,  Monthly  Notices 
R.  Astr.  Soc,  Copernicus,  and  in  the  "  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica,"  9th  edit.  He 
married  Katherine  H.,  daughter  of  John 
Tuthill,  formerly  of  Kilmore,  co.  Limerick. 
Address:  The  Observatory,  Armagh. 

DRIVER,  Professor  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Rolles,  D.D.,  Regius  Professor 
of  Hebrew,  Oxford,  born  in  Southampton, 
Oct.  2,  1846,  is  the  only  son  of  Rolles 
Driver,  Southampton,  and  Sarah,  daughter 


DKUMMOND 


311 


of  H.  F.  Smith,  Darlington.     He  was  edu- 
cated  at   Winchester   College    and    New 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  elected 
Scholar  in  1865,  and  graduated  with  First- 
Class   honours    in    Litera   Humaniores   in 
1869,  was   Fellow  of   New  College  from 
1870  to  1882,  and  Tutor  from  1875  to  1882. 
He  applied  himself  early  to  the  study  of 
Hebrew  and   of  other  Semitic  languages, 
and  obtained  the  two  University  Hebrew 
Scholarships  in  1866  and  1870  respectively  ; 
and  in  1875  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Old  Testament  Revision  Company.    In 
1882,  upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Pusey,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Regius  Professorship  of 
Hebrew   at   Oxford   (with    a    Canonry  of 
Christ  Church  attached),  a  position  which 
he   still   holds.      Since   1884   he  has  also 
been  Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop 
of  Southwell.      He  is  the  author  of  "  A 
Treatise   on   the   Use   of    the    Tenses    in 
Hebrew,     and     some    other    Syntactical 
Questions,"    1874,    3rd    edit.,    1892;     of 
' '  Isaiah  :    his   Life   and    Times,  and    the 
Writings  which  Bear  his  Name,"  1888,  2nd 
edit.,  1893  (in  the  series  known  as  Men 
of  the  Bible) ;  of  "  Notes  on  the  Hebrew 
Text   of   the   Books   of   Samuel,  with   an 
Introduction     on    Hebrew    Pala30graphy, 
&c,"  1890  ;  of  a  Commentary  on  Deuter- 
onomy (1895, 2nd  edit.,  1896)  in  the  "  Inter- 
national Critical  Commentary  "  ;  of  one  on 
Joel  and  Amos  (1897)  in  the  "  Cambridge 
Bible  for  Schools  "  ;  and  of  various  articles 
relating  to  the  Old  Testament  and  Hebrew 
Philology,  in  the  Philological  Journal,  the 
Expositor,  the  Contemporary  Review,  Hast- 
ings'  "Dictionary   of   the   Bible"  (1898), 
&c.     In  1891  he  published  an  "Introduc- 
tion to  the  Literature  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment,"    which      attracted     considerable 
attention  (6th  edit.,  1897) ;  and  in  1892  a 
volume  of  Sermons  on  subjects  connected 
with  the  Old  Testament.     In  these  works 
he  claims  to  show  that  the  modern  critical 
view  of  the   origin  and   structure  of  the 
Old  Testament  can  be  presented  in  a  form 
compatible  .with   a   sincere   belief   in    its 
inspiration   and   religious   authority.      In 
1898  he  designed  and  published,  for  the 
elucidation  of  the  Prayer-Book  Version  of 
the  Psalms,  the  "Parallel  Psalter,"  being 
the  Prayer-Book  Psalter,  together  with  a 
new  version,  arranged  on  opposite  pages, 
and    accompanied    by  brief    explanatory 
notes.      He  is  also  the  joint  editor  (with 
Professors  Oheyne  and  Sanday)  of  "  The 
Holy    Bible    (authorised     version),    with 
Various   Renderings  and  Readings    from 
the   best  Authorities,"  published   by  the 
Queen's  Printers,  3rd  edit.,  1889;  and  joint 
translator  (with   Dr  A.    Neubauer)   of   a 
catena   of   Jewish   commentaries  on  the 
53rd  chapter  of  Isaiah,  called  "The  53rd 
Chapter  of  Isaiah  according  to  the  Jewish 
Interpreters."     He  is  at  present  engaged 


(with  Professors  C.  A.  Briggs  and  Francis 
Brown,  of  New  York)  upon  a  new  Hebrew 
Lexicon,  which  is  now  in  course  of  publi- 
cation by  the  Clarendon  Press.  As  a 
Hebraist  and  student  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, he  enjoys  a  reputation  upon  the 
Continent  and  America.  He  married,  in 
1891,  Mabel,  daughter  of  the  late  Edmund 
Burr,  of  Burghnext,  Aylsham,  Norfolk. 
Address  :  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

DRTJMMOND,  The  Rev.  Professor 
James,  M.A.,  LL.D,  D.Litt.,  Principal  of 
Manchester  College,  Oxford,  was  born  in 
Dublin  on  May  14,  1835,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  William  Hamilton  Drummond, 
D.D.,  M.R.I.A.  He  went  to  school  at  the 
Rev.  D.  Flynn's,  Dublin,  and  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1851,  passing 
the  examination  for  the  degree  of  B.A.  in 
1855,  and  obtaining  the  first  gold  medal 
in  classics.  Subsequently,  in  1882,  the 
University  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D.,  and  in  1893,  on  the  occasion  of 
its  tercentenary,  added,  honoris  causd,  the 
degree  of  D.Litt.  In  1889  he  incorporated 
at  Oxford  University,  after  the  removal 
of  Manchester  New  College  to  Oxford, 
and  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  In  1856  he 
went  to  Manchester  New  College,  London, 
where  he  studied  for  the  ministry  under 
the  Rev.  J.  J.  Tayler  and  the  Rev.  James 
Martineau,  and  in  1859  he  settled  at 
Cross  Street  Chapel,  Manchester,  as  col- 
league to  the  late  Rev.  William  Gaskell. 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Theology  at  Manchester  New  College, 
London,  and  in  1885  succeeded  Dr 
Martineau  as  Principal ;  a  position  which 
he  retained  on  the  removal  of  the  College 
to  Oxford  in  1889,  and  which  he  still 
holds,  the  College  having  recently  entered 
a  new  and  commodious  building,  and 
changed  its  designation  to  Manchester 
College.  His  principal  works  are  "Spiri- 
tual Religion  :  Sermons  on  Christian 
Faith  and  Life,"  1870 ;  "  The  Jewish 
Messiah  :  a  Critical  History  of  the  Mes- 
sianic Idea  among  the  Jews  from  the  Rise 
of  the  Maccabees  to  the  Closing  of  the 
Talmud,"  1877;  "Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Theology,"  1884;  "  Philo  Ju- 
dseus  ;  or,  the  Jewish-Alexandrian  Philo- 
sophy in  its  Development  and  Comple- 
tion," in  2  vols.,  1888  :  the  Hibbert  Lec- 
tures for  1894,  on  "  Christianity "  ;  and 
three  sermons  on  "The  Pauline  Benedic- 
tion," 1897.  He  married  Frances,  daughter 
of  John  Classon,  Dublin,  in  1861.  Ad- 
dress :  18  Rawlinson  Road,  Oxford. 

DRUMMOND,  Victor  Arthur  Well- 
ington, is  the  son  of  Andrew  Robert 
Drummond  of  Cadlands,  Southampton, 
his  mother  being  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  5th  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  was  born 


312 


DUBLIN  — DU  CANE 


June  4,  1833.  Entering  the  diplomatic 
service  he  became  an  Attache1  to  the  Em- 
bassy at  Paris  in  1852,  Secretary  of  the 
Embassy  at  Paris  in  1882,  and  Charge1 
d' Affaires  at  Munich  in  1885.  Mr  Drum- 
mond  was,  in  1890,  appointed  Minister  at 
the  Courts  of  Munich  and  Stuttgart.  He 
was  married  in  1884  to  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Charles  Lamson.  Address  :  British 
Legation,  Munich. 

DUBLIN,  Archbishop  of.  See  Pea- 
cockb,  The  Most  Rev.  J.  Ferguson. 

DUBOIS,  Paul,  sculptor,  was  born  at 
Nogent-sur-Seine,  July  18,  1829.  He  was 
destined  by  his  father  for  the  legal  profes- 
sion, but  his  artistic  tastes  constrained 
him  to  devote  himself  to  sculpture,  and  he 
went  to  Paris  to  become  the  pupil  of  the 
sculptor  Toussaint,  with  whom  he  remained 
three  years.  In  1859  he  went  to  Italy,  and 
in  1860  executed  at  Florence  the  model  for 
"  St.  John  a  Child,"  which  was  finished  at 
Rome,  exhibited  at  the  Salon  of  1863,  and 
is  now  at  the  Luxembourg,  together  with 
"  A  Florentine  Singer  of  the  Fifteenth 
Century."  This  last  is  in  silvered  bronze, 
and  through  its  many  reproductions  in 
smaller  size  has  become  very  popular. 
Other  works  which  may  be  cited  are  the 
tomb  of  General  la  Moriciere,  one  of  the 
masterpieces  of  modern  statuary  (1878), 
which  is  at  Nantes  ;  and  busts  of  Bonnat, 
Cabanel,  Paul  Baudrey,  Gounod,  Pasteur 
(1890),  and  other  celebrities.  M.  Dubois 
has  also  studied  painting,  and  has  executed 
fine  portraits  and  beautiful  copies  of  old 
masters,  but  has  been  a  very  irregular 
contributor  to  the  Salon  Exhibitions.  In 
1873  he  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Luxembourg  Museum,  and  Director  of  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  May  30,  1878. 
Elected  a  member  of  the  Academie  des 
Beaux-Arts  in  1876,  he  was  one  of  the 
Jury  of  Admission  for  the  selection  of 
sculpture  at  the  Exposition  of  1878.  He 
is  a  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
(1889).     Address  :  14  Rue  Bonaparte. 

DUBUT    DE    LAEOREST,     Jean 

Louis,  French  novelist,  was  born  at  Sainte 
Pardoux,  July  24,  1853,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Lycee  Limoges,  afterwards  studying 
law  at  Bordeaux.  He  was  legal  adviser  to 
the  Preset  of  the  Oise  fronTl879  to  1882, 
when  he  abandoned  law  and  became  a 
contributor  to  the  Figaro.  His  chief  work, 
has  been  the  Conte,  or  short  story,  and  he 
has  been  a  consistent  follower  of  Maupas- 
sant. In  1885  his  novel  "  Le  Gaga,"  on 
Parisian  morals,  was  condemned  by  the  Law 
Courts,  and  he  spent  two  months  in  prison. 
His  other  works  are  :  "  Tete  a  L'Envers," 
1882;  "  Mademoiselle  de  Marbeuf,"  1888  ; 
and  "  Contes  a  la  Lune,"  1889. 


DU    CANE,  Major  -  General  Sir 
Edmund    Frederick,     K.C.B.,    son    of 

Major  Richard  Du  Cane,  by  Eliza,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Ware,  Esq.,  of  Woodfort,  near 
Mallow,  co.  Cork,  was  born  at  Colchester 
on  March  23,  1830.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  and  obtained 
his  commission  as  second  Lieutenant  in 
the  Royal  Engineers,  Dec.  19, 1848.  In  1850 
he  was  appointed  to  assist  in  preparing 
for  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  and  he 
appears  in  the  list  of  the  Staff  as  Assistant- 
Secretary  to  the  Jurors  aud  Assistant- 
Superintendent  of  the  foreign  side.  At 
that  time  Lord  Grey  was  forming  a  con- 
vict establishment  in  Western  Australia 
to  carry  out  a  system  embodying  all  the 
improvements  which  nearly  a  century  of 
experience  had  suggested,  and  a  company 
of  sappers,  to  which  Lieutenant  Du  Cane 
was  appointed,  was  sent  out  to  assist  in 
the  operation.  He  was  made  a  magistrate 
of  the  colony  and  a  visiting  magistrate  of 
convict  depots,  and  directed  the  labour 
of  the  convicts,  who  were  employed  in 
developing  the  communications  of  the 
colony.  In  July  1856  he  was  attached  to 
the  War  Department  for  special  service, 
and  after  being  engaged  for  some  time  in 
connection  with  the  design  and  sanitary 
arrangement  of  barracks,  was  employed  on 
the  design  of  the  large  works  of  defence 
undertaken  under  the  auspices  of  Lord 
Palmerston.  Among  other  works,  the  for- 
tification of  the  western  heights  at  Dover, 
and  the  long  line  of  works,  miles  in  extent, 
which  protect  the  dockyard  at  Plymouth 
on  the  land  side  between  the  Tamar  and 
the  east  side  of  Plymouth  Sound,  have  been 
carried  out  on  plans  submitted  by  him  to 
the  Defence  Committee.  In  February  1854 
he  had  been  promoted  to  be  first  Lieu- 
tenant, and  on  April  16,  1858,  he  became 
second  Captain.  In  July  1863  he  was 
appointed  by  Sir  George  Grey  a  Director  of 
Convict  Prisons  when  the  Board  was  re- 
constructed after  the  death  of  Sir  Joshua 
Jebb,  and  when  the  Report  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Penal  Servitude  suggested 
considerable  modifications  in  the  convict 
system.  He  was  at  the  same  time  ap- 
pointed by  Lord  Ripon  to  be  Inspector  of 
Military  Prisons.  In  1869  Captain  Du 
Cane  was  made  Chairman  of  Directors  of 
Convict  Prisons,  Surveyor  -  General  of 
Prisons,  and  Inspector-General  of  Military 
Prisons.  In  July  1872  he  was  promoted 
to  be  Major,  and  on  Dec.  11,  1873,  to  be 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  having  also  in  the 
same  year  been  made  a  Companion  of 
the  Bath.  The  Emperor  of  Brazil  con- 
ferred on  him  the  Order  of  the  Rose.  In 
December  1878  he  was  promoted  to  be 
Colonel.  In  July  1877  he  was  created  a 
K.C.B.,  and  made  Chairman  of  the  Prison 
Commissioners,  appointed  by  Royal  War- 


DU  CHAILLU  —  DUCKETT 


313 


rant  under  the  Prisons  Act,  1877,  to  under- 
take the  difficult  task  of  reorganising  and 
administering  the  county  and  borough 
prisons,  which  from  April  1,  1878,  came 
under  the  control  of  the  Government.  In 
pursuance  of  this  object  the  number  of 
prisons  has  been  reduced  from  113  to  58, 
the  rules  have  been  made  uniform,  many 
important  improvements  introduced,  and 
the  cost  has  been  very  largely  diminished. 
In  December  1886  Colonel  Du  Cane  retired 
from  the  effective  list  and  was  made  a 
Major  -  General.  He  is  the  author  of 
various  articles  in  magazines,  and  also  of 
a  book  on  the  "  Punishment  and  Preven- 
tion of  Crime"  (1888),  and  his  reports  on 
military  prisons  are  yearly  issued  as  Par- 
liamentary papers.  In  July  1855  he  married 
Mary  Dorothea,  daughter  of  Lieut.  -Col.  J. 
Molloy,  formerly  of  the  Rifle  Brigade.  She 
died  in  1881,  and  in  1883  he  married 
Florence  Victoria,  daughter  of  Colonel 
and  Lady  Marie  Saunderson,  and  widow 
of  M.  J.  Grimston,  Esq.,  of  Kilnwick  and 
Grimston  Gaeltor,  Yorkshire.  Address  : 
10  Portman  Square,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

DU  CHAILLtT,  Paul  Belloni,  was 

born  in  New  Orleans,  in  Louisiana,  July 
31,  1835.  His  father  was  a  trader  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  whither  Paul  went 
at  an  early  age,  and  where  he  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  the  languages  and  modes  of 
life  of  the  neighbouring  tribes,  also  devot- 
ing much  attention  to  natural  history.  In 
1855,  after  a  sojourn  in  New  York,  he 
returned  to  Africa,  and  spent  about  four 
years  exploring  the  then  unknown  region 
lying  two  degrees  on  each  side  of  the 
equator,  penetrating  to  about  longitude 
14°  15'  B.  During  this  time  he  shofr  and 
stuffed  a  great  number  of  birds  and  quad- 
rupeds, among  which  were  several  gorillas, 
a  species  probably  never  before  seen  by 
any  European.  He  returned  to  New  York 
in  1859,  taking  with  him  a  large  collec- 
tion of  native  arms  and  implements,  and 
numerous  specimens  in  natural  history, 
which  were  publicly  exhibited,  and  many 
of  which  were  afterwards  purchased  by 
the  British  Museum.  The  history  of  this 
expedition  was  published  under  the  title 
"Explorations  and  Adventures  in  Equa- 
torial Africa,"  1861 ;  revised  edition,  1871. 
A  sharp  controversy  arose  concerning  the 
truthfulness  of  this  book,  and  to  vindicate 
himself  Du  Chaillu  again  visited  Africa  in 
1863,  where  he  remained  until  1865.  He 
published  an  account  of  this  expedition 
under  the  title  "A  Journey  to  Ashango 
Land,"  1867.  During  this  journey  he  dis- 
covered the  Pigmies.  On  his  return  to 
the  States  he  lectured  frequently  and  pub- 
lished a  series  of  books  for  the  young, 
comprising  :  "  Stories  of  the  Gorilla  Coun- 
try," 1868;  "Wild  Life  under  the  Equator," 


1869;  "Lost  in  the  Jungle,"  1869;  "My 
Apingi  Kingdom,"  1870;  and  "The  Country 
of  the  Dwarfs,"  1871.  More  recently  he 
has  made  an  extended  visit  to  Sweden, 
Norway,  Lapland,  and  Finland,  which  he 
described  in  "  The  Land  of  the  Midnight 
Sun,"  1881,  and  "The  Viking  Age,"  2  vols., 
1889.  Two  of  his  earlier  works  he  reissued 
in  a  condensed  form  in  1890  under  the 
title  of  "Adventures  in  the  Great  Forest 
of  Equatorial  Africa  and  the  Country  of 
the  Dwarfs."  In  1893  he  published  "Ivor 
the  Viking." 

DUCHESNE,  Jacques  Charles 
Rene  Achille,  French  general,  born  at 
Sens,  March  3,  1837,  passed  out  of  the 
Military  School  of  St.  Cyr  in  1857,  and 
entered  a  line  regiment.  By  successive 
promotions,  he  became  a  General  of  Divi- 
sion in  1893.  He  was  wounded  at  Solf  erino, 
and  decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour 
at  the  age  of  21  (1859).  He  was  engaged 
in  the  Franco-Prussian  War  and  sent  out 
to  Tonkin  in  command  of  the  Foreign 
Legion.  He  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Bac-Ninh,  and  Hong-Hoa,  and  after 
being  wounded  he  was  about  to  return  to 
France,  when  he  received  a  telegram  from 
Admiral  Courbert  to  command  the  troops 
who  were  about  to  land  in  Formosa.  He 
made  over  8000  Chinese  prisoners  with 
hardly  800  men.  On  returning  to  France 
he  commanded  the  110th  Regiment  at 
Dunkerque,  and,  when  general,  the  brigade 
at  Chateauroux.  He  was  in  command  at 
Belfort,  when  in  November  1894  he  was 
given  the  command  of  the  expedition  to 
Madagascar  and  started  in  April  1895. 

DUCIE,  Earl  of,  The  Bight  Hon. 
Henry  JohnKeynolds-Moreton,F.R.S., 

was  born  June  26,  1827,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  3rd  Earl  in  1853.  He  sat 
in  the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for 
Stroud  from  1852  to  1853,  and  he  held  the 
position  of  Captain  of  the  Yeomen  of  the 
Guard  from  1859  to  1866.  Lord  Ducie  was 
appointed  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Gloucester- 
shire in  1857 ;  has  been  Lord  Warden  of 
the  Stannaries  in  Cornwall,  and  Rider  and 
Main  Forester  of  Dartmoor  since  1888 ; 
and  he  is  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  as  Duke  of  Cornwall.  He 
was  married,  in  1849,  to  his  cousin  Julia, 
daughter  of  James  Haughton  Langston,  of 
Sarsden,  Oxfordshire  (she  died  in  1895). 
Addresses  :  16  Portman  Square,  W.  ;  Tort- 
worth  Court,  Falfleld,  Gloucestershire  ;  and 
the  Athenaeum. 

DUCKETT,  Sir  George  Eloyd,  Bart., 
son  of  the  late  Sir  George  Duckett,  Bart., 
F.R.S.  (the  translator  from  the  German  of 
Michaelis's  "Burial  and  Resurrection  of 
our  Saviour,"  of  Herder  on  the  "Revela- 


314 


DUCKHAM  —  DUCKWOKTH 


tion  of  St.  John,"  of  "  Luther's  Preface  to 
St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Komans,  &c. )  ; 
born  March  27,  1811,  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and 
succeeded  to  the  title  on  his  father's 
death,  June  15,  1856.  Sir  George,  who  was 
educated  for  the  Foreign  Office,  entered 
the  army  instead,  which  he  quitted  in 
1855  as  Major  in  the  2nd  Regiment  of  the 
Foreign  Legion,  devoting  himself  from  that 
time  to  the  prosecution  of  literary  pursuits. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "Technological 
Military  Dictionary  in  German,  English, 
and  French,"  for  which  he  has  received 
the  Great  Gold  Medal  of  Science  from 
the  Emperor  of  Austria ;  the  gold  medal 
of  literary  merit  from  the  Emperor  of 
the  French  ;  and  another,  the  Great  Gold 
Medal  of  Science  and  Art,  from  the  late 
King  of  Prussia.  Sir  George  is  the  author 
of  a  genealogical  work  entitled  "  Duche- 
tiana,"  which  forms  a  valuable  and  impor- 
tant addition  to  the  county  histories  of 
Westmorland,  Wiltshire,  and  Cambridge- 
shire. He  has  also  edited  the  "Test  Act 
and  Penal  Law  Returns  in  1687-88"  for  the 
entire  counties  of  England  and  Wales  ;  the 
"  Monasticon  Cluniacense  Anglicanum"; 
"  The  Chapters-General  and  Visitations  of 
the  Order  of  Cluny  in  Alsace,  Lorraine, 
Switzerland,  Germany,  and  Poland,  1269- 
1529  (the  era  of  the  Reformation),"  for 
which  work  he  was  allotted  a  Special  Gold 
Medal  of  Honour  for  services  rendered 
to  Archosology  ;  "Visitations  of  English 
Cluniac  Foundations  in  1262,  1275,  1279, 
1298,  1390,  1405"  ;  "Naval  Commissioners 
from  the  Restoration  to  George  III."; 
"  Charters  relating  to  John,  King  of  France, 
and  the  Treaty  of  Bretigny  in  1360 " ; 
besides  numerous  contributions  to  the 
Antiquarian  Societies  of  Westmorland, 
Yorkshire,  Sussex,  and  Wilts.  Of  these 
his  last  in  the  "  Sussex  Antiquarian  Collec- 
tion "  is  supposed  to  settle  the  Gundreda 
Controversy;  with  another  "Hastings  v. 
Senlac"  with  similar  success.  Sir  George 
Duckett  obtained  the  highest  literary 
honour  which  the  French  Government  has 
to  bestow,  the  Palmes  d'Or,  as  an  Officer 
of  Public  Instruction  in  France.  He  is 
also  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Socie'te 
d'Antiquaires  des  Normandie;  and  received 
a  grant  of  £200  in  1890  from  the  Royal 
Bounty  Fund  for  special  literary  services. 
Sir  George  Floyd  Duckett  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Gold  Cross  of  Merit  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  in  1890,  and  in  1893 
received  the  first  class  of  the  Saxe  Ernes- 
tine Order  for  his  literary  services.  He 
married  in  1845  a  daughter  of  Lieut.  - 
General  Sir  Lionel  Smith,  Bart.  Ad- 
dress :  Travellers'  Club. 

DTJCKHAM,  Thomas,  was  born  Sept. 
26,  1816,  at  Shirehampton,  near  Bristol, 


and  was  educated  at  the  village  school, 
and  afterwards  at  Hereford  and  Bristol. 
He  began  his  agricultural  career  at  War- 
ham  in  1849,  when,  on  the  severe  depres- 
sion following  the  repeal  of  the  Corn 
Laws,  he  agreed  for  his  farm  upon  a  corn- 
rent  regulated  by  the  corn  averages  under 
the  Tithe  Commutation  Act.  Five  years 
later  he  removed  to  Baysham  Court,  near 
Ross.  Here  he  took  an  active  interest  in 
the  game  question,  and  frequently  drew 
attention  to  the  evils  arising  from  excessive 
preservation.  In  1857  he  purchased  the 
copyright  of  the  "Hereford  Herd  Book," 
and  was  its  editor  for  twenty  years,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  he  gave  it  up  on  account 
of  ill-health.  In  1866  lie  presided  at  the 
first  two  meetings  in  London  for  the  for- 
mation of  the  Central  and  Associated 
Chambers  of  Agriculture ;  has  been  a 
Member  of  Council  since  their  formation, 
and  was  President  in  1884,  and  devoted 
so  much  time  and  labour  to  the  interests 
of  the  agricultural  classes  that  he  was 
invited  to  stand  for  Herefordshire  in  1880, 
when  he  was  elected  without  any  can- 
vassing expenses,  and  again  returned  for 
North  Herefordshire  in  1885.  Many  of 
the  reforms  for  which  Mr.  Duckham  had 
long  agitated  became  law  in  the  Parlia- 
ment of  1880,  such  as  a  better  system  for 
obtaining  Corn  Returns,  the  Ground  Game 
Act,  the  Repeal  of  the  Malt  Tax,  the 
amending  of  the  Agricultural  Holdings 
Act,  the  Law  of  Distress,  the  Contagious 
Diseases  (Animals)  Act,  and  Relief  of 
Local  Taxation.  Mr.  Duckham  has  been 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Bath  and 
West  of  England  Association  since  1863, 
is  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Smith- 
field  Club,  and  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Benevolent  Institution.  At 
Hereford,  in  November  1895,  he  was  pre- 
sented with  an  address  and  purse  of 
£453  for  his  services  to  agriculture,  and 
especially  for  labouring  to  protect  flocks 
and  herds  from  contagious  diseases.  At 
the  general  election  of  1886  he  was  de- 
feated by  Mr.  Biddulph,  Unionist-Liberal. 
He  long  agitated  for  a  County  Government 
Act,  and  repeatedly  pressed  upon  the  late 
Government  his  views  thereon.  Upon  the 
Act  coming  into  operation  he  was  elected 
a  senior  Alderman.  He  is  a  J.P.  for  the 
county. 

DUCKWOKTH,  Sir  Dyce,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  brother  of  the  Rev.  Canon  Duck- 
worth, D.D.,  and  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Robinson  Duckworth,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 
He  was  born  in  that  city  on  Nov.  24,  1840, 
and  educated  at  the  Royal  Institution 
School  there,  and  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  M.D. 
(Gold  Medallist)  in  1863,  also  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital.      He  served  as  As- 


DUCKWORTH  —  DUFF 


315 


sistant-Surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy,  1864-65 ; 
was  elected  Medical  Tutor  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's   Hospital,     London,     subsequently 
Assistant-Physician    there    in    1869,    and 
full   Physician   and   Lecturer  on   Clinical 
Medicine  in  1883.     He  is  Hon.  Physician 
to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales.     He  was 
made  a  Fellow  of   the   Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1870;   is  Hon.  M.D.  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  U.S.A.,  and  M.D., 
honoris  causd,  of  the  Royal  University  of 
Ireland.     He  was  elected  Hon.  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  Ireland 
in  1887  ;  and  is  the  representative  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London  in 
the  General  Medical  Council  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  at  the  International  Colonial 
Medical   Congress    at    Amsterdam,    1883. 
He  has  been   an   Examiner   in   the   Uni- 
versities of  Edinburgh  and  Durham,  and 
on  the  Conjoint  Board  for  England  ;   and 
in    the   Victoria   University.      He    is   the 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Gout,"  8vo,  1889 
(translated  into  German  and  French),  and 
editor  of  Warburton  Begbie's  works,  and 
is  the  author  also  of  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  clinical  medicine.      He  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1886  ;    was 
appointed  treasurer  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  in  1881 ;  and  made  an  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Royal  Medical  Society  of 
Edinburgh   in    1887,   and   Hon.   LL.D.  of 
Edinburgh  in  1890.     He  was  elected  Pre- 
sident of  the  Clinical  Society  of  London 
in  1891.     He  is  in  practice  as  a  Consulting 
Physician  in  London.    In  1892  he  received 
the  honour  of  Knighthood  in  the  Order  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.     He  is  married  to 
Ada,  youngest  daughter  of  G.  A.  Fuller,  of 
the    Rookery,    Dorking.      Addresses :     11 
Grafton  Street,  W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

DUCKWORTH,   Canon  Robinson, 

D.D.,  second  son  of  the  late  Robinson 
Duckworth,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool,  and  Eliza- 
beth Forbes,  daughter  of  William  Nicol, 
M.D.  He  was  born  in  December  1834, 
elected  to  an  open  scholarship  at  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  in  1853,  and 
graduated  B.A.  with  first-class  classical 
honours  in  1857  ;  he  was  afterwards 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity,  and  was  As- 
sistant -  Master  at  Marlborough  College 
from  1858  to  1860,  and  Tutor  of  Trinity 
College  from  1860  to  1866.  In  1864  he 
was  appointed  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
late  Bishop  of  Peterborough,  and  in  1866 
was  selected  by  her  Majesty  as  instructor 
to  his  Royal  Highness  the  late  Prince 
Leopold.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  Gover- 
nor to  his  Royal  Highness,  and  held  that 
post  for  three  years.  On  his  retirement 
in  1870  he  was  appointed  Chaplain  in 
Ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and  presented  to 
the  crown  living  of  St.  Mark's,  Hamilton 
Terrace,  N.W.    He  was  appointed  a  Canon 


of  Westminster  in  succession  to  the  late 
Rev.  Charles  Kingsley  in  March  1875.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  appointed  Honorary 
Chaplain  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  in 
that  capacity  accompanied  his  Royal 
Highness  on  his  visit  to  India.  He  was 
appointed  Rural  Dean  of  St.  Marylebone 
in  1891,  and  Chaplain  of  the  Order  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem  in  1892.  In  1895  he 
was  appointed  Sub-Dean  of  Westminster. 
Permanent  addresses :  Little  Cloisters, 
Westminster  Abbey ;  5  Abbey  Road,  N.W. ; 
and  Athenseum. 

DUDLAY,  Adeline  Elie  Francoise, 

French  actress,  was  born  at  Brussels  in 
1859,  and  entered  the  Conservatoire  of  her 
native  town  to  study  music.  From  the 
age  of  fifteen  she  gave  lessons  in  music, 
and  thus  obtained  means  to  attend  the 
dramatic  classes.  In  1874  she  carried  off 
the  second  prize  for  tragedy,  and  the  first 
the  next  year.  In  1874  she  was  admitted 
to  the  Come'die  Francaise,  and  made  her 
dcSbut  in  the  role  of  Opimia  in  Parodi's 
"Rome  Vaincue."  Afterwards  she  played 
tragic  parts  in  the  classical  works  of  Cor- 
neille  and  Racine,  and,  after  the  secession 
of  Madame  Bernhardt,  she  became  the  first 
tragedienne  of  the  Come'die.  One  of  her 
latest  successes  has  been  the  part  of  Jeanne 
la  Folle  in  "La  Reine  Juana"  by  M.  Parodi 
(1893).  When  the  Comedie  visited  London 
in  1893  she  was  very  successful  in  "  Athalie," 
"  Le  Cid,"  and  in  "  Horace."  Paris  address : 
2  Rue  des  Pyramides. 

DUDLEY,  Earl  of,  "William 
Humble  Ward,  Parliamentary  Secre- 
tary to  the  Board  of  Trade,  was  born 
on  May  25,  1866,  and  succeeded  his  father, 
the  1st  Earl,  in  1885.  He  was  educate.d  at 
Eton,  and  has  travelled  extensively.  He 
is  a  Major  in  the  Worcestershire  Yeomanry 
Cavalry,  was  appointed  High  Steward  of 
Kidderminster  in  1888,  and  was  Mayor  of 
Dudley  from  1895-97.  He  is  Master  of 
the  Worcester  Fox-Honnds,  and  patron  of 
many  livings.  He  married  in  1891  Rachel, 
youngest  daughter  of  Charles  Gurney. 
Addresses  :  Witley  Court,  Stourport,  Wor- 
cester ;  and  7  Carlton  Gardens. 

DUFF,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Mount- 
stuart  Elphinstone  Grant,  G.C.S.I., 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  P.  R.  Hist.  Soc,  D.L.,  son  of 
the  late  James  Cuninghame  Grant  Duff, 
Esq.,  of  Eden,  Aberdeenshire  (formerly 
Resident  at  Sattara,  and  author  of  "The 
History  of  the  Mahrattas "),  by  Jane 
Catharine,  only  child  of  the  late  Sir 
Whitelaw  Ainslie,  M.D.  Sir  M.  E.  Grant 
Duff  was  born  in  1829,  and  educated  at 
Edinburgh  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1850,  and  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  in  1853.    He  was  called  to  the 


316 


DUFFERIN  AND  AVA 


Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1854,  having 
obtained  a  certificate  of  honour  and  a 
studentship  in  the  preceding  year.  He 
entered  the  House  of  Commons  in  Decem- 
ber 1857  as  Member  for  the  Elgin  District 
of  Burghs,  and  he  continued  to  represent 
that  constituency  in  the  Liberal  interest 
till  July  1881.  He  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  December 
1868,  and  he  held  that  office  till  the  down- 
fall of  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration  in 
February  1874.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  second  administration  in  May 
1880  he  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies  and  a  Member  of 
the  Privy  Council.  He  resigned  office, 
together  with  his  seat  in  Parliament,  in 
July  1881,  on  being  appointed  Governor  of 
Madras  in  the  place  of  Mr.  William  Patrick 
Adam.  During  his  successful  administra- 
tion of  this  great  province,  Sir  M.  E.  Grant 
Duff  made  several  tours  from  end  to  end 
of  the  Presidency  in  order  to  see  with  his 
own  eyes  what  required  to  be  done.  In 
1886  he  resigned  the  Governorship,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bourke.  Sir  M.  E. 
Grant  Duff  was  Lord  Rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen  from  1866  to  1872, 
President  of  the  R.G.S.  from  1889-93,  is  a 
Member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of 
London,  and  has  been  President  of  the 
Royal  Historical  Society  from  1891.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Studies  in  European 
Politics";  "Elgin  Speeches"  ;  "A  Political 
Survey  "  ;  "Notes  of  an  Indian  Journey  "  ; 
"Miscellanies  Political  and  Literary"; 
"Memoir  of  Sir  H.  S.  Maine,"  1892; 
."Ernest  Renan,"  1893;  "Notes  from  a 
Diary,"  1851-1872  (2  vols.) ;  "Notes  from 
a  Diary,"  1872-1881  (2  vols.),  1897.  He 
married  in  1859  Anna  Julia,  only  child  of 
Mr.  Edward  Webster,  of  Ealing,  Middlesex. 
Addresses:  11  Chelsea  Embankment,  S.W. ; 
Lexdon  Park,  near  Colchester ;  and 
Athenasum. 

DUFFERIN  and  AVA,  Marquis 
of,  The  Right  Hon.  Frederick  Temple 
Blackwood,  K.P.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G., 
G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,  late  British  Ambas- 
sador at  Paris,  is  the  only  son  of  Price, 
4th  Baron  Dufferin,  by  Helen  Selina, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Sheri- 
dan, Esq.  (she  re-married  in  1862  the  Earl 
of  Gifford,  and  died  in  1867).  From  Eton 
School  his  lordship  was  sent  to  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree. 
He  succeeded  to  his  father's  title,  July  21, 
1841,  while  still  in  his  minority  ;  and  for 
some  years  he  was  a  lord -in- waiting  on 
the  Queen  under  Lord  John  Russell's  first 
administration,  and  again  in  1854-58. 
Accompanied  by  a  friend  he  went  from 
Oxford  to  Ireland  at  the  time  of  the 
famine  in  1846-47,  and  on  his  return  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  experiences  under 


the  title  of  ' '  Narrative  of  a  Journey  from 
Oxford  to  Skibbereen  during  the  year  of 
the  Irish  famine."  In  February  1855  he 
was  specially  attached  to  the  mission 
undertaken  by  Lord  John  Russell  to 
Vienna.  In  1859  he  made  a  yacht  voy- 
age to  Iceland,  a  well-known  narrative  of 
which  expedition  he  published  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  under  the  title  of  "Letters 
from  High  Latitudes."  He  was  sent  to 
the  East  by  Lord  Palmerston  in  1860,  as 
British  Commissioner  in  Syria,  for  the 
purpose  of  prosecuting  inquiries  into  the 
massacre  of  the  Christians  there.  For  his 
services  on  that  occasion  he  was  nomi- 
nated on  his  return  a  K.C.B.  (civil  divi- 
sion). He  was  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  India  from  1864  to  the  early  part  of 
1866,  and  Under-Secretary  for  War  from 
the  latter  date  to  the  following  June.  On 
the  advent  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power  in 
December  1878,  he  was  nominated  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  and 
Paymaster-General,  and  he  held  that  office 
till  April  1872,  when  he  was  appointed 
Governor-General  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.  In  the  summer  of  1876  his  lord- 
ship, who  was  accompanied  by  Lady 
Dufferin,  made  a  very  successful  tour 
through  British  Columbia,  where  much 
discontent  had  prevailed  in  consequence 
of  a  belief  that  the  conditions  had  been 
broken  on  which  that  remote  province 
had  joined  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  He 
held  the  post  of  Governor-General  of 
Canada  till  October  1879,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome.  In 
May  187S  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  in 
the  following  month  he  attended  the 
Harvard  University  Commemoration,  when 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him.  The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University 
of  Dublin  also,  Jan.  22,  1879,  that  of 
D.C.L.  by  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
the  following  June,  and  that  of  LL.D.  by 
the  University  of  Cambridge  on  June  16, 
1891.  In  February  1879  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg  in  succession 
to  Lord  Augustus  Loftus.  He  was  trans- 
ferred to  Constantinople  as  ambassador  to 
the  Ottoman  Porte  in  May  1881.  On  Oct. 
30,  1882,  he  was  directed  by  her  Majesty's 
Government  to  proceed  from  Constanti- 
nople to  Cairo,  there  to  assume  the  con- 
trol of  the  whole  body  of  our  relations 
with  Egypt,  and  the  settlement  of  all 
questions  growing  out  of  Arabi's  rebellion. 
He  left  Egypt  in  April  1883,  and  in  Nov- 
ember 1884  proceeded  to  India  as  Viceroy. 
In  1888  he  was  appointed  British  Ambas- 
sador at  Rome,  from  whence  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Embassy  at  Paris  in  December 
1891.  His  success  among  the  Parisians 
was  notable  ;  he  retired  from  his  post  in 


DUFFY 


317 


1896.     His  lordship  was  created  an  Eng- 
lish baron  in  1850  ;  nominated  a  Knight 
of  St.   Patrick  in   1863  ;  appointed   Lord 
Lieutenant  of  the  county  of  Down  in  1864 ; 
sworn  a  Privy  Councillor,  Dec.   12,  1868  ; 
was  made  an  Earl  of  the  United  Kingdom 
in  November  1871  ;  and  created  a  G.C.B. 
in   1883.      In   the   same   year   he  became 
Vice-Admiral  of  Ulster,  and  G.C.S.I.  and 
G.C.I.E.  in  1884.     In  1888  he  was  created 
Marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava.     From  1889 
till  1892  he  was  Lord  Rector  of  St.  Andrews 
University.     He  was  appointed  Lord  War- 
den of  the   Cinque  Ports   and  Constable 
of  Dover  Castle  in   1891,  which  office  he 
held  until  1895.     In  addition  to  the  works 
already  mentioned,   Lord  Dufferin  is  the 
author    of    "Irish    Emigration    and    the 
Tenure  of  Land  in  Ireland  "  ;  "  Mr.  Mill's 
Plan   for   the   Pacification  of  Ireland  ex- 
amined" ;  and   "Contributions  to  an  In- 
quiry into  the  State  of  Ireland  "  ;  and  has 
edited    a    sumptuous     collection     of    his 
mother's    poems,    1894,    many    of    which 
had    long    been    separately    popular.      A 
collection    of    his     "Speeches    and    Ad- 
dresses "was  published  in  1882  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.   Henry  Milton,  and  his 
"  Speeches  in  India,"  edited  by  Sir  Don- 
ald Wallace,   in   1890.     In  the  autumn  of 
1894  he   delivered  the  inaugural  address 
to   the    Library   Association    Congress   at 
Belfast.     The  Marquis   married,    in  1862, 
Hariot,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Captain 
Archibald  Eowan  Hamilton,  of  Killyleagh 
Castle,  county  Down.     Address  :  Clande- 
boye,  co.  Down. 

DUFFY,  The  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
Gavan,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  Monaghan 
on  April  12,  1816,  descended  of  a  native 
family  which  produced  eminent  scholars 
and  ecclesiastics.  In  his  twentieth  year 
Mr.  Duffy  became  sub-editor  of  the  Duhlin 
Morning  Register,  and  a  little  later  editor 
of  an  influential  journal  in  Belfast.  He 
returned  to  Dublin  in  1842,  and  established 
the  Nation  in  conjunction  with  Thomas 
Davis  and  John  Dillon.  A  remarkable 
literature  sprang  up  in  connection  with 
the  Nation,  one  of  Mr.  Duffy's  contribu- 
tions to  which,  the  "Ballad  Poetry  of 
Ireland,"  has  run  through  forty  editions. 
In  1844  Mr.  Duffy  was  tried  and  convicted 
of  conspiracy  along  with  O'Connell ;  the 
conviction,  however,  was  set  aside  on 
appeal  by  the  House  of  Lords.  In  1846 
O'Connell  quarrelled  with  the  Young  Ire- 
land Party,  and  they  established  the  Irish 
Confederation,  of  which  Mr.  Duffy  was 
one  of  the  founders.  He  was  tried  with 
the  other  leaders  of  that  body  for  treason- 
felony  in  1848,  but  after  four  indictments 
it  was  found  impossible  to  procure  a  con- 
viction. He  then  revived  the  Nation, 
which  had  been  suppressed,  and  opposed 


Sir  Thomas  Redington,  Under-Secretary 
for  Ireland  in  the  Government  which  had 
prosecuted  him,  and  defeated  that  gentle- 
man at  New  Ross,  for  which  borough  Mr. 
Duffy  was  elected  member  in  July  1852. 
It  should  be  mentioned  that  Mr.  Duffy 
had  been  called  to  the  Bar  in  1846;  but 
he  practised  for  only  a  short  period.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Tenant 
League  ;  and  in  connection  with  Frederick 
Lucas  and  George  Henry  Moore,  founder 
of  the  Independent  Irish  Party  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  which  sprang  out  of 
the  League.  The  defection  of  a  large 
section  of  that  party  induced  him  to  re- 
sign his  seat  in  Parliament  in  1856,  when 
he  emigrated  to  Australia.  He  practised 
for  some  time  at  the  Bar  in  Melbourne, 
but  was  finally  drawn  back  to  politics, 
and  in  1857  became  Minister  of  Public 
Works  in  the  first  administration  under 
responsible  government  in  Victoria.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  Chairman  of  a  Select 
Committee  in  the  Legislature  to  procure 
the  federation  of  the  Australian  Colonies, 
and  at  a  later  period  Chairman  of  a  Royal 
Commission  for  the  same  purpose,  and 
author  of  the  reports  of  these  bodies,  on 
which  the  plan  of  federation  has  since 
been  advocated.  In  1858  he  became 
Minister  of  Lands,  which  office  he  again 
accepted  in  a  third  administration  in  1862. 
After  a  visit  of  two  years  to  Europe,  he 
re-entered  Parliament  in  Victoria,  and 
became  Prime  Minister  in  1871.  While 
he  held  this  office  he  was  Chairman  of  a 
Conference  of  all  the  Australian  Govern- 
ments to  procure  certain  enlargements  of 
their  powers,  which  have  since  been  con- 
ceded by  the  Imperial  Parliament.  In 
the  following  year  he  resigned  office,  and 
in  1873  was  knighted.  On  his  return  to 
the  colony  in  1876,  after  two  years'  ab- 
sence in  Europe,  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly  on  the  first 
vacancy  occurring ;  and  on  the  meeting 
of  a  new  Parliament  in  May  1877  he 
was  unanimously  elected  Speaker.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  created  a  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael 
and  George.  Sir  Gavan  Duffy  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Trustees  of  the  National  Gal- 
lery of  Victoria,  and  has  taken  an  active 
share  in  projects  for  encouraging  art,  liter- 
ature, and  industrial  enterprise  in  that  new 
country.  He  returned  to  Europe  in  1880, 
and  has  since  published  "Young  Ireland: 
a  Fragment  of  Irish  History,  1840-50," 
London,  1880;  and  "Four  Years  of  Irish 
History,  1845-49,"  published  in  1883,  being 
a  sequel  to  "Young  Ireland";  and  in 
1892,  "  Conversations  with  Carlyle,"  which 
had  a  remarkable  success.  He  has  also 
published  "The  League  of  North  and 
South,"  a  "Life  of  Thomas  Davis," 
and    a    "  Bird's-Eye    View  of   Irish    His- 


318 


DUGDALE  —  DUNN 


tory. "  He  has  written  on  Colonial 
and  Irish  questions  in  the  Contemporary 
Review,  Nineteenth  Century,  and  National 
Review.  In  1891  he  became  President  of 
the  newly-founded  Irish  Literary  Society 
(London),  and  delivered  its  inaugural  ad- 
dress. Since  that  period  he  has  resided 
chiefly  at  Nice.  In  January  1898  he  pub- 
lished his  Memoirs,  in  two  volumes.  The 
first  edition  was  sold  in  a  month,  and  the 
critical  press  in  London,  Dublin,  and  the 
provinces  received  it  with  great  favour, 
and  American  and  Australian  editions 
have  been  welcomed  by  leading  journals 
in  both  countries.  Though  he  has  com- 
menced his  eighty-third  year,  his  health 
is  fairly  good,  and  he  is  able  to  pursue 
literary  work  without  intermission.  Ad- 
dress :   12  Boulevard  Victor  Hugo,  Nice. 

DUGDALE,  John  Stratford,  Q.C., 
is  the  second  son  of  W.  S.  Dugdale,  of 
Merevale  Hall,  Warwickshire,  and  was 
born  on  July  30,  1835.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1857,  and  was  sub- 
sequently called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  June  1862.  He  practises  on  the 
Midland  Circuit,  was  appointed  Recorder 
of  Grantham  in  1874,  and  became  Recorder 
of  Birmingham  in  1878.  Mr.  Dugdale  is 
Chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Worcester, 
was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1882,  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Punishments  and  Conviction 
at  Quarter  Sessions."  Address  :  1  Paper 
Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 

DULEEP  SINGH,  Prince  Victor 
Albert  Jay,  was  born  in  London,  July  10, 
1866,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Maharajah  of  Lahore.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  gazetted  to  the  1st  Dragoons  in 
1"888,  and  until  1890  was  honorary  aide-de- 
camp to  General  Ross  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia.  In  January  1898  he  married  the 
second  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Coventry. 
Club :  Boodle's. 

DUMMLER,  Ernst  Ludwigva  Ger- 
man historian,  was  born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  2, 
1830,  studied  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and 
settled  in  1855  at  Halle,  where  he  was 
appointed  Extraordinary  Professor  of  His- 
tory in  1858,  and  ordinary  Professor  in 
1866.  He  is  a  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Munich,  and  since  1871  he  has  been  an 
ordinary  Member  of  the  Historical  Com- 
mission of  Munich,  and  of  the  central 
committee  for  the  publication  of  Monu- 
menta  Germanice.  He  was  elected  a  corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  French  Academy 
of  Sciences,  March  30,  1882.  Among  his 
works  we  may  mention  :  "  The  Pilgrim  of 
Passau,  and  the  Archbishopric  of  Lorch," 
1854  ;  "  On  the  Early  History  of  the  Slavs 


in  Dalmatia,"  1856;  "The  Formulary  of 
Bishop  Salomo  III.  of  Constance,"  1857  ; 
"  History  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Eastern 
Franks,"  2  vols.,  1862-65,  his  principal 
work,  which  was  "  crowned "  with  two 
prizes  ;  "  Auxilius  and  Bulgarius,"  1866  ; 
"Anselm  the  Peripatetic,"  1872;  and  "The 
Emperor  Otho  the  Great,"  1876. 

DUNCAN,    Sara    Jeanette.      See 

Cotes,  Mks.  Everard. 

DUNMORE,  Earl  of,  Charles 
Adolphus  Murray,  was  born  March 
24,  1841,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
7th  Earl  in  1845.  He  was  formerly 
Lord  -  Lieutenant  of  Stirlingshire,  and 
served  the  office  of  Lord  -  in  -  Waiting 
from  1874  to  1880.  Lord  Dunmore  was 
for  a  time  in  the  army,  and  retired  after 
reaching  the  rank  of  Captain  in  the  Scots 
Guards.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Pamirs, 
Kashmir,  Western  Tibet,  &c,"  1893;  and 
"Ormisdale,"  1895.  He  was  married  in 
1866  to  the  third  daughter  of  the  2nd  Earl 
of  Leicester.  Addresses  :  61  Great  Cum- 
berland Place,  W.  ;  and  Dunmore  Park, 
Falkirk,  Stirlingshire. 

DUNN,  James  Nicol,  journalist, 
editor  of  the  Morning  Post,  eldest  son  of 
Joseph  Dunn  and  Margaret  Macleod,  was 
born  in  Kincardineshire,  N.B.,  on  Oct.  12, 
1856,  and  was  educated  at  Aberdeen. 
During  his  student  days  he  wrote  for 
magazines  and  journals  ;  and,  after  a  brief 
period  in  a  law  office,  he  received  a  posi- 
tion on  the  staff  of  the  Dundee  Advertiser 
before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment on  the  Scotsman,  and  he  re- 
mained connected  with  that  journal  for 
many  years,  being  finally  transferred  from 
Edinburgh  to  Glasgow,  where  he  had 
charge  of  the  West  of  Scotland  staff.  On 
several  occasions  he  acted  as  the  special 
correspondent  of  the  Scotsman,  notably  in 
the  crofter  disturbances  in  the  Hebrides. 
While  in  Glasgow  he  contributed  to  Quiz 
along  with  A.  S.  Boyd,  William  Canton, 
John  Davidson,  and  others,  and  he  assisted 
in  launching  Art  and  Literature  and  Pen 
and  Pencil.  In  1888  he  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Scots  Observer,  and  was  asso- 
ciated along  with  William  Ernest  Henley 
in  the  direction  of  that  journal  after  its 
title  was  changed  to  the  National  Observer 
and  its  place  of  publication  was  removed 
from  Edinburgh  to  London.  He  joined 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  as  news  editor,  under 
H.  C.  Oust,  in  1893.  From  1895  to  1897 
he  was  editor  of  Black  and  White  and  the 
Ludgate.  He  entered  on  the  editorship  of 
the  Morning  Post  on  the  1st  May  1897. 
Address :  Morning  Post  Office,  Strand, 
W.C. 


DUNN  — DUNSTAN 


319 


DUNN,  Sir  William,  Bart.,  was  born 
at  Paisley  in  1833,  and  is  the  son  of  John 
Dunn  and  Isabella  Chalmers.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  for  which  he 
has  been  Member  since  1891.  He  has 
spent  most  of  his  life  in  South  Africa,  and 
is  the  senior  partner  in  Dunn  &  Co.,  of 
London,  Durban,  and  Port  Elizabeth. 
After  his  return  to  England  he  was  made 
Honorary  Consul-General  for  the  Orange 
Free  State.  He  is  married  to  Sarah 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James  Howse,  of 
Grahamstown.  Address :  34  Philimore 
Gardens,  Kensington,  W.,  &c. 

DUNRAVEN,  Earl  of,  The  Bight 
Hon.  "Windham  Thomas  Wyndham- 
ftuin,  K.P.,  4th  Earl  of  Dunraven  and 
Mount-Earl,  only  son  of  the  3rd  Earl  by 
his  first  wife,  Augusta,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Goold,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Adare  Manor,  on 
Feb.  1,  1841.  He  was  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  while  there  was 
appointed  Lieutenant  in  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Rifle  Volunteers.  He  entered  the 
1st  Life  Guards  in  1865,  but  retired  two 
years  after.  During  his  service  in  the 
Household  Brigade  he  won  a  good  deal  of 
popularity  as  a  steeplechase  rider.  After 
leaving  the  army  he  went  to  Abyssinia  as 
correspondent  of  the  Daily  Telegraph,  in 
which  capacity  also  for  the  same  journal 
he  followed  the  Franco-German  war.  In 
1871  he  succeeded  to  the  title  and  estates. 
His  lordship  was  Under-Secretary  for  the 
Colonies  in  Lord  Salisbury's  two  adminis- 
trations, but  resigned  in  February  1887. 
In  1888  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
House  of  Lords  Committee  on  the  Sweat- 
ing System,  and  devoted  much  time  and 
labour  to  that  difficult  question.  Though 
unable  to  convert  his  colleagues  to  his 
views  on  the  subject,  the  principles  of  his 
minority  report  have  been  accepted  as  the 
basis  for  much  subsequent  legislation.  In 
1889  he  was  offered,  but  declined,  the 
Governorship  of  the  Cape.  Lord  Dunraven 
was  elected  to  the  London  County  Council 
for  the  division  of  Wandsworth  in  1895, 
and  has  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
financial  affairs  of  the  Council,  and  to  the 
question  of  the  Housing  of  the  Working 
Classes.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  Council  in 
1898,  in  which  year  also  he  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  the  Irish  Horse-Breeding 
Commission.  Lord  Dunraven  has  travelled 
much  in  America,  and  besides  his  well- 
known  book  "The  Great  Divide,"  has  con- 
tributed many  articles  to  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  recounting  sporting  experiences 
in  the  Far  West.  He  has  also  been  a 
copious  writer  on  political  and  economic 
subjects.  As  a  yachtsman  he  is  now 
famous,  his  chief  victories  having  been 
achieved  with  three  successive  Valkyries, 
and  with  a   smart   cutter,  Audrey,  which 


was  built  from  his  own  design.  He  twice 
challenged  for  the  America  Cup,  with 
Valkyrie  II.  in  1893,  and  Valkyrie  III.  in 
1895,  but  was  unsuccessful  on  both  occa- 
sions. The  latter  race  turned  out  a  most 
vexatious  affair.  A  yacht  named  Defender 
was  specially  built  to  oppose  Valkyrie  III., 
and  the  contest  was  to  be  the  best  three 
out  of  five  races.  The  first  race  resulted 
in  an  easy  victory  for  the  Defender.  In  the 
second  a  collision  occurred  between  the 
rival  yachts,  and  although  the  Valkyrie 
finished  first  a  protest  was  lodged  against 
her,  and  the  race  was  awarded  to  the  De- 
fender. The  third  and  final  race  in  the  con- 
test ended  in  a  fiasco,  Valkyrie  withdrawing 
immediately  after  the  yachts  had  crossed 
the  starting  line.  A  great  deal  of  acri- 
monious discussion  ensued,  which  ended 
in  Lord  Dunraven  publishing  a  pamphlet 
in  which  he  deals  very  seriously  with  the 
contest,  and  the  way  in  which  the  yachts 
were  hampered,  owing  to  the  dangerously 
crowded  waters.  He  also  speaks  of  the 
foul  in  the  second  race,  and  the  curious 
behaviour  of  the  mark  tug-boat,  and  con- 
cludes with  an  appendix  giving  the  whole 
of  the  correspondence  on  the  subject. 
Lord  Dunraven  has  long  held  a  Board  of 
Trade  certificate  as  a  master  mariner,  and 
in  1898  he  succeeded  in  passing  the  exa- 
mination for  an  extra  master's  certificate, 
being  the  first  yachtsman  to  do  so.  In 
1895  he  was  appointed  Lieutenant  and 
Custos  Rotulorum  of  the  county  of  Limerick, 
and  also  Lieutenant  of  the  City  of 
Limerick.  He  was  created  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor at  the  New  Year.  1899.  Lord  Dun- 
raven married  in  1869  Florence,  daughter 
of  Lord  Charles  Lennox  Kerr.  The  family 
seats  are  Dunraven  Castle,  Glamorgan ; 
Adare  Manor,  co.  Limerick  ;  Garinish,  co. 
Kerry  ;  and  Kenry  House,  Putney  Vale. 

DUNSTAN,   Wyndham  Rowland, 

M.A.,  F.R.S.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
John  Dunstan,  Governor  of  Chester  Castle 
(1810-1869),  by  his  marriage  with  Emily 
Catherine,  eldest  daughter  of  Ciprian 
Potter,  the  well-known  musician,  who  was 
Principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music 
from  1820  to  1865.  He  was  born  on  May 
24, 1861,  and  was  educated  at  the  Bedford 
Grammar  School.  On  leaving  school, 
where  he  had  already  acquired  a  strong 
interest  in  physical  science,  he  came  to 
London  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  chemistry,  in  which  subject  he  attended 
the  principal  lectures  given  in  the  metro- 
polis. He  also  gave  a  considerable  amount 
of  time  to  the  study  of  logic  and  mental 
philosophy,  and  in  1880  he  took  a  leading 
part  in  founding  the  Aristotelian  Society, 
which  was  the  means  of  bringing  together 
those  who  were  interested  in  these 
subjects,  particularly  in  their  relation  to 


320 


DU  PLAT  — DUPEE 


physical  science.  Professor  Dunstan  was 
a  Vice-President  of  the  Society  from  1882 
to  1889,  and  when  in  1890  the  Society 
decided  to  publish  a  journal  he  became  its 
first  editor.  In  1883  he  was  appointed 
Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  in  the  Univer- 
sity Laboratories,  Oxford,  and  from  that 
time  forward  he  has  devoted  his  attention 
almost  exclusively  to  educational  and 
scientific  work  in  this  subject.  At  Oxford 
he  organised  a  systematic  course  of  prac- 
tical instruction  in  Organic  Chemistry, 
which  had  not  then  attained  the  import- 
ance as  a  branch  of  chemical  instruction 
which  it  now  has.  At  this  time  the  Uni- 
versity had  commenced  to  develop  the 
scientific  teaching  of  medicine,  and  Mr. 
Dunstan  was  entrusted  by  the  Waynflete 
Professor  of  Chemistry  with  the  organisa- 
tion of  the  teaching  of  chemistry  in  its 
relations  to  medicine.  For  several  years 
he  was  Lecturer  in  Organic  Chemistry  in 
its  relations  to  physiology  and  medicine, 
and  afterwards  University  Lecturer  in 
Chemical  Pharmacology,  an  appointment 
which  he  resigned  in  1892  on  becoming 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital.  Mr.  Dunstan  was  for  some 
years  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society,  in  which  capacity 
he  initiated  the  work  of  a  laboratory  for 
scientific  research,  from  which  numerous 
contributions  to  chemistry  and  chemical 
pharmacology  have  been  made  by  him  and 
his  pupils.  Professor  Dunstan  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  movement  in  favour 
of  reforming  the  methods  of  teaching 
elementary  science  in  schools,  which  led 
in  1887  to  the  appointment  by  the  British 
Association  of  a  Committee  which  was 
charged  to  inquire  into  and  report  upon 
the  methods  of  teaching  then  adopted.  Of 
this  Committee,  which  sat  for  three  years, 
Professor  Dunstan  was  the  secretary,  and 
he  was  largely  concerned  in  drawing  up 
the  several  reports  which  it  made.  The 
recommendations  of  the  Committee  have 
been  widely  adopted,  and  the  improvement 
which  has  "taken  place  during  the  last  few 
years,  both  in  the  status  and  mode  of 
teaching  elementary  science  in  schools, 
has  been  chiefly  due  to  its  action.  In  1896 
Professor  Dunstan  was  requested  by  the 
Council  of  the  Imperial  Institute  to  under- 
take the  Directorship  of  the  Scientific  and 
Technical  Department  of  the  Institute, 
which  was  brought  into  existence  with  the 
aid  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the  1851 
Exhibition.  This  Department  is  intended 
to  serve  as  an  Imperial  Bureau  of  Scientific 
and  Technical  Advice.  It  includes  a  staff 
of  skilled  assistants  and  Scientific  and 
Technical  Referees  and  large  Labora- 
tories intended  chiefly  for  the  investigation 
of  various  Indian  and  Colonial  natural 
products  with  a  view  to  their  commercial 


utilisation.  It  has  already  rendered  im- 
portant service  to  certain  of  the  Colonies, 
and  especially  to  the  Government  of 
India,  in  advising  as  to  the  utilisation  of 
new  or  little-known  products,  including 
timbers,  minerals,  fibres,  food  materials, 
drugs,  &c,  and  has  demonstrated  the 
practical  value  of  science  in  its  application 
to  the  development  of  the  natural  resources 
of  India  and  the  Colonies.  In  1886  Pro- 
fessor Dunstan  received  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts,  honoris  causd,  from  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  in  1893  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  is  also  Senior  Secretary  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  and  an  Examiner  in  the  Univer- 
sities of  Oxford  and  London  and  to  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  He  has 
been  Examiner  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
and  the  Institute  of  Chemistry.  He  is 
also  a  Governor  and  Member  of  Council 
of  the  London  School  of  Medicine  for 
Women.  Professor  Dunstan  is  the  author 
of  numerous  scientific  contributions,  which 
have  appeared  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
the  Transactions  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and 
in  other  journals.  In  1886  he  married 
Emilie  Fordyce,  daughter  of  George 
Francis^  Maclean,  Haremere  Hall.  She 
died  in  1893.  Addresses  :  Queen  Anne's 
Mansions,  St.  James's  Park,  S.W. ;  and 
White  Hill,  Criss,  Hants. 

DU    PLAT,    Sir    Charles    Taylor, 

K.C.B.,  late  Major-General  in  the  Royal 
Artillery,  and  since  1893  Extra  Equerry-in- 
Ordinary  to  the  Queen,  was  born  in  1822, 
and  is  the  son  of  Brigadier-General  G.  C. 
D.  Du  Plat,  RE.,  K.H.,  and  the  late  Pauline, 
Countess  Hardenberg.  After  passing 
through  Woolwich,  he  served  in  the  Royal 
Artillery  from  1841  to  1880,  when  he 
retired  on  full  pay.  From  1854  to  1861  he 
was  Equerry  to  the  Prince  Consort,  and 
from  1861  to  1893  he  was  Equerry-in-Ordi- 
nary  to  the  Queen.  Sir  Charles  Du  Plat 
is  decorated  with  the  first  class  of  the 
Prussian  Order  of  the  Red  Eagle  and  the 
Grand  Cross  Ducal  Saxon  Order  of  Ernes- 
tine. He  married  (1),  in  1855,  Maria 
Christina,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  William 
C.  C.  Dalyell,  Bart,  (she  died  in  1867),  and 
(2),  in  1897,  Ann,  eldest  daughter  of  J.  S. 
Forbes,  of  Chelsea.  Addresses  :  2  Carlisle 
Place,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. ;  and  Ashley, 
Winchfield,  Hants. 

DUPRE,  August,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S., 
F.I.C.,  &c,  born  at  Mainz  (Mayence),  on 
Sept.  6,  1835,  where  his  father,  although  a 
citizen  of  the  then  free  city  of  Frankfurt, 
at  that  time  resided.  Both  father  and 
mother  were  descendants  of  Huguenot 
families  who,  after  the  revocation  of  the 


DUPTJIS  —  DUPUY 


321 


Edict  of  Nantes,  had  immigrated  into  the 
Bavarian  Palatinate.  After  passing  through 
the  polytechnic  schools  of  Giessen  and 
Darmstadt,  he  studied  for  three  years  at 
the  Universities  of  Giessen  and  Heidel- 
berg, under  Bunsen,  taking  his  degrees  of 
M.A.  and  Ph.D.  in  1855  at  the  latter  uni- 
versity. In  the  same  year  he  came  to 
London,  where  he  has  remained  ever  since. 
In  1863  he  was  elected  Lecturer  on  Chem- 
istry to  the  Westminster  Hospital  Medi- 
cal School  (a  post  which  he  resigned  in 
.1897).  He  has  since  that  time  been 
actively  engaged  as  a  scientific  and  con- 
sulting chemist.  He  has  published  many 
original  papers  on  subjects  connected  with 
Chemistry,  Physiology,  Toxicology,  Food 
Analysis,  and  Water,  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
Analyst,  and  in  the  Annual  Eeports  of 
the  Medical  Officer  to  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  Ac.  In  1871  he  was  ap- 
pointed Chemical  Keferee  to  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Local  Government 
Board ;  in  1872,  Chemical  Adviser  to  the 
Explosive  Department  of  the  Home  Office  ; 
in  1873,  Public  Analyst  for  the  West- 
minster District ;  and  in  1888  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  War  Office  Com- 
mittee on  Explosives,  under  the  presidency 
of  Sir  P.  Abel,  C.B.  (which  post  he  now 
holds).  In  his  connection  with  the  Home 
Office  his  name  came  prominently  before 
the  public  in  relation  to  the  various  dyna- 
mite outrages.  He  has  frequently  been 
consulted  by  various  Government  Depart- 
ments, viz.,  the  Treasury,  the  Board  of 
Trade,  the  Wreck  Commissioners'  Court, 
&c.  ;  and  also  by  the  late  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works,  especially  with  regard  to 
the  treatment  and  disposal  of  the  metro- 
politan sewage.  He  has,  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Thudichum,  published  a  book  on 
"The  Nature,  Origin,  and  Use  of  Wine," 
1872  ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  H. 
Wilson  Hake,  "A  Short  Manual  of  Chem- 
istry," 1886.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  Society  in  1875,  and  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Society  of  Public  Analysts  in 
the  years  1877-78  ;  was  one  of  the  chief 
scientific  witnesses  on  behalf  of  the  Crown 
in  the  famous  Dr.  Lamson's  poisoning 
case  ;  and  was  President  of  Section  III.  of 
the  British  Sanitary  Congress  held  at  Bol- 
ton in  1887.  In  1870  he  was  for  some  time 
attached  to  a  field-hospital,  established  by 
the  English  Red  Cross  Society,  for  the 
treatment  of  both  German  and  French 
wounded  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War. 
He  married,  in  1876,  Florence  M.  Rob- 
berds,  daughter  of  H.  T.  Robberds,  of 
Manchester,  by  whom  he  has  a  family 
of  four  sons  and  one  daughter.  Ad- 
dress :  2  Edinburgh  Mansions,  Howich 
Place. 


DTJPUIS,    Jean    Baptists    Daniel, 

French  sculptor  and  engraver,  was  born 
at  Blois,  Feb.  15,  1849,  and  entered  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  where  he  was  a 
pupil  of  Cavelier,  His  first  bust  was  seen 
in  the  Salon  in  1869,  and,  in  1872,  he  car- 
ried off  the  Prix  de  Rome.  His  chief 
works  have  been  :  "  Posterity  crowning 
the  Genius  of  the  Arts,"  "  The  Union  of 
Paris  and  the  Republic  on  the  Altar  of  the 
Native  Land"  (1880),  which  gained  the 
prize  in  sthe  competition  of  the  Town  of 
Paris.  He  has  exhibited  many  medals  and 
portrait  medallions,  and  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  d'Honneur  in  1881. 

DtTPUY,  Charles  Alexandre,  French 
statesman,  was  born  at  Le  Buy  on  Nov.  5, 
1851.  His  parents  were  in  humble  cir- 
cumstances, his  father  having  been  an 
official  at  the  local  prefecture.  M.  Dupuy 
began  life  as  a  professor  of  philosophy  at 
the  colleges  of  Nantua  and  Aurillac,  and 
at  various  Lycdes.  In  1880  he  was  ap- 
pointed School  Inspector  at  Mende,  and 
afterwards  inspected  schools  at  Caen  and 
at  Ajaccio,  where  he  was  appointed  Vice- 
Rector  of  the  Corsican  College.  At  the 
elections  of  1885  he  was  returned  to  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  as  Opportunist  Re- 
publican Member  for  the  Haute-Loire. 
In  Parliament  he  has  been  particularly 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  primary  educa- 
tion, and  in  1886  brought  forward  a  pro- 
posal to  transfer  the  nomination  of  school- 
masters from  the  prefects  of  departments 
to  the  rectors  of  academies,  but  he  with- 
drew his  proposition  in  face  of  the  opposi- 
tion it  met  with.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  various  Public  Instruction  Committees. 
At  the  elections  of  September  1889  he  was 
returned  for  the  Puy  by  a  large  majority 
over  his  monarchist  opponent.  In  Decem- 
ber 1892  he  took  office,  for  the  first  time, 
under  M.  Ribot,  and  succeeded  that  states- 
man as  Premier  in  March  1893.  He  was 
one  of  the  candidates  for  the  Presidency 
of  the  French  Republic,  his  marked  cour- 
age on  the  occasion  of  the  bomb  explosion 
in  the  Chamber  having  made  a  great  im- 
pression in  his  favour.  He  went  out  of 
office  at  the  beginning  of  1895,  and  was 
succeeded  by  M.  Ribot.  In  consequence  of 
the  Dreyfus  inquiry,  it  has  become  known 
that  M.  Dupuy,  by  concealing  the  alleged 
dealings  of  that  officer  with  Germany  from 
the  then  President,  M.  Casimir-Pener, 
brought  about  the  latter's  resignation. 
On  the  fall  of  the  Brisson  Cabinet  in  Octo- 
ber 1898,  the  President  appealed  to  M. 
Dupuy  to  form  its  successor,  which  he  did 
with  little  delay,  retaining  MM.  Delcasse\ 
Lockroy,  Peytral,  and  Vigel,  and  obtaining 
the  support  of  MM.  de  Freycinet  and  Ley- 
gues.  He  decided  to  allow  the  Dreyfus 
case  to  pass  from  the  domain  of  politics  to 


322 


DUBAKD  —  DUSE 


that  of  justice.  Paris  address  :  18Quaide 
Bethune. 

DURAND,    Alice     Marie    Celeste, 

French  authoress  (who  writes  under  the 
name  of  Henri  Greville),  was  born  in  Paris. 
She  was  carefully  educated  at  home,  and 
when,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  she  accom- 
panied her  father,  Professor  Fleury,  to  St. 
Petersburg,  she  was  familiar  with  several 
modern  languages.  She  soon  began  to 
publish  novels  and  stories  on  Russian  life 
and  character,  and  continued  writing  after 
her  marriage  with  M.  Durand,  a  French 
professor  of  law.  In  1872  she  returned  to 
France,  and  began  to  write  for  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,  Figaro,  Le  Temps,  and 
other  periodicals  and  papers.  Under  the 
name  of  Henri  Greville  she  has  published 
a  large  number  of  novels,  amongst  which 
may  be  mentioned,  "Dosia,"  "L'Expiation 
de  Saveii,"  1876;  "Nouvelles  Russes," 
"  Sonia,"  "La  Maison  de  Maur6ze," 
"Autour  d'un  Phare,"  1877;  "Bonne 
Marie,"  "L'Amie,"  "Un  Violon  Russe," 
"Lucie  Rodey,"  1879;  "Croquis,"  "Cite' 
Menard,"  1880;  "Mine,  de  Dreux," 
"Perdue,"  1881;  "Le  Fiance"  de  Sylve," 
"Rose  Rozier,"  1882;  "  Une  Trahison," 
"  Le  Voeu  de  Nadier,"  "Louis  Breuil," 
1883;  "Le  Mors  aux  Dents,"  1885; 
"Cleopatre,"  1886;  "La  Fille  de  Dosia," 
1887;  "Comedies  de '  Paravent,"  1888; 
"L'Avenir  d' Aline,"  1889;  "  Le  Passd," 
and  "Un  Mystere,"  1890;  and  "L'Heritiere," 
1891.  One  of  her  last  works  is  "Un  Peu 
de  Marvie."  Her  Paris  address  is  174  Rue 
de  Grenelle. 

DURAND,  Charles  Auguste  Emile, 

known  as  Carolus-Duran,  French  painter, 
was  born  at  Lille,  July  4,  1838.  He 
received  his  early  art  education  at  the 
municipal  school  in  his  native  town,  and 
in  1855  went  to  Paris.  He  gained  the 
Wicar  travelling  scholarship  and  went  to 
Italy,  and  at  Rome  painted  "  La  Priere 
du  Soir,"  exhibited  at  the  Salon  in  1865. 
For  "L'Assassine,"  1866,  he  was  awarded 
his  first  medal.  This  picture  was  purchased 
by  the  Government  for  the  Museum  at 
Lille.  M.  Carolus-Duran  resided  for  a  year 
in  Spain,  and  the  influence  of  Velasquez  is 
clearly  seen  in  his  "  St.  Francis  of  Assisi," 
exhibited  at  the  Paris  Salon  in  1868.  But 
the  fame  of  Carolus-Duran  rests  princi- 
pally on  his  portraits,  which  are  very 
numerous.  Among  them  may  be  men- 
tioned that  of  Emile  Girardin,  those  of  his 
daughter,  and  the  equestrian  portrait  of 
Mdlle.  Croizette,  the  well-known  actress. 
In  1890  he  joined  the  dissentient  party 
among  French  painters,  who  in  that  year 
opened  the  Champ-de-Mars  exhibition  in 
opposition  to  the  old  Salon.  Here  he 
exhibited  five  portraits  of  ladies.     He  is  a 


Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
of  several  foreign  orders.  He  is  repre- 
sented at  the  Luxembourg  Museum  by  his 
famous  picture  of  "  La  Dame  au  Gant " 
and  another  portrait,  "  Lilia."  His  Paris 
address  is  11  Passage  Stanislas. 

DURAND,   Sir    Henry    Mortimer, 

K.C.S.I.,  K.C.I.E.,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Major -General  Sir  Henry  Marion 
Durand  and  Anna,  daughter  of  Sir  J. 
M'Caskill,  K.C.B.,  and  was  born  in  1850. 
Entering  the  diplomatic  service  he  became 
Junior  Attache  (Foreign  Department)  in 
1874,  and  Assistant-Secretary  in  the  same 
in  1877.  In  1879  he  was  sent  out  on 
political  duty  with  the  Kabul  field  force. 
From  1S80  to  1885  he  was  Under-Secretary 
in  the  Foreign  Department  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  and  subsequently  became 
Secretary.  In  1885  he  was  made  CLE. 
and  C.S.I.  In  1893  he  conducted  an  im- 
portant diplomatic  mission  at  Kabul,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  establish  cordial 
relations  between  the  Ameer's  Government 
and  our  own.  On  his  return  from  Afghan- 
istan he  was  made  K.C.S.I.  and  K.C.I.E. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed  British 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Persia,  and 
started  for  the  Shah's  dominions  oh  Oct.  2, 
1894.  Sir  Mortimer  Durand  married  in 
1875  Ella,  daughter  of  T.  Sandys,  Esq.,  of 
Lincoln's  Inn.  Addresses  :  Teheran  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

DUSE,  Signora  Eleonora,  was  born 
in  Venice  in  1861.  Her  father  and  grand- 
father were  well-known  actors,  and  she 
herself  appeared  on  the  stage  before  she 
was  thirteen.  She  received  her  dramatic 
training  in  a  company  of  strolling  players, 
and  found  recognition  at  •  Naples.  She 
learned  the  gospel  of  self-restraint  at  an 
early  age,  and  has  kept  it.  Her  dramatic 
method  is  remarkable.  "She  does  not 
'  make  up '  her  face — she  uses  no  cosmetics, 
no  rouge,  no  powder.  She  does  not  make 
an  artificially-prepared  entry,  but  mingles 
with  the  crowd  on  the  stage,  glides  silently 
among  them,  all  unnoticed  by  the  audience, 
but  when  she  steps  out  of  the  ranks,  and 
speaks  .  ,  .  she  throws  herself  into  her 
work  with  so  much  spirit  and  feeling  that 
the  play  seems  an  actuality."  She  won 
her  first  laurels  in  New  York  in  1893,  and 
enjoyed  an  immense  success  at  Boston. 
In  1893  and  1894  she  played  in  London  at 
the  Lyric  Theatre  during  the  season,  her 
repertoire  including  the  best-known  plays 
of  Victorien  Sardou  and  Dumas,  Ibsen's 
"  Doll's  House,"  and  the  Italian  dramatists. 
She  had  the  honour  of  appearing  before 
the  Queen  at  Windsor  in  1894,  the  comedy 
chosen  for  representation  being  "La 
Locandiera,"  by  Goldoni.  She  again  ap- 
peared in  London  during  1896  and  1897, 


DVORAK  — EADE 


323 


and  Gabrielle  d'Annunzio  wrote  for  her 
his  "Songe  d'une  Matinee  de  Printemps." 

DVORAK,  Pan  Antonin,  Bohemian 
musician,  was  born  on  Sept.  8,  1841,  at  the 
village  of  Nelahozeves,  near  Prague,  where 
his  father  was  a  butcher  and  innkeeper. 
As  a  child  he  showed  great  aptitude  for 
the  violin  ;  but  for  a  long  time  he  was 
ignorant  of  the  most  elementary  rules  of 
music.  After  leaving  school  he  earned 
his  living  by  playing  in  a  band  of  wander- 
ing village  minstrels,  and  his  first  attempt 
at  composition  was  a  dance  which  the 
members  of  this  band  tried  to  play  ;  but 
as  the  young  composer  was  unaware  that 
the  music  should  have  been  written  in 
different  clefs  for  the  different  instru- 
ments, the  result  was  terrible  discord  and 
utter  failure.  He  then  gave  up  compos- 
ing, and  went  to  Prague  in  1857,  where 
for  the  first  time  he  heard  the  names  of 
the  great  composers,  and  was  present  at 
the  performance  of  an  opera ;  here  he  was 
able  to  hire  a  piano  and  give  lessons,  and 
in  1874,  a  year  after  his  marriage,  he  gained 
a  competition  scholarship  at  Vienna.  In 
1875  he  gained  £50,  and  in  1876  £60,  but 
it  was  not  until  1878  that  his  name  be- 
came at  all  well  known  ;  at  that  time  he 
published  his  "  Moravian  Duets  "  at  Ber- 
lin, which  were  at  once  favourably  received, 
and  opened  the  way  for  further  composi- 
tions. His  dances,  songs,  and  symphonies 
have  all  found  favour  with  the  best  critics ; 
but  the  "  Stabat  Mater"  (performed  at 
the  Birmingham  Festival)  and  "  Konig  und 
Kohler  (The  King  and  the  Charcoal 
Burners)  are  perhaps  his  most  popular 
works.  One  of  his  later  works  is  the 
oratorio  "St.  Ludmila,"  founded  on  the 
poem  of  the  young  Bohemian  poet, 
Yaroslav  Vrchlicky,  the  subject  being  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  into  Bohemia. 
This  was  performed  with  great  success  at 
the  Leeds  Musical  Festival,  October  1886, 
under  the  personal  direction  of  Herr 
Dvorak.  He  has  also  composed  several 
operas,  which  have  been  either  performed 
or  published  in  Germany.  Of  these  "  Le 
Paysan  Mutin,"  may  be  mentioned.  His 
most  ambitious  work  is  the  Symphony  in 
D,  and  a  cantata,  "  The  Spectre's  Bride," 
produced  at  the  Birmingham  Festival  in 
1885.  His  opera  "Jacobin"  was  favour- 
ably received  in  1889.  He  left  his  post  at 
the  Conservatoire  of  Prague  in  1892  to 
accept  the  Directorship  of  that  of  New 
York. 

DWIGHT,   Timothy,   D.D.,   LL.D., 

was  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  Nov. 
16,  1828.  He  graduated  from  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1849,  continued  his  studies  at  New 
Haven  for  two  years,  and  then  entered  the 
Theological  Seminary  connected  with  Yale 


College,  1851-53,  filling  meanwhile  a  tutor- 
ship at  the  College,  1851-55.  He  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  1855 ;  spent  1856-58 
in  Europe.;  and  on  his  return  was  ap- 
pointed, 1858,  Professor  of  Sacred  Litera- 
ture at  Yale.  On  May  20,  1886,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  College,  to  suc- 
ceed Dr  Noah  Porter,  resigned.  President 
Dwight  was  an  associate  editor  of  the 
New  Enylander,  and  was  an  active  member 
of  the  American  Committee  for  the  Revi- 
sion of  the  English  Version  of  the  Bible 
from  1872  to  1885.  He  has  published  many 
articles  on  various  topics,  and  has  anno- 
tated the  English  translation  of  Meyer  on 
Romans,  and  on  other  Epistles.  In  1886 
he  translated  (with  notes)  Godet  on  the 
Gospel  of  John. 

DYKE,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
William  Hart,  Bart.,  M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
second  son  of  the  late  Sir  Percy  vail  Hart 
Dyke,  and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  W. 
Wells,  Bichley  Park,  Kent,  was  born  at 
East  Hall,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Kent,  Aug.  7, 
1837,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree 
in  1861.  He  represented  West  Kent  in 
the  Conservative  interest  from  1865  to 
1867,  and  the  Mid-Division  of  the  same 
county  until  1885,  when  he  was  returned 
for  the  NW.  or  Dartford  Division.  He 
was  Whip  of  the  Conservative  party  from 
1868  to  1880 ;  Patronage  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury  from  1874  to  1880,  and  Chief  Sec- 
retary for  Ireland  in  Lord  Salisbury's 
Government  from  June  1885  to  January 
1886.  At  the  general  elections  in  1886, 
1892,  and  1895,  he  was  again  returned  for 
North- West  Kent.  From  1887  to  1892  he 
was  Vice-President  of  the  Committee  of 
Council  on  Education.  He  is  a  J.  P. 
and  D.L.  for  Kent.  He  married  Emily, 
daughter  of  the  7th  Earl  of  Sandwich,  in 
1870.  Address  :  Lullingstone  Castle,  Dart- 
ford,  Kent. 


E 


EADE,  Sir  Peter,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
J.  P.,  the  son  of  Peter  Eade  of  Blofield, 
was  born  at  Acle,  Norfolk,  in  1825,  was 
educated  at  Yarmouth  Grammar  School 
and  King's  College,  London.  He  has 
practised  as  a  Physician  in  Norwich  since 
1856,  and  is  now  Consulting  Physician  to 
the  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Hospital.  Sir 
Peter  has,  besides,  interested  himself  in 
municipal  matters,  inasmuch  as  he  has 
served  the  office  of  Sheriff  of  Norwich 
from  1880  to  1881,  and  he  has  been  Mayor 
of  that  city  on  three  separate  occasions, 
viz.,  1883-84,  1893-94,  and  1895.  He  is  a 
great   advocate   of   temperance,    and   has 


324 


EAMES  —  EASTLAKE 


also  studied  the  question  of  providing  fresh 
air,  and  suitable  recreations,  for  the  work- 
ing classes.  He  is  the  author  of  :  "Local 
Notes  on  Health  and  Archaeology "  ; 
"Medical  Notes  on  Diphtheria  and  In- 
fluenza "  ;  "  The  Parish  of  St.  Giles,  Nor- 
wich," 1886.  He  was  knighted  in  1885. 
Address  :  68  St.  Giles's  Street,  Norwich. 

EAMES,  Madame  Emma.  See 
Story,  Madame  Emma  Eames. 

EARLE,  The  Right  Rev.  Alfred, 
D.D.,  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Marlborough,  is 
the  son  of  Henry  Earle,  F.K.C.S.,  and  was 
born  in  1828.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
was  a  scholar  of  his  college,  and  graduated 
in  1854.  Ordained  in  1858,  he  became 
curate  of  St.  Edmond's,  Salisbury,  and 
then  held  the  rectory  of  Monkton-Farleigh, 
Wilts,  from  1863  to  1865.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  appointed  Vicar  of  West 
Alvington,  Devon  ;  and  during  his  tenure 
of  that  living,  he  became  Rural  Dean, 
Archdeacon  of  Totnes  in  1872,  and  a  Pre- 
bendary of  Exeter  Cathedral.  He  acted 
as  Examining  Chaplain  to  Bishops  Temple 
and  Bickersteth,  and  was  installed  a  Canon 
Residentiary  of  Exeter  Cathedral  in  1886. 
Mr.  Earle  was,  in  1888,  appointed  Suffragan 
Bishop  of  Marlborough,  the  west  and  north- 
west of  London  being  under  his  charge  ; 
at  the  same  time  he  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  St.  Botolph's,  Bishopsgate,  and 
became  a  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. He  received  the  hon.  degree  of  D.D. 
from  his  University.  The  Bishop  is  the 
author  of  various  charges,  which  have 
been  printed  at  the  request  of  the  clergy, 
the  most  important  being  upon  "  Church 
Reform  "  ;  "  The  Reform  of  Patronage  "  ; 
"  Reform  of  Episcopal  Visitations  "  ;  "  Our 
Duty  to  the  Nonconformists  "  ;  "  Our  Duty 
to  the  Masses  "  ;  "  Some  Pressing  Duties 
of  Churchwardens  and  Clergy,"  1874  ;  "On 
Consecutive  and  Systematic  Church  Edu- 
cation," 1873;  "Work  in  West  and  North- 
west London,"  1897. 

EARLE,    Professor    the    Rev.   J., 

of  Swanswick  Rectory,  Bath,  son  of  John 
Earle,  landowner,  was  born  Jan.  29,  1824, 
at  Elston,  in  the  parish  of  Churchstowe, 
near  Kingsbridge,  South  Devon.  He 
became  a  private  pupil  in  the  house  of 
the  Rev.  Orlando  Manley,  then  incumbent 
of  Plymstock  ;  and  from  Mr.  Manley's  he 
went  to  the  Plymouth  New  Grammar 
School,  where  he  stayed,  until,  the  ancient 
Grammar  School  at  Kingsbridge  having 
been  reconstituted,  he  was  entered  there 
for  the  last  year  before  he  went  to  Oxford. 
He  began  to  reside  in  1842.  In  1845  he 
was  in  the  first  class  of  Litters  Humani- 
•ores,  and  took  his  B.A.     In  1848  he  was 


elected  Fellow  of  Oriel  on  a  Devonshire 
foundation.  In  1849  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.A.,  and  was  elected  Professor  of 
Anglo-Saxon,  an  office  at  that  time  ten- 
able for  only  five  years.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  ordained  Deacon  by  Samuel  Wil- 
berforce,  Bishop  of  Oxford.  In  1852  he 
became  College  Tutor  in  succession  to  Mr. 
Buckle,  now  Canon  of  Wells.  On  March 
5,  1856,  in  a  game  of  racquets,  he  was 
struck  in  the  left  eye,  which  caused  a 
permanent  infirmity  of  sight.  In  1857  he 
was  presented  by  Oriel  College  to  the 
rectory  of  Swanswick,  near  Bath.  He' 
was  appointed  by  the  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  (Lord  Arthur  Hervey),  in  1871  to 
the  prebend  of  Wanstrow  in  Wells  Cathe- 
dral ;  and  in  1873  to  be  Rural  Dean  of 
Bath,  an  office  which  he  discharged  until 
1877.  In  1876  he  was  re-elected  Professor 
of  Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
the  tenure  of  this  Professorship  having  in 
the  meantime  been  made  permanent.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  his  chief  publications : 
"  Gloucester  Fragments  (St.  Swithun,  &c.)," 
1861 ;  "  Bath,  Ancient  and  Modern,"  1864  ; 
"  Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles  Parallel," 
1865 ;  "  The  Philology  of  the  English 
Tongue,"  1871  (5th  edit.,  1892);  "A 
Book  for  the  Beginner  in  Anglo-Saxon," 
1877  (3rd  edit.,  1884);  "English  Plant 
Names  from  the  Tenth  to  the  Fifteenth 
Century,"  1880;  "Anglo-Saxon  Litera- 
ture," 1884;  "A  Hand-Book  of  the  Land 
Charters  and  other  Saxonic  Documents," 
1888;  "English  Prose:  its  Elements, 
History,  and  Usage,"  1890  ;  "  The  Psalter 
of  1539 :  A  Landmark  in  English  Litera- 
ture," 1894  ;  "  A  Simple  Grammar  of  Eng- 
lish now  in  Use,"  1898.  He  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  George  Rolleston,  of 
Maltby,  West  Riding,  in  1863.  Addresses  : 
Swanswick  Rectory,  Bath ;  and  15  Norham 
Road,  Oxford. 

EASTLAKE,    Charles    Locke,    a 

younger  son  of  the  late  Mr.  George  East- 
lake,  Deputy  Judge  Advocate  to  the  Fleet, 
was  born  at  Plymouth  and  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  where  he  gained  a 
Queen's  Scholarship.  He  is  now  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Governing  Body.  At  an  early 
age  he  was  closely  associated  with  his 
uncle,  Sir  Charles  Eastlake,  then  Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Academyy  by  whose 
advice  he  became  a  pupil  of  the  well- 
known  architect,  Mr.  Philip  Hardwick, 
R.A.,  and  afterwards  passed  through  the 
Royal  Academy  Schools,  obtaining  the 
Silver  Medal  for  Architectural  Drawings 
in  1854.  Mr.  Eastlake  subsequently  tra- 
velled for  three  years  on  the  Continent, 
sketching  architecture  in  France,  Italy, 
and  Germany.  During  a  protracted  stay 
at  Nuremberg  he  studied  in  the  atelier  of 
Kreling,  and  at  that  time  was  half  inclined 


ECHEGAEAY—  EDEN 


325 


to  adopt  the  profession  of  a  painter.  On 
his  return  to  England,  having  but  little 
practice  as  an  architect,  Mr.  Eastlake 
turned  his  attention  to  design  in  those 
minor  arts  which  had  hitherto  been  scarcely 
recognised  as  a  field  for  the  exercise  of  edu- 
cated taste,  viz.  :  domestic  furniture,  tex- 
tile fabrics,  wall-papers,  and  metal-work. 
For  some  years  he  was  largely  consulted 
on  such  matters,  and  an  illustrated  book 
which  he  published  under  the  title  of 
"  Hints  on  Household  Taste"  went  through 
four  editions,  becoming  especially  popular 
in  America.  In  1867  Mr.  Eastlake  was 
elected  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  an  appointment 
which  he  held  for  eleven  years,  conduct- 
ing the  correspondence,  editing  the  trans- 
actions, and  managing  the  official  work  of 
that  Society.  While  thus  engaged,  he 
published,  in  1870,  a  "  History  of  the 
Gothic  Revival "  in  English  architecture, 
a  work  of  more  than  merely  professional 
interest,  and  one  which  was  extensively 
reviewed  at  the  time.  In  1878  Lord 
Beaconsfield  (then  Prime  Minister)  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Eastlake  Keeper  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  National  Gallery.  The  present 
building,  of  which  the  front  portion  was 
erected  in  1832-8,  had  up  to  1869  been 
partly  tenanted  by  the  Royal  Academy. 
After  the  removal  of  that  body  to  Burling- 
ton House,  many  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor  of  the  National  Gallery  long  remained 
unoccupied.  These  were  at  length  devoted 
to  the  exhibition  of  the  Turner  Water- 
Colour  Collection,  including  several  hun- 
dred drawings,  previously  unseen  by  the 
public.  They  were  disposed  on  the  walls 
and  in  cases  under  the  personal  super- 
intendence of  the  Keeper.  In  the  larger 
galleries  on  the  upper  floor,  pictures  had, 
for  want  of  space,  been  hung  with  but 
little  regard  to  method.  An  extension 
of  the  building  in  1888  enabled  Mr.  East- 
lake  to  re-arrange  them,  systematically 
classified  under  the  several  schools  of 
painting  to  which  they  belong.  They 
have  also  been  protected  by  glass  from 
the  deleterious  effect  of  London  atmos- 
phere, and  compare  favourably  in  point 
of  preservation  with  many  pictures  abroad. 
Among  other  improvements  effected  during 
Mr.  Eastlake's  term  of  office  is  the  addi- 
tional accommodation  provided  for  the 
work  of  art-students  and  copyists,  who, 
in  acknowledgment  of  the  service,  pre- 
sented him  with  a  testimonial  on  his 
retirement  in  1898.  He  was  at  the  same 
time  thanked  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
National  Gallery  for  the  efficient  manner 
in  which  he  had  discharged  his  duties 
during  his  twenty  years'  tenure  of  office. 
In  addition  to  the  literary  works  above 
mentioned,  Mr.  Eastlake  has  recently  pub- 
lished one  on   "  Pictures  at  the  National 


Gallery,"  illustrated  in  photogravure  by 
Franz  Haufstaengl,  as  well  as  a  series  of 
social  essays  entitled  "Our  Square  and 
Circle."  He  has  also  been  an  occasional 
contributor  to  several  magazines  and 
journals,  including  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
Fraser,  the  Cornhill,  Scribner,  Punch,  the 
London  Review,  and  the  Building  Netvs. 
Addresses  :  41  Leinster  Square,  Bays- 
water  ;  and  Athenaaum. 

ECHEGAEAY,  Jose,  Spanish  drama- 
tist, was  born  at  Madrid  in  1835.  Having 
finished  his  studies,  he  was  appointed  in 
1858  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  the 
Engineering  College  in  Madrid,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  his  mathematical  works  on  Ana- 
lytical Geometry  and  Physics  he  was  made 
a  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
1866.  It  is,  however,  chiefly  as  a  drama- 
tist that  Senor  Echegaray  is  known.  His 
first  work  was  "  La  Esposa  del  Vendajar  " 
(1874),  which  was  a  great  success,  and  led 
him  to  continue  in  the  same  path.  His 
other  chief  works  have  been  :  "  La  Ultima 
Noche,"  1875  ;  "  El  Gran  Galeoto,"  1881, 
which  has  been  translated  into  most  Euro- 
pean languages  ;  "  Dos  Fanatismos,"  1887. 
His  "Folly  or  Saintliness  "  was  translated 
into  English  in  1895,  and  in  the  next  year 
a  performance  of  his  "Mariana"  was 
given  at  the  Court  Theatre  by  the  Inde- 
pendent Theatre  Society,  in  which  Mr.  H. 
B.  Irving  and  Miss  Elizabeth  Robins  much 
distinguished  themselves. 

EDEN,  The  Eight  Rev.  George 
Rodney,  Bishop  of  Wakefield,  formerly 
Suffragan  Bishop  of  Dover  in  succession 
to  the  late  Bishop  Parry,  was  born  in  Sun- 
derland on  Sept.  9,  1853,  and  is  the  third 
son  of  the  late  Canon  Eden,  Rector  of 
Sedgefield.  Educated  at  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  a  scholar, 
he  took  his  B.A.  in  1876,  after  being  placed 
in  the  second  class  of  the  Classical  Tripos. 
He  was  afterwards  in  the  second  class  of 
the  Theological  Tripos,  and  obtained  the 
Carus  Greek  Testament  prize  in  1878.  He 
was  ordained  in  1878.  He  has  been  Assis- 
tant-Master at  Aysgarth  School,  1878-79  ; 
Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Durham,  1879-83  ;  Vicar  of  Auckland  St. 
Andrew  with  St.  Anne  and  St.  Philip, 
1883-90  ;  Rural  Dean  of  Auckland,  1887- 
90  ;  Canon  and  Archdeacon  of  Canterbury, 
1890.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of 
Dover  in  October  1890.  In  1892  he  was 
appointed  Chaplain  to  the  Cinque  Ports, 
and  was  translated  to  the  See  of  Wakefield 
on  Nov.  4,  1897.  In  1889  he  married  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  Canon  Ellison.  Address : 
Bishopgarth,  Wakefield  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

EDEN,  The  Rev.  Robert,  M.A.,  son 
of  the  late  Rev.   Thomas  Eden,  born  at 


326 


EDGE  — EDISON 


Whitehall,  near  Bristol,  was  educated  at  a 
private  school  near  that  city.  Having  first 
entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  as 
Bible  Clerk,  he  became  Scholar,  and  after- 
wards Fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1825,  and  M.A. 
in  1827.  He  was  appointed  an  Examiner 
at  Oxford  in  1828-29,  was  successively 
Head-Master  of  Hackney  and  Camberwell 
Collegiate  Schools  between  1829  and  1838  ; 
and  held  the  post  of  Examiner  for  the 
East  India  Civil  Service  from  1839  to  1856  ; 
was  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Norwich  in 
1849  ;  Vicar  of  North  Walsham  in  1851  ; 
Honorary  Canon  of  Norwich  in  1852  ;  and 
Vicar  of  Wymondham  in  1854.  Canon 
Eden  is  the  author  of  the  "  Churchman's 
Theological  Dictionary";  "The  Examina- 
tion and  Writings  of  Archdeacon  Philpot, 
with  Biography,"  for  the  Parker  Society ; 
"  Some  Thoughts  on  the  Inspiration  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures,"  1864;  and  "The  Title 
Page  of  the  Revised  Version,"  1887.  He  has 
also  edited  theological  works  for  the  Clar- 
endon Press,  and  has  published  a  volume 
of  sermons.  Address :  Wymondham  Vic- 
arage, Norfolk. 

EDGE,    The  Hon.  Sir  John,  Q.C., 

was  born  in  1841,  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in 
1864,  and  to  the  English  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1866.  In  1886  he  was  appointed 
Chief-Justice  of  the  High  Court  of  Judica- 
ture of  the  North-Western  Provinces  of 
India.  In  March  1898  he  was  appointed 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  Charles  Turner,  K.  C.I.  E.  Club : 
East  India  United  Service. 

EDINBURGH,    Bishop   of.     See 

Dowden,  The  Right  Rev.  John,  D.D. 

EDINBURGH,  Duke  and  Duchess 

of.    See  Saxe-Cobueg  and  Gotha. 

EDIS,  Robert  William,  J.P.,  P.S.A., 
F.R.I.B.A.,  architect,  born  at  Huntingdon 
in  1839,  was  educated  at  the  Local  Gram- 
mar School,  and  afterwards  at  the  Brewers' 
Company's  School  at  Aldenham.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Architectural 
Association  early  in  his  professional  life, 
and  was  elected  President  for  two  succes- 
sive years  ;  Associate  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  in  1862,  a  Fellow 
in  1867,  a  member  of  Council  in  1888,  and 
Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in 
1870.  He  has  travelled  much  in  many 
countries,  and  in  the  early  part  of  his 
career  made  a  series  of  architectural 
sketches  in  France,  Italy,  and  Germany, 
some  of  which  were  published  in  the 
Building  News  and  other  professional 
journals.     He  has  written  and  lectured  on 


domestic  art  and  sanitation,  and  published 
various  books  on  those  subjects.  He  is 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  modern  revival 
of  red  brick  and  so-called  "  Queen  Anne  " 
architecture.  In  1882  he  went  to  America 
to  advise  as  to  the  laying  out  of  a  new  city 
in  Kansas  State.  In  1888  he  was  invited 
by  the  Society  of  Arts  to  give  a  series  of 
Cantor  Lectures  on  the  "Decoration  and 
Furniture  of  Town  Houses,"  since  illus- 
trated and  published  in  book  form.  He 
wrote  the  article  on  "Internal  Decoration 
from  a  Sanitary  Point  of  View,"  in  Our 
Homes;  and  the  hand-book  on  "Healthy 
Furniture,"  for  the  Council  of  the  Inter- 
national Health  Exhibition.  Amongst  his 
principal  and  latest  works  are  :  the  addi- 
tions to  the  Inner  Temple  Library,  the 
Constitutional  Club  in  Northumberland 
Avenue,  the  Junior  Constitutional  Club  in 
Piccadilly,  enlargement  of  the  London 
School  Board  offices  (Victoria  Embank- 
ment), various  blocks  of  houses  on  the 
Duke  of  Westminster's  estate  in  Green 
Street  and  other  parts  of  London,  ball- 
room and  additions  at  Sandringham  for 
H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Hotel 
Grand  Central,  Marylebone,  mansion  at 
Chenley  Park,  &c.  In  1893  Mr.  Edis 
acted  as  Honorary  Architect  to  the  Royal 
Commission  for  the  Chicago  Exhibition, 
and  from  his  designs  the  "Victoria" 
House  at  the  World's  Fair  was  erected. 
He  is  also  Honorary  Architect  to  the  Gor- 
don Boys'  Home,  and  has  recently  designed 
a  new  chapel  and  various  other  buildings 
for  the  Home.  Mr.  Edis  joined  the 
"  Artists'  "  Corps  at  its  formation  in  1859, 
and  is  now  Colonel  of  the  regiment.  He 
was  Aide-de-Camp  to  Lord  Bury  in  the 
French  and  German  war  under  the  General 
Convention  ;  and  was  in  Paris  during  the 
last  days  of  the  Commune,  when  he  wrote, 
as  the  result  of  his  observations,  a  paper  on 
"Fireproof  Materials,"  which  was  read 
before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  London  County  Council  for  South  St. 
Pancras.  Colonel  Edis  is  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Norfolk  (1897).  Addresses:  The 
Old  Hall,  Great  Ormesby,  Norfolk  ;  and  14 
Fitzroy  Square. 

EDISON,  Thomas  Alva,  was  born  at 
Milan,  Erie  Co.,  Ohio,  Feb.  11,  1847,  being 
of  Dutch  descent  on  his  father's  side,  and 
Scotch  on  his  mother's.  His  father  died 
at  the  age  of  ninety-one  in  February  1896. 
His  early  education  was  derived  chiefly 
from  his  mother's  lessons  and  from  his 
omnivorous  reading,  his  entire  school 
attendance  not  exceeding  two  months. 
When  about  twelve  he  became  a  railway 
newsboy,  conducting  at  the  same  time 
(with  the  help  of  boy  associates)  three 
small    stores    at    Port  Huron,  Michigan. 


EDLLN  —  EDWARDS 


327 


Later  he  established  an  amateur  paper, 
which  he  printed  and  sold  on  the  train, 
and  also  improvised  a  laboratory  in  a 
baggage-car  for  chemical  experiments. 
Having  at  great  peril  saved  the  life  of  the 
little  son  of  a  station-master,  the  father, 
out  of  gratitude,  assisted  him  to  learn  tele- 
graphy ;  and  in  a  short  time  he  acquired 
so  much  skill  as  an  operator  that  he  was 
successively  employed  at  Port  Huron, 
Stratford  (Canada),  Indianapolis  (Indiana), 
Cincinnati  (Ohio),  Memphis  (Tennessee), 
Boston,  and  at  many  other  places.  During 
the  years  he  was  thus  engaged  he  was 
constantly  experimenting  in  every  direc- 
tion. At  Indianapolis  he  made  his  first 
essay  towards  an  automatic  telegraphic 
repeater,  which  he  completed  while  at 
Memphis.  His  first  patent  was  for  a 
chemical  vote-recording  apparatus  (for  use 
in  legislative  bodies),  and  was  taken  out 
while  he  was  at  Boston.  It  was  at  Boston 
also  that  he  began  work  upon  duplex  tele- 
graphy, but  it  was  not  until  1872  that  it 
was  perfected.  He  went  to  New  York  in 
1871,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  Law  Gold  Indicator 
Co.,  which  supplied  gold  and  stock 
quotations  to  brokers'  offices.  From  this 
point  his  career  has  been  an  uninterrupted 
success.  He  invented  the  gold  and  stock 
printing  telegraph  ;  the  system  for  quadru- 
plex  and  sextuplex  telegraphic  transmis- 
sion ;  the  carbon  telephone  transmitter  ; 
the  microtasimeter  for  detection  of  small 
variations  in  temperature  ;  the  aerophone 
and  megaphone  for  amplifying  and  mag- 
nifying sound ;  the  electric  pen  ;  the 
electric  railway,  &c.  One  of  his  latest 
inventions  is  the  kinetograph,  an  instru- 
ment for  photographing  or  recording  and 
then  reproducing  motion,  which  performs 
the  same  service  for  the  eye  that  the 
phonograph  does  for  the  ear  ;  it  is  de- 
signed for  use  in  combination  with  the 
latter  instrument,  and.  when  so  combined 
effects  simultaneously  the  duplex  sensation 
of  vision  and  sound.  The  total  number  of 
patents  issued  to  him  already  exceeds  400, 
and  is  constantly  increasing  ;  one-fourth 
of  them  refer  to  telegraphy.  But  it  is  with 
the  phonograph  and  electric  lighting  that 
his  name  is  the  most  closely  associated,  and 
by  which  he  is  best  known.  He  resigned 
his  superintendency  in  1876,  to  devote 
himself  entirely  to  invention  and  research, 
and  has  a  large  laboratory  at  Orange,  New 
Jersey,  the  most  ample  in  the  world  for 
electrical  experiment.  Mr.  Edison  has  de- 
voted much  time  to  the  milling  of  ores 
poor  in  iron,  which  were  afterwards  con- 
centrated by  electricity,  and  made  avail- 
able for  profitable  smelting.  Large  mining 
and  milling  plants  were  erected  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey 
to  demonstrate  his  views. 


EDLIN,  Sir  Peter  Henry,  Q.C.,  J.P., 
was  born  in  1819.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1847,  and 
was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1869. 
He  became  Eecorder  of  Bridgwater  in  1872, 
acted  as  Assistant-Judge  of  the  Middlesex 
Sessions  from  1874  to  1889,  and  was  Chair- 
man of  the  County  of  London  Sessions 
from  1889  to  1896.  He  received  the  honour 
of  Knighthood  in  1888.  Address:  64 
Queensborough  Terrace,  W.  ;  and  Went- 
worth  House,  Clifton,  Bristol. 

EDMUNDS,  The  Hon.  George 
Franklin,  LL.D.,  American  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  born  at  Kichmond,  Ver- 
mont, Feb.  1,  1828.  He  was  educated  at 
the  common  schools  and  by  a  private 
tutor,  studied  law  at  an  early  age,  and 
began  to  practise  in  1849.  In  1851  he 
removed  to  Burlington,  Vermont.  From 
1854  to  1859  he  was  a  member  of  the 
lower  branch  of  the  State  Legislature, 
serving  as  Speaker  for  three  of  those  years. 
In  1861-62  he  was  a  State  Senator,  acting 
as  President  pro  Urn.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Foote  in  1866  he  was  appointed  to  the 
vacancy  in  the  U.S.  Senate,  which  position 
he  continued  to  fill  by  successive  re-elec- 
tions until  his  retirement  from  public  life 
in  1891.  He  was  one  of  the  prominent  Re- 
publican  leaders  of  that  body,  a  member 
and  chairman  of  some  of  its  most  im- 
portant committees,  and  was  twice  its 
President  pro  tern.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Electoral  Commission  in  1876,  which 
decided  the  Presidential  controversy  be- 
tween Mr.  Hayes  and  Mr.  Tilden.  At  the 
Republican  National  Conventions  in  1880 
and  1884  he  received  some  votes  for  the 
nomination  to  the  Presidency.  The  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1887 
by  Trinity  College,  Hartford. 

EDWARDS,  The  Right  Rev. 
Alfred  George,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
William  Edwards,  Vicar  of  Llangollen, 
born  Nov.  2, 1848,  Scholar  of  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  second  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions, 1872,  third  in  the  Final  Classical 
School,  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1874,  and 
Priest  in  1875,  by  Dr.  Basil  Jones,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  St.  David's.  He  was  appointed 
Warden  and  Headmaster  of  Llandovery 
College  in  1875.  During  the  ten  years  he 
was  at  Llandovery  the  school  obtained  a 
high  position  in  University  distinctions, 
and  changes  were  made  which  have  enabled 
the  school  to  gain  at  the  present  time  a 
foremost  place  amongst  the  public  schools 
of  England,  and  to  lead  the  movement  for 
Higher  Education  in  Wales.  In  1885  Dr. 
Edwards  was  appointed  Vicar  of  Car- 
marthen and  Private  Secretary  and  Chap- 


328 


EDWARDS  —  EGERTON 


lain  to  the  late  Bishop  of  St.  David's. 
During  the  three  years  that  he  was  at  Car- 
marthen he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
discussion  of  Welsh  Disestablishment,  a 
subject  which  was  now  being  brought  by 
the  Tithe  Agitation  within  the  sphere  of 
practical  politics.  In  1889  Dr.  Edwards 
was  appointed,  upon  the  nomination  of 
Lord  Salisbury,  to  the  vacant  See  of  St. 
Asaph.  A  Welshman  by  birth,  language, 
residence,  and  descent,  he  has  been  a  con- 
sistent opponent  of  the  cry  "Wales  for  the 
Welsh."  He  was  instrumental  in  securing 
the  passing  of  the  Tithe  Act  of  1891,  which 
finally  ended  the  Tithe  wars  in  Wales. 
The  opposition  to  the  Welsh  Disestablish- 
ment campaign  fell  largely  into  the  hands 
of  Dr.  Edwards,  and  in  recognition  of  his 
services  in  this  cause  a  number  of  Church- 
men, including  the  Duke  of  Westminster, 
Lord  Powis,  Sir  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 
and  leading  laymen  in  Wales  presented 
the  Bishop  with  his  portrait  and  an 
address  at  the  Diocesan  Conference  in 
1897.  He  married  (1)  Caroline  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  E.  Edwards,  in  1875  ;  and  (2) 
Mary,  daughter  of  W.  J.  Garland,  of 
Lisbon  and  Worgrett,  Dorsetshire,  in 
1885.  Addresses  :  The  Palace,  St.  Asaph  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

EDWARDS,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
the  Right  Honourable  Sir  Fleet- 
wood Isham,  K.C.B.,  son  of  Thomas 
Edwards  and  Hester,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
William  Wilson,  of  Harrington  Rectory, 
Northamptonshire,  and  Knole  Hall,  War- 
wickshire, was  born  April  21,  1842,  at 
Thames  Ditton,  and  was  educated  at 
Harrow.  He  entered  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich  in  1861,  became  a 
Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Engineers  in  1863, 
Captain  in  1877,  Major  in  1883,  Lieute- 
nant-Colonel in  1890,  and  retired  in  1895. 
He  held  the  appointments  of  A.D.C.  to 
the  Governor  of  Bermuda  from  1867  to 
1869,  and  to  the  Inspector-General  of 
Fortifications,  1875-78,  and  was  attached 
to  the  Special  Embassy  to  the  Congress  at 
Berlin  in  1878.  He  acted  as  Groom-in- 
Waiting  to  the  Queen,  1880-95,  and  has 
been  Extra  Equerry  since  1888.  He  was 
made  a  C.B.  in  1882,  a  K.C.B.  in  1887,  and 
a  Privy  Councillor  in  1895.  Sir  Fleetwood 
Edwards  now  holds  the  post  of  Keeper  of 
Her  Majesty's  Privy  Purse,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  in  1895,  and  of  Receiver- 
General  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  He 
is  also  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Victorian 
Order.  He  married,  1871  (1),  Edith, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Allan  Smith  Masters,  of 
Camer,  Kent  (she  died  1873),  and  (2)  Mary, 
daughter  of  Major  John  R.  Majendie,  92nd 
Highlanders.  Addresses:  St.  James's  Pal- 
ace, S.W. ;  and  Norman  Tower,  Windsor 
Castle. 


EDWARDS,   John  Passmore,   was 

born  in  Cornwall  in  1824.  He  began  life 
as  a  temperance  lecturer  and  then  went 
into  trade.  He  came  to  London  when 
eighteen  years  of  age,  and  entered  a 
publishing  house.  He  bought  the  well- 
known  London  halfpenny  evening  paper 
the  Echo  for  the  sum  of  £18,000,  eventually 
sold  it  for  £75,000,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  £50,000,  and  again  bought  it 
back.  He  is  a  newspaper  proprietor  on  a 
large  scale,  owning  the  Building  News,  the 
English  Mechanic,  and  the  important 
Weekly  Times.  He  has  brought  out  many 
magazines  of  the  second  order.  Posterity 
will  probably  best  remember  him  as  the 
munificent  founder  of  some  score  of  public 
institutions  in  Cornwall,  and  some  thirty 
public  institutions  in  the  Metropolis, 
which  include  art  galleries,  reading-rooms, 
and  free  libraries.  Mr.  Passmore  Edwards 
represented  Salisbury  in  Parliament  from 
1880  to  1885.  He  has  published  "  The  War, 
a  Blunder  and  a  Crime,"  1855  ;  "  The  Triple 
Curse,  or  the  Evils  of  the  Opium  Trade  on 
India,  China,  and  England,"  1858.  He 
married  Eleanor,  daughter  of  H.  Hum- 
phreys. Address  :  51  Bedford  Square, 
W.C. 

EDWARDS-BETHAM.        See 

Bbtham-Edwards,  Miss  Matilda  Bar- 
bara. 

EGERTON,     Sir     Edwin     Henry, 

K.C.B.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  to  the  King 
of  the  Hellenes,  was  born  Nov.  8,  1841. 
He  entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1859, 
and,  after  being  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Buenos  Ayres  and  Athens,  was  appointed 
Consul-General  in  Egypt  in  1884.  In  1885 
he  was  Secretary  of  Embassy  at  Con- 
stantinople and  afterwards  at  Paris, 
whence  he  was  appointed  to  his  present 
post  in  1892.  In  1886  he  was  created  C.B. 
and  in  1897  K.C.B.  He  married  in  1895 
the  widow  of  M.  Michael  Catkoff,  the 
daughter  of  Prince  Rostowski.  Address  : 
British  Legation,  Athens. 

EGERTON,     George.      See    Clair- 

monte,  Mrs. 

EGERTON    OF    TATTON,    Earl, 

Wilbraham  Egerton,  2nd  Baron,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Lord  Egerton 
of  Tatton,  1st  Baron,  and  was  born  at 
Tatton  Park,  Knutsford,  on  Jan.  17,  1832. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  in  1854  he  was  in 
Class  II.  of  the  Final  School  of  Law  and 
Modern  History.  In  1858  his  Lordship 
(then  Mr.  Wilbraham  Egerton)  succeeded 
his  father  as  M.P.  for  North  Cheshire, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  in  the 
Conservative  interest  till  1868,  when  he 


EGGLESTON  —  EIFFEL 


329 


was  returned,  at  the  head  of  the  poll,  for 
Mid-Cheshire.  This  constituency  he  re- 
presented until  1883,  when  he  succeeded 
his  father  in  his  present  title,  being  raised 
to  the  rank  of  Earl  in  1897,  and  in  the 
same  year  created  Viscount  Salford.  Lord 
Egerton  has  always  taken  an  active  in- 
terest in  matters  relating  to  agriculture, 
education,  and  the  Church,  and  has  given 
evidence  bearing  on  these  subjects  before 
committees  of  the  House  of  Lords.  In 
1880  he  was  appointed  an  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioner  by  Lord  Beaconsfield.  He 
was  Chairman  of  the  Church  Defence 
Institution  from  1874  to  1896,  is  President 
of  the  Central  Council  of  Diocesan  Con- 
ferences, and  has  contributed  many  papers 
to  Church  Conferences  and  Congresses. 
He  is  Chairman  of  the  Queen  Victoria 
Clergy  Fund.  He  has  served  on  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Noxious  Vapours,  was 
Chairman  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Education  of  the  Blind,  Deaf,  &c.,  1884-87, 
and  has  been  President  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society,  the  Shire  Horse 
Society,  &c.  He  is  Knight  of  Justice  of 
the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  From 
1887  to  1894  he  was  prominently  before  the 
public  as  Chairman  of  the  Manchester 
Ship  Canal  Company,  with  which  he  was 
actively  connected  from  1886,  when  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Consultative 
Committee  ;  he  rendered  material  assist- 
ance to  the  undertaking  in  Parliament. 
He  has  written  on  the  Manchester  Ship 
Canal  and  on  Agriculture  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  &c.  In  1857  Lord  Egerton  mar- 
ried Lady  Mary  Sarah  Amherst,  daughter 
of  Earl  Amherst.  She  died  in  1892.  In 
1894  he  married  the  Duchess  of  Bucking- 
ham and  Chandos.  Addresses  :  7  St. 
James's  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Tatton  Park, 
Knutsford. 

EGGLESTON,  Edward,  S.T.D., 
L.H.D.,  was  born  at  Vevay,  Indiana,  Dec. 
10,  1837.  After  holding  several  posts  as  a 
Methodist  minister,  and  acting  as  editor 
of  two  periodicals  at  Chicago,  he  removed, 
in  1870,  to  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  be- 
came literary  editor  of  the  New  York  Inde- 
pendent, a  religious  weekly,  of  which  he 
had  previously  been  the  western  corre- 
spondent. A  few  months  later  he  was 
made  superintending  editor,  which  posi- 
tion he  resigned  in  July  1871,  to  take 
charge  of  Hearth  and  Home.  His  first  two 
novels,  contributed  as  serials  to  this  latter 
paper,  having  opened  a  new  and  tempting 
path  to  him,  he  resigned  the  editorship  of 
Hearth  and  Home  about  the  end  of  1872, 
and  has  not  since  acted  as  editor  to  any 
periodical.  In  1874  he  carried  out  a  long- 
cherished  plan  of  establishing  an  Inde- 
pendent Church  without  a  creed.  This 
"Church   of   Christian   Endeavour"   was 


located  in  the  eastern  district  of  Brook- 
lyn, and  was  remarkably  successful  in  its 
philanthropic  work,  carried  out  on  original 
plans,  many  of  which  have  been  widely 
copied.  He  was  obliged,  in  1879,  to 
resign  this  pastorate  on  account  of  the 
complete  breaking-down  of  his  health  ; 
and  since  his  recovery  he  has  wholly  given 
up  preaching,  and  has  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  literature.  He  has  published 
in  all  seven  novels,  some  of  which  have 
been  translated  into  several  European 
languages.  They  are:  "The  Hoosier 
Schoolmaster,"  1871  ;  "  The  End  of  the 
World,"  1872;  "Mystery  of  Metropolis- 
ville,"  1873  ;  "  The  Circuit  Rider,"  1874  ; 
"Roxy,"  1878;  "  The:  Graysons,"  1888; 
"The  Faith  Doctor,"  1891,  His  other 
books  are:  "Schoolmasters'  Stories  for 
Boys  and  Girls,"  1874;  "The  Hoosier 
Schoolboy,"  1883;  "Queer  Stories  for 
Boys  and  Girls,"  1884  ;  "  A  History  of  the 
United  States  and  its  Peoples  for  Schools," 
1888;  "The  Household  History  of  the 
United  States,"  1888  ;  "A  First  Book  in 
American  History,"  1889 ;  a  volume  of 
short  stories  under  the  title  "Duffels," 
1893;  "Stories  of  American  Life  and 
Adventure"  and  "Stories  of  Great  Ameri- 
cans for  Little  Americans,"  1895 ;  and 
"The  Beginners  of  a  Nation,"  1896.  In 
connection  with  others  he  published, 
1878-80,  a  series  of  books  for  young 
people  under  the  title,  "  Famous  American 
Indians."  Mr  Eggleston  has  been  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Century  Magazine  since  the 
issue  of  its  first  number  in  1870.  To  its 
pages  he  has  contributed,  besides  works  of 
fiction  and  essays  of  various  sorts,  a  series 
of  papers,  published  at  intervals,  1882-90, 
on  early  American  life  and  manners. 

EGYPT,  Khedive  and  Viceroy  of. 

See  Abbas  Pacha. 

EIFFEL,  Gustave,  engineer  of  the 
Eiffel  Tower,  Paris,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in 
the  Cote  d'Or,  Dec.  15,  1832,  and  educated 
at  the  Central  School  of  Arts  and  Manu- 
factures, Paris.  His  professional  reputa- 
tion was  established  by  his  construction 
of  the  Bordeaux  Bridge,  the  Garabit  Via- 
duct, and  other  important  works.  He  has 
introduced  many  improvements  in  the  art 
of  bridge-building  upon  arches,  and  the 
germ  of  his  tower  may  be  seen  in  the  huge 
framework  he  erected  for  Bartholdi's 
statue  of  Liberty  at  New  York.  An  elabo- 
rate description  of  the  famous  Tower, 
from  a  popular  point  of  view,  was  given  in 
the  Times  of  April  30,  1889,  when  it  was 
asserted  that  it  was  a  M.  Nouguier,  a 
young  engineer  in  M.  Eiffel's  employment, 
who  first  conceived  the  idea,  and  worked 
it  out  with  the  aid  of  an  architectural 
friend.      M.  Eiffel  himself  described  the 


330 


EISENLOHR  —  ELGAR 


Tower  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Society 
of  Travail  Professionel  in  1889,  and  since 
published  with  six  plates.  In  April  1889 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  offered  himself 
for  election  to  the  Senate  in  January  1891, 
and  was  returned  in  the  Cote  d'Or,  but 
desisted  from  his  candidature  in  favour 
of  M.  Joigneaux.  In  1893  he  was  con- 
demned to  two  years'  imprisonment,  and  a 
fine  of  £800,  for  breach  of  trust  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Panama  Canal  Works.  His 
Paris  address  is  1  Rue  Rabelais. 

EISENLOHR,  Professor  August, 
Ph.D.,  Egyptologist,  was  born  Oct.  6, 
1832,  at  Mannheim,  in  the  Grand-Duchy  of 
Baden,  where  his  father  was  a  physician. 
After  a  preliminary  training  in  the  Lyceum 
of  his  native  town  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg  in  1850,  applying 
himself  to  the  study  of  Protestant  theo- 
logy, which  he  continued  at  Gottingen  till 
1853,  when  he  returned  to  Heidelberg, 
and  entered  the  theological  Seminary. 
Illness  compelled  him  to  avoid  serious 
study  for  several  years,  and  on  his 
recovery  he  abandoned  theology,  and 
devoted  his  attention  to  the  natural 
sciences,  especially  chemistry,  under  the 
instruction  of  Professors  R.  Bunsen  and 
Erlenmeyer.  He  graduated  Ph.D.  in  1859, 
and  afterwards  established  a  chemical 
manufactory.  By  commercial  intercourse 
with  China  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  Chinese  language,  and  was  thus  led 
to  the  study  of  hieroglyphics,  which  he 
has  prosecuted  with  great  zeal  since  1864, 
aided  by  the  advice  of  MM.  Chabas  and 
Brugsch.  On  giving  up  commercial  pur- 
suits, he  entered,  after  some  years,  the 
academical  career  as  Privat-docent  of  the 
Egyptian  language  and  Archaeology  by  a 
dissertation  "  Die  Analytische  Erklarung 
des  demotischen  Theils  der  Rosettana," 
Theil  i.,  Leipzig,  1869.  In  the  same  year, 
generously  aided  by  the  Grand-Duke  of 
Baden,  he  undertook  a  scientific  explora- 
tion of  Egypt.  Having  been  present  at 
the  inauguration  of  the  Suez  Canal,  he 
sailed  up  the  Nile  to  the  second  cataract 
of  Wadi  Haifa,  studying,  copying,  and 
photographing  the  inscriptions.  On  this 
occasion  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
allowed  to  study  the  celebrated  Harris 
Papyrus  in  the  house  of  the  late  Consul 
Harris,  at  Alexandria.  In  March  1870  he 
left  Egypt  and  returned  home.  Coming 
to  this  country  in  1872,  he  assisted  Miss 
Harris  in  selling  to  the  British  Museum 
for  £3300  her  valuable  collection  of  Greek 
and  Egyptian  papyri.  Of  this  collection, 
and  especially  of  the  great  Harris  Papyrus, 
he  gave  a  description,  translation,  and 
commentary  in  a  pamphlet  "Der  grosse 
Papyrus  Harris.    Ein  wichtiger  Beitrag  zur 


Aegyptischen  Geschichte,  ein  3000  Jahr 
altes  Zeugniss  fur  die  Mosaische  Religion 
stiftung  enthaltend,"  Leipzig,  1872.  In 
December  1872,  he  was  nominated  a  Pro- 
fessor Extraordinary  in  the  University  of 
Heidelberg,  and  was  elected  an  Hon.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology  of 
London,  and  of  the  Society  "  El  Chark  "  at 
Constantinople.  In  1885  he  became  Hon. 
Professor  at  the  University  of  Heidelberg. 

ELGAR,  Francis,  LL.D.,  E.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  &c,  was  born  at  Portsmouth  on 
April  24,  1845,  and  educated  at  the  Royal 
School  of  Naval  Architecture  and  Marine 
Engineering,  South  Kensington.  He  gra- 
duated in  1867,  and  was  awarded  the 
highest  diploma  as  naval  architect ;  was 
afterwards  employed  by  the  Admiralty  in 
public  and  private  shipbuilding  yards  and 
in  the  construction  department  till  1871. 
At  the  end  of  1871  he  became  chief  pro- 
fessional assistant  to  Sir  E.  J.  Reed  in 
London,  and  assisted  him  in  the  design 
and  survey  of  numerous  warships  and 
mercantile  vessels.  ,  He  was  manager  of 
Earle's  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Com- 
pany, Hull,  of  which  Sir  E.  J.  Reed  was 
Chairman,  from  1874  to  1876,  and  then 
returned  to  his  former  post  in  London. 
He  went  to  Japan  in  1879  to  advise  the 
Japanese  Government  upon  Naval  Con- 
struction, and  there  surveyed  and  reported 
upon  the  management  of  the  Dockyards 
and  the  arrangements  for  keeping  the  ships 
of  the  navy  in  efficient  working  order. 
He  returned  to  London  in  1881,  and  prac- 
tised there  as  a  consulting  naval  architect, 
designing  and  surveying  the  building  of 
vessels  of  all  classes,  and  advising  upon 
questions  that  arose  from  time  to  time 
in  connection  with  the  construction  of, 
and  accidents  to  ships.  In  1883  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Naval  Architecture 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow ;  and,  in  1886, 
accepted  the  then  newly-created  appoint- 
ment offered  to  him  of  Director  of  H.M. 
Dockyards  at  the  Admiralty,  in  which  post 
he  had  responsible  charge,  under  the  Con- 
troller of  the  Navy,  of  the  arrangements 
for  improving  the  working  efficiency  of 
the  Dockyards,  and  reducing  the  cost  of, 
and  the  time  occupied  in  building  ships  in 
them.  A  description  of  the  improvements 
made  is  given  in  a  paper  by  Mr.  Elgar 
in  the  thirty-sixth  volume  of  Transactions 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  on 
"The  Cost  of  Warships."  Retired  from 
the  Admiralty  service  late  in  1891,  he  be- 
came a  Director  of  and  Naval  Architect 
to  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding  and  Engineer- 
ing Company  of  Glasgow,  and  has  since 
been  responsible  in  that  capacity  for  the 
designs  of  numerous  vessels  of  all  classes, 
including  the  fast  Cunard  liners  Cam- 
pania and  Lucania.    He  was  a  member  of 


ELGIN  —  ELIOT 


331 


the  Board  of  Trade  Loadline  Committee  of 
1884,  which  first  framed  successful  rules 
for  regulating  the  safe  loading  of  ships, 
and  of  the  Board  of  Trade  Committee 
for  Life-Saving  Appliances  in  Ships.  He 
was  Vice-President  of  the  Jury  for  the 
Marine  Section  at  the  International  Exhibi- 
tions in  Paris,  1889,  and  Chicago,  1893  ; 
President  of  the  same  Jury  at  Antwerp, 
1894 ;  and  President  of  the  British  Jury 
Committee  for  the  Brussels  Exhibition, 
1897.  Mr.  Elgar  is  an  hon.  LL.D.  of 
Glasgow  University,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Societies  of  London  and  Edinburgh,  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  the  Royal 
School  of  Naval  Architecture  and  Marine 
Engineering,  Vice-President  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects,  Hon.  Member 
of  the  Society  of  Engineers,  Member  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  the 
Royal  Institution,  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution,  the  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  the  Asso- 
ciation Technique  Maritime  of  France  and 
the  Naval  Institute  of  America ;  and  he  is 
a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  technical  committee 
of  "  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,"  and  the  author  of  an  illustrated 
work  entitled  "  Ships  of  the  Royal  Navy," 
and  of  papers  on  naval  architecture  and 
other  subjects  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society,  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  and  other  societies.  He  was 
President  of  the  Sette  of  Odd  Volumes  in 
1894-95.  He  married  Ethel  Annie  Mit- 
chell, daughter  of  John  Howard  Colls, 
in  1889.  Addresses  :  113  Cannon  Street, 
E.C.  ;  18  York  Terrace,  Regent's  Park, 
N.W.  ;  and  Doonbrae,  Ayr,  N.B. 

ELGIN,  Earl  of,  The  Bight  Hon. 
Victor  Alexander  Bruce,  9th  Earl  of 
Elgin  and  Kincardine,  late  Governor- 
Generafof  India,  K.G.,  G.M.S.I.,  G.M.I.E., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Montreal,  Canada, 
May  16,  1849.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  took 
his  B.A.  degree,  with  a  second  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.  in  1873.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
who  had  also  been  Viceroy  of  India,  in 
1863.  In  1866,  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  third 
administration,  he  was  appointed  Trea- 
surer of  the  Household  and  First  Com- 
missioner of  Works.  Lord  Elgin  was 
appointed  Governor-General  of  India  in 
1893,  and  assumed  office  as  Viceroy  in 
January  of  1894.  His  term  of  office  has 
been  full  of  events,  particularly  in  1897 : 
frontier  wars,  famine,  earthquakes,  plague, 
seditious  agitations,  and  financial  embar- 
rassments. Lord  Elgin,  in  order  to  relieve 
the  misery  produced  by  the  famine,  suc- 
ceeded in  raising  a  fund  in  India,  to  which 
was  subscribed  in  three  months  91  lakhs 
of  rupees.     This  was  in  addition  to  the 


million  pounds  he  received  for  distribu- 
tion from  all  parts  of  the  British  Empire. 
He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1886, 
in  which  year  also  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews  conferred  upon  him  their  LL.D. 
degree.  He  is  a  University  Commissioner 
for  Scotland,  and  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Fife. 
By  virtue  of  his  late  office  as  Viceroy,  Lord 
Elgin  was  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Order 
of  the  Star  of  India  and  the  Order  of  the 
Indian  Empire.  He  was  succeeded  in  the 
Viceroy alty  by  Lord  Curzon  in  1898.  In 
March  1899  he  was  created  E.G.  He 
married  in  1876,  Lady  Constance,  daughter 
of  the  9th  Earl  of  Southesk,  and  has  issue. 
His  eldest  son  and  heir,  Edward,  Lord 
Bruce,  was  born  in  1881.  Addresses  :  22 
Eaton  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Broomhall,  Fife. 

ELIOT,     Charles    William,    LL.D., 

President  of  Harvard  University,  was 
born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  March  20, 
1834.  He  was  prepared  for  College  at  the 
Boston  Public  Latin  School,  and  graduated 
(A.B.)  at  Harvard  in  1853.  He  was  Tutor 
in  Mathematics  at  Harvard,  1854-58 ; 
Assistant-Professor  of  Mathematics  and 
Chemistry,  1858-61 ;  of  Chemistry,  1861-63 ; 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  1865-69 ; 
and  was  chosen  President  of  Harvard, 
May  1869.  Since  his  appointment  to  this 
post,  President  Eliot  has  exercised  very 
great  influence  over  the  course  of  educa- 
tion in  the  United  States.  Prior  to  his 
accession  to  the  Presidency,  he  wrote,  in 
conjunction  with  F.  H.  Storer,  a  "Manual 
of  Inorganic  Chemistry,"  1866,  and  a 
"Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Ana- 
lysis," 1869,  besides  various  contributions 
to  scientific  journals.  Since  1869  his 
principal  publications  have  been  his  suc- 
cessive Annual  Reports  as  President  of 
Harvard,  and  various  addresses  on  educa- 
tional topics.  In  1896  he  published  "The 
Happy  Life";  and,  in  1897,  "American 
Contributions  to  Civilisation,  and  other 
Essays  and  Addresses." 

ELIOT,  John,  F.R.S.,  CLE.,  was  born 
at  Lamesley,  Durham,  in  1839,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  bracketed  second  wrangler 
in  1869,  and  was  also  first  Smith's  Prize- 
man. He  was  elected  Fellow  of  his 
College  in  the  same  year,  and  proceeded 
to  India,  where  he  held  various  important 
Professorships  of  Mathematics  and  Physics, 
and  in  1887  was  appointed  to  his  present 
post  of  Meteorological  Reporter  to  the 
Government  of  India.  He  has  published 
"  A  Handbook  of  Cyclonic  Storms  in  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,"  and  has  contributed 
largely  to  the  scientific  journals  in  India 
and  at  home  on  meteorological  topics. 
Address  :  Simla. 


33:2 


ELIOT  —  ELIZABETH 


ELIOT,  Very  Rev.  Philip  Frank, 
D.D.,  is  the  son  of  William  Eliot,  J.P., 
and  was  born  at  Weymouth,  Dorset,  on 
Dec.  21,  1835.  He  was  educated  at  Bath 
School,  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  At 
the  University  he  was  an  exhibitioner  of 
his  College,  took  a  second  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1855,  and  a  second  class  in 
the  Final  School  of  Lit.  Hum.  in  1857. 
After  being  ordained,  he  was  curate  of  St. 
Michael's,  Winchester,  from  1858  to  1860, 
and  held  another  curacy  at  Walcot,  Bath, 
from  1864  to  1867.  He  was  presented,  in 
1867,  to  the  vicarage  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Bournemouth,  and  became  an  Hon.  Canon 
of  Winchester  Cathedral  in  1881,  and  was 
made  a  Canon  of  Windsor  in  1886.  Mr. 
Eliot  was  appointed  to  the  Deanery  of 
Windsor  in  1891,  and  in  the  same  year 
became  Registrar  of  the  Order  of  the 
Garter.  He  occupies  the  position  of 
Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  Queen,  and  was 
married  in  1883  to  Mary  Emma  Pitt, 
daughter  of  the  4th  Lord  Rivers.  Address : 
Deanery,  Windsor. 

ELIOT,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Dec.  22,  1821.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1839  ;  was  for  two 
years  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in 
Boston,  and  subsequently  travelled  and 
studied  in  Europe.  His  first  school  was 
a  charity  school  to  rescue  children  from 
the  streets.  In  1547  he  published  some 
"Passages  from  the  History  of  Liberty," 
that  were  intended  to  form  a  part  of  a 
"  History  of  Liberty,"  which  he  had 
meditated  for  several  years.  The  first 
instalment  appeared  in  1849,  under  the 
title  of  "The  Liberty  of  Rome,"  altered 
to  that  of  "History  of  Liberty,  Part  I., 
the  Ancient  Romans";  followed  in  1853 
by  Part  II.,  "  The  Early  Christians."  In 
1856  he  published  "A  History  of  the 
United  States  from  1492  to  1850"  (re- 
vised edition,  to  1872) ;  and  in  1880  a 
selection  of  "Poetry  for  Children." 
Many  addresses,  reports,  and  articles 
have  been  printed  by  him  in  periodicals. 
He  was  Professor  of  History  and  Political 
Science  in  Trinitv  College,  Hartford,  from 
1856  to  1864,  and  President  of  the  College 
from  1860  to  1864.  In  1871-73  he  was 
University  Lecturer  at  Harvard ;  from 
1872-76  Headmaster  of  the  Girls'  High 
School  in  Boston  ;  and  from  1878  to  1880 
Superintendent  of  the  Boston  Public 
Schools.  He  is  at  the  head  of  several 
literary  and  charitable  institutions  in 
Boston. 

ELIZABETH,  Queen  of  Roumania, 
Pauline    Elizabeth    Ottilie    Louise, 

daughter  of  the  late  Prince  Hermann  of 
Wied,  by  his  marriage  with  the  Princess 


Maria  of  Nassau,  was  horn  at  Neuwied, 
Germany,  Dec.  29,  1843.  In  her  parents' 
home  she  became  acquainted  with  the 
chief  writers,  poets,  scholars,  and  artists 
of  the  day,  and  early  showed  a  great  gift 
for  poetical  composition,  writing  verses 
with  facility  before  the  age  of  ten.  As 
she  grew  older  she  showed  remarkable  in- 
telligence in  all  branches  of  study,  and 
became  especially  proficient  in  languages, 
both  ancient  and  modern.  The  years  1863 
to  1868  were  spent  chiefly  in  travel.  In 
1869  she  married  Prince  Charles  of  Rou- 
mania, second  son  of  Prince  Anthony  of 
Hohenzollern  ;  and  her  great  popularity 
in  the  land  of  her  adoption  dates  from  her 
first  appearance  among  her  people  when, 
as  a  bride,  she  accompanied  her  husband 
to  his  capital.  She  began  at  once  to  enter 
with  her  characteristic  energy  into  the 
life  of  the  Roumanian  people,  to  study 
their  customs,  and  to  endeavour  to  under- 
stand their  thoughts  and  aspirations.  In 
1870,  on  the  day  after  receiving  from  her 
brother  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Sedan, 
in  which  •  he  had  fought  with  honour, 
her  only  child,  a  daughter,  was  born, 
whose  death  from  diphtheria  occurred  in 
1874.  During  the  anxious  days  of  the 
war  of  1877,  in  which  Prince  Charles  and 
his  Roumanians  so  greatly  distinguished 
themselves,  the  Princess  worked  day  and 
night  in  the  hospitals,  sustaining  by  her 
presence  the  courage  of  the  victims  of 
battle,  and  setting  an  example  which  was 
followed  by  the  Roumanian  women  in  the 
most  unselfish  manner.  When  the  victori- 
ous Roumanian  army,  headed  by  the 
Prince,  entered  Bucharest  on  their  return 
from  the  campaign,  the  war-song  which 
they  sang,  and  which  had  inspired  them 
in  many  battles,  was  composed  by  their 
own  Princess,  "  the  mother  of  her  people." 
In  March  1881  Roumania  was  declared  a 
kingdom,  and  on  May  22  of  the  same  year 
the  Princess  was  crowned  Queen.  In  1882 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Bucharest 
received  her  among  the  number  of  its 
members.  During  1890  she  suffered  from 
a  long  and  serious  illness  in  Venice.  The 
same  year  she  visited  England,  and  was 
present  at  the  Welsh  Eisteddfod.  Under 
the  name  of  "  Carmen  Sylva,"  she  has 
published  several  volumes  of  stories  and 
poems,  with  translations  of  Roumanian 
poetry  into  German.  Some  of  her  most 
beautiful  and  touching  poems  are  those 
written  on  the  death  of  her  only  child  in 
1874.  Her  life  has  been  written  by  the 
Baroness  Stachelberg,  and  Pierre  Loti  has 
in  recent  years  given  interesting  accounts 
of  her  surroundings  and  character.  Her 
work,  "  Leidens  Erdengang"  (1882),  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Helen 
Zimmern.  A  study  of  her  work  was  written 
by  Mrs.  Rossevelt  in  1891. 


ELLERY  —  ELLIOT 


333 


ELLERY,  Robert  Lewis  John, 
C.M.E.,  F.R.A.S.,  late  Government  As- 
tronomer and  Director  of  the  Observatory 
at  Melbourne,  has  contributed  largely  on 
astronomical  and  meteorological  topics  to 
the  Transactions  of  the  Victorian  Royal 
Society  and  to  European  scientific  journals. 
He  was  elected  President  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Victoria  in  1883.  Address : 
Melbourne. 

ELLICOTT,  The  Bight  Rev. 
Charles  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter and  Bristol,  was  born  April  25,  1819, 
at  Whitwell,  near  Stamford,  of  which 
parish  his  father,  the  Rev.  Charles  Spen- 
cer Ellicott,  was  rector.  He  received  his 
early  education  at  Oakham  and  Stamford 
schools,  and  then  proceeded  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  with  honours 
in  1841,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  St. 
John's  College.  In  1842  he  carried  off 
the  first  Member's  prize,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  Hulsean  prize  on  "  The 
History  and  Obligation  of  the  Sabbath." 
In  1848  he  was  collated  to  the  rectory  of 
Pilton,  in  Rutlandshire,  but  he  resigned 
this  small  living  ten  years  later  on  being 
chosen  to  succeed  Dr.  Trench,  the  late 
Archbishop  of  Dublin,  as  Professor  of 
Divinity  in  King's  College,  London.  In 
1859  he  was  appointed  Hulsean  Lecturer, 
and  in  the  following  year  was  elected 
Hulsean  Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  The  Hulsean  Lec- 
tures for  1860,  "  On  the  Life  of  Our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ,"  displayed  profound  theo- 
logical erudition,  and  showed  that  their 
author  possessed  a  critical  knowledge  of 
the  Greek  language.  They  attracted 
much  attention  even  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  University,  and  it  became  obvious 
that  Dr.  Ellicott  would  be  selected  for 
high  preferment  in  the  Church.  He  was 
nominated  by  the  Crown  to  the  Deanery 
of  Exeter  in  1861,  and  in  1863  to  the  united 
sees  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,  which  had 
been  vacated  by  the  translation  of  Bishop 
Thomson  to  York.  A  principal  feature  of 
Bishop  Ellicott's  episcopate  is  said  to  be 
his  hearty  sympathy  with  the  clergy  of 
different  theological  "  schools  of  thought." 
To  him  the  diocese  of  Gloucester  and 
Bristol  owes  its  Theological  College,  and 
the  city  of  Bristol  its  Church  Aid  So- 
ciety, and  its  Church  Extension  Fund  for 
supplying  spiritual  help  of  a  missionary 
kind  to  its  overgrown  parishes.  He  has 
also  instituted  a  plan  of  issuing  every  year 
a  Pastoral  Letter,  in  which  he  comments 
on  passing  ecclesiastical  events,  without 
waiting  to  deal  with  them  for  the  first 
time  in  a  Triennial  Charge.  His  lordship 
takes  an  active  part  in  the  deliberations 
of  the  Upper  House  of  the  Convocation 
of  the  Province  of  Canterbury.     Besides 


his  Hulsean  Lectures,  already  referred  to, 
which  have  reached  a  5th  edition  (1869), 
Bishop  Ellicott  has  published  a  "  Treatise 
on  Analytical  Statics,"  1851;  "Critical 
and  Grammatical  Commentaries  "  on  the 
Epistles  to  the  Galatians  (1854),  and  Ephe- 
sians  (1855),  Philippians,  Colossians,  Thes- 
salonians,  Philemon,  and  on  the  "  Pastoral 
Epistles"  (1858);  an  essay  on  the  "Apo- 
cryphal Gospels  "  in  "Cambridge  Essays," 
1856  ;  "The  Destiny  of  the  Creature,  and 
other  sermons  preached  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,"  1858;  an  article 
on  "Scripture  and  its  Interpretation"  in 
Archbishop  Thomson's  "  Aids  to  Faith," 
1861 ;  "  The  Broad  Way  and  the  Narrow 
Way,"  two  sermons,  1863  ;  "  Considera- 
tions on  the  Revision  of  the  English  Ver- 
sion of  the  New  Testament,"  1870  ;  "  Six 
Addresses  on  Modern  Scepticism,"  pub- 
lished by  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge,  1877 ;  "  Six  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Being  of  God,"  published 
by  the  same  Society,  1879;  "Present 
Dangers  to  the  Church  of  England,"  1881  ; 
"  Are  we  to  modify  Fundamental  Doc- 
trines 1  "  1885  ;  papers  in  the  publications 
of  the  Christian  Evidence  Society  ;  annual 
addresses  to  the  clergy  of  his  diocese, 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Diocesan 
Progress  "  (1879-1890)  ;  "  Salutary  Doc- 
trine," 1890  ;  and  "  Foundations  of  Sacred 
Study,"  1893.  The  bishop  was  for  eleven 
years  the  chairman  of  the  company  of 
the  Revisers  of  the  Authorised  Version 
of  the  New  Testament,  published  in  1881. 
He  is  also  the  editor  of  "A  New  Testa- 
ment Commentary  for  English  Readers,  by 
various  Writers,"  in  3  vols.  ;  and  of  a 
"Commentary  on  the  Old  Testament,"  on 
a  similar  plan,  in  4  vols.  (1884).  In  1893 
Bishop  Ellicott  re-edited  "  Plain  Intro- 
ductions to  the  Books  of  the  Bible  "  from 
his  Commentaries.  Addresses  :  35  Great 
Cumberland  Place,  W.,&c;  and  Athenaeum. 

ELLIOT,  Francis  Edmund  Hugh, 
Agent  and  Consul-General  to  Bulgaria, 
was  born  in  1852,  and  was  educated  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  entered  the 
diplomatic  service  in  1874,  and  served  at 
Constantinople  and  Vienna.  In  1881  he 
was  Acting  Charge'  d'Affaires  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  In  1892  he  was  Charge'  d'Affaires 
at  Athens,  and  in  1895  he  was  appointed 
to  his  present  post. 

ELLIOT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Henry  George,  G.C.B.,  second  surviving 
son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Minto,  by  Mary, 
eldest  daughter  of  Patrick  Brydone,  Esq., 
was  born  on  June  30,  1817.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  held  the  post  of 
Secretary  and  Aide-de-Camp  to  Sir  John 
Franklin  in  Tasmania  from  1836  to  1839. 
He  was  appointed  a  precis  writer  in  the 


334 


ELLIOTT  —  ELWIN 


Foreign  Office  in  1840 ;  an  attach^  to  the 
Embassy  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1841 ;  Secre- 
tary of  Legation  at  the  Hague  in  1848  ; 
transferred  to  Vienna  in  1853  ;  and  nomi- 
nated Envoy  to  Denmark,  March  31,  1858. 
In  1859  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to 
the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  in  1862 
to  the  King  of  Greece ;  was  appointed 
Envoy  to  the  King  of  Italy,  Sept.  12, 
1863,  in  succession  to  Sir  James  Hudson  ; 
and  Ambassador  to  the  Sublime  Ottoman 
Porte  in  1867.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  on  Nov. 
22,  1869,  he  was  created  a  Knight  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  He  was 
associated  with  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
as  joint-plenipotentiary  at  the  Conference 
of  the  representatives  of  the  great  Powers 
held  at  Constantinople  in  1876-77  for  the 
purpose  of  considering  the  critical  posi- 
tion of  affairs  in  the  East.  At  the  close 
of  that  conference  the  plenipotentiaries  re- 
turned to  England,  and  Sir  Henry  Elliot, 
who  happened  to  be  extremely  unpopular 
among  the  section  of  the  Liberal  party 
who  sympathised  with  Russia,  was  not 
sent  back  to  Constantinople,  but  retained 
his  post  as  Ambassador  to  the  Sultan,  the 
late  Mr.  Layard  being  named  Ambassador 
"ad  interim"  till  Dec.  31,  1877,  when,  on 
Sir  Henry's  nomination  as  Ambassador 
to  Vienna,  he  received  the  permanent 
appointment.  In  1883,  Sir  Henry  re- 
signed the  Embassy  at  Vienna,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Sir  Augustus  Paget.  He 
married  Anne,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
Edmund  Antrobus,  Bart.  Addresses  :  43 
Wilton  Crescent,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

ELLIOTT,  Edwin  Bailey,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  E.  L.  Elliott,  and  was  born  on  June  1, 
1851.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
College  School,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  first-class  Honours,  both 
in  Mathematical  Moderations  in  1872,  and 
in  the  Final  Mathematical  School  in  1873. 
He  was  Senior  Mathematical  and  Johnson 
University  Scholar  in  1875,  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  Queen's  College  in  1877.  Mr. 
Elliot  was,  in  1892,  appointed  Professor 
of  Pure  Mathematics  in  the  University, 
becoming,  at  the  same  time,  a  Fellow 
of  Magdalen  College.  He  has  contributed 
numerous  papers  to  the  various  mathema- 
tical journals  and  societies.  Address  : 
4  Bardwell  Road,  Oxford. 

ELLIS,  Professor  Robinson,  LL.D., 

son  of  James  Ellis,  Esq.,  born  Sept.  5, 
1834,  at  Barming,  near  Maidstone,  was 
educated  at  Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey, 
and  Rugby  School,  then  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1858,  and  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Latin  in   University 


College,  London,  Jan.  8,  1870.  In  1876  he 
returned  to  Oxford,  where  in  1883  he  was 
appointed  University  Reader  in  Latin 
Literature,  and  in  1893  Corpus  Professor 
of  Latin.  Professor  Ellis  published  in 
1867  a  large  and  elaborate  edition  of  the 
text  of  Catullus  (2nd  edition,  1878) ;  and 
an  English  commentary  on  the  poet  in 
1876  (2nd  edition,  1889).  In  1881  appeared 
his  edition  of  the  Ovidian  or  pseudo- 
Ovidian  poem  "Ibis";  in  1885  a  contri- 
bution to  the  series  known  as  "  Anecdota 
Oxoniensia,"  containing  various  unedited 
materials  drawn  from  MSS.  in  the  Bod- 
leian or  other  libraries;  in  1887,  "The 
Fables  of  Avianus,"  edited  with  prolego- 
mena, critical  apparatus,  and  commen- 
tary ;  in  1888,  the  Commonitorium  of  the 
Christian  poet  Orientius  in  Vol.  XVI.  of 
the  Vienna  Corpus  Scriptorum  Ecclesias- 
ticorum  Latinorum ;  in  1891,  "Noctes 
Manilianae,"  a  series  of  dissertations  on 
the  astrological  poem  of  Manilius  ;  and  in 
1894  an  "  Inaugural  Lecture  on  the  Fables 
of  Phasdrus  "  (reprinted  in  1897).  Besides 
these  works,  he  translated  Catullus  into 
English,  retaining  the  metres  of  the 
original,  in  1871.  He  is  a  contributor  to 
the  Cambridge  Journal  of  Philology,  the 
American  Journal  of  Philology,  Hermathena, 
the  Academy,  the  Philologisches  Rundschau, 
the  Berlin  Hermes,  the  Gottingen  Philo- 
logus,  the  Rheimisches  Museum,  the  Archiv 
fur  Lateinische  Lexicographie,  the  American 
Nation,  and  the  Classical  Review.  The 
University  of  Dublin  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  July  1882, 
and  the  University  of  Konigsberg  of  Ph.D. 
in  1894.  Address:  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford. 

ELLIS,  William,  P.R.S.,  F.R.A.S., 
entered  the  Greenwich  Observatory  in 
1841,  and,  save  for  a  short  interval  in 
1853-54  when  he  superintended  the  Uni- 
versity Observatory,  Durham,  remained  at 
Greenwich  until  1893,  latterly  either  as 
Superintendent  of  the  Chronometric  and 
Electric  Branch  or  as  Head  of  the  Mag- 
netical  and  Meteorological  Department. 
He  has  contributed  articles  on  the  Green- 
wich chronometers,  and  on  barometric 
pressure,  &c,  to  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
the  Meteorological  Society  and  to  the  Phil. 
Trans.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  June 
1893.  Address  :  12  Vanburgh  Hill,  Black- 
heath,  S.E. 

ELWIN,  The  Rev.  "Whit-well,  M.A., 
a  member  of  a  good  family  in  Norfolk, 
born  Feb.  25,  1816,  was  educated  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1839.  He  held  for  some  years  the 
curacy  of  Hemington  -  with  -  Hardington, 
Somerset,  and  was  app'ointed,  in  1849, 
rector  of  Booton,  Norfolk,  a  living  in  the 


ELY  —  EMLYN 


335 


patronage  of  his  family.  He  became  in 
July  1853  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Lockhart,  and  re- 
signed the  post  in  July  1860.  He  then 
began  to  prepare  a  new  edition  of  "  The 
Works  of  Alexander  Pope,"  the  eighth 
volume  of  which  appeared  in  1872.  This 
work,  however,  he  afterwards  resigned. 
Address  :  Booton  Rectory,  Norwich. 

ELY,  Bishop  of.  See  Common,  The 
Right  Rev.  Lord  Alwyne  Spencee. 

EMDEN,  Walter,  is  the  third  son  of 
W.  S.  Emden,  Esq.,  formerly  co-proprietor 
of  the  Olympic  Theatre,  and  a  play-writer. 
As  a  boy  he  showed  great  skill  as  a 
draughtsman,  and  was  offered  by  Mark 
Lemon  a  post  on  the  staff  of  Punch;  he 
was,  however,  intended  by  his  father  for 
the  career  of  an  architect  or  a  civil  engi- 
neer. For  two  years  he  worked  for  Messrs. 
Maudslay,  Son,  &  Field ;  for  eighteen 
months  with  Mr.  W.  Kelly,  a  well-known 
church  architect ;  then  with  the  firm  of 
Brassey,  for  whom  he  was  employed  on 
the  Manchester,  Sheffield,  and  Lincoln- 
shire Railway,  the  Thames  Embankment, 
and  the  Thames  Tunnel  line,  in  the  course 
of  which  experiments  in  iron  and  concrete 
construction  attracted  his  attention.  After 
succeeding  to  the  management  of  Mr. 
Charles  Lawes's  business  for  a  time,  he 
began  business  on  his  own  account  in  1870. 
Among  his  early  commissions  in  theatrical 
work  may  be  mentioned  the  reconstruction 
of  the  Globe,  the  alteration  of  the  St. 
James's  and  Royalty,  and  the  rebuilding 
of  the  Court  theatres.  Terry's  theatre, 
which  may  be  regarded  as  a  fireproof 
structure,  was  a  remarkable  instance  of 
Mr.  Emden's  skill ;  the  original  plans  for 
the  Garrick,  the  Trafalgar,  and  the  Tivoli 
were  his  work ;  and  the  English  Opera 
House,  now  known  as  the  Palace  Theatre, 
was  reconstructed  by  him.  He  has  lately 
completed  the  Royal  York  Palace  of 
Varieties  at  Southampton,  and  has  designed 
the  new  theatre  for  Ealing,  also  one  for 
Folkestone,  and  the  new  variety  theatre 
for  Swansea.  Romano's  Restaurant  was 
erected  from  his  designs,  as  was  also  the 
Victoria  Hotel  at  Newmarket ;  and  the 
Financial  Times  newspaper  offices,  and  the 
Hotel  de  l'Europe  in  Leicester  Square  are 
being  built  according  to  his  plans.  Mr. 
Emden  has  been  architect  to  the  St. 
James's  Hall  Co.,  Ltd.,  for  some  twenty- 
eight  years,  is  President  of  the  Society  of 
Architects,  1897-8,  a  member  of  the  Lon- 
don County  Council,  Chairman  of  the  Strand 
District  Board,  and  ex-officio  Justice  of  the 
Peace.  Address  :  105  and  106  Strand,  W.C. 

EMERY  (Isabel)  Winifred,  (Mrs. 
Cyril    Maude,)   was  born  at  Manchester 


on  Aug.  1,  1862.  She  is  the  only  daughter 
of  the  late  Sam  Emery,  comedian,  who 
was  famous  in  such  parts  as  "  Captain 
Cuttle,"  and  the  Carrier  in  the  "Cricket  on 
the  Hearth."  Her  grandfather  and  great- 
grandfather were  also  distinguished  come- 
dians, and  her  husband,  Mr.  Cyril  Maude, 
is  one  of  the  most  artistic  actors  on  the 
English  stage.  Miss  Emery  was  educated 
in  London,  and  went  on  the  stage  as  a 
child-actress,  making  her  debut  at  Liver- 
pool as  the  child  in  "  Green  Bushes."  Her 
next  appearance  was  in  a  pantomime  at 
the  Princess's.  She  subsequently  went  to 
school  for  five  years,  and  then  took  an 
engagement  under  Mr.  Wilson  Barrett  at 
the  Court  Theatre.  During  a  tour  in  the 
country  Mr.  Barrett  offered  her  the  alter- 
native of  playing  leading  parts  in  the 
provinces  or  appearing  in  very  small  ones 
in  London,  and  by  her  mother's  advice 
Miss  Emery  decided  to  choose  the  latter 
course.  She  understudied  Madame  Mod- 
jeska  as  Juliet,  and,  though  never  called 
on  to  play  the  part,  acknowledges  her  in- 
debtedness to  the  great  tragedienne's  method 
and  manner.  Subsequently  she  played  in 
"A  Clerical  Error,"  and  then  made  her  first 
success  in  "The  Old  Love  and  the  New." 
Mr.  Barrett's  tenancy  of  the  "Court"  now 
expired,  and  Miss  Emery  entered  upon  an 
important  phase  in  her  career  as  under- 
study to  Miss  Ellen  Terry  at  the  Lyceum. 
Her  connection  with  that  theatre  lasted 
from  about  1881  to  1887,  and  during  these 
years  she  often  took  Miss  Terry's  place  in 
such  plays  as  "Faust,"  and  the  "Vicar  of 
Wakefield,"  and  played  on  her  own  account 
in  "Louis  XI."  and  "The  Bells."  Since 
1887  she  has  played  at  the  Vaudeville  as 
Lydia  Languish,  as  Fanny  in  "Joseph's 
Sweetheart,"  and  as  Clarissa.  Other  im- 
portant parts  have  been  the  Mother  in 
"Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,"  Vashti  Dethic 
in  "Judah"  at  the  Shaftesbury  Theatre, 
Lady  Windermere  in  "Lady  Windermere's 
Fan"  at  the  St.  James's,  Rosamond  in 
"  Sowing  the  Wind "  at  the  Comedy,  the 
Old-Fashioned  Wife  in  "  The  New  Woman," 
and  as  Lady  Babbie  in  "The  Little  Minis- 
ter "  at  the  Haymarket,  and  Jane  in  the 
"Manoeuvres  of  Jane,"  &c,  &c.  She  was 
married  to  Cyril  Francis  Maude  in  1888. 
Address  :  33  Egerton  Crescent,  S.W. 

EMLYN,      Viscount,     Frederick 
Archibald    Vaughan     Campbell,     is 

the  eldest  son  of  the  present  Earl  of 
Cawdor,  and  was  born  on  Feb.  13,  1847. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  He  sat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  Member  for  Carmarthenshire 
from  1874  to  1885.  Lord  Emlyn  has  been, 
since  1895,  Chairman  of  the  Great  Western 
Railway,  and  he  is  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Pem- 
brokeshire.   He  has  been  since  1880  an  Ec- 


336 


EMMA  — ESCOTT 


clesiastical  Commissioner,  and  is  an  Hon. 
Commissioner  in  Lunacy.  He  was  married 
in  1868  to  Edith,  daughter  of  Christopher 
Turnor,  of  Stoke-Rochford,  Lincolnshire. 
Addresses  :  7  Prince's  Gardens,  S.W. ;  and 
Golden  Grove,  Carmarthen. 

EMMA,  Queen  Regent  of  the 
Netherlands,  Adelaide  Emma  Wil- 
helmina  Therese,  is  the  second  daughter 
of  the  Duke  of  Waldeck  Pyrmont,  and 
consequently  the  sister  of  our  Duchess  of 
Albany.  Queen  Emma  was  born  Aug.  2, 
1858,  at  Arolsen,  the  capital  of  her  father's 
state,  Waldeck.  Four  daughters  and  one 
son  formed  the  family  circle.  She  was 
married  to  King  William  III.  of  Holland 
on  Jan.  7,  1879,  and  her  daughter  was  born 
in  1881.  As  years  went  on,  and  the  King, 
who  was  in  ill-health,  became  gradually 
insane,  she  shut  herself  up  in  the  sick-room, 
and  it  was  with  difficulty  the  physicians 
prevailed  upon  her  to  take  air  and  exercise. 
When  in  March  1889  Ministers  proposed  to 
convoke  the  States-General,  and,  with  the 
consent  of  physicians,  to  declare  the  King 
incapable  of  reigning,  and  Queen  Emma 
Regent  until  the  Princess  Wilhelmina  had 
attained  her  majority,  the  Queen  earnestly 
opposed  the  scheme.  At  the  last  moment 
she  unwillingly  accepted  the  offered 
Regency ;  and  in  a  few  days  afterwards 
the  King  died  (November  1890).  Queen 
Wilhelmina  I.  nominally  succeeded  to  the 
throne  on  her  father's  death.  The  Queen 
has  watched  with  unceasing  vigilance  over 
the  bringing-up  of  her  child,  and  her  ma- 
ternal zeal  has  deepened  the  esteem  felt 
for  her  by  her  subjects.  On  Sept.  6,  1898, 
Queen  Wilhelmina  came  of  age,  and  Queen 
Emma  resigned  her  onerous  charge.  She 
figured  with  regal  pomp  at  the  coronation 
ceremonies  at  Amsterdam. 

EMMAUS,  Bishop  of.  See  Patter- 
son, The  Right  Rev.  James  Laird. 

ENGLISHMAN  in  Paris.  See  Van- 
dam,  Albert  Dresden. 

ENOTRIO  ROMANO.  See  Car- 
ducci,  GiosuS. 

ERNE,  Earl  of,  John  Henry 
Crichton,  K.P.,  was  born  in  Dublin  on 
Oct.  16,  1839,  and  succeeded  his  father 
.as  4th  Earl  in  1885.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
As  Viscount  Crichton  he  represented 
Enniskillen  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1868  to  1880,  and  sat  as  member  for 
Fermanagh  from  1880  to  1885.  He  was  a 
Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  1876  to  1880, 
and  acted  at  Conservative  Whip  from  1876 
to  1885.  Lord  Erne  is  Lord-Lieutenant 
-of  co.    Fermanagh,   and  was  married,  in 


1870,  to  Lady  Florence  Mary  Cole,  daugh- 
ter of  the  3rd  Earl  of  Enniskillen. 
Address  :  Crom  Castle,  Newtown  Butler, 
co.  Fermanagh  ;  and  12  St.  George's  Place, 
S.W. 

ESCOMBE,  The  Right  Hon.  Harry, 
LL.D.,  D.Sc,  Q.C.,  Ex-Prime  Minister  of 
Natal,  was  born  at  Notting  Hill  in  1838, 
and  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School.  Having 
emigrated  to  Natal,  in  1872  he  entered  the 
Legislative  Council  as  Member  for  Durban. 
In  1880  he  was  appointed  to  the  Executive 
Council ;  from  1881  to  1894  he  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Natal  Harbour  Board.  When 
responsible  government  was  granted  in 
1893,  he  became  Attorney-General  and  in 
1896  Prime  Minister.  He  attended  the 
Queen's  Diamond  Jubilee  in  1897,  on  which 
occasion  he  was  made  a  Privy  Councillor 
and  Hon.  LL.D.  of  Cambridge.  On  return- 
ing to  Natal,  he  resigned  office  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Aston  Binns.  Address  : 
Bay  View,  Durban,  Natal. 

ESCOTT,  Thomas  Hay  Sweet  (who 
does  not  use  the  first  of  the  two  surnames), 
was  born  at  Taunton,  April  26,  1844,  being 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Hay  Sweet- 
Escott,  and  member  of  a  very  old  West 
Somerset  family,  whose  seat  is  Hartrow 
Manor,  near  Taunton.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  second 
class  in  the  final  examination  in  Litteris 
Humanioribus  in  June  1865.  Mr.  Escott 
was  lecturer  in  logic  at  King's  College, 
London,  from  1868  till  1872,  and  during 
the  year  1870  he  acted  as  Professor  Lons- 
dale's deputy  as  Professor  of  Classics.  He 
adopted  journalism  as  a  profession  imme- 
diately after  he  came  up  to  London,  in 
1865,  from  Oxford,  and  he  has  been  closely 
and  actively  connected  with  the  London 
daily  and  weekly  press  ever  since.  He  has 
also  written  much  for  the  chief  monthly 
magazines,  for  the  most  part  anonymously. 
He  edited  the  "Satires  of  Juvenal  and 
Persius"  in  1866,  and  "The  Comedies  of 
Plautus  "  in  1867.  In  1879  he  published 
"England,  its  People,  Polity,  and  Pur- 
suits," since  translated  into  most  European 
languages,  and  accepted  as  a  standard 
work,  followed  by  a  sequel,  bringing  it  up 
to  date,  viz.,"  Social  Transformations  of  the 
Victorian  Age,"  1897.  Mr.  Escott  was  ap- 
pointed Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  in 
October  1882,  on  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
John  Morley,  but  was  obliged  to  resign  in 
1886  on  account  of  a  physical  weakness, 
since  nearly  cured,  brought  on  by  the  ex- 
hausting overwork  of  five  -  and  -  twenty 
years.  In  the  autumn  of  1894  Mr.  Escott 
once  more  appeared  before  the  literary 
public,  contributing  to  the  Contemporary 
Review,  Blackwood's,  and  other  leading  re- 
views.     Since  then,  though   still  out  of 


ESHER  —  ESMONDE 


337 


London,  he  has  resumed  his  normal  acti- 
vity of  pen.  Address  :  90  Buckingham 
Eoad,  Brighton. 

ESHER,  Viscount,  The  Right 
Hon.  William  Balio!  Brett,  late  Master 
of  the  Rolls,  eldest  surviving  son  of  the 
Rev.  Joseph  George  Brett,  of  Ranelagh, 
Chelsea,  by  Dora,  daughter  of  the  late 
George  Best,  Esq.,  of  Chilston  Park,  Kent, 
was  born  Aug.  13,  1815.  From  Westmin- 
ster School  he  was  sent  to  Caius  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A.  1840  ;  M.A.  1845).  In 
1846  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn.  In  March  1860  he  obtained  his  silk 
gown,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was  made 
a  Bencher  of  his  Inn.  His  political  career 
began  in  1866,  when,  in  view  of  a  general 
election,  he  went  down  to  Rochdale  to 
oppose  Mr.  Cobden,  and  in  this  advanced 
Liberal  borough  declared  himself  to  be, 
not  merely  a  Conservative,  but  a  Tory. 
Nevertheless  he  made  so  much  progress 
among  the  constituents,  that  Mr.  Cobden 
deemed  it  prudent  to  visit  Rochdale  person- 
ally, in  order  to  defend  his  seat.  Mr.  Brett 
did  not  succeed  in  his  bold  attempt,  and 
he  failed  in  the  contest  against  Mr.  T.  B. 
Potter.  In  July  1866  he  stood  for  Hel- 
ston,  in  Cornwall.  This  election  became 
famous  from  the  circumstance  of  there 
being  a  tie,  and  the  Mayor  assuming  to 
give  after  four  o'clock  a  casting  vote. 
For  doing  this  the  Mayor  was  summoned 
before  the  House  of  Commons,  and  Mr. 
Brett  was  seated  on  petition.  Mr.  Brett 
represented  Helston  till  1868,  being  in 
February  of  that  year  appointed  Solicitor- 
General,  on  which  occasion  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  During  the 
short  period  he  remained  in  office  he  took 
a  prominent  part  in  passing,  in  1868, 
the  Registration  Act,  which  enabled  the 
general  election  to  be  taken  in  that  year, 
and  the  Corrupt  Practices  Act,  which  is 
now  in  force.  In  August  1868,  when  it 
was  known  that  the  Conservative  party 
had  failed  to  gain  the  support  of  the 
country,  he  was  appointed  a  Justice  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  by  the 
operation  of  the  Judicature  Act  he  be- 
came a  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice 
in  1875.  In  October  1876  he  was  made  a 
Judge  of  the  intermediate  Court  of  Appeal, 
and  added  to  the  Privy  Council.  In  April 
1883  he  was  appointed  Master  of  the 
Rolls,  on  the  recommendation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  in  the  place  of  the  late  Sir 
George  Jessel.  In  1885  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  recognition  of  his  long  and 
eminent  services  as  a  Judge.  He  retired 
from  the  Mastership  of  the  Rolls  in  Octo- 
ber 1897,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lord 
Justice  Lindley.  He  was  created  Viscount 
on  his  retirement.  He  married,  in  1850, 
Eugenie,  daughter  of  Louis  Mayer,  Esq., 


and  step-daughter  of  the  late  Captain 
Gurwood,  C.B.  (editor  of  "The  Duke  of 
Wellington's  Despatches  ").  Address  :  6 
Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.,  &c. ;  and  Athe- 
naeum. 

ESMOND,  Henry  V.,  actor  and 
dramatist,  born  at  Hampton  Court  on 
Nov.  16,  1869,  his  father  being  Richard 
George  Jack,  a  physician  ;  was  educated 
at  home  by  tutors,  but  went  for  a  year  to 
the  Grammar  School  at  Pocklington,  in 
Yorkshire.  He  determined  to  become  an 
actor,  and  in  January  1886  made  his  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  as  a  super  under 
Mrs.  Langtry's  management  at  the  Prince 
of  Wales'  Theatre.  After  three  months 
spent  thus,  he  went  into  the  country  to 
play  parts,  and  to  endeavour  to  learn  his 
business.  He  remained  in  the  country  for 
three  years,  during  which  time  he  played 
thirty-six  parts,  ranging  from  Uriah  Heep 
to  Hamlet.  On  March  28,  1889,  he  made 
his  reappearance  in  London  at  the  Ope'ra 
Comique  in  the  "  Panel  Picture  "  ;  but  the 
play  proving  a  failure,  he  went  back  to 
the  country,  returning  on  July  11  of  the 
same  year  to  play  Rafael  in  the  "Mar- 
quisa  "  at  a  matinee  at  the  Opera  Comique, 
which  performance  resulted  in  his  engage- 
ment by  E.  S.  Villard  for  his  season  at  the 
Shaftesbury  Theatre.  Then  followed  en- 
gagements at  the  Lyric,  Terry's,  Comedy, 
Haymarket,  Garrick,  and  St.  James' 
Theatre.  The  principal  parts  he  has 
played  in  London  are:  Algy  in  "Sweet 
Nancy,"  1890  ;  Howard  Bompus  in  "  The 
Times,"  1892 ;  Cayley  Drummle  in 
"Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray,"  1894;  Eddie 
Remon  in  "The  Masqueraders  "  ;  Uncle 
Archie  in  "Bogey,"  1895;  Touchstone  in 
"As  You  Like  It,"  St.  James'  Theatre, 
1896.  Mr.  Esmond  began  writing  plays 
in  1891,  bis  first  play,  entitled  "Rest," 
being  produced  at  the  Avenue  Theatre  on 
June  10,  1892.  Then  followed  "Bogey," 
at  the  St.  James'  Theatre,  Sept.  10,  1895 ; 
"The  Divided  Way,"  St.  James' Theatre, 
in  November  1895;  "The  Courtship  of 
Leonie,"  produced  by  Daniel  Frohman  in 
America,  1896;  "One  Summer's  Day," 
produced  by  Charles  Hawtrey  at  the 
Comedy  Theatre,  Sept.  15,  1897.  He  was 
married  on  Nov.  19,  1891,  to  Miss  Eva 
Moore,  herself  an  actress,  now  playing  in 
Mr.  Hawtrey's  company.  Address  :  21 
Whiteheads  Grove,  Chelsea. 

ESMONDE,  Sir  Thomas  Henry 
Grattan,  Bart.,  M.P.,  J.P.,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Colonel  Sir  John  Esmonde,  M.P., 
and  the  great-grandson  of  Henry  Grattan, 
through  his  mother  Louisa,  daughter  of 
Henry  Grattan,  M.P.  He  was  born  at  Pau 
on  Sept.  21,  1862,  and  educated  at  Oscott. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1885,  and  repre- 

Y 


338 


ESSON  —  EUGENIE 


sented  co.  Dublin,  South,  from  that  year 
to  1892,  when  he  was  returned  for  West 
Kerry,  which  he  now  represents.  He  is  a 
leading  Nationalist,  and  is  whip  to  his 
party.  He  was  Sheriff  of  co.  Waterford  in 
1886-87,  and  from  1881  to  1886  was  Lieuten- 
ant in  the  6lh  Brigade  (Militia)  of  the  South 
Irish  Division  of  the  Royal  Artillery.  In 
October  1898  he  was  created  by  the  Pope 
a  Chamberlain  in  the  Vatican  household. 
He  succeeded  his  father,  the  10th  Baronet, 
in  1876.  He  has  travelled  in  all  parts  of 
the  world,  and  has  published  a  book  on  his 
travels.  Lady  Esmonde  is  a  daughter  of 
Patrick  Donovan,  of  Frogmore,  Tralee.  Ad- 
dress :  Ballynastragh  Gorey,  co.  Wexford. 

ESSON,  William,  Professor,  M.A., 
F.R.  S.,  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  and  graduated  with  first  -  class 
honours  in  the  Final  School  of  Mathematics 
in  1859.  He  had  obtained  the  Junior 
Mathematical  Scholarship  of  the  Univer- 
sity in  1857,  and  he  was  in  1860  elected 
Senior  Mathematical  Scholar.  He  became 
a  Fellow  of  Merton  College  in  1862.  Mr. 
Esson  was  appointed  Deputy  Savilian  Pro- 
fessor of  Geometry  in  1894,  and  three 
years  later  he  succeeded  to  the  chair,  be- 
coming at  the  same  time  a  Fellow  of  New 
College.  He  has  published  several  papers 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  on 
"The  Laws  of  Connection  between  the 
Conditions  of  Chemical  Change  and  its 
Amount "  ;  and  "  Notes  on  Synthetic  Geo- 
metry," in  the  Proceedinr/s  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society ,  1897.  Professor  Esson 
is  a  Curator  of  the  University  Chest,  and 
acts  as  Bursar  of  Merton  College.  Address : 
Merton  College,  Oxford. 

EU,  Comte  d',  Prince  Louis 
Philippe  Marie  Ferdinand  Gaston 
d'Orleans,  born  at  the  Chateau  de  Neuilly, 
in  the  department  of  the  Seine,  April  28, 
1812,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Due  de 
Nemours,  and  one  of  the  grandsons  of 
King  Louis  Philippe.  Brought  up  in  exile, 
he  was  educated  in  England,  and  entered 
the  military  service  of  Spain  in  1859, 
serving  in  Morocco.  Later  he  joined  the 
Artillery  College  at  Segovia,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1863.  In  1864  he  married 
Isabella,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Dom 
Pedro  II.  of  Brazil.  He  was  made  a  Field- 
Marshal  in  the  Brazilian  army  in  1865, 
and  in  1869  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  all  the  forces  on  land  and  sea,  a 
position  he  retained  until  the  war  with 
Paraguay  (begun  in  1864)  was  ended  in 
1870  toy  the  death  of  Lopez,  Dictator  of 
Paraguay.  From  1865  to  1889  he  held 
the  post  of  Commander-General  of  the 
Brazilian  Artillery,  and  was  President  of 
various  Commissions.  In  the  many  ab- 
sences  of  Dom  Pedro  from    the  empire 


during  this  period,  the  Comte  d'Eu  had  the 
virtual  direction  of  all  Brazilian  affairs. 
When  the  revolution  of  November  1889 
occurred,  establishing  the  Republic  of 
Brazil,  and  deposing  the  Emperor,  the 
Comte  d'Eu,  with  his  wife,  accompanied 
Dom  Pedro  to  Portugal,  and  he  has  since 
resided  in  Europe. 

EUAN-SMITH,  Sir  Charles  Bean, 
K.C.B.,  C.S.I.,  was  born  in  1842,  and 
entered  the  Indian  army  in  1859,  became 
Captain  in  1870,  Major  in  1879,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  in  1881,  and  Colonel  in  1885.  He 
retired  in  1889.  He  served  through  the 
Abyssinian  War  of  1867,  acted  as  Secre- 
tary to  Sir  Fred.  Goldsmid's  Persian  Mis- 
sion in  1870,  was  Military  Attache"  and 
Private  Secretary  to  Sir  Bartle  Frere's 
Anti-Slave  Trade  Mission  in  1872,  and  was 
appointed  Consul-General  at  Zanzibar  in 
1875.  In  the  year  following  he  was  Resi- 
dent at  Hyderabad,  and  in  1879  occupied 
the  same  position  at  Muscat.  In  the 
Afghan  War  of  1880  he  was  Chief  Political 
Officer  with  the  forces  taking  part  in  the 
flank  march  upon  Candahar.  During  this 
campaign  he  was  constantly  mentioned  in 
despatches,  and,  as  a  reward  for  his  ser- 
vices, received  the  medal  and  clasp  and  the 
bronze  star,  being  at  the  same  time  made 
Brevet  Lieut.-Colonel.  In  1891  he  was 
appointed  Her  Majesty's  Envoy  Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at 
Tangier,  this  appointment  being  at  the 
time  held  to  be  a  suitable  recognition  of 
the  services  rendered  by  him  at  Zanzibar, 
where  he  represented  British  interests 
throughout  a  critical  and  trying  period. 
He  remained  at  Tangier  until  1893,  his 
period  of  office  being  disturbed  by  troubles 
with  Morocco  so  acute  that  at  one  time  a 
Moroccan  Question  seemed  imminent.  At 
the  end  of  July  1898  his  appointment  to 
be  Minister  Resident  at  Bogota  was 
gazetted,  and  in  October  1898  he  became 
Her  Majesty's  Minister  Resident  in  the 
Republic  of  Colombia,  and  British  Consul- 
General  in  the  same  republic.  He  re- 
tired Dec.  1896.  K.C.B.  1890.  In  1877  he 
married  Edith,  daughter  of  Col.  Frederick 
Alexander,  Royal  Artillery.  Address:  11 
Draycott  Place,  Cadogan  Gardens,  S.W. 

EUGENIE,  ex-Empress  of  the 
French,  Eugenie-Marie  de  Guzman, 
Countess  of  Teba,  born  May  5,  1826, 
is  the  daughter  of  Doiia  Maria  Manuela 
Kirkpatrick,  of  Closeburn,  Dumfriesshire, 
Countess-dowager  de  Montijos,  whose 
father  was  English  Consul  at  Malaga  at 
the  period  of  her  marriage  with  the  Count 
de  Montijos,  an  officer  in  the  Spanish 
army,  connected,  more  or  less  closely, 
with  the  houses  of  the  Duke  de  Frias, 
representative  of  the  ancient  admirals  oi 


EUSTIS 


339 


Castile,  of  the  Duke  of  Fyars,  and  others 
of  the  highest  rank,  including  the  descend- 
ants  of   the   Kings   of   Aragon.      On    the 
death  of  the  Count  de  Montijos,  his  widow 
was  left  with  a  fortune  adequate  to  the 
maintenance    of    her    position,    and   two 
daughters,     one    of    whom    married    the 
Duke  of  Alba  and  Berwick,  lineally  de- 
scended from  James  II.  and  Miss  Churchill. 
For  Eugenie,   the  second,  a  still   higher 
destiny  was  reserved.     In  1851  the  Coun- 
tess  IMba,   accompanied   by  her   mother, 
paid  a  lengthened  visit  to  Paris,  and  was 
distinguished  at  the  various  entertainments 
given  at  the  Tuileries  by  the  dignity  and 
elegance  of  her  demeanour,  and  by  great 
personal  beauty — of  the  aristocratic  Eng- 
lish rather  than  the  Spanish  style.     Her 
mental  gifts  were  not  less  attractive,  for 
her   education,  partly   conducted  in  Eng- 
land, was  very  superior  to  that  generally 
bestowed  upon  Spanish  women,  who  sel- 
dom   quit   their  native  country.     Shortly 
after  the  opposition  of  the  higher  North- 
ern Powers  had  put  an  end  to  the  idea 
of  a  union  between  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
III.    and    the    Princess   Carola   Wasa    of 
Sweden,  he  apprised  the  Council  of  Minis- 
ters of    his   intended   marriage   with  the 
daughter    of   the    Countess    Montijos  ;    a 
measure  which  excited  some  disapproval 
among  them,  and  even  led  to  their  tem- 
porary  withdrawal   from   office.      During 
the  short  time  which  intervened  between 
the  public  announcement  of  the  approach- 
ing event  and  its  realisation,  the  Countess 
Te'ba  and  her  mother  took  up  their  abode 
in  the  palace  of  the  Elyse"e.     The  marriage 
was   celebrated   with  much    magnificence 
on  Jan.   29,   1853,    at  Notre   Dame.     The 
life   of    the   Empress   Eugenie    after   her 
marriage    was   comparatively   uneventful, 
being  passed  chiefly  in  the  ordinary  rou- 
tine  of  state  etiquette  ;  in  visits  to  the 
various  royal  maisons  de  plaisance,  varied 
by  an  extended  progress  through  France 
in    company    with   her   husband  ;   by   an 
annual    sojourn    for    the   benefit   of    her 
health  at  Biarritz,  her  favourite  summer 
resort  in  the  days  of  her  girlhood  ;  by  a 
journey  in   England  and  Scotland  in  the 
autumn  of  1861,  and  in  1864  to  some  of 
the  German  baths.    The  Empress  Eugenie, 
who  became  the  mother  of  an  heir  to  the 
house  of  Bonaparte,  March  16,  1856,  was 
a  devoted  supporter  of  the  claims  of  the 
Holy  See,  and  to  her  influence  much  of 
the  "policy  of  the  Emperor  towards  Italy 
has    been    attributed.      Accompanied  by 
the    Emperor,    she    visited    the    cholera 
hospitals  in  Paris  in  October  1865,  and 
her  conduct  on   that  occasion   was  very 
highly    commended.     In    July    1866    she 
made  with  the  Prince  Imperial  an  official 
tour  in  Lorraine,  and  was  present  at  the 
fete  held  at  Nancy  in  commemoration  of 


the  reunion  of  that  province  with  France. 
On  the  occasion  of  the  centenary  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  in  August  1869,  she  proceeded 
with  the  Prince  Imperial  to  Corsica.  In 
October  of  the  same  year,  her  Majesty 
made  a  voyage  to  the  East  on  board  the 
steam  yacht  VAirjle.  She  went  first  to 
Venice,  thence  to  Constantinople,  next 
to  Port  Said,  where  she  was  present  at 
the  formal  opening  of  the  Suez  Canal 
(November  17),  visited  the  most  interest- 
ing places  in  Turkey  and  Egypt,  and 
returned  to  France  at  the  end  of  Novem- 
ber. On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  between 
France  and  Germany  she  was  appointed 
Regent  (July  27,  1870)  during  the  absence 
of  the  Emperor.  Immediately  after  the 
revolution  in  Paris,  on  September  4,  she 
hurriedly  left  the  Tuileries,  and  escaped 
from  France.  She  landed  at  Rvde,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  Sept.  9,  1870,  and  shortly 
afterwards  proceeded  to  join  the  Prince 
Imperial  at  Hastings.  Camden  House, 
Chislehurst,  was  subsequently  selected  as 
a  residence  by  the  Imperial  exiles.  In 
October  1871,  the  Empress  went  to  Spain 
on  a  visit  to  her  mother.  The  Emperor 
died  at  Chislehurst,  Jan.  9,  1873 ;  and 
in  1879  the  Prince  Imperial,  who  had 
accompanied  the  English  army  in  the 
Zulu  war,  was  killed.  His  body  was 
brought  to  England  and  buried  at  Chisle- 
hurst, and  the  following  year  the  Empress 
went  to  Zululand  to  visit  the  fatal  spot  on 
the  anniversary  of  her  son's  death.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1881  the  Em- 
press removed  from  Camden  House  to  the 
Farnborough  estate  in  Hampshire,  close 
to  the  borders  of  the  county  of  Surrey. 
The  estate,  which  was  purchased  for 
£50,000,  consists  of  about  257  acres,  with 
a  picturesque  mansion.  Since  1870  the 
Empress  has  several  times  crossed  France 
on  her  way  south,  and  in  1883  and  on 
other  occasions  she  spent  some  days  in 
Paris,  but  no  political  significance  was 
attached  to  these  sojourns.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1894  the  Emperor  of  Germany 
visited  her  during  his  stay  at  Aldershot. 
Address :  Farnborough. 

ETJSTIS,  Hon.  James  Biddle,  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
Aug.  27,  1834.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
Law  School  in  1854,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1856.  He  practised  in  his 
native  city  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  when  he  entered  the  Confederate 
Army  and  served  as  Judge-Advocate  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Louisiana  Legislature  prior 
to  the  passage  of  the  Reconstruction  Acts 
by  Congress,  and  was  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners sent  to  Washington  to  confer  with 
President  Johnson  on  the  re-admission  of 
Louisiana  to   the  Union.     From   1872  to 


340 


EVANS 


1874  he  was  a  member  of  the  lower  branch 
of  the  Louisiana  Legislature,  and  from 
1874  to  1876  of  the  State  Senate.  In  1876 
he  was  elected  U.S.  Senator.  This  position 
he  retained  until  1879,  when  he  became 
Professor  of  Civil  Law  in  the  University 
of  Louisiana.  In  1885  he  again  entered 
the  U.S.  Senate,  where  he  remained  until 
1891,  when  he  resumed  his  law  practice 
in  New  Orleans.  At  the  beginning  of 
Mr.  Cleveland's  second  term  as  President 
(March  1893)  Mr.  Eustis  was  appointed 
American  Minister  to  France,  and  a  few 
weeks  later  was  made  Ambassador  Extra- 
ordinary and  Plenipotentiary  to  the  same 
country,  a  position  which  he  retained  till 
the  close  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  administra- 
tion (1897). 

EVANS,  Arthur  John,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
eldest  son  of  John  Evans,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
&c,  born  in  1851  at  Nash  Mills,  Hemel 
Hempstead,  Herts,  was  educated  at  Harrow 
School  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  is  now  an  Hon.  Fellow,  taking  a 
first  class  (in  History)  1874,  and  continu- 
ing his  historical  studies  at  Gottingen 
University,  under  Dr.  Pauli.  At  an  early 
period  he  undertook  a  series  of  journeys 
having  for  their  object  antiquarian  and 
ethnological  researches  through  some  of 
the  least -known  European  regions.  In 
the  course  of  these  he  twice  explored  the 
Finnish  and  Lapp  countries  between  the 
Arctic  and  Baltic  Seas,  in  company  with 
Mr.  F.  M.  Balfour  (afterwards  Professor), 
and  obtained  interesting  materials  regard- 
ing the  survival  of  heathen  rites  in  those 
regions.  In  1875  he  travelled  through  the 
Slavonic  parts  of  South-Eastern  Europe, 
and  after  the  insurrection  broke  out,  took 
up  his  residence  at  Ragusa,  in  Dalmatia, 
and,  while  continuing  to  explore  the 
antiquities  and  study  the  languages  and 
ethnology  of  the  Peninsula,  followed  the 
revolutionary  movement  with  warm  in- 
terest, and  described  the  course  of  events 
from  the  camps  of  the  insurgents.  His 
correspondence,  mostly  communicated  to 
the  Manchester  Guardian,  and  partly  re- 
published as  "  Illyrian  Letters,"  afforded 
Parliamentary  weapons  to  the  enemies  of 
Turkish  dominion  in  Europe.  He  was  also 
instrumental  in  calling  attention  to  the 
state  of  the  Bosnian  refugees,  and  he  gave 
active  assistance  to  Miss  Irby's  Belief 
Fund.  During  the  comparatively  tranquil 
period  that  succeeded  he  was  able  to 
continue  his  explorations  of  the  interior, 
the  archaeological  results  of  which  have 
appeared  in  Archceologia,  under  the  title 
of  "Antiquarian  Researches  in  Illyri- 
cum,"  and  in  accounts  of  new  discoveries 
of  Illyrian  coins  in  the  Numismatic  Chron- 
icle, &c.  In  1882  a  revolt  broke  out  in  the 
Crivoscian  Highlands  of  South  Dalmatia, 


consequent  on  the  attempt  of  the  Austrian 
Government  (in  violation  of  their  agree- 
ment) to  introduce  military  service  into 
the  country.  The  Austrian  Government, 
highly  irritated  with  Mr.  Evans,  had  him 
arrested  on  a  charge  of  complicity  with 
the  insurgents,  and  confined  him  in  the 
prison  at  Ragusa.  After  seven  weeks' 
solitary  confinement  he  was  released  by 
Imperial  orders,  but  expelled  from  the 
Austrian  dominions.  He  then  settled  in 
Oxford,  and  continued  his  archaeological 
studies.  In  1883  he  was  chosen  as  Uni- 
versity Lecturer  on  the  Ilchester  Founda- 
tion, and  delivered  a  course  of  Lectures 
"On  the  Slavonic  Conquest  of  Illyricum." 
In  1884,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker, 
he  was  made  Keeper  of  the  Ashmolean 
Museum,  Oxford,  with  the  re-organisation 
of  which  he  has  since  been  occupied.  He 
has  also  been  engaged  in  archaeological 
researches  in  Sicily  and  Great  Greece, 
and  in  1889  published  "  The  Horsemen  of 
Tarentum,"  a  monograph  on  the  coinage 
of  that  city,  in  1892  "  Syracusan  Medal- 
lions and  their  Engravers,"  and  in  1893-4 
edited,  with  supplements,  the  fourth 
volume  of  Mr.  Freeman's  "Sicily,"  from 
his  posthumous  MSS.  In  1895  he  dis- 
covered in  Crete  the  evidences  of  a  "  pre- 
Phosnician  system  of  writing,"  upon  which 
his  continued  researches  in  that  island 
have  now  enabled  him  to  publish  two 
works.  He  has  married  a  daughter  of  the 
late  Prof.  Freeman.  Address  :  Taylorian 
Museum,  Oxford. 

EVANS,  Sir  John,  K.C.B.,  Honorary 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  and  Trinity  University, 
Toronto,  LL.D.  Dublin  and  Toronto,  and 
Sc.D.  Cambridge,  Treas.  and  V.P.R.S., 
V.P.,  S.A.,  For.  Sec.  G.S.,  &c,  is  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  A.  D.  Evans,  D.D.,  who  was 
Head-master  of  Market  Bosworth  Grammar 
School,  Leicestershire.  He  was  born  on 
Nov.  17,  1823,  and  educated  by  his  father. 
He  has  devoted  much  attention  not  only 
to  archaeology,  but  to  geology  and  numis- 
matics, as  well  as  to  other  branches  of 
science.  For  many  years  he  was  engaged 
in  business  as  a  paper  manufacturer,  and 
is  the  President  of  the  Paper-Makers' 
Association.  In  1864  he  published  "  The 
Coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons,"  for  which 
he  received  the  Allier  d'Hauteroche  Prize 
from  the  French  Academy.  He  brought 
out  a  supplement  to  this  work  in  1890. 
In  1872,  "The  Ancient  Stone  Implements', 
Weapons,  and  Ornaments  of  Great  Britain," 
which  was  translated  into  French  and  pub- 
lished in  Paris  in  1875.  "  The  Ancient 
Bronze  Implements,  Weapons,  and  Orna- 
ments of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  ap- 
peared in  1881,  and  a  French  translation 
of  it  in  the  following  year.  He  has  also 
written  on  the  "Flint  Implements  in  tha' 


EVANS 


341 


Drift,"  in  the  Archceologia,  vols.  38  and 
39  ;  and  a  variety  of  papers  in  the  Archce- 
ologia, and  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle, 
of  which  he  is  one  of  the  editors.  He 
was  President  of  the  Geological  Society 
in  1875-76,  and  of  the  Anthropological 
Institute  in  1878-79,  and  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  from  April  1885  to  1892,  and 
has  been  President  of  the  Numismatic 
Society  since  1875.  In  1891-92  he  was 
President  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  In- 
dustry, and  in  1897-98  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science.  He  is  a  Trustee  of  the  British 
Museum,  a  correspondent  of  the  French 
Institute  (Academic  des  Inscriptions),  and 
an  honorary  member  of  a  large  number  of 
foreign  learned  societies ;  and  his  anti- 
quarian and  numismatic  collections  rank 
among  the  first  in  this  country.  He  is  a 
J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Hertfordshire,  of  which 
county  he  was  High  Sheriff  in  1881-82.  He 
is  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions  for  the 
St.  Albans  Division  of  Herts,  and  also 
Vice-Chairman  of  the  Hertfordshire 
County  Council.  He  married  (1)  Harriett 
Anne,  daughter  of  John  Dickinson,  F.R.S.  ; 
(2)  Frances,  daughter  of  Joseph  Phelps ; 
and  (3),  in  1892,  Maria,  daughter  of  Charles 
C.  Lathbury,  Wimbledon.  Addresses : 
Nash  Mills,  Hemel  Hempstead ;  and 
Athenaeum  Club. 

EVANS,  Robley  D.,  American  naval 
officer,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1846,  but 
was  appointed  to  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  from  Utah  in  1860,  graduating 
there  in  1863  as  Acting  Ensign.  He  was 
made  Master  in  May  1866  ;  Lieutenant  in 
July  1866  ;  Lieut. -Commander,  March 
1868 ;  Commander  in  July  1878 ;  and 
Captain  in  June  1893.  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  U.S.  battleship  Iowa  during 
the  naval  engagement  of  July  3,  1898,  off 
the  coast  of  Cuba,  in  which  the  Spanish 
fleet  under  Admiral  Cervera  was  entirely 
destroyed.  His  nickname  in  the  navy  of 
"Fighting  Bob  Evans"  arises  from  a 
belief  in  his  ready  bravery. 

EVANS,  Sebastian,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  a 
distinguished  member  of  a  family  eminent 
in  literature,  science,  and  art,  was  born  on 
the  2nd  of  March  1830,  at  Market  Bos- 
worth,  in  Leicestershire.  From  his  grand- 
father, the  Rev.  Lewis  Evans,  a  well-known 
astronomer  and  Professor  of  Mathematics 
at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at  Wool- 
wich, and  from  his  father,  the  Rev. 
Arthur  Evans,  a  professor,  an  artist,  and  a 
somewhat  voluminous  writer,  he  derived  a 
literary  and  artistic  training.  He  was 
educated  by  his  father,  and  afterwards  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  gained  a  Scholarship 
at  Emmanuel  College.  He  graduated 
B.A.  in  1853,  M.A.  in  1857,  and  LL.D.   in 


1868.     On  leaving  Cambridge  he  became 
Secretary  to  the  "  India  Reform  Associa- 
tion," and  was  the  first  person  in  England 
to  receive  the  news  that  the  Mutiny  had 
actually   broken    out  in   India.      Retiring 
shortly     afterwards     to     undertake     the 
management  of  the  artistic  department  in 
the   celebrated    glass    works    of    Messrs. 
Chance  Brothers  &  Co.,  near  Birmingham, 
he  not  only  designed  innumerable  stained- 
glass  windows   for  various  churches   and 
cathedrals  at  home  and  abroad,  but  in  1862 
he  designed   the  "  Robin  Hood "  window 
for  the  Great  International  Exhibition,  a 
coloured  lithograph  of  it  being  published 
in  Mr.  Waring's  "  Masterpieces  of  Indus- 
trial  Art."      In    1867,   having   previously 
begun  to  interest  himself  in  politics,  and 
sharing   with   Mr.  Joseph  Chamberlain  a 
local  celebrity — owing  to   the  facility  of 
speech  and  the  freedom  with  which  they 
both  expressed  their   opinions   in   a   Bir- 
mingham Debating   Society  called   "The 
Tobacco   Parliament," — he  undertook  the 
editorship  of  the  Birmingham  Daily  Gazette, 
and  in  1868  he   unsuccessfully  contested 
Birmingham  in  the  Conservative  interest. 
After   severing  his   connection   with   the 
Gazette  he  was  called  to  the  Bar,  and  in 
1873  joined  the  Oxford  Circuit,  practising 
successfully  for  some  years,  and  writing 
for    many   of    the    leading    Conservative 
newspapers  in  London,  his  leading  articles 
in  the  Observer  specially  attracting  atten- 
tion.     He    took    an    active  part   in   the 
organisation  of  the  Conservative  party  in 
connection  with   the   National   Union   of 
Conservative  Associations,  and  in  1878,  in 
company  with  Earl  Percy  and  Mr.  W.  H. 
Smith,  he  started  The  People  newspaper  in 
the  interests  of  his  party,  editing  it  him- 
self for  nearly  three  years  till  its  success 
was  assured.    He  is  the  author  of  innumer- 
able essays  and  papers,  political,  historical, 
and  archaeological.    Many  of  his  lectures  on 
history  and  art  have  also  been  separately 
published,  as  have  many  translations  and 
original  short  stories  which  have  appeared 
in  various  periodicals  and  magazines,  the 
most   noteworthy  being  "  King  Solomon, 
Ben-David,  and  the  Players  at  the  Chess," 
and  "  The  Cavern  of  the  Great  Death, "both 
of  which  appeared  in  Longman's  Magazine. 
In  1881  he  wrote  "The  Dialect  of  Leices- 
tershire, with  a  glossary  of  Leicestershire 
words,  phrases,    and    proverbs,"   for   the 
English  Dialect  Society,  by  whom  it  was 
published,  and  this  was  followed  by  "  Con- 
tributions to  a  History  of  the  Thames," 
which  first  appeared  in  parts  in  Notes  and 
Queries.     He  is  part  author  with  his  son  of 
"The  Upper  Ten,"  a  stoiy  of  the  very  best 
society,   founded    on   M.   Pailleron's   "  Le 
Monde,  ou  Ton  s'ennuie,"  and  published  by 
Messrs.  Sampson,  Low  &  Co.,  uniform  with 
their  early  editions  of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kip- 


342 


EVARTS  — EVE 


ling's  Indian  stories.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  founders  of  Macmillan's  Magazine, 
and  was  at  one  time  a  contributor  to 
Punch,  the  celebrated  "  Pictures  from  the 
Black  Country  "  being  from  his  pen  and 
pencil.  He  is  well  known  both  as  an 
artist  and  a  poet.  He  has  exhibited  in 
oils  and  water-colours,  as  well  as  in  black 
and  white,  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  other 
galleries.  He  excels  as  a  draughtsman, 
and  his  portraits  in  ivory,  and  his  wood- 
carvings  and  engravings,  are  considered 
unique.  Of  his  poems,  some  of  the  best 
known  are  to  be  found  in  his  two  volumes 
"Brother  Fabian's  Manuscript"  and  "In 
the  Studio,"  published  by  Macmillan  in 
1865  and  1875.  Selections  from  his  poems 
have  also  been  published  in  "  The  Poets 
and  Poetry  of  the  Century,"  and  in  "  The 
Painter-Poets,"  as  well  as  in  other  works. 
His  sonnets  on  the  Death  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  published  while  he  was  still 
at  Cambridge,  at  once  established  his 
position  in  the  world  of  letters.  His  Latin 
verse  has  a  very  high  reputation.  His 
translations  in  verse  from  the  Greek,  Latin, 
Italian,  and  French  are  all  equally  happy, 
among  those  most  known  being  "  An 
Italian  Country  House,  A.D.  1490-1500,  a 
description  in  verse  translated  from  the 
Latin  of  Giambattista  Spagnoli,"  which 
first  appeared  in  Longman's,  and  another 
work  translated  from  the  same  author, 
"John  Baptist  Spagnolo  of  Mantua,  Car- 
melite, to  John  Crestoni  of  Piacenza, 
Carmelite,  then  going  away  for  a  time  to 
Monte  Calestano,"  which  was  separately 
published  with  an  introduction  ;  and  an 
Envoi,  also  in  verse,  in  1884.  In  addition 
to  these,  many  other  poems  and  verses,  of 
which  several  have  been  set  to  music,  have 
appeared  in  various  periodicals  and  maga- 
zines, and  his  political  skits  and  parodies 
have  gained  a  high  reputalion.  He  is  a 
very  eminent  scholar  and  linguist,  and  his 
knowledge  of  early  and  mediaeval  history 
and  art  is  considered  unequalled.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  workers  in  the  field  of 
prehistoric  research,  and  as  early  as  1859, 
after  visiting  with  his  brother,  Sir  John 
Evans,  and  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Prestwich, 
the  wonderful  collection  of  stone  imple- 
ments discovered  in  the  river-drift  of  the 
river  Somme  by  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes, 
and  being  convinced  that  they  were  un- 
doubted specimens  of  man's  handiwork, 
he  did  much  to  rouse  public  interest  in  the 
importance  of  the  discovery,  and  has  ever 
since  given  valuable  assistance  to  his 
brother  in  many  of  his  brother's  well- 
known  works.  Of  his  later  publications, 
in  1898,  his  masterly  translation  of  "The 
High  History  of  the  Holy  Graal,"  from  the 
French  of  the  early  13th  century,  with  an 
epilogue  by  himself,  and  illustrations  by 
the   late   Sir    Edward    Burne-Jones,   was 


published  by  Messrs.  Dent  in  their 
Temple  Classics.  This  was  followed  by 
his  original  work  on  the  Graal,  "  In 
Quest  of  the  Graal,"  also  published  by 
Messrs.  Dent ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  year 
Messrs.  Nutt  announced  the  publication  of 
"  St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  The  Mirror  of  Per- 
fection, written  by  Brother  Leo,  edited  by 
M.  Paul  Sabaties  and  translated  by 
Sebastian  Evans,  from  the  mediaeval 
Latin."  Dr.  Evans  is  a  brother  of  Sir  John 
Evans,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  &c,  and  he 
married,  in  1857,  Miss  Elizabeth  Goldney, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Francis  Bennett 
Goldney,  one  of  the  founders  and  direc- 
tors of  the  London  Joint-Stock  Bank. 
Address  :  Coombe  Lea,  Bickley,  Kent. 

EVARTS,  Hon.  "William  Maxwell, 

American  statesman,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Feb.  6,  1818.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  College  in  1837,  studied  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School,  and  in  1841  was 
admitted  to  the  New  York  Bar,  where  he 
soon  took  a  high  position.  From  1849  to 
1853  he  was  Deputy  U.S.  District  Attorney. 
In  the  impeachment  trial  of  President 
Andrew  Johnson,  in  the  spring  of  1868, 
Mr.  Evarts  was  the  leading  counsel  for  the 
defendant,  and  from  July  1868  to  the 
close  of  Mr.  Johnson's  administration,  he 
was  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States. 
In  1872  he  was  counsel  for  the  United 
States  in  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  on  the 
Alabama  claims  at  Geneva ;  and  in  the 
celebrated  Tilton-Beecher  case,  in  1875,  he 
was  at  the  head  of  Mr.  Beecher's  counsel. 
He  also  argued  the  Republican  side  of  the 
case  before  the  Electoral  Commission  in 
1877.  Upon  the  accession,  in  March  1877, 
of  Mr.  Hayes  to  the  Presidency,  he  was 
made  Secretary  of  State,  a  position  which 
he  retained  until  the  close  of  Mr.  Hayes' 
term,  1881.  From  1885  to  1891  he  was 
U.S.  Senator  from  New  York.  Although 
an  accomplished  scholar  and  able  speaker, 
he  has  published  only  a  few  occasional 
discourses  and  addresses.  Among  these 
are  the  "Centennial  Oration  before  the 
Linonian  Society  of  Yale  College,"  1853  ; 
an  "Address  before  the  New  England 
Society,"  1854  ;  a  Eulogy  on  Chief-Justice 
Chase  ;  the  Centennial  Oration  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  at  the  unveiling  of  the  statues 
of  Webster  and  Seward  in  New  York. 

EVE,  Frederic  S.,  F.R.C.S.  Eng., 
received  his  medical  training  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's and  Leipzig.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society,  and  member  of  various  other 
medical  societies.  At  St.  Bartholomew's 
he  was  House  Surgeon  and  Ophthalmic 
House  Surgeon,  Surgical  Registrar,  and 
Curator  of  the  Museum,  of  which  he  pub- 
lished   a    "  Pathological     Catalogue "    in 


EVE  — EVEEETT 


343 


1882.  He  was  Pathological  Curator  at  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England  from 
1881-90,  and  is  co-editor  of  the  "Patho- 
logical Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  the 
R.C.S.E.,"  1885.  In  1882-84  he  was 
Erasmus  Wilson  Lecturer  at  the  College, 
his  subject  being  Tumours.  He  is  Surgeon 
and  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on 
Pathology  at  the  London  Hospital,  and 
Surgeon  to  the  Evelina  Hospital.  He  has 
contributed  largely  to  Mr.  Trever's 
"Manual  of  Surgery"  and  to  the  leading 
medical  journals.  Address :  125  Harley 
Street,  W. 

EVE,  Henry  Weston,  M.A.,  Head- 
master of  University  College  School,  is  a 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  H.  W.  Eve,  of  Maldon, 
Essex.  He  was  born  in  1838,  and  educated 
at  Mill  Hill,  Rugby,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  in  1862,  after  graduating  with 
both  mathematical  and  classical  honours. 
From  1860  to  1876  he  was,  with  some 
intervals,  a  Master  at  Wellington  College, 
and,  for  most  of  the  time,  at  the  head  of 
the  modern  side,  which  educated  a  good 
many  boys  for  the  scientific  branches  of 
the  army.  In  1866  he  acted  as  an  As- 
sistant-Commissioner to  the  School  Inquiry 
Commission.  In  1876  he  succeeded  the 
late  Prof.  Key  in  the  Headmastership  of 
University  College  School,  an  office  which 
he  still  holds.  Since  1883  he  has  been 
Dean  of  the  College  of  Preceptors.  He 
has  published  several  books  designed  to 
promote  the  more  scholarly  study  of 
French  and  German,  including  a  French 
Grammar  (jointly  with  F.  de  Baudiss, 
first  edition,  1870),  a  German  Grammar 
(first  edition,  1880),  and  several  editions 
of  French  classics  (1892,  &c.).  Address: 
University  College  School,  Gower  Street, 
W.C. 

EVERETT,  Joseph  David,  M.A., 
D.C.L.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  was  born 
Sept.  11,  1831,  at  Rushmere,  near  Ipswich, 
where  his  father  was  a  yeoman  farmer  ; 
was  educated  at  a  small  school,  and 
acquired  some  knowledge  of  advanced 
mathematics  by  private  study.  He  was 
Mathematical  Master  from  1850  to  1854  in 
a  school  at  Totteridge,  Herts;  and  in  1854 
he  entered  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
where  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and 
M.A.  with  honours  in  all  the  subjects  of 
the  curriculum.  After  successively  oc- 
cupying the  posts  of  Secretary  to  the 
Meteorological  Society  of  Scotland,  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics  at  King's  College, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  Assistant-Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
be  was  appointed  in  1867  Professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  Queen's  College, 
Belfast,  from  which  position  he  retired  in 


the  beginning  of  1897.  He  was  elected 
F.R.S.  in  1879,  and  F.R.S.E.  in  1862.  He 
has  been  secretary  to  the  Underground 
Temperature  Committee  of  the  British 
Association,  from  its  appointment  in  1867, 
and  has  directed  the  observations  taken 
for  determining  the  rate  at  which  tempera- 
ture increases  downwards  in  the  earth. 
His  reports  on  this  subject  have  appeared 
in  the  British  Association  volumes  ;  the 
most  notable  being  a  "Summary"  of 
principles,  methods,  and  results  in  the 
volume  for  1882.  He  moved  in  1871  the 
appointment  of  a  Committee  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  selection  and  naming 
of  dynamical  and  electrical  units,  and, 
after  two  years'  discussion,  drafted  for  the 
meeting  in  1873  a  Report,  the  adoption  of 
which  originated  the  C.G.S.  system  now 
generally  employed.  The  names  "  dyne," 
"  erg,"  and  "  C.G.S.  unit  "  were  introduced 
at  his  suggestion,  and  a  small  volume  of 
"Illustrations  of  the  C.G.S.  System,"  which 
he  prepared,  was  published  by  the  Physi- 
cal Society  in  1875,  and  has  been  enlarged 
for  subsequent  editions,  besides  being 
translated  into  French,  German,  Dutch, 
and  Russian.  His  version  of  the  "  Traits' 
elementaire  de  Physique "  of  M.  Privat 
Deschanel,  published  1870-1872,  has  been 
so  largely  re-written,  partly  in  the  first 
and  still  more  in  succeeding  editions,  that 
it  is  in  the  main  an  original  work.  He  has 
also  published  an  Elementary  Text  Book 
of  Physics  in  1877  ;  "  Outlines  of  Natural 
Philosophy,"  intended  as  a  school  reading 
book,  1885  ;  and  "  Vibratory  Motion  and 
Sound,"  1882.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
Greenxoich  Observations,  and  to  the  Royal 
Societies  of  Edinburgh  and  London,  papers 
on  Underground  Temperature,  on  At- 
mospheric Electricity,  and  on  Rigidity  ;  to 
the  Philosojihical  Magazine  papers  on  Mir- 
age, Atmospheric  Circulation,  Forced 
Vibrations,  Brightness  of  Images,  and 
Resultant  Tones  ;  and  to  the  Messenger  of 
Mathematics  an  application  of  Quaternions 
to  Sir  R.  Ball's  "  Theory  of  Screws."  His 
"Universal  Proportion  Table,"  published 
(and  described  in  Philosophical  Magazine) 
in  1866,  was  the  first  application  of  the 
parallel-column  arrangement  for  obtaining 
a  slide-rule  with  very  open  scale,  it  being 
printed  from  copper  plates  on  two  large 
cards,  with  one  of  them  cut  away  like  a 
gridiron.  He  is  a  skilled  shorthand  writer, 
on  a  system  invented  by  himself  in  his 
youth  (printed  for  private  circulation  in 
1851  and  published  in  1877),  which  has 
numerous  adherents  both  at  home  and  in 
the  colonies.  It  gives  greater  facility  for 
vowel  insertion  than  the  older  systems, 
and  is  constructed  with  a  view  to  certainty 
of  reading,  and  freedom  of  writing,  rather 
than  extreme  brevity.  The  chief  ' '  Everett 
Shorthand  "  publications  are  :  "Shorthand 


344 


EWART  —  EWING 


for  General  Use,"  1877;  "School  Short- 
hand," 1883  ;  "Shorthand  Lessons,"  1892; 
"  Everett  Leaflets,"  issued  to  members  of 
the  Everett  Shorthand  Society  since  1884. 
He  married  in  1862  Jessie,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  A.  Eraser,  Glasgow.  Address  :  Queen's 
College,  Belfast. 

EWART,  James  Cossar,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  Regius  Professor  of  Zoology  at 
Edinburgh  University,  was  born  at  Peni- 
cuik, Midlothian,  Nov.  26,  1851.  He  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  John  Ewart,  and 
was  educated  at  Penicuik  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where,  in  1874,  he 
was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 
In  1875  he  was  elected  Conservator  of  the 
Museums  of  University  College,  London. 
While  at  University  College,  he  completely 
reorganised  the  Museums  and  investigated 
the  life-history  of  the  bacillus  of  splenic 
fever  and  of  other  minute  organisms. 
In  1878  he  was  appointed  by  the  Crown 
to  the  Chair  of  Natural  History  in  the 
University  of  Aberdeen,  and  in  1882  he 
was  transferred  to  the  corresponding 
chair  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh — 
the  most  desirable  post  a  naturalist  can 
hold  in  this  country.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Fishery 
Board  for  Scotland.  While  in  Aberdeen 
Professor  Ewart  introduced  classes  for 
the  practical  study  of  zoology,  and  or- 
ganised a  small  marine  laboratory.  At 
this,  the  first  marine  laboratory  started 
in  Britain,  Professor  Ewart  and  the  late 
Mr.  Romanes  made  their  investigations 
for  their  memoir  on  the  Echinoderms, 
which  the  Royal  Society  constituted  the 
Croonian  lecture  for  1881.  Since  return- 
ing to  Edinburgh,  Professor  Ewart  has 
devoted  himself  to  developing  the  Natural 
History  Department,  and  to  creating  a 
scientific  department  in  connection  with 
the  Fishery  Board  ;  considerable  progress 
has  already  been  made  in  working  out  the 
natural  history  and  development  of  the 
herring  and  other  food  fishes.  In  this 
work  Professor  Ewart  has  the  use  of  three 
marine  stations,  and  is  assisted  by  a  staff 
of  three  naturalists  and  several  fishery 
officers  ;  and  the  Government,  in  addition 
to  voting  grants  for  carrying  on  the 
scientific  work,  has  provided  boats  for 
trawling  and  other  operations.  Of  late 
years  he  has  been  endeavouring  to  dis- 
cover improved  methods  for  preserving 
fish,  and  to  introduce  the  famous  Loch 
Fyne  herring  to  the  Antarctic  Ocean.  In 
addition  to  the  laborious  work  of  his  chair, 
Professor  Ewart  has  found  time  to  have 
two  lectureships  instituted  in  the  Univer- 
sity— one  on  "  Embryology,"  and  one  on 
the  "Philosophy  of  Natural  History," 
and  he  has  done  much  to  obtain  for  the 
students  a  much  wanted  Union  such  as 


exists  at  Oxford  and  at  Cambridge.  He  has 
published  a  number  of  works  on  general 
and  marine  zoology,  among  which  men- 
tion may  be  made  of  "The  Locomotor 
System  of  the  Echinoderms,"  1884,  written 
in  conjunction  with  the  late  Professor 
Romanes,  with  whom  he  studied  the  Sea- 
urchins  ;  "  The  Cranial  Nerves  and  Lateral 
Sense  Organs  of  Elasmobranchs,"  1889-91 ; 
"The  Development  of  the  Horse,"  1894; 
"  The  Birth  of  a  Zebra  Hybrid,"  1896,  this 
being  a  subject  in  which  he  is  now 
practically  interested;  "The  Penicuik 
Experiments :  I.  Telegony  and  Reversion," 
1897.  Addresses  :  Edinburgh  University  ; 
and  the  Bungalow,  Penicuik. 

EWING,  Professor  James  Alfred, 

B.Sc.  Edin.,  Hon.  M.A.  Cantab.,  F.R.S., 
M.Inst.C.E.,  Professor  of  Mechanism  and 
Applied  Mechanics  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Ewing, 
of  Dundee,  was  born  March  27,  1855,  and 
was  educated  at  the  High  School  of  Dun- 
dee, and  at  Edinburgh  University,  where 
he  graduated  in  Science.  He  assisted 
Lord  Kelvin  (Sir  William  Thomson)  and 
the  late  Professor  Fleeming  Jenkin  for  four 
years  in  their  work  as  engineers,  taking 
part  in  a  number  of  telegraph  cable  expedi- 
tions on  their  behalf.  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Japanese  Government 
Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering  in 
the  University  of  Tokio,  which  office  he 
held  till  1883,  when  he  resigned  his  chair 
in  Japan  to  become  Professor  of  Engineer- 
ing in  University  College,  Dundee.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Mechan- 
ism at  Cambridge,  where  he  has  organised 
an  Engineering  Laboratory,  with  teaching 
adapted,  to  the  new  Tripos  in  Mechanical 
Science  which  was  established  by  the 
Senate  of  the  University  in  1892.  While 
in  Japan  he  gave  special  attention  to  the 
study  of  earthquakes,  and  devised  seismo- 
graphs by  which  a  complete  analysis  of 
the  motion  of  the  ground  was  obtained. 
His  apparatus  for  earthquake  measurement 
is  now  used  in  many  observatories,  and 
was  the  subject  of  a  Friday  evening  dis- 
course at  the  Royal  Institution  in  1888. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  "  Earth- 
quake Measurement,"  published  by  the 
University  of  Tokio,  1883,  and  of  many 
papers  on  the  same  subject  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Seismological  Society  of 
Japan.  He  has  given  much  attention  to 
electricity  and  its  applications,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  study  of  Magnetism,  and  is 
the  author  of  a  treatise  on  "Magnetic  In- 
duction in  Iron,"  1890,  and  of  many  papers, 
containing  the  results  of  original  research, 
on  this  and  kindred  subjects,  of  which  the 
chief  are:  "Experimental  Researches  in 
Magnetism,"  Phil.  Trans.,  1885;  "Effects 
of     Stress    and     Magnetisation    on    the 


EXETER  — EYRE 


345 


Thermo-electric  Quality  of  Iron,"  Phil. 
Trans.,  1886;  "Magnetic  Qualities  of 
Nickel,"  Phil.  Trans.,  1888  ;  "Magnetism 
of  Iron  in  Strong  Fields,"  Phil.  Trans., 
1889  ;  "  Time-Lag  in  the  Magnetisation  of 
Iron,"  Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  1889;  "Contribu- 
tions to  the  Molecular  Theory  of  Magnet- 
ism," Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  1890;  "Magnetic 
Qualities  of  Iron,"  Phil.  Trans.,  1893; 
"Magnetic  Testing  of  Iron  and  Steel," 
Min.  Proc.  Inst.  C.E.,  1896.  His  "  Magnetic 
Curve-Tracer,"  for  exhibiting  these  quali- 
ties, was  shown  in  an  evening  lecture  at 
the  Edinburgh  Meeting  of  the  British 
Association  (1892),  and  his  experiments  in 
illustration  of  the  molecular  process  in  mag- 
netic induction  were  shown  at  the  Eoyal 
Institution  in  1891.  His  "  Hysteresis 
Tester"  and  "Permeability  Bridge"  are 
practical  instruments  of  magnetic  measure- 
ment which  are  now  extensively  used  by 
steel-makers  and  electrical  engineers.  In 
1895  he  was  awarded  a  Royal  medal  by 
the  Royal  Society  for  his  researches  in 
Magnetism.  Professor  Ewing  is  the  author 
of  a  treatise  on  "The  Steam-Engine  and 
other  Heat  Engines  "  (2nd  edit.,  1897),  and 
of  several  of  the  longer  articles  on  engi- 
neering subjects  in  the  ninth  edition  of 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  is 
also  a  contributor  to  Chambers's  Encyclo- 
paedia (articles,  "Dynamo,"  "Electric 
Light,"  &c).  He  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Civil,  Mechanical,  and  Elec- 
trical Engineers,  and  was  elected  P.R.S. 
in  1888.  He  married,  in  1879,  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  late  T.  B.  Washington, 
Claymont,  West  Virginia.  Address  :  En- 
gineering Laboratory,  Cambridge. 

EXETER,  Bishop  of.  See  Bickeb- 
steth,  The  Right  Rev.  Edwabd  Henry. 

EYRE,  The  Most  Rev.  Charles, 
LL.D.,  Roman  Catholic  prelate,  son  of  the 
late  John  Lewis  Eyre,  Esq.  (Count  Eyre, 
in  the  Papal  dominions),  and  brother  of 
the  late  Very  Rev.  Monsignor  Eyre,  of 
Hampstead,  was  born  1817,  at  Askam 
Bryan  Hall,  York,  and  educated  at  Ushaw 
College,  Durham,  and  in  Rome.  He  was 
appointed  assistant-priest  at  St.  Andrew's 
Church,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  in  1843  ;  re- 
moved to  St.  Mary's,  Newcastle,  in  1844 ; 
became  senior  priest  at  St.  Mary's  Cathe- 
dral, Newcastle,  in  1847,  and  remained 
there,  with  a  short  interval,  till  Christmas, 
1868.  He  was  for  many  years  Canon  of 
the  diocese  of  Hexham  and  Newcastle, 
and  for  some  time  was  Vicar-General ;  was 
appointed  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop 
for  the  Western  District,  and  Delegate- 
Apostolic  for  Scotland  in  December  1868; 
and  was  consecrated  in  the  church  of  St. 
Andrea  della  Valle,  Rome,  Jan.  13,  1869, 
by  the  title  of  Archbishop  of  Anazarba, 


in  partibus  infidelium.  When  the  ancient 
hierarchy  was  restored  in  Scotland  by 
Pope  Leo  XIII.,  on  March  4,  1878,  Mgr. 
Eyre  was  appointed  Roman  Catholic  Arch- 
bishop of  Glasgow.  Archbishop  Eyre  is 
the  author  of  a  "  History  of  St.  Cuthbert," 
1849  (3rd  edit.,  1889);  "Children  of  the 
Bible,"  "Papers  on  the  Old  Cathedral  of 
Glasgow."  He  is  a  "  Grand  Cross  "  of  the 
Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic,  a  chaplain 
of  the  Order  of  Malta,  and  a  Knight  of 
the  Holy  Sepulchre.  Address :  6  Bowmont 
Gardens,  Glasgow. 

EYRE,  Edward.  John,  for  some  time 
Governor  of  Jamaica,  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Anthony  Eyre,  Vicar  of  Hornsea  and  Long 
Riston,  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
and  Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr.  Mapleton, 
Bath  ;  lineal  descendant  of  the  Eyres  of 
Hope,  Derbyshire,  temp.  Henry  II.,  was 
born  on  Aug.  5,  1815,  and  educated  at  the 
Louth  and  Sedbergh  Grammar  Schools. 
Finding  he  would  have  to  wait  nearly  a 
year  to  obtain  a  commission  in  the  army 
(for  which  the  purchase-money  was  lodged) 
he  elected,  when  only  seventeen  years  of 
age,  to  accept  the  purchase-money  (£450) 
and  go  out  to  Australia  at  once  to  try  his 
fortune.  He  arrived  in  New  South  Wales 
early  in  1833  with  £400,  engaged  in  sheep 
farming,  and  then  in  transporting  stock 
overland  from  New  South  Wales  to  South 
Australia.  In  the  latter  colony  he  pur- 
chased property  on  the  Lower  Murray 
River,  where  he  remained  several  years, 
having  been  appointed  resident  magistrate 
of  his  district,  and  protector  of  the  abori- 
gines. In  a  work  entitled  "Discoveries 
in  Central  Australia,"  published  in  1845, 
he  earnestly  pleads  the  cause  of  the  wan- 
dering native  tribes.  In  the  meantime  he 
distinguished  himself  as  an  Australian 
explorer,  opening  out  an  extensive  tract  of 
previously  unknown  country  to  the  north 
of  Adelaide  in  South  Australia,  and  tra- 
versing the  whole  distance  from  Spencer's 
Gulf  in  138°  east  longitude  to  King 
George's  Sound  in  118°  east  longitude,  thus 
proving  the  practicability  of  an  overland 
route  between  the  colonies  of  SouthAustra- 
lia  and  West  Australia,  for  which  achieve- 
ment he  received  the  Founder's  Medal 
of  the   Royal   Geographical   Society.      In 

1845  Mr.  Eyre  returned  to  England,  and  in 

1846  received  from  Earl  Grey,  then  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Colonies,  the  appoint- 
ment of  Lieut. -Governor  of  New  Zealand, 
as  second  to  the  Governor,  Sir  George 
Grey.  Having  served  his  full  term  as 
a  colonial  governor  he  returned  to  England 
in  1853,  and  about  a  twelvemonth  after- 
wards was  appointed  Lieut.-Governor  of 
the  island  of  St.  Vincent.  This  post  he 
held  for  six  years  ;  and  in  the  years  1859 
and  1860  hewas  in  the  island  of  Antigua, 


346 


EYTON  —  FAED 


filling  the  place  of  the  Governor  of  the 
Leeward  Islands,  who  was  on  leave  of 
absence.  In  1860,  upon  the  termination 
of  his  Governorship  of  Antigua,  Mr.  Eyre 
returned  to  England  to  recruit  his  health  ; 
and  in  1862  he  was  chosen  by  the  late 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Colonies,  to  administer  the  Govern- 
ment-in-Chief  of  Jamaica  and  its  depen- 
dencies during  the  absence  of  Governor 
Darling,  who  had  returned  to  England  on 
account  of  ill-health.  In  consequence  of 
the  non-return  of  Governor  Darling,  Mr. 
Eyre  was  appointed  Captain-General  and 
Governor,  General  -  in  -  Chief  and  Vice- 
Admiral  of  the  Island  of  Jamaica,  July  15, 
1864;  and  an  insurrection  having  broken 
out  in  October  1865,  he  proclaimed  martial 
law,  and  used  very  vigorous  measures  for 
its  suppression.  As  a  result,  what  was 
believed  to  be  a  dangerous  insurrection 
was  crushed.  But  his  measures,  more 
especially  in  the  trial  by  court-martial  and 
condemnation  to  death  of  George  William 
Gordon,  a  mulatto  of  property,  excited 
much  resentment  among  certain  sections 
at  home,  and  a  commission  of  inquiry  was 
despatched  to  Jamaica,  Governor  Eyre 
being  superseded,  and  Sir  Henry  Storks 
temporarily  appointed  in  his  place.  The 
report  of  the  committee,  published  in  June 
1866,  exonerated  Governor  Eyre  from  the 
heavy  charges  brought  against  him,  but 
he  was  recalled,  and  Sir  P.  Grant  ap- 
pointed his  successor.  As  regards  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  emergency  Mr. 
Eyre  had  to  cope  with,  the  commissioners 
reported  :  "  The  disturbances  had  their 
origin  in  a  planned  resistance  to  lawful 
authority  ;  and  not  a  few  had  for  their 
object  the  extirpation  of  the  white  inhabi- 
tants, and  it  spread  with  singular  rapidity 
over  a  vast  tract  of  country  ;  "  and  Sir 
Peter  Grant  (Mr.  Eyre's  successor)  re- 
ported in  reEerence  to  certain  evidence 
taken  before  a  special  commission  of  oyer 
and  terminer  held  on  and  after  Jan.  24, 
1866  :  "  It  appears  to  me  that,  as  far  as  it 
goes,  this  judicial  evidence  is  even  of 
greater  value  than  any  evidence  which 
could  be  obtained  by  the  Eoyal  Commis- 
sion in  their  admirably  conducted  inquiry. 
.  .  .  Moreover,  this  trial,  which  was  held 
according  to  all  the  rules  of  English  law, 
and  was  presided  over  by  a  legal  judge, 
was  necessarily  deliberate,  regular,  fair, 
and  full.  .  .  .  The  judicial  evidence  in  this 
case  proves  that  the  march  and  attack 
upon  the  Court-house  on  the  11th  October 
were  premeditated  as  part  of  an  intended 
insurrection.  .  .  .  That  the  murder  of  cer- 
tain persons  who  were  murdered  on  that 
occasion  was  predetermined,  was  openly 
spoken  of  the  day  before  the  occurrence 
amongst  those  engaged  in  the  attack,  and 
was  boasted  of  afterwards  by  others  so 


engaged.  The  evidence  throws  no  light 
upon  the  cause  which  may  have  led  to  the 
conspiracy  ;  but  it  proves  that  the  assail- 
ants proclaimed,  upon  making  their  attack, 
their  object  to  be  war  ;  that  the  war 
announced  was  a  war  of  colour  ;  and  that 
they  themselves  understood,  the  day  after 
the  slaughter,  that  what  they  had  under- 
taken was  war."  Mr.  Eyre's  health  having 
suffered  from  long  service  in  the  tropics, 
he  retired  from  the  Public  Service  in  1874 
upon  pension  as  a  retired  Colonial  Gover- 
nor. Governor  Eyre  married,  in  1850, 
Adelaide,  daughter  of  Captain  Ormonde, 
R.N.  Address  :  Walreddon  Manor,  Tavi- 
stock, Devon. 

EYTON,  Canon  Robert,  M.A.,  was 
born,  June  21,  1845,  in  Shropshire.  His 
father  was  the  Rev.  R.  W.  Eyton,  Rector 
of  Ryton,  Shropshire,  author  of  "The 
Antiquities  of  Shropshire  " — a  well-known 
antiquary.  He  was  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury Grammar  School,  under  Dr.  Kennedy, 
from  1859  to  1864,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  from  1864  to  1868.  He  was  or- 
dained Deacon  and  Priest  in  1870.  He 
was  Curate  at  St.  Nicholas,  Guildford, 
from  September  1870  to  April  1871,  and 
then  at  St.  Paul's,  Knightsbridge,  from 
1871  to  1874,  and  was  in  charge  of  St. 
Mary's,  Graham  Street,  from  1874  to  1884. 
He  was  appointed  Sub-Almoner  in  1883  by 
the  Bishop  of  Ely  ;  and  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  in  1885,  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone. He  was  Rector  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Upper  Chelsea,  from  1884  to  1895,  and  was 
appointed  Rector  of  St.  Margaret's,  and 
Canon  of  Westminster,  in  1895,  by  the 
Earl  of  Rosebery.  He  is  the  author  of : 
"The  True  Life,"  1889;  "The  Apostles' 
Creed,"  1890  ;  "  The  Lord's  Prayer,"  1892  ; 
"The  Search  for  God,"  1893;  "The  Ten 
Commandments,"  1894  ;  "The  Beatitudes," 
1895;  "The  Temptation  of  Jesus,"  1895; 
"The  Glory  of  the  Lord,"  1897.  Address  : 
17  Dean's  Yard,  Westminster,  S.W. 


FAED,  John,  R.S.A.,  artist,  born  in 
1820,  at  Burley  Mill,  in  the  Stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright,  where  his  father  was  an 
engineer  and  millwright,  showed  an  early 
taste  for  art,  and,  encouraged  by  a  succes- 
ful  painting,  which  he  finished  at  the  age 
of  twelve,  began  to  paint  miniatures  in  his 
own  neighbourhood.  He  repaired  in  1841 
to  Edinburgh,  where  he  exhibited  in  1850 
some  pictures  of  humble  life,  which  met 
with  a  ready  sale.  His  principal  works 
are :  "  Shakespeare  and  his  Contempo- 
raries "  ;  and  two  series  of  drawings,  illus- 
trating "The  Cottar's  Saturday  Night" 


FAED— FAIRBAIEN 


347 


and  "  The  Soldier's  Return."  Since  coming 
to  London  in  1864,  Mr.  Faed  has  painted  : 
"  The  Wappenschaw,  or  Shooting  Match  " ; 
"  Catherine  Sefton  "  ;  "  The  Old  Style  "  ; 
"Tarn  o'  Shanter";  "  Haddon  Hall  of 
Old";  "The  Ballad";  "Old Age";  "The 
Stirrup  Cup  "  ;  "  The  Old  Crockery  Man  " ; 
"John  Anderson,  my  Jo";  "Parting  of 
Evangeline  and  Gabriel";  "The  Old 
Brocade";  "Auld Mare  Maggie "  ;  "Game- 
keeper's Daughter";  and  "The  Hiring 
Fair." 

FAED,  Thomas,  R.A.  (brother  of  Mr. 
John  Faed),  born  at  Burley  Mill,  in  the 
Stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  in  1826,  lost 
his  father  in  his  boyhood,  but,  aided  by 
his  brother,  who  was  working  his  way  to 
reputation  as  an  artist  in  Edinburgh, 
resolved  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  genius. 
While  a  student  at  the  School  of  Design 
in  Edinburgh,  where  for  a  short  period  he 
was  under  the  tuition  of  Sir  W.  Allan,  he 
was  annually  successful  for  the  competi- 
tion for  prizes  in  various  departments.  The 
earliest  work  of  art  he  exhibited  in  public 
was  a  drawing  in  water  colours  from  the 
"  Old  English  Baron."  He  soon  after  took 
to  oil  painting,  exercising  his  brush  on  such 
subjects  as  'draught-players  and  shepherd 
boys.  Mr.  Faed  became  an  Associate  of 
the  Eoyal  Scottish  Academy  in  1849,  settled 
permanently  in  London  in  1852,  and  began 
to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  generally 
choosing  domestic  and  pathetic  subjects, 
or  subjects  appealing  to  Scotch  religious 
sentiment.  In  1855  his  "  Mitherless  Bairn" 
elicited  very  high  praise.  Other  works  by 
Mr.  Faed  are  :  "  Home  and  the  Homeless  "  ; 
"  The  First  Break  in  the  Family  "  ;  "  Sun- 
day in  the  Backwoods"  ;  "The  Last  o'  the 
Clan";  "Hush!  Let  him  Sleep";  "The 
Anxious  Look  Out";  "Highland  Tramp 
crossing  a  Headland";  and  "The  Shep- 
herd's Wife."  He  exhibited  "The  Rustic 
Bather"  in  the  Royal  Academy's  Exhibi- 
tion, 1893.  Mr.  Faed  was  made  A.R.A  in 
1859  and  R.A.  in  1864,  and  retired  in  1893. 
He  was  elected  an  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Vienna  Royal  Academy  in  January 
1875.  Addresses  :  24a  Cavendish  Road, 
St.  John's  Wood,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

FAIRBAIEN,  Sir  Andrew,  D.Sc, 
J.P.,  D.L.,  born  at  Glasgow  on  March  5, 
1828,  is  the  only  son  of  Peter  Fairbairn, 
afterwards  Mayor  of  Leeds,  and  knighted 
by  the  Queen.  He  was  educated  at  Leeds, 
Geneva,  and  Glasgow,  and  in  1846  became 
a  pensioner  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
but  migrated  to  Peterhouse  in  January  of 
the  following  year.  He  graduated  B.A. 
in  January  1850,  and  took  his  M.A.  degree 
in  1853.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  on  April  30,  1852,  and  at- 
tended   the  .West    Riding    Sessions    and 


Northern  Circuit  until  1856.  He  then  re- 
linquished practice,  and  in  I860  became  a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  his  father,  on  whose 
death  in  1861  he  succeeded  to  the  busi- 
ness. In  1866  he  was  elected  Mayor  of 
Leeds,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  same 
office  in  1867.  During  the  latter  year  he 
was  a  Commissioner  of  the  Leeds  Exhibi- 
tion of  Fine  Arts,  and  was  knighted  (by 
patent)  in  1868,  during  the  Ministry  of 
Mr.  Disraeli.  He  resigned  his  mayoralty 
in  September  1868,  in  order  to  stand  as 
Liberal  candidate  for  Leeds.  He  was  un- 
successful, as  also  in  1874,  when  he  con- 
tested Knaresborough.  He  became  a 
director  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  in 
1878,  and  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
Royal  Commissioner  to  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion. In  1880  he  was  elected  Member  for 
the  Eastern  Division  of  the  West  Riding, 
and  when  the  Division  was  split  up  into 
six  sub-divisions  in  1885  he  was  chosen  as 
the  first  representative  of  the  Otley  Divi- 
sion. The  same  year  he  was  appointed 
Vice-President  of  the  Railway  Congress  at 
Brussels,  and  was  made  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  Leopold  by  the 
King  of  the  Belgians.  Having  become  a 
Liberal  Unionist  he  successfully  contested 
the  Otley  Division  in  1886.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  First  Section  of  the  Interna- 
tional Railway  Congress  (Paris,  1889),  when 
he  was  made  a  Commander  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  He  was  High  Sheriff  of  York- 
shire in  1892-93.  In  1862  he  married 
Clara,  daughter  of  Sir  John  L.  Loraine, 
Bart.  Addresses  :  Askham  Grange,  York  ; 
47  Brook  Street,  W.,  &c. 

FAIRBAIRN,     Andrew     Martin, 

M.A.,  D.D.,  Principal  of  Mansfield  College, 
Oxford,  second  son  of  John  Fairbairn,  born 
near  Edinburgh,  Nov.  4,  1838  ;  was  edu- 
cated there,  and  studied  in  the  Universi- 
ties of  Edinburgh  and  Berlin,  and  became 
minister  of  the  Independent  Church,  Bath- 
gate, West  Lothian,  in  1860.  He  was 
transferred  to  Aberdeen  in  1872  ;  appointed 
Principal  of  Airedale  Independent  College 
in  1877  ;  and  Chairman  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Union  of  England  and  Wales  in 
1883  ;  and  became  first  Principal  of  Mans- 
field College,  Oxford,  in  1886.  Is  D.D.  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  1878,  and  of 
Yale,  1889  ;  is  M.A.  (by  decree  of  Convoca- 
tion) of  the  University  of  Oxford,  1896  ; 
was  Muir  Lecturer  on  the  Philosophy  and 
History  of  Religion  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  1878-83  ;  Lyman  Bucher  Lec- 
turer in  the  University  of  Yale,  1891  ;  and 
Gifford  Lecturer  in  the  University  of 
Aberdeen,  1892-94.  Dr.  Fairbairn  is  the 
author  of  "Studies  in  the  Philosophy  of 
Religion  and  History,"  1876  ;  "Studies  in 
the  Life  of  Christ,"  1880;  "The  City  of 
God,"    1882;    "Religion   in    History   and 


348 


FAIRBANKS  —  FAITHFULL 


in  Modern  Life,"  1884  ;  enlarged  edition, 
with  Essay  on  "The  Church  and  the 
Working  Classes,"  1894;  "The  Place  of 
Christ  in  Modern  Theology,"  1893  (7th  ed. 
1896);  "Christ  in  the  Centuries"  (ser- 
mons), 1893,  and  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Contemporary  and  other 
reviews.  In  1883  he  was  Chairman  of  the 
Congregational  Union  of  England  and 
Wales,  and  in  1894-95  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Secondary  Educa- 
tion. He  married  the  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  John  Shields,  Byres,  Bathgate, 
in  1868.  Address:  Mansfield  College, 
Oxford. 

FAIRBANKS,     Charles     Warren, 

United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Union 
County,  Ohio,  May  11,  1852,  and  was 
educated  in  the  schools  of  the  neighbour- 
hood and  at  Wesleyan  University,  Dela- 
ware, Ohio,  graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1872.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1874,  and  removed  to  Indianapolis, 
Indiana,  the  same  year,  where  he  has 
practised  his  profession.  He  was  elected 
a  trustee  of  Wesleyan  University,  Ohio,  in 
1885  ;  was  Chairman  of  the  Republican 
Convention   of    the   State   of   Indiana   in 

1892,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  election  to  the  United  States  Senate  in 

1893.  He  was  elected  U.S.  Senator  in 
1897,  and  took  his  seat  March  4  in  that 
year.  In  1898  he  was  appointed  on  the 
Joint  Commission  to  settle  questions  at 
issue  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States. 

FAIRFAX,  Admiral  Sir  Henry, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.G.S.,  the  son  of  Colonel  Sir 
Henry  Fairfax,  Bart.,  was  born  in  June 
1837,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1850.  His 
first  memorable  service  was  in  H.M.S. 
Amphitrite,  which  went  two  voyages  to 
Behring  Strait  and  the  Arctic  Sea,  reach- 
ing a  very  high  latitude.  As  Lieutenant 
in  H.M.S.  Ariel,  on  the  south-east  coast  of 
Africa,  he  was  constantly  employed  in  boat 
service  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave- 
trade,  and  on  several  occasions  performed 
distinguished  service.  He  was  speciallypro- 
moted  to  the  rank  of  Commander  in  1862  for 
great  gallantry  exhibited  in  the  capture  of 
a  piratical  slaver.  He  was  promoted  Cap- 
tain in  1868,  and  in  1872  accompanied  Sir 
Bartle  Frere  as  Naval  Attache'  on  his  special 
mission  to  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar.  On  his 
return,  Sir  Henry  was  appointed  private 
secretary  to  the  First  Lord  of  the  Ad- 
miralty. As  captain  of  H.M.S.  Volage  he 
conveyed  the  astronomical  expedition  to 
Kerguelen  for  the  purpose  of  observing  the 
Transit  of  Venus  in  1874,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  appointed  Senior  Offi- 
cer on  the  South-East  Coast  of  America. 
In   1877   he  took  over  the   command  of 


H.M.S.  Britannia,  and  personally  superin- 
tended the  studies  of  Prince  Albert  Victor 
and  Prince  George  of  Wales,  who  were 
then  on  board  as  cadets.  For  this  service 
he  received  the  C.B.,  Civil  Division.     In 

1881  he  became  an  Aide-de-camp  to  the 
Queen,  and  the  year  following  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  H.M.S.  Monarch.  In 
this  ship  he  took  part  in  the  bombardment 
of  Alexandria,  and  at  the  finish  of  the 
operations,  Captain  Fairfax  was  appointed 
to  command  the  naval  and  marine  forces 
which  were  landed  at  Port  Said  in  August 

1882  for  the  preservation  of  order.  He  re- 
ceived a  OB.  and  the  thanks  of  the  Egyptian 
Government  for  these  services,  and  also 
the  Egyptian  medal,  bronze  star,  and  the 
Osmanieh  of  the  third  class.  Sir  Henry  was 
promoted  Rear-Admiral  in  1885,  and  was 
appointed  Commander  -  in  -  Chief  on  the 
Australian  Station  in  1887.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1889,  and  became  a  Lord 
Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty,  and  also  a 
member  of  the  Committee  appointed  to 
take  evidence  and  to  report  upon  the  man- 
ning of  the  Navy.  He  commanded  the 
Red  Fleets  in  the  naval  manoeuvres  of  1892 
and  1893  with  his  flag  in  H.M.S.  Royal 
Sovereign,  and  was  also  senior  officer  in 
command  of  the  Channel  Squadron  from 
May  1892  to  May  1894.  Sir  Henry  was 
promoted  K.C.B.  in  May  1896,  and  is  a 
J.  P.  and  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of  Rox- 
burghshire. He  married  in  1872  Harriet, 
daughter  of  Sir  David  Kinloch,  Bart. 
Addresses  :  Ravenswood,  Melrose  ;  and  5 
Cranley  Place,  S.W. 

FAITHFULL,  Lilian,  was  born  12th 
March  1865,  at  Hoddesdon,  Herts,  and 
is  the  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Francis 
Grantham  Faithfull,  for  twenty  years 
Clerk  to  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company. 
Her  early  education  was  conducted  at 
home,  and  she  was  also  privately  coached 
by  her  uncle,  the  Rev.  Charles  Crittenden. 
In  1883  she  entered  Somerville  College, 
Oxford,  where  she  gained  an  Exhibition, 
and  successively  passed  the  1st  and  2nd 
Examinations  for  women  in  1884  and  1885, 
achieving  First  Class  Honours  in  the  final 
school  of  English  Literature  in  1887. 
Throughout  her  career  at  Oxford  she 
evinced  great  interest,  not  only  in  her 
studies,  but  in  athletics  and  the  various 
societies  connected  with  college  life. 
From  1887  to  1888  she  remained  at  College 
as  Secretary  to  the  Principal,  Miss  Shaw 
Lef evre.  Subsequently  she  was  for  a  year 
a  form  mistress  in  the  Oxford  High  School. 
She  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Modern 
History  and  English  Literature  at  the 
Royal  Holloway  College  in  1889,  where 
she  remained  for  five  years  preparing 
several  successful  students  for  the  London 
B.A.  degree.    In  1896  the  Council  of  King's 


FALGUIERE  —  FALMOUTH 


3-19 


College,  London,  appointed  her  Vice- 
Principal  of  the  Ladies'  Department, 
which  is  carried  on  at  13  Kensington 
Square,  W.,  where  she  resides  during  each 
term.  Miss  Faithfull  is  a  niece  of  the  late 
Sir  Monier  Monier  Williams,  Sanscrit  Pro- 
fessor at  Oxford,  and  cousin  to  the  late 
Miss  Emily  Faithfull,  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  women's  work.  Since  her  appoint- 
ment to  King's  College,  she  has  become 
President  of  the  All  England  Ladies' 
Hockey  Association,  and  her  interest  in 
sports  makes  her  specially  popular  with 
the  students.  Address  :  13  Kensington 
Square,  W. 

FALGUI^EE,  Jean  Alexandre 
Joseph,  a  French  painter  and  sculptor, 
was  born  at  Toulouse,  Sept.  7,  1831.,  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Jouffroy,  and  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts  gained  the  Prix  de  Rome 
in  1859.  In  1857  he  sent  to  the  Salon  al 
plaster  statue  of  the  Infant  Theseus,  which 
was  reproduced  in  marble  and  exhibited 
in  1865.  Since  then  he  has  executed  "  A 
Christian  Martyr,"  now  in  the  Gallery  of 
the  Luxembourg,  1867  ;  "  Ophelia,"  1869  ; 
"Vainqueur  au  Combat  de  Coq,"  1870, 
also  in  the  Luxembourg  ;  "  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,"  1872  (purchased  by  the  Govern- 
ment) ;  "  Danseuse  Egyptienne,"  1873, 
for  the  Theatre  Francais  ;  "La  Suisse 
accueillant  l'ArmtSe  Fran§aise,"  1874,  pre- 
sented to  the  town  of  Toulouse  by  the 
Federal  Council ;  a  bust  of  Lamartine, 
1876,  which  was  solemnly  unveiled  at 
Macon  in  August  1878  ;  "  Coquelin  Cadet," 
1886  ;  "  Diane,"  1887  ;  "  La  Musique," 
1889;  "La  Femme  au  Paon,"  1890;  and 
many  other  busts  and  statues,  including  a 
monument  of  Admiral  Courbet  at  Abbe- 
ville and  a  monument  of  Lafayette  for 
Washington.  M.  Falguiere  is  also  well 
known  as  a  painter.  His  first  picture, 
"  Pres  du  Chateau,"  1873,  attracted  much 
attention;  "  Les  Lutteurs,"  1875,  was 
warmly  praised,  as  were  also  "  Cain  and 
Abel,"  1876  ;  and  "The  Beheading  of  John 
the  Baptist,"  1877.  Amongst  more  recent 
paintings  may  be  mentioned  :  "  Acis  et 
Galat^e,"  1885  ;  "Madeleine,"  1887  ; 
"  Nain  Mendiant,"  1888;  and  "Junon," 
1889.  At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1868  he 
was  awarded  a  medal  of  the  first  class. 
He  is  a  Commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Academie  in  succession  to  his  master, 
Jouffroy,  in  1882.  His  "  Fan  and  Dagger," 
a  revengeful  Spanish  beauty,  is  now  in  the 
Luxembourg.  In  1898,  when  the  Society 
des  Gens  de  Lettres  refused  to  accept  M. 
Rodin's  (q. v.)  statue  of  Balzac,  the  com- 
mission was  given  to  M.  Falguiere. 

FALK,  Dr.  Paul  Ludwig  Adalbert, 

a  German  statesman,  born  at  Metschkau, 


in  Silesia,  in  1827,  is  the  son  of  a  Lutheran 
minister,  who  was  a  "liberal  theologian." 
He  studied  first  in  the  Realschule  of 
Landeshut,  then  at  the  Gymnasium  in 
Breslau,  and  finally  at  the  University  of 
the  latter  city.  In  1847  he  began  his 
legal  career  ;  in  1850  he  became  an  assis- 
tant of  the  Public  Prosecutor  in  Breslau  ; 
in  1853  chief  of  this  office  at  Lyck  ;  in 
1861  he  assumed  the  same  functions  before 
the  Kammergericht  or  Superior  Court,  with 
duties  in  the  Ministry  of  Justice  ;  in  1862 
he  became  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
at  Glogau  ;  and  in  1868  he  was  perma- 
nently assigned  as  Privy  Councillor,  or 
Geheimrath,  to  the  Ministry  of  Justice. 
He  sat  in  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies 
from  1858  to  1861  ;  he  was  elected  to  the 
Constituent  North  German  Reichstag  in 
1867 ;  and  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Imperial  Parliament  ever  since  its  estab- 
ishment.  When  Prince  Bismarck  resolved 
to  weaken  the  influence  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  in  Prussia,  he  caused  Dr. 
Falk  to  be  nominated  Minister  of  Public 
Worship  (Jan.  22,  1872),  in  succession  to 
Dr.  Von  Miihler.  During  his  tenure  of 
office,  Dr.  Falk  succeeded  in  passing 
various  repressive  laws  directed  against 
the  hierarchy  and  the  clergy,  and  his 
name  has  thus  become  known  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  German  Empire.  He  resigned 
the  post  of  Minister  of  Public  Worship, 
July  14,  1879,  and  was  succeeded  by  Herr 
von  Puttkamer.  In  January  1892  he  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Higher  Tri- 
bunal of  Westphalia  at  Hamm,  and  retired 
from  Parliamentary  life.  The  Emperor 
has  decorated  him  with  the  order  of  the 
Black  Eagle. 

FALMOUTH,  Viscount,  Major- 
General  Evelyn  E.  T.  Boscawen, 
C.B.,  7th  Viscount,  was  born  July  24, 
1847,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  1889. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  entered  the 
army  as  Lieutenant  in  the  Coldstream 
Guards  in  July  1866,  and  was  promoted 
Captain  in  1870.  He  was  appointed  Adju- 
tant of  his  regiment  in  1876,  after  having 
served  as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  Ireland.  From  March  1878  to 
September  1880  he  acted  as  Assistant- 
Military  Secretary  at  Headquarters,  Ire- 
land, and  attained  the  command  of  a 
battalion  of  his  regiment  as  Lieut-Colonel 
in  November  1893.  Lord  Falmouth  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Egyptian  campaign 
of  1882,  being  present  at  the  action  of 
Mahuta  and  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir. 
He  received  a  medal  with  clasp,  the  bronze 
star,  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the  fourth  class. 
In  the  Soudan  war  of  1884  he  served  in  the 
Nile  Expedition,  had  command  of  the 
Guards'  Camel  Corps,  and  was  present  at 
the   action   of   Abu   Klea.      He   also  had 


350 


FANE  —  FAEQUHAESON 


executive  command  at  the  action  of  El 
Gubat  and  the  reconnaissance  of  Metam- 
meh.  Lord  Falmouth  was  several  times 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  received  a 
C.B.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  Colonel 
of  the  Coldstream  Guards,  and  of  one  of 
the  Home  Regimental  Districts.  He 
married  in  1886  the  Hon.  Kathleen 
Douglas-Pennant,  daughter  of  Lord  Pen- 
rhyn,  and  has  issue.  He  has  a  second 
title,  Lord  Boscawen-Eose,  and  in  1891 
his  lordship  succeeded  his  mother  in  the 
Barony  of  Le-Despencer  (creation  1264). 
He  is  a  D.L.  and  J.  P.  of  Kent.  Addresses  : 
52  South  Audley  Street,  S.W. ;  Tregothnan, 
Truro  ;  and  Mereworth  Castle,  Maidstone. 

FANE,  Sir  Edmund  Douglas 
Veitch,  K.C.M.G.,  J. P.,  D.L.,  Minister  at 
Copenhagen,  was  born  May  6,  1837,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  Prebendary  Fane.  He  was 
educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and 
became  Attache  at  Teheran  in  1858.  He 
then  was  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Vienna, 
Copenhagen,  Madrid,  and  Constantinople, 
where  he  was  Minister  Plenipotentiary  ad 
interim  in  1892.  In  1893  he  was  appointed 
Envoy  Extraordinary  to  the  King  of  Servia, 
which  position  he  left  for  his  present  post 
in  1898.  He  is  a  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Wilt- 
shire, and  was  created  K.C.M.G.  at  New 
Year,  1899.  English  address :  Boyton 
Manor,  Heytesbury,  Wilts. 

FANE,  Violet.  See  Currie,  Lady 
P.  W. 

FANTIN  LATOUR,  Ignace  Henri 
Jean  Theodore,  French  painter,  was 
born  at  Grenoble,  Jan.  14,  1836,  and  is  the 
son  of  a  famous  pastellist  who  died  in 
1875.  He  was  educated  by  his  father,  by 
Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran,  and  Courbet.  His 
first  picture,  "  Studies  from  Nature,"  was 
exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1861,  and  in  1864 
his  "Hommage  a  Delacroix,"  where  the 
painter  is  surrounded  by  his  principal 
disciples  and  defenders,  created  a  great 
sensation.  He  repeated  this  in  1865  with 
"  Le  Toast,"  in  which  he  grouped  around 
the  statue  of  Truth  some  of  the  artists 
and  writers  of  that  day.  Since  then  his 
attention  has  been  chiefly  given  to  por- 
traits and  flower  -  painting.  His  chief 
works  have  been  :  "  Portrait  of  Edouard 
Manet  (the  painter),"  1867;  "Un  Atelier 
aux  Batignolles,"  1870,  now  in  the  Luxem- 
bourg ;  "  Coin  de  Table,"  1872,  in  which 
he  represented  his  friends  Paul  Verlaine, 
Jean  Aicard,  Arthur  Rimbaud,  Camille 
Pelletan,  and  others  ;  "  Souvenirs  de  Bay- 
reuth,"  1877  ;  and  "  La  Tentation  de  Sainte 
Antoine,"  1891.  M.  Fantin-Latour  has 
lived  in  London  for  some  years  past,  and 
has  been  a  continual  exhibitor  of  flower- 
paintings  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the 


Salon.  He  was  decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1879,  and  in  1898  had  three 
pictures  exhibited  at  the  loan  collection 
at  the  Guildhall.  Address :  26  Golden 
Square,  W. 

FARLEY,  James  Lewis,  only  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Farley,  of  Meiltran, 
co.  Cavan,  was  born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  9, 
1823.  After  the  Crimean  war  and  the 
peace  of  Paris  in  1856,  the  attention  of 
English  capitalists  was  directed  to  Turkey, 
and  the  Ottoman  Bank  was  formed.  Mr. 
Farley  accepted  the  post  of  Chief  Ac- 
countant of  the  branch  at  Beyrout,  which 
he  assisted  in  successfully  establishing. 
In  1860  he  was  appointed  Accountant- 
General  of  the  State  Bank  of  Turkey  at 
Constantinople,  which  subsequently  be- 
came merged  in  the  Imperial  Ottoman 
Bank.  He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  newspaper  press  on  questions  relative 
to  the  trade  and  finances  of  Turkey,  and 
was  special  correspondent  for  the  Daily 
News  during  the  Sultan's  visit  to  Egypt  in 
1863,  and  during  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
visits  to  Constantinople  in  1869.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  "  Two  Years  in  Syria," 
1858  ;  "  The  Druses  and  Maronites,"  1861 ; 
"The  Resources  of  Turkey,"  1862  ;  "Bank- 
ing in  Turkey,"  1863  ;  and  "Turkey,"  1866. 
In  recognition  of  his  literary  services  to 
the  Turkish  Empire,  he  was,  in  March  1870, 
appointed  Consul  at  Bristol  for  his  Im- 
perial Majesty  the  Sultan.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Statistical  Society  of  London,  and 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Institut 
Egyptien,  founded  by  the  first  Napoleon 
in  Alexandria.    Address  :  Bristol. 

FAEftUHAR,  Lord,  Horace  Brand 
Townsend-Farquhar,  J.  P.,  is  the  son  of 

Sir  Walter  M.  Townsend-Farquhar,  and 
was  born  in  1844.  He  sat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  Liberal  Unionist  Member  for 
West  Marylebone  from  1895  to  1898,  and 
he  has  represented  East  Marylebone  on 
the  London  County  Council  since  1889. 
He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1892,  and 
was  raised  to  the  Peerage  in  1898.  Lord 
Farquhar  is  President  of  the  London 
Municipal  Society,  is  a  Director  of  the 
British  South  Africa  Company,  and  is  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Middlesex  and 
London.  He  was  married  in  1895  to 
Emily,  daughter  of  Colonel  H.  Packe, 
Grenadier  Guards,  of  Hurleston,  North- 
amptonshire. Addresses :  7  Grosvenor 
Square,  W. ;  and  Castle  Rising,  Norfolk. 

FARQTJHARSON,  Robert,  M.P., 
LL.D.  Aberdeen,  M.D.  Edinburgh,  J.P., 
D.L.,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1836,  and 
is  the  second  son  of  Francis  Farquhar- 
son  of  Finzean.  He  was  educated  at 
the     Edinburgh    Academy    and    Univer- 


FARRAR 


351 


sity,  and  received  his  medical  training 
at  Edinburgh,  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna. 
He  was  formerly  Assistant  Surgeon  to  the 
Coldstreams,  Physician  to  the  Belgrave 
Hospital  for  Children,  Assistant-Physician, 
Joint  -  Physician  (Skin  Department),  and 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  at  St.  Mary's 
Hospital.  He  has  published  several  works 
on  Therapeutics,  notably  "A  Guide  to 
Therapeutics,"  now  in  its  fifth  edition,  and, 
as  Medical  Officer  to  Rugby  School,  was 
the  author  of  "School  Hygiene,  the  Diseases 
Incidental  to  School  Life,"  and  a  work  on 
the  influence  of  athletics  on  health.  He 
has  contributed  various  papers  to  the  lead- 
ing medical  journals.  Dr.  Farquharson  is 
an  extensive  landowner,  and  in  1880  he 
entered  political  life,  and  was  elected 
Liberal  Member  for  West  Aberdeenshire, 
a  constituency  he  continues  to  represent. 
London  address  :  Migvie  Lodge,  Porchester 
Gardens,  W. 

FARRAR,  The  Very  Rev.  Frederic 
William,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  Dean  of  Canter- 
bury, son  of  the  Rev.  C.  P.  Farrar,  Rector 
of  Sidcup,  Kent,  was  born  in  Bombay  Aug. 
7,  1831.  He  received  his  education  at 
King  William's  College,  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  and  at  King's  College,  London.  He 
became  a  classical  exhibitioner  of  the 
University  of  London  in  1850,  graduated 
B.A.  there,  and  was  appointed  a  Univer- 
sity scholar  in  1852.  Mr.  Farrar  was 
successively  a  Scholar  and  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1854 
he  took  his  Bachelor's  degree  in  that 
University  as  fourth  in  the  first  class  of 
the  Classical  Tripos,  and  a  Junior  Optime 
in  Mathematics.  He  had  already  obtained 
the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  English  Verse 
by  his  poem  on  "  The  Arctic  Regions," 
and  he  subsequently  gained  the  Le  Bas 
Classical  Prize,  and  became  also  Norrisian 
Prizeman.  In  1854  he  was  ordained 
deacon  by  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  and 
in  1857  he  was  admitted  into  priest's 
orders  by  the  Bishop  of  Ely.  For  many 
years  he  was  one  of  the  Assistant  Masters 
at  Harrow  under  Dr.  Vaughan,  and  under 
his  successor  Dr.  Butler ;  and  he  held, 
with  great  distinction,  the  Head-Master- 
ship of  Marlborough  College  from  Janu- 
ary 1871  till  April  1876.  Dr.  Farrar  was  a 
select  preacher  before  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  1868,  and  again  in  1874-75, 
and  often  since,  and  he  preached  the 
Hulsean  Lectures  in  1870.  He  has  fre- 
quently been  appointed  to  preach  before 
the  University  of  Oxford,  and  was  Bamp- 
ton  Lecturer  in  1885.  He  was  an  Honorary 
Chaplain  to  the  Queen  from  1869  to  1873, 
when  he  was  nominated  one  of  her 
Majesty's  Chaplains  in  Ordinary.  In 
April  1876  he  was  appointed  to  a  canonry 
in  Westminster  Abbey  and  the  rectory  of 


St.  Margaret's,  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Canon  Conway.  He  was  appointed  Arch- 
deacon of  Westminster,  April  24,  1883  ; 
and  has  three  times  been  elected  by  the 
clergy  of  Westminster  as  their  Rural 
Dean.  In  1890  Archdeacon  Farrar  was 
offered  by  the  Speaker,  and  accepted, 
the  Chaplaincy  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
rendered  vacant  by  the  death  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  White.  He  was  appointed  Dean  of 
Canterbury  in  1895,  and  in  the  same  year 
became  Deputy  Clerk  of  the  Closet  to  the 
Queen.  Dr.  Farrar  is  the  author  of  the 
following  works  of  fiction  :  "  Eric,  or 
Little  by  Little,"  1858;  "Julian  Home," 
1859  ;  and  "  St.  Winifred's,  or  the  World 
of  School,"  1863  ;  "Darkness  and  Dawn," 
1895  ;  "  Gathering  Clouds,"  1891 ;  "  Alle- 
gories," 1898.  His  philological  works 
are  :  "  The  Origin  of  Language,"  1860  ; 
"  Chapters  on  Language,"  1865  ;  "  Greek 
Grammar  Rules,"  6th  edit.,  1865  ;  "  Greek 
Syntax,"  3rd  edit.,  1867  ;  "  Families  of 
Speech,"  1870  ;  and  "  Language  and  Lan- 
guages," being  a  revised  edition  of  "  Chap- 
ters on  Language "  and  "  Families  of 
Speech,"  comprised  in  one  volume,  1878. 
He  has  also  published  "  A  Lecture  (before 
the  Royal  Institution)  on  Public  School 
Education,"  with  notes,  1867  ;  and  edited 
"Essays  on  a  Liberal  Education,"  2nd 
edit.,  1868.  Both  of  these  works  con- 
tributed powerfully  to  enlarged  ideas  on 
the  subject  of  Public  School  Education. 
His  theological  works  are  :  "  Seekers  after 
God  "  (Sunday  Library),  1869  ;  "  The 
Witness  of  History  to  Christ  ;  being  the 
Hulsean  Lectures  for  1870,"  1871  ;  "In  the 
Days  of  thy  Youth,"  sermons  preached  in 
the  Chapel  of  Marlborough  College,"  1877 ; 
"  The  Life  of  Christ,"  2  vols.,  1874,  which 
reached  its  twelfth  edition  in  a  single  year ; 
"  Life  of  St.  Paul,"  1879  ;  and  "  The 
Early  Days  of  Christianity,"  2  vols.,  1882  ; 
besides  several  volumes  of  sermons  ;  and 
notably  that  bold  work,  "  Eternal  Hope," 
1880,  in  which  Canon  Farrar  combats  the 
doctrine  of  eternal  torture  in  hell.  In  his 
work  on  "  The  Bible :  its  Meaningand  Supre- 
macy," he  brought  to  a  head  and  helped  to 
perpetuate  a  very  necessary  change  of  view 
on  the  subject  of  inspiration.  All  Dr. 
Farrar's  works  have  passed  through  many 
editions,  and  many  of  them  have  been 
translated  into  French,  German,  Dutch, 
Russian,  Swedish,  and  Italian.  Besides 
these  works,  Dr.  Farrar  has  been  a  contri- 
butor to  the  Speaker's  Commentary  (Book 
of  Wisdom)  and  Bishop  Ellicott's  Com- 
mentary (Book  of  Judges) ;  to  the  Cam- 
bridge Bible  for  Schools  he  has  contributed 
commentaries  on  St.  Luke  and  the  Epistle 
to  the  Hebrews,  both  in  the  Greek  and  in 
the  English  editions.  To  the  "  Expositor's 
Bible "  he  contributed  commentaries  on 
the  First  Book  of  Kings  and  the  Book  of 


352 


FARREN  —  FAUDEL-PHILLIPS 


Daniel.  He  also  furnished  articles  to 
Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  Kitto's 
"Biblical  Cyclopaedia,"  the  "  Encyclopedia 
Britannica,"  &c.  In  1883  he  was  ap- 
pointed Rural  Dean  by  the  late  Bishop  of 
London,  and  was  re-elected  by  the  clergy 
to  the  same  office  in  1885.  Archdeacon 
Farrar  is  Honorary  Chaplain  of  the  2nd 
Volunteer  Battalion  Royal  Fusiliers,  and 
of  the  Church  Lads'  Brigade.  In  1885  he 
was  appointed  Bampton  Lecturer  before 
the  University  of  Oxford,  and  delivered  a 
course  (since  published)  on  "The  History 
of  Interpretation."  In  1885  he  visited 
America,  where  he  received  a  hearty 
welcome  from  all  classes,  and  especially 
from  the  members  of  all  religious  denomi- 
nations. He  has  taken  a  prominent  part 
in  temperance  reform,  in  the  Diocesan 
Council  for  the  welfare  of  young  men,  in 
the  Westminster  Sanitary  Aid  Associa- 
tions, in  the  Westminster  Sunday  School 
Association  (of  which  he  was  the  founder), 
in  the  formation  of  a  seaside  camp  for 
London  youths,  in  the  support  of  brother- 
hoods, and  in  many  other  philanthropic 
works.  As  Dean  of  Canterbury  he  has 
already  raised  more  than  £18,000  for  the 
restoration  of  the  Cathedral.  Addresses  : 
The  Deanery,  Canterbury ;  and  Athenamm. 

FARREN,  Ellen  (Mrs.  R.  Soutar), 
best  known  as  Nellie  Farren,  was  born  in 
Lancashire,  and  is  the  daughter  of  Henry 
Farren.  She  first  appeared  on  the  London 
stage  at  the  Victoria  Theatre  in  March, 
1864,  as  Ninetta  in  "  The  Woman  in  Red." 
In  the  same  year  she  joined  the  company 
at  the  Olympic.  It  is  at  the  Gaiety 
Theatre,  however,  that  her  best  triumphs 
have  been  won.  She  joined  that  theatre, 
on  its  opening  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  John  Hollingshead,  in  December  1868, 
appearing  in  the  piece  entitled  "On  the 
Cards."  Her  connection  with  the  Gaiety, 
in  its  palmiest  days,  was  a  long  one,  and 
she  took  a  leading  part  in  most  of  the  plays 
produced  here.  For  twenty-five  years,  it 
will  be  remembered,  she  took  the  leading 
part  in  every  burlesque,  including  the 
famous  "  Ruy  Bias."  She  became  the 
idol  of  the  public  at  the  Gaiety  Theatre. 
Owing  to  illness,  this  gifted  comedienne 
was  latterly  compelled  to  withdraw  for  a 
long  period  from  the  scene  of  her  former 
triumphs.  On  March  17,  1898,  the  "  Nellie 
Farren  Benefit "  proved  one  of  the  greatest 
events  of  the  London  theatrical  year. 
Over  £6000  was  raised  by  the  perform- 
ance, the  sale  of  programmes  and  photo- 
graphs of  Miss  Farren  realising  £500.  All 
the  talent  of  the  London  stage  contributed 
to  the  success  of  this  unique  entertain- 
ment, and  the  final  scene  of  the  perform- 
ance showed  Miss  Nellie  Farren  in  person, 
seated  on  a  rostrum,  and  encircled  by  all 


the  principal  assistants  in  the  success  of 
the  afternoon.  It  is  understood  that  the 
large  sum  realised  by  the  performance  has 
purchased  a  respectable  annuity  for  one 
who,  in  a  gloomy  age,  has  added  materi- 
ally to  the  gaiety  of  nations.  This  annuity 
the  Messrs.  Rothschild  have  very  fittingly 
guaranteed  to  pay  Miss  Farren  annually. 
Two-thirds  of  the  total  she  will  be  allowed 
to  dispose  of  by  testament,  while  £1000 
will  be  devoted  to  the  establishment  of  a 
"  Nellie  Farren  "  cot  in  a  children's 
hospital,  and  another  £1000  will  be 
equally  divided  between  the  two  principal 
theatrical  benevolent  funds. 

F  ARRER,  Lord,  Sir  Thomas  Henry 
Farrer,  Bart.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  June 
24,  1819,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas  Farrer, 
of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
graduating  as  B.A.  in  1841,  became  a 
barrister  in  1844,  and  in  1850  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant-Secretary  of  the  Marine 
Department  of  the  Board  of  Trade.  He 
was  subsequently  appointed  Permanent 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and 
resigned  in  1886.  He  was  formerly  very 
active  on  the  London  County  Council,  was 
Vice-Chairman  of  the  same,  and  was 
appointed  Alderman  (Progressive)  in  1889, 
being  reappointed  recently  until  1901,  but 
he  resigned  in  March  1898.  He  is  a 
staunch  and  eloquent  Free-Trader,  and 
has  published  "  Free  Trade  versus  Fair 
Trade,"  and  other  works.  As  a  politician 
he  made  a  vigorous  attack  on  the  Sugar 
Convention  Bill,  and  on  the  Civil  Service 
Superannuation  Bill,  both  which  bills 
were  withdrawn  by  Lord  Salisbury's  first 
Government.  In  1883  he  was  "made  a 
Baronet,  and  in  1893  was  raised  to  the 
Peerage  for  his  long  public  services  by  the 
title  of  Lord  Farrer  of  Abinger  in  Surrey. 
In  Feb.  1899,  he  was  appointed  President 
of  the  Cobden  Club,  a  new  office.  He 
married  (2),  in  1873,  Katherine  Euphemia, 
daughter  of  Hensleigh  Wedgwood.  Ad- 
dresses :  Abinger  Hall,  Dorking ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

FAUDEL- PHILLIPS,  Sir  George 
Faudel,  Bart.,  G.C.I.E.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was 

born  in  1840,  and  is  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Benjamin  Phillips,  who  was  Lord  Mayor  of 
London  in  1865-66.  He  was  educated  at 
University  College  School,  and  in  Berlin 
and  Paris,  and  is  now  famous  among  his 
friends  as  a  book- collector.  He  was 
Sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex,  1884-85  ; 
became  Alderman  of  Ward  of  Farringdon 
Within,  in  succession  to  his  father,  in  1888  ; 
was  High  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  London 
in  1895,  and  was  Lord  Mayor  of  London, 
1896-97.  In  1894  he  was  appointed  a 
Governor  of  the  Irish  Society,  which  is  the 


FAUEE  —  FA  YE 


353 


managing  body  of  Irish  Estates  of  the 
Corporation  of  the  City  of  London.  He  is 
also  Governor  of  St.  Bartholomew's  and 
other  hospitals,  and  Chairman  or  Presi- 
dent of  many  important  bodies.  During 
his  Mayoralty  he  superintended  the  rais- 
ing of  the  Indian  Famine  Fund  of  half-a- 
million  pounds.  He  assumed  the  addi- 
tional name  of  Faudel  (his  mother's  maiden 
name)  in  1895,  and  received  the  honour  of 
a  baronetcy  and  the  G-.C.I.E.  at  the  time 
of  the  1897  Jubilee,  at  which  great  func- 
tion he  received  the  Queen,  in  her  pro- 
gress through  London,  at  Temple  Bar.  He 
has  many  Foreign  Orders.  He  married,  in 
1867,  Helen,  sister  of  Sir  Edward  Lawson, 
the  first  Bart.  Addresses :  52  Grosvenor 
Gardens,  S.W.,  &c. ;  and  Ball's  Park,  Hert- 
ford. 

FATJBE,  Jean-Baptiste,  a  famous 
French  baritone  singer,  born  at  Moulines, 
Jan.  15,  1830,  was  educated  at  the  Con- 
servatoire from  1843  to  1852,  and  made 
his  ddbut  at  the  Opera  Comique  in  the 
latter  year.  M.  Faure  performed  at  the 
Opera  House  in  Paris,  in  "Pierre  de 
Medicis,"  Oct.  14,  1861.  In  1857  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Singing  to  the 
Conservatoire,  in  succession  to  M.  Fre'de'ric 
Pouchard,  and  appeared  during  several 
seasons  at  the  Royal  Italian  Opera,  Covent 
Garden.  For  many  years  M.  Faure  was 
acknowledged  head  of  the  French  lyric 
stage.  He  was  nominated  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  December  1881. 
He  is  the  possessor  of  a  fine  collection  of 
works  of  art. 

FAWCETT,  Edgar,  American  man 
of  letters,  was  born  at  New  York,  May 
26,  1847,  and  graduated  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege in  1867.  He  has  published  "  Short 
Poems  for  Short  People,"  1871;  "Purple 
and  Fine  Linen,"  1874;  "Ellen  Story," 
1876;  "Fantasy  and  Passion,"  poems,  1877; 
"A  Hopeless  Case,"  1880;  "A  Gentle- 
man of  Leisure,"  1881;  "An  Ambitious 
Woman,"  1883;  "Tinkling  Cymbals," 
"Adventures  of  a  Widow,"  "Song  and 
Story,  Later  Poems,"  "Rutherford,"  and 
"The  Buntling  Ball,"  1884;  "Social  Sil- 
houettes," 1885  ;  "Romance  and  Revery," 
1886;  "The  Confessions  of  Claud,"  "The 
House  at  High  Bridge,"  "Douglas  Dnane," 
and  "The  New  King  Arthur,"  1887;  "A 
Man's  Will,"  "Olivia  Delaplaine,"  and 
"Divided  Lives,"  1888;  "A  Demoralis- 
ing Marriage,"  "Agnosticism  and  other 
Essays,"  "Miriam  Balestier,"  and  "  Sola- 
rion,"  1889;  "The  Evil  that  Men  Do," 
"Fabian  Dimitry,"  "A  Daughter  of 
Silence,"  and  "How  a  Husband  Forgave," 
1890 ;  "  A  Romance  of  Two  Brothers  "  ;  "  A 
New  York  Family,"  "Loaded  Dice,"  and 
"Songs   of    Doubt    and    Dream,"    1891; 


"Women  must  Weep,"  "An  Heir  to 
Millions,"  "American  Push,"  and  "The 
Adopted  Daughter,"  1892  ;  "  The  New 
Nero,"  and  "A  Round  Unvarnished  Tale," 
1893  ;  "Outrageous Fortune,"  1894;  "Life's 
Fitful  Fever,"  1895  ;  "  A  Romance  of  Old 
New  York,"  1896;  "Two  Daughters  of 
One  Race"  (Lippincott' s  Magazine),  1897. 
London  address :  109  Great  Portland 
Street,  W. 

FAWCETT,  Mrs.  Millicent  Garrett, 

born  at  Aldeburgh,  in  Suffolk,  June  11 
1847,  is  sister  to  Mrs.  Garrett  Anderson 
M.D.  In  1867  she  married  the  late  Pro 
fessor  Fawcett,  and  soon  after  her  mar 
riage  she  began  to  take  a  part  in  the 
Women's  Suffrage  movement.  She  is  also 
an  urgent  pleader  on  the  subject  of 
girls'  education.  In  1870  she  published 
"  Political  Economy  for  Beginners  "  ; 
"  Tales  in  Political  Economy,"  1874 ; 
"  Janet  Doncaster,"  a  novel,  1875;  "Some 
Eminent  Women  of  our  Time,"  a  series  of 
twenty-four  short  biographical  sketches, 
in  1889  ;  a  "  Life  of  Queen  Victoria,"  in 
1895.  In  conjunction  with  her  husband, 
Mrs.  Fawcett  wrote  a  volume  of  "Essays 
and  Lectures,"  1872  ;  the  article  on 
"Communism"  in  the  ninth  edition  of 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica "  is  by 
her,  as  is  also  the  article  on  Henry 
Fawcett  in  the  1888  edition  of  "  Cham- 
bers's Encyclopaedia."  Mrs.  Fawcett  is  the 
mother  of  the  Miss  Fawcett  who,  in  the 
Mathematical  Tripos  at  Cambridge  in 
1890,  was  declared  "above  the  Senior 
Wrangler."  Address  :  2  Gower  Street, 
W.C. 

FAYE,  Professor  Herve  Auguste 
Etienne  Albans,  astronomer,  was  born 
at  Saint  Benoit  du  Sault  (Indre),  Oct.  1, 
1814,  and  finished  his  studies  at  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Holland,  and  on  returning  to  France,  be- 
came, on  the  recommendation  of  M.  Arago, 
a  pupil  in  the  Observatory.  He  discovered, 
Nov.  22,  1843,  a  new  comet,  to  which  his 
name  was  assigned,  and  received  the 
Lalande  prize  from  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  to  which  learned  association  he 
submitted  in  1846_  a  paper,  entitled  "  La 
Parallaxe  d'une  Etoile  anonyme  de  la 
Grande  Onrse."  This  was  followed  by  a 
work  entitled  "Sur  un  Nouveau  Colli- 
mateur  zenithal  et  sur  une  Lunette 
zenithale  nouvelle."  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  section  of  Astronomy  in 
place  of  Baron  de  Damoiseau,  Jan.  18, 
1847  ;  a  member  of  the  Bureau  of  Longi- 
tudes, March  26,  1862 ;  and  was  decorated 
with  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1843.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Imperial  Council  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 

z 


354 


FAYEEE 


Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  M.  Faye 
was  Professor  of  Geodesy  at  the  Ecole 
Polyteohnique  from  1848  to  1854,  and  in 
the  latter  year  he  was  appointed  Rector  of 
the  University  Academy  of  Nancy.  He 
succeeded  M.  Delaunay  as  Professor  of 
Astronomy  in  the  Polytechnic  School  in 
1873.  In  1877  M.  Faye  was  for  a  short 
time  at  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction, 
and  from  the  end  of  that  year  until  1888 
he  was  Inspector-General  of  Higher  Edu- 
cation. In  addition  to  the  works  already 
mentioned,  M.  Faye  is  the  author  of  "  Sur 
l'Anneau  de  Saturne,"  published  in  1848  ; 
"  Sur  les  DiSclinaisons  Absolues,"  in  1850; 
"  Des  Leijons  de  Cosmographie,"  in  1852; 
"  Cours  d'Astronomie  nautique,"  1880 ; 
"  Cours  dAstronomie  de  l'Ecole  Polyteoh- 
nique," 1881;  and  "Sur  l'Origine  du 
Monde,"  1889.  M.  Faye  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1889. 

FAYEER,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.,  K.C.S.I., 
LL.D.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  second  son 
of  the  late  R.  J.  Fayrer,  Esq. ,  Commander 
R.N.,  by  Agnes,  daughter  of  W.  Wilkinson, 
Esq.,  of  Westmorland,  was  born  at  Ply- 
mouth, Dec.  6,  1824.  He  was  brought  up 
under  private  tuition  in  Scotland,  and 
afterwards  continued  his  studies  in  Lon- 
don, in  Edinburgh,  and  on  the  Continent. 
He  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of 
London,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh,  entered  the  medical  ser- 
vice of  the  Navy,  served  in  the  military 
hospital  of  Palermo  during  the  siege  of 
that  city  (1847-48) ;  and  was  also  present 
at  the  siege  of  Rome  (1848).  In  1849  he 
entered  the  medical  service  of  the  army. 
In  1850  he  entered  the  Bengal  Medical 
Service,  from  which  he  retired  in  1874. 
He  served  throughout  the  Burmese  war  of 
1852,  and  the  Indian  Mutiny  of  1857  ;  also 
at  the  defence  of  Lucknow,  where  he  was 
Political  Assistant  and  Residency  Surgeon. 
For  these  services  he  received  medals  and 
clasps  and  the  brevet  rank  of  Surgeon, 
and  was  allowed  to  count  one  year's  ser- 
vice towards  retirement.  He  was  Professor 
of  Surgery  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Bengal  from  1859  to  1874;  was  Fellow, 
Member  of  Senate,  and  during  two  years 
President  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the 
Calcutta  University  ;  and  was  successively 
Vice-President  and  President  of  the  Asiatic 
Society  of  Bengal.  He  was  created  C.S.I. 
Dec.  22,  1868;  and  advanced  to  K.C.S.I. 
in  March  1876,  at  an  investiture  of  the 
Order  held  at  Allahabad  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  whom  during  his  travels  in  India 
he  accompanied  as  physician.     In  acknow- 


ledgment of  this  service  he  received  a 
letter  from  the  Queen.  He  had  previously 
accompanied  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  in 
his  visit  to  India  in  1870.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Surgeon-General  and  President  of 
the  Medical  Board  of  the  India  Office  in 
December  1874.  He  is  honorary  physician 
to  the  Queen,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and 
physician  to  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  Sir 
J.  Fayrer  has  written  "  Clinical  Surgery  in 
India  " ;  a  work  on  the  poisonous  snakes, 
"The  Thanatophidia  of  India,"  which  he 
presented  to  the  Indian  Government,  from 
whom  he  received  thanks,  and  by  whom  it 
was  published  in  1872;  "Clinical  and 
Pathological  Observations  in  India"; 
"Lettsomian  Lectures  on  Dysentery"; 
"  Croonian  Lectures  on  Climate  and  Fevers 
of  India "  ;  and  many  contributions  to 
European  and  Indian  journals,  including 
papers  on  "  Disease  in  India  "  ;  "  European 
Child  Life  in  Bengal "  ;  "  Malarial  Splenic 
Cachexia  of  Tropical  Climates  "  ;  "  Bron- 
chocele  in  India";  "Liver  Abscess"; 
"Physiological  Action  of  the  Poison  of 
Naja  Tripudians  "  (in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Brunton)  ;  "Some  of  the  Physical  Condi- 
tions of  the  Country  that  Affect  Life  in 
India";  "Health  in  India";  "Rainfall 
and  Climate  of  India  " ;  "  The  Claws  of 
Felidaa "  ;  "Anatomy  of  the  Rattlesnake"  ; 
articles  on  "Sunstroke,"  "Tropical  Diar- 
rhoea and  Liver  Abcess"  in  Davidson's 
"Hygiene  and  Diseases  of  Warm  Cli- 
mates "  ;  and  on  "  The  Climate  and  Some 
of  the  Fevers  of  India,"  and  "  Sunstroke  " 
in  Clifford  Allbutt's  "  System  of  Medicine." 
More  recently  he  has  published  "  On  the 
Preservation  of  Health  in  India"  (Mac- 
millan) ;  and  "  Sir  Ranald  Martin  "  (A.  D. 
Innes  &  Co.),  1898.  He  has  received  the 
second  class  of  the  Order  of  the  Conception 
from  the  King  of  Portugal,  the  third  class 
of  the  Redeemer  of  Greece  from  the  King 
of  Greece,  and  the  third  class  of  the  Med- 
jidieh  from  the  Khedive  of  Egypt.  In 
August  1878  the  hon.  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  on  him  by  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  in  April  1890  by  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews.  He  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London.  In  December  1892  he  repre- 
sented the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of 
London  and  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
at  the  Tercentenary  of  Galileo  at  Padua, 
and  was  made  Ph.D.  of  Padua.  He  is  a 
Foreign  Associate  of  the  Academie  de 
MeMecine  de  Paris,  a  Foreign  Correspond- 
ing Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Lisbon,  and  member  of  other 
foreign  societies.  He  was  created  a 
Baronet  in  1896,  and  has  the  Jubilee  medal. 
In  1855  he  married  Bethia,  daughter  of 
Major-General  Spens.  Addresses  :  16 
Devonshire  Street,  Portland  Place,  W. ; 
and  Athenasum. 


FEAEON— -FENN 


355 


FEAR, ON,  Daniel  Robert,  M.A. 
Oxon.  1862,  Barrister-at-Law,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Daniel  Rose  Fearon,  suc- 
cessively Vicar  of  Assington,  Suffolk,  and 
St.  Mary  Church,  Devon,  by  Frances 
Jane,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Charles 
Andrewes,  Rector  of  Flempton,  Suffolk, 
was  born  at  Assington,  Dec.  1,  1835,  and 
educated  at  Marlborough  College  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a 
First  Class  in  Moderations  and  in  the 
Final  Schools.  He  entered  as  a  student 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  Nov.  10,  1859,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  Nov.  17, 
1874.  He  was  appointed,  in  1860,  one  of 
H.M.  Inspectors  of  Schools ;  and  in  1865 
an  Assistant  Commissioner  to  the  Schools 
Inquiry  Commission,  and  in  that  capa- 
city reported  on  Secondary  Education  in 
London  and  the  neighbourhood,  and  on 
the  system  of  education  in  the  Burgh 
Schools  of  Scotland.  In  1869  he  was 
appointed  a  Commissioner  to  inquire  into 
the  condition  of  elementary  education  in 
Manchester  and  Liverpool,  in  preparation 
for  Mr.  Forster's  Elementary  Education 
Act  of  1870.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  an 
Assistant  Commissioner  to  the  Endowed 
Schools  Commission,  of  which  the  late 
Lord  Lyttelton  was  chairman.  In  1873 
he  was  commissioned  by  the  Treasury, 
together  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Gladstone,  M.P., 
Sir  Robert  Hamilton,  K.C.B.,  and  Mr. 
Murray,  to  inquire  into  the  Administra- 
tion of  the  Irish  Education  Department. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  an  Assistant 
Commissioner  to  the  Charity  Commission 
for  England  and  Wales,  on  the  transfer 
to  that  Commission  of  the  administration 
of  the  Endowed  Schools  Acts.  In  1883 
he  was  appointed  Acting  Secretary  to 
that  Commission ;  and  by  Royal  Warrant 
dated  June  16,  1886,  was  appointed  to 
be  Secretary  to  the  Charity  Commission. 
Mr.  Fearon  is  the  author  of  a  work  on 
"  School  Inspection."  He  married,  in  1861, 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Professor  Bonamy 
Price.  Addresses  :  142  Lexham  Gardens, 
S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

FEARON,  The  Rev.  William 
Andrewes,  D.D.,  Head-master  of  Win- 
chester College,  is  the  third  son  of  the 
Rev.  D.  R.  Fearon,  Vicar  of  Assington, 
Suffolk,  afterwards  of  St.  Mary  Church, 
Devon.  He  was  born  at  Assington,  Feb.  4, 
1841.  His  mother  was  Frances  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Andrewes, 
Rector  of  Flempton,  Suffolk,  a  member  of 
the  same  family  as  the  celebrated  Bishop 
Andrewes.  He  was  educated  at  home 
till  he  entered  Winchester  College  as  a 
scholar  in  1852.  During  his  school  career 
he  twice  obtained  the  Queen's  Gold  Medal, 
also  the  Goddard  Scholarship  for  Classics, 
and  the   Duncan  Mathematical    Scholar- 


ship. In  1859  he  gained  a  Scholarship  at 
New  College,  Oxford.  In  1863  he  took  a 
double  first-class  in  the  Final  Schools  of 
Lit.  Hum.  and  Mathematics.  In  1864 
he  was  elected  Fellow  of  New  College, 
and  also  became  Tutor  of  that  College, 
retaining  his  post  until  1867,  when  he  was 
asked  by  Dr.  Ridding  to  open  a  tutor's 
house  at  Winchester  College,  and  to  under- 
take the  Junior  Sixth  Form.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1867,  priest  in  1868. 
In  1882  he  was  elected  Head -master 
of  Durham  School,  and  was  appointed 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Newcastle,  which  offices  he  held  till  1884, 
when  he  was  elected  to  the  Head-master- 
ship of  Winchester  College.  In  the  same 
year  he  took  his  D.D.  degree,  and  in  1889 
became  Hon.  Canon  of  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral. Dr.  Fearon  married  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Archdeacon  Freeman, 
Exeter.   Address :  The  College,  Winchester. 

FENN,  George  Manville,  was  born 
at  Pimlico,  on  Jan.  3,  1831,  and  received 
his  education  at  private  schools.  At 
twenty-one  he  entered  one  of  the  training 
colleges  of  the  National  Society,  and,  after 
the  usual  time  of  probation,  obtained  the 
mastership  of  a  country  school.  His  next 
step  was  to  the  post  of  private  tutor  ;  but 
the  responsibilities  of  married  life  soon  in- 
duced him  to  enter  into  business,  printing 
offering  itself  as  the  most  congenial.  This 
led  to  small  literary  ventures — the  produc- 
tion of  a  magazine  in  1862,  and  a  partici- 
pation in  the  proprietorship  of  one  of  the 
provincial  newspapers  in  1864.  Then  fol- 
lowed the  writing  and  offering  of  short 
sketches  to  the  various  magazines  and 
periodicals.  One  of  these,  after  endless 
disappointments,  was  sent  to  the  late 
Charles  Dickens  for  All  the  Year  Round,  and 
immediately  accepted,  others  appearing 
subsequently  in  the  same  periodical.  A 
busy  pen  soon  produced  sketches  which 
were  readily  accepted  by  Mr.  James  Payn 
for  Chambers's  Journal,  and  by  Mr.  Edward 
Walford  for  Once  a  Week.  About  the  same 
time — 1866— Mr.  Justin  McCarthy,  then 
editing  the  Star,  was  running  a  series  of 
short  papers  through  the  evening  edition, 
and  willingly  enlisted  the  services  of  the 
young  writer.  Hence,  about  thirty  or 
forty  working-life  sketches  appeared  in 
the  Headings  by  Starlight.  These  papers, 
and  others  of  a  similar  class,  were  pub- 
lished in  four  volumes  in  1867,  the  same 
year  witnessing  the  production  of  Mr. 
Fenn's  first  boys'  story,  "Hollowdell 
Grange,"  and  a  natural  history  tale  for 
children,  "  Featherland."  From  that 
period,  in  rapid  succession,  novel  after 
novel  appeared  in  magazine,  newspaper, 
and  volume  form,  the  principal  breaks  to 
this  production  occurring  when  Mr.  Fenn 


356 


FENTON"  —  FENWICK 


succeeded  Mr.  Haweis  as  editor  of  CasseU's 
Magazine  in  1870,  and  when  he  afterwards 
became  the  purchaser  of  Once  a  Week  from 
Mr.  (now  Sir  Walter)  Besant's  partner,  Mr. 
James  Bice,  in  1873.  In  this  venture, 
however,  no  better  success  attended  him 
than  had  befallen  the  previous  owners  of 
what  may  certainly  be  dubbed  a  most  un- 
lucky magazine,  in  spite  of  the  long  list  of 
famous  writers  and  artists  who  contributed 
to  its  pages.  Mr.  Fenn's  principal  novels 
are  :  "Bent,  Not  Broken,"  and  "Webs  in 
the  Way,"  1867;  "Mad,"  1868;  "The 
Sapphire  Cross,"  and  "By  Birth  a  Lady," 
1871;  "That  Little  Frenchman,"  1874; 
"Thereby  Hangs  a  Tale,"  1876  ;  "  A  Little 
World,"  1877;  "Pretty  Polly,"  1878; 
"The  Parson  of  Dumford,"  1879;  "The 
Clerk  of  Portwick,"  1880;  "The  Vicar's 
People,"  1881;  "Eli's  Children,"  1882; 
"  The  New  Mistress,"  1883  ;  "  The  Rosery 
Folk,"  and  "Sweet  Mace,"  1884  ;  "Stained 
Pages,"  1885;  "Double  Cunning,"  and 
"The  Master  of  the  Ceremonies,"  1886; 
"One  Maid's  Mischief,"  and  "This  Man's 
Wife,"  1887;  "The  Man  with  a  Shadow," 
1888;  "The  Lass  that  Loved  a  Soldier," 
and  "Of  High  Descent,"  1889;  "A  Flut- 
tered Dovecot,"  "Lady  Maud's  Mania," 
and  "A  Double  Knot,"  1890;  "Mahme 
Nousie,"  and  "  The  Mynns  Mystery,"  1891 ; 
"King of  the  Castle,"  and  "Nurse  Elisia," 
1892  ;  "Witness  to  the  Deed,"  "  The  Star 
Gazer,"  and  "In  an  Alpine  Valley,"  1893; 
"The  Tiger  Lily,"  "A  Life's  Eclipse," 
"The  White  Virgin,"  1894;  "An  Electric 
Spark,"  and  "Smith's  Weakness,"  1895; 
"The  Case  of  Ailsa  Gray,"  1896  ;  "High 
Play,"  1897;  and  "A  Woman  worth 
Winning,"  1896.  Mr.  Fenn's  boys'  stories, 
which  have  attained  to  a  world-wide 
circulation,  have  been  mainly  written 
during  the  past  few  years:  "Off  to  the 
Wilds,"  1881;  "In  the  King's  Name," 
"Middy  and  Ensign,"  and  "Nat  the 
Naturalist,"  1883;  "The  Silver  Canon," 
and  "The  Golden  Magnet,"  1884  ;  "Bunyip 
Land,"  and  "Menhardoc,"  1885;  "Pa- 
tience Wins,"  and  "  Brownsmith's  Boy," 
1886;  "Yussuf  the  Guide,"  and  "Devon 
Boys,"  1887;  "Mother  Carey's  Chicken," 
"Dick  of  the  Fens,"  "  Commodore  Junk," 
and  "Nolens  Volens,"  1888;  "Quick- 
silver," "  Crown  and  Sceptre,"  and  "  Three 
Boys,"  1889;  "Mass'  George,"  "Cutlass 
and  Cudgel,"  and  "The  Boy  who  would 
not  go  to  Sea,"  1890;  "Burr,  Junior," 
"The  Rajah  of  Dah,"  and  "The  Crystal 
Hunters,"  1891  ;  "Gil  the  Gunner,"  "  The 
Weathercock,"  "The  Dingo  Boys,"  and 
"The  Grand  Chaco,"  1892;  "The  Black 
Bar,"  "Real  Gold,"  "Sail  Ho!"  "Steve 
Young,"  and  "Bluejackets,"  1893  ;  "Fire 
Island,"  "The  Vast  Abyss,"  "First  in  the 
Field,"  and  "Diamond  Dyke,"  1894; 
"The  Queen's  Scarlet,"  "The  Cinnamon 


Garden,"  "Cormorant  Crag,"  and  "The 
Young  Castellan,"  1895;  "In  Honour's 
Cause,"  "Jack  at  Sea,"  and  "The  Black 
Tor,"  1896;  and  "The  Little  Skipper," 
"  Ydoll  Gwyn,"  "  Vince  the  Rebel,"  and 
"Frank  and  Saxon,"  1897.  Many  of  the 
above  books  were  reprinted  and  have 
obtained  their  share  of  popularity  in  the 
United  States,  where  "The  Fenn  Books," 
as  thus  advertised,  are  well  known.  In 
addition  to  hundreds  of  short  tales  and 
sketches,  written  expressly  for  the  popular 
magazines  of  the  day,  Mr.  Fenn  is  also  the 
author  of  many  Christmas  stories,  notably 
"  Ship  Ahoy,"  and,  wholly  or  in  part,  of 
several  dramas  and  three-act  farces,  two 
of  which,  "The  Barrister"  and  "The 
Balloon,"  were  written  in  collaboration, 
and  produced  in  1888  and  1889.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1855,  Susanna,  daughter  of  John 
Leake.     Address  :  Syon  Lodge,  Isleworth. 

EENTON,  Sir  Myles,  J.P.,  was  born 
at  Kendal  on  Sept.  5,  1830,  and  is  the  son 
of  Myles  Fentou,  of  Kendal.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  and  entered 
the  service  of  the  Kendal  and  Windermere 
Railway  in  1845.  He  afterwards  held 
posts  under  the  East  Lancashire,  Eastern 
Counties,  London  and  South-Western,  Man- 
chester, Sheffield,  and  Lancashire  Rail- 
ways, and  Rochdale  Canal.  With  this  large 
knowledge  of  railway  affairs,  he  became, 
in  1866,  Secretary  of  the  East  Lancashire 
Railway,  then  Assistant-Manager  of  the 
Lancashire  and  Yorkshire,  then  General 
Manager  of  the  Metropolitan  Railway,  a 
post  which  he  held  from  1863-1880,  when 
appointed  to  the  General  Managership  of 
the  S.-E.  Railway,  the  position  in  which 
he  has  been  best  known  to  the  travelling 
public.  In  1889  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  and  has,  since  1896,  been  Con- 
sulting Director  to  the  S.E.R.  He  married 
Mrs.  Collins,  nie  Oakes,  in  1883.  Address  ; 
Ridge  Green,  South  Nuffield,  Surrey. 

EENWICK,  Charles,  M.P.,  was  born 
on  the  5th  of  May  1850,  at  Cramlington, 
in  the  county  of  Northumberland,  a  little 
village  standing  right  in  the  centre  of  the 
constituency  which  for  nearly  thirteen 
years  he  has  represented  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  His  parents  belonged  to  the 
humbler  class  of  the  mining  community, 
and  his  father  began  to  work  in  the  mine 
when  a  lad  of  only  eight  years  of  age. 
Subsequently  a  law  was  passed  which  pro- 
hibited the  employment  underground  of 
boys  under  ten  years  of  age,  and  a  further 
amendment  of  the  law,  passed  in  1887, 
fixed  the  age  limit  at  twelve  for  under- 
ground employment.  Young  Fenwick  ac- 
cordingly, much  against  the  wish  of  his 
parents,  sought  and  obtained  work  on  the 
pit  banks.     When  only  nine  years  old,  and 


FENWICK  —  FEKDINAND 


357 


as  soon  as  he  reached  his  tenth  birthday, 
he  began  to  labour  in  the  mine.  His 
education  up  to  this  point  was  practically 
nil,  but  he  then  began  to  attend  the  village 
night-school,  which  was  open  three  nights 
in  the  week  during  six  months  of  the  year, 
and  during  the  other  six  months  he  was 
compelled  to  rely  entirely  upon  his  own 
energy  and  perseverance  for  the  know- 
ledge he  was  able  to  obtain.  In  1862  the 
Northumberland  Miners'  Association,  or 
trade  union,  was  started,  and  though  then 
a  lad  of  only  twelve  years  of  age,  he  joined 
the  Association  as  a  half-member,  and  he 
has  maintained  his  connection  with  the 
union  up  to  the  present  time.  The  Assimi- 
lation of  the  County  with  the  Borough 
Franchise  in  1884  gave  the  miners  of 
Northumberland  the  balance  of  political 
power  in  three  out  of  the  four  county 
divisions,  and  accordingly  they  determined 
to  nominate  a  labour  candidate  for  the 
Wansbeck  Division.  A  representative 
meeting  was  held  in  the  city  of  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
such  a  candidate  ;  seven  names,  including 
his  own,  were  submitted  to  the  meeting, 
and,  on  the  second  vote,  he  obtained  a 
clear  majority  over  all  the  others,  and  was 
thereupon  declared  the  candidate  of  the 
miners.  It  was  then  resolved  that  he 
should  give  up  his  employment  as  a  work- 
ing miner,  and  devote  himself  to  the 
furtherance  of  his  candidature.  This,  how- 
ever, he  refused  to  do  until  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Liberal  Association  should 
have  had  an  opportunity  of  considering  the 
matter.  The  official  Liberal  meeting  was 
held  in  the  town  of  Morpeth,  under  the 
chairmanship  of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Tre- 
velyan,  Bart.,  and  he  was  unanimously 
accepted  as  the  Liberal  and  Labour  candi- 
date. Since  that  time  he  has  gone  through 
four  contested  elections,  with  an  average 
majority  of  3160  votes  in  his  favour.  In 
1890  he  succeeded  Mr.  Henry  Broadhurst 
as  Secretary  to  the  Parliamentary  Com- 
mittee of  the  Trades'  Union  Congress,  a 
position  which  he  held  for  four  years, 
being  ultimately  defeated  by  Mr.  Sam 
Wood,  in  consequence  of  his  opposition 
to  the  Mines  Eight  Hours  Bill.  Mr.  Fen- 
wick  has  served  on  two  Royal  Commis- 
sions, viz.,  the  one  of  1891,  which  was 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  effect  of  coal 
dust  in  originating  or  extending  explosions 
in  mines  ;  also  that  of  1894,  which  con- 
sidered the  methods  of  establishing  a  well- 
organised  system  of  secondary  education. 
He  is  at  present  a  member  of  the  Northum- 
berland Miners'  Wage  Committee,  and  has 
represented  them  at  most  of  the  national 
and  international  labour  congresses  during 
the  last  fifteen  years.  Addresses :  14  Tan- 
kerville  Terrace,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  ; 
and  95  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road,  S.W. 


FEN  WI C  K,  Edward  Nicholas 
Eenwick,  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate, 
was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  son  of  E.  M. 
Fenwick,  of  Burrow  Hall,  Lanes.  Called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1873,  he 
was  appointed  Stipendiary  Magistrate  at 
Bradford,  1885.  He  was  Metropolitan 
Police  Magistrate  at  Hammersmith  and 
Wandsworth,  1887-88  ;  and  at  Greenwich 
and  Woolwich,  1888-89.  Since  1889  he 
has  sat  at  the  Southwark  Borough  High 
Street. 

FERDINAND  I.,  Prince  of  Bul- 
garia, Duke  of  Saxony,  was  born  in 
Vienna  in  1861,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  Prince  Augustus  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  the  Princess  Clementine  of  Bour- 
bon -  Orleans,  a  daughter  of  King 
Louis  Philippe.  The  Prince  served  as  an 
officer  in  the  Austrian  army,  and  pos- 
sesses large  estates  in  Hungary.  After 
the  deposition  of  Prince  Alexander  in 
1886,  followed  by  a  Regency,  Prince 
Ferdinand  received  a  deputation  from 
the  Sobranje  offering  him  the  vacant 
throne.  He  accepted  the  offer,  and,  on 
the  14th  of  August  1887,  took  the  oath  to 
the  Bulgarian  constitution  at  Tirnova. 
His  sovereignty,  however,  was  not  formally 
recognised  by  the  Porte  and  the  Powers 
until  February  1896.  His  reception  by 
the  Bulgarian  nation  has  been  most  en- 
thusiastic, and  in  M.  Stambuloff  he  had 
an  admirable  minister,  as  also  in  M. 
Stoiloff,  his  present  Prime  Minister.  In 
April  1893  he  married  Princess  Marie 
Louise  of  Parma,  daughter  of  the  Duke 
of  Parma,  of  the  house  of  Bourbon,  and 
two  sons  have  since  been  born,  of  whom 
the  eldest,  Prince  Boris,  was  admitted  to 
the  Orthodox  Greek  Church,  the  State 
religion,  in  1896,  which  occasioned  much 
heartburning  in  Germany  and  Austria. 
Princess  Marie  Louise  died  in  JaDuary 
1899.  In  August  1897  Prince  Ferdinand 
paid  a  personal  visit  to  the  Sultan,  and 
it  was  understood  that  far  more  friendly 
relations  had  been  established  between 
them  ;  but  Prince  Ferdinand  is  known  to 
be  ambitious,  and  in  the  general  scramble 
which,  sooner  or  later,  must  take  place 
for  the  European  dominions  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  he  intends  to  make  a  bold 
move,  and  relies  for  success  on  the  help 
of  Russia.  He  visited  the  Czar  in  July 
1898. 

FERDINAND  IV.,  Salvator- 
Marie  -  Joseph.  -  Jean-Baptiste  -  Fran- 
cois -  Louis  -  Gonzag-ue  -  Raphael  -  Ren- 
ier-Janvier,  Archduke  of  Austria,  ex- 
Grand-Duke  of  Tuscany,  eldest  son  of  Leo- 
pold II.,  grandson  of  Ferdinand  III.  and 
of  Marie  Antoinette  Anne,  daughter  of 
Francis  I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  the 


358 


FERGUSON  —  FERRERS 


late  grand-duke's  second  wife,  was  born 
June  10,  1835,  succeeded  to  the  grand- 
duchy  on  the  abdication  of  his  father,  July 
21,  1859,  and  reigned  as  Ferdinand  IV. ; 
but  his  career  as  a  sovereign  prince 
was  brief,  he  having  been  obliged  to  quit 
his  dominions  on  the  consolidation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Italy  under  Victor  Emmanuel 
in  1861.  He  married  the  Archduchess 
Anne  Marie,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Saxony,  Nov.  24,  1856.  She  died  in  1859. 
In  186S  he  married  his  second  wife,  Alice, 
Princess  of  Bourbon-Parma,  by  whom  he 
has  ten  children.  The  grand  -  duke  is 
Prince-Royal  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia, 
and  a  Colonel  of  Austrian  Dragoons. 

FERGUSON,     Richard    Saul,     the 

eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Ferguson, 
J.P.  and  D.L.,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  July 
28,  1837,  and  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  He 
graduated  B.A  as  27th  wrangler  in  1860, 
M.A.  in  1863,  and  subsequently  LL.M.  Mr. 
Ferguson  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1862,  and  practised  there  as  an 
equity  draughtsman  and  conveyancer  until 
his  health  failed  in  1871.  After  travelling 
abroad  for  two  years  he  settled  at. Carlisle. 
He  is  a  J.P.  for  Carlisle  and  Cumberland  ; 
has  been  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions  for 
that  county  since  1886,  and  Chancellor  of 
the  diocese  of  Carlisle  since  1887.  He  is 
also  an  alderman  for  Carlisle  (Mayor  1881- 
82,  1882-83),  and  a  County  Councillor  for 
Cumberland  ;  President,  since  1886,  of  the 
Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiqua- 
rian and  Archaeological  Society  ;  a  Fellow 
of  the  Societies  of  Antiquaries  of  London 
and  Scotland,  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Eoyal  Archaeological  Institute  and  Surtees 
Society,  and  a  member  of  several  other 
learned  societies.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Cumberland  and  Westmorland  M.P.'s, 
from  the  Restoration  to  the  Reform  Bill," 
1871;  "  Early  Cumberland  and  Westmor- 
land Friends,"  1871 ;  "  Moss  Gathered  by 
a  Rolling  Stone,"  1873  ;  "  A  History  of  the 
Diocese  of  Carlisle,"  1889  :  "  A  Popular 
History  of  Cumberland,"  1890  ;  and  "  A 
Popular  History  of  Westmorland,"  1894. 
He  is  the  editor  of  "  Old  Church  Plate  in 
the  Diocese  of  Carlisle,"  1882 ;  of  "  Bishop 
Nicolson's  Miscellany  Accounts  of  the 
Diocese  of  Carlisle  in  1703,"  and  "  Some 
Municipal  Records  of  Carlisle,"  1887.  He 
is  also  editor  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian 
and  Archceoloc/ical  Society;  and  author  of 
several  papers  in  transactions  of  various 
societies,  including  one  "On  an  Astrolabe 
of  Early  English  Make,"  and  "  An  Archaeo- 
logical Survey  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
morland," both  in  the  Archceologia.  Ad- 
dresses :  74  Lowther  Street,  Carlisle  ;  and 
the  Athenaeum. 


FERGUSSON,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  James,  M.P.,  G.C.S.I.,  K.C.M.G., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  at 
Edinburgh  in  1832,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
5th  Baronet,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1849, 
and  Helen,  daughter  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Justice-General  David  Boyle.  He 
was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  University 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  University  he 
was  made  an  honorary  D.C.L.  in  1870.  He 
served  in  the  Grenadier  Guards  from  1851- 
55,  and  went  through  the  Crimean  cam- 
paign, being  elected  M.P.  for  Ayrshire 
during  the  war.  He  represented  Ayrshire 
for  two  periods  (1854-57  and  1859-68).  In 
1866-67  he  was  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  India,  and  from  1867-68  Under-Secre- 
tary for  the  Home  Office.  In  1868  he  was 
appointed  Governor  of  South  Australia, 
and  in  1873  was  transferred  from  this 
governorship  to  that  of  New  Zealand,  He 
left  New  Zealand  for  the  post  of  Governor 
of  Bombay,  which  he  held  from  1880-85. 
Resuming  political  life  at  home  in  1885,  he 
was  elected  M.P.  for  North-East  Man- 
chester, his  present  constituency,  and  in 
the  year  following  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  Lord 
Salisbury's  administration,  subsequently 
succeeding  Mr.  H.  C.  Raikes  as  Postmaster- 
General  in  September  1891.  He  married 
(3),  in  1893,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Hoare.  Addresses : 
Kilkerran,  Ayrshire ;  and  80  Cornwall 
Gardens,  S.W. 

FERRERO,  General  Anhibale,  late 
Ambassador  of  Italy  to  the  Court  of  St. 
James's,  was  born  at  Turin  in  1839.  In 
early  life  he  became  distinguished  as  a 
mathematician,  but  adopted  the  army  as  a 
career,  into  which  he  entered  in  1857. 
During  the  war  for  the  liberation  of  Italy, 
Ferrero  served  as  Adjutant  to  General 
Menabrea,  who,  when  Ambassador  to  this 
country,  received  in  1883  the  degree  of 
Honorary  Doctor  in  Laws  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  At  the  close  of  the  cam- 
paign General  Ferrero  resumed  his  studies. 
In  June  1898  the  degree  of  Doctor  in  Laws 
was  conferred  upon  him — he  following 
thereby  in  the  steps  of  his  old  chief, 
General  Menabrea — by  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  The  Public  Orator  (Dr. 
Sandys),  in  introducing  this  eminent 
Italian  to  the  Vice-Chancellor,  eulogised 
him  as  "  distinguished  in  the  arts  of  war 
and  peace."  Indeed,  General  Ferrero  in 
himself  combines  the  precision  and  daring 
of  the  soldier,  the  keenness  and  experience 
of  the  diplomatist,  and  the  exactness  and 
culture  of  the  scholar.  He  resigned  his  post 
in  August  1898  to  take  up  duties  at  home. 

FERRERS,  Rev.  Norman  Mac- 
leod,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  Master  of  Gonville 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  and  formerly 


FERRIEK  —  FERRY 


359 


Vice-Chaucellor  of  Cambridge  University, 
was  born  at  Prinknash  Park,  Gloucester- 
shire, Aug.  11,  1829,  and  educated  at  Eton. 
He  is  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Bromfleld 
Ferrers.  He  entered  as  a  student  at  Gon- 
ville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1847,  and  graduated  in  the  Mathematical 
Tripos  of  1851,  when  he  attained  the  dis- 
tinguished position  of  Senior  Wrangler 
and  first  Smith's  Prizeman.  Mr.  Ferrers 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship,  and,  after 
filling  various  college  offices,  was  appointed 
Tutor  in  1865.  For  thirty-eight  years  he 
has  been  constantly  occupied  in  collegiate 
and  university  work.  As  a  lecturer  in 
mathematics  he  obtained  considerable  dis- 
tinction. He  examined  for  the  Mathema- 
tical Tripos  no  fewer  than  eleven  times, 
and  he  was  especially  prominent  as  an 
advocate  for  the  various  important  changes 
which  were  from  time  to  time  effected  in 
the  scheme  of  the  Mathematical  Tripos 
examinations.  For  a  considerable  period 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Senate,  and  he  has  been  also  a  member  of 
various  syndicates  and  boards  in  the  Uni- 
versity. He  was  elected  Master  of  Gon- 
ville  and  Caius  College,  in  succession  to 
Dr.  Guest,  Oct.  27, 1880.  He  is  the  author 
of  an  "  Elementary  Treatise  on  Trilinear 
Co-ordinates,"  1861  ;  and  "  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Spherical  Harmonics,"  1877. 
In  1871  he  edited  and  published  the 
mathematical  writings  of  the  late  George 
Green.  From  1855  he  was,  with  Professor 
Sylvester,  joint  editor  of  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Mathematics,  and  he  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  its  pages.  In  1876 
he  was  elected  a  governor  of  St.  Paul's 
School  (from  which  position  he  retired  in 
1891),  in  1885  of  Eton  College  (retired 
1895),  and  in  1877  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society.  In  1883  the  University  of  Glasgow 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
For  the  years  1884  and  1885  he  filled  the 
office  of  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  He  married,  in  1866, 
Emily,  daughter  of  the  Very  Rev.  John 
Lamb,  CD.,  Dean  of  Bristol  and  Master  of 
Corpus,  Cambridge.  Addresses  :  Gonville 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  and 
Heacham  Lodge,  Norfolk. 

FERRIER,  Professor  David,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.K.C.P.,  born  at  Aberdeen 
in  1843,  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated  in  Arts, 
with  first  -  class  Honours,  in  1863.  In 
the  same  year  he  gained  the  Fergusson 
Scholarship  in  Classics  and  Philosophy, 
open  to  competition  by  graduates  of  the 
four  Scotch  Universities.  He  has  studied 
Philosophy  in  Germany,  and  Medicine  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
graduated  as  M.D.  in  1870,  with  first- 
class  Honours,  and  Gold  Medal  for  his 


Thesis.  He  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Forensic  Medicine  in  King's  College, 
London,  in  1872.  In  1889  he  vacated  this 
chair  for  that  of  Neuro-Pathology,  speci- 
ally founded  for  him  by  the  authorities  of 
King's  College.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1876,  and  in  1890 
received  a  Royal  Medal  for  his  researches 
on  the  Brain.  He  has  also  received  the 
Baly  Medal  (Royal  College  of  Physicians), 
the  Marshall  Hall  Prize  (Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Society),  the  Cameron  Prize  (Edin- 
burgh University),  and  various  other  hon- 
ours. He  is  a  member  of  various  learned 
societies  at  home  and  abroad.  He  is 
Physician  to  King's  College  Hospital,  and 
to  the  National  Hospital  for  the  Paralysed 
and  the  Epileptic.  Dr.  Ferrier  practises 
as  a  physician,  and  is  the  author  of  works 
on  the  "Functions  of  the  Brain,"  1876; 
"Cerebral  Localisation,"  1878,  1890;  be- 
sides numerous  papers  relating  to  the  func- 
tions and  diseases  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system.  He  has  incurred  the  special  hos- 
tility of  the  extreme  anti-vivisectionists 
by  reason  of  the  number  and  the  extra- 
ordinary success  of  his  experiments  on 
animals.  It  may  be  said  that  Dr.  Ferrier's 
researches  have  increased  our  knowledge 
of  brain  disease,  epilepsy,  &c,  almost 
more  than  those  of  any  other  living  man. 
He  married,  in  1874,  Constance,  daughter 
of  the  late  Albert  C.  Waterlow.  Ad- 
dresses :  34  Cavendish  Square  ;  Sutmer's 
Court,  Chalfont-St.-Giles  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

FERRY,   Jules  Franqois   Camille, 

French  statesman,  was  born  at  Saint  Die", 
in  the  Vosges,  April  5, 1832,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  of  Paris  in  1851.  In  1865  he 
became  one  of  the  staff  of  Le  Temps,  writ- 
ing political  articles,  and  showing  special 
knowledge  of  financial  questions.  Notably, 
in  1868,  he  directed  a  campaign  against 
the  unavowed  deficit  in  the  Budget  of  the 
town  of  Paris,  and  this  was  republished  in 
a  pamphlet,  "Les  Comptes  fantastiques 
d'Haussmann."  In  1869  he  was  elected  to 
the  Corps  Legislatif,  and  at  once  became 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  anti-imperial  op- 
position. He  had  a  lively  quarrel  with  M. 
Emile  Ollivier  (q.v.)  on  his  proposal  to  dis- 
solve the  Chamber,  as  it  did  not  represent 
the  majority  of  the  country.  After  the 
Revolution  of  Sept.  4,  1870,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Government  of 
National  Defence,  which  sat  at  the  Hotel 
de  Ville.  As  Secretary  of  that  body  he 
established  the  communications  between 
Paris  and  the  forts  around  it,  and  founded 
a  corps  of  stretcher-bearers.  He  was  onf 
of  the  mayors  who  regulated  the  rations  of 
bread  during  the  siege  of  Paris  (Jan.  18, 
1871).  After  the  siege,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  National  Assembly  by  his 
own  department  of  the  Vosges,  and  after 


360 


FESTING 


filling  temporarily  the  post  of  Preset  de  la 
Seine,  he  was  appointed  Minister  to  Greece 
in  1872.  After  M.  Thiers'  defeat  in  1873, 
he  returned  to  France,  and  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  debates  which  determined 
whether  France  was  to  remain  Republican 
or  to  return  to  Monarchy.  On  the  final 
defeat  of  the  Broglie  Ministry  (May  16, 
1877),  he  protested  against  their  illegal 
attempts  to  control  the  elections.  He  was 
chosen  Chairman  of  the  Committee  to  re- 
vise the  Customs  Duties.  On  MacMahon's 
resignation,  in  1879,  the  new  President 
(Grdvy)  gave  him  the  portfolio  of  Minister 
of  Public  Instruction,  in  which  capacity 
he  made  sweeping  reforms.  He  separated 
the  department  of  fine  arts  under  a  special 
secretary,  he  reorganised  the  national 
museums,  founded  a  Pedagogic  Museum, 
and  did  much  for  the  status  of  the  teacher. 
His  bill  of  1879  on  the  freeing  of  the 
public  schools  from  the  domination  of  the 
Church  led  to  much  acrimonious  debate  ; 
and,  during  the  recess,  he  made  a  tour  of 
the  chief  provincial  towns  in  its  support. 
Although  he  spoke  for  two  days  in  the 
Senate  (March  5  and  6,  1880)  on  "the  intro- 
duction of  the  bill,  it  was  defeated  by 
148  votes  to  129.  It  was,  however,  re- 
introduced and  passed  in  July  1881.  To 
Jules  Ferry  must  be  awarded  the  credit 
of  reorganising  both  the  secondary  and 
primary  education  of  his  country.  At  the 
end  of  1879  he  had  become  Prime  Minister, 
although  retaining  the  Ministry  of  Public 
Instruction.  During  his  first  Premiership 
occurred  the  occupation  of  Tunis,  the 
scrutin  de  list  quarrels,  and  the  new  trea- 
ties of  commerce.  On  the  assembly  of 
Parliament  in  1881  he  was  much  attacked 
on  the  Tunisian  question,  and  although 
Gambetta  succeeded  in  passing  a  vote  of 
confidence,  it  was  evidently  so  personal  a 
vote  that  M.  Ferry  resigned  in  Gambetta's 
favour  (October  1881).  After  the  failure 
of  the  so-called  "Great  Ministry,"  M. 
Ferry  accepted  the  Ministry  of  Public 
Instruction  in  the  Freycinet  Cabinet  of 
1882,  and  continued  his  former  brilliant 
policy.  However,  in  February  1883  he 
became  Premier  for  the  second  time,  and 
it  was  during  this  Ministry  that  he  earned 
his  nickname  of  "  Le  Tonkinois."  He  was 
blamed  for  the  disastrous  results  of  the 
Tonkin  expedition,  begun  with  insufficient 
forces,  continued  with  insufficient  rein- 
forcements, for  which  previous  Ministers 
were  in  reality  responsible.  He  took  over 
the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  Novem- 
ber 1883  from  M.  Challemel-Lacour.  The 
French  can  never  bear  defeat  calmly,  and 
the  disastrous  battles  of  Bac-Le  and 
Lang-Son  demanded  in  their  eyes  a  scape- 
goat, whom  they  found  in  M.  Ferry,  and 
his  Ministry  was  defeated  on  the  day  after 
the  news  of  the  latter  battle  had  reached 


Paris  (March  28,  1885).  Not  satisfied  with 
his  resignation,  his  enemies  demanded  a 
criminal  prosecution,  but  in  this  they  were 
defeated  (June  1885).  However,  he  was 
pursued  in  the  press,  in  Parliament,  and 
even  in  the  streets,  by  outbursts  of  envious 
unpopularity,  although  he  had  done  such 
good  work,  and  increased  the  territory  of 
France  to  such  a  degree.  At  the  funeral 
of  Hippolyte  Carnot,  the  father  of  the  late 
President,  and  biographer  of  Barere,  he 
had  to  be  rescued  from  a  crowd  of  angry 
opponents  (March  20,  1888).  This  un- 
popularity was  increased  by  his  opposition 
to  General  Boulanger  (1888),  whom  he 
styled  a  "  Saint  Arnaud  du  cafe1  concert," 
in  a  speech  at  Epinal.  In  1889  he  was 
defeated  in  his  candidature  for  the  Cham- 
ber, but  was  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1891. 
There  he  supported  Protection  against  the 
Free-Traders,  Jules  Simon  and  Challemel- 
Lacour.  Of  late  years  he  has  been  often 
spoken  of  as  a  possible  Premier,  but  his 
opposition  to  Radicalism  and  his  colonial 
policy  have  prevented  his  return  to  power. 
He  is  one  of  the  few  French  statesmen 
left  with  truly  imperial  ideas,  and  it 
augurs  ill  for  his  country  that  they  cannot 
rise  to  his  ideals.  He  married,  in  1876, 
Mdlle.  Rissler-Kestner. 

FESTING,  Edward  Robert,  F.R.S., 
Major-General,  son  of  Richard  Grindal 
Festing  and  Eliza  Mammatt,  was  born  at 
Frome,  Aug.  10,  1839,  and  was  educated 
at  King's  School,  Bruton,  at  the  Ordnance 
School,  Carshalton,  and  the  R.M.  Academy, 
Woolwich.  He  received  his  commission 
in  the  Royal  Engineers,  April  20,  1855  ; 
went  to  India  in  1857,  and  served  in  the 
Central  India  Field  Force  under  Sir  Hugh 
Rose  and  Sir  Robert  Napier,  gaining  the 
Indian  Mutiny  medal.  He  was  appointed 
Assistant  Director  of  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum,  July  1864,  and  made  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1887.  Since  1893 
he  has  been  Director  of  the  Science  Museum 
at  South  Kensington.  In  1871  he  married 
Frances  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
Arthur  Legrew.  Addresses  :  3  Residence, 
South  Kensington  Museum ;  and  the  Athe- 


FESTING,  The  Right  Rev.  John 
Wogan,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  St.  Albans,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Richard  Grindal  Festing 
and  Eliza,  daughter  of  Edward  Mammatt, 
and  brother  of  Major-General  Festing, 
late  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  and  was 
educated  at  Wells  Theological  College 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1860,  M.A.  in 
1863,  and  D.D.  in  1890.  In  1860  he  was 
ordained  deacon,  and  in  1861  priest.  He 
was  curate  of  Christ  Church,  Westminster, 
from   1860  to   1873  ;  was  appointed  vicar 


FIELD 


361 


of  St.  Luke's,  Berwick  Street,  in  1873,  and 
vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Albany  Street, 
1878.  The  Bishop  is  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  the  Universities'  Mission  to 
Central  Africa.  He  was  made  rural  dean 
of  St.  Pancras  in  1887,  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  in  the  following  year,  and  Bishop 
of  St.  Albans  in  1890.  Among  pamphlets 
from  his  pen  may  be  mentioned,  "  Whose 
treatment  of  the  Lord's  Supper  does  St. 
Paul  condemn  ?  "  1866.  Address :  21  Ends- 
leigh  Gardens,  W.C. 

FIELD,  Henry  Martyn,  D.D.,  brother 
of  the  late  Cyrus  West  Field,  and  Hon. 
Stephen  J.  Field,  was  born  at  Stockbridge, 
Massachusetts,  April  3,  1822.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Williams  College  in  1838,  studied 
theology,  and  in  1842  became  pastor  of 
a  Presbyterian  Church  in  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri. In  1847  he  resigned  his  charge, 
and  visited  Europe,  where  he  remained 
over  a  year.  Returning  to  America  he 
published  "The  Good  and  the  Bad  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church "  in  1848  ;  and 
"  The  Irish  Confederates,  a  History  of  the 
Rebellion  of  1798,"  in  1851.  The  same 
year  he  became  pastor  of  a  church  at  West 
Springfield,  Mass.  In  1854  he  removed  to 
New  York,  and  became  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors and  editors  of  the  Evangelist,  a  religious 
weekly  newspaper,  of  which  he  has  now 
been  for  twenty  years  the  sole  proprietor. 
In  1858  he  made  another  European  tour, 
which  he  has  described  in  "  Summer  Pic- 
tures from  Copenhagen  to  Venice."  In 
1866  he  published  the  "History  of  the 
Atlantic  Telegraph."  In  1867  he  again 
came  to  Europe,  to  visit  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion, and  as  delegate  to  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  and  the  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Ireland.  In  1875-76  he  made  a  tour 
round  the  world,  which  he  described  in 
two  volumes,  "  From  the  Lakes  of  Killarney 
to  the  Golden  Horn,"  and  "  From  Egypt 
to  Japan,"  which  have  passed  through 
seventeen  editions.  In  1881-82  he  made 
a  second  visit  to  the  East,  the  result  of 
which  was  three  volumes  in  the  three  years 
following,  viz.,  "  On  the  Desert,  a  visit  to 
Mount  Sinai "  ;  "Among  the  Holy  Hills  "  ; 
and  "  The  Greek  Islands  and  Turkey  after 
the  War."  A  still  more  recent  visit  to 
Southern  Europe  has  been  followed  by 
"  Old  Spain  and  New  Spain  "  and  "  Gib- 
raltar." In  1890  appeared  "  Bright  Skies 
and  Dark  Shadows,"  devoted  principally 
to  a  discussion  of  the  negro  question. 

FIELD,  Hon.  Stephen  Johnson, 
LL.D.,  brother  of  the  late  Cyrus  West 
Field  and  of  Dr.  Henry  Martyn  Field,  was 
born  at  Haddaro,  Connecticut,  Nov.  4, 
1816,  and  graduated  at  Williams  College, 
1837.  He  studied  law,  with  his  brother 
David  Dudley  Field,  at  New  York,  and  on 


his  admission  to  the  Bar  entered  into  a 
partnership  with  him  which  lasted  until 
1848,  when  Stephen  went  to  Europe.  In 
1849  he  settled  in  California,  where  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
In  1851  he  was  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  in  1857  was  chosen  a  Judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  of  which, 
in  1859,  he  became  Chief-Justice.  In 
1863  he  was  appointed  by  President  Lin- 
coln a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States.  In  1873  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  Governor  of  California  one 
of  a  commission  to  examine  the  code  of 
laws  of  the  State,  and  to  prepare  amend- 
ments to  it  for  the  action  of  the  legislature, 
and  in  1877  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  Electoral  Commission  to  decide  the 
disputed  presidential  contest  between  Mr. 
Hayes  and  Mr.  Tilden.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Williams  College  in 
1864,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Law  in  the  University  of  California. 
In  1889  an  attempt  was  made  to  assassi- 
nate him  while  on  circuit  duty  in  California 
by  a  disappointed  litigant,  Judge  Terry 
(his  predecessor  in  the  Chief -Justiceship 
of  California),  but  his  life  was  saved  by 
the  prompt  interposition  of  an  accom- 
panying court  officer.  He  resigned  from 
the  bench  in  1897. 

FIELD,    The  Rev.  Thomas,    D.D., 

was  born  at  Folkestone,  Nov.  9,  1855,  and 
was  educated  under  Bishop  Mitchinson, 
at  the  King's  School,  Canterbury,  from 
1867  to  1873.  He  was  head  of  the  school 
from  the  age  of  14  to  17,  and  subsequently 
obtained  an  Open  Mathematical  Scholar- 
ship at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford. 
At  Oxford  he  was  Proxime  Accessit  for  the 
Stanhope  Essay  to  Mr.  Lodge,  now  Pro- 
fessor of  History  at  Glasgow.  He  also 
obtained  a  first  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions in  1874,  and  in  Mathematical  Mode- 
rations in  1875.  In  1877  he  was  placed 
in  the  first  class  in  the  Final  Classical 
Schools,  and  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship 
at  Magdalen  College,  being  practically  the 
last  election  held  under  the  old  statutes. 
After  two  terms'  work  as  Sixth  Form 
Master  at  Repton,  he  was  appointed  Com- 
position Master  at  Harrow,  where  he 
remained  eight  years.  Archbishop  Tait 
ordained  him  deacon  in  1879,  and  priest 
in  1880.  In  1886  he  returned  to  Canter- 
bury as  Head-master  of  his  old  school,  the 
King's  School,  which  has  lately  been 
shown  by  Mr.  Leach  to  be  the  oldest 
school  in  the  country.  In  January  1897 
he  was  appointed  Warden  of  St.  Peter's 
College,  Radley.  He  has  been  selected  to 
preach  before  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  he  preached  the  commemora- 
tion sermon  at  Oxford  before  the  Uni- 
versity.    He  has  published  several  articles 


362 


FIELD  —  FILDES 


on  educational  matters,  and  sermons 
preached  before  the  University  of  Oxford, 
entitled,  "  Seven  Lamps  of  Ritual."  He 
married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  C.  M. 
Church,  sub-Dean  of  Wells.  Address : 
Radley  College,  Abingdon. 

FIELD,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
"William  Ventris  Field,  eldest  son  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Flint  Field,  of  Fielden,  Bed- 
fordshire, was  born  Aug.  21,  1813.  On 
leaving  school  he  was  at  first  articled  to 
Messrs.  Terrell,  Barton,  &  Smale,  solicitors, 
of  Exeter,  but  was  afterwards  with  Messrs. 
Price  &  Bolton,  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He 
practised  in  that  branch  of  the  profession 
in  London  from  1840  to  1843,  as  one  of  the 
firm  of  Thompson,  Debenham,  &  Field, 
of  Salters'  Hall  Court;  but  from  1843, 
having  entered  himself  as  a  member  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  and  reading  in  the 
chambers  of  Mr.  T.  Kingdom,  of  the 
Western  Circuit,  he  prepared  for  the  Bar. 
He  began  in  1847  to  practise  under  the 
Bar  as  a  special  pleader.  In  1850  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar,  and  joined  the  Western 
circuit.  This  he  afterwards  exchanged 
for  the  Midland,  where  he  gained  a  large 
practice,  as  well  as  in  London,  both  in 
commercial  cases  at  Guildhall  and  before 
the  Privy  Council.  In  1864  Mr.  Field 
was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel,  and 
was  elected  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner 
Temple.  He  became  leader  of  the  Mid- 
land Circuit,  besides  practising  largely 
before  the  Judicial  Committee  and  Rail- 
way Commission,  and  other  tribunals. 
Mr.  Field  was  nominated  a  Justice  of  the 
Queen's  Bench  Division  in  the  High 
Court  of  Judicature  in  February  1875,  and 
shortly  afterwards  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  On  his  retirement  from 
the  Bench  in  February  1 890,  he  was  created 
a  peer.  Addresses  :  Bakeham,  Englefield 
Green,  Staines,  &c;  and  Athenaeum. 

FIFE,  Duke  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
Alexander  William  George  Duff, 
K.T.,  was  born  on  Nov.  10, 1849,  succeeded 
bis  father  as  6th  Earl  of  Fife  in  1879,  was 
created  Duke  of  Fife  in  1889,  on  his  mar- 
riage with  H.R.H.  the  Princess  Louise 
Victoria  Alexandra  Dagmar,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
The  Duke  was  educated  at  Eton  ;  is  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Elginshire;  a  Deputy -Lieu- 
tenant of  the  counties  of  Aberdeen  and 
Banff ;  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Banffshire 
Artillery  Volunteers  ;  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster;  and 
a  partner  in  the  metropolitan  banking 
firm  of  Sir  Samuel  Scott  &  Co.  He  was 
well  known  as  Vice-President  of  the 
British  South  Africa  Company  having 
held  that  position  from  the  formation  of 
the  Company   some    nine    years    before, 


until  the  spring  of  1898,  when  he  severed 
his  connection  with  the  Company  on  the 
ground,  as  stated  by  him  in  a  speech  at 
the  annual  dinner  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute  in  March,  that  "  a  board  of 
gentlemen  sitting  in  London,  however 
able  and  honest  they  might  be,  could  not 
exercise  the  same  control  as  the  Impe- 
rial authority."  In  the  same  speech  he 
welcomed  the  scheme  formed  by  Mr. 
Chamberlain  for  the  future  government  of 
the  Chartered  Company's  territory,  and 
pointed  out  that  the  Jameson  Raid,  of 
which  plot  he  and  his  co-directors  were 
demonstrably  ignorant,  could  never  have 
been  carried  out  by  individuals  "  who  felt 
themselves  under  the  direct  control  of  the 
British  Government."  The  Duke  sat  as 
M.  P.  for  Elgin  and  Nairn,  in  the  Liberal 
interest,  in  1874-79 ;  was  Captain  and 
Gold  Stick  of  the  Corps  of  Gentlemen-at- 
Arms,  1880-85 ;  went  on  a  special  mission 
to  the  King  of  Saxony  in  1882 ;  and 
received  the  first  Order  of  Saxony.  The 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Fife  have  two 
daughters,  of  whom  the  elder,  Lady 
Alexandra  Victoria  Alberta  Edwina 
Louise,  was  born  at  East  Sheen  Lodge 
on  May  17,  1891.  The  second,  Lady 
Maude  Alexandra  Victoria  Georgia  Bertha, 
was  born  there  on  April  3,  1893.  Ad- 
dresses :  15  Portman  Square,  W. ;  Duff 
House,  Banffshire ;  East  Sheen  Lodge, 
Surrey  ;  Mar  Lodge,  Aberdeenshire  (burnt 
and  rebuilt  in  recent  years). 

FIFE,  Her  Royal  Highness  the 
Duchess  of,  Princess  Louise  Victoria 
Alexandra  Dagmar  of  Wales,  eldest 
daughter  of  their  Royal  Highnesses  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  was  born 
at  Marlborough  House  on  Feb.  20,  1867, 
and  married  at  Buckingham  Palace  on 
July  27,  1889,  to  Alexander  William 
George  Duff,  first  Duke  of  Fife.  The 
Duchess  of  Fife  is  President  of  the  Edin- 
burgh School  of  Medicine  for  Women, 
which  is  the  first  school  where  a  medical 
education  has  been  afforded  to  women  in 
Scotland.     See  Fife,  Duke  op. 

FILDES,  Luke,  R.A.,  was  born  in 
Liverpool,  Oct.  18,  1844,  educated  at  a 
private  school,  and  studied  art  at  the 
South  Kensington  Art  School,  where  he 
held  an  Exhibition,  and  the  Royal  Academy 
Schools.  After  completing  his  artistic 
education  he  worked  for  some  time  in 
black  and  white,  illustrating  books  and 
magazines,  and  drawing  for  the  Illustrated 
London  News  and  other  papers.  His  first 
Academy  picture  was  exhibited  in  1872, 
and  is  entitled  "  Fair,  Quiet,  and  Sweet 
Rest."  Other  notable  pictures  are  :  "  The 
Casual  Ward,"  1874;  "The  Widower," 
1876 ;    "  The    Return    of    the   Penitent,' 


FILON  —  FISHEK 


363 


1879  ;  "  The  Village  Wedding,"  "  A 
School-girl,"  "  Phyllis,"  the  two  well- 
known  Venetian  studies  ;  '•  The  Al  Fresco 
Toilette,"  and  "Venetian  Life,"  and  the 
famous  painting  of  "  The  Doctor,"  1892,  in 
which  the  medical  man  is  said  to  be  a 
portrait  of  an  eminent  contemporary 
surgeon.  It  is  as  a  portrait-painter  that 
Mr.  Luke  Fildes  has  become  famous.  In 
1892  he  had  four  portraits  in  the  Academy, 
in  1893  one.  The  portraits  of  the  Duke 
and  Duchess  of  York  were  painted  for  the 
Graphic  in  1893,  and  his  portrait  of  the 
Princess  of  Wales  has  formed  a  Graphic 
supplement.  He  also  painted  a  posthumous 
portrait  of  the  late  Duke  of  Clarence.  In 
1895  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
portraits  of  Mrs.  Johnson-Ferguson,  Mrs. 
Arthur  James,  Mr.  Yerburgh,  M.P.,  and  Mr. 
Frank  Bibby ;  in  1896  portraits  of  Mrs. 
Stuart  Samuel  as  a  Shepherdess,  Mrs.  Frank 
Bibby,  Mr.  Frederick  Treves,  F.R.C.S.  (a 
presentation  portrait),  Mrs.  Frank  Brace, 
and  Dr.  Thomas  Buzzard  ;  in  1897  portraits 
of  Mrs.  Donaldson,  Jack  (son  of  Mr.  Elmer 
Speed),  Mrs.  Maple,  Mrs.  Lever,  and  Sir 
Myles  Fenton  ;  and  in  1898,  Douglas  (son 
of  Mr.  Elmer  Speed),  Miss  Irene  Blair,  and 
Mr.  John  Aird.  He  became  R.A.  in  1887. 
Addresses :  11  Melbury  Road,  Kensington, 
W.,  &c. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

FILON,    Pierre    Marie    Augustin, 

French  litterateur,  was  born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  28,  1841,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
the  historian  Auguste  Filon,  who  died  in 
1875.  In  1861  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Ecole  Normale,  and  having  obtained  his 
degree  of  Agre'ge'  des  Lettres,  he  became 
Professor  at  the  Lycde  of  Grenoble.  In 
1867  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the  young 
Prince  Imperial,  whom  he  followed  into 
exile  in  1870,  and  continued  to  teach  until 
1875.  Since  then  M.  Filon  has  been  en- 
gaged in  critical  and  journalistic  work  in 
England,  but  he  has  recently  returned  to 
his  native  land.  His  chief  works  have 
been  :  "  Les  Manages  de  Londres,"  a 
collection  of  short  stories,  1875  ;  "  His- 
toire  de  la  Litterature  Anglaise  jusqu'a 
nos  jours,"  a  work  crowned  by  the 
French  Academy  in  1884  ;  and  "  Contes 
du  Centenaire,"  1889.  Since  1891  M. 
Filon  has  been  the  literary  editor  of  the 
Revue  Bleue.  He  has  lately  attracted  much 
attention  by  his  two  books  on  the  English 
and  French  contemporary  drama,  which 
were  first  contributed  to  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  and  since  published  in  book  form, 
1897  and  1898.  His  eldest  son,  Louis 
Napoleon  Filon,  obtained  the  Gold  Medal 
at  London  University  in  Mathematics. 

FINLAY,  Sir  Robert  Bannatyne, 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  Solicitor-General,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
D.L.,  son  of  Dr.  William  Finlay,  of  Edin- 


burgh, was  born  on  July  11,  1842,  and 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and 
at  Edinburgh  University,  where  he  studied 
medicine  and  took  his  doctor's  degree  in 
1863.  Two  years  later  he  gave  up  medi- 
cal practice  and  began  to  study  for  the 
English  Bar.  He  was  called  in  1867,  at 
the  Middle  Temple.  He  joined  the  South- 
Eastern  Circuit,  and  was  made  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1882.  In  the  following  year  Mr. 
Finlay  contested  Haddingtonshire  against 
Lord  Elcho  at  a  by-election,  but  was  un- 
successful. At  the  General  Election  of 
1885  he  succeeded  in  gaining  a  seat  for 
Inverness  Burghs,  and  in  1886  he  was 
again  returned  for  the  same  constituency 
as  a  Unionist  Liberal,  defeating  Sir  Robert 
Peel  (Gladstonian)  by  273  votes.  Up  to 
the  election  of  1885  and  the  rise  of  the 
Home  Rule  question,  Mr.  Finlay  had  made 
no  great  mark  in  the  House,  but  during 
the  first  debates  on  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Government  of  Ireland  Bill  he  rose  into 
a  very  important  position  as  a  Liberal 
Unionist.  Since  that  time  Mr.  Finlay  has 
been  before  the  public  in  several  capa- 
cities. He  was  counsel  for  the  late  Lord 
Colin  Campbell  in  the  celebrated  lawsuit 
brought  by  him  for  the  dissolution  of  his 
marriage.  In  1892  and  1895  he  was  not 
re-elected  to  Parliament.  He  is  married 
to  Mary,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
Colin  Innes,  of  Edinburgh.  Addresses  : 
31  Phillimore  Gardens,  W.  ;  and  Newton, 
Nairn. 

FISHER,  Professor  Ernest  Euno 
Berthold,  was  born  July  23,  1824,  at 
Sandewald,  in  Silesia,  and  educated  at  the 
Universities  of  Leipzig  and  Halle,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  Philo- 
sophy, Theology,  and  Philology.  In  1850 
he  began  to  lecture  at  Heidelberg,  and  in 
1856  was  appointed  Professor  of  Philosophy 
at  the  University  of  Jena,  where  he  re- 
mained until  called  to  fill  a  similar  chair 
at  Heidelberg  in  1872.  His  chief  works 
are  :  "  Diotima,  the  Idea  of  the  Beauti- 
ful," 1849;  "History  of  Modern  Philo- 
sophy," 1852-72  ;  "  Logic  and  Meta- 
physics," 1865;  "Life  of  Kant  and  the 
Principles  of  his  Teachings  "  ;  "  Life  and 
Character  of  Spinoza  "  ;  "  The  Confessions 
of  Schiller  "  ;  "  Lord  Bacon  "  ;  "  Goethe's 
Faust  "  ;  and  "  Lessing  as  the  Reformer  of 
German  Literature,"  1881.  He  is  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  modern  representatives 
of  Hegelianism. 

FISHER,  Frederic  Henry,  was  born 
in  London,  April  13,  1849,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  F.  W.  Fisher.  He 
graduated  B.A.,  London  University,  1867, 
and  passed  into  the  Indian  Civil  Service, 
1868,  afterwards  serving  in  the  North- 
western Provinces.     He  retired  and  was 


364 


FISHER  — FITCH 


called  to  the  Bar  of  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1885.  He  is  author  of  several  works, 
chiefly  on  Indian  subjects,  namely, 
"  Afghanistan  and  the  Central  Asian 
Question,"  "  North-Western  Provinces 
Gazetteer"  (several  volumes),  "Cyprus: 
our  New  Colony  and  What  we  Know 
about  it,"  and  has  edited  the  well-known 
Literary  World  since  1883.  Address  : 
Highfield,  WestclifE-on-Sea,  Essex. 

FISHER,  Vice-Admiral  Sir  John 
Arbuthnot,  K.C.B.,  was  born  in  January 
1841,  and  entered  the  Navy  in  June  1854. 
He  first  saw  active  service  in  the  Baltic 
during  the  Eussian  War.  In  1859  he 
went  to  China,  serving  as  Midshipman  in 
H.M.S.  Highflyer,  Chesapeake,  and  Furious, 
and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Canton, 
and  the  Peiho  forts.  He  was  awarded  the 
China  medal  with  two  clasps.  He  was 
promoted  Lieutenant  in  1860,  and  taking 
gunnery  as  his  specialty,  made  his  mark 
as  an  organiser  and  administrator  before 
he  became  a  Commander,  which  rank  he 
reached  in  1869.  Sir  John  was  promoted 
Captain  in  1874,  and  was  appointed  Pre- 
sident of  a  Committee  for  revising  "The 
Gunnery  Manual  of  the  Fleet."  It  fell 
to  him  to  command  H.M.S.  Inflexible,  at 
that  time  the  most  powerful  warship  in  the 
world,  at  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria, 
and  after  the  fight,  to  command  the  Naval 
Brigade  landed  to  occupy  the  city.  He 
also  devised  and  adapted  the  "Ironclad 
Train,"  and  commanded  in  the  various 
skirmishes  with  the  enemy.  For  these 
services  he  received  the  C.B.,  the  Egyptian 
medal,  Khedive's  star,  and  the  Osmanieh 
of  the  Third  Class.  He  was  appointed 
Director  of  Naval  Ordnance  and  Tor- 
pedoes in  1886,  and  the  year  following 
Naval  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen.  Sir 
John  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Rear- 
Admiral  in  1890,  and  shortly  afterwards 
went  to  Portsmouth  Dockyard  as  Admiral- 
Superintendent.  That  appointment  he  gave 
up  in  1892,  having  been  selected  a  Lord 
Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty  and  Con- 
troller of  the  Navy.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.B.  in  1894,  and  in  1897  was  selected 
as  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  North 
American  and  West  Indian  station,  with 
his  flag  in  H.M.S.  Renown.  He  also  holds 
the  Beaufort  Testimonial.  He  has  been 
appointed  Commander  -  in  -  Chief  in  the 
Mediterranean.  He  has  also  been  chosen 
as  a  delegate  to  represent  British  naval 
interests  at  the  Czar's  Peace  Conference. 
Sir  John  is  married  to  Katharine,  a 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  T.  Delves,  Broughton. 
Addresses  :  18  Somerset  Street,  Portman 
Square,  W.  ;  and  Admiralty,  S.W.* 

FISHEB,  William  Hayes,  M.P.,  a 
Lord  of  the  Treasury,  was  born  in  1853, 


and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  R.  Fisher, 
Rector  of  Downham,  Cambridgeshire.  He 
was  educated  at  Haileybury,  and  at  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a 
second  class  in  Jurisprudence  in  1876 
(B.A.).  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1879,  went  the  Oxford 
Circuit,  and  eventually  became  Senior 
Conveyancing  Counsel  to  the  Court  of 
Chancery.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Ful- 
ham  in  1885,  and  still  represents  that  con- 
stituency. He  was  Hon.  Private  Secretary 
to  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach  in  1886-87, 
and  to  the  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour  from 
1887  to  1892.  In  1895  he  was  appointed 
a  Junior  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  and  is  a 
Ministerial  Whip.  Address  :  13  Bucking- 
ham Palace  Gardens,  S.W. 

FITCH,  Sir  Joshua  Girling,  son  of 

Thomas  Fitch  of  Colchester,  was  born 
in  1824 ;  was  educated  at  University 
College,  London,  and  is  M.A.  and  Fellow 
of  the  University  of  London.  He  was 
from  1852  to  1856  Vice-Principal,  and  after- 
wards Principal,  of  the  Training  College  of 
the  British  and  Foreign  School  Society. 
In  1863  he  was  appointed  one  of  her 
Majesty's  Inspectors  of  Schools,  but  has 
since  been  repeatedly  detached  for  special 
services,  first  in  1865  as  Assistant-Com- 
missioner to  the  Schools  Inquiry  Com- 
mission, afterwards,  in  1869,  as  one  of 
two  Special  Parliamentary  Commissioners 
to  investigate  the  educational  condition 
of  four  great  towns,  with  a  view  to  the 
framing  of  the  Education  Act  of  1870  ;  and 
subsequently  as  Assistant-Commissioner 
under  the  Endowed  Schools  Act  from  1870 
to  1877.  In  that  year  he  returned  to 
the  service  of  the  Education  Department, 
and  in  1881  became  Chief  Inspector  of 
the  Eastern  Division,  and  afterwards 
Inspector  of  Training  Colleges  until  1894, 
when  he  retired  from  the  public  service. 
He  was  Examiner  in  the  English  Language, 
Literature,  and  History  in  the  University 
of  London  during  ten  years,  and  was 
appointed  a  Fellow  of  the  University  by 
the  Crown,  on  the  nomination  of  Convoca- 
tion. He  has  acted  during  many  years  as 
one  of  the  special  Examiners  employed 
by  the  Civil  Service  Commission  for  the 
Indian  and  other  higher  branches  of  the 
Civil  Service.  In  1880  he  delivered  before 
the  University  of  Cambridge  a  course  of 
"Lectures  on  Teaching,"  since  published 
by  the  Cambridge  Press  in  a  volume  which 
has  been  largely  used  by  teachers  in 
England  and  America,  and  translated  into 
several  foreign  languages.  He  is  author 
of  "Thomas  and  Matthew  Arnold,  and 
their  Influence  on  Education,"  and  also 
of  numerous  articles  on  literary  and 
academic  topics  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury, the   Quarterly,   and    other    reviews. 


FITZGEORGE  —  FITZGERALD 


365 


He  has  written  a  work  on  "The  Science 
of  Arithmetic,"  and  the  article  "Educa- 
tion" in  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia.  The 
University  of  St.  Andrews  in  1885  con- 
ferred on  him  the  hon.  degree  of  LL.D., 
and  he  has  received  from  the  French 
Government  the  Cross  of  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  in  recognition 
of  services  rendered  to  the  Professors 
of  French  Normal  Colleges  who  have 
visited  England  to  study  educational 
institutions  and  methods.  In  1888  he 
visited  America,  and  wrote  for  the  Eng- 
lish Education  Department  "Notes  on 
American  Schools  and  Colleges,"  which 
were  afterwards  reprinted,  with  additions, 
in  England  and  in  the  United  States.  He 
also  prepared  for  the  Department  in  1890, 
in  view  of  the  proposals  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  abolish  fees  in  elementary  schools, 
a  Parliamentary  paper  on  the  "Working 
of  the  Free  School  System  in  France  and 
other  Countries,"  which  was  reproduced 
in  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the  Committee 
of  Council  in  1891.  He  was  knighted  for 
public  services  in  1896.  He  served  for  the 
year  1898-99  as  Chairman  of  Council  of 
the  Charity  Organisation  Society.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  governing  bodies  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  Girton  College  (Cam- 
bridge), and  Cheltenham  Ladies'  College, 
and  an  Hon.  Fellow  of  the  Scottish  and 
American  Educational  Institutes.  Since 
his  retirement  he  has,  at  the  request 
of  the  Government,  served  on  several 
special  Committees  of  inquiry  in  refe- 
rence to  Admiralty  and  to  Poor-Law 
Schools.  In  1856  he  married  Emma, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Barber  Wilks,  Trea- 
surer of  the  Hon.  East  India  Company. 
Addresses  :  13  Leinster  Square,  W. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

FITZGEORGE,  Colonel  Augustus 
Charles  Frederick,  OB.  (Civil  Division), 
was  born  on  June  12,  1847.  He  is  the 
third  son  of  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Cambridge 
and  of  Mrs.  FitzGeorge.  He  was  educated 
in  Belgium  and  at  Sandhurst.  He  joined 
the  1st  Rifle  Brigade,  then  stationed  in 
Canada,  in  1865,  and  has  been  A.D.C.  to 
Lord  Napier  of  Magdala  when  in  India 
(1870-75),  and  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  on 
his  Indian  tour,  and  Extra  Equerry  to 
Sir  Archibald  Alison  at  Aldershot.  In 
1878  he  was  transferred  to  the  11th 
Hussars,  and  is  now  on  the  half-pay 
list.  Since  1886  he  has  been  Equerry 
to  his  father.  Address  :  Gloucester  House, 
Park  Lane,  W. 

FITZGERALD,    Edward    Arthur, 

F.R.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  is  the  son  of 
William  John  Fitzgerald,  a  British  subject, 
and  Mary,  daughter  of  Eli  White,  of  New 
York,  and  was  born  at  Connecticut,  U.S.A., 


on  May  10,  1871.  He  was  educated  pri- 
vately and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
He  has  devoted  his  time  largely  to  moun- 
tain-climbing, beginning  by  traversing  the 
Alps  from  end  to  end  in  the  company  of 
Sir  Martin  Conway.  In  1894  he  visited 
the  New  Zealand  Alps,  and  discovered  the 
"Fitzgerald  Pass."  He  afterwards  or- 
ganised an  expedition  which  proceeded 
to  South  America,  and  there  climbed  the 
Aconcagua  and  Tupungata.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Climbs  in  the  New  Zealand 
Alps,"  1896.  Mr.  Fitzgerald  was  married 
in  1892  to  Jeanne  Marie,  daughter  of 
Baron  de  Rothercob,  of  Rouen.  She  died 
in  1893.  Address  :  22  Down  Street,  Picca- 
dilly, W. 

FITZGERALD,    George    Francis, 

F.R.S.,  was  born  on  Aug.  3,  1851,  in  Lower 
Mount  Street,  Dublin.  His  father  was 
William  Fitzgerald,  sometime  Bishop  of 
Cork,  and  afterwards  Bishop  of  Killaloe. 
Mr.  G.  F.  Fitzgerald  was  educated  at  home 
by  a  private  tutor,  Charles  J.  Hooper,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1871,  and  M.A.  in 
1874.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1877,  Erasmus  Smith 
Professor  of  Natural  and  Experimental 
Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Dublin, 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society,  1881  till  1889;  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  1883  ;  head  of  the  Dublin 
Univ.  School  of  Engineering,  1886  ;  Pre- 
sident of  Section  A,  British  Association, 
Bath,  1888 ;  and  Examiner  for  London 
University  in  Experimental  Science,  1888. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  his  principal 
works  :  "On  the  Rotation  of  the  Plane  of 
Polarisation  of  Light  by  Reflection  from 
the  Pole  of  a  Magnet,"  Proc.  R.  S.,  No.  176, 
1876;  "On  the  Electro-magnetic  Theory 
of  the  Reflection  and  Refraction  of  Light," 
Trans.  R.  S.,  Part  II.,  1880  ;  "On  the  Possi- 
bility of  originating  Wave  Disturbances  in 
the  Ether  by  means  of  Electric  Forces," 
Trans.  R.  D.  S.,  Vol.  I. ;  "  On  the  Superficial 
Tension  of  Fluids  and  its  Possible  Relation 
to  Muscular  Contractions,"  Trans.  R.  D.  S., 
Vol.  I. ;  "  On  the  Energy  transferred  to  the 
Ether  by  a  variable  Current,"  Trans.  R.  D. 
S.,  Vol.  III.;  "On  an  Analogy  between 
Electric  and  Thermal  Phenomena,"  Proc. 
R.  D.  S.,  1884;  "On  a  Model  illustrating 
some  Properties  of  the  Ether,"  Proc.  R. 
D.  S.,  1885  ;  "  On  the  Structure  of  Mechani- 
cal Models  illustrating  some  of  the  Proper- 
ties of  the  iEther,"  Phys.  Soc.  Proc.  and 
Phil.  Mag.,  1885;  "Note  on  the  Specific 
Heat  of  the  Ether,"  Proc.  R.  D.  S.,  1885 ; 
"On  the  Limits  to  the  Velocity  of  Motion 
in  the  working  parts  of  Engines,"  Proc.  R. 
D.  S.,  1886  ;  and  "  On  the  Thermodynamic 
Properties  of  a  Substance  whose  Intrinsic 
Equation   is   a   Linear   Function   of   the 


366 


FITZGEKALD  —  FITZMAUKICE 


Pressure  and  Temperature,"  Proc.  R.  S., 
1887.  Address:  40  Trinity  College, 
Dublin. 

FITZGEKALD,  Sir  Gerald,  K.C.M.G., 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Francis  Fitz- 
Gerald,  of  Gal  way,  was  born  Jan.  1,  1833, 
at  Galway,  and  educated  at  St.  Mary's 
College,  Galway,  and  in  France.  He  was 
appointed  Junior  Clerk,  War  Office,  1856  ; 
was  Estimate  Clerk,  1861-63  ;  selected  in 
1863  to  proceed  to  India  as  Assistant- 
Commissioner  for  the  Reorganisation  of 
Indian  Accounts  ;  Deputy -Comptroller- 
General  of  Military  Accounts,  1864-66 ; 
Accountant-General  of  Madras,  1871  ;  of 
British  Burmah,  1872 ;  and  was  Deputy- 
Comptroller-General  of  India,  1872-76. 
He  was  allowed  to  accept  temporary  ser- 
vice under  the  Egyptian  Government  in 
1876 ;  and  was  Director-General  of  Ac- 
counts in  Egypt,  1879-85  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Accountant-General  of  the  Navy 
and  Assistant  Financial  Secretary,  June  1, 
1885  ;  retired  1896.  During  his  tenure  of 
office  as  Accountant-General  many  impor- 
tant changes  were  carried  out  in  his 
department ;  the  Navy  Estimates  were 
remodelled,  and  the  difficulties  presented 
by  the  Naval  Defence  Act  successfully 
surmounted.  He  is  a  Commissioner  of 
the  Royal  Patriotic  Fund  and  Member 
of  Pensions  Commutation  Board.  Sir  G. 
FitzGerald  was  created  C.M.G.,  1880; 
K.C.M.G.,  1885;  and  has  received  First 
Class  of  the  Medjidieh  ;  Third  Class  of  the 
Osmanieh  ;  and  Egyptian  War  Medal  and 
Bronze  Star.  He  married  Amicia,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Lord  Houghton,  in  1881. 
Address  :  18  Cadogan  Gardens,  S.W. 

FITZGERALD,  Percy  Hethering- 
ton,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  son  of  the  late  Thomas 
Fitzgerald,  M.P.,  born  in  1834  at  Fane 
Valley,  co.  Louth,  Ireland,  was  educated 
at  Stoneyhurst  College,  Lancashire,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  after  which  he 
was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar,  and  appointed 
a  Crown  Prosecutor  on  the  North-Eastern 
Circuit.  He  is  the  author  of  many  works 
of  fiction,  most  of  which  originally  ap- 
peared in  All  the  Year  Hound  and  Once  a 
Week:  "Never  Forgotten,"  "Bella  Donna," 
"Second  Mrs.  Tillotson,"  "Dear  Girl," 
"Diana  Gay,"  Novels  of  "Young  Ccelebs," 
"The  Lady  of  Brantome,"  "The  Night 
Mail,"  and  many  others.  Also  the  follow- 
ing biographies,  (fee:  "  Croker's  Boswell "  ; 
"The  Life  of  Wilkes";  "Lives  of  the 
Sheridans";  "Lives  of  Dukes  and  Prin- 
cesses"; "Life  of  Mrs.  Olive";  "King 
Theodore  of  Corsica "  ;  "  Life  of  William 
IV.,"  2  vols.;  "Life  of  George  IV.,"  2  vols.; 
"  The  Life  of  Sterne,"  2  vols. ;  "  Life  of 
Garrick,"  2  vols. ;  "  Charles  Townshend  "  ; 
"A  Famous  Forgery,"  being  the  life  of 


Dr.  Dodd;  "  Charles  Lamb  "  ;  "Principles 
of  Comedy"  ;  "The  Romance  of  the  Eng- 
lish Stage";  two  editions  of  "Boswell's 
Life  of  Johnson,"  in  3  vols. ;  an  edition 
of  Charles  Lamb's  Works,  in  6  vols.  ; 
"  Recreations  of  a  Literary  Man,"  2  vols.  ; 
"The  World  behind  the  Scenes,"  1  vol.  ; 
"A  New  History  of  the  English  Stage," 
2  vols.,  1882;  "Kings  and  Queens  of  an 
Hour  :  Records  of  Love,  Romance,  Oddity, 
and  Adventure,"  2  vols.,  1883  ;  "Chronicles 
of  Bow  Street "  ;  "  Henry  Irving,  or  Twenty 
Years  at  the  Lyceum";  "Picturesque 
London,"  and  other  works,  together  with 
several  light  pieces  performed  at  the 
London  theatres.  He  was  also  the  joint 
author,  with  Mr.  W.  G.  Wills,  of  "  Vander- 
decken,"  produced  by  Mr.  Irving  at  the 
Lyceum. 

FITZGIBBON,  The  Right  Hon. 
Gerald,  LL.D.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Gerald  FitzGibbon,  Master  in  Chancery, 
and  was  born  Aug.  28,  1837 ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  of  which  he  was 
a  scholar,  and  where  he  gained  the 
Berkeley  Gold  Medal  (Greek)  and  many 
other  high  honours  ;  called  to  the  Bar, 
Ireland,  1860 ;  England  (Lincoln's  Inn), 
1861.  Appointed  Q.C.  1872,  Law  Adviser, 
Dublin  Castle,  1876  ;  Solicitor  -  General, 
1877 ;  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal,  Ireland, 
1878 ;  Privy  Councillor,  Ireland,  1879 ; 
Commissioner  of  National  Education, 
1884-96 ;  Judicial  Commissioner  Educa- 
tional Endowments,  1885 ;  Chancellor  of 
the  United  Dioceses  of  Dublin,  Glenda- 
lough,  and  Kildare,  1896.  He  married,  in 
1864,  Margaret  Ann,  second  daughter  of 
the  Hon.  Baron  FitzGerald.  Addresses  : 
10  Merrion  Square,  Dublin;  and  Howth, 
co.  Dublin. 

FITZMATJRICE,  Lord  Edmund 
George  Petty,  M.A.,  M.P.,  second  son 
of  the  4th  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  by 
his  second  wife,  Emilie,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  Comte  de  Flahault  and  Madame 
de  Flahault,  Lady  Keith,  was  born  in 
London  on  June  19,  1846,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  gained  a  scholarship 
and  a  prize  for  an  English  Essay,  and 
graduated,  as  a  first-class  in  Classics,  in 
1868.  In  December  of  the  last-named 
year  he  entered  the  House  of  Commons 
as  member  for  Calne,  which  he  continued 
to  represent  in  the  Liberal  interest  until 
1885.  He  was  Private  Secretary  to  the 
Right  Hon.  R.  Lowe  at  the  Home  Office 
in  1872-73;  appointed,  1881,  H.M.  Com- 
missioner for  reorganising  the  European 
Provinces  of  Turkey  under  Art.  XXIII.  of 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin;  and  second  Pleni- 
potentiary at  the  London  Conference  on 
the  Navigation  of  the  Danube  in  1883 ; 


FITZPATBICK  —  FLAMMARION 


367 


and  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  for 
Foreign  Affairs  in  December  1882,  in  suc- 
cession to  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  who  had 
been  advanced  to  the  Presidency  of  the 
Local  Government  Board.  At  the  General 
Election  of  1885  Lord  Edmund  was  pre- 
vented by  ill-health  from  offering  him- 
self as  a  candidate.  In  1886  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Boundary  Commis- 
sioners under  the  Local  Government  Act 
(1887);  is  Vice  -  Chairman  of  the  Court 
of  Quarter  Sessions,  and  since  1896  Chair- 
man of  the  County  Council  of  Wilts ; 
and  is  a  trustee  of  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  and  one  of  the  Commissioners  on 
Historical  Manuscripts.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  "Life  of  Lord  Shelburne,"  the  states- 
man, and  in  1895  published  a  "Life  of 
Sir  William  Petty,"  the  political  econo- 
mist, and  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  press,  and  to  periodical  literature, 
on  questions  of  foreign  policy  and  local 
government.  In  1898,  at  a  by-election, 
he  was  elected  M.P.  for  North  Wilts. 
Address  :  Leigh  House,  Bradford-on-Avon, 
Wilts. 

FITZPATBICK,    Sir    Dennis, 

K.C.S.I.,  was  born  in  1837,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  went  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1872,  and 
then  entered  upon  a  diplomatic  career, 
becoming  successively  Resident  at  Hyder- 
abad, Secretary  to,  the  Government  of 
India,  Chief  Commissioner  of  Assam, 
Acting  Resident  at  the  Court  of  the 
Maharajah  of  Mysore,  and  in  1892  Lieu- 
tenant -  Governor  of  the  Punjaub  and 
Officiating  Judge  of  the  Chancery  Court. 
He  held  this  position  until  in  1897  he  was 
appointed  a  Member  of  the  Council  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  India.  In  1866 
he  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Colonel 
Buller.  Club  :  East  India  United  Service, 
St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 

FITZWILLIAM,  Earl  of,  William 
Thomas  Spencer  Wentworth  -  Fitz  - 
William,  K.G.,  D.C.L.,  D.L.,  was  born  on 
Oct.  12, 1815,  is  the  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  and 
the  fourth  daughter  of  the  first  Lord  Dun- 
das,  and  succeeded  to  the  title  in  1857.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  M.A.  degree 
in  1837.  As  Viscount  Milton  he  entered 
Parliament  as  Liberal  member  for  Malton 
in  1837,  and  represented  that  constitu- 
ency until  1841,  and  again  from  1846-47, 
when  he  was  returned  for  Wicklow,  which 
he  represented  for  ten  years.  He  was 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  the  West  Riding  from 
1857-92,  and  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen  from 
1884-94.  He  was  made  a  K.G.  in  1862, 
and  married,  in  1838,  Lady  Frances  Harriet 
Douglas,  daughter  of  the  nineteenth  Earl 
of  Morton.     This  lady  died  in  1895.     Ad- 


dresses :    4  Grosvenor  Square,   W. ;    and 
Wentworth  Woodhouse,  Rotherham,  &c. 

FITZWYGBAM,  General  Sir 
Frederick  Wellington  John,  Bart., 
M.P.,  was  born  on  Aug.  29,  1823;  and 
succeeded  his  brother  as  fourth  Baronet 
in  1873.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  6th  Dragoons 
in  1843,  serving  with  the  latter  through 
the  Crimean  campaign.  He  exchanged 
into  the  15th  Hussars  in  1860,  became  a 
Major  -  General  in  1869,  and  acted  as 
Inspector-General  of  Cavalry,  and  Com- 
mander of  the  Cavalry  Brigade  at  Alder- 
shot,  from  1879  to  1884.  Promoted  to  be 
Lieutenant-General  1883,  he  retired  from 
the  army  in  1889.  Sir  F.  Fitzwygram  was 
elected  as  Conservative  member  for  South 
Hampshire  in  1884,  and  he  has,  since 
1885,  represented  the  Fareham  Division 
of  Hampshire  in  the  same  interest.  He 
is  a  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Veterinary  Surgeons,  and  was  the  Presi- 
dent of  that  institution  from  1875  to  1877. 
He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  a 
County  Alderman  for  Hampshire.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Horses  and  Stables "  ; 
"Notes  on  Shoeing";  "Utilisation  of 
Cottage  Sewage";  "Parochial  Life  In- 
cumbencies." He  was  married,  in  1882,  to 
Angela,  daughter  of  T.  Nugent  Vaughan. 
Address  :  Leigh  Park,  Havant. 

FLAMMARION,  Camille,  a  French 
astronomer,  born  at  Montigny -le-Roi 
(Haute  Marne),  Feb.  25,  1842,  received  his 
education  in  the  ecclesiastical  seminary  of 
Langres  and  in  Paris,  was  a  student  in  the 
Imperial  Observatory  from  1858  till  1868, 
when  he  became  editor  of  the  Cosmos,  and 
was  appointed  scientific  editor  of  the 
Siecle  in  1865.  At  that  period  he  obtained, 
by  a  series  of  lectures  on  astronomy,  a 
distinct  reputation,  which  was  subsequently 
increased  by  his  giving  in  his  adhesion  to 
"spiritualism."  In  1868  he  made  several 
balloon  ascents,  in  order  to  study  the  con- 
dition of  the  atmosphere  at  great  altitudes. 
M.  Flarnmarion  is  the  author  of  "  La 
Pluralite  des  Mondes  Habites,"  1862  (15th 
edit.,  1869) ;  "  Les  Mondes  Imaginaires  et 
les  Mondes  Reels,"  1864  ;  "Les  Merveilles 
Celestes,"  1865;  "  Dieu  dans  la  Nature," 
1866;  "Histoire  du  Ciel,"  1867;  "Con- 
templationsScientifiques,"  1868;  "Voyages 
Aeriens,"  1868  ;  "  L' Atmosphere,"  1872  ; 
"  Lumen,"  1872  (40th  edit.,  1890) ;  "  His- 
toire d'un  Planete,"  1873  ;  and  "  Les  Terres 
du  Ciel,"  1876.  In  June  1880,  the  French 
Academy  awarded  the  Monthyon  prize  to 
M.  Flarnmarion  for  his  work,  "L'Astrono- 
mie  Populaire,"  and  in  1881  he  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
Among  his  most  recent  publications  may 
be   cited   "Urania,"  1889,  and  a  number 


368 


FLEMING 


of  maps,  globes,  and  planispheres.  He 
founded,  in  1882,  the  monthly  review, 
'  L' Astronomic.  His  works  "Urania"  and 
"Popular  Astronomy"  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English.  Paris  address  :  16 
Eue  Cassini.  His  observatory  is  at  Juvisy 
in  the  Seine-et-Oise. 

FLEMING,  George,  C.B.,  LL.D., 
F.K.C.V.S.,  Principal  Veterinary  Surgeon 
of  the  Army  (retired),  was  born  in  Glas- 
gow, March  11,  1833,  and  studied  Veter- 
inary Medicine  and  Surgery  in  Edinburgh. 
While  a  student  he  obtained  medals  for 
competitions  in  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica, 
Essays,  Anatomy,  Best  General  Examina- 
tion, and  Fitzwygram  Prize  for  Practical 
Knowledge.  He  entered  the  army  as 
Veterinary  Surgeon  towards  the  end  of 
1855,  and  served  in  the  Crimea  until  the 
withdrawal  of  the  British  army  in  1856. 
He  volunteered  to  serve  in  the  expedition 
to  North  China  in  1859,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  the  Taku  Forts,  the  en- 
gagements at  Sinho  and  Tangku,  actions 
near  Tangchow,  and  the  surrender  of 
Peking,  remaining  in  that  country  until 
the  end  of  1861.  He  served  in  Syria  and 
Egypt  in  1867.  He  ha%  served  also  in  the 
Military  Train,  3rd  (King's  Own)  Hussars, 
Royal  Engineers,  and  2nd  Regiment  of 
Life  Guards,  and  was  appointed  Inspect- 
ing Veterinary  Surgeon  at  the  War  Office 
in  1879,  and  Principal  Veterinary  Surgeon 
to  the  army  in  1883.  During  his  tenure 
of  office  the  War  Office  Veterinary  Depart- 
ment has  been  put  to  the  severest  test 
by  the  various  campaigns  in  Egypt  and 
Africa.  He  was  placed  on  retired  pay, 
June  28, 1890,  and  made  Companion  of  the 
Bath  (Civil  Division)  on  June  22,  1887. 
While  at  the  War  Office  he  suggested  the 
establishment  of  the  Army  Veterinary 
School  at  Aldershot,  and  directed  it  dur- 
ing the  period  he  was  Principal  Veterinary 
Surgeon.  This  institution  has  been  of 
great  benefit  to  the  army,  as  well  as  to 
veterinary  officers.  It  is  owing  to  Dr. 
Fleming's  representations  and  efforts  that 
steps  were  first  taken  to  establish  a  Civil 
Veterinary  Department  in  India,  that  the 
health  of  army  horses  has  been  much  im- 
proved, and  that  army  horse-shoeing  has 
been  greatly  simplified.  Indeed,  he  has 
been  uniformly  on  the  side  of  humanity 
to  animals.  He  has  effected  an  immense 
improvement  in  the  position  and  quality 
of  veterinary  officers,  and  has  made  it  his 
chief  object  to  raise  the  veterinary  pro- 
fession both  socially  and  scientifically.  In 
1881,  at  his  own  cost,  and  after  much 
anxiety  and  trouble,  he  succeeded  in 
obtaining  from  Parliament  the  Veterinary 
Surgeons  Act,  which  put  the  profession 
in  a  recognised  and  well-established  posi- 
tion, and  endowed  it  with  similar  privi- 


leges to  those  possessed  by  the  Faculties 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  He  has  contri- 
buted largely  to  veterinary  literature,  and 
these  contributions  have  had  an  impor- 
tant influence  in  increasing  professional 
knowledge  in  this  country  and  in  Eng- 
lish-speaking countries  ;  several  of  these 
works  have  been  translated  into  foreign 
languages.  He  is  founder  and  editor  of 
the  "  Veterinary  Journal  and  Annals  of 
Comp.  Pathology."  He  has  represented 
the  veterinary  profession  of  the  United 
Kingdom  at  several  International  Con- 
gresses, was  appointed  a  Member  of  the 
General  Committee,  of  the  Sub-Committee 
(Chemistry  and  Physiology  of  Food),  and 
a  Juror  of  the  International  Health  Ex- 
hibition of  1884,  for  which  he  received  the 
Diploma  of  Honour ;  was  one  of  the 
officials  of  the  International  Congress  of 
Hygiene  and  Demography  held  in  Lon- 
don in  1891,  at  which  he  read  a  paper  on 
Rabies ;  was  elected  a  Vice-President  of 
the  International  Congress  of  Hygiene 
and  Demography  held  at  Buda-Pesth  in 
1894 ;  was  appointed  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  to  report  on  Pasteur's 
Method  of  Protective  Inoculation  for 
Rabies,  in  1886-87,  and  was  examined  by 
House  of  Lords'  Committee  on  Rabies  in 
Dogs  in  1887.  He  has  been  elected 
Honorary  Member  of  nearly  every  Veter- 
inary Medical  Association  and  of  many 
scientific  societies  in  Europe  and  America, 
and  has  received  two  valuable  testimonials 
from  the  veterinary  profession  in  the 
United  Kingdom  in  recognition  of  his 
efforts  to  raise  veterinary  medicine  and 
improve  its  literature.  Address  :  Higher 
Leigh,  Combe  Martin,  North  Devon. 

FLEMING,    Rev.    James,     B.D., 

Vicar  of  St.  Michael's,  Chester  Square, 
London,  and  Canon  of  York,  Hon.  Chap- 
lain to  the  Queen  from  1876  to  1880,  was 
born  on  July  26,  1830.  He  was  educated 
at  Shrewsbury,  and  at  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge.  Whilst  Vicar  of  All  Saints', 
Bath,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  popularise 
the  once-popular  entertainments  known  as 
"Penny  Readings."  The  collections  at 
his  London  church  in  aid  of  the  Hospital 
Sunday  Fund  are  remarkably  large.  On 
the  second  Sunday  after  the  death  of  the 
Duke  of  Clarence,  in  January  1892,  he 
preached  at  Sandringham,  and  his  sermon 
"Recognition  in  Eternity,"  had  afterwards 
a  very  large  sale.  His  publishers  divided 
over  £1400  of  the  profits  therefrom  ac- 
cruing between  the  Gordon  Boys'  Home 
and  the  British  Home  for  Incurables.  He 
has  taken  a  prominent  part,  on  the  Pro- 
testant side,  in  the  controversy  upon 
"  Lawlessness  in  the  Church  of  England," 
which  was  for  some  time  carried  on  in  the 
Times  in  1898.      He  has  published  '*  Select 


FLEMING 


369 


Readings  from  the  Poets  and  Prose  Writers 
of  every  Country,"  &o.  Address :  St. 
Michael's  Vicarage,  Ebury  Square,  8.W. 

FLEMING,  John  Ambrose,  M.A. 
Cantab.,  D.Sc.  Lond.,  F.R.S.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Electrical  Engineering  in  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  was  born  at 
Lancaster  on  Nov.  29,  1849,  his  father 
being  the  Rev.  James  Fleming,  D.D.  He 
received  his  first  school  education  at 
University  College  School,  London,  which 
he  entered  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  during 
the  head-mastership  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Key. 
He  was  subsequently  entered  as  a  student 
in  University  College,  with  the  object  of 
preparing  for  the  engineering  profession, 
for  which,  during  boyhood,  he  had  shown 
great  aptitude.  After  two  years  spent 
under  such  teachers  as  Professors  De 
Morgan,  Hirst,  and  Williamson,  and  a 
further  interval  filled  up  with  private 
study,  he  graduated  in  1870  as  Bachelor 
of  Science  at  the  University  of  London. 
Circumstances  then  led  him  to  take  up 
science  teaching  as  a  pursuit,  and  be 
became  a  student  at  the  Normal  School 
of  Science  at  South  Kensington.  Here, 
under  Professors  Frankland,  Guthrie,  and 
others,  he  spent  some  time,  and  was 
finally  appointed  a  Demonstrator  in  the 
Chemical  Laboratories  and  private  assist- 
ant to  Dr.  Frankland.  During  this  period 
the  late  Professor  Guthrie  was  engaged 
in  founding  the  Physical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, aud  the  first  paper  read  before  this 
society  was  one  on  the  "New  Contact 
Theory  of  the  Galvanic  Cell,"  by  Mr. 
Fleming.  In  1874  he  became  Science 
Master  in  the  Military  Department  of 
Cheltenham  College,  but  resigned  in  order 
that  he  might  go  to  Cambridge  to  work 
under  Professor  Clerk  Maxwell.  Entering 
St.  John's  College  as  an  Exhibitioner  in 
Science  in  1877,  he  studied  hard  under 
Mr.  W.  H.  Besant  in  mathematics,  and 
worked  in  the  Cavendish  Physical  Labora- 
tory under  Professor  Clerk  Maxwell.  His 
scientific  training  enabled  him  to  obtain 
a  high  position  in  his  College,  and  he 
was  elected  successively  Exhibitioner  in 
Natural  Science,  Hare  Exhibitioner, 
Wright's  Prizeman,  Foundation  Scholar 
of  his  College,  and  Hughes  Prizeman. 
During  this  time  he  carried  out  several 
investigations  under  the  guidance  of 
Professor  Clerk  Maxwell,  the  most  im- 
portant being  an  elaborate  comparison  of 
the  British  Association  "Standards  of 
Resistance."  At  the  end  of  his  third 
year  at  Cambridge  he  took  the  Degree  of 
Doctor  of  Science  in  the  University  of 
London,  and  that  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  at 
Cambridge,  this  last  being  gained  by  a 
first  class  with  special  distinction  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos.     In  1880  he  was 


appointed  University  Demonstrator  in 
Applied  Mechanics  under  Professor 
James  Stuart,  and  assisted  him  in  the 
construction  and  design  of  the  Cambridge 
Engineering  Laboratories.  When  Uni- 
versity College,  Nottingham,  was  opened, 
Dr.  Fleming  was  selected  out  of  a  large 
number  of  candidates  as  the  first  occu- 
pant of  the  Chair  of  Mathematics  and 
Physics  in  that  institution.  In  1881 
electric  lighting  began  to  attract  public 
attention,  and,  after  a  short  residence  at 
Nottingham,  Dr.  Fleming  resigned  his 
post  there  and  removed  to  London.  When 
the  Edison  Electric  Lighting  Company 
was  first  formed,  he  was  appointed  their 
electrical  ehgineer,  and  in  that  capacity 
he  was  largely  connected  with  the  first 
introduction  of  incandescent  electric 
lighting  into  England.  In  1882  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  a  Fellow  of  University 
College,  London,  and  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  Be- 
sides concerning  himself  with  the  prac- 
tical work  of  electrical  engineering,  he 
found  time  to  carry  on  much  original 
work,  and  published,  amongst  others, 
papers  on  "  Problems  of  Electric  Flow 
in  Networks  oE  Conductors,"  "Molecular 
Shadows  in  Incandescent  Lamps,"  and 
"The  Use  of  Daniel's  Cell  as  a  Standard 
of  Electromotive  Force."  In  1885  Dr. 
Fleming  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Electrical  Engineering  in  University 
College,  London,  and  whilst  retaining  his 
position  as  Electrical  Adviser  to  the 
Edison  and  Swan  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany and  to  other  corporations,  he  threw 
himself  once  more  into  the  work  of  teach- 
ing. Finding  the  accommodation  at 
University  College  for  such  engineering 
education  entirely  inadequate,  he  began 
to  set  on  foot  a  demand  for  increased 
facilities,  which  finally  was  instrumental 
in  inducing  the  Council  to  erect  the 
present  engineering  and  electrical  labo- 
ratories at  University  College.  The 
arrangements  of  the  part  of  those 
laboratories  intended  for  electrical  en- 
gineering were  suggested  and  designed 
by  Dr.  Fleming,  who  organised  and 
carried  out,  during  his  tenure  of  the 
chair,  a  complete  course  of  instruction  in 
electrical  engineering.  In  addition  to 
this  work  his  advice  was  much  sought 
after  as  an  expert  in  electrical  matters  ; 
as  adviser  and  consulting  engineer  he  was 
connected  with  a  large  number  of  electric 
lighting  companies  and  corporations.  His 
attention  was  always  particularly  at- 
tracted to  the  subject  of  electrical 
measurements.  In  1885  he  read  a  paper 
before  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers  urging  the  necessity  for  a 
National    Standardising     Laboratory    for 

2  A 


370 


FLEMING  —  FLETCHER 


Testing  Electrical  Instruments.  This 
paper  is  freely  acknowledged  to  have 
given  the  first  impulse  to  a  movement 
which  ended  in  the  establishment,  at 
Richmond  Terrace,  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
Electrical  Laboratory.  As  a  lecturer  and 
author  Dr.  Fleming  has  been  much 
before  the  public.  He  has  given  numerous 
courses  of  lectures  before  the  Society  of 
Arts  and  Royal  Institution,  and  has  been 
successively  Cantor  and  Gilchrist  Lec- 
turer. For  his  paper  on  "Electro- 
magnetic Repulsion"  he  was  awarded  the 
silver  medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  He 
has  published  "  Short  Lectures  to  Elec- 
trical Artisans,"  and  "  Electric  Lamps 
and  Electric  Lighting,"  a  reprint  of  a 
course  of  Royal  Institution  Lectures ; 
"Magnets  and  Electric  Currents,"  a  text- 
book for  students,  1897 ;  and  his  trea- 
tise on  the  "  Alternate  Current  Trans- 
former," which  is  a  standard  work, 
appeared  in  1889.  His  minor  publica- 
tions in  scientific  journals  form  a  long 
list,  and  more  than  forty  scientific  papers 
are  recorded  under  his  name  in  the  trans- 
actions of  various  societies.  Dr.  Fleming's 
interest  in  popular  education  has  always 
been  very  great,  and  he  may  be  said  to 
have  originated  the  movement  which 
resulted  in  the  establishment  of  Morley 
College,  Waterloo  Bridge  Road,  London. 
He  was  elected  a  F.B.S.  in  1892,  and 
served  for  many  years  on  the  Council  of 
the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  He 
is  also  a  Member  of  the  Physical  Society 
and  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain.  He  lectured  to  children  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  the  winter  of  1894- 
95  on  "  The  Work  of  an  Electric  Current." 
Address :  2  Langland  Place,  Finchley 
Road,  N.W. ;  and  University  College, 
Gower  Street,  W.C. 

FLEMING,   Sandford,  C.E.,  LL.D., 

C.M.G.,  Canadian  engineer,  was  born  at 
Kirkcaldy,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Jan.  7, 
1827.  He  removed  to  Canada  in  1845, 
and  in  1852  was  employed  on  the  engineer- 
ing staff  of  the  Northern  Railway,  and 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  chief  promoters 
of  the  railway  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific.  The  first  link  in  this  chain  was 
formed  by  the  Inter-Colonial  Railway, 
undertaken  by  Mr.  Fleming  at  the  request 
of  the  Governments  of  Canada,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Imperial  authorities.  The 
1st  of  July  1876  saw  the  completion  of 
this  great  work,  an  historical  account  of 
which  Mr.  Fleming  published  in  the  same 
year.  While  the  "  Inter-Colonial  "  was 
being  constructed  Mr.  Fleming  was  ordered 
to  survey  and  locate  the  line  for  the  Pacific 
Railway,  a  task  which  he  partly  accom- 
plished in  1872.     For  the  next  seven  years 


he  actively  prosecuted  that  enterprise,  and 
for  his  services  was  rewarded  (1877)  by 
being  made  a  Companion  of  the  Order  of 
SS.  Michael  and  George.  In  1880,  owing 
to  some  difficulty  with  the  Government  of 
the  day,  he  resigned  his  office.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  Chancellor  of  Queen's 
University,  Kingston,  Ontario,  a  position 
to  which  he  has  thrice  been  re-elected 
since,  and  which  he  still  holds.  In  1881 
he  represented  the  Canadian  Institute  at 
the  International  Geographical  Congress 
at  Venice,  and  in  1844  the  Dominion  at 
the  International  Prime  Meridian  Confer- 
ence at  Washington.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  St.  Andrews 
University  in  1884,  and  by  Columbia  Col- 
lege and  the  University  of  N.  Y.  in  1887. 
In  addition  to  engineering  reports  and 
contributions  to  periodicals  and  to  the 
transactions  of  learned  societies,  he  has 
published  "England  and  Canada,"  1884. 
He  was  made  K.C.M.G.  in  1897. 

FLETCHER,  Alfred  Ewen,  editor  of 
the  New  Age,  and  late  editor  of  the  London 
Daily  Chronicle,  was  born  at  Long  Sutton 
in  1841,  and  received  his  education  at 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  Edin- 
burgh University.  He  began  life  as  a 
teacher,  but  early  devoted  himself  to  jour- 
nalism ,  contributing  to  various  periodicals. 
In  1872  he  was  appointed  editor  of  the 
Barrow-in-Furness  Vulcan.  In  1876  he 
became  London  correspondent  of  the 
Barrow  Daily  Times,  and  afterwards  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Educational  Times,  and 
acted  as  sub-editor  of  the  Pictorial  World. 
He  was  leader  writer  for  the  Weekly  Dis- 
patch, under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Hunter, 
M.P.  In  1885  he  became  connected  with 
the  Daily  Chronicle,  and  on  the  death  of 
Mr.  Boyle  in  1889  succeeded  to  the  editor- 
ship. Under  his  guidance  the  Daily 
Chronicle  became  the  leading  independent 
Radical  morning  paper,  to  which  Labour 
and  Literature  owe  their  somewhat  tardy 
journalistic  recognition.  Mr.  Fletcher  has 
edited  the  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Education." 
He  retired  from  the  editorship  of  the 
Daily  Chronicle  in  1895.  Mr.  Fletcher  was 
first  President  of  the  Birmingham  Ruskin 
Society  (1897).  He  contested  Greenock 
as  an  advanced  Radical  against  Sir  Thomas 
Sutherland,  M.P.,  in  1895.  He  is  greatly 
in  demand  as  a  public  lecturer.  Address : 
7  De  Crespigny  Park,  Denmark  Hill. 

FLETCHER,  Banister,  J.P., 
F.R.I.B.A.,  D.L.,  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Thomas  Fletcher,  was  born  in  1833, 
and  was  educated  privately.  He  is  an 
architect  and  surveyor,  and  now  holds  the 
positions  of  Professor  of  Architecture 
and  Building  Construction  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  of  which  institution  he  is 


FLETCHER  —  FLOWER 


371 


moreover  a  Fellow  ;  District  Surveyor  of 
West  Newington  and  part  of  Lambeth, 
having  been  appointed  in  1875  ;  one  of 
the  Surveyors  to  the  Board  of  Trade.  He 
is,  besides,  Chairman  of  the  Trades  Train- 
ing School  Committee,  Chairman  of  the 
Building  Trades  Exhibition,  and  Chairman 
of  the  forthcoming  Art  Metal  Exhibition. 
At  the  International  Congress  of  Hygiene 
and  Demography  held  at  Buda-Pesth  in 
1894,  he  represented  the  city  of  London  ; 
he  has  of  late  years  been  Chairman  of 
the  Sanitary  Committee  of  the  city  of 
London  ;  was  one  of  the  Presidents  of 
the  late  Congress  of  the  British  Institute 
of  Public  Health  ;  and  represented  North- 
West  Wiltshire  in  Parliament  in  1885-86. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  introduce  faience 
work  in  street  architecture,  and  he  has 
written  the  following  publications:  "Model 
Houses  for  the  Industrial  Classes,"  1871  ; 
"  Sanitary  Hints  "  ;  "  Valuations  and  Com- 
pensations "  ;  "  Light  and  Air  "  ;  "  Arbi- 
trations" ;  "  History  of  Architecture"  (in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  B.  F.  Fletcher) ; 
"  Dilapidations"  ;  "  London  Building  Act," 
1894.  Professor  Fletcher  has  travelled  in 
Italy,  Spain,  Greece,  Turkey,  France,  Den- 
mark, Austria-Hungary,  &c.  He  is  Colonel 
of  the  Tower  Hamlets  Eifle  Brigade,  and 
received  the  Queen's  decoration  in  1892. 
He  married,  in  1864,  the  only  daughter  of 
the  late  Charles  Phillips.  Addresses :  Angle- 
bay,  West  Hampstead ;  and  Brunswick 
Terrace,  Windsor. 

FLETCHER,  Lazarus,  F.R.S.,  &c, 
born  March  3,  1854,  in  Salford,  Lanca- 
shire, is  the  eldest  son  of  Stewart  and 
Elizabeth  Fletcher.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Manchester  Grammar  School  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  is  a  Master 
of  Arts  (Oxon.).  In  1871  he  was  elected 
Natural  Science  Scholar,  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  ;  First  Class  in  Mathematical 
Moderations,  1873  ;  "  Highly  Distin- 
guished "  for  the  University  Junior  Mathe- 
matical Scholarship,  1874 ;  First  Class  in 
Mathematical  Finals,  1875  ;  elected  to  the 
Senior  University  Mathematical  Scholar- 
ship, and  First  Class  in  Natural  Science 
Finals,  1876  ;  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  Junior  Demonstrator,  Clarendon 
Laboratory,  Oxford,  and  Millard  Lecturer, 
Trinity  College,  Oxford.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  Fellow  of  University  College, 
Oxford,  and  was  First  Class  Assistant, 
Mineral  Department,  British  Museum, 
1878  ;  appointed  Keeper  of  Minerals, 
British  Museum  of  Natural  History,  and 
Public  Examiner  at  Oxford,  1880 ;  and  in 
1883,  Public  Examiner  at  Cambridge.  In 
1888  he  was  elected  to  the  Fellowship  of 
the  Royal  Society.  He  was  President  of 
the  Geological  Section  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation at  the  Oxford  Meeting  in   1894. 


He  is  likewise  Fellow  of  the  Geological 
Society  ;  Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society  ; 
Past  President  of  the  Mineralogical  Society, 
and  Fellow  of  the  Physical  Society,  and  is 
the  author  of  "  An  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Meteorites"  (1881)  ;  "An  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Minerals  "  (1884) ; 
"  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Rocks  " 
(1895)  ;  "The  Optical  Indicatrix  and  the 
Transmission  of  Light  in  Crystals  "  (1892) ; 
and  of  various  technical  papers  relative  to 
crystals  and  meteorites.  He  married  Agnes, 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Holme. 
Address  :  36  Woodville  Road,  Ealing,  W. 

FLOWER,  Sir  William  Henry, 
K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S., 
F.R.C.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  second  son  of  E. 
F.  Flower,  Esq.,  of  Stratford-on-Avon, 
born  at  that  place  Nov.  30,  1831,  was 
educated  for  the  medical  profession  at 
University  College,  London,  and  the 
Middlesex  Hospital.  He  entered  the 
army  as  assistant-surgeon  in  April  1854, 
served  in  the  Crimean  war,  was  present  at 
the  battles  of  Alma,  Balaclava,  and  Inker- 
mann,  and  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  for 
which  he  received  the  English  war  medal 
with  four  clasps,  and  the  Turkish  medal. 
Settling  afterwards  in  London,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant-Surgeon  and  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  at  the  Middlesex 
Hospital.  Relinquishing  henceforth  sur- 
gical practice  and  devoting  himself  en- 
tirely to  scientific  pursuits,  he  was  in 
1861  elected  Conservator  of  the  Museum 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  in 
1869  Hunterian  Professor  of  Comparative 
Anatomy  and  Physiology,  which  offices 
he  resigned  in  1884  on  being  appointed 
Director  of  the  Natural  History  Depart- 
ments of  the  British  Museum,  at  that 
time  just  removed  to  the  new  building 
erected  for  them  in  the  Cromwell  Road, 
South  Kensington.  He  was  President  of 
the  section  of  Biology  at  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  in  Dublin,  in 
August  1878,  and  President  of  the  section 
of  Anatomy  at  the  International  Medical 
Congress,  held  in  London  in  1881.  In 
1879  he  succeeded  the  late  Marquis  of 
Tweeddale  as  President  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  which  office  he  still 
holds,  and  from  1883  to  1885  was  President 
of  the  Anthropological  Institute.  The 
Royal  Society  awarded  to  him,  in  November 
1882,  one  of  its  royal  medals  for  his  valu- 
able contributions  to  the  morphology  and 
classification  of  the  mammalia,  and  to 
anthropology,  and  he  has  received  the 
honorary  degrees  of  LL.D.  from  the  Uni- 
versities of  Edinburgh,  Dublin,  and  St. 
Andrews,  D.C.L.  from  those  of  Oxford  and 
Durham,  Sc.D.  from  Cambridge,  and 
Ph.D.  from  Utrecht.  He  was  made  a 
C.B.  in  1887,  and  K.C.B.  in  1892,  and  in 


372 


FOEESTER  —  FONVIELLE 


1889  was  President  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion at  the  meeting  held  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne.  In  1895  he  was  elected  a  Corre- 
spondent of  the  Institute  of  France 
(Acade'mie  des  Sciences),  and  is  an 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Sciences  of  Sweden  and  Belgium,  and 
of  many  other  British  and  foreign  scien- 
tific societies.  The  Emperor  of  Germany 
conferred  upon  him  the  Royal  Prussian 
Order  pour  le  rnerite  in  May  1898.  Sir 
William  Flower  is  the  author  of  numerous 
memoirs  on  subjects  connected  with 
anatomy  and  zoology  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Royal,  Zoological,  and  other  learned 
societies;  also  of  "An  Introduction  to 
the  Osteology  of  the  Mammalia,"  3rd  edit. 
1885;  "Diagrams  of  the  Nerves  of  the 
Human  Body,"  2nd  edit.  1872;  "An  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  Mammals, 
Living  or  Extinct "  (written  in  collabora- 
tion with  Mr.  Lydekker),  1891  ;  and  "  The 
Horse,  a  Study  in  Natural  History,"  1892  ; 
"Essays  on  Museums  and  other  subjects 
connected  with  Natural  History,"  1898 ; 
and  various  Catalogues  of  the  Museum  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  articles 
on  scientific  subjects  in  the  ninth  edit,  of 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica."  Sir  Wm. 
Flower  retired  from  the  Directorship  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum  in  1898, 
and  is  succeeded  by  Professor  Ray  Lankes- 
ter  (q.v.).  The  Standing  Committee  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  sent  him 
in  July  1898  the  following  letter,  which 
was  signed  by  their  Chairman,  Lord  Dil- 
lon : — "  Dear  Sir  William  Blower, — With 
profound  regret  the  Trustees  accept  the 
resignation  of  the  directorship  of  the 
Natural  History  Museum,  which,  owing  to 
failure  of  health,  you  have  been  unhappily 
compelled  to  submit  to  them.  They  had 
hoped  that  the  remaining  term  of  years 
which  you  might  have  spent  in  their  ser- 
vice would  have  enabled  you  to  perfect  the 
arrangements  of  the  collections  so  ad- 
mirably planned  and  so  systematically  de- 
veloped by  you  during  your  fourteen  years 
of  office,  and  they  cannot  but  regard  your 
retirement  at  this  moment  as  a  real  mis- 
fortune to  the  Museum.  They  wish  to 
record  their  high  appreciation  of  your 
services.  The  rare  combination  of  wide 
scientific  knowledge  with  marked  ad- 
ministrative ability  and  a  sympathetic 
appreciation  of  the  requirements  of  the 
uninstructed  public  has  carried  you 
through  a  most  difficult  task.  Under  your 
hands  the  natural  history  collections  of 
the  British  Museum  have  fallen  into  the 
lines  of  an  orderly  and  instructive  arrange- 
ment, which  no  one,  whether  man  of 
science  or  ordinary  visitor,  can  examine 
without  admiration.  To  you,  as  a  worthy 
successor  of  Sir  Richard  Owen,  will  attach 
the  honour  of  having  organised  a  museum 


of  natural  history  which  now  occupies 
a  pre-eminent  position  among  all  the 
museums  of  the  civilised  world.  For 
these  devoted  services  the  Trustees  thank 
you.  In  your  retirement  you  carry  with 
you  their  lasting  gratitude  and  their  sin- 
cere good  wishes."  He  married  in  1858 
the  youngest  daughter  of  Admiral  W. 
H.  Smyth,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.  Address  : 
Athenaeum  Club. 

FOERSTER,  Professor  Dr.  Wil- 
helm,  Director  of  the  Royal  Observatory, 
and  Professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin, 
was  born,  Dec.  16,  1832,  at  Griinberg, 
Silesia.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and  Bonn 
from  1850  to  1854 ;  was  promoted  as 
Doctor  Philosophise  at  Bonn  in  August 
1854 ;  appointed  as  second  Assistant  of 
the  Royal  Observatory  of  Berlin,  Oct.  1, 
1855,  first  Assistant  April  1,  1860 ;  began 
to  give  astronomical  lectures  as  "  Privat- 
Docent "  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  the 
spring  of  the  year  1857.  On  Oct.  31, 1863, 
he  became  Professor  Extraordinarius,  and, 
April  10,  1875,  Professor  Ordinarius  at  the 
University  of  Berlin.  On  March  11,  1865, 
he  was  appointed  as  Director  of  the  Royal 
Observatory.  From  1869  to  1886  he  was 
Director  of  the  Weights  and  Measures 
Department  of  the  German  Empire,  with- 
out leaving  his  position  at  the  Observatory. 
Dr.  Foerster  has  published  his  astronomical 
investigations  in  the  "Berliner  Astrono- 
misches  Jahrbuch,"  and  in  the  "Astrono- 
mische  Nachrichten,"  besides  in  a  separate 
volume  "  Studien  zur  Astronometrie."  He 
has  published  a  considerable  number  of 
popular  and  historical  essays  and  speeches, 
collected  in  three  volumes  under  the  title 
of  "Sammlung  von  Vortragen  und  Ab- 
handlungen,"  Berlin,  1876,  1887,  and  1890. 

FOLKESTONE,  Viscount,  Jacob 
Pleydell-Bouverie,  M.P.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  present  Earl  of  Radnor,  by  his 
wife  Helen,  sister  of  the  Right  Hon.  Henry 
Chaplin,  and  was  born  on  July  8,  1868. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  acted  as  Assistant 
Private  Secretary  to  the  Right  Hon.  H. 
Chaplin,  M.P.,  from  1890  to  1892,  and  in 
the  latter  year  was  elected  as  Conservative 
member  for  the  Wilton  Division  of  Wilt- 
shire, a  constituency  which  he  continues 
to  represent.  In  1897  Lord  Folkestone 
was  chosen  to  move  the  Address  to  the 
Throne  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  is 
a  Major  in  the  Wilts  Volunteers.  He  was 
married  in  1891  to  a  daughter  of  Charles 
Balfour,  of  Newton  Don.  Addresses  :  2 
Balfour  Place,  Park  Lane,  W. ;  The  Manor 
House,  Folkestone,  &c. 

FONVIELLE,  Wilfrid  de,  a  French 
aeronaut  and  popular  writer  on  scientific 


FORAIN  —  FORBES 


373 


subjects,  born  in  Paris,  July  26,  1826,  was 
educated  at  Ste.  Barbe,  and  was  originally 
a  teacher  of  mathematics,  but  first  became 
known  to  the  public  as  a  journalist,  and  as 
a  popular  exponent  of  scientific  knowledge. 
His  family  is  from  Toulouse  ;  his  grand- 
father was  Chevalier  de  Fonvielle,  and  his 
great-uncle  was  Barras,  the  President  of 
the  Directoire  Exe'cutif  of  the  French  Re- 
public. He  was  a  student  in  Paris  when 
the  1848  Revolution  broke  out,  and  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrection  in 
the  Quartier  Latin  and  of  the  column 
which  caused  the  flight  of  the  Duchess  of 
Orleans  and  her  son.  M.  de  Fonvielle  was 
arrested  with  others  on  June  13,  1849,  but 
released  then  for  want  of  proof.  How- 
ever, he  was,  in  1851,  transported  to 
Algiers,  and  afterwards  banished.  He 
subsequently  resided  for  several  years  in 
England  ;  but  returned  to  Algiers  in  1859, 
for  the  purpose  of  editing  Alyirie  Nouvelle 
with  his  brother  Arthur  and  Clement 
Davernois,  who  ultimately  seceded  from 
Republicanism  and  turned  Cabinet  Minister 
under  Napoleon  III.  The  paper  was  sup- 
pressed by  imperial  decree  after  a  duel 
fought  by  Arthur  de  Fonvielle  and  Yous- 
sef ;  and  Wilfrid  became  the  scientific 
editor  of  La  Liberti  under  Girardin.  Be- 
sides advocating  rational  republicanism, 
M.  de  Fonvielle  has  devoted  much  of  bis 
time  to  science,  particularly  to  physics, 
and  has  invented  several  electrical  instru- 
ments, and  discovered  "rotary  magnetic 
fields "  :  the  Scballenberger  measurer  of 
energy,  and  others  similar,  are  applica- 
tions of  this  principle.  During  the  siege 
of  Paris  he  escaped  from  the  city  in  a 
balloon,  and,  proceeding  to  London,  gave 
a  series  of  lectures,. in  which  he  expatiated 
on  the  benefits  of  a  republican  form  of 
government.  Of  late  years  he  has  made 
numerous  balloon  ascents,  in  order  to  carry 
on  scientific  experiments  at  great  alti- 
tudes. His  principal  scientific  works  are  : 
"L'Homme  Fossil,"  1865;  "Les  Mer- 
veilles  du  Monde  Invisible,"  1866 ;  "Eclairs 
et  Tonnerres,"  1867  (translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  T.  L.  Phipson,  under  the  title  of 
"  Thunder  and  Lightning  ");  and  "  L'Astro- 
nomie  Moderne,"  1868,  &c.  An  account  of 
the  balloon  ascents  made  by  M.  de  Fon- 
vielle, Mr.  Glaisher,  and  others,  appeared 
in  French  in  1870,  and  an  English  transla- 
tion was  published  in  1871,  under  the  title 
of  "  Travels  in  the  Air."  His  more  recent 
popular  scientific  books  are  a  description 
of  the  Greely  Expedition  of  1885  ;  a  history 
of  the  moon  ;  "  Le  Petrole,"  1887  ;  astudy 
of  modern  fasting-men,  1887 ;  "  Le  Pdle 
End,"  1888  ;  and  a  work  on  celebrated 
ships,  1890.  In  addition  to  the  above,  M. 
de  Fonvielle  has  written  several  political 
pamphlets  ;  his  latest  being  "  How  Re- 
publics Perish  "  :  an  attack  on  Radicalism 


and  Boulangism.  In  1879  he  published 
"  Comment  se  font  les  Miracles  en  dehors 
de  l'Eglise,"  a  work  in  which  he  refutes, 
from  a  common  sense  standpoint,  the 
pretensions  of  mediums.  A  more  recent 
work  of  his  deals  with  hypnotism,  &c. 
He  is  one  of  the  editors  of  La  Nature, 
Petit  Journal,  and  Lumiere  Electrique.  His 
younger  brother,  Uric,  an  artist,  was  fired 
at  by  Prince  Pierre  Bonaparte  when  the 
Prince  murdered  Uric's  companion,  Victor 
Noir.  Uric  de  Fonvielle  was  the  only 
witness  for  the  unwilling  prosecution  in 
the  celebrated  process  called  "  Drame 
d'Auteuil." 

FORAIN,  Jean  Louis,  French  artist, 
was  born  at  Reims,  Oct.  13,  1852,  and  was 
a  pupil  of  Jaquesson  de  la  Chevreuse. 
His  first  appearances  at  the  Salon  were 
unremarked,  as  for  instance,  "Au  Buffet," 
1884,  and  "  Le  Veuf,"  1885.  But  his  repu- 
tation has  been  acquired  as  a  black-and- 
white  artist,  especially  in  caricature  and 
in  bitingly  sarcastic,  even  brutal,  com- 
ments on  the  political  and  social  life  of 
modern  Paris.  He  has  contributed  to  a 
host  of  newspapers,  including  the  Figaro, 
La  Cravache,  Le  Monde  Parisien  (1879), 
Le  C'ourrier  Franeais,  La  Vie  Parisienne, 
and  Le  Journal.  He  is  represented  at 
every  exhibition  of  the  Salon  by  several  of 
the  original  drawings  which  have  appeared 
in  these  newspapers.  He  has  illustrated 
"Les  Croquis  Parisiens"  of  J.  K.  Huys- 
mans  (q.v.).  His  chief  caricatures  have 
been  collected  in  albums,  which  have  been 
published  under  the  titles,  "  La  Come'die 
Parisienne,"  1892  ;  "  Les  Temps  Difficiles," 
1893,  a  scathing  commentary  on  Panama  ; 
"Nous,  Vous,  "Eux,"  1893;  "Album  de 
Forain,"  and  others.  M.  Forain  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1893.  He  is  a  master  of  line  (see  the 
Studio,  August  1898),  and  may  be  styled 
the  French  Phil  May. 

FORBES,  Archibald,  journalist, 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  L.  W.  Forbes,  D.D., 
born  in  1838,  is  a  native  of  Morayshire, 
Scotland.  After  studying  at  the  University 
of  Aberdeen,  he  served  for  several  years  in 
the  Royal  Dragoons,  and  his  knowledge  of 
the  practical  details  of  military  affairs 
stood  him  in  good  stead  when,  accepting 
a  journalistic  career  as  special  corre- 
spondent for  the  Daily  News,  he  accom- 
panied the  German  army  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end  of  the  Franco-German 
war.  Later,  in  the  same  capacity,  he 
witnessed  the  close  of  the  Commune, 
visited  India  during  the  famine  of  1874, 
saw  fighting  in  Spain,  at  one  time  with 
Carlists,  at  another  with  Republicans, 
at  a  third  with  Alfonsists.  In  the  capacity 
of   representative  of  the  Daily  News,  he 


374 


FORBES 


accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  the 
tour  of  his  Royal  Highness  through  India 
in  1875-76.    In  the  summer  and  autumn  of 

1876,  he  was  in  Servia,  and  was  present 
at  all  the  important  fights  of  that  cam- 
paign. He  followed  the  Russo-Turkish 
campaign  in  the  summer  and   autumn  of 

1877,  attached  to  the  Russian  army,  and 
was  present  at  the  crossing  of  the  Danube, 
the  capture  of  Bjela,  the  advance  of  the 
Cesarewitch's  army  towards  Rustchuk,  the 
disastrous  battle  of  Plevna  on  July  3rd, 
the  severest  fighting  in  the  Shipka  Pass, 
and  the  five  days'  attack  by  the  Russians 
on  Plevna,  in  September,  remaining  con- 
tinuously in  the  field  until  attacked  by 
fever  in  the  middle  of  September.  In 
1878  he  proceeded  to  Cyprus  as  special 
correspondent  of  the  Daily  News.  In  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  he  went  to  India, 
and  in  the  winter  accompanied  the  Khyber 
Pass  force  to  Jellalabad,  having  been 
present  at  the  attack  on  and  reduction  of 
Ali  Musjid,  and  in  several  expeditions 
against  the  hill  tribes,  on  one  of  which 
expeditions  he  was  mentioned  in  the 
General's  despatch  for  attending  to  the 
wounded  and  saving  a  wounded  soldier's 
life  under  a  close  and  heavy  fire.  From 
Afghanistan  he  proceeded  to  Mandalay, 
the  capital  of  King  Theebaw,  where  he 
had  some  interesting  interviews  with  that 
potentate.  When  at  Mandalay,  he  was 
summoned  by  telegraph  to  hurry  to  South 
Africa,  where,  after  the  catastrophe  of 
Isandlwana,  a  British  force  was  gathering 
for  the  invasion  of  Zululand.  He  accom- 
panied Lord  Chelmsford's  army  through 
the  interior  of  that  region,  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Ulundi.  Starting  from 
the  camp  on  the  evening  of  the  battle,  he 
rode  through  a  trackless  country  120  miles 
to  the  telegraph  wire  at  Landsmanns  Drift 
on  the  Natal  front,  whence  he  wired  the 
tidings  of  the  victory  to  Sir  Garnet  Wol- 
seley,  who  was  travelling  to  Port  Durnford, 
and  to  Sir  Bartle  Frere,  the  Governor  of 
the  Cape,  from  both  of  whom  he  received 
warm  thanks  and  congratulations.  The 
curt  telegram  to  Sir  Bartle,  transmitted  by 
him  to  the  Government  at  home,  was  read 
amidst  acclamations  by  her  Majesty's 
Ministers  in  both  Houses  of  Parliament  as 
being  the  only  intelligence  received  up  to 
date.  Afterwards  Mr.  Forbes  lectured  on 
his  experiences  to  large  audiences  in  Great 
Britain,  America,  and  Australia.  The 
severe  strain  of  his  work  as  a  correspondent 
had  begun  to  tell  upon  his  health,  and  he 
was  not  able  to  be  present  during  the 
Egyptian  and  Soudan  campaigns.  Among 
his  works  are:  "Drawn  from  Life,"  a 
military  novel ;  ' '  My  Experiences  of  the 
War  between  France  and  Germany " ; 
"Glimpses  through  the  Cannon  Smoke," 
1880;     "Soldiering    and    Scribbling:     a 


Series  of  Sketches,"  1882;  "Life  of 
Chinese  Gordon,"  1884;  "Souvenirs  of 
Some  Continents,"  1885 ;  "  Life  of  the 
Emperor  William  of  Germany,"  1889 ; 
"Havelock,"  1890;  "Barracks,  Bivouacs, 
and  Battles,"  1891;  and  "The  Afghan 
Wars,"  1892;  "Tzar  and  Sultan,"  1894; 
"The  Black  Watch,"  "Memories  and 
Studies  of  War  and  Peace,"  "Camps, 
Quarters,  and  Casual  Places,"  1896 ;  and 
"  Life  of  Napoleon  III.,"  1898.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  Men  of  Action  series  in 
1895,  "Colin  Campbell,  Lord  Clyde."  He 
married  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  late 
General  M.  C.  Meigs,  U.S.A.  Address: 
1  Clarence  Terrace,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

FORBES,  J.  Staats,  Chairman  of  the 
London,  Chatham,  and  Dover  Railway, 
was  born  in  1825,  and  as  a  youth  became 
connected  with  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
way on  its  construction.  He  was  put  upon 
the  staff  of  the  line  when  it  was  first  laid, 
having  received  a  training  as  an  engineer- 
ing draughtsman  under  Brunei.  Some 
years  later  he  was  promoted  to  the  man- 
agership of  the  Dutch-Rhenish  line,  which 
he  converted  from  a  struggling  into  a  suc- 
cessful concern.  In  1861  he  accepted  the 
managership  of  the  London,  Chatham,  and 
Dover  line,  then  newly  formed  as  the  re- 
sult of  an  amalgamation.  In  1873  he  was 
chosen  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Grosvenor 
Hodgkinson,  and  became  Chairman  of  the 
Company. 

FORBES,  Stanhope  Alexander, 
A.R.A.,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Nov.  18, 
1857,  and  is  the  son  of  William  Forbes,  at 
one  time  Manager  of  the  Great  Western 
Railway  of  Ireland,  and  a  nephew  of  the 
well  -  known  Chairman  of  the  London, 
Chatham,  and  Dover  Railway.  He  was 
educated  at  Dulwich  College,  and  studied 
art  at  Lambeth,  the  Royal  Academy 
Schools,  and  under  Bonnat  in  Paris.  He 
settled  some  years  ago  at  Newlyn,  in 
Cornwall,  and  is  now  one  of  the  leading 
representatives  of  the  Newlyn  school.  His 
best-known  pictures  in  the  Royal  Academy 
Exhibitions  have  been :  "  A  Street  in 
Brittany,"  "  Off  to  the  Fishing  Ground," 
"The  Fish  Sale,"  "Their  Ever-shifting 
Home,"  "The  Health  of  the  Bride,"  "By 
Order  of  the  Court,"  "  The  Village  Phil- 
harmonic," "The  Quarry  Team,"  "The 
Salvation  Army,"  "Forging  the  Anchor" 
(perhaps  his  finest  work),  "The  Smithy," 
1895.  In  the  same  year  he  exhibited  por- 
traits of  G.  J.  Johnson,  Esq.,  and  of  Wilson 
Noble,  Esq.,  M.P.  ;  in  1896,  portraits  of  T. 
Bedford  Bolitho,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Richard  F. 
Bolitho,  Esq.,  and  Sir  Peter  Eade,  M.D. 
(presentation  portrait).  In  the  same  Exhi- 
bition appeared  his  characteristic  picture, 
"  The  New   Calf,"  which,  like  his  work 


FORBES-ROBERTSON 


375 


"Forging  the  Anchor,"  is  a  marvellous 
study  in  strong  contrasts  of  light  and 
shade.  "Across  the  Stream"  appeared 
in  1897,  as  also  the  noteworthy  picture 
"Christmas  Eve"  and  "A  Red  Room  in 
Holland."  In  1898  he  exhibited  "  October  " 
and  "  The  Letter."  Mr.  Stanhope  Forbes  is 
the  painter  of  the  romance  of  Cornwall,  and 
his  vivid  and  powerful  method  is  suggestive 
of  the  best  French  traditions.  His  fresco 
in  the  Royal  Exchange,  illustrative  of  the 
Great  Fire  of  London,  was  finished  in  1899. 
London  address  :  134  Elgin  Avenue,  W. 

FORBES-ROBERTSON,  John,   art 

critic  and  journalist,  is  lineally  descended 
from  the  Forbeses  of  Tolquhon.  He  is  the 
son  of  John  Robertson,  merchant  in  Aber- 
deen, and  was  born  there  Jan.  30,  1822. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School 
and  at  the  Marischal  College  and  Uni- 
versity of  his  native  city,  and  became 
sub-editor  of  one  of  the  local  papers  (under 
the  late  Joseph  Robertson,  the  eminent 
historian  and  antiquary),  and  contributor 
to  the  "Poet's  Corner"  of  another,  while 
still  a  student,  making  dramatic  and  musi- 
cal criticism  his  special  care.  Early  in 
1844  he  came  to  London,  the  year  after- 
wards he  visited  France,  and  subsequently 
the  United  States  of  America.  On  his 
return  he  aided  materially  in  opening  up 
the  salmon  resources  of  Norway,  and  car- 
ried on  a  correspondence  with  the  French 
authorities,  especially  Baron  Haussmann 
of  the  Seine,  on  the  artificial  propagation 
of  the  fish,  long  before  any  practical 
results  of  the  knowledge  obtained  be- 
came visible  in  England.  Mr.  Forbes- 
Robertson  has  since  then  written  much 
art-criticism.  He  was  editor  for  several 
years  of  Art,  Pictorial  and  Industrial,  art 
editor  of  the  Pictorial  World,  and  has  been 
on  the  staff  of  those  London  journals 
which  make  art  a  feature.  For  ten  years 
he  was  chief  art-critic  on  the  Art  Journal, 
and  contributed  reviews  of  Continental 
exhibitions  to  the  Illustrated  London  News, 
the  Magazine  of  Art,  &c.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  brochures  of  special  art-criticism, 
and  in  1877  he  published  a  large  quarto 
volume  entitled  "The  Great  Painters  of 
Christendom,"  which  was  favourably  re- 
ceived both  in  this  country  and  in 
America.  He  is  the  author  also  of  Me- 
moirs of  "RosaBonheur,"  "Gustave  Dore," 
of  a  "  Life  of  George  Jameson,  the  Scottish 
Painter,"  and,  in  conjunction  with  Wm. 
May  Phelps,  of  a  "  Life  of  Samuel  Phelps, 
Player."  Mr.  Forbes-Robertson  is  well 
known  in  London  and  elsewhere  as  a 
successful  lecturer  on  the  History  of  Art. 
His  eldest  son,  Johnston  Forbes-Robert- 
son (q.v.),  is  the  well-known  actor  and 
manager,  and  his  younger  sons,  Ian  and 
Norman    Forbes  -  Robertson,     have     both 


achieved  for  themselves  recognised  posi- 
tions as  London  actors.  His  youngest 
daughter,  Miss  Frances  Forbes-Robertson, 
is  the  author  of  "  The  Potentate,  a  Ro- 
mance," as  well  as  of  several  other  volumes 
of  tales  and  sketches.  Address  :  22  Bed- 
ford Square,  W.C. 

FORBES-ROBERTSON,  Johnston, 

actor,  eldest  son  of  John  Forbes-Robertson 
(q.v.),  was  born  in  London  on  Jan.  16, 
1853.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house School  and  at  a  school  in  Rouen, 
after  leaving  which  he  was  for  three  years 
a  student  in  the  Royal  Academy  Schools, 
and  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  before 
he  was  twenty.  One  of  his  first  pictures 
was  a  portrait  of  Miss  Ellen  Terry ;  another 
was  an  admirable  likeness  of  Madame 
Modjeska.  The  large  painting  from  his 
brush  of  the  church  scene  in  "  Much  Ado 
about  Nothing"  is  well  known  as  an  en- 
graving. He  has  also  painted  Sir  Henry 
Irving.  Mr.  Forbes-Robertson  has,  how- 
ever, become  famous  as  an  actor  rather 
than  as  a  painter.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  underwent  a  severe  training 
in  the  provinces,  and  was  for  a  time  the 
pupil  of  Phelps,  for  whose  methods  he 
has  publicly  expressed  the  highest  admira- 
tion. He  has  rarely  been  out  of  an  en- 
gagement, and  early  became  one  of  the 
leading  actors,  first  at  the  Lyceum,  under 
Sir  Henry  Irving,  of  whom  he  has  been 
thought  to  be  an  imitator,  and  afterwards 
at  Sir  Squire  Bancroft's  and  Mr.  Hare's 
theatres.  His  repertoire  is  a  very  large 
one,  and  includes  more  than  a  hundred 
characters.  He  has  created  the  parts  of 
Dunstan  Renshaw  (chief  r61e)  in  "  The  Pro- 
fligate," Claud  Glynn  in  "The  Parvenu," 
Count  Orloff  in  "Diplomacy,"  Sir  George 
Orman  in  "Peril,"  Maurice  de  Saxe  in  an 
English  version  of  "Adrienne  Lecouvreur," 
and  Sir  Horace  Welby  in  "  Forget-me-not." 
In  Shakespearian  drama  he  has  given  the 
public  distinguished  impersonations  of 
Romeo,  Claudio,  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, Leontes,  &c.  In  the  provinces  he 
has  been  supported  by  Miss  Marion  Terry, 
and  together  with  her  achieved  a  triumph 
in  Manchester  in  "Dr.  and  Mrs.  Neill," 
and  as  Geoffrey  Wynniard  in  "Dan'l 
Druce."  Later,  he  won  laurels  at  the 
Lyceum  as  Lancelot  in  "King  Arthur." 
With  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  he  has  per- 
haps achieved  his  greatest  successes,  play- 
ing Lucas  Cleeve  in  "The  Notorious  Mrs. 
Ebbsmith,"  whilst  she  impersonated  the 
title-role  (Garrick,  1895).  Towards  the 
close  of  that  year  he  took  over  the 
management  of  the  Lyceum,  and  played 
Romeo  to  her  Juliet.  At  the  same  theatre 
he  played  the  leading  part  of  a  clergy- 
man in  "Michael  and   bis  Lost  Angel," 


376 


FOKD  —  FOEMAN 


a  play  which  met  with  ill-deserved  ill- 
success  (1896).  In  "For  the  Crown," 
produced  in  February  1896,  he  played 
Constantine,  a  part  which  showed  him  at 
his  high-water  mark  as  a  romantic  actor. 
The  play  is  in  blank  verse,  being  a  trans- 
lation by  Mr.  John  Davidson  from  the 
French  of  Coppee,  and  Mr.  Forbes- 
Kobertson's  delivery  of  his  lines  at  once 
proclaimed  him  one  of  the  very  few  actors 
who  value  the  literature  and  rhythm  of 
the  dramatist.  He  excels  in  parts  requir- 
ing the  impassioned  or  the  graceful  de- 
lineation of  sentiment.  Since  1896  he  has 
appeared  as  Professor  Heffterdingk  in 
"  Magda,"  and  as  Joseph  in  a  revival  of 
the  "  School  for  Scandal."  A  lecture  on 
his  dramatic  reminiscences  and  admira- 
tions, delivered  at  the  Crystal  Palace  in 
1897,  proved  intensely  interesting  to  his 
many  admirers.  Address :  22  Bedford 
Square,  W.C. 

FORD,  E.  Onslow,  E.A.,  sculptor, 
was  born  in  London,  July  27,  1852,  and  as 
a  boy  had  a  great  desire  to  become  an 
artist.  In  1870  he  went  to  Antwerp  and 
entered  the  School,  working  his  way  up  to 
the  Antique  School,  where  he  studied 
under  M.  Buffeau.  In  1871  he  went  to 
Munich  and  joined  the  Academy,  still 
studying  painting  ;  but  shortly  before 
leaving  he  gave  up  painting  and  took  to 
sculpture.  In  1874  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  has  since  resided.  His  principal 
statues  are  "Sir  Rowland  Hill,  K.C.B.," 
1882  ;  "  The  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone, 
M.P."  1883 ;  "  Henry  Irving,  Esq.,  as 
Hamlet,"  1883  ;  and  "Linus,"  1884.  Be- 
sides these  he  has  executed  a  number  of 
busts,  amongst  which  may  be  mentioned  : 
"Sir  John  Brown,"  1881;  "Sir  Charles 
Reid"  and  "Rev.  John  Rodgers,"  1882; 
"The  Archbishop  of  York,"  1884;  and 
"  Lieut.  -General  Sir  Andrew  Clarke,"  1886. 
In  1885  he  exhibited  a  relief,  "  In  Memo- 
riam,"  and  his  statuette,  "  Folly,"  was 
purchased  by  the  Royal  Academy  under 
the  terms  of  the  Chantrey  Bequest.  Among 
his  most  recent  works  are  a  bronze  statue 
of  "  Applause,"  and  a  statue  of  the  Right 
Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,  and  bronze  busts 
of  Mr.  Arthur  Hacker,  A.R.A.,  Mr.  Walter 
Armstrong,  the  late  Sir  John  Millais,  and 
Messrs.  Orchardson,  Briton,  Riviere,  and 
Herkomer,  as  well  as  the  following  statues : 
General  Gordon  "on  Camel  at  Chatham  ; 
the  Shelley  Memorial,  University  College, 
Oxford ;  the  equestrian  statue  of  Lord 
Strathnairn,  Knightsbridge,  London  ;  Sir 
James  Gordon,  Mysore,  India  ;  Sir  William 
Pearse,  Glasgow  ;  Dr.  Dale,  Birmingham. 
In  1895  he  was  elected  R.A.  He  married 
in  Munich,  in  1872,  the  second  daughter 
of  B.  Franz  von  Kreilsser.  Address :  62 
Acacia  Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 


FOBDHAM,  Edward  Snow,  M.A., 
D.M.,  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  Edward  King  Fordham, 
of  the  Bury,  Ashwell,  Herts,  and  was  born 
on  Jan.  15,  1858.  He  was  educated  at 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1880.  Subsequently  enter- 
ing as  a  student  at  the  Inner  Temple,  he 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  November  1883, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Midland 
Circuit.  Mr.  Fordham  was,  in  1898,  ap- 
pointed a  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate, 
and  sits  at  the  North  London  Police 
Court.  He  was  married,  in  1880,  to 
Annie,  daughter  of  the  late  Thos.  Carr- 
Jackson,  F.R.C.S. 

FORESTIER  -  WALKER,  Lieut.  - 
General  Sir  Frederick  "William  Ed- 
ward, K.C.B.,  C.M.G.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  General  Sir  E.  W.  Forestier-Walker, 
by  a  daughter  of  the  6th  Earl  of  Seafield, 
was  born  in  April  1844,  and  educated  at 
the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst. 
He  entered  the  army  as  a  Lieutenant  of 
the  Scots  Guards  in  September  1862  and 
was  promoted  Captain  in  July  1865,  and 
in  that  rank  acted  as  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Major-General  in  command  at  Mauritius. 
From  1869  to  1873  he  was  Adjutant  to  his 
regiment,  after  which  he  was  appointed 
Assistant  Military  Secretary  to  Sir  Bartle 
Frere,  Commander-in-Chief  at  the  Cape. 
In  1895  he  accompanied  the  expedition 
into  Griqua  Land  West.  He  also  saw  con- 
siderable war  service  in  the  Zulu  cam- 
paign, and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Inzezane  and  the  occupation  of  Etshowe. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
received  a  C.B.,  a  medal  with  clasp,  and 
was  promoted  to  a  brevet  Colonelcy.  In 
1882  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General  in  the  Home  District,  and  shortly 
afterwards  went  to  South  Africa  in  the 
same  capacity  and  took  part  in  the 
Bechuanaland  expedition,  being  honour- 
ably mentioned  for  his  services,  and 
awarded  a  C.M.G.  He  became  a  Briga- 
dier-General in  charge  of  the  Infantry 
Brigade  at  Aldershot  in  1889,  and  Major- 
General  in  Command  of  the  English  troops 
in  Egypt  in  1890.  In  November  1895  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Western  District,  with  Headquarters  at 
Devonport.  Lieut. -General  Sir  F.  Forestier- 
Walker  married,  in  1887,  Mabel,  a  daughter 
of  Lieut. -Colonel  A.  E.  Ross.  Address: 
Devonport. 

FORMAN,  Mrs.  Alfred.  See  Mur- 
ray, Alma. 

FORMAN,  Harry  Buxton,  C.B., 
born  in  London,  July  11,  1842,  was  edu- 
cated at  Teignmouth,  and  was  appointed 
in  1860  to  a  Junior  Clerkship  in  the  Secre- 


FORREST 


377 


tary's  Department  of  the  General  Post 
Office,  where  he  is  now  Assistant-Secretary 
and  Controller  of  Packet  Services.  He 
has  for  many  years  attended  the  Con- 
gresses of  the  Postal  Union  as  British 
Delegate,  and  has  been  frequently  sent  on 
special  foreign  missions  connected  with 
this  department  of  the  public  service.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Our  Living  Poets  ;  an 
Essay  in  Criticism,"  1871  ;  "The  Shelley 
Library  ;  an  Essay  in  Bibliography,"  1886, 
and  several  Essays  on  Shelley,  published 
by  the  Shelley  Society  ;  also  editor  of  the 
Library  Edition  of  "  The  Poetical  Works 
of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,"  4  vols.,  1876-77 
(reprinted  1882)  ;  "  The  Prose  Works  of 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,"  4  vols.,  1880 ;  an 
unannotated  edition  of  Shelley's  Poetry, 
in  2  vols. ,  1882  (reprinted  1886  and  1892) ; 
the  Aldine  edition,  with  a  Memoir,  5  vols., 
1892 ;  separate  editions  of  Shelley's  tragedy, 
"The  Cenci,"  1886,  and  his  eclogue, 
"  Rosalind  and  Helen,"  1888 ;  Charles 
Wells's  "Joseph  and  his  Brethren,"  1876  ; 
"Letters  of  John  Keats  to  Fanny  Brawne," 
1878  (reissued  1889) ;  the  Library  Edition 
of  "  The  Works  of  John  Keats  in  Verse 
and  Prose,"  4  vols.,  1882  (reissued  with 
additions,  1889) ;  an  unannotated  edition 
of  Keats's  poetry,  1884  (of  which  there  are 
five  reissues,  the  last  in  1898) ;  "Poetry  and 
Prose  by  John  Keats,"  1890;  an  enlarged 
edition  of  all  Keats's  Letters,  1895 ; 
"  Gold,  a  Dialogue,"  by  John  Ruskin,  1891 ; 
"  A  Few  Words  about  the  late  Sir  Arthur 
Blackwood,"  1894;  "Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning  and  her  Scarcer  Books,  a  Bio- 
bibliographical  Note,"  1896;  and  "The 
Books  of  William  Morris  described,  with 
some  Account  of  his  Doings  in  Literature 
and  the  Allied  Crafts,"  1897.  Mr.  Forman 
was  for  some  time  engaged  upon  a  large 
edition  of  Byron's  poetry,  to  be  published 
by  Mr.  Murray,  but  was  obliged  by  pres- 
sure of  public  work  to  abandon  it.  He 
has  been  a  contributor  of  critical  articles, 
mainly  of  a  serious  kind,  to  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  the  Fine  Arts  Quarterly  Review, 
the  Athenceum,  the  Contemporary  Review, 
Macmillan's  Magazine,  the  Oentlemans 
Magazine,  the  Manhattan,  the  Saturday 
Review,  the  Illustrated  London  News,  the 
Sketch,  the  London  Quarterly  Review,  and 
Cosmopolis ;  and  is  one  of  the  authors 
who  assisted  in  the  production  of  Mr. 
Lloyd  Sanders's  Biographical  and  Critical 
Dictionary,  "Celebrities  of  the  Century," 
of  Mr.  Miles's  ten-volume  anthology,  "The 
Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  Century,"  and  of 
the  "Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century."  He  married  Laura,  daughter  of 
W.  C.  Gelle,  in  1869.  Permanent  address  : 
46  Marlborough  Hill,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

FORREST,   The   Right    Hon.   Sir 
John,   Premier  and   Treasurer  of    West 


Australia,  K.C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
F.R.G.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  Honorary  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Societies  of 
Italy,  Vienna,  and  St.  Petersburg,  Knight 
of  the  Italian  Crown,  was  born  in  Western 
Australia  on  Aug.  22, 1847,  and  is  the  third 
son  of  William  Forrest,  of  Leschenault, 
near  Bunbury.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Bishops'  School,  Perth,  and  entered  the 
Survey  Department  of  Western  Australia, 
1865,  and  in  1869  commanded  an  exploring 
expedition  into  the  interior  in  search  of 
Dr.  Leichhardt  and  party.  In  1870  he  com- 
manded an  exploring  expedition  from  Perth 
to  Adelaide  along  the  South  Coast,  and 
proved  the  practicability  of  the  country 
for  a  telegraph  line,  which  was  erected  in 
1876.  In  1874  he  commanded  an  exploring 
expedition  from  Champion  Bay  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Australia  to  the  overland 
telegraph  line  between  Adelaide  and  Port 
Darwin  without  the  aid  of  camels,  with 
horses  only,  a  journey  of  nearly  2000  miles. 
For  these  services  he  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Governor  and  the  LegislativeCouncil, 
and  was  awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London, 
May  22,  1876,  and  was  also  presented  by 
the  Imperial  Government  with  a  grant  in 
fee  of  5000  acres  of  land.  In  1876  he  was 
appointed  Deputy  Surveyor  -  General  of 
Western  Australia.  In  1878  and  1882  he 
conducted  the  Trigonometrical  Surveys  of 
the  Nickol  Bay  District  and  the  Gascoyne 
and  Lyons  District  in  North  -  Western 
Australia.  From  September  1878  to 
January  1879  he  acted  as  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Lands  and  Surveyor-General,  with 
a  seat  in  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
Colony.  In  1880-81  he  acted  as  Comp- 
troller of  the  Imperial  Establishments  and 
Expenditure  in  Western  Australia.  He  is 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  Colony.     In 

1882  he  was  made  a  Companion  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George.     In 

1883  he  was  appointed  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Lands  and  Surveyor-General,  and  in 
the  same  year,  and  again  in  1886,  proceeded 
to  Kimberley  District,  North-West  Aus- 
tralia, to  report  on  it  to  the  Government. 
He  filled  this  post  till  1890.  In  the  De- 
cember of  that  year  he  was  sent  to  form 
the  first  Ministry  under  a  responsible 
Government  in  Western  Australia,  and 
became  its  Premier  and  Treasurer.  He  had 
previously  been  a  Member  of  the  Executive 
and  Legislative  Councils  of  the  Colony. 
During  his  tenure  of  office  he  introduced 
the  system  by  which  squatters,  willing  to 
remain  in  the  country  and  to  make  certain 
specified  improvements,  are  given  grants 
of  160  acres  of  land.  He  has  also  estab- 
lished an  agricultural  credit  and  manhood 
suffrage,  and  has  introduced  other  reforms 
tending  to  modernise  his  colony.  In  1897 
he  was  President  of  the  Federal  Council 


378 


FOKREST  —  FORTESCUE 


of  Australasia,  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council.  He  represented  Western  Aus- 
tralia at  the  Colonial  Conference  in  London, 
1887.  He  has  published  "Explorations 
in  Australia,"  1876;  "Notes  on  Western 
Australia,"  1883,  1884,  and  1885.  He 
married  in  1876  Margaret  Elvire,  eldest 
daughter  of  Edward  Hamersley,  J. P.,  of 
Pyrton,  near  Guildford,  W.  Australia. 
Address  :  Perth,  W.  Australia. 

FORREST,  Very  Rev.  Robert 
William,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Worcester,  was 
born  in  co.  Cork,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Eev.  Thomas  Forrest,  M.A.,  Rector  of 
Rostellan,  co.  Cork.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Dublin  in  1854,  and  received 
his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1877.  He  entered 
the  Irish  Church  in  1855,  and  was  suc- 
cessively Curate  of  Holy  Trinity  and  Per- 
petual Curate  of  St.  Andrew's,  Liverpool. 
He  was  appointed  Vicar  of  St.  Jude's, 
Kensington,  in  1870,  and  in  1887  became  a 
Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  In 
June  1891  he  was  appointed  Dean  of  Wor- 
cester in  succession  to  Dr.  Gott.  In  1889 
he  was  appointed  Hon.  Chaplain  to  the 
Queen.  He  is  an  eloquent  and  impressive 
preacher,  and  has  been  Select  Preacher  at 
Cambridge  and  Dublin  Universities  in  1889 
and  1893  respectively.  His  publications 
are  :  "  Lectures  on  Revelation  ii.  and  iii.," 
1870 ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Book  of  Amos," 
1376 ;  and  on  "  The  Letters  to  the  Seven 
Churches.  Address :  The  Deanery,  Wor- 
cester. 

FORSYTH,  Professor  Andrew 
Russell,  M.A.,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S., 
son  of  the  late  John  Forsyth,  was  born  in 
Glasgow  on  June  18,  1858.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Liverpool  College  under  the 
late  Dr.  (afterwards  Canon)  George  Butler, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He 
graduated  in  1881  as  Senior  Wrangler  and 
First  Smith's  Prizeman,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  his  College  in  the  same  year ; 
and  in  1890  he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of 
Doctor  in  Science.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Mathematics  at  the  new 
University  College,  Liverpool,  in  1882,  a 
post  which  he  resigned  in  1884  on  his 
appointment  as  Lecturer  in  Mathematics 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  On  the 
death  of  Professor  Cayley  in  1895,  he  was 
appointed  Sadlerian  Professor  of  Pure 
Mathematics,  and  has  been  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Senate  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge  since  1890.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1886,  has 
served  on  its  Council,  and  was  awarded 
one  of  the  Royal  Medals  in  1897  for  his 
contributions  to  the  progress  of  Pure 
Mathematics.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
"Treatise  on  Differential  Equations," 
"  Theory   of    Differential   Equations,"   of 


which  only  Part  I.  has  yet  been  published  ; 
"  Theory  of  Functions  of  a  complex  vari- 
able," and  of  mathematical  papers  (relating 
chiefly  to  differential  equations,  theory  of 
functions,  and  theory  of  invariantive  forms) 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Transactions  of  the  Cambridge  Philo 
sophical  Society,  and  in  various  mathematical 
journals ;  and  after  Professor  Cayley's 
death  he  acted  as  editor  of  Cayley's  "  Col- 
lected Mathematical  Papers."  Address : 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

FORSYTH,  William,  Q.C.,  LL.D. 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  Forsyth,  of  Liver 
pool,  was  born  at  Greenock,  Oct.  25,  1812. 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam 
bridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1834. 
He  was  third  in  the  first  class  of  the  Classi 
cal  Tripos,  and  second  Senior  Optime,  was 
Chancellor's  Medallist,  and  Fellow  of 
Trinity,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in  1837.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1839,  went  the  Northern  Circuit,  be- 
came a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1857,  and  a 
Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  He  was 
standing  counsel  to  the  Secretary  of  State 
in  Council  of  India,  and  is  Commissary 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  is 
the  author  of  "On  the  Law  of  Composi- 
tion with  Creditors,"  published  in  1841 ; 
"  Hortensius  ;  or,  the  Duty  and  Office  of 
an  Advocate,"  in  1849  ;  "  On  the  Law  re- 
lating to  the  Custody  of  Infants,"  in  1850  ; 
"  The  History  of  Trial  by  Jury,"  in  1852  ; 
"Napoleon  at  St.  Helena  and  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe,"  in  1853  ;  "  The  Life  of  Cicero,"  in 
1864 ;  "  Cases  and  Opinions  in  Constitu- 
tional Law,"  in  1869;  "The  Novels  and 
Novelists  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  in 
illustration  of  the  Manners  and  Morals  of 
the  Age,"  in  1871;  "Hannibal  in  Italy; 
an  Historical  Drama,"  in  1872  ;  "  Essays 
Critical  and  Narrative,"  in  1874 ;  "  The 
Slavonic  Provinces  South  of  the  Danube," 
in  1876  ;  and  has  contributed  to  the  Quar- 
terly and  Edinburgh  Reviews  and  Blackwood's 
Magazine.  Having  been  elected  member 
for  the  borough  of  Cambridge  in  the  Con- 
servative interest  in  July  1865  he  was 
unseated,  on  petition,  on  the  ground  that 
the  office  he  held  of  standing  counsel  to 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  India  was  one 
of  profit  under  the  Crown,  and  disqualified 
him  from  sitting  in  Parliament.  He  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  Bath  in  October  1873,  but  was 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  by  the 
borough  of  Marylebone  at  the  general  elec- 
tion of  February  1874,  and  he  continued  to 
represent  that  constituency  till  1880.  Ad- 
dresses :  61  Rutland  Gate;  and  Athenseum. 


FORTESCUE,  Earl,  The  Right 
Hon.  Hugh  Fortescue,  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Earl  (who  was  Lord-Lieutenant 


FOSTER 


379 


of  Ireland  in  1839-41),  was  born  April  4, 
1818,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  In  1841,  whilst  Vis- 
count Ebrington,  he  entered  Parliament  as 
member  for  Plymouth,  which  he  repre- 
sented in  the  Liberal  interest  until  1852, 
when  he  unsuccessfully  contested  Barn- 
staple, but  on  petition  unseated  both  the 
successful  candidates  for  bribery.  In 
December  1854  he  was  elected  for  Maryle- 
bone,  for  which  he  resigned  his  seat,  and 
was  called  to  the  Upper  House  in  his 
father's  barony  of  Fortescue,  Dec.  5,  1859, 
and  succeeded  as  3rd  Earl,  Sept.  14,  1861. 
His  Lordship  was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury 
from  1846  to  1847,  and  Secretary  of  the 
Poor-Law  Board  from  1847  to  1851.  In 
1847  he  was  besides  appointed  along  with 
some  very  distinguished  colleagues,  Lord 
Morpeth,  Sir  J.  Burgoyne,  Mr.  Chadwick, 
Mr.  B.  Stephenson,  and  others,  a  member 
of  the  first  consolidated  Metropolitan  Com- 
mission of  Sewers,  and  also  in  1849  of  the 
second,  both  unpaid  but  hard-working 
bodies  of  which  he  latterly  became  Chair- 
man. He  resigned  before  the  appointment 
of  the  third  Commission,  which  was  after- 
wards superseded  by  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works.  In  May  1856,  while 
visiting  a  military  hospital  with  a  view 
to  the  motion  which  he  carried  afterwards 
in  1858,  in  favour  of  sanitary  reform  in  the 
army,  he  caught  ophthalmia,  which  de- 
prived him  of  one  eye,  permanently  im- 
paired the  other,  and  so  much  injured  his 
health  as  to  compel  him,  in  Jan.  1859,  to 
retire  from  the  House  of  Commons.  His 
lordship  is  the  author  of  pamphlets  upon 
"The  Health  of  Towns,"  1844;  "Official 
Salaries,"  1852  ;  "  Kepresentative  Self- 
government  for  the  Metropolis,"  1854 ; 
"Parliamentary  Reform,"  1859  and  1884  ; 
a  work  on  "  Public  Schools  for  the  Middle 
Classes,"  1864;  and  "Our  Next  Leap  in 
the  Dark,"  1884.  He  married,  March  11, 
1847,  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Eight 
Hon.  Col.  G.  Dawson  Darner.  She  died  in 
1866,  leaving  him  a  large  family.  Ad- 
dresses :  48  Grosvenor  Gardens,  S.W.  ; 
Castlehill,  North  Devon,  &c. 

FOSTER,  Sir  (Balthazar)  Walter, 
M.P.,  M.D.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  was  born  on 
July  17,  1840,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  B.  Poster,  of  Drogheda  and  Beaulieu. 
He  was  educated  at  Drogheda,  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  on  the  Continent, 
and  graduated  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  Ireland.  He  is  also  M.D. 
of  Erlangen,  F.R.C.P.  Lond.  At  one  time 
he  was  Professor  of  Anatomy,  and  after- 
wards of  Medicine,  at  Queen's  College, 
and  is  now  Emeritus  Professor.  He  is 
Consulting  Physician  to  the  Birmingham 
General  Hospital  and  other  hospitals  of 
that  locality,  Vice-President  of  the  British 


Medical  Association,  which  presented  him 
with  its  Gold  Medal  for  Distinguished 
Merit  in  1897,  and  of  which  he  was  Pre- 
sident of  Council  (1884-87),  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Med.  and  Chir.  Soc,  Ex-President 
of  the  Irish  Sch.  and  Grad.  Association, 
&c,  &c.  His  works  on  medical  topics  are 
numerous.  We  may  mention  :  "  Method 
and  Medicine,"  1870;  "The  Prince's  Ill- 
ness, its  Lessons,"  1872;  "Clinical  Medi- 
cine," 1874  ;  "  On  the  Comparative  Mor- 
tality of  Birmingham  and  other  Large 
Towns,"  1875;  "On  the  Political  Power- 
lessness  of  the  Medical  Profession,"  1883  ; 
and  "The  Public  Aspects  of  Medicine," 
1890.  He  has  also  contributed  important 
articles  to  Quain's  "Dictionary  of  Medi- 
cine," &c.  It  is  as  a  politician  that  Sir 
Walter  Foster  has  latterly  been  best 
known  to  the  public.  Feeling,  as  the  title 
of  one  of  his  works  bears  witness,  that  the 
medical  profession  deserve,  in  the  public 
interest,  a  share  of  political  power,  he 
stood  for  Parliament,  and  was  returned 
for  Chester  City,  which  he  represented 
from  1885-86.  In  1887  he  was  elected 
for  the  Ilkeston  Division  of  Derbyshire, 
which  he  continues  to  represent.  Sir 
Walter  Foster  is  President  of  the  Allot- 
ments Association,  and  from  1892  to  1895 
was  Secretary  of  the  Local  Government 
Board,  where  he  did  important  work.  He 
was  Chairman  of  the  National  Liberal 
Federation  from  1886  to  1890.  Lady 
Foster  is  a  daughter  of  W.  L.  Sargant, 
of  Edgbaston.  Addresses  :  30  Grosvenor 
Road,  S.W. ;  and  Temple  Row,  Birmingham. 

FOSTER,  Clement  Le  Neve,  B.A., 
F.R.S.,  D.Sc,  A.R.S.M.,  F.G.S.,  was  born 
at  Camberwell  on  March  23,  1841,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  the  late  Peter  Le  Neve 
Foster,  for  many  years  secretary  of  the 
Society  of  Arts.  At  the  age  of  12,  he  was 
sent  to  the  College  Communal  at  Boulogne, 
where  he  studied  on  the  Science  or  Modern 
side,  and  whence  he  proceeded  to  take  his 
B.-es.-Sc.  degree  at  Amiens.  In  1857  he 
entered  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  and 
completed  the  three  years'  course  in  two 
years,  took  the  Duke  of  Cornwall  Scholar- 
ship, and  otherwise  distinguished  himself. 
He  was  next  sent,  on  Prof.  Huxley's 
advice,  to  the  great  mining  college  at 
Freiberg,  and  whilst  there  was  appointed 
by  Sir  R.  Murchison  to  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Great  Britain  (1860).  For  three 
years  he  was  engaged  mapping  the  Weal- 
den  Beds  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  and  in  1864 
he  was  transferred  to  Derbyshire  and 
Yorkshire.  During  these  years  he  spent 
his  leisure  in  sedulous  preparation  for  the 
London  degrees,  which  he  passed  bril- 
liantly, eventually  becoming  D.Sc.  in  1865. 
In  the  May  of  that  year  he  left  the  Survey 
and  obtained  the  appointment  of  lecturer 


380 


FOSTER 


to  the  Miners'  Association  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon.  He  now  spent  much  time  in  the 
mines,  and  subsequently,  at  the  request  of 
the  Royal  Cornish  Polytechnic  Society, 
visited  the  Continent  in  order  to  report 
upon  the  Bergstrom  and  Dcering  boring 
machines.  He  resigned  his  Cornish  ap- 
pointment in  1867,  and  spent  some  time 
making  mining  explorations  in  the  Sinai 
Peninsula.  In  1868  he  visited  Venezuela, 
and  from  1869  to  1872  held  an  appointment 
near  Monte  Rosa  under  the  Pestarena 
Gold  Mining  Co.  In  1872  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  inspector  under  the  new  Metal- 
liferous Mines  Regulation  Act.  The  field 
of  his  operations  lay  in  Cornwall  and 
Devon,  and  for  long  he  had  to  contend 
against  very  great  opposition  on  the  part 
of  the  mine  managers,  who  clung  to  their 
traditional  haphazard  methods  of  work. 
He  had  to  resort  to  prosecutions  before  he 
could  get  his  notices  attended  to.  "  It  is 
worthy  of  note,"  says  a  writer  in  the 
Mining  Journal  for  December  1889,  "that 
the  average  death-rate  from  mine  acci- 
dents in  Dr.  Le  Neve  Foster's  district  was 
reduced  from  2  per  thousand  during  the 
first  three  years  of  his  Inspectorship,  to 
1'3  per  thousand  the  last  five."  In  the 
spring  of  1880,  Dr.  Le  Neve  Foster  was 
transferred  from  the  Cornish  to  the  North 
Wales  District,  where  he  still  remains. 
He  issues  annual  reports,  from  which  it 
appears  that  he  is  strongly  in  favour  of  a 
still  more  stringent  Act  being  passed  for 
the  regulation  of  mines  not  included  in  the 
Coal  Mines  Act.  In  1867  and  1878  Dr.  Le 
Neve  Foster  acted  as  assistant-juror  to  Sir 
Warington  W.  Smyth,  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition, and  as  juror  in  1889,  for  which 
he  received  the  Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  In  December  1890 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mining  at 
the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  London,  as 
successor  to  Sir  Warington  Smyth.  In 
1892  he  was  elected  F.R.S.,  and  appointed 
one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the 
Chicago  Exhibition,  where  he  subsequently 
served  as  a  judge  in  mining.  In  1894  he  was 
made  Editor  of  the  "Mineral  Statistics  " 
published  by  the  Home  Office,  and  has 
brought  out  three  Annual  General  Reports 
upon  the  Mineral  Industry  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  He  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  scientific  periodical  literature, 
has  translated  ( with  Mr.  Galloway)  Callon's 
"  Lectures  on  Mining,"  and  is  the  author 
of  "  Ore  and  Stone  Mining."  He  married, 
in  1872,  Sophia,  second  daughter  of  the 
late  Arthur  F.  Tompson,  of  Belton, 
Suffolk,  and  has  a  son  and  two  daughters. 
Address  :  Llandudno. 

FOSTER,  Professor  George  Carey, 

F.R.S.,   Professor  of  Physics,   University 
College,  London,  born  20th  October  1835, 


at  Sabden,  Lancashire,  is  the  only  son  of 
George  Foster,  of  Sabden,  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  and 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  private  schools,  and  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  and  graduated  as 
B.A.  of  the  University  of  London  in 
1855 ;  afterwards,  from  1859  to  1861, 
he  studied  chemistry  at  Ghent,  Paris, 
and  Heidelberg,  under  Kekule',  Wurtz, 
and  Bunsen  respectively.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1862  Professor  of  Natural 
Philosophy  in  Anderson's  College  (then 
called  Anderson's  University),  Glasgow. 
In  1865,  on  the  resignation  by  Professor 
Potter  of  the  Chair  of  Natural  Philosophy 
and  Astronomy  in  University  College, 
London,  which  he  had  held  with  two 
years'  interval  since  1840,  Mr.  Foster  was 
appointed  to  succeed  him  as  Professor  of 
Physics,  and  held  this  appointment  till 
June  1898.  He  contributed  to  the  great 
"Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  the  Allied 
Branches  of  other  Sciences,"  edited  by  the 
late  Henry  Watts,  many  articles  on  points 
of  general  chemical  theory  as  well  as  on 
some  parts  of  Physics,  those  on  "Heat" 
and  on  "  Thermodynamics  "  being  among 
the  most  considerable  of  his  writings.  In 
1896  he  published,  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
E.  Atkinson,  an  "  Elementary  Treatise  on 
Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  founded  on 
M.  Joubert's  work  with  a  similar  title, 
several  chapters  of  which  he  re-wrote. 
Since  his  appointment  at  University  Col- 
lege, his  thought  and  attention  have  been 
chiefly  devoted  to  the  teaching  of  Physics. 
The  Physical  Laboratory  of  University 
College,  opened  at  his  instigation  in  1867, 
was  the  first  in  London  in  which  practical 
instruction  in  Physics  was  offered  to 
students.  He  has  devised  some  useful 
new  methods,  or  modifications  of  methods, 
of  physical  measurement,  some  of  which, 
especially  a  method  of  comparing  elec- 
trical resistances,  have  been  frequently 
adopted.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Chemical  Society  in  1856  ;  Fellow  of  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  1867  ;  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1869  ;  and  has  four 
times  served  on  the  Council.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Physical  Society  of 
London,  and  was  President  of  that  Society, 
1877-79;  President  of  the  Mathematical 
and  Physical  Section  of  the  British 
Association,  1877  (Plymouth  meeting) ; 
President  of  the  Society  of  Telegraph 
Engineers  (now  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers),  1881 ;  and  was  appointed,  on 
the  nomination  of  the  Convocation  of  the 
University,  a  Member  of  the  Senate  of  the 
University  of  London,  1885,  and  elected 
(without  ballot)  a  member  of  the  Athenseum 
Club,  1888.  He  married,  in  1868,  Mary 
Anne  Frances,  elder  daughter  of  the  late 
Andrew  Muir,  of  Greenock,  and  has  four 


FOSTER 


381 


sons  and  four  daughters.  Addresses  :  18 
Daleham  Gardens,  South  Hampstead, 
N.W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

FOSTER,  John  "Watson,  American 
soldier  and  statesman,  born  in  Pike 
County,  Indiana,  March  2,  1836,  gradu- 
ated at  the  Indiana  State  University  in 
1855,  studied  Law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  at  Evansville,  Indiana,  and  began 
practice  there.  He  entered  the  army  as 
Major  of  the  25th  Indiana  Kegiment  in 
1861,  became  Lieut.-Colonel,  and  later  was 
Colonel  of  the  136th  Indiana  Kegiment.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  between  the  States  he 
became  editor  of  the  Evansville  Daily 
Journal,  and  in  1 869  was  appointed  post- 
master of  that  town.  He  was  Minister  to 
Mexico  in  1873,  and  re-appointed  in  1880. 
In  March  1880  he  was  transferred  to 
Russia,  and  held  that  mission  till  Novem- 
ber 1881.  On  his  return  to  America  he 
established  himself  as  counsel  in  Wash- 
ington for  foreign  legations.  He  was 
Minister  to  Spain,  1883-85,  and  has  been 
employed  frequently  since  then  in  nego- 
tiating treaties,  &c.  In  1893  he  was  for  a 
short  time  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
United  States,  and  in  1894  he  aided  the 
Chinese  Government  in  negotiating  for 
peace  with  Japan.  In  1898  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  Joint  Commissioners 
for  the  settlement  of  matters  in  dispute 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

FOSTER,  Joseph,  Hon.  M.A.  Oxon., 
antiquary,  was  born  in  Sunderland,  co. 
Durham,  March  9,  1844  (son  of  another  of 
the  same  names,  a  woollen-draper  of  that 
town,  andan  elder  brother  of  the  late  Birket 
Foster),  and  is  a  cadet  of  a  family  belong- 
ing to  the  Quakerocracy  of  the  north  since 
the  early  days  of  its  apostle,  George  Fox, 
and  originally  seated  at  Cold  Hesledon 
and  Hawthorne,  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
Palatinate.  His  great  -  grandfather  was 
the  friend  of  Wordsworth  and  Southey. 
Mr.  Joseph  Foster,  who  was  educated  in 
private  schools  in  North  Shields,  Sunder- 
land, and  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  inherited 
his  genealogical  faculty  from  his  grand- 
father, Myles  Birket  Foster,  and  com- 
pleted, as  early  as  his  eighteenth  year, 
his  first  genealogical  brochure,  entitled 
"The  Pedigree  of  the  Fosters  of  Cold 
Heseldon  in  the  County  Palatine  of  Dur- 
ham "  (see  also  Virtue's  "  Art  Annual," 
1890).  Henceforth  his  life  was  spent 
among  books,  and  all  his  leisure  was  de- 
voted to  increasing  and  arranging  his 
genealogical  collections.  Having  issued 
a  larger  edition  of  his  family  narrative,  he 
was  accidentally  led,  by  the  omission  of 
the  pedigrees  from  the  1870  edition  of 
Baines'  "  History  of  Lancashire  "  (Rout- 
ledge),   to  commence  his   series  of   Pedi- 


grees of  county  families  with  those  of  that 
county  (see  "Herald  and  Genealogist," 
viii.  55,  169),  and  this  volume  was  fol- 
lowed by  three  others  for  Yorkshire,  which 
Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols  described  as  "  mar- 
vels of  elaborate  and  of  accurate  work " 
("  Herald  and  Genealogist,"  viii.  501). 
Mr.  Foster,  following  Sir  William  Dug- 
dale,  transcribed  the  admission  register  of 
the  four  Inns  of  Court,  the  earliest  com- 
mencing 1  Hen.  VI.,  1422,  together  with  a 
unique  list  of  calls  to  the  Bar.  But  still, 
before  he  could  hope  to  grapple  effectually 
with  so  arduous  a  task  as  the  annotation 
of  the  earlier  "  Alumni  Oxonienses,"  it 
was  necessary  that  all  the  bishops'  certifi- 
cates of  institutions  to  livings  (since  the 
Reformation),  now  deposited  in  the  Public 
Record  Office,  should  be  laid  under  contri- 
bution, with  the  result  that  these  150,000 
institutions,  &c,  were  utilised  in  the  pre- 
paration of  his  great  Oxford  work,  that 
happy  hunting-ground  of  the  biographer, 
which  involved  ten  years'  unremitting  and 
unremunerative  toil,  and  have  now  been 
made  available  for  the  projected  com- 
panion work,  "Alumni  Cantabrigienses." 
In  recognition  of  Mr.  Foster's  splendid 
achievement,  the  "Alumni  Oxonienses" 
(see  Clark's  "  Life  and  Times  of  Wood,"  vol. 
iv.  135),  the  University  very  properly  con- 
ferred upon  him  (1892)  the  degree  of 
M.A.  honoris  causa.  With  a  view  to  the 
compilation  of  an  armoury  of  authenti- 
cated coats  only,  Mr.  Foster  has  devoted 
much  time  to  the  arrangement  of  grantees 
of  arms  which  occur  in  the  MSS.  of  the 
British  Museum,  not  only  alphabetically 
but  also  chronologically,  under  the  re- 
spective kings  of  arms.  Mr.  Foster's 
best-known  critical  work  was  undoubtedly 
"  Chaos,"  under  which  category  he  classed, 
for  the  first  time,  all  known  "  soi-disant  bar- 
onets." "  Chaos  "  formed  a  minor  portion 
of  the  "Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knight- 
age," compiled  and  edited  by  Mr.  Foster, 
1880-84,  and  elaborately  illustrated  by 
Fr.  Anselm  and  many  others  (the  Quar- 
terly Review,  No.  354,  October  1893,  Art. 
IV,  "The  Peerage,"  pp.  386-415).  This 
industrious  worker  has  also  issued  the 
majority  of  the  Herald's  Visitations  of 
the  North,  viz.,  Northumberland,  Cum- 
berland, Westmorland,  Durham,  and 
Yorkshire,  and  also  of  Middlesex  in  the 
South,  whilst  he  has  also  published  "Men 
at  the  Bar"  ;  "  Scottish  Members  of  Parlia- 
ment, 1357-1882"  ;  "Gray's  Inn  Admission 
Register,  1521-1889  "  ;  "  Our  Noble  and 
Gentle  Families  of  Royal  Descent,"  and 
several  minor  family  histories,  e.g.,  those 
of  Fox,  Harris,  Wilson,  Pease,  and  Penn- 
ington. His  elder  son,  Mr.  Sandys  Birket 
Foster,  of  Rochester,  NY.,  edited  a  second 
edition  of  the  Wilson  family  history,  1890. 
His  latest  works  are  :  "  Oxford  Men  and 


382 


FOSTEE  —  FOUQUIER 


their  Colleges,"  1893,  and  a  brochure  en- 
titled, "  Concerning  the  Beginnings,  the 
Etiquette,  and  the  Practice  of  Heraldry." 
Address :  21  Boundary  Eoad,  Finchley 
Road,  N.W. 

FOSTER,  Professor  Michael,  F.R.S., 
D.Sc,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  is  the  son  of  Michael 
Foster,  F.R.C.S.,  and  was  born  at  Hunt- 
ingdon on  March  8,  1836.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Huntingdon  Grammar  School,  at 
University  College  School,  and  University 
College,  London.  After  practising  as  a 
surgeon  at  Huntingdon  from  1860  to  1866, 
he  became  Demonstrator  of  Practical 
Physiology  in  University  College,  London, 
in  1867,  and,  two  years  later,  was  ap- 
pointed Professor.  In  1870  he  went  to 
Cambridge  as  Pralector  of  Physiology  at 
Trinity  College,  and  he  was,  in  1883, 
elected  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  Commissioner  under  the  London 
University  Act  in  October  1898.  Professor 
Foster  is  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  is  the  author  of  a  well- 
known  and  widely  read  text-book  of 
physiology,  which  is  now  in  its  sixth  edi- 
tion. He  has  also  contributed  numerous 
articles  on  matters  of  physiological  interest 
to  various  scientific  journals.  Address : 
Ninewells,  Great  Shelford,  Cambridge- 
shire. 

FOSTER,  Vere  Henry  Louis,  was 

born  at  Copenhagen  in  1819,  his  father, 
Sir  Augustus  Foster,  Bart.,  being  at  that 
time  British  Minister  in  Denmark.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  was  afterwards 
attached  for  some  years  to  the  diplomatic 
missions  of  Sir  Henry  Ellis  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  and  of  Sir  William  Ouseley  at 
Monte  Video.  On  his  return  from  South 
America  in  1817,  he  paid  a  visit  to  Ireland 
in  the  company  of  his  eldest  brother,  Sir 
Frederick  Foster.  The  famine  consequent 
upon  the  failure  of  the  potato  crop  was 
raging  at  the  time,  and  the  two  brothers 
set  to  work  at  once  to  relieve  the  starving 
poor.  Mr.  Foster  himself  made  three 
voyages  to  America  as  a  steerage  passenger 
in  emigrant  ships,  and  was  so  impressed 
by  the  badness  of  the  accommodation, 
that  he  attracted  the  attention  of  Parlia- 
ment to  the  matter,  and  soon  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  the  emigration  laws 
in  force,  which  rendered  the  miseries  he 
had  witnessed  and  endured  thenceforth 
impossible  in  a  British  emigrant  vessel. 
The  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  America 
(1861)  checked  for  a  time  the  stream  of 
emigration,  and  Mr.  Foster  turned  his 
attention  to  the  improvement  of  education 
in  Ireland — by  the  substitution  of  boarded 
floors   for  damp  earthen  floors  in  about 


1300  National  schools,  by  the  supply  of 
furniture  and  apparatus  to  nearly  1500 
others,  and  by  grants  in  aid  of  building 
several  hundred  new  school-houses.  On 
the  recurrence  of  exceptional  distress  in 
Ireland  in  the  year  1879,  Mr.  Foster  re- 
sumed his  scheme  of  assisted  female 
emigration  to  the  United  States  and  the 
British  Colonies,  with  the  co-operation  of 
all  the  clergy  of  every  denomination  in  the 
West  of  Ireland.  The  number  of  young 
women  thus  assisted  during  the  last  fifty 
years,  partly  by  means  of  subscriptions, 
but  chiefly  at  Mr.  Foster's  own  cost,  has 
been  nearly  25,000.  Mr.  Foster  is  com- 
piler of  various  series  of  Writing,  Letter- 
ing, Drawing,  and  Painting  Books,  which 
are  in  general  use  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  is  editor  of  a  volume  en- 
titled "  The  Two  Duchesses,"  consisting  of 
correspondences  between  eminent  persons 
and  relating  chiefly  to  memorable  events 
between  the  years  1777  and  1846. 

FOSTER,  Sir  Walter.  See  Fostbk, 
Sir  (Balthazae)  Walter. 

FOUQUIER,  Jacques  Francois 
Henri,  French  journalist,  was  born  at 
Marseilles,  Sept.  1,  1838.  The  son  of  a 
solicitor,  he  studied  law  and  medicine,  and 
travelled  in  Spain  and  Italy.  In  1861  he 
came  to  Paris  and  wrote  for  many  papers, 
L'Avenir  National,  La  Presse,  and  was 
correspondent  of  Le  Progris  du  Nord.  In 
1867  he  was  special  correspondent  with 
Garibaldi  for  L' Indipendance  Beige.  After 
the  proclamation  of  the  Republic  in  1870, 
M.  Fouquier  was  entrusted  with  a  mission 
to  Marseilles,  and  founded  there  La  Vraie 
Ripnblique,  which  he  conducted  till  his 
appointment  as  Secretary  of  the  Depart- 
ment. He  took  the  place  of  the  Prefect 
in  the  Communard  outbreaks  in  March 
1871.  Until  1873  he  was  censor  of  the 
press  at  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior. 
After  contributing  to  the  ivinement,  he 
started  Le  Petit  Parisien,  a  halfpenny  rival 
of  Le  Petit  Journal.  In  1878  he  left  to 
write  for  the  Dix-Neuvieme  Steele  a  daily 
article  and  the  dramatic  criticism.  He 
wrote  under  several  pseudonyms,  especi- 
ally that  of  Columbine  in  the  Gil  Bias, 
which  was  the  reason  of  a  law-suit  with 
the  editor  of  that  paper  as  to  the  owner- 
ship of  the  pseudonym.  The  j  udges  decided 
that  it  belonged  to  the  paper  as  other  con- 
tributors had  written  over  that  signature 
(1889).  At  the  death  of  Albert  Wolff 
in  1891  he  succeeded  him  as  dramatic 
critic  of  the  Figaro.  His  ordinary  articles 
are  written  under  the  pseudonym  of 
Nestor.  In  1889  he  entered  the  Chamber 
as  Deputy  for  the  Basses-Alpes,  and  sits 
with  the  Moderate  Republicans.  In  1876 
he  married  the  widow  of  Ernest  Feydeau, 


FOWLER  — FOX 


383 


and  in  1881  was  made  an  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  Address :  12  Avenue 
de  l'Alma. 

FOWLER,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Henry  Hartley,  G.C.S.I.,  D.L.,  M.P., 
son  of  the  Bev.  Joseph  Fowler,  Wesleyan 
minister,  secretary  of  the  Wesleyan  Con- 
ference, 1848,  was  born  at  Sunderland  in 
1830,  educated  at  Woodhouse  Grove  School, 
and  St.  Saviour's  School,  Southwark.  He 
was  Mayor  of  Wolverhampton  in  1863, 
and  first  chairman  of  the  Wolverhampton 
School  Board.  From  1880  to  1885  he  sat 
as  a  Liberal  for  the  undivided  borough 
of  Wolverhampton,  and  after  the  Redis- 
tribution  Act  was  returned  for  the  East 
Division,  which  he  now  represents.  •  In 
December  1884  he  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  for  the  Home  Department,  and 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Ministry  of  1886,  he 
held  the  post  of  Financial  Secretary  to 
the  Treasury.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Boyal  Commission  to  inquire  into  the  Civil 
Service,  of  the  Labour  Commission,  and 
of  other  Commissions.  He  was  created  a 
Privy  Councillor  in  June  1886,  and  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet, 
in  1892.  He  introduced  and  carried 
the  Parish  Councils  Bill  in  Parliament. 
When  the  Cabinet  was  partially  recon- 
structed in  March  1894,  he  became  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India,  retiring  with  his 
Government  the  following  year.  He  was 
knighted  in  1895.  He  married,  in  1857, 
Ellen,  the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
G.  B.  Thornycroft,  Esq.,  of  Wolverhamp- 
ton and  Hadley  Park,  Salop.  Addresses  : 
105  Pall  Mall,  S.W.,  &c.  ;  and  Athenseum. 

FOWLER,  The  Rev.  Thomas,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  was  born  at  Burton-Stather, 
Lincolnshire,  Sept.  1,  1832,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  William  Henry  Fowler  and 
Mary  Anne  Welch.  He  was  educated  at 
King  William's  College,  Isle  of  Man,  and 
at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  as  a  double  first-class  man  in 
1854.  He  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
Lincoln  College  in  1855,  and  appointed  to 
a  Tutorship  in  the  same  year.  He  was 
Junior  Proctor  of  the  University  in  1862-63, 
Select  Preacher  in  1872-74,  Professor  of 
Logic  from  1873  to  1889,  and  has  fre- 
quently acted  as  Public  Examiner  in  the 
School  of  Literse  Humaniores.  Dr.  Fowler 
is  now  a  member  of  the  Visitatorial  Board, 
as  also  a  Delegate  of  the  Press  and  of  the 
Common  University  Fund,  and  President 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  to  which  he  was 
elected  Dec.  23, 1881.  For  many  years  he 
was  also  a  Member  of  the  Hebdomadal 
Council,  for  which  he  was  first  elected  in 
1869,  and  a  Delegate  of  the  Museum,  but 
was  obliged  to  retire  from  these  offices  as 


incompatible  with  his  other  duties.  He 
has  resided  in  the  University  continuously 
since  the  age  of  seventeen,  and  has  taken 
a  prominent  part  in  several  University 
movements,  especially  those  connected 
with  the  removal  of  religious  disabilities 
and  the  organisation  of  academical  studies. 
In  1882  he  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  is  the  author  of  the  "  Elements 
of  Deductive  Logic,"  1867  (10th  edit.,  1892) ; 
the  "Elements  of  Inductive  Logic,"  1870 
(6th  edit.,  1892);  both  which  works  were 
published  by  the  Clarendon  Press,  which 
has  also  published  an  elaborate  edition 
of  Bacon's  "Novum  Organum,"  by  Dr. 
Fowler,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes, 
1878  (2nd  edit.,  1889),  as  well  as  an  edi- 
tion by  him  of  Locke's  "Conduct  of  the 
Understanding,"  1881  (3rd  edit.,  1890).  In 
addition  to  these  works,  Dr.  Fowler  is  the 
author  of  "Locke"  in  the  series  of  "Eng- 
lish Men  of  Letters,"  and  of  "Bacon," 
and  "  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,"  in  the 
series  of  English  Philosophers.  Besides 
the  last-named  work,  he  has  written  also 
the  following  ethical  treatises:  "Pro- 
gressive Morality  :  an  Essay  in  Ethics," 
1884  (2nd  edit.,  1895) ;  "The  Principles  of 
Morals "  (introductory  chapters),  1886 ; 
"The  Principles  of  Morals"  (Part  II., 
being  the  body  of  the  work),  1887.  Part 
I.  of  the  last  mentioned  work  was  written 
in  conjunction  with  his  predecessor  in  the 
Presidentship  of  Corpus,  Professor  J.  M. 
Wilson  ;  Part  II.,  though  it  also  contains 
some  contributions  by  Professor  Wilson, 
was  mainly  written  by  Dr.  Fowler,  and  has 
been  published  under  his  name  only,  as  he 
is  solely  responsible  for  it  in  its  final  form. 
Both  parts  were  reissued  in  one  volume  in 
1894.  Dr.  Fowler's  most  recent  work  is  a 
"History  of  Corpus  Christi  College,"  pub- 
lished by  the  Oxford  Historical  Society  in 
1893,  containing  many  curious  illustrations 
of  academical,  social,  and  ecclesiastical 
history  during  the  16th,  17th,  18th,  and 
early  part  of  the  19th  centuries.  He  has 
also  contributed  articles  to  the  Saturday 
Review,  during  its  earlier  period,  the 
Spectator,  the  Academy,  Mind,  Macrnillan's 
Magazine,  the  Fortnightly  Review,  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  the 
"Dictionary  of  National  Biography."  In 
politics  he  is  a  Liberal  Unionist,  and  his 
theological  convictions  are  those  of  a 
Broad  Churchman.  He  has  travelled  ex- 
tensively. Addresses  :  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

FOX,  Sir  (Charles)  Douglas,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  was  born  in  Warwickshire, 
May  14,  1840,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Fox.  He  was  educated  at 
Cholmondeley   School    and    in    the   well- 


384 


FEAMPTON  —  FEANCIS-JOSEPH 


known  Engineering  Department  of  King's 
College,  London,  of  which  College  he  is 
a  Fellow.  He  is  a  distinguished  engineer, 
and  has  been  in  practice  in  his  profession 
since  1861,  first  with  his  father,  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Fox,  and  afterwards  with  his 
brother  and  son.  He  has  been  joint- 
engineer  to  the  Mersey  Tunnel  and  to 
the  Hawarden  Bridge,  and  engineer  to  the 
Liverpool  Overhead,  the  South  Indian,  and 
the  Central  Argentine  Railways,  &c.  &c. 
He  has  also  been  joint-engineer  with  Sir 
Charles  Metcalfe  to  the  Bechuanaland 
Railway.  He  is  also  well  known  as  an 
inventor,  having  patented  a  safety  guard, 
which  has  been  adopted  on  several  Swiss 
lines  and  on  the  Snowdon  Mountain  line. 
As  one  of  the  Mersey  Tunnel  engineers 
he  was  knighted  in  1886.  He  married,  in 
1863,  a  daughter  of  Francis  Wright  of 
Osmaston  Manor,  Derby.  He  is  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  Surrey,  and  the  County 
of  London.  Address  :  Coombe  Springs, 
Kingston-on-Thames. 

FEAMPTON,   George  J.,  A.R.A., 

sculptor,  was  born  in  1860,  early  deter- 
mined to  take  up  the  career  of  art,  and 
began  its  study  under  Mr.  Frith  of  Lam- 
beth, who  taught  him  sculpture,  and  Pro- 
fessor Brown,  who  taught  him  drawing. 
In  1882  he  joined  the  Academy  Schools, 
where  he  won  prize  after  prize  until  1887, 
when  he  went  out  with  the  Gold  Medal 
and  £200.  He  was  thus  enabled  to  pro- 
ceed to  Paris,  where  he  studied  sculpture 
under  Dagnan-Bouveret  and  Mercie\  In 
the  Salon  of  1889  he  exhibited  his  first 
successful  work,  the  "Ange  de  la  Mort," 
for  which  he  obtained  a  medal.  Other 
well-known  works  of  his  are  "The  Captive," 
and  "St.  Christina."  He  has  been  a  fre- 
quent exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy. 
In  1895  he  exhibited  "  Mother  and  Child," 
a  group  in  bronze  ;  "Music  and  Dancing," 
low-relief  panels  in  silver;  and  the  "Gold 
Medal  for  Glasgow  University  ;  "  in  1896,  a 
panel  for  a  door,  the  subject  of  which  was 
"  Seven  Heroines  out  of  Mort  dArthur  ;" 
in  1897  a  portrait  medallion  in  bronze  of 
the  late  Charles  Keene,  and  a  statue  in 
bronze  and  marble  of  Dame  Alice  Owen  for 
Owen's  School ;  in  1898  a  bronze  memorial, 
an  enamel,  and  a  bronze  bust  of  John 
Passmore  Edwards,  Esq.,  for  the  Leighton 
Memorial  Museum  and  School  at  Camber- 
well.  He  has  done  much  fine  decorative 
work,  notably  the  terra-cottas  in  the  Con- 
stitutional Club.  He  was  made  A.R.A. 
in  1896.  Address  :  32  Queen's  Road,  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W. 

FRANCE,  Jacques  Anatole  Thi- 
bault,  Member  of  the  French  Academy, 
French  author,  was  born  in  Paris,  April  16, 
1844.     He  was  the  son  of  a  bookseller,  who 


educated  him  at  the  College  Stanislas, 
and,  in  1876,  he  obtained  a  post  in  the 
Library  of  the  Senate.  He  collaborated 
in  several  papers,  La  Globe,  Les  Dibats,  and 
Le  Temps,  in  the  columns  of  which  last,  he 
replaced  Jules  Claretie  in  the  production 
of  a  weekly  literary  letter  which  attracted 
great  attention.  His  first  work  was  a 
biographical  study  of  Alfred  de  Vigny 
(1868);  in  1873  and  1876  he  published  two 
volumes  of  poems.  He  is  chiefly  known 
as  a  novelist,  and  is,  perhaps,  the  best 
French  stylist  now  living.  One  of  his  first 
novels  was  "  Le  Crime  de  Sylvestre  Bon- 
nard,"  which  was  crowned  by  the  Academie 
in  1881.  His  masterpiece  is,  undoubtedly, 
"La  Rotisserie  de  la  Reine  Pe'dauque," 
one  of  the  most  extraordinary  reconstitu- 
tions  of  mediaeval  Paris  ever  evolved.  A 
later  work  that  has  caused  some  stir  is 
"Le  Lys  Rouge"  in  which  he  lays  the  scene 
in  the  literary  colony  of  Florence.  Other 
well-known  works  of  his  are  :  "  L'Etui 
de  Nacre,"  "Balthazar,"  1889;  "Thais, 
1890 ;  and  two  volumes  of  "  La  Vie  Lit 
teraire,"  reprinted  from  Le  Temps,  1890. 
He  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  d'Hon 
neur  in  1884,  and  lives  in  Paris  close  to 
the  Bois  de  Boulogne. 

FRANCE,    President    of   the    Re- 
public.   See  Lotjbet,  Pebsidbnt. 


FRANCIS  FERDINAND  of  AUS- 
TRIA, Archduke,  heir  to  the  Austrian 
throne,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Archduke 
Karl  Ludwig,  who  died  on  May  19,  1896, 
by  his  second  wife,  the  Princess  Maria 
Annonciata,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  II., 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  was  born 
at  Gratz  in  1863.  A  few  years  ago  he 
inherited  the  large  fortune  of  his  relative, 
the  Grand -Duke  of  Modena,  and  in  so 
doing  took  the  name  of  Este.  On  the 
suicide  of  the  Emperor's  son,  the  Crown 
Prince  Rudolph,  on  Jan.  28,  1889,  the 
Emperor's  brother,  the  Archduke  Charles 
Louis,  became  heir  to  the  throne ;  but 
he  renounced  his  rights  of  succession  in 
favour  of  his  son,  the  Archduke  Francis 
Ferdinand ;  and  he,  on  becoming  heir  to 
the  throne,  renounced  his  fortune  and 
name  of  Este  to  his  brother,  the  Arch- 
duke Otho,  who  was  born  in  1865,  and  who 
married,  in  1886,  Maria  Josepha,  daughter 
of  Prince  George  of  Saxony.  In  Decem- 
ber 1892  he  began  a  journey  round  the 
world,  and  was  warmly  received  in  India. 
He  is  of  retiring  habits,  and  has  never 
been  prominent  in  society. 

FRANCIS  -  JOSEPH  I.,  Francis- 
Joseph-Charles,  Emperor  of  Austria, 
King  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  &c.,  whose 
life  has,  with  those  of  Queen  Victoria  and 
a  very  few  others,  been  included  in  editions 


FBANCIS-JOSEPH 


385 


of  this  work  since  its  inception  nearly  half 
a  century  ago,  was  born  Aug.  18,  1830,  and 
ascended  the  throne  of  Austria,  Dec.  2, 
1849,  on  the  abdication  of  his  uncle,  Fer- 
dinand I.     He  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Archduke  Francis-Charles  (who  stood  next 
to  the  late  Emperor  in  the  legal  order  of 
succession,  and  who  died  March  8,  1878) 
and  of  the  Princess  Sophia.    On  ascending 
the  throne  he  found  the  empire  shaken  by 
internal  dissensions  ;  and  his  first  step  was 
to  promise  a  free  and  constitutional  govern- 
ment to  the  country.   The  course  of  events 
compelled    him   to    close     the     National 
Assembly,  and  to  assume  absolute  power. 
At  the  same  time  he  abrogated  the  Con- 
stitution of  Hungary,  the  people  being  in 
rebellion   against  him,  and  only  brought 
to  subjection  by  the  armed  intervention  of 
Russia,  while  he  owed  his  hold  on  Italy  to 
the  skill  of  his  veteran  General  Eadetsky. 
Having  at  last  obtained  internal  peace  and 
freedom  for  governmental  and  legislative 
action,  he  promulgated  the  edict  of  Schon- 
brunn,  Sept.  26, 1851,  in  which  he  declared 
the  Government  "responsible  to  no  poli- 
tical  authority   other   than   the   throne." 
Assisted   by   Prince   Schwarzenberg,   and 
after  his  death  by  Count  Buol  and  Baron 
Bach,    he   centralised  the  government  of 
his  heterogeneous  nationalities  at  Vienna, 
and,  aided  by  Herr  von  Briick,  inaugurated 
a  series  of  fiscal  and  commercial  reforms 
favourable  to  the  interests  of  the  middle 
classes.      In     1853-4    the    Emperor    en- 
deavoured, though  in  vain,  to  induce  the 
Czar  Nicholas   to  abandon  his  ambitious 
designs  against  Turkey,  and  further  excited 
that  autocrat's  displeasure  by  refusing  to 
assist  Russia  against  the  Western  Powers, 
whose  rulers  also  felt  aggrieved  because 
he  resolved  to  remain  neutral,  and  not  to 
throw  the  weight  of  his  name  into  their 
scale.     The  policy  of  Austria  on  this  occa- 
sion  will,    however,   be  more  fairly  esti- 
mated by  posterity.     Her  unwillingness  to 
make   common   cause   with   the   Western 
Powers  has  been  severely  punished,   for 
had  she  joined  the  alliance  against  Russia 
in  1854,  in  all  probability  Louis  Napoleon 
would  not  have  crossed  the  Alps  and  dic- 
tated  the   peace    of  Villafranca.      It   is, 
therefore,  more  than  probable  that  her  re- 
luctance to  act  against  Russia  in  that  war 
was  the   cause   of   her   losing   Lombardy 
three  years  later.     The  Emperor,  who  was 
then    a  handsome   man   of    commanding 
presence,  fought  at  Solferino,   where   he 
gave  proof  of  bravery  almost  amounting 
to  rashness.    The  Reichsrath  was  enlarged 
by  Imperial  patent,  March  5, 1860,  and  the 
Emperor  sanctioned  the  principle  of  the 
responsibility  of  ministers,  May  1,  1862. 
The  Convention  of  Gastein,  signed  Aug. 
14,   1865,  which  transferred  the  govern- 
ment of  Schleswig  to  Prussia,  and  that  of 


Holstein  to  Austria,  was  a  few  days  after- 
wards confirmed  by  the  Emperor  and  the 
King  of  Prussia  at  Salzburg.  The  Em- 
peror issued  an  important  manifesto  to  his 
people,  Sept.  20,  in  which  he  expressed 
very  conciliatory  intentions  towards  the 
people  of  Hungary  and  Croatia.    In  March 

1866,  the  armaments  against  Prussia  be- 
gan, and  councils  of  war  were  established 
in  the  circles  of  Prague,  Pisek,  Tabor,  and 
Pilsen.  An  imperial  order  was  issued  May 
6,  placing  the  whole  army  on  a  war  foot- 
ing, and  concentrating  the  Army  of  the 
North  pa  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia  and 
Siles&T  vThe  Emperor  published  a  mani- 
festo relating  to  the  impending  contest, 

SJune_^W,  the  Prussian  minister  having 
received  his  passports,  June  12.  The 
Emperor  showed  much  devotion  in  the 
struggle  which  ensued,  and  the  fortunes 
of  war  having  been  adverse,  at  once  made 
peace  and  applied  his  energies  to  the  diffi- 
cult task  of  reconstructing  the  empire.  In 
this  work  he  was  powerfully  aided  by 
Count  Beust,  the  late  Prime  Minister  of 
Saxony,  whom  he  summoned  to  his  coun- 
cils in  Oct.  1866,  and  who  remained  in 
office  as  his  principal  minister  until  Nov. 
1870,  when  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Count  Andrassy.  One  of  the  principal 
results  of  the  policy  pursued  by  Count 
Beust  was  the  coronation  of  the  Emperor 
in   Pesth,   as  King   of  Hungary,  June   8, 

1867.  In  1878  the  Congress  of  Berlin 
sanctioned  the  occupation  by  Austria  of 
the  provinces  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina, 
which  had  formerly  belonged  to  Turkey. 
In  April  1854  he  married  the  late  Princess 
Elizabeth  Amalie  Eugenie,  daughter  of 
the  Duke  Maximilian-Joseph,  and  cousin 
on  her  mother's  side  to  the  King  of 
Bavaria,  a  lady  who  often  visited  England 
and  Ireland  for  hunting,  who  built  the 
wonderful  Achilleion  Villa  in  Corfu,  and 
met  with  a  tragic  death  at  the  hand  of  an 
anarchist  workman,  at  Geneva,  Sept.  10, 
1898.  In  1857  the  Emperor  and  Empress 
paid  a  visit  to  their  Italian  and  Hun- 
garian dominions,  and  granted  an  amnesty 
to  political  offenders.  In  July  1890,  their 
daughter,  the  Archduchess  Valerie,  was 
married  to  the  Archduke  Francis  Salvator. 
The  Emperor's  only  son,  the  Crown  Prince 
Rudolph,  having  committed  suicide  on 
Jan.  28,  1889,  the  Emperor's  brother,  the 
Archduke  Charles  Louis,  became  heir,  but 
he  relinquished  his  rights  of  succession  in 
favour  of  his  son,  the  Archduke  Francis 
Ferdinand,  who  therefore  is  Heir  Ap- 
parent. Preparations  were  being  made 
throughout  Austria  for  the  Emperor's 
jubilee  when  the  news  of  his  consort's 
untoward  fate  reached  him.  The  august 
mourner  is  said  to  have  borne  this  last 
and  most  fearful  blow  with  singular 
heroism.     His  jubilee    was   quietly   cele- 

2b 


386 


FRANKLAND 


brated  on  Dec.  2,  1898,  and  his  reign  was 
then  described  in  the  Times  as  having 
meant  to  his  nation  a  continuous  deliver- 
ance from  mischievous  traditions,  and  a 
constant  advance  in  European  importance. 

FBANKLAND,  Sir  Edward,  K.C.B., 
M.D.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  J.P., 
born  at  Cburchtown,  near  Lancaster,  Jan. 
18,  1825,  received  his  education  at  the 
Grammar  School,  Lancaster,  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology,  London,  and  the 
Universities  of  Marburg  and  Giessen.  He 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  in  1851  ;  in 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  1857  ;  in 
the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain  in 
1863 ;  in  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry 
(Royal  School  of  Mines)  in  1865  ;  and  in 
the  Normal  School  of  Science,  South 
Kensington  Museum,  in  1881.  He  re- 
signed this  Professorship  in  1885.  Dr. 
Frankland  was  elected  in  1853  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  ;  in  1866  a  correspond- 
ing Member  of  the  French  Academy  of 
Sciences;  in  1869  a  Foreign  Member  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  in  Bavaria, 
and  subsequently  of  the  Academies  of 
Sciences  of  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg,  Up- 
sala,  America,  and  Bohemia.  In  1884 
he  was  made  corresponding  Member  of 
the  Vienna  Academy  of  Sciences.  He 
was  nominated  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Commissioners  for  inquiring  into  the 
pollution  of  rivers  in  1868,  elected 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1871, 
and  President  of  the  Institute  of  Chemis- 
try in  1877.  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  in  1884. 
He  is  also  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  London. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Researches  on  the 
Isolation  of  the  Radicals  of  Organic  Com- 
pounds, and  other  Researches  in  Organic 
Chemistry,"  for  which  he  received,  in 
1857,  a  gold  medal  from  the  Royal 
Society ;  also  of  "  Researches  on  the 
Manufacture  and  Purification  of  Coal- 
Gas,"  on  the  "Influence  of  Atmospheric 
Pressure  on  the  Light  of  Gas,  Candle,  and 
other  Flames,"  on  "  Winter  Sanitariums 
in  the  Alps  and  elsewhere,"  on  "The 
Purification  of  Town  Drainage  and  other 
Polluting  Liquids,"  and  on  the  "Composi- 
tion and  Qualities  of  Water  used  for 
Drinking  and  other  Purposes."  He  is  also 
the  joint  author,  with  Mr.  J.  Norman  Lock- 
yer,  of  "Researches  connected  with  the 
Atmosphere  of  the  Sun."  In  February 
1882  he  delivered  a  Friday  evening  dis- 
course "On  Climate  in  Town  and  Coun- 
try," at  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain,  in  which  he  suggested  means  for 
artificially  producing  a  genial  outdoor 
climate  in  England.  In  1883,  and  again 
in  1889,  he  published  in  the  Proceedings 


of  the  Royal  Society,  "The  Chemistry  of 
Electrical  Storage  Batteries";  and  in 
1885,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  "On  Chemical  Changes  in  then- 
relation  to  Micro-Organisms."  For  a 
period  of  twenty-five  years  he  has  made 
monthly  analyses  of  the  water  supplied  to 
London  by  the  various  water  companies, 
and  has  reported  thereon  to  the  Local 
Government  Board  and  the  Registrar- 
General.  A  check  has  thus  been  brought 
to  bear  upon  the  operations  of  the  London 
water  companies,  beneficial  alike  to  the 
companies  and  the  public,  the  result  being 
that  the  purity  of  the  water  has  very 
materially  improved.  In  1887  he  re- 
ported to  the  International  Congress  of 
Hygiene  at  Vienna  on  the  present  state, 
in  England,  of  the  purification  of  sewage, 
with  special  reference  to  the  prevention 
of  river  pollution.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county  of  Surrey,  and,  in  1889,  for 
the  county  of  London.  His  various 
investigations  have  been  collected  in  one 
volume,  entitled,  "Researches  in  Pure, 
Applied,  and  Physical  Chemistry."  He 
has  published  also  "Lecture  Notes  for 
Chemical  Students,"  2  vols.,  and  "Water 
Analysis  for  Sanitary  Purposes,"  2nd 
edition,  1890.  In  1894  he  was  awarded 
the  Copley  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  is  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Royal 
Society  since  1895.  In  1895  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  eight  Foreign  Associ- 
ates of  the  Institut  de  France.  In  1897  he 
was  created  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  the  Bath  (Civil  Division).  He 
married  (4)  Sophie,  daughter  of  F.  W. 
Fick,  Cassel,  Hesse  Cassel ;  and  (2)  Ellen, 
eldest  daughter  of  C.  K.  Grenside,  of  the 
Inner  Temple.  Permanent  address  :  The 
Yews,  Reigate  Hill,  Surrey.     Club  :  Athe- 


FRANKLAND,  Professor  Percy- 
Faraday,  Ph.D.,  B.Sc.  Lond.,  A.R.S.M., 
F.R.S.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  is  the  second  son  of 
Sir  Edward  Frankland,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  by 
his  first  wife,  Sophie  Fick,  a  lady  whose 
three  brothers  were  German  professors  of 
note.  He  was  born  at  South  Hampstead, 
on  Oct.  3,  1858,  and  his  second  name  was 
given  to  him  with  the  consent  of  the  late 
Michael  Faraday.  In  1869  he  entered 
University  College  School,  whence  he  pro- 
ceeded in  1875  to  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines,  South  Kensington,  now  known  as 
the  Royal  College  of  Science.  Here  he 
obtained,  on  leaving  the  school  in  1878, 
the  Associateship  of  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines  (A.R.S.M.),  gaining  in  addition  the 
Forbes  Medal  and  Prize.  In  1877  he  be- 
came an  undergraduate  of  the  London 
University,  standing  fifth  in  the  Honours 
Division  at  the  Matriculation   Examina- 


FRANZOS 


387 


tion.      In  1878  he  obtained  the  Bracken- 
bury  Entrance  Scholarship  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  but  on  abandoning  his 
intention  of  joining  the  medical  profes- 
sion, he  subsequently  relinquished  it,  and 
went  to  study  chemistry  at  the  University 
of  Wurzburg,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of   Philosophy  (Ph.D.),  with    the 
highest   honours,  in   1880,  whilst  in  the 
following  year  he  graduated  as  B.Sc.  at 
the    London    University.       In    the    year 
1880   he  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of 
.  Chemistry  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines, 
subsequently     becoming      Lecturer     and 
Senior  Demonstrator  in  Chemistry  at  that 
school.      In  1889  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  in  University  College, 
Dundee,  which  has  since  become  an  in- 
tegral   part    of    the    University   of    St. 
Andrews,  and  he  has  on  two  occasions 
been  elected  a  member  of  the  University 
Court  of  this  University.    Professor  Frank- 
land  is  the  author  of  more  than  seventy 
papers,  which  have  been  published  chiefly 
in     the     Philosophical     Transactions    and 
in    the   Proceedings  of  the   Royal    Society, 
and  the   Journal  of  the  Chemical   Society, 
and  has  principally  identified  himself  with 
the  chemical  and  hygienic  applications  of 
bacteriology.     He  was  the  first  to  demon- 
strate in  this  country,  in  the  year  1885, 
the  value  of  sand  filtration  in  the  purifica- 
tion of  water,  the  results  of  his  investiga- 
tions being  embodied  in  a  paper  entitled 
"Water  Purification;   its  Biological  and 
Chemical  Basis,"  which  was  published  by 
the   Institution   of   Civil   Engineers.     He 
initiated,  and  at  the  request  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  furnished  monthly  re- 
ports  on   the  microbal   condition   of   the 
London   water  supply,   before    and  after 
treatment  by  the   companies.      He    has 
devoted  a  large  amount  of   attention  to 
the    subject    of    fermentation    and    the 
chemical     changes     effected    by    micro- 
organisms.     Some  of  his  more  important 
work  in  this  direction  has  had  reference 
to  nitrification  and  denitrification,  as  well 
as  to  the  preparation  of  optically  active 
substances  by  means  of  bacterial  life,  and 
he  has  published  a  number  of  investigations 
on  the  connection  between  optical  activity 
and  chemical  constitution.     He  is  a  well- 
known  public  lecturer.     Amongst  the  dis- 
courses which  he  has  given  may  be  men- 
tioned "  Micro-organisms  in  their  Relation 
to  Chemical  Change,"  delivered    at  the 
Royal  Institution  ;  one  of  the  evening  dis- 
courses at  the  Ipswich  British  Association 
Meeting,  in  1895  ;  the  opening  address  at 
the  Mason  College,  Birmingham,  in  1895  ; 
the    Pasteur    Memorial    Lecture    at    the 
Chemical  Society,  London,  in  1897.    Some 
of  his  lectures  connected  with  the  subject 
of  micro-organisms  are  brought  together 
in  a  small  volume,   "Our  Secret  Friends 


and  Foes,"  published  by  the  S.P.C.K.  in 
their  Romance  of  Science  Series,  and 
now  in  its  third  edition.  "Micro-organ- 
isms in  Water  "  is  the  title  of  a  large  work 
published  in  1894,  in  conjunction  with 
Mrs.  Percy  Frankland,  by  Messrs.  Long- 
mans. The  life  of  Pasteur  by  the  same 
authors  was  published  in  1898  by  Messrs. 
Cassell  in  their  Century  Science  Series. 
Professor  Percy  Frankland  is  also  the 
author  of  the  obituary  notice  of  Pasteur 
which  appeared  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1896  he  acted  as  Secre- 
tary to  the  British  Section  of  the  Pasteur 
International  Memorial  Fund.  In  1892  he 
delivered  a  course  of  Cantor  Lectures  at 
the  Society  of  Arts  on  "  Recent  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology 
of  the  Fermentation  Industries."  He  is 
also  the  author  of  the  articles  "Fermenta- 
tion and  Water,"  which  appeared  in  Pro- 
fessor Thorpe's  Dictionary  of  Technical 
Chemistry.  He  has  contributed  various 
articles  to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  National 
Review,  Nature,  and  similar  papers.  In 
1891  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  he  is  also  a  Fellow  and 
late  member  of  Council  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  a  Fellow  and  late  member  of 
Council  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry, 
Honorary  Member  of  the  North  of  Eng- 
land Institute  of  Brewing,  and  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry.  In 
1891  he  was  requested  by  a  special  com- 
mittee of  the  Royal  Society  to  conduct, 
in  conjunction  with  Professor  Marshall 
Ward,  an  extensive  experimental  investi- 
gation on  the  behaviour  of  pathogenic 
bacteria  in  potable  waters.  Amongst  the 
subjects  studied  in  this  connection  by 
Prof.  Frankland  may  be  mentioned  an 
extensive  series  of  investigations  on  the 
vitality  of  the  typhoid  bacillu  s  in  waters  of 
various  kinds.  In  September  1894  he  was 
appointed  to  succeed  Professor  Tilden  in 
the  Chair  of  Chemistry  at  Mason  College. 
He  married  in  1882,  Grace,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  aurist,  Joseph  Toynbee, 
F.R.S.  Address  :  1  Greenfield  Crescent, 
Birmingham. 

FRANZOS,  Karl  Emil,  a  German 
author,  son  of  a  Jewish  doctor,  was  bom 
Oct.  25,  1848,  on  the  Russo  -  Austrian 
frontier.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 
Polish-Jewish  town  of  Czortkow,  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  school 
of  the  Dominican  monastery  there.  Then 
he  proceeded  to  the  German  Gymnasium 
at  Czernowicz,  where,  from  the  year  1862, 
he  was  wholly  dependent  on  his  own  ex- 
ertions for  a  livelihood.  A  proof  of  the 
ardour  and  success  with  which  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  classical  lan- 
guages is  his  translation  of  the  Eclogues  of 
Virgil  into  the  Doric  of  Theocritus.    Being 


388 


FRASER 


a  Jew,  and  therefore  having  no  hope  of 
obtaining  an  appointment,  he  abandoned 
philology  for  jurisprudence.  In  1868  he 
represented,  as  deputy,  the  students  of 
Vienna  at  the  Berlin  "  Kartellkongress  " 
of  the  German  "Burschenschaften,"  and 
he  established,  in  1869,  the  German  annual 
in  Bukowina,  "Buchenblatter,"  a  sort  of 
almanac.  In  1871  he  was  concerned  in  a 
trial  in  consequence  of  an  appeal  to  the 
students  of  Gratz,  being  indicted  as  a 
rebel.  After  this  affair  he  passed  with 
distinction  his  examination  for  the  Govern- 
ment Juridical  Service,  and  practised  for 
a  time  at  the  Bar  with  success,  but  ulti- 
mately he  resolved  to  adopt  the  career 
of  a  professional  author.  At  the  outset 
he  took  to  journalism,  first  at  Vienna 
and  afterwards  (1872-73)  at  Pesth  ;  then 
he  performed  long  journeys,  mostly  in  the 
east  of  Europe,  until  he  was  enabled,  in 
1876,  to  find  his  means  of  subsistence 
by  writing  books.  His  chief  power  as  a 
writer  is  found  in  ethnographical  descrip- 
tion, especially  in  the  form  of  romance. 
Among  his  works  are  :  "  Semi  -  Asiatic 
Life  :  Pictures  of  Civilisation  in  Galicia, 
the  Bukowina,  South  Russia,  and  Rou- 
mania,"  3rd  edit.,  2  vols.,  1889;  "From 
the  Don  to  the  Danube :  New  Pictures 
of  Semi-Asiatic  Life,"  2  vols.,  2nd  edit., 
1889  ;  "  From  the  Great  Plain,  New 
Scenes  from  Western  Asia,"  2  vols.,  1888  ; 
"Young  Love,"  three  stories,  4th  edit., 
1884;  "The  Jews  of  Barnow,"  tales,  4th 
edit.,  1886;  "Moschko  of  Parma,  the 
story  of  a  Jewish  soldier,"  2nd  edit., 
1885  ;  "  Quiet  Stories,"  3rd  edit.,  1886 ; 
"A  Fight  for  the  Right,"  a  novel,  2  vols., 
3rd  edit.,  1884;  "My  Francis,"  a  novel, 
in  verse,  1882  ;  "  The  Journey  after  Fate," 
a  story,  2nd  edit.,  1885  ;  "  Tragic  Novels," 
1886;  "The  Shadow,"  a  story,  2nd  edit., 
1889;  "Judith  Trachtenberg,"  a  novel, 
1891  ;  "  Der  Gott  des  alten  Doctors," 
and  "Die  Suggestion  und  die  Dichtung," 
1892;  and  "  Der  Wahrheitsucher,"  1894. 
His  novel  "  Der  President  "  was  translated 
in  Heinemann's  International  Library  in 
1890,  under  the  title  of  "The  Chief- 
Justice."  Franzos  resided  at  Vienna  until 
1883;  passed  the  winter,  1883-84,  at 
Berlin  ;  was  recalled  to  Vienna,  and 
conducted  the  Neue  Elustrierte  Zeitung, 
1884-86 ;  since  1887  he  resides  at  Berlin, 
as  editor  of  the  periodical  Deutsche  Dich- 
tung. His  works  have  been  translated 
into  almost  every  European  language. 
The  translations  of  "  The  Jews  of  Barnow," 
"  A  Fight  for  the  Right,"  and  "The  Chief  - 
Justice,"  have  attracted  special  attention 
in  England. 

FBASER,  Alexander,  R.S.A.,  was 
born  in  1827,  at  Woqdcockdale,  near  Lin- 
lithgow.     He    got    his    education    in    a 


scrambling  manner  in  Dunoon,  Greenock, 
Glasgow,  Hamilton,  and  Lanark,  in  the 
Grammar  School  of  which  latter  place  he 
got  the  bulk  of  it,  where,  too,  he  made  his 
first  step  in  art,  stippling  the  background 
in  the  works  of  an  itinerant  portrait 
painter  in  water  colours.  Early  show- 
ing a  taste  for  art,  he  received  his  first 
instruction  from  his  father,  who  was  an 
able  amateur.  On  leaving  school  he  was 
sent  to  Edinburgh  to  draw  in  the  Gallery 
of  Arts.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  School  of  Designs,  where 
he  learned  to  draw.  At  the  same  time 
he  learned  to  paint  by  copying  pictures  in 
the  National  Gallery.  His  first  appear- 
ance in  the  Academy  Exhibition  was  with 
a  figure  picture,  "A  Gipsy  Girl  in  Prison." 
But  he  soon  abandoned  the  figure  for  land- 
scape. He  has  made  many  sketches,  and 
painted  many  pictures.  Generally  his 
works  are  painted  in  the  open  air,  though 
to  this  there  are  important  exceptions. 
Mr.  Eraser  was  elected  R.S.A.  in  1862. 
His  best  work  has  been  done  in  the  Valley 
of  the  Conway,  North  Wales,  and  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Hamilton.  Address : 
16  Eskside,  Musselburgh. 

FRASER,  Alexander  CampbeU, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  was  born  on 
3rd  September  1819  at  the  Manse  of  Ard- 
chattan,  co.  Argyll,  of  which  parish  his 
father,  the  Rev.  Hugh  Fraser,  a  collateral 
descendant  of  the  Frasers  of  Strichen,  was 
minister.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of 
Campbell  of  Barcaldine,  a  family  of  long 
standing  in  Argyllshire.  His  first  four- 
teen years  were  years  of  home  education 
exclusively.  A  winter  at  Glasgow  College, 
in  1833,  was  followed  by  the  customary 
course  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts  in  Edinburgh, 
where  he  graduated  in  1838,  and  for  four 
years  more  studied  metaphysics  and  theo- 
logy. At  the  University,  especially  after 
1838,  his  dominant  bent  was  to  the  meta- 
physical problems  which  underlie  human 
life.  In  1842,  at  the  close  of  his  academi- 
cal course,  he  obtained  the  University 
Prize,  open  to  all  matriculated  students, 
for  an  essay  on  "  Toleration."  Then,  after 
a  short  interval  of  ecclesiastical  work,  he 
devoted  his  life  to  religious  thought  and 
philosophy.  Recommended  by  Sir  William 
Hamilton  and  Dr.  Chalmers,  and  by  an 
essay  on  "Leibnitz,"  which  he  contributed 
in  1846  to  the  North  British  Review,  he 
was  in  that  year  made  Professor  of  Logic 
in  the  New  College  at  Edinburgh.  From 
1850  to  1856  he  edited  the  North  British 
Review,  broadening  its  basis,  and  enlisting 
distinguished  contributors  of  wide  sym- 
pathies. In  1856  he  was  placed  in  the 
Chair  of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  in  the 


FRASER 


389 


University  of  Edinburgh,  as  successor  to 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  an  office  which  he 
held  for  thirty-five  years.     From  1859  till 
1891  he  was  also  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Arts,  active  in  academical  administration 
throughout  the  thirty  years  inaugurated 
by  the  reforming  Commission  of  1858,  and 
closed  by  the  reforming  Commission  of 
1889.     In  1871  he  was  one  of  the  exam- 
iners in  Moral  Science  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Metaphysical  Society  of  London,  and  re- 
ceived  from   the    University  of  Glasgow 
its  honorary  Doctorate  of  Laws.     In  1872 
and   many   following   years  he  examined 
in  the   Moral   Sciences    for    the    Indian 
Civil  Service.      In   1877  he  was   chosen, 
as  successor  of  Sir  Robert  Christison,  to 
represent  the  Senatus  Academicus  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, an  office  which  he  held  till  1891. 
In  1882   he   was,  without   ballot,   elected 
a  member  of  the  Athenaeum  Club,  London, 
for  eminence  in  literature  and  philosophy. 
At  Commemoration  in  June  1883,  he  was 
created  an  honorary  Doctor  of  Civil  Law 
of  the  University  of  Oxford.     In  1891  he 
retired  from  the  Edinburgh  Chair  of  Logic 
and  Metaphysics,  and   on  his  retirement 
received  the  honorary   degree   of   Doctor 
of  Laws  from  the  University.     Between 
1846  and  1866  Professor  Campbell  Fraser 
contributed  numerous   articles,  biographi- 
cal, historical,   and  philosophical,  to  en- 
cyclopaedias  and    reviews,    six   of    which 
appeared   in   1856  in   a  small   volume   of 
"  Essays    in    Philosophy."      In    1871    he 
made   his   first   considerable   contribution 
to    philosophical     literature — "A     Col- 
lected Edition   of   the   Works   of   Bishop 
Berkeley,  with  Annotations  and   Disser- 
tations,"   in    4    vols.,    published    by   the 
Clarendon  Press,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
University  of  Oxford.     It  was  followed  in 
1874  by  an  annotated  volume  of  "  Selec- 
tions   from    Berkeley,"    a    biography    of 
"  Berkeley  "  in  1880,  and  one  of  "  Locke  " 
in  1890 — the    last    two    for   Blackwood's 
Philosophical  Classics,  which  have  passed 
through  several  editions.     The  monograph 
on  Locke  was   supplemented  in  1894   by 
"  An  Annotated  Edition  of  Locke's  Essay 
on  the  Human  Understanding,  with  Prole- 
gomena,   Critical    and  Historical,"  in   2 
vols.,  published  by  the  Oxford  Clarendon 
Press.     In  the  same  year  he  was  made 
Gifford  Lecturer  on  Natural  Theology  by 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  in  succession 
to  Professor  Pfleiderer  of  Berlin,  who  held 
that  office   in   the   two   preceding   years. 
The  substance  of  Professor  Fraser's  Gifford 
Lectures  appeared  in  1896,  in  2  vols.,  on 
the  "Philosophy  of  Theism,"  which  con- 
tain some  of  his  matured  thoughts  on  the 
foundations  of  religion  and  human  know- 
ledge.    This  was  followed  in  1898  by  a 


biography  of  "  Thomas  Reid,"  in  the 
Famous  Scots  Series,  in  which,  along  with 
some  fresh  biographical  material,  Reid's 
philosophy  is  treated  critically,  in  its 
relation  to  present-day  thought.  Professor 
Fraser's  work  as  a  philosophical  author  is 
concerned  with  the  three  great  problems 
of  philosophical  interest,  viz.  :  The  ma- 
terial world,  man  and  human  understand- 
ing, and  God — these  as  mutually  related  ; 
the  first  discussed  in  connection  with  Ber- 
keley, the  second  with  Locke,  and  the 
third  in  the  "  Philosophy  of  Theism,"  and 
the  inspired  common-sense  of  Reid.  In 
this  philosophy  external  nature  is  the 
intelligible  issue  of  continuous  divine 
agency  or  providence ;  man,  as  free,  is  a 
supernatural  agent  in  all  issues  for  which 
he  is  morally  responsible  ;  while  external 
nature  and  free  agents  receive  their  final 
explanation  in  God,  infinitely  incognisable, 
yet  revealed  in  human  relations.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Quarterly  Review,  Professor 
Fraser  is  a  leading  representative  of  "the 
Spiritual  tradition  in  British  philosophy, 
as  that  is  found  in  Locke  and  Berkeley,  no 
less  than  in  Coleridge,  Reid,  and  Sir  W. 
Hamilton,  and  as  one  who  approaches  the 
ultimate  questions  in  an  independent  and 
characteristic  way."  The  ideal  of  his 
philosophy  is  a  progressively  intelligent 
practical  faith  in  the  divine  order  of  the 
incompletely  interpretable  universe,  as  the 
true  via  media  between  an  agnosticism 
which  would  incoherently  reduce  human 
knowledge  to  mere  phenomena  of  sense, 
and  an  omniscient  idealism  which  is  bound 
to  eliminate  all  mystery  from  experience, 
in  an  exhaustive  rational  articulation  of 
the  actual  universe  of  natural  things  and 
moral  agents.  Its  sheet-anchor  is,  final 
trust  in  the  perfect  goodness  of  the  Su- 
preme Reason  and  imminent  Power,  as 
the  fundamental  philosophical  postulate 
of  man's  interpretation  of  any  data  of  ex- 
perience, because  the  necessary  alternative 
to  sceptical  paralysis  of  all  his  faculties. 
He  married  in  1850  Jemima,  daughter  of 
Dr.  William  Dyce,  Cuttlehill,  Aberdeen. 
Address  :  Gorton,  Hawthornden,  Mid- 
lothian, N.B. 

FRASER,  Professor  Thomas 
Richard,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.E.,  and  LL.D. 
Aberdeen,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Calcutta, 
on  Feb.  5,  1841,  and  was  educated  at 
Public  Schools  in  Scotland  and  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where  be  gradu- 
ated as  M.D.  in  1862.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  appointed  Assistant  to  the 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  In  1869  he  be- 
came Assistant-Physician  to  the  Royal 
Infirmary,  and,  in  1870,  extra-academical 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  in  Edinburgh, 
and    Examiner    in    this    subject    in   the 


390 


FEECHETTE 


University  of  London.     Four  years  sub- 
sequently,    he    resigned    his    Edinburgh 
appointments   on   being   elected  Medical 
Officer  of  Health  for  Mid-Cheshire.    While 
holding  this  office,  he  was  appointed  Exa- 
miner in  Materia  Medica  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  and  on  the  invitation 
of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of  London, 
Examiner  in  Public  Health  in  that  Uni- 
versity.     In   1877  he  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh to  assume  the  duties  of  Professor 
of  Materia  Medioa,  to  which  office  he  was 
promoted  on  the  resignation  of  Sir  Robert 
Christison.      In    the    following  year    he 
became  also  a  Professor  of  Clinical  Medi- 
cine, and  in  1880  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine.     Along  with  these   University 
appointments,  he  holds  that  of  Medical 
Adviser  to  the  Prison  Commission  of  Scot- 
land and  of  Chief  Medical  Adviser  of  the 
Standard  Life  Assurance  Company.     He  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  a  Fellow 
of    the   Royal  College  of  Physicians   of 
Edinburgh;  an  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain ; 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Thera- 
peutical   Society   of    Paris,    and    of  the 
Academy  of  Natural   Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia ;   and  a   member   of  many  other 
learned   societies.      In  1877  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  two  medical  members  of 
the  Admiralty  Committee  to  report  on  the 
causes   of  Scurvy  in  Sir   George  Nares's 
Arctic  Expedition  ;  and  he  was  President 
of  the  Section  of   Materia  Medica   and 
Pharmacology  at  the  International  Medical 
Congress   held    in  London  in   1881,   and 
President    of    the    Section    of    Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics  at  the  meeting 
of  the  British  Medical  Association  in  1885. 
In  1897,  the  Senatus  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  awarded  to  him  the  Cameron 
Prize  for  the  highly  important  and  valu- 
able   addition    to   practical   Therapeutics 
resulting  from  his  researches  and  practi- 
cal observations  on  the  cardiac   remedy, 
Strophanthus.     Dr.  Fraser  is  the  author  of 
"  Characters,    Actions,    and   Therapeutic 
Uses      of      Physostigma      Venenosum " 
(awarded   a   Thesis   Gold   Medal   by    the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  and  the  Barbier 
Prize    of    the    Academy    of    Sciences  of 
Paris),  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,  1863  ; 
"  The    Physiological    Action    of    Physo- 
stigma Venenosum,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin., 
1866-67 ;    "On  the   Connection  between 
Chemical  Constitution  and  Physiological 
Action  "  (conjointly  with  Professor  Crum 
Brown),    Trans.    Roy.    Soc.   Edin.,  1868-69 
(awarded  the  Macdougall-Brisbane  prize 
of    the    Royal    Society    of    Edinburgh)  ; 
"  An  Investigation  into  some  previously 
undescribed  Tetanic  Symptoms  produced 
in    Cold-blooded    Animals    by    Atropia," 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1868-69  ;  "  An  Ex- 
perimental Research  on  the  Antagonism 


between  the  Actions  of  Physostigma  and 
Atropia,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1870-71  ; 
"  The  Dyspncea  of  Asthma  and  Bron- 
chitis ;  its  Causation,  and  the  Influence  of 
Nitrites  upon  it,"  American  Journ.  of  the 
Med.  Sciences,  1887  ;  "  Strophanthus  his- 
pidus  :  its  Natural  History,  Chemistry, 
and  Pharmacology,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin., 
1889  (awarded  the  Keith  Prize  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh)  ;  "  On  the 
rendering  of  Animals  immune  against  the 
Venom  of  the  Cobra  and  other  Serpents, 
and  on  the  Antidotal  Properties  of  the 
Blood-Serum  of  the  Immunised  Animals," 
Proceed.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1895,  and  Nature, 
April  1896;  "The  Antivenomous  Pro- 
perties of  the  Bile  of  Serpents  and  other 
animals,"  Proceed.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1897, 
and  Brit.  Med.  Journal,  July  1897  ;  and 
of  many  papers  on  clinical  medicine, 
therapeutics,  and  the  physiological  action 
of  medicinal  substances.  His  work  has 
been  chiefly  in  the  direction  of  deter- 
mining the  physiological  effects  of 
medicinal  substances,  with  the  view  of 
establishing  an  accurate  and  rational 
basis  for  the  treatment  of  disease.  Ad- 
dress :  13  Drumsheugh  Gardens,  Edin- 
burgh. 

FRECHETTE,    Louis    Honore, 

C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  Quebec,  a  French-Canadian 
litUrateur  and  journalist,  was  born  at 
Levis,  opposite  Quebec,  Nov.  16,  1839. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  Quebec 
Seminary  and  at  the  College  of  Nicolet. 
He  studied  law,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar 
of  Lower  Canada  in  1864.  He  became  a 
voluminous  contributor  to  the  newspaper 
press  of  the  French  province,  and  edited 
successfully  Le  Journal  de  Quebec  and  Le 
Journal  de  Levis.  In  1862  he  published  a 
collection  of  poems,  under  the  title  of 
"  Mes  Loisirs."  In  1866  he  settled  in 
Chicago,  where  he  published  a  French 
paper  called  L'Amfrique,  and  was  foreign 
correspondent  in  the  land  department  of 
the  Illinois  Central  R.  R.  Co.  He  returned 
to  Quebec  in  1871,  and  entered  political 
life,  representing  his  native  county  of 
Levis  in  the  Dominion  Parliament  from 
1874  to  1878.  Since  then  he  has  published 
five  additional  collections  of  poems,  en- 
titled respectively  "  Pele-Mele,"  1877 ; 
"  Les  Fleurs  Boreales,"  1880;  "  Les 
Oiseaux  de  Neige,"  1880;  "La  Le"gende 
d'un  Peuple,"  1887;  and  "Les  Feuilles 
Volantes,"  1891  ;  and  also  a  poem  on  "J. 
B.  de  La  Salle."  While  at  Chicago  he  had 
also  published  another  poem,  called  "  La 
Voix  d'un  Exile,"  1869.  "  Les  Oiseaux 
de  Neige"  and  "Les  Fleurs  Boreales" 
were  crowned  by  the  French  Academy  at 
Paris  in  August  1880.  For  a  few  years  he 
was  chief  editor  of  La  Patrie,  Montreal, 
and  in  1890  occupied  the  clerkship  of  the 


FREDERICK  —  FREMANTLE 


391 


Legislative  Council,  Province  of  Quebec. 
He  has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
three  different  Universities,  and  is  known 
as  the  "  national  poet  "  of  French  Canada. 
He  is  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
and,  in  1897,  he  was  created  a  C.M.G. 
His  address  in  Montreal  is  404  Sherbrooke 
Street. 

FREDERICK,  The  Ex-Empress, 
Victoria  Mary  Louisa,  the  Princess 
Royal  of  England,  was  born  Nov.  21,  1840, 
and  was  married  to  the  late  Emperor 
Frederick  III.  of  Germany  on  Jan.  25, 
1858,  and  has  seven  children,  of  whom 
the  eldest  is  the  present  Emperor 
William  II. 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  LOUIS, 

Grand-Duke  of  Baden,  born  Sept.  9,  1826, 
succeeded  his  father,  the  Grand-Duke 
Leopold,  as  Regent,  April  24,  1852,  to  the 
exclusion  of  his  elder  brother  Louis,  who 
was  mentally  incapable  of  governing. 
Since  1853  he  has  been  continually  en- 
gaged in  struggles  with  the  ecclesiastical 
power,  and  at  the  end  of  1855  banished 
the  Jesuits  from  the  Duchy.  In  Septem- 
ber 1856  he  had  a  narrow  escape  from 
assassination.  He  assumed  the  title  of 
Grand-Duke,  Sept.  5, 1856,  and  married  the 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  William  I.  of 
Germany,  September  20.  An  ardent  advo- 
cate of  German  unity,  he  became  an  ally  of 
Prussia  in  the  Franco-German  War  (1870- 
71),  and  the  Badenese  soldiers  contributed 
in  no  small  degree  to  the  triumph  of  the 
German  arms,  thereby  making  themselves 
intensely  unpopular  with  their  former 
friends  and  neighbours,  the  people  of 
Alsace.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  accept 
the  Constitution  of  the  new  German 
Empire  and  to  acclaim  the  new  German 
Emperor  at  Versailles.  In  1881  he  was 
seriously  ill,  and  Baden  was  under  a 
regency  for  a  year.  In  1886  he  presided 
at  the  great  quincentenary  festival  of 
the  University  of  Heidelberg. 

FREMANTLE,  General  Sir 
Arthur  James  Lyon,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B., 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Major-General 
John  Fremantle,  C.B.  He  was  born  in 
1835,  and  after  passing  through  Sandhurst, 
entered  the  army  in  1852  as  Ensign  of 
the  70th  Foot  (East  Surrey  Regiment). 
Shortly  afterwards  he  joined  the  Cold- 
stream Guards,  and  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant and  Captain  in  1854,  and  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel in  1860,  in  which  year  he 
was  also  appointed  Assistant  Military 
Secretary  at  Gibraltar.  In  1871  he  re- 
ceived the  brevet  of  Colonel,  and  com- 
manded a  battalion  of  the  Coldstream 
Guards  from  1877  to  1880.  His  next 
staff   appointment   was  that   of  Aide-de- 


Camp  to  the  Duke  of  Cambridge.  He 
was  promoted  Major-General  in  1882,  and 
in  the  Soudan  expedition  of  1884  he  com- 
manded the  Brigade  of  Guards,  and  was 
also  appointed  Governor  of  Suakim,  suc- 
cessfully defending  that  town  against 
many  assaults.  He  was  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches, created  a  C.B.,  and  appointed 
Chief  of  the  Staff  in  Egypt.  For  some 
years  he  was  Deputy  Adjutant-General 
at  Headquarters  for  the  Militia,  Yeomanry, 
and  Volunteers,  and  for  a  short  time  was  the 
General  in  command  of  the  Scottish  Dis- 
trict, relinquishing  that  command  in  1894, 
in  order  to  take  over  the  duties  of  Gover- 
nor and  Commander-in-Chief  at  Malta. 
He  is  also  a  J.P.  for  Middlesex  and  Lon- 
don. On  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's 
birthday  in  1898,  he  was  created  G.C.M.G. 
He  married  in  1864,  Mary,  a  daughter  of 
Richard  Hall,  Esq.  This  lady  died  in 
August  1898.  Addresses :  32  Cadogan 
Place,  S.W.;  and  the  Palace,  Valetta. 

FREMANTLE,  The  Hon.  Sir 
Charles  William,  K.C.B.,  was  born  at 
Swanbourne,  Bucks,  on  Aug.  12,  1834,  and 
is  the  third  son  of  the  late  1st  Lord  Cottes- 
loe  (who  was  M.P.  for  Buckingham,  1827- 
46,  and  held  the  offices  of  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Secretary  of  War,  and  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  and  was  subse- 
quently, 1846-74,  Chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Customs,  and  died  Dec.  3,  1890)  and 
his  wife,  Louisa  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Field-Marshal  Sir  George  Nugent,  G.C.B. 
She  died  in  1875.  Sir  Charles  William 
Fremantle  was  educated  at  Eton ;  ap- 
pointed a  Clerk  in  the  Treasury,  April 
1853,  and  was  Private  Secretary  succes- 
sively to  Sir  William  Hayter,  Sir  William 
Hylton  Jolliffe,  and  the  Hon.  Henry  Brand 
(afterwards  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons and  Viscount  Hampden),  Parlia- 
mentary Secretaries  of  the  Treasury.  He 
was  appointed,  in  1866,  Private  Secretary 
to  Mr.  Disraeli,  who  was  then  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer,  and  subsequentlv,  in 
1 868,  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury.  In  1867- 
68  he  was  Secretary  to  the  Boundary  Com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Representation 
of  the  People  Act,  1867,  of  which  Viscount 
Eversley  was  the  Chairman.  In  1868  he 
was  appointed  Deputy-Master  and  Comp- 
troller of  the  Royal  Mint;  and  in  1870 
was  constituted  principal  executive  officer 
of  that  department,  the  Mastership  of  the 
Mint  having  by  the  Coinage  Act  of  that 
year  been  vested  in  the  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  for  the  time  being.  He  retired 
from  that  appointment  in  1894.  He  was 
appointed,  in  1876,  a  member  of  the  Play- 
fair  Commission,  to  inquire  into  the  con- 
stitution and  management  of  Public  De- 
partments, and  in  1886  a  member  of  the 
Royal    Commission  on  Gold   and   Silver, 


392 


FREMANTLE  —  FREY 


which  reported  on  the  question  of  bi- 
metallism. Since  the  date  of  Sir  Charles 
Fremantle's  appointment  to  the  Mint, 
annual  reports  have  been  issued  by  that 
department,  giving  full  information,  not 
only  as  to  the  coinage  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  but  also  as  to  the  coinage  and 
currency  of  other  nations.  In  1896  Sir 
Charles  was  appointed  one  of  the  official 
directors  of  the  Suez  Canal  Company.  He 
married,  in  1865,  Sophia,  daughter  of  the 
late  Abel  Smith,  M.P.  for  Woodhall. 
Address  :  12  Buckingham  Palace  Gardens, 
S.W. 

FREMANTLE,  Admiral  the 
Hon.  Sir  Edmund  Robert,  K.C.B., 
C.M.G.,  F.R.G.S.,  the  son  of  the  1st  Lord 
Cottesloe,  was  born  on  June  15,  1836,  and 
entered  the  navy  in  1849.  As  midship- 
man in  H.M.S.  Spartan,  he  took  part  in 
the  Burmese  War  of  1852,  receiving  the 
Burmese  medal.  He  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant in  1857,  Commander  in  1861,  and 
Captain  in  1867.  As  Captain  of  H.M.S. 
Barracouta  he  was  the  senior  Naval  Officer 
in  the  Ashanti  War  of  1873,  and  served  on 
shore  throughout  the  whole  of  that  cam- 
paign. While  superintending  the  artillery 
during  a  skirmish,  he  was  severely  wounded 
in  the  right  arm.  For  these  services  he 
received  both  the  C.B.  and  C.M.G.,  and 
the  thanks  of  both  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment. In  1881  he  was  appointed  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  the  Queen,  and  held  that  office 
until  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Rear- 
Admiral  in  June  1885.  Sir  Edmund  was 
selected  as  second  in  command  of  the 
Channel  Squadron  in  1886,  and  became 
successively  Commander-in-Chief  in  the 
East  Indies,  in  China,  and  at  Plymouth. 
During  his  command  in  China  the  war 
between  that  country  and  Japan  took 
place.  He  was  promoted  K.C.B.  in  1889, 
and  also  has  Eoyal  authority  to  wear  the 
Prussian  Royal  Order  of  the  Crown  of  the 
first  class,  which  the  German  Emperor  con- 
ferred upon  him,  and  the  Order  of  the 
Brilliant  Star  of  Zanzibar  of  the  first  class. 
These  Orders  he  received  while  Com- 
mander-in-Chief on  the  East  Indian  Sta- 
tion, where  it  was  found  necessary  to  land 
a  naval  brigade,  which  he  commanded  in 
person,  for  a  punitive  expedition  against 
the  Sultan  of  Vitu  in  East  Africa  in  1890. 
Sir  Edmund  is  a  Gold  Medallist  of  the 
Royal  United  Service  Institution,  and  also 
has  the  unique  honour  of  possessing  the 
gold,  silver,  and  bronze  medals  of  the 
Royal  Humane  Society  for  saving  life  at 
sea  on  various  occasions.  He  is  a  direct 
descendant  of  one  of  Nelson's  particular 
friends  and  best  captains,  Captain  Fre- 
mantle  of  H.M.S.  Neptune,  who  served 
at  Trafalgar,  and  is  the  second  Fremantle 
within  thirty  years  to  hold  the  Devonport 


command.  Sir  Edmund  published  in  1880 
an  Essay  on  Naval  Tactics.  He  married,  in 
1866,  Barberina,  daughter  of  R.  M.  Isaacs, 
LL.D.,  of  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
Address  :  Admiralty  House,  Devonport. 

FREMANTLE,  The  Very  Rev.  the 
Hon.  "William  Henry,  M.  A.,  D.D.,  is  the 

second  son  of  the  late  Lord  Cottesloe,  and 
was  born  in  1831.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  ob- 
tained a  first-class  in  classics  in  1853, 
gained  the  prize  for  the  English  essay  in 
the  following  year,  and  was  Fellow  of  All 
Souls'  from  1854  to  1863.  He  was  Curate 
of  Middle  Claydon,  Bucks,  from  1855  to 
1857,  and  Vicar  of  Lewknor,  Oxfordshire, 
from  the  latter  date  till  1865,  when  he 
was  appointed  by  Earl  Russell  to  the 
rectory  of  St.  Mary's,  Bryanston  Square, 
Marylebone.  From  1878  to  1880  he  was 
Select  Preacher  at  Oxford.  In  1882  he  was 
chosen  Bampton  Lecturer  at  Oxford,  and 
later  in  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  by 
Dr.  Tait,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury — one 
of  whose  Chaplains  he  had  been  since 
1861 — to  the  canonry  residentiary  in  Can- 
terbury Cathedral.  In  the  same  year 
Canon  Fremantle  accepted  the  position  of 
Fellow  and  Theological  Tutor  of  Balliol 
College,  a  position  which  he  vacated  at 
the  end  of  the  summer  of  1894.  In  1895 
he  became  Dean  of  Ripon.  He  has  written 
or  edited  "Ecclesiastical  Judgments  of 
the  Privy  Council,"  1865,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Hon.  G.  C.  Brodrick ;  articles  in 
the  Contemporary,  Fortnightly,  and  Nine- 
teenth Century  Reviews,  1866-82  ;  and  "  The 
Doctrine  of  Reconciliation  to  God  through 
Jesus  Christ,"  1870;  "The  Gospel  of  the 
Secular  Life  "  (University  Sermons),  1882  ; 
"  The  World  as  the  Subject  of  Redemp- 
tion "  (Bampton  Lectures),  1885;  "A 
Pleading  against  War  from  the  Pulpit  of 
Canterbury  Cathedral";  "Church  Re- 
form," in  the  Imperial  Parliament  Series  ; 
articles  on  St.  Jerome,  &c.,  in  the  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Ecclesiastical  Biography  "  ;  and 
a  translation  of  the  chief  works  of  St. 
Jerome  in  the  "Library  of  the  Nicene  and 
Post-Nicene  Fathers,"  1893.  He  married, 
in  1863,  Isabella,  daughter  of  Sir  Culling 
Eardley,  Bart.  Address :  The  Deanery, 
Ripon. 

EREY,  Emil,  formerly  President  of 
the  Swiss  Republic,  was  born  at  Arles- 
heim,  Basle,  Oct.  24,  1838,  and  emigrated 
early  in  life  to  the  United  States,  fighting 
all  through  the  Civil  War  in  the  ranks  of 
the  Northern  army,  in  which  he  rose  from 
private  to  colonel.  In  1865  he  returned  to 
Switzerland,  and  began  to  take  an  interest 
in  political  affairs.  He  was  made  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  canton  of  Basle,  and 
it  was  through  his  influence  that  the  public 


FREYCLNET  —  FRITH 


393 


schools  were  freed  from  Church  control. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  Swiss  Minister 
to  the  United  States,  which  post  he  occu- 
pied till  1887. 

FREYCTNET,    Charles    Louis    de 
Sauloes  de.    See  De  Freycinet. 

FRIEDLANDER,  Dr.  Michael,  was 

born  on  April  29,  1833,  at  Introschin,  a 
small  town  in  Prussia,  province  of  Posen, 
where  he  remained  during  his  childhood 
and  youth.  He  left  the  place  (after  the 
great  events  of  1848)  in  1851  to  continue 
his  studies  in  the  capital  of  Prussia.  He 
first  studied  under  Bellermann,  until  1856, 
when  he  finished  his  training,  and  matri- 
culated as  student  at  the  Berlin  University. 
He  there  attended  the  lectures  of  Pro- 
fessors Trendelenburg,  Boekh,  Hengsten- 
berg,  Benary,  &c,  and  also  studied  Hebrew 
Theology  under  the  Eabbis,  I.  Oettinger 
and  E.  Rosenstein.  Dr.  Friedlander  gra- 
duated at  Halle  in  1862,  his  dissertation 
being  "De  Persarum  Regibus  veteribus." 
He  subsequently  obeyed  a  summons  to 
Berlin  to  become  the  Director  of  the  Insti- 
tute for  the  teaching  of  the  Talmud  of  the 
Talmud  Association  of  that  city.  In  1865 
he  left  Berlin  to  become  Principal  of  the 
Jews'  College,  a  post  which  he  still  holds. 
Dr.  Friedlander  is  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Society  of  Hebrew  Litera- 
ture. Under  its  auspices  he  has  published  : 
"  The  Commentary  of  Ibn  Esra  on  Jesaiah, 
edited  from  MSS.  and  translated  with 
Notes,  Introductions,  and  Glossary," 
1873-77  ;  "The  Book  of  Jesaiah,  the  Ang- 
lican Version,  emended  according  to  the 
Commentary  of  Ibn  Esra  "  ;  "  The  Hebrew 
Text  of  Ibn  Esra's  Commentary  of  Jesaiah, 
edited  according  to  MSS.  and  accom- 
panied by  a  Glossary,  with  Short  Disser- 
tations on  subjects  connected  with  the 
Commentary,"  1874  ;  "Essays  on  the  Writ- 
ings of  Abraham  Ibn  Esra,"  1877;  "The 
Guide  of  the  Perplexed  of  Maimonides, 
translated  from  the  Original  Text,  and 
Annotated,"  1881 ;  "  The  Jewish  Family 
Bible,  containing  the  Pentateuch,  the  Pro- 
phets, and  the  Hagiographa,  Hebrew  and 
English,"  1882;  "Spinoza,  His  Life  and 
Philosophy  "  (two  papers  read  before  the 
Jews'  College  Literary  Society),  1888 ; 
"  The  Design  and  the  Context  of  Ecclesi- 
astes,"  in  the  Jewish  Quarterly  Review, 
1888,  Vol.  I.,  No.  1 ;  "  The  Age  and  the 
Authorship  of  Ecclesiastes, "  in  the  Jewish 
Quarterly  Review,  1888,  Vol.  I.,  No.  4; 
"Text  Book  of  Jewish  Religion";  and 
"The  Jewish  Religion,"  1890.  In  1892  he 
revised  a  volume  of  "Outlines  of  Jewish 
History." 

FRIPP,  Alfred  Downing,  M.V.O., 
F.R.C.S.,   born  at  Blandford,  Dorset,  in 


1862,  is  the  only  surviving  son  of  the  late 
Alfred  Downing  Fripp,  the  water-colour 
artist,  by  his  marriage  with  Eliza  Banister 
Rae.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  England,  and  possesses  the 
degrees  of  M.B.  and  M.S.  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  London.  He  is  an  Assistant-Sur- 
geon to  Guy's  Hospital,  where  he  is  also 
Senior  Demonstrator  in  Anatomy,  and  is 
Surgeon-in-Ordinary  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  whom  he  attended  after  his 
accident.  He  married,  in  June  1898,  Mar- 
garet Scott,  only  daughter  of  T.  B.  Hay- 
wood, of  Woodhatch,  Reigate.  Address  : 
19  Portland  Place,  W. 

FRITH,  "William  Powell,  retired 
R.A.,  born  on  Jan.  9,  1819,  at  Studley, 
near  Ripon  ;  lost  his  father  while  young. 
In  1835  he  entered  the  Art  Academy,  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  Sass,  where  he  continued 
for  three  years,  studying  drawing  and 
composition  ;  in  1839  he  exhibited,  at  the 
British  Institution,  a  portrait  of  one  of  the 
children  of  his  preceptor.  This  was  fol- 
lowed, in  1840,  by  "  Othello  and  Desde- 
mona,"  and  "  Malvolio  before  the  Countess 
Olivia,"  exhibited  at  the  Academy  the 
same  year  ;  and  in  1841,  by  his  "Parting 
Interview  between  Leicester  and  Amy 
Robsart."  In  1842  he  exhibited  at  the 
British  Institution  a  sketch  from  Sterne's 
"  Sentimental  Journey,"  and  contributed 
to  the  Exhibition  a  scene  from  the  "  Vicar 
of  Wakefield,"  representing  Olivia  and  the 
Squire  trying  to  ascertain  which  was  the 
taller.  Three  years  later  he  contributed 
the  well-known  picture  of  the  "Village 
Pastor,"  which  was  the  means  of  placing 
him  on  the  roll  of  Associates  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  After  becoming  A.R.A.,  Mr. 
Frith  almost  entirely  discontinued  his 
contributions  to  the  British  Institution,  ex- 
cept in  1852,  when  he  sent  a  small  female 
portrait,  entitled  "Wicked  Eyes."  In 
1847  he  produced  his  large  picture  of 
"  English  Merrymaking  a  Hundred  Years 
Ago."  His  picture  of  1849,  entitled  "  Com- 
ing of  Age,"  was  in  the  same  vein,  and  was 
a  great  popular  success.  Mr.  Frith  con- 
tinued to  exhibit,  and  in  1852  he  was 
elected  R.A.  A  number  of  Shakesperean 
and  other  pictures  followed,  and  in  1854 
his  "  Life  at  the  Sea-Side  "  was  bought  by 
the  Queen.  The  famous  picture,  "  The 
Derby  Day  "  (now  in  the  National  Gallery), 
was  exhibited  at  the  Academy  in  1858. 
For  the  next  four  years  Mr.  Frith  did  not 
exhibit  much,  being  occupied  in  paint- 
ing the  large  picture  of  the  "Railway 
Station."  He  exhibited  at  the  Academy 
in  1865  "The  Marriage  of  their  Royal 
Highnesses  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the 
Princess  Alexandra  of  Denmark,  in  St. 
George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  March  10, 
1863"  (painted  for  the  Queen);   and  in 


394 


FROST  —  FRY 


1868,  "  Before  Dinner  at  Boswell's  Lodg- 
ings in  Bond  Street,"  1769.  This  work 
was  sold  in  1875  for  £4567,  which,  up  to 
that  date,  was  the  highest  price  ever  given 
at  auction  for  any  picture  during  the 
artist's  lifetime.  Since  that  time  Mr. 
Frith  has  constantly  exhibited  both  illus- 
trations of  literature  and  pictures  after  the 
manner  of  his  old  successes,  "  The  Bailway 
Station,"  &c.  Of  these,  "  The  Private 
View  of  the  Eoyal  Academy"  (1881)  has 
been  the  most  ambitions.  His  Hogarthian 
series,  "  The  Boad  to  Euin"  (1878),  is  also 
well  known.  Mr.  Frith  published  his 
"Autobiography"  in  1887,  and  "Further 
Eeminiscences  "  in  1888.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Academies  of  Vienna,  Belgium,  and 
Sweden.  By  his  own  desire,  he  was  placed 
on  the  list  of  retired  Eoyal  Academicians 
in  1890.  Address  :  114  Clifton  Hill,  N.W. ; 
and  Athenasum. 

FROST,  Thomas,  born  in  1821  at 
Croydon,  was  formerly  in  business  there 
as  a  printer,  but  retired  in  1848,  and 
adopted  the  literary  profession.  He  parti- 
cipated actively  in  the  Chartist  agitation, 
and  was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Beform 
Conference  at  St.  Martin's  Hall  in  1852. 
He  was  a  contributor  to  Chambers's 
'Tapers  for  the  People,"  and  in  1854 
editor  of  the  Magazine  of  Art.  He  was  a 
leader-writer  for  the  Birmingham  Journal 
for  several  years  from  1855,  and  subse- 
quently for  the  Liverpool  Albion  and  the 
Shrewsbury  Chronicle,  down  to  1872.  He 
was  editor  of  the  Gentleman's  Journal  in 
that  and  the  preceding  year.  Mr.  Frost 
is  the  author  of  :  "  Half -Hours  with  Early 
Explorers,"  1873  ;  "  The  Old  Showmen  and 
the  Old  London  Fairs,"  1874;  "Circus 
Life  and  Circus  Celebrities,"  1875  ;  "  Lives 
of  the  Conjurors,"  "  Life  of  Thomas  Lord 
Lyttelton,"  and  "  Secret  Societies  of  the 
European  Bevolution,"  2  vols.,  1876; 
"Forty  Years'  Eecollection,"  and  "In 
Kent  with  Charles  Dickens,"  1880  ;  "  Mo- 
dern Explorers,"  1882  ;  and  several  stories 
of  adventure  for  boys.  In  1886  appeared 
his  "Eeminiscences  of  a  Country  Jour- 
nalist." He  became  editor  in  1881  of 
the  Sheffield  Evening  Post,  in  1882  of  the 
Barnsley  Times,  and  in  the  following  year 
of  the  Barnsley  Independent. 

FROTXDE,  Robert  Edmund,  F.B.S., 
M.I.C.E.,  Assoc.  Mem.  Council  I.N.A., 
Superintendent,  Admiralty  Experiment 
Works,  Haslar,  was  born  on  Dec.  23,  1846, 
at  Dartington  Passage,  in  South  Devon, 
then  occupied  by  the  Ven.  Archdeacon 
Froude,  his  grandfather.  He  was  third 
son  of  the  late  William  Froude,  F.E.S.,  the 
eminent  investigator  of  scientific  problems 
connected  with  naval  architecture.  His 
grandfather  by    the    mother's    side    was 


Governor  Holdsworth,  of  Dartmouth,  South 
Devon,  and  his  paternal  uncles  were  the 
famous  historian  and  the  Oxford  Trac- 
tarian,  Hurrell  Froude.  He  was  at  a 
private  school  at  Heavitree,  near  Exeter, 
in  1856-58  ;  in  1858-63  at  St.  Andrew's 
College,  Bradfield,  Berks  ;  and  in  1853-64 
at  the  Oratory  School,  Birmingham,  under 
the  superintendence  of  the  late  Cardinal 
(then  Dr.)  J.  H.  Newman,  once  his  father's 
tutor  at  Oxford.  He  was  preparing  for 
Oxford  when  a  failure  of  health  necessi- 
tated his  abandoning  his  studies,  and 
spending  two  winters  abroad.  After  this 
he  assisted  in  the  experimental  work  on 
which  his  father  was  then  engaged  ;  and 
when,  through  the  instrumentality  of  Sir 
Edward  Eeed  (then  Mr.  Reed,  Chief  Con- 
structor of  the  Navy),  the  Admiralty 
Experiment  Establishment  was  instituted 
at  Torquay,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Mr.  W.  Froude,  Edmund  Froude  received 
a  salaried  appointment  in  the  staff  of  that 
establishment.  He  was  placed  temporarily 
in  sole  charge  of  the  establishment  when 
Mr.  W.  Froude  left  for  the  Cape  in  1878, 
and  was  appointed  Superintendent  on  Mr. 
Froude's  death  in  1879.  He  has  continued 
to  hold  that  office  to  the  present  date.  In 
1886  the  establishment  under  his  charge 
was  transferred  from  Torquay  to  Haslar, 
Gosport,  the  experimental  plant  being  at 
the  same  time  largely  remodelled  and  im- 
proved. He  became  an  Associate  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  in  1880, 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers in  1884,  and  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  1890,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Boyal  Society  in  1894.  He  has  contributed 
papers  to  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects, the  United  Service  Institution,  the 
Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and 
the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh.  In 
January  1894  he  delivered  the  Watt 
Anniversary  Lecture  to  the  Greenock 
Philosophical  Society.  Addresses  :  North 
Lodge,  Alverstoke  ;  and  Athenajum. 

FRY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward, 
F.E.S.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  F.G.S., 
second  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Fry,  of 
Bristol,  by  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of  the 
late  Mr.  Edward  Swaine,  of  Beading,  was 
born  at  Bristol,  Nov.  4, 1827,  and  educated 
at  the  College,  Bristol,  and  at  University 
College,  London,  of  which  he  is  a  Fellow. 
He  graduated  B.A.  at  the  University  of 
London  in  1851,  taking  honours  in  classics 
and  animal  physiology.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Crown  a  member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University  of  London.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1854;  in  1869  he  received  a  silk  gown; 
and  in  April  1877  he  was  appointed  a 
Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.  On 
the  latter  occasion  he  received  the  honour 


FRY  — FRYER 


395 


of  knighthood.  In  April  1883  he  was 
appointed  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  the  vacant 
Lord  Justiceship  of  Appeal,  caused  by  the 
elevation  of  Lord  Justice  Brett  as  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls.  He  retired  from  the 
Bench  in  the  year  1892.  He  is  a  Privy 
Councillor,  and  a  Bencher  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  has  been  an  Examiner  in  Law  to 
the  University  of  London  and  the  Council 
of  Legal  Education.  During  the  year  1897 
he  presided  over  a  Royal  Commission  to 
inquire  into  the  working  of  the  Irish  Land 
Acts.  He  is  a  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  and  F.L.S. ; 
also  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and  LL.D.  of 
Edinburgh  ;  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford ;  a  Governor  of  the  Char- 
terhouse School  and  of  Clifton  College  ; 
and  a  Trustee  of  the  Hunterian  Museum. 
He  is  the  author  of  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Specific  Performance  of  Contracts,"  1858, 
1881, 1892  ;  and  of  some  theological  works, 
including :  "  The  Doctrine  of  Election," 
1864;  "Essays  on  the  Accordance  of 
Christianity  with  the  Nature  of  Man," 
Edinburgh,  1857  ;  "  Darwinism  and  Theo- 
logy," 1872,  a  reprint  of  letters  in  the 
Spectator ;  "  British  Mosses,"  1892;  and  of 
articles  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  " 
and  the  "Dictionary  of  National  Bio- 
graphy." He  married,  in  1859,  Mariabella, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Hodgkin, 
barrister-at-law,  of  Lewes.  Addresses : 
Failand  House,  Failand,  near  Bristol ;  and 
Athenseum. 

FRY,  Oliver  Armstrong,  M.A.,  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Henry  Fry,  D.D., 
Rector  of  St.  George's,  Hobart,  was  born  in 
that  town  in  1855.  Coming  to  England  at  an 
early  age,  he  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
College  School,  Oxford,  and  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  whence  he  graduated  in 
1879  (M.A.  1883).  Pending  his  call  to  the 
Bar  he  was  for  a  short  time  a  schoolmaster, 
and  for  longer  a  ' '  coach  "  for  various  com- 
petitive examinations.  Called  to  the  Bar 
by  the  Middle  Temple  in  1881,  he  con- 
tinued to  take  pupils,  but  wrote  also  for 
various  newspapers  and  reviews,  especially 
for  Vanity  Fair,  whose  tone  and  policy  he 
greatly  admired ;  and  when,  in  1887,  Mr. 
Thomas  Gibson  Bowles,  M.P.,  the  founder 
of  that  journal,  asked  him  to  assist  in  the 
editing,  he  gave  up  his  legal  practice  to  do 
so.  Two  years  later,  when  Mr.  Bowles 
sold  Vanity  Fair,  he  became  its  editor, 
and  he  now  both  manages  and  edits  that 
journal,  which  is  the  oldest  of  its  kind. 
He  has  published  one  or  two  small  educa- 
tional works,  and  at  one  time  he  had  a 
close  connection  with  the  Educational 
Times.  He  has  also  lectured  regularly  at 
the  Birkbeck  and  elsewhere,  and  he  was 
once  offered  a  judicial  appointment  in 
Siam.  He  married,  in  1884,  Annie  Zetter- 
quist,  third  daughter  of  the  late  George 


Crabb  Rolfe,  Vicar  of  Hailey  and  Crawley, 
Oxfordshire.  Addresses  :  141  Portsdown 
Road,  W.  ;  and  7  Essex  Street,  Strand, 
W.C.  (  Vanity  Fair  Office). 

FRY,  Sir  Theodore,  Bart.,  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Francis  Fry,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  of  Tower  House,  Bristol,  by  Matilda, 
daughter  of  the  late  Daniel  Penrose,  Esq. , 
of  Brittas,  co.  Wicklow.  He  was  born  on 
May  1,  1836;  is  a  J.P.,  and  nine  years 
County  Alderman  of  Durham,  Lord  of  the 
Manor  of  Cleasby,  Yorks,  N.R.  ;  F.S.A., 
Hon.  Member  of  University  College,  Lon- 
don, and  Chairman  of  the  firm  of  Sir 
Theodore  Fry  &  Co. ,  Limited,  iron  manu- 
facturers, Darlington.  He  sat  as  M.P.  for 
Darlington  from  1880  to  1895.  He  married 
in  1862  Sophia,  eldest  daughter  and  co- 
heiress of  the  late  John  Pease,  Esq.,  of 
East  Mount,  Darlington,  and  Cleveland 
Lodge,  Great  Ayton,  Yorks.  He  was  created 
a  Baronet  in  1894.  Address  :  Woodburn, 
near  Darlington. 

FRYE,  William  P.,  American  states- 
man, was  born  at  Lewiston,  Maine,  Sept.  2, 
1831.  He  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College 
in  1850,  and  studied  and  practised  law. 
He  was  a  Member  of  the  Legislature  of 
Maine  in  1861,  1862,  and  1867  ;  was  Attor- 
ney-General of  the  State  in  1867-69 ; 
was  elected  a  Trustee  of  Bowdoin  College 
in  June  1880 ;  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Bates  College  in  July  1881,  and  the 
same  degree  from  Bowdoin  College  in 
1889 ;  was  elected  to  the  Forty-second 
Congress,  and  re-elected  to  the  Forty-third, 
Forty-fourth,  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  and 
Forty-seventh  Congresses  ;  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  and  took  his  seat 
March  18,  1881  ;  was  re-elected  in  1883, 
1888,  and  1895.  In  August  1898  he  was 
appointed  a  Commissioner  to  arrange  terms 
of  peace  with  Spain. 

FRYER,  Sir  Frederick  William 
Richards,  K.C.S.I.,  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  Burmah,  was  born  in  1845,  and  is  the 
son  of  F.  W.  Fryer,  Esq.,  of  West  Moors, 
Dorset,  and  Emily  Frances,  the  daughter 
of  John  Richards,  M.P.  He  entered  the 
Bengal  Civil  Service  in  1864,  became 
Deputy-Commissioner  of  the  Punjab,  1877, 
was  promoted  to  be  Commissioner  of  Upper 
Burmah  in  1886  and  Chief  Commissioner 
in  1892.  In  1894  he  was  appointed  an 
additional  Member  of  the  Viceroy's  Coun- 
cil, and  was  created  a  K.C.S.I.  in  1895. 
In  March  1897,  on  the  establishment  of  a 
local  Legislature  in  Burmah,  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Indian  Councils  Act,  he 
was  promoted  to  his  present  rank.  He 
married  in  1870  Frances,  daughter  of  W. 
E.  L.  Bashford,  Esq.  Address :  Govern- 
ment House,  Mandalay. 


396 


FULLER  —  FURNISS 


FULLER,  Melville  Weston,  LL.D. 

American  jurist,  was  born  at  Augusta, 
Maine,  Feb.  11,  1833.  He  graduated  from 
Bowdoin  College  in  1853,  studied  law,  and 
began  its  practice  in  Augusta  in  1853. 
For  a  short  time  he  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Age,  and  President  of  the  Common 
Council.  He  became  City  Attorney  in 
1856,  but  resigned  that  office  on  his  re- 
moval to  Chicago  in  June  of  the  same 
year.  There  he  rose  to  the  highest  rank 
in  his  profession,  and  was  connected  with 
many  important  cases.  He  was  a  Member 
of  the  Illinois  Constitutional  Convention 
in  1862  ;  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  State 
Legislature  from  1863  to  1865  ;  and  was  a 
Delegate  to  the  Democratic  National  Con- 
ventiops  of  1864,  1872,  1876,  and  1880.  In 
1888  President  Cleveland  nominated  him 
Chief-Justice  of  the  United  States  (the 
highest  judicial  position  in  America),  and 
on  October  8  of  that  year  he  entered  upon 
the  duties  of  that  office.  Both  the  North- 
western University  and  Bowdoin  College 
conferred  the  degree  of  LL.D.  upon  him  in 
1888,  and  Harvard  University  in  1891. 

FULTON,  Sir  Forrest,  Q.C.,  LL.B., 

Common  Serjeant  of  London,  was  born  at 
Ostend  on  July  12, 1846,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Lieutenant-Colonel  Fulton, 
K.H.,  and  Fanny,  daughter  of  John  Symp- 
son  Jessopp.  He  was  educated  under  Dr. 
Jessopp  at  Norwich  Grammar  School,  and 
afterwards,  in  1867,  graduated  B.A.  in  the 
University  of  London.  He  became  LL.B. 
in  1873.  Entering  at  the  Middle  Temple 
he  became  a  Barrister  in  1872.  He  is 
Counsel  to  the  Treasury  at  the  Middlesex 
Sessions  and  Central  Criminal  Court,  Senior 
Counsel  to  the  Post  Office,  and  Counsel  to 
the  Mint,  Hertfordshire.  In  1886  he  be- 
came M.P.  for  West  Ham  (North),  and  was 
defeated  at  the  general  election  of  1892  by 
Mr.  Archibald  Grove,  Liberal,  who  polled 
only  thirty-two  more  votes.  He  read  an 
address  of  welcome  to  the  King  of  Denmark 
on  the  occasion  of  his  visit  to  the  city  in 
1892,  and  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. He  has  published  a  ' '  Manual  of 
Constitutional  History."  Addresses:  27 
Queen's  Gardens,  Lancaster  Gate,  W. ;  and 
The  Cottage,  Sheringham,  Norfolk. 

FURLEY,  Sir  John,  has  been  for 
twenty-five  years  Commissioner  to  the 
National  Aid  Society,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  wearers  of  the  Red 
Cross.  The  stretcher  of  which  he  is  the 
inventor  is  used  by  ambulance  corps  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  It  has  greatly  facili- 
tated their  labours,  and  has  rendered  Sir 
John  Furley's  name  familiar  wherever 
ambulance  work  is  going  on.  Sir  John  is 
a  Knight  of  St.  John,  and  received  the 
honour  of  the  K.B.  at  the  New  Year,  1899. 


FURNEAUX,  Rev.  William  Mor- 
daunt,  M.A.,  of  Swilly,  Devon, head-master 
of  Repton  School,  was  born  July  29,  1848, 
at  Walton,  Warwickshire,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  William  Duckworth  Fur- 
neaux,  of  Swilly,  and  Louisa,  daughter  of 
William  Dickins,  D.L.,  J.P.,  of  Cherington, 
Warwickshire.  He  was  educated  at  Marl- 
borough College  and  Christ  Church  Col- 
lege, Oxford  (B.A.  1872,  M.A.  1875),  and 
became  an  Assistant  -  Master  at  Clifton 
College  in  1873,  at  Marlborough  College, 
1874-82.  He  has  been  head  -  master  of 
Repton  School  since  1882.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Canon  of  Southwell  in  1891.  Ad- 
dresses :  Repton  Hall,  Burton-on-Trent ; 
and  Gwyl  Annedd,  Penmaenmawr. 

FURNISS,  Harry,  caricature  artist, 
was  born  March  1854,  at  Wexford,  Ireland, 
of  English  parents.  His  father  was  an 
engineer,  his  mother  the  daughter  of  the 
well-known  Newcastle- on -Tyne  author, 
publisher,  and  politician,  Eneas  Mac- 
Kenzie,  the  founder  of  the  Joseph  Cowen 
political  school  of  that  place.  He  was 
educated  in  Dublin,  and  began  drawing 
for  periodicals  and  magazines  at  a  very 
early  age.  Mr.  Furniss  came  to  London 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  has  ever  since 
been  constantly  engaged  in  illustrating. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  regular  contri- 
butor to  the  Illustrated  London  News,  mostly 
depicting  the  lighter  side  of  every-day 
life,  but  occasionally  acting  as  a  serious 
"special"  for  that  paper.  In  the  latter 
capacity  he  made  a  sketching  tour  of  the 
distressed  parts  of  England  in  the  winter  of 
1878,  and  has  followed  political  campaigns 
through  the  country,  &c.  His  first  draw- 
ing in  Punch  appeared  in  1880,  and  he 
joined  the  regular  staff  four  years  after ; 
at  this  time  his  Punch  Parliamentary  Views 
were  collected  and  published  in  an  idition 
de  luxe.  His  principal  works  in  Punch 
are  Parliamentary  scenes  and  sketches  of 
members,  with  few  exceptions  drawn 
direct  in  the  Houses  and  finished  in  the 
studio.  Besides  his  work  in  Punch  he  has 
illustrated  the  following  works  published 
from  the  same  office :  F.  C.  Burnand's 
"Happy  Thoughts,"  A'Beckett's  "Comic 
Blackstone "  coloured  plates,  and  Burn- 
and's "  Incomplete  Angler."  He  has  con- 
tributed drawings  to  nearly  all  the  chief 
magazines  in  London,  Harper's  in  America, 
and  others,  and  to  numerous  papers,  the 
World  and  Vanity  Fair  among  them.  He 
has  also  brought  out  books  for  children, 
1885-86,  with  coloured  picures,  entitled 
"Romps."  In  1890  he  was  elected  one  of 
the  original  Fellows  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists.  During  1887  he  lectured  on 
"  Arts  and  Artists  "  and  "  Portraiture  Past 
and  Present."  He  afterwards  (1891)  pro- 
duced    his    first    entertainment,     "  The 


FUENIVALL  —  GADOW 


397 


Humours  of  Parliament,"  which  he  gave 
all  over  the  country  for  two  seasons.  This 
was  followed  by  "America  in  a  Hurry," 
produced  after  a  visit  to  the  United  States. 
These,  with  "  Harry  Furniss  at  Home " 
and  "  Stories  and  Sketches,"  he  has  given 
through  the  United  Kingdom.  He  made 
a  tour  of  the  world  (1897-98),  visited  the 
United  States,  Canada,  Australia,  and 
other  countries.  Mr.  Harry  Furniss 
severed  his  connection  with  Punch  in  1894, 
and  afterwards  edited  a  comic  threepenny 
weekly  entitled  Lil-a  Joho.  This  was  amal- 
gamated with  the  New  Budget,  a  continua- 
tion t>f  Mr.  Astor's  Pall  Mall  Budget,  but 
finding  it  too  stereotyped  a  publication, 
Mr.  Furniss  discontinued  it  (1895),  and  has 
recently  (May  1898)  produced  his  own 
periodical  entitled  Pair  Game,  at  present 
published  monthly.  Address  :  23  St. 
Edmund's  Terrace,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

FURNTVALIi,    Frederick   James, 

M.A.,  Ph.D.,  born,  Feb.  4,  1825,  at  Egharn, 
in  Surrey,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
George  Frederick  Furnivall,  surgeon,  re- 
ceived his  education  at  private  schools  at 
Englefield    Green,    Turnham    Green,    and 
Hanwell,   at  University  College,   London 
(1841-42),  and  Trinity  Hall,   Cambridge, 
(B.A.  1846,  M.A.  1849).     He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1849,  but  has  devoted  his  life 
mainly  to  the  study  of  Early  and  Middle 
English  Literature,  and  has   established 
numerous  societies  of  which  he  is  director, 
for  promoting  the  study  of  special  works  ; 
the  Early  English  Text,  1864;  the  Chaucer, 
1868;  the  Ballad,  1868;   the  New  Shak- 
spere,  1873  ;  the  Wyclif,  1882  ;  the  Brown- 
ing, 1881 ;  and  the  Shelley,  1885.    Through 
his  societies  Dr.  Furnivall  has  raised  and 
expended  over  £40,000  in  printing  early 
MSS.  and  rare  books.      He  was  also  one 
of   the  founders  of    the  Working-Men's 
College,  and  taught  there  for  many  years 
besides  being  a  captain  in  its  volunteer 
corps  and  president  of  its  boat  club.     He 
was  one  of  the  first  builders  of  narrow 
wager-boats  (1845),  and  introduced  sculls 
instead  of  oars  into  fours  and  eights.     He 
started  the  Hammersmith  Girls'  Sculling 
Club  in  1897.     Dr.  Furnivall  has  edited  a 
large  number  of  early  English  and  other 
works,  amongst  which  may  be  mentioned 
Robert    of    Brunne's    "Handlyng"    and 
"Chronicle,"  Walter  Map's  "Queste  del 
Saint  Graal,"  "Percy's  Folio  MS.  of  Bal- 
lads and  Romances,"  "The  Babees  Book," 
Harrison's  "England"  (1577-87),  Caxton's 
"Book  of  Curtesye,"  a  Six-Text  print  of 
Chaucer's   "Canterbury  Tales"  —  a    very 
valuable  aid  to  the  study  of  Chaucer— 
and  Parallel-Text  editions  of  the  poet's 
"Minor  Poems,"  and  "Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida,"  &c.    To  these  may  be  added  several 
of  the  Shakspere  quartos  in  fac-simile,  and 


the  Introduction  to  a  one-volume  edition 
of  the  works,  called  "The  Leopold  Shak- 
spere." In  1890  Dr.  Furnivall  published 
a  note  on  "  Robert  Browning's  Ancestors." 
His  most  important  recent  works  are 
bis  editions  for  the  Early  English  Text 
Society,  of  Hoccleve's  "Minor  Poems," 
1892,  and  "Regement  of  Princes,"  1897. 
Address  :  3  St.  George's  Square,  Primrose 
Hill,  N.W. 

FURSE,  Canon  Charles  Welling- 
ton, M.A.,  J.P.,  was  born  in  1821,  and  is 
the  son  of  C.  W.  Johnson,  of  Torrington, 
and  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  P.  Wellington 
Furse,  of  Halsdon.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
ordained  in  1848,  and  has  been  Principal 
of  Cuddesdon  College  from  1873  to  1883 ; 
Rector  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  West- 
minster, 1883-94 ;  and,  since  1894,  Canon 
and  Archdeacon  of  Westminster.  He 
became  Hon.  Canon  of  Christ  Church  in 
1873.  He  has  published  "Helps  to  Holi- 
ness," and  "The  Parish  Church  and  the 
Parish  Priest."  He  married  (1)  a  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  J.  S.  B.  Monsell,  and  (2)  Ger- 
trude, daughter  of  Henry  Barnet.  Ad- 
dresses :  1  Abbey  Garden,  Westminster, 
S.W. ;  and  Halsdon  House,  North  Devon. 


G 


GADOW,  Hans  Friedrich,  Ph.D., 
Hon.  M.A.  Cantab.,  F.R.S.,  Strickland 
Curator  and  Lecturer  on  Zoology  in  Cam- 
bridge University,  was  born  in  Pomerania 
on  March  8,  1855,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  M.  L.  Gadow,  Inspector  of  Royal 
Forests  in  Prussia.  He  was  educated  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versities of  Berlin,  Jena,  and  Heidelberg. 
At  the  last-mentioned  he  studied  under 
Gegenbauer  between  1878-80.  During  his 
period  of  compulsory  service  he  served  in 

1879  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Prussian  Army 
Bodyguards  (8th  Foot).  Coming  to  Eng- 
land, he  was  in  the  Natural  History 
Department  of  the  British  Museum  from 

1880  to  1882.  He  has  published  "In 
Northern  Spain,"  1897 ;  the  volume  on 
Birds  in  Bronn's  "Thier-Reich,"  besides 
some  ten  papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society,  the  Journal  fiir  Ornithologie, 
and  in  other  scientific  journals.  In  con- 
junction with  Professor  Newton  and  others 
he  is  one  of  the  chief  contributors  to 
the  "  Dictionary  of  Birds,"  1893-96.  He 
married  Clara  Maud,  eldest  daughter  of 
Sir  George  Edward  Paget,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S., 
Regius  Professor  of  Physic  at  Cambridge. 
Address  :  Museum  of  Zoology,  Cambridge  ; 
and  Cleramendi,  Great  Shelford. 


398 


GADSBY  —  GAIRDNER 


GADSBY,  Prof.  Henry,  was  born 
near  London  on  Dec.  15,  1842,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  His  first 
important  work  was  a  choral  setting  of  the 
130th  Psalm,  which  was  produced  by 
Henry  Leslie  at  St.  James's  Hall,  in  1863. 
In  1864  he  produced  his  first  symphony, 
which  was  followed  in  1868  by  a  cantata 
on  the  subject  of  Longfellow's  "Golden 
Legend."  His  next  works  were  "Alice 
Brand,"  a  cantata  ;  a  Festival  service  for 
eight  voices  for  "the  Sons  of  the  Clergy 
Festival,"  1873;  and  an  overture  ("Andro- 
meda") for  the  Crystal  Palace  Saturday 
Concerts.  In  1874,  at  the  request  of  his 
old  friend  and  schoolfellow,  Sir  John 
Stainer,  Prof.  Gadsby  wrote  a  concerto 
for  organ  and  orchestra,  which  was  played 
at  the  Crystal  Palace.  At  the  same  time 
he  was  commissioned  to  write  an  overture 
for  the  British  Orchestral  Society,  which 
was  successfully  performed  at  the  St. 
James's  Hall,  This  led  to  a  second  com- 
mission, and  he  wrote  an  "  Intermezzo 
and  Scherzo "  for  the  same  society.  In 
1874  he  succeeded  the  late  John  Hullah  as 
Professor  of  Harmony  at  Queen's  College, 
London,  and  on  the  death  of  Sir  William 
Cusins,  he  was  elected  Professor  of  the 
Pianoforte  and  Director  of  the  Music  at 
the  same  institution.  In  1886  Prof.  Gadsby 
wrote  appropriate  music  for  the  "  Alcestis  " 
of  Euripides,  which  was  acted  in  Greek  at 
the  Christmas  of  that  year,  by  ladies  of 
Queen's  College.  This  music  was  after- 
wards produced  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
and  was  followed  by  "  The  Lord  of  the 
Isles,"  a  cantata,  sung  at  the  Brighton 
Festivals,  and  "Columbus,"  a  cantata  for 
male  voices  sung  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
with  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd  in  the  solo  part. 
This  was  also  sung  at  Oxford,  where  in 
1886  the  "Cyclops,"  a  cantata,  was  pro- 
duced. In  1886  the  Philharmonic  Society 
commissioned  Prof.  Gadsby  to  write  them 
an  orchestral  work,  and  the  result  was 
the  "  Forest  of  Arden."  In  1887  his  third 
symphony  was  produced  in  honour  of  the 
Queen's  Jubilee  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  It 
is  in  the  key  of  D  major.  One  of  Prof. 
Gadsby's  latest  works  is  music  to  the 
' '  Andromache  "  of  Euripides,  written  for 
Queen's  College  in  1893.  Professor  Gadsby 
is  now  chiefly  employed  as  a  teacher  of 
music.  Since  its  commencement  he  has 
been  Professor  of  Pianoforte  and  Harmony 
at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music,  and  is 
one  of  the  Examiners  of  Schools  and  Col- 
leges appointed  by  the  Associated  Board 
of  the  Royal  Academy  and  Royal  College 
of  Music.  Besides  the  above-mentioned 
works,  Prof.  Gadsby  has  published  many 
anthems  and  services,  a  string  quartette 
in  C,  and  a  "Treatise  on  Harmony." 
Professor  Gadsby  has  also  written  for  the 
celebration  of  the  Jubilee  of  Queen's  Col- 


lege, an  anthem  "Except  the  Lord  build 
the  House,"  an  ode,  the  words  of  which 
were  written  for  the  occasion  by  Mr.  C. 
E.  Maurice  (son  of  the  founder  of  Queen's 
College ),  andthe  music  to  Tasso's  "  Aminta," 
performed  during  the  Jubilee  week  in 
May  1898.  Address  :  Queen's  College, 
Harley  Street,  W. 

GAGE,  Lyman  Judson,  American 
financier,  born  at  De  Ruyter,  New  York, 
June  28,  1836,  had  to  earn  his  own  living 
from  the  age  of  fifteen,  became  a  clerk  in 
a  bank  at  eighteen,  and  in  1855  removed 
to  Chicago,  where  after  a  time  he  became 
connected  with  the  Merchants'  Loan  and 
Trust  Company.  He  rose  step  by  step 
until  he  became  cashier,  and  gained  such 
a  reputation  in  this  post  that  he  was  called 
to  be  cashier  of  the  important  First 
National  Bank  of  Chicago  in  1868,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  elected  President  of 
the  American  Bankers'  Association.  In 
1891  he  was  made  President  of  his  Bank. 
He  was  the  first  President  of  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  Company,  and  has  been 
known  throughout  the  country  for  his 
views  on  honest  money  and  banking  re- 
form. In  1897  he  became  Secretary  of  the 
United  States  Treasury. 

GAIL,  Hamilton.  -See  Dodge,  Mary 
Abigail. 

GAIRDNER,  James,  LL.D.,  son  of 
the  late  John  Gairdner,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.E., 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  March  22,  1828, 
and  was  educated  there.  In  1846  his 
father  obtained  for  him  an  appointment  in 
the  Public  Record  Office,  and  in  1859  he 
became  Assistant-Keeper  of  the  Public 
Records.  Dr.  Gairdner  has  edited  "Me- 
morials of  Henry  VII."  (in  Rolls  Series), 
1858  ;  "Letters  and  Papers  illustrative  of 
the  Reigns  of  Richard  III.  and  Henry 
VII."  (in  the  same  series),  2  vols.,  1861-3  ; 
"  Historical  Collections  of  a  London 
Citizen  "  (for  the  Camden  Society),  1876  ; 
and  "Three  Fifteenth-Century  Chronicles," 
1880.  He  has  also  edited  eleven  volumes 
(vols.  v.  to  xv.,  1880-96)  of  the  "Letters 
and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII."  (one  of  the 
Calendars  of  State  Papers  published  under 
the  direction  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls),  a 
work  begun  by  the  late  Prof.  Brewer,  and 
still  in  progress.  He  edited  in  Mr.  Arber's 
series  a  new  edition  of  the  Paston  Letters 
(3  vols.,  1872-5) ;  and  he  is  the  author  of 
"The  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York" 
(1874),  in  Messrs.  Longmans'  Epoch 
Series  ;  "  Life  and  Reign  of  Richard  III.," 
1878  (  a  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  which 
is  now  on  the  eve  of  publication) ;  of  the 
volume  "England,"  in  the  Christian 
Knowledge  Society's  series,  entitled  "Early 


GAIRDNER 


399 


Chroniclers  of  Europe,"  1879 ;  and  of 
"Henry  VII."  in  "Twelve  English  States- 
men," 1889.  He  has  also  contributed 
numerous  articles  to  the  "  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography."  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  at  Edinburgh  in  1897. 
He  married  in  1867.  Address  :  West  View, 
Pinner,  Middlesex. 

GAIRDNER,  Sir  ■William   Ten- 
riant,  M.D.  Edin.,  K.O.B.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S., 
Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  and  Senior  Ordinary  Physician  to 
H.M.  the  Queen  in  Scotland,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh   on   Nov.  8,    1824.     He  is   the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Dr.  John  Gairdner, 
who  was  long  officially  connected  with 
the   Royal   College  of   Surgeons  of  Edin- 
burgh,   and    occupied   the    Chair    of   the 
College  in  1832.     Prof.  Gairdner  received 
his  education  in  Edinburgh,  passing  from 
public  and  private   schools   there   to   the 
University,  where  he  attained  the  degree 
of  M.D.  in  1845,  and  was  awarded  one  of 
the   four  gold  medals  in  that  year  for   a 
thesis  "  On  Death."     Almost  immediately 
after  his  graduation,  he  accompanied  the 
Earl  and  Countess  of  Beverley  to  Rome, 
as  their  travelling  physician  for  the  winter. 
On  returning  to  Edinburgh  in  May  1846, 
he  served  for  two  years  in  the  Royal  In- 
firmary, and  in  1848  succeeded  Dr.  Hughes 
Bennett  as  Pathologist  to  that  institution. 
While  acting  in  that  capacity,  Dr.  Gairdner 
wrote  numerous  memoirs   and  conducted 
voluntary  classes  in  pathological  anatomy, 
especially  in  microscopic  pathology,  which 
was  then  being  vigorously  pursued  in  the 
Edinburgh  School.     In  1853  he  began  to 
lecture  on  the  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the 
Extra  Academical  School,  and  continued 
to    do    so    until   his  appointment   to   the 
Chair   of   Medicine  in   the  University  of 
Glasgow  in    1862.     Some  of  the  personal 
relations  formed  during  this  period,  espe- 
cially with  Drs.  Warburton  Begbie,  Mur- 
chison,    Sanders,    and    others,    were    the 
subjects  of  an  address  to  the  Royal  Medical 
Society  in  Oct.  1893,  which,  being  a  record 
of   reminiscences   of    the   old   Edinburgh 
Royal  Infirmary,  has  been  included  in  the 
2nd  vol.  of  the  "Edinburgh  Hospital  Re- 
ports."    In  1862  Dr.  Gairdner  published  a 
volume  on  "  Public  Health  in  Relation  to 
Air  and  Water,"  which  was  a  record  of 
the  first  course  of  lectures  on  Sanitation 
ever  delivered  in  Scotland.     As  a  result  of 
this    publication,    Dr.    Gairdner  was,    in 
1863,   appointed    Medical   Officer  to   the 
city  of  Glasgow.    The  post  was  a  new  one, 
arrangements  being  made  in  the  first  in- 
stance so  as  to  enable  it  to  be  held  along 
with   the    professorship ;    these    arrange- 
ments continued  for  nine  years,  during 
which  period  many  severe  epidemics  were 
dealt  with.     Some  of  the  fruits  of  this  ex- 


perience were  alluded  to  in  an  address 
delivered  to  the  Sanitary  Institute,  at  its 
meeting  in  Glasgow  in  1883.   Glasgow  was 
threatened  with  cholera  in  1866,  and  the 
preparations  for  this  epidemic  developed 
new  principles  of  action,  of  which  some 
account  was  given  in  the  transactions  of 
the   Association   of   American   Physicians 
(September    1891).      In    1866,    also,    Dr. 
Gairdner  accompanied  the  Lord  Provost  of 
Glasgow,  the  late  Mr.  John  Blackie,  along 
with  Mr.  John  Ure,  the  Chairman   of  the 
Sanitary  Board,  and  Mr.  Carrick,  the  city 
architect,  to  Paris,  to  report  on  the  Im- 
perial improvements  in  that  city  ;  and  one 
of  the  results  following  very  directly  from 
this  visit,  and  from  the  previous  experi- 
ence placed  on  record  as  to  the  impossi- 
bility of  dealing  adequately  with  epidemics 
in    the    tenement-houses    and    slums    of 
Glasgow,  was  the  Glasgow  City  Improve- 
ment Act  (1867),  which  completely  revo- 
lutionised the  sanitation  of  the  city,  and 
became  the    basis    of    much    subsequent 
legislation  elsewhere.     Besides  the  works 
already   mentioned,    Dr.    Gairdner   is  the 
author  of  many  papers  and  memoirs,  and 
published  in  1862  a  volume  entitled  "  Clini- 
cal  Medicine :    Observations   recorded   at 
the    Bedside,    with    Commentaries."      In 
1888    "Lectures    to    Practitioners"    was 
published,  jointly  with  Dr.  Joseph  Coats, 
and    in    1889    a  volume    entitled    "The 
Physician  as  Naturalist,"  containing,  inter 
alia,  the  papers  published  originally  be- 
tween 1864  and   1869,  tending  towards  a 
much  reduced  scale  of  alcoholic  stimula- 
tion  in   fevers   and  other  acute  diseases. 
From    the     Edinburgh    University    Prof. 
Gairdner  has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. ; 
from  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  the  degree 
of   M.D.    (honoris   eausd)  ;    and   from   the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  Ireland  its 
honorary   Fellowship   in    1887.      He   is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  and  was 
recently  a  Vice-President  of  the  Patholo- 
gical Society  of   London  ;   besides   being 
an  Honorary   Fellow  of  the  Clinical,  the 
Medical,    and    the    Medico-Psychological 
Societies  of  London.     In  1888  he  became 
the  Annual  President  of  the  British  Medi- 
cal   Association    on   the   occasion   of   its 
meeting  in  Glasgow  ;  and  in  1893  he  was 
unanimously    elected    President     of    the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  Edinburgh  ; 
this  being  the  first  occasion  on  which  the 
Chair  of  the  College  has  been  occupied  by 
one   not   residing   in   Edinburgh    or    the 
neighbourhood.     Sir  Wm.   Gairdner,  who 
received  the  dignity  of  K.C.B.  in  January 
1898,  is  the  representative  of  the  University 
of  Glasgow  in  the  General  Medical  Council 
of  Education,  &c,  as  well  as  in  the  Uni- 
versity Court.     In  1870  he  married  Helen 
Bridget  Wright  of  Norwich.   Address  :  225 


400 


GALE  —  GALLIFET 


St.   Vincent   Street,   and   9   The   College, 
Glasgow. 

GALE,  James,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S., 
an  inventor,  born  at  Crabtree,  near  Ply- 
mouth, Devonshire,  in  July  1833,  was  edu- 
cated at  Tavistock.  While  still  a  youth 
he  was  afflicted  with  the  total  loss  of 
sight,  but  was  able  to  become  for  a  time 
a  partner  in  a  manufacturing  business, 
and  subsequently  practised  as  a  medical 
electrician  at  Plymouth.  In  1865  he 
announced  that  he  had  discovered  "a 
means  of  rendering  gunpowder  non-ex- 
plosive and  explosive  at  will,  the  process 
for  effecting  the  same  being  simple, 
effectual,  and  cheap,  the  quality  and 
bulk  of  the  gunpowder  remaining  unin- 
jured." Arrangements  were  made  for  a 
trial  of  the  process  at  the  Government 
House,  Mount  Wise,  Plymouth,  June  27, 
1865,  and  the  experiments,  carried  on  in 
the  presence  of  a  number  of  military  and 
naval  officers,  were  attended  at  the  time 
with  satisfactory  results.  The  invention 
consists  of  mixing  powdered  glass  with 
the  gunpowder,  which  is  thereby  rendered 
unexplosive.  The  glass  can,  by  a  simple 
process,  be  again  separated  from  the  gun- 
powder, which,  of  course,  then  resumes 
its  explosive  character.  Mr.  Gale  is  like- 
wise the  inventor  of  the  ammunition  slide- 
gun,  the  fog-shell,  the  balloon-shell,  &c. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society  in  1866  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society  the  same  year ;  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 
from  the  University  of  Rostock  in  1867. 
Dr.  Gale's  talents  have  been  extremely 
versatile,  and  his  public  services  have  been 
many  and  varied.  He  has  taken  part  in 
numerous  public  meetings  and  committees, 
and  his  services,  before  leaving  Plymouth, 
in  connection  with  the  Blind  Asylum  and 
the  Board  of  Guardians,  were  of  a  highly 
valuable  nature.  A  portrait  of  him  has 
been  placed  in  the  British  Museum  of  Por- 
traits at  South  Kensington,  by  order  of 
the  Council.  Address :  169  Adelaide 
Road,  South  Hampstead,  N.W. 

GALE,  Norman  Rowland,  poet,  was 
born  in  1862,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
William  Frederick  Gale,  of  Kew.  He  was 
educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  (B.A.), 
after  which  he  was  a  schoolmaster  for  some 
years.  His  first  work  to  attract  attention 
was  "A  Country  Muse,"  published  in  1892, 
and  this  has  been  followed  by  a  second 
series  of  the  volume;  by  "Orchard 
Songs,"  1893  ;"  Cricket  Songs,"  1894  ;  and 
' '  Songs  for  Little  People,"  1896.  "  A  June 
Romance,"  published  in  1894,  is  his  prin- 
cipal prose  work.  Mr.  Gale  is  also  a 
frequent  writer  of  reviews.  He  is  the 
pastoral  poet  among  young  modern  Eng  - 


lish  writers.     Address:  Oakfield  Cottage, 
Rugby. 

6ALLIEKI,  General,  Joseph 
Simon,  Governor-General  of  Madagascar, 
was  born  April  29,  1849,  and  left  Saint 
Cyr  as  Second  Lieutenant,  July  1870,  serv- 
ing in  the  Marines.  In  1879  he  was  of 
great  use  to  General  Faidherbe  in  Senegal, 
and  in  1880  was  charged  by  the  Govern- 
ment with  a  mission  to  Ahmadou,  the 
Chief  of  Segou,  to  contract  an  alliance. 
M.  Gallieni  set  out  from  Saint  Louis  in 
1880,  and,  after  many  contests  with  the 
intervening  tribes,  he  arrived  at  Segou  in 
June  1880.  He  found  Ahmadou  very  un- 
willing to  agree  to  anything,  even  to 
accepting  his  presents,  but  after  ten 
months'  chaffering  with  this  chieftain,  he 
succeeded,  in  March  1881,  in  obtaining 
from  him  a  treaty  giving  to  the  French 
exclusive  rights  of  commerce  on  the 
Upper  Niger.  On  March  21  he  returned 
to  Saint  Louis,  and  the  Geographical 
Society  of  Paris  awarded  him  its  gold 
medal.  In  1886  he  was  promoted  Colonel 
and  given  the  Governorship  of  Upper 
Senegal.  Later,  he  was  appointed  to  a 
Colonelcy  of  Marines  at  Brest,  and  in 
1888  he  was  made  an  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  He  has  published  the  results 
of  his  travels  under  the  titles  of:  "Mis- 
sion d'Exploration  du  Haut  Niger,"  1885  ; 
and  "Deux  Campagnes  au  Soudan,"  1890. 
In  September  1896,  Madagascar  was  made 
a  French  colony,  and  Colonel  Gallieni  was 
appointed  Commander  -  in  -  Chief.  His 
vigorous  and  determined  policy  made  a 
great  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the 
country,  since  he  cleared  the  trade  routes 
of  brigands.  In  March  1897,  General 
Gallieni  found  it  necessary  to  exile  Queen 
Ranavalo  to  the  Island  of  Reunion.  He 
has  also  approved  of  the  plan  of  connect- 
ing the  coast  with  the  capital  by  a  canal. 

GALLIFET,  Gaston  Alexandre 
Auguste,  Marquis  de,  a  French  general, 
born  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1831,  joined  the 
army  in  April  1848,  and  became  Colonel 
in  December  1867.  He  commanded  the 
3rd  Regiment  of  Chasseurs  d'Afrique,  took 
part  with  the  Army  of  the  Rhine  during 
the  Franco-German  war,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  General  of  Brigade, 
Aug.  30,  1870.  During  the  second  siege 
of  Paris  he  commanded  a  brigade  of  the 
Army  of  Versailles,  and  was  unenviably 
distinguished  for  his  frightful  severity  to 
the  Communard  prisoners.  In  1871,  he 
was  sent  into  Africa,  and  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  subdivision  of  Batna,  and  had 
a  considerable  share  in  the  pacification  of 
the  unsubdued  tribes.  He  took  charge  of 
the  expedition  on  El-Goliah,  which  pre- 
sented numerous  difficulties  for  the  trans- 


GALLON  — GALTON 


401 


port  of  troops  ;  but  he  overcame  all 
obstacles,  and  executed  a  rapid  march 
through  a  desert  country  and  severely 
punished  the  revolted  tribes  (December 
1872  to  March  1873).  On  the  general  re- 
organisation of  the  army,  the  Marquis  de 
Gallifet  (who  had  become  very  intimate 
with  M.  Gambetta)  was  named  to  the 
command  of  the  3rd  Brigade  of  Infantry 
of  the  8th  Army  Corps,  and  of  the  sub- 
division of  the  department  of  the  Cher. 
Promoted  to  the  rank  of  General  of  Divi- 
sion, May  3,  1875,  he  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  the  5th  Division  of  Infantry,  and 
in  February  1879,  that  of  the  9th  corps 
d'armee.  In  1882  he  was  promoted  to  the 
command  of  the  12th  Corps  at  Limoges, 
and  at  the  end  of  three  years  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Conseil  Supeneur 
of  War.  In  1891  he  conducted  his  part 
of  the  French  autumn  manoeuvres  so 
brilliantly  that  the  military  medal  was 
conferred  on  him  (September  1891).  After 
again  conducting  the  autumn  manoeuvres 
in  1894  he  retired  from  active  service. 
He  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  June  1855  ;  made  Officer,  April 
1863;  Commander,  April  1873;  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  July 
1880 ;  and  Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  July  1887.  He  has  been  In- 
spector-General of  many  corps  d'armee  ; 
and,  in  case  of  war,  Commander-in-Chief. 
He  is  an  authority  of  European  reputa- 
tion on  cavalry  and  cavalry  manoeuvres. 
His  Paris  address  is  15  Hue  Lord  Byron. 

GALLON,  Tom,  novelist,  was  born  in 
London  on  Dec.  5,  1866.  He  was  educated 
privately,  and  has  been  a  clerk  in  the 
City,  a  schoolmaster,  a  shorthand-teacher, 
secretary  to  a  provincial  mayor,  and 
an  occasional  writer  for  the  press.  His 
novels  are  "Tatterley,"  4th  edit.,  1898; 
"A  Prince  of  Mischance,"  1897;  "Dicky 
Monteith  :  a  Love  Story,"  1898.  Address  : 
8  Serjeants'  Inn,  Temple,  E.C. 

GALLOWAY,  Earl  of,  Sir 
Alan  Plantagenet  Stewart,  Bart., 
K.T.,  was  born  in  London  on  Oct. 
21,  1835,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
10th  Earl  in  1873.  Entering  the  Horse 
Guards  in  1855,  he  retired  as  a  Captain 
in  1869.  As  Lord  Garlies  he  sat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  member  for  Wig- 
townshire from  1868  to  1873,  and  he  acted 
as  High  Commissioner  to  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  from 
1876  to  1877.  Lord  Galloway  has  been 
Hon.  Colonel  of  the  4th  Battalion  of  the 
Royal  Scots  Fusiliers  since  1891.  He  is 
married  to  Mary  Arabella,  daughter  of  the 
2nd  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  K.G.  Address  : 
17  Upper  Grosvenor  Street,  W.  ;  and 
Galloway  House,  Garlieston,  &c. 


GALTON,  Francis,  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
Hon.  Sc.  D.  Cambridge,  F.R.S.,  third  and 
youngest  son  of  S.  T.  Galton  of  Dud- 
deston,  near  Birmingham,  grandson  of 
Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin,  author  of  "  Zoono- 
mia,"  and  cousin  of  Charles  Darwin,  the 
naturalist,  was  born  in  1822,  and  educated 
at  King  Edward's  School,  Birmingham, 
which  he  left  to  study  medicine,  first 
at  the  Birmingham  Hospital,  and  subse- 
quently at  King's  College,  London.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1844  ;  travelled,  in  1846,  to  the  White 
Nile,  then  rarely  visited ;  and  in  1850, 
accompanied  by  Mr.  Anderson,  made  an 
exploration  of  the  then  unknown  Damara 
and  Ovampo  lands  in  South  Africa,  start- 
ing from  Walfisch  Bay.  For  this  journey, 
of  which  he  published  an  account,  he 
received  a  gold  medal  from  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  in  whose  proceed- 
ings he  took  for  a  long  time  an  active 
share.  Mr.  Galton  is  author  of  the  "  Art 
of  Travel,  or  Shifts  and  Contrivances  in 
Wild  Countries,"  a  work  which  went 
through  five  editions  between  1855  and 
1872;  also  of  "  Meteorographica,"  1863, 
which  was  the  first  attempt  to  chart  the 
progress  of  the  elements  of  the  weather 
on  a  large  scale,  and  through  which  the 
existence  and  theory  of  anti-cyclones  was 
first  established  by  him.  In  later  years 
he  has  published  the  following  works, 
bearing  more  or  less  directly  on  Heredity 
and  on  the  measurement  of  the  various 
faculties:  "Hereditary  Genius,  its  Laws 
and  Consequences,"  1869;  "English  Men 
of  Science :  their  Nature  and  Nurture," 
1874;  "Inquiries  into  Human  Faculty 
and  its  Development,"  1883;  "Natural 
Inheritance,"  1889 ;  "  Finger  Prints,"  1893  ; 
"Average  Contribution  of  each  several 
Ancestor  to  the  total  Heritage  of  the  Off- 
spring," Proc.  R.  Soc,  1897  ;  also  several 
memoirs  on  anthropometric  subjects  and 
on  new  statistical  processes  applicable  to 
anthropometry,  including  that  of  com- 
posite portraiture.  He  received  one  of 
the  gold  medals  of  the  Boyal  Society  in 
1886.  He  was  general  secretary  of  the 
British  Association  from  1863  to  1868  : 
President  of  its  geographical  section  in 
1862  and  in  1872;  and  of  the  anthropo- 
logical sections  in  1877  and  1885  ;  Presi- 
dent of  the  Anthropological  Institute, 
1885-88;  and  has  been  Vice-President  of 
the  Royal  and  the  Royal  Geographical 
Societies.  He  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Meteorological  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society  ever  since  its  first  institution,  and 
is  Chairman  of  the  Committee  to  whom 
the  management  of  the  Kew  Observatory 
is  entrusted.  He  married,  in  1853,  Louisa, 
daughter  of  the  Very  Rev.  G.  Butler,  some- 
time head-master  of  Harrow,  and  subse- 
quently Dean  of  Peterborough  ;  she  died, 

2  c 


402 


GAMGEE  —  GARDNER 


1897.     Addresses  :  42  Rutland  Gate,  »S.W. ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

GAMGEE,  Arthur,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
F.R.S. ,  was  born  at  Florence  on  Oct.  10, 
1841,  and  was  educated  at  University 
College  School,  London,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  After  filling  the 
office  of  Assistant  to  the  Professor  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence  at  Edinburgh  from 
1863  to  1869,  he  became  an  Assistant- 
Physician  and  Lecturer  on  Materia 
Medica  in  St  George's  Hospital,  London. 
In  1873  he  was  appointed  the  first  Brack- 
enbury  Professor  of  Physiology  in  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  and  he  was  Fullerian 
Professor  of  Physiology  at  the  Royal 
Institution  of  Great  Britain  from  1882  to 
1885.  He  now  holds  the  title  of  Emeritus 
Professor  of  Physiology  in  Owens  College, 
and  is  engaged  in  private  practice,  and  in 
researches  connected  with  Physiological 
Chemistry.  Professor  Gamgee  has  trans- 
lated and  edited  "  Hermann's  Human 
Physiology,"  1873  and  1878 ;  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Text-Book  of  the  Physiological 
Chemistry  of  the  Animal  Body,  1880-93," 
and  of  many  original  papers  on  Physio- 
logical subjects.  Address  :  5  Avenue  du 
Kursaal,  Montreux,  Switzerland. 

GANZ,  Willielm,  the  eminent  pianist 
and  composer,  was  born  at  Mayence  in 
1833,  and  first  came  to  London  in  1848  as 
a  lad  of  fourteen  with  his  father.  In  a  little 
time  he  was  engaged  as  one  of  the  second 
violins  at  the  New  Philharmonic.  Mr.  Ganz 
became  associated,  in  1872,  with  Dr.  Wylde 
in  the  direction  of  the  New  Philharmonic 
Concerts,  and,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
Wylde  in  1879,  himself  took  the  control  of 
these  historic  performances,  a  position 
which  he  filled  for  three  years,  retiring  in 
1882.  Since  that  time,  Mr.  Ganz  has 
remained  prominently  before  the  English 
musical  world  as  an  accompanist  and 
composer,  and,  during  his  life  in  London, 
extending  over  a  period  of  fifty  years,  the 
great  majority  of  the  most  successful 
musicians  have,  at  some  time  or  other, 
appeared  under  "his  auspices  or  profited 
by  his  introduction  into  the  higher  ranks 
of  the  musical  profession.  For  instance, 
he  introduced  such  works  as  Berlioz's 
"  Rome'o  et  Juliette"  and  Liszt's 
"  Dante,"  and  organised  a  special  course 
of  programmes,  in  which  M.  Saint-Saens 
played  the  solo  parts  of  his  four  concertos. 
During  his  directorship  of  the  Philhar- 
monic Society,  M.  Vladimir  de  Pachmann, 
the  Russian  pianist,  Madame  Sofie  Menter, 
and  Madame  Essipoff  were  first  brought 
to  the  notice  of  English  audiences.  Mr. 
Ganz  has  composed  many  songs,  several 
of  which  are  said  to  be  particular  favour- 
ites with  Madame  Patti,  at  whose  wedding 


with  Mr.  Nicolini  he  was  "best  man." 
A  most  successful  concert  in  commemora- 
tion of  Mr.  Ganz's  fifty  years'  stay  in 
London  was  given  at  the  Queen's  Hall  in 
June  1898,  and  many  artists  of  high  dis- 
tinction signified  their  friendship  for  Mr. 
Ganz  by  taking  part  therein.  Address : 
126  Harley  Street,  W. 

GARDINER,  Samuel  Rawson, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  son  of  Rawson  Boddam 
and  Margaret  Baring  Gould  Gardiner, 
was  born  March  4,  1829,  at  Ropley,  Hants, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  became  an 
honorary  student  of  Christ  Church,  was  in 
the  First  Class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1851,  in  1884 
Fellow  of  All  Souls',  and  in  1892  Fellow  of 
Merton  ;  and  for  some  time  held  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Modern  History  at  King's 
College,  London.  He  was  Examiner  in 
History  at  Oxford  University,  1886-89. 
The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  of  D.C.L.  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  Dr.  Gardiner  has 
written  "The  History  of  England  from 
the  Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Dis- 
grace of  Chief-Justice  Coke,"  1863  ; 
"  Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish 
Marriage,"  1869;  "England  under  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Charles  I.," 
1875 ;  The  Personal  Government  of 
Charles  I.,"  1877;  "The  Fall  of  the 
Monarchy  of  Charles  I.,"  vols.  i.  and  ii., 
all  which  were  republished  in  1883-84  as  a 
collected  History  of  England,  1603-1642  ; 
"Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English 
History,"  conjointly  with  Mr.  J.  Bass 
Mullinger,  1881;  "The  First  Two  Stuarts 
and  the  Puritan  Revolution,"  1875 ;  and 
"The  Thirty  Years'  War,"  1874.  On  Aug. 
16,  1862,  a  Civil  List  Pension  of  £150  was 
granted  to  him  ' '  in  recognition  of  his 
valuable  contributions  to  the  history  of 
England."  His  "History  of  the  Great 
Civil  War,"  vol.  i.  1886,  vol.  ii.  1889,  vol. 
iii.  1891,  was  republished  in  1893  in  4 
vols.,  crown  8vo.  In  1894  he  published 
vol.  i.  of  a  "History  of  the  Common- 
wealth and  Protectorate,"  and  vol.  ii.  in 
1897.  On  the  death  of  Professor  Froude 
he  was  offered  the  Regius  Professorship  of 
Modern  History  at  Oxford.  Permanent 
address  :  7  South  Park,  Sevenoaks. 

GARDNER,    Mrs.    James.      See 

Roekb,  Miss  Kate. 

GARDNER,  Professor  Percy,  M.A. 
Oxford,  Litt.D.  Cambridge,  was  born  in 
Hackney,  London,  Nov.  24,  1846,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  City  of  London  School  and 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  In  1871  he 
was  appointed  Assistant  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Antiquities,  British  Museum  ;  was 


GARNETT  —  GARKICK 


403 


elected  Fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1872 ; 
was  appointed  Disney  Professor  of  Archfe- 
ology,  Cambridge,  1880  ;  and  Lincoln  and 
Merton  Professor  of  Classical  Archaeology, 
Oxford,  1887.  He  has  been  editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies  since  its  first 
issue  in  1880 ;  and  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Types  of  Greek  Coins,"  1883 ;  several 
volumes  of  the  British  Museum  Cata- 
logues of  Greek  Coins  ;  "  New  Chapters  in 
Greek  History,"  1892;  "Manual  of  Greek 
Antiquities,"  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Jevons,  1895;  "Sculptured  Tombs  of 
Hellas,"  1896  ;  and  numerous  papers  in 
learned  journals.  Professor  Gardner 
is  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of 
Hellenic  Studies  and  of  the  Numismatic 
Society ;  Ordinary  Member  of  the  Imperial 
German  Archaeological  Institute;  F.S.A., 
&c.  Professor  Ernest  Gardner,  Professor 
Percy  Gardner's  brother,  was  formerly 
Principal  of  the  British  Hellenic  School 
at  Athens.  Address  :  12  Canterbury  Road, 
Oxford. 

GARNETT,    Richard,   C.B.,   LL.D., 

late  Keeper  of  Printed  Books  in  the  British 
Museum,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Richard  Garnett,  Assistant-Keeper,  and 
was  born  at  Lichfield,  Feb.  27,  1835.  He 
was  appointed  Assistant-Keeper  in  the 
Printed  Book  Department  of  the  British 
Museum  in  1851,  and  Assistant-Keeper 
of  Printed  Books  in  1875 ;  was  Super- 
intendent of  the  Reading  Room  from 
1875  to  1884,  and  became  Keeper  of 
Printed  Books  in  1890,  a  post  which  he 
held  until  his  retirement  in  February  1899, 
after  winning  the  enthusiastic  esteem  of 
readers  during  47  years'  service.  Dr. 
Garnett's  encyclopaedic  knowledge  of 
books  is  proverbial.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Primula,  a  Book  of  Lyrics,"  1858  ;  re- 
published with  large  editions  as  "  Io  in 
Egypt,  and  other  Poems,"  in  1859;  and  again 
with  numerous  additions  and  omissions  as 
"Poems,"  in  1893.  His  other  poetical 
works  include  "  Poems  from  the  German," 
1862;  "Idylls  and  Epigrams,  chiefly  from 
the  Greek  Anthology,"  1869,  republished 
in  1891  under  the  title  of  "A  Chaplet 
from  the  Greek  Anthology  "  ;  "  Iphigenia 
in  Delphi,  a  Dramatic  Poem,"  1890 ;  and 
"  Dante,  Petrarch,  Camoens,  cxxiv.  Son- 
nets," 1896.  As  a  writer  of  fiction  he  has 
produced  "  The  Twilight  of  the  Gods," 
1888,  and  a  number  of  other  fanciful 
tales  published  in  periodicals,  but  not  yet 
collected.  He  is  also  the  author  of  lives 
of  Carlyle,  Emerson,  and  Milton  in  the 
Great  Writers  series,  and  of  a  bio- 
graphy of  Edward  Gibbon  Wakefield  in 
"Builders  of  the  Empire";  of  "The  Age 
of  Dryden,"  1895,  in  the  series  of  Eng- 
lish literary  histories  edited  by  Pro- 
fessor  Hales;    of    "A   Short    History   of 


Italian  Literature,"  1898,  in  the  series  of 
literary  histories  edited  by  Mr.  Gosse ;  of 
a  survey  of  Victorian  literature  to  1887  in 
Mr.  T.  H.  Ward's  "Reign  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria "  ;  and  of  monographs  on  William 
Blake  and  on  Richmond  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood in  "  The  Portfolio. "  He  is  the 
editor  of  the  series  of  Library  Manuals 
published  by  Mr.  George  Allen,  and  has 
contributed  largely  to  the  transactions  of 
the  Library  Association  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  He  has  also  edited  his  father's 
"Philological  Essays,"  1859;  "Relics  of 
Shelley,"  a  collection  of  poetical  frag- 
ments discovered  by  himself  among  the 
poet's  MSS.,  1862 ;  selections  from 
Shelley's  poems  and  his  letters,  in  1880 
and  1882 ;  De  Quincey's  "  English  Opium 
Eater,"  1885;  Warton's  "Old  Shropshire 
Oak,"  1886;  the  works  of  Thomas  Love 
Peacock,  1891 ;  Drayton's  "Battle of  Agin- 
court,"  1893  ;  and  in  the  same  year  Beck- 
ford's  "Vathek,"  with  an  introduction  in 
which  the  literary  history  of  the  book 
was  fully  told  for  the  first  time.  In  1896 
he  edited  the  poems  of  Matthew  Arnold, 
with  a  critical  preface ;  and  in  1897  the 
choicest  works  of  Coleridge,  with  an 
elaborate  essay  on  the  genius  of  the  poet, 
and  a  selection  from  Browning,  illustrated 
by  Mr.  Byam  Shaw.  In  1892  he  trans- 
lated and  edited  the  Spanish  merchant 
Antonio  de  Guaras's  narrative  of  the  acces- 
sion of  Queen  Mary,  from  a  unique  MS. 
in  the  British  Museum.  He  has  con- 
tributed extensively  to  periodical  litera- 
ture, and  written  numerous  articles  in  the 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica"  and  "Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography."  He  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  improvements 
effected  of  late  years  in  the  library  of 
the  British  Museum,  and  from  the  first 
superintended  the  publication,  commenced 
in  1881,  of  the  general  catalogue  of 
printed  books.  He  was  President  of  the 
Library  Association  in  1892-93,  and  of 
the  Bibliographical  Society  in  1895-97. 
The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  in  1883,  and  he  was  made  a 
C.B.  at  the  beginning  of  1895.  In  1863 
he  married  Olivia  Narney,  daughter  of 
Edward  Singleton,  of  co.  Clare.  Ad- 
dress :  The  British  Museum. 


GARRETT,    Edward. 

Isabella  Fyvib. 


See   Mayo, 


GARRICK,  Hon.  Sir  James 
Francis,  K.C.M.G.,  Q.C.,  was  born  in 
1835,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1873.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Assembly  of  Queensland  from 
1867  to  1868,  and  again  from  1877  to  1883, 
whilst  he  acted  as  Attorney-General  of 
that  colony  from  1878  to  1879,  and  was 


404 


GARROD  —  GASKELL 


its  Postmaster-General  in  1884.  He  was 
Agent-General  for  Queensland,  in  London, 
from  1884  to  1888,  and  again  from  1890  to 
1895.  Sir  James  Garrick,  who  was  created 
a  K.O.M.G.  in  1886,  now  occupies  the  posi- 
tion of  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Queensland,  and  is  also  Chairman  of  the 
London  Bank  of  Australia.  He  was 
married  in  1865  to  Catherine,  daughter 
of  the  late  J.  J.  Cadell,  M.D.  Address  : 
207  Cromwell  Road,  S.W. 

GARKOD,  Sir  Alfred  Baring,  M.D. , 
F.R.S.,  F.R.C.P.,  Physician  Extraordinary 
to  her  Majesty  the  Queen,  was  born  at 
Ipswich,  May  13,  1819,  educated  at  the 
Ipswich  Grammar  School  and  at  Univer- 
sity College  and  Hospital ;  graduated  at 
the  University  of  London,  and  was  placed 
first  in  medicine,  both  at  the  M.B.  examina- 
tion, 1842,  and  at  the  M.D.  examination, 
1843.  He  was  Assistant  -  Physician  to 
University  College  Hospital,  1847,  and 
Physician  and  Professor  of  Therapeutics 
and  Clinical  Medicine  in  1851.  In  1863 
he  became  Physician  to  King's  College 
Hospital  and  Professor  at  the  College,  and 
in  1874  was  made  Consulting  Physician  to 
King's  College  Hospital.  He  was  made  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
of  London  in  1851,  Fellow  in  1856,  Senior 
Censor  in  1887,  and  Vice-President  in 
1888.  He  delivered  the  Gulstonian  Lec- 
tures at  the  College,  on  Diabetes,  in  1858  ; 
lectures  on  the  New  Remedies  of  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia  in  1864,  and  the 
Lumleian  Lectures  on  the  Physiology  and 
Pathology  of  Uric  Acid,  especially  in  rela- 
tion to  Renal  Calculi,  in  1883.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1858.  In  1896  he  was  appointed  Physician 
Extraordinary  to  the  Queen.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  Sir  Alfred  Garrod's  contri- 
butions to  medical  science  :  "  On  the 
Conversion  of  Benzoic  into  Hippuric  Acid 
in  the  Animal  Economy,"  1843,  Chemical 
Society's  Transactions.  In  June  1847  Sir 
Alfred  Garrod  discovered  the  presence  of 
nric  acid  in  the  blood  of  gouty  subjects. 
A  communication  upon  this  was  read 
before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society  in  February  1848,  and  published 
in  the  Transactions  for  that  year.  In  1849 
he  published  in  the  London  Journal  of 
Medicine,  "  Researches  on  the  Pathological 
Condition  of  the  Blood  in  Cholera."  Dur- 
ing the  next  seven  years  various  papers 
were  published  in  the  Medico- Chirurgical 
Transactions,  "On  the  Condition  of  the 
Blood  and  Urine  in  Gout,  Rheumatics,  and 
Bright's  Disease,"  and  "  On  the  Treatment 
of  Acute  Rheumatism  by  Alkalies " ;  also 
"  On  the  Effects  of  Caustic  Alkalies  in 
decomposing  the  active  principles  of  Bella- 
donna, Stramonium,  and  Hyoscyamus,  and 
destroying  their  Physiological  and  Medi- 


cinal Effects."  In  1885  he  published  "  The 
Essentials  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics," a  work  which  has  gone  through 
a  large  number  of  editions,  and  has  been 
very  extensively  used  as  a  text-book  on 
the  subject.  In  1860  Sir  Alfred  Garrod 
published  his  work  "On  the  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Gout  and  Rheumatic  Gout," 
for  which  latter  he  proposed  to  substitute 
the  name  of  Rheumatoid  Arthritis,  a  name 
which  is  now  almost  universally  received 
by  the  profession.  This  work  contained 
all  his  researches  on  the  pathology  of  those 
diseases.  It  also  contained  an  account  of 
the  action  of  the  Lithia  salts  and  their 
value  as  remedial  agents.  Sir  Alfred 
Garrod  first  introduced  Lithia  as  an  inter- 
nal remedy.  Lithia  was,  at  the  time  he 
published  his  work,  almost  unknown,  but 
is  now  used  in  every  country  in  the  treat- 
ment of  gout  and  renal  calculi.  The  work 
has  been  translated  and  published  in  Ger- 
man and  French.  In  1889  Sir  Alfred 
Garrod  published  in  the  pages  of  the 
Lancet  the  results  of  his  inquiries,  over 
many  years,  of  the  value  of  very  small  but 
long-continued  doses  of  sulphur  in  the 
treatment  of  liver,  skin,  and  joint  affec- 
tions ;  also  on  the  value  of  the  treatment 
at  Aix-les-Bains.  Address :  10  Harley 
Street,  W. 

GARTH,  The  Et.  Hon.  Sir  Bichard, 
Q.C.,  P.C.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Richard  Garth,  of  Farnham,  Surrey,  and 
was  born  at  Lashden,  Hants,  on  March  11, 
1820.  He  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Richard 
Lowndes  and  Mary  Douglas,  and  in  1835 
assumed  the  name  of  Garth.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.A. 
At  College  he  captained  the  University 
Eleven  in  1841-2.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1847,  and  went 
on  the  Home  Circuit.  He  sat  in  Parlia- 
ment for  a  short  time  (1866-68)  in  the 
Conservative  interest,  as  one  of  the  mem- 
bers for  Guildford.  In  March  1875  he  was 
appointed  Chief-Justice  of  Bengal,  and 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  He 
resigned  the  Chief-Justiceship  in  1886. 
Address  :  Morden,  Surrey. 

GASKELL,  "Walter  Holbrook,  M.A., 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  John  Dakin  Gaskell, 
of  Highgate,  Barrister-at-Law,  and  Anne 
Gaskell,  was  born  at  Naples  on  Nov.  1, 
1847,  educated  at  Sir  Roger  Cholmondeley's 
School,  Highgate,  and  entered  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  October  1865.  He 
was  elected  to  a  foundation  scholarship 
in  1868,  and  obtained  a  degree  in  the 
Mathematical  Tripos  (26th  Wrangler)  in 
1869.  After  taking  his  degree,  he  deter- 
mined to  read  for  a  medical  career.  At 
that  time  Dr.  M.  Foster  came  to  Cam- 


GASQUET  —  GATACRE 


405 


bridge,  and  under  his  influence  he  deter- 
mined to  devote  himself  to  physiological 
research.  He  went  to  University  Hospital 
in  1872,  finished  his  medical  studies,  and 
took  his  M.D.  degree  in  1878.  In  1874 
he  went  over  to  Leipzig  and  worked  with 
Professor  C.  Ludwig  for  a  year,  mainly  at 
the  circulation  of  blood  through  muscle. 
In  1875  he  came  back  to  England,  and 
settled  down  at  Grantchester,  near  Cam- 
bridge, working  in  the  physiological  labo- 
ratory and  assisting  in  the  teaching  of  the 
physiological  department  in  Cambridge. 
At  the  end  of  1888  he  left  Grantchester 
and  went  into  Cambridge  to  reside,  and 
in  1893  he  built  a  house  at  Great  Shelford, 
where  he  now  lives.  In  1881,  his  paper 
"  On  the  Rhythm  of  the  Heart  of  the 
Frog,  and  the  Action  of  the  Vagus  Nerve," 
was  chosen  for  the  Croonian  lecture,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  was  elected  to 
the  Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society.  In 
1883  he  was  made  a  University  Lecturer 
in  Physiology  ;  in  1889  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Trinity  Hall ;  in  1888  was 
awarded  the  Marshall  Hall  Prize  of  the 
Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society  for 
his  investigations  on  the  "Sympathetic 
Nervous  System,"  and  elected  to  the 
fellowship  of  that  Society.  In  1889  he 
was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  for  his  researches  into  the  innerva- 
tion of  the  heart  and  the  nature  of  the 
sympathetic  nervous  system,  and  in  1895 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  awarded 
him  the  Baly  Medal.  In  1894  the  Hon. 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Edin- 
burgh University,  and  in  1897  he  received 
a  similar  degree  from  M'Gill  University, 
Montreal.  Since  1871  he  has  published — 
chiefly  in  the  Journal  of  Physiology — a 
series  of  papers  relating,  in  the  first  place, 
to  the  innervation  of  the  heart,  which  led 
to  the  investigation  of  the  structure  of  the 
heart,  nerves,  and  so  to  that  of  the  whole 
sympathetic  system.  The  main  paper, 
giving  the  results  of  these  investigations, 
was  published  in  the  Journal  of  Physiology, 
1886,  vol.  vii.,  under  the  title  "On  the 
Relation  between  the  Structure,  Function, 
and  Distribution  of  the  Nerves  which 
Innervate  the  Vascular  and  Visceral  Sys- 
tems." The  continuance  of  the  same  line 
of  thought  has  led  to  a  new  conception  -of 
the  meaning  of  the  cranial  nerves,  and  to 
the  theory  that  the  central  nervous  system 
of  the  vertebrates  is  in  reality  derived 
from  the  coalesced  central  nervous  system 
and  alimentary  canal  of  a  crustacean-like 
ancestor.  The  chief  papers  in  which  the 
evidence  for  this  theory  is  given  are  :  "  On 
the  Relation  between  the  Structure,  Func- 
tion, Distribution,  and  Origin  of  the  Cranial 
Nerves  ;  together  with  a  Theory  of  the 
Origin  of  the  Nervous  System  of  Verte- 
brata,"  Journal  of  Physiology,  vol.  x.,  1889  ; 


"On  the  Origin  of  the  Central  Nervous 
System  of  Vertebrates,"  Brain,  vol.  xii., 
1889  ;  "On  the  Origin  of  Vertebrates  from 
a  Crustacean-like  Ancestor,"  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Microscopic  Science,  1890.  Also 
in  1896  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
Physiological  Section  at  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  in  Liverpool,  and 
chose  for  the  subject  of  his  address  the 
"  Origin  of  Vertebrates."  He  is  now  pub- 
lishing a  series  of  papers  dealing  with  this 
subject  in  the  Journal  of  Anatomy  and 
Physiology,  the  first  of  which  has  already 
appeared.  In  1875  he  married  Catharine 
Sharpe,  daughter  of  R.  A.  Parker,  of  High- 
gate,  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Sharpe,  Parker 
&  Co.,  solicitors.  Address :  The  Uplands, 
Great  Shelford,  near  Cambridge. 

GASOTET,  Rev.  Francis  Aidan, 
D.D.,  O.S.B.,  is  the  third  son  of  Dr.  Gas- 
quet,  was  born  in  London  on  Oct.  5,  1846, 
and  was  educated  at  Downside  College, 
Bath.  He  was  Superior  of  the  Benedictine 
Monastery  and  College  of  St.  Gregory, 
Downside,  from  1878  to  1884.  Father 
Gasquet  is  a  Church  historian,  and  among 
his  published  works  there  may  be  men- 
tioned :  "Henry  VIII.  and  the  English 
Monasteries,"  1888;  "Edward  VI.  and 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  1890  ;  "The 
Great  Pestilence,"  1893;  "The  Last  Abbot 
of  Glastonbury,"  1895;  "A  Sketch  of 
Monastic  Constitutional  History,"  1896 ; 
"  The  Old  English  Bible,  and  other  Essays," 
1897 ;  and  he  has  edited  Montalembert's 
"Monks  of  the  West."  He  was  one  of 
the  scholars  who  assisted  the  Papacy  in  its 
investigations  into  the  whole  question  of 
the  validity  of  Anglican  Orders.  Address  : 
4  Great  Ormond  Street,  W.C. 

GATACRE,  Major  -  General  Sir 
William  Forbes,  K.C.B..D.S.O.,  was  born 
in  December  1843.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1862  as  Ensign  of  the  Middlesex  Regi- 
ment, and  was  promoted  Captain  in  1870, 
Major  in  1881,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  in 
1882.  For  several  years  he  was  the  Instruc- 
tor in  Surveying  at  the  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege. In  1879  he  was  appointed  Deputy 
Assistant  Adjutant  -  General  at  Aldershot, 
relinquishing  that  office  the  following  year 
to  take  over  a  similar  one  in  Madras.  In  1885 
he  became  Deputy  Quartermaster-General 
in  India,  where  he  has  seen  considerable 
war  service.  He  joined  the  staff  of  General 
M 'Queen,  and  took  part  in  the  Black  Moun- 
tain Expedition  on  the  Hazara  Field  Force 
which  was  organised  in  September  1888, 
for  the  punishment  of  the  Akozais  who 
had  murdered  Major  L.  R.  Battye.  Colonel 
Gatacre  was  mentioned  in  despatches  and 
received  the  D.S.O.  In  Burmah  he  com- 
manded the  Bombay  Lancers  and  dispersed 
the  rebels  in  a  conflict  near  Pakoka.     He 


406 


GATLLNG— GATTY 


was  also  engaged  in  the  Tonhon  Expedi- 
tion of  1889.  In  January  1894  he  was 
promoted  to  be  a  Brigadier-General  of  the 
Bombay  Command,  being  afterwards 
chosen  to  command  a  Brigade  of  the 
Relief  Force  of  the  Chitral  Campaign  of 
1895.  He  conducted  the  action  of  the 
17th  April  at  Mamagai  and  the  passage 
of  the  Jambatai  and  Lawarai  Passes,  was 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  received  a 
C.B.  In  1898  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  British  Brigade  in  Egypt, 
and  was  the  first  man  through  the  zariba  at 
Atbara.  He  was  created  K.C.B.  Dec.  1898. 
He  married  in  1895  Beatrice  Wickens, 
third  daughter  of  Lord  Davey.  Address  : 
Senior  United  Service  Club,  S.W. 

GATLING,  Richard  Jordan,  M.D., 
was  born  in  North  Carolina,  Sept.  12, 1818. 
While  a  boy  he  assisted  his  father  in 
perfecting  a  machine  for  sowing  cotton- 
seed, and  another  for  thinning  out  cotton 
plants.  Subsequently  he  invented  a 
machine  for  sowing  rice.  Removing  to 
St.  Louis  in  1844,  he  adapted  this  inven- 
tion to  sowing  wheat  in  drills.  For  several 
winters  he  attended  medical  lectures  at 
Laporte  (Ind.)  and  at  Cincinnati,  and  in 
1849  removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  he 
engaged  in  railroad  enterprises  and  real 
estate  speculations.  In  1850  he  invented 
a  double-acting  hemp-break,  and  in  1857 
a  steam  plough,  which,  however,  he  did 
not  bring  to  any  practical  result.  In  1861 
he  conceived  the  idea  of  the  revolving 
battery  gun  which  bears  his  name.  Of 
these  he  constructed  six  at  Cincinnati, 
which  were  destroyed  by  the  burning  of 
his  factory.  Afterwards  he  had  twelve 
manufactured  elsewhere,  which  were  used 
by  General  Butler  on  the  James  River. 
In  1865  he  improved  his  invention,  and  in 
the  year  following,  after  satisfactory  trial, 
it  was  adopted  into  the  United  States  ser- 
vice. It  has  also  been  adopted  by  several 
European  governments.  More  recently 
he  has  invented  an  improved  method  of 
casting  large  cannon  of  steel,  and  also  a 
torpedo  and  gunboat,  a  pneumatic  gun 
for  discharging  high  explosives,  and  a 
novel  gun-metal,  composed  of  a  mixture 
of  steel  ar^d  aluminium.  He  has  visited 
Europe  several  times,  and  he  exhibited 
his  guns  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1867. 
In  1888  Mr.  Gatling  established  himself 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  his  gun  foundry 
is  now  situated. 

GATTY,  The  Rev.  Alfred,  D.D.,  is  a 

member  of  a  Cornish  family,  but  was  born 
in  the  City  of  London,  April  18,  1813.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and 
Eton.  For  a  short  time  he  prepared  for 
the  legal  profession,  but  in  April  1831  he 
entered  at  Exeter  College,   Oxford,   and 


whilst  an  undergraduate  printed  a  small 
volume  of  poems.     At  the  beginning  of 

1836  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.,  and  in 

1837  was  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Ripon 
to  the  curacy  of  Bellerby,  in  the  parish 
of  Spennithorne,  Yorkshire.  In  1838  he 
graduated  M.A.,  and  in  the  following  year 
married  Margaret,  the  younger  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Scott,  best  known  as  having 
been  the  friend  and  chaplain  of  Lord 
Nelson.  In  the  year  of  his  marriage  he 
was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Eccles- 
field,  near  Sheffield,  where  he  has  ever 
since  resided.  In  1846  he  received  a 
numerously  signed  request  from  his 
parishioners,  that  he  would  publish  the 
sermons  they  were  accustomed  to  hear 
from  him,  to  which  he  assented ;  and  in 
1860  he  was  presented  by  them  with  £120, 
and  the  desire  was  expressed  that  he 
would  take  his  Doctor  of  Divinity  degree 
at  Oxford,  with  which,  after  consulting 
his  archbishop,  he  also  complied.  The 
50th  year  of  Dr.  Gatty's  incumbency  was 
celebrated  on  Sept.  26,  1889,  with  great 
cordiality  by  his  parishioners,  who  pre- 
sented him  with  an  admirable  portrait 
of  himself,  painted  in  oils  by  Mrs.  S.  E. 
Waller.  Mrs.  Gatty,  being  highly  accom- 
plished, and  with  fine  literary  taste,  joined 
her  husband  in  writing  a  Life  of  Dr.  Scott 
in  1842,  which  was  quickly  out  of  print. 
They  also  subsequently  edited  a  Life  of 
Dr.  Wolff,  the  missionary,  which  passed 
through  two  editions  ;  and  they  described 
their  Tour  in  Ireland  in  1861,  under  the 
title  of  "The  Old  Folks  from  Home," 
which  had  a  like  success.  Mrs.  Gatty  was 
also  assisted  by  her  husband,  during  her 
long  fatal  illness,  in  the  compilation  of  her 
last  work,  "A  Book  of  Sundials."  On 
Oct.  4,  1873,  Dr.  Gatty  lost  his  gifted  wife, 
after  ten  years  of  suffering,  during  which 
time  her  intellect  never  lost  its  strength  or 
clearness.  The  late  Mrs.  Ewing  was  their 
daughter,  who  wrote  tales  for  the  young, 
including  "Jackanapes,"  "  The  Story  of  a 
Short  Life,"  &c.  Dr.  Gatty's  own  literary 
works  are  a  volume  of  Sermons,  1846 ;  a 
second  volume  of  Sermons,  1848 ;  "The 
Bell :  its  Origin,  History,  and  Uses " 
(second  edition,  1848);  "  The  Vicar  and  his 
Duties,"  1853  ;  "Twenty  Plain  Sermons," 
1858;  "The  Testimony  of  David,"  1870; 
a  folio  edition  of  Hunter's  "History  of 
Hallamshire,"  to  which  he  added  about 
one-third  new  and  chiefly  modern  matter, 
1869  ;  also  "  Sheffield  :  Past  and  Present," 
1873  ;  "A  Life  at  one  Living,"  1884;  and 
in  1894,  a  fifth  edition  of  "A  Key  to  'In 
Memoriam,' "  annotated  by  Lord  Tennyson. 
In  1861  he  was  appointed  a  rural  dean  by 
Archbishop  Longley,  who  during  the  fol- 
lowing year  bestowed  upon  him  the 
honorary  dignity  of  Sub-dean  of  York 
Cathedral.   It  has  been  Dr.  Gatty's  singular 


GAUDRY  — GEIKIE 


407 


fortune  to  have  served,  at  one  benefice, 
under  six  Archbishops  of  York.  Address  : 
Ecclesfield,  Sheffield. 

GAUDBY,  Jean  Albert,  F.R.S., 
French  palaeontologist,  was  born  at  St.  Ger- 
main-en-Laye,  Sept.  16, 1827,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  College,  Stanislas.  In  1853  he 
travelled  in  the  East,  visited  Cyprus,  and 
resided  in  Greece  from  1855  to  1860. 
When  he  returned  to  France,  he  was  given 
a  post  in  the  Natural  History  Museum, 
where  he  was  nominated  Professor  of 
Palaeontology  in  1872.  Ten  years  after- 
wards he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  ;  he  is  also  a  Member 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  which  has 
awarded  him  the  Wollaston  Medal.  He 
was  promoted  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1886.  He  has  published  several 
geological  works  on  the  countries  he  has 
travelled  in,  among  which  the  most  im- 
portant are  :  "  Geologie  de  l'lle  Chypre," 
1862;  "Animaux  Fossiles  de  l'Attique," 
1862-67  ;  "  Les  Ancetres  de  nos  Animaux 
dans  les  Temps  Geologiques,"  1888. 

GEDDES,  Sir  "William  Duguid, 
LL.D.,  Principal  and  Vice-Chancellor  of 
the  University  of  Aberdeen,  was  born  in 
Glass,  near  Huntly,  Aberdeenshire,  on 
Nov.  21,  1828,  and  educated  chiefly  at 
Elgin  Academy,  and  thereafter  at  Uni- 
versity and  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  He 
obtained  his  first  important  appointment 
by  competitive  trial  in  1853  as  Rector  of 
the  Grammar  School  of  Aberdeen,  in  suc- 
cession to  Dr.  James  Melvin  ;  in  1855  he 
was  elected  Professor  of  Greek  in  his  own 
University  ;  thereafter  he  became,  in  1860, 
Professor  of  Greek  in  the  United  Uni- 
versity at  the  union  of  King's  and  Maris- 
chal  Colleges  in  Aberdeen,  in  which  office 
he  continued  until  December  1885,  when 
he  became  Principal  of  the  University.  In 
1876  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  is  also 
D.Litt.  of  the  University  of  Dublin,  and 
has  been  Vice-President  of  the  Society  for 
Hellenic  Studies.  In  1892  he  received  the 
honour  of  Knight  Bachelor.  Among  his 
numerous  published  works  have  been  :  "  A 
Greek  Grammar,"  first  issued  in  1855  ;  this 
has  gone  through  many  editions  ;  an  edi- 
tion of  the  "Phaedo  of  Plato,"  first  pub- 
lished in  1863,  second  edition  in  1885 ; 
"Problem  of  the  Homeric  Poems,"  1878; 
"Flosculi  Graeci  Boreales,"  1882.  He  is 
also  a  Vice-President  of  the  New  Spalding 
Club  in  Aberdeen  ;  and  he  issued  in  1888, 
along  with  Mr.  Peter  Duguid,  a  volume 
on  the  Heraldic  Ceiling  of  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  St.  Machar  in  Aberdeen.  His 
latest  work  has  been  the  "Musa  Latina 
Aberdonensis,"  of  which  the  first  volume 
was  issued  in  1892,  and  the  second  in  1895. 


It  is  as  a  classical  scholar  and  teacher  and 
a  literary  archaeologist  that  he  has  attained 
distinction.  Since  1885  he  has  been 
largely  engaged  in  administrative  work  as 
Principal,  and  has  taken  a  prominent  part 
in  securing  the  extension  of  the  University 
buildings,  now  proceeding  at  a  cost  of  over 
£100,000.  In  1859  he  married  Rachel, 
daughter  of  W.  White.  Address :  Chanonry 
Lodge,  Old  Aberdeen. 

GEGENBATJB,  Carl,  German  ana- 
tomist, was  born  at  Wurzburg,  Aug.  21, 
1826,  and  was  appointed  Professor  at  Jena 
in  1855,  whence  he  went  to  fill  a  similar 
position  at  Heidelberg  in  1873.  His  chief 
works  are:  "Comparative  Anatomy," 
which  was  translated  into  English  by  Ray 
Lankester  (q.v.)  in  1878,  and  "Human 
Anatomy,"  1883.  His  "Festschrift"  (3 
vols.,  1896-97)  was  contributed  to  by  the 
leading  scientific  men  of  Germany.  Ad- 
dress :  Heidelberg. 

GEIKIE,  Sir  Archibald,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  D.C.L.,  D.Sc,  LL.D.,  Director- 
General  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
James  Stuart  Geikie,  author  of  "My 
Heather  Hills "  and  other  well-known 
Scottish  songs,  born  in  Edinburgh  Dec. 
28,  1835,  and  educated  at  the  High 
School  and  the  University  ;  was  appointed 
to  the  Geological  Survey  in  1855.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh,  of  the  Geological  Society 
of  London,  &c,  and  a  Correspondent  of  the 
Institute  of  France,  of  the  Academies  of 
Berlin,  Vienna,  Belgium,  Munich,  Turin, 
Stockholm,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and 
of  many  other  foreign  academies  ;  and  is 
the  author  of  numerous  geological  memoirs 
in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  in  ' '  Memoirs  of  the 
Geological  Survey,"  in  the  Quarterly  and 
North  British  Review,  in  Nature,  &c.  ;  of 
"The  Story  of  a  Boulder,"  1858;  "The 
Life  of  Professor  Edward  Forbes"  (con- 
jointly with  the  late  Dr.  George  Wilson), 
1861;  "The  Phenomena  of  the  Glacial 
Drift  of  Scotland,"  1863  ;  "The  Scenery  of 
Scotland  viewed  in  connection  with  its 
Physical  Geology,"  1865  (new  edition, 
largely  re-written,  1887);  "A  Student's 
Manual  of  Geology"  (in  conjunction  with 
the  late  J.  B.  Jukes),  1871;  "Physical 
Geography,"  and  "  Geology,"  in  the 
Science  Primers,  1873;  "Memoir  of 
Sir  Roderick  I.  Murchison  :  with  notices 
of  his  Scientific  Contemporaries,  and  of 
the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Palaeozoic  Geology 
in  Britain,"  2  vols.,  1874 ;  "  Geological 
Map  of  Scotland,"  1876;  "Class-Book 
of  Physical  Geography,"  1877  ;  "  Outlines 
of    Field  -  Geology,"    1879  ;     "  Geological 


408 


GEIKIE  —  GELL 


Sketches  at  Home  and  Abroad,"  1882  ; 
"A  Text-Book  of  Geology,"  1882  (3rd 
edition,  1893)  ;  "  A  Memoir  of  Sir  A.  C. 
Ramsay,"  1894 ;  "A  Class-Book  of  Geo- 
logy," 1886  ;  "  The  Ancient  Volcanoes  of 
Britain,"  2  vols.,  1897;  "The  Founders 
of  Geology,"  1897;  "Geological  Map  of 
England  and  Wales,"  1898.  On  the  ex- 
tension of  the  Geological  Survey,  in  1867, 
Sir  Archibald  was  appointed  Director  of 
the  Survey  of  Scotland ;  and  in  Decem- 
ber 1870  he  was  nominated  by  Sir 
Roderick  Murchison  as  first  occupant  of 
the  new  chair  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy 
founded  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
by  Sir  Roderick  and  the  Crown.  He  re- 
signed the  chair  in  1882,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother.  The  University  of  St. 
Andrews  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  Feb.  1872  ;  and  the  same  degree 
was  given  to  him  by  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  at  its  tercentenary  celebration 
in  April  1885.  He  has  also  received  the 
degree  of  D.Sc.  from  the  Universities  of 
Cambridge  and  Dublin,  and  of  D.C.L.  from 
that  of  Oxford.  On  the  resignation  of  Sir 
Andrew  Ramsay  he  was  at  the  close  of 
1881  appointed  Director-General  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  Director  of  the  Museum  of  Practical 
Geology,  London.  He  was  Foreign  Secre- 
tary of  the  Royal  Society  from  1889  to 
1893  ;  President  of  the  Geological  Society, 
1890-92 ;  and  President  of  the  British 
Association,  1892.  He  has  received  a 
Royal  Medal  from  the  Royal  Society,  the 
Wollaston  and  Murchison  Medals  of  the 
Geological  Society,  and  has  been  twice 
awarded  the  Macdougall  Brisbane  Medal  of 
the  Royal  Society"  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
knighted  in  1891  for  his  jubilee  services. 
He  married,  in  1871,  Alice  Gabrielle, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Eugene 
Piquatel,  of  Lyons.  Addresses  :  28  Jermyn 
Street,  London,  S.W.  ;  10  Chester  Terrace, 
Regent's  Park,  N.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GEIKIE,  Professor  James,  LL.D., 
D.C.L,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  the  younger 
brother  of  the  above  Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 
and  the  son  of  the  late  J.  S.  Geikie,  was  born 
in  1839  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  educated  at 
the  High  School  and  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. In  1861  he  joined  theGeological  Sur- 
vey, in  which  service  he  rose  to  be  District 
Surveyor  or  local  director  of  the  Survey  in 
Scotland.  He  resigned  this  position  on 
his  appointment  in  1882  to  the  Murchison 
Cbair  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy  in  Edin- 
burgh University,  which  he  now  occupies, 
in  succession  to  his  brother.  On  the  in- 
stitution by  the  Royal  Commission  of  a 
Faculty  of  Science  in  that  University,  he 
was  elected  Dean  of  the  Faculty.  Professor 
Geikie  holds  several  honorary  degrees,  is 
member  of  many  scientific  societies  in  this 


country,  and  honorary  or  corresponding 
member  of  the  Geologiska  Foreningens  i 
Stockholm,  the  Videnskabsselskab  i  Chris- 
tiania,  the  Socie'te'  Beige  de  Geblogie,  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  &c.  He  is  the 
author  of  many  papers  dealing  with  Palaeo- 
zoic and  Pleistocene  Geology  and  Physical 
Geography.  His  principal  works  are :  "The 
Great  Ice  Age,  and  its  Relation  to  the 
Antiquity  of  Man,"  1874  (3rd  edit.,  1894) ; 
"Prehistoric  Europe ;  a  Geological  Sketch," 
1881;  "Outlines  of  Geology,"  1886  (3rd 
edit.,  1896);  "Songs  and  Lyrics  by  H. 
Heine  and  -other  German  Poets,"  1887; 
"Fragments  of  Earth-Lore,"  1893  ;  "Earth 
Sculpture,  or  the  Origin  of  Surface-Feat- 
ures," 1898.  In  1876,  at  the  request  of  the 
Colonial  Office,  he  accompanied  the  late 
Sir  Andrew  Ramsay  to  inspect  and  report 
on  the  water-supply  for  the  town  and  gar- 
rison of  Gibraltar.  Professor  Geikie  is  an 
original  member  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Geographical  Society, 
of  whose  organ — the  Scottish  Geographical 
Magazine — he  is  honorary  editor.  He  has 
received  the  Macdougall  Brisbane  Medal 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and 
the  Murchison  Medal  of  the  Geological 
Society.  Hemarried  Mary Simson,  youngest 
daughter  of  John  Somerville  Johnston,  of 
Crailing  Hall,  Jedburgh.  Address :  31 
Merchiston  Avenue,  Edinburgh. 

GKLL,  The  Right  Rev.  Frederick, 

D.D.,  Bishop  of  Madras,  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Philip  Gel],  of  Derby,  born  in  1821, 
took  his  B.A.  degree  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1843,  of  which  he  was  a 
scholar,  and  soon  afterwards  gained  the 
Bell  University  Scholarship,  obtained  a 
Senior  Optime,  and  was  placed  in  Class  I. 
of  the  Classical  Tripos.  He  then  became 
Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Christ's  College.  He 
proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1846. 
Having  been  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
London,  and  one  of  her  Majesty's  preachers 
at  Whitehall,  he,  in  1861,  was  consecrated 
to  the  see  of  Madras.  Address :  Cathedral 
Road,  Madras. 

GELL,  Sir  James,  J.P.,  First  Deemster 
of  Man,  was  born  in  the  Isle  of  Man  on 
Jan.  13,  1823,  and  was  educated  at  King 
William's  College,  Isle  of  Man.  He  became 
a  Manx  Advocate  in  1845,  was  High  Bailiff 
of  Castletown  from  1854  to  1866,  Chairman 
of  the  Insular  Justices  in  1879,  Chairman  of 
the  Manx  Board  of  Education,  1872-81,  and 
in  1897  was  Deputy-Governor  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.  He  was  for  long  Attorney-General 
of  Man,  ex-officio  Member  of  the  Legislative 
and  Executive  Councils,  is  Trustee  of  King 
William's  College,  and  since  1895  has  been 
an  Ecclesiastical  Commissioner.  In  Feb- 
ruary 1898  he  took  his  seat  in  the  Common 


GENOA  — GEOEGE 


409 


Law  Division  of  the  Manx  High  Court  on 
his  appointment  to  the  Bench,  and  received 
the  congratulations  of  the  Bar  through 
Mr.  Ring,  the  new  Attorney-General,  who 
referred  to  his  high  attainments  as  a  Manx 
legist,  and  to  the  distinguished  services  he 
had  rendered  to  the  island  in  the  office  of 
Attorney-General.  Among  other  works  he 
has  edited  "The  Statutes  of  the  Isle  of 
Man,"  1836-48.  He  was  knighted  in  1877. 
He  married  in  1850  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
William  Gill.     Address  :  Castletown. 

GENOA,  Duke  of,  Thomas  Albert 
Victor  de  Savoy,  only  son  of  the  late 
Prince  Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Genoa,  the 
brother  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel,  was 
born  Feb.  6,  1854.  After  receiving  an 
English  education  at  Harrow  School,  he 
went  through  a  regular  course  of  study  in 
the  Marine  College  at  Genoa,  and  came 
out  an  officer  of  the  Royal  Italian  Navy, 
in  which  capacity  he  was  entrusted  with 
the  command  of  the  Vettor  Pisani,  a  cor- 
vette of  the  first  rank,  bound  on  a  voyage 
round  the  world.  The  vessel  completed 
her  cruise  in  1880,  and  the  Duke's  journal 
of  the  voyage  was  published  at  the  close  of 
that  year. 

GEORGE  I.,  Christian  "William 
Ferdinand.  Adolphus  George,  King  of 
the  Hellenes,  second  son  of  the  King  of 
Denmark,  and  brother  of  the  Czarina  and 
of  the  Princess  of  Wales,  was  born  Dec. 
24,  1845,  and  served  for  some  time  in  the 
Danish  navy.  After  the  abdication  of 
Otho  I.,  the  late  King  of  Greece,  in  1863, 
the  vacant  throne  was  first  tendered  by  a 
majority  of  the  Greek  people  to  Prince 
Alfred  of  England,  whose  nomination  the 
English  Government  refused  to  accept. 
It  was  then  offered  to  Duke  Ernest  of 
Saxe-Coburg  Gotha,  who  declined  it ;  and 
eventually  to  Prince  Christian,  who,  with 
the  concurrence  of  his  own  family  and  the 
consent  of  the  Great  Powers,  accepted  it, 
and  began  to  reign,  as  King  George  I.,  on 
June  6,  1863.  Since  the  year  1876,  when 
■  active  trouble  broke  out  in  the  Balkan 
Peninsula,  King  George's  position  has 
been  very  difficult.  His  country  gained  a 
considerable  addition  of  territory  by  the 
decision  of  the  Conference  which  followed 
the  Congress  of  Berlin.  In  1886,  after  the 
revolution  at  Philippopolis  and  the  Servo- 
Bulgarian  war,  Greece  (under  a  rash 
minister,  M.  Delyannis)  was  for  declaring 
war  against  Turkey,  and  was  only  stopped 
by  the  firm  attitude  of  England.  Towards 
the  end  of  1896,  however,  serious  disturb- 
ances took  place  in  Crete,  and  the  Christian 
inhabitants  of  the  island  were  exposed  to 
great  dangers.  On  Feb.  5,  1897,  it  was 
announced  by  M.  Delyannis  that  Greek 
warships  would  be  sent  to  the  island,  the 


object  being  to  protect  Greek  subjects,  and 
not,  so  the  official  statement  ran,  to  de- 
monstrate against  Turkey.  This  decision 
was  thought  to  have  been  made  owing  to 
pressure  from  the  King,  and  the  popular 
enthusiasm  was  great.  The  disturbances 
on  the  island  increasing,  a  flotilla  of 
torpedo  boats,  under  the  command  of 
Prince  George,  the  second  son  of  the  King, 
and  military  forces  under  Colonel  Vassos, 
were  despatched  to  Crete,  for  the  further 
protection  of  the  Christian  population. 
In  March  hostilities  broke  out  between 
Greece  and  Turkey,  and  the  Crown  Prince 
Constantine  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief.  The  Greek  army  meeting  with 
several  reverses,  and  these  being  attributed 
to  the  inefficiency  of  the  Crown  Prince's 
staff,  the  King  sent  for  M.  Delyannis,  and 
asked  him  to  resign ;  this  action  was  re- 
ceived with  unanimous  favour  by  the 
people.  The  Prime  Minister  refused  to 
resign,  and  the  King  forthwith  displaced 
him,  and  appointed  M.  Ralli  in  his  room 
on  April  28.  In  consequence  of  further 
defeats  of  their  army,  the  Greek  Govern- 
ment were  obliged  to  accept  the  principle 
of  self-government  for  Crete,  and  they 
placed  the  interests  of  the  country  in  the 
hands  of  the  Great  Powers.  On  the  con- 
clusion of  the  armistice,  peace  negotiations 
between  the  Ambassadors  of  the  Powers 
and  the  Porte  were  entered  upon  in  June. 
The  peace  preliminaries  were  put  before 
the  Greek  Chamber,  and  the  Government 
asked  for  a  vote  of  confidence  ;  this,  how- 
ever, was  refused,  and  the  Cabinet  resigned 
on  September  30.  The  King  thereupon 
asked  M.  Zaimis,  a  follower  of  M.  Delyannis, 
to  form  a  new  Ministry.  In  February 
1898,  whilst  driving  in  the  country  near 
Athens,  and  accompanied  by  his  daughter, 
Princess  Marie,  a  determined  attempt  was 
made  on  his  life.  As  the  royal  carriage 
was  ascending  a  hill,  two  men  were  ob- 
served standing  at  the  roadside,  who  fired 
several  shots  whilst  the  King  was  passing 
them.  King  George  and  the  Princess  for- 
tunately escaped,  although  the  footman 
received  a  ball  in  his  leg.  The  elder  of 
the  two  criminals,  named  Karditzis,  was 
subsequently  arrested,  and  was  supposed 
to  belong  to  a  society  holding  Anarchist 
views.  On  the  following  morning  a  solemn 
service  of  thanksgiving  was  held,  at  which 
all  the  royal  family  were  present.  On 
leaving  the  Cathedral,  the  King  was 
received  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm  by 
the  assembled  crowd.  The  King  of  the 
Hellenes  pays  a  yearly  visit  to  the  Court 
of  Denmark,  with  which  he  keeps  up 
warm  relations,  as  also  with  that  of  Russia. 
He  was  married  at  St.  Petersburg  to  the 
Princess  Olga,  daughter  of  the  Grand- 
Duke  Constantine,  Oct.  27,  1867.  The 
Princess  Olga  was  born  Sept.  3, 1851.     His 


410 


GEORGE  —  GEROME 


son  Constantine,  Duke  of  Sparta,  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Greece,  was  married  at 
Athens  on  Oct.  20,  1889,  to  the  Princess 
Sophie  of  Prussia,  the  aunt  of  the  Em- 
peror of  Germany.  The  Princess  Alex- 
andra of  Greece  was  married  in  June  of 
the  same  year  to  the  Grand  Duke  Paul  of 
Russia. 

GEORGE,  Ernest,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  John  George,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  June  13,  1839.  He  was  educated  at 
Brighton  and  Reading,  and  entered  the 
Royal  Academy  as  a  student,  where  he 
gained  the  R.A.  gold  medal  for  Architec- 
ture in  1859.  He  was  articled  to  S.  Hewitt, 
architect,  and  began  to  practise  in  partner- 
ship with  T.  Vaughan ;  he  has  subsequently 
worked  with  Harold  Peto  and  with  A.  B. 
Yeates.  Amongst  his  works  the  principal 
ones  are  :  "  Studleigh  Court "  and  "  Rons- 
don,"  Devon;  "Motcombe,"  Dorset; 
"Batsford,"  Gloucester;  "Poles,"  Hert- 
fordshire; "Buchan  Hill,"  Sussex;  "Dun- 
ley  Hill,"  Surrey  ;  "  Shiplake  Court,"  and 
houses  in  Harrington  Gardens  and  Colling- 
ham  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  and  in 
Cadogan  Square  and  Berkeley  Square.  Mr. 
George  has,  as  well,  devoted  a  good  deal 
of  time  to  etching,  and  has  published : 
"  Etchings  on  the  Moselle,"  "  Etchings  on 
the  Loire,"  &c.  In  1896  he  was  awarded 
the  Queen's  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects.  Addresses  :  18 
Maddox  Street,  W. ;  and  "  Redroofs," 
Streatham  Common,  S.W. 

GERAULT-EICHARD,      Jean, 

French  journalist  and  politician,  was  born 
in  the  Garthe  in  1858.  He  started  life  as 
a  carpet-weaver  at  Le  Mars  and  came  to 
Paris  in  1880,  where  he  wrote  songs,  at 
first  rustic,  then  political  and  socialistic. 
He  wrote  for  La  Bataille,  a  Socialist  news- 
paper edited  by  M.  Lissagaray,  and  then 
for  La  Petite  lUpublique.  In  1893  he 
founded  the  Chambnrd,  a  print  in  which 
he  grossly  insulted  the  President  of  the 
Republic.  He  was  arrested  and  con- 
demned to  a  fine  of  £120  and  two  years' 
imprisonment  in  1894.  The  Socialist 
party  by  way  of  protest  elected  him  a 
deputy  for  Paris,  and  he  was  included  in 
the  general  amnesty  on  the  accession  of 
M.  Faure,  January  1895. 

GERMAIN,  Antoine-Henri-Marie, 

a  French  politician  and  financier,  was  born 
at  Lyons,  Feb.  19,  1824.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders,  and  is  now  the  Chairman, 
of  the  great  financial  company,  the  Credit 
Lyonnais.  In  1869  he  was  elected  as 
Liberal  member  for  the  3rd  Circumscrip- 
tion of  the  Ain,  and  was  chosen  again  at 
the  general  election  for  the  National 
Assembly  in  1871.     He  has  several  times 


been  returned  since  as  a  moderate  Re- 
publican. As  the  embodiment  of  "  Left 
Centre"  principles,  and  as  one  of  the 
highest  French  authorities  on  finance,  M. 
Germain  has  always  held  a  very  distin- 
guished position,  and  his  rare  speeches 
on  the  different  budgets  have  made  an 
impression,  not  only  in  Paris,  but  through- 
out Europe.  He  is  opposed  to  much  of 
the  financial  policy  of  the  Republic.  He 
has  published  several  economic  treatises, 
of  which  "  La  Situation  Financiere  de  la 
France  en  1886  "  may  be  mentioned. 

GERMANY,  Emperor  of.  See  Wil- 
liam II.,  Frederick  William  Victob 
Albbet. 

GER6ME,  Jean  Leon,  Hon.  R.A., 
was  born  at  Vesoul,  Haute-Saone,  May  11, 
1824,  studied  in  his  native  place,  went  to 
Paris  in  1841,  and  entered  the  studio  of 
Paul  Delaroche,  under  whose  direction  lie 
pursued,  for  a  time,  his  studies  at  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts.  He  remained 
under  that  celebrated  artist  until  1844, 
and  accompanied  him  in  his  journey  to 
Italy.  Returning  to  France  in  1845,  he 
exhibited,  for  the  first  time,  at  the  Salon 
of  1847  ;  went  on  an  excursion  to  Turkey 
and  the  eastern  banks  of  the  Danube  in 
1853,  and  to  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt  in 
1856.  These  travels  furnished  him  with 
numerous  subjects  for  his  paintings.  In 
December  1863  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Painting  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts. 
Since  1847  M.  Gerome  has  exhibited:  "  The 
Virgin,  the  Infant  Jesus,  and  St.  John "  ; 
"  Bacchus  and  Cupid "  ;  "A  Greek  In- 
terior" ;  the  "Frieze"  of  the  vase  comme- 
morative of  the  Great  Exhibition  held  in 
London  in  1851 ;  "  The  Age  of  Augustus 
and  the  Birth  of  Jesus  Christ";  "Rem- 
brandt "  ;  a  "  Portrait  of  Rachel "  ;  "  The 
Plague  at  Marseilles";  "The  Death  of 
St.  Jerome"  ;  "Lioness  meeting  a  Jaguar"; 
"Rex  Tibicen,"  1874;  and  "  L'Eminence 
Grise,"  1874.  To  these  may  be  added 
several  classical  and  Eastern  subjects, 
especially  "  Ca;sar  and  Cleopatra, "  a  very 
famous  picture;  "The  Slave  Market  of 
Cairo";  "Promenade  of  the  Harem"; 
"  Le  Poete,  la  Soif,"  1888  ;  "  Un  Coin  du 
Caire,"  1890  ;  and  numerous  pictures  of 
Arab  and  Egyptian  life.  He  has  in  recent 
years  devoted  much  attention  to  sculpture, 
one  of  his  latest  works  being  a  group  en- 
titled, "Pygmalion  and  Galatea,"  1892. 
M.  Ger6me  obtained  a  third-class  medal 
in  1847,  two  second-class  medals  in  1848 
and  1855,  and  higher  medals  at  more 
recent  dates,  and  the  decoration  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  November  1855.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  order  of  the  Red 
Eagle  in  1869,  and  appointed  a  Commander 
of  the  Legion   of  Honour    in    February 


GEESPACH  —  GEVAERT 


411 


1878,  and  is  a  Member  of  the  Academie 
des  Beaux-Arts.  He  is  represented  at  the 
Luxembourg  by  his  famous  "Combat  de 
Coqs,"  and  by  a  painted  Tanagra  statuette. 
His  "Cleopatra "  and  "  Cardinal  in  Grey  " 
were  last  seen  in  the  Guildhall  Loan  Col- 
lection of  1898. 

GERSPACH,  Edouard,  was  born  at 
Thann,  Alsace,  in  1833,  and  is  now 
Director  of  the  National  Manufactory  of 
the  Gobelins,  and  of  that  of  Mosaics. 
His  publications  have  chiefly  been  upon 
mosaics,  the  manufacture  of  glass,  and 
the  decorative  arts.  He  has  in  preparation 
two  works,  one,  "La  Manufacture  des 
Gobelins,"  and  the  other,  "  Les  Anciennes 
Faienceries  Franchises."  He  has  pub- 
lished "  La  Mosaique,"  1881  ;  "  L'Art  de 
la  Verrerie,"  1885;  and  "Les  Tapisseries 
Coptes,"  1890. 

GERSTER,  Madame  Etelka,  was 
born  at  Kaschau,  in  Hungary,  June  16, 
1857.  At  a  very  early  age  she  evinced 
musical  abilities  of  no  ordinary  kind.  By 
the  advice  of  the  director  of  the  Conserva- 
toire at  Vienna,  who  chanced  to  hear  her 
sing  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  Catholic 
processions  of  her  native  town,  she  was 
placed  under  the  tuition  of  the  far-famed 
Madame  Marchesi,  with  whom  she  studied 
most  diligently  for  three  years  (1873-76). 
In  the  meantime,  rumours  of  her  wonder- 
ful voice  had  got  abroad,  and  offers  were 
made  to  her  from  several  German  towns. 
Etelka,  however,  declined  these,  as  she 
was  determined  to  begin  her  career  in  an 
Italian  school ;  and  in  January  1876  she 
made  her  debut  at  Venice,  under  the 
management  of  Signor  Gardini,  in  the 
character  of  Gilda,  in  Verdi's  ' '  Rigo- 
letto,"  and  with  wonderful  success. 
Almost  at  once  followed  the  parts  of 
Ophelia,  Lucia,  Amina  in  "La  Sonnam- 
bula,"  and  "  Marguerite,"  which  last 
character  she  at  first  sang,  as  it  was 
originally  written,  in  French.  Her  next 
triumph  was  at  Berlin,  where  she  created 
such  a  furore  as  had  never  been  known 
previously  in  the  German  capital.  The 
demand  for  places  was  so  great  that  the 
administration  of  the  theatre  was  com- 
pelled to  ask  the  public  to  apply  by 
writing,  and  it  is  said  that  more  than 
21,000  applications  were  refused.  She 
then  made  a  short  sojourn  at  Buda-Pesth, 
where  she  appeared  in  the  operas  of  "La 
Sonnambula,"  and  "  Hamlet."  The  "  Hun- 
garian Nightingale,"  as  she  has  been  called, 
next  went  to  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow, 
where  she  carried  everything  before  her, 
and  was,  at  the  Emperor's  express  desire, 
appointed  "  Kammersangerin."  For  her 
co-operation  in  the  Court  concerts,  his 
Majesty  presented  her  with  4000  marks 


and  a  handsome  bracelet,  while  the 
Empress  gave  her  a  magnificent  chain 
ornamented  with  pearls  and  diamonds. 
After  she  had  sung  at  Pesth  and  Breslau, 
Mr.  Mapleson  had  the  good  fortune  to 
secure  her,  and  she  came  to  London.  Here 
she  first  sang  before  an  English  audience 
on  June  23,  1877,  in  "La  Sonnambala." 
She  at  once  became  a  great  favourite  with 
the  English  public,  and  her  performances 
at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  during  the  season 
of  1878  were  a  continued  series  of  suc- 
cesses. In  the  same  year  she  married  the 
Impresario  Gardini,  and  has  since  retired 
from  public  life. 

GEVAERT,    Francois    Auguste, 

born  July  31,  1828,  at  Huysse,  near 
Oudenarde,  is  the  son  of  a  baker,  and  was 
originally  destined  by  his  parents  to  follow 
that  trade.  His  great  musical  talent,  how- 
ever, becoming  apparent,  he  was  sent  in 
1841  to  the  Conservatoire  at  Ghent,  where 
he  studied  under  Sommere  and  Mengal. 
He  was  then  appointed  organist  of  the 
Jesuits'  Church,  and  in  1846  a  Christmas 
cantata  of  his  composition  was  performed 
in  Ghent.  In  May  1847  he  gained  the 
first  prize  for  composition  at  the  national 
competition  at  Brussels,  but  was  allowed 
to  postpone  his  foreign  tour  for  two  years, 
during  which  his  first  two  operas,  "Hughes 
de  Somerghem,"  and  "La  Comedie  a  la 
Ville  "  were  produced  in  Ghent.  In  1849 
he  proceeded  on  his  tour,  and  went  to 
Spain.  His  reports  on  Spanish  music 
were  printed  in  the  bulletin  of  the 
Academie  of  Brussels  for  1851.  On  Nov. 
27,  1852,  he  produced  "  Georgette  "  at  the 
Theatre  Lyrique  in  Paris,  and  in  October 
1854,  "Le  Billet  de  Marguerite,"  both 
with  extraordinary  success.  For  his  can- 
tata, "  De  Nationale  Verjaerdag,"  com- 
posed in  honour  of  the  twenty-fifth  anni- 
versary of  the  reign  of  King  Leopold,  he 
received  the  Order  of  Leopold.  In  1867 
he  was  appointed  Inspecteur  de  la  Musique 
at  the  Acad^mie  de  Musique,  Paris,  a  post 
which  he  retained  until  September  1870, 
since  which  time  he  has  devoted  his 
attention  more  especially  to  the  history  of 
music,  and  in  1875  brought  out  the  first 
part  of  his  "  Histoire  et  Thebrie  de  la 
Musique  dans  l'Antiquite."  His  other 
works  comprise  "Quentin  Durward,"  1858; 
"Chateau  Trompette,"  1860;  and  "  Le 
Capitaine  Henriot,"  1864  ;  all  produced  at 
the  Op<ira  Comique,  Paris,  with  great 
success  ;  as  was  also  "Les  Deux  Amours," 
at  the  theatre  of  Baden-Baden,  1861.  In 
connection  with  the  history  of  music  he 
has  written  "  Leerboek  van  den  Gregoriaen- 
schen  zang,"  1856;  "  Traite  d'lnstrumen- 
tation,"  1863  ;  and  "  Les  Gloires  d'ltalie," 
1868  ;  and  in  the  last  five  years,  "  Nouveau 
Traite  d' Instrumentation,"   1885;    Traite 


412 


GIAED  —  GIFFEN 


d'Orchestraticra "  ;  and  "  Les  Origines 
da  Chant  Liturgique  de  l'Eglise  Latine," 
1890.  In  1871  he  succeeded  Fetis  as 
Director  o£  the  Conservatoire  at  Brussels, 
and  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Acade'mie 
des  Beaux- Arts  in  1873. 

GIARD,  Professor  Alfred,  former 
Depute  du  Nord,  was  born  at  Valenciennes, 
Aug.  8,  1846,  and  educated  in  his  native 
city,  and  also  at  Douai  until  1867,  when 
he  entered  1'fcole  Normale  Supe'rieure. 
He  took  his  degree  in  1875  ;  and,  after 
holding  some  minor  appointments,  became 
Professor  of  Zoology  at  the  Faculte  des 
Sciences  de  Paris,  in  1880.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  papers  on  zoological 
subjects,  respecting  which  he  is  a  strong 
supporter  of  Darwinianism.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Comite"  Consultatif  des 
Peches  Maritimes  ;  and  founder  and 
director  of  the  Laboratoire  de  Zoologie 
Maritime  de  Wimereux.  In  1887  he  was 
appointed  Maitre  des  Conferences  at 
l'Ecole  Normale  Supe'rieure,  and  was  sub- 
sequently appointed  first  occupant  of  the 
chair  of  Zoology  founded  at  the  Faculty 
of  Sciences  by  the  town  of  Paris.  After 
his  election  to  the  Chamber,  in  1882,  he 
took  an  active  part  in  politics,  holding  the 
views  of  the  extreme  Left,  but  retired 
when  the  Scrutin  de  liste  was  re-esta- 
blished. His  Paris  address  is  14  Rue 
Stanislas. . 

GIBBONS,  Cardinal  James,  Arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, U.S.A.,  on  July  23,  1834,  entered 
St.  Charles's  College,  transferred  in  1857 
to  St.  Mary's  Seminary,  and  on  June  30, 
1861,  was  ordained  priest  there.  He  was 
made  assistant-priest  at  St.  Patrick's, 
Baltimore  ;  made  pastor  of  St.  Bridget's, 
Canton  ;  was  promoted  to  the  Cathedral, 
and  made  Secretary  to  Archbishop  Spal- 
ding. He  became  Assistant-Chancellor  of 
the  Second  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore 
in  1866  ;  was  made  Vicar-Apostolic  of 
North  Carolina  in  1868,  and  opened 
schools,  built  asylums,  erected  churches, 
and  increased  the  number  of  priests  from 
five  to  fifteen.  He  was  translated  to  Rich- 
mond in  1872,  and  made  its  bishop  and  the 
coadjutor  of  Archbishop  Boyle  of  Balti- 
more in  1877,  and  succeeded  him  the 
same  year.  At  the  age  of  forty-three  he 
was  Archbishop  of  the  greatest  See  in 
North  America.  Working  with  the  same 
activity  in  establishing  asylums,  schools, 
homes,  &c,  he  was  appointed  by  Leo 
XIII.  to  preside  over  the  Third  Plenary 
Council  of  Baltimore,  and  was  rewarded 
for  his  services  by  a  Cardinal's  hat,  June 
30, 1886.  The  silver  jubilee  of  his  episcopal 
consecration,  which  occurred  on  August  16, 
1893,  was  celebrated  with  great  pomp  by 


a  concourse  of  Archbishops  and  Bishops 
on  October  18  of  the  same  year.  He  has 
written  many  pastorals  and  two  books  ; 
"  The  Faith  of  our  Fathers,"  1876,  said  to 
be  the  most  popular  book  of  the  kind  of 
our  day  ;  and  "  Our  Christian  Heritage," 
1889.  These  books  have)  been  translated 
into  many  languages,  and  have  served  to 
increase  his  popularity  with  all  classes.  In 
1897  he  published  "The  Ambassador  of 
Christ." 

GIBSON,    The    Bight   Hon.  John 

George,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Gibson,  of  Rochforest,  co.  Tip- 
perary  (who  was  Taxing  Master  in  Chan- 
cery), and  brother  of  Lord  Ashbourne,  was 
born  in  Dublin  on  Feb.  13, 1846,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he 
had  a  brilliant  career,  taking  the  first  two 
gold  medals  in  Classics  and  History  and 
Political  Science.  He  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar  in  1870,  and  joined  the  Leinster 
Circuit.  He  was  created  a  Queen's  Counsel 
in  1880,  and  in  1885  was  elected  Conserva- 
tive member  for  the  Walton  Division  of 
Liverpool,  which  he  represented  also  in 
the  next  Parliament  until  1888,  when  he 
was  raised  to  the  Bench.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed  her  Majesty's  Third  Serj,eant- 
at-Law,  and  in  Lord  Salisbury's  second 
administration  (1886)  held  the  posts  of 
Attorney  -  General  and  Solicitor  -  General 
for  Ireland.  Since  1888  he  has  been  Jus- 
tice of  the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice,  Ireland.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1871,  Anna,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
John  Hare. 

GIDDENS,  George,  actor,  was  born 
at  Bedfont  on  June  17,  1855,  and  is  de- 
scended from  Berkshire  and  Wiltshire 
farmers.  He  was  educated  at  National 
Schools,  and  first  went  on  the  stage  at  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Edinburgh.  He  subse- 
quently toured  with  Charles  Wyndham  in 
America,  and  in  1878  joined  the  latter  at 
the  Criterion  Theatre,  London,  where  he 
was  a  popular  favourite  until  1894  in 
"  The  Two  Roses  "  and  other  plays.  Since 
1894  he  has  played  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
in  "The  Derby  Winner,"  "Cheer,  Boys, 
Cheer,"  and  "  The  Passport,"  and  latterly 
has  played  the  extremely  humorous  prin- 
cipal part  in  "  A  Night  Out "  at  the 
Vaudeville  Theatre.  Address :  4  Albert 
Road,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

GIFFEN,  Sir  Robert,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Strathaven,  Lanark- 
shire, in  1837,  and  educated  chiefly  at  the 
parish  school  in  that  town.  He  was  em- 
ployed as  clerk  in  a  solicitor's  office,  partly 
in  Strathaven  and  partly  in  Glasgow,  from 
1850  to  1857,  attending  for  two  sessions  at 
Glasgow  College  in  1856-57  and  1857-58  ; 


GIGLIUCCI  —  GILBERT 


413 


and  was  afterwards  employed  in  a.  com- 
mercial house  in  Glasgow  from  1858  to 
1860,  becoming  connected  with  the  press 
in  the  latter  year  as  sub-editor  and  re- 
porter on  the  staff  of  the  Stirling  Journal. 
In  1862  he  left  Stirling  for  London,  to 
occupy  a  position  on  the  staff  of  the  Globe 
newspaper,  with  which  he  was  connected, 
as  sub-editor  and  contributor,  until  1866. 
For  a  short  time  after  that  he  assisted  Mr. 
Morley  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  ;  from 
1868  to  1876  he  was  assistant-editor  and 
principal  contributor  to  the  Economist, 
under  Mr.  Bagehot,  being  also  from  1873  to 
1876  City  editor  of,  and  writer  of  the  Trade 
and  Finance  article  in,  the  Daily  News. 
In  1876  he  was  appointed  chief  of  the 
Statistical  Department  of  the  Board  of 
Trade.  This  office  was  merged  in  1882  in 
thatof  Assistant-Secretary,Commercial  De- 
partment, and  in  1892  the  branch  was  again 
enlarged,  and  Sir  R.  Giffen  was  appointed 
Controller  -  General  of  the  Commercial, 
Labour,  and  Statistical  Departments.  Dur- 
ing his  connection  with  the  press  he  was 
a  contributor  to  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
Saturday  Review,  Spectator,  and  other  jour- 
nals, and  in  his  official  capacity  has  written 
numerous  reports  on  commercial  matters, 
besides  giving  evidence  on  similar  subjects, 
e.g.,  sugar  bounties,  gold  and  silver,  Chan- 
nel tunnel,  labour,  financial  relations,  &c., 
before  numerous  Committees  of  the  House 
of  Commons  and  Boyal  Commissions.  In 
1892  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Agriculture,  1894-97,  and 
was  created  C.B.,  1891,  and  K.C.B.,  1895. 
In  1881  Mr.  Giffen  resigned  his  post  at 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  was  understood  to 
be  for  some  time  on  the  staff  of  the  Times, 
but  the  post  was  not  actually  vacated, 
only  leave  of  absence  was  given  for  a  con- 
siderable time  to  enable  him  to  fulfil  the 
engagements  which  he  had  made  in  view 
of  his  resignation.  He  retired  finally  in 
1897,  on  reaching  the  age  of  sixty.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Stock  Exchange  Securi- 
ties :  an  Essay  on  the  General  Causes  of 
Fluctuation  in  their  Price,"  published 
1878;  "Essays  in  Finance,"  1st  series, 
1879  (4th  ed.  1886),  2nd  series,  1886,  &c. 
Several  of  the  papers  published  in  the  two 
volumes  of  "Essays  in  Finance,"  above 
noticed,  consisted  of  papers  read  before 
the  Statistical  Society,  or  addresses  as 
President ;  among  the  principal  being  a 
paper  on  Recent  Accumulations  of  Capital 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  read  1878 ;  the 
Use  of  Import  and  Export  Statistics,  read 
1882 ;  and  the  Progress  of  the  Working 
Classes,  read  1883.  Among  other  subjects 
treated  are  the  Depreciation  of  Gold, 
1848-72  (1887);  Trade  Depression  and 
Low  Prices,  1885,  and  Gold  Supply,  the 
Rate  of  Discount  and  Prices,   1886  ;  The 


Growth  of  Capital,  1890 ;  and  The  Case 
against  Bimetallism,  1892.  He  married 
(1)  Isabella,  daughter  of  D.  M'Ewen,  in 
1864  ;  and  (2)  Margaret  Anne,  daughter  of 
George  Wood,  of  Aberdeen,  in  1896.  Ad- 
dresses :  9  Bina  Gardens,  South  Kensing- 
ton ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GIGLIUCCI,  Countess,  nie  Clara 
Anastasia  Novello,  fourth  daughter  of 
Mr.  Vincent  Novello,  musical  composer, 
born  in  London,  June  10,  1818,  at  an  early 
age  displayed  so  much  musical  talent  as  to 
induce  her  father  to  give  her  a  thoroughly 
professional  education.  Her  progress  re- 
paid the  care  bestowed  upon  her,  for  at  the 
early  age  of  eleven  years  she  won,  by  com- 
petition, her  admission  as  a  pupil  into  the 
Conservatoire  de  Musique  Sacre'e  at  Paris, 
where  for  two  years  she  studied  assidu- 
ously, and  at  one  of  the  public  examina- 
tions of  the  pupils  was  complimented  by 
Charles  X.  and  his  Court.  On  the  closing 
of  the  institution,  in  the  Revolution  of 
1830,  she  returned  home,  fitted  to  take  a 
prominent  part  among  the  singers  of  the 
day,  at  the  concerts  of  the  Philharmonic 
Society,  and  other  leading  musical  enter- 
tainments. When  only  seventeen  years  of 
age  she  was  elected  an  Associate  of  that 
Society,  and  soon  afterwards  accepted  an 
invitation  from  Mendelssohn  to  take  part 
in  the  Leipzig  Gewandhaus  Concerts.  In 
Berlin  and  Vienna  she  was  equally  well 
received  ;  and  so  great  was  her  success  at 
the  first-mentioned  place,  that  the  late 
King  presented  her  with  introductions  to 
his  sister  the  Empress  of  Russia,  and  to 
the  Court  of  Vienna.  Before  this  time 
Malibran  and  Rubini  advised  her  to  go  to 
Italy,  and  study  for  the  stage.  Her  suc- 
cess at  Vienna  induced  her  to  take  part  in 
the  musical  festivals  in  Lombardy,  and 
she  felt  disposed  to  follow  their  advice  ; 
but,  owing  to  engagements  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  in  Germany,  could  not  carry  out 
this  plan  until  1839-40.  She  appeared  at 
Padua,  in  1841,  in  the  character  of  Semi- 
ramide,  with  such  success  that  engagements 
at  Bologna,  Modena,  and  Genoa  followed, 
and  in  1842  both  Rome  and  Genoa  en- 
deavoured to  secure  her  for  the  fetes  of 
the  Carnival.  In  1843  she  returned  to 
England,  and  sang  in  London  and  Man- 
chester ;  and  having  married  Count  Gig- 
liucci,  she  withdrew  from  the  stage  in 
1844.  Circumstances,  however,  induced 
her  to  return  in  1850  ;  and  she  constantly 
appeared  in  concerts,  oratorios,  and  operas, 
on  the  Continent  and  in  London,  until 
1860,  when  she  finally  retired. 

GILBERT,  Alfred,  R.A.,  D.C.L., 
sculptor,  was  born  in  Berners  Street, 
London,  in  1854,  and  is  the  son  of  Alfred 
Gilbert,    musician.      He  first   studied   his 


414 


GILBERT 


art  under  Boehm,  in  1874,  after  which 
he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  at  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  under  M.  Cavelier. 
At  the  end  of  three  years  he  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  executed  the  "Kiss  of 
Victory  "  in  marble.  He  first  attracted 
attention  by  his  "Perseus  Arming,"  and 
some  time  later  he  exhibited  a  small 
bronze  head,  which  made  a  great  impres- 
sion on  all  the  artists  who  saw  it.  In 
Rome  he  also  executed  "Icarus"  amongst 
many  other  works.  In  1886  he  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  the  plaster  model 
of  the  "Enchanted  Chair,"  and  at  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery  a  small  statuette.  He 
has  executed  the  tomb  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Clarence  in  the  Memorial  Chapel,  Windsor, 
and  the  Shaftesbury  Fountain,  in  the 
middle  of  Piccadilly  Circus.  He  has  also 
executed  a  number  of  busts  of  eminent 
men,  such  as  the  late  Henry  Fawcett, 
the  Bombay  statue  of  Lord  Reay,  and 
the  late  Sir  Richard  Owen.  Mr.  Alfred 
Gilbert,  R.A.,  was  elected  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Society  of  Designers  in 
the  place  of  the  late  Sir  Edward  Burne- 
Jones  in  December  1898.  The  other 
honorary  members  of  the  Society  are 
Princess  Louise,  Marchioness  of  Lome, 
and  Sir  E.  J.  Poynter,  President  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  The  election  of  honorary 
members  is  only  made  by  the  unanimous 
vote  of  the  Council.  He  was  elected  an 
A.R.A.  in  1887,  and  a  Royal  Academician 
in  December  1892.  In  1875  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Francis  Gilbert,  of  Oshawa. 
Addresses  ;  16  Maida  Vale,  W.  ;  and 
Athenseum. 

GILBERT,  Sir  (Joseph)  Henry, 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  ScD.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Joseph  Gilbert,  was  born  at  Hull, 
Aug.  1,  1817.  After  his  school  education, 
he  met  with  a  gun-shot  accident,  which 
much  impaired  his  health  for  some  time, 
and  also  deprived  him  of  the  sight  of  one 
eye.  He  commenced  his  College  course 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  where  as 
elsewhere  he  devoted  special  attention  to 
Chemistry,  working  in  the  laboratory  of 
the  late  Professor  Thomas  Thomson,  He 
next  studied  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don ;  attending  the  classes  of  Professor 
Graham  and  others,  and  working  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  late  Dr.  Anthony  Todd 
Thomson,  then  the  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica,  Therapeutics,  and  Toxicology. 
A  short  time  was  then  spent  in  the 
laboratory  of  Professor  Liebig,  at  Giessen, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Philosophy.  Returning  to  University 
College,  London,  Dr.  Gilbert  acted  as 
class  and  laboratory  assistant  to  Profes- 
sor A.  T.  Thomson,  in  the  winter  and  sum- 
mer sessions  of  1840-41 ;  attending  other 
courses  at  the  College  at  the  same  time. 


He  next  devoted  some  time  to  the  chem- 
istry of  calico-printing,  dyeing,  &c. ,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Manchester.  In  1843, 
Dr.  Gilbert  became  associated  with  Mr. 
(now  Sir)  J.  B.  Lawes,  of  Rothamsted, 
Hertfordshire ;  and  from  that  time  has 
continued  to  be  engaged  with  him  in  a 
systematic  series  of  researches  on  Agri- 
cultural Chemistry  and  Physiology.  The 
results  of  their  investigations  have  been 
published  in  a  series  of  papers,  now  num- 
bering more  than  100,  in  various  journals, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned :  The 
Proceedings  and  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  England,  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  the  Reports  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
&c. ;  also  in  some  official  reports,  and  else- 
where. Dr.  Gilbert  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1841,  the  year 
of  its  formation  ;  and  he  contributed  to 
the  first  volume  of  its  "Memoirs"  a 
translation  from  the  original  German  of  a 
paper  on  the  Atomic  Weight  of  Carbon,  by 
Professors  Redtenbacher  and  Liebig.  He 
was  President  of  the  Society  in  1882-3. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1860,  and  in  1867  the  Council  of 
the  Society  awarded  to  him,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Lawes,  one  of  the  Royal 
Medals.  He  is  also  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  and  of  the  Royal  Meteorological 
Society.  In  1880  he  was  President  of  the 
Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  In 
1882  and  1884  he  visited  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  travelling  over  wide  areas, 
to  study  the  conditions  of  the  agriculture 
of  those  countries.  In  1884  he  was  ap- 
pointed Sibthorpian  Professor  of  Rural 
Economy  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
and  he  was  reappointed  for  a  second 
period  of  three  years  in  1887.  He  was 
knighted  in  1893,  the  Jubilee  year  of  the 
Rothamsted  experiments.  He  has  retained 
the  Directorship  of  the  Rothamsted  Labora- 
tory ever  since  1843,  and  in  February  1894, 
the  Society  of  Arts  awarded  him  the 
Albert  Medal  in  recognition  of  the  work 
he  has  there  achieved.  Sir  Henry  Gilbert 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.A.  at 
Oxford  in  1884,  that  of  LL.D.  at  Glas- 
gow in  1883,  and  in  Edinburgh  in  1890, 
and  of  Sc.D.  at  Cambridge  in  1894.  He 
is  Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  England,  of  the 
Chemico-Agricultural  Society  of  Ulster, 
of  the  Academy  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry  of  Petrovskoie,  and  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society  of  Hanover  ;  Foreign 
Member  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Academy 
of  Sweden  ;  and  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  France  (Academy  of 
Sciences),  of  the  Society  of  Agriculturists 


GILBERT 


415 


of  France,  of  the  Society  for  the  En- 
couragement of  National  Industry  in 
Paris,  and  of  the  Institut  Agronomique 
of  Gorigoretsk.  He  is  also  Chevalier  du 
Mente  Agricole  (France) ;  and  (in  con- 
junction with  Sir  J.  B.  Lawes)  Gold 
Medallist  of  Merit  for  Agriculture  (Ger- 
many). He  married  (1),  in  1850,  Eliza, 
daughter  of  the  Bev.  George  Laurie  (she 
died  in  1853);  and  (2),  in  1855,  Maria, 
daughter  of  B.  Smith.  Addresses :  Har- 
penden,  St.  Albans ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GILBERT,  Josiah,  born  at  the  Inde- 
pendent College,  Botherham,  Yorkshire, 
Oct.  7,  1814,  son  of  the  Bev.  Joseph  Gil- 
bert, grandson  of  the  Bev.  Isaac  Taylor, 
of  Ongar,  was  educated  chiefly  at  home, 
became  afterwards  a  student  in  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  practised  as  a  portrait -painter 
for  some  years  in  London,  but  has  lived 
since  1843  at  Marden  Ash,  Ongar,  engaged 
in  literary  and  artistic  pursuits.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Art,  its  Scope  and  Purpose," 
1858;  "Cadore,  or  Titian's  Country," 
1869;  "Art  and  Beligion,"  1871;  was 
joint  author  of  "  The  Dolomite  Mountains," 
1864 ;  edited  "  Autobiography  and  other 
Memorials  of  Mrs.  Gilbert  (formerly  Ann 
Taylor),"  1875,  which  has  gone  through 
four  editions,  and  he  published  "Landscape 
in  Art  before  Claude  and  Salvator,"  in 
1885.  Mr.  Gilbert  is  a  member  of  the 
Alpine  Club.     Address  :  Ongar. 

GILBERT,  William  Schwenck, 
B.A.,  J.P.,  was  born  Nov.  18,  1836,  at  17 
Southampton  Street,  Strand,  London,  and 
educated  at  Great  Ealing  School.  His 
intention  was  to  enter  the  Eoyal  Artillery, 
but  while  studying  for  his  examination 
the  Crimean  War  came  to  an  end,  and  the 
examination  was  postponed  until  he  had 
passed  the  age  of  admission.  He  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  at  the  University  of  Lon- 
don, was  called  to  the  Bar  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  November  1864  (having  been  a 
clerk  in  the  Privy  Council  office  from  1 857 
to  1862),  and  was  appointed  Captain  of  the 
Eoyal  Aberdeenshire  Highlanders  (now  the 
3rd  Battalion  Gordon  Highlanders)  in  1867, 
from  which  he  retired  in  1883  with  the 
honorary  rank  of  Major.  Mr.  Gilbert  is 
well  known  as  a  dramatic  author  and  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature.  His  first 
piece,  "  Dulcamara,"  was  produced  at  the 
St.  James's  Theatre  in  January  1866.  He 
is  also  author  of :  "  Eobert  the  Devil," 
"The  Merry  Zingara,"  "La  Vivandiere,"  and 
"  The  Pretty  Druidess"  (burlesques)  ;  "  An 
Old  Score,"  "  The  Princess,"  "  Ages  Ago," 
"Eandall's  Thumb,"  "Creatures  of  Im- 
pulse," "A  Sensation  Novel,"  "Happy 
Arcadia"  (Gallery  of  Illustration),  and 
many  other  minor  pieces  ;  ' '  The  Palace  of 
Truth,"  a  fairy  comedy,  November  1870; 


"Pygmalion  and  Galatea,"  a  fairy  comedy, 
December  1871 :  "The  Wicked  World,"  a 
fairy  comedy,  January  1873;  "Charity," 
a  play,  January  1874,  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre,  where  the  three  preceding  pieces 
had  also  first  appeared  ;  "  Sweethearts," 
a    dramatic   contrast,   Prince   of    Wales's 
Theatre, November  1874;  "Broken  Hearts," 
a    fairy    comedy,    Court    Theatre,    1876 ; 
"  Tom    Cobb,"    a    farcical     comedy,     St. 
James's,  in  the  same  year  ;  "  Thespis,  or 
the  Gods  grown  Old,"  and  "Trial  by  Jury" 
(both  written    in    conjunction    with    Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan),  at  the  Gaiety  and  Eoyalty 
respectively  ;  "  Dan'l  Druce,"  a  drama,  at 
the  Haymarket ;  and  "  Engaged,"  a  farci- 
cal comedy,  at  the  same  theatre ;  "  The 
Ne'er-do-Weel,"    Olympic,   1878;    "  Gret- 
chen,"  Olympic,  1879 ;  "  Foggerty's  Fairy," 
Criterion ;   "  Comedy  and  Tragedy,"   Ly- 
ceum ;  "Princess  Toto,"  "The  Gentleman 
in  Black,"  and  "  Topsy-Turveydom  "  ;  and 
"  The  Sorcerer,"  an  opera,  Opera  Comique, 
September    1877;      "H.M.S.     Pinafore," 
which  ran  two  years  at  that  theatre  ;  the 
"Pirates  of  Penzance,  which  ran  more 
than    a    year ;    and  "  Patience,  or   Bun- 
thorne's  Bride,"  Opera  Comique  and  the 
new   Savoy  Theatre  in  1881,    which  ran 
twenty   months.      This  was  followed  by 
"Iolanthe,   or   the   Peer  and  the  Peri," 
which  ran  thirteen   months;    "Princess 
Ida,  or  Castle  Adamant,"  which  ran  nearly 
as  long;   "The  Mikado,  or  the  Town  of 
Titipu,"    which    ran    nearly    two    years ; 
"  Euddigore,  or  the  Witch's  Curse,"  which 
ran   ten   months ;    "  The   Yeomen   of   the 
Guard,"  which  ran  fifteen  months;  "The 
Gondoliers,"  which  was  produced  in  1889, 
and  ran  eighteen  months.     "  The  Mounte- 
banks," which  was  written  in  collaboration 
with  the  late  Alfred  Cellier,  was  produced 
in  January  1892,  and  ran  eight  months  ; 
and  "Utopia,  Limited,"  and  "The  Grand- 
Duke,"  which  were  written  in  collaboration 
with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  were  produced  in 
October  1893,  and  had  long  runs.    He  also 
wrote  "  His  Excellency,"  a  comic  opera,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Osmond  Carr ;   and 
"  Brantinghame  Hall "  and  "  The  Fortune- 
Hunter,"  neither  of  which  were  successful. 
"  The  Mikado "  has  been    performed  in 
Berlin,  Vienna,    Amsterdam,    and   other 
Continental  towns.     These    operas  were, 
with  three  exceptions,  all  written  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan.     "  The 
Palace  of  Truth  "  is  based  on  a  story  of 
Madame  de  Genlis ;  "Gretchen"  on  the 
Faust  legend ;  and  "Princess  Ida"  on  Ten- 
nyson's poem ;  but    the  other  pieces  are 
original.      Mr.   Gilbert's   "Bab   Ballads," 
originally   published  in   Fun,   have   since 
been  printed  in  a  separate  form  ;  so  like- 
wise have  many  of  the  lyrical  pieces  from 
his  operatic  libretti,   under  the  title  of 
"Songs  of    a  Savoyard."      In    1897  the 


416 


GILBERTSON  —  GILBEY 


"Bab  Ballads  "  and  "  Songs  of  a  Savoyard  " 
were  incorporated  in  one  volume,  with 
illustrations  by  the  author.  In  June  1891 
Mr.  Gilbert  was  appointed  a  Magistrate  for 
Middlesex.  Address  :  Grimsdyke,  Harrow 
Weald,  Middlesex. 

GILBERTSON,  Edward,  was  born 
in  London  in  1813.  The  early  years  of  his 
life  were  passed  in  various  parts  of  Russia, 
the  language  of  which  country  he  speaks 
fluently.  He  left  Russia  in  1840,  and  for 
several  years  after  his  return  to  London 
was  a  frequent  contributor  of  leading 
articles  to  the  Daily  News  and  other  papers. 
In  1857  he  became  Secretary  to  the  Otto- 
man Bank  in  London,  and  during  the 
following  four  years  paid  several  visits  of 
inspection  to  the  branches  at  Beyrout, 
Smyrna,  and  Constantinople.  In  1861  he 
undertook  the  management  of  the  bank  in 
the  latter  city,  and  in  1862^  as  member  of 
the  Financial  Commission,  had  the  chief 
direction,  under  Edhem  Pacha,  of  the 
operations  for  withdrawing  the  Cairne",  for 
which  service  he  received  the  third  class 
of  the  Medjidieh.  In  1863  he  was  one  of 
the  signatories  of  the  concession  of  the 
Imperial  Ottoman  Bank  ;  and  from  that 
date  until  May  1871  was  Assistant  Direc- 
tor-General of  the  Bank  at  Constantinople. 
He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  negotiating 
all  the  Turkish  public  loans  in  which  the 
Bank  was  interested  since  1858,  andhas  been 
a  member  of  various  financial  commissions 
formed  by  the  Ottoman  Government,  such 
as  that  for  the  improvement  of  the  system 
of  public  accounts,  for  the  Budget  of  1867, 
&c.  The  Sultan,  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  the  imperial  treasury,  has  con- 
ferred on  him  the  Order  of  the  Osmanieh 
of  the  third  class.  Upon  his  arrival  in 
England  in  May  1871,  he  was  unanimously 
elected  a  member  of  the  committee  of  the 
bank  in  London. 

GILBEY,  Sir  Walter,  Bart.,  fifth 
son  of  the  late  Henry  Gilbey,  of  Bishop 
Stortford,  and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the 
late  William  Bailey,  of  Stansted,  Essex, 
was  born  in  that  town  on  May  2,  1831. 
His  active  life  commenced  when,  as  a  boy, 
he  was  articled  to  his  cousin,  an  estate 
agent  at  Tring.  He  afterwards  held  a 
clerkship  in  one  of  the  offices  located  at 
that  time  in  the  House  of  Lords,  which  he 
held  until  the  Crimean  War  broke  out, 
when,  through  Sir  Benjamin  Hawes,  he 
obtained  an  appointment  to  go  out  to  the 
Crimea  as  a  civil  servant  of  the  Crown  in 
the  Pay  Department.  His  duties  carried 
him  to  the  Convalescent  Hospital  on  the 
Asiatic  shore  of  the  Dardanelles,  where  he 
passed  nearly  two  years.  On  arriving  in 
England  the  two  brothers  founded  the 
firm  of  W.  &  A.  Gilbey,  wine  merchants, 


of  which  he  was,  until  1893,   the  head. 
In  1893  the  firm  was  registered  under  the 
Limited  Liability  Act  as  a  private  com- 
pany, of  which  Sir  Walter  is  the  chairman. 
It  is  not,  however,  in  the  regions  of  com- 
merce that    Sir    Walter  is  best    known. 
Agriculture    and     horse  -  breeding     have 
found   in   him   one  of   their  most  liberal 
patrons.     He  is  one  of  the  trustees  and 
was  president  in  the  year  from  June  1895 
to  June   1896  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England.     He  was  largely  in- 
strumental in  raising  funds  for  the  show 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  held  at 
Kilburn  in  1879,  and  in  1889  he  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Show  Committee  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  Jubilee  show  of  the  Society, 
held  at  Windsor,   when  he  received  the 
Gold  Medal  from  the  Mansion  House  Com- 
mittee in  commemoration   of  his  efforts 
in  raising  funds  for  this   show.     He  is 
on  the  Councils  of  the  Smithfield  Club,  of 
which  he  was  President  in  1896,  and  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Benevolent  Institution. 
Sir  Walter  has  issued  an  appeal  annually 
since    1887,    on    behalf    of    this    institu- 
tion,  and   claims   to   participate    in   the 
church   offertories  at  harvest  thanksgiv- 
ing  services,    which   has   resulted  in  an 
increase  of  the  Institution's  funds  to  the 
amount   of  over  £5000  annually.      He  is 
also   on  the  Council   of  the  English  Jer- 
sey Society,   of  which  he  was   President 
in  the   year  1886.     He  also  occupies  the 
position  of  Chairman  of  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Hall  Company  ;   and  the   Horse 
Shows  held  there  for  a  number  of  years 
past  have  been  largely  under  his  manage- 
ment.    Sir  Walter  Gilbey  is  also  one  of 
the   Governors,    and    a    member    of    the 
General  Purposes  Committee,  of  the  Royal 
Veterinary  College.      He  has  in  addition 
taken  an  active   part  in  the  formation  of 
the  Shire  Horse  Society,  of  which  he  was 
President  in  1883,  succeeding  the  Earl  of 
Powis.     He  is  the  first  Commoner  who  has 
held  that  position,  his  Vice-President  in 
that  year  being  the  Duke  of  Westminster, 
KG.     After  an  interval  of  twelve  years  his 
name  was  removed  under  the  bye-laws  from 
the  list  of  Vice-Presidents  and  ex  officio 
members  of  the  Council,  when  he  was  again 
elected  President  of  the  Society  (in  1898). 
The  Hunters'    Improvement   Society,    the 
Hackney  Horse  Society,  and  the  London 
Cart  Horse  Parade  Society  may  be  said  to 
have  been  created  by  him.     He  was  Pre- 
sident of  the  Hackney  Society  in  1889,  of 
the  Hunters'  Improvement  Society  in  1889, 
and  has  been  Chairman  of  the  Cart  Horse 
Parade  Society  since  its  foundation.     Sir 
Walter  Gilbey,  when  residing,  some  fifteen 
years  ago,  at  Hargrave  Park,  Stanstead, 
Essex,  was  a  successful  breeder  of  Jersey 
cattle,  and  he  has  been  also  a  very  success- 
ful breeder  of  shire,  hackney,  hunter,  and 


GILCHRIST  —  GILKES 


417 


thoroughbred  horses,  at  the  paddocks  at- 
tached to  Elsenham  Hall,  Essex,  where  he 
resides.  He  twice  won  the  Champion 
Prize  for  the  best  horse  in  all  classes  at 
the  Shire  Horse  Society's  London  shows, 
viz.,  in  1883  and  1886.  He  has  twice  won 
the  Champion  Prize  for  hackney  stallions 
at  the  London  Hackney  Show.  He  was 
also  a  successful  exhibitor  at  the  Hamburg 
International  Show  in  1883,  the  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  at  Amsterdam  in  1884, 
and  the  International  Exhibition  at  Brus- 
sels in  1888  and  1897.  After  the  latter 
show,  the  King  of  the  Belgians  appointed 
him  a  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Leopold 
for  his  assistance  in  promoting  the  success 
of  the  show.  He  originated  the  Table 
Poultry  Show  in  connection  with  the 
Smithfield  Fat  Cattle  Show  in  the  year 
1894,  having  for  its  objects  the  encourage- 
ment of  farmers  and  others  in  the  pro- 
duction of  an  increased  supply  of  table 
poultry,  and  has  borne  the  whole  expenses 
of  the  show  himself.  He  is  the  author 
of  various  articles  and  pamphlets  having 
for  their  object  the  encouragement  and 
improvement  of  horse-breeding,  notably 
the  "  Old  English  War  Horse  and  the 
Shire  Horse,"  identifying  the  present 
breed  of  shire  horses  with  the  old  English 
war  horse,  a  pamphlet  which  was  very 
favourably  reviewed  by  the  press,  and 
has  since  run  to  a  second  edition.  He  has 
also  published  two  books  on  "  Harness 
Horses"  and  "Young  Racing  Stock  and 
How  to  Feed  Them,"  and  is  about  to 
publish  in  book  form  a  series  of  articles  on 
"  Animal  Painters  and  their  Works,"  which 
have  appeared  in  Baily's  Magazine.  He 
has  also  published  (Vinton  &  Co.,  New 
Bridge  St.,  Blackfriars)  a  life  of  George 
Stubbs,  R.A.,  the  famous  animal  painter. 
He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1893.  He 
married  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Parish,  of  Bishop  Stortford,  in  1858.  She 
died  in  November  1896.  Addresses  : 
Cambridge  House,  Regent's  Park ;  and 
Elsenham  Hall,  Essex. 

GILCHRIST,  Percy  Carlyle,  F.R.S., 
M.I.C.E.,  was  born  at  Lyme  Regis,  Dorset- 
shire, on  Dec.  27,  1851,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Alexander  Gilchrist,  Barris- 
ter, and  Anne  Burrows.  He  was  educated 
at  Felstead  Grammar  School,  and  at  the 
Royal  School  of  Mines,  of  which  he  is  an 
Associate.  He  is  well  known  as  a  metal- 
lurgist, and  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Thomas  Gilchrist  process  for  making  steel. 
He  is  a  Director,  and  was  a  founder,  of  the 
North-Eastern  Steel  Company,  Ltd.,  of 
Middlesborough.  Address  :  Frognal  Bank, 
Finchley  Road,  N.W. 

GILDER,  Richard  Watson,  LL.D., 

American  poet,  was  born  at  Bordentown, 


N.J.,  Feb.  8,  1844.  He  was  educated 
mainly  by  his  father,  the  late  Rev.  W.  H. 
Gilder,  a  Methodist  minister  and  writer, 
who  established  a  seminary  at  Borden- 
town, and  afterwards  at  Flushing,  L.I. 
For  a  brief  time,  when  the  Confederates 
invaded  Pennsylvania  in  1863,  he  served 
in  the  Union  army,  and  took  part  in  the 
defence  of  Carlisle.  He  began  the  study 
of  law,  but  the  death  of  his  father  (1864) 
compelled  him  to  abandon  it  in  order  to 
earn  his  own  living.  For  a  year  he  was 
a  paymaster  on  the  Camden  and  Amboy 
Railway,  and  then  became  journalist. 
From  1865-68  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
Newark  (N.J.)  Advertiser.  In  1868  he, 
with  Newton  Crane,  established  the  New- 
ark Register,  to  the  editorship  of  which  in 
the  following  year  he  added  that  of  Hours 
at  Home,  a  New  York  monthly.  The  Regis- 
ter not  proving  profitable,  Mr.  Gilder  in 
1870  accepted  the  associate  editorship  of 
Scrihner's  Monthly  (now  the  Century  Maga- 
zine), then  recently  started,  into  which 
Hours  at  Home  was  incorporated.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Holland  in  1881,  Mr.  Gilder 
was  made  editor-in-chief  of  the  Century,  a 
position  which  he  still  holds.  In  addition 
to  his  editorial  and  literary  labours,  Mr. 
Gilder  takes  an  active  interest  in  all  public 
matters.  He  is  a  member  of  many  clubs 
in  New  York,  and  was  the  first  President 
of  the  Fellowcraft.  He  was  the  first 
President  of  the  Kindergarten  Associa- 
tion, and  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Society  of  American  Artists,  the  American 
Copyright  League,  the  Authors'  Club,  the 
Free  Art  League,  the  City  Club,  and  the 
Sculpture  Society.  He  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  Dickinson  College  in  1883, 
and  of  A.M.  from  Harvard  University  in 
1890.  His  published  works  (all  poems) 
are:  "The  New  Day,"  1875;  "Lyrics," 
1885;  "The  Celestial  Passion,"  1887; 
"Two  Worlds,  and  other  Poems,"  1891; 
"  The  Great  Remembrance,  and  other 
Poems,"  1893  ;  five  books  of  song,  1894  ; 
and  "  For  the  Country,"  1897. 

GILKES,  Arthur  Herman,  head- 
master of  Dulwich  College,  was  born 
Nov.  2,  1849,  is  the  son  of  William  Gilkes, 
chemist,  of  Leominster,  Herefordshire, 
and  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School, 
1859-68  ;  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1868-72  ; 
was  first  class  in  Moderations,  1870,  and 
first  class  in  Literis  Humanioribus,  1872. 
He  was  Assistant-Master  at  Shrewsbury 
School,  1873-85,  and  was  appointed  Head- 
master of  Dulwich  College,  1885.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  School  Lectures  on  Electra 
and  Macbeth  "  ;  "  Boys  and  Masters "  ; 
"The  Thing  that  hath  been "  ;  and  "  Kal- 
listratus."  In  1892  he  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  B.  M.  Clarke,  Clairville,  Sydenham 
Hill.     Address  :  The  College,  Dulwich. 

2D 


418 


GILL 


GILL,  Charles  Frederick,  Q.C.,  son 
of  Charles  Gill,  of  Dublin,  by  Kate,  the 
second  daughter  of  Joseph  Movers  of  Dub- 
lin, was  born  at  Eathmines,  Dublin,  on 
June  10,1851.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal 
School,  Dungannon,  Ireland  ;  and  he 
married  on  Nov.  6, 1878,  Ada,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  John  Crossley  Fielding,  the 
Grange,  Forest  Hill.  He  became  a  student 
of  the  Middle  Temple  in  June  1871,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  on  April  30,  1874. 
He  practised  on  the  South-Eastern  Circuit, 
and  Sussex  Sessions  ;  he  was  appointed 
Junior  Counsel  to  the  Post  Office  in  1886, 
Senior  Counsel  1887  ;  Junior  Counsel  to 
the  Treasury  at  the  Central  Criminal 
Court  in  January  1889,  Senior  Counsel 
in  September  1892  ;  Junior  Counsel  to  the 
London  Bankers'  Association  in  1889.  He 
was  appointed  Recorder  of  Chichester  in 
March  1890,  and  he  is  a  member  of  the 
General  Council  of  the  Bar.  He  has,  during 
the  past  fifteen  years,  been  engaged  in  a 
great  many  of  the  important  criminal  trials 
which  have  taken  place.  In  January  1899 
he  was  made  a  Q.C.  Addresses:  4  Embank- 
ment Gardens,  Chelsea,  S.W.  ;  3  Temple 
Gardens,  E.C. 

GILL,  David,  F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  Hon. 
F.R.S.  Edin.,  Astronomer  Royal  at  the 
Cape,  born  June  12,  1843,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  David  Gill,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Blair- 
ythan  and  Savock,  Aberdeenshire,  by 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Gilbert  Mitchell, 
Esq.,  of  Savock,  in  the  same  county.  He 
was  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aber- 
deen. He  obtained  his  first  experience  in 
practical  astronomy  in  the  observatory  at 
Aberdeen,  and  in  a  private  observatory 
which  he  erected  in  the  same  city.  Mr. 
Gill  was  associated  with  Lord  Lindsay  in 
the  designs  and  details  of  the  large  ob- 
servatory founded  by  that  nobleman  at 
Dunecht  in  1870,  taking  the  position  as 
chief  of  the  staff.  He  thus  became  en- 
gaged in  the  organisation  of  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  Mauritius,  fitted  out  by  Lord 
Lindsay,  for  the  observation  of  the  transit 
of  Venus,  on  which  occasion  advantage 
was  taken  of  the  circumstance  of  a  helio- 
meter  forming  part  of  the  equipment,  to 
determine  the  sun's  distance  by  measures 
of  the  planet  Juno.  The  details  of  this 
work  were  published  by  Lord  Lindsay  as 
the  joint  work  of  himself  and  Mr.  Gill. 
In  connection  with  the  same  expedition, 
Mr.  Gill  arranged  and  personally  con- 
ducted the  whole  of  the  chronometric  and 
telegraphic  longitude  determinations  con- 
necting Berlin,  Malta,  Alexandria,  Suez, 
Aden,  Bombay,  Seychelles,  Reunion, 
Mauritius,  and  Rodriguez.  It  was  while 
engaged  upon  these  operations  that  he 
undertook,  at  the  request  of  the  Khedive, 
the  measurement  of  the  first  base  line  of 


the  geodetic  survey  of  Egypt.  In  1877  he 
went  to  Ascension  to  observe  the  apposi- 
tion of  Mars.  In  1881  he  published,  in 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  an  account  of  a.  determination 
of  the  Solar  Parallax  from  observations 
of  Mars,  at  Ascension,  in  1877.  In  the 
same  year  a  difficult  task,  the  organisa- 
tion of  elaborate  longitude  operations 
connecting  Aden,  Zanzibar,  Mozambique, 
Delagoa  Bay,  Durban,  Port  Elizabeth, 
and  the  Cape,  was  performed  with  equal 
care  ;  1882  saw  him  organising  observa- 
tions of  the  minor  planets  Victoria  and 
Sappho,  which  were  carried  out  at  the 
principal  observatories  of  the  world  ;  and 
the  same  year  he  made  the  arrangements 
for  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus,  - 
in  South  Africa.  In  1883  he  set  on  foot 
the  geodetic  survey  of  South  Africa,  a 
scheme  which  he  had  urged  upon  the 
Government  without  ceasing  since  1879. 
From  1881  to  1883  he  was  likewise  engaged 
in  researches  on  the  Parallax  of  the  fixed 
stars,  an  elaborate  memoir  on  which  sub- 
ject he  has  published  in  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society.  More  re- 
cently (1893)  this  has  been  republished 
as  "Heliometer  Observations  for  Deter- 
mination of  Stellar  Parallax  made  at  the 
Royal  Observatory,  Cape  of  Good  Hope." 
In  1875  he  received  the  Medjidieh  (3rd 
class)  from  the  Khedive  for  his  scientific 
labours  in  Egypt.  In  1881  he  was  made 
LL.D.  of  Aberdeen  University ;  in  the 
same  year  he  received  the  Valz  Medal  of 
the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences  for  re- 
searches on  the  Solar  Parallax ;  and  in 
1882  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  of  London  for  his  Helio- 
metric  observations  of  Mars  and  the  dis- 
cussion of  his  results.  In  1883  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  1884  made  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh 
University.  Dr.  Gill  is  a  magistrate  for 
.county  Aberdeen,  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  South  African  Museum,  and  was  also 
some  time  a  Member  of  the  South  African 
University  Council.  Address  :  Royal  Ob- 
servatory, Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

GILL,  Edmund,  landscape  painter, 
was  born  Nov.  29,  1820,  in  the  parish  of 
Clerkenwell.  His  father  was  by  trade  a 
japanner,  but  Edmund  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  painting,  and  succeeded  in 
occasionally  exhibiting  pictures  in  the 
Academy.  After  passing  some  years  !n 
Shropshire,  Edmund  Gill  came,  in  1841, 
to  London,  and  became  a  student  at  the 
Academy.  He  has  since  been  a  regular 
exhibitor  of  landscapes,  stormy  coast 
scenes,  and  waterfalls,  with  few  excep- 
tions from  Welsh  and  Scottish  scenery, 
painted  in  the  minute  style  that  recalls 
the  manner  of  the  early  Dutch  artists. 


GILLIAT  —  GILMAN 


419 


GILLIAT,  John  Saunders,  M.P., 
J.P.,  was  born  in  1829,  and  is  a  son  of  the 
late  J.  K.  Gilliat,  of  Fernhill,  Berks.  He 
was  educated  at  Harrow  and  at  University 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a  fourth 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1851.  From  1886  to 
1892  he  was  M.P.  for  Clapham  and  Batter- 
sea,  S.,  and  since  the  latter  year  has  repre- 
sented Widnes,  Lanes.,  as  a  Conservative. 
Mr.  Gilliat  is  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of 
England,  and  in  1883  was  its  Governor. 
He  is  a  member  of  John  K.  Gilliat  &  Co. , 
American  merchants  and  bankers.  He 
married,  in  1860,  Louisa,  daughter  of  M. 
Babington.  Addresses  :  18  Prince's  Gate, 
S.W. ;  and  Chorleywood  Cedars,  Rick- 
mansworth. 

GILLIES,  The  Hon.  Duncan,  ex- 
Premier  of  Victoria,  was  born  in  Glasgow 
in  1834,  and  went  out  to  Victoria  in  1852. 
He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Victorian 
Parliament  in  1859,  and  was  Minister  for 
Lands  in  1868,  and  again  from  1875  to 
1877.  He  held  the  office  of  Minister  for 
Railways  from  1872  to  1875,  and  from 
1880  to  1883 ;  and  became  Premier  in 
1886.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Federal 
Conference  held  at  Melbourne  in  1890  ; 
on  November  5  of  which  year,  his  Ministry 
being  defeated,  lie  resigned,  and  Mr. 
Munro  became  Premier.  He,  on  taking 
office,  gave,  in  a  few  plain  figures,  the 
sort  of  damnosa  hcereditas  to  which  he 
had*  succeeded.  He  said :  "  The  late 
Treasurer  took  office  early  in  1886.  He 
had  a  large  income  from  revenue  during 
the  specially  -  favoured  Exhibition  and 
land-boom  years.  He  supplemented  his 
actual  income  by  mortgaging  our  future 
income  from  the  sale  of  valuable  city  and 
suburban  lands.  He  borrowed  £1,500,000 
in  February  1886  ;  £3,000,000  in  January 
1887  ;  £1,500,000  in  January  1888  ;  and 
£3,000,000  in  January  1889.  From  the 
Victorian  stock  he  got  £130,000  in  De- 
cember 1888.  He  borrowed  £4,000,000  in 
April  1890,  and  got  from  the  Victorian 
stock  £26,411  in  June  1890.  In  all  he 
received  £13,156,411  of  borrowed  money 
in  a  little  over  four  years.  He  went  out 
of  office  on  Nov.  5,  1890,  leaving  to  his 
successor  a  debit  balance  in  the  revenue 
account  of  £502,282,  and  the  ear-marked 
farmers'  bonuses  to  be  provided  for,  con- 
tracts in  hand  between  one  and  a  half 
and  two  millions ,  the  trust  funds  reduced 
to  £337,271,  the  loan  funds  to  £394,404, 
and  matured  debentures  amounting  to 
£850,000  to  meet  immediately  !  "  In  1887 
he  was  offered  and  refused  a  K.C.M.G. 
In  1894  he  was  appointed  Agent-General 
for  Victoria.     Address  :  Melbourne. 

GILMAN,  Daniel  Coit,  LL.D.,  Presi- 
dent of    the  Johns   Hopkins  University, 


Baltimore,  was  born  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
July  6,  1831.  After  graduating  as  Bachelor 
of  Arts  at  Yale  College,  in  1852,  he 
devoted  two  years  to  travel  and  study  in 
Europe,  and  subsequently  became  Libra- 
rian and  Professor  of  Physical  Geography 
in  Yale  College,  where  he  remained  from 
1856  to  1872.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  organisation  of  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  the  Yale  School  of  Fine  Arts,  and 
the  Winchester  Observatory  of  Yale  Col- 
lege. His  interest  in  public  instruction 
led  to  his  appointment,  in  1856,  as  Super- 
intendent of  the  Public  Schools  of  New 
Haven,  and  afterwards,  in  1865-66,  as 
Superintendent  of  the  Public  Schools  of 
Connecticut.  In  1872  he  became  Presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  California  ;  and 
in  1875  he  was  called  as  President  to 
take  part  in  the  organisation  of  a  uni- 
versity in  Baltimore,  to  which  Johns 
Hopkins  had  given  a  large  endowment. 
This  institution  is  devoted  to  the  advance- 
ment of  the  higher  education  of  young 
men,  the  encouragement  of  research,  and 
the  publication  of  learned  works.  Mr  Gil- 
man  was  one  of  the  judges  in  the  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition  of  1876,  one  of  the 
original  trustees  of  the  Slater  Fund  for 
the  education  of  Freedmen,  an  official 
visitor  of  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  in  1875,  and  of  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1876  and  1888. 
He  has  been  President  of  the  American 
Social  Science  Association,  an  active  pro- 
moter of  Civil  Service  reform,  and  of 
charity  organisation,  and  of  training 
handicrafts.  He  became,  in  1893,  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Oriental  Society, 
President  of  the  Slater  trustees  (above 
mentioned),  and  a  trustee  of  the  Peabody 
Educational  Fund.  During  the  period  of 
organising  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  he 
was  for  several  months  its  Director.  He 
has  travelled  widely  in  the  United  States 
and  Europe,  and  on  the  Mediterranean. 
His  addresses,  reports,  and  reviews,  chiefly 
but  not  wholly  pertaining  to  educational 
subjects,  would  make,  if  collected,  several 
octavo  volumes.  His  views  upon  higher 
education  may  be  gathered  from  eighteen 
reports  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
from  many  addresses  delivered  in  Balti- 
more, from  an  address  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society  of  Harvard  University, 
1887,  and  from  three  articles  in  the  North 
American  Review,  "On  American  Educa- 
tion, 1776-1876";  "On  the  Idea  of  the 
University,"  1881;  "On  the  Idea  of  the 
College,"  1882.  He  delivered  opening 
addresses  at  Sibley  College  (Cornell  Uni- 
versity), Adelbert  College  (Cleveland), 
Bryn  Mawr  College  (near  Philadelphia), 
the  Women's  College  (Baltimore),  the 
Slater  Museum  of  the  Fine  Arts  (Nor- 
wich), the    Dearborn    Astronomical     Ob- 


420 


GINSBTJRG  —  GISSING 


servatory  (near  Chicago),  the  College 
for  Promoting  Manual  Instruction  (New- 
York),  and  the  Sage  Library  of  Cornell 
University.  The  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  has  been  conferred  on  him 
by  Harvard,  Yale,  and  Columbia. 

GINSBTJRG,  Christian  David, 
LL.D.,  an  eminent  Rabbinical  scholar, 
was  born  in  Warsaw  in  1830,  and  educated 
there  in  the  Rabbinic  College.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  members  appointed  by 
Convocation  for  the  revision  of  the  Eng- 
lish version  of  the  Old  Testament  Scrip- 
tures, and  is  the  author  of  "  An  Historical 
and  Critical  Commentary  on  the  Song  of 
Songs,"  and  on  "Ecclesiastes,"  1857; 
"  The  Kariates,  their  History  and  Litera- 
ture," 1862  ;  "The  Essenes,"  1864;  "The 
Kabbalah,  its  Doctrines,  Development, 
and  Literature,"  1865  ;  "The  Massoreth- 
ha-Massoreth  of  Elias  Levita,"  in  Hebrew, 
with  Translation  and  Commentary,  1867 ; 
"Jacob  ben  Chajin's  Introduction  to  the 
Rabbinic  Bible,"  Hebrew  and  English, 
with  notices,  1867  ;  "The  Moabite  Stone," 
1871  ;  "  A  Commentary  on  Leviticus," 
1882;  "The  Massorah,"  four  imperial 
folio  volumes,  1880-86,  a  work  of  vast 
erudition.  Dr.  Ginsburg  has  been  a 
contributor  also  to  Kitto's  "Encyclopaedia 
of  Biblical  Literature";  Smith's  "Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible";  and  the  "Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica."  In  1897  he  pub- 
lished "Fac-similes  of  the  Manuscripts  of 
the  Hebrew  Bible,"  and  "Introduction  to 
the  Massoretico-critical  Edition  of  the 
Hebrew  Bible." 

GIOLITTI,  Francesco  Giovanni, 

Italian  statesman,  was  born  at  Mondovi, 
Oct.  27,  1842,  and  became  a  barrister  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  taking  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  four  years  later.  In  1866  he 
entered  the  magistracy  at  Turin,  and  soon 
after  was  given  a  post  under  the  Minister 
of  Justice  by  Signor  Vigliani,  whence  he 
passed  to  the  Ministry  of  Finance  under 
Signor  Sella,  where  he  showed  rare  apti- 
tude, and  was  made  a  Councillor  of  State 
in  1882.  The  same  year  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  Deputy  for  Cuneo,  and  at  once 
distinguished  himself  by  his  grip  of  finan- 
cial questions.  At  that  period  he  supported 
Signor  Crispi  (q.v.),  and  was  appointed  by 
him  Minister  of  Finance,  Sept.  19,  1890. 
In  this  position,  without  opposing  the 
large  expense  necessitated  by  the  Triple 
Alliance,  he  endeavoured  to  bring  about 
economies  in  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works, 
to  which  he  was  unable  to  gain  the  ad- 
hesion of  the  Chamber.  In  consequence, 
he  resigned  on  December  8,  and  this  was 
one  of  the  causes  leading  to  the  fall  of  the 
Crispi  Cabinet.  In  May  1892,  on  the  fall 
of  the  Marquis  di  Rudini,  he  was  charged 


to  form  a  Cabinet  in  which  he  held  the 
posts  of  Premier  and  Minister  of  the 
Interior.  A  fortnight  after,  he  tendered 
his  resignation,  which  the  King  refused 
to  accept.  This  rendered  a  dissolution 
necessary,  and  Signor  Giolitti  having 
cleverly  obtained  a  vote  of  supply  for 
six  months,  the  elections  of  November,  in 
the  same  year,  resulted  in  a  great  triumph 
for  the  Government.  At  this  time  the 
scandals  in  connection  with  the  Bank  of 
Naples  and  the  Bank  of  Rome  led  to  a 
demand  for  a  parliamentary  inquiry,  and 
the  Premier  not  conducting  the  investiga- 
tion with  sufficient  vigour  for  the  Parlia- 
ment, a  coalition  was  formed  against  him, 
and  he  again  tendered  his  resignation  in 
May  1893.  The  King  again  refused  to 
accept  it.  However,  in  November  of  the 
same  year,  he  resigned  definitely,  and  was 
succeeded  by  another  Crispi  Ministry. 

GIPPS,  General  Sir  Reginald 
Ramsay,  K.C.B. ,  son  of  Sir  George 
Gipps,  K.C.B.,  R.E.,  sometime  Governor 
of  Australia,  was  born  in  1831,  and 
educated  at  Eton.  He  entered  the  Scots 
Guards  as  Ensign  in  the  year  1849,  and 
was  promoted  Lieutenant  and  Captain  in 
1854  ;  Major  by  brevet  in  1856,  Colonel  by 
brevet  in  1871,  and  Major-General  in  1881. 
He  took  part  in  the  Crimean  War,  being 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Alma.  He 
was  also  engaged  in  the  sortie  from  the 
garrison  of  Sebastopol,  in  which  -the 
Russians  were  repulsed  with  the  loss  of 
2000  killed  and  wounded,  and  was  again 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Inker- 
mann.  He  was  mentioned  in  despatches, 
and  was  awarded  the  Crimean  Medal  with 
four  clasps,  5th  class  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  5th  class  Medjidie,  the  Turkish 
Medal,  and  the  Brevet  of  Major.  During 
1881  he  was  a  Brigadier-General  in  Ire- 
land, and  from  1884  to  1889  was  Major- 
General  in  Command  of  the  Home  District, 
being  shortly  afterwards  appointed  Deputy 
Adjutant  -  General  for  the  Militia,  Yeo- 
manry and  Volunteers  at  Head-Quarters. 
He  was  promoted  to  a  K.C.B.  in  1888.  In 
1892  Sir  Reginald  Gipps  acted  as  Military 
Secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  and 
was  promoted  full  General  in  1894.  He 
married  (2),  in  1886,  Evelyn,  daughter  of 
Colonel  Feilden  of  Dulas  Court,  Hereford. 
Addresses:  11  Chester  Street,  S.W. ;  and 
Sycamore  House,  Farnborough,  Hants. 

GISSING,  Algernon,  novelist,  born 
at  Wakefield  on  Nov.  25,  1860,  is  the 
son  of  Thomas  Walter  Gissing,  late  of 
that  town  (originally  from  Suffolk),  and 
Margaret,  his  wife,  nie  Bedford,  Worcester- 
shire. Educated  at  private  schools,  and 
trained,  originally  for  the  law,  he  was 
admitted  a  solicitor  early  in  1882.     He 


GISSLNG  —  GLADSTONE 


421 


practised  for  a  short  time  in  his  native 
town,  but  ultimately  abandoned  the  legal 
profession  and  took  entirely  to  that  of 
letters.  This  brought  him  to  London  for 
two  or  three  years,  but  love  of  the  country 
impelled  him  to  withdraw  thither,  and  for 
the  last  few  years  he  has  spent  the  bulk 
of  his  time  in  rural  seclusion.  He  has 
published  several  novels,  all  of  which  deal 
with  country  life,  and  amongst  which  are  : 
"  A  Village  Hampden,"  published  in  1890  ; 
"A  Moorland  Idyl,"  in  1891;  "Between 
Two  Opinions,"  in  1893;  "At  Society's 
Expense,"  in  1894;  "The  Sport  of  Stars," 
in  1896;  and  "The  Scholar  of  Bygate," 
in  1897.  Address  :  Willersey,  near  Broad- 
way, Worcestershire. 

GISSING,  George,  novelist,  was  born 
at  Wakefield  on  Nov.  22,  1857,  and  edu- 
cated at  Owens  College,  Manchester.  His 
writings,  which  may  be  said  to  belong  to 
the  school  of  English  realism,  are  "The 
Unclassed,"  1884;  "Demos,"  a  satire  on 
the  seamv  side  of  the  Labour  movement, 
1886  ;  "A  Life's  Morning,"  1888  ;  "Thyrza," 
1887;  "The  Nether  World,"  1889;  "The 
Emancipated,"  1890;  "New Grub  Street," 
a  picture  of  the  less  showy  aspects  of 
modern  authorship,  1891;  "Denzil  Quar- 
rier,"  1892;  "Born  in  Exile,"  1892;  "The 
Odd  Women."  1893;  "In  the  Year  of 
Jubilee,"  1894;  "The  Whirlpool,"  1897  ; 
"Eve's  Ransom,"  1895;  "Human  Odds 
and  Ends"  (short  stories),  1897;  "The 
Town  Traveller,"  1897;  and  "Charles 
Dickens :  a  Critical  Essay,"  1898.  Ad- 
dress :  c/o  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen,  16 
Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

GLADSTONE,    Catherine,    was 

daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Stephen 
Glynn  e,  who  died  when  she  was  very 
young,  her  mother  being  left  in  charge  of 
the  estates  during  the  minority  of  her  son 
Stephen,  then  only  eight  years  of  age. 
The  Rector  of  Hawarden,  the  Hon.  George 
Neville,  was  Lady  Glynne's  brother.  In 
those  days  Hawarden  was  but  a  Cheshire 
village,  and  not  of  good  reputation,  as  the 
great  coach  road  to  Holyhead  passed 
through  it,  and  four  times  a  day  the 
mails  made  the  road  ring  with  their  bugles 
and  the  bustle  they  brought  with  them. 
Mr.  Neville  called  a  meeting  and  remon- 
strated with  the  inhabitants  on  the  bad 
character  Hawarden  had  gained,  saying 
that  as  one  means  of  promoting  a  better 
state  of  things  he  would  urge  his  sister, 
Lady  Glynne,  to  lessen  the  number  of 
local  public-houses,  and  to  cause  those 
that  were  left  to  shut  on  Sundays  during 
divine  service.  Thus  was  the  work  of 
social  reform  begun  in  the  parish  of 
Hawarden.  In  1839,  Catherine  Glynne 
married  the  rising  young  statesman,  W.  E. 


Gladstone,  on  the  same  day  as  her  younger 
sister  married  Lord  Lyttleton,  and  the 
double  wedding  was  honoured  with  great 
rejoicings.  In  her  long  married  life  she 
was  the  devoted  companion  of  her  illus- 
trious husband,  aiding  and  assisting  him 
in  all  manner  of  ways,  and  carrying  out 
many  charitable  designs  mutually  pro- 
jected. One  of  the  first  of  these  was  the 
New  Port  Market  Refuge,  suggested  by 
Mr.  Gladstone,  who  saw  how  very  many 
homeless  wanderers  were  out  of  a  night  on 
his  road  to  the  House.  It  is  designed  to 
give  temporary  shelter  and  help  to  men 
out  of  work,  and  so  enable  them  to  get 
employment  again.  In  1866  the  East  End 
of  London  suffered  a  terrible  epidemic  of 
cholera,  and  Mrs.  Gladstone,  visiting  the 
London  Hospital,  saw  much  of  the  distress 
caused  by  it,  and  took  a  great  interest  in 
the  many  orphans  left  by  its  ravages.  She 
took  a  house  at  Clapton  and  installed  them 
there,  and  wrote  an  appeal  to  the  Times  on 
their  behalf.  It  was  amply  responded  to, 
and  £5000-were  raised  for  them.  Seeing  the 
need  of  helping  those  who  had  struggled 
through  so  terrible  an  illness,  she  organised 
a  Convalescent  Home  at  Woodford,  in  Essex. 
This  establishment  she  visited  for  twenty- 
five  years,  when  in  town,  going  down  to  the 
London  Hospital  every  Monday  morning  to 
examine  into  the  claims  of  would-be  pa- 
tients. There  is  another  Orphanage  Home 
.under  her  auspices  at  Hawarden  :  it  was 
set  on  foot  after  the  American  War  and 
the  Lancashire  Cotton  Famine.  The  young 
girls  there  are  trained  for  domestic  service 
at  Notting  Hill.  Indeed,  Mrs.  Gladstone's 
kindly  help  and  influence  have  been  called 
forth  in  a  thousand  ways.  The  touching 
and  heroic  part  played  by  her  at  the  death- 
bed and  funeral  of  her  late  husband  is 
fresh  in  the  recollection  of  all.  That  she 
was  present  at  the  solemn  ceremony  in  the 
Abbey,  on  which  occasion  the  Prince  of 
Wales  kissed  her  hand,  is  only  an  addi- 
tional proof  of  her  fortitude  and  of  her 
life-long  devotion  to  her  hero. 

GLADSTONE,  Helen  G.,  fourth 
daughter  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone,  by  his  wife  Catherine,  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Sir  Stephen  and  Ihe  Hon. 
Lady  Glynne,  was  born  on  Aug.  29,  1849, 
at  Hawarden  Castle,  Flintshire.  She  was 
educated  at  home  and  at  Newnham  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  she  eventually  was 
appointed  Vice  -  Principal,  holding  that 
position  from  October  1882  to  Christmas 
1896.  She  was  during  the  closing  period 
of  his  life  constantly  with  her  father,  and 
acted  as  his  secretary.  After  his  death 
she  managed  the  immense  mass  of  corre- 
spondence which  that  sad  event  naturally 
entailed  upon  his  family.  Address  :  Ha- 
warden Castle,  Chester. 


422 


GLADSTONE  —  GLAISHER 


GLADSTONE,  The  Rig-ht  Hon. 
Herbert  John,  M.A.,  M.P.,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone  and  Catherine,  eldest  daughter 
of  Sir  Stephen  Glynne,  Bart.  He  was  born 
at  12  Downing  Street,  London,  on  Jan.  7, 
1854,  when  his  illustrious  father  was 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  for  the  first 
time.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  third-class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions in  1874,  and  a  first-class  in  the 
Modern  History  School  in  1876  (M.A. 
1879).  From  1877  to  1880  he  was  History 
Lecturer  at  Keble  College.  In  the  latter 
year  he  contested  Middlesex  County,  and 
entered  Parliament.  He  was  Private  Secre- 
tary to  his  father  in  1880-81 ;  a  Lord  of  the 
Treasury,  1881-85  ;  Financial  Secretary  at 
the  War  Office  in  1886  ;  Under-Secretary 
at  the  Home  Office,  1892-94;  and  First 
Commissioner  of  Works,  1894-95.  Since 
1880  he  has  represented  Leeds  in  Parlia- 
ment. He  has  (April,  1899)  succeeded  the 
late  Mr.  Thomas  Ellis  as  Chief  Whip  to  the 
Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
Addresses  :  4  Cleveland  Square,  St.  James's, 
S.W. ;  and  Hawarden  Castle,  Chester. 

GLADSTONE,  Professor  John  Hall, 

Ph.D.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  was  born  March  7, 
1827,  and  educated  at  home.  He  studied 
chemistry  at  University  College,  London, 
under  Professor  Graham  ;  and  at  Giessen, 
under  Professor  Liebig.  He  took  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1848 ;  lectured  on 
Chemistry  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  from 
1850  to  1852  ;  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1853  ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Lighthouses, 
Buoys,  and  Beacons,  from  1859  to  1862  ;  a 
member  of  the  Gun  Cotton  Committee 
(appointed  by  the  War  Office)  from  1864 
to  1868  ;  Fullerian  Professor  of  Chemistry 
at  the  Royal  Institution  from  1874  to  1877  ; 
President  of  the  Physical  Society  from  its 
formation  in  1874  to  1876  ;  and  President 
of  the  Chemical  Society  from  1877  to  1879. 
He  was  made  Honorary  Doctor  of  Science 
at  the  Centenary  of  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, in  1892.  Since  1846  Dr.  Gladstone  has 
been  constantly  engaged  in  scientific  re- 
search, principally  in  chemistry,  electricity, 
and  optics,  and  the  points  of  contact  be- 
tween these  sciences.  The  results  have 
been  published  by  the  Royal,  Chemical, 
and  other  Societies,  and  by  the  British 
Association.  For  many  years  he  has  been 
engaged  also  in  various  philanthropic  and 
religious  movements ;  and  from  1873  to 
1894  he  was  one  of  the  representatives  of 
the  Chelsea  Division  on  the  School  Board 
for  London.  He  was  for  three  years  Vice- 
Chairman  of  the  Board,  and  for  eighteen 
years  Chairman  of  the  Books  and  Appara- 
tus Sub-Committee,  where  he  paid  special 


attention  to  methods  of  instruction.  He 
is  the  author  of :  "  The  Biography  of 
Michael  Faraday,"  1872  ;  "  Points  of  Sup- 
posed Collision  between  the  Scriptures  and 
Natural  Science :  a  lecture  delivered  in 
connection  with  the  Christian  Evidence 
Society,"  1872;  "Miracles  as  Credentials 
of  a  Revelation  :  a  lecture  delivered  in 
the  new  Hall  of  Science,  Old  Street,  City 
Road,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Christian 
Evidence  Society,"  1873 ;  "  Spelling  Re- 
form, from  an  Educational  Point  of  View," 
1878  ;  "  The  Chemistry  of  Secondary 
Batteries,"  1883  ;  and  upwards  of  fifty 
memoirs  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
and  other  Proceedings  of  the  learned 
societies.  For  these  investigations,  and 
especially  for  the  application  of  optical 
methods  to  chemical  research,  he  has  lately 
received  the  Davy  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  married  (1)  May,  daughter 
of  the  late  Charles  Tilt ;  and  (2)  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  D.  King 
and  niece  of  Lord  Kelvin.  He  is  now 
a  widower.  Addresses  :  17  Pembridge 
Square,  W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

GLAISHER,  James,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
in  London  on  April  7,  1809.  In  1829  he 
was  appointed  Assistant  on  the  Principal 
Triangulation  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  of 
Ireland,  and  in  that  capacity  was  charged 
with  the  meteorological  observations  on 
the  mountains  Bencorr  in  Galway,  and  the 
Keeper  mountains  near  Limerick.  These 
observations  were  published  by  Sir  Henry 
James  in  1856.  From  1833  to  1836  Mr. 
Glaisher  was  Assistant  at  the  Cambridge 
Observatory.  In  1836  he  was  appointed 
Assistant  in  the  Astronomical  Department 
of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  and 
in  1840,  on  the  establishment  of  the  Mag- 
netical  and  Meteorological  Department,  he 
was  appointed  its  Superintendent,  and 
continued  to  hold  that  office  until  his 
retirement  from  the  public  service  at  the 
end  of  1874.  In  1841  he  began  the  series 
of  quarterly  and  annual  meteorological 
reports  which  have  been  published  by  the 
Registrar- General  in  his  Quarterly  and 
Annual  Reports,  without  any  interruption 
from  that  time  to  the  present.  These 
meteorological  reports  are  the  result  of  the 
reduction  and  discussion  of  the  observa- 
tions of  about  sixty  voluntary  observers 
scattered  over  England.  Mr.  Glaisher  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1849,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  Royal 
Meteorological  Society,  of  which  he  was 
Secretary  for  nearly  twenty  years,  and 
President  in  1867-68.  He  is  also  a  past 
President  of  the  Royal  Microscopical 
Society.  On  the  death  of  the  late  Lord 
Chief-Baron  Sir  F.  Pollock,  he  succeeded 
him  as  third  President  of  the  Photographic 
Society  of  Great  Britain,  an  office  which 


GLAISHER  —  GLAZEBROOK 


423 


he  still  holds.  He  has  also  since  1880  been 
the  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund.  He 
was  a  Juror  in  the  Class  of  Scientific  and 
Philosophical  Instruments  at  the  Exhibi- 
tions of  1851  and  1862,  and  was  the 
Reporter  of  this  Class  in  1851.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  "Report  on  the  Meteorology  of 
London  in  relation  to  the  Cholera  Epidemic 
of  1853-54,"  published  by  the  Board  of 
Health  in  1855,  and  of  a  "Report  on  the 
Meteorology  of  India  in  relation  to  the 
Health  of  the  Troops,"  1863,  which  formed 
an  Appendix  to  a  Report  of  a  Royal  Com- 
mission on  the  Army  in  India.  He  was  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Warming  and  Ventilation  of  Dwellings 
(1857),  for  which  he  conducted  most  of  the 
experiments,  and  wrote  the  report.  He  is 
the  author  of  more  than  a  hundred  books 
and  papers  relating  to  astronomy,  meteor- 
ology, and  the  theory  of  numbers.  In  1845 
he  published  his  "  Hygrometrical  Tables," 
which  has  passed  through  seven  editions, 
and  is  regarded  as  a  fundamental  work  in 
connection  with  meteorology.  "  A  Memoir 
on  the  Radiation  of  Heat  from  various 
Substances,"  published  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  for  1848,  and  certain  papers 
on  the  forms  of  snow  crystals,  published  in 
1855,  are  also  noticeable.  Between  1863 
and  1866  he  made  twenty-nine  balloon 
ascents  for  scientific  purposes,  in  one  of 
which  (Sept.  5,  1863)  he  attained  the 
greatest  height  yet  reached  (nearly  seven 
miles).  He  was  insensible  for  more  than 
ten  minutes,  and  Mr.  Coxwell,  the  aero- 
naut, only  just  succeeded  in  opening  the 
valve  by  pulling  it  with  his  teeth.  The 
results  are  printed  in  the  Reports  of  the 
British  Association.  The  observations 
made  were  very  numerous  and  varied,  and 
still  form  a  unique  series.  Some  of  the 
results  have  been  published  in  a  popular 
form  in  "  Travels  in  the  Air."  Mr.  Glaisher 
is  also  President  of  the  Aeronautical 
Society.  Retranslated  and  edited  "The 
Atmosphere"  (by  Flammarion),  and  "The 
World  of  Comets"  (by  Guillemin).  After 
his  retirement  from  the  Royal  Observatory 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  completion  of 
the  Factor  Tables  begun  by  Burckhardt  in 
1814,  and  continued  by  Dase  in  1862-65. 
Burckhardt  published  the  first  three  mil- 
lions, and  Dase  the  seventh,  eighth,  and 
ninth.  The  three  intervening  millions 
have  been  calculated  by  Mr.  Glaisher,  and 
published,  with  a  full  enumeration  relating 
to  the  whole  nine  millions,  in  3  vols.,  4to, 
1879-83.  In  1885  he  published  "Hygro- 
metric  Tables,"  which  in  1893  attained  an 
eighth  edition.  On  April  8,  1898,  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund  presented  Mr.  Glaisher 
with  a  eulogistic  address  of  congratulation, 
containing  a  survey  of  his  arduous  labours 


in  the  cause  of  Palestine  Exploration,  on 
his  entering  his  70th  year.  Address  :  The 
Shola,  Heathfield  Road,  Croydon. 

GLAISHER,  James  Whitbread 
Lee,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S.,  is  the  eldest  and  only 
surviving  son  of  James  Glaisher,  F.R.S. , 
and  was  born  at  Lewisham,  Kent,  on  Nov. 
5,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School,  1858-67,  and  was  senior  Campden 
Exhibitioner  in  1867.  He  proceeded  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  was  elected 
scholar  in  1868  ;  and  graduated  as  second 
wrangler  in  the  Mathematical  Tripos  of 
1871.  In  that  year  he  was  elected  Fellow 
of  Trinity,  and  was  appointed  assistant- 
tutor  at  the  same  time  ;  tutor  in  1883  ;  and 
senior  tutor  in  1886,  retaining  this  position 
until  1893.  In  1887  he  received  the  degree 
of  Sc.D.  from  his  own  University.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1875  ; 
was  President  of  the  Cambridge  Philo- 
sophical Society,  1882-84,  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  1884-86,  and  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1886-88.  He 
was  Moderator  in  1877,  and  examiner  for 
the  Mathematical  Tripos  in  1878,  and 
(second  post  only)  in  1886,  1887,  and  1888. 
Dr.  Glaisher's  writings,  all  of  which  are 
mathematical,  relate  principally  to  the 
subjects  of  "Elliptic  Functions,"  "Definite 
Integrals,"  "  Theory  of  Numbers,"  mathe- 
matical tables,  and  mathematical  biblio- 
graphy. In  1894  he  edited  the  "Collected 
Mathematical  Papers"  of  H.  J.  S.  Smith. 
He  has  been  editor  of  The  Messenger  of 
Mathematics  since  1871,  and  of  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Pure  and  Applied  Mathematics 
since  1878.  Addresses :  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GLANTJSK,  Lord.  See  Bailey,  Sib 
Joseph  Russell. 

GLASGOW    AND     GALLOWAY, 

Bishop  of.  See  Haeeison,  The  Right 
Rev.  William  Thomas. 

GLAZEBROOK,  The  Rev.  Michael 
George,  Head-master  of  Clifton  College, 
is  the  son  of  M.  G.  Glazebrook,  a  mer- 
chant, and  was  born  on  Aug.  4,  1853.  He 
was  educated  at  Dulwich  College,  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
firsts  in  Classical  and  Mathematical  Mode- 
rations; in  1876,  a  second  in  the  Final 
School  of  Mathematics  ;  and  in  1877  a  first 
in  Lit.  Hum.  In  1878  he  was  appointed 
an  Assistant-Master  at  Harrow,  in  1888 
High  Master  of  Manchester  Grammar 
School,  and  in  1891  Head-master  of  Clif- 
ton College.  He  has  published  editions 
of  the  classics,  "  Lessons  from  the  Old 
Testament,"  and  has  written  on  the  sub- 
ject of  education.  Address  :  School  House, 
Clifton  College. 


424 


GLAZEBKOOK  —  GLENN 


GLAZEBROOK,  Richard  Tetley, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  N.  S.  Glazebrook, 
surgeon,  o£  West  Derby,  near  Liverpool, 
was  born  Sept.  IS,  1854,  educated  at 
Liverpool  College,  and  entered  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1872 ;  became 
scholar  and  prizeman  of  the  College,  and 
took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1876  as  fifth 
wrangler ;  and  was  elected  Fellow  in 
1 877.  He  became  Demonstrator  of  Physics 
at  the  Cavendish  Laboratory  in  1880,  and 
from  1890  to  the  present  date  has  been 
Assistant-Director  of  the  Laboratory.  He 
has  also  held  the  posts  of  Lecturer  and 
Assistant-Tutor  of  Trinity  College,  and 
since  1895  has  been  Senior  Bursar.  This 
last  post  he  resigned  in  1898,  on  his  ap- 
pointment as  Principal  of  University  Col- 
lege, Liverpool.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1882,  and  has 
served  on  the  Council.  At  present  he  is 
Chairman  of  -the  Physics  and  Chemistry 
Committee.  He  was  President  of  Section 
A  of  the  British  Association  at  Notting- 
ham, and  is  at  present  Secretary  of  the 
Electrical  Standards  Committee  of  the 
Association.  He  has  acted  as  Examiner 
in  the  University  of  London,  the  Victoria 
University,  and  the  University  of  Wales,  as 
well  as  for  the  Mathematical  and  Natural 
Science  Tripos  at  Cambridge.  He  was 
Hopkins  Prizeman,  1888 ;  is  the  author  of 
various  papers  on  Mathematical  and 
Experimental  Physics  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  and  else- 
where ;  and  of  a  Text-book  of  Physical 
Optics  ;  and  (jointly  with  Mr.  W.  N.  Shaw) 
a  Text-book  of  Practical  Physics.  He  has 
also  written  a  Life  of  Maxwell  for  the 
Century  of  Science  Series,  and  the  article 
on  Newton  in  the  "National  Dictionary 
of  Biography."  He  is  the  author  of  Text- 
books on  Physics  published  by  the  Pitt 
Press.  His  writings  treat  chiefly  of 
optical  and  electrical  questions.  One  of 
the  most  important  contains  a  verification 
of  Fresnel's  theory  of  double  refraction 
for  a  bi-axial  crystal ;  while  others  deal 
with  the  absolute  resistance  of  the  B.A. 
Unit,  and  the  specific  resistance  of  mer- 
cury. In  some  papers  published  in  the 
Philoso/'hical  Magazine,  the  theory  of 
double  refraction  is  treated  from  a  dy- 
namical standpoint,  suggested  by  some 
work  of  Sir  William  Thomson's.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum  under 
Rule  2  in  February  1898.  Mr.  Glaze- 
brook  married  Frances  Gertrude,  daughter 
of  the  late  T.  W.  Atkinson,  of  Leeds.  Ad- 
dress :  7  Harvey  Eoad,  Cambridge. 

GLENESK,  Lord,  Sir  Algernon 
Borthwick,  Bart. ,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  P. 
Borthwick,  formerly  member  for  Evesham, 
and  Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Colville, 
of    Ewart,    Northumberland,    was    born 


at  Cambridge  on  Dec.  27,  1830.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  College  School,  London, 
and  is  a  Fellow  of  King's  College,  London. 
When  a  young  man  he  went  to  Paris  as 
correspondent  to  the  Morning  Post  (with 
which  his  father  was  connected),  and  was 
present  at  the  coup  cVitat  in  December 
1851.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1853 
he  came  to  London  and  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Morning  Post,  subse- 
quently becoming  owner  of  the  property. 
Sir  Algernon  was  the  chief  promoter  of 
the  Owl,  a  paper  which  appeared  during 
the  Parliamentary  session  of  1864,  and 
created  a  great  sensation  on  account  of 
the  bold  way  in  which  State  secrets  were 
revealed  and  discussed.  The  authorship 
was  kept  a  secret  for  many  years,  and 
the  paper  itself  came  to  an  end  in  1870. 
In  1880  Mr.  Borthwick  offered  himself  as 
a  Conservative  candidate  for  the  borough 
of  Evesham,  formerly  represented  by  his 
father  j  he  was,  however,  defeated  by  a 
small  majority,  and  did  not  enter  Parlia- 
ment till  1885,  when  he  was  returned  for 
South  Kensington.  At  the  general  elec- 
tions of  1886  and  1892,  Sir  Algernon  was 
returned  for  South  Kensington,  and  repre- 
sented that  constituency  until  1895.  From 
1886-95  he  was  Chairman  of  the  London 
Conservative  M.P.'s.  He  is  President  of 
the  Press  Fund,  and  also  of  the  News- 
paper Society ;  Vice-President  of  the 
Institute  of  Journalists ;  Vice  -  Grand 
Master  and  Trustee  of  the  Primrose 
League.  He  was  knighted  in  1880,  and 
created  a  baronet  in  1887.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  in  1895  by  the  title  of  Lord 
Glenesk,  of  Glenesk,  in  Midlothian.  He 
married,  in  1870,  Alice  Beatrice,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Lady  Theresa  Lewis, 
and  sister  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Clarendon. 
Addresses  :  139  Piccadilly ;  and  Heath 
House,  Hampstead  Heath,  N.W. 

GLENN,  Robert  George,  LL.B., 
J.P.,  Recorder  of  Croydon,  was  born  June 
5,  1844,  in  London,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  R.  Glenn,  by  his  wife  Rosalind,  grand- 
daughter of  the  Rev.  Charles  Wesley.  He 
was  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  where 
he  became  a  "  Grecian,"  and  obtained  an 
open  exhibition  at  the  University.  He 
proceeded  to  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  gained  an  open  scholar- 
ship in  classics  and  mathematics,  and  was 
classical  prizeman  in  his  first  year  ;  and 
was  head  of  the  second  class  in  the  Law 
Tripos,  1864,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.B. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1867,  and  has  continued  to 
practise  since.  He  supported  the  petitions 
for  incorporation  presented  by  Croydon, 
Tunbridge  Wells,  Bournemouth,  and 
Lowestoft ;  was  appointed  by  the  Charter 
to  revise  the  first  Burgess's  Roll  at  Croy- 


GLOUCESTER  —  GOBLET 


425 


don,  and  sat  there  for  some  years  as 
Eevising  Assessor.  He  established  the 
Norwood  Post,  which  was  contributed  to 
by  the  late  Professor  Palmer  and  other 
writers  of  eminence  ;  was  appointed  first 
Recorder  of  Croydon  in  1889,  and  is,  by 
virtue  of  his  office,  a  J.P.  for  the  borough  ; 
is  the  author  of  "  A  Manual  of  the  Laws 
affecting  Medical  Men,"  and  is  Standing 
Counsel  to  the  Hospital  Saturday  Fund. 
He  married,  in  1871,  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
Harry  Hayward,  Esq.,  of  Wilsford,  Wilts, 
and  has  issue  two  sons,  Cecil  Hayward 
and  Hugh  Wesley,  and  one  daughter,  Elsie 
Glenn.  Addresses  :  Coombe  Hill  House, 
South  Croydon,  Surrey ;  Chambers,  1 
Harcourt  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 

GLOUCESTER  AND  BRISTOL, 
Bishop  of.  See  Ellicott,  The  Right 
Rev.  Chaeles  John. 

GLOUVET,  Jules  de.     See  Qtjesnay 

DE  BEATJKEPAIEE,  JULES. 

GLOVER,  James  Grey,  M.D.  Edin. 
(1854),  is  the  sixth  son  of  the  late  Alder- 
man Glover,  J.P.,  of  South  Shields,  and 
was  born  in  that  town  on  May  11,  1832. 
He  studied  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  ; 
has  been  on  the  active  staff  of  the  Lancet 
since  1862,  first  under  the  late  Dr.  James 
G.  Wakley,  and  now  under  the  joint 
editorship  of  Mr.  Thomas  H.  Wakley  and 
Mr.  Thomas  Wakley.  Dr.  Glover  is  a 
member  of  the  General  Medical  Council 
of  Education  and  Registration  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  He  was  elected  to  that 
body  in  November  1886,  under  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Medical  Act  of  that  year,  as 
direct  representative  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession in  England  and  Wales,  together 
with  Mr.  Wheelhouse,  of  Leeds,  and  Sir 
Walter  B.  Foster,  M.D.,  M.P.,  of  Bir- 
mingham. Since  then  Dr.  Glover  has  been 
twice  re-elected,  in  1891  and  1896  respec- 
tively. In  1897  he  was  made  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace  for  the  county  of  London.  In 
politics  Dr.  Glover  is  a  Liberal  Unionist, 
and  is  chairman  of  the  Liberal  Unionist 
Association  for  East  Islington.  Dr. 
Glover  has  been  a  member  of  the  Metro- 
politan Hospital  Sunday  Fund  since  its 
formation  in  1873.  He  married,  in  1869, 
Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  William  Muller, 
Esq.,  of  Clapton.  Address  :  25  Highway 
Place,  W. 

GLYN,  The  Right  Rev.  the  Hon. 
Edward  Carr,  Bishop  of  Peterborough, 
was  born  in  London  on  Nov.  21,  1843,  and 
is  the  eighth  son  of  the  first  Lord  Wolver- 
ton,  and  Marion,  daughter  of  Pascoe  Gren- 
fell,  M.P.,  of  Taplow  Court.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in 


1866  ;  M.A. ,  1870.  In  1868  he  was  ordained, 
became  curate  of  Doncaster,  under  the  late 
Dean  Vaughan,  at  that  time  Vicar  of  Don- 
caster,  and  in  1872  was  preferred  to  the 
vicarage  of  Beverley.  When,  in  1875,  Dr. 
Pigou,  then  Vicar  of  Doncaster,  resigned, 
he  returned  there  as  Vicar,  and,  on  the 
appointment  of  the  present  Archbishop  of 
York  to  the  Bishopric  of  Lichfield  in  1878, 
he  became  Vicar  of  Kensington,  in  which 
cultured  centre  of  the  metropolis  he  min- 
istered with  the  greatest  social  and  philan- 
thropic success  among  highly  appreciative 
and  sympathetic  parishioners  until  his 
appointment,  in  1897,  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Peterborough.  He  was  chaplain  to  the 
Archbishop  of  York,  1877-93,  and,  since 
1881,  has  been  a  chaplain  to  the  Queen, 
having  been  appointed  Chaplain-in-Ordi- 
nary  in  1884.  He  was  appointed  Proctor 
for  the  clergy  of  London  in  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Convocation  of  Canterbury 
in  1891.  Theologically  he  is  described  as 
a  Neo-Evangelical,  although  he  is  no  par- 
tisan. He  married,  in  1882,  Lady  Mary 
Campbell,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll. 
Addresses :  The  Palace,  Peterborough  ; 
and  Athenasum. 

GOBLET,  Rene,  French  statesman, 
was  born  at  Aire-sur-la-Lys,  Sept.  26, 
1828.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Amiens, 
and  under  the  Empire  took  an  active  part 
in  the  establishment  of  a  Liberal  news- 
paper. He  resigned  his  legal  appoint- 
ments in  1871,  in  order  to  enter  political 
life,  and  was  elected  to  the  National  As- 
sembly. He  identified  himself  with  the 
Republican  Left,  and  in  the  important 
debates  in  which  he  took  part  soon  made 
his  mark  as  an  orator.  At  the  General 
Election  of  1876  he  failed  in  his  candida- 
ture for  the  representation  of  Amiens,  but 
in  the  following  year  was  successful,  and 
in  1879  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  Justice.  At  the  same  time  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  his 
own  town,  and  was  Mayor  of  Amiens,  and 
representative  for  its  north-east  division 
at  the  Council  of  the  Somme.  In  August 
1881  he  was  re-elected  for  Amiens,  and  in 
M.  de  Freycinet's  Cabinet  of  1892  was 
appointed  Minister  of  the  Interior.  He 
resigned  with  his  colleagues  on  the  Egyp- 
tian question  on  July  29  of  the  same  year. 
After  the  fall  of  M.  Ferry,  M.  Goblet  was 
appointed  Minister  of  Education  and 
Public  Worship  in  the  cabinet  of  M. 
Brisson,  in  which  capacity  he  introduced 
many  important  reforms.  He  resigned 
office  with  the  Brisson  Ministry  in  1885, 
but  was  appointed  to  the  same  post  under 
the  new  Prime  Minister,  M.  de  Freycinet 
(January  1886).  In  the  long  and  important 
debate  before  the  Senate  on  the  subject  of 
lay  organisation  and   primary  education, 


426 


GODDARD  —  GODSON 


M.  Goblet  made  several  striking  speeches, 
that  of  February  4  in  particular  being  pro- 
nounced so  admirable  that  it  was  ordered 
by  the  Senate  to  be  published  throughout 
the  whole  of  France.  On  the  fall  of  the 
Freycinet  Cabinet  in  December  1886,  M. 
Goblet  became  Prime  Minister,  taking 
upon  himself  the  additional  offices  of 
Minister  of  the  Interior  and,  ad  interim, 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  In  February 
1889  the  Ministry  fell,  and  at  the  general 
elections  in  the  September  of  the  same 
year  he  was  beaten  by  M.  Millevoye,  the 
Boulangist  candidate.  He  then  came  to 
Paris,  and  inscribed  his  name  as  a  member 
of  the  Bar.  In  May  1891  he  was  elected 
to  the  Senate  by  the  Department  of  the 
Seine,  and  joined  the  Extreme  Left  in  that 
body.  As  Senator  he  has  warmly  sup- 
ported several  severely  anti  -  Clerical 
measures,  and,  in  conjunction  with  MM. 
Lockroy,  Sarrien,  and  Peytral,  he  has 
drawn  up  a  political  programme  of  action, 
of  which  the  Pitite  Republique  Francaise  is 
the  organ. 

GODDARD,  Arabella.  See  Davison, 
Mrs. 

GODIN,  Jules,  French  Minister  of 
Public  Works,  was  born  at  Versailles  in 
1 844.  He  qualified  for  the  legal  profes- 
sion, and,  from  1870  to  1876,  practised  at 
the  Paris  Bar.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
elected  a  Deputy,  and  sat  till  1881.  In 
1883  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  in  the 
Paris  Courts,  but  resigned  his  judgeship 
in  1891  on  his  election  as  a  Senator  for 
French  India.  M.  Jules  Godin  accepted, 
on  Sept.  17,  1898,  the  portfolio  of  Minister 
of  Public  Works  in  the  Brisson  Cabinet, 
the  late  Minister,  M.  Tillaye,  having  re- 
signed on  account  of  the  Cabinet's  decision 
to  revise  the  Dreyfus  trial. 

GODKIN,  Edwin  Laurence,  Ameri- 
can journalist,  was  born  at  Moyne,  County 
Wicklow,  Ireland,  Oct.  2,  1831,  graduated 
from  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  in  1851,  was 
correspondent  of  the  Illustrated  London,  News 
in  Turkey  and  Russia  during  the  Crimean 
War,  1854-56.  In  the  autumn  of  1856  he 
went  to  the  United  States,  and  in  the 
ensuing  winter  rode  on  horseback  through 
the  Southern  States,  recording  his  impres- 
sions in  letters  to  the  News.  He  studied 
law  in  New  York,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  in  1859;  after  practising  a  short  time  he 
went  to  Europe,  but  returned  to  New  York 
in  1862,  and  was  a  correspondent  of  the  Illus- 
trated London  News,  and  an  editorial  writer 
on  the  New  York  Times,  until  July  1865, 
when  he  established  and  became  editor 
of  the  Nation,  which  in  1866  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Godkin  and  two 
other  gentlemen  as  proprietors.     In  1881 


the  Nation  was  made  the  weekly  issue 
of  the  Evening  Post,  and  Mr.  Godkin 
became  one  of  the  editors  and  proprietors 
of  the  joint  publication.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  Hungary,"  London,  1856, 
and  of  the  work  on  "  Government "  in  the 
American  Science  Series,  New  York, 
1871. 

GODLEE,      Rickman     John,     B.A. 

Lond.,  M.B.,  Fellow,  Member  of  Council, 
and  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners 
of  the  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land, received  his  medical  education  at 
University  College,  Gower  Street,  and 
graduated  at  London  University  as  B.A. 
in  1867,  M.B.  in  1872,  B.S.  with  Gold 
Medal  in  the  same  year,  M.S.  with  Gold 
Medal  in  1873.  He  obtained  his  member- 
ship at  the  Boyal  College  of  Surgeons, 
England,  in  1872,  and  became  a  Fellow  in 
1876.  He  is  Fellow  of  University  College, 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Medical  andChirurgical 
Society,  Surgeon  to  Her  Majesty's  House- 
hold, Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  at 
University  College  Hospital,  and  Surgeon 
to  that  institution  and  to  others  of  im- 
portance. He  is  English  author  of  an 
"Atlas  of  Human  Anatomy,"  and  has 
contributed  papers  on  Empyema  and  other 
medical  and  surgical  subjects  to  the  lead- 
ing medical  journals.  Address  :  19  Wim- 
pole  Street,  W. 

GODLEY,  Sir  Arthur,  K.C.B.,  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  was  born  in 
London  on  June  17,  1847,  and  is  the  only 
son  of  the  late  John  Robert  Godley,  Assis- 
tant Under-Secretary  of  State  for  War. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  his  career  was  very 
distinguished.  At  Oxford  he  gained  the 
Hertford,  Ireland,  and  Eldon  Scholarships. 
In  1874  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Hert- 
ford College,  and  in  1876  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  Private 
Secretary  to  the  late  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone  from  1872  to  1874,  and  from  1880 
to  1882,  and  to  the  late  Earl  Granville  from 
1874  to  1880.  From  1882-83  he  was  a  Com- 
missioner of  Inland  Revenue,  and  in  1883 
was  appointed  permanent  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  India.  He  was  made  C.B.  in 
1882,  K.C.B.  in  1893.  He  married  in  1871  a 
daughter  of  Lord Northbourne.  Addresses: 
13  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.,  &c.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

GODSON,  Clement,  M.D.,  was  born 
at  Barnet,  Herts,  June  4,  1845,  and  is  the 
son  of  Charles  Godson,  F.R.C.S.,  England, 
the  leading  medical  practitioner  of  that 
town.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College 
School,  London,  and  entered  as  a  medical 
student  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in 
October  1863.    He  passed  as  M.R.C.S.  Eng- 


GODWIN  —  GOD  WIN- AUSTEN 


427 


land,  and  L.M.  in  1868,  and  was  appointed 
in  that  year  Resident  Midwifery-Assistant 
to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  Having 
determined  to  take  up  this  branch  of 
the  profession  as  a  speciality,  he  entered 
Aberdeen  University  in  1871,  and  gra- 
duated M.B.  and  CM.  in  1872  and  M.D. 
1874,  in  the  same  year  becoming  a  Member 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of 
London.  He  was  elected  the  following 
year,  1875,  Assistant  Physician-Accoucheur 
to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  the  first 
appointment  to  that  newly-made  office, 
which  he  held  till  1891.  He  was  for 
many  years  Physician  to  the  Samaritan 
Free  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children, 
and  Examiner  in  Midwifery  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Surgeon-Accoucheur  to  the  City 
of  London  Lying-in  Hospital,  and  in  1881 
Physician,  which  office  he  still  holds.  His 
presidential  address  on  Antiseptic  Mid- 
wifery delivered  before  the  British  Gynae- 
cological Society  on  Jan.  14,  1897,  gives  an 
account  of  his  work  there,  and  of  the  extra- 
ordinary diminution  in  the  rate  of  mortality 
since  the  introduction  of  antiseptics,  pro- 
perly carried  out  (from  5  per  cent,  to  5  in 
4000).  In  1882  he  was  the  first  to  perform 
successfully  in  Great  Britain  the  new  ope- 
ration known  as  "  Porro's,"  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  old  Caesarian  operation,  and  in 
1884  lie  published  a  paper  in  the  British 
Medical  Journal  on  the  subject,  an  intro- 
duction to  a  discussion  in  the  section  of 
Obstetric  Medicine  at  the  previous  annual 
meeting  of  the  Association,  giving  a  table 
containing  all  the  details  of  every  opera- 
tion of  the  kind  in  every  country  that 
had  been  performed  up  to  that  date. 
After  another  successful  operation,  Dr. 
Godson  published  an  addition  to  these 
tables  up  to  a  later  date.  Another  import- 
ant subject  on  which  Dr.  Godson  has 
written  is  "Cancer  of  the  Cervix  Uteri," 
Medical  Press  and  Circular,  1891.  Dr. 
Godson  was  President  of  the  Obstetric 
Branch  of  the  British  Medical  Association 
at  its  meeting  at  Belfast  in  1884;  was 
President  of  the  British  Gynaecological 
Society  in  1895,  and  re-elected  for  another 
year  in  1896  ;  and  was  Hon.  President  of 
the  International  Congress  of  Obstetrics 
and  Gynaecology  at  Geneva  in  1896.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Puerperal  Diseases" 
and  other  articles  in  "  Quain's  Dictionary 
of  Medicine."  Addresses  :  9  Grosvenor 
Street,  London,  W.  ;  and  Sharsted,  West- 
gate-on-sea. 

GODWIN,  Parke,  American  author, 
was  born  at  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  Feb, 
25,  1816.  He  graduated  from  Princeton 
College  in  1834,  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  practise,  but  preferred  literary 
pursuits  ;  and  from  1837  until  within  the 


last  few  years  was  connected  with  the 
New  York  Evening  Post.  He  edited  in 
1843-44  The  Pathfinder,  a  literary  journal, 
and  was  for  some  years  a  contributor 
to  the  Democratic  Review.  Of  Putnam's 
Magazine  he  was  for  a  considerable  time 
one  of  the  principal  editors,  and  always  a 
contributor.  Two  volumes  of  critical  and 
miscellaneous  essays  in  that  magazine  have 
been  collected  under  the  titles,  "Political 
Essays"  and  "Out  of  the  Past,"  1870. 
Besides  his  almost  continuous  journalistic 
labours,  he  has  translated  and  edited 
Goethe's  "Autobiography"  and  Zschokke's 
"  Tales  "  ;  and  compiled  a  "  Handbook  of 
Universal  Biography,"  1851  ;  a  new  edit, 
entitled  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Biography,"  1878  ; 
and  has  written,  among  other  works,  "A 
Popular  View  of  the  Doctrines  of  Fourier," 
1844;  "Constructive  Democracy";  and 
"  Vala,  a  Mythological  Tale,"  1851.  Many 
years  ago  he  began  an  elaborate  "  History 
of  France,"  of  which  only  the  first  volume 
has  been  published.  During  the  adminis- 
tration of  President  Polk  he  was  Deputy 
Collector  of  New  York,  and  subsequently 
took  an  active  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
Republican  party.  In  1883  he  published  a 
"Biography  of  William  Cullen  Bryant," 
in  2  vols.,  and  superintended  a  new  edition 
of  his  poems  and  prose  writings  in  4  vols. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  William  Cullen 
Bryant. 

GODWIN  -ATTSTEN,  Lieutenant  - 
Colonel  Henry  Haversham ,  F.R.S.,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  Robert  A.  Godwin-Austen, 
F.R.S.,  geologist,  and  was  born  at  Teign- 
mouth  on  July  6,  1834.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst, 
and  obtained  a  commission  in  the  24th 
Regiment  of  Foot  in  1851.  Going  to  India 
in  the  following  year,  he  served  in  the 
second  Burmese  war,  and  was  then  ap- 
pointed Topographical  Assistant  in  the 
Trigonometrical  Survey  of  India.  He 
joined  the  Kashmir  survey  party  in  1857, 
and  surveyed  large  portions  of  Kashmir 
and  Baltistan,  discovering  an  important 
glacier  at  the  head  of  the  Shigar  River. 
In  1862  he  was  engaged  in  surveying  the 
higher  regions  of  Rupshu  and  Lazkar  in  La- 
dakh,  making  many  important  ascents,  the 
highest  of  which  was  that  of  Mata,  20,607 
feet.  Colonel  Godwin-Austen  served  in 
1874  with  the  Bhutan  Field  Force,  and  was 
present  at  the  taking  of  the  Dalingkote  and 
Chamurchi  I'orts  ;  on  the  occasion  of  the 
expedition  against  the  Dafla  tribe  at  the 
base  of  the  Eastern  Himalayas,  he  helped 
to  survey  a  large  portion  of  new  country. 
He  retired  from  the  army  in  1877,  is  the 
author  of  "  On  the  Land  and  Fresh-Water 
Mollusca  of  India,"  1882-87,  and  has 
contributed  numerous  papers  connected 
with   geology,   and   kindred   subjects,   to 


428 


GOE  — GOLDSMED 


the  various  scientific  journals.  Address  : 
Shalford  Park,  Guildford. 

GOE,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Field  Flowers, 

D.D.,  Bishop  of  Melbourne,  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Field  Flowers  Goe,  solicitor,  was  born 
at  Louth,  Lincolnshire,  in  1832.  He  was 
educated  at  King  Edward's  Grammar 
School,  Louth  ;  and,  after  studying  law 
for  a  time,  went  to  Oxford  in  1854, 
graduating  at  Magdalen  Hall  (now  Hert- 
ford College)  in  1857.  He  was  ordained 
in  1858  by  the  Archbishop  of  York  to  the 
Curacy  of  Christ  Church,  Hull,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  ordained  priest,  and  suc- 
ceeded the  Rev.  John  King  as  Incumbent 
of  that  church.  He  held  this  post  until 
1873,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Rectory  of  Sunderland.  Four  years  later 
he  was  appointed  by  the  Lord  Chancellor 
to  the  Rectory  of  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury. 
In  1884  he  was  Select  Preacher  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  Mr.  Goe  took 
an  active  part  in  the  meetings  of  the 
Church  Congress  and  in  parochial  mis- 
sions, and  was  one  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  Rural  Deanery  of  St.  George's, 
Bloomsbury,  in  the  London  Diocesan  Con- 
ference. In  Oct.  1886,  he  was  selected  by 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York, 
the  Bishops  of  Durham  and  Manchester, 
and  Bishop  Perry,  by  delegation  from  the 
Melbourne  Board  of  Electors,  to  fill  the 
Bishopric  of  Melbourne,  vacant  by  the 
translation  of  Dr.  Moorhouse  to  the  See  of 
Manchester.  He  was  consecrated  in 
Westminster  Abbey  on  St.  Matthias'  Day, 
1887,  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(Dr.  Benson).  He  married,  in  1861,  Emma, 
daughter  of  William  Hurst.  Address : 
Bishop's  Court,  Melbourne. 

G OLDIE,    The    Right    Hon.   Sir 
George  DashwoodTaubrnan,K.C.M.G., 

D.C.L.  Oxford,  LL.D.  Cambridge,  was 
born  at  the  Nunnery,  Isle  of  Man, 
on  May  20,  1846,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  Colonel  Goldie-Taubman,  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Keys.  His  half-brother 
was  the  late  Sir  John  Senhouse  Goldie- 
Taubman,  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Keys,  who  died  in  November  1898.  Sir 
George  Taubman  Goldie  was  educated  at 
the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich, 
and  entered  the  army  as  a  lieutenant  in 
the  Royal  Engineers.  He  gained  his  great 
experience  of  African  affairs  by  extensive 
travels  in  all  parts  of  the  Dark  Continent. 
In  1884-85  he  was  present  at  the  Berlin 
Conference  as  an  expert  in  all  questions 
concerning  the  Niger,  and  is  now  well 
known  as  the  founder  of  the  Niger  Terri- 
tories and  Governor  of  the  Royal  Niger 
Company.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1898.  He  married,  in  1870, 
Matilda,  daughter  of  John  Elliot,  of  Wake- 


field. His  son,  Captain  Charles  Francis 
Goldie-Taubman,  died  of  fever  in  June 
1898,  while  on  service  with  the  West 
African  Frontier  Force.  Address :  11 
Queen's  Gate  Gardens,  S.W. 

GOLDING-BIRD,  Cuthbert 
Hilton,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  was  educated  at 
Guy's  Hospital  and  Paris.  He  graduated 
B.A.  at  the  University  of  London  in  1867, 
and  M.B.  in  1873,  at  the  same  time  obtain- 
ing Honours,  and  the  Gold  Medal  in 
Forensic  Medicine.  He  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land in  1874.  Mr.  Golding-Bird  is  a 
Surgeon  at  Guy's  Hospital,  and  is  an  Exa- 
miner in  Surgery  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  and  at  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  and  a  Member 
of  the  Pathological  and  Clinical  Societies 
of  London.  He  has  contributed  numerous 
articles  on  matters  connected  with  surgery 
to  the  Lancet,  the  British  Medical  Journal, 
and  other  scientific  journals.  Address  :  12 
Queen  Anne  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

GOLDSMID,  Major-General  Sir 
Frederic  John,  C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  only  son 
of  the  late  Lionel  P.  Goldsmid,  born  at 
Milan,  Aug.  19,  1818,  was  educated  at  the 
private  English  school  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Maturin  in  Paris,  at  King's  College  School, 
and  at  King's  College,  London.  He  was 
appointed  ensign  in  the  Madras  army  in 
1839  ;  lieutenant  in  1840  ;  captain  in  1851 ; 
brevet  major  in  1856 ;  major  in  1861  ; 
brevet  lieut. -colonel  in  1863  ;  lieut. -colonel 
in  1865  ;  brevet-colonel  in  1870 ;  and  re- 
tired with  rank  of  major-general  from  Jan. 
1,  1875.  From  1839  to  1856  he  held  several 
military  staff  appointments,  general  and 
regimental ;  but  from  1852  to  1873  he  was 
chiefly  in  civil  and  political  employ.  From 
1865  to  1870  he  was  chief  director  of  the 
Government  Indo-European  Telegraph ; 
from  1870  to  1873,  Boundary  Commissioner 
and  Arbitrator  for  the  Eastern  Frontiers 
of  Persia,  with  the  rank  of  major-general. 
He  served  in  the  Chinese  campaign  of 
1840-42  ;  and  with  the  Turkish  troops  in  the 
Eastern  Crimea  in  1855-56 ;  was  afterwards 
employed  on  several  official  missions,  to 
Makran  in  1856,  1863,  and  1869 ;  through 
Turkish  Arabia  and  Asia  Minor  to  Con- 
stantinople in  1864  ;  to  Eastern  Persia  and 
Baluchistan  in  1866-70-71  ;  and  Western 
Afghanistan  in  1872.  He  laid  down  the 
Perso-Baluch  frontier  in  1871  ;  and  arbi- 
trated on  the  Perso-Afghan  frontier  in 
1872.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  British 
Commissioner  on  the  International  Com- 
mission for  Immigration  of  Indian  Coolies, 
in  the  French  Island  of  Bourbon,  and  was 
employed  on  a  later  commission  assembled 
in  Paris  on  the  same   question   in  1880. 


GOLLANCZ  —  GOOD  ALE 


429 


He  was  English  Controller  of  the  Daira 
Sanieh,  in  Egypt,  from  1880  to  1883  ;  and 
in  1882  he  organised  a  Local  Intelligence 
Department  at  Alexandria,  which  had  ex- 
istence throughout  the  war.  For  this 
last-named  service,  at  the  close  of  opera- 
tions, he,  and  those  employed  under  him, 
received  the  thanks,  of  the  General  com- 
manding the  expeditionary  force,  and  of 
the  War  Office.  In  1883  he  proceeded  to 
the  Congo  for  H.M.  the  King  of  the  Bel- 
gians ;  but  returned  at  the  close  of  the 
year  to  Europe  on  account  of  ill  health. 
Besides  contributions  to  the  "Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,"  ed.  9,  and  pamphlets 
or  miscellaneous  writings  of  a  minor  char- 
acter, he  brought  out,  in  1874,  a  volume 
entitled  "Telegraph  and  Travel";  edited 
"Eastern  Persia"  in  1876  ;  and  published 
the  "Life  of  Sir  James  Outram,"  2  vols., 
in  1880.  He  was  created  a  C.B.  in  1866  ; 
K. C.S.I,  in  1870;  has  the  second-class 
Order  of  the  Osmanieh,  fourth-class  Order 
of  the  Medjidieh,  the  China  Medal,  Turk- 
ish War  Medal,  Egyptian  War  Medal,  and 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star.  He  is  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Royal  Asiatic,  and  was 
for  many  years  on  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society.  He  is  Lec- 
turer in  Colloquial  Persian  to  the  School 
of  Modern  Oriental  Studies  established  by 
the  Imperial  Institute  in  1888.  He  married, 
in  1849,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Lieut.  - 
General  Sir  G.  M.  Steuart.  Address : 
Godfrey  House,  Hollingbourne,  Kent. 

GOLLANCZ,  Israel,  M.A.,  University 
Lecturer  in  English,  Cambridge,  was  born 
in  London  in  1864,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  the  Rev.  S.  M.  Gollancz.  He  was 
educated  at  the  City  of  London  School,  at 
University  College,  London,  and  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
a  Scholar  in  1883.  From  1892  to  1895 
he  was  Quain  English  Student  and  Lecturer 
in  English  at  University  College.  He  is 
Examiner  in  English  to  the  University  of 
London  ;  has  examined  for  the  Cambridge 
Mediaeval  and  Modern  Tripos,  1895-96 ; 
was  Lecturer  at  Cambridge  under  the 
Special  Board  in  1888-96  ;  and  became 
University  Extension  Lecturer  in  1888. 
In  1891  he  became  known  by  his  edition 
of  "Pearl,"  an  old  English  poem,  since 
which  date  he  has  edited  various  early 
English  works.  In  1895  he  brought  out 
"  The  Exeter  Book  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry  " 
for  the  Early  English  Text  Society,  and 
has  edited  volumes  in  the  Temple  Shake- 
speare for  the  Roxburghe  Club,  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  54  Sidney  Street,  Cambridge. 

GOLTJCHOWSKI,   Count    Agenor, 

Austro-Hungarian  Premier,  was  born  in 
1849.  He  entered  the  Austrian  Foreign 
Office,  and  in  1872  was  appointed  Attach^ 


at  Berlin.  He  went  to  Paris  as  Secretary 
of  Embassy,  and  married  a  daughter  of 
Prince  Joachim  Murat.  From  1887  to  1893 
he  was  Minister  at  Bucharest,  and  on  Count 
Kalnoky's  retirement  in  May  1895  he  suc- 
ceeded him  as  Foreign  Minister.  In  1898 
he  succeeded  Count  Badeni  as  Premier, 
after  the  unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  latter 
to  pacify  the  many  discordant  groups  in 
the  Chamber. 

GOMEZ,  Maximo ,  Cuban  Commander- 
in-Chief,  is  a  native  of  San  Domingo,  and 
was  born  in  1823.  In  one  of  the  revolu- 
tions there,  he  entered  the  Spanish  army 
as  a  lieutenant  and  rose  to  be  captain. 
His  family  emigrated  to  Cuba  and  settled 
near  Santiago.  He  joined  the  patriot 
army  in  1868  and  soon  obtained  pro- 
motion, obtaining  victories  at  Jiguana 
and  Holguin  in  1869.  In  1872  General 
Agramonte,  then  Commander  -  in  -  Chief, 
promoted  him  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General  and  sent  him  to  Puerto  Principe, 
where  he  was  known  as  "The  Terror,"  the 
enemy  always  flying  before  him.  He 
captured  Nuevitas,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Cas- 
corra,  and  fought  the  battle  of  Las  Guasi- 
mas.  In  1874  he  invaded  the  province  of 
Santa  Clara,  defeated  General  Jovellar, 
and  was  made  a  Major-General.  When 
the  revolution  died  out  in  1878,  by  the 
Treaty  of  Zanjon,  he  escaped  to  Jamaica 
and  lived  a  farmer's  life  there  and  in 
San  Domingo  until  the  recrudescence  of 
the  rebellion  in  1895  under  Jose  Marti. 
He  landed  in  Cuba  on  April  14,  and  was 
made  Commander-in-Chief  of  all  the  in- 
surgent forces.  His  energy  and  ability 
were  soon  manifested,  and  the  insur- 
rection spread  until  the  whole  of  the 
island  was  involved  ;  he  moved  about  in- 
cessantly, choosing  suitable  time  and  place 
for  small  attacks,  and  with  small  forces 
he  achieved  great  results  without  fighting 
any  pitched  battles. 

GOMME,  G.  Laurence,  F.S.A.,  author 
and  folklorist,  was  born  in  London  in  1853, 
and  educated  at  the  City  of  London 
School.  He  founded  and  was  at  one  time 
secretary  to  the  Folklore  Society,  which 
has  done  much  valuable  work  in  the  way 
of  preserving  the  record  of  English  rural 
customs,  &c.  He  is  now  Statistical  Officer 
to  the  London  County  Council.  He  has 
edited  the  A  ntiquary,  Folklore  Journal,  and 
Archceologieal  Review,  and  has  published  a 
number  of  valuable  works  on  Folklore. 
Mrs.  Gomme  is  also  an  accomplished  folk- 
lore scholar,  and  is  chiefly  known  for  her 
book  on  "  Children's  Singing  Games,"  &c. 
Address  :  24  Dorset  Square,  N.W. 

GOODALE,  George  Lincoln,  M.D., 
LL.D.,   American    botanist,   was    born   at 


430 


GOODALL 


Saco,  Maine,  Aug.  3,  1839.  He  graduated 
at  Amherst  College  in  1860,  and  received 
his  degree  of  M.D.  at  Bowdoin  College 
and  at  Harvard  in  1863.  He  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Portland, 
Maine,  and  was  soon  appointed  In- 
structor in  Anatomy  at  the  medical  school 
located  there.  In  1867  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Natural  Science  and  Applied 
Chemistry  in  Bowdoin  ;  and  in  1868  was 
given  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  in  the 
Maine  Medical  School,  and  was  also  made 
a  Member  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture. 
These  positions  he  resigned  in  1872,  to 
accept  the  Instructorship  in  Botany,  and 
the  University  Lectureship  on  Vegetable 
Physiology  at  Harvard.  In  1873  he  was 
made  Assistant  -  Professor  of  Vegetable 
Physiology  ;  in  1878  Professor  of  Botany  ; 
in  1879  Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  ; 
and  in  1888  Fisher  Professor  of  Natural 
History.  He  was  elected  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  Harvard  College  Library 
in  1875 ;  and  a  Member  of  the  Faculty  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy  in 
1881.  Professor  Goodale  was  President  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  in  1890.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Washington,  and  of  many 
other  scientific  bodies.  He  has  published 
numerous  works  on  Physiological  and 
Economic  Botany,  and  critical  reviews  in 
the  American  Journal  of  Science,  of  which 
he  is  an  associate  editor. 

GOODALL,  Frederick,  R.A.,  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  Edward  Goodall,  the 
eminent  engraver  (who  died  April  11, 
1870),  was  born  in  London,  Sept.  17,  1822. 
Before  he  was  fifteen  he  had  won  the 
"  Isis,"  and  the  large  silver  medal  of  the 
Society  of  Arts.  In  1838  he  went  on  a 
sketching  tour  through  Normandy.  In 
1839,  when  but  seventeen,  he  exhibited 
his  first  picture  at  the  Academy — "  Card 
Players."  Subsequent  visits  to  Normandy, 
Brittany,  and  Ireland  supplied  him  with 
materials  for  a  long  series  of  popular  pic- 
tures. One  of  these  early  pictures,  "The 
Return  from  Christening,"  received  a  prize 
of  £50  from  the  British  Institution.  Two 
others,  "The  Tired  Soldier,"  1842,  and 
"The  Village  Holiday,"  1847,  are  now  in 
the  National  Gallery.  Other  important 
pictures  drawn  from  old  English  life 
were  "Hunt  the  Slipper"  and  "Raising 
the  Maypole,"  1851.  A  charming  scene 
from  Milton's  "  L'Allegro"  was  in  a  walk 
he  had  seldom  trod.  In  1853  he  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Academy. 
Two  years  later  he  exhibited  "  An  Episode 
of  the  Happier  Days  of  Charles  I.,"  repre- 
senting a  water  party  in  the  royal  barge  at 
Hampton    Court ;    and    after    this    came 


"The  Swing,"  1855,  and  "  Cranmer  at 
the  Traitor's  Gate,"  1856,  engraved  in  line 
by  his  father.  In  1857  Mr.  Goodall  visited 
Venice  and  Chioggia,  where  he  made 
studies  for  "  Felice  Ballarin  reciting 
Tasso,"  which  was  not  completed  for  the 
following  Exhibition,  but  exhibited  in 
1859.  The  winter  of  1858  and  the  spring 
of  1859  he  spent  in  Egypt,  and  several 
pictures  have  been  the  result  of  that  jour- 
ney. In  1863  he  was  elected  a  Royal 
Academician.  Since  then  he  has  exhibited 
"The  Song  of  the  Nubian  Slave,"  hi> 
diploma  work,  and  "  The  Messenger  from 
Sinai  at  the  Wells  of  Moses,"  in  1864  ; 
"Rising  of  the  Nile,"  in  1865;  "  Hagar 
and  Ishmael,"  in  1866  ;  "  Mater  Purissima  " 
and  "Mater  Dolorosa,"  in  1868;  "Jocha- 
bed,"  in  1870;  "The  Head  of  the  House 
at  Prayer,"  in  1872  ;  "  An  Arab  Improvisa- 
tor,"  and  "Subsiding  of  the  Nile,"  in 
1873  ;  "  Rachel  and  her  Flock,"  "  Agricul- 
ture in  the  Valley  of  the  Nile,"  "  A  Fruit 
Woman  of  Cairo,"  "A  Seller  of  Doves," 
and  "  The  Day  of  Palm  Offering,"  in  1875  ; 
"An  Intruder  on  the  Bedouin's  Pasture," 
"The  Holy  Mother,"  and  " Sheep- washing 
near  the  Pyramids  of  Ghizeh,"  in  1876  ; 
"Glencoe,"  "The  Time  of  Roses,"  and 
"The  Water-carriers:  Egypt,"  in  1877; 
"  Oxhey  Place,  Herts,"  "The  Daughters 
of  Laban,"  and  "  Palm  Sunday,"  in  1868  ; 
"  Water  for  the  Camp,"  "  Sarah  and 
Isaac,"  and  "Hagar  and  Ishmael,"  in 
1879;  "Moving  to  Fresh  Pastures," 
"  Time  of  the  Overflow,  Egypt,"  "  Han- 
nah's Vow,"  "  An  Egyptian  Pastoral," 
and  "Holy  Childhood,"  in  1880;  "The 
Road  to  Mecca,"  "  The  Return  from  Mec- 
ca," "Artist  and  Model,"  and  "  Rebecca," 
in  1881;  "Memphis,"  and  "The  Arrival 
at  the  Well,"  in  1882 ;  "  Crossing  the 
Desert,"  "  Returning  from  the  Pasture, 
Ghizeh,"  "A  Coffee-Shop,  Cairo,"  "Out- 
side the  Tent,"  and  "  Water  for  the  Camp," 
1883;  "A  New  Light  in  the  Harem," 
"The  Flight  into  Egypt,"  "Sword  of  the 
Faithful,"  1884;  "Finding  of  Moses," 
"The  Holy  Child,"  "Gordon's  Last  Mes- 
senger," 1885  ;  "  Misery  and  Mercy,"  1887; 
"Leading  the  Flock,"  1889;  and  "The 
Thames  from  Windsor  Castle,"  1890  ; 
"Isles  of  Loch  Lomond,"  1891;  "Spin- 
ners and  Weavers,"  1892  ;  "  Sheep  Shearers 
in  Egypt,"  1892  ;  "  The  Waters  of  the 
Nile,"  1893;  "The  Palm  Grove,"  1894; 
"Laban's  Pasture,"  1895.  Mr.  Goodall 
has  painted  many  portraits,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  list  :  "  Alice,"  "  Thomas 
Tarry,  Esq.,"  "Sir  John  M'Neill,"  "Sir 
Henry  Havelock,"  "  Lady  Grantley,"  "  Sir 
Moses  Monteflore,"  "The  late  Thomas 
Blackwell,  Esq.,"  "  The  late  Robt.  Black- 
well,  Esq.,"  "Mrs.  Phipps  Eyre,"  "Mrs. 
Goodall,"  "Charles  Randell,  Esq.,"  "J. 
Barrow,  Esq.,"  "Mrs.  J.  Barrow,"  "Mrs. 


GOODHART  —  GORDON-CUMMING 


431 


Oates,"  "  Miss  Beatrice  Shaw,"  "  The  Hon. 
Mrs.  R.  Devereux,"  "  Beatty  Kingston, 
Esq.,"  "W.  K.  D'Arcy,  Esq.,"  "Miss  Lena 
D'Arcy,"  "Sir  Oscar  Clayton,"  "Lady 
Dorothy  Nevill,"  "  Miss  Rica  Goodall," 
1871-1894;  "Mary  Caroline,  Duchess  of 
Sutherland,"  1897  ;  "  Anderson  Crich- 
ett,"  "  Henry  A.  Blyth,"  1898.  His 
recent  paintings  are :  "  The  Way  from 
the  Village,"  1896  ;  "The  Ploughman  and 
Shepherdess  "  (now  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery), 1897  ;  and  "A  Gilded  Cage,"  "The 
Ancient  Causeway,  Egypt,"  and  "  An 
Egyptian  Village,"  1898.  Address:  Rosen- 
stead,  Avenue  Road,  N.W. 

GOODHART,  James  Frederick, 
M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  M.R.C.S.,  received  his 
medical  education  at  Guy's  Hospital,  and 
at  Aberdeen  University,  where  he  gradu- 
ated M.D.  in  1873.  In  1871  he  obtained 
his  CM.  with  highest  honours,  and  special 
honours  for  his  Graduation  Thesis  on 
"Artificial  Tuberculosis."  This  was  writ- 
ten while  Dr.  Goodhart  was  Assistant  in 
the  Pathological  Department  of  the  Hun- 
terian  Museum  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  (England),  where  he  also  largely 
contributed  to  the  formation  of  the 
Museum  Catalogue.  In  1867  he  obtained 
the  Gold  Medal  in  Clinical  Medicine  at 
Guy's  Hospital.  He  was  at  one  time 
Lecturer  on  Pathology  at  Guy's,  and  is 
now  Physician  there.  He  is  consulting 
Physician  to  the  Evelina  Hospital,  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Med.  and  Chir.  Society,  and 
has  examined  in  Medicine  at  the  Royal 
Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and 
delivered,  at  the  former,  the  Bradshawe 
Lectures  in  1875,  his  subject  being  "  Mor- 
bid Arterial  Tension."  He  is  known  for 
his  diagnoses,  and  has  published  a  num- 
ber of  important  articles  in  the  "Guy's 
Hospital  Reports"  (1869-90),  in  All- 
butt's  "System  of  Medicine,"  the  New 
Sydenham  Society's  "  Atlas  of  Pathology," 
&c.  In  1891  he  delivered  the  Harveian 
lectures,  his  subject  being  "Common 
Neuroses."  His  "Students'  Guide  to  the 
Diseases  of  Children"  has  passed  through 
many  editions.  Address :  25  Portland 
Place,  W. 

GORDON,  John  B.,  born  in  Upson 
County,  Georgia,  Feb.  6,  1832,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  University  of  Georgia,  and 
admitted  to  the  Bar.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War  he  entered  the  Con- 
federate army  as  captain,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  lieut.-general.  He  became  pro- 
minent towards  the  end  of  the  war,  especi- 
ally during  the  protracted  siege  of  Peters- 
burg by  General  Grant.  He  commanded 
at  the  close  of  the  war  one  wing  of  Lee's 
army,  and  led  the  last  assault  at  Appomat- 
tox Court  House.      The  State  of  Georgia 


having  been  "reconstructed"  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Union,  he  was,  in  1868,  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governor,  but 
his  Republican  opponent  was  declared  to 
be  elected.  In  1873  he  was  chosen 
Senator  from  Georgia,  and  re-elected  in 
1879,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  1880.  He 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  Senate,  and 
although  a  Democrat,  gave  a  moderate  sup- 
port to  the  policy  of  President  Hayes.  On 
his  retirement  from  the  Senate  lie  became 
interested  in  various  railroad  enterprises, 
but  in  1886  was  elected  Governor  of 
Georgia,  an  office  to  which  he  was  re- 
elected in  1888.  He  has  been  succeeded 
therein  by  Governor  Northen.  In  1890  he 
was  again  elected  United  States  Senator, 
and  served  till  1897. 

GORDON-CUMMING,  Miss  Con- 
stance Frederica,  sixth  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Gordon-Cumming,  of  Altyre  and 
Gordonstoun,  Morayshire,  was  born  at 
Altyre,  May  26,  1837.  Homes  so  beautiful 
early  inspired  in  her  a  deep  love  of  nature, 
but  for  the  first  thirty  years  of  her  life, 
her  wanderings  were  entirely  confined  to 
Great  Britain.  Then  an  invitation  to  join 
a  married  sister  in  the  Himalayas  resulted 
in  her  penetrating  to  the  boundaries  of 
Chinese  Tartary,  and,  the  taste  for  travel 
being  now  fairly  awakened,  the  next 
twelve  years  were  spent  in  various  Oriental 
countries  and  Pacific  Isles.  Miss  Gordon- 
Cumming  has  published  accounts  of  her 
travels  in  the  following  volumes  :  "In  the 
Hebrides  "  ;  "  Via  Cornwall  to  Egypt "  ; 
"In  the  Himalayas";  "At  Home  in 
Fiji  "  ;  "A  Lady's  Cruise  in  a  French  Man- 
of -War  "  ;  "  Fire  Fountains  of  Hawaii  "  ; 
"  Granite  Crags  of  California  "  ;  "  Wander- 
ings in  China";  "Two  Happy  Years  in 
Ceylon";  and,  "Work  for  the  Blind  in 
China."  The  latter  is  now  incorporated  in 
"  The  Inventor  of  the  Numeral  Type  for 
China"  (published  at  Is.  nett  by  Messrs 
Downay  &  Co.,  London),  which  is  an 
account  of  the  life  and  work  of  the  Rev. 
W.  H.  Murray,  of  Peking,  telling  how  he 
adapted  Braille's  system  of  dots  to  repre- 
sent numerals,  and  then  numbered  the 
sounds  in  Mandarin  Chinese.  Conse- 
quently books  prepared  in  this  type  mark 
numbers  only,  and  thirty  of  the  simplest 
symbols  ever  devised,  suffice  for  printing 
any  book  in  Mandarin  dialects,  instead  of 
a  minimum  of  4000  intricate  Chinese 
characters.  Books  for  both  blind  and 
sighted  persons  are  printed  by  the  blind 
students  in  the  School  for  the  Blind  at 
Peking,  and  by  this  system  the  most 
ignorant  peasants,  either  blind  or  sighted, 
can  easily  acquire  the  arts  of  reading  and 
writing  fluently  in  less  than  three  months, 
whereas  six  years  is  the  average  time  re- 
quired by  Chinamen  to  learn  to  read  books 


432 


GORDON-LENNOX  —  GORE 


in  their  own  ideograph.  There  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  this  system  will 
prove  an  invaluable  handmaid  to  common 
knowledge  and  civilisation,  if  not  also  to 
Christian  missions,  throughout  the  vast 
provinces  in  which  Mandarin  dialects  are 
spoken.  Its  development  is  now  Miss  C. 
F.  Gordon-Cumming's  chief  interest.  Ad- 
dress: Crieff,  Perthshire. 

GORDON -LENNOX,  The  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Walter  Charles,  was  born 
in  London  on  July  29,  1865,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Kich- 
mond  and  Gordon.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  was 
appointed  private  secretary  to  the  Marquis 
of  Salisbury  in  1886.  He  represented 
South-West  Sussex  in  Parliament  from 
1888  to  1894,  and  was  Treasurer  to  the 
Household  in  1891-92.  He  is  married  to 
Alice,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  G. 
Grant.  Address  :  28  Lower  Sloane  Street, 
S.W. 

GORE,  The  Rev.  Charles,  M.A., 
D.D.  Edin.,  is  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Charles 
Alexander  Gore,  by  a  daughter  of  the 
4th  Earl  of  Bessborough,  who  was  widow 
of  the  Earl  of  Kerry,  and  the  nephew  of 
the  4th  Earl  of  Arran,  and  was  born  in 
1853.  He  was  formerly  a  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  is  now  Canon 
of  Westminster.  He  was  the  first  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Pusey  Memorial  Library  in 
Oxford,  and  was  named  as  one  of  the 
literary  executors  by  the  will  of  the  late 
Canon  Liddon.  He  resigned  his  post  at 
the  Pusey  House  in  May  1893.  He  is  prob- 
ably best  known  to  the  world  as  the  editor 
of  "  Lux  Mundi,"  and  author  of  the  essay 
on  "The  Holy  Spirit  and  Inspiration" 
contained  in  that  volume,  1890.  Among 
his  other  works  may  be  mentioned,  "The 
Church  and  the  Ministry,"  1893;  the 
Bampton  Lectures  for  1891  on  "The  In- 
carnation of  the  Son  of  God,"  "  Roman 
Catholic  Claims,"  an  edition  of  Romanes' 
"Thoughts  on  Religion,"  1894;  "Dis- 
sertations" and  "The  Creed  of  the 
Christian,"  1895  ;  and  expositions  of  "  The 
Sermon  on  the  Mount,"  1896,  and  "The 
Epistle  to  the  Ephesians,"  1898  ;  all  of 
which  have  run  through  several  editions. 
Address  :  Little  Cloisters,  Westminster. 

GORE,  George,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was 
born  Jan.  22, 1826,  at  Bristol,  and  attended 
a  private  school  until  of  the  age  of  twelve 
years ;  but  has  otherwise  been  entirely 
self-educated  and  self-trained,  without  the 
aid  of  scientific  teachers,  lectures,  or  les- 
sons, or  the  advantage  of  working  with 
scientific  persons.  Yet  so  well  did  he 
educate  himself,  and  so  important  were 
his    scientific    discoveries,   that    he   was 


elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
1865,  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  University,  1877.  He 
was  Lecturer  on  Physics  and  Chemistry 
during  many  years  at  the  Grammar  School 
of  King  Edward  VI.,  Birmingham  ;  and  is 
the  author  of  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Electro-deposition,"  1850;  "The  Art  of 
Electro-metallurgy,"  1877;  "The  Art  of 
Scientific  Discovery,"  1878 ;  "The  Scientific 
Basis  of  National  Progress  and  Morality," 
1882;  "Electro-chemistry,"  1885;  and 
"The  Art  of  Electrolytic  Separation  and 
Refining  of  Metals,"  1890.  He  has  made 
numerous  scientific  discoveries  in  physics 
and  chemistry,  which  have  been  published 
in  a  series  of  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  that  Society,  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Birmingham  Philosophical  Society,  the 
Philosophical  Magazine,  &c.  A  list  of  most 
of  his  original  electrical  researches  is  given 
in  "The  Electrician's  Directory,"  1892, 
p.  37.  He  is  chiefly  distinguished  by  his 
discoveries  in,  and  writings  upon,  the  sub- 
jects of  Electro-chemistry,  Electro-metal- 
lurgy, and  Chemistry ;  his  experimental 
investigations  of  the  highly  dangerous 
substance  anhydrous  hydrofluoric  acid  and 
the  fluorides  ;  his  discovery  of  "  explosive 
antimony,"  and  his  recent  invention  of  the 
'•  voltaic  balance,"  by  means  of  which  he 
has  been  enabled  to  discover  and  investi- 
gate invisible  molecular  changes  (and 
measure  their  rates)  in  a  number  of 
liquids,  to  measure  the  effect  of  light  upon 
chlorine- water,  and  to  detect  the  influence 
of  one  part  by  weight  of  chlorine  in 
500,000  million  parts  of  water.  He  was 
the  first  to  observe  the  remarkable  mole- 
cular change  which  occurs  in  iron  at  a 
dull  red  heat.  His  original  observation  of 
the  decolorising  effect  of  chlorine-water 
on  crude  phosphorus  gave  rise  to  the 
present  mode  of  bleaching  that  substance, 
and  his  solution  for  electro-depositing 
nickel,  made  known  in  the  year  1856,  was 
the  first  to  be  commercially  employed  in 
electro-plating  articles  with  nickel.  Of 
his  writings  on  the  subject  of  original 
scientific  research  an  article  entitled  "  The 
National  Importance  of  Scientific  Re- 
search," published  in  the  Westminster 
Review,  April  1873,  excited  public  atten- 
tion. In  the  year  1891  a  Civil  List  Pension 
of  £150  a  year  was  granted  to  him  in 
recognition  of  the  national  value  of  his 
numerous  scientific  discoveries,  &c.  In  a 
laborious  experimental  research,  published 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Birmingham  Philo- 
sophical Society,  1891-92,  vol.  vii.,  pp. 
63-139,  he  discovered  the  general  truth 
that  the  amount  of  voltaic  electromotive 
force  per  molecular  weight  of  dissolved 
substances  in  the  exciting  liquid  of  a  voltaic 
cell  is  usually  increased  by  dilution.     More 


GORGEI  —  GORST 


433 


recently,  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine, 
June  1897,  was  published  an  experimental 
research  on  "The  Influence  of  Proximity 
of  Substances  upon  Volta-electromotive 
Force,"  commenced  by  him  in  the  year 
1849  and  continued  at  intervals,  in  which 
he  ultimately  found,  during  the  year  1894, 
that  a  cube  of  lead  weighing  74  cwt.,  when 
brought  near  the  positive  zinc  of  a  voltaic 
cell,  increased  the  strength  of  the  current. 
Address  :  Institute  of  Scientific  Research, 
20  Easy  Row,  Birmingham. 

GORGEI,  General  Arthur,  was  born 
at  Toporcz  in  Upper  Hungary,  on  Jan.  30, 
1818  ;  and  having  received  a  military  edu- 
cation at  Tuln,  entered  the  Hungarian 
Body-Guard ;  but  subsequently  relin- 
quished the  profession  of  arms,  and  studied 
chemistry  in  the  University  of  Prague. 
However,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Hungarian 
revolution  in  1848,  his  military  ardour 
revived,  and  he  went  to  the  aid  of  Kossuth, 
and  by  his  genius  for  war  soon  rose  to  the 
rank  of  General.  His  retreat  through  the 
defiles  of  the  Carpathians  was  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  feats  of  the  war.  In  1849 
he  won  a  succession  of  victories,  and  was 
made  Minister  of  War,  refusing  at  the 
same  time  the  rank  of  Field  Marshal. 
Subsequently,  through  refusing  to  co- 
operate with  his  colleagues,  he  caused 
them  to  be  defeated  in  detail ;  and,  on 
August  13,  he  was  completely  surrounded 
at  Valagos,  and  surrendered  to  the  Russian 
General,  Rudiger.  "His  treason,"  wrote 
Kossuth,  "  has  inflicted  on  me,  and 
through  me  on  the  Republic,  a  death- 
blow." Ultimately  he  was  pardoned  ;  and 
he  published  in  1851  a  narrative  of  his 
connection  with  the  insurrection,  under 
the  title  of  "My  Life  and  Acts  in  Hun- 
gary." From  that  time  he  has  lived  in 
retirement,  keeping  completely  aloof  from 
politics.  In  1885  a  proposal  was  made 
formally  to  reinstate  him  in  public  favour, 
but  it  was  not  well  received  in  Hungary. 

GORMAN,  Arthur  Pue,  United 
States  Senator,  was  born  in  Haward 
County,  Maryland,  March  11,  1839,  and 
attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
county  for  a  brief  period.  In  1852  he  was 
appointed  a  page  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States,  and  continued  in  that  ser- 
vice until  1866 ;  was  appointed  collector 
of  internal  revenue  for  the  Fifth  District 
of  Maryland  in  September  1866,  and  held 
the  position  until  1869  ;  was  appointed  a 
director  in  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
Company  in  June  1869,  and  was  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  State  Legislature 
in  November  of  the  same  year.  He  was 
re-elected  in  1871,  and  at  the  ensuing 
session  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House. 
In  June  1872  he  was  elected  President  of 


the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  Company  ; 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1875, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1879,  but  in  January 
1880  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  took  his  seat  March  4,  1881. 
He  was  re-elected  in  1886  and  in  1892,  but 
was  defeated  in  1898.  He  was  an  active 
and  prominent  leader  among  the  Demo- 
cratic Senators. 

GORMANSTON,  Viscount  Jenico 
William  Joseph  Preston,  G.C.M.G., 
D.L.,  was  born  at  Gormanston  Castle, 
on  June  1,  1837,  and  succeeded  his 
father,  the  13th  Viscount,  in  1876.  He 
is  Premier  Viscount  in  Ireland.  Joining 
the  60th  Rifles,  he  served  through  the 
Indian  Mutiny,  1857-58 ;  was  Chamber- 
lain to  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
the  Duke  of  Abercorn,  K.G.,  in  1866-68  ; 
Commissioner  of  National  Education  in 
Ireland,  1874-85  ;  Governor  of  the  Leeward 
Islands,  1885-87 ;  Governor  of  British 
Guiana,  1887-93.  In  1893  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  position  as  Governor 
of  Tasmania.  He  was  promoted  to 
G.C.M.G.  in  1897.  In  1865  he  was  High 
Sheriff  of  Dublin,  and  in  1871  of  County 
Meath.  He  married  (1),  in  1861,  the  Hon. 
Ismay  Bellew,  daughter  of  the  1st  Baron 
Bellew,  and  (2),  in  1878,  Georgina,  daugh- 
ter of  Peter  Conellan,  Esq.  of  Coolmore, 
County  Kilkenny.  Addresses :  Govern- 
ment House,  Hobart  ;  and  Gormanston 
Castle,  Balbriggan,  County  Dublin. 

GORST,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John 
Eldon,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  late 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  India,  and 
Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  is  a 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Edward  Chaddock 
Lowndes  (the  last  name  assumed  instead 
of  Gorst),  of  Preston,  Lancashire,  and  of 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  D.  Nesham, 
Houghton  le  Spring,  Durham,  and  was 
born  in  May  1835.  He  was  educated  at 
Preston  Grammar  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was 
sometime  a  Fellow,  and  was  third 
Wrangler  in  1857.  From  1861-63  he  was 
Civil  Commissioner  of  Waikato,  New 
Zealand,  and  in  1865  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  becoming  a 
Q.C.  in  1875.  In  1866  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  Conservative  member  for  Cam- 
bridge, but  was  defeated  in  1868.  In 
1875  he  was  returned  for  Chatham,  which 
he  continued  to  represent  till  1892,  when 
he  was  elected  member  for  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  Mr.  Gorst  was  from  1880 
to  1885  one  of  the  small  group  of  members 
known  as  the  Fourth  Party.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  first  administration  (1885)  he 
was  Solicitor-General ;  and  in  his  second 
Government  he  held  the  post  of  Under- 
Secretary   for   India,   and  was  created  a 

2  E 


434 


GOSCHEN 


Privy  Councillor  in  1890.  Sir  John  Gorst 
is  greatly  interested  in  all  questions  con- 
cerning education.  He  was  one  of  the 
English  delegates  at  the  Berlin  Labour 
Conference  (1890),  and  in  1891  he  was 
conspicuous  for  his  advanced  attitude 
with  regard  to  the  Labour  Question. 
After  a  visit  to  Ireland,  he  was  appointed 
Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury  in 
November  1891,  and  held  that  office  until 
the  following  July.  In  1892  he  was  elected 
Conservative  member  for  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, which  he  now  represents  in  Par- 
liament. He  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Lorenzo  Moore,  Christ  Church, 
New  Zealand.  Addresses  :  Queen  Anne's 
Mansions,  S.W.  ;  and  Howes  Close,  Cam- 
bridge. 

GOSCHEN,     The    Right     Hob. 
George  Joachim,  M.P.,   LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late  William  Henry 
Goschen,  a  London  merchant,  of  German 
extraction,  was  born  Aug.  10,  1831.  He 
received  his  education  at  Rugby,  under 
Drs.  Tait  and  Goulburn,  and  at  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A., 
taking  a  first-class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1853. 
Soon  after  he  became  a  merchant  in 
partnership  with  Messrs.  Frtihling  and 
Goschen,  of  Austinfriars,  and  a  Director 
of  the  Bank  of  England  ;  but  he  retired 
from  the  partnership  on  taking  office  in 
the  Russell-Gladstone  ministry.  He  was 
returned  in  the  Liberal  interest  for  the 
City  of  London  in  May  1863,  on  the  death 
of  Mr.  W.  Wood ;  and  he  took  an  active 
part  in  the  movement  for  throwing  open 
the  universities  to  dissenters,  and  the 
abolition  of  religious  tests.  Mr.  Goschen, 
who  was  re-elected  for  the  City  of  London, 
at  the  head  of  the  poll,  at  the  general 
election  in  July  1865,  was  made  Vice- 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  Nov.  20, 

1865,  when  he  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council,  and  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster  and  a  Cabinet  Minister,  Jan.  26, 

1866,  retiring  with  the  Russell  ministry  in 
June  of  that  year.  On  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Gladstone  to  power,  in  December 
1868,  he  was  appointed  President  of  the 
Poor-Law  Board,  which  office  he  held  to 
March  1871,  when  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Childers  as  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 
He  went  out  of  office  with  his  party  in 
February  1874.  At  the  general  election 
which  was  held  in  that  year  he  was  the 
only  Liberal  candidate  returned  for  the 
City.  In  1876  Mr.  Goschen  and  M.  Joubert 
were  chosen  as  delegates  of  the  British 
and  French  holders  of  the  Egyptian  debts 
to  concert  measures  for  the  conversion  of 
the  debts.  They  proceeded  to  Egypt, 
where  they  were  received  by  the  Khedive 
(August  14),  and  eventually  an  agreement 
was  signed  at  Cairo  (November  18)  for  a 


reorganisation  of  the  finances  and  public 
debt   of   Egypt,     On   July   17,    1878,   Mr. 
Goschen  issued  an  address  to  the  Liberal 
electors  of  the  City  of  London,  declining 
to  come  forward  again  at  the  next  general 
election,  on  the  ground  that  his  votes  on 
the  County   Franchise  question   had   not 
been  in  accord  with  the  views  generally 
entertained   by  the   party.     Mr.   Goschen 
attended  the  International  Monetary  Con- 
ference held  at  the  Foreign  Office,  Paris, 
in  August  1878.      In  May  1880,  immedi- 
ately after  Mr.    Gladstone's   accession  to 
power,   Mr.  Goschen  consented  to  under- 
take  the   special    duties   of    Ambassador 
Extraordinary   at    Constantinople,   in  the 
place  of  Sir  Henry  Layard,  who  retired, 
nominally  on  leave  of  absence,  but  in  fact 
finally.      Before   proceeding  to   Constan- 
tinople Mr.  Goschen  visited  the  most  im- 
portant  political   centres  in  Europe,  and 
this  was  the  first  step  towards  the  forma- 
tion of  a  European  concert  for  the  execu- 
tion   of    the   unperformed    parts   of    the 
Treaty  of  BerliD.     In  1881  the  ambassadors 
of  the  Great  Powers  in  the  Conference  of 
Constantinople,    after    long    and   patient 
negotiations,  joined  in  a  note  to  the  Greek 
Government  recommending  the  acceptance 
of  the  utmost  that  Turkey  could  be  brought 
to  yield.     The  new  frontier  line  left  the 
greater  part  of  Epirus,  with  Janina  and 
Metzovo,    to  Turkey,    giving   Greece  pos- 
session  of   almost   all   Thessaly,   and   the 
command    of    the    Gulf    of    Arta.      The 
Cabinet  of  Athens  was  forced,  under  pres- 
sure, to  agree  to  this  frontier  line,  which 
deprived  Greece  of  nearly  one-third  of  the 
territory   promised   to    her  at  Berlin.     It 
was  admitted  by  all  the  Powers  that  the 
assent   of    Turkey    to    these    terms    was 
obtained    chiefly  through  the  persistence 
and  firmness  of  Mr.  Goschen.     His  mission 
came    to    an    end    in    April    1881.      Mr. 
Goschen  was  appointed  an  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioner  for  England  in   November 
1882.      He  has  written  largely  on  financial 
questions,  and  his  treatise  on  "  The  Theory 
of  the  Foreign  Exchanges,"  5th  edit.,  1864, 
has  been   translated   into  French   by   M. 
Leon    Say.      He    has    published    various 
speeches  in  pamphlet  form,  amongst  them 
his  "  Speech   on  Oxford  University  Tests 
Abolition  Bill,"  1865,  and  his  "  Speech  on 
Bankruptcy   Legislation   and   other  Com- 
mercial Subjects,"  1868,  and  "Addresses 
on    Education   and   Economic   Subjects," 
1885.     At  the  general  election  of  1885,  Mr. 
Goschen,  who  had  sat  for  Ripon  since  his 
retirement  from  the  representation  of  the 
City  of  London  in  1880,  was  elected,  after 
a  severe  contest  (in  which  he  was  opposed 
by    a    Radical,     but    obtained    a    great 
majority),  to  represent  the  Eastern  Divi- 
sion of  Edinburgh.     In  1886,  however,  he 
was  defeated  by  a  large  Gladstone-Liberal 


GOSCHEN  —  GOSSE 


435 


majority.  From  1887  to  the  present  time 
he  has  represented  the  St.  George's  Han- 
over Square  Division.  Mr.  Goschen  had 
taken  a  foremost  place  in  the  campaign 
against  the  Home  Rule  Bill.  On  the 
resignation  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill 
in  December  1886,  and  when  Lord  Salis- 
bury had  failed  to  induce  Lord  Hartington 
to  join  his  Government,  Mr.  Goschen  was 
prevailed  upon  to  accept  the  Chancellor- 
ship of  the  Exchequer,  though  he  declined 
the  leadership  of  the  House.  Mr.  Goschen's 
scheme  for  the  reduction  of  the  interest  on 
the  National  Debt  was  cordially  accepted 
by  all  parties,  and  successfully  brought  to 
a  conclusion  in  July  1889.  Mr.  Gladstone, 
however,  vigorously  attacked  his  proposals 
with  reference  to  the  Death  Duties.  In 
1895  he  was  appointed  first  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty.  He  was  elected  Lord  Rector 
of  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in  1874  and 
1888,  and  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
in  1890.  He  married,  in  1857,  Lucy,  a 
daughter  of  John  Dalley.  This  lady  died 
in  February  1898.  Addresses  :  Admiralty 
House,  Whitehall ;  Seacox  Heath,  Hawk- 
hurst,  Kent ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GOSCHEN,    William    Edward, 

Minister  at  Belgrade,  was  born  in  1849, 
and  entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in 
1869.  Having  served  at  Madrid,  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Paris,  he  was  promoted  to  a 
second  Secretaryship  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in 
1877.  In  1880  he  was  attached  to  the 
Right  Hon.  G.  J.  Goschen's  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  where  he  became  Secre- 
tary in  1881.  In  1885  he  went  to  Pekin, 
to  Copenhagen  in  1888,  and  to  Lisbon  in 
1890.  In  1893  he  was  promoted  to  be 
Secretary  of  Embassy  at  Washington,  and 
was  transferred  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1894. 
There  he  was  granted  the  rank  of  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  during  the  absence  of  the 
Ambassador  in  1897.  In  July  1898  he  was 
promoted  from  St.  Petersburg  to  succeed 
Sir  Edmund  Fane  at  Belgrade. 

GOSFORD,  Earl  of,  Sir  Archibald 
Brahazon  Sparrow  Acheson,  Bart., 
K.P.,  was  born  on  Aug.  19,  1841,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  3rd  Earl  and  the  only 
daughter  of  the  10th  Earl  of  Meath.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  1864.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow.  He  is  married  to 
a  daughter  of  the  7th  Duke  of  Man- 
chester. Addresses  :  22  Mansfield  Street, 
W.;  and  Gosford  Castle,  co.  Armagh. 

GOSLING,  Audley  Charles,  Minister 
in  Chili,  was  born  in  1836,  and  having 
passed  through  Sandhurst,  served  for  a 
short  time,  1855-57,  in  the  army,  but  entered 
the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1859.  He  was 
promoted  to  be  second  Secretary  in  1870, 


and  in  1873  went  to  Athens,  afterwards  to 
Madrid,  Copenhagen,  and  Stuttgardt.  He 
became  Consul-General  to  Hungary  in 
1879,  Secretary  at  Madrid  in  1885,  and  at 
St.  Petersburg  in  1888.  He  was  promoted 
to  be  Minister  to  the  Central  American 
Republic  in  1890,  a  post  which  he  ex- 
changed for  his  present  post  in  1897. 

GOSSE,    Edmund   William,    M.A., 
only  son  of  the  late  distinguished  zoolo- 
gist,   Philip   Henry   Gosse,     F.R.S.,    was 
born  in  London,  Sept.  21,  1849,  and  edu- 
cated in  Devonshire.     He  was  appointed 
Assistant-Librarian  at  the  British  Museum 
in  1867,  but  has  held  since  1875  the  post 
of  Translator  to  the  Board  of  Trade.     In 
1872  and   1874  he  visited   Norway,   Den- 
mark,   and    Sweden,   for   the    purpose  of 
studying  the  literature  of  these  countries  ; 
and  in    1877   he  visited   Holland   with  a 
similar   purpose.      His    poetical    writings 
consist  of  "  Madrigals,   Songs,   and    Son- 
nets "  (in  conjunction  with  a  friend),  1870 ; 
"On  Viol  and  Flute,"  lyrical  poems,  1873  ; 
"King    Erik,"   a   tragedy,    1876;     "The 
Unknown  Lover,"  a  drama,   1878;  "New 
Poems,"    1879;    "  Firdausi   in    Exile,  and 
other  Poems,"  1886;  and  "In  Russet  and 
Silver,"   1894.       Mr.    Gosse    wrote    "The 
Masque  of  Painters,"  which  was  performed 
by   the   Royal    Institute    of    Painters    in 
Water-Colours,  on   May  19,   1885,  and  on 
subsequent  evenings,  with  great   success. 
A  collected  edition  of  Mr.  Gosse's  poems, 
in  three  volumes,  appeared  in  1897.     His 
chief    prose    writings    are    a    volume    of 
"Northern   Studies,"    1879,    consisting  of 
critical    essays   in    Scandinavian,    Dutch, 
and   German   literature ;    a  life  of   Gray, 
1882    (English    Men    of    Letters    Series)  ; 
about  thirty  essavs  contributed  to  Ward's 
"English    Poets,"   in    1880-81;    "Seven- 
teenth Century  Studies,  a  contribution  to 
the    history    of  English    Poetry,"    1883 ; 
'•  From  Shakespeare   to  Pope,  an  inquiry 
into   the  causes  of   the   rise    of   classical 
poetry   in    England,"    1885;    a   "Life    of 
Philip  Henry  Gosse,  the  naturalist,"  1890  ; 
"  Gossip  in  a  Library,"  1891 ;  "The  Secret 
of  Narcisse,"  a  romance,  1892 ;  "  Questions 
at  Issue,"  a  volume  of  essays,  1893 ;  and 
"The   Jacobean   Poets,"   1894;    "Critical 
Kit-Kats,"   1896;   and   "A  Short  Plistory 
of  English  Literature,"  1897.     He  has  also 
edited  a  volume  of  "English  Odes,"  1881 ; 
the  works  of  Thomas  Lodge,  in  i  vols., 
1882  ;  a  complete  edition  of  the  works  of 
Gray,  in   i  vols.,    1884 ;    the  writings   of 
Beddoes,  in  verse  (1890)  and  prose  (1891) ; 
and  a  series  of  translated  foreign  novels, 
"The  International  Library."      He  intro- 
duced Ibsen  to  the  English  public  in  1872, 
and    he    has    published     the    authorised 
translations  of  "Hedda  Gabler,"  1891,  and 
(with  Mr.  Archer)  of  the  "  Master  Builder," 


436 


GOT  — GOTCH 


1893.  In  the  spring  of  1884,  Mr.  Gosse 
was  elected  Clark  Lecturer  in  English 
Literature  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  the  place  of  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen,  who 
retired ;  and  in  1885  he  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.A.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  He  was  re-elected 
Clark  Lecturer  in  1886,  and  retired  in  1889. 
In  the  winter  of  1884-85,  Mr.  Gosse,  who 
had  been  invited  to  deliver  the  Lowell 
Lectures  that  season,  visited  America, 
and  lectured  not  only  in  Boston,  but 
before  Harvard  and  Yale  Colleges,  before 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  Baltimore, 
and  in  New  York.  He  is  now  engaged  in 
editing  a  series  of  Short  Histories  of 
Literature,  of  which  Ancient  Greek, 
French,  English,  Italian,  and  Spanish 
have  already  appeared.  In  1875  Mr.  Gosse 
married  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late  Dr. 
G.  K.  Epps,  a  lady  who  is  well  known  as  an 
artist,  and  as  a  contributor  to  the  princi- 
pal exhibitions.  Address  :  29  Delamere 
Terrace,  W. 

GOT,  Francois  Jules   Edmond,  an 

eminent  French  comedian,  born  at  Ligne- 
rolles,  Orne,  Oct.  1,  1822,  received  his 
education  at  the  College  Charlemagne,  and 
after  being  employed  for  a  short  time  at 
the  Prefecture  of  the  Seine,  entered  M. 
Provost's  class  at  the  Conservatoire, 
where,  in  1842,  he  carried  off  the  second, 
and  in  1843  the  first,  prize  for  comedy. 
After  a  year's  compulsory  service  in  the 
army,  he  made  his  first  bow  to  a  Parisian 
audience  in  1844  at  the  Comedie  Fran- 
caise,  of  which  Society  he  became  a  mem- 
ber in  1850.  M.  Got's  reputation  steadily 
increased,  and  he  is  now  most  deservedly 
regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  actors  on 
the  French  stage.  He  excels  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  leading  comic  parts  in 
the  old  classical  dramas,  and  has  created 
scores  of  original  characters  in  modern 
pieces.  M.  Got's  name  has  been  fre- 
quently before  the  public  in  connection 
with  the  internal  dissensions  of  the 
Comedie  Fran9aise.  When  M.  Got  and 
his  colleagues  of  the  Theatre  Francais 
visited  London  in  1871,  they  were  enter- 
tained at  a  public  dinner  at  the  Crystal 
Palace.  On  Aug.  4,  1881,  M.  Turquet, 
the  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  Fine 
Arts,  publicly  conferred  the  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  on  M.  Got  at  the 
Conservatoire.  It  was,  however,  as  Profes- 
sor of  the  Conservatoire  and  Maitre  de  Con- 
ferences at  the  Ecole  Normale  Superieure, 
that  M.  Got  received  this  high  recom- 
pense for  his  services  to  art.  M.  Got 
again  visited  London  with  his  colleagues 
of  the  French  Theatre  in  the  summer  of 
1893,  and  appeared  in  "Les  Plaideurs" 
and  other  parts.  On  Jan.  12,  1895,  he 
married  Mdlle.  TreVille,  one  of  his  pupils, 


and  soon  after  retired  from  the  stage,  and 
lives  at  11  Rue  Hameau,  Boulainvilliers, 
Paris. 

GOTCH,  Francis,  M.A.  Oxon,  B.A. 
and  B.Sc.  Lond.,  M.R.C.S.  and  F.R.S., 
born  at  Bristol  in  1853,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  F.  W.  Gotch,  LL.D.,  one  of  the 
Old  Testament  Revision  Committee.  Re- 
ceiving his  early  education  at  Amersham 
Hall  School,  he  proceeded  to  University 
College,  London,  being  appointed  Gil- 
christ Scholar  at  University  Hall  in  1871. 
In  1873  he  became  a  Graduate  in  Arts  of 
the  University  of  London,  and  was  ap- 
pointed University  Scholar  in  Logic  and 
Moral  Philosophy.  Having  turned  to  the 
study  of  science,  he  graduated  in  that 
subject  in  1875,  and  subsequently  became 
a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  1881.  From  this  time  he  devoted  him- 
self to  Physiology,  and  studied  in  Berlin 
in  the  laboratory  of  Du  Bois-Raymond.  In 
1882  he  was  elected  Sharpey  Physiological 
Scholar  in  the  laboratory  of  University 
College,  London,  under  Professor  Burdon- 
Sanderson.  In  1883  he  proceeded  to 
Oxford  as  Demonstrator  in  the  Physio- 
logical Laboratory  of  the  University, 
receiving  the  honorary  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts  in  1885.  He  was  appointed  Holt 
Professor  of  Physiology  in  University 
College,  Liverpool,  in  1891,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  In  1895  he  was  elected  Wayn- 
flete  Professor  of  Physiology  at  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  a  Fellow  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  Professor 
Gotch' s  researches  have  been  chiefly  di- 
rected to  the  elucidation  of  fundamental 
questions  as  to  the  functions  of  various 
excitable  structures,  muscles,  nerves,  elec- 
trical organs,  spinal  cord,  and  brain.  In 
conjunction  with  Professor  Victor  Horsley 
he  carried  out  a  prolonged  experimental  in- 
vestigation into  the  functions  of  the  cen- 
tral nervous  system  by  the  use  of  a  new 
method,  that  of  observing  and  contrasting 
the  electrical  changes  in  nerve-fibres  and 
nerve-centres  when  these  are  in  a  state  of 
activity  and  repose  respectively.  These 
researches  were  made  the  subject  of  the 
Croonian  Lecture  at  the  Royal  Society  in 
1891.  Besides  several  communications  to 
various  physiological  and  medical  journals, 
Professor  Gotch  has  published  the  follow- 
ing papers  :  "  Changes  in  the  Mammalian 
Spinal  Cord,  following  Excitation  of  the 
Cortex  Cerebri"  (Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  1888),  in  conjunction  with  Prof. 
Horsley ;  "  The  Electrical  Organ  of  the 
Skate"  (Journal  of  Physiology,  Part  II., 
1889),  in  conjunction  with  Prof.  Sander- 
son) ;  "  Communication  and  Demonstra- 
tion to  the  Physiological  Congress  at 
Bale  "  (Centralblatt  fiir  Physiologie,  1889) ; 


GOTT  — GOUGH 


437 


"  The  Electrical  Relations  of  the  Brain  and 
Spinal  Cord"  [Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Institution  of  Or  eat  Britain,  1890);  "The 
Mammalian  Nervous  System "  (Croonian 
Lecture,  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
1891,  Phil.  Trans.,  1891),  in  conjunction 
with  Prof.  Horsley ;  and  "  Temperature 
and  Excitability,"  communicated  to  the 
Physiological  Congress  at  Liege,  1892,  and 
published  in  the  Journal  of  Physiology, 
1896.  Other  recent  publications  are: 
"  The  Electromotive  Properties  of  Malap- 
terurus  "  (Phil.  Trans.,  1896) ;  "  The  Elec- 
trical Changes  in  Nerve "  (Proceedings  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1898),  &c.  Address : 
The  Lawn,  Banbury  Road,  Oxford. 

GOTT,  The  Right  Rev.  John,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Truro,  was  born  on  Christmas 
Day  1830,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of 
William  Gott,  Wyther  Grange,  Yorkshire, 
and  Margaret  Ewart,  Mosley  Hall,  Liver- 
pool. He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1853,  and  in  1873, 
when  he  became  Vicar  of  Leeds,  was  made 
D.D.  Ordained  in  1857,  he  was  for  four 
years  Curate  at  St.  Nicholas,  Great  Yar- 
mouth, and  afterwards  held  the  incum- 
bency of  the  church  of  St.  Andrew  in  the 
same  town.  He  was  appointed  Perpetual 
Curate  of  Bramley,  Leeds,  in  1866,  and 
became  Vicar  of  Leeds  in  1873  in  succes- 
sion to  Dr.  Woodford,  who  was  raised  to 
the  See  of  Ely.  He  was  Vicar  and  Rural 
Dean  of  Leeds  until  1886,  when,  on  Lord 
Alwyne  Compton  becoming  Bishop  of  Ely, 
he  succeeded  his  lordship  as  Dean  of 
Worcester.  The  vicarage  of  Leeds  has 
long  been  a  stepping-stone  to  high  prefer- 
ment in  the  Church,  having  been  held  at 
different  times  by  Dean  Hook  and  Drs. 
Atlay  and  Jayne,  in  addition  to  the  fore- 
going. Dr.  Gott  is  a  High  Churchman, 
and  is  the  author  of  "  The  Parish  Priest 
of  the  Town,"  1877;  "The  Ideals  of  a 
Parish,"  1897.  He  became  Bishop  of  Truro 
in  June  1891.  He  married  in  1858  Harriet, 
daughter  of  Whitaker  Maitland,  Loughton 
Hall,  Essex.  Addresses :  Trenytown,  Par 
Station,  Cornwall ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GOUGH,  General  Sir  Charles  John 
Stanley,  G.C.B.,  ».«.,  brother  of  Sir 
Hugh  Gough,  entered  the  army  (Bengal 
Cavalry)  on  March  20,  1848  ;  Lieutenant, 
Sept.  1,  1849 ;  Captain,  June  9,  1857 ; 
Major,  July  20,  1858  ;  Lieut.-Colonel,  Jan. 
24,  1867 ;  Colonel,  Nov.  28,  1875  ;  Major- 
General,  July  2,  1885 ;  Lieut.-General, 
June  5,  1889.  Sir  Charles  Gough  served 
throughout  the  Punjab  campaign  of 
1848-49,  including  the  action  of  Ramnug- 
gur,  passage  of  the  Chenab,  and  battles  of 
Sadoolapore,  Chillianwalla,  and  Goojerat 
(Medal  with  two  clasps) ;    served  in   the 


Indian  Mutiny  campaign  of  1857-58  ;  was 
with  the  Guide  Corps  at  the  siege  and 
capture  of  Delhi  ;  was  Commander  of  the 
Guide  Cavalry  in  the  affairs  at  Kurkonda 
on  the  15th,  and  Rhotuck  on  the  17th 
and  18th  of  August  1857,  engaged  in  the 
cavalry  affair  in  rear  of  the  camp  on  Sept. 
11.  ■  He  served  with  Brigadier  Showers' 
column  in  the  Delhi  and  Jhujjur  districts  ; 
was  engaged  in  the  action  of  Narnole  on 
Nov.  16 ;  served  with  Hodson's  Horse  in 
the  actions  of  Gungeeree,  Putteallee,  Myn- 
poorie,  and  Shumshabad  (wounded) ;  com- 
manded a  squadron  of  Hodson's  Horse  in 
the  action  of  Meangunge  ;  was  present 
throughout  the  siege  and  capture  of  Luck- 
now  (Medal  with  two  clasps,  Victoria 
Cross,  and  Brevet  of  Major).  He  was 
awarded  the  <$.&.,  1st,  For  gallantry  in 
an  affair  of  Khurkowdah,  near  Rhotuck, 
on  Aug.  15,  1857,  in  which  he  saved  his 
brother,  who  was  wounded,  and  killed  two 
of  the  enemy  ;  2nd,  For  gallantry  on  Aug. 
18,  when  he  led  a  troop  of  the  Guide 
Cavalry  in  a  charge,  and  cut  down  two  of 
the  enemy's  sowars,  with  one  of  whom  he 
had  a  desperate  hand-to-hand  combat  ; 
3rd,  For  gallantry,  on  Jan.  27,  1858,  at 
Shumshebad,  where  in  a  charge  he  at- 
tacked one  of  the  enemy's  leaders,  and 
pierced  him  with  his  sword,  which  was 
carried  out  of  his  hand  in  the  melie ;  he 
defended  himself  with  his  revolver,  and 
shot  two  of  the  enemy  ;  4th,  For  gallantry, 
on  Feb.  23,  1858,  at  Meangunge,  where  he 
came  to  the  assistance  of  Brevet-Major  0. 
H.  St.  George  Anson,  and  killed  his  oppo- 
nent, immediately  afterwards  cutting  down 
another  of  the  enemy  in  the  same  gallant 
manner.  Sir  Charles  Gough  served  with 
the  Bhootan  Expedition  in  1864-65,  and 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Dalingkote  and 
Bala  stockades  (mentioned in  Despatches). 
He  served  in  command  of  the  Cavalry 
Brigade  in  Afghanistan,  1878-80 ;  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  Ali  Musjid 
(Despatches)  ;  commanded  the  force  at 
the  action  of  Futtehabad  on  April  2, 
1879,  completely  defeating  the  Afghans 
(Despatches) ;  and  in  December  1879  he 
commanded  the  force  at  the  defence  of 
the  Jagdalak  Pass  and  subsequent  advance 
on  and  relief  of  Kabul  (Despatches).  He 
commanded  a  brigade  at  the  action  of 
Saidabad  (Despatches),  and  was  subse- 
quently made  K.C.B.  (Medal  and  two 
clasps).  On  the  withdrawal  of  the  army 
from  Afghanistan,  he  was  selected  to  com- 
mand the  force  left  to  hold  the  Khaibar 
Pass.  Subsequently  he  served  in  command 
of  the  Hyderabad  contingent  from  1881  to 
1885,  and  of  the  Oudh  Division,  Bengal 
army,  from  1885  to  1890.  He  was  created 
G.C.B.  in  1895.  He  published  in  1897  a 
work  on  "The  Sikhs  and  the  Sikh  War." 
He  married  Harriette,  daughter  of  the  late 


438 


GOUGH  —  GOURATJD 


J.   W.    Power,    M.P.,   in    1859.     Address  : 
Innislonagh,  Clonmel,  Ireland. 

GOUGH,  General  Sir  Hugh  Henry, 

G.G.B.,  O.ffi.,  was  born  Nov.  14,  1833,  and 
is  the  third  son  of  George  Gough,  of  Rath- 
ronan  House,  Clonmel.  He  was  educated 
by  a  private  tutor,  and  entered  the  Bengal 
army  on  Sept.  4,  1853  ;  Lieutenant,  Aug.  9, 
1855* ;  Captain,  Jan.  4, 1861  ;  Brevet  Major, 
Jan.  5,  1861  ;  Major,  Sept.  4,  1873  :  Brevet 
Lieut.-Col.,  March  30,  1869;  Lieut. -Col., 
Sept.  4,  1879  ;  Brevet  Col.,  Oct.  1,  1877  ; 
Major-General,  Feb.  6,  1887.  Sir  Hugh 
Gough  served  as  Adjutant  of  Hodson's 
Horse  throughout  the  siege  of  Delhi 
(wounded) ;  commanding  a  wing  of  the 
regiment  in  the  actions  of  Bolundshur, 
Allyghur,  and  Agra,  relief  of  Lucknow  by 
Lord  Clyde,  battle  of  Cawnpore,  affairs  at 
Seraighat  and  Khodagunge,  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Lucknow  (severely  wounded  and 
two  horses  killed),  and  action  of  Ranode 
(mentioned  in  Despatches  on  several  oc- 
casions for  "distinguished  bravery,"  and 
thanked  by  the  Governor-General  of  India, 
Brevet  Major,  Victoria  Cross,  and  Medal 
with  three  clasps).  He  received  the  U.S. 
for  the  following  circumstances:  "Lieu- 
tenant Gough,  when  in  command  of  a 
party  of  Hodson's  Horse  near  Alumbagh 
on  Nov.  12,  1857,  particularly  distinguished 
himself  by  his  forward  bearing  in  charging 
across  a  swamp  and  capturing  two  guns, 
although  they  were  defended  by  a  vastly 
superior  body  of  the  enemy.  On  this 
occasion  he  had  his  horse  wounded  in  two 
places,  and  his  turban  cut  through  by  a 
sword,  whilst  engaged  in  a  combat  with 
three  sepoys.  Lieutenant  Gough  particu- 
larly distinguished  himself  also  near  Jella- 
labad,  Lucknow,  on  Feb.  25, 1858,  by  show- 
ing a  brilliant  example  to  his  regiment, 
when  ordered  to  charge  the  enemy's  guns  ; 
and,  by  his  gallant  and  forward  conduct 
he  enabled  his  men  to  effect  their  object. 
On  this  occasion  he  engaged  himself  in  a 
series  of  single  combats,  until  at  last  he 
was  disabled  by  a  musket-ball  through  the 
leg  while  charging  two  sepoys  with  fixed 
bayonets.  Lieutenant  Gough  on  this  day 
had  two  horses  killed  under  him,  a  shot 
through  his  helmet,  and  another  through 
his  scabbard,  besides  being  severely 
wounded."  '  He  commanded  the  12th 
Bengal  Cavalry  in  the  Abyssinian  cam- 
paign in  1868,  and  was  present  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Magdala  (mentioned  in  Despatches, 
C.B.,  and  Medal)  ;  served  throughout  the 
Afghan  War  of  1878-80  ;  commanded  the 
cavalry  of  the  Koorum  Force  in  1878-79  ; 
and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  the 
Peiwar  Kotal,  in  the  pursuit  of  the  Afghans 
over  the  Shutargardan,  in  the  affair  of  the 
Maugior  Pass,  and  during  the  operations 
in   Khost.      He   served  with    the    Kabul 


Field  Force  in  1879-80  as  Brigadier- 
General  of  Communications,  and  was  pre- 
sent in  the  engagement  at  Charasiab,  and 
in  the  various  operations  around  Kabul  in 
December  1879  (wounded);  accompanied 
Sir  Frederick  Roberts  in  the  march  to 
Kandahar  in  command  of  the  Cavalry 
Brigade,  and  was  present  at  the  recon- 
naissance of  August  31  in  command  of  the 
troops  engaged,  and  in  the  cavalry  pursuit 
of  the  following  day  (frequently  mentioned 
in  Despatches,  K.C.B.,  Medal  with  four 
clasps,  and  bronze  decoration).  He  be- 
came a  Lieutenant-General  in  1891,  and  was 
on  the  staff  of  the  Bengal  army  from  1887 
to  March  1892.  He  was  appointed  Keeper 
of  the  Crown  Jewels  in  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don in  1898.  In  1897  he  published  "Old 
Memories."     Address:  Tower  of  London. 

GOULD,  Francis  Carruthers,  assist- 
ant-editor of  the  Westminster  Gazette,  was 
born  at  Barnstaple  on  Dec.  2,  1844,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  R.  D.  Gould,  architect. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  was  for 
many  years  on  the  London  Stock  Exchange, 
which  he  was  glad  eventually  to  forsake. 
He  is  famous  as  a  caricaturist,  and  for 
many  years  the  Christmas  number  of  Truth 
was  illustrated  by  him.  He  was  at  one 
time  on  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  and,  since 
its  foundation,  has  drawn  the  notable 
cartoons  in  the  Westminster.  He  is  also 
caricaturist  to  the  Sketch.  Address :  3 
Endsleigh  Street,  Tavistock  Square,  W.C. 

GOULD,  Nathaniel,  novelist  and 
journalist,  was  born  on  Dec.  21,  1857,  at 
Manchester.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Nathaniel  Gould,  of  Manchester  and  Pils- 
bury  Grange,  Derbyshire,  and  of  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Wright,  of 
Bradbourn,  Derbyshire.  He  was  educated 
at  Strathmore  House  School,  Southport. 
His  publications  are  :  "The  Double  Event," 
1891;  "Running  it  Off"  and  "Jockey 
Jack,"  1892;  "Harry  Dale's  Jockey," 
"Banker  and  Broker,"  1893;  "Thrown 
Away,"  "  Stuck  Up,"  1894  ;  "Only  a  Com- 
moner," "The  Miner's  Cup,"  1895;  "The 
Magpie  Jacket,"  "Who  Did  It?"  "The 
Doctor's  Double,"  "  On  and  Off  the  Turf 
in  Australia,"  "Town  and  Bush,  1896; 
"  Horse  or  Blacksmith,"  "  Not  so  Bad  after 
all,"  "Seeing  him  Through,"  "A  Lad  of 
Mettle,"  1897;  "A  Gentleman  Rider,"  "The 
Famous  Match,"  "  War  at  Last,"  "Golden 
Ruin,"  1898.  He  has  travelled  extensively 
in  different  parts  of  the  world  and  in 
Australasia,  where  he  held  several  impor- 
tant engagements  on  the  press.  Address  : 
Wotton  Grange,  Bedfont,  Middlesex. 

GOUBiAUD,  Captain,  French  officer, 
was  born  in  1865,  and  became  conspicuous 
during  the  "  Marchand  "  incident.   He  left 


GOURKO  —  GOW 


439 


the  Military  School  of  St.  Cyr  in  1890. 
From  1894  to  1897  he  served  in  the  French 
Soudan,  seeing  considerable  active  service 
with  the  natives.  After  a  short  rest,  he 
returned  to  Gourounsi  in  November  of  the 
same  year  (1897),  and,  early  in  1898,  was 
twice  wounded  in  conflicts  with  the  Sou- 
danese. On  the  conclusion  of  the  Anglo- 
French  Convention  for  the  settlement  of 
the  Niger  region,  Captain  Gouraud  was 
appointed  Resident  at  his  old  station, 
Gourounsi.  While  acting  in  this  official 
capacity,  he  captured  Samory,  an  act 
which  has  brought  him  some  distinction. 

GOTJRKO,  Count  Joseph  Vassil 
yevich,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
generals  of  the  Russo-Turkish  war,  is  of 
Lithuanian  origin,  and  was  born  in  1828, 
and  educated  in  the  imperial  "Corps  de 
Pages."  He  was  created  ensign  of  the 
regiment  of  Hussars  of  the  Imperial  Body 
Guard  in  1846.  In  1857  he  was  already 
captain,  and  commanded  a  squadron  in 
the  same  regiment,  and  was  made  in 
1860  adjutant  to  the  Emperor.  In  1861 
he  received  his  colonel's  commission.  In 
1866  Gourko  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  4th  Hussar  regiment  of  Marinpol. 
In  1867  the  Emperor  named  him  Major- 
General,  and  ordered  him  to  be  of  his 
suite.  Then  he  commanded  the  Grenadier 
regiment  of  the  Imperial  Guards,  and  in 
1873  the  first  brigade  of  the  second  division 
of  the  Cavallerie  de  la  Garde.  We  may 
add  that  Count  Gourko  took  part,  although 
in  inferior  rank,  in  the  Crimean  war, 
being  stationed  at  Belbeck.  His  heroic 
deeds  are  almost  too  well  known  to  be 
minutely  recorded  ;  we  will  mention  only 
some  of  the  principal  feats  of  this  valiant 
general,  who  commanded  the  vanguard 
of  the  Imperial  army.  On  June  25,  1 877, 
with  a  detachment  of  cavalry  and  a  single 
battery,  he  attacked  and  took  by  assault 
the  strong  and  powerfully  occupied  town 
of  Tyrnovo  (Tirnowo).  On  July  5  he 
occupied  Kazanlyk  and  the  village  of 
Shipka,  and  after  occupying  and  defend- 
ing the  passes  of  Shipka,  Hanko,  and 
others,  he,  together  with  General  Radetzky, 
traversed  the  Balkans  in  the  middle  of 
the  winter  snow-storms  and  frosts,  with 
but  few  losses,  and  led  the  victorious 
Russian  troops  into  the  fertUe  valleys 
beyond,  thus  occupying  Sofia,  Philippo- 
polis,  and  Adrianople.  The  hazardous  and 
almost  impossible  feat  of  traversing  the 
Balkans  in  the  middle  of  winter  will  for 
,  ever  remain  one  of  the  greatest  deeds  per- 
formed by  the  soldiers  of  Russia.  Count 
Gourko  has  been  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  Adjutant-General,  is  a  Knight  of  St. 
George  of  the  second  class,  and  of  several 
other  high  orders.  He  was  made  a  Count 
in  April  1878,  and  was  appointed  Governor- 


General  of  St.  Petersburg  (1879)  after  the 
attempts  on  Alexander's  life,  and  then, 
after  a  period  of  enforced  retirement, 
Governor -General  of  Poland.  His  rule 
in  Poland  has  been  strongly  Muscovite 
in  tendency.  In  1884  the  Czar  visited 
Poland,  and  General  Gourko  took  extra- 
ordinary precautions  for  his  safety.  In 
1891,  during  the  Russian  famine,  he  made 
an  optimistic  report  on  the  food  supply  in 
Poland.  Events  proved  him  to  have  been 
mistaken,  and  his  position  was  in  danger, 
but  he  exculpated  himself,  and  in  April 
1892  returned  to  Warsaw  as  Commander- 
in  -  Chief  of  all  troops  in  Poland  and 
Lithuania.  Count  Gourko  is  married  to 
a  French  lady. 

GOURLEY,  Sir  Edward  Temper- 
ley,  M.P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
T.  Y.  Gourley,  shipowner,  of  Sunderland, 
and  was  born  at  the  latter  place  on  June 
8,  1828.  He  was  educated  at  a  private 
school  in  Scotland,  and  at  Sunderland. 
He  is  a  Sunderland  merchant  and  ship- 
owner, and  has  represented  that  borough 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  as  a  Liberal 
member,  since  1868.  He  is  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace  and  an  Alderman  for  Sunder- 
land, and  has  been  thrice  its  Mayor.  He 
was  for  ten  years  Hon.  Secretary  of  the 
Sunday  School  Union,  and  was,  for  twenty 
years,  Commandant  of  the  Sunderland 
Rifles,  a  corps  of  which  he  is  now  Hon. 
Colonel.  He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  1895.  Address  :  Roker-on- 
Sea,  Sunderland. 

GOW,  Andrew  Carrick,  R.A.,  was 
born  in  London,  June  15,  1848.  He  be- 
came a  student  of  Heatherley's  School 
of  Art,  Newman  Street.  In  1868  he  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  Institute  (now 
Royal  Institute),  and  since  1870  has 
been  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  Amongst  his  chief  works  may 
be  mentioned  "A  Suspicious  Guest,"  1870  ; 
"Introduction  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  to 
the  Kit  Kat  Club,"  1873;  "Sophy  Bad- 
deley  at  the  Pantheon,"  1875;  "The 
Relief  of  Leyden,"  1876,  now  in  the 
National  Gallery  of  Sydney  ;  "  The  Tumult 
in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1640,"  1877  ; 
"No  Surrender,"  1878,  now  in  the  National 
Gallery  at  Melbourne  ;  "  The  Last  Days  of 
Edward  VI.,"  1880;  "Bothwell,"  1884; 
"  Absolution  for  the  Lost  at  Sea,"  1885  ; 
"Cromwell  at  Dunbar,"  1886,  purchased 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  Chantrey  Fund  ; 
"The  Garrison  Marching  out  with  the 
Honours  of  War,"  1887  ;  "A  Lost  Cause," 
Flight  of  King  James  II.  after  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne,  now  in  the  Tate  collection, 
1888;  "Charles  I.  at  Hull";  "After 
Waterloo  :  Sauve  qui  pent,"  1890  ;  "  Queen 
Mary's  Farewell  to  Scotland,"  1892  ;  "The 


440 


GO  WER  —  GRACE 


Flag  Maidens  of  Taunton";  "God  save 
King  James";  "On  the  Sands  at  Bou- 
logne"; "Wellington  crossing  the  Bidas- 
soa,"  1896;  "On  the  Way  to  Exile,"  1897, 
Napoleon's  arrival  at  Kochefort,  purchased 
by  the  Emperor  of  Russia  ;  "  A  Gentleman 
of  the  Road,"  and  "The  Signal,"  1898. 
Mr.  Gow's  works  have  been  mostly 
historical.  He  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1881,  and  R.A. 
in  1891.  Addresses  :  15  Grove  End  Road, 
N.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GOWER,  Lord  Ronald  Sutherland 
Gower,  F.S.A.,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the 
2nd  Duke  of  Sutherland,  and  uncle  of  the 
present  Duke  of  Sutherland,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  home,  at  Eton,  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  is  known  as  a  sculptor 
and  a  writer,  and  is  first  President  of  the 
Society  of  Miniaturists.  Amongst  his 
works  of  art  there  may  be  mentioned : 
statues  of  Marie  Antoinette  on  her  way 
to  Execution  ;  "  The  Old  Guard  at  Water- 
loo "  ;  and  the  Shakespeare  Monument  at 
Stratford-on-Avon.  He  is  the  author  of : 
"My  Reminiscences";  "Life  of  Joan  of 
Arc";  "Rupert  of  the  Rhine";  "Stafford 
House  Letters";  "  Bric-a-Brac  "  ;  "Last 
Days  of  Marie  Antoinette  "  ;  "  De  Brosse's 
Letters  from  Italy."  Lord  Ronald  Gower 
was  formerly  member  of  Parliament  for 
the  county  of  Sutherland.  He  has  dropped 
the  name  of  Leveson,  his  father  having 
first  assumed  that  of  Sutherland  in  1841. 
Address  :  27  Trebovir  Road,  S.W. 

GOWERS,  Sir  William  Richard, 
K.B.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  William  Gowers 
and  Ann  Venables,  was  born  in  London 
in  1845,  and  educated  chiefly  at  Christ 
Church  College  School,  Oxford.  He  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine  in  1861  as 
pupil  to  a  surgeon  at  Coggeshall,  Essex, 
and  continued  it  at  University  College  and 
Hospital,  graduating  at  the  University  of 
London  in  1869  and  1870.  In  1873  he 
was  appointed  Assistant  -  Physician  to 
University  College  Hospital,  and  to 
the  National  Hospital  for  the  Paralysed 
and  Epileptic,  and  subsequently  became 
Physician  to  each  institution,  and  a  Pro- 
fessor of  Clinical  Medicine  in  Universitv 
College.  He  was  elected  F.R.C.P.  in  1879, 
F.R.S.  in  1887,  and  created  Knight  in  1897. 
His  contributions  to  medical  science  have 
embraced  many  subjects,  but  he  is  chiefly 
known  to  the  profession  on  account  of  his 
work  on  the  structure  and  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system.  A  special  tract  of  fibres 
in  the  spinal  cord,  which  he  first  described, 
is  generally  named  after  him.  The  extent 
to  which  his  work  upon  this  subject  has 
been  based  on  original  observation  and  re- 
search, and  the  manner  in  which  facts  thus 
ascertained    have     been    applied    to   the 


elucidation  of  the  practical  problems  of 
disease,  their  diagnosis  and  treatment, 
have  secured  for  his  works  a  wide  circula- 
tion, not  only  in  this  country  but  also  in 
America,  and  in  most  European  countries, 
and  have  made  them  popular  alike  with 
students  and  practitioners.  He  was  one 
of  the  early  investigators  of  the  changes 
that  occur  within  the  eye  in  diseases  of 
the  brain,  kidneys,  &c,  and  his  .."Manual 
and  Atlas  of  Medical  Ophthalmoscopy  "  (of 
which  a  third  edition  was  published  in 
1890)  is  the  chief  authority  on  the  subject. 
It  is  also  of  interest  as  containing  the  first 
systematic  use  of  the  Autotype  process  for 
illustrating  the  processes  of  disease,  most 
of  the  plates  having  been  thus  reproduced 
from  the  author's  own  drawings.  A  course 
of  lectures  delivered  before  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1880  formed  the  basis  of  a 
work  on  "Epilepsy  and  the  Convulsive 
Diseases."  A  small  book  on  the  "Diag- 
nosis of  Diseases  of  the  Spinal  Cord  "  has 
been  described  as  marking  a  turning-point 
in  professional  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
and  was  followed  by  a  similar  work  dealing 
with  the  Diseases  of  the  Brain.  His  chief 
work,  however,  is  a  general  "Manual  of 
Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,"  in  2 
vols.,  of  which  a  second  edition  appeared 
in  1892,  and  a  third  is  now  (1898)  in  pre- 
paration. Besides  these  subjects  he  is 
known  in  connection  with  diseases  of  the 
blood,  and  has  improved  or  invented  ap- 
paratus for  counting  the  number  of  the 
blood  corpuscles,  and  ascertaining  their 
quality.  Like  many  members  of  the  medi- 
cal profession,  he  has  found  a  recreative 
occupation  in  etching,  and  his  work  has 
been  seen  at  the  Royal  Academy  and 
other  exhibitions.  He  is,  indeed,  appar- 
ently the  first  F.R.S.  whose  etching  has 
been  seen  at  the  Academy,  although  many 
Fellows  have  exhibited  work  in  oil  and 
water-colour.  He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  1897.  Sir  William  Gowers 
has  employed  phonetic  shorthand  most 
extensively  throughout  his  life  to  pro- 
mote his  scientific  work,  making  ex- 
clusive use  of  it  for  personal  writing, 
and  strongly  advocating  its  employment 
as  a  means  of  saving  time  and  improving 
the  quality  of  intellectual  work.  He 
has  earnestly  advocated  its  use  in  medi- 
cine and  other  branches  of  scientific 
work,  and  was  the  founder  and  first  Presi- 
dent of  a  Society  of  Medical  Phono- 
grapbers  which  now  (1898)  contains  300 
members.  This  movement  appears  likely 
to  attain  considerable  ultimate  importance. 
In  1875  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Frederick  Baines,  of  Leeds.  Addresses  : 
50  Queen  Anne  Street,  W.,  and  Athenjeum. 

GRACE,  Dr.  William  Gilbert,  the 

famous  cricketer,  was  born  at  Downend, 


GEAFTON  —  GEAHAM 


441 


near  Bristol,  July  18,  1848,  and  is  the 
fourth  son  of  the  late  Henry  Mills  Grace, 
himself  a  keen  cricketer  and  sportsman. 
He  early  evinced  a  great  aptitude  for 
cricket,  being  trained  in  the  sport  by  his 
uncle,  Mr.  Alfred  Pocock,  and  in  1864 
played  with  the  South  Wales  team 
at  Brighton  against  the  Gentlemen  of 
Sussex,  scoring  170  and  56  not  out.  The 
nest  year  he  was  eagerly  sought  for, 
and  his  reputation  established.  Between 
1864  and  1890  Dr.  Grace  completed  814 
innings  in  first-class  matches,  and  ob- 
tained in  all  35,466  runs,  being  an  aver- 
age of  43J  per  innings,  the  most  extraor- 
dinary record  of  batting  performances 
ever  chronicled.  He  captured  2230 
wickets  in  first-class  matches,  between 
the  same  years,  at  a  cost  of  36,170  runs  ; 
average  per  wicket,  16.  In  July  1879  he 
was  presented  with  a  costly  testimonial, 
subscribed  for  by  all  classes  of  players,  in 
recognition  of  his  merits  as  an  all-round 
cricketer.  He  is  said  to  be  the  best  bat 
in  England,  a  good  bowler,  an  excellent 
field,  and  a  first-rate  captain.  In  1884  he 
played  three  innings  of  over  100  against 
the  Australians,  and  repeated  the  feat  in 
1886.  Like  his  father  and  brother  (Dr.  E. 
M.  Grace)  he  is  a  member  of  the  medical 
profession,  and  took  his  degree  in  1879, 
having  studied  at  Bristol  Medical  School, 
St.  Bartholomew's  and  Westminster  Hos- 
pitals. He  has  been  in  practice  in  Bristol 
since  1879.  He  published  a  book  upon 
Cricket  in  1891.  In  1895  he  made  nine 
"centuries"  in  first-class  cricket,  and 
thereby  completed  his  one  hundredth 
"century."  He  had  the  second  of  the 
year's  batting  averages,  his  average  being 
48  innings,  three  not  out,  total  runs,  2346  ; 
highest  score,  288  ;  and  average,  51.  The 
Daily  Telegraph  handed  him  £5000,  the 
result  of  a  great  national  subscription 
made  up  of  his  admirers'  shillings.  On  his 
attaining  his  fifty-first  birthday,  or  "jubi- 
lee," in  July  1898,  he  was  the  object  of  an 
immense  demonstration  of  enthusiasm. 
Address  :  Ashley  Grange,  Ashley  Down, 
Bristol. 

GRAFTON,  Duke  of,  Augustus 
Charles  Lennox  Fitzroy,  K.G.,  C.B., 
J.P.,  was  born  on  June  22,  1821,  and 
succeeded  his  brother  as  7th  Duke  in 
1882.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow, 
and  obtained  a  commission  in  the  60th 
Rifles  in  1837,  subsequently  entering  the 
Coldstream  Guards  in  1839.  He  served 
through  the  Crimean  campaign,  being 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Inker- 
mann  ;  eventually  rose  to  the  rank  of 
General,  and  retired  from  the  army  in 
1881.  He  acted  as  Equerry  to  the  Queen 
from  1849  to  1882,  and  in  the  latter  year 
was   appointed   Honorary   Equerry.      His 


Grace  is  Hereditary  Ranger  of  Whittlebury 
Forest,  Northamptonshire,  and  he  was 
married,  in  1847,  to  Anna,  daughter  of  the 
late  James  Balfour  of  Whittinghame,  Had- 
dingtonshire (she  died  in  1857).  Addresses: 
17  Carlton  House  Terrace,  S.W.  ;  and 
Euston  Hall,  Thetford,  &c. 

GRAHAM,  Sir  Gerald,  G.C.M.G., 
G.C.B.,  $.€.,  Lieut.-General  on  the  Reserve 
List,  only  son  of  the  late  Robert  Hay 
Graham,  M.D.,  of  Eden  Brows,  Cumber- 
land, was  born  June  27, 1831,  and  educated 
at  private  schools,  three  years  being  spent 
at  a  school  in  Dresden,  Saxony.  He  en- 
tered the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, in  1847,  and  received  his  commission 
as  Second  Lieutenant  in  the  Corps  of 
Royal  Engineers  in  1850.  He  became 
Captain  in  1858,  Major  in  1859,  Lieut. - 
Colonel  in  1861,  Colonel  in  1869,  Major- 
General  in  1881,  and  Lieut.-General  in 
1884.  He  served  throughout  the  Crimean 
campaign,  landing  with  the  first  troops  at 
Old  Fort  on  Sept.  14,  1854,  and  leaving 
when  the  Russian  guard  took  over  Bala- 
klava  in  May  1856.  He  was  present  at  the 
battles  of  Alma  and  Inkermann,  did  nearly 
100  turns  of  duty  in  the  trenches,  and  led 
a  ladder-party  at  the  assault  of  the  Redan 
on  June  18,  1855.  He  took  part  in  the 
demolition  of  the  docks  and  "White 
Buildings"  during  the  winter  of  1855-56, 
and  was  twice  wounded.  For  the  Crimean 
campaign  he  received  the  medal  with 
three  clasps,  fifth-class  Medjidieh,  Turkish 
medal,  Victoria  Cross,  and  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  was 
twice  mentioned  in  despatches,  and  ob- 
tained the  brevet  rank  of  Major.  He  took 
part  in  the  China  war  of  1860,  and  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  assault  of  the 
Taku  Forts  ;  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
Pekin,  mentioned  in  despatches,  obtained 
brevet  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel,  C.B. , 
and  medal  with  two  clasps.  In  the 
Egyptian  campaign  of  1882  Major-General 
Graham  commanded  the  second  brigade  of 
the  first  division  throughout  the  campaign. 
He  took  part  in  the  action  of  El  Magfar, 
commanded  at  Kassassin  on  Aug.  28,  took 
part  in  the  subsequent  action  of  Sept.  9, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir ;  he  was 
mentioned  in  despatches,  thanked  by  both 
Houses  of  Parliament,  received  K.C.B., 
second-class  Medjidieh,  medal  with  clasp, 
and  bronze  star.  Major-General  Sir  Gerald 
Graham  was  put  in  command  of  the  expe- 
dition for  the  relief  of  Tokar  in  February 
1884,  after  the  destruction  of  an  Egyptian 
force  under  Baker  Pasha.  The  British 
force  fought  a  severely-contested  action 
with  the  rebel  Hadendowas  at  El  Teb,  on 
Feb.  29,  1884,  and  relieved  Tokar  on  the 
following  day.  On  March  13  Sir  Gerald 
Graham   again   defeated  a   large  force  of 


442 


GRAHAM  — GKAND 


Arabs,  with  great  slaughter,  at  Tamai. 
The  road  to  Berber  was  then  open,  but  the 
British  troops  were  withdrawn.  For  these 
services  Major-General  Sir  Gerald  Graham 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
General.  In  1885,  after  receiving  news  of 
the  fall  of  Khartoum,  another  expedition 
was  sent  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  - 
General  Sir  Gerald  Graham  to  Suakim  to 
open  the  road  to  Berber  and  to  lay  down 
a  railway.  This  expedition  arrived  at 
Suakim  about  March  13,  and  on  the  20th 
fought  the  battle  of  Hasheen.  Sir  Gerald 
received  the  U.if.  for  "determined  gal- 
lantry at  the  head  of  a  ladder-party  at  the 
assault  of  the  Redan  (Sebastopol),  on  June 
18,  1855  ;  and  for  devoted  heroism  in  sally- 
ing out  of  the  trenches  on  numerous  occa- 
sions, and  bringing  in  wounded  officers 
and  men."  For  his  services  Lieut. -General 
Sir  Gerald  Graham  was  thanked  by  both 
Houses  of  Parliament,  and  was  decorated 
with  the  Grand  Cross  of  SS.  Michael  and 
George  by  her  Majesty.  He  has  contri- 
buted some  articles  to  the  Royal  Engineers' 
Professional  Corps  papers,  and  translated 
Von  Goetze's  "Account  of  the  German 
Engineers'  operations  during  the  campaign 
1870-71."  In  January  1886,  he  contri- 
buted a  paper  to  the  Fortnightly  called 
"Last  Words  with  General  Gordon."  He 
married  Jane,  daughter  of  G.  Durrant,  of 
Elmhall,  Suffolk,  widow  of  the  Rev.  G.  B. 
Blocker,  Rector  of  Rudham  Norfolk.  Club : 
United  Service. 

GRAHAM,  Peter,  R.A.,  was  born,  in 
1836,  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  received  his 
artistic  training  at  the  Schoolof  Design.  He 
is  famous  as  a  painter  of  the  Highlands,  one 
of  his  first  well-known  pictures  being  "  A 
Spate  in  the  Highlands,"  1866.  He  has 
been  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the  Royal 
Academy's  Exhibitions,  and  of  late  years 
has  shown  "The  Sea  with  Ebb  and  Flow," 
1895;  "The  Close  of  Day"  and  "From 
Beetling  Sea  -  crags  where  the  Gannet 
Builds,"  1896;  "Crossing  the  Stream" 
and  a  sea-piece,  1897  ;  "  The  Road  across 
the  Moor,"  "Moorland  Quietude,"  "The 
Grass  -  crowned  Headland  of  a  Rocky 
Shore,"  and  "  Lashed  by  the  Wild  and 
Wasteful  Ocean,"  1898.  He  was  elected 
R.A.  in  1881.  Address:  93  Ladbroke 
Road,  W. 

GRANBY,  Marquis  of,  Henry 
John     Brinsley     Manners,    J.P.,     is 

the  eldest  son  and  heir  to  the  Duke 
of  Rutland,  and  was  born  in  1852,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  principal  private 
secretary  to  Lord  Salisbury  in  1885-86 
and  in  1886-88.  In  1888  he  was  returned 
as  Conservative  member  for  the  Melton 
Division   of  Leicestershire,  and  sat  until 


1895.  In  1896  he  was  summoned  to  the 
House  of  Peers  in  his  father's  Barony  of 
Manners  of  Haddon.  He  has  been  Cap- 
tain in  the  third  battalion  of  the  Leicester- 
shire Militia,  and  is  a  J.P.  for  Leicester- 
shire. He  lias  written  many  articles  on 
sport,  and  is  an  ornithologist.  The  Mar- 
chioness of  Granby,  whom  he  married  in 
1882,  is  a  talented  artist  in  portraiture. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  Colonel  C.  H.  Lind- 
say, C.B.,  son  of  the  late  Earl  of  Balcarres 
and  Crawford.  Address :  16  Arlington 
Street,  Piccadilly,  W. 

GRAND,  Sarah  (nie  Frances  Eliza- 
beth Clarke),  was  born  at  Donaghadee,  in 
the  north  of  Ireland,  where  her  father,  a 
naval  Lieutenant,  held  a  Coastguard  ap- 
pointment at  the  time.  Though  born  in 
Ireland,  Sarah  Grand  is  of  English  parent- 
age, and  has  no  Irish  blood.  Her  father 
was  Edward  John  Bellenden  Clarke,  Lieu- 
tenant R.N.,  and  his  family  belonged  to 
Hertfordshire  ;  her  mother  (nie  Margaret 
Bell)  was  daughter  of  the  late  George 
Henry  Sherwood,  of  Rysome  Garth,  York- 
shire, and  granddaughter  of  Robert  Bell, 
Humbleton  House,  Yorkshire.  Her  father 
died  when  she  was  a  child,  and  her  mother 
then  settled  down  among  her  own  people 
in  Yorkshire,  where  Sarah  Grand's  girl- 
hood was  passed.  She  was  the  youngest 
but  one  of  five  children,  two  boys  and 
three  girls.  At  fourteen  she  was  sent  to 
the  Royal  Naval  School,  Twickenham,  but 
the  discipline  of  this  large  establishment 
did  not  suit  her,  and  she  was  accordingly 
removed  to  a  school  in  Holland  Road,  Ken- 
sington. This  part  of  her  education,  how- 
ever, terminated  at  sixteen,  when  she  mar- 
ried. She  accompanied  her  husband,  an 
officer  in  the  army,  to  the  East — Ceylon, 
Singapore,  China,  and  Japan.  She  also 
saw  something  of  Egypt.  She  wrote  much 
poetry  in  those  days,  and  several  novels, 
which  she  burnt,  her  whole  life,  from  her 
marriage,  being  devoted  steadily  to  literary 
expression.  Sarah  Grand  first  appeared  in 
print  in  the  columns  of  Aunt  Judy,  a  girls' 
magazine,  for  which  she  wrote  a  few  small 
pieces.  In  July  1888  she  published  her 
first  book  "Ideala."  Written  five  or  six 
years  before  it  eventually  appeared,  it  went 
from  publisher  to  publisher,  until  at  last  it 
was  printed  at  her  own  cost,  and  published 
by  Mr.  Allen,  of  Ave  Maria  Lane,  from 
whom  it  was  eventually  taken  over  by  Mr. 
Bentley.  Two  years  after  the  appearance 
of  "  Ideala  "  Sarah  Grand  completed  her 
novel  of  "The  Heavenly  Twins";  but 
again  her  work  travelled  from  publisher  to 
publisher,  and  was  rejected  by  one  after 
another.  In  the  meantime  she  looked  up 
some  of  her  early  work  for  publication. 
"Singularly  Deluded,"  one  of  the  novels 
written  on  more  commonplace  lines  when 


GRANIEB  DE  CASSAGNAC  — GRANT 


443 


she  was  little  more  than  a  girl — long  be- 
fore she  began  "Ideala"— was  accepted 
and  published  by  Mr.  Blackwood  in  Decem- 
ber 1892.  And  whilst  "The  Heavenly 
Twins  "  were  being  written  and  were  still 
on  their  travels,  she  wrote  several  short 
stories  for  Temple  Bar  and  other  maga- 
zines. At  last,  in  the  spring  of  1892,  she 
determined  to  publish  "  The  Heavenly 
Twins"  also  at  her  own  expense.  When 
it  was  printed,  however,  it  was  shown  to 
Mr  William  Heinemann,  who  took  over  the 
whole  risks  of  the  work  and  published  it 
in  January  1893,  when  it  became  an  im- 
mediate literary  success.  A  collection  of 
short  stories  was  published  in  March  1894, 
under  the  title  of  "  Our  Manifold  Nature," 
and  in  November  1897  appeared  the  novel, 
"  The  Beth  Book."  Address  :  60  Wynn- 
stay  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 

GRANIER  DE  CASSAGNAC,  Paul 
de.     See  De  Cassagnac. 

GRANT,  Frederick  Dent,  American 
soldier,  a  son  of  General  U.  S.  Grant, 
was  born  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, May  30,  1850.  He  was  educated  at 
the  public  schools  and  at  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1871.  After  travelling  in  Europe, 
he  returned  home  in  1873,  and  joined  the 
army,  soon  receiving  an  appointment  on 
the  staff  of  Lieut.-General  Philip  H,  Sher- 
idan, with  rank  of  Lieut. -Colonel.  In 
January  1879  he  joined  his  father  in  Paris, 
and  went  with  him  on  his  journey  around 
the  world.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in 
1881 ;  was  Minister  to  Austria  under  Pre- 
sident Harrison ;  was  a  Police  Commis- 
sioner in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1895,  and 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Spain  in 
1898  he  entered  the  army  again  and  was 
made  Brigadier-General. 

GRANT,  The  Very  Rev.  George 
Monro,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Principal  of  Queen's 
University,  Kingston,  Ontario,  who  is  of 
Scottish  parentage,  was  born  at  Stellar- 
ton,  Pictou  county,  Nova  Scotia,  Dec.  22, 
1835.  He  received  his  education  at  Pictou 
Academy  and  at  the  West  Eiver  Seminary 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  his  native 
province.  At  the  latter,  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  won  a  bursary  which  entitled 
him  to  a  collegiate  course  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  the  bursary  being 
awarded  by  the  Synod  of  the  Old  Kirk  in 
Nova  Scotia.  During  his  university  course 
at  Glasgow  he  won  academic  distinction, 
taking  the  highest  honours  in  philosophy 
at  his  examination  for  M.A.,  the  Lord 
Rector's  Prize  for  the  best  Essay  on 
Hindoo  Literature  and  Philosophy,  and 
other  prizes  and  scholarships.  On  his 
return  to  Nova  Scotia,  he  spent  some  time 


as  a  missionary  in  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinces, and  became  pastor  of  St.  Matthew's 
Church,  Halifax,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  his  acceptance,  in  1877,  of  the 
Principalship  of  Queen's  University.  In 
1872  he  published  "Ocean  to  Ocean,"  an 
interesting  diary  of  a  tour  across  the 
American  Continent,  in  connection  with 
Sandford  Fleming's  surveying  expedition, 
to  locate  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway ;  and,  in  1884,  "  Picturesque 
Canada,"  an  elaborate  work  illustrative  of 
the  scenery,  the  industries,  and  the  social 
life  of  the  Canadian  Dominion.  He  is  a 
frequent  contributor  to  British,  American, 
and  Canadian  periodicals,  and  writes,  not 
only  on  theological,  but  on  educational, 
social,  and  political  subjects.  Address : 
Queen's  University,  Kingston,  Ontario. 

GRANT,  Lieut.  -General  Sir  Robert, 

R.E.,  K.C.B.,  son  of  Sir  Robert  Grant, 
K.C.H.,  was  born  in  August  1837.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Woolwich,  and 
entered  the  army  as  lieutenant  of  Royal 
Engineers  in  October  1854.  He  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  August  1860,  major  in 
July  1872,  and  lieut.-colonel  in  July  1876. 
He  was  for  several  years  Aide-de-camp  to 
the  Commander-in-Chief  in  British  North 
America.  From  1871  to  1876  he  was 
Deputy  -  Assistant  Adjutant  -  General  of 
Royal  Engineers  at  Head -quarters.  Sir 
Robert  Grant  was  appointed  Colonel  on 
the  Staff  of  the  Scottish  District  in  1884, 
and  the  following  year  went  to  Egypt  to 
take  part  in  the  Soudan  war.  He  was 
employed  in  the  Nile  Expedition,  and 
during  the  latter  portion  of  the  operations 
was  the  Commanding  Royal  Engineer. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches.  He 
was  appointed  Deputy  Adjutant-General 
of  Royal  Engineers  in  1886,  and  succeeded 
to  his  present  appointment  of  Inspector- 
General  of  Fortifications  in  1891.  Sir 
Robert  Grant  was  created  a  K.C.B.  in 
1896.  He  married  in  1875  Victoria,  widow 
of  T.  Owen,  Esq.,  and  daughter  of  John 
Cotes,  Esq.,  of  Woodcote  Hall,  Shropshire. 
Address  :  14  Granville  Place,  W. 

GRANT,  Robert,  American  writer, 
was  born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24,  1852. 
He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  Univer- 
sity in  1873,  and  from  its  Law  School  in 
1879.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Water  Commissioners  of 
Boston,  of  which  in  the  following  year 
he  became  Chairman.  This  position  he 
resigned  in  July  1893  to  accept  his  pre- 
sent office,  that  of  Judge  of  Probate  and 
Insolvency  for  the  county  of  Suffolk, 
Mass.  Besides  his  contributions  to 
magazines  he  has  published  "The  Little 
Tin  Gods  on  Wheels,"  1879;  "The  Con- 
fessions of  a  Frivolous  Girl,"  1880;  "The 


444 


GRANT-DUFF  —  GRAY 


Lambs,"  1882  ;  "An  Average  Man,"  1883  ; 
"The  King's  Men,"  with  others,  1884; 
"  The  Knave  of  Hearts,"  1885 ;  "  A 
Romantic  Young  Lady,"  1886;  "Face  to 
Face,"  1886;  "Jack  Hall,"  1887  ;  "Jack 
in  the  Bush,"  1888;  "The  Reflections  of 
a  Married  Man,"  1892;  "The  Opinions  of 
a  Philosopher,"  1893  ;  "  The  Art  of  Living," 
and  "The  Bachelor's  Christmas,"  1895. 

GRANT -DUFF.  See  Duff,  The 
Right  Hon.  Sib  Moitntstuart  Grant. 

GRANTHAM,    Sir    William,    J.P., 

Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice, 
Queen's  Bench  Division,  son  of  George 
Grantham,  of  Barcombe  Place,  Sussex, 
was  born  at  Lewes,  Oct.  23,  1835,  and 
educated  at  King's  College  School.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1863,  after  obtain- 
ing the  studentship  given  by  the  four 
Inns  of  Court  to  the  most  distinguished 
student  of  the  term  ;  was  made  Q.C.  1877, 
and  became  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1878 ;  is  J.P.  and  has  been 
Deputy-Chairman  of  Sussex.  In  1871  he 
was  largely  instrumental  in  securing  the 
return  of  Mr.  Watney  for  East  Surrey, 
this  being  the  first  Conservative  victory 
in  the  constituency  for  27  years.  At  the 
general  election  of  1874  he  himself  con- 
tested the  county  against  the  Hon.  Locke 
King,  whom  he  defeated  by  the  large 
majority  of  1107  ;  and  in  1880  he  was 
again  returned  with  a  majority  of  2006. 
On  the  passing  of  the  Redistribution  Bill 
of  1885  he  was  asked  to  give  up  his  seat 
for  the  county,  to  contest  the  new  borough 
of  Croydon,  as  no  Conservative  candidate 
could  be  found  to  contest  it  owing  to  the 
then  popularity  of  the  Liberal  candidate, 
Mr.  J.  S.  Balfour,  who  had  been  instru- 
mental in  getting  Croydon  made  a  cor- 
poration a  few  years  before,  and  who  had 
been  twice  mayor.  Mr.  Grantham,  how- 
ever, defeated  him  by  a  majority  of  1157. 
In  January  1886  Mr.  Grantham  was  made 
a  judge  of  the  Queen's  Bench  Division, 
and  consequently  retired  from  Parliament. 
He  married,  in  1865,  Emma,  daughter  of 
R.  Wilson.  Addresses  :  Barcombe  Place, 
Lewes  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GRAVES,  The  Right  Rev.  Charles, 
D.D.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  F.R.S.,  Bishop  of 
Limerick,  Ardfert,  and  Aghadoe,  youngest 
son  of  John  Crosbie  Graves  and  Helena, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Perceval, 
was  born  in  Dublin  Nov.  6,  1812,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he 
took  high  honours,  and  became  a  Fellow, 
and  Professor  of  Mathematics.  He  was 
President  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
from  1860  to  1865  ;  and  was  for  some  time 
Dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal  in  Ireland,  and 


Chaplain  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  He 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Limerick,  June 
29, 1866.  He  was  elected  to  the  Athenaeum 
under  Rule  2  in  1863.  He  married  Selina, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  John  Cheyne, 
M.D.,  Physician-General  to  the  Forces  in 
Ireland,  in  1840.  She  died  in  1873.  Ad- 
dresses :  The  Palace,  Henry  Street,  Lime- 
rick ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GRAY,   Professor   Andrew,   LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Lochgelly,  Fifeshire, 
in  1847,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  John  Gray 
of  that  place.  His  elementary  education 
was  obtained  at  the  Subscription  School 
of  his  native  town.  After  a  beginning  of 
scientific  study  he  entered  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  where  he  obtained 
on  graduation  the  Eglinton  Fellowship 
in  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy. 
While  an  undergraduate  he  was  nominated 
by  Sir  William  Thomson  (Lord  Kelvin)  to 
an  experimental  scholarship  in  Electricity 
and  Magnetism  given  by  Mr.  Heugh  of 
Tunbridge  Wells,  to  the  Andersonian  Uni- 
versity, Glasgow.  Afterwards  Mr.  Gray 
became  Sir  William  Thomson's  private 
secretary  and  experimental  assistant,  and 
in  1880  was  invited  by  Sir  William  to 
become  his  official  assistant  in  connection 
with  the  Chair  of  Natural  Philosophy  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow.  In  1884,  on 
the  foundation  of  the  Institution,  he  was 
appointed  to  his  present  post,  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Physics  in  the  University 
College  of  North  Wales.  During  the  four- 
teen years  of  his  tenure  of  this  office 
Professor  Gray  has  taken  some  part  in 
the  organisation  of  Welsh  education,  and 
has  served  for  several  years  in  the  Court 
and  Executive  Committee  of  the  University 
of  Wales,  besides  assisting  in  the  more 
academic  work  of  the  University  as  a 
Member  of  Senate.  Besides  various  scien- 
tific papers  chiefly  on  electrical  subjects, 
Professor  Gray  has  written  "Absolute  Mea- 
surements in  Electricity  and  Magnetism  " 
(a  sketch  of  certain  methods  of  measure- 
ment of  importance  in  connection  with 
practical  electrical  work) ;  a  general  trea- 
tise entitled  "  The  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Electrical  Measurements"  (Macmillan  and 
Co.,  1892),  the  first  volume  of  a  treatise  on 
"Magnetism  and  Electricity"  (Macmillan 
&  Co,,  1898),  and  in  conjunction  with 
Professor  G.  B.  Matthews,  F.R.S.,  "A 
Treatise  on  Bessel  Functions  and  their 
Applications  to  Physics"  (Macmillan  and 
Co.,  1895).  Professor  Gray  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Societies  of  London  and  Edin- 
burgh, and  a  Member  of  Council  of  the 
Physical  Society  of  London.  He  has  for 
several  years  been  Examiner  in  Physics  for 
Degrees  in  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and 
for  the  last  four  years  has  been  Examiner 
in  Physical  Science  to  the  University  of 


GRAY  —  GREARD 


445 


New  Zealand.  In  1896  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
(honoris  causa)  was  conferred  on  him  by 
the  University  of  Glasgow.  Addresses- 
Penybryn,  Bangor,  North  Wales  ;  and  the 
University  College  of  North  Wales,  Bangor. 

GRAY,  Miss  Frances  Helena,  LL.D., 
was  educated  at  the  Methodist  College, 
Belfast,  and  took  first  place  in  Ireland 
at  the  Intermediate  Examinations,  gain- 
ing at  the  same  time  two  gold  medals. 
In  1884  she  matriculated  with  Honours 
in  the  Royal  University,  Dublin,  gainin°- 
third  place  in  the  ensuing  scholarship 
examination  in  Modern  Literature.  She 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1888,  with 
Honours  in  Geology  and  Biology.  In  the 
following  year  she  turned  her  attention  to 
Law,  and  succeeded  in  taking  the  degree 
of  LL.B.  ;  while  in  1890  she  gained  the 
high  distinction  of  LL.D. 

GRAY,  George,  United  States  senator, 
was  born  at  New  Castle,  Delaware,  May  4, 
1840.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College 
in  1859,  receiving  the  degree  of  A.B. ;  in 

1862  he  received  the  degree  of  A.M.,  and 
in  1889  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  his  alma 
mater.     He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 

1863  ;  was  appointed  Attorney-General  of 
the  State  of  Delaware  in  1879,  and  re- 
appointed in  1884 ;  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  in  1885  to  fill  a 
vacancy,  and  re-elected  in  1887  and  in  1893. 
He  exercises  much  influence  among  his 
colleagues,  and  is  a  member  of  several 
important  committees,  among  which  are 
those  on  Foreign  Relations,  Civil  Service, 
and  Judiciary. 

GRAY,  Herbert  Branston,  D.D. 
Oxon.,  Warden  and  Head-master,  and 
Chairman  of  the  Governing  Body  of  Brad- 
field  College,  Berks,  from  1881  onwards, 
was  born  on  April  22,  1851,  at  Layton 
House,  Putney,  S.W.,  and  is  the  son  of 
Thomas  Cray,  Esq.,  of  a  Kentish  family, 
which  for  several  generations  had  settled 
at  St.  Peter's  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet.  He 
was  educated  from  1865  to  1869  at  Win- 
chester College,  of  which  Foundation  he 
was  an  Exhibitioner,  and  proceeded  in  1870 
to  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  of  which 
Society  he  was  appointed  Classical 
Scholar.  He  gained  a  first  class  in 
Classical  Moderations  in  1872,  and  a 
second  class  in  Literal  Huraaniorea  in 
1874,  and  proceeded  B.A.  and  M.A.  in 
due  course.  The  degree  of  B.D.  and  D.D. 
was  conferred  on  him  (by  accumulation) 
in  1893.  In  1875  he  was  appointed  to  a 
Mastership  at  Westminster  School,  which 
office  he  held  till  1878,  when  he  was 
elected  to  the  Head-mastership  of  Louth 
Grammar  School,  Lincolnshire.      In   1880 


he  was  offered  the  Head-mastership  of 
Bradfield  College,  Berks,  and  in  1881,  on 
the  resignation  of  the  First  Warden  and 
Founder  of  the  College,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Stevens,  he  was  appointed  Warden.  At 
that  time  the  College  had  fallen  to  a  low 
numerical  level,  owing  to  many  difficulties, 
and  the  numbers  were  hardly  more  than 
50.  Since  that  period  the  institution  has 
grown  enormously,  and  now  numbers  more 
than  260,  while  the  buildings  have  increased 
to  double  their  original  size.  The  history 
of  the  College  under  Dr.  Gray  has  been 
an  uninterrupted  success.  Besides  winning 
numerous  scholarships  and  some  Fellow- 
ships at  both  universities,  it  has  sent  a 
large  number  of  its  sons  to  Woolwich  and 
Sandhurst.  It  owns  the  distinction  of 
holding  the  Ashburton  Shield  for  shoot- 
ing, open  to  all  public  schools,  for  the 
year  1897-98,  a  distinction  which  it  gained 
once  before,  in  1893-94.  One  of  the  dis- 
tinguishing features  of  the  College  is  the 
reproduction  of  Greek  plays,  which  are 
performed  in  the  only  Greek  theatre  which 
has  been  built  since  the  decay  of  the  Attic 
drama  four  centuries  B.C.,  the  theatre 
being  constructed  by  Dr.  Gray  on  the 
model  of  that  of  Epidaurus  in  the  Pelo- 
ponnese,  and  the  most  perfect  of  all  the 
Greek  theatres.  These  unique  representa- 
tions have  been  performed  four  times  in  a 
cycle  of  three,  the  "Antigone"  of  Sopho- 
cles being  played  in  1890,  the  "Agamem- 
non "  of  iEschylus  in  1892,  the  "  Alcestis  " 
of  Euripides  in  1895,  and  the  "Antigone," 
for  the  second  time,  in  1898.  Thither  all 
the  learned  scholars  flock  from  Oxford, 
Cambridge,  Berlin,  Edinburgh,  and  even 
from  Athens.  Dr.  Gray  is  the  author 
of  two  books  of  sermons,  chiefly  preached 
to  Bradfield  boys,  "  Modern  Laodiceans  " 
having  been  published  in  1885,  and  "  Men 
of  Like  Passions"  in  1894.  He  is  also  the 
joint  editor  of  a  classical  work,  "  The 
Westminster  Ovid."  He  holds  the  Chair- 
manship of  the  Council  of  the  College,  by 
virtue  of  his  office  as  Warden.  Address": 
Bradfield  College,  Berks. 

GRAY,  Maxwell.   Sec  Tutttett,  M.G. 

GREARD,  Vallery  Clement  Octave, 

Rector  of  the  University  of  France,  was 
born  at  Vire  in  the  Calvados,  April  18, 
1828.  He  entered  the  Ecole  Normale  in 
1849,  and  is  a  Doctor  of  Letters.  He  be- 
came a  professor  at  the  Lycees  of  Metz, 
Versailles,  and  Paris.  In  1865  he  was 
appointed  an  inspector  of  the  Academy  of 
Paris,  and  in  1872  Inspector-General.  In 
1874  he  gained  the  Halphen  Prize  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences,  given  to  the  person 
who  has  most  improved  primary  education. 
In  1877,  M.  Jules  Ferry  (q.v.)  advisedly 
proclaimed  him  the  best  teacher  in  France. 


446 


GEEECE  — GREEN 


In  1879  he  became  Vice-Rector  of  the 
Academy  of  Paris,  and  devoted  himself  to 
questions  of  organisation  and  method  in 
secondary  education.  In  1883  he  refused 
a  senatorship  in  order  to  give  himself  up 
to  extending  the  Paris  Lycees,  both  for 
boys  and  girls,  and  to  restoring  the  Sor- 
bonne.  In  1875  he  was  elected  to  the 
Academy  of  Moral  Sciences,  and  in  1886 
to  the  French  Academy  itself  in  place  of 
Comte  de  Falloux.  He  is  a  Grand  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  has  been  a 
Member  of  its  Council  since  1880.  His 
principal  works  are  :  "  De  la  Morale  de  Plu- 
tarque,"  1866;  "  L'Education  de  Femmes 
par  les  Femmes,"  1886  ;  "  L'Enseignement 
Secondaire  des  Filles,"  1883;  "Precis  de 
Litteraire,"  1875.  His  Paris  address  is 
30  Rue  du  Luxembourg. 

GREECE,  King  of.  Sec  George  I., 
King  of  the  Hellenes. 

GREELY,  Brigadier-General  Adol- 
phus  W.,  was  born  at  Newburyport,  Mass., 
March  27,  1844.  Entering  the  volunteer 
service  as  a  private  soldier,  he  was  thrice 
wounded  and  attained  the  rank  of  Captain 
during  the  Civil  War,  and  at  its  close 
was  transferred  to  the  regular  army  with 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant.  In  1868  he  was 
placed  in  the  Signal  Service ;  and  in 
1881  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
International  Polar  Expedition  to  Lady 
Franklin  Bay.  In  addition  to  completing 
his  scientific  work,  his  expedition  made 
extensive  geographical  discoveries  and 
attained  83°  24'  N.  latitude, — the  farthest 
north  of  all  previous  time.  Visiting  ships 
having  failed  to  reach  Greely  in  1882  or 
1883,  he  retreated  to  Cape  Sabine,  where 
hardships  and  starvation  spared  but  seven, 
who  were  rescued  in  1884  by  a  squadron 
under  Captain  Schley.  In  the  winter  of 
1896-97  Lieutenant  Peary  discovered  a  case 
of  medical  instruments  and  other  relics  in 
the  deserted  camp,  but  he  failed  to  find 
the  records  of  the  expedition,  as  expected. 
General  Greely  wrote  the  "  Report  of  the 
Expedition  to  Lady  Franklin  Bay"  (2  vols.), 
1886,  and  published  a  private  account  of 
the  expedition  in  1885,  under  the  title  of 
"Three  Years  of  Arctic  Service,"  which 
has  been  translated  into  French  and 
German.  He  was  awarded  the  Founder's 
Medal  by  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
the  Roquette  Medal  by  the  Society  de 
Geographie,  Paris,  and  given  the  formal 
thanks  of  Massachusetts.  In  1887  he  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General 
and  Chief  Signal  Officer,  being  appointed 
head  of  the  corps  in  which  he  had  served 
for  twenty  years.  Other  works  of  General 
Greely  are  "American  Weather,"  N.Y., 
1888,  and  "American  Explorers  and  Tra- 
vellers," N.Y.,  1893. 


GREEN,  Alice  Sophia  Amelia  (Mrs. 
J.  R.  Green),  was  born  at  Kells  in  Ire- 
land in  1848,  and  is  the  daughter  of  the 
well-known  canon  lawyer,  Edward  Adder- 
ley  Stopford,  Archdeacon  of  Meath,  and 
granddaughter  of  the  Bishop  of  that  dio- 
cese. She  was  privately  educated,  and 
taught  herself  Greek,  and  was  married  in 
1877  to  the  famous  historian  of  the  English 
people,  the  late  John  Richard  Green. 
While  he  was  writing  his  last  two  books, 
she  greatly  assisted  her  husband  in  the 
work  of  historical  research,  and  acted  as 
his  amanuensis,  and  is  herself  the  author 
of  "  Henry  II."  in  the  English  Statesmen 
Series,  and  of  "  Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth 
Century,"  published  in  1894.  She  has 
edited  her  husband's  work  on  "  The  Con- 
quest of  England,"  and  in  1888,  five  years 
after  his  death,  issued  a  revised  edition  of 
the  well-known  "Short  History  of  the 
English  People,"  and  in  1892  was  editor 
of  the  illustrated  edition  of  the  same. 
She  has  lectured  in  London  on  "  English 
Town  Life  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  and  on 
"  Guilds."  Address  :  14  Kensington 
Square,  W. 

GREEN,    Anna    Katharine.     See 

Rohlfs,  Mrs.  Charles. 

GREEN,  Professor  Joseph  Rey- 
nolds, F.R.S.,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  was  born  at 
Stowmarket,  Suffolk,  on  Dec.  3,  1848, 
and  was  educated  at  private  schools,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  a  scholar  of  his  College.  He  was 
Demonstrator  of  Physiology  at  Cambridge 
from  1885  to  1886,  and  in  the  following 
year  was  appointed  Professor  of  Botany 
at  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great 
Britain.  Professor  Green  is  an  Examiner 
in  Botany  at  the  University  of  London, 
and  at  the  Royal  College  of  Veterinary 
Surgeons.  He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Manual 
of  Botany,"  1895.  Address  :  17  Blooms- 
bury  Square,  W.C.  ;  and  Amcliffe,  Grange 
Road,  Cambridge. 

GREEN,  Mrs.  Mary  Anne 
Everett,  whose  maiden  name  was  Wood, 
was  born  at  Sheffield  in  1818,  and,  in  early 
life,  resided  in  several  parts  of  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshire.  She  received  an  excellent 
education.  Her  intellectual  tastes  were 
fostered  by  the  late  James  Montgomery, 
the  "  bard  of  Sheffield,"  an  intimate  friend 
of  her  father's.  In  1841  her  parents  re- 
moved to  London,  and  having  now  freer 
access  to  libraries  and  MS.  collections, 
she  conceived  the  idea  of  compiling  the 
"  Lives  of  the  Princesses  of  England,"  the 
first  volume  of  which  appeared  in  1849, 
and  the  sixth  and  last  in  1855.  Mrs. 
Green  edited  "  Letters  of  Royal  and  Illus- 
trious Ladies,"  published  in  1846  ;  "  The 


GREER  AW  AY  —  GREENWELL 


447 


Diary  of  John  Rous,"  printed  for  the  Cam- 
den  Society,    in    1856;    "The  Letters   of 
Queen  Henrietta  Maria"  in  1857  ;  and  has 
contributed     occasionally     to     periodical 
literature,  chiefly  on  antiquarian  subjects. 
She  has  been'  entrusted  by  the  Master  of 
the  Rolls  with  the  duty  of  calendaring  the 
State  Papers  in  the   Record  Office.     The 
papers  of  the  reign   of  James  I.,  4  vols., 
were    published    in    1857-59,    and    those 
of  Charles  II.,  7  vols.,  appeared  1860-68. 
Mrs.  Green  was  then  requested  to  complete 
the  calendar  of  the  State  Papers  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  left   unfinished  by  the  late  Mr. 
Lemon,  which,  with  addenda  from  Edward 
VI.  to  James  I.,   forms  6  vols.,  published 
1869-74.       She    is    now     occupied    upon 
the  papers  of  the  Interregnum,  of  which 
13  vols,  were  published,  1875-86.      These 
complete  the  general  historical  portion  of 
the   work  from  1649-60.       She  has  since 
calendared  the   proceedings  of  the  Com- 
mittee for  Advance  of  Money  from  1642  to 
1656,  in  3  vols.,  published  in  1888.     She  is 
now  at  work  upon  the  papers  of  the  Com- 
mittee  for   Compositions   with   Royalists, 
1643-60,   of  which  one  volume  of  general 
proceedings    appeared   in    1889,   and   one 
volume  of  the   cases  of  the  compounders 
from  1643  to  1646,  in  1890.     In  1845  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  G.  P.  Green,  artist,  of 
Cottingham,  near  Hull,  and  of  London. 

GREENAWAY,  Kate,  R.I.,  artist, 
received  her  artistic  education  at  the 
Kensington  Art  School,  the  life  classes 
at  Heatherley's,  and  the  Slade  School. 
She  early  studied  Reynolds  and  Romney, 
and  designed  from  old  plates  and  sketches 
in  books  of  costumes,  until  she  evolved 
those  delightful  child  types  which  are  now 
of  world-wide  repute.  Her  first  tiny  pic- 
ture, earliest  in  a  long  series  of  exquisitely 
delicate  paintings  of  child  life  and  child 
costume,  was  exhibited  in  the  Dudley 
Gallery.  Those  who  are  unfamiliar  with 
the  originals  of  Miss  Kate  Greenaway's 
small  pictures  can  form  no  adequate  con- 
ception of  the  value  and  beauty  of  her 
work.  The  original,  for  instance,  of  her 
"  Sweet  Slug-a-bed  "  is  not  at  all  the  same 
thing  as  its  reproductions  in  our  necessarily 
rather  crude  colour-printing.  Miss  Green- 
away  is  the  best  kind  of  social  reformer. 
It  has  been  her  proud  mission  to  transform 
our  overdressed  tight- waisted  babies,  clad 
in  the  absurd  and  orthodox  French  fashion, 
dictated,  it  is  supposed,  by  Worth,  into  the 
quaint  old-world  pictures  that  are  one  of 
the  few  delights  of  the  London  landscape. 
Miss  Kate  Greenaway  is  famous  as  a  book 
illustrator.  The  following  illustrated 
works  and  illustrations  may  be  men- 
tioned :  Cover  to  Every  Girl's  Magazine, 
edited  by  Miss  A.  A.  Leith,  and  published 
by  Messrs.  Routledge,  also  coloured  illus- 


trations in  the  same,  the  "Pied  Piper  of 
Hamelin,"  "Marigold  Garden,"  "The 
Language  of  Flowers,"  "  A  Day  in  a 
Child's  Life,"  "Mother  Goose,"  "  A  Paint- 
ing Book  for  Boys  and  Girls,"  "  Kate 
Greenaway's  Alphabet,"  and  last,  but  not 
least,  "  Mavor's  Spelling  Book,"  which  to 
many  children  has  rendered  the  labour 
of  spelling  our  unphonetic  old  language 
almost  tolerable.  Many  of  Miss  Green- 
away's most  exquisite  paintings  are,  or 
were,  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Ruskin, 
who  showed  them  to  his  audience  when 
delivering  the  Slade  lectures  at  Oxford, 
and  for  a  time  placed  them  in  the  cabinets 
in  the  Taylorian  Art  School.  Address : 
39  Frognal,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

GREENE,  William  Conynghame, 

C.B.,  British  Agent  and  Charge'  d' Affaires 
in  the  Transvaal,  was  born  in  Dublin  on 
Oct.  29,  1854,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
R.  J.  Greene,  and  through  his  mother  the 
great-grandson  of  the  first  Lord  Plunket. 
His  mother,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Greene,  was  a 
writer  of  verses  for  children,  and  his 
brother  is  the  well-known  singer,  Mr. 
Plunket  Greene.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  held  an  open  classical  scholar- 
ship and  graduated  B.A.  in  1877,  M.A. 
in  1880.  He  entered  the  Diplomatic 
Service  in  1877.  He  was  appointed  Acting 
third  Secretary  at  Athens  in  1880.  He 
then  held  offices  at  Stuttgart,  The  Hague, 
Brussels,  and  in  1893  was  promoted  to 
Teheran.  On  Aug.  25,  1896,  he  was 
appointed  to  his  present  post,  with  the 
personal  rank  of  Charge'  d' Affaires.  He 
was  created  a  C.B.  in  1897.  He  married 
in  1884  Lily,  fifth  daughter  of  the  5th 
Earl  of  Courtown.  Address  :  British 
Agency,  Pretoria. 

GREENWELL,  The  Rev.  William, 
M.A.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  J.P.,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Thomas 
Greenwell,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  of  Greenwell 
Ford,  co.  Durham.  He  was  born  there, 
March  23,  1820,  and  educated  at  Durham 
School  and  the  University  of  Durham, 
where  he  graduated  in  1839,  and  ulti- 
mately became  Fellow  of  University  Col- 
lege, and  afterwards  Principal  of  Neville 
Hall,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  In  1847  he  was 
preferred  to  the  vicarage  of  Ovingham, 
Northumberland,  and  is  now  Minor  Canon 
and  Librarian  of  Durham  Cathedral,  and 
Rector  of  St.  Mary,  in  the  South  Bailey,  in 
the  city  of  Durham.  Dr.  Greenwell  is  well 
known  as  an  archaeologist,  principally  in 
connection  with  the  sepulchral  remains  of 
the  early  inhabitants  of  Britain.  His  in- 
vestigations with  regard  to  the  territorial 
possessions  of  the  bishopric  of  Durham,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  Prior  and  Convent  of 


448 


GKEENWOOD 


the  same  place,  are  familiar  to  all  in- 
terested in  these  and  cognate  subjects. 
He  has  written  also  on  Greek  numismatics, 
and  other  branches  of  Greek  archaeology. 
His  large  series  of  skulls,  many  of  which 
were  derived  from  the  barrows  of  England, 
was  given  by  him  some  years  ago  to  the 
University  of  Oxford.  In  1879  he  pre- 
sented to  the  nation  a  collection,  second 
to  none  in  Britain,  of  urns  and  other 
sepulchral  pottery,  weapons  and  imple- 
ments of  stone  and  bronze,  and  ornaments, 
the  result  of  above  twenty  years'  re- 
searches in  the  burial  mounds  of  many 
counties  of  England.  These  are  now 
lodged  in  the  British  Museum.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  :  "Bolden  Buke,  a  Survey 
of  the  Possessions  of  the  See  of  Durham 
in  1183,"  1852;  "Bishop  Hatfield's  Sur- 
vey," a  record  of  the  possessions  of  the 
See  of  Durham,  1857;  "Wills  and  Inven- 
tories from  the  Registry  at  Durham," 
1860;  "Feodarium  Prioratus  Dunelmen- 
sis,"  a  survey  of  the  possessions  of  the 
Prior  and  Convent  of  Durham  in  the  fif- 
teenth century,  1872,  being  publications  of 
the  Surtees  Society;  "British  Barrows," 
a  record  of  the  examination  of  sepulchral 
mounds  in  various  parts  of  England,  1877  ; 
"Durham  Cathedral,"  an  address  illustra- 
tive of  the  building  and  its  history,  1881 ; 
"Electrum  Coinage  of  Cyzicus,"  1887,  &c. 
Dr.  Greenwell  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county  of  Durham.  Address :  27 
North  Bailey,  Durham. 

GREENWOOD,  Frederick,  publicist, 
was  born  many  years  ago,  and  throughout 
his  long  and  honourable  career  has  been 
identified  with  all  that  is  best  in  the  tra- 
ditions of  English  journalism.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  from  its 
start  in  1865,  but  when  Mr.  Yates  Thomp- 
son bought  the  paper  in  1880,  and  inaugu- 
rated its  brief  and  brilliant  career  as  a 
Liberal  Journal,  he  and  several  of  the 
other  members  of  his  staff  remained 
honourably  true  to  their  principles  and 
founded  the  St.  James's  Gazette.  This  im- 
portant journal  he  edited  for  some  ten 
years.  In  1890,  or  thereabouts,  he  started 
the  Anti-Jacobin,  which  proved  unfortu- 
nately little  more  than  a  witty  and  enter- 
taining venture  in  letters.  It  was  too 
literary  to  live.  An  old-fashioned  genera- 
tion of  newspapers  readers  remember  with 
pleasure  his  brother's  (Mr.  James  Green- 
wood) articles  on  workhouse  life,  signed 
by  "  An  Amateur  Casual."  Mr.  Frederick 
Greenwood  still  occasionally  contributes 
weighty  articles,  on  subjects  chiefly  poli- 
tical, to  the  magazines  and  journals  of  the 
day.  In  1853  he  published  "Louis  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte,  Emperor  of  the  French"  ; 
and  in  1855,  "Life  of  Napoleon  the 
Third."    He  is  also  the  author  of  a  work 


on  "Imagination  in  Dreams  and  their 
Study."  Address  :  19  Argyll  Eoad,  Camp- 
den  Hill,  W. 

GREENWOOD,  Grace.    See  Lippin- 
cott,  Sara  Jane. 

GREENWOOD,  Thomas,  has  been 
justly  described  as  the  apostle  of  the 
Public  Library  Movement.  He  was  born 
on  May  9,  1851,  at  Woodley,  near  Stock- 
port, and  comes  of  old  yeoman  parentage. 
His  father  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the 
Cheshire  temperance  reformers,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  Chartist  movement 
during  the  first  half  of  the  century.  He 
died  a  few  months  after  the  birth  of  the 
son  now  named.  The  early  education  of 
Thomas  was  in  the  village  day  school,  and 
this  was  supplemented  by  private  tuition 
from  the  Rev.  W.  Urwick,  M.A.  While 
serving  as  a  boy  clerk  in  Manchester 
he  was  accustomed  to  make  constant 
use  of  the  Campfield  Library  in  that 
city.  This  was  the  first  municipal  library 
under  the  William  Ewart  Act  of  1850. 
It  was  Greenwood's  use  of  this  library 
which  formed  the  groundwork  of  all 
that  he  has  since  sought  to  do  in  the 
extension  of  these  institutions.  His 
range  of  reading  and  study  during  this 
period,  although  only  a  youth  of  fifteen, 
covered  a  large  field  of  high-class  litera- 
ture. At  a  later  date  he  was  appointed 
librarian  of  one  of  the  branch  public  libra- 
ries in  Sheffield.  After  this  he  became 
connected  with  trade  journalism,  and  is  at 
the  present  time  proprietor  of  four  trade 
journals,  and  carries  on  an  extensive  pub- 
lishing business.  The  hobby  of  his  life, 
aDd  one  to  which  he  has  given  many  years 
of  thought  and  unwearied  activity,  has 
been  the  promotion  of  public  libraries. 
In  1886  the  first  edition  of  his  "Public 
Libraries,  their  Organisation,  Uses,  and 
Management,"  was  published.  The  second 
edition  was  issued  in  the  following  year, 
a  third  edition  in  1890,  and  a  fourth  edi- 
tion, consisting  of  nearly  600  pages,  in 
1891.  For  each  of  these  editions  the  work 
was  practically  a  new  one,  so  rapid  was 
the  extension  of  the  movement.  The 
Prince  of  Wales,  Mr.  Gladstone,  Lord 
Rosebery,  and  many  other  public  men, 
have  made  constant  reference  to  this  book 
when  opening  new  libraries.  The  book 
has  in  fact  been  the  quarry  from  which 
many  public  speakers,  magazine  and  news- 
paper writers,  have  drawn  their  particulars 
of  these  institutions.  In  thirty-six  years 
the  number  of  adoptions  of  the  Public 
Libraries  Acts  stood  at  133.  During  the 
succeeding  eleven  years  the  adoptions 
were  considerably  over  200,  a  result  owing 
largely  to  an  awakened  interest  in  these 
institutions  caused  by  the  wide  circulation 


GEEGOKY 


449 


of  "Public  Libraries,"  and  the  propaganda 
work  of  its  author.  By  means  of  letters 
in  the  press,  circulars,  leaflets,  pamphlets, 
and  platform  efforts,  Thomas  Greenwood 
has,  with  unstinted  outlay,  carried  on  the 
work  of  an  association.  The  Public 
Library.  Movement  differs  from  almost 
every  other  organisation,  in  the  fact  that 
no  single  individual  has,  so  far  as  is 
known,  benefited  to  the  extent  of  a  shil- 
ling in  the  promotion  of  the  movement. 
Other  books  by  him  bearing  upon  library 
and  kindred  matters  have  been  "  Museums 
and  Art  Galleries,"  issued  in  1888  ;  "Sun- 
day-School and  Village  Libraries,"  pub- 
lished in  1892  ;  and  "Greenwood's  Library 
Year  Book,"  in  1897.  Books  upon  other 
subjects  have  been  "  Tour  in  the  States 
and  Canada,"  issued  in  1883;  "Eminent 
Naturalists,"  in  1886  ;  and  "  Grace  Mon- 
trose, an  Unfashionable  Novel,"  in  the 
same  year.  Contributions  on  a  variety  of 
subjects,  signed  and  unsigned,  have  ap- 
peared from  his  pen  in  magazines  and 
newspapers.  His  own  journals  have  for 
over  twenty  years  contained  articles 
written  by  him,  and  covering  a  wide 
range  of  commercial  subjects  and  topics 
dealing  with  art  and  technical  instruction. 
Mr.  Greenwood  has  several  times  been 
asked  to  stand  for  Parliament,  for  the 
London  County  Council,  and  the  Lon- 
don School  Board,  but  has  refused  to 
enter  public  life.  He  has  travelled  exten- 
sively in  most  of  the  leading  countries 
of  the  world,  and  visited  many  foreign 
libraries.  Address  :  Frith  Knowl,  Elstree, 
Herts. 

GREGORY,  Edward  John,  R.A., 
son  of  an  engineer  in  the  Peninsular  and 
Oriental  Company's  service,  was  born  at 
Southampton,  April  19,  1850.  He  was 
educated  in  the  Middle  Class  School  there 
under  Mr.  David  Cruickshank,  who  did 
much  to  encourage  his  artistic  proclivities. 
He  was  then  placed  in  the  Engineers' 
drawing  office  of  the  Peninsular  and 
Oriental  Company  at  Southampton,  where 
he  remained  till  1869.  During  this  time 
he  attended  the  Southampton  School  of 
Art.  He  also  became  acquainted  with  Mr. 
Herkomer,  and  took  part  in  the  formation 
of  a  Life  Class,  chiefly  under  his  direction. 
He  then  came  to  London,  studied  at  South 
Kensington  for  a  few  months  ;  and  eventu- 
ally took  up  some  more  or  less  mechanical 
decorative  work  for  the  "department"; 
succeeding  Herkomer  in  this  employment. 
He  exhibited  his  first  picture  (in  water- 
colour)  at  the  Dudley  Gallery,  and  was 
then  for  a  number  of  years  a  regular 
member  of  the  Graphic  artistic  staff.  In 
1873  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Painters  in  Water-Colours,  and 
has  since  that  time  exhibited  many  admir- 


able drawings  in  the  rooms  of  that  body. 
His  first  considerable  success  dates  from 
1876,  when  he  exhibited,  at  Mr.  Des- 
champs'  Gallery  in  New  Bond  Street,  a 
powerful  picture  of  morning  light  stream- 
ing through  the  blinds  of  a  ball-room  and 
on  to  a  pair  of  lingering  guests  and  a 
wearied  and  yawning  pianist.  Among  the 
pictures  exhibited  by  him  at  the  Institute 
are  "Norwegian  Pirates";  "Pet  of  the 
Crew  "  ;  "  Sir  Galahad  "  (which  gained  the 
Watts  Prize  at  Manchester) ;  "  St.  George  " ; 
and  "Last  Touches."  At  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery  he  has  exhibited  portraits  of  the 
Chairman  of  Lloyd's  Register,  Mr.  W.  T. 
Eley,  and  Miss  Galloway  ;  and  "  The  Re- 
hearsal "  and  other  pictures  ;  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  his  own  portrait,  and 
portraits  of  Mr.  H.  R.  Robertson,  and  the 
Rev.  Thos.  Stevens,  Warden  of  Bradford 
College.  His  last  considerable  work  ex- 
hibited at  the  Academy  was  entitled 
"  Sunday  Afternoon  at  Boulter's  Lock." 
Mr.  Gregory  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  Jan.  30,  18S3,  and 
R.A.  in  1898.  He  has  received  a  gold  and 
a  silver  medal  from  the  Paris  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  of  1889,  a  gold  medal 
from  Munich  in  1893,  and  a  medal  of 
the  first  class  at  the  Brussels  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  of  1897.  Permanent 
address :  8  Greville  Place,  Maida  Vale, 
N.W. 

GREGORY,  The  Very  Rev.  Robert, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  son  of  Robert 
Gregory,  Esq.,  of  Nottingham,  and  Anne 
Sophia,  his  wife,  born  Eeb.  9,  1819,  was 
educated  at  private  schools  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1843,  M.A. 
1846).  In  1850  he  gained  the  Denyer 
Theological  Prize  at  Oxford.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  at  Christmas,  1843,  and 
priest  in  1844  as  curate  of  Bisley  in 
Gloucestershire ;  and  became  curate  of 
Panton  and  Wragby,  in  Lincolnshire,  in 
1847  ;  curate  of  the  parish  church  of  Lam- 
beth in  1851 ;  and  in  1853  perpetual  curate 
of  St.  Mary-the-Less,  Lambeth,  which 
living  he  resigned  in  1873.  In  1868  he 
was  appointed  Canon  of  St.  Paul's ;  and 
in  1882  he  was  appointed  by  the  Bishop  of 
London  Treasurer  of  the  Cathedral.  He 
became  Treasurer  of  the  National  Society 
for  the  Education  of  the  Children  of  the 
Poor  in  the  Principles  of  the  Established 
Church  in  1868,  and  has  taken  a  decided 
line  of  action  on  the  question  of  religious 
education.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Ritual  Commission  and  also  of  the  Royal 
Commission  upon  the  Administration  and 
Operation  of  the  Contagious  Diseases  Act. 
Canon  Gregory  was  elected  in  1868  Proctor 
for  the  Clergy  of  the  Archdeaconry  of 
Surrey,  which  post  he  held  till  he  was 
elected  for  the  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's  in 


450 


GKELN  —  GEENFELL 


1874.  He  was  re-elected  for  the  Chapter 
in  1880  and  1885.  Canon  Gregory  has 
taken  an  energetic  share  in  the  action  of 
the  Chapter  since  his  appointment  to  the 
Canonry,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Dean 
Church,  did  much  to  popularise  the  services 
of  the  Cathedral.  In  1870  he  was  ap- 
pointed Rural  Dean  of  Camberwell,  which 
post  he  resigned  in  1873 ;  in  which  year 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  London 
School  Board  for  the  City  Division,  and 
he  sat  on  the  Board  till  1876,  when  he  did 
not  seek  re-election.  On  Aug.  9,  1878,  he 
was  appointed  a  Royal  Commissioner  to 
inquire  into  the  Parochial  Charities  of  the 
City  of  London  ;  and  in  January  1886  a 
Commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  working 
of  the  Education  Acts.  Dean  Gregory  is 
the  author  of  "Plea  for  Small  Parishes," 
1849;  "The  Difficulties  and  Organisation 
of  a  Small  Metropolitan  Parish,"  1866; 
"Sermons,"  1869;  "Lectures  at  St. 
Paul's,"  1871-72  ;  "  The  Cost  of  Voluntary 
Schools  and  of  Board  Schools,"  1875  ;  "Is 
the  Canadian  System  of  Education  Rates 
possible  in  England  1 "  1875  ;  "  Position  of 
the  Celebrant  Aspect  in  Convocation," 
1875  ;  "The  Position  of  the  Priest  ordered 
by  the  Rubric  in  the  Communion  Service," 
1876;  "The  Rise  and  Progress  of  Ele- 
mentary Education  in  England,"  1895. 
In  December  1890  the  Rev.  Canon  Gregory 
was  appointed  Dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  suc- 
cession to  the  late  Dean  Church.  He  has 
for  long  been  actively  engaged  in  the  pro- 
motion of  the  scheme  for  the  interior 
decoration  of  the  Cathedral.  He  mar- 
ried first,  in  1844,  Mary  Prances,  younger 
daughter  of  William  Stewart,  Esq.,  of 
Frescati,  near  Dublin  (she  died  in  1851) ; 
secondly,  in  1861,  Charlotte  Anne,  youngest 
daughter  of  Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  Robert 
Stopford,  G.C.B.  Address:  The  Deanery, 
St.  Paul's,  E.C. 

GREIN,  J.  T. ,  was  born  in  Amsterdam 
on  October  11,  1862,  and  is,  on  the  mother's 
side,  of  English  extraction.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Holland,  Germany,  and  Belgium, 
and  has  been  occupied  in  the  East  India 
and  banking  trades  since  1879.  He  came 
to  London  in  1885,  and  is  at  present 
attorney  in  an  important  City  firm.  Since 
the  early  age  of  sixteen  he  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  press.  He  was  in  1883 
dramatic  critic  of  one  of  the  leading 
dailies  in  Amsterdam,  and  is  the  London 
editor  of  three  of  the  most  important 
daily  papers  of  Holland,  besides  being 
dramatic  critic  of  Life  and  of  the  West- 
minster Review.  He  is  also  correspondent 
of  several  German  and  French  papers,  and 
is  accustomed  to  write  four  languages. 
The  following  works  have  been  published 
by  Mr.  Grein :  (in  Dutch)  "Dramatic 
Essays,"     1884;      "Silhouettes"     (short 


novels),  1885 ;  "  London :  Wealth  and 
Poverty,"  1890  ;  (in  English)  "Twixt 
Light  and  Dark  "  (short  stories) ;  a  play, 
"A  Man's  Love,"  in  collaboration  with  C. 
W.  Jarvis,  in  1889,  besides  several  small 
dramas  which  have  been  produced  at 
various  London  theatres,  and  a  collection 
of  dramatic  studies,  1894.  In  1891  Mr. 
Grein  founded  the  Independent  Theatre 
Society,  with  a  view  to  producing  plays 
which  have  an  artistic  and  literary,  rather 
than  a  commercial  value.  During  three 
seasons  this  society  produced  works  by 
Ibsen,  Zola,  De  Banville,  Coppe'e,  and  ten 
original  plays,  notably  ' '  Widowers' 
Houses,"  by  G.  B.  Shaw ;  "  The  Strike  at 
Arlingford,"  by  George  Moore ;  "  Alan's 
Wife"  (anonymous);  "A  Question  of 
Memory,"  by  Michael  Field  ;  and  "The 
Black  Cat,"  by  John  Todhunter.  In  1893 
Mr.  J.  T.  Grein  founded  the  Sunday 
Popular  Debates  Club.  He  is  Consul  of 
the  Congo  Free  State,  and  in  1897  started 
and  edited  Hollandia.  He  is  also  dramatic 
critic  of  the  Sunday  Special.  From  1895 
till  1897  he  edited  To-Morrow,  a  monthly 
magazine.  Address :  35  Haymarket. 
Club  :  Constitutional. 

GrRENFELL,  Bernard  Pyne,  M.A., 
born  at  Birmingham,  Dec.  16,  1869,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  John  Granville  Grenfell, 
B.A.,  Assistant-Master  at  Clifton  College, 
was  educated  at  Clifton  College  (1878-88) 
and  Queen's  College,  Oxford  (first-class 
Classical  Mods.,  1890 ;  first-class  Lit. 
Hum.,  1892;  B.A.  1892;  Craven  Travel- 
ling Fellow,  1894-95).  He  was  elected 
to  a  research  Fellowship  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1894  (MA.  1895).  Since 
1894  he  has  been  engaged  in  explora- 
tions in  Egypt,  especially  in  connec- 
tion with  the  discovery  of  Greek  papyri. 
He  worked  for  two  seasons  with  Professor 
Flinders  Petrie  at  his  excavations  in  Upper 
Egypt  (1894-95).  In  1895  he  joined  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  and  excavated 
for  that  society  in  the  Fayum  from  1895  to 
1896,  and  at  Behnesa,  the  ancient  Oxy- 
rhynchus,  from  1896  to  1897,  where  a  very 
large  discovery  of  papyri  was  made  in  the 
ruins  of  the  old  town,  including  the  so- 
called  "Logia"  or  "Sayings  of  our  Lord." 
In  1896  he  was  joined  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Hunt, 
with  whom  he  has  since  worked  in  colla- 
boration. His  publications  are:  "The 
Revenue  Laws  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus," 
1896  ;  "  An  Alexandrian  Erotic  Fragment, 
and  other  Greek  Papyri,"  1896  ;  and,  in 
collaboration  with  Mr.  A.  S.  Hunt:  "New 
Classical  Fragments,  and  other  Greek  and 
Latin  Papyri,"  1897 ;  "  Sayings  of  our 
Lord,  from  an  early  Greek  Papyrus,"  1897  ; 
"A  Revised  Edition  of  the  Geneva  Frag- 
ment of  Menander,"  1898 ;  "  The  Oxy- 
|  rhynchus   Papyri   I.,"    1898.     Addresses: 


GRENFELL  —  GREY 


451 


Queen's    College,   Oxford ;    62  Holywell, 
Oxford ;  Cairo,  Egypt. 

GRENFELL,  Lieut.  -  General  Sir 
Francis  Wallace,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  late 
Sirdar  of  the  Egyptian  armies,  was  born 
in  London  on  April  29,  1841,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  P.  St.  L.  Grenfell,  J.  P., 
and  Madelena  Du  Pre\  He  entered  the 
army,  Aug.  5,  1859  ;  became  Lieut.,  July 
16,  1863  ;  Captain,  Oct.  28,  1871  ;  Major, 
Nov.  11,  1878;  Lieut.-Colonel,  Nov.  29, 
1879;  Colonel,  Nov.  18,  1882;  Major- 
General,  Aug.  3,  1889 ;  served  as  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  Sir  Arthur  Cunynghame,  also  as 
Staff  Officer  to  Colonel  Glyn,  commanding 
a  field  force  in  the  Transkei  in  1887-88,  and 
was  present  in  the  engagement  with  the 
Galekas  and  Gaikas  at  Quintana  Mountain 
on  Feb.  7,  1878  (mentioned  in  despatches, 
brevet  of  Major) ;  was  Deputy-Assistant 
Adjutant  and  Quartermaster-General  at 
head-quarters  in  the  Kaffir  war  of  1878  ; 
and  was  Deputy  Assistant  Adjutant  - 
General  at  head-quarters  in  the  Zulu  war 
of  1879,  where  he  was  present  in  the 
engagement  at  Ulundi  (mentioned  in  de- 
spatches) brevet  of  Lieut.-Colonel,  Medal 
with  Clasp)  ;  was  Assistant-Quartermaster- 
General,  under  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  in  the 
Boer  war  of  1881 ;  was  Assistant- Adjutant 
and  Quartermaster-General  on  the  Head- 
quarters Staff  in  the  Egyptian  war  of 
1882 ;  and  was  present  at  the  engagements 
of  Tel-el-Mahuta  and  Kassassin,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  (mentioned  in 
despatches,  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen, 
Medal  with  Clasp,  third  class  of  Medjidieh, 
and  Khedive's  Star)  ;  was  with  the  Nile 
Expedition  in  1884-85  on  the  lines  of 
communication  (mentioned  in  despatches, 
C.B.  and  Clasp) ;  was  with  the  Egyptian 
Field  Force  in  1885-86,  and  was  present  in 
the  engagement  at  Ginissin  command  of  a 
Division  (mentioned  in  despatches,  K.C.B., 
and  promoted  to  first  class  of  the  Medji- 
dieh, and  third  class  of  the  Osmanieh). 
Sir  Francis  Grenfell  also  commanded  the 
troops  during  the  operations  -near  Suakim 
in  Dec.  1888,  including  the  engagement 
at  Gemaizah,  and  headed  the  combined 
English  and  Egyptian  forces  at  the  battle 
of  Toski  (Aug.  3,  1889).  On  the  day  pre- 
vious to  General  Grenfell's  departure  from 
Egypt  on  leave  of  absence,  his  Highness 
the  Khedive  presented  him  with  a  sword 
of  honour  "  In  souvenir  of  the  victories  of 
Giniss,  Gamaiza,  and  Toski."  Major-Gene- 
ral  Grenfell  returned  from  Egypt  in  April 
1892,  and  in  May  was  appointed  Deputy 
Adjutant-General  for  Militia,  Yeomanry, 
and  Volunteers.  In  1894  he  was  appointed 
Inspector-General  of  Auxiliary  Forces, 
War  Office.  He  was  in  command  of  the 
forces  in  Egypt  in  1897-98.  In  1887  he 
married  Evelyn,  daughter  of  General  R. 


Wood,  C.B.  He  is  now  (1899)  Commander- 
in-Chief  and  Governor-General,  Malta. 

GRENFELL,  Lieut.-Colonel  Henry 

Riversdale,  J.P.,  born  April  5,  1824,  is 
second  son  of  Charles  Pascoe  Grenfell, 
at  one  time  M.P.  for  Preston,  and  of  Lady 
Georgina,  eldest  daughter  of  Wm.  Philip, 
2nd  Earl  of  Sefton.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  was 
private  Secretary  to  Lord  Panmnre  at  the 
close  of  the  Crimean  War,  and  to  Sir 
Charles  Wood  during  the  period  of  the 
reconstruction  of  the  Indian  administra- 
tion from  1859  to  1861  ;  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Stoke-upon-Trent  on  the  death  of  John 
Lewis  Ricardo  in  1862,  and  sat  for  that 
place  till  1868,  when  he  stood  with  Mr. 
Gladstone  for  South  -  West  Lancashire, 
since  which  date  he  has  not  sat  in  Parlia- 
ment. He  was  elected  a  Director  of  the 
Bank  of  England  in  1865,  Deputy-Governor 
in  1879,  and  Governor  in  1881.  He  is  at 
present  a  Director  of  the  Bank,  and  Chair- 
man of  the  General  Council  of  the  Bi- 
metallic League.  He  was  Captain  of  2nd 
Middlesex  Militia  in  1851,  and  was  made 
Lieut.-Colonel  of  that  regiment  in  1870. 
He  is  also  a  Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy 
for  the  City  of  London,  and  sat  as  Royal 
Commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Works  in  1888.  Colonel 
Grenfell  is  the  author  of  several  political 
pamphlets  and  magazine  articles,  princi- 
pally on  economical  subjects,  banking 
legislation,  and  the  standard  of  value.  In 
1886  he  joined  with  Lord  Aldenham  in 
the  publication  of  "The  Bimetallic  Con- 
troversy," a  collection  of  papers  on  the 
Bimetallic  question.  In  1867  he  married 
Alethea  Louisa,  daughter  of  H.  T.  Adeane, 
M.P.  for  Cambridgeshire,  1830-32.  He  is 
a  Liberal-Unionist  in  politics.  Address  : 
Baeres,  Henley-on-Thames. 

GREVILLE,  George,  C.M.G., Minister 
in  Siaro,  eldest  son  of  Algernon  William 
Bellingham  Greville,  of  Brussels,  was 
born  in  1851,  and,  having  been  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1875. 
Having  held  several  minor  appointments 
at  Lisbon,  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Pekin, 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  1892.  In  1896  he  was  for  a  short 
period  Consul-General  at  Buda-Pesth,  be- 
fore taking  up  his  present  appointment. 
He  was  made  a  C.M.G.  on  May  25,  1895. 

GREVILLE,  Henry.  See  Dukand, 
Alice  Maeie  Celeste. 

GREY,  Earl,  Albert  Henry  George 
Grey,  LL.M.,  J.P.,  Administrator  of 
Rhodesia,  was  born  November  28,  1851, 
and  is  the  son  of   General   Hon.    Charles 


452 


GREY  — GEIEG 


Grey  and  Caroline,  daughter  of  Sir  Harvie 
Farquhar,  Bart.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
In  1878  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  North- 
umberland, but  was  unseated  on  petition. 
He  was  M.P.  for  South  Northumberland, 
1880-85,  and  for  the  Tyneside  Division, 
1885-86.  He  was  travelling  in  South 
Africa  when  he  succeeded  his  uncle,  the 
3rd  Earl,  in  the  peerage,  1894.  After  the 
Jameson  Raid,  1896,  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Rhodes  as  representative  of  the  British 
South  Africa  Company,  and  quelled  the 
rebellion  of  the  Matabele  in  1896  and  1897. 
In  1877  he  married  Alice,  third  daughter 
of  Robert  Stayner  Holf ord,  M.P.  Address  : 
Howick  House,  Northumberland. 

GREY,  Sir  Edward,  Bart.,  M.P., 
eldest  son  of  George  Henry  Grey,  was 
born  in  London  on  April  25,  1862,  and 
succeeded  his  grandfather  in  the  baronetcy 
in  1882.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  a  second  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions, and  a  third  class  in  Law.  Since  1885 
he  has  represented  Berwick-on-Tweed  in 
the  Liberal  interest,  and  from  1892  to  1895 
was  Under-Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs. 
As  the  representative  of  Lord  Rosebery, 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
who  was,  of  course,  in  the  Upper  House, 
Sir  Edward  Grey  occupied  a  very  delicate 
and  responsible  position,  and  his  duties 
became  even  more  onerous  when  his  chief 
became  Premier.  In  the  House  he  is  re- 
garded as  a  man  of  infinite  possibilities  in 
the  future,  and  is  a  recognised  authority 
on  foreign  affairs.  It  may  be  mentioned 
that  in  1896  he  was  the  winner  of  the 
Marylebone  Cricket  Club  and  Queen's 
Club  Tennis  Prize.  In  1885  he  married 
Dorothy,  daughter  of  S.  F.  Widdrington, 
Newton  Hall,  Northumberland.  Address  : 
Falloden,  Chathill. 

GREY- WILSON,  William,  C.M.G., 
Governor  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  born  at 
Tunbridge  Wells  on  April  7,  1852,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  Andrew  Wilson,  Inspector- 
General  of  Hospitals,  H.E.I.C.S.,  and, 
through  his  mother,  great-grandson  of 
the  first  Earl  Grey.  He  was  educated  at 
Cheltenham  College  and  in  France,  and 
became  Private  Secretary  to  Sir  William 
Grey,  K.C.S.I.,  Governor  of  Jamaica,  1874, 
also  to  Lieut.-Governor  Edward  E.  Rush- 
worth,  General  J.  R.  Mann,  R.E.,  Sir 
Frederick  Barber,  and  the  Earl  of  North- 
esk,  and  clerk  of  the  Executive  and  Legis- 
lative Councils  of  British  Honduras,  1878  ; 
Magistrate  on  the  Mexican  Frontier  and  in 
command  of  the  Frontier  scouts,  1879  ; 
assistant  Colonial  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
Sierra  Leone,  1883  ;  special  commissioner 
to  take  over  the  Sulymah  country,  West 


Africa  ;  and  subsequently  sent  on  several 
special  missions  to  native  states  in  West 
Africa  ;  fourth  assistant  Colonial  Secre- 
tary to  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  1884 ; 
Colonial  Secretary,  St.  Helena,  1886 ; 
administered  Government,  1887  to  1890  ; 
Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
St.  Helena,  May  1890-97.  In  1897  he 
was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Falkland 
Islands.  Address  :  Government  House, 
Stanley,  Falkland  Islands.  Club  :  Junior 
Carlton. 

GRIEG,  Edvard  Hagemp,  musician, 
was  born  at  Bergen,  in  Norway,  June  15, 
1843.  At  an  early  age  he  received  his  first 
musical  instruction  from  his  mother,  who 
was  a  highly  gifted  musician  and  an 
accomplished  pianist.  In  1858,  on  the 
advice  of  Ole  Bull,  the  violinist,  he  went 
to  continue  his  musical  training  at  the 
Conservatorium  of  Leipzig,  where  he  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Moscheles,  Hauptmann, 
Richter,  Reinecke,  and  Wenzel.  In  1863 
he  went  to  prosecute  his  studies  at  Copen- 
hagen under  the  late  Niels  Wilhelm  Gade, 
who,  with  E.  Hartmann,  greatly  contri- 
buted to  develop  his  talent  for  composi- 
tion. The  turning-point  in  his  career, 
however,  was  his  coming  in  contact,  for  a 
short  period,  with  Richard  Nordraak,  a 
young  Norwegian  composer  of  brilliant 
genius,  who  shortly  afterwards  died.  With 
regard  to  this  meeting  Grieg  himself  re- 
lates that  "The  scales  fell  from  my  eyes. 
It  was  from  him  that  I  first  learned  to 
appreciate  the  popular  melodies  of  the 
North,  and  to  be  conscious  of  my  own 
nature.  We  became  determined  adver- 
saries of  the  effeminate  Scandinavianism 
which  was  an  admixture  of  Gade  and 
Mendelssohn,  and  with  enthusiasm  we 
struck  out  the  new  path  now  trodden  by 
the  Northern  school."  In  1867  he  founded 
at  Christiania  a  musical  society,  which  he 
conducted  until  1880.  In  1865  and  1870 
he  paid  visits  to  Italy,  and  became  inti- 
mate in  Rome  with  Liszt.  He  also  re- 
peatedly visited  Germany,  especially  Leip- 
zig, for  lengthened  periods.  There  he 
brought  out  his  compositions  in  public, 
and  he  himself  performed  in  1879,  at  a 
concert  in  the  Gewandhaus,  his  concerto 
for  the  piano.  Madame  Grieg  is  a  singer 
of  considerable  repute.  On  the  occasion 
of  her  husband's  visit  to  England  in  the 
autumn  of  1897,  Madame  Grieg  came  over 
to  England  for  a  time  in  order  to  nurse 
him,  when  he  fell  a  temporary  victim 
to  our  island  breezes.  While  here, 
Madame  Grieg  sang  in  London,  and 
charmed  metropolitan  music  lovers  with 
the  purity  and  sweetness  of  her  rich 
Norwegian  voice.  At  about  the  same  time 
Grieg  himself  gave  several  pianoforte 
recitals  in  London  and  in  provincial  towns, 


GKLFFITH 


453 


naturally  achieving  great  success,  the 
music  performed  consisting  entirely  of  his 
own  compositions.  His  orchestral  suite, 
"Peer  Gynt "  (op.  46),  is  probably  the 
most  popular  of  his  compositions.  On 
Nov.  4,  1897,  the  Philharmonic  Society  of 
London  gave  a  grand  concert  in  honour 
of  Grieg,  who  came  over  specially  to  con- 
duct his  compositions,  with  which  the 
programme  was  almost  filled.  Unfortu- 
nately, at  the  last  moment,  an  acute 
attack  of  bronchitis  prevented  Grieg  from 
attending  the  Queen's  Hall,  and  his  place 
was  taken  by  Sir  A.  C.  Mackenzie.  Among 
his  best-known  works  may  be  mentioned  : 
"  Tableaux  Poetiques,"  "  Humoresques 
Pieces  Lyriques,"  "Morceaux  Symphon- 
iques,"  besides  choruses  for  female  voices, 
sonatas,  songs,  and  two  operas,  "  Sigur 
Jorsalfar"  and  "Peer  Gynt."  M.  Grieg 
is  regarded  by  his  fellow-countrymen  as 
chief,  with  Svendsen,  of  the  Scandinavian 
school.  In  June  1891  he  was  elected 
correspondent  of  the  Institut  de  France. 
M.  Grieg  prides  himself  on  his  cosmo- 
politanism, which  he  attributes  to  his 
European  travels.  His  personality  is 
described  as  "most  charming,"  and  pretty 
pictures  of  the  simplicity  and  sweetness 
of  his  home-life  are  to  be  found  in  con- 
temporary journals.  He  lives  in  a  beauti- 
ful house — whose  building  he  himself 
superintended,  on  the  shore  of  a  typical 
Norwegian  fjord — an  ideal  spot  for  a 
composer  so  susceptible  of  the  mystic  in- 
fluence of  the  poetry  of  nature.  On  the 
confines  of  the  grounds  of  his  house  he 
has  had  built  a  little  sanctum  sanctorum, 
where  he  works  alone.  This  interesting 
place,  the  birthplace  of  much  of  the  finest 
of  contemporary  music,  is  fitted  up  with 
everything  dear  to  the  heart  of  M.  Grieg  : 
the  scores  of  Wagner,  Grieg's  favourite 
books,  his  small  piano,  and  many  other 
treasures  which  the  eye  of  the  guest 
would  never  see.  Grieg  spends  ten 
months  of  the  year  in  the  warm  cities  of 
mid-Europe,  as  he  suffers  a  great  deal 
from  chills.  During  the  two  months  of 
Norwegian  summer  M.  Grieg  buries  him- 
self in  his  retreat  on  the  Hardanger  Fjord 
for  holiday-making  and  composition.  He 
has  long  given  up  teaching,  and  lives  a 
quiet  country  life  when  in  Central  Europe. 

GRIFFITH,  The  Hon.  Sir  Samuel 
Walker,  G.C.M.G.,  Chief-Justice  of 
■Queensland,  was  born  June  21,  1845,  at 
Merthyr-Tydfil,  Wales,  and  is  of  Welsh 
descent.  He  is  the  second  son  of  Rev. 
Edward  Griffith.  He  arrived  in  Australia 
in  1854,  and  was  educated  at  Mr.  Robert 
Horniman's  School,  Sydney  ;  at  the  High 
School  (Presbyterian),  West  Maitland, 
N.S.W.;  and  at  the  University  of  Sydney, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.,  1863 


(first  class  in  classics  and  mathematics) ; 
M.A.,  1870  ;  Mort  Travelling  Fellow,  1865. 
He  was  called  to  the  Queensland  Bar  in 
October  1867  ;  was  made  Q.C.  in  1876,  and 
was   also    member   of    the   Bars   of    New 
South    Wales     and    Victoria.      He     was 
elected   to   the    Legislative    Assembly   of 
Queensland    in    March    1872,    and     con- 
tinued a  member    until    his   appointment 
to  the  Bench.     He  was  Attorney-General 
of     Queensland     from     August     1874    to 
December    1878 ;     Secretary    for     Public 
Instruction,     January    1876    to     January 
1879 ;    Secretary  for  Public  Works,   Sep- 
tember 1878  to  January  1879;  Leader  of 
the  Opposition,  1879  to  1883  ;  and  refused 
a  seat  on  the  Bench  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Queensland,  1879.     He  was  Premier  of 
Queensland,  November  1883  to  June  1888, 
holding  from  time  to  time  the  offices  of 
Colonial  Secretary  and  Secretary  of  Public 
Instruction,  Colonial  Secretary  only,  Chief 
Secretary,  and  Chief  Secretary  and  Trea- 
surer.    He  was  the  leader  of  the  Opposi- 
tion,  1888-90.     He  attended  the   Sydney 
Convention  of  November-December  1883, 
at  which  the  Constitution  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  Australasia  was  framed,  and  he 
took  considerable  part  in  framing  it.     He 
was  a  member  of  the  Federal  Council  from 
its  inception  in  1885  ;  re-appointed  in  1888 
and    1891 ;    Chairman  of  Standing  Com- 
mittee of  F.C.,  1887-88;  President,  1888, 
1891,  and  1893.     He  attended  the  Colonial 
Conference  of  1887  in  London,  as  a  repre- 
sentative  of    Queensland  ;    attended    the 
Federation     Conference     in     Melbourne, 
February  1890,  as  a  delegate  from  Queens- 
land ;  was  a  delegate  to  represent  Queens- 
land   at   the    Federation    Convention    to 
frame  a  Federal  Constitution  for  Austral- 
asia, and  was  appointed  Vice-President  of 
the  Convention.     He  was  also   Chairman 
of   the   Constitutional   Committee,   and  a 
principal     framer     of     the     Constitution 
adopted    by    the    Convention.       He    has 
presided    over    the    Federal    Council     in 
1888,  1891,  1893.     He  was  for  many  years 
the  leader  of  the  anti-servile  labour  party 
in  Queensland,   and   of  the  Liberal  party 
in  Parliament.     In  1890  he  formed,  with 
Sir      Thomas      Mcllwraith,     a     coalition 
Government,    accepting     the     offices     of 
Chief    Secretary,    Attorney-General,     and 
Premier.       He    remained     in    office     till 
March    1893,    when     he    was    appointed 
Chief-Justice,     the     Legislature     having, 
with  a  view  to    his   appointment,  raised 
the  salary  of  that  office  to  £3500  at  the 
instance  of  the  leader  of  the  Opposition. 
In  1892,  at  his  instance,  the  Legislature 
removed    the    prohibition    then    existing 
against    the    introduction    of    Polynesian 
labour,  the  sugar  industry  in  Queensland 
then  being  in  a  very  critical  condition,  and 
white  labour  not  being  available  to  carry 


454 


GRIFFITHS  —  GRIMTHORPE 


on  the  work.  The  result  was  an  imme- 
diate revival  of  the  industry,  which  has 
since  been  in  a  prosperous  condition.  He 
has  written  articles  in  the  Centennial 
Magazine  (Sydney),  and  other  papers  on 
social  questions  relating  to  the  unequal 
distribution  of  the  products  of  labour. 
Throughout  his  career  he  was  engaged 
in  active  practice  at  the  Queensland  Bar, 
of  which  he  was  for  many  years  the  re- 
cognised leader.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G. 
in  1886-87 ;  G.C.M.G.,  1895.  Sir  Samuel 
W.  Griffith  married,  in  1870,  Julia  Janet, 
daughter  of  James  Thomson,  Esq.  (for- 
merly Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands, 
Maitland,  N.S.W.),  and  has  issue.  Ad- 
dress :  Merthyr,  Brisbane. 

GRIFFITHS,  Major  Arthur 
George  Frederick,  second  son  of  Lieut.  - 
Col.  John  Griffiths,  formerly  of  the  6th 
Royal  Warwickshire  Regiment,  was  born 
at  Poona,  in  India,  on  Dec.  9,  1838.  He 
was  educated  at  King  William's  College, 
Isle  of  Man,  and  entered  the  army  in  Feb- 
ruary 1855.  He  served  in  the  Crimea  with 
the  63rd  (now  the  Manchester)  Regi- 
ment, was  present  at  the  siege  and  fall  of 
Sebastopol,  and  gained  the  Crimean 
medal.  After  performing  the  duties  of 
Brigade-Major  at  Gibraltar  from  1864  to 
1870,  he  retired  from  the  army  in  the 
latter  year,  and  obtained  an  appointment 
in  the  Prison  Service.  After  filling  the 
office  of  Deputy-Governor  of  Chatham, 
Millbank,  and  Wormwood  Scrubs  Prisons, 
he  was,  in  1878,  made  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Inspectors  of  Prisons,  a  post  which  he  still 
holds.  He  is  the  author  of  :  "  Memorials 
of  Millbank,"  1875  ;  "Chronicles  of  New- 
gate," 1883;  "Secrets  of  the  Prison 
House,"  1894;  "The  Wellington  Me- 
morial," and  "Wellington  and  Water- 
loo," 1898 ;  and  the  following  novels  : 
"  Lola,"  1876  ;  "  Fast  and  Loose," 
1886;  "The  Wrong  Road,"  1888;  "The 
Rome  Express,"  1897.  Major  Griffiths 
gained  the  Czar's  gold  medal  in  the  inter- 
national competition  for  an  essay  on  John 
Howard,  and  he  was  the  representative  of 
England  at  the  last  Congress  of  Criminal 
Anthropology  at  Geneva  in  1896.  He  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Richard  Reilly.  Ad- 
dresses :  12  Onslow  Square,  W. ;  and  the 
Athenseuni. 

GRIGGS,  John  William,  United 
States  Attorney  -  General,  was  born  at 
Newton,  New  Jersey,  July  10,  1849.  He 
was  educated  in  his  native  town,  and  at 
Lafayette  College,  where  he  graduated  in 
1868  ;  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1871, 
and  began  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Paterson  the  same  year.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lower  House  of  the  New  Jersey 
Legislature,  1876-77  ;  was  elected  a  State 


Senator  in  1882,  and  re-elected  in  1885 ; 
was  President  of  the  State  Senate  in  1886  ; 
was  elected  Governor  of  New  Jersey  in 
1895,  and  resigned  that  office  in  January 
1898,  to  become  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States,  under  President  McKinley, 
and  as  successor  to  Hon.  Joseph  McKenna. 

GRILLO,  Marquise  del,  n(e  Ade- 
laide Ristori,  tragic  actress,  born  at 
Cividale,  in  Friuli,  in  1821,  being  the 
child  of  a  poor  actor,  was  trained  at  a  very 
early  age  for  the  stage.  She  appears  to 
have  risen  through  a  long  series  of 
struggles  to  the  eminence  she  ultimately 
attained.  Having  accepted  in  1855  an 
engagement  in  Paris,  she  sought  the 
favour  of  a  French  audience  as  an  inter- 
preter of  the  tragic  muse  at  the  very  time 
Rachel  was  in  the  zenith  of  her  fame.  Her 
appearance  at  such  a  period  was  regarded 
by  the  French  as  an  open  challenge  to 
contest  the  supremacy  of  their  tragic 
queen,  and  they  assembled  much  more 
disposed  to  criticise  than  to  applaud.  The 
genius  of  Ristori,  however,  triumphed,  and 
from  that  moment  her  position  has  been 
unassailed.  Her  reception  in  England 
was  equally  enthusiastic,  and  she  appeared 
in  Spain  in  1857,  in  Holland  in  1860,  in 
Russia  in  1861,  at  Constantinople  in  1864, 
in  the  United  States  and  other  parts  of 
the  world,  with  success.  William  I.  of 
Prussia  gave  her  the  medal  in  sciences 
and  in  arts  in  1862.  Amongst  her  most 
famous  characters  are  those  of  Medea, 
Lady  Macbeth,  Fazio,  Phaedra,  Deborah, 
Judith,  Francesca  da  Riviera,  and 
Camilla.  After  an  absence  of  fifteen 
years,  Madame  Ristori  again  appeared  in 
London,  June  11,  1873,  and  on  November 
8  in  that  year  she  took  her  farewell  of  the 
English  stage  at  the  Queen's  Theatre,. 
Manchester.  She  appeared  again,  how- 
ever, on  a  few  occasions  in  the  year  1882, 
and  acted  Lady  Macbeth  with  all  her  old 
distinction,  if  with  some  lack  of  fire.  In 
1887  she  published  "Etudes  et  Sou- 
venirs." She  is  married  to  the  Marquis 
Capranica  del  Grille 


GRIMSTON, 

Kendal,  Mes. 


Mrs.    Kendal.      See 


GRIMSTON,  William  Hunter 
Kendal.  See  Kendal,  William  Hunter. 

GRIMTHORPE,  Lord,  Edmund 
Beckett  Denison  (afterwards  Sir  Ed- 
mund Beckett,  Bart.),  Q.C.,  LL.D., 
J.P.,  son  of  Sir  Edmund  Beckett,  Bart, 
and  Maria,  daughter  of  William  Beverley 
of  Beverley,  was  born  at  Carlton  Hall, 
near  Newark,  May  12,  1816,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Doncaster,  Eton,  and  Trinity 
College,    Cambridge,    of    which    he    was 


GKOSSMITH  —  GEOVE 


455 


scholar.  He  graduated  B.A.  and  30th 
Wrangler  in  1838  ;  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1841,  and  became  Q.C. 
1854.  In  1863  he  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.,  and  in  1877  was  appointed  Chan- 
cellor and  Vicar-General  of  York  Province 
and  diocese.  He  was  for  many  years 
leader  of  the  Parliamentary  Bar,  and  re- 
tired in  1881.  In  1886  he  was  created  a 
peer.  He  has  always  interested  himself 
greatly  in  architecture,  and  has  designed, 
built,  or  restored  no  small  number  of 
churches  and  houses,  including  all  the 
new  works  at  St.  Alban's  Cathedral  since 
1878,  and  those  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  of  which 
he  is  a  Bencher,  and  the  great  West- 
minster clock  and  bells.  He  is  President 
of  the  British  Horological  Institute,  and 
until  lately  of  the  Protestant  Churchmen's 
Alliance,  and  is  the  author  of  the  follow- 
ing works:  "Lectures  on  Church  Build- 
ing," 1856;  "Life  of  Bishop  Lonsdale" 
(his  father-in-law),  2nd  edit.,  1869;  "A 
Book  on  Building,"  2nd  edit.,  1880; 
"Should  the  Revised  New  Testament  be 
authorised?"  (meaning  that  it  should  not, 
S.P.C.K.),  1882  ;  "Astronomy  without 
Mathematics,"  7th  edit.,  1883  ;  "  Treatise 
on  Clocks,  Watches,  and  Bells,"  7th  edit., 
1883;  "St.  Alban's  Cathedral  and  its 
Restoration,"  2nd  edit.,  1890  ;  "  Origin  of 
the  Laws  of  Nature,"  2nd  edit.,  1880,  of 
which  the  Times  wrote,  "It  is  long  since 
we  have  met  with  a  book  which  contains 
so  much  clear  and  vigorous  reasoning  on 
this  subject  in  so  short  a  compass";  and 
a  "Review  of  Hume  and  Huxley  on 
Miracles,"  S.P.C.K.,  2nd  edit.,  1884;  be- 
sides numerous  pamphlets  and  reviews 
chiefly  on  questions  of  ecclesiastical  law 
and  a  multitude  of  controversial  letters  in 
the  Times  on  various  subjects,  legal,  social, 
scientific,  architectural,  and  theological. 
Lord  Grimthorpe  was  for  long  practically 
senior  Q.C.  and  Bencher  of  all  the  Inns 
of  Court.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Spencer 
Horatio  Walpole  in  May  1898  he  became 
so  in  fact.  He  married,  in  1845,  Fanny, 
daughter  of  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield  (Dr. 
Lonsdale).  Addresses :  Batch  Wood,  St. 
Albans  ;  35  Queen  Anne  Street,  W. ;  and 
Athenseum. 

GROSSMITH,  George,  actor,  was 
born  on  Dec.  9,  1847,  and  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  George  Grossmith,  a  journalist 
and  well-known  lecturer.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  North  London  Collegiate 
School,  and  in  1866  joined  his  father  as 
a  reporter  for  the  Times  at  Bow  Street 
Police  Court.  Here,  as  Charles  Dickens 
before  him,  he  doubtless  had  abundant 
opportunities  for  studying  humour  and 
eccentricity  in  their  most  pronounced 
forms.  He  had  himself  a  great  natural 
talent  for  mimicry,  and  in  1870  appeared 


as  an  entertainer  after  the  manner  of 
John  Parry,  whose  performance  used 
mainly  to  consist  of  burlesques,  mono- 
logues, singing  in  different  voices,  and 
rapid  changes  of  costume.  In  1877  began 
his  famous  career  as  an  actor  of  Gilbert 
and  Sullivan  opera,  for  in  that  year  he 
appeared  in  "The  Sorcerer"  at  the  Opera 
Comique.  At  this  theatre  and  at  the 
Savoy  he  afterwards  played  eight  princi- 
pal parts  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  pieces, 
making  his  greatest  creations  as  the  Ad- 
miral in  "  Pinafore,"  and  as  "  Bunthorne  " 
in  "Patience."  In  1889  he  began  a  series 
of  tours  as  an  entertainer,  and  gave 
single-handed  humorous  and  musical  re- 
citals both  here  and  in  America.  He  has 
published  "A  Society  Clown,"  which  is 
autobiographical,  and  "The  Diary  of  a 
Nobody,"  written  in  conjunction  with 
Weedon  Grossmith.  He  has  composed 
and  written  more  than  a  hundred  humor- 
ous and  satirical  songs  and  sketches,  as 
well  as  "  Cups  and  Saucers."  The  music 
for  "Haste  to  the  Wedding"  (libretto  by 
Gilbert)  is  from  his  pen,  as  also  that  for 
"Uncle  Samuel."  Address:  28  Dorset 
Square,  N.W. 

GROSSMITH,  "Weedon,  actor  and 
artist,  brother  of  George  Grossmith,  began 
life  as  an  art  student  at  the  Royal 
Academy  Schools,  and  has  exhibited  fre- 
quently at  the  Royal  Academy  and  Gros- 
venor.  He  is  part-author  with  George 
Grossmith  of  "  The  Diary  of  a  Nobody," 
and  has  contributed  to  Punch  and  the 
Art  Journal.  He  wrote  the  play  "Com- 
mission," and  has  taken  the  leading  part 
in  it,  and  in  "The  Pantomime  Rehearsal" 
and  "  The  New  Boy."  He  has  also  played 
as  Jacques  Strop  to  Sir  Henry  Irving's 
Robert  Macaire,  and  in  "The  Money 
Lender  "  and  "  Cabinet  Minister."  From 
1894-96  he  was  lessee  and  manager  of  the 
Vaudeville  Theatre.  He  married,  in  1895, 
May,  daughter  of  Dr.  Palfrey,  Brook 
Street,  and  granddaughter  of  J.  Lever  of 
Guy's  Hospital.  Address :  Old  House, 
Canonbury. 

GROVE,  Major-General  Sir  Cole- 
ridge, K.C.B.,  was  born  at  Wandsworth  on 
Sept.  26,  1839,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Right  Hon.  Sir  W.  R.  Grove,  who  died 
in  1896,  and  Emma,  daughter  of  the  late 
John  Powles.  He  was  educated  at  a  pri- 
vate school,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  Exhibitioner,  and  was  in  the 
first  class,  Mathematical  Mods. ,  and  in  the 
Final  School  of  Mathematics  (B.A.).  He 
entered  the  army,  in  1863,  as  Ensign  of 
the  15th  Foot,  now  known  as  the  East 
York  Regiment.  He  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant in  1866,  Captain  in  1871,  Major  in 
1881,  and  Colonel  in  1888.     General  Grove 


456 


GEOVE— GEOVES 


has  held  many  staH  appointments,  and 
is  now  Military  Secretary  to  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief at  Head-quarters.  In 
the  Egyptian  campaign  of  1882  he  was 
Deputy-Assistant  Adjutant-General  of  the 
Headquarters  Staff,  and  was  mentioned  in 
despatches,  receiving  the  Brevet  of  Lieut.  - 
Colonel  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the  Fourth 
Class.  He  was  employed  on  special  ser- 
vice in  the  Soudan  expedition  of  1884,  and 
held  various  appointments,  among  them 
that  of  Assistant  Adjutant-General  for  boat 
service  on  the  Nile.  He  was  also  com- 
mandant at  Gemai.  In  October  1885  he 
went  to  Gibraltar  as  Assistant  Quarter- 
master-General, but  vacated  that  appoint- 
ment in  February  1886,  when  he  became 
Private  Secretary  to  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  War.  He  was  created  a  C.B.  in  1887, 
K.C.B.  in  1898,  and  attained  the  rank  of 
Major-General  in  July  1896.  Address  : 
Wellington  Court,  Albert  Gate,  S.W. 

GROVE,  Sir  George,  C.B.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D. ,  second  son  of  Thomas  Grove,  born 
at  Clapham,  Surrey,  on  Aug.  13,  1820, 
was  educated  as  a  civil  engineer.  In  1841 
he  erected  the  first  cast-iron  lighthouse 
constructed,  on  Morant  Point,  Jamaica ; 
and  in  1844  a  similar  tower  on  Gibbs  Hill, 
Bermuda.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
joined  the  staff  of  the  late  Mr.  Bobert 
Stephenson,  by  whom  he  was  employed  on 
the  works  of  the  Chester  and  Holyhead 
Railway  and  the  Britannia  Bridge.  In 
1850  he  succeeded  Mr.  Scott  Bussell  as 
Secretary  to  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  on 
the  formation  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Com- 
pany in  1852  was  appointed  its  secretary, 
a  position  he  occupied  till  the  end  of  1873. 
After  this  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Direction  of  the  Company,  and 
retained  his  seat  until  1878.  He  was  at 
one  time  associated  with  the  house  of 
Macmillan  &  Co.,  publishers,  and  edited 
Macmillan's  Magazine  for  several  years. 
On  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Stanley,  the 
then  Dean  of  Westminster,  he  became 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  the 
"Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  edited  by 
Dr.  William  Smith,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  formation  of  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund,  under  the  patronage 
of  her  Majesty.  He  is  also  editor  of 
"The  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians 
(A.D.  1450-1886)."  Some  of  the  principal 
biographies  —  amongst  them  Beethoven, 
Mendelssohn,  and  Schubert  —  are  from 
his  pen.  The  University  of  Durham  con- 
ferred on  Mr.  Grove  (June  26,  1875)  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  to  literature.  His 
analyses  of  classical  orchestral  music  for 
the  Saturday  Concerts  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  and  his  zeal  as  a  propagandist 
of  good  music,  are  well  known.     Early  in 


1882  he  was  appointed  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales  to  be  Director  of  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Music  at  Kensington,  but  resigned  this 
post  in  November  1894,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Dr.  Hubert  Parry.  Sir  George  Grove 
is  one  of  the  literary  executors  of  the 
late  Dean  of  Westminster,  with  whom  he 
visited  the  United  States  in  1878.  He 
was  knighted  by  the  Queen  at  Windsor, 
May  24,  1883,  and  received  the  Com- 
panionship of  the  Bath  in  1895.  He  is 
married  to  Harriet,  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  Charles  Bradley.  Addresses :  Lower 
Sydenham,  S.E. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

GROVE,  Thomas  Newcomen  Archi- 
bald, J.P.,  founder,  proprietor,  and  late 
editor  of  the  New  Review,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Captain  Edward  Grove  and 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Colonel  Ponsonby 
Watts.  He  was  educated  privately  and 
at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
double  honours,  1879-80,  and  studied  for 
the  Bar,  passing  all  his  examinations  at 
the  Inner  Temple.  He  founded  the  New 
Review,  and  edited  it  from  its  commence- 
ment till  1894.  After  unsuccessfully  con- 
testing Winchester  in  1886,  he  was  elected 
for  West  Ham  (North)  in  1892,  and  sat  for 
that  constituency  until  1895.  Mr.  Grove 
has  travelled  extensively  on  the  Continent, 
in  Asia,  and  in  Africa.  He  was  married, 
in  1889,  to  Kate  Sara,  daughter  of  Henry 
James  Sibley.  Addresses  :  11  Hans  Road, 
Hans  Place,  S.W.;  and  Berry  Down  Court, 
Overton,  Hants. 

GROVES,  Charles  Edward,  F.R.S., 

the  son  of  Charles  Groves,  of  Highgate, 
was  born  there  on  March  4,  1841,  and  was 
educated  at  the  College,  Brixton  Hill, 
under  the  late  Dr.  Wilson,  and  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Chemistry  (Royal  School 
of  Mines)  under  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann,  to 
whom  he  was  afterwards  private  assistant, 
and  then  assistant  in  the  Laboratory  of 
the  College.  In  1862  he  went  as  assistant 
to  Dr.  Stenhouse,  with  whom  he  remained 
until  his  death  in  1880.  In  1882  he  was 
appointed  Lecturer  in  Practical  Chemistry 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  where  he  subsequently 
became  Senior  Lecturer  in  Chemistry  and 
also  Lecturer  in  Dental  Metallurgy ;  and  in 
1885  consulting  chemist  to  the  Hon.  the 
Conservators  of  the  River  Thames.  In 
1878  he  became  sub-editor  of  the  Journal 
of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  on  the  decease 
of  Mr.  H.  Watts,  in  1884,  succeeded  him  as 
editor  of  the  journal.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1871, 
and  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1883,  and  is 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry,  of  which  he  was  for  many  years 
Registrar  and  Secretary.  He  is  the  editor 
of  several  important  works  :  Dr.  F.  Crace- 
Calvert's  "Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing," 


GRUBB  —  GUBERNATIS 


457 


1876;  "Miller's  Chemistry;  Part  II.,  In- 
organic Chemistry,"  1878 ;  and  (in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Armstrong)  of  Part  III., 
"Organic  Chemistry,"  1880;  and  "Fuel," 
in  1889,  the  first  volume  of  Groves'  and 
Thorp's  "  Chemical  Technology,"  the  second 
volume  of  which,  "  Lighting,"  was  pub- 
lished in  1895.  He  is  also  the  sole  author, 
or  joint  author  with  his  friend,  the  late 
Dr.  Stenhouse,  of  numerous  papers  on 
"Organic  Chemistry,"  being  the  dis- 
coverer of  tetrabromide  of  carbon  of  Beta- 
napthaquinone,  and  of  the  corresponding 
diquinone,  the  last  two  belonging  to  classes 
of  compounds  hitherto  unknown.  Ad- 
dress :  352  Kennington  Road,  S.E. 

GRUBB,  Sir  Howard,  F.R.S.,  was 
educated  privately,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  He  is  the  head  of  a  Dublin  manu- 
factory of  astronomical  instruments,  and 
he  contracts  for  these  instruments  to  the 
British  and  also  to  foreign  governments. 
He  received  the  Cunningham  Gold  Medal 
in  1881 ;  was  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society  from  1889  to  1893  ;  and  has 
been  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society  since  1893.  Sir  H.  Grubb  is  the 
author  of  numerous  papers  on  scientific 
subjects.  Address  :  51  Kemlworth  Square, 
Dublin. 

GRUNDY,   Sydney,   dramatist,   was 
born  at  Manchester,  March  23,  1848,  and  is 
the  only  son  of  the  late  Alderman  Charles 
Sydney  Grundy,  ex-Mayor  of  Manchester. 
Educated  at  Owens  College,  now  the  Vic- 
toria University,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  Michaelmas  1869.      He  is  author  and 
part  author  of  the   following   and   other 
plays  and  operettas:   "A  Little  Change" 
(Haymarket),  1872;  "Mammon"  (Strand), 
1877;    "The    Snowball"    (Strand),    1879 
"In  Honour  Bound"  (Prince  of  Wales's) 
1880  ;  "  The  Vicar  of  Bray  "  (Globe),  1882 
"The  Glass  of   Fashion"   (Globe),   1883 
"  The  Queen's  Favourite  "  (Olympic),  1883 
"The     Silver     Shield"     (Strand),     1885 
"Clito"  (Princess's),  1886;   "The  Bells  of 
Haslemere"  (Adelphi),  1887;    "The  Ara- 
bian Nights  "  (Globe),  1887  ;  "  The  Pompa- 
dour" (Haymarket),   1888;    "The  Union 
Jack  "     (Adelphi),      1888  ;      "  Mamma  " 
(Court),  1888;    "A  White  Lie"  (Court), 
1889  ;   "  A  Pair  of  Spectacles  "  (Garrick), 
890;    "A  Village   Priest"   (Haymarket), 
1890;     "A    Fool's    Paradise"    (Garrick), 
1892;    "Haddon    Hall"    (Savoy),     1892; 
"Sowing    the    Wind"    (Comedy),    1893: 
"An  Old  Jew  "  (Garrick),  1894  ;  "  A  Bunch 
of   Violets"    (Haymarket),     1894;     "The 
New  Woman"  (Comedy),  1894;    "Slaves 
of    the    Ring"    (Garrick),     1894;     "The 
Greatest  of  These"  (Garrick),   1896;    "A 
Marriage  of   Convenience"   (Haymarket), 
1897;  "The  Silver  Key"  (Her  Majesty's), 


1897.  Addresses  :  Winter  Lodge,  Addison 
Road,  Kensington ;  and  5  Beach  Houses, 
Margate. 

GUBERNATIS,  Count  Angelo  de, 

an  Italian  author,  born  at  Turin,  April  7, 
1840,  was  educated  in  the  University  of 
Turin,  where  he  received  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philology.  He  was  appointed 
in  1860  Professor  of  Rhetoric  in  the  Gym- 
nasium of  Chieri,  near  Turin  ;  was  sent  in 

1862,  at  the  expense  of  the  Government,  to 
Berlin,  where  he  studied  under  Professors 
Bopp  and  Weber  ;  became  Extraordinary 
Professor  of  Sanscrit  in  the  University  of 
Florence  (Institute  di  Sludii  Superiori)  in 

1863,  and  Ordinary  Professor  in  1869. 
Signor  De  Gubernatis  has  obtained  cele- 
brity as  a  dramatist,  a  lyric  poet,  a  jour- 
nalist, a  critic,  an  Orientalist,  and  a 
mythologist.  He  made  his  debut  with  his 
tragedy  entitled  "  Pere  delle  Vigne."  The 
principal  character  was  sustained  by  the 
celebrated  actor  Ernesto  Rossi,  and  the 
piece  proved  a  great  success.  Afterwards 
he  published  the  following  dramas  in 
verse  :  "La  Morte  di  Catone, "  "  Romolo, " 
1874;  "II  Re  Nala,"  "II  Re  Dasarata," 
"  Maya,"  "  Romolo  Augustolo,"  and 
"Savitri:  Idillio  Drammatico  Indiano," 
1878.  He  has  founded  five  journals : 
L'ltalia  Letteraria,  1862  ;  La  Civilta  Itali- 
ana,  1869 ;  La  Rivista  Orientate,  1867 ; 
La  Rivista  Europea,  1869;  and  the  Bolle- 
tino  Italiano  degli  Studii  Orientali,  1876. 
He  is  the  Italian  correspondent  of  the 
Athenceum  and  of  the  Contemporary  Review 
of  London,  of  the  Internatio'nal  Review  of 
New  York,  of  the  Deutsche  Rundschau  of 
Berlin,  and  of  the  Wiestnih  Europy  of  St. 
Petersburg.  Among  his  scientific  works 
the  following  deserve  special  mention  : 
"Piccolo  Enciclopedia  Indiana,"  Florence, 
1867  ;  "Fonti  vediche  dell'  Epopea,"  Flo- 
rence, 1867;  "  Memoria  sui  Viaggiatori 
Italiani  nelle  Indie  Orientali,"  Florence, 
1867  ;  "  Storia  comparata  degli  Usi  Nuziali 
Indo-Europei,"  Milan,  1869  ;  "  Storia 
comparati  degli  Usi  Funebri  e  Natalizii," 
Milan,  1877;  "Zoological  Mythology:  or 
The  Legends  of  Animals,"  2  vols.,  Lon- 
don, 1872,  translated  into  German,  Leip- 
zig, 1873  ;  and  into  French,  Paris,  1874  ; 
"  Letture  sopra  la  Mitologia  Vedica, " 
Florence,  1874  ;  "  Ricordi  biografici," 
Florence,  1873  ;  "  Storia  dei  Viaggiatori 
Italiani  nelle  Indie,"  Leghorn,  1875  ; 
"MatcSriaux  pour  servir  a  l'Histoire  des 
Etudes  Orientales  en  Italie,"  Paris  and 
Florence,  1876;  and  "Mythologie  des 
Plantes,"  2  vols.  Paris,  1878.  He  is  General 
Secretary  of  the  Italian  Oriental  Academy. 
In  May  1878  he  delivered  in  the  Taylor 
Institute  at  Oxford  a  series  of  three  lec- 
tures on  the  life  and  works  of  Manzoni. 
They  were  published  at  Florence  in  1879, 


458 


GUESDE  —  GUINNESS 


under  the  title  of  "  Alessandro  Manzoni : 
Studio  Biografico."  He  acted  as  General 
Secretary  to  the  Congress  of  Orientalists 
held  at  Florence  in  September  1878.  In 
the  same  year  he  began  publishing  a  bio- 
graphical dictionary  of  contemporary  lit- 
terateurs, of  which  a  revised  edition  was 
published  in  French  between  1888  and 
1891. 

GUESDE,  Jules  Basile,  French 
Socialist,  was  born  in  Paris,  Nov.  11,  1845, 
and  at  first  was  a  translator  for  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior.  He  then  en- 
tered journalism,  and  advocated  the  most 
advanced  views.  During  the  war  of  1870 
he  was  at  Marseilles,  editing  a  paper  called 
Les  Droits  de  V Homme,  and  was  condemned 
to  five  years'  imprisonment,  which  he 
evaded  by  escaping  to  Switzerland.  He 
spent  some  years  in  that  country  and  in 
Italy,  only  returning  to  France  after  the 
amnesty  of  1880.  He  married  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Karl  Marx,  and  with  him 
enunciated  the  doctrine  of  collectivism, 
whose  aim  is  to  do  away  with  patriotism, 
replacing  it  by  internationalism.  In  189a 
he  was  elected  member  for  Roubaix,  and 
in  1894  advocated  a  minimum  wage  for 
agricultural  labourers.  During  the  same 
session  he  took  up  much  of  the  time  of  the 
House,  laying  down  collectivist  doctrines, 
which,  however,  were  never  adopted.  His 
works  consist  of  popular  pamphlets  on 
collectivism. 

GUILBERT,  Yvette.  See  Schiller, 
Madame. 

GUILDFORD,    Bishop    of.     See 

Sumner,     The    Right    Rev.     George 
Henry. 

GUILLAIN,  M., ,  French  statesman, 
passed  through  the  Ecole  Polytechnique 
and  adopted  engineering  as  his  profession, 
in  which  he  has  attained  some  eminence. 
M.  Guillain  was  formerly  Inspector-General 
of  Roads  and  Bridges,  and  afterwards  was 
appointed  to  the  headship  of  a  Department 
at  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works.  He  was 
returned,  in  1896,  at  a  by-election  for  Dun- 
kirk. In  October  1898  he  attained  minis- 
terial rank  as  Minister  for  the  Colonies  in 
M.  Dupuy's  government. 

GUILLAUME,  Jean  Baptiste 
Claude  Eugene,  Hon.  R.A.,  a  distin- 
guished French  sculptor,  was  born  at 
Montbard,  C3te  d'Or,  Feb.  3,  1822,  and 
after  passing  through  the  usual  course 
of  studies  in  the  College  of  Dijon,  went 
to  Paris  to  become  a  pupil  of  Pradier  at 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  Prix  de  Rome  in  1845.  On  the 
reorganisation  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts 


at  the  close  of  1873,  M.  Guillaume  was 
appointed  to  a  Professorship  ;  and  a 
twelvemonth  later  was  nominated  Direc- 
tor of  that  Institution.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1862  ;  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1867  ;  and  elected  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  London, 
December  15,  1869.  This  artist's  name  is 
familiar  to  those  visitors  at  the  London 
International  Exhibition  of  1862  who 
noticed  "  The  Tomb  of  the  Gracchi," 
which  was  suggested  by  the  double  busts 
of  the  great  brethren  placed  as  on  a  tomb, 
side  by  side.  This  is  now  in  the  Luxem- 
bourg, together  with  his  "  Anacreon."  His 
statue  of  Napoleon  I.,  which  was  at  the 
French  Universal  Exhibition  of  1867,  at- 
tracted great  attention.  Among  the  other 
productions  of  his  chisel  are:  "Theseus 
finding  his  Father's  Sword  on  a  Rock "  ; 
"  Anacreon's  Guests,"  a  bas-relief;  bust 
of  M.  Hittorff  in  the  Universal  Exposition 
of  1855 ;  "  The  Lives  of  SS.  Clotilde  and 
Valerie,"  bas-reliefs,  in  the  new  church 
of  St.  Clotilde  ;  the  statue  of  L'Hopital,  in 
the  new  Louvre;  the  "Monument  of  Col- 
bert," at  Rheims  ;  and  a  bust  of  Mon- 
seigneur  Darboy.  He  was  sent  to  Rome 
in  1891  as  head  of  the  French  Art  School, 
having  in  1887  been,  appointed  Professor 
of  Drawing  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique. 
His  Paris  address  is  3  Rue  Jean  Bart. 

GUINNESS,     The    Rev.    H.    C. 

Grattan,  D.D.,  born  August  1835,  near 
Dublin,  is  the  son  of  Captain  John  Guin- 
ness, H.E.I.C.S.,  and  grandson  of  Arthur 
Guinness,  of  Beaumont,  co.  Dublin.  He 
was  educated  at  private  schools  and  at 
New  College,  London  ;  ordained,  in  1856, 
as  an  undenominational  Evangelist,  a 
preacher  of  the  Gospel  both  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  in  America,  and  on 
the  Continent.  He  is  the  Founder  and 
Director  of  the  East  London  Institute  for 
Home  and  Foreign  Missions,  Harley  House, 
Bow,  London,  E.,  which  has  sent  out  over 
500  missionaries  into  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Dr.  Grattan  Guinness  is  the  author  of 
"The  Approaching  End  of  the  Age, 
viewed  in  the  Light  of  History,  Pro- 
phecy, and  Science,"  a  work  which  has 
passed  through  ten  editions;  "Light  for 
the  Last  Days "  ;  "  Romanism  and  the 
Reformation  "  ;  "  The  Divine  Programme 
of  the  World's  History,"  and  other  works. 
Address  :  Harley  House,  Bow,  E. ,  &c. 

GUINNESS,  Mrs.  H.  Grattan,  wife 
of  the  above,  daughter  of  Ed.  Marlborough 
FitzGerald,  and  granddaughter  of  Maurice 
FitzGerald,  of  Upper  Merrion  St.,  Dublin, 
born  in  April  1831,  and  married  in  1860, 
is  one  of  the  earliest  woman  preachers 
of  the  Gospel  (members  of  the  Society  of 


GUTJSTON  —  GUNTHER 


459 


Friends  excepted)  ;  Secretary  of  the  above 
Missionary  Institute  ;  and  Secretary  of 
the  first  Christian  Mission  on  the  Congo, 
the  Livingstone  Inland  Mission  ;  and  joint 
authoress  of  the  above  works,  and  author- 
ess of  "The  Life  of  Mrs.  Henry  Dening," 
"The  New  World  of  Central  Africa"; 
and  editor  of  "The  Regions  Beyond,"  &c. 

GTJINON,  Georges,  M.D.,  was  born 
in  Paris,  Aug.  6,  1859  ;  commenced  his 
medical  studies  in  1877  ;  and  has  worked 
chiefly  under  the  direction  of  Professors 
Charcot  and  Bouchard.  He  obtained  his 
degree  of  M.D.  in  1889  ;  and  soon  after 
was  appointed  Chef  de  clinique  des  ma- 
ladies du  systeme  nerveux,  at  the  Sal- 
petriere.  He  has  written  many  articles, 
chiefly  on  hysteria,  has  assisted  the  late 
Prof.Charcot  in  his  "LeQOns  stir  les  maladies 
du  systeme  nerveux  "  ;  is  secretary  to  the 
Editor  of  the  "Archives  de  Neurologie," 
and  Editor  of  the  "Nouvelle  Iconographie 
de  la  Salpetriere."  His  Paris  address  is  35 
Rue  de  l'Universite. 

GULLY,  The  Right  Hon.  William 
Court,  M.A.,  Q.C.,  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  was  born  in  London  on  Aug. 
29,  1835,  and  is  the  second  son  of  James 
Manby  Gully,  M.D.,  of  Great  Malvern. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1856  was  senior  in  the  Moral 
Science  Tripos.  During  his  University 
days  he  was  President  of  the  Union. 
Called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1860,  he  went  on  the  Northern  Circuit ; 
was  made  Q.C.  in  1877  and  Bencher  of  his 
Inn  in  1879  ;  and  was  Recorder  of  Wigan, 
1886-95.  He  sat  as  Liberal  for  Carlisle 
from  1886  to  1895,  when  he  was  elected 
Speaker  in  April  in  succession  to  Lord 
Peel,  and  re-elected  by  the  Conservative 
Government  in  August.  In  1865  he  married 
Elizabeth  Ann  Walford,  eldest  daughter 
of  Thomas  Selby.  Addresses  :  Speaker's 
House,  Westminster,  S.W.  ;  and  Athe- 
nseum. 

GUNTER,  Archibald  Clavering, 
Ph.B. ,  was  born  in  Liverpool,  Oct.  25, 
1847.  When  about  five  years  of  age  he 
was  taken  to  California  by  his  parents, 
arriving  there  in  February  1853.  He  was 
educated  partly  in  England  and  partly  in 
California,  taking  the  degree  of  Ph.B.  in 
the  University  College,  San  Francisco. 
From  1867  to  1874  he  followed  his  profes- 
sion of  mining  and  civil  engineer,  in 
Nevada,  Utah,  and  other  western  parts  of 
the  United  States.  He  early  showed  a 
taste  for  literature  ;  and,  during  his  colle- 
giate course,  and  while  following  his  pro- 
fession of  engineer,  wrote  several  plays, 
one  of  them  being  produced  at  the  Cali- 
fornia Theatre  under  the  name  of  "Cuba," 


and  another  at  the  Grand  Opera  House, 
San  Francisco,  under  the  title  of  "Our 
Reporter."  In  1874  he  became  a  stock- 
broker in  San  Francisco,  operating  until 
1877,  when  he  went  to  New  York,  intend- 
ing to  make  literature  his  occupation.  His 
first  play,  which  was  produced  in  New 
York  at  the  Union  Square  Theatre,  August 
1889,  was  "  Two  Nights  in  Rome."  In 
February  1890,  "Fresh,  the  American," 
was  played  at  the  Park  Theatre.  Since 
then  he  has  had  a  number  of  plays  per- 
formed, among  them  "Courage,"  "After 
the  Opera,"  "The  Wall  Street  Bandit," 
"Prince  Karl,"  "The  Deacon's  Daughter," 
and  his  own  dramatisation  of  his  first 
story,  "Mr.  Barnes  of  New  York,"  pub- 
lished in  1887.  This  proved  a  great  suc- 
cess as  a  novel,  and  has  since  been  pub- 
lished in  several  different  languages,  and 
by  four  or  five  English  publishing  houses. 
His  second  novel,  "Mr.  Potter  of  Texas," 
was  published  in  1888,  and  has  been  as 
successful  as  its  predecessor.  Since  then 
he  has  issued  "  That  Frenchman,"  1889 ; 
"  Miss  Nobody  of  Nowhere,"  1890  ;  "Small 
Boys  in  Big  Boots,"  1890;  "Miss  Divi- 
dends," 1892  ;  "Baron  Montez  of  Panama 
and  Paris,"  1893;  "The  King's  Stock- 
broker," and  "A  Princess  of  Paris,"  1894  ; 
"  The  First  of  the  English,"  "  The  Ladies' 
Juggernaut,"  and  "Her  Senator,"  1895; 
"The  Love  Adventures  of  Al-Mansur," 
1896;  and  "Bob  Covington,"  1897.  His 
dramatisation  of  his  novel,  "Mr.  Potter  of 
Texas,"  met  with  marked  success  in  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Gunter  is  perhaps  the 
only  author  who  has  successfully  carried 
on  the  business  of  publishing  his  own 
works. 

GUNTHER,  Albert  Charles  Lewis 
Gotthilf,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  born 
at  Esslingen,  Wurtemberg,  October  3, 
1830,  and  educated  at  the  Universities  of 
Tubingen,  Berlin,  and  Bonn,  entered  the 
service  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  in  1857,  and  was  appointed 
Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Zoology  in 
1875;  since  that  time  he  has  devoted  him- 
self exclusively  to  the  administration  of 
the  extensive  collections  under  his  charge. 
Dr.  Gunther,  who  is  a  member  of  many 
academies  and  learned  societies  at  home 
and  abroad,  has  published:  "Die  Fische 
des  Neckars,"  Stuttgart,  1853;  "Medi- 
cinischeZoologie," Stuttgart,  1858;  "Cata- 
logue of  Colubrine  Snakes  in  the  Collec- 
tion of  the  British  Museum,"  London, 
1858;  "Catalogue  of  the  Batrachia  Sali- 
entia  in  the  Collection  of  the  British 
Museum,"  1859;  "The  Reptiles  of  British 
India,"  1864;  "Catalogues  of  Fishes," 
vols,  i.-viii.,  London,  1859-70;  "The 
Fishes  of  the  South  Seas,"  Hamburg, 
1873-78;   "The  Gigantic  Land  Tortoises, 


460 


GUTHRIE  — GUYOT 


Living  and  Extinct,"  London,  1877  ;  "An 
Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Fishes," 
Edin.,  1880;  the  Reports  on  the  "Shore 
Fishes,"  "  Deep-Sea  Fishes,"  and  "Pelagic 
Fishes,"  in  the  "  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Challen- 
ger," 1887-88  ;  and  numerous  papers  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Zoological  and  Idnnean  Societies,  and 
other  periodicals.  He  is  the  founder  of 
the  "Record  of  Zoological  Literature,"  of 
which  he  has  edited  the  first  six  volumes, 
1864-70;  and  co-editor  of  the  "Annals 
and  Magazine  of  Natural  History."  The 
Royal  Society  awarded  to  him,  in  1878, 
one  of  its  Royal  Medals  for  his  merits  in 
advancing  zoological  science,  and  especi- 
ally for  his  herpetological  and  ichthyolo- 
gical  researches.  Dr.  Gunther  retired 
from  the  Natural  History  Museum  in  1895 
under  the  age  limit.  He  introduced  into 
the  galleries  those  groups,  copied  from  life, 
illustrating  the  habits  of  animals,  which 
have  been  such  an  attraction  to  visitors. 

GUTHRIE,  James  Cargill,  was  born 
Aug.  27,  1814,  at  Airnefoul  farm,  in  the 
parish  of  Glamis,  Forfarshire.  He  was 
appointed  in  1868  Principal  Librarian  to 
the  Dundee  Free  Library,  the  first  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  Scotland  established 
under  the  Free  Libraries  Act.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  poems  and  popular 
Scotch  songs,  and  some  anthems  and 
hymns,  which 'have  been  set  to  music  by 
Dr.  Spark  and  other  composers. 

GUTHRIE,  Thomas  Anstey  (who 
publishes  under  the  name  of  F.  Anstey), 
was  born  Aug.  8,  1856,  at  Kensington, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Austen 
Guthrie.  He  was  educated  at  a  private 
school,  and  at  King's  College  School, 
Strand.  He  matriculated  at  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  in  1875  ;  took  his  degree  in  the 
Law  Tripos,  1879 ;  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  by  the  Benchers  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
1880.  He  read  in  chambers  with  a  con- 
veyancer and  equity  draughtsman,  but 
never  practised  as  a  barrister.  He  pub- 
lished short  stories  in  various  magazines 
between  1878-81.  His  first  book,  "Vice 
Versa,"  appeared  in  1882,  and  achieved  an 
immense  success,  running  through  many 
editions  within  the  year  of  publication. 
It  was  also  dramatised  and  performed  on 
the  London  and  provincial  stage  for  many 
nights.  It  was  followed  in  1883  by  "The 
Giant's  Robe  "  ;  "  The  Black  Poodle,"  and 
other  stories,  1884  ;  "  The  Tinted  Venus," 
1885;  "The  Fallen  Idol,"  1886;  "The 
Pariah,"  1889  ;  "Voces  Populi,"  reprinted 
from  Punch ;  "  The  Travelling  Compa- 
nions" ;  "Under  the  Rose"  ;  "Lyre  and 
Lancet"  [Punch);  "The  Statement  of 
Stella  Maberley";  and,  in  1897,  "Baboo 
Jabherjee,  B.A."  (Punch). 


GUTHRIE,  William,  was  born  at 
Culhorn,  Stranraer,  N.B.,  1835,  being  the 
son  of  the  late  George  Guthrie,  Esq.,  of 
Appleby  and  Ernambrie.  He  was  educated 
at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  Universities, 
and  was  admitted  an  advocate  at  the 
Scotch  Bar  in  1861.  Mr.  Guthrie  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Commissioners  under 
the  Truck  Commission  Act,  in  December 
1871  ;  Registrar  of  Friendly  Societies  in 
Scotland  from  October  1869  to  February 
1874 ;  and  Sheriff-Substitute  of  Lanark- 
shire at  Glasgow,  January  1874.  He 
edited  the  Journal  of  Jurisprudence  (Edin- 
burgh), from  1866  to  1874  ;  and  was  one  of 
the  Reporters  of  Court  of  Session  Cases, 
Scotland,  from  1871  to  1874.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Savigny  on  "Pri- 
vate International  Law "  (System  of 
Modern  Roman  Law,  vol.  viii. ),  1869 ; 
and  edition  of  Erskine's  "Principles  of 
Scots  Law,"  1870  (2nd  edition,  1874) ;  two 
editions  of  Bell's  "Principles  of  the  Law 
of  Scotland,"  1871  and  1876;  "The  Law 
of  Trade  Unions  in  England  and  Scot- 
land," 1873  ;  "  Select  Cases  decided  in  the 
Sheriff  Courts  of  Scotland,"  1879. 

GUYOT,  Yves,  French  statesman  and 
writer,  was  born  at  Dinan,  Sept.  6,  1843, 
and  was  educated  at  Rennes.  He  came  to 
Paris  in  1867,  took  to  journalism,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  contributors  of  the  Bappel 
at  its  foundation.  During  the  Commune 
he  was  instrumental  in  saving  from  fire  the 
Archives  Nationales,  and  the  Conservatoire 
des  Arts  et  Metiers.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Municipal  Council  of  Paris  in  1874, 
and  became  one  of  its  most  active  mem- 
bers. In  1876  he  organised  the  fete  in 
honour  of  the  centenary  of  Voltaire,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Genoa  to  abolish  the  State  regu- 
lation of  prostitution.  In  the  same  year 
he  started  a  campaign  against  the  Preset 
de  Police  in  La  Lanternc,  and  after  being 
imprisoned  for  six  months,  he  brought 
about  the  resignation  of  the  Preset,  M. 
Gigot,  and  the  Minister  of  the  Interior, 
M.  de  Marcere  (1879).  In  1885  he  was 
elected  to  the  Chamber  for  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Seine,  and  in  1888  was  rap- 
porteur of  the  Budget.  From  1889  to 
1892  he  was  Minister  of  Public  Works  in 
the  Tirard  and  Freycinet  Cabinets ;  and 
he  was  noted  for  being  present  at  every 
opening  of  any  building  or  railway  through- 
out France,  which  gained  for  him  the 
nickname  of  the  "  Wandering  Jew."  He 
is  one  of  the  few  Ministers  who  have 
never  accepted  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
His  chief  works  are:  "La  Verity  sur 
l'Empire,"  1875  ;  "  L'Enfer  Social,"  1882  ; 
"La  Prostitution,"  1881  ;  "La  Traite  des 
Vierges  a  Londres,"  1885,  and  a  novel,  ' '  Un 
Drole,"  1884. 


GYE  — HAAG 


461 


GYE,  Madame,  n<Se  Marie  Emma  La- 
jermesse,  but  popularly  known  as  Madame 
Albani,  American  singer,  was  born  of 
French-Canadian  parentage,  at  Chambly, 
near  Montreal,  in  1851.  She  was  educated 
in  the  Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart  at 
Montreal,  but  her  first  musical  training 
came  from  her  father,  who  was  himself  a 
skilful  musician.  In  1864  he  removed  to 
Albany,  N.Y. ,  where  her  singing  in  the 
cathedral  attracted  much  attention.  A 
little  later  she  was  sent  to  Europe  for  the 
more  thorough  instruction  which  she  could 
not  obtain  in  America,  and  under  the  care 
of  Baroness  Lafitte,  was  two  years  in 
Paris,  where  she  studied  with  the  famous 
Duprez.  She  then  became  a  pupil  of  the 
old  maestro  Lamperti  at  Milan.  Several 
years  of  hard  study  followed,  till  at  last, 
in  1870,  she  made  her  d<5but  at  Messina 
under  the  name  of  Albani,  adopted  out  of 
compliment  to  the  city  where  her  musical 
promise  was  first  recognised.  Immediately 
afterwards  she  sang  at  Malta,  and  then,  in 
the  winter  of  1871-72,  at  the  theatre  of  La 
Pergola  at  Florence.  Her  crowning  effort 
was  in  the  "  Mignon  "  of  Ambroise  Thomas, 
already  condemned  in  four  theatres  in 
Italy,  but  which,  in  Madame  Albani's 
hands,  obtained  the  complete  success 
which  all  the  parts  identified  with  her 
have  met  with.  When  her  fame  was 
established  in  Italy  she  appeared  at  the 
Royal  Italian  Opera,  London,  in  1872,  and 
since  then  has  been  a  great  favourite  both 
in  this  country  and  the  United  States. 
In  St.  Petersburg,  Paris,  Berlin,  and  most 
of  the  European  capitals  she  has  been 
received  with  equal  enthusiasm,  and  she  is 
to-day  certainly  one  of  the  most  popular 
singers  in  the  world.  In  1883  she  made  a 
tour  of  the  United  States,  and  in  May 
1886  sang  the  ode  written  by  Tennyson 
for  the  opening  of  the  Colonial  Exhibition 
in  London.  Madame  Albani,  before  leav- 
ing Scotland  in  October  1890,  sang  at 
Balmoral  before  the  Queen  and  the  Royal 
Family,  on  which  occasion  her  Majesty 
was  pleased  to  give  Madame  Albani  a 
valuable  picture  containing  portraits  of 
the  whole  of  the  Royal  Family  at  the  time 
of  her  Jubilee.  In  May  1893  she  sang  at 
the  opening  of  the  Imperial  Institute,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  1894  again  sang  at  Bal- 
moral. Besides  singing  in  opera,  Madame 
Albani  has  studied  specially  oratorio  sing- 
ing, and  she  is  now  acknowledged  to  be 
the  first  oratorio  singer  in  England,  and  is 
engaged  at  all  our  principal  festivals.  In 
1878  she  was  married  to  Mr.  Ernest  Gye, 
the  theatrical  manager.  Addresses  :  1G 
The  Boltons,  South  Kensington  ;  and  Old 
Mar  Lodge,  Balmoral. 

"GYP."     See  Maetbl  db  Janvillb, 

COMTESSE  DE. 


H 

HAAG,  Carl,  R.W.S.,  F.R.I.,  Court 
Painter  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Saxe- 
Coburg  and  Gotha,  eldest  son  of  Herr 
Christopher  Wilhelm  Haag,  born  at  Erlan- 
gen,  in  Bavaria,  on  April  20,  1820,  began 
his  artistic  education  at  the  Academy  of 
Nuremberg  in  1837,  afterwards  continuing 
it  at  Munich  and  Rome.  In  1847  he 
settled  in  this  country,  and  his  admira- 
tion for  the  perfection  of  English  water- 
colour  painting  induced  him  to  abandon 
oil,  and  adopt  water-colour  in  preference. 
In  1850  he  was  elected  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours.  He  has  been  a  constant  contri- 
butor to  the  Exhibitions  of  that  Society, 
the  subjects  of  his  earlier  pictures  being 
chiefly  from  the  Tyrol,  Dalmatia,  and 
Montenegro.  In  1858  the  reigning  Duke 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  title  of  Hofmaler  ;  he 
was  introduced  at  the  Court  of  Queen 
Victoria  by  the  late  Prince  of  Leiningen, 
and  her  Majesty  gave  him  many  commis- 
sions for  sketches  of  life  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  and  also  for  important  pic- 
tures, such  as  "  The  Royal  Family  ascend- 
ing Loch-na-Gar  "  ;  "  Evening  at  Bal- 
moral— the  Stags  brought  Home  "  ;  "  The 
Queen  and  Prince  Consort  fording  Pool 
Tarff  " ;  and  others,  which  were  exhibited, 
and  have  since  been  engraved.  He  then 
travelled  in  Greece,  Egypt,  Syria,  and 
Palestine,  painting  important  views  of 
Athens,  Baalbek,  Palmyra,  and  many  of 
the  Holy  Places  in  Jerusalem,  among  them 
"  The  Ancient  Vestibule  beneath  the 
Temple  Area  "  ;  "The  Golden  Gateway  "  ; 
and  "The  Holy  Rock  in  the  so-called 
Mosque  of  Omar "  ;  most  of  which  were 
finished  on  the  spot.  His  chief  aim,  how- 
ever, was  to  study  the  life  of  the  Bedaween 
tribes,  and  the  scenes  of  different  deserts, 
for  which  purpose  he  made  long  stays 
among  these  nomadic  hordes,  learning 
their  mode  of  life,  their  manners  and 
customs,  and  has  since  painted  a  series  of 
pictures  illustrative  of  Arab  life,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  "  Aghile  Agha  receiv- 
ing the  visit  of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of 
Wales  and  suite  in  his  Encampment  near 
Mount  Tabor  "  ;  "  The  tribe  of  the  Anazeh 
Bedaween  departing  from  Palmyra "  ;  "A 
Bivouac  in  the  Desert  "  ;  "  The  Arrival  at 
a  Well  in  the  Desert";  "Preparing  the 
Evening  Meal  "  ;  "  Desert  Hospitality  "  ; 
"Happiness  in  the  Desert";  "A  Beda- 
ween's  Devotion";  "Danger  in  the 
Desert";  "On  the  Alert";  "Ready  for 
Defence " ;  "A  Caravan  of  Bedaween 
Encamping   near   the   Sphinx   of    Ghizeh 


462 


HABBERTON  —  HACKER 


against  an  approaching  Sandstorm  "  ;  and 
"La  Illah  il  Allah,"  1889.  A  special 
exhibition  of  Mr.  C.  Haag's  works  was 
held  at  the  Goupil  Galleries  in  Bond 
Street,  1885.  He  is  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  British  Artists  in 
London,  and  a  Membre  Honoraire  de  la 
Soci(5te  Royale  Beige  des  Aquarellistes  of 
Brussels.  He  received  the  Royal  Bavarian 
Cross  of  Merit  in  1872.  In  1874  he  became 
an  Officer  of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  ; 
in  1878  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
of  France  ;  in  1887  a  Knight-Commander 
of  the  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  Family  Order  ; 
in  1893  he  was  decorated  with  the  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha  Cross  of  Merit  in  Art  and 
Science,  and  in  1897  the  Jubilee  Medal. 
In  1866  he  married  Ida,  the  only  daughter 
of  General  Buettner  of  Laneburg,  Hanover, 
by  whom  he  has  three  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter. Addresses :  Ida  Villa,  Lyndhurst 
Road,  Hampstead,  N.W. ;  Roter  Turm, 
Oberwesel. 

HABBERTON,  John,  was  born  in 
Brooklyn,  New  York,  in  1842.  At  the  age 
of  eight  years  he  was  taken  to  the  West, 
where  he  was  educated  chiefly  in  the 
common  schools  of  Southern  Illinois. 
From  1859  until  he  entered  the  army  in 
1862  he  was  connected  with  the  publishing 
house  of  Harper  Brothers,  New  York.  He 
was  literary  editor  of  the  Christian  Union 
from  1873  to  1876,  and  since  then  has 
been  an  editorial  writer  on  the  New  York 
Herald.  His  first  literary  work  was  a 
series  of  sketches  of  Western  life.  This 
was  followed,  in  1877,  by  "  Helen's  Babies," 
of  which  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million 
copies  have  been  sold  in  the  United  States, 
besides  large  editions  in  England  and  the 
colonies,  and  translations  into  French, 
German,  Spanish,  Italian,  Danish,  Swedish, 
and  Bohemian.  He  has  since  written 
"The  Barton  Experiment,"  1876;  "The 
Jericho  Road,"  "Other  People's  Children," 
"  The  Scripture  Club  of  Valley  Rest,"  and 
"Some  Folks,"  1877;  "The  Crew  of  the 
Sam  Weller,"  "  The  Worst  Boy  in  Town," 
1879  ;  "Just  One  Day,"  1880  ;  "  Who  was 
Paul  Grayson?"  1883;  "  Bo  wsham  Puzzle," 
and  "  George  Washington,"  1884  ;  "  Brue- 
ton's  Bayou,"  1887 ;  "  Country  Luck," 
1888  ;  "  All  He  Knew,"  "  Well  Out  of  It," 
and  "Couldn't  Say  No,"  1889  ;  "Out  at 
Twinnett's,"  1890  ;  "  The  Chautauquans," 
1891;  "  A  Lucky  Lover,"  1892  ;  "Trifand 
Trixy,"  1897.  He  also  published  in  1875  a 
series  of  selections  from  the  "  Specta- 
tor," comprising  "The  Roger  de  Coverley 
Papers"  ;  and  in  1878  "Selections  from  the 
Tatler,  Guardian,  and  Freeholder  "  ;  and 
wrote,  in  conjunction  with  Charles  L.  Nor- 
ton, "  Canoeing  in  Kanuckia,"  1878.  His 
only  dramatic  work,  "  Cracon  Crankett," 
has  been  played  more  than  500  times. 


HABERSHON,    Samuel    Herbert, 

was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1883,  at  Saint 
Bartholomew's  and  Vienna,  M.B.  1885, 
M.D.  1887,  M.R.C.S.  Eng.  1884,  F.R.C.P. 
Lond.  1891.  His  career  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's was  distinguished,  he  having 
been  Bentley  Prizeman  in  1883,  Lawrence 
Scholar  and  Gold  Medallist  and  Kirkes 
Gold  Medallist  in  1884.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Med.  Chir.  Society  and  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London,  and  holds 
important  appointments  as  physician  to 
various  hospitals.  Outside  the  profession 
he  has  for  some  years  been  known  as  one 
of  the  oculists,  and  latterly  as  the  constant 
medical  attendant,  of  the  late  Right  Hon. 
W.  E.  Gladstone,  at  whose  deathbed  he 
was  present.  He  has  contributed  papers, 
chiefly  on  phthisis,  to  the  learned  journals. 
Address :  70  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square,  W. 

HACKER,  Arthur,  A.E.A.,  is  the  son 
of  Mr.  Edward  Hacker,  formerly  a  line 
engraver.  He  was  born  in  London,  Sept. 
25,  1858,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  and  afterwards  in  Paris.  On  his 
return  to  London  he  commenced  the  study 
of  art,  gaining  admission  to  the  Academy 
Schools  with  his  first  drawing  from  the 
antique.  In  1878  he  exhibited  his  first 
picture  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  has 
since  been  a  constant  exhibitor.  When 
he  was  twenty-one  he  went  to  Paris  and 
entered  the  studio  of  M.  Bonnat.  In 
France  he  painted  "  Her  Daughter's 
Legacy,"  which  was  exhibited  in  1881, 
and  a  year  later  "The  Relics  of  the 
Brave."  This  was  the  first  of  a  series 
of  cottage  interiors,  the  most  notable  of 
which  are  "The  Mother,"  "The  Won- 
der Story,"  "The  Fisherman's  Wife," 
"  The  Cradle  Song,"  and  "  The  Children's 
Prayer."  In  1881  he  travelled  through 
Spain,  and  spent  some  time  in  Morocco. 
His  subject  now  changed,  and  he  painted 
"Pelagia  and  Philammon,"  "The  Waters 
of  Babylon,"  "Persephone,"  "VseVictis," 
"Christ  and  the  Magdalen,"  "The  An- 
nunciation "(bought  by  the  Chantrey  Fund), 
"  Syrinx,"  "Circe,"  and  the  "Sleep  of  the 
Gods."  In  February  1894  Mr.  Hacker  was 
elected  an  A.R.A.  In  1895  Mr.  Hacker 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  "Daphne" 
and  portraits  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Newdigate 
and  of  John  T.  Brunner,  Esq.,  M.P.  ;  in 
1896,  "  The  Cloister  or  the  World  "  and  a 
portrait  of  F.  A.  Newdigate,  Esq.,  M.P.  ; 
in  1897  "And  there  was  a  Great  Cry  in 
Egypt,"  "The  Sea  Maiden,"  and  a  por- 
trait of  Miss  Beatrice  Delme  Radcliffe.  He 
has  the  distinction  of  having  seven  pictures 
in  public  galleries.  Addresses  :  74  Fellow's 
Road,  South  Hampstead,  N.W. ;  7  Caven- 
dish Buildings,  Old  Cavendish  Street,  W. 


HADEN  —  HAECKEL 


463 


HADEN,    Sir    Francis  -  Seymour, 
F.K.C.S.,  P.R.E.,  was  born  Sept.  16,  1818, 
at  62  Sloane  Street,  London,  and  educated 
at  University  College  and  at  the  Sorbonne, 
Paris.     He  is  the  son  of  Charles  Thomas 
Haden,  M.D.,  Edinburgh.     He  became  in 
1842  a  Member,  and  in  1857  a  Fellow,  of 
the  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England. 
The  International  Jury  Report  on  Surgical 
Instruments,  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Haden,  was 
the   first   public   document   in  which  the 
operation   of    Ovariotomy   (till   then   uni- 
versally  condemned)   was    recommended. 
Three  remarkable  letters,   contributed  by 
him    to    the    Times,    under    the    title    of 
"Earth  to  Earth,"  in  January,  May,  and 
June    1875,    brought    about    considerable 
amelioration    in    the     practices    pursued 
by  undertakers  and  cemetery  companies, 
and,  while  condemning  cremation,  advo- 
cated   a    system    of    interment    founded 
on    reason    and    sanitary    considerations, 
which   has    ever   since   been   successfully 
carried  out  at  Woking.      Sir  Seymour  is 
also   the   author   of    certain  art   publica- 
tions, having   for  their  object  to  restore 
the  art  of   the   painter-engraver,   and   to 
protest  against  the  usurpation  of  his  place 
in  the   Royal   Academy   by   the    copyist- 
engraver;   and  failing  in  that  object,   to 
bring   about    the    creation   of   a   society, 
now  become  a  Royal  Society,  for  the  in- 
dependent cultivation  of  that  art.    Of  this 
Society  Sir  Seymour   Haden  is  naturally 
the  President,  while  his  own  contributions 
in  illustration  of  the  art  it  represents  have 
been  considerable,  and  consist :   (1)  Of  a 
large    folio    work    (in    French)    entitled 
"  Etudes    &   l'Eau    Forte,"   published    in 
Paris  and  in  London  in  1865  and  1866  ; 
(2)  Of  a  large  number  of  engraved  plates 
(200  in  all),  which  have  been  catalogued 
and  described  by  Sir  William  R.   Drake, 
F.S.A.,  under   the  title  of   "  The  Etched 
Work  of  Francis-Seymour  Haden,"  together 
with  some  fifteen  others  catalogued  after 
Sir  William's  death  by  M.  Beraldi  of  Paris. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum,  and  was 
of  the  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Clubs,  in  the 
formation  of  which  latter  he  had  a  large 
share.     The  most  influential  of  his  literary 
works,  perhaps,  after  the  three  letters  to 
the  Times  referred  to,  have  been  a  paper 
entitled     "  Cremation     an     Incentive     to 
Crime,"  read  at  the  Church  Congress  at 
Birmingham  in  1893,  and  a  paper  on  "  The 
Relative  Claims  of  Etching  and  Engraving 
to   rank  as   Fine  Arts,  and   to  be  repre- 
sented as  such  in  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts,"  read  at  the  Society  of  Arts  in  May 
1883.      Sir  Seymour  Haden  received   the 
honour  of  knighthood  in  1894.      In  1847 
he   married    Dasha  Delano,   daughter  of 
Major  Whistler,  U.S.A.    Addresses  :  Wood- 
cote     Manor,     Alresford,      Hants ;     and 
Athenaeum. 


HADING,  Madame  Jane,  nee  Jeanette 
Hadingue,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  Nov.  25, 
1859.  At  the  age  of  three  she  played 
Blanche  de  Caylus  in  "Le  Bossu,"  her 
father  at  the  same  time  playing  the  lead- 
ing character.  Some  years  later  she  was 
sent  to  the  Marseilles  Conservatoire,  where 
she  won  considerable  distinction.  On  leav- 
ing she  entered  upon  an  engagement  at  the 
Algiers  Theatre,  and  when  but  fourteen 
played  Zanetto  in  "  Le  Passant,"  Ste- 
fano  in  "Chef  d'ceuvre  inconnu,"  the 
blind  girl  in  "  Les  Deux  Orphelines,"  and 
Pedro  in  "  Girofle  Girofla."  From  Algiers 
she  went  to  Cairo,  to  perform  at  the 
Khedival  Theatre,  where  she  performed 
in  "La  Fille  de  Madame  Angot."  She 
returned  to  Marseilles  in  1876,  and  for  a 
time  devoted  herself  to  drama  and  comedy, 
but  the  lyric  stage  again  attracted  her, 
and  she  went  to  Paris.  At  the  Palais 
Royal  she  played  "La  Chaste  Suzanne," 
and  at  the  Eenaissance,  in  1879,  she  was 
the  original  Jolie  Persane  and  Belle 
Luretta,  and  the  heroine  in  "Heloi'se  and 
Abelard,"  and  "  L'(Eil  Creve  "  (1881).  At 
the  Gymnase  in  1883  she  again  appeared 
in  comedy  as  Paulette  in  Gyp's  "Autour  du 
Mariage."  The  piece  was  a  failure,  but 
Mdme.  Hading  made  a  great  personal 
success.  In  December  1883  she  was  the 
original  Claire  de  Beaulieu  in  "  Le  Maltre 
de  Forges,"  and  her  impersonation  of  this 
part  confirmed  her  success.  In  January 
1885  she  appeared  in  this  character  in 
London,  at  the  Royalty  Theatre.  In 
1889,  in  company  with  M.  Coquelin, 
Madame  Hading  made  an  American  tour. 
On  her  return  to  Paris  she  appeared  at 
the  Vaudeville  in  the  "Comtesse  Romani," 
by  Dumas  fils,  and  in  Lemaitre's  "  De'pute' 
Leveau."  She  then  fulfilled  a  short  en- 
gagement at  the  Port-Saint-Martin,  where 
she  appeared  as  Faustine  in  the  play  of 
that  name  by  Count  Tzewuski.  Returning 
to  the  Vaudeville  she  played  in  a  brilliant 
revival  of  M.  Sardou's  "Nos  Intimes" 
(1891),  and  contributed  to  the  success  of 
M.  Lavedan's  "Prince  d'Aurec"  in  June 
1892.  She  afterwards  joined  the  Francais, 
and  in  1894  came  to  London  and  played 
in  "Les  Effronte's."  In  December  1895 
she  appeared  at  the  Gymnase  in  Sardou's 
"Marcelle. "  Paris  address  :  9  Boulevard 
de  la  Saussaie,  Neuilly. 

HAECKEL,  Ernst,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man naturalist  and  writer,  was  born  at 
Potsdam,  Feb.  16,  1834,  and  studied  medi- 
cine and  Science  at  Wiirzburg,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna.  In  1859  he  went  to  Italy,  and 
studied  zoology  at  Naples  and  Messina, 
returning  in  1861  to  Jena,  where,  after 
further  studies,  he  was  appointed  Profes- 
sor of  Zoology.  Between  1866  and  1875 
he    travelled    over    the    greater    part    of 


464 


HAG AETY  —  HAGGARD 


Europe,  besides  visiting  Asia  Minor,  Syria, 
and  Egypt.  In  1881  he  visited  India  and 
Ceylon,  and  published  an  account  of  his 
travels.  He  is  regarded  in  Germany  as  the 
foremost  supporter  of  Darwin's  theories. 
Amongst  his  works  may  be  mentioned : 
"Natural  History  of  Creation,"  translated 
into  twelve  languages,  8th  edit.,  1889; 
"Generalle  Morphologie,"  1866;  "  Gas- 
trsea-Theorie,"  1873;  "  The  Origin  of  the 
Human  Eace,"  4th  edit.,  1868;  "Life  in 
the  Deep  Seas,"  1870;  "The  History  of 
Man's  Development,"  1874;  "Anthropo- 
genie,"  3rd  edit.,  1877  ;  "  Popular  Lectures 
on  Evolution,"  1S78 ;  "Origin  and  De- 
velopment of  the  Tissues  of  Animals," 
1884  ;  "  Souvenirs  of  Algeria,"  1890.  His 
Monographs  on  the  "Radiolaria,"  1862; 
"  Caloispongise,"  1872  ;  "  Medusae,"  1881 ; 
and  "  SiphonophoraV'  1888,  illustrated  by 
200  original  plates,  should  also  be  men- 
tioned. His  contributions  to  the  Zoology 
of  the  "Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Challenger" 
comprehend  four  volumes  of  that  work, 
with  230  plates.  Notwithstanding  splen- 
did offers  from  the  Universities  of  Wiirz- 
burg,  Vienna,  Strasburg,  and  Bonn,  Haeckel 
has  decided  to  remain  at  the  small  Uni- 
versity of  Jena,  the  peaceful  solitude  of 
which  gives  him  the  best  opportunity  for 
continuous  scientific  work.  At  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Zoological  Congress  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1898,  he  was  the  president  of  his 
section,  and  gave  an  address  on  the  pro- 
gress of  Darwinism  up  to  that  date.  At  a 
congregation  subsequently  held,  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Science  was  conferred  upon 
him,  the  Public  Orator,  Dr.  Sandys,  re- 
marking of  him  that  he  had  been  a  leading 
exponent  in  Germany  of  the  theories  of  a 
great  Cambridge  man — Charles  Darwin. 

HAGARIY,  The  Hon.  John  Haw- 
kins, D.C.L.,  Chief-Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Ontario,  was  born  in  Dublin  on 
Sept.  17,  1816.  He  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1832  ;  but  two  years  afterwards 
emigrated  to  Canada,  where  he  studied 
law,  and  in  1840  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
of  the  Upper  Province.  His  taste  and  love 
of  letters  for  a  time  drew  him  to  literature; 
but,  continuing  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, he  was  made  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1850,  and  elevated  to  the  Bench  in  1856. 
In  1868  he  was  appointed  Chief-Justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas  ;  was  subsequently 
transferred  to  the  Queen's  Bench  ;  and  in 
1878  received  the  appointment  of  Chief- 
Justice  of  Ontario,  which  he  still  holds. 

HAGGARD,    Henry    Rider,     J.  P., 

of  Ditchingham  House,  Norfolk,  sixth  son 
of  the  late  William  Meybohm  Eider  Hag- 
gard, J.P.,  D.L.,  of  Bradenham  Hall,  Nor- 
folk, was  born  June  22,  1856.  He  accom- 
panied Sir   Henry  Bulwer,  G.C.M.G.,  as 


secretary,  to  Natal  in  1875,  and  served  on 
the  staff  of  Sir  Theophilus  Shepstone, 
K.C.M.G.,  the  Special  Commissioner  to  the 
Transvaal,  1876-77,  and  together  with 
Colonel  Brooke,  E.E.,  formally  hoisted  the 
British  flag  over  the  Transvaal  territory, 
on  May  24,  1877.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  to  the  post  of  Master  of  the 
High  Court  of  the  Transvaal.  During  the 
Zulu  War  he  was  elected  Adjutant  and 
Lieutenant  of  the  Pretoria  Horse,  a 
gentleman  volunteer  corps,  raised  for 
service  in  Zululand,  but  which  was  pre- 
vented from  proceeding  there  by  the 
threatening  action  of  the  Boers.  He  re- 
tired from  the  Colonial  service  in  1879, 
and  returned  to  England.  Mr.  Eider 
Haggard's  first  book,  of  a  political  charac- 
ter, published  in  1882,  is  named  "Cety- 
wayo  and  his  White  Neighbours,  or 
Eemarks  on  Becent  Events  in  South 
Africa."  This  work  was  favourably 
received  here  and  in  South  Africa,  but, 
owing  to  its  author  being  unknown,  it 
did  not  then  attain  a  large  circulation. 
Subsequently,  he  published  "  Dawn,"  a 
novel,  1884,  and  "The  Witch's  Head,"  a 
novel,  1885.  Both  these  books  were  well 
received,  especially  the  latter,  but  in 
1886  he  brought  out  "King  Solomon's 
Mines,"  the  work  by  which  he  established 
his  reputation.  Among  other  well-known 
works  by  the  same  writer  we  may  mention 
"She,"  "Jess,"  "Allan  Quatermain," 
"Colonel  Quaritch,  V.C.,"  "Cleopatra," 
"Beatrice,"  "Eric,"  "The  World's  De- 
sire," in  collaboration  with  Mr.  A.  Lang  ; 
"Montezuma's  Daughter,"  "The  People  of 
the  Mist  "  (the  last  two  published  in  1894), 
"Joan  Haste,"  and  "Heart  of  the  World," 
1895;  "The  Wizard,"  1896;  "Dr. Theme," 
189S.  Mr.  Rider  Haggard  is  also  a  barrister 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
for  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  He  was  Chairman 
of  the  Society  of  Authors  from  1896  to  1898. 
He  married,  in  1880,  Marianna  Louisa,  only 
child  and  heiress  of  the  late  Major  Mar- 
gitson,  of  Ditchingham  House,  Norfolk. 
Addresses  :  Ditchingham  House,  Norfolk  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

HAGGARD,  William  Henry  Dove- 
ton,  J.P.,  Minister  at  Caracas,  was  born  in 
1846,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  William 
Meybohm  Haggard,  of  Bradenham  Hall, 
Norfolk,  and  brother  of  the  novelist.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford,  and  entered  the 
Diplomatic  Service  in  1868.  He  held 
posts  at  Eio  de  Janeiro  and  Athens,  and 
was  Minister  to  Ecuador,  1890.  He  be- 
came Consul-General  in  Tunis,  1894,  and  in 
1897  was  appointed  to  his  present  post. 
He  married,  in  1887,  Emily,  daughter  of 
Joseph  Hancox,  Esq.  Home  address ; 
Bradenham  Hall,  Thetford. 


HAIG-BEOWN  —  HALE 


4G5 


HAIG-BEOWN,  The  Rev.  Wil- 
liam, LL.D.,  born  at  Bromley,  Middlesex, 
in  1823,  is  the  third  son  of  Thomas  and 
Amelia  Haig-Brown.  He  was  educated 
at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  with  high  honours  in  1846, 
proceeding  M.A.  in  1849,  and  LL.D.  in 
1864.  Having  held  for  some  time  a  fel- 
lowship and  tutorship  in  his  college  and 
a  temporary  mastership  at  Harrow,  he 
became  in  1857  Head-master  of  the  Gram- 
mar-School at  Kensington,  in  connec- 
tion with  King's  College,  London,  and 
was  elected  Head-master  of  Charterhouse 
School  in  1863,  on  the  retirement  of  the 
Rev.  R.  Elwyn.  Under  Dr.  Haig-Brown's 
mastership  this  famous  school  was  moved 
from  its  old  home  in  the  heart  of  London 
to  the  hills  above  Godalming.  In  1882 
Dr.  Haig  -  Brown  was  appointed  Hon. 
Canon  of  Winchester,  and  in  1897  he 
succeeded  Canon  Elwyn,  his  predecessor 
at  Charterhouse  School,  as  Master  of  the 
Charterhouse.  In  May  1898  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Haig-Brown  were  the  recipients  of  a  testi- 
monial, which  took  the  form  of  a  cheque 
for  £600,  subscribed  for  by  old  and  pre- 
sent Carthusians.  The  presentation  was 
made  at  the  Charterhouse  by  Sir  Richard 
Webster.  In  1869  Dr.  Brown  published 
"  Sertum  Carthusianum  floribus  trium 
seculorum  contextum.  Cura  Gulielmi 
Haig-Brown,  Scholar  Carthusianse  Archidi- 
dascali,"  and  in  1879  a  history  of  Charter- 
house, called  ' '  Charterhouse  Past  and 
Present."  He  married  in  1857  Annie 
Marion,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Evan  E. 
Row  Sell.  Address  :  The  Charterhouse,  E.C. 

HAINES,  Field-Marshal  Sir  Fred- 
erick Paul,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  Gregory  Haines,  C.B.,  of 
Dublin,  Commissary-General  of  the  Forces, 
by  Harriet,  daughter  of  Mr.  John  Eld- 
ridge,  of  Kirdford,  Sussex,  was  born  in 
1819.  He  entered  the  army  as  ensign  in 
1839,  became  Lieutenant,  1840  ;  Captain, 
1846  ;  Brevet-Major,  June  7,  1849  ;  Brevet 
Lieut.-Colonel,  Aug.  2,  1850 ;  Colonel, 
1854 ;  Lieut.-Colonel,  unattached,  1855  ; 
Major  -  General,  1864  ;  Lieut.  -  General, 
1873  ;  General,  1877  ;  and  Field-Marshal, 
1890.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  on  the 
Sutlej  in  1845,  he  was  appointed  to  act  as 
Military  Secretary  to  Sir  Hugh  Gougb, 
then  Commander-in-Chief  in  India.  He 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Moodkee 
and  Ferozeshah,  and  upon  the  latter  occa- 
sion was  severely  wounded  by  grape-shot, 
his  horse  being  at  the  same  moment  killed 
under  him.  For  his  conduct  in  this  cam- 
paign he  was  promoted  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Lord  Gough,  and  received  a 
medal  and  one  clasp.  He  served  also  in 
the  same  capacity  throughout  the  Punjab 
campaign  of  1848"  and  1849,  taking  part  in 


the  affair  of  outposts  at  Ramnuggur,  the 
passage  of  the  Chenab,  and  the  battles  of 
Chillianwallah  and  Goojerat.  He  served 
with  the  21st  Fusiliers  through  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Crimea  in  1854-55,  up  to  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol.  K.C.B.,  1871 ;  G.C.B., 
1877.  He  was  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Madras  army  from  May  1871  to  end  of 
1875,  appointed  Colonel  of  the  104th 
Regiment  (Bengal  Fusiliers),  May  16, 1874. 
In  1876  he  received  the  local  rank  of 
General  in  India,  and  some  time  later  was 
appointed  Commander-in-Chief  in  India. 
He  held  this  post  the  customary  period  of 
five  years.  General  Haines  received  the 
thanks  of  Parliament  "  for  the  ability  and 
judgment  with  which  he  directed  opera- 
tions "  in  Afghanistan  in  1878-80,  and  was 
appointed  Field-Marshal,  May  20,  1890. 
In  October  of  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Royal  Scots 
Fusiliers.  Address  :  United  Service  Club, 
Pall  Mall,  W. 

HALDANE,  The  Eight  Rev.  J.  R. 
A.     See  Chinnery-Haldane. 

HALDANE,  Richard  Burdon,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  late  Robert 
Haldane,  of  Cloanden,  W.S.,  and  Mary 
Burdon  Sanderson,  was  born  on  July  30, 
1856,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy 
and  at  the  University  of  that  city,  where 
he  obtained  the  Gray  Scholarship  and  the 
Ferguson  Scholarship  of  the  four  Scottish 
Universities,  the  Bruce  of  Grangehill 
Medal,  and  was  finally  placed  in  the  first 
class  in  Philosophy.  He  subsequently 
proceeded  to  the  University  of  Gottingen, 
where  he  studied  metaphysics  under 
Professor  Lotze.  Returning  to  England, 
he  took  up  the  study  of  law,  and  in  1879 
was  called  to  the  Chancery  Bar,  where  his 
rise  has  been  rapid.  In  1890  he  was  made 
a  Q.C.,  and  in  1893  Bencher  of  Lincoln's 
Inn.  In  1885  Mr.  Haldane  entered 
Parliament  in  the  Gladstonian  Liberal 
interest  as  M.P.  for  Haddingtonshire, 
which  he  continues  to  represent.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Featherstone  Commis- 
sion in  1893,  and  of  the  Prisons  Com- 
mission of  1894.  He  edited,  together  with 
Professor  Seth,  "Essays  in  Philosophical 
Criticism"  in  1882,  and  afterwards  trans- 
lated Schopenhauer's  "World  as  Will  and 
Idea,"  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Kemp.  In 
1887  he  published  a  "Life  of  Adam 
Smith."  Addresses:  3  Whitehall  Court; 
10  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  and  Cloan- 
den, Auchterarder,  Perthshire. 

HALE,  Edward  Everett,  D.D.,  was 
born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  April  3, 
1822.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College 
in  1839,  studied  theology,  and  was  pastor 
of  the  (Unitarian)  Church  of  the  Unity, 

2<J 


466 


HALE  — HALEVY 


Worcester,  Massachusetts,  from  1846  to 
1856.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  pastor 
of  the  South  Congregational  Church, 
Boston.  He  has  published  a  large  number 
of  books,  amongst  which  are:  "The 
Rosary,"  1848;  "Margaret  Percival  in 
America  "  ;  "  Sketches  of  Christian  His- 
tory," 1850  ;  "Letters  on  Irish  Immigra- 
tion," 1852;  "Kansas  and  Nebraska," 
1854;  "The  Man  without  a  Country," 
1861;  "The  President's  Words,"  1865; 
"  Sybaris  and  other  Homes,"  1871  ;  "Puri- 
tan Politics  in  England  and  New  England," 
1869;  "Ingham  Papers,"  1869;  "Christ- 
mas Eve  and  Christmas  Day,"  1874  ;  and 
"His  Level  Best,  and  other  Stories,"  1870  ; 
"  Ups  and  Downs,"  1871 ;  "  Working-men's 
Homes,"  and  "In  His  Name,"  1874  ;  "Our 
New  Crusade,"  and  "One  Hundred  Years 
Ago,"  1875;  "Philip  Nolan's  Friends," 
1876  ;  "  Back  to  Back,"  1877  ;  "  The  Bible 
and  its  Revision,"  several  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, and  "Crusoe  in  New  York,"  1880; 
"Our  Christmas  in  a  Palace,"  1884; 
"Seven  Spanish  Cities,"  1883;  "  Fortunes 
of  Rachel,"  1884;  "Boys'  Heroes,"  and 
"What  is  the  American  People?"  1885; 
"  Easter,"  a  volume  of  sermons,"  1886 ; 
"Life  of  George  Washington  Studied 
Anew,"  1887  ;  "  How  They  Lived  in  Hamp- 
ton," "My  Friend  the  Boss,"  "Mr.  Tan- 
gier's Vacations,"  "Tom  Torrey's  Tariff 
Talks,"  "Red  and  White,"  and  "Naval 
History  of  the  American  Revolution"  (in 
the  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America),  1888;  "Four  and  Five,"  1891; 
"  Popular  Life  of  Christopher  Columbus," 
1891  ;  "Biography  of  James  Freeman 
Clarke,"  1891  ;  "Story  of  Massachusetts," 
1891;  "Sybil  Knox,"  1892;  "East  and 
West,"  1892  ;  "  A  New  England  Boyhood," 
1893;  "For  Fifty  Years"  (poems),  1893; 
and  (with  E.  E.  Hale,  jun.)  "Franklin  in 
France,"  1887-88;  "If  Jesus  Came  to 
Boston,"  1895;  "Constructive  Rhetoric," 
1896  ;  "  Susan's  Escort  and  others,"  1897. 
He  has  edited  a  series  of  "Stories"  of  the 
War,  Sea,  Adventure,  Discovery,  and  In- 
vention, 1880-85  ;  "  Lights  of  Two  Cen- 
turies," 1887  ;  "The  Arabian  Nights,"  1888; 
and  "Sunday  School  Stories  on  the  Golden 
Texts,"  1889  ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  his 
sister,  has  written  several  volumes  describ- 
ing "A  Family  Flight"  through  France, 
Germany,  &c. ,  1881-85,  and  one  telling 
"  The  Story  of  Spain,"  1886.  Mr.  Hale  has 
been  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodicals, 
was  editor  of  the  Christian  Examiner,  the 
founder  and  editor  of  Old  and  New,  and  is 
now  the  editor  of  Lend  a  Hand. 

HALE,  Eugene,  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  at  Turner,  Oxford 
County,  Maine,  June  9,  1836,  received  an 
academic  education  and  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1857.     He  was 


for  nine  years  County  Attorney  of  Han- 
cock County  ;  was  a  Member  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  Maine,  1867,  1868,  and  1880 ;  was 
elected  to  the  Forty-first,  Forty-second, 
Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  and  Forty-fifth 
Congress  ;  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Bates  College,  Colby  University,  and 
Bowdoin  College ;  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  and  took  his  seat 
March  4,  1881  ;  was  re-elected  in  1887  and 
in  1893.  He  is  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Naval  Affairs  of  the  U.S.  Senate. 

HALES,   Professor  John  Wesley, 

M.A.,  F.S.A.,  was  born  at  Ashby-de-la- 
Zouch,  Leicestershire,  Oct.  5,  1836,  and 
is  the  son  of  William  Hales  and  Eliza,  nie 
Atherstone.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
High  School  and  University,  Durham 
Grammar  School,  and  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity. He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Christ's 
College  in  1860,  called  to  the  Bar  in  1867, 
appointed  Professor  of  English  Language 
and  Literature  at  King's  College,  London, 
December  1877,  succeeding  to  the  chair 
vacated  by  Dr.  Brewer.  He  co-edited 
"  The  Percy  Folio  Manuscript,"  3  vols.,  in 
1867-68 ;  wrote  on  "  The  Teaching  of 
English  "  in  Farrar's  "  Essays  on  a  Liberal 
Education,"  1867;  edited  "Longer  Eng- 
lish Poems,"  1872,  and  Milton's  "Areo- 
pagitioa,"  1874  s  was  one  of  the  two 
general  editors  of  the  "  London  Series  of 
English  Classics "  ;  and  has  contributed 
various  papers  on  English  Literature  to 
the  Cornhill  Magazine,  the  Quarterly  Review, 
Macrnillan's  Magazine,  the  Fortnightly  Re- 
view, the  Academy,  the  Athcnamm,  Fraser's 
Magazine,  the  Contemporary,  the  Nineteenth 
Century;  some  of  which  have  been  col- 
lected into  2  volumes,  viz.,  "Shakespeare 
Essays  and  Notes,"  published  in  1892,  and 
"Folia  Litteraria,"  published  in  1893.  In 
1881  Prof.  Hales  was  appointed  an  Ex- 
aminer in  English  at  the  University  of 
London,  in  1889,  and  again  in  1897.  The 
Rev.  Prof.  Skeat  and  he  were  the  first 
Examiners  for  the  English  part  of  the 
MediEeval  and  Modern  Tripos,  established 
at  Cambridge  in  1886.  He  has  examined 
also  for  the  Universities  of  Wales  and  of 
New  Zealand.  In  1889  he  was  appointed 
Clark  Lecturer  in  English  Literature  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  again  in 
1892.  He  is  the  general  editor  of  the 
Hand-books  of  English  Literature  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Bell,  which  have  been 
written  by  Dr.  Garnett,  Prof.  Herford, 
Prof.  Hugh  Walker,  and  others.  He  mar- 
ried in  1867  Henrietta,  daughter  of  his 
Honour  Judge  Trafford,  formerly  of  Ough- 
trington  Hall,  Cheshire.  Address:  1  Op- 
pidans  Road,  Primrose  Hill. 

HALEVY,  Ludovic,  French  novelist 
and    dramatic    author,   the  son   of  Leon 


HALIBURTON  —  HALL 


467 


Halevy  and  nephew  of  the  composer,  was 
born  at  Paris,  July  1,  1834,  and  received 
his  education  at  the  Lycee  Louis  le  Grand. 
He  entered  the  service  of  the  Government, 
and  from  1852  to  1858  was  employed  in 
the  Secretary's  office  of  the  Minister  of 
State.     He  was  chief  of  the  department  for 
Algiers  and  the  Colonies,  and  in  1861  he 
was  appointed  to  edit  the  proceedings  of 
the  Corps  Legislatif.     This  position  he  re- 
signed to  devote  himself  to  the  drama,    M. 
HaleVy  has,    since   1S55,  written  the  lib- 
rettos of  a  large  number  of  the  most  popular 
operettas,    many    of    them    in    collabora- 
tion with  M.  Henri  Meilhac,  at  first  under 
a  pseudonym,    and   then  under  his    own 
name    after   his   resignation.      The   most 
famous  of  these,  for  which  Jacques  Offen- 
bach wrote   the  music,   were   "  La   Belle 
Helene"  (Varie~te~s)  1865) ;  "  Barbe  Bleue  " 
(1866) ;    "  La  Grande-Duchesse  de   Gerol- 
stein"  (1867) ;  "LaPerichole"(1868)  ;  "Le 
Petit  Due  "  (1878),  for  which  Lecocq  wrote 
the  music.     His  comedies  include  :  "  Les 
Brebis  de  Pan  urge  "  (1863);   "Froufrou," 
written  for  Aimee  Desclee  at  the  Gymnase, 
and,    since,  one   of   Madame   Bernhardt's 
successes,   and    played    at    the    Come'die 
Fran9ais  (1892).      It  is  to  these   brilliant 
sketches,  as  well  as  to  his  dramas,  that  he 
owes  his  election  to  the  French  Academy, 
his  reception  at  which  (M.  Pailleron  pro- 
nouncing the  speech  of  welcome,  December 
4,  1884),  was  one  of  the  most  memorable 
of  recent  times.     As  a  novelist,  M.  Halevy 
is  also  eminent.   We  may  mention  '■  L'Abbe 
Constantin  "  (1882),  which  was  dramatised 
after  running  through  more  than  150  edi- 
tions ;    "L'Invasion,"  recollections  of  the 
war  (1872) ;  "  LaFamille  Cardinal "  (1883) ; 
"Criquette"  (1883);  "  Notes  et  Souvenirs," 
"Deux    Manages"    (1883);    "Princesse" 
(1886) ;  and  a  collection  of  stories,  "  Kari- 
kari"  (1892).     He  was  made  an  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  July  1890.     Paris 
address  :  22  Eue  de  Douai. 

HALIBURTON,  Lord,  Arthur 
Laurence  Haliburton,  G.C.B.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  was  born  at  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia, 
on  Sept.  26,  1832,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  Mr.  Justice  Haliburton  and 
his  wife  Louisa,  daughter  of  Captain 
Neville,  of  the  Royal  Horse  Guards  and 
19th  Light  Dragoons.  He  was  educated 
at  King's  College  School,  Windsor,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar,  in 
his  colony,  in  1855.  From  1855  to  1870  he 
served  on  the  Commissariat  Staff  of  the 
army,  in  the  Crimean  campaign,  in  Canada, 
and  in  London.  In  1870  he  became 
Assistant-Director  of  Supplies  and  Trans- 
port, and  Director  of  the  same  in  1878.  In 
1888  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  War,  and  was  Per- 
manent Under-Secretary  from  1895  to  1897. 


He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  May  1898. 
He  married  Mariana,  daughter  of  Leo 
Schusta,  and  widow  of  Sir  William 
Dickenson  Clay,  Bart.,  1877.  Addresses : 
57  Lowndes  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

HALIBURTON,  Robert  Grant,  Q.C., 

Canadian  litterateur  and  man  of  science, 
was  born  at  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia,  June  3, 
1831 ;  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
Windsor,  graduating  in  1852  with  the 
degree  of  A.M.,  and  in  1876  receiving  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  same  college. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1853,  and  was 
made  a  Q.C.  in  1876  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  in 
1878  by  the  Dominion  Government.  He 
removed  to  Ottawa  in  1877.  He  has  written 
and  lectured  extensively  in  England  and 
elsewhere  on  the  general  subject  of  "A 
United  Empire,"  and  his  views  have  re- 
ceived much  attention.  Continued  ill- 
health  compelled  him  in  1881  to  give  up 
his  law  practice  in  Canada  and  to  spend 
the  winters  in  warmer  climates.  Since 
1881  he  has  devoted  his  attention  chiefly 
to  scientific  investigation.  In  1887-88  he 
discovered  a  pigmy  race  in  Northern  Africa, 
and  he  has  given  much  time  to  investigat- 
ing the  subject  and  to  similar  survivals  in 
the  Pyrenees  and  in  America.  In  this  field 
he  is  a  pioneer,  and  advances  the  idea  that 
the  history  of  mankind  begins  with  a 
"  Dwarf  Era."  He  has  published  many 
papers  on  this  and  other  scientific  subjects. 

HALL,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Charles,  K.C.M.G.,  Q.C,  M.P.,  Re- 
corder of  the  City  of  London,  was  born 
in  1843,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Vice- 
Chancellor  Sir  C.  Hall.  He  was  educated 
at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  1865,  M.A.  1868),  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1866,  and  be- 
came a  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1884.  From  1877  to  1892  he  was  Attorney- 
General  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He  repre- 
sented West  Cambridgeshire  in  Parliament 
from  1885  to  1892,  when  he  was  elected  in 
the  Conservative  interest  to  represent  the 
Holborn  Division  of  Finsbury,  for  which  he 
now  sits.  In  1892,  also,  he  was  appointed 
Eecorder  of  the  City  of  London.  He  was 
made  K.C.M.G.  in  1890,  and  P.O.  at  New 
Year,  1899.  Addresses  :  2  Mount  Street, 
Berkeley  Square,  W.  ;  and  Recorder's 
Chambers,  Guildhall,  E.C. 

HALL,  Edwin  Thomas,  F.R.I.B.A., 
F.S.I.,  architect,  was  born  in  Suffolk  in 
1851,  and  is  the  second  son  of  George  Hall, 
architect  and  surveyor.  He  was  educated 
at  the  South  Kensington  School  of  Art, 
and  subsequently  entered  the  office  of  J. 
Fogerty,  F.R.I.B.A.,  M.Inst.C.E.  He  began 
to  practise  on  his  own  account  in  1876,  and 
has  built  churches,  mission  halls,  mansions, 


468 


HALL  — HALLE 


and  public  buildings,  including  fever  hos- 
pitals and  infirmaries.  The  head  offices  of 
the  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board,  on  the 
Victoria  Embankment,  are  from  his  designs. 
He  has  written  many  essays  and  papers, 
and  has  drafted  a  bill  (1893)  for  codifying 
and  amending  the  Buildings  Acts  of  the 
metropolis.  Mr.  Hall  is  architect  to  the 
British  Home  for  Incurables,  to  the  Boyal 
Naval  School,  &c.  Addresses  :  57  Moorgate 
Street,  E.C.  ;  and  Hillcote,  West  Dulwich, 
S.E. 

HALL,  Granville  Stanley,  Ph.D., 
was  born  at  Ashfield,  Mass.,  May  6,  1846. 
He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in 
1867,  and  subsequently  studied  at  Berlin, 
Bonn,  Heidelberg,  and  Leipzig.  From  1872 
to  1876  he  was  Professor  of  Psychology  in 
Antioch  College  (Ohio)  ;  in  1876  and  again 
in  1881-82  he  became  Lecturer  on  Psycho- 
logy at  Harvard  ;  and  in  1882  he  became 
Professor  of  that  subject  in  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  at  Baltimore.  On  the 
establishment  of  Clark  University  at  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  in  1888,  Professor  Hall  was 
made  its  President.  The  degree  of  Ph.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Harvard  in 
1876.  In  addition  to  extensive  contribu- 
tions to  periodicals  on  psychological  and 
educational  topics,  he  edits  the  American 
Journal  of  Psychology,  The  Pedagogical 
Seminary,  and  is  the  author  of  "Aspects  of 
German  Culture,"  1881 ;  (with  John  M. 
Mansfield)  of  "  Hints  towards  a  Select  and 
Descriptive  Bibliography  of  Education," 
1886 ;  "  The  Contents  of  Children's  Minds 
on  entering  School,"  1894  ;  and  "  The  Story 
of  a  Sand  Pile,"  1897. 

HALL,  The  Rev.  Newman,  D.D., 
LL.B.,  is  fourth  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Vine  Hall,  and  brother  of  Captain  J.  V. 
Hall,  who  commanded  the  Great  Eastern 
steamship  on  her  first  voyage  across  the 
Atlantic.  Born  at  Maidstone,  May  22, 
1816,  he  was  educated  at  Totteridge  and 
at  Highbury  College,  and  graduated  B.A. 
at  the  London  University.  In  1855  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.B.,  and  won  the  law 
scholarship.  He  was  appointed  minister 
of  the  Albion  Congregational  Church, 
Hull,  in  1842,  and  remained  at  that  post 
till  1854,  when  he  succeeded  the  Rev.  James 
Sherman  as  minister  of  Surrey  Chapel, 
known  as  Rowland  Hill's  Chapel,  in  the 
Blackfriars  Road,  London.  When  the  civil 
war  in  the  United  States  broke  out,  he 
advocated  the  Northern  cause  in  the  inter- 
ests of  Union  and  Freedom.  He  afterwards 
made  two  extensive  tours  in  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  allaying  the  bitter 
feeling  towards  Great  Britain,  and  of  pro- 
moting international  good-will.  "  Lincoln 
Tower,"  220  feet  high,  adjoining  "Christ 
Church  "  in  Westminster  Bridge  Road,  was 


built  in  commemoration  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, from  funds  subscribed  by  Americans 
and  English.  The  church  itself,  erected 
chiefly  by  his  congregation  when  the  lease 
of  the  old  chapel  in  the  Blackfriars  Road 
expired,  is  one  of  the  chief  ecclesiastical 
modern  structures  in  London,  in  thirteenth- 
century  Gothic  ;  it  is  seated  for  2000  per- 
sons. The  total  cost,  including  freehold 
site,  was  £63,000,  mostly  obtained  by  Mr. 
Newman  Hall's  efforts  ;  in  token  of  which 
the  congregation  have  erected  in  the  church 
an  alabaster  pulpit  of  great  beauty.  Mr. 
Newman  Hall  has  written  numerous  devo- 
tional treatises,  one  of  which,  entitled 
"  Come  to  Jesus, "has  reached  a  circulation 
of  nearly  three  millions,  in  upwards  of 
twenty  languages.  He  has  written  also 
"It  is  I";  "  Follow  Jesus  "  ;  "Antidote 
to  Fear" ;  "  Short  Memoir  of  Rev.  Rowland 
Hill";  "Homeward  Bound";  "The  Land 
of  the  Forum  and  the  Vatican,  or  Thoughts 
and  Sketches  during  an  Easter  Pilgrimage 
to  Rome"  (1854,  new  edit.,  1859)  ;  a  small 
volume  of  devotional  poetry,  entitled 
"  Pilgrim  Songs  in  Cloud  and  Sunshine," 
1871;  also  "Mountain  Musings";  a  tractate 
on  "  Prayer  :  its  Reasonableness  and  Effi- 
cacy," 1875;  and  several  small  works  on 
teetotalism,  of  which  he  has  been  an  earnest 
advocate  during  forty  years.  He  has  also 
compiled  from  Scripture  a  volume  of  devo- 
tion, entitled  "Prayer  and  Praise  in  Bible 
Words,"  and  has  edited  an  autobiography 
of  his  father,  entitled  "  Conflict  and  Vic- 
tory." A  later  work  is  an  8vo  volume  on 
the  Lord's  Prayer ;  others  are  "  Geth- 
semane,  or  Leaves  of  Healing  from  the 
Garden  of  Grief,"  and  "Lyrics of  a  Long 
Life."  He  married  in  1880  Harriet,  daugh- 
ter of  E.  S.  Knipe,  of  Water  Newton 
Hampslnre.  Address  :  Vine  House,  Harnn- 
stead  Heath,  N.W. 

HALL12,  Lady,  nie  Wilhelmine 
Neruda,  violinist,  was  born  March  21, 
1840,  at  Briinn,  in  Moravia,  where  her 
father  was  organist  of  the  Cathedral. 
She  was  a  pupil  of  Jansa,  and  made  her 
first  appearance  at  Vienna  in  1846.  She 
came  to  London  in  1848  to  plav,  at  the 
Philharmonic,  a  concerto  of  De"  Benot's. 
After  this  she  returned  to  the  Continent' 
and  passed  several  years  in  travelling' 
chiefly  in  Russia.  In  1864  she  visited 
Paris,  and  played  at  the  Pasdeloup  con- 
certs, the  Conservatoire,  and  elsewhere. 
In  the  same  year  she  married  Ludwig 
Norman,  a  Swedish  musician.  On  May 
17,  1869,  Madame  Norman-Ne'ruda  again 
played  at  the  Philharmonic  in  London  and 
in  the  winter  took  the  first  violin  at  the 
series  of  Monday  Popular  Concerts.  From 
that  time  she  has  been  in  England  for 
each  winter  and  spring,  playing  at  the 
Popular  Concerts,  the  Philharmonic  Crystal 


HALLETT  —  HALLIBURTON 


469 


Palace,  and  especially  at  the  recitals  of 
the  late  Sir  Charles  Halle,  to  whom  she 
was  married  in  1888.  He  died  in  1895. 
Addresses :  19  Holland  Park,  W.  ;  and 
Greenhayes  Lane,  Manchester. 

HALLETT,  Holt  Samuel,  M.  Inst. 
C.E.,  F.R.G.S.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Thomas  Perharn  Luxmoore  Hallett,  Fellow 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  an  eminent 
member  of  the  Chancery  Bar,  and  re- 
presentative of  an  ancient  west-country 
family.  Mr.  Holt  Hallett  was  born  on 
July  16, 1841,  and  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house and  at  Kensington  Grammar  School, 
where  he  was  a  private  pupil  of  the  Rev. 
George  Frost.  He  qualified  for  his  pro- 
fession under  the  late  Mr.  William  Baker, 
the  Engineer-in-Cbief  of  the  London  and 
North-Western  Railway.  Having  gained 
great  experience,  and  carried  out,  as 
engineer,  extensive  works  in  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire,  in  1868  he  was  offered  the 
appointment  of  Resident  Engineer  on  the 
Garston  Docks  on  the  Mersey,  then  about 
to  be  constructed,  but  accepted  in  pre- 
ference an  appointment  under  the  Govern- 
ment of  India.  During  the  eleven  years 
that  Mr.  Hallett  was  in  Government  service 
he  had  charge  of  various  large  divisions 
in  British  Burmah,  one  of  which,  the 
Tenasserim  Division,  included  the  whole 
portion  of  the  British  frontier  neighbour- 
ing Siam  and  the  Shan  States.  For  some 
time  during  his  service  in  this  Division  he 
had  as  one  of  his  assistants  Mr.  Archibald 
Colquhoun.  The  acquaintance  and  friend- 
ship of  these  gentlemen  gave  rise  to  the 
vast  project,  now  before  the  public,  for 
the  connection  of  India  and  China  by 
railway,  and  to  the  valuable  explorations 
and  surveys  carried  out  by  these  intrepid 
travellers  in  China,  Siam,  and  the  Shan 
States,  to  prove  the  practicability  of  their 
scheme.  They  succeeded  in  tracing  out 
the  route  for  the  railway;  and  one  of 
the  sections  of  their  line,  that  between 
Toungoo  and  Mandalay,  has  been  com- 
pleted by  the  Government  of  India ;  and 
another  section,  that  between  Sagain  and 
Mogoung,  is  now  in  hand.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  whole  system  advocated  by 
them,  1790  miles  in  length,  is  now  generally 
allowed  by  the  Governments  concerned  and 
the  mercantile  community  to  be  merely 
a  matter  of  time.  The  Siamese  Govern- 
ment is  having  the  portions  of  the  line 
lying  in  its  territory  surveyed  by  Sir 
Andrew  Clarke's  syndicate,  and  the  survey 
is  approaching  completion.  The  thanks 
of  the  Home  and  Eastern  Chambers  of 
Commerce  have  been  accorded  to  Mr.  Holt 
Hallett  and  his  colleague.  Mr.  Hallett's 
work  "A  Thousand  Miles  on  an  Elephant 
in  the  Shan  States,"  gives  an  account  of 
his  travels  through  Indo-China  in  search 


of  the  best  route  for  the  railway.  In  1887 
he  received  the  silver  medal  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  for  his  paper  on  "New  Markets 
and  the  Extension  of  Railways  of  India 
and  Burmah." 

HALLIBURTON,     William    Dob- 

binson,  M.D.,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.,  son  of  Thomas 
Halliburton,  Esq.,  of  Upper  Norwood,  was 
born  in  London  on  June  21,  1860.  He 
received  his  education  first  privately  and 
subsequently  at  University  College  School, 
under  the  head-mastership,  first  of  T. 
Hewitt  Key  and  then  of  H.  W.  Eve.  He 
left  school  in  July  1877,  carrying  with 
him  the  principal  senior  prizes,  and  in 
the  following  October  entered  University 
College,  first  as  a  science  student  and 
subsequently  as  a  student  of  medicine. 
Here  he  obtained  many  class  distinc- 
tions, and  academical  honours  at  London 
University  examinations.  He  graduated 
as  B.Sc.  in  1879,  as  M.B.  in  1883,  and 
M.D.  in  1884.  At  University  College  Hos- 
pital he  filled  several  posts,  including  that 
of  House  Physician.  He  did  not,  how- 
ever, become  a  practitioner  of  medicine, 
but  devoted  his  attention  to  physiology, 
a  subject  to  which  he  was  originally 
attracted  by  the  teachings  of  Professors 
Burdon  Sanderson  and  Schafer.  In  1883 
he  was  appointed  Sharpey  Physiological 
Scholar  at  University  College,  and  two 
years  later  received  from  the  Council  of 
University  College  the  Science  Research 
Medal,  and  the  title  of  Fellow  of  Univer- 
sity College.  In  1887  he  became  Assistant 
Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  same  institu- 
tion, a  post  which  he  resigned  when,  in 
1890,  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
Physiology  at  King's  College,  London,  in 
succession  to  Professor  Gerald  Yeo.  This 
appointment  he  now  holds.  He  was  also 
for  twelve  years  Lecturer  on  Physiology 
at  the  London  School  of  Medicine  for 
Women;  this  post  he  resigned  in  December 
1897  on  account  of  the  pressure  of  his 
other  duties.  He  either  is  or  has  been 
recently  an  examiner  in  Physiology  for 
the  Universities  of  London,  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, Victoria,  Glasgow,  and  Aberdeen, 
and  at  the  Royal  Colleges  of  Surgeons 
and  Physicians,  England,  and  the  Royal 
Veterinary  College.  Among  other  honours 
received  by  him  may  be  mentioned  the 
Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society,  to  which 
he  was  elected,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty, 
in  1891,  the  Fellowship  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  (1892),  and  the 
post  of  Goulstonian  lecturer  at  the  same 
college  (1893).  He  has  published,  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
in  the  Journal  of  Physiology,  a  large 
number  of  researches,  especially  in  the 
realm  of  Chemical  Physiology,  where  he 
is  best  known  by  his  work  on  the  proteids 


470 


H  ALLIDAY  —  HAMILTON 


of  blood,  milk,  and  various  organs  of  the 
body,  on  the  coagulation  of  the  blood,  and 
on  the  chemistry  of  muscle.  He  has  also 
written  two  books;  one,  a  "Text-book  of 
Chemical  Physiology,"  was  published  by 
Messrs.  Longmans  in  1891,  and  the  other, 
a  students'  handbook,  entitled  "Essentials 
of  Chemical  Physiology,"  was  issued  by 
the  same  firm  in  1893  (a  third  edition 
of  the  latter  was  issued  in  1899).  Both 
these  works  have  been  translated  into 
German.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  fourteenth 
edition  of  Kirkes'  "Physiology"  (John 
Murray,  1896  ;  15th  edition,  1899).  This 
edition  was  practically  entirely  rewritten. 
He  also  wrote  the  articles  on  General 
Chemical  Physiology  in  Professor  Schafer's 
Text-book  of  Physiology  published  bv 
Pentland  in  1898.  In  1886  he  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  James  Dawe.  Address  : 
9  Ridgmount  Gardens,  W.C. 

HALLIDAY,  Sir  Frederick  James, 
K.C.B.,  son  of  Thomas  Halliday,  Esq., 
of  Ewell,  Surrey,  was  born  in  1806,  and 
having  been  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School 
and  at  Haileybury  College,  entered  the 
civil  service  of  the  East  India  Company 
in  1825.  He  held  several  civil,  political, 
and  legislative  posts  ;  and  in  December 
1853  was  appointed  one  of  the  Supreme 
Council  of  India.  In  1854  he  was  made, 
by  Lord  Dalhousie,  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  Bengal,  which  post  he  held  through 
the  trying  period  of  the  Indian  Mutiny, 
when  he  was  reported  by  Lord  Canning 
to  have  been  "the  right  hand  of  the 
Government."  For  the  energy,  resolution, 
and  administrative  ability  which  he  dis- 
played in  that  office  he  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  was 
created  in  1860  a  K.C.B.  (Civil  Division). 
In  1868  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  India,  and  retired  at  the  close  of 
1886.    Address:  21  Bolton  Gardens,  S.W. 

HALSBURY,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Hardinge  Stanley  Giffard, 
M.A.,  J.P.,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  Lord  High 
Chancellor  of  England,  born  in  London, 
September  3,  1825,  is  the  third  son  of  the 
late  Stanley  Lees  Giffard,  Esq.,  LL.D., 
barrister-at-law,  and  Susanna,  daughter 
of  the  late  Frank  Moran.  He  was  educated 
at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1852,  and  M.A.  in 
1855.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1850,  and  joined  the 
North  Wales  and  Chester  Circuit.  He 
also  had  a  very  large  junior  practice  at  the 
Central  Criminal  Court  and  the  Middlesex 
Sessions,  and  he  was  for  several  years  a 
junior  prosecuting  Counsel  to  the  Treasury. 
He  became  Queen's  Counsel  in  1865,  and 
a  Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In  1873 
he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Car- 


marthenshire Quarter  Sessions.  In  Mr. 
Disraeli's  administration  in  1875  he  was 
made  Solicitor- General.  He  twice  con- 
tested Cardiff  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
but  did  not  succeed  in  getting  a  seat  until 
1877,  when  he  was  returned  for  Launces- 
ton,  and  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  for 
that  borough  until  his  elevation  to  the 
peerage  in  1885,  when  he  was  created 
Baron  Halsbury,  and  appointed  Lord  High 
Chancellor.  He  was  Lord  Chancellor  with 
a  short  interval  (January  to  July  1886) 
from  1885  to  August  1892,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Lord  Herschell,  and  was 
reappointed  in  1895.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  counsel  in  the  Tichborne  case,  and 
before  his  elevation  he  was  engaged  in 
most  of  the  important  cases  of  his  time. 
He  is  Constable  of  Launceston  Castle,  and 
in  1881  was  treasurer  of  his  Inn.  His 
attainment  to  high  judicial  office  is  a 
remarkable  exception  to  the  axiom  of  the 
English  Bar,  that  no  criminal  practitioner 
ever  reaches  the  Woolsack.  In  July  1891, 
Oxford  University  bestowed  upon  Lord 
Halsbury  the  hon.  degree  of  D.C.L.  He 
was  appointed  High  Steward  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  1896.  He  is  Senior  Grand 
Warden  of  English  Freemasons.  He  mar- 
ried (1),  in  1852,  Caroline,  daughter  of 
C.  O.  Humphreys,  and  (2),  in  1874,  Wilhel- 
mina,  daughter  of  Henry  Woodfall,  of 
Stanmore,  Middlesex.  Addresses  :  4  Ennis- 
more  Gardens,  S.W. ;  Woodlands,  Great 
Stanmore,  Middlesex,  &c.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HAMILTON  and  BRANDON, 
Duke  of,  Alfred  Douglas  Douglas- 
Hamilton,  Premier  Peer  of  Scotland, 
Hereditary  Keeper  of  Holyrood  Palace, 
sitting  in  the  House  of  Peers  as  Duke  of 
Brandon,  was  born  on  March  6,  1862,  and 
succeeded  to  the  title  in  1895.  He  has 
been  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Navy. 
The  12th  Duke,  whom  he  succeeded,  ap- 
pointed trustees  to  the  estates,  which 
amount  to  157,400  acres.  His  heir  is 
Percy  S.  D.  Hamilton,  a  cousin.  Ad- 
dresses :  23  Princes  Gate,  S.W.  ;  Hamilton 
Palace,  Lanarkshire,  &c. 

HAMILTON,    Lord    Claud    John, 

was  born  in  Middlesex  on  Feb.  20,  1843, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  the  1st  Duke  of 
Abercorn  and  Lady  Louisa  Russell,  second 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  He 
was  educated  at  Harrow,  entered  the 
Grenadier  Guards  in  1862,  and  retired  in 
1867,  in  which  year  he  was  appointed 
Colonel  of  the  5th  Battalion  of  the  Royal 
Inniskilling  Fusiliers.  In  1892  he  was 
appointed  Hon.  Colonel  to  the  same.  He 
was  aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen  in  1887. 
He  has  been  thrice  M.P.,  having  repre- 
sented Londonderry  from  1865  to  1868, 
King's  Lynn  from  1869  to  1880,  and  Liver- 


HAMILTON  —  HAMMOND 


471 


pool  from  1880  to  1888.  He  was  Lord 
of  the  Treasury  in  1868.  Lord  Claud 
Hamilton  is  Chairman  of  the  Great  Eas- 
tern Railway.  In  1878  he  married  Caro- 
lina, daughter  of  the  late  Edward  Chandos 
Pole,  Eadbourne  Hall,  Derby,  and  Lady 
Anna,  his  wife.  Address  :  55  St.  Ermine's 
Mansions,  Westminster,  S.W. 


HAMILTON,    Gail. 
Mary  Abigail. 


See   Dodge, 


HAMILTON,  The  Right  Hon. 
Lord  George  Francis,  M.P.,  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India,  is  the  third  son  of 
the  Duke  of  Abercorn,  by  Lady  Louisa, 
second  daughter  of  John,  6th  Duke  of 
Bedford.  He  was  born  at  Brighton  in 
December  1845,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Harrow.  In  1864  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  Ensign  in  the  Rifle  Brigade, 
and  in  1868  was  promoted  Lieutenant  in 
the  Coldstream  Guards.  At  the  general 
election  of  December  1868  he  contested 
the  county  of  Middlesex  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest,  and  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  the  poll.  This  decisive  Conserva- 
tive victory  occasioned  great  surprise  in 
political  circles,  as  Middlesex  had  previ- 
ously been  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
impregnable  strongholds  of  the  Liberal 
party.  At  the  general  election  of  Feb- 
ruary 1874  Lord  George  Hamilton  again 
came  in  at  the  head  of  the  poll.  Since 
1885  he  has  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
as  Conservative  member  for  the  Ealing 
Division  of  Middlesex.  On  the  formation 
of  Mr.  Disraeli's  administration  in  Feb- 
ruary 1874  his  lordship  was  nominated 
to  the  post  of  Parliamentary  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  India ;  and  he 
was  appointed  Vice-President  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education,  April  4, 
1878,  in  succession  to  Viscount  Sandon. 
On  the  latter  occasion  he  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council.  He  went  out  of  office 
with  his  party  in  April  1880.  On  the 
defeat  of  the  Gladstone  Government  he 
was  made  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
from  June  1885  to  February  1886,  under 
Lord  Salisbury's  first  administration,  and 
filled  the  same  post  in  the  second  Salis- 
bury cabinet,  1886  till  August  1892.  In 
October  1888  he  made  a  speech  in  Glasgow, 
in  which  he  gave  a  very  favourable  ac- 
count of  the  state  of  the  navy,  but  during 
1889  the  country  witnessed  the  adoption 
and  practical  commencement  of  the  largest 
and  most  comprehensive  scheme  of  new 
naval  construction  that  has  ever  been  put 
forward  by  a  British  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty.  Lord  George  Hamilton's  re- 
solutions were  adopted  by  the  Commons 
in  April,  and  in  May  the  Naval  Defence 
Act  was  passed.  Various  newspaper  ar- 
ticles and   statements  in  the   House  by 


Lord  Charles  Beresford  and  others  had 
created  a  sort  of  panic  in  the  public  mind, 
and  consequently  Lord  G.  Hamilton's 
programme  met  with  little  opposition. 
£21,500,000  were  voted  for  the  navy, 
£10,000,000  to  be  taken  from  the  Consoli- 
dated Fund  in  seven  years,  and  the  re- 
mainder from  five  years'  navy  estimates. 
The  scheme  provided  for  the  construc- 
tion and  equipment  of  10  first-class 
battleships,  9  first-class  cruisers,  33 
smaller  cruisers,  and  18  torpedo  gun- 
boats, the  whole  programme  to  be  com- 
pleted in  four  and  a  half  years.  In 
Lord  Salisbury's  third  administration, 
which  came  into  power  in  1895,  Lord 
George  Hamilton  was  selected  as  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India.  Since  his 
appointment  to  that  office  India  has 
passed  through  very  troublous  times,  and 
great  credit  is  due  to  Lord  George  for  the 
ability  and  judgment  he  displayed  in  the 
performance  of  his  duties.  He  encoun- 
tered a  good  deal  of  opposition  in  the 
House  to  his  resolution  of  July  2,  1896, 
that  the  costs  of  the  Indian  troops  sent  to 
Egypt  for  the  Nile  expedition  should  be 
charged  to  India.  Towards  the  end  of 
1896,  owing  chiefly  to  a  great  scarcity  of 
grain,  a  terrible  famine  raged  throughout 
India.  The  Lord  Mayor  at  once  opened  a 
fund  for  the  relief  of  the  natives,  and  in 
a  very  few  weeks  Lord  George  Hamilton 
was  enabled  to  send  over  half  a  million  to 
relieve  the  distress.  The  famine  was  suc- 
ceeded by  a  frontier  war  of  exceptional 
length  and  bitterness,  in  which  the  Afridis, 
a  very  warlike  tribe,  figured  prominently. 
In  1894  Lord  George  Hamilton  was  elected 
Chairman  of  the  London  School  Board, 
and  held  the  appointment  for  a  year.  He 
is  also  an  Elder  Brother  of  Trinity  House, 
and  was  appointed  Captain  of  Deal  Castle 
in  March  1899,  in  succession  to  the  late 
Lord  Herschell.  He  married  in  1871  Lady 
Maud  Caroline,  youngest  daughter  of  the 
3rd  Earl  of  Harewood.  Addresses :  17 
Montagu  Street,  Portman  Square,  W. ;  and 
Athenaaum. 

HAMMOND,  William  Alexander, 

M.D.,  born  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  Aug. 
28,  1828,  graduated  M.D.  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  New  York  in  1848,  and  in  June 
1849  entered  the  Medical  Service  of  the 
United  States  Army  as  Assistant-Surgeon, 
in  which  he  remained  till  1860,  having 
attained  the  Staff  rank  of  Captain.  In 
1860  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Ana- 
tomy and  Physiology  in  the  University 
of  Maryland.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  civil  war  he  resigned  his  professorship, 
and  re-entered  the  army  almost  at  the 
bottom  of  the  list  of  Assistant-Surgeons, 
having,  of  course,  lost  his  previous  rank 
by  his  resignation.     But  on  the  reorgani- 


472 


HAMPDEN  —  HANBURY 


sation    of   the    Medical   Bureau   in  April 
1862,  he  was,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of 
the  Sanitary  Commission  and  the  General- 
in-Chief  of  the  army,  appointed  Surgeon- 
General  of   the   army,  with  the   rank    of 
Brigadier-General.     He  retained  this  posi- 
tion until  1864,  when  he  was  dismissed 
from  the  service  on  the  ground  of  irregu- 
larities in  the  award  of  contracts.      This 
sentence  was   reversed  by  the   President 
and  Congress  in  1878,  after  full  investiga- 
tion, and  he  was  restored  to  his  full  rank 
and,  at  his  own  request,  placed  on  the 
retired  list.      On  his   dismissal   from  the 
army  in  1864  he  was  appointed  Professor 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  ; 
shortly  afterwards  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College,  New  York,  and  Physician- 
in-Chief  to  the  New  York  State  Hospital 
for  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System ;  and 
subsequently    was    connected    with     the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
New  York.     In  1882  he  became  Professor 
of  Mental    and  Nervous  Diseases  in  the 
New  York  Post  Graduate  Medical  School. 
He  was  also  the  editor  of  the  Journal  of 
Psychological  Medicine,  and  has  published 
"  Military  Hygiene,"  1863  ;  "Physiological 
Memoirs,"    1863;    "Venereal    Diseases," 
1864;    "  Wakefulness,"   1865  ;    "Insanity 
in    its    Medico-Legal    Relations,"    1866 ; 
"  Sleep,  and  its  Nervous  Derangements," 
1869;    "The  Physics  and   Physiology  of 
Spiritualism,"  1870;  "  Medico-Legal  Study 
of  the  Case  of  Daniel  M'Farland,"  1870  ; 
"  A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System,"  1871  ;  "  Insanity  in  its  Relations 
to    Crime,"    1873  ;     "  Spinal    Irritation," 
1877  ;  "  Over  Mental  Work,  and  Emotional 
Disturbances,"  and  "Cerebral  Hypersemia," 
1878;    " Fasting  Girls,"   1879  ;    "Certain 
Forms  of   Nervous  Derangement,"   1881  ; 
"  Insanity  in  its  Medical  Relations,"  1883  ; 
and  "  Sexual  Impotence  in  the  Male,"  1886. 
He  has  also  published  the  following  novels : 
"Lai,"    and   "Dr.  Grattan,"  1884;    "Mr. 
Oldmixon,"     and     "  A      Strong  -  Minded 
Woman,"  1885;    "On  the  Susquehanna," 
1886.     In  1889  he  removed  to  Washington, 
where  he  now  resides. 

HAMPDEN,  Viscount,  Henry 
Robert  Brand,  G.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  J.P., 
late  Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief 
of  New  South  Wales,  is  the  son  of 
the  first  Viscount,  who  was  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  from  1872 
to  1884.  He  was  born  on  May  2, 
1841,  and  was  educated  at  Rugby.  He 
entered  the  Coldstream  Guards,  and 
retired  with  the  rank  of  Captain.  From 
1865  to  1873  he  was  M.P.  for  Herts,  and 
sat  for  Stroud  in  1874,  and  from  1880  to 
1885  and  1885  to  1886.  From  1883  to 
1885  he  was  Surveyor-General  of  Ord- 
nance.    He  succeeded  his  father  in  1892, 


is  a  J.P.  for  Herts  and  Sussex,  and  was 
appointed  Governor-General  of  New  South 
Wales  in  1895.  He  retired  from  the 
Governorship  in  January  1899,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Earl  Beauchamp.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1868,  Susan,  daughter  of  Lord 
George  Cavendish.  Addresses  :  Govern- 
ment House,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales ; 
The  Hoo,  Velwyn,  Herts  ;  and  The  Priory, 
Royston. 

HAMPTON,  Hon.  "Wade,  was  born 
at  Charleston,  S.C.,  March  28,  1818.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
South  Carolina,  and  subsequently  became 
a  member  of  the  State  Legislature. 
Though  opposed  to  secession,  he  entered 
the  Confederate  army  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  as  a  private,  and  before  its 
close  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  Lieut.- 
General.  From  1877  to  1879  he  was 
Governor  of  South  Carolina,  and  from  1879 
to  1891  he  was  U.S.  Senator  from  that 
State.  In  March  1893  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Cleveland  U.  S.  Commissioner 
of  Railroads,  and  held  the  office  till  1897. 

HAMUD  BIN  MAHOMED,  Said, 

Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  was  placed  on  the 
throne  by  Great  Britain  in  1896.  On  the 
sudden  death  of  the  late  Sultan  Hamed 
bin  Thwain,  in  August  1896,  Said  Khaled, 
a  member  of  the  reigning  family,  seized 
the  Palace  and  held  it  with  a  number 
of  armed  followers.  He  proclaimed  him- 
self Sultan,  but  was  not  recognised  as 
such,  and  having  refused  to  quit  the 
Palace  it  was  found  necessary  to  resort  to 
force  to  compel  his  submission.  After  a 
bombardment  of  half-an-hour  from  British 
warships  in  the  harbour,  Khaled  fled  to 
the  German  Consulate,  whence  he  was 
eventually  deported  to  German  East 
Africa,  where  he  remained.  Hamud  bin 
Mahomed,  in  April  1897,  issued  a  decree, 
which  bad  for  its  object  the  abolition  of 
slavery,  and  the  compensation  of  slave- 
owners. By  the  end  of  the  year,  however, 
the  British  and  Foreign  Anti  -  Slavery- 
Society  discovered  this  law  to  be  a  dead 
letter. 

H ANBURY,  Sir  James  Arthur, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Samuel  Hanbury,  was  born  in  1832,  and 
received  his  education  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  in  1853.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England  in  1859.  Immediately 
after  graduating  at  Dublin,  he  entered  the 
medical  department  of  the  army.  He 
became  Surgeon  in  1863,  Surgeon-Major  in 
1873,  Brigadier  -  Surgeon  in  1879,  and 
Deputy  -  Surgeon  -  General  in  1881.  He 
served  with  distinction   in  China,  India, 


HANBURY  —  HANOTAUX 


473 


and  America ;  was  principal  medical 
officer  of  a  division  during  the  Afghan 
campaigns  of  1878-79  and  1879-80  ;  and 
served  as  principal  medical  officer  under 
Lieut. -General  Sir  Frederick  Roberts  on 
the  occasion  of  his  celebrated  march  from 
Kabul  to  Kandahar.  For  these  services  he 
was  created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  and 
received  the  war  medal  and  bronze  star. 
In  August  1882  he  was  specially  selected 
to  accompany  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  as 
principal  medical  officer  of  the  Egyptian 
expedition,  with  the  local  rank  of  Surgeon- 
General.  At  the  close  of  the  campaign 
he  was, created  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Ireland  {honoris 
causd),  in  1883.  He  was  principal  medical 
officer  at  Gibraltar  from  1887  to  1888,  and 
Surgeon-General  of  the  Forces  in  the 
Madras  Presidency  from  1888  to  1892.  He 
has  retired.  In  1886  he  married  Emily, 
daughter  of  the  late  J.  Anderson  of  Cox- 
lodge  Hall,  Northumberland,  and  widow 
of  Colonel  Carter,  C.B.  Address  :  Army 
and  Navy  Club. 

HANBTJRY,  The  Bt.  Hon.  Robert 
William,  M.P.,  is  the  only  son  of  Robert 
Hanbury,  of  Bodehall  House,  Tamworth, 
and  was  born  on  Feb.  24,  1845.  He  was 
educated  at  Rugby  and  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  in  the 
second  class  Lit.  Hum.  in  1868.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  Conservative  member 
for  Tamworth,  and  represented  that  con- 
stituency until  1878,  when  he  became 
member  for  North  Staffordshire.  From 
1880  till  1885  he  was  out  of  Parliament, 
but  in  the  latter  year  he  was  returned  to 
the  House  of  Commons  as  Conservative 
member  for  Preston,  a  borough  which  he 
has  continuously  represented  since.  He 
was  appointed  Financial  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury  in  1895,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  sworn  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council. 
Mr.  Hanbury  is  a  Deputy  Lieutenant,  and 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  for  the  counties  of 
Derby,  Stafford,  and  Warwick,  and  is  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  5th  Lanes.  Artillery  "Volun- 
teers. He  was  married  in  1884  to  Ellen, 
daughter  of  Lieut. -Col.  Knott  Hamilton. 
Address  :  Ham  Hall,  Ashbourne,  Derby- 
shire. 

HANNAY,  James  Lennox,  M.A., 
J.P.,  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  John  Hannay,  and  was 
born  on  Sept.  20,  1826.  He  was  educated 
privately,  and  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  in  1851.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1852,  and  was  formerly  Counsel  to  the 
Magistrates  of  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, and  also  Recorder  of  Pontefract. 
In    1871    Mr.    Hannay    was    appointed   a 


Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate  at  the 
Worship  Street  Court,  and  in  1888  he  was 
transferred  to  Marlborough  Street  Court. 
Address  :  113  St.  George's  Square,  S.W. 

HANOTAUX,  Gabriel,  French  states- 
man and  man  of  letters,  was  born  on  Nov. 
19,  1853,  at  a  small  village  on  the  outskirts 
of  St.  Quintin,  at  Beaurevoir.  His  father 
was  a  solicitor,  and  Gabriel  was,  from  the 
first,  destined  to  enter  his  father's  profes- 
sion. He  was  duly  articled  to  a  Paris 
solicitor,  but  the  fascinations  of  the  study 
of  politics  and  of  history,  and  the  allure- 
ments of  the  beaux  arts,  killed  whatever  of 
the  lawyer  he  might  have  inherited  from 
his  father.  However,  out  of  respect  to 
his  father,  he  commenced  the  study 
of  civil  law.  He  followed,  on,  his  own 
account,  the  "  Cours  de  l'Ecole  des 
Chartes,"  and,  soon  afterwards,  was  ap- 
pointed Keeper  of  the  Ancient  Manu- 
scripts. _  Thence  he  went  to  the  Ecole  des 
Hautes  Etudes,  no  longer  as  a  pupil,  but 
as  Maitre  de  Conferences.  About  this  time 
he  secured,  through  his  friend  and  relation, 
Henri  Martin,  the  historian,  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  conductors  of  La  Rtyublique 
Franchise,  a  journal  then  inspired  by  Gam- 
betta,  at  that  time  President  of  the 
Chamber.  This  first  essay  in  journalism, 
as  in  the  case  of  many  another,  opened 
up  the  road  to  fame.  It  happened  one 
day,  we  are  told,  that  Gambetta  chanced 
to  read,  in  the  "  Varie'te's  "  column  of  the 
paper,  an  article  on  the  sixteenth  century, 
written  by  young  Gabriel  Hanotaux.  Im- 
mensely struck  by  the  style  and  verve, 
Gambetta  sought  out  the  writer,  and  after 
a  conversation  which  will  be  remembered 
by  M.  Hanotaux  to  his  dying  hour,  offered 
the  scribe  an  appointment  in  the  Affaires 
Etrangeres.  Thus  entered  on  his  native 
sphere  the  most  distinguished  French 
Ministre  d' Affaires  Etrangeres  of  modern 
times.  The  ambitious  young  man  chose 
the  Ancient  Record  Office,  where  he  was 
put  in  charge  of  the  historic  portion,  andj 
later  on,  Gambetta  made  his  protege'  a 
member  of  his  Cabinet.  On  M.  Challemel- 
Lacour  succeeding  to  the  Ministry,  M. 
Hanotaux  occupied  the  same  position,  and 
again  under  M.  Jules  Ferry,  who  appointed 
him  his  Chef  de  Cabinet.  When  the  Ferry 
Ministry  fell,  he  was  sent  as  Conseiller  d' 
Ambassadeto  Constantinople,  but  returned 
the  following  year  on  being  elected  Deputy 
for  the  D^partement  de  l'Aisne.  During 
this  Parliament  he  occupied  himself  with 
certain  diplomatic  and  military  questions, 
and  became  a  declared  enemy  of  Boulang- 
ism.  Defeated  in  the  1889  elections  by 
Count  Caffarelli,  a  Royalist,  on  the  second 
ballot  for  Vervins,  M.  Hanotaux  re-entered 
upon  his  connection  with  the  Quai  d'Orsay, 
becoming  Director  of   the   Consulats  and 


474 


HANSLICK  —  HANSON 


the  Affaires  Commerciales.  In  May  1894,on 
the  formation  of  the  Dupuy  Cabinet,  he 
was  offered  and  accepted  the  post  which 
he  filled  with  such  distinction,  the  Secre- 
taryship of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs.  With 
the  exception  of  a  short  break  which 
occurred  during  the  administration  of  the 
Bourgeois  Ministry,  M.  Hanotaux  retained 
his  post  until  June  1898,  when  the  Meline 
combination  fell.  Since  his  defeat  in  1889 
(supra)  he  has  not  submitted  himself  to 
the  popular  vote,  principally,  it  is  thought, 
that  he  may  render  more  acceptable  his 
permanent  occupation  of  the  portfolio  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  an  arrangement  which 
he  considers  should  be  made  in  the  true 
interests  of  his  country,  with  the  object 
of  avoiding  that  incontinuity  in  foreign 
relationships  which  has,  in  his  view,  so 
materially  affected  her  position  in  the 
past.  His  term  of  office  at  the  Quai 
d'Orsay  was  most  distinguished.  He 
consummated,  if  he  did  not  actually  con- 
ceive, that  Franco-Russian  alliance  which, 
at  one  time,  seemed  to  shift  the  European 
point  of  view.  His  negotiations  with  this 
country  have  been  as  friendly  as  circum- 
stances allowed,  and  he  has  long  ago 
earned  the  good-will  of  English  statesmen. 
Leaving  the  political  aspect  of  this  distin- 
guished Minister,  we  find  in  M.  Hanotaux 
a  loyal  Frenchman  who  upholds  the  high- 
est traditions  of  his  country.  His  reputa- 
tion as  a  man  of  letters  is,  of  itself,  sufficient 
to  ensure  that  memory  of  him  which  will 
remain  hereafter.  He  might,  perhaps,  be 
called  the  John  Morley  of  France,  uniting, 
as  he  does,  high  literary  excellence  with 
capable  government  of  men  and  affairs. 
His  chef-d'oeuvre,  "  Histoire  du  Cardinal 
de  Richelieu,"  has  become  a  classic.  On 
March  24,  1898,  M.  Hanotaux  was  received 
as  a  Membre  de  l'Academie,  and  his  address 
on  his  predecessor,  M.  Challemel-Lacour, 
takes  high  rank  in  contemporary  literature. 
An  eminent  English  newspaper,  comment- 
ing on  the  occasion,  said  :  "  As  a  statesman 
no  less  than  as  a  man  of  letters  he  does 
honour  to  the  choice  of  the  Academy. 
At  a  time  when  public  life  across  the 
Channel  is  not  so  rich  as  at  some  former 
periods  in  men  with  the  gifts  and  the 
training  of  statesmen,  France  has  the 
good  fortune  to  possess  at  the  Ministry 
for  Foreign  Affairs  a  politician  not  un- 
worthy to  sit  in  the  place  of  Thiers  and  of 
Guizot.  .  .  .  He  has  been,  as  all  Europe 
recognises,  the  most  successful  Foreign 
Minister  at  the  Quai  d'Orsay  for  many 
years.  He  has  known  how  to  reconcile 
the  firm  and  dignified  assertion  of  the 
claims  of  France  with  fairness  and  con- 
sideration for  those  of  other  people.  Above 
all,  he  has  shown  that  be  can  distinguish 
between  the  great  permanent  factors  which 
determine  the  European  situation  and  the 


transient  and  erratic  forces  which  occa- 
sionally tend  to  divert  them  for  a  time 
from  their  destined  path."  His  Paris 
address  is  258  Boulevard  St.  Germain. 

HANSLICK,  Dr.  Eduard,  musical 
critic,  born  at  Prague,  Sept.  11,  1825,  is 
the  son  of  a  well-known  bibliographer. 
He  studied  law  and  philosophy  in  Prague 
and  in  Vienna,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  Doctor.  In  1856  he  was  appointed 
tutor  of  aesthetics  and  musical  history  ;  in 
1861,  Professor  extraordinary  ;  and  in  1870, 
regular  Professor.  He  was  juror  for  the 
musical  department  of  the  Exhibition  of 
Paris,  1867 ;  Vienna,  1873  ;  and  Paris, 
1878  ;  and  used  every  effort  to  further  the 
interests  of  the  musical  instrument  makers 
of  Austria.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Imperial  Council,  having 
some  time  before  received  the  Order  of 
the  Iron  Crown.  During  the  years  1859- 
63  he  gave  public  lectures  in  Vienna,  and 
occasionally  in  Prague  and  at  Cologne,  on 
the  history  of  music.  He  has  been  musical 
critic  successively  .to  the  Wiener  Zeitung, 
the  Presse,  and  the  Neue  Freie  Presse.  His 
resistance  to  the  Liszt-Wagner  movement 
is  well  known.  Dr.  Hanslick  has  pub- 
lished "  Vom  musikalisch-Schonen,"  1854  ; 
"Geschichte  des  Concertwesens  in  Wien," 
1869  ;  "  Aus  dem  Concertsaal,"  1870 ;  "  Die 
moderne  Oper,"  1875;  "Aus  dem  Opern- 
leben  der  Gegenwart,"  1854. 

HANSON,  Sir  Reginald,  Bart.,  M.P., 
LL.D.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  who  was  born  on  May 
31,  1840,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Samuel 
Hanson,  and  head  of  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
Samuel  Hanson,  Son,  and  Barter,  wholesale 
grocers,  in  Botolph  Lane,  City.  His  family 
have  been  connected  with  the  Ward  of 
Billingsgate  for  144  years,  and  he  himself 
was  born  in  the  same  house  in  Botolph 
Lane  as  his  grandfather  and  father  were. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby,  during  Dean 
Goulburn's  and  Bishop  Temple's  head- 
masterships,  and  proceeded  thence  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
the  usual  degrees  of  B.A.  and  M.A.  In 
1887  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  on  him  by  the  University.  After 
a  visit  to  Australia  he  entered  his  father's 
business,  and,  with  twenty-five  of  his 
clerks,  joined  the  London  Rifle  Brigade  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Volunteer  movement. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Common  Council  for  Billingsgate  Ward, 
and  he  was  successively  the  Chairman  of 
the  Library  and  of  the  Local  Government 
and  Taxation  Committees.  In  1880,  on 
the  retirement  of  Mr.  Alderman  Sidney, 
he  was  elected  Alderman  of  the  Ward,  and 
in  1881-82  he  served  the  office  of  Sheriff 
in  conjunction  with  Sir  W.  A.  Ogg  in  the 
Mayoralty  of  Sir  J.  Whittaker  Ellis,  M.P. 


HAECOUET 


475 


He  was  knighted  with  his  colleague,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Queen  to 
Epping  Forest.  Subsequently  he  was  a 
member  of  the  London  School  Board  for 
three  years  ;  and  in  1889  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  London  County  Council. 
He  is  a  Past  Master  of  the  Shipwrights' 
Company ;  Master  of  the  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' Company  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  ;  and  was  sometime  Chairman 
of  the  Council  of  the  London  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  He  is  the  Honorary  Colonel 
of  the  4th  Battalion  Royal  Fusiliers  (City 
of  London  Militia),  and  is  also  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Crown  of  Oak  of  the 
Netherlands.  He  is  in  politics  a  Conser- 
vative. In  September  1886  Sir  Reginald 
was  elected  Lord  Mayor  of  London  for  the 
civic  year  18S6-87,  the  Jubilee  year,  and 
was  created  a  Baronet  on  the  occasion  of 
the  Queen's  visit  to  the  Mansion  House  in 
May  1887.  The  last  old  Rugby  scholar 
who  was  Lord  Mayor  was  Sir  W.  Plomer, 
who  filled  the  office  in  1781.  Sir  Reginald 
married,  in  1866,  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  C.  B.  Bingley,  of  Stanhope  Park,  Mid- 
dlesex. Addresses  :  4  Bryanston  Square, 
W.  ;  and  47  Bolton  Lane,  E.C. 

HARCOURT,  A.  G.  V.  See  Vernon - 
Harcoubt,  A.  G. 

HARCOURT,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
William  George  Granville  Venables 
Vernon,  M.P.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  second  son 
of  the  Rev.  William  Vernon  Harcourt,  and 
grandson  of  a  former  Archbishop  of  York, 
born  Oct.  14, 1827,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  a 
Scholar,  and  graduated  in  high  honours  in 
1851  (first-class  honours  in  Classical  Tripos 
and  Senior  Optime).  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1854,  and  went 
the  Home  Circuit.  He  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested the  Kirkcaldy  Burghs  in  1858.  Mr. 
Harcourt  was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel 
in  1866  ;  and  was  returned  to  the  House 
of  Commons  for  the  city  of  Oxford,  in  the 
Liberal  interest,  in  1868.  He  was  elected 
Whewell  Professor  of  International  Law 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  March  2, 
1869  ;  and  he  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  for  amending  the  Neutrality 
Laws ;  and  of  the  Royal  Commission  for 
amending'  the  Naturalisation  Laws.  He 
was  appointed  Solicitor-General  in  No- 
vember 1873,  on  which  occasion  he  was 
knighted,  and  he  held  that  office  until  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  administra- 
tion in  the  following  February.  When 
Mr.  Gladstone  returned  to  power  in  May 
1880,  Sir  W.  Harcourt  was  nominated 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment. On  his  going  down  to  Oxford  for 
re-election  on  that  occasion  he  was  de- 
feated,   polling   only   2681   votes    against 


2735  recorded  in  favour  of  his  Conserva- 
tive antagonist,  Mr.  A.  W.  Hall.  At  this 
juncture,  the  late  Mr.  Plimsoll,  M.P.  for 
Derby,  very  generously  accepted  the  Chil- 
tern  Hundreds,  whereupon  Sir  W.  Harcourt 
was  elected  one  of  the  representatives  of 
that  borough  in  his  stead.  Sir  W.  Har- 
court was  presented  with  the  freedom  of 
the  city  of  Glasgow,  Oct.  25,  1881.  He 
went  out  of  office  with  his  party  in  June 
1885  ;  but  on  the  return  of  the  Liberals  to 
power  in  January  1886,  he  was  made  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  and  reappointed 
to  this  post  in  1892.  He  was  re-elected 
for  Derby  at  both  the  general  elections 
(1885  and  1886),  and  again  in  1892.  In 
1895  he  was  defeated  at  Derby,  greatly  to 
the  surprise  of  all  parties.  His  poll  on 
this  occasion  amounted  to  6785,  while  of 
his  two  successful  opponents,  Mr.  H.  H. 
Bemrose  polled  7907,  and  Mr.  Geoffrey 
Drage,  7076.  A  seat  was  now  found  for 
him  in  Monmouthshire  West,  a  mining 
constituency,  which  he  now  represents. 
Sir  William  has  identified  himself  with  the 
affairs  of  the  Principality,  and  in  August 
1897  presided  over  one  of  the  sessions  of 
the  National  Eisteddfod  at  Newport,  when 
he  made  a  noteworthy  speech  upon  Wales 
and  the  Welsh  as  represented  by  this  their 
best-known  institution.  He  was  an  active 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  Jameson  Raid, 
and  has  recently  (July  to  October  1898) 
been  engaged  in  controversy,  both  in  Par- 
liament and  in  the  press,  on  the  subject 
of  the  Ritualistic  pretensions  of  a  certain 
section  of  the  clergy,  his  protests  being 
chiefly  made  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. His  speech  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  the  occasion  of  the  death  of  the 
Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone  was  one  of  the 
most  impressive  orations  delivered  at  the 
time.  He  was  one  of  the  pall-bearers  at 
that  statesman's  funeral.  In  December 
1898,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  John  Morley,  Sir 
William  Harcourt  made  the  announcement 
that  he,  perhaps,  intended  retiring  from 
the  leadership  of  the  Liberal  party  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  "  The  hypo- 
thetical form  of  certain  sentences  in 
the  Harcourt  -  Morley  correspondence," 
to  quote  the  Times'  leading  article 
of  Dec.  15,  1898,  "  led  some  to  suppose 
that  the  great  tactician  had  merely  made 
a  tactical  move,  and  that  a  vote  of  con- 
fidence would  replace  matters  on  their  old 
footing."  But  subsequent  correspondence 
between  Sir  William  and  his  supporters 
showed  plainly  enough  that  his  retirement 
from  the  leadership  had  been  decided 
upon  irrevocably.  He  now  sits  as  a  private 
member.  He  is  famous  among  Parlia- 
mentary debaters,  and  was  much  spoken 
of  as  the  future  leader  of  his  party  when 
Mr.  Gladstone  retired.   His  Budget, brought 


476 


HAEDIE  — HARDY 


forward  in  1894,  created  a  sensation,  since 
it  equalised  the  death  duties  on  real  and 
personal  property,  and  exempted  large  sec- 
tions of  the  poorer  business  and  profes- 
sional classes  from  payment  of  Income 
Tax.  His  friends  regard  this  Budget, 
which  has  been  copied  in  some  particulars 
by  his  successor,  as  his  greatest  achieve- 
ment. He  was  one  of  the  original  contribu- 
tors to  the  Saturday  Review,  and  has  written 
various  political  pamphlets  and  letters  on 
international  law  in  the  Times,  published 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "Historicus." 
The  latter  were  reprinted  in  a  volume, 
with  considerable  additions  (1863).  Sir 
William  Harcourt  married,  (1)  in  1859, 
Therese,  daughter  of  Lady  Theresa  Lewis 
— aunt  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon  and  widow 
of  the  late  Sir  George  Cornewall  Lewis, 
Bart. — by  her  first  husband,  T.  Lister, 
Esq. ;  and  (2)  in  1876,  Mrs.  Ives,  daughter 
of  the  late  John  Lothrop  Motley,  the 
historian,  and  sometime  United  States 
Minister  in  London.  Address  :  Malwood, 
Lyndhurst,  Hampshire. 

HAE.BIE,  J.  Keir,  son  of  working- 
class  parents,  was  born  in  Scotland  on 
Aug.  15,  1856,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
miner  at  Lochnorris,  Cumnock,  Ayrshire, 
Scotland.  He  early  became  well  known 
as  a  speaker  in  the  temperance  movement, 
but  eventually  became  prominent  in  the 
Labour  and  other  advanced  Democratic 
and  Socialistic  circles.  He  is  President 
of  the  Ayrshire  Miners'  Union,  and  of  the 
Independent  Labour  Party,  a  political 
body  which  seeks  to  exist  independently 
of  the  recognised  political  parties,  only 
supporting  one  or  other  of  them  when  the 
cause  of  the  workman  can  derive  benefit 
from  so  doing.  At  the  elections  of  1892 
Mr.  Keir  Hardie  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment for  the  Southern  Division  of  West 
Ham,  and  sat  in  the  House  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  Independent  Labour,  but  was 
defeated  at  the  general  election  of  1895. 
Since  then  he  has  unsuccessfully  contested 
East  Bradford  as  an  Independent  Labour 
candidate.  He  frequently  speaks  in  public 
on  labour  questions,  and  is  the  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Labour  leader,  which  is 
the  recognised  organ  of  the  Independent 
Labour  movement.  Address  :  53  Fleet 
Street,  E.C. 

HARDING,    Sir   Robert    Palmer, 

late  Chief  Official  Receiver  in  the  Bank- 
ruptcy Department  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
was  born  in  1821,  and  after  practising  as  a 
solicitor  for  some  years,  was  appointed  in 
1864  a  Commissioner  to  inquire  into  the 
working  of  the  Bankruptcy  Act ;  and, 
when  the  new  Act  was  passed  in  1883,  he 
undertook  the  reorganisation  of  this  de- 
partment in  conformity  with  it.     He  was 


knighted  in  January  1890,  and  resigned 
his  post  as  Chief  Official  Receiver  three 
months  later. 

HARDINGE,   Sir  Arthur   Henry, 

K.C.M.G.,  Commissioner  and  Consul-Gene- 
ral in  British  East  Africa,  was  born  Oct. 
12,  1859,  and  is  the  only  son  of  General  the 
Hon.  Sir  A.  E.  Hardinge,  K.C.B.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Oxford,  where  he 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  All  Souls' 
in  1881.  He  entered  the  Foreign  Office 
in  1880  ;  accompanied  the  present  Czar, 
when  Czarevitch,  to  India  in  1890  ;  was 
Consul-General  at  Cairo  in  1891,  and  ap- 
pointed to  Zanzibar  in  1895.  He  was 
created  C.B.  in  1895,  K.C.M.G.  in  1897. 
Address:  British  Agency, Zanzibar.  Clubs: 
Travellers',  Marlborough. 

HARDWICKE,  Earl  of,  Albert 
Edward  Yorke,  L.C.C.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was 
born  at  the  British  Embassy,  Paris,  on 
March  14, 1867,  and  is  the  only  son  of  the 
late  5th  Earl  of  Hardwicke,  a  descendant 
of  the  great  lawyer  of  that  name.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  1897.  He  was 
educated  atEton,  and  from  1886  to  1889 was 
Hon.  Attach^  at  H.M.  Embassy  in  Vienna. 
He  was  Captain  of  the  3rd  Battalion  of  the 
WiltshireRegirnentfroml888tol894.  Since 
March  1898  he  has  represented  West  Mary- 
lebone  in  the  London  County  Council  as  a 
Moderate.  He  is  D.L.  and  J.P.  for  Cambs. 
Addresses  :  Wimpole  Hall,  Royston  ;  and 
9  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

HARDWICKE,    Herbert    Junius, 

M.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  M.R.C.P.,  of  St.  Leonards, 
third  son  of  Junius  Hardwicke,  M.D., 
F.R.C.S. ,  for  twenty  years  physician  to 
Sheffield  Special  Hospital,  which  he 
founded,  is  also  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
Specialist, London;  was  surgeon  in  Egyptian 
Teufikiyeh  Egyptian  Service,  Upper  Nile  ; 
and  is  Honorary  Fellow  of  London,  Paris, 
Athens,  and  Madrid  Medical  Societies,  and 
Liverpool  Anthropological  Society ;  and 
author  of  "Medical  Education,"  "Health 
Resorts  and  Spas,"  "Popular  Faith  Un- 
veiled," "Evolution  and  Creation,"  "Alps 
to  Orient,"  "Rambles  Abroad,"  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  13  Magdalen  Terrace,  St.  Leonards- 
on-Sea. 

HARDY,  Dudley,  artist,  was  born  at 
Sheffield  on  Jan.  15,  1867,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  T.  B.  Hardy,  a  painter  of  sea-pieces. 
He  was  educated  at  Boulogne,  and  Uni- 
versity College  School,  London,  and  studied 
art  in  Germany,  Antwerp,  and  Paris.  His 
subjects  and  methods  are  intensely  modern, 
and  are  familiar  to  all  readers  of  the  lead- 
ing illustrated  papers  and  magazines,  both 
here  and  abroad.  Mr.  Dudley  Hardy  has 
also  illustrated  books,  and  designed  several 


HARDY 


477 


well-known  posters.     Address  :  Oakhurst, 
Eavensoourt  Park,  W. 

HARDY,  Iza  Duffus,  only  daughter 
of  Lady  Mary  Duffus  Hardy,  and  of  the 
late  Sir  Thomas  Duffus  Hardy,  was  edu- 
cated chiefly  at  home,  and  began  writing 
stories  at  a  very  early  age.  Sketches  and 
tales  of  hers  have  appeared  in  Tinsley's 
Magazine,  London  Society,  Btlgravia,  and 
the  Gentlemen's  Magazine.  Amongst  the 
many  novels  she  has  published  are :  "  A 
New  Othello,"  1890  (2nd  edit.,  1894)  ; 
"Glencairn,"  "Only  a  Love  Story,"  "A 
Broken  Faith,"  "  Love,  Honour,  and  Obey," 
"  Hearts  or  Diamonds  1 "  "  The  Love  that 
He  Passed  By,"  ' '  and  "  Love  in  Idleness  "  ; 
the  last  three  being  stories  of  American 
life.  She  accompanied  her  mother  to 
America,  and  has  produced  two  volumes 
of  Transatlantic  Reminiscences,  "Between 
Two  Oceans,"  and  "Oranges  and  Alliga- 
tors," the  latter  being  an  account  of  life 
amongst  the  orange-groves  of  South  Flo- 
rida. "A  Woman's  Loyalty"  was  pub- 
lished in  1893,  and  "In  the  Springtime  of 
Love,"  1895. 

HAEDY,  Thomas,  J. P.,  novelist,  was 
born  June  2,  1840,  at  a  secluded  homestead 
in  Dorsetshire,  and  educated  in  the  same 
county.  He  was  destined  for  the  archi- 
tectural profession,  and  in  his  seventeenth 
year  was  articled  as  pupil  to  an  ecclesias- 
tical architect  practising  in  the  county 
town.  He  devoted  the  greater  part  of  his 
time,  however,  during  the  ensuing  four 
years,  to  classical  and  theological  litera- 
ture, which  he  continued  to  read  with  two 
friends  of  like  tastes.  On  taking  up  his 
residence  in  London,  Mr.  Hardy  allied 
himself  with  the  modern  school  of  Gothic 
artists,  and  acquired  additional  experience 
in  Resign  under  Sir  Arthur  Blomfield, 
A.R.A.,  F.S.A.,  son  of  the  late  Bishop 
Blomfield  —  meanwhile  entering  as  a 
student  of  modern  languages  at  King's 
College.  His  first  literary  performance 
was  an  essay  on  "  Coloured  Brick  and 
Terra-cotta  Architecture,"  which  received 
the  prize  and  medal  of  the  Institute  of 
British  Architects  in  1863  ;  he  also  was 
awarded  in  the  same  year  Sir  W.  Tite's 
prize  for  architectural  design.  He  then 
returned  to  literature,  confining  his  atten- 
tion to  poetry,  and  writing  his  lately  pub- 
lished verse  ;  but  at  last  tried  his  hand  on 
a  work  of  fiction  called  "  Desperate  Reme- 
dies," which  was  published  in  1871,  and 
was  equally  praised  and  condemned.     In 

1872  he  published  the  rural  tale  entitled 
"  Under    the   Greenwood    Tree,"   and    in 

1873  "  A  Pair  of  Blue  Eyes,"  both  of  which 
were  well  received.  These  were  followed, 
in  the  Cornhilt  Magazine  for  1874,  by  his 
first  widely-known  novel,  "  Far  from  the 


Madding  Crowd,"  dramatised  and  acted  in 
a  modified  form  at  the  Globe  Theatre  in 
1882.  He  has  written  also  "  The  Hand  of 
Ethelberta,  a  Comedy  in  Chapters,"  1876  ; 
"  The  Return  of  the  Native,"  1878  ;  "  The 
Trumpet-Major,"  1880  ;  "A  Laodicean," 
1881;  "Two  on  a  Tower,"  1882;  "The 
Mayor  of  Casterbridge,"  1886;  "The 
Woodlanders,"  1886-7;  "Wessex  Tales," 
1888  ;  "A  Group  of  Noble  Dames,"  1891 ; 
"  Tess  of  the  D'Urbervilles,"  the  same 
year  (one  of  the  most  extensively  read  and 
keenly  discussed  of  recent  novels) ;  "  Life's 
Little  Ironies,"  1894;  and  "Jude  the  Ob- 
scure," 1894-5,  a  story  which  drew  upon 
the  author  a  violent  personal  attack  from 
some  quarters ;  but  it  did  not  hinder  the 
general  recognition  of  "  Jude  "  by  the  best 
critics  and  readers  as  a  sincere  and  un- 
biassed exhibition  of  some  new  phases  of 
human  life,  and  by  many  as  a  novel  of 
distinctly  sound  teaching.  In  1897  was 
reprinted  his  imaginative  story  published 
serially  in  1892,  entitled  "  The  Well-Be- 
loved, a  Sketch  of  a  Temperament,"  in 
which  love  is  shown  as  a  subjective  pheno- 
menon, the  Platonic  idea  of  typical  beauty, 
exemplified  in  no  real  personality,  being 
the  supposed  object  of  affection.  "  A  short 
play,  based  on  one  of  his  Wessex  tales, 
and  entitled  "The  Three  Wayfarers,"  was 
written  and  produced  by  him  in  1893,  and 
a  dramatic  version  of  "Tess"  has  been 
performed  with  great  success  in  America 
Many  of  these  novels  have  been  published 
simultaneously  in  England,  America,  Aus- 
tralia, and  India,  and  have  been  translated 
into  Continental  languages.  The  majority 
have  a  picturesque  country  district,  spoken 
of  as  "Wessex,"  as  their  common  scene 
this  being  an  application  peculiar  to  the 
author  of  the  ancient  name  to  the  modern 
life  and  conditions  of  the  West  of  Eng- 

™^  JU  ,the  autumn  of  1894  Messrs. 
Elkin  Matthews  and  John  Lane  published 
"  The  Art  of  Thomas  Hardy "  by  Lionel 
Johnson,  which  contains  some  hitherto 
unpublished  pieces  by  the  novelist  Mr 
Hardy's  "  Poems  "  were  published  in  1898 
Mr.  Hardy  married,  in  1874,  Emma  Lavinia' 
daughter  of  J.  Attersoll  Gifford,  Esq  and 
niece  of  the  late  Archdeacon  of  London 
Address  :  Athenaeum. 

HARDY,  William   John,  F  S  A     is 

the  second  son  of  Sir  William  Hardy  for- 
merly Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public 
Records,  and  was  born  in  London  on  Sept. 
29,  1857.  He  was  educated  privately,  and 
received  a  training  from  his  father  as  a 
record  searcher  and  translator.  He  is  an 
Inspector  under  the  Historical  MSS  Com- 
mission, and  has  edited  the  "  Calendar  of 
State  Papers,  William  and  Mary "  (Rolls 
Series).  He  is  the  author  of:  "Hand- 
writings of  the  Kings  and  Queens  of  Eng- 


478 


HARE  — HAELEY 


land,"  1893;  "Book  Plates,"  1893  (and 
2nd  edit.,  1897)  ;  "  Lighthouses,  their  His- 
tory and  Romance,"  1895,  &o.  Mr.  Hardy 
has  been  the  editor,  since  its  foundation 
in  1895,  of  Middlesex  and  Hertfordshire 
Notes  and  Queries,  an  archaeological 
journal  which  has  met  with  great  success, 
and  is  shortly  to  be  merged  into  the 
Home  Counties  Magazine,  under  the  same 
editorship,  and  with  the  same  objects. 
He  has  been  a  Member  of  the  Council  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on  three  sepa- 
rate occasions,  viz.,  1887-89,  1891-93,  and 
1895-97.  Address  :  Milton  Cottage,  St. 
Albans,  Herts. 

HAKE,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert, 

the  youngest  and  nowthe  only  surviving  son 
of  Francis  George  Hare  and  Anne  Frances 
Paid,  his  wife,  was  born  at  the  Villa  Strozzi, 
in  Rome,  March  13,  1834,  and  was  adopted, 
as  an  infant,  by  the  widow  of  his  uncle, 
Augustus  William  Hare.  He  was  educated 
at  Harrow,  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford.  He  has  published  "Epitaphs  for 
Country  Churchyards,"  1856  ;  "  Murray's 
Handbook  for  Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxford- 
shire," 1860 ;  "  A  Winter  at  Mentone," 
1861 ;  "  Murray's  Handbook  for  Durham 
and  Northumberland,"  1863  ;  "  Walks  in 
Rome,"  1870;  "Wanderings  in  Spain," 
1872  ;  "  Memorials  of  a  Quiet  Life,"  1872  ; 
"Days  near  Rome,"  1874;  "Cities  of 
Northern  and  Central  Italy,"  1875  ; 
"Walks  in  London,"  1877;  "Life  and 
Letters  of  Baroness  Bunsen,"  1879 ;  and 
"Cities  of  Southern  Italy  and  Sicily," 
1882  ;  "  Sketches  of  Holland  and  Scan- 
dinavia," 1885  ;  "  Studies  in  Russia,"  1885  ; 
"Paris,"  and  "Days  near  Paris,"  1887; 
"South-Eastern  France,"  and  "  South- 
western France,"  1890  ;  "  The  Story  of 
Two  Noble  Lives,"  1893  ;  "  Sussex,"  1894  ; 
"Life  and  Letters  of  Maria  Edgeworth," 
1894;  "  North  -  Western  France,"  1895; 
"The  Gurneys  of  Earlham,"  1895;  "The 
Story  of  My  Life  "  (vols,  i.,  ii.,  and  iii.), 
1896;  "The  Rivieras,"  1897.  Mr.  Hare 
resided  formerly  at  his  family  home  of 
Hurstmonceaux,  but  now  lives  on  his  small 
property  of  Holmhurst,  near  Hastings. 
He  has  received  the  Order  of  St.  Olaf 
from  the  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway. 
Permanent  addresses :  Holmhurst,  St. 
Leonard's-on-Sea ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HAKE,  John,  was  born  in  London  on 
May  16,  1844,  and  was  educated  at  Gig- 
gleswick  Grammar  School,  Yorkshire.  His 
first  appearance  on  the  stage  took  place  at 
the  Prince  of  Wales'  Theatre,  Liverpool, 
and  in  1875  he  became  manager  of  the 
Court  Theatre,  remaining  in  that  position 
for  four  years.  During  that  period  he  pro- 
duced "  Olivia,"  "  The  House  of  Darnley," 
"The   Scrap    of    Paper,"    "The    Ladies' 


Battle,"  "The  Queen's  Shilling,"  and 
"New  Men  and  Old  Acres."  From  1879 
to  1888  he  was  engaged  in  a  managerial 
partnership  with  Mr.  Kendal  at  St.  James' 
Theatre,  and  amongst  his  productions  of 
those  nine  years  mention  should  be  made 
of  "The  Falcon,"  "Still  Waters  Run 
Deep,"  "The  Money  -  Spinner,"  "The 
Squire,"  "The  Hobby-Horse,"  "The  Iron- 
master." In  1889  Mr.  Hare  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Garrick  Theatre,  and 
between  that  date  and  1895  there  appeared 
on  the  stage  of  this  recently  built  house 
"  The  Profligate  "  ;  a  translation  and  adap- 
tation of  the  well-known  French  play  "La 
Tosca,"  in  which  the  title  part  was  taken 
by  Mrs.  Bernard  Beere,  and  that  of  Scarpia 
by  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson ;  "A  Pair  of 
Spectacles,"  "A  Fool's  Paradise,"  revivals 
of  "Diplomacy,"  and  "Money";  "The 
Notorious  Mrs.  Ebbsmith,"  and  "  Lady 
Bountiful."  From  1897  up  to  the  present 
time,  the  Globe  Theatre,  of  which  he  is 
lessee  and  manager,  has  been  the  scene  of 
Mr.  Hare's  triumphs,  and  he  has  there 
produced  "A  Bachelor's  Romance,"  "The 
Master,"  and  "The  Gay  Lord  Quex" 
(1899).  Mr.  Hare  has  toured  in  America, 
and  has  there  met  with  the  same  unquali- 
fied success  which  has  always  crowned 
his  efforts  in  this  country.  His  act- 
ing is  quiet  and  natural,  but  extremely 
forcible,  and  he  may  perhaps  be  regarded 
as  the  first  of  living  English  actors  judged 
from  the  polished  and  moderate  stand- 
point of  the  Theatre  Franc;ais.  His  son, 
Mr.  Gilbert  Hare,  is  also  a  young  actor  of 
great  promise,  and  has  played  in  several  of 
his  father's  productions.  Address  :  3  Park 
Crescent,  Portland  Place,  W. 

HARLEY,  Rev.  Robert,  Hon.  M.A. 
Oxford,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  a  mathematician, 
was  born  at  Liverpool  on  Jan.  23,  1828. 
He  is  the  third  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Robert  Harley.  In  his  fourteenth  year 
he  developed  a  taste  for  mathematics. 
His  progress  in  the  study  was  such  that 
before  he  was  sixteen  he  was  appointed 
mathematical  master  in  a  good  school 
at  Seacombe,  near  Liverpool,  and  within 
twelve  months  he  returned  to  be  head- 
assistant  in  the  school  at  Blackburn  where 
he  had  received  the  chief  part  of  his 
education.  He  then  became  a  regular 
contributor  to  various  mathematical  jour- 
nals. In  1846  he  answered  a  question 
relating  to  the  general  quintic  equation 
which  had  been  proposed  in  the  Lady's 
and  Gentleman's  Diary  by  the  late  Sir 
James  Cockle,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  late  Chief- 
Justice  of  Queensland.  Through  this 
answer  he  was  brought  into  correspond- 
ence with  the  proposer,  and  the  friend- 
ship which  originated  led  to  joint  labours 
which  have  not  been  without  their  infiu- 


HARMSWORTH  —  HARPER 


479 


ence  on  the  subsequent  course  of  alge- 
braic investigations  in  this  country.    Mr. 
Harfey  received  his   theological  training 
in    Airedale    College,    Bradford,    and    in 
1854  was   ordained    Pastor  of    the  Con- 
gregational Church  at  Brighouse,  in   the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.     This  position 
he   held   for   fourteen    years,    during   the 
last  four  of  which  he  also  occupied  the 
Chairs  of  Mathematics  and  Logic  in  the 
College  where  he  had  been  trained  for  the 
ministry.     In  1868  he  was  elected  Pastor 
of   an   important   Congregational   Church 
at  Leicester.     Here  he  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  public  work.     He  was  elected 
a   member  of  the   first   School   Board  of 
Leicester,   and   turned   his   thoughts   and 
energies  to  the  determination  of  statisti- 
cal  and   other  questions   connected  with 
the   public   elementary   education   of   the 
town.      He   was    also   a   member   of    the 
Executive    Committee    of    the    National 
Education  League,  until  that  body,  soon 
after  the  establishment  of  School  Boards, 
having  accomplished  its  main  objects,  was 
dissolved.    In  1872  he  was  appointed  Vice- 
Master  of  Mill  Hill  School,  and  Minister 
of  the  Chapel.     Three  years  later  he  built 
a  large  boarding-house  in  connection  with 
the   school,   which  was  full   almost  from 
the  first.     He  also  erected,  for  the  use  of 
the  village,  an  iron  hall  for  lectures,  &c, 
which  was  opened  by  his  friend,  the  Earl 
Stanhope.     In  1882  he  became  Principal 
of  Huddersfield  College ;   and  in  1886  he 
undertook  charge  of  the  leading  Congre- 
gational Church  at  Oxford,  which  he  re- 
signed  in   1890.      Shortly   afterwards   he 
accepted  the  temporary  pastorate  of  Pitt 
Street    Congregational    Church,    Sydney. 
He  preached  and  lectured  in  most  of  the 
principal  towns   and  cities   in  Australia, 
and    read    scientific    papers  .  before    the 
Union  of  the  University  of   Sydney  and 
the  Royal  Societies  of  New  South  Wales 
and  Queensland.     On  returning  home  he 
became  Pastor  of   a  new  Church   (Heath 
Congregational)   at   Halifax ;    and   finally 
retired  from  the  stated  ministry  in  1895, 
removing  to   London,  where    he    has   re- 
sumed his  mathematical  researches.     Mr. 
Harley  is  one   of  the  very  few  Noncon- 
formist Ministers  who  have  been  admitted 
to  the  Royal  Society.     He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  when  only  thirty-five  ;  he  is  also  a 
Eellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society ; 
a  Member  of   the   London  Mathematical 
Society   (on    the    Council    of    which    he 
sat    for    some    years);    a   Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophi- 
cal Society  of  Manchester ;   an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society   of   Leicester ;    and  an   Honorary 
and  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Queensland.     At  the 
meetings  of    the    British  Association  at 


Norwich  and  at  Edinburgh  he  acted  as 
Secretary  of  Section  A  ;  and  at  the  meet- 
ings at  Bradford  and  at  Bath  he  was 
appointed  a  Vice-President  of  the  same 
Section.  In  November  1886  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  M.A.,  honoris  causd.  He  is 
the  author  of  numerous  papers,  chiefly 
on  questions  in  pure  Mathematics  or 
Symbolic  Logic,  published  in  the  trans- 
actions of  learned  bodies  and  in  journals 
devoted  to  mathematics  or  philosophy, 
inter  alia,  "  On  the  Method  of  Symmetric 
Products,"  "  On  Circular  Functions," 
"The  Theory  of  Quintics,"  "The  Theory 
of  the  Transcendental  Solution  of  Alge- 
braic Equations,"  "  Differential  Resol- 
vents," "George  Boole,  F.R.S.,  a  Bio- 
graphy and  an  Exposition,"  "Boole's 
Laws  of  Thought,"  "The  Stanhope  De- 
monstrator ;  an  Instrument  for  perform- 
ing Logical  Operations,"  "  Sir  James 
Cockle's  Criticoids,"  "  The  Explicit  Form 
of  the  Complete  Cubic  Differential  Re- 
solvent," and  "The  Umbral  Notation." 
Addresses  :  Rosslyn,  Westbourne  Road, 
Forest  Hill,  S.E. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HARMSWORTH,   Alfred   Charles 

W.,  principal  proprietor  of  the  Daily 
Mail,  Evening  News,  and  other  journals, 
was  born  July  15,  1865,  at  Chapelizod, 
co.  Dublin,  being  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Alfred  Harmsworth,  barrister-at-law, 
Middle  Temple.  He  was  educated  at 
Stamford  Grammar  School,  Lincolnshire, 
and  in  1882  he  began  work  in  the  office 
of  the  Illustrated  London  Neios,  as  editor 
of  one  of  Sir  W.  Ingram's  journals. 
Amongst  his  journalistic  ventures  may  be 
mentioned  the  originating  of  Answers  in 
1888,  the  purchase  of  the  Evening  News 
in  1894,  the  founding  of  the  Daily  Mail 
in  1896,  and  the  publication  in  July  1898 
of  Harmsworth' s  Magazine,  issued  at  the 
unprecedentedly  low  price  of  3d.  He  con- 
tested Portsmouth  in  the  Unionist  interest 
in  1895.  Mr.  Harmsworth's  name  is  well 
known  in  connection  with  the  Arctic  Ex- 
pedition of  1894,  which  he  equipped,  and 
which  sailed  under  the  command  of  Mr. 
F.  G.  Jackson.  He  is  married  to  Mary 
Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  Robert 
Milner,  of  Kidlington,  Oxon.  Addresses  : 
36  Berkeley  Square,  W. ;  Elmwood,  St. 
Peter's,  Kent. 

HARPER,  William  Rainey,  Ph.D., 

D.D.,  American  educator,  was  born  at 
New  Concord,  Ohio,  July  26,  1856,  and 
was  graduated  from  Muskingum  College, 
Ohio,  in  1870.  From  1875  to  1876  he 
was  Principal  of  Masonic  College,  Macon, 
Tenn. ;  1876  -  80,  instructor  in  Denison 
University  ;  1879-86,  Professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  (Chicago)  Baptist  Theol.  Seminary ; 


480 


HAEPIGNIES  —  HAKBIS 


1886-91,  Professor  of  the  Semitic  Lan- 
guages in  Yale  University  (also  1889-91 
Woolsey  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature 
in  Yale) ;  and  since  1891  has  been  Presi- 
dent and  Head  Professor  of  the  Semitic 
Languages  and  Literatures  in  the  recently 
established  Chicago  University.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Yale 
University  in  1875,  and  that  of  D.D.  from 
Colby  University  in  1891.  He  is  editor  of 
the  Biblical  World  and  of  Hebraica,  and 
has  published  several  Hebrew  text-books. 

HARPIGNIES,    Henri     Joseph, 

French  landscape  painter,  was  born  at 
Valenciennes  in  July  1819,  became  the 
pupil  of  Achard,  and  exhibited  first  at  the 
Salon  in  1853  with  his  "Chemin  creux  aux 
Environs  de  Valenciennes."  In  1858  he 
began  the  study  of  children,  that  of  trees 
in  1859,  and  in  I860  he  visited  Italy  with 
Corot,  whose  influence  on  his  work  is 
easily  discernible.  In  1861  he  exhibited 
his  first  important  work,  "  Lisiere  de  Bois 
sur  les  Bords  de  l'Allier";  in  1863  "Les 
Corbeaux";  in  1866  "  Le  Soir  dans  la 
Campagne  de  Rome,"  for  which  he  re- 
ceived his  first  medal,  and  for  several 
years  was  in  the  Luxembourg.  In  1869 
he  discovered  the  Valley  of  Harrison  in 
the  Bourbonnais,  much  as  Millet  discovered 
Barbizon.  He  visited  it  year  after  year 
until  1879,  when  he  purchased  the  estate 
of  Saint-Prive'  in  the  Yonne.  His  chief 
works  during  this  period  are  :  "  Soir  sur 
les  Bords  de  la  Loire,"  1861;  "Le  Soir," 
1866;  "Le  Saut  du  Loup,"  by  many  re- 
garded as  his  masterpiece,  1873;  "La 
Loire,"  1882;  and  "  Saint  -  Prive","  1883. 
He  has  also  painted  many  water-colours 
of  Paris,  such  as  "  Le  Pont  Neuf"  and 
"Place  St.  Germain  des  PreV'  where  the 
church  is  only  revealed  by  its  shadow. 
In  1897  he  exhibited,  at  the  Salon  des 
Champs  Elys^es,  "Les  Bords  du  Rhone" 
and  "Solitude."  He  is  represented  in  the 
Luxembourg  by  three  landscapes,  but  he  is 
little  known  in  England.  An  appreciative 
article  was  written  in  the  Studio  (April 
1898),  and  two  of  his  works  were  seen  in 
the  Guildhall  Loan  Exhibition  of  1898, 
which  may  serve  to  render  the  successor  of 
Corot  more  appreciated.  He  was  made  an 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1883. 

EAERADEN,  Beatrice,  novelist, 
was  born  at  Hampstead  on  Jan.  24,  1864, 
and  is  the  youngest  daughter  of  Samuel 
Harraden  and  Rosalie,  his  wife.  She  was 
educated  at  Dresden,  at  Cheltenham  Col- 
lege for  Ladies,  and  at  Queen's  and  Bed- 
ford Colleges,  London.  She  is  a  B.A.  of 
London  University,  and  has  travelled  and 
pursued  her  studies  on  the  Continent  and 
in  the  United  States.  She  came  into 
notice    with    her    first    book    of   stories, 


"  Ships  that  Pass  in  the  Night "  (Lane), 
1893;  and  has  since  published  "  In  Vary- 
ing Moods,"  1894  ;  "Hilda Strafford," and 
"  Untold  Tales  of  the  Past,"  1897.  Ad- 
dress :  5  Cannon  Place,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

HARRINGTON,   John    Lane,   was 

Agent  at  the  Court  of  the  Emperor 
Menelek  of  Ethiopia,  February  1898. 
After  serving  three  years  as  a  non-com- 
missioned officer,  he  obtained  a  commis- 
sion in  the  Middlesex  Regiment  in  1888. 
In  the  next  year  he  exchanged  into  the 
Indian  Staff  Corps,  and  in  1895  was  ap- 
pointed Vice-Consul  at  Zeyla. 

HARRINGTON,  Timothy  Charles, 

M.P.  for  Dublin  City  (Harbour  Division), 
son  of  DenisHarrington,  was  born  atCastle- 
town  Bere,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  in  1851. 
He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
at  the  Catholic  University.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Irish  Bar,  and  was  engaged  as 
counsel  in  most  of  the  recent  Irish  politi- 
cal trials,  including  the  Times  Special 
Commission,  where  he  appeared  as  one  of 
the  Junior  Counsel  for  the  defence  of  Mr. 
Parnell  and  his  Parliamentary  colleagues. 
He  has  had  considerable  experience  as  a 
journalist,  having  founded  and  edited  the 
Kerry  Sentinel,  and  in  more  recent  years  he 
was  connected  with  the  Irish  Daily  In- 
dependent and  United  Ireland.  He  was 
Secretary  and  Chief  Organiser  of  the  Irish 
National  League  from  its  establishment  in 
1882  until  after  Mr.  Parnell's  death,  and 
had  been  always  closely  associated  with 
the  great  Irish  leader.  In  1883,  while 
imprisoned  in  Mullingar  Jail  for  a  speech 
delivered  in  support  of  the  claims  of  the 
agricultural  labourers,  he  was  returned  to 
Parliament  as  junior  representative  of 
county  Westmeath,  and  at  the  general 
election  of  1885  he  was  returned  for  the 
Harbour  Division  of  the  City  of  Dublin, 
which  constituency  he  has  since  repre- 
sented. He  is  the  author  of  several 
pamphlets  connected  with  the  Irish  move- 
ment, including  "  A  Diary  of  Coercion," 
"  Impeachment  of  the  Maamtrasna  Trials," 
&c.  When  the  division  occurred  in  the  ranks 
of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  Party,  he,  in 
company  with  Messrs.  John  Dillon,  William 
O'Brien,  T.  P.  O'Connor,  T.  D.  Sullivan,  and 
T.  P.  Gill,  were  on  a  delegation  in  America. 
Five  of  the  delegates  declared  against  Mr. 
Parnell,  whilst  Mr.  Harrington  supported 
the  Irish  leader,  and  remained  a  sup- 
porter of  his  to  the  end.  He  was  married 
in  1892,  at  Dublin,  to  Elizabeth,  second 
daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  Edward  O'Neill  of 
that  city.  Address  :  6  Cavendish  Row,. 
Dublin  ;  and  Artane  Lodge,  co.  Dublin. 

HARRIS,   Frank,  was  bom  on  Feb. 
14,   1856,   in  Galway,   Ireland.     He  is  of 


HAREIS 


481 


Welsh  blood,  his  father  and  mother  both 
coming  from  Pembrokeshire.     His  father 
had  worked  himself  up  from  cabin-boy  to 
the  command  of  a  revenue  cutter,  and  is 
thought  by  his  son  to  have  been  a  man  of 
extraordinary  energy  and  ability.     Thanks 
to  his  father's  self-sacrifice  and  economy 
(his  mother  died  when  Frank  was  a  mere 
child),  Frank  Harris  was  taught  in  com- 
paratively   good    schools — at    the    Royal 
Institution,  Belfast,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Grammar  School,  Ruabon.     In  his  fifteenth 
year,  however,  he  took  the  bit  in  his  teeth 
and   emigrated   to    Canada.      Doing   odd 
jobs  of  work  he  made  his  way  westwards 
from  Quebec  to  Chicago  (he  was  in  Chicago 
during  the  great  fire),  and  afterwards  came 
to  anchor  in  Lawrence,  Kansas.     He  at- 
tended the  State  University  for  a  couple 
of  years,  and  profited  greatly  by  the  teach- 
ings of  B.  C.  Smith,  at  that  time  the  pro- 
fessor of   Greek,    whose  memory  he  still 
cherishes  as  that  of  the  noblest  man  it  has 
ever   been   his  good   fortune  to  meet,  as 
well  as  one  of  the  wisest  and  most  learned. 
It  was  Smith  who  taught   Harris  "  what 
literature  and  art  mean,  and  the  value  in 
life  of  what  endures."     In  Lawrence,  too, 
young   Harris  studied   law,   and   was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in  1876.     In  the  same 
year  he  resolved  to  continue  his  education, 
and  with  that  purpose  returned  to  Europe 
and  went  first  to  the  University  of  Paris. 
There  he  learned    nothing   except   some 
modern   French  literature.      In   1878   he 
entered  the  University  of  Heidelberg,  and 
went  from  there  to  Gbttingen  and  after- 
wards  to   Berlin.      In   1880   he   went   to 
Greece  and  studied  in  Athens  for  nearly  a 
year.     In  1881  he  came  to  London  and  got 
work  immediately   on   the   Spectator.     A 
year  later  he  accepted  the  editorship  of 
the  Evening  News,  then  on  its  last   legs. 
In  less  than  three  years  he  increased  the 
circulation  of  the  Evening  News  from  about 
7000  a  day  to  70,000,  and  was  then  offered 
the  editorship  of  the  Fortnightly  Review. 
He  edited  the  Fortnightly  from   1888   to 
1893,  and  then  bought  the  Saturday  Re- 
view, which  he  edited  till  November  1898. 
He  left  the  Saturday  in  order  to   devote 
himself  to  literature.      In    1893  he  had 
published    with     Messrs.    Heinemann     a 
volume  of  western  stories,  entitled  "  Elder 
Conklin,  and  other  Tales,"  and  we  under- 
stand that  a  volume  of  his  criticism,  under 
the  title  "  The  True  Shakespeare,"  will  be 
published  in  the  spring  of  1899,  as  well  as 
a    second    volume    of  stories.    Address  : 
Limehurst,  Roehampton  Vale,  S.W. 

HARRIS,   Sir  George  David,   was 

born  in  1827.  He  was  at  one  time  in  the 
Diplomatic  Service,  was  a  member  of 
Parliament  in  and  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Council  of  the  Bahamas  (1861),  and 


Captain  of  the  Nassau  Marine  Artillery. 
He  has  represented  South  Paddington  as 
Moderate  member  of  the  London  County 
Council  since  1895.  In  1888  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  married,  in 
1854,  Eliza  Harriet,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Hy.  Adderley,  Bahamas.  Address  :  32 
Inverness  Terrace,  Kensington  Gardens,  W. 

HARRIS,  Lord  George  Robert 
Canning  Harris,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,  D.L., 
J.P.,  was  born  at  St.  Ann's,  Trinidad,  Feb. 
3,  1851,  and  is  the  son  of  the  third  Baron 
and  of  a  daughter  of  the  Ven.  George 
Cummins,  Archdeacon  of  Trinidad.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  BA. 
degree  in  1874.  He  is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for 
Kent,  and  Deputy-Chairman  of  the  East 
Kent  Quarter  Sessions.  In  Lord  Salis- 
bury's Government  of  1885  he  was  Under- 
Secretary  for  India,  and  from  1886-89  he 
held  the  post  of  Under-Secretary  for  War. 
He  is  a  celebrated  cricketer ;  has  long 
been  captain  of  the  Kent  County  Club  ; 
and  has  taken  an  eleven  to  Australia. 
He  was  Governor  of  Bombay  from  Feb- 
ruary 1890  to  1895,  when  he  was  appointed 
Lord-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen.  Addresses  : 
6  Oxford  Square,  W.  ;  and  Belmont, 
Faversham,  Kent. 

HARRIS,  Henry  Percy,  L.C.C.,  was 
born  Sept.  8,  1856,  being  the  only  son  of 
Sir  George  David  Harris,  J.P.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  graduating  B.A.  in  1880,  and  be- 
came a  barrister  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1881. 
He  has  been  London  County  Councillor 
for  North  Paddington  from  1892,  and  was 
elected  Deputy-Chairman  of  the  London 
County  Council  in  March  1898.  Addresses : 
13  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  32  Inverness 
Terrace,  Paddington. 

HARRIS,  Joel  Chandler,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  Eatonton,  Ga.,  Dec.  8, 
1848.  His  early  education  was  limited  to 
a  brief  attendance  at  a  local  school,  and, 
at  the  age  of  12,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a 
printer.  His  fondness  for  books  enabled 
him  to  overcome  the  deficiencies  of  his 
schooling,  and  he  soon  rose  from  the 
printer's  case  to  an  editorial  desk.  He 
was  employed  on  various  papers  in  Macon, 
New  Orleans,  Forsyth,  and  Savannah  until 
1876,  when  he  went  to  Atalanta  (Ga.),  and 
secured  an  engagement  on  the  Constitution, 
of  which  he  was  in  1890  and  still  is  in 
1899  the  principal  editor.  It  was  his 
negro  dialect  stories,  contributed  to  the 
Constitution,  that  first  drew  public  attention 
to  him,  and  that  have  won  for  him  his 
literary  reputation.  In  addition  to  his 
editorial  labours,  he  has  been  a  frequent 
writer  for  American  magazines,  and  has 

2h 


482 


HAREIS  —  HARRISON 


also  published  "  Uncle  Remus,  his  Songs 
and  his  Sayings,"  1880;  "Nights  with 
Uncle  Remus,"  1883  ;  "  Mingo  and  Other 
Sketches,"  1884;  "Free  Joe,"  1887; 
"Daddy  Jake  the  Runaway,"  1889; 
"Balaam  and  his  Master,  and  other 
Stories,"  1892  ;  "  Little  Mr.  Thimblefinger 
and  his  Queer  Country,"  1894 ;  "  Sister 
Jane,"  1896;  and  "Aaron  in  the  Wild- 
woods,"  1897.  A  "Life  of  Henry  W. 
Grady,"  his  predecessor  as  editor  of  the 
Constitution,  and  a  popular  Southern 
speaker,  was  published  by  him  in  1890. 

HARRIS,  Rear- Admiral  Sir  Robert 
Hastings,  K.C.M.G,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Captain  Robert  Harris,  R.N.,  and 
Priscilla,  daughter  of  the  late  Captain 
Thomas  Pewmddicke  of  the  Scots  Guards, 
was  born  at  Portsmouth  on  Oct.  12,  1843. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval 
School,  Newcross,  and  entered  the  navy 
in  January  1856.  He  was  promoted 
Lieutenant  in  March  1863,  and  obtained 
Commander's  rank  in  June  1870  by  a  haul- 
down  vacancy.  He  became  a  Captain  in 
December  1879,  and  for  three  years  was 
Aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Inspector  of  Boys'  Training  Ships 
in  September  1889,  and  in  June  1893  he 
hoisted  a  broad  pennant  in  H.M.S.  Active 
as  Commodore  of  the  Training  Squadron, 
and  was  promoted  Rear-Admiral  in  Janu- 
ary 1895.  In  May  of  the  following  year 
he  became  second  in  command  of  the 
Mediterranean  Fleet,  with  his  flag  in 
H.M.S.  Revenge.  Sir  Robert  Harris  was 
appointed  in  charge  of  the  British  Squad- 
ron which  was  despatched  to  Crete  during 
the  crisis  of  1897.  Most  of  the  conferences 
between  the  Admirals  of  the  International 
Fleet  which  had  assembled  in  Cretan 
waters  were  held  on  board  his  flagship, 
and  in  consideration  of  his  services 
throughout  the  crisis  Sir  Robert  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G.  In  May  1898  he  was 
chosen  to  succeed  Admiral  Sir  Harry 
Rawson  in  the  command  of  the  South 
African  Squadron.  Sir  Robert  issued  a 
revised  edition  of  Captain  Alston's  Sea- 
manship in  1871,  and  he  is  also  the  author 
of  "  Maritime  Power  and  its  Probable 
Application  in  War. " 

HARRISON,  The  Hon.  Benjamin, 
LL.D.,  twenty-third  President  of  the 
United  States,  grandson  of  the  ninth 
President,  was  born  at  North  Bend,  Ohio, 
Aug.  20,  1833.  He  graduated  from  Miami 
University,  Oxford,  Ohio,  in  1852,  studied 
law  and  began  its  practice  in  Indianapolis, 
Ind.  (1854),  where  he  has  since  resided. 
The  first  official  position  held  by  him  was 
that  of  crier  in  the  Federal  Court  at 
Indianapolis,  to  which  he  was  appointed 
shortly  after  his  removal  to  that  city.     In 


1860  he  was  elected,  by  the  Republican 
party,  reporter  of  the  Indiana  Supreme 
Court,  but  resigned  the  office  in  1862  to 
enter  the  Union  Army  in  the  Civil  War. 
He  assisted  in  raising  the  70th  Indiana 
Regiment,  of  which  he  was  made  Colonel 
when  it  went  to  the  field.  During  the 
war  his  regiment  was  chiefly  engaged  in 
the  West,  guarding  railways  and  in 
guerilla  warfare.  In  January  1864  Col. 
Harrison  was  placed  in  command  of  a 
brigade,  and  made  the  campaign  from 
Chattanooga  to  Atalanta  with  Gen.  Hooker's 
corps.  His  first  engagement  of  importance 
was  that  of  Resaca,  May  14,  1864.  Subse- 
quently he  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Cassville,  the  actions  at  New  Hope  Church 
and  at  Golgotha  Church,  and  in  the  battles 
of  Kenesaw  Mountain  and  Peach  Tree 
Creek.  ' '  For  ability  and  manifest  energy 
and  gallantry  in  command  of  the  brigade, " 
the  brevet  of  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers was  subsequently  conferred  upon 
him,  to  date  from  Jan.  23,  1865.  When 
mustered  out  (June  1865)  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  he  returned  to  Indianapolis  and 
resumed  the  duties  of  the  office  of  re- 
porter, to  which  he  had  been  re-elected  in 
1864.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  (1868) 
he  declined  another  renomination,  and 
took  up  again  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
Though  actively  interested  in  the  pre- 
sidential canvasses  of  1868  and  1872,  he 
did  not  hold  any  official  position,  nor  was 
he  a  candidate  for  any  office,  until  in  1876 
he  accepted  the  Republican  nomination 
for  governor  of  his  State,  but  that  year 
was  unfavourable  to  his  party,  and  he  was 
not  elected.  In  1879  President  Hayes 
appointed  him  a  member  of  the  Mississippi 
River  Commission,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  Indiana 
Delegation  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention  at  Chicago,  which  nominated 
Mr.  Garfield  for  the  Presidency.  He  was 
a  prominent  speaker  in  the  campaign  of 
Mr.  Garfield,  and  on  the  election  of  the 
hitter  was  offered  a  portfolio  in  the 
cabinet,  but  he  declined  it.  On  March  4, 
1881,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States 
Senate,  to  which  the  legislature  of  Indiana 
had  previously  elected  him  for  a  full  term 
of  six  years.  While  a  member  of  that 
body  he  spoke  frequently,  and  was  known 
as  an  advocate  of  protective  duties  on 
imports,  of  a  reform  in  the  civil  service, 
and  of  a  restoration  of  the  American  navy. 
He  was  again  a  delegate  of  his  party  to 
the  National  Convention  in  1884,  and  his 
name  was  there  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  Presidency,  as  indeed  it  had  been 
at  the  preceding  Convention.  At  the  next 
Convention  (1888)  he  was  among  the  lead- 
ing candidates  from  the  start,  and  on  the 
eighth  ballot  was  tendered  the  nomination, 
which  he  accepted   on  a  platform  of  a 


HARRISON 


483 


maintenance  of  the  protective  tariff.  This 
became  the  controlling  issue  in  the  ensuing 
contest  between  Mr.  Cleveland  (renomin- 
ated by  the  Democratic  party)  and  himself, 
and  the  result  was  a  Republican  victory 
and  the  election  of  Mr.  Harrison ,  who  was 
accordingly  inaugurated  President  on 
March  4,  1889,  for  a  term  of  four  years. 
In  1892  he  was  nominated  by  his  party 
for  re-election,  and  was  again  opposed  by 
Mr.  Cleveland,  who,  for  the  third  time, 
was  the  Democratic  party's  choice  for 
President.  The  campaign,  as  in  1888,  was 
conducted  mainly  on  the  tariff  question, 
which  was  till  1896  (when  the  silver 
question  came  uppermost)  the  principal 
political  issue  before  the  American  people. 
Owing  to  the  unpopularity  of  what  is 
known  as  the  M'Kinley  Bill  (a  protective 
tariff  measure  passed  by  Congress  and  ap- 
proved by  Mr.  Harrison  in  1890),  the  Re- 
publican party  was  defeated,  and  at  the 
end  of  his  term  of  office  in  March  1893  Mr. 
Harrison  left  Washington,  and  returned  to 
his  home  in  Indianapolis  and  resumed  his 
practice  of  the  law.  In  1897  he  published 
"  This  Country  of  Ours."  The  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Miami 
University  and  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
in  June  1889. 

HARBISON,  Clifford,  reciter,  was 
born  in  London  in  1857.  His  father, 
William  Harrison,  was  a  celebrated  tenor 
singer,  and  lost  a  large  fortune  in  en- 
deavouring to  establish  English  opera  in 
London.  Mr.  Clifford  Harrison  entered 
the  theatrical  profession  when  quite  young, 
and  resigned  it  to  go  to  College  (St. 
John's,  Cambridge).  He,  however,  relin- 
quished the  University  career,  and  re- 
turned to  the  stage.  He  gave  his  first 
public  recital  at  St.  George's  Hall  in  1877, 
and  since  then  he  has  held  his  position  in 
London  as  a  most  popular  entertainer. 
His  series  of  recitals  (Stein way  Hall)  are 
the  longest  by  far  on  record,  lasting  as  a 
rule  for  thirty  weeks  out  of  each  year,  and 
his  repertory  consists  of  some  400  pieces. 
Ill  health  has  unfortunately  forced  him  to 
resign  provincial  and  colonial  tours.  He 
is  a  draughtsman  in  black  and  white,  and 
held  an  exhibition  of  his  drawings  in 
1898.  He  has  published  the  following 
works  in  verse  and  prose  :  "  In  Hours  of 
Leisure,"  "  On  the  Common  Chords," 
"  Stray  Records,"  "  The  Lute  of  Apollo," 
"Notes  on  the  Margins,"  and  "Lines  in 
Pleasant  Places."  Address :  29  St.  George's 
Square,  S.W. 

HARRISON,  Frederic,  M.A.,  was 
born  in  London,  Oct.  18,  1831,  being  the 
eldest  son  of  Frederic  Harrison,  Esq.,  of 
London,  by  Jane,  only  daughter  of  the 
late  Alexander   Brice,    Esq.,   of    Belfast. 


He  was  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
London  ;  was  elected  Scholar  of  Wadham 
College,  Oxford,  1848 ;  and  took  the  de- 
gree of  B.A.,  1853  (when  he  was  in  the 
first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.).  After  residing 
for  some  time  as  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  his 
College  at  Oxford,  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1858.  He  has  since  practised  as  a 
Conveyancer,  and  in  the  Courts  of  Equity. 
Mr.  Harrison  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  upon  Trade  Unions,  1867-69  ; 
Secretary  to  the  Royal  Commission  for  the 
Digest  of  the  Law,  18G9-70 ;  and  in  1877 
was  appointed  by  the  Council  of  Legal 
Education,  Professor  of  Jurisprudence  and 
International  Law,  which  office  he  held 
until  1889.  He  has  given  much  attention 
to  the  questions  and  institutions  relating 
to  working-men.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Positivist  School  in  1870, 
and  also  of  Newton  Hall  in  1881.  He  is 
the  author  of  some  articles  in  the  West- 
minster Review  between  1860  and  1864,  of 
numerous  essays  in  the  Fortnightly  Review 
from  1865,  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  from 
its  commencement,  the  Contemporary  Re- 
view from  1875,  in  Cosmopolis  and  in  the 
Forum  of  New  York,  1890-94.  He  has 
published  "The  Meaning  of  History," 
1862  ;  "  Order  and  Progress,"  1875  ;  an 
English  translation  of  "  Social  Statics,  or 
the  Abstract  Theory  of  Human  Order," 
being  vol.  ii.  of  Comte's  "Positive  Polity," 
1875;  "The  Choice  of  Books,  and  other 
Literary  Pieces,"  1886;  "Oliver  Crom- 
well," 1888;  "Annals  of  an  Old  Manor 
House,"  1893;  "Historical  Pieces,"  1894; 
"Early  Victorian  Literature,"  1896;  and 
"  William  the  Silent,"  1897.  Mr.  Harrison 
was  the  editor,  and  in  part  the  author,  of 
"The  New  Calendar  of  Great  Men,"  1892,  a 
collection  of  558  biographies  of  worthies 
of  all  nations  and  ages.  He  is  a  follower 
of  Auguste  Comte,  whose  philosophical, 
social,  and  religious  doctrines  he  has  pre- 
sented in  various  articles,  lectures,  and 
published  addresses.  Mr.  Harrison  has 
been  since  1880  President  of  the  English 
Positivist  Committee,  and  has  given  con- 
tinuous courses  of  Lectures  in  Newton 
Hall,  many  of  which  have  been  published 
separately.  He  has  also  been  a  constant 
writer  in  the  Positivist  Review,  edited  by 
Professor  Beesly,  from  January  1893.  Mr. 
Harrison  has  declined  to  enter  Parliament, 
except  that  at  the  general  election  of 
1886  he  stood  for  the  University  of  London 
against  Sir  John  Lubbock,  and  was  de- 
feated by  1314  votes  against  516.  In 
February  1889  he  was  elected  an  Alder- 
man by  the  London  County  Council,  and 
resigned  that  office  in  October  1893. 
Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  is  at  present  iden- 
tified with  the  movement  for  erecting  a 
fitting  memorial  to  King  Alfred  on  the 
occasion  of  that  monarch's   approaching 


484 


HARBISON 


millenary.  He  has  written  some  notable 
articles  and  letters  in  the  Times  and  other 
leading  journals  on  this  subject.  In  1870 
he  married  Ethel  Bertha,  only  daughter 
of  William  Harrison,  Esq.,  of  Craven  Hill 
Gardens.  Addresses :  38  Westbourne 
Terrace,  W. ;  and  AthenEeum. 

HARRISON',  Miss  Jane  Ellen,  Hon. 
LL.D.  Aberdeen,  Hon.  D.Litt.  Durham, 
was  born  Sept.  9,  1850.  Her  father,  of 
whom  she  is  the  third  daughter,  was  Mr. 
Charles  Harrison,  of  Cottingham,  near  Hull. 
She  was  for  a  time  educated  privately  under 
a  governess  in  a  village  near  Scarborough, 
and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  began  to  learn 
Greek.  Subsequently  she  passed  the  Cam- 
bridge Higher  Local  Examinations,  and 
won  their  Language  Scholarship.  She 
continued  her  education  at  Cheltenham, 
where  she  studied  mathematics  and 
science,  and,  after  passing  most  honour- 
ably several  examinations  at  Newnham, 
where  she  spent  three  years,  was  inform- 
ally examined  in  1879  by  the  Examiners 
of  the  Classical  Tripos  and  declared  by 
them  to  have  attained  the  honours  stan- 
dard. At  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  at 
the  British  Museum,  Miss  Harrison  studied 
Greek  vase-painting  and  marbles  under 
Professor  Colvin,  and,  during  a  tour  through 
Europe,  she  visited  and  carefully  inspected 
every  important  collection  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture. On  her  return  from  her  first  resi- 
dence abroad  Miss  Harrison,  in  1882,  was 
invited  to  form  classes  for  the  study  of 
Greek  sculpture  and  the  minor  classical 
antiquities  at  the  British  Museum,  which 
were  formed  and  continued  until  1887. 
At  the  Museum  some  thirty  auditors  only 
could  listen  to  her  as  she  conducted  her 
party  round  the  Greek  Galleries,  but  at 
South  Kensington  her  audiences  were 
large.  She  has  lectured  on  Greek  art, 
and  especially  on  Greek  vase-painting,  at 
many  public  schools  and  ladies'  colleges, 
at  Toynbee  Hall,  at  the  Midland  Institute, 
Birmingham,  for  the  University  Exten- 
sion Society,  and  for  the  Association  for 
the  Higher  Education  of  Women.  She  is 
Staff  Lecturer  on  Classical  Archaeology  to 
the  Oxford  University  Extension,  and  a 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  K.  K. 
Arch.  Instit.  of  Berlin.  In  1890  she  was 
appointed  member  of  the  Committee  of 
the  British  School  of  Archaeology  at 
Athens,  and  from  1889  to  1896  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  the  Hellenic  Society. 
Her  works  include  :  "Myths  of  the  Odys- 
sey in  Art  and  Literature,"  1882  ;  "  Intro- 
ductory Studies  in  Greek  Art,"  1885 ; 
"  Mythology  and  Monuments  of  Ancient 
Athens  "  (jointly  with  Mrs.  A.  W.  Verrall), 
1890  ;  and  "  Greek  Vase-Painting  "  (jointly 
with  Mr.  D.  S.  MacColl),  1894.  Address : 
37  Barkston  Gardens,  S.W. 


HARRISON,  Mary  St.  Ledger,  who 

publishes  as  "Lucas  Malet,"  was  born  at 
Eversley  Rectory,  on  June  4,  1852,  and  is 
the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Charles 
Kingsley,  and  Frances,  daughter  of  Pascoe 
Grenfell,  of  Taplow.  The  accomplished 
novelist  was  educated  at  home  under  her 
father's  guidance,  and  afterwards  at  the 
Slade  School  and  at  University  College, 
London.  In  1876  she  married  William 
Harrison,  Eector  of  Clovelly,  who  died  in 
1897.  She  has  travelled  much,  especially  in 
India  and  Ceylon.  Her  novels  are  :  "  Mrs. 
Lorimer,  a  Sketch  in  Black  and  White," 
1882;  "Colonel  Enderby's  Wife,"  1885; 
"Little  Peter,"  1887  ;  "A  Council  of  Per- 
fection," 1888 ;  "The  Wages  of  Sin,"  a  very 
powerful  book,  the  scene  of  which  suggests 
her  native  Clovelly,  1891 ;  "  The  Carissima, 
a  Modern  Grotesque,"  1896.  Address:  6 
Ballingham  Mansions,  Kensington,  W. 

HARRISON,  Reginald,  F.K.C.S.,  the 

eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Harri- 
son, of  Stafford,  was  educated  at  Rossall 
School  and  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  He 
became  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England  in  1859,  and  a  Fellow 
of  the  College  in  1866.  He  is  Surgeon  to 
St.  Peter's  Hospital,  London  ;  Member  of 
Council  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  Vice-President  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  Hon. 
Member  Medical  Society,  State  of  New 
York  ;  Hon.  Fellow  American  Surgical 
Association,  and  of  Chicago  Academy  of 
Medicine,  &c,  and  lately  Vice-President 
and  Hunterian  Professor  of  Pathology  and 
Surgery  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
President  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, Surgeon  to  the  Liverpool  Royal  Infir- 
mary, Lecturer  on  Surgery  in  Victoria 
University,  and  Examiner  in  Surgery  in 
University  of  Durham.  He  is  author  of 
"  The  Surgical  Disorders  of  the  Urinary 
Organs,"  four  editions  ;  the  articles  on 
Stone  and  Surgical  Diseases  of  Bladder 
and  Kidneys,  vol.  i.  ;  "Twentieth-Cen- 
tury International  Cyclopedia"  (New 
York),  1895  ;  the  Lettsomian  Lectures 
before  the  Medical  Society  of  London, 
1888  ;  the  Presidential  Address  of  Liver- 
pool Medical  Society,  1881,  on  "The  Use 
of  the  Ambulance  in  Civil  Practice  "  ;  and 
of  various  other  contributions  to  surgical 
literature.  Address :  6  Lower  Berkeley 
Street,  Portman  Square,  W. 

HARRISON,  General  Sir  Richard, 

K.C.B.,  C.M.G.,  son  of  the  Rev.  B.  J.  Harri- 
son, rector  of  Beaumont,  Essex,  was  born 
on  May  26, 1837.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
row, and  entered  the  army  as  a  Lieutenant 
of  Royal  Engineers  in  1855,  promoted 
Captain  1862,  Major  1864,  and  Lieut. - 
Colonel  1874.     He  first  saw  war  service  at 


HARRISON  —  HARROWBY 


485 


Scutari  in  the  Crimea.  He  went  through 
the  Indian  Mutiny,  and  was  present  at 
many  actions,  including  the  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Lucknow,  and,  as  Staff  Officer  to 
the  Commanding  Royal  Engineer,  took 
part  in  the  Trans-Gogra  Campaign.  In 
1860  he  went  to  China  and  was  present  at 
the  siege  and  capture  of  the  Taku  Forts. 
He  was  attached  to  the  Quartermaster- 
General's  Staff  at  the  advance  on  and 
surrender  of  Pekin.  He  was  mentioned  in 
despatches,  and  received  the  Brevet  of 
Major  and  a  medal  with  two  clasps.  Sir 
Richard  Harrison  accompanied  Sir  W. 
Jervois  on  a  special  mission  to  Canada  and 
the  United  States  during  the  war  of  1863- 
64,  and  upon  returning  to  England  was 
appointed  Brigade-Major  of  Royal  En- 
gineers at  Chatham.  In  1879  he  went  to 
South  Africa  and  took  part  in  the  Zulu 
War.  He  was  appointed  Senior  Royal 
Engineer  at  Headquarters,  and  was  also 
on  the  Staff  at  the  battle  of  Ulundi.  For 
his  services  he  was  created  a  C.  B.  During 
the  Boer  agitation  he  was  in  command  of 
the  flying  column  and  also  commanded 
the  troops  in  the  Transvaal  during  the 
operations  against  Sekukuni,  and  was 
several  times  mentioned  in  despatches. 
In  1881  he  was  employed  at  Aldershot, 
and  the  following  year  went  to  Egypt  as 
Assistant  Adjutant-General.  He  served 
as  Chief  Staff  Officer  on  the  lines  of  com- 
munication throughout  the  campaign  and 
was  present  at  the  action  of  El  Magfar 
and  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir.  He  was 
again  mentioned  in  despatches,  and  was 
awarded  a  C.M.G.  and  the  Osmanieh  of 
the  third  class.  Sir  Richard  Harrison  also 
served  in  the  Soudan  Expedition  of  1885, 
taking  part  in  the  Nile  Expedition.  He 
was  Colonel  of  the  Staff  and  had  charge  of 
the  line  of  communication.  He  was  pro- 
moted Major-General  in  July  1888,  and  the 
following  year  was  appointed  Governor  of 
the  Royal  Military  Academy.  He  received 
a  K.C.B.  shortly  after.  As  Lieut.-General 
he  commanded  the  Western  District  (the 
Devonport  Command)  from  October  1893 
to  October  1895.  In  1897  he  was  chosen 
to  be  temporary  Quartermaster-General 
of  the  Forces  pending  the  arrival  from 
India  of  Sir  George  White.  General  Sir 
Richard  Harrison  married,  in  1870,  Amy 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Colonel  J.  O'Brien. 
Address  :  Hawley  Hill,  Black  water. 

HARRISON,  The  Right  Rev. 
William  Thomas,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Glas- 
gow and  Galloway,  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  Rev.  T.  T.  Harrison,  M.A.,  rector  of 
Thorpe  Morieux,  Suffolk.  He  was  born 
on  September  22,  1837,  and  was  educated 
at  Marlborough  College  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  was  curate  at  the 
Parish  Church,  Great  Yarmouth,  1861-68  ; 


rector  of  Thorpe  Morieux,  1868-75  ;  vicar 
of  Christ  Church,  Luton,  1875-83  ;  vicar 
of  St.  James's,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1883- 
88  ;  and  rural  dean  of  Luton  ;  and  subse- 
quently (1886)  rural  dean  of  Thingoe.  He 
was  consecrated  Bishop  in  1888.  He  is  an 
Hon.  Canon  of  Ely.  He  married,  in  1890, 
Elizabeth  Colvin,  daughter  of  Col.  John 
Colvin,  C.B.  Address  :  25  BurnbaDk 
Gardens,  Glasgow. 

HARROWBY,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Dudley  Francis  Stuart  Ryder, 
D.L.,  J.P.,  D.C.L.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Harrowby,  K.G.,  by  Lady 
Frances  Stuart,  fourth  daughter  of  the 
late  Marquis  of  Bute.  He  was  born  at 
Brighton,  Jan.  16,  1831,  and  received  his 
education  at  Harrow  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1852. 
After  leaving  the  University  he  accom- 
panied the  present  Earl  of  Carnarvon  on  a 
journey  to  the  East,  visiting  the  sites  of 
Nineveh  and  Babylon,  and  exploring  the 
country  between  Mesopotamia,  the  Black 
Sea,  and  Persia.  He  served  as  Captain  in 
the  2nd  Staffordshire  Militia  when  that 
regiment  was  called  out  for  garrison  duty 
at  the  time  of  the  Crimean  War  and  the 
Indian  Mutiny.  In  1856  he  was  elected 
M.P.  for  Lichfield,  which  city  he  repre- 
sented as  Viscount  Sandon  till  1859  ;  and 
for  some  time  he  was  Private  Secretary 
to  Mr.  Labouchere  at  the  Colonial  Office, 
1856-8.  He  unsuccessfully  contested  Staf- 
ford in  1860.  Viscount  Sandon  was  first 
elected  for  Liverpool  in  January  1868,  and 
was  elected  three  times  for  the  borough. 
At  the  general  election  in  February  1874, 
his  lordship  was  returned  for  that  borough 
at  the  head  of  the  poll,  no  fewer  than 
20,206  votes  having  been  recorded  in  his 
favour — the  largest  number  given  to  any 
candidate  in  the  United  Kingdom.  He 
came  into  Parliament  as  a  supporter  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  but  gave  up  his  connec- 
tion with  that  party  and  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  on  account  of  Lord 
John  Russell  becoming  a  member  of  Lord 
Palmerston's  Government,  and  has  been 
ever  since  a  steady  supporter  of  the  Con- 
servative party.  At  one  time  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  private  business  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  served  on  several 
select  committees,  including  those  on  the 
Euphrates  Valley,  Hudson's  Bay,  and  the 
Diplomatic  and  Consular  Services  ;  and  he 
was  also  a  member  of  the  secret  committee 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  Westmeath 
Ribbon  outrages.  His  name  was  associ- 
ated with  the  Parochial  Councils  Bill, 
which  he  brought  forward  in  two  sessions, 
with  the  object  of  giving  to  the  laity  a 
larger  share  in  the  management  of  Church 
affairs.  His  lordship  took  a  leading  part, 
conjointly  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  in  found- 


486 


HART  — HAETE 


ing  the  "Bishop  of  London's  Fund,"  and 
took  an  active  share  in  all  the  details  of 
its  management  for  about  nine  years.  To 
the  first  London  School  Board  he  was 
returned  for  Westminster  (1873),  and  he 
presided  over  the  statistical  committee 
appointed  by  that  body  to  investigate  the 
educational  wants  of  the  metropolis.  In 
February  1874  he  was  appointed  Vice- 
President  of  the  Council  of  Education,  and 
for  four  years  he  represented  that  Depart- 
ments the  House  of  Commons.  He  brought 
in  the  Education  Act  of  1876  and  various 
Revised  Codes.  In  1877,  when  the  office 
of  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland  became 
vacant,  and  a  second  time  in  1878,  the 
Earl  of  Beaconsfield  offered  it,  with  a  seat 
in  the  Cabinet,  to  Viscount  Sandon,  who, 
.however,  for  family  reasons  refused  it  on 
both  occasions  ;  but  shortly  afterwards 
his  lordship  accepted  the  post  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade,  with  a  seat 
in  the  Cabinet,  vacant  by  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  Adderley,  who  was  raised  to  the 
House  of  Peers,  April  1878.  Viscount 
Sandon  went  out  of  office  with  his  col- 
leagues in  April  1880.  He  succeeded  to 
the  title  of  Earl  of  Harrowby  on  the 
death  of  his  father  (Nov.  19,  1882).  He 
was  appointed  Lord  Privy  Seal  in  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury's  Government  in 
1885,  and  went  out  of  office  with  his 
colleagues  in  February  1886.  He  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Education  in  1886,  and  served 
on  it  for  nearly  three  years  of  its  exist- 
ence. He  became  President  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in  1886.  In 
1888  he  was  elected  as  one  of  the  represen- 
tatives of  the  Diocese  of  Lichfield  in  the 
first  House  of  Laymen.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  first  County  Council 
for  Staffordshire  in  1S88,  and  has  been 
its  chairman  from  the  commencement. 
He  has  given  special  attention  to  colonial 
matters,  and  to  questions  affecting  the 
empire  generally,  speaking  frequently  on 
these  subjects  in  both  the  House  of  Com- 
mons and  House  of  Lords,  and  also  to 
subjects  affecting  the  religious,  social,  and 
material  progress  of  the  working-classes. 
He  married,  in  1861,  Lady  Mary  Frances 
Cecil,  eldest  daughter  of  the  second 
Marquis  of  Exeter.  Addresses  :  44  Gros- 
venor  Square,  W.  ;  Sandon  Hall,  Staffs., 
&c. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HART,    Heber     Leonidas,    LL.D., 

barrister-at-law,was  born  March  31, 1865,  at 
Clapham,  and  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Percy  Hart. 
He  graduated  in  1886  in  the  University  of 
London  as  Bachelor  of  Laws,  having  been 
placed  first  in  First-Class  Honours  in 
Jurisprudence  and  Roman  Law,  and  also 
obtaining  Honours  in  Common  Law  and 
Equity  ;  he  took  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 


Laws  in  1893,  being  the  only  successful 
candidate  out  of  seven.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1887,  and 
joined  the  South-Eastern  Circuit.  From 
1887  to  1890  he  was  leader  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  the  Putney  Parliament ;  for  some 
years  after  1889  he  was  Chairman  of  the 
Putney  and  Roehampton  Liberal  Associa- 
tion ;  and  for  several  years  he  was  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Borough  of  Wandsworth 
Liberal  and  Radical  Association.  At  the 
annual  general  meeting  of  the  Bar  in  1894 
Mr.  Hart  seconded  a  motion,  which  led  to 
the  formation  of  the  present  General 
Council  of  the  Bar.  In  1894  and  subse- 
quent years  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
forming  the  London  University  Defence 
Committee,  and  is  still  one  of  the  principal 
advocates  of  the  maintenance  of  the 
existing  work  of  the  University  as  an 
Imperial  and  Impartial  Examining  Board  ; 
he  is,  moreover,  a  member  of  a  select 
committee  of  13  members  of  Convocation, 
upon  the  subject  of  the  reconstitution  of 
the  University.  He  contested  the  Isle  of 
Thanet  at  the  general  election  of  1892, 
and  South  Islington  at  the  general 
election  of  1895  ;  was  in  1895  elected  the 
first  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Auctioneers' 
Institute  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Committee  and  Standing 
Sub-Committee  of  the  Eighty  Club.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Women's  Suffrage  and 
National  Danger,"  1889  ;  and  "  The  Law 
relating  to  Auctioneers,"  1895.  Addresses  : 
The  Pines,  Putney  Hill,  S.W. ;  and  Gold- 
smith Building,  Temple,  E.C. 

HART,  James  McDougal,  landscape 
painter,  was  born  at  Kilmarnock,  Scotland, 
in  1828.  When  a  child  he  went  with  his 
family  to  America  and  lived  at  Albany, 
New  York.  In  1851  he  went  to  Dusseldorf 
and  studied  painting  for  about  a  year. 
He  returned  to  Albany  in  1852,  and  in 
1856  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  He  was  made  an 
Academician  in  1859.  His  pictures  are 
admired  for  their  harmony  of  colour  and 
quiet  peacefulness  of  tone.  The  best 
known  among  them  are:  "Moonrise  in 
the  Adirondacks,"  "A  Summer's  Memory 
of  Berkshire,"  "The  Drove  at  the  Ford," 
"By  the  Brookside,"  "Peaceful  Homes," 
"Coming  out  of  the  Shade,"  "On  the 
March,"  "  Among  Friends,"  "Threatening 
Weather,"  "Indian  Summer,"  and  "A 
Misty  Morning."  Two  of  his  pictures — 
"In"the  Autumn  Woods"  and  "The  Rain 
is  Over,"  painted  in  1881  and  1887  respec- 
tively— were  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
position of  1889,  for  which  he  was  awarded 
a  bronze  medal. 

HAUTE,  Francis  Bret,  was  born  at 
Albany,  New  York,  Aug.  25,  1839.     He 


HAKTING 


487 


went  to  California  in  1854,  and  was  suc- 
cessively a  miner,  school-teacher,  express 
messenger,  printer,  and  finally  editor  of  a 
newspaper.  In  1864  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  United  States  Branch 
Mint  at  San  Francisco,  holding  the  office 
until  1870.  He  contributed  many  poems 
and  sketches  to  periodicals,  and  in  1868, 
upon  the  establishment  of  the  Overland 
Monthly,  he  became  its  editor,  and  con- 
tributed to  it  several  notable  tales  and 
sketches.  In  1869  appeared  in  it  his 
humorous  poem  "The  Heathen  Chinee," 
which  suddenly  made  him  famous.  In 
1871  he  went  to  the  Eastern  States,  and 
took  up  his  residence  first  in  New  York, 
and  subsequently  in  Boston.  He  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  Consul  at  Crefield 
in  1878,  from  which  he  was  transferred  to 
Glasgow  in  March  1880,  where  he  remained 
until  July  1885.  Since  then  he  has  resided 
in  London.  His  works,  most  of  which 
originally  appeared  in  periodicals,  include 
"Condensed  Novels,"  1867;  "Poems," 
and  "  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp,  and  other 
Sketches,"  1870  ;  "  East  and  West  Poems," 
and  "Poetical  Works,"  illustrated,  1871  ; 
"  Mrs.  Skaggs's  Husbands,"  1872 ;  ' '  Echoes 
of  the  Foot  Hills,"  1874;  "Tales  of  the 
Argonauts,"  1875  ;  "Gabriel  Conroy,"  and 
"Two  Men  of  Sandy  Bar,"  1876  ;  "Thank- 
ful Blossom,"  1877;  "Story  of  a  Mine," 
and  "Drift  from  Two  Shores,"  1878  ;  "The 
Twins  of  Table  Mountain  and  other 
Stories,"  1879;  "Flip  and  Found  at 
Blazing  Star,"  1882;  "In  the  Carquinez 
Woods,"  1883  ;  "  On  the  Frontier,"  1884  : 
"By  Shore  and  Sedge,"  and  "Maruja," 
1885  ;  "Snowbound  at  Eagle's,"  and  "  The 
Queen  of  the  Pirate  Isle,"  1886  ;  "A  Mil- 
lionaire of  Bough  and  Beady,"  "Devil's 
Ford,"  and  "The  Crusade  of  the  Excel- 
sior," 1887;  "A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras," 
"Drift  from  Redwood  Camp,"  and  "The 
Argonauts  of  North  Liberty,"  1888  : 
"Cressy,"  and  "The  Heritage  of  Dedlow 
Marsh,"  1889 ;"  A  Waif  of  the  Plains,"  and 
"A  Ward  of  the  Golden  Gate,"  1890  ;  "A 
Sappho  of  Green  Springs,"  and  "  Sally 
Dows,"  1892;  "Susy,"  1893;  "The  Bell- 
ringer  of  Angel's,"  and  "A  Protege  of 
Jack  Hamlin's,"  1894;  "Clarence,"  and 
"In  a  Hollow  of  the  Hills,"  1895; 
'•Barker's  Luck  and  Other  Stories,"  1896  ; 
"Three  Partners,"  1897;  and  "  Stories  in 
Light  and  Shade,"  1899.  Address:  74 
Lancaster  Gate,  W. 

HARTING,  James  Edmund,  F.L.S., 
F.Z.S.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  James  Vincent 
Harting,  of  Harting,  in  the  county  of 
Sussex,  and  Kingsbury,  Middlesex,  was 
born  in  London,  April  29,  1841.  He  was 
educated  at  Downside  College,  near  Bath, 
and  at  the  University  of  London,  where 
he  matriculated  in  1859,  and  the  following 


year  passed  the  first  examination  for  the 
degree  of  B.A.  He  followed  the  profession 
of  a  solicitor  until  1878,  when  he  retired 
from  practice.  Being  from  youth  devoted 
to  the  study  of  zoology,  and  more  espe- 
cially ornithology,  he  began  in  1866  to 
publish  the  results  of  his  observations, 
and  since  that  date  he  has  written  several 
works,  of  which  the  titles  and  dates  are 
given  below,  as  well  as  numerous  papers 
in  the  Proceedings  and  Transactions  of 
scientific  societies  and  in  journals  devoted 
to  natural  history.  In  January  1871  he 
began  to  edit  the  natural  history  columns 
of  the  Field,  which  he  has  continued  to  do 
ever  since  ;  he  was  editor  of  the  Zoologist 
for  about  twenty  years  from  1877  to  1896. 
Elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Zoological  Society 
in  1864,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
Society  in  1868,  he  has  served  on  the 
Council  of  the  latter,  and  on  various  com- 
mittees of  the  former  society  and  of  the 
British  Association  for  many  years.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  procuring  the  passing 
of  the  Sea  Birds  Preservation  Act,  1869, 
and  drafted  the  Bill  for  the  Protection 
of  Wild  Fowl,  which  was  passed  in  1872 ; 
and  in  1873  he  was  examined  before  a 
Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, appointed  to  take  evidence  on  this 
subject  with  a  view  to  further  legislation. 
Elected  an  hon.  member  of  several  county 
Natural  History  Societies,  he  was  in  1882 
awarded  a  first-class  silver  medal  of  the 
Societe  d'Acclimatation  de  France  "for 
scientific  publications."  In  January  1888 
he  was  appointed  Librarian  to  the  Linnean 
Society,  with  an  official  residence  at  Bur- 
lington House.  In  1889  he  went  to  Paris 
as  special  correspondent  of  the  Field  to 
report  on  guns  and  rifles  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  and  to  Thessaly  in  1893  for 
the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  report  on 
the  vole  plague.  The  titles  of  his  works 
are:  "The  Birds  of  Middlesex:  a  Contri- 
bution towards  the  Natural  History  of 
tbe  County,"  1866;  "The  Ornithology  of 
Shakespeare  critically  examined, explained, 
and  illustrated,"  1871;  "A  Handbook  of 
British  Birds,"  1872;  "Our  Summer 
Migrants,"  1875  ;  a  new  edition  of  White's 
"Natural  History  of  Selborne,"  1875;  an- 
other edition,  with  additional  "Letters  of 
White,"  1876;  "Eambles  in  Search  of 
Shells,"  1876;  "Ostriches  and  Ostrich 
Farming,"  1879;  "Rodd's  Birds  of  Corn- 
wall, edited  with  an  Introduction,  Ap- 
pendix, and  Memoir  of  the  Author,"  1880  ; 
"British  Animals  Extinct  within  Historic 
Times,"  1880;  "Glimpses  of  Bird  Life," 
1880;  "Essays  on  Sport  and  Natural  His- 
tory," 1883  ;  "  A  Perfect  Booke  for  Kepinge 
of  Spar-hawkes  or  Goshawks  :  Printed  for 
the  first  time  from  the  Original  MS.  of  1575, 
with  an  Introduction  and  Glossary,"  1886  ; 
"Bert's  Treatise  of  Hawks:  for  the  first 


488 


HABTMAN N  —  HATTON 


time  Reprinted  from  the  Original  of  1619, 
with  an  Introduction,"  1891 ;  "Bibliotheoa 
Accipitraria :  a  Bibliography  of  Falconry, 
with  Illustrations,"  1891;  "Walton's 
Angler,"  Tercentary  edition,  1893  ;  "Hints 
on  the  Management  of  Hawks,"  2nd  edit., 
1898.  In  1868  he  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  M.  Lynch,  of  co.  Kil- 
dare  and  co.  Dublin.  Address  :  Linnean 
Society,  Burlington  House,  W. 

HARTMANN,  Alfred,  a  Swiss 
author,  was  born  Jan.  1,  1814,  in  the  castle 
of  Thunstetten,  near  Langenthal,  in  the 
canton  of  Berne,  and  attended  from  1827 
to  1831  the  schools  of  Solothurn.  After 
the  latter  date  he  studied  law  in  the  uni- 
versities of  Munich,  Heidelberg,  and  Berlin. 
During  a  prolonged  visit  to  Paris,  however, 
he  lost  all  taste  for  jurisprudence,  and 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  On 
returning  to  his  native  country  he  per- 
manently fixed  his  residence  at  Solothurn, 
where  he  formed  a  close  friendship  with 
the  well-known  painter  Disteli,  and  where 
(from  1845)  he  published  a  comic  periodical 
called  Postheiri.  But  Hartmann  became 
best  known  through  his  Helvetic  romance, 
"  Meister  Putsch  und  seine  Gesellen,"  1858  ; 
and,  in  the  department  of  biography,  by 
his  sketch  of  his  friend  "Martin  Disteli," 
1861  ;  "  H.  J.  von  Staal,"  1861  ;  "  Gallerie 
beriihmter  Schweizer,"  2  vols.,  1863-71; 
and  "  Hory,  Kanzler-Denkwiirdigkeiten," 
1876.  Among  his  other  works  may  be  men- 
tioned "  Kiltabendsgeschichten,  1853-55  ; 
"Erzahlungen  aus  der  Schweiz,"  1863; 
"Junker  und  Burger,"  1865;  "Schweizer- 
novellen,"  1877;  "Neue  Schweizerno- 
vellen,"  and  "Fortunat,"  1879. 

HARTMANN,  Karl  Robert  Eduard 
von,  philosopher,  was  born  in  Berlin,  on 
Feb.  23,  1842.  He  entered  the  Prussian 
army  in  1858  ;  but  lameness  obliged  him 
to  leave  the  service  in  1865,  and  he  took 
to  literature  as  a  profession.  His  first 
work,  "Philosophie  des  Unbewussten" 
(The  Philosophy  of  the  Unconscious)  at 
once  raised  him  to  fame.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1869,  and  in  thirteen  years 
passed  through  nine  editions.  An  English 
translation,  in  three  volumes,  is  published 
in  Triibner's  English  and  Foreign  Philo- 
sophical Library.  This  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  "Phanomenologie  des  sittlichen 
Bewusstseins,"  1878;  "Zur  Geschichte 
und  Begriindung  des  Pessimismus,"  1880 
(2nd  edit.,  1892) ;  "  Das  religiose  Bewusst- 
sein  der  Menschheit  im  Stufengange  seiner 
Entwickelung,"  1881;  "Philosophie  des 
Schbnen,"  1887  ;  "  Des  Grund-problems  der 
Erkenntnisstheorie,"  1889  ;  "  Die  Geister- 
hypothese  des  Spiritismus,"  1891 ;  besides 
numerous  less  important  works.  In  1893 
he  published  a  criticism  of  Kant.     He  is  a 


pessimist  as  regards  the  inevitable  misery 
of  existence,  but  an  optimist  in  so  far  as 
he  believes  in  evolutionary  progress. 

HASTINGS,  Thomas  Samuel,  D.D., 

was  born  at  Utica,  N.Y.,  Aug.  28,  1827. 
He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  Clin- 
ton, N.Y.,  in  1848,  and  at  the>  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  N.Y.  City,  in  1851. 
He  was  pastor  of  Presbyterian  churches 
in  Mendham,  N.J.,  in  1852-56,  and  in  New 
York  City  in  1856-82.  He  then  became 
Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  in  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  of  which,  in  1888, 
he  was  made  the  President,  succeeding 
the  late  Dr.  R.  D.  Hitchcock,  who  died 
in  1887.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1865,  and  that  of  LL.D. 
by  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  1888.  In 
conjunction  with  his  father  he  edited 
"Church  Melodies,"  published  in  1857. 
He  retired  from  the  Presidency  of  Union 
Theological  Seminary  in  1897. 

HATTON,  G.  R.,  editor  of  the  Biogra- 
pher, is  the  brother  of  Joseph  Hatton  (q.v.), 
and  was  born  at  Chesterfield  on  June  8, 
1850.  He  adopted  journalism  as  a  career, 
and  was  successively  in  the  offices  of  the 
Lincolnshire  Chronicle,  the  Dorset  County 
Chronicle,  and  various  other  provincial 
newspapers,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-two 
became  connected  with  the  Western  Tele- 
graph. He  remained  on  this  staff  for  a 
year,  when  he  became  editor  of  the  Western 
Daily  Mercury.  He  probably  holds  the 
record  as  the  youngest  editor  of  a  daily 
paper.  After  a  year  he  left  this  news- 
paper to  become  chief  leader-writer  of  the 
Sheffield  Independent,  his  colleagues  pre- 
senting him  with  a  diamond  ring  on  his 
departure  from  Plymouth.  In  1893  Mr. 
Hatton  became  connected  with  the  Lon- 
don Star,  Sun,  and  Morning  Leader,  for  the 
columns  of  which  he  has  written  many 
biographies.  He  is  indeed  best  known  as 
a  biographer.  The  paper  of  that  name 
was  started  by  him  as  long  ago  as  1874, 
under  the  slightly  different  title  of  the 
Biograph.  It  is  a  magazine  entirely  de- 
voted to  biography,  and  was  one  of  the 
earliest  to  appear  of  its  kind.  The  first 
number  contained  some  important  in- 
formation obtained  from  Mr.  Gladstone 
respecting  his  political  career,  which  at 
once  brought  the  magazine  into  public 
notice.  Shortly  afterwards  Mr.  Hatton 
bought  C'olburn's  New  Monthly  from  Dr. 
Ainsworth.  Mr.  Hatton  has  written 
poems,  of  which  some  have  been  set  to 
music  by  such  composers  as  Louis  Diehl 
and  Sir  Frederic  Gore-Ouseley,  and  novels, 
as  well  as  a  series  of  papers  on  "  George 
Eliot  in  Derbyshire,"  published  in  book 
form   by  Ward,   Lock,   &   Co.     Address : 


HATTON  —  HAUPTMANN 


489 


c/o  Leonard  Smithers,  4  &  5  Royal  Arcade, 
Old  Bond  Street,  W. 

HATTON,  Joseph,  born  at  Andover, 
Feb.  3,  1839,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Francis  Augustus  Hatton,  founder  of  the 
Derbyshire  Times,  one  of  the  first  penny 
newspapers,  for  which  his  son  began  to 
write  at  an  early  age.  He  first  came  to 
London  in  1868  to  edit  and  reconstruct 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  which  he  con- 
ducted for  some  years  with  a  staff  that 
included  Tom  Taylor,  Shirley  Brooks, 
Mark  Lemon,  "The  Druid,"  "Luke  Lim- 
ner," William  Jordan,  Blanchard  Jerrold, 
and  other  well-known  writers.  For  many 
years  he  was  the  special  correspondent  in 
Europe  of  the  New  York  Times.  He  has 
filled  similar  positions  for  the  Sydney 
Morning  Herald,  New  South  Wales,  and 
the  Kreitz  Zeitung  in  Berlin  ;  and  has  inti- 
mate relations  with  more  than  one  great 
American  newspaper.  His  "  Cigarette 
Papers :  for  After-Dinner  Smoking,"  ap- 
pear in  a  selection  of  high-class  journals 
at  home  and  abroad.  He  has  written  for 
the  leading  magazines,  has  contributed 
special  articles  to  the  Illustrated  London 
News,  and  has  been  professionally  asso- 
ciated both  with  the  Standard  and  the 
Daily  Telegraph.  His  "  Journalistic  Lon- 
don" shows  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
Press  life  and  methods.  He  has  frequently 
crossed  the  Atlantic  ;  once  on  a  mission 
from  the  Standard,  during  which  time  he 
exploited  the  Irish  question  and  described 
for  that  journal,  in  one  of  the  longest 
messages  ever  despatched  by  cable,  the 
assassination  of  President  Garfield.  He 
collaborated  with  the  Rev.  M.  Harvey  in 
the  latest  "  History  of  Newfoundland," 
and  his  name  is  well  known  in  the  Eastern 
seas  as  the  author  of  "  The  New  Ceylon," 
the  pioneer  volume  on  North  Borneo  ; 
since  which  time,  through  the  death  of 
his  only  son  in  those  regions,  he  has  given 
to  the  world  the  story  and  work  of  the 
young  life,  which  is  perpetuated  in  Borneo 
by  the  naming  of  a  mountain  near  the 
scene  of  his  death,  Mount  Hatton.  Mr. 
Joseph  Hatton  is  even  better  known  as  a 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer  than  a 
journalist,  though  he  has  edited  several 
leading  papers  in  London  and  the  country. 
His  principal  works  in  fiction  are  "  Clytie," 
"Cruel  London,"  "Three  Recruits,"  "The 
Old  House  at  Sandwich,"  "  The  Queen  of 
Bohemia,"  "The  Valley  of  Poppies,"  "By 
Order  of  the  Czar,"  "  The  Princess  Maza- 
roff,"  "Under  the  Great  Seal,"  "The 
Banishment  of  Jenop  Blythe,"  "The  Dag- 
ger and  the  Cross,"  and  "The  Vicar." 
"  Clytie,"  which  had  already  been  trans- 
lated into  German,  has  appeared  in  Swe- 
dish, following  the  success  of  "By  Order 
of  the  Czar  "  in  that  language.   This  latter 


work  was  prohibited  by  the  Russian  censor 
from  circulation  in  Russia  on  account  of 
its  tragic  exposition  of  the  rising  against 
the  Jews  in  Southern  Russia.  Among  his 
miscellaneous  works  are  "Irving's  Im- 
pressions of  America,"  "Toole's  Remi- 
niscences," "To-day  in  America,"  "Cap- 
tured by  Cannibals,"  "Old  Lamps  and 
New,"  "Cigarette  Papers,"  "In  Jest  and 
Earnest,"  "  The  Gay  World,"  "The  Abbey 
Murder,"  and  "  John  Needham's  Double." 
A  dramatic  version  of  the  latter  story, 
with  Mr.  E.  S.  Willard  in  the  dual  r61e  of 
John  Needham  and  Joseph  Norbury,  has 
been  played  in  America,  as  also  a  version 
of  "  The  Scarlet  Letter,"  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Richard  Mansfield.  Mr.  Hat- 
ton is  also  the  author  of  two  other  plays, 
the  first,  "The  Prince  and  the  Pauper," 
written  for  his  youngest  daughter,  Miss 
Bessie  Hatton,  who  has  made  a  great 
artistic  success  in  the  dual  role ;  and  the 
second,  the  newest  version  of  "Jack 
Sheppard,"  commissioned  by  Mr.  Weedon 
Grossmith,  whose  professional  reputation 
has  been  greatly  enhanced  by  his  imper- 
sonation of  Mr.  Hatton's  realistic  young 
scamp,  a  courageous  and  successful  protest 
against  the  exaggerated  heroism  hitherto 
associated  with  the  Jack  Sheppard  of 
fiction.  Distinction  was  given  to  a 
"record"  first  night  at  the  Pavilion 
Theatre  by  the  presence  of  Sir  Henry 
Irving,  when  the  play  was  received  with 
the  greatest  enthusiasm.  Address :  49 
Grove  End  Road,  N.W. 

HATZFEIDT  -  WILDENBURG, 

Count  von,  German  Ambassador  at  the 
Court  of  St.  James's,  was  born  in  1831,  and 
specially  educated  for  diplomacy.  In 
1862  he  was  secretary  to  Prince  Bismarck 
when  Ambassador  in  Paris,  and  was  always 
one  of  his  favourites  since.  In  1874  he 
became  Ambassador  at  Madrid,  then  at 
Constantinople,  being  recalled  in  1883  to 
Berlin  to  act  as  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  to  his 
present  post  in  succession  to  Count  Mtin- 
ster.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Charles  Moulton,  of  New  York,  was  di- 
vorced from  her  in  1886,  and  re-married 
in  1888,  in  order  that  their  daughter  might 
marry  Prince  Maximilian  of  Hohenlohe. 
Address  :  9  Carlton  House  Terrace,  S.W. 

HATJPTMANN,  Gerhardt,  German 
poet  and  dramatist,  was  born  at  Salzbrunn 
in  Silesia,  Nov.  15,  1862,  where  his  father 
kept  a  railway  inn.  He  made  an  early 
reputation  among  German  authors  by  his 
mingled  Wertherism  and  pessimism,  inter- 
weaving the  national  traditions  with  those 
of  the  newer  Scandinavian  school.  He 
acquired  great  notoriety  in  France  by  the 
efforts  of  a  small  society,  called  "L'CEuvre," 


490 


HATJSSONVILLE  —  HAWEIS 


directed  by  M.  Lugne-Poe,  whose  aims 
were  to  popularise  the  Scandinavian 
drama,  especially  Ibsen  and  Strindberg. 
His  first  work,  "Les  Tisserauds,"  did  not 
attract  much  attention ;  but  when  "  Le 
Theatre  de  l'CEuvre  "  attempted  to  produce 
"Les  Ames  Solitaires,"  translated  by  M. 
Alexandre  Cohen,  in  December  1893,  it 
was  forbidden  by  the  censor  on  account  of 
its  anarchist  tendencies.  In  January  1894 
a  question  in  the  House  by  M.  Vigne' 
d'Octon  gave  this  play  more  advertisement 
than  any  representation  could  have  given 
it.  A  few  days  later  was  given  his  dream- 
poem  of  "  Hannele  Mattern,"  translated 
by  M.  Jean  Thorel.  One  of  his  last  works 
is  another  pessimist  dream-poem,  "Die 
Versunkene  Glocke,"  which  was  translated 
in  the  Contemporary  Review  in  March  1898. 
In  the  same  year  he  published  "  Fuhrman 
Henschel,"  a  play  in  Silesian  dialect, 
which  has  been  evidently  inspired  by  his 
surroundings  in  boyhood.  His  religious 
drama  "  Christus  "  was  recently  (1898)  to 
be  produced  in  Berlin.  His  very  remark- 
able dramas  still  await  a  hearing  in 
London. 

HATJSSONVILLE,    Comte   d', 
Gabriel     Paul    Othenin    de    Cleron, 

French  writer,  was  born  at  Gurcy-le-Chatel 
on  Sept.  21,  1843,  and  is  the  son  of  Comte 
Joseph  d'Haussonville,  a  French  Aca- 
demician. He  studied  law  in  Paris,  and 
completed  his  political  and  economic 
studies  by  travels  in  Europe  and  America. 
Directly  after  the  war  of  1870  he  became 
a  candidate  for  the  National  Assembly, 
and  was  elected  member  for  his  native 
department  of  the  Seine  et  Marne.  He 
sat  with  the  Right  Centre,  and,  although 
calling  himself  a  republican,  always  voted 
with  the  monarchists.  He  failed  to  be  re- 
elected in  1876  and  1877,  and  did  not  again 
present  himself.  In  1891,  when  M.  Bocher 
retired  from  his  unofficial  position  of  re- 
presentative of  the  House  of  Orleans  in 
France,  the  Comte  d'Haussonville  was 
chosen  by  the  Comte  de  Paris  as  his  suc- 
■  cessor.  He  went  on  a  campaign  through- 
oat  the  provinces,  and  endeavoured  by 
his  speeches  to  infuse  life  into  the  despair- 
ing remnant  of  supporters  of  the  monarchy. 
In  1888  he  was  elected  the  successor  of 
M.  Caro  in  the  French  Academy.  His 
chief  works  are  :  "  Sainte-Beuve,  sa  Vie 
et  ses  CEuvres,"  1875  ;  "  Les  Etablisse- 
ments  pehitentiares  en  France,"  1875,  a 
work  crowned  by  the  Academy;  "Etudes 
Biographiques  et  Litteraires,"  1879;  "  Le 
Salon  de  Madame  Necker,"  1882  ;  "A  tra- 
vel's les  Etats  Unis :  Souvenirs  de  Voyage," 
1883  ;  and  "  Madame  de  La  Fayette,"  1891, 
in  the  Great  Writers  series.  He  is  the 
mouthpiece  by  which  his  chief,  the  Due 
d'Orleans,  addresses  the  French  people. 


HAVELOCK,  Sir  Arthur  Elibank, 

G.C.M.C.,  G.C.I.E.,  Governor  of  Madras, 
was  born  in  1844,  and  is  the  third  son  of 
the  late  Lieut.  -Colonel  W.  Havelock,  K.H. 
He  entered  the  army  in  1862  (32nd  Regi- 
ment), and  retired  with  the  rank  of  Captain 
in  1877.  He  was  Secretary  to  the  Governor 
of  Mauritius,  1873-74  ;  Chief  Civil  Com- 
missioner of  the  Seychelles,  1874-75  and 
1879-80  ;  Colonial  Secretary  and  Receiver- 
General  of  Fiji,  1875-76  ;  President  of 
Nevis,  1877-78  ;  Administrator  of  St. 
Lucia,  1878-79;  Governor  of  the  West  Afri- 
can Settlements  in  1881,  in  which  year 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Paris  to  nego- 
tiate the  settlement  of  certain  questions 
at  issue  between  Great  Britain  and  France 
with  regard  to  territory  in  West  Africa. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  Her 
Majesty's  Consul  for  Liberia,  and  nego- 
tiated a  boundary  treaty  between  Liberia 
and  Sierra  Leone.  In  December  1884  he 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Trinidad,  which 
post  he  resigned  for  that  of  Natal  in  1885. 
In  1890  he  was  Governor  of  Ceylon,  and 
in  1895  he  was  promoted  to  his  present 
post.  He  married  in  1871  Anne,  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  W.  Norris.  Address : 
Government  House,  Madras. 

HAWEIS,     The     Rev.     Hugh 

Reginald,  M.A.,  was  born  at  Egham, 
Surrey,  April  3,  1838,  being  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  J.  0.  W.  Haweis,  M.A.,  rector 
of  Slaugham,  Sussex,  and  Canon  and 
Prebendary  of  Chichester  Cathedral,  and 
Mary  Davis  Haweis.  He  received  his 
education  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  1859 ;  M.A.  1864).  He  was  first 
appointed  curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Bethnal 
Green  ;  next,  in  1863,  curate  of  St.  James- 
the-Less,  Westminster  ;  then  St.  Peter's, 
Stepney  ;  and,  in  1866,  incumbent  of  St. 
James's,  Marylebone.  He  was  at  that 
time  the  youngest  incumbent  in  London, 
and  the  prospect  before  him,  at  his  new 
church,  was  far  from  cheering.  The  con- 
gregation was  insignificant,  and  the  church 
itself  greatly  in  need  of  repair.  It  is 
owing  to  Mr.  Haweis's  indefatigable 
labours,  both  as  a  preacher  and  a  man 
of  business,  that  his  church  is  now  one 
of  the  most  crowded  in  London.  He  took 
great  interest  in  the  Italian  Revolution 
under  Garibaldi,  and  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Capua,  where  he  had  several 
narrow  escapes.  He  afterwards  published 
in  the  Argosy  an  account  of  those  events 
and  a  memoir  of  Garibaldi ;  and  subse- 
quently wrote,  at  his  request,  other  me- 
moirs of  his  life  for  Cassell's  Magazine. 
Hs  has  done  much  important  work  as  a 
journalist ;  was  one  of  the  earliest  leader- 
writers  on  the  Echo,  has  contributed  at 
different  times  to  the  Quarterly  Review, 
Times,    Pall    Mall    Gazette,    Contemporary 


HA  WELL  —  HAWKINS 


491 


Review,  and  for  a  year  he  acted  as  editor 
of  Oassell's  Magazine.  Mr.  Haweis  has 
always  interested  himself  in  the  question 
of  providing  open-air  spaces  for  the  people, 
and  he  has  had  much  to  do  with  the  plant- 
ing out  of  disused  London  churchyards 
and  waste  spaces ;  he  has,  besides,  been 
a  strong  advocate  of  the  opening  of  mu- 
seums and  galleries  on  Sundays.  When 
quite  a  boy  he  displayed  a  wonderful 
aptitude  for  violin  playing,  and  was  a 
pupil  of  the  great  violinist  Oury,  himself 
an  old  pupil  of  Paganini.  He  has  lectured 
at  the  Royal  Institution  on  violins  and 
church-bells.  He  is  the  author  of  "Music 
and  Morals,"  "  Thoughts  for  the  Times," 
"Speech  in  Season,"  "Current  Coin," 
"Arrows  in  the  Air,"  "Pet,  or  Pastimes 
and  Penalties,"  a  book  for  children  ; 
"Ashes  to  Ashes,"  a  cremation  prelude  ; 
"  American  Humorists,"  a  series  of  lectures 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution ;  "  Home- 
land," a  hymn  ;  "  Unsectarian  Family 
Prayers,"  and  "Christ  and  Christianity," 
in  5  vols.  ;  "  The  Broad  Church  ;  or  What 
is    coming?"    and    "The  Dead   Pulpit," 

1897.  In  June  1893  he  published  his 
"Life  of  Sir  Morell  Mackenzie."  During 
the  Chicago  Exposition  he  visited  the 
Parliament  of  Religions,  and  lectured  at 
many  places  in  the  U.S.A.  on  "  Music  and 
Morals."  In  1894  he  passed  two  months 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  drawing  enormous 
congregations  at  Trinity  Church,  Fran- 
cisco. He  then  passed  through  British 
Columbia  and  Canada,  and  visited  the 
Sandwich  and  Fiji  Islands.  He  accepted 
a  lucrative  engagement  from  R.  S.  Smythe, 
of  Melbourne,  and  passed  through  Austra- 
lia, New  Zealand,  and  Tasmania,  preaching 
at  nine  Colonial  Cathedrals  to  crowded 
congregations.  In  1896  Mr.  Haweis  re- 
delivered some  of  his  American  and  Aus- 
tralian lectures  to  London  audiences  at 
the  Steinway  Hall,  by  request.  In  1897 
Mr.  Haweis  was  called  to  Rome  for  the 
third  time  to  re-deliver  his  lectures  on 
Mazzini  and  Garibaldi.  He  married,  on 
his  appointment  to  St.  James's,  Maryle- 
bone,  Mary  E.,  daughter  of  the  late  T.  M. 
Joy,  the  well-known  painter.  This  lady, 
herself  a   well-known  authoress,   died    in 

1898.  Address  :  31  Devonshire  Street,  W. 

HAWELL,  John  A.,  United  States 
naval  officer,  is  a  native  of  New  York,  and 
graduated  at  the  Naval  Academy  in  1858  ; 
served  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  for  two 
years;  was  made  Lieutenant  in  1861,  and 
joined  the  North  Atlantic  Squadron  and 
served  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  naval  action  inMobile,  Aug. 
5,  1864.  He  was  made  Lieutenant-Com- 
mander, March  3,  1865  ;  was  in  command 
of  the  De  Soto  in  1866-67  ;  was  Instructor 
at  the  Naval  Academy  1868  to  1879,  except 


a  period  of  three  years  1872  to  1875,  when 
he  was  connected  with  the  Coast  Survey  ; 
was  made  a  Commander  in  1872,  and  Cap- 
tain in  1884.  In  1881  to  1884  he  was  at 
the  Washington  Navy  Yard,  and  for  four 
years  following  a  member  of  the  Naval 
Advisory  Board.  In  May  1895  he  became 
Commodore,  and  in  June  1896  he  took 
charge  of  the  European  station,  returning 
home  in  1898  on  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
with  Spain.  He  is  the  inventor  of  a 
marine  auto-mobile  torpedo  which  is 
favourably  regarded  by  experts. 

HAWKINS,  Anthony  Hope,  M.A., 

the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Hawkins, 
vicar  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street,  was  born 
at  Clapton  on  Feb.  9,  1863,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Marlborough,  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  scholar. 
After  taking  first-class  honours  in  both 
Classical  Moderations  and  in  the  Final 
School  of  Lit.  Hum.,  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1887,  and 
practised  on  the  London  and  Midland 
Circuit  until  1894.  when  he  ceased  to  pur- 
sue the  legal  profession.  In  1892  he  un- 
successfully contested  South  Bucks  in  the 
Liberal  interest.  His  career  as  a  novelist 
has,  up  to  the  present,  been  a  brilliant  one, 
and  of  his  published  works  there  may  be 
mentioned:  "A  Man  of  Mark,"  1890; 
"Father  Stafford,"  1891;  "Mr.  Witt's 
Widow,"  1892;  "Half  a  Hero,"  1893: 
"The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,"  1894;  "The 
Dolly  Dialogues,"  and  "The  God  in  the 
Car,"  1894;  "The  Chronicles  of  Count 
Antonio,"  1895  ;  "  The  Heart  of  Princess 
Osra,"  1896;  "Phroso,"  1897;  "Simon 
Dale,"  1898.  His  novel,  "The  Prisoner  of 
Zenda,"  was  adapted  for  the  stage  in  1896, 
and  had  a  most  successful  run  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  George  Alexander.  The  scene  of  this 
novel  is  laid  in  "Ruritania,"  an  amalgam 
of  the  small  Independent  Statesof  Southern 
Germany  before  1870  and  of  the  Danubian 
Principalities,  which  as  a  romantic  inven- 
tion may  be  paralleled  with  Mr.  Thomas 
Hardy's  "  Wessex. "  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Athenaium  under  Rule  2 
in  February  1899.  Address  :  16  Bucking- 
ham Street,  Strand,  W.C. ;  andAthenajum. 

HAWKINS,  Frederick,  son  of  the 
late  William  Hamilton  Hawkins,  of  the 
Times,  was  born  in  1849,  and  from  an  early 
age  has  been  connected  with  literature 
and  journalism.  His  first  work  was  a 
biography  in  two  volumes  of  Edmund 
Kean,  brought  out  in  1869.  He  assisted 
in  establishing  the  Theatre,  one  of  the 
few  periodicals  exclusively  devoted  to  the 
literature  and  art  of  the  stage.  Begun  in 
1877  as  a  weekly  newspaper,  it  appeared 
in  the  following  year  as  a  monthly  review 


492 


HAWKINS  —  HAWLEY 


and  magazine,  and  at  the  end  of  1879  was 
sold  by  its  original  proprietors  to  Mr. 
Clement  Scott.  Mr.  Hawkins  had  edited 
it  from  the  outset.  His  "Annals  of  the 
French  Stage  from  its  Origin  to  the  Death 
of  Racine,"  came  out  towards  the  close  of 
1884.  In  1888  Mr.  Hawkins  produced  a 
continuation  of  the  history  to  the  Re- 
volution period,  under  the  title  of 
"The  French  Stage  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century."  Mr.  Hawkins  acted  as  dramatic 
critic  for  the  Times  during  the  last  illness 
of  Mr.  Oxenford,  and  has  for  some  time 
been  a  member  of  the  editorial  staff  of 
that  journal. 

HAWKINS,  The  Hon.  Sir  Henry 
(Baron  Brampton),  late  Judge  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice  (Queen's 
Bench  Division),  son  of  John  Hawkins, 
Esq.,  of  Hitchin,  Herts,  by  Susan- 
nah, daughter  of  Theed  Pearse,  Esq.,  of 
Bedford,  was  born  at  Hitchin,  Sept.  14, 
1817,  and  educated  at  Bedford  School. 
Adopting  the  law  as  his  profession,  he 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  and  was  a 
very  diligent  special  pleader  before  his  call 
to  the  Bar  in  1843.  After  a  year  or  two 
he  rapidly  acquired  a  very  large  practice 
as  a  junior.  He  attached  himself  to  the 
Old  Home  Circuit,  and  after  he  obtained 
his  silk  gown  in  1858,  he  was  for  many 
years  one  of  its  leaders.  He  also  became 
a  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple.  As  a 
junior,  Mr.  Hawkins  was  one  of  the 
counsel  (with  Serjeant  Byles)  for  Sir  John 
Dean  Paul  in  1855  ;  and  (with  Mr.  Edwin 
James)  for  Simon  Bernard,  who  was  tried 
as  accessory  to  the  conspiracy  against  the 
life  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  in  1858. 
After  he  became  a  Queen's  Counsel  he  was 
engaged  in  nearly  every  important  case 
that  came  before  the  Superior  Courts.  He 
was  associated  with  the  late  Lord  Chief- 
Justice  Bovill  in  the  great  Roupell  cases 
against  the  claims  advanced  upon  the 
evidence  of  Mr.  Roupell.  In  the  famous 
convent  case,  "  Saurin  v.  Star,"  tried  in 
1869,  Mr.  Hawkins  led  for  the  defence  ; 
and  he  was  leading  counsel  for  Mr.  W.  H. 
Smith,  whose  seat  for  Westminster  he 
successfully  defended  before  Mr.  Baron 
Martin.  He  was  associated  with  the  pre- 
sent Lord  Coleridge  in  the  first  Tichborne 
trial,  when  he  particularly  distinguished 
himself  by  his  exhaustive  cross-examina- 
tion of  Mr.  Baigent.  In  the  prosecution 
of  the  Claimant  for  perjury,  Mr.  Hawkins 
led  for  the  Crown,  and  the  skill  he  dis- 
played in  this  trial — one  of  the  most 
protracted  and  the  most  remarkable  in  the 
annals  of  jurisprudence — greatly  increased 
his  reputation  as  an  advocate.  In  the 
Probate  Court  Mr.  Hawkins  led  the  case 
in  support  of  the  will  of  the  late  Lord  St. 
Leonards,  which  he  established  both  be- 


fore the  Judge  Ordinary  and  the  Court  of 
Appeal.  The  Gladstone  and  Von  Reable 
cases  were  among  his  victories  in  the 
Divorce  Court.  Mr.  Hawkins  was  counsel 
in  numerous  election  petitions  ;  was  en- 
gaged for  many  years  in  every  important 
compensation  case  ;  acted  for  the  Crown 
in  the  purchase  of  lands  for  the  National 
Defences,  for  the  Royal  Commissioners  in 
the  purchase  of  the  site  for  the  new  Law 
Courts,  for  the  City  of  London,  and  for  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  in  the  pur- 
chase of  property  required  for  the  Holborn 
Viaduct,  the  Thames  Embankment,  and 
various  new  streets ;  and  was  standing 
counsel  for,  and  held  the  general  retainer 
of,  the  Jockey  Club,  of  which  he  is  now  a 
member.  He  was  appointed  a  Judge  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice  (Queen's  Bench 
Division),  Nov.  3,  1876,  and  transferred  to 
the  Exchequer  Division,  when  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  resigned 
his  seat  on  the  Bench  in  December  1898, 
after  having  been  a  Judge  for  upwards  of 
twenty-two  years.  Early  in  1899  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Brampton, 
of  Brampton,  in  the  county  of  Huntingdon. 
By  his  express  desire  no  public  reference 
was  made  to  his  retirement  at  the  Central 
Criminal  Court,  where  during  the  last 
twenty  years  he  has  presided  over  all  the 
most  important  and  celebrated  cases  with 
distinguished  ability.  His  keen  and  now 
famous  sense  of  humour  showed  no 
diminution  to  the  moment  of  his  retire- 
ment, and  his  last  summing-up,  in  a  pro- 
tracted case,  was  delivered  without  notes 
and  with  his  accustomed  mastery  of  fact 
and  detail.  The  elevation  to  the  peerage 
of  a  puisne  judge  at  the  time  of  his  re- 
tirement has  only  been  twice  paralleled 
during  the  Queen's  reign,  viz.,  in  the  case 
of  Baron  Parke  (Lord  Wensleydale)  and  of 
Lord  Field.  On  being  made  a  peer,  Sir 
Henry  Hawkins  became  qualified  to  sit  as 
a  Lord  of  Appeal,  and  to  take  part  in  the 
labours  of  the  Judicial  Committee.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Jane  Louisa  Reynolds,  daughter 
of  the  late  Henry  Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.,  of 
Hulme,  Lancashire.  Addresses  :  5  Tilney 
Street,  Park  Lane,  W. ;  and  Athenajum. 

HAWLEY,  Hon.  Joseph  Koswell, 

American  journalist  and  statesman,  was 
born  at  Stewartsville,  North  Carolina, 
Oct.  31,  1826.  A.B.  (Hamilton  College), 
1847.  His  parents  were  originally  from 
Connecticut,  and  when  he  was  eleven 
years  of  age  they  returned  to  that  State, 
where  he  studied  law  and  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Hartford  (1850),  but  abandoned 
law  in  1857  for  journalism,  connecting 
himself  with  the  livening  Press,  a  newly 
established  Republican  paper.  When  the 
Civil  War  broke  out  he  was  the  first 
citizen  of  his  State  to  volunteer,  and  was 


HAWTHOENE  —  HAY 


493 


appointed  Lieutenant  and  afterwards  Cap- 
tain in  the  Conn.  Infantry,  rising  before 
the  end  of  the  war  to  the  rank  of  Briga- 
dier-General  and    brevet   Major -General. 
In  1866  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Con- 
necticut.    He  served  one  term,   to   1867, 
and  then  resumed  journalism.     He  was  a 
Presidential  Elector  and  President  of  the 
Republican   National  Convention   at  Chi- 
cago in  1868  ;  and    has   been  a  Delegate 
to   those   held   in   1872,    1876,  and  1880  ; 
was  Member  of  Congress  in  1873-77  and 
in  1879-81  ;   President  of  the  Centennial 
Commission  in  1876  ;  and  since  1881  has 
been  U.S.  Senator  from  Connecticut,  his 
present  term  expiring  in  1899.     He  is  the 
owner  and  editor  of  the  Hartford  Courant, 
with  which  the  Press  was  consolidated  in 
1867. 

HAWTHORNE,  Julian,  son  of  the 

eminent   novelist,    Nathaniel   Hawthorne, 
was  born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  June 
22,  1846.     He  was  prepared  for  college  at 
Concord,  Massachusetts,  and  entered  Har- 
vard in   1863,   where   he   remained   until 
1867,   but  he  took   no  degree.     He   then 
entered  the  Scientific  School  to  study  civil 
engineering,  but  left  it  to  go  to  Germany, 
in  October  1868.     He  spent  two  years  at 
a  Keal-schule   in   Dresden,  still   studying 
engineering.     In  the  summer  of  1870  he 
visited  the  United  States,  intending  to  re- 
sume his  studies  at  Dresden  in  the  autumn ; 
but  the  Franco-German  war  interfered  with 
his  plans,  and  he  joined  the  staff  of  hydro- 
graphic  engineers  in  the  New  York  Dock 
Department    under    Gen.    McClellan,    to 
which    he    remained   attached   until    the 
summer  of  1872.     During  1871  he  contri- 
buted a  number  of  short  stories  and  pieces 
to  the  American  magazines,  and  they  met 
with  so  much  success  that  he  determined 
to  give  up  engineering  for  literature.     He 
sailed  for  Europe  in  1872,  and  after  a  short 
stay  in  England,   proceeded  to  Dresden, 
where  he  remained  two  years,  during  which 
time  he  published  in  England  and  America 
his  first  two  novels,  "Bressant,"  1873,  and 
"  Idolatry,"  1874.     In  September  1874  he 
left  Dresden  and  settled  at  Twickenham, 
where,  in  1875,  he  published  in   the  Con- 
temporary Review,  and  afterwards  in  book 
form   in   England   and  America,   "  Saxon 
Studies."     His    novel    of    "  Garth "    was 
issued  in  1877.     From  1875  until  October 
1881  he  remained  in  or  near  London,  writ- 
ing and  publishing  "The  Laughing  Mill," 
a  collection  of  short  stories  previously  con- 
tributed  to   English  magazines  ;   "  Archi- 
bald Malmaison,"    a    novelette  ;   "  Ellice 
Quentin,"    another    collection    of    short 
pieces;   "Prince   Saroni's  Wife,"  also  a 
collection  of  tales  ;    and    "  Yellow-Cap," 
fairy  stories,    none  of    which    have    ap- 
peared in  America.    His  novel,  "  Sebastian 


Strome,"  was  published  both  in  England 
and  in  America  in  1880  ;  and  two  other 
novels  appeared  afterwards  serially,  "  For- 
tune's Fool"  and  "Dust."  In  1882  Mr. 
Hawthorne  went  to  the  United  States, 
and  is  now  residing  at  Sag  Harbor,  L.I. 
While  in  England  he  wrote  considerably 
for  the  periodicals,  and  for  two  years  was 
connected  with  the  staff  of  the  Spectator. 
Since  1882  have  appeared  "  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  and  his  Wife,  a  Biography," 
and  several  novels  and  short  stories.  He 
was  literary  editor  of  the  New  York  World 
in  1885.  In  the  summer  of  1889  he  visited 
Europe  in  connection  with  a  delegation 
of  fifty  American  working-men,  sent  to 
examine  the  condition  in  Europe  of  the 
industries  which  they  represented  at 
home. 

HAWTREY,  Charles  Henry,  is  the 

fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  T.  W.  Hawtrey,  of 
Slough,  and  grandson  of  the  late  Provost 
of  Eton,  and  was  born  at  Eton  in  1858, 
where  his  father  was  an  assistant-master. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford.  On  leaving  the  Univer- 
sity, he  adopted  the  dramatic  profession, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-three  appeared  in 
"  The  Colonel,"  and  some  years  afterwards 
adapted  from  the  German  the  comedy  or 
farce  which,  under  its  title  of  "  The 
Private  Secretary,"  has  been  one  of  the 
great  successes  of  the  English  stage, 
having  been  performed  no  fewer  than  844 
consecutive  times.  "Jane,"  another  very 
successful  piece,  is  among  other  plays  from 
his  pen.  Mr.  Hawtrey  is  lessee  of  the 
Comedy  and  Avenue  Theatres.  Address  : 
114  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

HAY,  George,  R.S.A.,  was  born  in 
Leith  Walk,  Edinburgh,  and  educated  at 
the  High  Schools  of  Leith  and  Edinburgh. 
He  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  in  1869 ;  an  Acade- 
mician in  1876  ;  and  was  unanimously 
elected  to  the  Secretaryship  of  the  Aca- 
demy, Nov.  9,  1881,  in  the  place  of  the  late 
William  Brodie,  R.S.A.  At  an  early  age 
he  showed  indications  of  his  future"  skill 
as  an  artist.  He  studied  modelling  in  the 
School  of  Art,  and  drawing  and  painting 
from  the  antique  in  the  Board  of  Trustees' 
Gallery  of  Casts.  At  the  age  of  seventeen 
he  was  induced  to  enter  the  architectural 
profession  ;  but  after  some  years  he 
abandoned  it  for  the  more  congenial  one 
of  the  artist.  Among  his  pictures  are  : 
"  A  Barber's  Shop  in  the  Time  of  Eliza- 
beth," 1863  ;  "  A  Street  Incident  in  the 
Sixteenth  Century,"  1864  ;  "  The  Jacobite 
in  Hiding,"  1865;  "Shopping  in  the 
Sixteenth  Century,"  1867;  "Devotional 
Art,"  1867  ;  "  Richie  Moniplies  in  Fleet 
Street,"   1868;    "Tea-tattle,"   1871-    "A 


494 


HAY 


Visit  to  the  Spaewife,"  1872  ;  "  Caleb 
Balderstone's  Ruse,"  1874,  engraved ;  "  The 
Haunted  Room,"  1875;  "The  Warrant," 
1875  ;  "  In  Days  of  Yore,"  1877  ;  "  The 
Spinners,"  1879;  "Secret  Aid  in  '45," 
1881;  "Morning  Practice,"  1882;  "Pro- 
digious I  "  1883  ;  "  Here's  to  the  King,  sirs, 
ye  ken  wha  I  mean,  sirs,"  1884;  "Escaped," 
1884  ;  "  A  Summer  Stroll,"  1886  ;  "  When 
Friends  meet,  Hearts  warm,"  1888;  "Wait- 
ing at  the  Well,"  1890;  "Roland  Gramme 
exchanging  the  Keys  :  Lochleven  Castle," 
1895  ;  "  Allan  Fairford  and  Father  Buona- 
ventnre  at  Fairladies,"  1896  ;  and  "  The 
Presence  Chamber,"  1897.  Address :  7 
Ravelston  Terrace,  Edinburgh. 

HAY,  Sir  James  Shaw,  K.C.M.G., 
Governor  of  Barbadoes,  was  born  in  1838, 
and  married  (3)  the  grand-daughter  of 
Lord  Cockburn  in  1894.  After  having 
served  in  the  89th  Regiment  he  became 
Administrator  of  the  Gambia  in  1886,  and 
Governor  of  Sierra  Leone  in  1888,  while  in 
1892  he  was  appointed  to  his  present  post. 
In  1889  he  was  created  a  K.C.M.G. 
Club  :  Constitutional. 

HAY,  Hon.  Colonel  John,  late  Ameri- 
can Ambassador  to  Great  Britain,  journalist 
and  author,  third  son  of  Charles  Hay 
and  Helen  Leonard,  was  born  at  Salem, 
Indiana,  Oct.  8,  1838,  and  graduated  at 
Brown  University,  1858.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  Springfield,  Illinois,  in  1861, 
but  almost  immediately  went  to  Washing- 
ton as  Assistant  Secretary  to  President 
Lincoln,  and  subsequently  was  his  Adju- 
tant and  Aide-de-Camp.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  served  for  a  time  under  Generals 
Hunter  and  Gillmore,  attaining  the  rank 
of  Colonel  and  Assistant  Adjutant-General. 
From  1865  to  1867  he  was  Secretary  of 
Legation  in  Paris,  and  from  that  time 
to  1868  was  Charge'  d'Affaires  at  "Vienna. 
He  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Legation 
in  Madrid  in  1869,  where  he  remained 
until  1870,  when  he  returned  to  the 
United  States,  and  became  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  New  York  Tribune.  This 
position  he  resigned  in  1876,  upon  his 
removal  to  Cleveland,  Ohio  ;  but  he  has 
continued  occasionally  to  contribute  to 
its  columns  to  the  present  time.  During 
the  absence  of  the  editor,  Mr.  Whitelaw 
Reid,  in  Europe,  from  April  to  November 
1881,  Colonel  Hay  returned  to  New  York 
to  take  entire  editorial  charge  of  the 
Tribune.  While  on  the  Tribune  he  ob- 
tained considerable  celebrity  by  his  dia- 
lect poems  of  "Jim  Bludsoe,"  "Little 
Breeches,"  &c.  ;  which  were  afterwards 
published  in  book  form  under  the  title 
of  "Pike  County  Ballads,"  1871.  In  the 
same  year  he  also  issued  "Castilian 
Days,"   a  series  of    sketches  of  Spanish 


life  and  character.  From  1879  to  1881 
he  was  Assistant-Secretary  of  State.  He 
represented  the  United  States  at  the 
International  Sanitary  Congress  held  in 
Washington  in  1881,  and  was  chosen  Pre- 
sident of  that  body.  He  was  subsequently 
engaged  (in  collaboration  with  John  G. 
Nicolay)  in  writing  a  Life  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  which  was  published  as  a  serial 
in  the  Century,  from  1886  to  1890,  and  was 
printed  in  1890,  with  extensive  additions, 
in  10  vols.  8vo,  by  the  Century  Co.  In 
the  same  year  he  published  his  collected 
"Poems."  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
campaign  of  1896  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  President  McKinley,  and  was 
appointed  in  March  1897  American  Ambas- 
sador to  England.  He  retired  from  his 
Ambassadorship,  after  representing  his 
country  with  conspicuous  ability  and 
popularity,  in  September  1898,  and  was 
subsequently  appointed  United  States 
Secretary  of  State.  Col.  Hay  married,  in 
1874,  Miss  Clara  Stone,  eldest  daughter  of 
Amasa  Stone,  Esq.,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  the 
eminent  railway  constructor  and  philan- 
thropist. His  winter  residence  is  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  and  his  summer  home  at  The 
Fells,  Newbury,  N.H.  London  address:  5 
Carlton  House  Terrace,  W. 

HAY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John 
Charles  Dalrymple,  Bart.,  K.O.B., 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  D.L.,  Admiral,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects, eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  James 
Dalrymple  Hay,  Bart.,  of  Park  Place, 
Wigtownshire,  by  his  first  wife,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  John  Heron 
Maxwell  of  Springkell,  Dumfriesshire,  was 
born  Feb.  11,  1821,  and  educated  at 
Rugby.  Entering  the  navy  in  1834,  he 
served  in  1835  and  1836  on  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  station,  where  he  was  landed 
with  the  seamen  and  marines  for  the 
defence  of  Fort  Elizabeth  in  the  first 
Kaffir  war,  and  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  five  slavers  in  the  river  Bonny,  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa.  He  then  served  in 
the  Channel  Squadron  on  the  North  Coast 
of  Spain,  on  the  South  American  and 
Pacific  station;  and  in  1840-41  in  the 
operations  on  the  Syrian  coast.  He  was 
at  the  capture  of  Beyrout  and  of  Acre, 
and  was  specially  gazetted  for  gallantry 
in  the  boat  attack  on  Tortosa.  He  then 
served  in  the  East  Indies  and  China, 
and  was  flag-lieutenant  with  Admiral  Sir 
Thomas  Cochrane  in  the  operations  in 
Borneo  in  1845-46.  He  commanded  the 
Wolverine  and  Columbine  in  China,  and  was 
senior  officer  in  the  operations  against  the 
pirate  fleet  of  Chinapoo,  which  he  de- 
stroyed with  the  squadron  under  his 
orders  in  Bias  Bay,  on  Sept.  26,  27,  28, 
1849 ;    and  with  the  same   squadron  he 


HAYMAN  —  HAYTER 


495 


destroyed  the  fleet  of  Shap'ng'tzai  in  the 
Tonquin  River  on  Oct.   20  and  21,  1849. 
He  received  the  thanks  of  the  Admiralty 
and  his  promotion  for  these  services  ;  and 
it  was  acknowledged  by  the  merchants  in 
China  by  thanks  and  a  service  of  plate. 
He   commanded   H.M.S.  Hannibal  in   the 
Black  and  Mediterranean  Seas  during  the 
Russian  war  of  1854-56,  and  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Kertch  and  Kinburn,  and 
in  the  bombardment  and  fall  of   Sebas- 
topol.     He  commanded  the  Indus  in  North 
America  and  the  West  Indies  from  1857 
till    1859 ;    was    one    of    the    Greenwich 
Hospital   Commission    in    1860  -  61  ;    and 
Chairman  of  the   Iron  Plate  Committee 
from   1861  till  1864.      He  succeeded  his 
father  as  3rd  Baronet,  March  19,  1861  ; 
was  elected  in  1862  for  Wakefield  in  the 
Conservative  interest ;  lost  his  seat  at  the 
general  election  in  July  1865 ;    was  de- 
feated at  Tiverton   the  same  year,   and 
elected  in  May  1866  for  Stamford,  which 
constituency  he  represented  till  the  general 
election  of  April  1880,  when  he  was  an  un- 
successful candidate  ;  but  in  July  of  that 
year  he  was  returned   for   the  Wigtown 
Burghs,  which  he  represented  till   1885. 
He   was   made   a  Rear-admiral,  and   was 
placed  on  the   retired  list   of  that  rank 
in  April  1870.     He  was  a  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  from  June  1866  to  Dec.   1868, 
has  received   three  war  medals   and   the 
Medjidieh  fourth  class.     He  is  the  author 
of   "  The   Flag   List  and  its  Prospects "  ; 
"  Our  Naval  Defences  "  ;  "  The  Reward  of 
Loyalty,"  being  suggestions  in  reference 
to  our  American  Colonies,  1862 ;  a  "  Memo- 
randum on  his  compulsory  retirement  from 
the  British  Navy,"   1870;    "Remarks  on 
the  Loss  of  the  Captain,"  1871 ;  "  Ashanti 
and  the  Gold  Coast,  and  what  we  know 
of  it ;  a  Sketch,"  1874;   "Suppression  of 
Piracy    in    the  China    Sea,"    1889 ;    and 
"Lines  from  my  Logbooks,"   1898.     Sir 
John    married,   in    1847,   the    Hon.    Eliza 
Napier,  third  daughter  of  William  John, 
8th   Lord    Napier.      Addresses :    108    St. 
George's  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Craigenveoch, 
Glenluce. 

HAYHAN,  The  Rev.  Henry,  M.A., 
D.D.,  Rector  of  Aldingham,  Lancashire,  and 
Hon.  Canon  of  Carlisle,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, March  3,  1823,  and  entered  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  in  1832,  whence,  after 
gaining  the  chief  prizes  in  Greek  verse 
'  and  Latin  prose,  he  proceeded  as  scholar 
to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  in  1841.  He 
became  a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  1844, 
and  in  the  following  year  was  placed  in 
the  second  class  both  in  classics  and  in 
mathematics.  He  then  came  to  London, 
and  was  successively  curate  at  St.  Luke's, 
Old  Street,  and  at  St.  James's,  Piccadilly, 
when  the  late  Bishop  of  London,  Dr.  Jack- 


son, was  rector,  and  in  1853-55  one  of  the 
Assistant-Masters  at  the  Charterhouse.    In 
1854  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Preacher 
at  the  Temple  Church,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  head-master  of  St.  Olave's  Gram- 
mar School,  Southwark.     Subsequently  he 
became  head-master  of  Cheltenham  Gram- 
mar School,  and  in  1868  of  St.  Andrew's 
College,    Bradfield.       When    Dr.    Temple 
was  promoted  to  the  See  of  Exeter,  Dr. 
Hayman   was    elected    his    successor    as 
head-master  of  Rugby  School,    Nov.    20, 
1869,  a  post  which  he  retained  until  1874, 
when  Mr.  Disraeli  appointed  Dr.  Hayman 
to  the  Crown  Rectory  of  Aldingham,  Lan- 
cashire, where  he  has  since  resided.     Dr. 
Hayman's  published  works  consist  of  oc- 
casional essays  contributed  to  the  Satur- 
day Review ;  also  to  the  Christian  Remem- 
brancer, and   more   lately  to   the    Church 
Quarterly,    Edinburgh,    Dublin,    National, 
Fortnightly,     British      Quarterly,     Contem- 
porary, and   other    Reviews,  the   Cornhill, 
St.  James's,  Temple  Bar,  and   Clergyman's 
magazines,     the     Cliurchman,    Antiquary, 
Biblictheca  Sacra  (U.  S.  of  America),  and 
other  serials  ;   also  of  a  volume  of  selec- 
tions from  the  above,  entitled  "Why  We 
Suffer  and  other  Essays,"  1889.     He  is  a 
member  of    the  Cambridge    Philological 
Society,  and  has  contributed  several  papers 
to  its  Journal  and  Transactions.     He  is  the 
author  of  "Exercises  in  Greek  and  Latin 
Verse  Composition  "  ;  numerous  articles  in 
the  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible  "  edited  by 
Sir  W.  Smith,  and  has  since  published  in 
three    volumes    an    edition    of    Homer's 
Odyssey;  and  "Rugby  School  Sermons," 
with  an  introductory  Essay  "  On  the  In- 
dwelling of  the  Holy  Spirit,"  1875  ;   also 
in  poetry,  "The  Lay  of  the  Seven  Oars," 
and  "A  Fragment  of  the  Iason  Legend." 
In  1884  he  became  Hon.  Canon  of  Carlisle, 
and  in  1885  was  one  of  the  first  elected 
Proctors    for    the   new  Archdeaconry   of 
Furness,  a  post  which  he  has  since  re- 
signed.    He  is  well  known  as  a  Lecturer 
on  Church  Defence,  against  Infidelity,  and 
on  a  Mosaic  Pentateuch,  in  most  of  the 
dioceses   of   the  Northern   Province.     He 
married  in   1855,  Matilda  Julia,  daughter 
of  George  Westby,  of  Whitehall  and  Mow- 
breck  Lane.     Address :  Rectory,  Alding- 
ham, Ulverston,  Lanes. 

HAYNE,  The  Right  Hon.  Charles 

Seale.     See   Seale-Hayne,  The  Right 
Hon.  Chaeles. 

HAYTER,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Arthur  Divett,  Bart.,  M.A.,  J.P.,  is  the 
only  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  William 
Goodenough  Hayter,  Q.C.,  and  Anne, 
daughter  of  William  Pulsford,  Linslade 
Manor,  Bucks,  and  was  born  on  Aug.  19, 
1835.     He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 


496 


HAYTER  —  HAYWARD 


Balliol  and  Brasenose  Colleges,  Oxford  ;  he 
graduated  with  classical  honours  in  1857. 
In  1856  he  obtained  a  commission  in  the 
Grenadier  Guards,  retiring  in  1866  with 
the  rank  of  captain.  Sir  Arthur  Hayter 
was  M.P.  for  Wells  from  1865  till  1868, 
when  he  unsuccessfully  contested  East 
Somerset.  In  1873  he  was  elected  as  mem- 
ber for  Bath,  in  the  Liberal  interest.  He 
succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  on  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1878.  In  1880  he  was 
appointed  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  and  in 
May  1882  he  succeeded  Mr.  Campbell-Ban- 
nerman  as  Financial  Secretary  at  the  War 
Office.  In  1885,  and  again  in  1886,  he 
stood  for  Bath,  but  was  both  times  de- 
feated. He,  however,  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Walsall  in  1893. 
Sir  Arthur  was  created  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor in  1894.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Royal 
Patriotic  Fund,  a  Governor  of  the  South- 
western Polytechnic,  and  a  Vestryman 
of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square.  Sir 
Arthur  Hayter  married,  in  1866,  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Adrian  John 
Hope,  a  lady  who  was  for  long  one  of  the 
best  known  o£  London  hostesses,  her  salon 
being  the  rendezvous  of  leading  Liberal 
politicians.  Permanent  address  :  9  Gros- 
venor  Square,  South  Hill  Park,  Bracknell. 

HAYTER,  Harrison,  civil  engineer, 
Past  President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Fellow  and  Associate  of  King's 
College,  London,  and  Lieut. -Colonel  Engi- 
neer and  Railway  Volunteer  Staff  Corps, 
was  born  near  Falmouth  on  April  10, 
1825,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Henry 
Hayter,  Esq.,  of  Eden  Vale,  Wiltshire,  and 
nephew  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  William 
Goodenough  Hayter,  Bart.  After  receiv- 
ing a  classical  and  mathematical  educa- 
tion, he  entered  (in  1840)  the  Applied 
Science  Department  of  King's  College, 
London,  and  went  through  the  prescribed 
three  years'  curriculum  with  distinction. 
Upon  leaving  King's  College  he  com- 
menced his  professional  training  on  the 
Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway  (now  a 
part  of  the  North-Eastern  system),  and 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Great,  Northern  Railway.  In 
1857  he  joined  Sir  John  Hawkshaw,  Past 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, as  his  Chief  Assistant,  and,  in  1870, 
he  became  his  partner — a  long  professional 
association  which  was  severed  only  by  the 
retirement  of  Sir  John  Hawkshaw  from 
business  at  the  end  of  1888.  During  the 
time  he  was  with  Sir  John  Hawkshaw,  he 
was  engaged  in  the  construction  of  the 
following  works  :  Railways  —  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshire  ;  Charing  Cross  and  Cannon 
Street  Lines  ;  the  East  London  Railway  ; 
the  completion  of  the  Inner  Circle  of  the 


Metropolitan  and  District  Lines,  and  the 
Severn  Tunnel  Railwaj',  in  England ;  the 
Madras  ;  the  Eastern  Bengal ;  and  the 
West  of  India ;  Portuguese  Railways  in 
India  ;  and  the  Jamaica  and  Mauritius 
Railways  in  the  Colonies ;  the  Riga  and 
Diinaburg,  and  Diinaburg  and  Witepsk 
Railways  in  Russia ;  and  the  Madrid  and 
Portugal  Direct  Railway  in  Spain.  Har- 
bours— Holyhead,  Aldney  ;  Ymuiden  (Hol- 
land) ;  and  Mormugao  (India).  Docks — 
The  South  Dock  of  the  West  India  Docks  ; 
and  Docks  at  Hull,  Penarth,  Maryport, 
Fleetwood,  and  Dover.  Bridges  —  The 
Charing  Cross  and  Cannon  Street  Bridges  ; 
and  a  bridge  nearly  a  mile  long  over  the 
river  Nerbudda,  in  India ;  the  London- 
derry Bridge  ;  a  bridge  over  the  Tees  at 
Stockton-on-Tees ;  and  the  Clifton  Sus- 
pension Bridge.  Other  works — The  Am- 
sterdam Ship  Canal ;  the  Foundations  of 
the  Spithead  Forts ;  the  Middle  Level, 
the  River  Witham,  and  the  Thames  Val- 
ley Drainages  ;  and  the  drainage  of  Brigh- 
ton. The  principal  work  he  is  now  carry- 
ing out,  in  conjunction  with  his  present 
partner,  Mr.  J.  C.  Hawkshaw,  is  the  large 
system  of  Docks  at  Buenos  Ayres,  with  a 
dredged  channel  fourteen  miles  long,  the 
works  occupying  a  river  frontage  of  three 
miles,  involving  an  expenditure  of  about 
£5,000,000;  this  being  the  largest  dock 
system  that  has  ever  been  carried  out  at 
one  time.  Besides  the  above  works  he  has 
acted  as  arbitrator  in  many  cases  ;  has 
had  to  report  on,  and  prepare  designs  for, 
many  undertakings ;  and  is  a  frequent 
witness  before  Parliamentary  and  other  tri- 
bunals. He  is  the  author  of  an  account  of 
Holyhead  Harbour,  of  the  Charing  Cross 
Bridge,  and  of  the  Amsterdam  Ship  Canal, 
presented  to  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, and  published  in  their  Minutes  of 
Proceedings.  He  married,  in  1854,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Thomas 
Walker,  rector  of  Offord  d'Aray,  Hants. 
Addresses  :  33  Great  George  Street,  West- 
minster ;  61  Addison  Road,  Kensington  ; 
and  Athenasum. 

HAYWAED,    Charles    Forster, 

F.S.A.,  architect,  born  at  Colchester  in 
January  1831,  received  his  education  at 
University  College,  London,  and  profes- 
sionally studied  in  the  offices  of  Mr.  Lewis 
Cubitt,  Mr.  P.  C.  Hardwick,  and  the' late 
Professor  Cockerell.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  in  1861,  Fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  in  1867,  and  appointed  Dis- 
trict Surveyor  by  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  in  1871.  Mr.  Hayward  was 
elected  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1862,  and 
held  the  appointment  for  many  years.  He 
was  also  Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Insti- 


HAZELL  — HEAD 


497 


tute's  Architectural  Committee  for  the 
Exhibition  in  Paris  in  1867.  Mr.  Hayward 
is  the  architect  of  the  Cathedral  at  Zanzi- 
bar, and  has  erected  many  buildings  in 
London  and  the  provinces — including  the 
Duke  of  Cornwall  Hotel  at  Plymouth, 
the  Sanatorium,  the  Science  Schools,  and 
other  buildings  for  Harrow,  schoolhouses 
for  Charterhouse,  Mill  Hill,  &c.  He  is 
also  a  well-known  furniture  designer  and 
art  decorator.  He  is  an  occasional  con- 
tributor to  professional  and  archaeological 
journals,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Arts  Club,  Hanover  Square,  London. 

HAZELL,  Walter,  M.P.,  the  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Jonathan  Hazell,  was  born  in 
London  on  Jan.  1,  1843,  and  was  edu- 
cated privately.  He  was  elected  to  the 
House  of  Commons  as  an  advanced  Liberal 
for  the  borough  of  Leicester,  at  a  bye- 
election  in  August  1894,  being  opposed 
by  a  Conservative  and  also  by  an  Inde- 
pendent Labour  Socialist.  He  was  re- 
elected at  the  general  election  in  the 
following  year  against  the  same  opponents. 
He  has  been  for  many  years  an  active 
worker  on  behalf  of  various  social  reforms. 
As  the  head  of  a  large  printing  firm  em- 
ploying many  people,  he  has  been  brought 
into  close  touch  with  many  labour  prob- 
lems. These  he  has  tried  to  solve  by 
successful  experiments,  especially  among 
his  firm's  workpeople.  As  a  middle  course 
between  capitalistic  monopoly  and  purely 
co-operative  production,  he  has  introduced 
with  his  partners  many  facilities  for  pro- 
moting thrift  among  their  employees,  with 
the  result  that  some  hundreds  of  them 
have  saved  and  invested  in  the  concern,  of 
which  he  is  the  head,  many  thousands  of 
pounds,  under  various  systems  which  he 
nas  devised.  In  educational  and  recrea- 
tive arrangements  for  them  he  seeks  to 
sweeten  factory  life.  He  has  helped  to 
promote  a  large  society  for  assisting 
emigration  to  the  colonies,  and  personally 
conducts  a  farm  in  England  upon  which 
young  men  who  are  unemployed  may  be 
tested  for  their  fitness  for  colonial  life.  In 
pursuance  of  inquiries  into  such  subjects 
he  has  travelled  extensively  in  Greater 
Britain.  He  is  an  active  promoter  of 
international  arbitration,  drastic  land  re- 
forms, and  many  other  social  movements. 
He  is  treasurer  of  the  Peace  Society.  He 
married,  in  1866,  Anna,  eldest  daughter  of 
James  Tomlin.  Address  :  9  Kussell  Square, 
W.C. 

HAZLTTT,  William  Carew,  born 
Aug.  22,  1834,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Hazlitt,  Registrar  in  Bankruptcy,  and 
grandson  of  the  famous  critic,  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  entered 
the  Inner  Temple  as  a  student  in  1859,  and 


was  called  to  the  Bar  in  Nov.  1861.  But 
he  did  not  follow  his  profession,  and  has 
either  written  or  edited  a  large  body  of 
literature  both  on  archaeological  and 
popular  subjects.  Mr.  Hazlitt's  literary 
work  divides  itself  into  original  produc- 
tions and  editorial  superintendence  of  a 
large  variety  of  dramatic,  poetical,  and 
miscellaneous  books,  particularly  "  Dods- 
ley's  Old  Plays,"  15  vols.  8vo,  1874-6.  His 
original  publications  are  the  "  History  of 
the  Venetian  Republic,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1860  ; 
"Memoirs  of  William  Hazlitt,"  2  vols.  8vo, 
1867  ;  "  Poems,"  1877,  second  edit.,  greatly 
enlarged,  1897  ;  "Offspring  of  Thought  in 
Solitude,"  prose  papers,  8vo,  1884  ;  "Four 
Generations  of  a  Literary  Family,"  2  vols., 
8vo,  1897,  and  "  Ourselves  in  Relation  to  a 
Deity  and  a  Church,"  8vo,  1897  (published 
anonymously).  Mr.  Hazlitt  has  also 
identified  himself  during  many  years  with 
the  writings  of  Charles  Lamb,  his  grand- 
father's friend,  and  has  largely  contributed 
to  place  Lamb's  correspondence  on  a  better 
footing.  But  he  is  perhaps  most  generally 
known  as  a  bibliographer,  having  since 
1867  printed  a  "  Handbook  of  Early  Eng- 
lish Literature,"  and  several  volumes  of 
"Bibliographical  Collections  and  Notes," 
to  which  the  General  Index  alone  forms  an 
octavo  volume  of  800  pages,  and  he  has 
also  within  the  last  few  years  associated 
his  name  with  numismatics.  His  "  Coins 
of  the  European  Continent "  appeared  in 
1893,  followed  by  a  supplement  in  1897, 
and  the  "Coin  Collector"  in  1896.  Ad- 
dress :  Barnes  Common,  Surrey. 

HEAD,  Barclay  Vincent,  D.C.L., 
Ph.D.,  Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins 
and  Medals  in  the  British  Museum,  was 
born  at  Ipswich  on  Jan.  2,  1844,  and  edu- 
cated at  Queen  Elizabeth's  School  in  that 
town.  He  entered  the  British  Museum  in 
1864.  In  1868  he  accepted  the  Hon. 
Secretaryship  of  the  Numismatic  Society 
of  London,  and  the  joint-editorship  (with 
Sir  John  Evans)  of  the  Numismatic 
Chronicle.  In  1871,  on  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  W.  S.  W.  "Vaux,  at  that  time  the 
Keeper  of  Coins,  he  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant-Keeper of  the  Coin  Department  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  shortly  after  this 
was  chosen  a  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Imperial  German  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute. In  1893,  on  the  retirement  of  Prof. 
R.  S.  Poole,  Dr.  Head  was  appointed 
Keeper  of  Coins,  simultaneously  with  the 
removal  of  the  Coins  and  Medals  into  the 
new  west  wing  of  the  Museum,  and  the 
reorganisation  of  the  Department  in  its 
present  quarters  was  then  entrusted  to 
him.  Dr.  Head  has  made  a  special  study 
of  the  origin  and  development  of  the  art 
of  coinage  among  the  ancient  Greeks,  and 
he  was  the  first  to  methodise  the  science 

21 


498 


HEADLAM  —  HEALY 


of  Greek  Numismatics  by  introducing  a 
strict  chronological  system  of  classification 
throughout  the  various  series  of  Greek 
coins  in  the  National  Collection,  in  place 
of  the  now  obsolete  system  of  arrangement 
according  to  metals.  His  first  work  on 
this  subject,  "History  of  the  Coinage  of 
Syracuse,"  1874,  was  couronnd  by  the 
French  Institute,  an  honour  which  was  on 
three  subsequent  occasions  again  conferred 
upon  him  for  his  "Coinage  of  Lydia  and 
Persia,"  1877;  his  "History  of  the  Coin- 
age of  Bceotia,"  1881 ;  and  his  "Guide  to 
the  Principal  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  of  the 
Ancients,"  1881.  Dr.  Head's  most  im- 
portant work,  entitled,  "Historia  Numo- 
rum,"  published  by  the  Oxford  University 
Press  in  1887,  is  a  complete  illustrated 
historical  manual  of  the  whole  science  of 
Greek  Numismatics,  which  will  probably 
long  remain  the  standard  text-book  on  the 
subject.  The  publication  of  this  work 
gained  for  the  author  the  honorary  degrees 
of  D.C.L.  Durham,  and  Ph.D.  Heidel- 
berg. Among  Dr.  Head's  other  works 
may  be  mentioned  his  volumes  of  the 
magnificently  illustrated  Catalogue  of 
Greek  Coins  in  the  British  Museum,  which 
was  begun  in  1873,  and  which  has  now 
reached  many  volumes.  The  sections  of 
this  great  work  contributed  by  Dr.  Head 
himself  comprise  the  "Coinage  of  Mace- 
don,"  1875  ;  of  "  Central  Greece,"  1884;  of 
"  Attica,  Megaris,  and  iEgma,"  1888 ; 
"Corinth  and  the  Corinthian  Colonies," 
1889;  and  "Ionia,"  1892.  Dr.  Head's 
minor  works  are  his  article  "Numismatics," 
in  "Chambers's  Encyclopaedia "  ;  his  "An- 
cient Systems  of  Weight,"  1879;  his 
"  Young  Collector's  Handbook  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Coins,"  1883;  and  his  numerous  con- 
tributions to  the  pages  of  the  Numismatic 
Chronicle.  Dr.  Head  also  took  an  active 
part  in  the  organisation  of  the  "Egypt 
Exploration  Fund,"  of  which  he  was  one 
of  the  original  founders,  and  to  the  publi- 
cations of  which  he  was  a  contributor. 
He  married,  in  1869,  Mary  Harley,  daughter 
of  John  Fraser  Corkram.  Address  : 
British  Museum,  W.C. 

HEADLAM,  Rev.  Stewart  Duck- 
worth, was  born  on  January  12,  1847, 
at  Wavertree,  near  Liverpool,  and  was 
educated  at  Wadhurst,  Eton,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  read  for  ordina- 
tion with  the  Rev.  Herbert  James,  at 
Livermere,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  with 
Dr.  Vaughan  at  the  Temple.  He  was 
curate  of  St.  John's,  Drury  Lane,  from  1870 
to  1873 ;  St.  Matthew's,  Bethnal  Green, 
from  1873  to  1878  ;  St.  Thomas's,  Charter- 
house, 1880-81 ;  St.  Michael's,  Shoreditch, 
1881-84 ;  and  he  is  now  Warden  of  the 
Guild  of  St.  Matthew,  and  member  of 
the  London  School  Board  for  Hackney. 


Mr.  Headlam  had  to  resign  his  Bethnal 
Green  curacy  on  account  of  a  lecture  on 
theatres  and  music  which  he  delivered  in 
a  working-man's  club  in  the  parish.  The 
lecture  gave  grave  offence  to  the  Bishop 
of  London,  Dr.  Jackson,  whose  successor, 
Dr.  Temple,  refused  Mr.  Headlam  a  license 
in  the  diocese  on  account  of  his  support  of 
stage  dancing,  which  the  latter  considers 
a  form  of  high  art  capable  of  the  greatest 
development.  This  license  has  now  (1898) 
been  granted  by  the  present  Bishop  of 
London,  Dr.  Creighton.  Mr.  Headlam  is 
founder  of  the  "  Church  and  Stage  Guild," 
and  has  published  an  essay  on  "  The  Func- 
tion of  the  Stage,"  besides  editing  part  of 
Carlo  Blasis'  work  on  dancing,  under  the 
title  of  "Theatrical  Dancing."  He  is 
also  author  of  some  volumes  of  sermons 
and  lectures,  entitled  "Priestcraft  and 
Progress,"  "Lessons  from  the  Cross," 
"Christian  Socialism,"  &c.  For  ten  years 
he  edited  and  wrote  for  the  Church 
Reformer,  a  monthly  Christian  Socialist 
paper.  He  lectures  frequently  for  the 
Guild  of  St.  Matthew,  the  English  Land 
Restoration  League,  and  the  Fabian  Society, 
and  has  worked  hard  on  the  London  School 
Board  in  behalf  of  educational  reform, 
especially  with  reference  to  the  Evening 
Continuation  Schools.  Address  :  31  Upper 
Bedford  Place,  W.C. 

HEALY,   Timothy   Michael,    M.P. 

for  co.  Louth,  N.,  born  May  17,  1855,  at 
Bantry,  co.  Cork,  was  educated  at  the 
Christian  Brothers'  School,  Fermoy.  In 
October  1880  he  was  arrested  for  a 
speech  at  Bantry,  and  indicted  under 
the  Whiteboy  Acts ;  and  the  following 
month  was  elected  unopposed  for  Wex- 
ford Borough  ;  and  in  December  was  tried 
and  acquitted.  During  the  passing  of 
the  Land  Act  in  1881  he  carried  several  im- 
portant amendments  to  that  measure,  the 
"Healy  Clause"  enacting  that  no  rent  shall 
be  allowed  to  the  landlord  on  the  tenant's 
improvements.  In  November  1881  he 
attended,  with  Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P., 
the  Land  League  Convention  of  America, 
at  Chicago,  which  voted  £50,000  to  assist 
the  Irish  movement.  He  returned  to 
London  in  March  1882,  having  spoken  for 
the  League  in  all  the  principal  American 
cities.  In  January  1883  he  was  cited 
before  the  Queen's  Bench,  Dublin,  for  a 
public  speech,  and  having  refused  to  give 
bail  to  be  of  good  behaviour,  was  sen- 
tenced to  six  months'  imprisonment,  but 
released  at  the  end  of  four  months.  In 
June  1883  he  resigned  his  seat  for  Wex- 
ford, and  was  elected  for  co.  Monaghan. 
In  November  1884  he  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar.  Mr.  Healy  published  in  1881 
some  works  on  the  Land  Act,  and  after- 
wards   two    pamphlets:     "Loyalty    plus 


HEAKD  —  HEATH 


499 


Murder,"  an  exposure  of  Orange  methods, 
and  "A  Word  for  Ireland,"  being  a  his- 
tory of  the  Irish  Question.  In  November 
1885  he  was  elected  for  North  Monaghan 
and  also  for  South  Derry,  and  sat  for  the 
latter  after  the  rejection  of  the  Home  Rule 
Bill.  He  was  defeated  in  South  Derry 
in  July  1886,  but  in  February  1887  was 
re-elected  for  North  Longford.  In  1895 
he  was  elected  for  Louth,  N.  He  was 
one  of  the  "accused  persons"  charged 
before  the  Special  Commission,  1888-90. 
In  December  1890  he  took  a  leading  part 
against  Mr.  Parnell,  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Dublin  National  Press 
newspaper  (the  organ  of  the  Irish  Party), 
which  was  amalgamated  with  the  Freeman's 
Journal  on  that  paper  adopting  the  policy 
of  the  majority  of  Irish  members  in  March 
1892.  He  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Nationalist  Irish  party.  He  married  in 
1882,  Erina  Kate,  daughter  of  T.  D. 
Sullivan,  M.P.  Address :  1  Mountjoy 
Square,  Dublin. 

HEARD,  The  Rev.  "William  Augus- 
tus, M.A.,  Head-master  of  Fettes  College, 
was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
James  Heard,  of  Manchester.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  a  scholar  from  1866  to  1871. 
He  took  a  first  class  in  Moderations,  and 
a  second  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1870,  and 
graduated  B.A.  in  1871 ;  M.A.  in  1873. 
He  took  orders  in  1885,  and  was  ordained 
priest  in  1886.  From  1885  to  1889  he  was 
assistant-master  at  Westminster  School, 
and  in  1890  was  appointed  to  the  head- 
mastership  of  Fettes  College,  the  Scottish 
Public  School  on  English  lines.  Address  : 
Fettes  College,  Edinburgh. 

HEATH,  Christopher,  F.R.C.S.,  Past 
President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  was  born  in  London  on  March 
13,  1835,  and  educated  at  King's  College, 
London.  He  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  at  the 
Westminster  Hospital  in  1862  ;  Assistant- 
Surgeon  and  Teacher  of  Operative  Surgery 
at  University  College  Hospital  in  1866  ; 
Holme  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery,  and 
Surgeon  to  University  College  Hospital 
in  1875  ;  Fellow  of  King's  College  and 
Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Dental  Hospital ; 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  1881,  and  of  the  Court  of 
Examiners  in  1883.  He  was  Examiner  in 
Anatomy  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  1875-80 ;  and  Examiner  for  Surgical 
Degrees  at  the  Universities  of  Cambridge, 
Durham,  and  London,  and  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  and  President  of 
the  Clinical  Society  of  London,  1889-91 ; 
was  twice  President  of  the  Royal  College 
of    Surgeons,    1895-96.       He    was    given 


Hon.  LL.D.  Montreal,  1897.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Course  of  Operative  Surgery," 
illustrated,  2nd  edit.,  1884;  "Manual  of 
Minor  Surgery,"  11th  edit.,  1897;  "Prac- 
tical Anatomy,"  8th  edit.,  1893;  "Injuries 
and  Diseases  of  the  Jaws "  (Jacksonian 
Prize  Essay),  4th  edit.,  1894;  "Students' 
Guide  to  Surgical  Diagnosis,"  2nd  edit., 
1883  ;  editor  of  "  A  Dictionary  of  Practical 
Surgery,"  by  various  British  Hospital 
Surgeons,  1886,  and  various  contributions 
to  the  Transactions  of  learned  societies. 
Address  :  36  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

HEATH,  Francis  George,  was  born 
at  Totnes,  Devonshire,  on  Jan.  15,  1843, 
and  was  educated  at  Taunton.  In  1862 
he  entered  the  Civil  Service  as  a  Higher 
Division  clerk  in  the  Customs  Department, 
and  he  now  occupies  the  position  of 
Surveyor  in  the  outdoor  branch  of  the 
same  service.  For  many  years  he  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  promoting,  and 
supporting  movements  for  the  preserva- 
tion and  extension  of  open  spaces,  chiefly 
in  and  around  the  metropolis.  In  1872  he 
secured  the  enlargement  of  Victoria  Park, 
by  the  addition  to  it  of  24J  acres  at  a  cost 
of  £24,500.  He  also  laboured  assiduously, 
from  1872  to  1878,  in  furtherance  of  the 
movement  which  resulted  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  Epping  Forest.  The  unique  bit 
of  woodland  known  as  Burnham  Beeches 
was,  in  1879,  rescued  by  the  Corporation 
of  London  upon  his  suggestion.  In  1880 
he  succeeded  in  defeating  the  attempt 
made  jointly  by  the  Corporation  and  the 
Great  Eastern  Railway  Company  to  dis- 
figure Epping  Forest  by  the  construction 
of  a  Chingford  and  High  Beech  Railway. 
In  1890  he  commenced  an  active  move- 
ment which  resulted  in  the  establishment 
in  this  country  of  the  "Letter  Express" 
system.  In  the  same  year  he  was  returned 
at  the  head  of  the  poll  in  a  contest  for 
a  directorship  of  the  Customs  Fund. 
Towards  the  end  of  1892  he  commenced 
a  movement  to  bring  about  an  earlier 
opening  to  the  public  of  the  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Kew,  and  his  efforts  resulted 
last  year  (1898)  in  the  earlier  opening  of 
these  gardens.  Mr.  Heath  is  the  founder  of 
the  "Imperial  Press,"  which  is  designed  to 
promote  the  unity  and  prosperity  of  the 
British  race  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  is 
also  the  editor  of  the  "  Imperial  Library," 
a  collection  of  volumes  following  the 
same  object.  He  is  the  author  of  :  "  The 
'Romance'  of  Peasant  Life,"  1872;  "The 
English  Peasantry,"  1874;  "The  Fern 
Paradise,"  1875;  "The  Fern  World,"  1877; 
"  Our  Woodland  Trees,"  1878  ;  "  Burnham 
Beeches,"  1879  ;  new  edition  of  Gilpin's 
"Forest  Scenery,"  1879;  "Peasant  Life 
in  the  West  of  England,"  1880;  "My 
Garden   Wild,"    1881;    "Where    to    find 


500 


HEATH  —  HEBEKDEN 


Ferns,"  1881 ;  "Autumnal  Leaves,"  1881 ; 
"  The  Fern  Portfolio,"  1885  ;  "  Tree  Gossip 
and  Sylvan  Winter,"  1881  ;  and  he  edited 
the  Journal  of  Forestry  from  1882  to  1884. 
In  1898  he  produced  an  eighth,  revised, 
edition  of  "The  Fern  World"  (a  volume 
that  has  been  sold  in  every  English-speak- 
ing country),  with  new  coloured  plates, 
showing  the  exact  venation  of  each  frond, 
and  this  year  (1899)  a  new  (fourth)  edition 
of  "Autumnal  Leaves,"  and  he  is  prepar- 
ing (May  1899)  an  illustrated  edition  of 
"  My  Garden  Wild."  Address  :  Under- 
wood, Kew  Gardens,  Surrey. 

HEATH,  Henry  Frank,  Ph.D., 
Assistant -Registrar  and  Librarian  of  the 
University  of  London,  was  born  in  London, 
Dec.  11,  1863,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Henry  Charles  Heath,  miniature 
painter  to  the  Queen  and  Prince  of  Wales. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster,  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London  (B.A.  Lond.,  1886), 
and  at  Strassburg  University  (Ph.D.  1888). 
As  a  pupil  of  Henry  Morley  and  Ten  Brink, 
he  specialised  in  English,  in  which  subject 
he  was  Assistant-Examiner  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  London,  1889-94.  In  1890  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  English  at  Bedford 
College,  London,  and  the  next  year  he 
became,  in  addition,  Lecturer  at  King's 
College  and  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  These 
posts  he  resigned  in  1895  on  being  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  position,  in  which 
he  has  been  an  ardent  worker  in  the  cause 
of  the  Teaching  University  for  London. 
While  at  University  College  he  was  the 
leader  of  a  band  of  young  men,  of  whom 
the  majority  are  now  making  names  for 
themselves ;  with  them  he  founded  the 
University  College  Literary  Society.  In 
1891  he  wrote  "Old  English  Alliterative 
Verse,"  which  was  published  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Philological  Society  ;  he  con- 
tributed "  Literature  until  the  Accession  of 
Elizabeth"  to  Dr.  Traill's  "Social  Eng- 
land," 1894  ;  and  in  1897,  together  with 
Mr.  A.  W.  Pollard  and  others,  he  edited 
the  Globe  "Chaucer."  He  is  a  Member  of 
the  Councils  of  the  Philological  Society 
and  the  Modern  Language  Association, 
and  for  the  latter  he  has  edited  their 
journal,  the  Modern  Quarterly,  since  1897. 
He  is  an  Examiner  under  the  Scotch 
Education  Department,  and  a  Fellow  of 
University  and  Bedford  Colleges.  In  1898 
he  married  Miss  Elaine  Sayer,  a  niece  of 
Professor  Morley.  Address  :  University  of 
London,  Burlington  Gardens,  W. 

HEATON,  John  Henniker,  M.P., 
Postal  Eeformer,  is  the  direct  descendant 
of  the  Heatons  of  Heaton,  co.  Lan- 
caster, and  the  eldest  son  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Heaton,  R.E.  He  was  born  at 
Rochester  on  May  18,  1848,  and  educated 


at  Kent  House  Grammar  School  and  at 
King's  College,  London.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  emigrated  to  Australia,  where 
he  took  to  pastoral  pursuits  with  varying 
fortune,  and  also  became  connected  with 
the  press,  and  acquired  an  interest  in  the 
most  successful  newspapers  in  New  South 
Wales.  He  has  always  been  most  promi- 
nent in  all  public  and  philanthropic  works 
in  the  Australasian  colonies ;  he  repre- 
sented the  Government  of  New  South 
Wales  at  the  Amsterdam  Exhibition  in 
1883  ;  was  appointed  by  the  Government 
of  Tasmania  to  represent  that  colony  at 
the  Berlin  International  Telegraphic  Con- 
ference in  1885,  and  succeeded  in  getting 
a  very  large  reduction  made  in  the  cost  of 
cable  messages  to  Australia.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  by  Mauritius  to  negotiate  its 
new  constitution.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Canterbury,  England,  at  the  general  elec- 
tion in  November  1885,  and  was  re-elected 
in  the  following  year  and  in  1892  and  1895. 
He  was  appointed  Commissioner  for  the 
Government  of  New  South  Wales  to  the 
Indian  and  Colonial  Exhibition  in  London 
in  1886.  Mr.  Heaton  is  the  author  of  the 
standard  work  of  reference  on  Australia, 
called  ' '  The  Australian  Dictionary  of 
Dates  and  Men  of  the  Time  "  ;  of  a  work 
on  "The  Manners,  Customs,  Traditions, 
and  Annihilation  of  the  Aborigines  of 
Australia"  ;  also  of  "  A  Short  Account  of 
a  Canonisation  at  Rome,  from  an  Unsec- 
tarian  Point  of  View."  In  Parliament  he 
is  a  strong  advocate,  and  first  introduced 
a  proposal,  for  a  Universal  International 
Penny  Postal  System  and  Cheap  Imperial 
Telegraphs.  In  July  1898,  he  carried  the 
Imperial  Penny  Postage  Scheme,  and  has 
also  introduced  the  system  of  Telegraph 
Money  Orders  in  England,  and  the  Parcel 
Post  to  France,  &c.  Owing  to  his  indefatig. 
able  exertions  the  postage  to  India  and  to 
the  principal  colonies  was,  on  Jan.  1,  1891, 
reduced  to  half  the  former  rates,  and  the 
system  of  Telegraphic  Money  Orders  was 
established  throughout  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  He  married  in  1 883  Mary,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Bennett,  of  New  South  Wales. 
Address  :  36  Eaton  Square,  S.W. 

HEBERDEN,  Charles  Buller,  M.A., 
Principal  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
was  born  at  Broadhembury,  Devon,  on 
Dec.  14,  1849,  and  is  the  third  son  of  the 
Rev.  William  Heberden,  who  was  Vicar  of 
Broadhembury  from  1829  to  1874.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  matriculated  at 
Balliol  in  January  1868,  and  was  an  Exhi- 
bitioner of  the  College  for  four  years.  In 
1869  he  obtained  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations,  and  in  1869  a  first  in  Lit. 
Hum.  (B.A.  1872,  M.A.  1874).  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Brasenose  in  1872,  was 
Tutor  from  1881  to  1889,  Proctor  in  1881, 


HECTOR  —  HEFNER- ALTENECK 


501 


Vice-Principal  from  1883  to  1889.  In 
October  1889  he  was  appointed  Principal 
of  his  College.  He  was  Classical  Moderator 
in  1884,  1885,  1886,  and  1891.  He  became 
a  Member  of  the  Hebdomadal  Council  in 
1896.   Address  :  Brasenose  College,  Oxford. 

HECTOR,  Annie  Alexander,  "Mrs. 
Alexander,"  novelist,  was  born  in  Dublin 
in  1825.  In  1858  she  married  Mr.  Alexander 
Hector,  of  Bagdad  and  London.  She  was 
educated  in  Dublin  and  in  France.  Her 
best-known  novels  are  :  "The  Wooing  O't," 
"Her  Dearest  Foe,"  "Which  Shall  It  Be?" 
and  in  1897  "Barbara:  Lady's  Maid  and 
Peeress,"  "By  Woman's  Wit,"  and  numer- 
ous other  novels.  Address  :  10  Warrington 
Gardens,  W. 

HECTOR,  Sir  James,  K.C.M.G., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1834.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University,  where  he 
studied  medicine,  and  took  the  M.D. 
degree  in  1856.  From  1857  to  1860  he  was 
attached  as  Dr.  Hector  to  the  Palliser 
Expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He 
owed  his  appointment  to  Sir  Roderick 
Murehison,  and  in  1860  contributed  to  the 
section  of  Geography  and  Ethnology  of 
the  British  Association  a  report  "On  the 
Capabilities  for  Settlement  of  the  Central 
Parts  of  British  North  America."  He  has 
long  resided  in  New  Zealand,  and  is  Direc- 
tor of  the  Geological  Survey  and  Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  that  colony.  His 
contributions  to  scientific  journals  both  in 
New  Zealand  and  in  Europe  are  numerous, 
and  deal  chiefly  with  the  Geology  and 
Marine  Zoology  of  the  colony.  He  was 
created  K.C.M.G.  in  1887,  and  married 
Maria,  daughter  of  Sir  D.  Munro,  M.D.,  in 
1868.     Address:  Wellington,  New  Zealand. 

HEDIN,  Sven  Anders,  Norwegian 
geographer  and  explorer,  was  born  at 
Stockholm,  Feb.  19,  1865,  and  is  the  son 
of  the  chief  architect  of  that  city.  He 
was  educated  at  the  universities  of  Upsala, 
Berlin,  and  Halle  ;  and  made  a  journey 
through  Persia  and  Mesopotamia  in 
1885-86.  In  1890  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Embassy  to  the  Shah  from  the  King 
of  Sweden,  and  then  journeyed  through 
Khorassan  and  Turkestan.  From  1893  "to 
1897  he  journeyed  right  through  Asia  from 
Orenburg  to  Pekin  over  the  Pamir  plateau. 
He  has  published  an  account  of  his  travels, 
which  has  appeared  in  an  English  transla- 
tion, "Through  Asia,"  and  is  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Societies  Club. 

HEDLEY,  Right  Rev.  John  Cuth- 
bert,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of 
Newport,  was  born  at  Morpeth,  April  15, 
1837,  being  the  son  of  Edward  Anthony 


Hedley,  M.D.,  and  of  Mary  Ann  (nie  Davi- 
son) his  wife.  He  was  educated  at  Mor- 
peth Grammar  School,  and  St.  Lawrence's 
College,  Ampleforth,  near  York.  He 
entered  the  congregation  of  English  Bene- 
dictines, at  the  same  College,  in  1854,  was 
ordained  in  1862,  and  held  the  Professor- 
ship of  Divinity  at  the  central  Benedictine 
Home  of  Studies,  St.  Michael's  Priory, 
Hereford,  from  1862  to  1873.  Consecrated 
on  Sept.  29,  1873,  Bishop  of  Crcsaropolis, 
and  appointed  coadjutor  to  Bishop  Thomas 
Brown,  he  succeeded  the  latter  in  1881  as 
Bishop  of  Newport.  He  has  published 
two  volumes  of  sermons,  viz. ,  "Our  Divine 
Saviour,"  and  "  The  Christian  Inherit- 
ance," and  a  "  Retreat."  Address :  Bishop's 
House,  Llanishen,  Cardiff. 

HEFNER  -  ALTENECK,      Jacob 

Heinrich  von,  a  German  writer  on  art, 
was  born  at  Asehaffenburg,  May  20,  1811  ; 
went  through  a  complete  course  of  artistic 
education,  and  then  devoted  himself  to 
the  diligent  study  of  the  history  of  art, 
particularly  during  the  Mediaeval  period. 
In  1853  he  became  Conservator  of  the 
Royal  Vereinigten  Sammlungen  at  Munich; 
Member  of  the  Royal  Bavarian  Academy 
of  Sciences  (1885) ;  Honourable  Member 
of  the  Royal  Bavarian  Academy  of  Arts  ; 
and  in  1863  he  was  appointed  Conservator 
of  the  royal  collection  of  prints  and  draw- 
ings. In  1868  he  was  nominated  Con- 
servator -  General  of  the  artistic  monu- 
ments of  Bavaria,  and  Director  of  the 
Bavarian  National  Museum.  Among  his 
publications  may  be  mentioned  :  "  Trach- 
ten  des  Christlichen  Mittelalters  nach 
gleichzeitigenKunstdenkmalen,"  1840-54  ; 
"  Kunstwerke  und  Geriithschaften  des 
Mittelalters  und  der  Renaissance,"  1848-55; 
"  Hans  Burgkmaiers  Turnierbuch.  Nach 
Maximilian  I.  Anordnung,"  1853  ;  "  Die 
Burg  Tannenberg  und  ihre  Ausgrabun- 
gen,"  1850  ;  "  Eisenwerke  oder  Ornamen- 
tik  der  Schmiedekunst  des  Mittelalters 
und  der  Renaissance,"  1861-86  ;  "  Serru- 
rerie,  ou  les  Ouvrages  en  Fer  forge  du 
rnoyen&ge  et  de  la  Renaissance,  1870 ; 
"Die  Kunstkammer  Seiner  Koniglichen 
Hoheit  des  Fiirsten  Carl  Anton  von  Ho- 
henzollern,"  1866-68;  "Trachten,  Kunst- 
werke und  Geriithschaften,"  1879-90 ; 
"Werke  deutscher  Goldschmiedekunst 
des  16  Jahrhunderts,"  1890  ;  "  Entwurfte 
deutscher  Meister  fiir  Prachtriistungen  der 
KSnige  von  Frankreich,"  1865  ;  "  Original- 
Zeichnungen  deutscher  Meister  des  sech- 
zehnten  Jahrhunderts,"  1889;  "Orna- 
mente  der  Holzsculptur  von  1450-1820, 
aus  dem  Bayerischen  National-Museum," 
1881  ;  "  Kunstschatze  aus  dem  Bayerischen 
National -Museum,"  "Werke  Deutscher 
Goldschmidekunst  des  16en  Jahrh.,"  1890, 
&c. 


502 


HELLMUTH  —  HEMPHILL 


HELLMUTH,  The  Bight  Rev. 
Isaac,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  at  Warsaw 
in  1819,  and  is  of  Jewish  extraction.  Hav- 
ing been  converted  to  Christianity,  and 
ordained  in  the  Anglican  Church,  he 
settled  in  Canada  about  1856.  By  his 
energy  Huron  College  was  established  for 
the  education  of  the  future  clergy  of  the 
diocese.  A  few  months  afterwards  the 
Loudon  Collegiate  School,  since  named 
Hellmuth  College,  was  erected.  Mean- 
while Dr.  Hellmuth  had  been  appointed  suc- 
cessively Archdeacon  and  Dean  of  Huron. 
Finding  that  the  boys'  college  (Hellmuth 
College)  was  a  perfect  success,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  establish  a  similar  college  for 
ladies,  which  was  opened  in  18G9.  On 
Aug.  24,  1870,  he  was  consecrated  Coad- 
jutor Bishop  of  Huron,  with  the  title  of 
Bishop  of  Norfolk,  in  the  Cathedral  of  St. 
Paul,  London,  Canada  West.  In  1871,  on 
the  death  of  Bishop  Cronyn,  Dr.  Hellmuth 
succeeded  him  in  the  See  of  Huron.  He 
resigned  that  See  and  came  to  England  in 
1883,  on  being  appointed  Assistant-Bishop 
in  the  diocese  of  Ripon.  He  was  Rector 
of  Bridlington  from  1885  to  1891.  In  1891 
he  was  appointed  Chaplain  at  Holy  Trinity, 
Pau.  He  has  published  "  The  Divine  Dis- 
pensations and  their  Gradual  Develop- 
ment," 1866  ;  "  Genuineness  and  Authen- 
ticity of  the  Pentateuch,"  1867  ;  and  a 
"Biblical  Thesaurus,"  18S4.  He  is  mar- 
ried to  Mary,  daughter  of  Admiral  the 
Hon.  A.  Duncombe,  widow  of  the  Hon. 
Ashley  Carr-Glyn.     Address  :  Pau. 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  The  Hon. 
Sir  Walter  Francis,  G.C.M.G.,  Governor 
of  Natal  and  Zululand,  and  Special  Com- 
missioner for  Amatongaland  since  1895, 
second  son  of  Richard  John,  4th  Earl  of 
Donoughmore,  and  Thomasine  Jocelyn,  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Walter  Steele,  of  Mog- 
nalty,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Aug.  22,  1849, 
and  educated  at  Cheam  School,  Surrey, 
Harrow,  and  Cambridge ;  B.A.  Cam- 
bridge ;  Barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
1877.  He  was  private  secretary  to  Sir 
Hercules  Robinson,  Governor  of  New  South 
Wales ;  for  Fiji  affairs,  1874 ;  for  New  South 
Wales,  1875  ;  and  was  Colonial  Secretary 
of  Barbadoes,  1877  ;  Chief  Secretary  to 
the  Government  of  Malta,  1883  ;  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Malta,  1884;  and  Governor 
of  the  Windward  Islands,  1889  ;  C.M.G., 
1883 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1888  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1897  ; 
and  Governor  of  Natal  and  Zululand, 
1893.  In  the  latter  years  he  inaugu- 
rated the  system  of  responsible  govern- 
ment in  Natal,  and  in  1895,  when  he  was 
appointed  Special  Commissioner  of  Ama- 
tongaland, he  completed  the  annexation 
of  the  Trans-Pongola  Territories,  which 
are  now  an  integral  part  of  Zululand.  In 
]  881  he  married  May,   eldest  daughter  of 


Major  -  General  William  Clive  Justice, 
C.M.G.,  commanding  the  troops  in  Cey- 
lon. Addresses :  Government  House, 
Pietermaritzburg ;    and  Rosslyn,    Sutton, 

Surrey. 

HEMMING,  Sir  Augustus  "William 
Lawson,  K.C.M.G.,  Captain -General  and 
Governor  of  Jamaica,  was  born  in  1841, 
and  educated  at  Epsom  College.  He 
entered  the  Colonial  Office  in  1860,  and 
became  Principal  Clerk  in  1879.  After 
serving  on  several  special  missions,  he 
became  Governor  of  British  Guiana  in 
1890,  and  gained  much  popularity  by  his 
enthusiasm  for  cricket.  In  1897  he  was 
promoted  to  his  present  post.  In  1873  he 
married  Gertrude,  daughter  of  R.  Mason, 
Esq.  Addresses  :  King's  House,  Jamaica  ; 
and  33  Emperor's  Gate,  S.W. 

HEMPHILL,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Charles  Hare,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  J.P.  for 
North  Tyrone,  was  born  in  the  city  of 
Cashel,  co.  Tipperary,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  the  late  John  Hemphill  of  that 
place,  and  of  Rathkenny  in  that  county, 
and  of  Barbara,  youngest  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  Patrick  Hare,  sometime  rector 
of  Golden,  and  Vicar-General  of  Cashel. 
(This  lady  was  an  authoress  of  whom  there 
is  a  notice  in  the  "Dictionary  of  National 
Biography,"  vol.  xxv.)  Mr.  Hemphill  was 
educated  in  Dublin,  and  at  an  early  age 
entered  Trinity  College,  where  he  obtained 
first  honours  in  Mathematics  and  Classics, 
and  a  Scholarship  of  the  House.  He 
graduated  as  the  first  Classical  Moderator 
of  his  year,  obtaining  the  large  gold 
medal,  was  also  a  prominent  member 
of  the  famous  College  Historical  So- 
ciety, when  he  obtained  the  gold  medal 
for  Oratory,  and  was  elected  auditor,  as 
its  president  is  termed,  an  office  at  various 
times  filled  by  such  men  as  Magee,  Arch- 
bishop of  York,  and  William  Ewart  Lecky. 
Having  entered  as  a  law  student  at  the 
King's  Inns,  Dublin,  and  the  Middle 
Temple,  be  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar 
in  Michaelmas  Term,  1845,  and  joined 
the  Leinster  Circuit,  of  which  he  was 
for  many  years  a  leader,  having  been 
called  to  the  Inner  Bar  in  1860.  He  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions 
for  the  county  of  Louth,  and  afterwards 
for  the  counties  of  Leitrim  and  Kerry  in 
succession.  In  1878,  in  consequence  of 
the  County  Courts  of  Ireland  Act,  which, 
by  the  extension  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
County  Courts,  rendered  the  retention  of 
the  chairmanship  perilous  to  his  position 
as  a  leader  at  the  Bar,  he  resigned  office. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Serjeants  at  Law  in  Ireland, 
and  ultimately  became  First  Serjeant. 
He  is  an  advanced  Liberal  in  politics,  and 


HEMSLEY  — HEMT 


503 


was  invited  to  contest  the  West  Derby 
division  of  Liverpool  at  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1886  as  a  supporter  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Home  Rule  policy,  but  was  defeated 
by  the  Conservative  candidate,  Lord  Claud 
Hamilton.  Again,  at  the  general  election 
of  1892,  he  was  selected  by  the  Liberals  of 
Hastings  and  St.  Leonards  to  contest  that 
borough  with  Mr.  Wilson  Noble,  but  with 
a  like  result.  On  the  formation  of  the 
Liberal  administration  in  1892,  Mr.  Hemp- 
hill was  appointed  Solicitor-General  for 
Ireland,  which  office  he  held  until  the 
change  of  Ministry  in  1895,  and  on  his 
accession  to  office  he  was  sworn  in  as  a 
member  of  Her  Majesty's  Privy  Council 
in  Ireland.  At  the  general  election  of 
1895  he  again  entered  the  lists,  and  was 
returned  to  Parliament  as  member  for 
North  Tyrone,  as  a  Gladstonian  Home 
Euler.  Since  his  entry  into  Parliament 
he  has  taken  an  active  part  in  supporting 
Liberal  measures,  especially  those  more 
directly  connected  with  Ireland,  such  as 
the  Land  Bill,  the  Local  Government  Bill 
(Ireland),  &c.  He  and  the  late  Sir  Frank 
Lockwood  occupied  for  some  time  the 
peculiar  position  of  sitting  on  the  front 
opposition  Bench  as  actual  Solicitors- 
General  for  England  and  Ireland  respec- 
tively, in  consequence  of  the  delay  in 
appointing  their  successors  in  office.  Mr. 
Hemphill  married  Augusta,  daughter  of 
the  late  Hon.  Sir  Francis  Stanhope,  son 
of  the  3rd  Earl  of  Harrington.  This  lady 
died  in  April  1899.  His  addresses  are  : 
65  Merrion  Square,  Dublin  ;  and  Clifton 
House,  Shankill,  co.  Dublin. 

HEMSLEY,    William    Botting', 

F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  botanist,  was  born  Dec.  29, 
1 843,  at  East  Hoathley,  Sussex.  His  father 
was  a  gardener  and  nurseryman,  and  he  was 
called  upon  at  the  early  age  of  ten  years 
to  begin  his  training  for  the  same  walk  in 
life.  Having  a  taste  for  botany,  he  came 
under  the  notice  of  Mrs.  Eardley  Hall,  a 
daughter  of  William  Borrer,  a  well-known 
botanist  in  his  day  ;  and  through  her  influ- 
ence with  Sir  William  Hooker  he  entered 
the  Kew  Herbarium  in  1860.  In  1863  he 
received  a  regular  appointment  in  that 
establishment,  which  he  was  compelled  to 
resign  in  1867  in  consequence  of  his  health 
breaking  down  ;  but  after  many  vicissi- 
tudes he  returned  to  Kew  again  in  1874. 
For  some  time  he  gained  a  living  by 
writing  popular  articles  for  horticultural 
and  botanical  publications ;  his  first  in- 
dependent work  being  an  adaptation  of 
a  French  treatise  on  plants  suitable  for 
outdoor  culture.  But  through  the  assist- 
ance of  the  authorities  at  Kew,  he  soon 
obtained  congenial  employment,  and  he 
has  been  actively  engaged  in  botanical 
work   ever   since.      He  is   the   author   of 


numerous  contributions  to  botanical  sci- 
ence, including  translations  and  summaries 
from  various  languages  ;  but  his  principal 
works  are  the  botany  of  the  Challenger 
Expedition,  dealing  with  Insular  Floras, 
the  Botany  of  Salvin,  and  Godman's  mag- 
nificent "Biologia  Centralis-Americana"  ; 
the  Botany  of  Afghanistan,  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Aitchison  ;  and  the  "  Index  Flora? 
Sinensis,"  which  is  still  in  progress.  In 
1875  Mr.  Hemsley  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Linnean  Society  of  London,  and  in 
the  same  year  he  was  appointed  Lindley 
Librarian  to  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  Lec- 
turer on  Botany  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
a  post  he  soon  resigned.  In  1883  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  for  India  in  the  Kew 
Herbarium,  and  in  1890  he  was  promoted 
to  the  post  of  Principal  Assistant  and 
Acting  Librarian,  a  position  which  he  still 
occupies.  His  later  published  work  chiefly 
relates  to  insular  floras,  including  Lord 
Howe  Island,  the  Tonga  Islands,  the 
Solomon  Islands,  Christmas  Island,  and 
a  general  review  of  the  literature  bearing 
on  the  subject.  He  has  also  worked  out 
the  botanical  collections  made  by  most 
of  the  recent  British  and  American  ex- 
plorers in  Tibet.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1889,  and  of  the 
Linnean  Society  in  1896,  and  is  at  the 
present  time  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  latter  Society.  Address  :  Herba- 
rium, Kew  Gardens. 

HEMY,     Charles     Napier,    A.R.A., 

R.S.W.,  born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  May 
24,  1841,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Henri  Frederick  Hemy,  a  well-known 
musician  and  composer.  Educated  at 
Dr.  Bruce's  Academy,  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
and  Ushaw  College,  Durham,  he  developed 
an  early  taste  for  drawing  and  painting, 
and  as  a  boy  studied  at  the  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne  School  of  Art.  After  leaving 
Ushaw  College  he  went  to  sea,  but  speedily 
abandoned  that  career.  He  went  to  France, 
intending  to  become  a  "  religions,"  but 
discovered  his  true  vocation  to  be  painting. 
Ultimately  settling  in  London,  he  at  the  age 
of  twenty-four  made  a  reputation  by  pic- 
tures of  Clovelly,  and  began  to  be  known  at 
R.A.  and  other  exhibitions.  At  twenty- 
six  he  went  to  study  at  Antwerp  Aca- 
demy of  Painting,  remaining  three  years 
there  under  Baron  Henri  Leys.  Here  he 
was  selected  to  do  some  paintings  for 
Antwerp  Cathedral,  and  his  drawings 
made  at  the  Academy  were  retained  as 
models  for  the  students.  Baron  Leys 
dying,  Mr.  Hemy  refused  to  remain  in 
Antwerp,  and  abandoned  the  Cathedral 
commission.  He  returned  to  London, 
which  remained  his  place  of  residence 
until  1881,  when  he  removed  to  Falmouth 


504 


HENDERSON  —  HENLEY 


and  built  Churohfield,  where  he  still 
resides.  In  Falmouth  Harbour  he  keeps 
the  Van  der  Meer,  a  sea-going  house-boat 
and  studio,  on  board  of  which  many  of 
his  most  important  pictures  have  been 
painted  direct  from  nature.  At  twenty- 
eight  he  painted  his  first  picture  in  the  man- 
ner of  Baron  Leys,  and  continued  to  paint  in 
this  style  for  some  time.  Gradually  aban- 
doning his  Antwerp  manner,  and  devoting 
himself  almost  entirely  to  marine  subjects, 
he  developed  a  style  of  so  marked  an 
individuality  that  it  has  placed  him  at 
the  head  of  a  school  of  painters.  The 
following  are  his  most  important  pictures  : 
"Evening  Grey,"  1866  (this  early  at- 
tempt made  Baron  Leys  his  friend)  ;  "  Girl 
decorating  an  altar  of  Our  Lady  on  a  Feast 
day,  sixteenth  century  "  ;  "  The  Limehouse 
Barge  Builders";  "Shields  Harbour"; 
"Blackwall";  "Saved,"  1880;  "Vespers, 
Oporto"  ;  "Grey  Venice"  ;  "Homeward"; 
"Smelt  Net";  "Silent  Adieu";  "Tram- 
mel Net";  "Our  Boat";  "Pilchards" 
(bought for Chantrey Bequest,  1897);  "Lost," 
1897;  and  "Wreckage."  The  following 
pictures  have  been  reproduced  as  etch- 
ings :  "Saved"  (photogravure);  "Silent 
Adieu  "  ;  "  Trammel  Net "  ;  "  Homeward." 
He  was  elected  A.K.A.  in  February  1898, 
having  previously,  in  June  1897,  become 
E.S.W.    Address  :  Churchfield,  Falmouth. 

HENDERSON,  The  Very  Rev. 
William  George,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born 
in  1819,  and  is  the  son  of  Admiral  George 
Henderson,  of  Harbridge,  Hants.  He 
entered  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  in  1836, 
but  was  elected  a  demy  of  Magdalen  in 
the  same  year,  and  retained  that  post  for 
ten  years,  when  he  became  Fellow  of  his 
College  (1846-52).  During  his  College 
career  he  gained  the  following  distinc- 
tions :  The  Latin  Verse  Prize  in  1839, 
The  Latin  Essay  in  1842,  the  Ellerton 
Prize  in  1843.  In  1840  he  took  a  second 
class  in  the  Final  School  of  Mathematics. 
He  took  his  B.A.  in  1840,  M.A.  in  1843, 
became  D.C.L.  in  1853,  and  D.D.  in  1882. 
He  was  Proctor  of  the  University  in  1850. 
From  1852  to  1862  he  was  Head-master  of 
the  Victoria  College,  Jersey,  and  from  1862 
to  1884  he  was  Head-master  of  Leeds 
Grammar  School.  In  1884  he  became 
Dean  of  Carlisle.  He  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  J.  Dalzell,  of  Lingo,  Fifeshire. 
Address  :   The  Deanery,  Carlisle. 

HENEAGE,  Admiral  Sir  Alger- 
non Charles  Fieschi,  K.C.B.,  is  the  son 

of  Charles  F.  Heneage,  Esq.,  of  the  1st 
Life  Guards,  and  Gentleman  Usher  of  the 
Privy  Chamber,  by  the  Honourable  Louise, 
daughter  of  the  3rd  Lord  Graves.  He  was 
born  in  March  1833,  entering  the  navy  in 
1845.     He  served  in  H.M.S.  ^Hastings  dur- 


ing the  operations  in  Burmah,  and  was 
awarded  the  Burmese  medal.  In  1854,  as 
a  Lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  Sir 
Algernon  took  part  in  the  Russian  War  in 
the  Baltic,  and  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Bomarsund.  In  the  following  year  he 
proceeded  to  the  Black  Sea,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  war  he  received  the  Baltic, 
Crimean  (with  Sebastopol  clasp),  and 
Turkish  medals.  In  1861  he  was  promoted 
Commander,  and  Captain  in  1866,  and 
while  holding  the  latter  rank  was  the 
recipient  of  a  Good  Service  Pension.  He 
became  a  Rear-Admiral  in  1884,  and 
the  following  year  was  appointed  second- 
in-command  of  the  Channel  Squadron. 
Sir  Algernon  proceeded  to  the  Pacific  as 
Commander-in-Chief  on  that  station  in 
1887,  and  in  1892  he  hoisted  his  flag  as 
Vice-Admiral  at  the  Nore.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  on  the  Queen's  birthday 
in  1894.  The  Royal  Humane  Society  con- 
ferred upon  him  their  silver  medal  for 
saving  the  life  of  a  boy  at  Sierra  Leone  in 
1861.  Admiral  Heneage  is  married  to 
Louise,  daughter  of  Sir  Edmund  Antrobns, 
Bart.   Address :  22  South  Eaton  Place,  S.W. 

HENEAGE,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Edward  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
George  Fieschi  Heneage,  Esq.,  of  an 
ancient  Lincolnshire  family,  was  born  in 
London,  March  29,  1840,  and  educated 
at  Eton.  He  accepted  a  commission  in 
the  1st  Life  Guards  in  1857,  but  left 
after  six  years'  service,  and  succeeded 
in  1864  to  the  family  estates.  In  1865  he 
was  returned  as  a  Liberal  for  Lincoln  ;  he 
unsuccessfully  contested  Great  Grimsby 
in  1874,  but  gained  the  seat  in  1880,  and 
was  again  returned  in  1885,  1886,  and 
1893.  He  has  always  been  conspicuous 
among  Liberal  members  for  his  great 
interest  in  agricultural  and  sea-fishery 
questions  ;  and  it  was  probably  for  this 
reason  that,  on  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Government  in  1885,  he  was 
appointed  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster,  with  the  Vice-Presidency  of 
the  Committee  of  Agriculture,  posts  which 
he  resigned  in  April  1886,  on  account  of 
disagreement  with  Mr.  Gladstone's  Irish 
Bill.  Lord  Heneage  is  High  Steward  of 
the  Borough  of  Grimsby,  and  a  Board  of 
Trade  Commissioner  of  the  Humber  Con- 
servancy. He  was  created  Baron  Heneage 
in  1896.  He  married,  in  1864,  Lady  Eleanor 
Cecilia,  daughter  of  the  late  Lord  Listowel. 
Address  :  Hainton  Hall,  Lincoln. 

HENLEY,  William  Ernest,  poet, 
critic,  dramatist,  and  editor,  was  born  at 
Gloucester  on  Aug.  23, 1849,  and  educated 
at  the  same  city.  In  his  early  years  he 
suffered  much  from  ill-health,  and  his  first 
book,  "In Hospital :  Rhymes  and  Rhythms," 


HENNER  —  HENNESSY 


505 


1888,  was  a  record  of  experiences  in  the  Old 
Infirmary,  Edinburgh,  from  1873  to  1875. 
This  was  the  opening  section  of  his  "  Book 
of  Verses,"  which    attained    to  a  fourth 
edition  in  1893.    In  1875  he  began  writing 
for   the   London   magazines,  and  in  1877 
was  one  of   the   founders  as  well  as  the 
editor  of   London.     In  this  journal  much 
of  his  early  verse  appeared.    He  was  after- 
wards appointed  editor  of  the  Magazine  of 
Art,  and   in  1889    of   the    Scots  Observer, 
which,  under  the  new  title  of  the  National 
Observer,  he  directed  until  1894.     To  these 
journals,  as  well  as  to  the  Athenamm  and 
Saturday  Review,  he  has  contributed  many 
critical  articles,  a  selection  of  which  was 
published  in  1890  under  the  title  of  "Views 
and  Reviews"   (2nd  edit.,   1892).     In  col- 
laboration with  the  late  R.  L.  Stevenson 
he   published   a  volume   of   plays   (1893), 
of  which  "Beau  Austin"  was  previously 
acted    at    the    Haymarket    Theatre.      In 
1892     appeared     his     second    volume    of 
poems,    "The    Song   of    the    Sword,"    of 
which  a  second  edition  appeared  in  1893. 
To  the  same  date  belongs  "  London  Volun- 
taries."    These  verses  mark  a  new  depar- 
ture in  Mr.  Henley's  style.     Both  volumes 
are  incorporated  in  the  "Poems"  of  1898, 
which  set  forth  the  author's  verse  as  he 
wishes  it  to  be  known.     Mr.  Henley  was 
at    one    time    interested    in    old    French 
poetical   forms,  and  many  of   his  lighter 
early  pieces  are  in  triolet  and  other  metres. 
We  have  also  from  his  pen  "  A  Catalogue 
of  French  and  Dutch  Pictures  at  the  Edin- 
burgh Exhibition"  (1887).     He  is  editing 
a  series  of  "  Tudor  Translations  " — North, 
Florio,  Underdowne,  Holland,  and  others  ; 
and  he  produced  a  collection  of  "Verses 
for  Englishmen,"  entitled  "  Lyra  Heroica  "; 
with  Mr.  Charles  Whibley,  an  anthology  of 
English  prose  ;  and  by  himself,  an  antho- 
logy   of    "English    Lyrics"   (1897).      In 
collaboration  with  Mr.  T.  F.  Henderson  he 
edited  "The  Centenary  Burns"   (4  vols., 
1896-97),   with  a  terminal    essay  on    the 
Life,  Genius,  and  Achievement  of  Burns, 
for  which  the  Academy  awarded  him  one 
of  its  prizes  in  1898,   and   is  at   present 
engaged  on   an  edition  (12  vols. ;    vol.  i. 
1896)   of  the  prose  and   verse   of   Byron. 
In  1893  Mr.  Henley  received  the  honour 
of   the   LL.D.  degree  at  the  St.  Andrews 
University.      He  was   editor   of  the  New 
Review  from  the  beginning  of  1885  till  its 
extinction  at  the  end  of  1897. 

HENNER,  Jean  Jacques,  a  French 
painter,  noted  for  his  Rembrandt-like 
effects,  born  at  Bernwiller,  Alsace,  March 
5,  1829,  was  a  pupil  of  Drolling  and  Picot, 
and  in  1848  entered  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- 
Arts.  At  the  end  of  two  years  ill-health 
compelled  him  to  return  home  ;  but  he  was 
readmitted  in  1858,  and  gained  a  prize  for 


his  "Adam  et  Eve  retrouvant  le  corps 
d'Abel."  After  this  he  went  to  Rome, 
studied  under  Hipp,  and  painted  four  pic- 
tures for  the  Musee  de  Colmar,  one  of 
which,  "Jeune  Baigneur  endormi,"  was 
exhibited  at  the  Salon  of  1863,  together 
with  a  fine  portrait  of  Victor  Schnetz. 
"La  Chaste  Suzanne,"  1865,  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Government,  and  is  now  in 
the  Luxembourg.  "  Alsacienne,"  1870,  one 
of  his  best-known  pictures,  was  presented, 
in  1872,  to  M.  Gambetta  by  a  committee 
of  Alsatian  ladies.  His  later  works  are  : 
"Madeleine  dans  le  Desert,"  and  "Le  bon 
Samaritain,"  1874;  "Le  Christ  Mort," 
1878;  "Eglogue"  and  "J&us  au  Tom- 
beau,"  1879;  "Saint  Jerome,"  1881; 
"  Herodiade,"  1887  ;  "  Saint  Se'bastien," 
1888;  "Priere"  and  "Martyre,"  1889; 
"Melancolie,"  1890  ;  "Pieta"  and  "Pleur- 
euses,"  1891,  &c.  M.  Henner  has  obtained 
numerous  medals  at  the  Salon ;  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1873,  and  was  made  an  Officer  in  1878. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academie 
des  Beaux-Arts  in  succession  to  Cabanel 
in  1889. 

HENNESSY,    Professor    Henry, 

F.R.S.,  M.R.I.A.,  second  son  of  John  Hen- 
nessy,  of  Ballyhennessy,  was  born  on 
March  19,  1826,  in  Cork,  where  he  received 
an  excellent  school  training  in  mathe- 
matics and  languages  ;  but  the  disabilities 
regarding  higher  education  for  those  who 
were  not  members  of  the  lately  disestab- 
lished Church  of  Ireland  prevented  him 
from  entering  the  University.  He  had 
thus  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  higher 
parts  of  mathematics  unaided,  and  at  such 
intervals  as  his  professional  work  as  an 
assistant  engineer  permitted.  Before  at- 
taining to  any  position  of  a  public  nature 
he  had  commenced  his  career  as  a  labourer 
in  scientific  investigation.  The  total 
amount  of  published  matter  which  he  has 
achieved  amounts  to  more  than  eighty 
original  papers,  which  have  appeared  in 
British  and  foreign  scientific  journals,  the 
Reports  of  the  British  Association,  the  Pro- 
ceedings and  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  and  the  Royal  Society,  and  the 
Oomptes  Rendus  of  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Sciences.  In  1851  his  "Researches  on 
Terrestrial  Physics"  appeared  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in 
this  memoir,  as  well  as  others  communi- 
cated to  the  Institute  of  France  and  to  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  during  subsequent 
years,  he  has  investigated  several  questions 
regarding  the  figure  and  structure  of  the 
earth  and  planets.  From  the  first  he  held 
to  the  view  of  the  fluid  origin  of  these 
bodies,  and  he  has  always  maintained  that 
all  the  facts  regarding  the  earth  which 
come  under  our  notice  are  best  explained 


506 


HENNIKER  —  HENSCHEL 


by  the  existence  of  fluid  matter  at  a  high 
temperature  enclosed  within  its  crust.  He 
has  also  written  papers  on  Climatology, 
which  have  appeared  in  various  publica- 
tions, including  those  of  the  bodies  above 
mentioned.  He  claims  to  have  proved 
laws  of  temperature  distribution  in  islands, 
and  to  have  deduced  consequences  of 
general  application  from  the  physical 
properties  of  water.  Long  before  the 
present  tendency  to  develop  inland  naviga- 
tion, Mr.  Hennessy  published  essays  in 
some  of  the  engineering  journals,  in  which 
he  advocated  improvements  and  extensions 
in  canal  and  river  navigation.  Besides  his 
scientific  papers,  Mr.  Hennessy  is  author 
of  pamphlets  relating  to  education,  and, 
among  others,  of  one  relating  to  the  study 
of  science,  a  considerable  portion  of  which 
has  been  reprinted  in  an  Appendix  to  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire's  Commission  on 
Scientific  Instruction.  He  has  contributed 
to  the  discussion  on  international  weights 
and  measures  by  some  publications,  and 
by  the  proposal  of  a  new  standard  derived 
from  the  earth's  polar  axis,  which  was 
soon  afterwards  advocated  by  Sir  John 
Herschel.  A  series  of  weights  and 
measures  constructed  from  this  standard 
were  made  under  Prof.  Hennessy's  super- 
intendence. These  are  now  in  the  College 
of  Science,  Dublin,  together  with  a 
number  of  instruments  and  models  of 
machinery,  executed  by  metal-workers  in 
Ireland.  Some  of  these  were  designed  by 
Prof.  Hennessy,  and  they  were  intended 
to  promote  technical  education  and  skilled 
industries.  With  reference  to  other  in- 
dustries, Prof.  Hennessy  prepared  a  report 
in  1870  on  the  temperature  of  the  waters 
surrounding  the  British  Isles,  for  a  Com- 
mission of  Inquiry  into  Irish  Fisheries, 
and  he  afterwards  applied  some  of  his 
meteorological  deductions  to  questions 
relating  to  Agriculture.  In  1855,  on  the 
invitation  of  Cardinal  Newman,  he  became 
Professor  of  Physics  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
University  of  Ireland ;  and  in  1874  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Duke  of  Richmond  to 
the  Professorship  of  Applied  Mathematics 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Science.  In  this 
office  he  occupied  himself  with  inquiries 
in  Hydraulics  and  Mechanism,  some  of 
which  have  appeared  in  the  publications 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  Dean  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Science  in  1880  and  1888. 
He  was  elected  an  F.R.S.  in  1858,  and  has 
been  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Society.  He  is  married  to  Rosa,  the 
youngest  daughter  of  Hayden  Corn.  Ad- 
dress :  Maison  Schlageter,  Clarens,  Vaud, 
Switzerland. 

HENNTKER,  Lord,  Sir  John  Major 
Henniker-Major,  Bart.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  F.S.A., 
Knight  of  Justice  of   St.   John   of   Jeru- 


salem, Lieut.-Governor  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
was  born  on  Nov.  7,  1842,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  fourth  baron,  and  Anne,  eldest 
daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Kerrison,  Bart. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (M.A.  1866).  He 
was  Conservative  M.P.  for  East  Suffolk 
from  1866  to  1870,  and  has  been  Lord-in- 
Waiting  at  various  times  between  1877 
and  1893,  and  was  re-appointed  in  1895. 
He  was  appointed  Lieut.-Governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Man  in  1896.  He  married  Lady 
Alice  Mary  Cuffe,  only  daughter  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Desart,  in  1864 ;  she  died  in 
1893.  Address :  Government  House,  Isle 
of  Man,  &c. 

HENNIQTJE,  Leon,  French  novelist 
and  dramatist,  was  born  in  the  island  of 
Guadeloupe,  November  4,  1851,  and  started 
his  literary  career  as  a  disciple  of  Emile 
Zola.  His  first  works  "La  D^vouee," 
1878,  and  "Elisabeth  Couronneau,"  1879, 
exaggerated  the  style  of  his  master.  He 
also  contributed  to  the  famous  "Soirees 
de  Me'dan,"  and  was  conspicuous  for  his 
naturalistic  depicture  of  most  repellent 
details.  His  other  novels  are:  "L'Acci- 
dent  de  M.  Hubert,"  1883  ;  "Poeuf,"  1887; 
and  "  Un  Caractere,"  1889.  He  has  written 
for  the  theatre  "Pierrot  sceptique,"  a 
pantomime,  in  collaboration  with  Huys- 
mans ;  "Esther  Brantes,"  played  at  the 
Theatre  Libre  in  1887,  as  was  "La  Mort 
da  Due  d'Enghien,"  1888.  "Jacques 
Damour  "  was  a  dramatised  version  of  one 
of  Zola's  tales,  and  was  played  at  the 
Odeon  in  1887.  M.  Hennique  was  con- 
nected for  some  years  with  the  Biblio- 
theque  de  l'Arsenal,  and  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1895.  His 
Paris  address  is  22  Rue  d'Artois. 

HENRY  OF  BATTENBERG,  Prin- 
cess.   See  Beatrice,  Princess. 

HENSCHEL,  George,  musician,  was 
born  at  Breslau  on  Feb.  18,  1850,  and  is  of 
Polish  descent.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Magdalen  College  in  his  native  town,  and 
at  the  Royal  Conservatorium  in  Leipzig. 
In  1862,  as  a  child  of  twelve,  he  made  his 
first  appearance  as  a  pianist.  Four  years 
later  he  sang  in  public  for  the  first  time. 
In  1877  he  came  to  England  and  took  part 
in  the  Monday  popular  concerts.  Settling 
in  England  the  following  year,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  at  the  Royal  College  in 
succession  to  Jenny  Lind.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, in  America,  first  conductor  of  the 
Boston  Symphony  Orchestra,  and  in  1885 
started  the  well-known  London  Sym- 
phony Concerts  which  are  closely  asso- 
ciated with  his  name  and  work.  In 
1893  he  set  on  foot  the  Henschel  Choir. 
His  marriage  with  Lillian  Jane  Bailey,  the 


HENTY  —  HERBETTE 


507 


well-known  singer,  in  1881,  marks  the  be- 
ginning of  a  famous  musical  partnership. 
Together  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hensohel  gave  vocal 
recitals  in  the  United  States  and  in  most 
European  capitals  till  1884,  since  which 
year  they  have  constantly  appeared  on  the 
concert  platform.  Mr.  Henschel  has  com- 
posed some  hundreds  of  songs,  besides 
pieces  for  the  piano,  vocal  studies,  a  comic 
opera,  &c.  He  has  also  composed  a 
"Stabat  Mater"  which  was  performed  at 
the  Birmingham  Festival  in  1894,  and  the 
incidental  music  for  Mr.  Tree's  revival  of 
"Hamlet"  at  the  Haymarket  in  1891. 
Address  :  45  Bedford  Gardens,  N.  Kensing- 
ton, W. 

HENTY,  George  Alfred,  was  born 
at  Trumpington,  Cambridgeshire,  Dec.  8, 
1832,  and  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  at  Caius  College.  Cambridge.  He  left 
Cambridge  to  go  out  to  the  Crimea  in  the 
Purveyor's  Department.  Returning  in- 
valided, he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Purveyor  to  the  Forces,  and  was  sent  out 
to  Italy  to  organise  the  hospitals  of  the 
Italian  legion.  At  the  end  of  the  war  he 
returned  home,  and  had  charge  first  of  the 
Belfast,  and  afterwards  of  the  Portsmouth, 
districts.  He  resigned  his  commission, 
and  for  several  years  was  occupied  in 
mining  operations  in  Wales,  Italy,  &c. 
Then  he  went  upon  the  staff  of  the  Stand- 
ard newspaper.  As  a  special  correspondent 
of  that  journal  he  witnessed  the  Italo- 
Austrian  war ;  was  with  Garibaldi  in  his 
campaigns  in  the  Tyrol ;  at  the  opening  of 
the  Suez  Canal ;  with  the  Abyssinian 
Expedition  to  Magdala,  and  the  Ashanti 
Expedition  to  Coomassie.  He  also  went 
through  the  Franco-German  war,  and  the 
Communal  siege  of  Paris,  and  was  likewise 
out  in  the  Carlist  insurrection.  He  went 
to  Russia  for  the  Standard  at  the  time  of 
the  Khiva  Expedition,  and  on  his  return 
visited  the  mining  regions  of  the  United 
States,  in  California,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  on 
Lake  Superior.  He  accompanied  the  Prince 
of  Wales  in  his  tour  through  India,  and 
was  with  the  Turkish  army  in  the  Turko- 
Servian  war.  Mr.  Henty  is  the  author  of 
"A  Search  for  a  Secret,"  "All  But  Lost," 
and  other  novels ;  "  The  March  to  Mag- 
dala," "The  March  to  Coomassie,"  "Out 
on  the  Pampas,"  "The  Young  Franc- 
Tireurs,"  "  The  Young  Colonist,"  and  a 
large  number  of  other  books  for  boys, 
chiefly  of  an  historical  character.  Among 
his  most  recent  works  may  be  mentioned 
"Dorothy's  Double,"  "A  Woman  of  the 
Commune,"  "The  Queen's  Cup,"  "Colonel 
Thorndyke's  Secret,"  1898.  Address  : 
Savage  Club,  W.C. 

HERBERT,  Hon.  Hilary  A.,  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  at  Lawrenceville, 


South  Carolina ;  removed  with  his  father 
at  the  age  of  twelve  years  to  Greenville, 
Ala. ;  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of 
Alabama  and  Virginia  ;  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Alabama.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  served  in  the  Confederate  army  as  Cap- 
tain and  Colonel,  and  was  wounded  in  the 
battle  of  the  Wilderness,  May  1864.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Greenville  till  1872, 
and  since  then  at  Montgomery,  which  is 
now  his  home.  From  1877  to  1893  he  was 
a  representative  in  Congress.  On  the 
accession  of  Mr.  Cleveland  to  the  Presi- 
dency for  the  second  time  (March  1893), 
Mr.  Herbert  became  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  a  position  which  he  retained  until 
the  close  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  term. 

HERBERT,  Hon.  Michael  Henry, 

C.B.,  Secretary  to  H.M.  Embassy  at  Paris, 
was  born  June  25,  1857,  and  is  the  fourth 
son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sydney  Herbert,  and 
is  brother  of  the  Earl  of  Pembroke.  He 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  June 
1877,  and  was  appointed  to  Paris  in  1879 
as  Attache.  In  1883  he  became  a  Second 
Secretary,  and  was  transferred  to  Wash- 
ington in  1888,  where  he  acted  as  Charge 
d'Affaires  from  October  1888  to  February 
1889.  He  was  promoted  to  be  Secretary 
of  Legation  at  Washington  in  1892,  and  in 
the  next  year  was  transferred  to  the 
Hague.  In  1894  he  was  promoted  to  be 
Secretary  of  Legation  at  Constantinople, 
and  in  August  of  that  year  he  was  acting 
as  Charge  d'Affaires  during  Sir  Philip 
Currie's  absence  at  the  time  of  the  Ar- 
menian massacres.  In  acknowledgment 
of  his  energy  and  judgment  he  was  created 
a  C.B.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary at  Rome,  and  transferred  to  his  pre- 
sent post  in  August  1898,  when  he  was 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  in  the 
Diplomatic  Service,  this  promotion  being 
merely  one  in  rank. 

HERBETTE,  Jules  Gabriel,  French 
diplomatist,  was  born  in  Paris,  Aug.  5, 
1839,  aud,  having  studied  law,  entered  the 
Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  1860.  In 
1867  he  became  Consul  at  Naples,  and 
two  years  after  at  Stettin.  During  the 
war  he  aided  the  Government  of  National 
Defence  in  its  foreign  relations.  He  was 
secretary  to  Jules  Favre  in  March  1871, 
during  the  preliminaries  of  peace  with 
Germany.  Remaining  at  the  Foreign 
Office,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  European 
Commission  on  the  Danube  in  1876,  and 
to  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  in  1878.  He  was 
the  chief  adviser  of  M.  de  Freycinet  (q.v.) 
at  the  Foreign  Office  in  1880  and  1882. 
In  1886  he  was  appointed  to  the  most 
difficult  of  all  posts,  that  of  Ambassador 


508 


HERDMAN  —  HERKOMER 


to  Berlin,  which  he  held  under  three  Em- 
perors, William  I.,  Frederick  III.,  and 
William  II.,  and  in  which  he  succeeded 
beyond  all  expectations  in  keeping  the 
peace  under  very  delicate  circumstances, 
such  as  the  Schnaebele  affair.  He  held 
his  post  until  1896,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  the  Marquis  de  Noailles.  He  is  a 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
one  of  the  40.  His  Paris  address  is  2 
Rue  Pigalle. 

HERDMAN,  William  Abbott,  D.Sc. , 
F.E.S.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Robert  Herd- 
man,  Scotch  historical  and  portrait  painter, 
was  born  on  Sept.  8,  1S58,  at  Edinburgh. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh 
Academy,  and  at  the  University  of  that 
city,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.Sc.  in 
1879,  and  that  of  D.Sc.  at  a  later  time. 
In  1879  he  was  appointed  Secretary  to 
the  Challenger  Expedition  Commission, 
and  assisted  the  late  Sir  Wyville  Thomson 
in  bringing  out  the  reports  on  the  scientific 
results  of  the  Expedition.  After  occupy- 
ing the  post  of  Demonstrator  of  Zoology 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  from  1880 
to  1882,  he  was  in  the  latter  year  elected 
Professor  of  Natural  History  in  University 
College,  Liverpool,  a  post  which  he  still 
holds.  He  has  published  a  "  Report  upon 
the  Turjicata  collected  during  the  voyage 
of  the  Challenger"  3  vols.,  1882-89,  and 
in  1884  he  received  the  Neill  Gold  Medal 
from  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  for 
his  researches  in  connection  with  these 
marine  animals.  Since  going  to  Liverpool 
he  has  occupied  himself  with  marine  bio- 
logy, and  latterly  with  sea  fishery  ques- 
tions. The  Liverpool  Biological  Society, 
started  some  nine  years  ago,  owes  its 
origin  mainly  to  Prof.  Herdman,  and  he 
has  also  founded  the  Marine  Biological 
Station  at  Port  Erin,  in  the  Isle  of  Man, 
of  which  he  is  the  Hon.  Director.  For 
some  years  he  was  engaged,  together  with 
friends  and  assistants,  in  a  dredging  ex- 
ploration of  the  Irish  Sea,  and  the  differ- 
ent volumes  of  reports  on  this  subject 
were  produced  under  his  editorship,  in 
the  years  1886  to  1895.  Prof.  Herdman 
was  in  1892  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  has  published  many  papers  on 
zoological  subjects,  and  has  established, 
conjointly  with  the  County  Council,  a  Sea 
Fisheries  Laboratory  in  Liverpool.  In 
1895  he  was  President  of  the  Zoological 
Section  of  the  British  Association.  Ad- 
dress :  Croxteth  Lodge,  Liverpool. 

HEREDIA,  Jose-Maria  de,  Frenah 
poet,  was  born  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  at 
La  Fortune-Lafeyere,  near  Santiago,  on 
Nov.  22,  1842.  He  was  sent  to  France, 
and  studied  history  in  the  Ecole  des 
Chartes,   and  subsequently  wrote  for  the 


Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  the  Temps,  and 
other  leading  French  periodicals  and  news- 
papers, being  one  of  the  group  called 
"  Parnassiens."  His  fame  as  a  poet  is 
chiefly  based  on  his  volume  of  sonnets, 
which  attracted  great  attention  at  the 
time  of  their  publication,  their  classical 
polish  being  particularly  admired  in  lite- 
rary circles.  On  Feb.  22,  1894,  M.  de 
Heredia  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academy,  in  succession  to  the  late  M.  de 
Mazade.  His  first  collection  of  poems 
was  issued  in  1893  under  the  title  of 
"Trophies":  it  was  at  once  crowned  by 
the  Academy,  and  was  the  chief  reason 
of  his  election.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  created  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  has  translated  "  L'Histoire 
vendique  de  la  Conqugte  de  la  Nouvelle 
Espagne  "  from  the  Spanish  of  Bernal 
Diaz  del  Castillo.  His  eldest  daughter, 
Marie,  is  married  to  the  poet  Henri  de 
Regnier.  His  Paris  address  is  ;  11  Rue  de 
Balzac. 

HEREFORD,  Bishop  of.    See  Pbe- 
oival,  The  Right  Rev.  John. 

HERKOMER,  Hubert,  R.A.,  M.A., 
Hon.  Fellow  of  All  Souls',  &c. ,  was 
born  in  1849,  -at  Waal,  in  Bavaria.  His 
father,  Lorenz  Herkomer,  who  was  a  skil- 
ful wood-carver,  emigrated  with  his  family, 
in  1851,  to  the  United  States,  but  in  1857 
sought  to  improve  his  fortunes  in  England, 
and  settled  in  Southampton.  As  a  boy, 
Hubert  was  hindered  much  in  his  educa- 
tion by  ill-health  and  poverty ;  but  at 
thirteen  he  entered  the  Art  School  at 
Southampton.  In  1865  he  went  to  Munich 
with  his  father  (who  had  been  commis- 
sioned to  carve  copies  of  figures  by  Peter 
Vischer),  and  while  there  the  young  artist 
was  aided  in  his  studies  by  Professor 
Echter.  In  1866  he  entered  the  schools  at 
South  Kensington,  but  after  five  months 
was  obliged  to  return  to  Southampton, 
where  he  was  instrumental  in  establishing 
a  drawing-school  for  the  study  of  the  living 
model ;  and  at  Christmas  in  that  year  he 
and  the  young  artists  associated  with  him 
held  an  exhibition  of  their  works,  in  which 
he  sold  his  first  picture.  In  1867  he  again 
went  to  South  Kensington  for  a  few 
months,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
established  himself  in  the  village  of  Hythe, 
and  there  painted  two  pictures,  which  he 
exhibited  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  (1868). 
He  then  came  to  London,  and  occupied 
himself  successfully  with  water-colour 
painting  and  designing  for  the  wood-en- 
gravers. In  1871  Mr.  Herkomer  was  in- 
vited to  join  the  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colours  ;  and  to  the  gallery  of  this 
Society,  and  subsequently  to  the  Gros- 
venor,    he    contributed    many    drawings, 


HERMITE 


509 


chiefly  of  Bavarian  subjects.     The  oil  pic- 
ture, "  After  the  Toil  of  the  Day,"  in  the 
Academy  Exhibition  of  1873,  extended  his 
reputation    and    prepared    the    way    for 
"  The  Last  Muster,"  1875,  the  memorable 
picture  of  Chelsea  pensioners,  which,  after 
appearing  in  the  Lecture   Room  at   Bur- 
lington House  in  1875,  figured  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition  of  1878,  and  was  there  awarded 
one  of  the  two  Grand  Medals  of  Honour 
carried  off  by  the  English  school.     Subse- 
quently the  artist  turned  his  attention  to 
etching   and  _  pure    mezzotint   engraving, 
being  chiefly  instrumental  in  causing  the 
revival  of   the  latter  art  in  this  country. 
Some  earlier  pictures  exhibited  by  him  at 
the  Royal  Academy  and  other  exhibitions 
in    London    were:    "At   Death's   Door," 
1876;  "God's  Shrine,"   a  large   Bavarian 
landscape  ;  "  Wind-swept,"  1880  ;  "Home- 
ward,"   1882;     "Castle     Gardens,"    and 
"Natural    Enemies,"    1883.      Since    1880 
he  has  painted  a  very  large  number  of  por- 
traits, including  many  of  notable  persons. 
In  1883,  and  again  in  1885,  he  paid  visits 
of    some    months'   duration   to   America, 
where   he   also    painted  many   portraits. 
One  of  his  most  notable  successes  in  por- 
traiture was  that  of  Miss  Catharine  Grant 
— "The   Lady  in   White" — which  gained 
him  a  gold  medal  at  Berlin,  Vienna,  and 
elsewhere.     This  portrait  was  followed  by 
a  companion,  in  a  black  scheme  of  colour, 
entitled  "  Entranced,"  painted  during  his 
second  visit  to  America,  which  had  also 
a  great   success.     In   1885   his  landscape 
"Found,"  a  scene  on  a  Welsh  mountain, 
was  purchased   under   the   terms   of   the 
Chantrey  Bequest,  and  in  1889,  a   second 
picture — "The    Chapel    of    the    Charter- 
house "  —  was    purchased    in    the     same 
manner.     Besides  these  two  pictures,  his 
later   important  works   have   been    "Our 
Village,"    "The    Foster  -  Mother,"    "The 
Bin-germeister  and  Town  Council  of  Lands- 
berg,  Bavaria,"  a  large  picture  which  he 
presented  to  that  town;  "Hard  Times," 
purchased  by  the  Manchester  Art  Gallery  ; 
"On  Strike,"  1891,  his  diploma  work  to 
the    Royal   Academy;    "Back    to   Life," 
1896  ;  and  "The  Guards'  Cheer,"  1898,  re- 
presenting Crimean  veterans  of  the  Guards 
cheering  her  Majesty  the  Queen  during  the 
Jubilee  Procession  in  1897.   Besides  these, 
he  has  produced  a  large  number  of  smaller 
subject  pictures,   both  in  oil  and  water- 
colours.      In  the  Academy  of  1899  he  ex- 
hibited as  many  as  eight  subjects,  six  of 
them  portraits,  including  one  of  the  Duke  of 
Sutherland,  and  another  of  Prince  Luitpold 
of  Bavaria.     He  founded  and  superintends 
an  important  art  school  at  Bushey,  in  con- 
nection with  which  a  theatre  was  opened 
in  1888,  where  a  romantic  fragment,  "  The 
Sorceress,"   by   Prof.    Herkomer   himself, 
was  first  performed,  followed  in  1889  by  a 


musical  and  pictorial  play,  entitled  "An 
Idyl."  Since  this  date  several  less  im- 
portant plays  have  been  produced.  Mr. 
Herkomer's  house  at  Bushey,  which  has 
been  in  progress  for  many  years,  contains 
much  wood-carving,  weaving,  and  other 
art-work,  designed  by  the  artist,  and  carried 
out  principally  by  his  father  and  his  two 
brothers,  whose  portraits  as  "The  Makers 
of  my  House  "  hang  in  one  of  the  rooms. 
At  Landsberg-am-Lech,  where  his  mother 
died,  stands  the  "  Mutterthurm, "  ahabitable 
tower  built  by  him  to  her  memory.  Mr. 
Herkomer  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1879,  and  a  full  Member 
in  1890.  Having  for  some  years  resigned 
his  position  as  Member  of  the  Royal  In- 
stitute of  Painters  in  Water-Colours,  he 
was  in  1893  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Old  Water-Colour  Society,  and  in  1894  a 
full  Member.  In  1896-97  he  acted  as 
Deputy-President  of  the  Society.  For 
nine  years,  1885-95,  Mr.  Herkomer  held 
the  position  of  Slade  Professor  of  Fine 
Art  at  Oxford,  where  he  also  received  the 
degree  of  M.A.,  and  an  Honorary  Fellow- 
ship of  All  Souls'  College.  He  holds  the 
Maximilian  Order  pour  le  Merite,  and  a 
Life  Professorship  at  Munich.  He  had 
the  honour  of  being  elected  a  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  France  in  place  of  Lord 
Leighton  ;  and  is  also  an  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  He  is  a  Member  of  the 
Academy  at  Berlin,  Vienna,  Antwerp,  and 
Stockholm,  and  is  an  Honorary  Member  of 
many  Art  Societies,  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  abroad.  His  interest  in 
Celtic  tradition  was  manifested  in  1896, 
when  he  presented  to  the  Arch-Druid  of 
Wales,  Hwfa  Mon,  a  complete  official 
Druidic  costume,  with  jewelled  insignia, 
designed  in  accordance  with  ancient  tra- 
dition. Permanent  addresses :  Lululaund, 
Bushey,  Herts  ;  and  Athenasum. 

HERMITE,  Professor  Charles,  was 
born  on  Dec.  25,  1822,  at  Dieuze,  Lor- 
raine, and  studied  first  at  Nancy,  and 
then  at  Paris.  He  is  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  Professor  of  Higher  Al- 
gebra at  the  Sorbonne,  and  Honorary 
Professor  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique.  His 
publications  are  chiefly  in  the  scientific 
and  mathematical  journals  of  France  and 
other  countries  ;  and  deal  with  the  theory 
of  numbers,  the  theory  of  algebraical 
forms,  elliptic  functions.  &c.  He  has 
edited,  in  conjunction  with  Gerret,  the 
Elementary  Treatise  of  Lacroix  on  the 
Differential  and  Integral  Calculi  (1867). 
Prof.  Hermite  is  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  of  the  Mathematical 
Society  of  London ;  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh  ;  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  ; 
and  of  the  Academies  of  Paris,  Berlin, 
Vienna,  Munich,  Naples,  and  Stockholm. 


510 


HERTFORD  —  HEWLETT 


He  is  also  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, and  of  the  Pontifical  Academy  of 
the  Nuovi  Lincei  at  Eome,  and  is  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
Knight  or  Commander  of  other  orders. 
His  Paris  address  is  2  Rue  de  la  Sorbonne. 

HERTFORD,  Marquis  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Hugh  de  Grey  Seymour, 
D.L.,  J. P.,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Oct. 
22,  1843,  and  is  the  son  of  the  5th 
Marquis,  and  of  Emily,  daughter  of  the 
3rd  Earl  of  Mansfield.  He  was  educated 
for  the  army  at  Sandhurst,  and  has  been 
a  Captain  in  the  Grenadier  Guards.  He 
has  sat  in  Parliament,  either  as  Captain 
Seymour,  or  latterly  as  Earl  of  Yarmouth, 
as  Conservative  member  for  co.  Antrim 
from  1869  to  1874,  and  for  South  Warwick- 
shire from  1874  to  1880.  He  was  Comptroller 
of  the  Household  in  1879-80,  when  he 
was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  in  1884,  and  married 
the  Hon.  Mary  Hood,  daughter  of  the  1st 
Viscount  Bridport,  in  1868.  Addresses : 
115  Eaton  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Ragley  Hall, 
Warwickshire. 

HERTSLET,   Sir  Edward,    K.C.B., 

son  of  the  late  Lewis  Hertslet,  Esq.,  who 
for  fifty-seven  years  was  sub-librarian  and 
afterwards  librarian  and  keeper  of  the 
papers  of  the  Foreign  Office,  was  born  in 
Westminster,  Feb.  3,  1824,  and  educated  at 
private  schools.  He  entered  the  Foreign 
Office  March  23,  1840,  and  was  promoted 
to  be  sub  -  librarian  April  1,  1855  ;  and 
librarian  and  keeper  of  the  papers,  Nov. 
19,  1857;  was  elected  F.R.G.S.,  Jan.  11, 
1858.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Hertslet's 
Commercial  Treaties,"  a  work  in  19  vols., 
which  was  begun  by  his  father  in  1820 ; 
the  "British  and  Foreign  State  Papers," 
a.  work  in  80  vols.,  also  begun  by  his 
father  in  1825,  and  compiled  for  the  use 
of  her  Majesty's  Government ;  "The  Map 
of  Europe  by  Treaty,"  a  work  in  4  vols., 
showing  the  various  political  and  terri- 
torial changes  which  took  place  in  Europe 
between  1814  and  1891,  with  numerous 
maps ;  "  The  Map  of  Africa  by  Treaty," 
in  2  vols.,  with  numerous  maps  ;  "  A  Col- 
lection of  Chinese  Treaties,"  in  2  vols.; 
"Analyses  of  Treaties  and  Tariffs  regu- 
lating the  Trade  between  Great  Britain 
and  various  Foreign  Powers,"  in  8  vols. ; 
and  the  "Foreign  Office  List,"  forming  a 
complete  diplomatic  and  consular  hand- 
book, which  has  been  published  annually 
since  1852.  He  was  made  a  Companion  of 
the  Bath,  Feb.  21,  1874,  and  was  attached 
to  the  special  embassy  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Beaconsfield  and  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
to  the  Congress  of  Berlin  in  June  and  July 
1878,  with  a  Royal  Commission  as  acting 
secretary  of    embassy  in    her    Majesty's 


diplomatic  service ;  and  was  knighted  by 
her  Majesty,  July  30,  1878,  in  recognition 
of  his  services  in  Berlin.  He  was  one  of 
the  British  delegates  appointed  in  June 
1889  to  examine  into  the  question  of  the 
boundary  between  the  Netherlands  Terri- 
tories in  Borneo  and  those  under  British 
protection,  and  he  was  made  a  K.C.B.  on 
August  20,  1892.  He  retired  from  the 
Foreign  Office  on  Feb.  2,  1896,  after 
nearly  fifty  -  six  years'  service,  and  was 
presented  with  a  handsome  testimonial  by 
his  colleagues  on  July  17  of  that  year. 
He  married  Eden,  daughter  of  the  late 
John  Bull,  Clerk  of  the  Journals,  House 
of  Commons.  Address  :  Belle  Vue  House, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

HESS,  Henry,  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  African  Critic,  was  born  in  1864, 
and  is  the  youngest  son  of  Joseph  Charles 
Hess.  He  was  educated  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  and  became  a  solicitor  at  the 
Cape  in  1885.  After  practising  there  for 
some  time,  he  went  to  the  Transvaal  in 
1887,  and  in  1891  founded  the  Burlesque, 
which  in  1892  he  incorporated  with  another 
new  paper,  the  Critic.  In  December  1896 
the  Boer  Government  suppressed  this  jour- 
nal. In  September  1895  Mr.  Hess  founded 
the  well-known  African  Critic  in  London. 
Address :  Tuqvor  House,  Kew  Gardens, 
Surrey. 

HESSE,  Grand -Duke  of,  Ernest 
Louis,  K.G.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Grand- 
Duke  of  Hesse,  and  of  the  late  Princess 
Alice,  second  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria, 
and  was  born  on  Nov.  25,  1868.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  March  1892,  and  was 
married,  in  1894,  to  Victoria  Melita,  second 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and 
Gotha.  His  youngest  sister,  the  Princess 
Alix,  is  the  Empress  of  Russia. 

HEWLETT,  Maurice  Henry,  author 
of  "The  Forest  Lovers,"  a  Theocritan 
idyll,  which  was  awarded  one  of  the 
Academy  prizes  in  1899,  was  born  on 
Jan.  22,  1861,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Gay  Hewlett,  of  Shaw  Hill,  Ad- 
dington,  Kent,  who  was  himself  a  well- 
known  man  of  letters.  He  was  educated 
at  the  London  International  College,  and 
at  Spring  Grove,  Islesworth,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1891.  Five  years 
later  he  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Land  Revenue  Records  and  Enrolments. 
His  publications,  which  are  now  begin- 
ning to  attract  much  notice,  are  :  "  The 
Masque  of  Dead  Florentines,"  1895 ; 
"Earthwork  out  of  Tuscany,"  1st  edit. 
1895,  2nd  edit.  1899  ;  "Songs  and  Medi- 
tations," 1897  ;  and  "The  Forest  Lovers," 
and  "Pan  and  the  Young  Shepherd," 
1898.     Address  :  53  Colville  Gardens,  W. 


HEYCOCK  —  HICHENS 


511 


HEYCOCK,  Charles  Thomas,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  born  Aug.  21,  1858,  is  the  youngest 
son  of  Frederick  Heycock  of  Braunstons, 
Oakham,  and  was  educated  at  Bedford 
Grammar  School,  Oakham  Grammar 
School,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge. 
In  1895  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  King's 
College,  and  became  Lecturer  and  Assis- 
tant-Tutor of  that  College  in  1896.  He  is 
joint  author  with  Mr.  H.  F.  Neville  of 
several  papers  on  Alloys  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society.  Mr.  Hey- 
cock devotes  some  time  to  volunteering, 
and  is  the  Colonel  commanding  the  3rd 
Cambs.  Vol.  Battalion  of  the  Suffolk  Regi- 
ment. ■  He  was  married  in  1883  to  Caro- 
line, only  daughter  of  W.  J.  Sadler,  Bent- 
ham  Purton,  Wilts.  Address  :  24  Fitz- 
william  Street,  Cambridge. 

HEYSE,  Paul  Joharm  Inidwig,  a 

German  poet  and  novelist,  was  born  March 
15,  1830,  in  Berlin,  where  his  father  was 
a  distinguished  University  Professor  and 
philologist.  He  was  educated  in  the  Fre- 
derick-William Gymnasium  of  his  native 
city,  and  in  the  Universities  of  Berlin  and 
Bonn,  where  he  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  philology.  In  1852  he  repaired 
to  Italy,  to  examine  the  manuscripts  in 
the  public  libraries  of  Borne,  Florence,  and 
Venice.  In  May  1854  he  was  summoned 
to  Munich  by  King  Maximilian,  and  he 
there  married  the  daughter  of  the  eminent 
writer  on  art,  Franz  Kugler.  He  has 
written  some  tragedies,  which  have  been 
performed  in  various  towns  of  Germany, 
viz.  :  "  Francesca  di  Rimini,"  1850  ;  "  Me- 
leager,"  1854;  "The  Men  of  the  Palati- 
nate in  Ireland  (Die  Pfalzer  in  Irland)," 
1855;  "  Elizabeth  Charlotte,"  1860 ;  "The 
Counts  Von  der  Esche " ;  and  some 
others,  which,  though  never  presented  on 
the  stage,  have  been  eagerly  read  by  a 
wide  circle  of  readers.  He  has  also  pro- 
duced narrative  and  epic  poems,  "  The 
Brothers,"  1852;  "Thecla,"  a  poem  in 
nine  cantos,  1858  ;  and  a  number  of  col- 
lections of  metrical  tales  and  novels 
("Gesammelte  Novellen  in  Versen,"  1863). 
Besides  these,  he  has  published  various 
works  on  philology  and  on  old  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian  poetry.  His  later 
productions  are  "  Troubadour-Novellen, " 
1882 ;  "  Don  Juan's  End,"  a  tragedy, 
"Buch  der  Freundschaft,"  and  "  Siechen- 
trost,"  1883;  and  "Gesammelte  Werke," 
in  21  vols.,  1872-85. 

HIBBERT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
John  Tomlinson,  K.C.B.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
eldest  son  'of  Elijah  Hibbert,  of  Oldham, 
by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  A.  Hilton,  Esq., 
was  born  at  Oldham  in  1824,  and  educated 
at  Shrewsbury  School,  and  at  St.  John's 


College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1847;  M.A. 
1851).  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1849.  Mr.  Hibbert,  who 
is  a  Liberal  in  politics.lunsuccessfully  con- 
tested Oldham  in  1859,  and  Blackburn  in 
September  1875.  He  succeeded  in  his 
candidature  for  Oldham  in  May  1862,  when 
he  was  returned  unopposed,  and  he  con- 
tinued to  represent  that  burgh  till  the 
general  election  of  January  1874,  when  he 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate,  but  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Corbett  in  1877  he  regained 
his  seat,  and  he  was  again  returned  at  the 
general  election  of  April  1880.  Mr.  Hib- 
bert was  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the 
Local  Government  Board  from  1872  to 
February  1874,  and  on  the  formation  of 
the  Gladstone  Ministry  in  May  1880.  he 
was  re-appointed  to  his  former  office, 
which  he  held  till  June  1883,  when  he  was 
nominated  Under-Secretary  at  the  Home 
Office,  in  succession  to  the  Earl  of  Rose- 
bery.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury,  and  he  was  again  re- 
turned for  Oldham,  and  was  appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Admiralty  in  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Government  in  1886.  At  the 
general  election  of  1886  he  stood  as  a 
Gladstonian  Liberal,  and  was  defeated  by 
a  large  majority.  In  July  1892  he  was 
again  returned  for  Oldham,  and  on  the 
formation  of  the  Gladstone  Ministry,  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  and 
went  out  of  office  in  1895,  when  he  again 
contested  his  seat  at  Oldham,  but  was 
beaten  by  Messrs.  Ascroft  and  Oswald, 
Q.C.  He  is  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  of  the  County  Palatine  of  Lan- 
caster, and  is  Chairman  of  the  Council  of 
that  County  and  of  the  County  Councils 
Association.  He  is  married  to  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  Admiral  Warde.  Address  : 
Hampsfields,  Grange-over-Sands. 

HICHENS,  Robert  Smythe,  jour- 
nalist and  novelist,  was  born  at  Speld- 
hurst,  in  Kent,  on  Nov.  14,  1864,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  F.  H.  Hichens, 
Rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  near  Canterbury. 
He  was  educated  at  Tunbridge  Wells  and 
Clifton,  and,  on  forming  a  determination 
to  take  up  a  musical  career,  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Music.  Here  he  studied  his 
art  for  some  years,  as  also  at  Bristol,  and 
wrote  and  published  a  number  of  lyrics  for 
music.  At  the  same  time  he  wrote  some 
recitations  and  short  stories,  and  finally 
determined  to  change  music  for  literature. 
He  underwent  a  year's  training  at  Mr. 
Anderson's  School  of  Journalism  in  the 
Outer  Temple,  and  has  since  contributed 
regularly  to  the  newspapers,  being  now  on 
the  staff  of  the  World.  He  wrote  "The 
Coastguard's  Secret  "  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen. This  was  afterwards  published,  and 
was  followed  by  his  well-known  satire  on 


512 


HICKEY  — HICKS 


decadents,  "  The  Green  Carnation,"  1894  ; 
"An  Imaginative  Man,"  1895;  "The  Folly 
of  Eustace,"  1896  ;  "Flames,"  "Byeways," 
"The  Londoners:  An  Absurdity,"  1897. 
Address  :  The  Grosvenor  Club,  New  Bond 
Street,  W. 

HICKEY,  Emily,  poetess,  was  born 
at  Macmine  Castle,  co.  Wexford,  Ireland, 
and  is  the  second  daughter  of  the  Eev. 
John  Steuart  Hickey,  and  granddaughter 
of  "  Martin  Doyle."  She  was  educated  at 
home  and  at  a  private  school,  attended 
lectures  at  University  College,  and  passed 
with  great  distinction  in  the  Cambridge 
Higher  Local  Examinations.  In  1881,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Furnivall,  shefounded 
the  Browning  Society.  Miss  Hickey  lec- 
tures on  English  Language  and  Litera- 
ture. She  has  published  "A  Sculptor  and 
other  Poems,"  1881 ;  "Verse  Tales,  Lyrics, 
and  Translations,"  1889;  "Poems,"  1895; 
and  has  edited  "  Strafford,"  by  Robert 
Browning,  1884.  Address :  89  King 
Henry's  Eoad,  N.W. 

HICKS,  Edward  Seymour,  best 
known  as  Seymour  Hicks,  was  born  at  St. 
Heliers  in  1871,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Major  Hicks  of  the  Black  Watch.  He  was 
educated  in  Bath  and  in  Jersey,  and  was 
intended  for  the  army,  but  went  on  the 
stage  in  his  seventeenth  year,  and  played 
under  Mrs.  Kendal  for  three  years,  then 
under  Mr.  J.  L.  Toole  for  two  years,  and  at 
all  the  leading  theatres  in  the  metropolis. 
In  1893  he  joined  the  Gaiety  Theatre  as 
leading  light  comedian,  and  is  now  (1899) 
playing  the  leading  part  in  "A  Court 
Scandal "  at  the  Court  Theatre.  His  plays 
include  the  following  four-act  dramas : 
"This  World  of  Ours,"  1889 ;  " Uncle  Silas " 
(Shaftesbury  Theatre);  "One  of  the 
Best"  (Adelphi),  a  play  founded  on  the 
Dreyfus  incident,  in  which  Mr.  William 
Terriss  obtained  one  of  his  last  great  suc- 
cesses ;  and  "Sporting  Life."  One-act 
plays  from  his  pen  are  :  "The  New  Sub," 
and  "Good-bye,"  both  played  at  the  Court 
Theatre.  He  has  also  written  "  Under  the 
Clock,"  a  burlesque  ;  and  the  "  Yashmak," 
ii  musical  play.  He  is  married  to  Miss 
Ellaline  Terriss,  the  accomplished  actress, 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Terriss. 
London  address  ;  17  Gloucester  Terrace, 
Hyde  Park,  W. 

HICKS,  Henry,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S., 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  Hicks,  surgeon,  of 
St.  David's,  Pembrokeshire,  by  Anne, 
daughter  of  William  Griffiths,  Esq.,  of 
Carmarthen,  was  born  in  1837,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Collegiate  and  Chapter 
School  in  that  city,  and  at  Guy's  Hospital, 
London.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  a  Licentiate 


of  the  Society  of  Apothecaries  in  1862,  and 
M.D.  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  in 
1878,  and  practised  medicine  at  St.  David's 
from  1862  to  1871.  During  that  time  he 
commenced  his  geological  researches 
amongst  the  older  rocks  of  that  neigh- 
bourhood. His  first  paper  was  communi- 
cated to  the  Liverpool  Geological  Society 
in  1863.  In  the  following  years,  in  con- 
junction with  the  late  Mr.  Salter,  Palaeon- 
tologist to  the  Geological  Survey,  he 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  British 
Association,  Geological  Society,  &c.  In 
1871  he  removed  to  Hendon,  Middlesex, 
and  since  that  time  has  carried  on  re- 
searches in  North  Wales  and  Scotland, 
the  results  being  communicated  in  nume- 
rous papers  to  the  Geological  Society, 
British  Association,  London  Geologists' 
Association,  Geological  Magazine,  &c.  Of 
late  his  investigations  have  been  mainly 
confined  to  the  oldest  (Pre-Cambrian) 
rocks  of  Great  Britain,  and  he  has  shown 
that  they  are  exposed  in  many  areas  in 
which  their  presence  had  been  hitherto 
unsuspected.  Dr.  Hicks  has  also  described 
many  new  fossils  discovered  by  him  in  the 
Cambrian,  Ordovician,  and  Silurian  rocks, 
and  has  written  several  papers  on  the 
classification  of  those  rocks.  He  has  also 
published  results  of  explorations  carried 
on  by  him  in  ossiferous  caverns  in  North 
and  South  Wales,  in  which  evidence  is 
given  to  show  that  man  occupied  some  of 
the  caverns  during  a  part  of  the  Glacial 
period.  In  1891  he  described  the  Glacial 
deposits  at  Hendon  and  Finchley,  and  in 
1892  he  published  an  account  of  the  dis- 
covery of  mammoth  and  other  remains  in 
Endsleigh  Street,  London,  with  sections 
of  the  deposits  in  which  they  were  found. 
He  has  also  written  several  papers  on  the 
rocks  of  North  Devon,  and  has  discovered 
a  rich  fauna  in  the  "  Morte  slates,"  which 
until  then  were  considered  to  be  entirely 
unfossiliferous.  In  1896-97  appeared  a 
work  from  his  pen  on  the  "  Morte  Slates  " 
of  North  Devon  and  West  Somerset.  A 
new  geological  map  of  North  Wales  was 
prepared  by  him  for  the  International 
Geological  Congress  which  met  in  Lon- 
don in  1888.  Dr.  Hicks  was  awarded  the 
Bigsby  Gold  Medal  of  the  Geological 
Society  in  1883,  and  has  been  Hon.  Secre- 
tary, and  afterwards  President,  during  the 
years  1896  and  1897,  of  that  society.  He 
was  President  of  the  London  Geologists' 
Association  in  1883-85  ;  and  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1885.  He 
is  corresponding  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia,  and  of 
the  Geological  Society  of  Belgium,  and 
hon.  member  of  the  Liverpool  Geological 
Society,  Chester  Society  of  Natural 
Science,  &c.  He  married,  in  1864,  Mary, 
only  daughter  of  the  Rev.  P.  D.  Richard- 


HICKS  —  HIGGINSON 


513 


son,  Vicar  of  St.  Dogwells,  Pembroke- 
shire. Address  :  Hendon  Grove,  Hendou, 
Middlesex. 

HICKS,  William  Mitchinson,  So.D., 
F.R.S.,  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Hicks,  was  born 
at  Launceston,  Sept.  23,  1850,  and  entered 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  October 
1869.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.,  after 
Mathematical  Tripos,  1873  ;  and  was 
elected  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  1876  ; 
and  Sc.D.  in  1891.  The  fellowship  was 
extended  for  five  years  in  1882.  In  1885 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  became  Principal  of  Firth 
College,  now  University  College,  Sheffield, 
and  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Physics 
in  1883,  and  later,  on  the  division  of  the 
Chair,  remained  Professor  of  Physics  only. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  following  papers, 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society:  "  On  the  Motion  of  Two  Spheres 
in  a  Fluid,"  1879;  "On  Toroidal  Func- 
tions," 1881;  "  Steady  Motion  and  Small 
Vibrations  of  a  Hollow  Vortex,"  1883  ; 
and  "  Researches  in  the  Theory  of  Vortex 
Rings,"  1885.  At  the  British  Association 
Meetings,  1881-82,  Mr.  Hicks  read  a  "  Re- 
port on  Recent  Progress  in  Hydrodyna- 
mics." He  has  contributed  also  several 
papers  to  various  other  journals,  and  is 
the  author  of  "  Elementary  Dynamics  of 
Particles  and  Solids,"  1889.  He  was  Hop- 
kins Prizeman  in  1890,  and  President  of 
Section  A  at  the  Ipswich  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  in  1895.  He  married 
Ellen,  eldest  daughter  of  H.  S.  Perrin, 
in  1887.  Address :  University  College, 
Sheffield. 

HICKS-BEACH,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Michael  Edward,  Bart.,  M.P., 
D.C.L.,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Michael  Hicks 
Hicks-Beach,  of  Williamstrip  Park,  Glou- 
cestershire, the  eighth  baronet,  by  his 
wife,  Harriett-Vittoria,  daughter  of  John 
Stratton,  Esq.,  of  Farthinghoe  Lodge, 
Northamptonshire,  was  born  in  Portugal 
Street,  London,  in  1837.  From  Eton  he 
was  sent  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained  a  first  class  in  the  Final 
School  of  Law  and  Modern  History  ;  B.A. 
1858;  M.A.  1861;  Hon,  D.C.L.  1878. 
He  succeeded  his  father  in  1854.  In  July 
1861  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  East  Glouces- 
tershire. He  was  Parliamentary  Secretary 
to  the  Poor-Law  Board  from  February  till 
December  1868,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  weeks,  during  which  he  was  Under- 
Secretary  for  the  Home  Department. 
When  the  Conservatives  again  came  into 
office,  in  February  1874,  Sir  M.  Hicks- 
Beach  was  appointed  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland.  On  taking  that  office  he  was 
sworn  on  the  Privy  Council,  and  in  1877 


he  was  admitted  to  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet. 
In  February  1878  he  was  nominated  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Colonies,  in  the  place 
of  Lord  Carnarvon,  who  had  resigned  in 
consequence  of  a  difference  with  his  col- 
leagues on  the  Eastern  Question.  Sir  M. 
Hicks-Beach  went  out  of  office  with  his 
party  in  April  1880,  and  on  the  accession 
of  Lord  Salisbury  to  power  was  appointed 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  with  the 
leadership  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
June  1885.  This  he  held  till  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's return  to  power.  On  the  dissolu- 
tion in  1886  he  was  returned  again  for 
West  Bristol,  which  he  had  previously 
represented,  and  continues  to  represent, 
and  accepted  the  office  of  Chief  Secretary 
for  Ireland,  vacated  by  Mr.  John  Morley. 
He  resigned  this  office,  owing  to  failure  of 
eyesight,  March  1887,  and  in  February 
1888  was  appointed  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  retained  that  office  until 
August  1892.  In  1895  he  was  again  ap- 
pointed Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 
Sir  Michael  is  a  magistrate  and  deputy- 
lieutenant  for  Gloucestershire,  and  was 
for  fourteen  years  captain  in  the  Royal 
North  Gloucestershire  Militia.  He  was 
appointed  a  Church  Estates  Commissioner 
in  December  1893.  He  has  served,  amongst 
others,  on  the  Royal  Commissions  on 
Friendly  Societies,  on  Reformatory  and 
Industrial  Schools,  and  on  Labour.  He  is 
married  to  Lucy,  daughter  of  the  third 
Earl  of  Fortescue.  Address:  Netheravon 
House,  Salisbury. 

HICKSON,  Professor  Sydney  John, 

M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
George  Hickson,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  June  25,  1859.  He  was  educated  at 
University  College  School  and  at  Downing 
College,  Cambridge,  becoming  eventually 
a  Fellow  of  his  College.  He  took  the  de- 
gree of  D.Sc.  at  the  University  of  London, 
and  was  awarded  the  hon.  degree  of  M.A. 
by  the  University  of  Oxford.  Becoming 
an  assistant  to  Professor  Mosley,  the  Lin- 
acre  Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy  at 
Oxford,  in  1882,  he  subsequently  spent  a 
year,  from  1885  to  1886,  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  for  the  purpose  of  scientific 
investigation.  He  acted  as  Deputy  Pro- 
fessor of  Comparative  Anatomy  at  Oxford 
from  1888  to  1890,  and  in  the  latter  year 
became  Lecturer  in  Advanced  Morphology 
at  Cambridge.  Dr.  Hickson  has  been, 
since  1894,  Professor  of  Zoology  at  the 
Owens  College,  Manchester.  He  is  the 
author  of  :  "A  Naturalist  in  North 
Celebes"  ;  "  The  Fauna  of  the  Deep  Sea." 
Address :  Ellesmere  House,  Withington, 
Manchester. 

HIGG-INSON,  Mary  (Thacher),  was 

born  at  Machias,  Me.,  Nov.  27,  1843,  and 

2  k 


514 


HIGGINSON  —  HILL 


is  the  daughter  of  Peter  and  Margaret 
Potter  Thacher.  She  is  the  niece,  by  his 
first  marriage,  of  Henry  W.  Longfellow, 
who  induced  her  to  publish  her  first  book, 
"Seashore  and  Prairies,"  1876.  She  has 
since  published  "Room  for  One  More" 
(a  tale),  1879  ;  and,  with  her  husband  (T. 
W.  Higginson),  a  volume  of  poems,  "  Such 
as  They  Are,"  1893. 

HIGGINSON,  Thomas  Wentworth, 

was  born  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
Dec.  22,  1823.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1841,  studied  divinity,  and  was 
a  minister  of  the  Theodore  Parker  school 
until  1858,  when,  having  entered  actively 
into  literature  and  also  into  political  affairs, 
notably  in  the  anti-slavery  conflict  in 
Kansas,  he  abandoned  the  pulpit.  In  1862 
he  became  captain  in  a  Massachusetts 
regiment  of  volunteers,  and  afterwards 
colonel  of  a  coloured  regiment  in  South 
Carolina,  this  being  the  first  regiment  of 
freed  slaves  in  the  United  States  service. 
He  was  severely  wounded  in  August  1863, 
and  left  the  service  in  the  following  year. 
From  the  close  of  the  war  to  1878  he 
resided  .at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  but 
since  1878  has  lived  at  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  is  an  earnest  advocate  of 
woman  suffrage,  and  in  1880  and  in  1881 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legis- 
lature. From  1881  to  1884  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Education.  He 
has  published:  "Outdoor  Papers,"  1863; 
"Malbone,  an  Oldport  Romance,"  1869; 
and  "  Oldport  Days,"  1873,  both  depicting- 
life  at  the  watering-place  of  Newport ; 
".Army  Life  in  a  Black  Regiment,"  which 
was  translated  into  French,  1870;  "The 
Sympathy  of  Religions,"  1871  (reprinted 
1883);  "Harvard  Memorial  Biographies," 
1866;  "Atlantic  Essays,"  1871;  "Brief 
Biographies  of  European  Statesmen,"  1875; 
a  "Young  Folk's  History  of  the  United 
States,"  1875,  which  has  been  translated 
into  French,  Italian,  and  German;  "Young 
Folk's  Book  of  American  Explorers,"  1877; 
"Short  Studies  of  American  Authors," 
1879;  "Common  Sense  about  Women," 
1881  ;  "Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli,"  1884  ;  "A 
Larger  History  of  the  United  States,"  1885  ; 
"The  Monarch  of  Dreams,"  1886  ;  "Hints 
on  Writing  and  Speech-making,"  1887; 
"Women  and  Men,"  1888;  "Travellers 
and  Outlaws,"  and  "The  Afternoon  Land- 
scape," poems,  1889  ;  "  The  New  World 
and  the  New  Book,"  1892;  "Concerning 
All  of  Us,"  1892;  "English  History  for 
American  Readers "  (with  Professor  Ed- 
ward Channing  of  Harvard  University)  ; 
and  "  Such  as  they  Are,"  poems  (with  his 
wife,  Mary  Thacher  Higginson),  1893 ; 
"Massachusetts  in  the  Army  and  Navy," 
1895-96;  "Book  and  Heart,"  "The  Pro- 
cession of  the  Flowers,"  1897;  "Cheerful 


Yesterdays,"  and  "  Tales  of  the  Enchanted 
Islands,"'  1898.  He  also  translated  the 
"  complete  works "  of  Epictetus,  1865 
(revised  edit.,  2  vols.,  1890).  In  addition 
to  these  he  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  magazines  and  papers,  particularly  to 
the  Atlantic  Monthly,  the  Nation,  and 
Harper  $  Bazaar. 

HILES,  Henry,  Mus.  Doc,  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  Dec.  31,  1826,  was  educated 
privately  in  his  native  town.  Dr.  Hiles  has 
held  several  organ  appointments  in  Lon- 
don and  Manchester,  and  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Harmony  and  Musical  Compo- 
sition at  the  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
in  1880,  which  appointment  he  still  holds. 
He  is  also  Professor  of  Harmony,  Musical 
Composition  and  History  in  the  Royal 
Manchester  College  of  Music,  as  well  as 
conductor  of  several  important  musical 
societies  in  and  near  Manchester.  He 
graduated  Mus.  B.  at  Oxford  in  1862  and 
Mus.  Doc.  in  1867.  Dr.  Hiles  gained  the 
prizes  for  the  best  organ  composition 
offered  by  the  College  of  Organists  in 
1864,  1865,  and  1868  ;  also  the  prize  for 
the  best  anthem  in  1865 ;  and  was  by  the 
Council  specially  elected  as  a  Fellow  of 
the  College.  In  1868  Dr.  Hiles's  Anthem 
for  six  voices  was  returned  as  "  incompar- 
ably superior  to  all  the  other  works  sub- 
mitted." In  1878  the  prize  offered  by  the 
Manchester  Gentlemen's  Glee  Club  for  the 
best  serious  glee  was  awarded  to  Dr.  Hiles 
for  his  four-voiced  glee  "Hushed  in 
Death,"  which,  with  two  other  of  his 
works,  was  returned  at  the  head  of  all  the 
compositions  sent  in.  Dr.  Hiles  is  well 
known  as  the  author  of  several  standard 
theoretical  works — especially  "The  Gram- 
mar of  Music ;  a  Treatise  on  Harmony, 
Counterpoint,  and  Form,"  "Part-writing, 
or  Modern  Counterpoint,"  an  exhaustive 
treatise  on  all  styles  of  part  writing, 
invertible  or  otherwise;  and  as  the  com- 
poser of  a  large  quantity  of  church  music ; 
also  as  the  author  of  an  Oratorio  "The 
Patriarchs, "  several  cantatas  ( such  as 
"  Fayre  Pastorel,"  "  The  Crusaders,"  &c), 
of  "War  in  the  Household,"  and  other 
operatic  works,  of  several  concert  over- 
tures, and  of  many  songs  and  organ  pieces 
of  classical  form.  In  1882  Dr.  Hiles  took 
a  leading  part  in  the  establishment  of 
"The  National  Society  of  Professional 
Musicians,"  now  called  "The  Incorporated 
Society  of  Musicians,"  an  association  of 
musical  artists  and  teachers,  which  rapidly 
developed  throughout  the  kingdom  its 
organisation  of  earnest  followers  of  the 
art.    Address :  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

HILL,  Alex,  M.A.,  M.D.,  J.P.,  Vice- 
Chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  and 
Master  of  Downing  College,  was  born  at 


HILL 


515 


Loughton  in  1856,  and  is  the  son  of  John 
Hill,  of  the  London  Stock  Exchange.  He 
was  educated  at  University  College  School, 
and  at  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  also 
for  the  medical  profession  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital.  He  was  appointed  Fellow 
of  Downing  in  1880,  and  in  1888  Master. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  youngest  man, 
and  only  medical  man,  appointed  to  a 
university  headship  since  William  Harvey 
was  made  Warden  of  Merton  in  1644. 
He  was  appointed  Hunterian  Professor  of 
the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  (Eng.)  in 
1885,  and  gave  two  series  of  lectures  on 
the  Brain,  was  at  one  time  President  of 
the  Neurological  Society  of  London,  and 
has  been  the  energetic  Chairman  of  Exe- 
cutive Committee  of  the  National  Home 
Reading  Union  since  its  foundation.  He 
has  written  some  important  works  on  Neu- 
rology, which  include  "The  Plan  of  the 
Central  Nervous  System,"  1885 ;  and  a 
translation  of  Obersteiner's  "Central  Ner- 
vous Organs."  Other  works  of  his  are 
"Notes  to  Browning's  Poems,"  and,  in 
1897,  "A  Run  round  the  Empire."  He 
married,  in  1878,  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Benjamin  Woodward,  of  Liverpool.  Ad- 
dress :  Downing  Lodge,  Cambridge. 

HILL,  The  Right  Hon.  Alexander 
Staveley,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  D.C.L.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
was  born  at  Dunstall  Hall,  Staffordshire, 
in  1825,  and  was  educated  at  Birmingham 
Grammar  School,  in  the  house  of  Dr.  Lee, 
the  future  first  Bishop  of  Manchester,  and 
in  company  with  Rendal,  Westcott,  Evans, 
Lightfoot,  Benson,  and  other  celebrities. 
From  there  he  went  to  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  and  in  due  course,  having  taken 
his  degree,  was  elected  to  a  Staffordshire 
B'ellowship  at  St.  John's.  He  subsequently 
took  his  D.C.L.  degree,  and  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Examiners  in  Law  and  Modern 
History,  in  which  capacity  he  participated 
in  the  award  of  a  "first  class"  to  Sir 
Michael  Hicks-Beach.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1852,  and 
joined  the  Oxford  Circuit,  being  elected 
the  same  night  as  Mr.  Henry  Matthews, 
Mr.  Ward  Hunt,  and  Sir  Henry  James ; 
and  he  soon  obtained  a  large  practice, 
eventually  becoming  leader  of  the  circuit. 
His  practice  was  very  varied,  ranging  from 
criminal  business,  probate  and  divorce,  to 
Parliamentary  ;  and  in  addition  to  all  this 
he  found  time  to  devote  himself  energeti- 
cally to  the  Volunteer  movement.  He  was, 
in  fact,  one  of  the  first  to  join  the  Victoria 
Rifles  in  1859.  It  was  not  till  1865  that  he 
was  tempted  to  take  any  part  in  politics, 
and  by  that  time  his  Parliamentary  practice 
had  become  exceedingly  lucrative.  The 
death  of  his  wife  in  1868,  and  the  increas- 
ing calls  of  his  profession  had,  however, 
decided  Mr.  Staveley  Hill  to  give  up  all 


thought  of  politics  when  the  offer  made 
by  Mr.  Disraeli  led  him  to  reconsider  his 
decision.  He  sat  for  Coventry  from  1868 
to  1874,  for  West  Staffordshire  from  1874 
to  1885,  and  has  represented  the  King- 
swinford  Division  since  that  date.  Perhaps 
the  most  interesting  part  of  Mr.  Staveley 
Hill's  career  is  his  connection  with  Canada. 
He  first  went  out  there  in  1881  to  ascertain, 
on  behalf  of  his  constituents,  what  sort  of 
place  it  was  for  emigration  ;  and  speedily 
becoming  alive  to  the  advantages  of  the 
New  World,  he  not  only  established  a  large 
cattle  ranche  in  the  Far  West,  but  returned 
there  himself  in  successive  autumns,  and 
eventually  published  his  book,  "  From 
Home  to  Home,"  which  sets  out  the  wild 
charm  of  life  among  the  foot-hills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  This  book  is  dedicated 
by  permission  to  H.R.H.  the  Princess 
Louise.  It  is  illustrated  with  sketches  by 
the  present  Mrs.  Staveley  Hill,  whom  he 
married  in  1876,  and  who  has  regularly 
accompanied  him  in  his  Canadian  tours. 
Mr.  Staveley  Hill  is  a  staunch  advocate  of 
a  duty  on  foreign  manufactured  goods,  and 
has  for  many  years  worked  in  the  cause  of 
Imperial  federation,  having  seen  enough 
of  our  Empire  to  realise  how  entirely  self- 
supporting  it  could  become.  Mr.  Staveley 
Hill  was  Treasurer  of  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1886,  and  is  Judge-Advocate  of  the  Fleet 
and  Counsel  to  the  Admiralty,  and  Deputy 
High  Steward  to  Oxford  University.  He 
is  also  Deputy  Lieutenant  and  J.  P.  for 
Staffordshire.  He  married  (1)  in  1864 
Katharine,  daughter  of  M.  Ponsonby,  and 
(2)  in  1876  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  F. 
Baird.  Addresses:  13  King's  Bench  Walk, 
E.C.  ;  4  Queeu's  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and  Oxley 
Manor,  Wolverhampton. 

HILL,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Arthur 
William,  M.P.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  youngest  son 
of  the  4th  Marquis  of  Downshire,  was 
born  in  1846.  He  entered  the  2nd  Life 
Guards  as  Lieutenant  in  1865,  and  retired 
in  1868.  In  1880  he  was  returned  as  Con- 
servative member  for  co.  Down,  and  in  1885 
was  returned  for  co.  Down  West,  which 
he  continues  to  represent.  From  1885 
to  1892  he  was  Comptroller  of  the  Royal 
Household  and  Conservative  Whip,  and 
was  reappointed  Comptroller  of  the  House- 
hold in  1895.  He  was  Lieutenant-Colonel 
in  the  2nd  Middlesex  Artillery  Volunteers 
from  1885  to  1887,  and  is  Deputy-Lieu- 
tenant for  co.  Down,  and  J.P.  for  Sussex, 
Berks,  and  co.  Down.  He  married  (2),  in 
1877,  Annie,  daughter  of  J.  F.  Harrison. 
Address  :  74  Eaton  Place,  S.W.,  &c. 

HILL,  Sir  Clement  Lloyd,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  head  of  the  African  Department  of 
the  Foreign  Office,  was  born  on  May  5, 
1845,   and  is   the   third   son   of   the   late 


516 


HILL 


Rev.  John  Hill.  He  was  educated  at 
Marlborough  College  ;  entered  the  Foreign 
Office  in  1867  ;  was  secretary  to  Sir  Bartle 
Frere's  mission  to  Zanzibar  in  1872-73  ; 
was  appointed  Acting  Charge"  d'Affaires  at 
Munich  in  1876  ;  and  was  Commissioner 
to  Hayti  in  1886  and  1887.  He  was  created 
K.C.M.G.  in  1887,  and  C.B.  in  June  1898, 
for  services  in  connection  with  the  then 
recent  West  African  negotiations.  He 
married  in  1889  the  widow  of  Charles 
Waring,  daughter  of  Sir  G.  Denys.  Ad- 
dress :  9  Grosvenor  Place,   S.W. 

HILL,  Hon.  David  Bennett,  American 
statesman,  was  born  at  Havana,  New  York, 
Aug.  29,  1843.  He  received  an  academic 
education,  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  at  Elmira,  New  York,  in  1864. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  City 
Attorney.  Since  1868  he  has  been  a  dele- 
gate to  many  Democratic  State  Conven- 
tions, serving  as  President  of  those  held 
in  1877  and  1881.  He  was  also  a  delegate 
to  the  National  Conventions  of  the  same 
party  in  1876  and  1884.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Legislature  in  1870  and  again 
in  1871  ;  was  chosen  Mayor  of  Elmira  in 
1882  ;  and  in  January  1883  became  Lieut. - 
Goveinorof  the  State.  On  the  resignation 
of  Governor  Cleveland  in  1884  after  his 
election  to  the  Presidency,  Mr.  Hill  became 
Governor  of  New  York,  a  position  which  by 
subsequent  elections  he  continued  to  hold 
till  1891, when  he  entered  the  U.S.  Senate 
for  the  term  ending  March  1897,  at  which 
time  he  was  succeeded  by  Thomas  C.  Piatt. 

HILL,  Sir  Edward  Stock,  K.C.B., 
J.P.,  M.P.  for  Bristol  (South)  from  1886  to 
1898,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  C.  Hill,  of 
Bristol,  and  was  born  at  Bristol  in  1834. 
He  was  educated  at  Bishop's  College, 
Bristol,  and  on  the  Continent.  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Shipping  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1881, 
and  was  President  of  the  Association  of 
Chambers  of  Commerce  from  1888  to  1891. 
He  is  partner  in  the  Bristol  shipowning 
and  mercantile  firm  of  Charles  Hill  and 
Sons,  is  J.P.  for  Glamorgan  and  Cardiff, 
and  was  High  Sheriff  of  Glamorgan  in 
1888,  has  been  Colonel-Commandant  (since 
1864)  of  the  Glamorganshire  Artillery 
Volunteers,  and  is  K.C.  of  the  Swedish 
Order  of  Wasa.  He  was  made  K.C.B.  in 
1892.  He  married  a  daughter  of  General 
Tickell,  C.B.,  in  1866.  Addresses  :  1  St. 
James's  Street,  S.W.,  and  Rookwood, 
Llandaff,  &c. 

HILL,  George  Birkbeck  Norman, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Tottenham  on 
June  7,  1837,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
Arthur  Hill,  Head-master  of  Bruce  Castle 
School.     He  is  of  the  family  of  Sir  Row- 


land Hill,  K.C.B.  He  was  educated  at  his 
father's  school,  and  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  fourth  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.  From  1859  to  1876  he  was 
Head-master  of  Bruce  Castle  School,  and 
since  that  date  has  devoted  himself  to 
letters.  As  becomes  an  old  Pembroke 
man,  he  is  the  first  living  authority  on 
Johnsoniana,  and  has  become  famous  as 
the  editor  of  the  definitive  "Boswell" 
and  of  Johnson's  '.'  Letters."  He  became 
B.C.L.  in  1866;  D.C.L.  in  1871;  is  Hon. 
Fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford  ;  and 
Hon.  LL.D.  of  Williams  College,  Mass. 
His  works  include:  "Dr.  Johnson:  his 
Friends  and  his  Critics,"  1878;  "Foot- 
steps of  Dr.  Johnson  in  Scotland,"  1890; 
an  edition  of  Boswell's  Correspondence, 
1879,  and  one  of  the  Life,  1886;  an  edi- 
tion of  "Rasselas,"  "Wit  and  Wisdom  of 
Dr.  Johnson,"  1888 ;  editions  of  Gold- 
smith's "Traveller,"  1888;  "Letters  of 
David  Hume  to  W.  Strahan,"  "Select 
Essays  of  Dr.  Johnson,"  1889;  "Letters 
of  Johnson,"  1892;  "Johnsonian  Miscel- 
lanies," 1897,  &c,  &c.  Address:  1  The 
Wilderness,  Holy  Hill,  Hampstead. 

HILL,    Joanna   M.    Margaret,  was 

born  at  Hampstead.  She  is  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Mathew  Daven- 
port Hill,  Recorder  of  Birmingham  and 
M.P.  for  Hull,  and  niece  of  Sir  Row- 
land Hill,  of  penny-postage  fame.  For 
the  greater  portion  of  a  century  the  Hill 
family  have  been  associated  with  schemes, 
useful  and  philanthropic,  and  from  earliest 
childhood  the  influences  surrounding  Miss 
Joanna  Hill  were  calculated  to  fit  her  for 
a  life  of  intelligent  devotion  to  her  fellow- 
creatures.  She  was  the  god-daughter  of 
the  well-known  writer  Joanna  Baillie,  and 
a  pupil  of  Mary  Carpenter,  whose  mind 
left  its  mark  on  the  character  of  her  pupil. 
At  an  early  age  Miss  Hill  became  the 
friend  and  eollaborateur  of  her  father  in  his 
labours  for  the  amelioration  of  the  condi- 
tion of  criminal  and  neglected  children. 
In  1860  she  and  her  elder  sisters  wrote 
"  Our  Exam  piers,"  being  an  account  of  the 
lives  of  persons  of  all  classes  who  had 
benefited  mankind  to  a  remarkable  degree. 
It  was  published  with  a  preface  by  the  late 
Lord  Brougham.  Circumstances  brought 
to  Miss  Hill's  notice,  in  1859,  the  friendless 
condition  of  girls  in  workhouse  schools. 
She  became  a  member  of  the  Workhouse 
Visiting  Association,  and  for  many  years 
was  a  constant  visitor  in  the  workhouse 
wards  of  Bristol,  where  her  father  then 
resided.  After  her  father's  acceptance 
of  the  Recordership  of  Birmingham,  Miss 
Hill,  with  the  consent  of  the  guardians  of 
the  poor  of  that  town,  revived  a  system  of 
visiting  young  workhouse  girls  in  service, 
which   had  fallen  into   disuse  owing   to 


HILL 


517 


the  failing  health  of  its  originator,  Mrs. 
Charles  Talbot.  While  studying  the  con- 
dition of  pauper  children,  Miss  Hill  heard 
of  a  system  then  being  tried  in  some  parts 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  to 
restore  the  pauper  child  to  the  privileges 
of  family  life  under  the  careful  supervision 
of  efficient  ladies.  To  this  scheme  Miss 
Hill  has  devoted  her  best  energies,  and, 
as  hon.  secretary  to  the  King's  Norton 
Boarding-out  Committee,  she  has  accom- 
plished a  good  work.  Miss  Hill's  evidence 
before  the  Select  Committee  for  the 
Infant  Life  Protection  Bill,  will  be  found 
in  a  Blue-Book  published  in  August  1890  ; 
also  a  paper  in  the  appendix  of  the  same 
by  Miss  Hill,  which  contains  information 
concerning  her  plan  for  the  inspection  of 
pauper  children  by  lady  visitors. 

HILL,  Micaiah  John  Muller,  M.A., 
D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Mathematics, 
University  College,  London,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  Samuel  John  Hill,  was  born 
Feb.  22,  1856,  at  Berhampore,  Bengal. 
From  1864  to  1872  he  was  educated  at  the 
School  for  Sons  of  Missionaries,  Black- 
heath.  From  this  school  he  obtained,  in 
June  1872,  the  fourth  place  and  first  prize 
at  the  Matriculation  Examination  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing September,  an  Andrews  Entrance 
prize  at  University  College,  London. 
There  he  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to 
the  study  of  Mathematics  under  Profes- 
sors Henrici  and  Clifford.  In  June  1873 
he  obtained  the  Exhibition  in  Mathematics 
at  the  first — or,  as  it  is  now  called,  the 
Intermediate  —  B.A.  Examination.  In 
June  1874  he  obtained  a  second  year 
Andrews  prize  at  University  College,  and 
in  the  following  November  the  Scholar- 
ship in  Mathematics  at  the  B.A.  Examina- 
tion of  the  University  of  London.  In 
April  1875  he  competed  for  the  Civil 
Service  of  India,  and  obtained  the  first 
place  in  the  open  competition,  but  did 
not  proceed  to  the  further  examinations. 
In  October  1875  he  entered  as  an  under- 
graduate at  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  had  been  elected  to  an  open 
scholarship,  and  whilst  studying  there  he 
was  elected,  in  February  1876,  a  Fellow 
of  University  College,  London,  and  in  June 
of  that  year  he  obtained  the  Gold  Medal 
for  Mathematics  at  the  M.A.  Examination 
at  the  University  of  London.     In  January 

1879  he  was  bracketed  equal  Fourth 
Wrangler,  and  immediately  afterwards 
was  bracketed  equal  Smith's  Prizeman. 
From  April  1879  to  June  1880  he  acted 
as  Assistant-Professor  of  Mathematics  at 
University  College,  London.     In  February 

1880  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics at  the  Mason  Science  College, 
Birmingham,  commencing  work  there  in 


the  following  October  on  the  opening  of 
the  College.  In  1883  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.A.  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society,  and  a  member  of 
the  London  Mathematical  Society.  In 
1884  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics at  University  College,  London,  act- 
ing as  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  from 
1888  to  1890,  and  Member  of  the  Council  of 
the  College  from  1888  to  1892.  From  1877  to 
1882  he  acted  as  Assistant-Examiner,  and 
from  1885  to  1890  as  Chief  Examiner  in 
Mathematics  at  the  University  of  London. 
In  1890  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Science  from  the  University  of  Cambridge 
for  original  work.  In  1891  he  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  and  in  1894  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  His  chief  writings 
on  mathematical  subjects  are  a  paper  on 
the  "  Discriminants  of  Ordinary  Integrable 
Differential  Equations  "  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  London  Mathematical  Society,  a  paper 
on  the  "Fifth  Book  of  Euclid's  Elements  " 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Cambridge  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  the  following  papers 
in  the  Proceedings  and  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society:  "On  the 
Motion  of  Fluid,  part  of  which  is  moving 
rotationally  and  part  irrotationally  "  {Pro- 
ceedings, No.  229,  Transactions,  Part  II., 
1884);  "On  the  Locus  of  Singular  Points 
and  Lines  which  occur  in  connection  with 
the  Theory  of  the  Locus  of  Ultimate 
Intersections  of  a  System  of  Surfaces " 
(Proceedings,  vol.  50,  Transactions,  vol.  183, 
1892)  ;  "  On  a  Spherical  Vortex  "  (Proceed- 
ings, vol.  55,  Transactions,  A.,  1894).  He 
was  married  on  Dec.  21,  1892,  to  Minna 
Grace,  elder  daughter  of  the  late  Marriott 
Ogle  Tarbotton,  Consulting  Engineer  to 
the  Corporation  of  Nottingham.  Address  : 
Lakeview,  Northwood,  near  Rickmans- 
worth. 

HILL,  Octavia,  social  reformer, 
has  laboured  principally  among  the  poor, 
whom  she  seeks  to  benefit  morally  and 
physically.  The  record  of  her  work  is 
given  in  "Homes  of  the  London  Poor," 
and  from  it  we  learn  that  in  1864,  partly 
at  the  suggestion  and  under  the  guidance 
of  Mr.  Ruskin,  who  advanced  the  necessary 
funds  for  the  beginning  of  the  scheme, 
Miss  Octavia  Hill  purchased  three  cottages 
in  one  of  the  poorest  courts  in  Marylebone, 
and  became  her  own  rent-collector  and 
manager,  and  without  any  commercial 
loss,  succeeded  by  kindness  and  concilia- 
tion in  effecting  the  gradual  reformation 
of  the  tenants.  By  degrees  the  whole  of 
the  court  became  hers  ;  and  the  Countess 
of  Ducie  and  others  entrusted  their  pro- 
perty in  Marylebone  and  Drury  Lane  to 
her  management,  with  the  same  excellent 


518 


HILLIER  —  HITCHENS 


results.  Miss  Octavia  Hill's  work  in 
managing  houses  has  of  late  years  largely 
extended,  and  she  has  also  devoted  much 
time  to  securing  and  preserving  open 
spaces  both  in  London  and  in  the  country. 
Address  :  190  Marylebone  Road,  N.W. 

HILLIER,  Frederick  James,  late 
editor  of  the  Morning,  is  the  second  son 
of  Alfred  George  Hillier,  and  was  born 
at  Southampton  in  1868.  He  was  privately 
educated,  and  joined  the  staff  of  the  New 
York  Herald,  becoming  successively  assis- 
tant London  correspondent,  news  editor, 
in  1890,  of  the  London  edition,  and  then 
night  editor  in  Paris.  He  was  subse- 
quently offered  the  chief  sub- editorship 
of  the  Morning,  when  it  was  started,  and 
was  promoted  to  be  news  editor  and  editor, 
lu  November  1898  he  resigned  this  last 
post,  which  he  had  filled  with  great  ability. 
He  married,  in  1890,  Anne,  daughter  of 
William  Henry,  of  St.  Heliers.  Address  : 
18  Electric  Mansions,  Brixton,  S.W. 

HIND,  C.  Lewis,  editor  of  the  A  cademy, 
was  born  in  1862.  He  has  been  sub-editor 
of  the  Art  Journal,  1887-92,  editor  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Budget,  1893-95,  and  has  written 
largely  for  magazines  and  newspapers. 
In  November  1896  he  succeeded  Mr.  Cotton 
as  editor  of  the  Academy,  and  has  intro- 
duced great  changes  and  improvements 
into  the  working  of  that  important  literary 
weekly.  In  November  1898  he  published 
"  The  Enchanted  Stone,"  which  has  been 
described  as  "  a  very  modern  romance,"  in 
a  style  beyond  reproach.  Address :  43 
Chancery  Lane,  W.C 

HINGESTON-RANDOLPH,  The 
Rev.    Prebendary    Francis    Charles, 

M.A.,  born  at  Truro,  March  31,  1833,  is 
the  only  son  of  the  late  Francis  Hinges- 
ton,  St.  Ives  and  Truro,  and  Jane,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Kirkness,  of 
Kernick.  He  was  educated  at  the  Truro 
Grammar  School,  and  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford  (B.A.,  Double  Hon.  fourth  Classics 
and  Mathematics,  1855 ;  M.A.  1858). 
Having  held  a  curacy  in  Oxford  (Holy- 
well), he  was  appointed  in  1859  to  the 
Perpetual  Curacy  of  Hampton  Gay,  near 
Oxford,  and  in  1860  to  the  Rectory  of 
Ringmore,  Devon.  He  was  appointed 
Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  Baroness  le 
Despenser  (Dowager  Viscountess  Fal- 
mouth), 1859  ;  Rural  Dean  of  Woodleigh, 
Devon,  1879;  and  Prebendary  of  Exeter, 
1885.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Specimens  of 
Ancient  Cornish  Crosses,  Fonts,  &c," 
1850  ;  "  Four  Years  of  a  Country  Friendly 
Society,"  1870 ;  has  edited  "  The  Poems 
of  Francis  Hingeston,"  1857  ;  "  The  Chron- 
icle of  England,  by  John  Capgrave"  (under 
the  direction  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls) ; 


''  Johannis  Capgravii  Liber  de  Illustribus 
Henricis "  (in  the  same  series) ;  "  The 
Book  of  the  Illustrious  Henries "  (trans- 
lated from  the  Latin  of  Capgrave),  1858  ; 
and  "  A  Collection  of  Royal  and  Historical 
Letters  during  the  Reign  of  Henry  IV." 
(for  the  Master  of  the  Rolls),  1860;  "The 
Register  of  Edmund  Stafford,  Bishop  of 
Exeter,"  1886;  "The  Register  of  Walter 
Bronescombe  and  Peter  Quivil,  Bishops  of 
Exeter,"  1889;  "  The  Register  of  Walter 
de  Stapeldon,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  1892 "  ; 
"The  Register  of  John  de  Grandisson, 
Bishop  of  Exeter,"  3  vols.,  1894-98.  He 
married  Martha,  only  child  of  the  late 
Rev.  Herbert  Randolph,  whose  name  he 
assumed  in  1860.  Address  :  Ringmore 
Rectory,  near  Kingsbridge. 

HINKSON,  Katharine  Tynan.     See 

Tynan,  Katharine. 

HISTORICUS.  See  Haecourt,  The 
Right  Hon.  Sie  William. 

HITCHCOCK,  Ethan  Allen,  was 
born  at  Mobile,  Alabama,  in  September 
1835,  his  parents  being  of  New  England 
stock  and  he  a  great-grandson  of  Ethan 
Allen  of  American  revolutionary  fame. 
After  taking  an  academic  course  at  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  he  went  to  St. 
Louis  in  1851  and  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits  till  1860,  when  he  went  to  China 
and  was  employed  by  the  old-established 
house  of  Oliphant  &  Co.  there.  Remain- 
ing in  China  for  twelve  years,  he  returned 
to  St.  Louis  in  1874,  where  he  became 
president  of  several  large  manufacturing 
and  railroad  corporations,  but  resigned 
these  positions  in  1897  to  become  United 
States  Minister  to  Russia. 

HITCHENS,   Rev.   J.  Hiles,   D.D., 

was  born  in  1835,  and  educated  for  the 
Congregational  Church  Ministry  at  the 
Western  College.  He  settled  as  Minister 
of  Peckham  Rye  Congregational  Church  in 
1858  ;  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  preach  in 
the  London  theatres ;  became  a  well- 
known  lecturer  on  historical  and  biographi- 
cal subjects  ;  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature  in  1863 ;  was 
Deputy-Chairman  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society  in  1887  ;  became  Minister 
of  Eccleston  Square  Church,  Belgrave 
Road,  London,  in  1871  ;  President  of  the 
British  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel  among  the  Jews.  He  is  author  of 
"Ecce  Veritas,"  "The  Young  Men  of 
Scripture,"  "  Bible  Waters,"  "A  Minister- 
ing Angel,"  "Perfect  Through  Suffering," 
"  The  Jesuits,  their  history  and  principles," 
"The  Face  of  the  King,"  "Near  the 
Cross,"  and  several  other  works.  Address: 
90  Gloucester  Street,  Belgravia,  S.W. 


HITT  — HOBBES 


519 


HITT,  Robert  Roberts,  American 
statesman,  was  born  at  Urbana,  Ohio,  Jan. 
16,  1834 ;  removed  to  Ogle  County, 
Illinois,  in  1837 ;  was  educated  at  Rock 
River  Seminary  and  at  De  Pauw  Univer- 
sity. He  was  First  Secretary  of  Legation 
and  Charge'  d'Affaires  ad  interim,  at 
Paris,  from  December  1874  until  March 
1881 ;  was  Assistant-Secretary  of  State  in 
1881 ;  was  elected  to  the  Forty-seventh 
Congress  in  November  1882  to  fill  a 
vacancy,  and  has  been  continuously  re- 
elected since  then  to  represent  his  district. 
He  is  at  present  (1898)  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  of  the 
House  of  Representatives. 

HOAR,  Hon.  George  Frisbie,  LL.D., 

brother  of  the  Hon.  Ebenezer  Rockwood 
Hoar,  was  born  at  Concord,  Massachu- 
setts, Aug.  29,  1826.  A.B.  Harvard, 
1846.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1849,  and  began  practice  at  Worcester, 
where  he  still  resides.  He  was  a  Member 
of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  in 
1852,  and  of  the  State  Senate  in  1857.  He 
was  City  Solicitor  in  1860,  and  in  1868  was 
elected  a  Member  of  Congress,  and  was 
re-elected  three  times,  declining  a  nomina- 
tion for  a  fifth  term.  From  1874  to  1880 
he  was  an  Overseer  of  Harvard  ;  was  a 
Delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
ventions of  1876,  1880,  1884,  and  1888, 
presiding  over  that  of  1880.  He  was 
elected  a  United  States  Senator  from  Mas- 
sachusetts in  1877,  and  re-elected  in  1883, 
1889,  and  1895.  When  a  Member  of  the 
lower  branch  of  Congress  he  was  one  of  its 
managers  in  the  Belknap  impeachment 
trial  in  1876,  and  served  on  the  Electoral 
Commission  which  decided  the  disputed 
presidential  question  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution in  1880,  and  is  now  (1898)  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society; 
a  trustee  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of 
Archaeology ;  and  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
has  been  conferred  upon  him  by  William 
and  Mary,  Amherst,  Williams,  Yale,  and 
Harvard  Colleges. 

HOARE,  Alfred,  is  the  fifth  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  H.  Hoare.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  was  a  scholar.  In 
1873  he  was  14th  wrangler.  He  is  a 
partner  in  the  famous  banking  house  at 
37  Fleet  Street.  He  represented  Holborn 
in  the  first  London  County  Council,  and 
was  Alderman  (Progressive)  in  the  second 
County  Council.  He  was  re-elected  Alder- 
man (Radical)  for  the  next  six  years  in 
March  1898,  standing  second  on  the  poll 
with  68  votes.  Addresses :  37  Fleet  Street ; 
and  Athenaeum. 


HOARE,  Edward  Brodie,  M.P.,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Edward  Hoare,  Hon. 
Canon  of  Canterbury,  and  for  many  years 
Vicar  of  Holy  Trinity,  Tunbridge  Wells, 
and  Maria  Eliza,  daughter  of  Sir  Benjamin 
Collins  Brodie,  Bart.  He  was  born  at 
Richmond,  Surrey,  on  Oct.  30,  1841.  He 
was  educated  at  Tunbridge  School  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  ob- 
tained his  B.A.  degree  in  1864,  and  M.A. 
in  1867.  He  was  for  several  years  a  part- 
ner in  the  banking-house  of  Barnett, 
Hoare  &  Co.,  and  became  a  director  of 
Lloyd's  Bank,  Limited,  on  the  amalgama- 
tion of  the  two  banks  in  1884.  In  1885  he 
contested  the  Attercliffe  division  of  Shef- 
field, and  the  Central  division  of  Bradford 
on  the  death  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Forster  in  1886.  He  was  returned  as 
Member  for  Hampstead  on  the  elevation 
of  Sir  Henry  Holland  to  the  peerage  in 
1888,  and  has  sat  for  that  constituency  as 
a  Conservative  since  that  date.  He  mar- 
ried Katharine,  daughter  of  Rear-Admiral 
Sir  Wm.  Edward  Parry,  in  1868.  Address  : 
Tenchleys,  Limpfield,  Sussex. 

HOBART,  Garret  A.,  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  June  3,  1844. 
He  graduated  from  Rutgers  College  in 
1863  ;  taught  school  a  short  time,  and  then 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1869,  commencing  practice  in  Pater- 
son,  N.  J.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  State 
Legislature  in  1873  and  1874,  and  was 
elected  Speaker  of  the  lower  house  in 
1876  ;  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the 
State  in  1879,  and  in  1881  was  President 
of  that  body,  and  re-elected  in  1882.  He 
was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  in  1896,  and  took  the  oath  of  office 
March  4,  1897. 

HOBBES,  John  Oliver  (Mrs.  Crai- 
gie),  nie  Pearl  Mary  Teresa  Richards, 

is  the  eldest  daughter  of  John  Morgan 
Richards,  and  was  born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
on  Nov.  3,  1867.  She  was  privately  edu- 
cated, and  afterwards  studied  music  at 
the  Royal  Academy  under  Macfarren, 
and  in  Paris.  She  also  studied  Greek 
and  Latin  at  University  College,  London, 
under  that  brilliant  scholar,  the  late  Pro- 
fessor A.  Goodwin.  Thus  equipped,  she 
early  learned  the  value  of  literary  style, 
and  now  shares  with  Mrs.  Meynell  the 
distinction  of  being  a  master  of  epigram 
and  pure  English.  Her  first  novel,  "  Some 
Emotions  and  a  Moral,"  appeared  in  1891, 
and  at  once  put  her  in  the  first  rank 
of  contemporary  novelists.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  "The  Sinner's  Comedy,"  1892; 
"A  Study  in  Temptations,"  1893;  "A 
Bundle  of  Life,"  1894  ;  "  The  Gods,  some 
Mortals,   and    Lord  Wickenham,"   1895 ; 


520 


HOBHOUSE  —  HOCKING- 


"The  Herb-Moon,"  1896;  "School  for 
Saints,"  1897.  As  a  playwright  John 
Oliver  Hobbes  has  been  no  less  successful 
than  as  a  writer  of  novels.  Her  first  piece 
was  written  for  Miss  Ellen  Terry,  and  is 
entitled  "Journeys  End  in  Lovers  Meet- 
ing :  Proverb  in  one  Act,"  1894.  Her 
play,  "  The  Ambassador,"  still  running 
with  undiminished  success  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre,  was  first  produced  in 
1898.  She  has  also  written  "Repentance," 
a  drama  in  one  act,  1899.  Address  :  56 
Lancaster  Gate,  W. 

HOBHOUSE ,  Lord,  The  Bight  Hon. 

Sir  Arthur,  K.C.S.I.,  OLE.,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Right  Hon.  Henry  Hobhouse,  of 
Hadspen  House,  Somersetshire,  by  Harriet, 
sixth  daughter  of  John  Turton,  Esq.,  of 
Sugnall  Hall,  Staffordshire,  was  born  at 
Hadspen,  Nov.  10,  1819.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  gained  a  first  class  in  classics  in 
1841.  In  1845  he  became  a  Member  of 
the  Chancery  Bar,  and  practised  as  a  con- 
veyancer and  equity  draughtsman,  and  sub- 
sequently as  a  Queen's  Counsel,  in  the 
Rolls  Court.  He  was  appointed  one  of  her 
Majesty's  Counsel  in  1865  ;  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  quitted  the  Bar  in  conse- 
quence of  ill-health,  and  was  appointed  a 
Charity  Commissioner,  and  in  1869  an 
Endowed  Schools  Commissioner.  In  1872 
he  was  nominated  Law  Member  of  the 
Governor-General's  Council  in  India,  and 
on  his  retirement  in  1877,  was  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  the 
Star  of  India.  In  1878  he  was  appointed 
arbitrator  under  the  Epping  Forest  Act ; 
and  in  1881  he  was  made  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor and  a  Member  of  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee. In  1882-84  he  was  a  Member  of 
the  London  School  Board,  and  from 
1889-92  was  an  Alderman  of  the  London 
County  Council.  In  1885  he  was  created 
Baron  Hobhouse,  of  Hadspen,  in  the 
county  of  Somerset.  Lord  Hobhouse  has 
taken  a  keen  interest  in  many  social  topics, 
especially  in  those  connected  with  women's 
property,  with  endowments,  and  with 
settlements  and  transfer  of  land.  He  has 
delivered  many  addresses  on  these  subjects, 
some  of  which  were  collected  and  printed 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Dead  Hand,"  1 880. 
He  stood  for  Westminster  in  the  Liberal 
interest  at  the  general  election  of  1880, 
but  was  unsuccessful.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Farrer,  in  1868.  Ad- 
dresses :  15  Bruton  Street,  W.  ;  and  Athen- 
sum. 

HOBS  ON,  Lieutenant  Richmond 

Pearson,  United  States  naval  officer, 
was  born  at  Greensboro',  Alabama,  Aug. 
17,  1870 ;  was  educated  at  the  Southern 
University   and    at   the   Naval   Academy, 


where  he  graduated  in  1889.  His  con- 
structive genius  was  so  marked  that  he 
was  sent  for  a  three  years'  special  course 
of  study  to  Paris.  On  his  return  he 
organised  and  conducted  the  post-gra- 
duate course  of  construction  at  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy.  When  war  with 
Spain  was  declared  in  April  1898,  he 
applied  for  active  service  and  was  ordered 
to  the  flag-ship  New  York,  with  rank 
of  Lieutenant,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  June  following  by  taking  an  old 
collier,  with  the  aid  of  a  crew  of  seven 
men,  in  under  the  guns  of  the  forts  at  the 
entrance  to  the  harbour  of  Santiago,  Cuba, 
and  there  sinking  his  vessel  in  the  channel, 
with  a  view  to  preventing  the  escape  of 
the  Spanish  fleet  then  lying  within  the 
harbour.  He  and  his  men  were  not  able 
to  escape  as  they  had  planned,  owing  to 
the  destruction  of  their  small  boat  by  the 
furious  fire  of  the  enemy,  and  all  were 
taken  prisoners,  but  were  exchanged  a 
month  later,  with  the  ready  chivalry  of 
the  Spaniards,  and  returned  safely  to  their 
own  ships. 

HOCKING-,  Joseph,  minister  of  reli- 
gion and  novelist,  born  in  St.  Stephens 
in  Brannel,  Cornwall,  on  Nov.  7,  1860,  is 
the  son  of  James  Hocking,  mine  owner 
and  farmer,  and  Elizabeth  Hocking  (both 
deceased).  He  was  educated  at  the  local 
school,  afterwards  at  Owens  College, 
Manchester,  and  Crescent  Range  College, 
Victoria  Park,  Manchester.  As  a  boy  he 
exhibited  an  exceptional  fondness  for 
reading,  and  would  walk  to  the  nearest 
town,  seven  miles  away,  when  twelve 
years  old,  in  order  to  spend  a  few  coppers 
on  a  cheap  reprint  of  some  valuable  book. 
He  had  read  nearly  all  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
books  at  twelve  years  of  age.  He  wrote 
stories  from  early  childhood.  At  fourteen 
years  of  age  he  had  completed  a  three- 
volume  novel.  He  became  a  land  sur- 
veyor at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  continued 
surveying  to  the  age  of  twenty.  He 
entered  Owens  College,  Manchester,  at 
twenty,  and  left  it  when  twenty-three, 
after  pursuing  theological  studies  at  Cres- 
cent Ran  ge  College,  where  he  took  the  Cuth- 
bertson  Prize,  and  stood  first  for  the  year. 
He  entered  the  Free  Church  ministry  at 
twenty-three  in  a  Yorkshire  village,  stayed 
there  two  years,  and  afterwards  removed 
to  London.  In  1887  he  spent  several 
months  in  Eastern  travel ;  went  to  Italy, 
Egypt  (up  the  Nile),  Port  Said,  Jaffa, 
Jerusalem,  &c,  and  spent  nearly  two 
months  in  the  Holy  Land.  He  also  visited 
Smyrna.  Rhodes,  Ephesus,  Athens,  Corinth, 
&c.  On  his  return  from  the  East  he 
wrote  his  first  novel,  "  Jabez  Easter- 
brook,"  a  religious  novel,  and  sold  it  for  a 
song.     The  book  has  sold  by  many  thou- 


HOCKING  —  HODGE 


521 


sands.  Afterwards  he  wrote  two  stories 
which  appeared  in  a  volume  entitled  "The 
Monk  of  Mar-Saba."  They  are  both  novels, 
the  scenes  of  which  are  laid  in  the  Holy 
Land,  being  the  direct  outcome  of  his 
Eastern  trip.  List  of  books :  "  Jabez 
Easterbrook,"  a  religious  novel,  1891; 
"  Lilian,"  1892  ;  "  Story  of  Andrew  Fair- 
fax," 1893;  "Ishmael  Penally,"  1894; 
"The  Monk  of  Mar-Saba,"  1894;  "All 
Men  are  Liars  :  a  Study  in  Cynicism 
and  Pessimism,"  1895  (the  last,  his  most 
ambitious  book,  took  more  than  a  year  to 
write,  and  has  had  a  very  large  sale,  be- 
tween 20,000  and  30,000,  and  still  sells 
readily);  "  Fields  of  Fair  Renown,"  1896  ; 
"The  Birthright;  a  Romance  of  Adven- 
ture," 1897";  "  And  Shall  Trelawney  Die?" 
1897.  He  has  lately  finished  a  romance 
entitled  "  Trevanion,"  which  has  appeared 
in  Cassell's  Magazine,  and  been  published 
by  James  Bowden.  He  has  devoted  much 
time,  in  Ireland  and  elsewhere,  to  the 
study  of  Jesuitry,  and  has  begun  a  new 
story,  which  promises  to  be  the  most 
ambitious  work  he  has  yet  attempted.  It 
will  deal  with  the  effect  of  monastic  vows 
on  life,  also  the  struggle  between  vows 
and  the  pleadings  of  the  human  heart. 
Address  :  Brunswick  Manse,  Burnley. 

HOCKING,  Silas  Kitto,  was  born  at 
St.  Stephens,  in  Cornwall,  on  March  24, 
1850.  The  Hockings  belong  to  one  of  the 
oldest  Cornish  families.  His  mother  was 
related  to  Dr.  John  Kitto,  the  celebrated 
commentator.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  educated  at  the  local  Grammar  School, 
and  afterwards  privately.  His  first  inten- 
tion was  to  become  a  mine  surveyor,  and 
to  that  end  his  education  was  directed. 
Afterwards,  however,  his  inclinations 
turned  in  the  direction  of  the  ministry, 
and  in  the  year  1869  he  became  a  candi- 
date for  the  Methodist  itineracy.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  to  charges  in 
Pontypool,  Spalding,  Liverpool,  Burnley, 
Manchester,  and  Southport.  In  the  last 
charge  he  remained  thirteen  years,  and 
relinquished  it  in  the  year  1896  to  devote 
himself  exclusively  to  literature.  In  1879 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  His- 
torical Society.  In  1884  he  went  to 
Canada  in  connection  with  the  British 
Association,  which  met  at  Montreal,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  meetings  he  spent 
several  weeks  in  visiting  the  principal 
cities  of  Canada  and  the  United  States. 
Since  that  time  he  has  travelled  in  most 
Continental  countries  as  well  as  in  Algiers, 
mainly  for  the  purpose  of  local  colour  for 
his  novels,  and  to  get  an  enlarged  ac- 
quaintance with  the  life  and  manners  of 
European  nations.  His  first  book  was 
published  in  the  year  1877.  The  title  was 
"  Alec  Green. "    This  was  followed  in  1878 


by  "Her  Benny,"  a  story  of  Liverpool 
street  life,  which  has  been  translated  into 
a  number  of  languages,  and  has  had  a  sale 
of  over  100,000  copies.  In  1879  "  His 
Father"  and  "Reedyford"  were  publish*!. 
These  were  followed  in  successive  years 
by  "Ivy,"  "Sea-waif,"  "Dick's  Fairy," 
"Real  Grit,"  "Caleb  Carthew,"  "  Crook- 
leigh,"  "For  Abigail,"  "Rex  Raynor," 
"  For  Light  and  Liberty,"  "Doctor  Dick," 
"Where  Dutv  Lies,"  "One  in  Charity," 
"  The  Heart  of  Man,"  "  For  Such  is  Life," 
"In  Spite  of  Fate,"  and  "God's  Outcast." 
The  last-named  has  been  lately  issued. 
The  total  sale  of  these  volumes  has  reached 
1,200,000  copies.  In  1894  he  was  ap- 
pointed editor  of  the  Family  Circle,  which 
post  he  relinquished  in  1896,  when  along 
with  Mr.  F.  A.  Atkins  he  established  the 
Temple  Magazine,  a  sixpenny  illustrated 
monthly  for  Sunday  and  general  reading, 
which  has  taken  a  prominent  position 
among  the  illustrated  magazines  of  the 
day.  In  addition  to  his  literary  work  Mr. 
Hocking  has  lectured  on  various  subjects 
in  nearly  all  the  principal  towns  and  cities 
of  England,  drawing  large  audiences 
wherever  he  has  appeared.  His  more 
recent  volumes  have  been  translated  into 
French,  German,  and  Danish.  Mr.  Hock- 
ing is  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical 
literature,  and  also  writes  a  weekly  column 
of  chat  for  the  National  Press  Agency,  in 
which  he  deals  with  current  topics  from 
an  ethical  standpoint.  This  is  syndicated 
throughout  the  country  under  the  title  of 
"For  a  Quiet  Hour."  He  married  in  1876 
the  youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  R.  Lloyd,  of 
Liverpool,  by  whom  he  has  two  sons  and 
two  daughters.  Address :  18  Avenue 
Road,  Highgate,  N. 

HODGE,  Harold,  editor  of  the  Sa- 
turday Review,  was  born  in  1862.  His 
parents  are  both  Cornish,  his  father  being 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Gotheby's.  He 
is  the  youngest  of  three  sons,  the  eldest 
being  Rector  of  Holy  Trinity,  Marylebone, 
the  second  a  partner  with  his  father  in 
Gotheby's.  Mr.  Hodge  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  School,  under  Mr.  Frederick 
Walker,  where  he  was  captain  of  football 
and  president  of  the  debating  society,  and 
at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
was  an  Open  Exhibitioner.  He  took  his 
degree  in  Classics  (2nd  Mods.,  3rd  Greats). 
On  leaving  Oxford  in  1885,  he  devoted 
himself  for  some  years  to  the  study  of 
social  and  political  problems  in  East 
London.  He  is  still  actively  connected 
with  the  Oxford  House  in  Bethnal  Green 
and  with  the  Mansion  House  Council  on 
the  Dwellings  of  the  Poor.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  (Middle  Temple)  in  1893,  de- 
voting himself  to  Common  Law  and  Par- 
liamentary practice.     He  was  one  of  the 


52: 


HODGSON  — HOGAN 


counsel  in  the  famous  Colonial  Judge 
Case  (Anderson  v.  Gonie),  the  last  case 
Lord  Coleridge  ever  tried.  Daring  this 
time  he  was  a  contributor  to  the  Saturday 
Review.  He  has  also  written  in  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  and  in  the  Athenceum.  Bat 
it  was  as  a  politician  and  social  worker 
rather  than  as  a  journalist  that  Mr.  Hodge 
came  to  take  the  editorship  of  the  Satur- 
day Review.  He  has  always  taken  the 
deepest  interest  in  Church  matters  and 
in  problems  affecting  the  welfare  of  the 
working  classes,  particularly  questions  of 
housing  and  public  health  and  element- 
ary education.  He  inherits  a  strong  turn 
for  natural  history.  Address  :  6  Crown 
Office  Row,  Temple,  E.C. 

HODGSON,  Frederic  Mitchell, 
C.M.G.,  Governor  of  Gold  Coast  Colony, 
was  born  in  1850,  and  entered  the  Post 
Office  in  1869.  In  1882  he  became  Post- 
master-General of  British  Guiana,  a  post 
which  he  exchanged  for  the  Colonial 
Secretaryship  of  the  Gold  Coast  in  1888. 
In  1892  he  raised  a  force  of  Gold  Coast 
Volunteers,  of  which  he  is  the  Major  com- 
manding. Having  administered  the  Colony 
in  the  absence  of  the  Governor  on  several 
occasions,  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir 
W.  E.  Maxwell,  K.C.M.G.,  on  March  22, 
1898. 

HOEY,  Mrs.  Frances  Sarah  (who 
writes  as  Mrs.  Cashel  Hoey),  wife  of  John 
Cashel  Hoey,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  of  Dromalane, 
Newry,  daughter  of  the  late  Charles  Bol- 
ton Johnston,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Bushey 
Park,  Rathfarnham,  co.  Dublin,  Feb.  15, 
1830.  She  married,  in  1846,  the  late  Adam 
Murray  Stewart,  Esq.,  of  Cromleich,  co. 
Dublin,  and  secondly,  in  1858,  her  present 
husband.  Mrs.  Cashel  Hoey  has  written 
for  several  literary  journals  since  1860,  and 
is  the  author  of  the  following  novels  :  "A 
House  of  Cards,"  "Falsely  True,"  "A  Gol- 
den Sorrow,"  "Out  of  Court,"  "Griffith's 
Double,"  "  All  or  Nothing,"  "  The  Blossom- 
ing of  an  Aloe,"  "No  Sign,"  "The 
Question  of  Cain,"  1882  (new  edit.,  1890) ; 
"  The  Lover's  Creed,"  1884  ;  and  "A  Stern 
Chase,"  1886  ;  "The  Queen's  Token,"  &c. 
Mrs.  Cashel  Hoey  is  a  contributor  to 
Chambers's  Journal,  Temple  Bar,  All  the 
Year  Round,  Belgravia,  London  Society,  and 
other  periodicals,  and  is  the  translator  of 
several  works  from  the  French  and  Italian 
languages.  Among  the  former  are  :  "  The 
Memoirs  of  Madame  de  Rdmusat,"  "The 
King's  Secret,"  "  1794 :  A  Tale  of  the 
Terror,"  "  The  Last  Days  of  the  Con- 
sulate," "Frederick  the  Great  and  Marie 
Theresa,"  "  The  Surprising  Exploits  of  Dr. 
Quies,"  "Ten  Centuries  of  Toilet"  (a 
translation),  and  "A  Friend  of  the  Queen" 


(Marie  Antoinette  and  Count  de  Fersen — a 
translation),  1894.  Address  :  Dromalane, 
Newry. 

HOFMEYR,   The  Hon.   Jan   H., 

South  African  journalist  and  politician,  is 
the  moving  spirit  of  the  Africander  Bond. 
He  has  represented  South  Africa  in  many 
conferences,  notably  at  Ottawa  and  Lon- 
don. He  edits  the  Volkstein.  For  many 
year  the  ally  of  Cecil  Rhodes  (q.v. ),  he 
broke  with  him  after  the  Jameson  raid, 
and  in  the  elections  of  1898  was  his  chief 
opponent,  not  as  a  candidate,  but  as  wire- 
puller of  the  Bond  Caucus.  In  his  early 
days  he  was  a  man  who  advised  total 
separation  from  England,  but  after  the 
Transvaal  War  of  1882  he  acted  as  medi- 
ator between  the  Boers  and  the  Cape 
Government,  especially  over  the  Swaziland 
question,  when  a  peaceful  solution  was 
arrived  at  through  his  influence. 

HOGAN,  James  Francis,  M.P.,  was 
born  at  Nenagh,  Tipperary,  on  Dec.  29, 
1855,  but  while  still  an  infant  was  taken 
by  his  parents  to  Australia.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  St.  Patrick's  College,  Melbourne, 
and  was  for  some  years  in  the  service  of 
the  Education  Department  of  Victoria. 
In  1881  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  Mel- 
bourne Argus,  being  also  a  regular  con- 
tributor to  the  Melbourne  Punch,  and  the 
Sydney  Daily  Telegraph.  Articles  from 
his  pen  have  appeared  in  the  Melbourne 
Review,  the  Victorian  Review,  and  other 
colonial  periodicals.  He  was  the  founder 
and  the  first  President  of  the  Victorian 
Catholic  Young  Men's  Society,  and  the 
heroic  bronze  statue  of  Daniel  O'Connell 
by  Mr.  Thos.  Brock,  R.A. ,  now  standing 
in  front  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Mel- 
bourne, was  erected  by  a  committee  of 
which  Mr.  Hogan  was  secretary.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  following  books  :  "An 
Australian  Christmas  Collection,"  1886  ; 
"  History  of  the  Irish  in  Australia,"  1887  ; 
"  The  Australian  in  London,"  1888  ;  "The 
Lost  Explorer,"  1890;  "The  Convict 
King,"  1891  ;  "  Robert  Lowe,  Viscount 
Sherbrooke,"  1893  ;  "  The  Sister  Domin- 
ions," 1895;  and  "The  Gladstone  Colony," 
1898.  In  February  1893  Mr.  Hogan  was 
elected,  without  opposition,  for  the  Mid 
Division  of  Tipperary.  Since  he  entered 
the  House  of  Commons  he  has  been  active 
in  the  promotion  and  ventilation  of  colonial 
questions.  He  organised  the  Colonial 
Party,  and  at  its  first  meeting  in  August 
1893  was  unanimously  appointed  its  secre- 
tary. To  the  Contemporary  Review  for 
November  1893  he  contributed  an  article 
explanatory  of  the  constitution,  aims,  and 
objects  of  the  Colonial  Party,  whose  roll 
of  membership  now  numbers  45,  drawn 
from  all  quarters  of  the  House,  but  bound 


HOGG— HOLE 


523 


together  by  a  common  interest  in  colonial 
questions  and  the  adequate  representation 
of  the  interests  of  Greater  Britain  in  the 
Imperial  Parliament.  Mr.  Hogan  was 
again  returned  unopposed  for  the  Mid 
Division  of  Tipperary  at  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1895.  Address :  Montague  Mansion, 
Great  Russell  Street,  Bloomsbury,  W.C. 

HOG-Gr,  Quintin,  is  the  youngest  son 
of  the  late  Sir  James  Weir  Hogg",  Bart., 
Chairman  of  the  Old  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  also  brother  of  the  late  Lord 
Magheramorne.  He  was  born  in  London 
on  February  14,  1845,  and  was  educated 
at  Eton.  On  leaving  school  Mr.  Hogg  at 
once  took  an  active  and  personal  interest 
in  homeless  boys.  Eventually  he  took  a 
large  warehouse  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Drury  Lane,  which  he  fitted  up  as  dormi- 
tories, and  a  home  for  about  fifty  working 
boys,  with  playground,  &c,  attached.  All 
his  leisure  was  devoted  to  their  welfare,  and 
he  practically  lived  amongst  them,  sleep- 
ing in  a  special  corner  of  the  boys'  dormi- 
tory. This  initiated  the  movement  which 
is  now  being  continued  by  the  Committee 
of  the  Homes  for  Working-Boys.  In  time, 
evening  classes  and  a  Sunday  School  were 
started  in  connection  with  the  home  by 
Mr.  Hogg,  assisted  by  his  old  school 
friends,  Mr.  (now  Lord)  Kinnaird,  and 
the  Hon.  T.  H.  W.  Pelham.  In  1873 
he  started,  in  a  room  in  Endell  Street, 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Youth's  Christian 
Institute,"  an  association  for  those  of  his 
lads  who  were  above  sixteen  years  of  age. 
The  work  of  the  Institute  was  of  so  accept- 
able and  attractive  a  character  to  youths 
and  young  men  generally,  that  the  mem- 
bership gradually  rose  to  1000,  and  when 
the  premises  of  the  old  Polytechnic  in 
Regent  Street  came  into  the  market  in 
1882,  Mr.  Quintin  Hogg  purchased  them, 
and  adapted  them  for  the  work  of  his 
Institute.  From  that  time  the  member- 
ship numbers  went  up  by  leaps  and 
bounds ;  and  now,  in  1898,  the  members 
and  students  exceed  16,000.  The  work  of 
the  Polytechnic  is  of  a  threefold  character 
— viz.,  social,  educational,  and  religious, 
but  attendance  at  any  of  the  religious 
meetings  or  classes  is  perfectly  optional. 
Upon  the  purchase  of  the  lease,  and  the 
adaptation  and  enlargement  of  premises 
and  their  maintenance,  Mr.  Hogg  has 
expended  some  £200,000.  For  years,  from 
early  evening  until  closing  time  at  night, 
he  has  been  on  the  spot,  making  the 
acquaintance  of  members,  and  in  many 
ways  giving  the  Polytechnic  boys  the 
benefit  of  his  experience  and  advice.  All 
this  work  is,  however,  but  one  aspect  of 
what  has  been  a  very  active  business  life. 
On  leaving  Eton,  Mr.  Hogg  entered  the 
old-established    West     Indian     house    of 


Bosanquet,  Curtis  &  Co.,  as  a  junior,  and 
is  now  the  head  of  the  firm,  its  present 
title  being  Hogg,  Curtis,  Campbell  &  Co. 
At  one  time  he  was  much  pressed  to  enter 
Parliament,  and  was  in  1886  invited  by 
the  electors  of  Westminster  to  stand  as 
their  candidate.  Indifferent  health,  how- 
ever, and  a  feeling  that  public  life  would 
interfere  with  his  work  at  the  Polytechnic, 
caused  him  to  decline  the  invitation.  A 
few  years  later,  however,  upon  the  con- 
stitution of  the  London  County  Council, 
he  was  spontaneously  elected  Alderman. 
In  February  1899,  after  eight  months' 
absence  in  the  East  Indies,  Mr.  Quintin 
Hogg  was  welcomed  home  at  the  Queen's 
Hall,  Langham  Place,  by  an  audience  of 
from  3000  to  4000  members  of  the  Poly- 
technic, representing  all  the  social  in- 
terests of  that  institution.  In  1871  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  William 
Graham,  the  late  M.P.  for  Glasgow,  a  lady 
warmly  interested  in  her  husband's  work. 
Addresses :  309  Regent  Street,  W.;  5  Caven- 
dish Square,  W.;  and  Athenseum. 

HOLE,  The  Very  Rev.  Samuel 
Reynolds,  D.D. ,  Dean  of  Rochester,  was 
born  on  Dec.  5,  1819,  is  the  son  of  Samuel 
Hole,  Esq.,  whose  family  has  resided  at 
Caunton,  Nottinghamshire,  since  Hugh 
Hole  was  Vicar  in  1567,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Grammar  School,  Newark-on-Trent, 
and  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford.  He 
was  ordained  Deacon,  1844  ;  Priest,  1845  ; 
and  became  Curate  of  Caunton,  1844 ; 
Vicar,  1850  ;  Rural  Dean  of  Southwell, 
1865  ;  Prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1875  ;  Proc- 
tor in  Convocation,  1875  ;  Chaplain  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1885 ;  Select 
Preacher  to  the  University  of  Oxford, 
1885-86  ;  Dean  of  Rochester,  1887 ; 
Almoner  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem  in  1895  ;  and  Grand  Chaplain 
of  Freemasons  in  1897.  Dean  Hole  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Little  Tour  in  Ireland," 
illustrated  by  John  Leech,  1858  ;  "A  Book 
about  Roses,"  1859  (this  has  run  through 
many  editions,  and  has  been  translated 
into  several  languages);  "Six  of  Spades," 
1860;  "Nice  and  her  Neighbours,"  1881 ; 
"Hints  to  Preachers,"  1881  ;  and  of  num- 
erous pamphlets,  sermons,  and  speeches. 
Among  his  later  works  we  may  mention 
his  "Book  about  the  Garden,"  1892; 
"Memories  of  Dean  Hole,"  1892;  "More 
Memories,"  1894  ;  and  "  A  Little  Tour  in 
America,"  and  "Addresses  to  Working 
Men."  Addresses:  The  Deanery,  Roches- 
ter ;  and  Caunton  Manor,  Notts. 

HOLE,  William,  R.S.A.,  only  child 
of  Richard  Hole,  M.D.,  of  Hole, 'in  Ex- 
bourne,  Devon,  and  Anne,  his  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Fergusson,  Governor  of 
Sierra  Leone,   was  born   in   Salisbury  on 


524 


HOLLAND 


Nov.  7,  1846.  On  the  death  of  his  father 
from  cholera  in  1849,  his  mother  returned 
to  her  family,  then  residing  in  Edinburgh, 
and  her  son  was  educated  at  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy  and  University.  In  1874 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  civil 
engineers.  After  four  years  he  took  a 
trip  to  Itay,  and  developed  latent  artistic 
instincts  in  the  congenial  studio  atmo- 
sphere of  Rome.  On  his  return  lie  could 
lind  no  employment  as  an  engineer,  and 
definitely  abandoned  that  profession  for 
art.  He  was  trained,  in  a  sort  of  way,  at 
the  Edinburgh  School  of  Art,  and  then 
learned  his  business  under  Cameron  and 
Chalmers  at  the  School  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy.  He  was  elected  Asso- 
ciate of  that  body  in  1878,  and  full  Acade- 
mician in  1889.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Water-Colour  Society, 
and  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painter 
Etchers.  Mr.  Hole's  claim  to  distinction 
is  perhaps  chiefly  due  to  his  power  as  an 
etcher,  in  which  art  he  certainly  has  taken 
a  foremost  place.  His  principal  pictures 
are:  "The  End  of  the  '45,"  1879;  "The 
Evening  of  Culloden,"  1880;  "Prince 
Charlie's  Parliament,"  1881 ;  "The  Fill  of 
the  Boats,"  1883  ;  "If  Thou  hadst  known," 
1884;  "News  of  Flodden,"  1886;  "Geth- 
semane,"  1887  ;  and  many  portraits.  His 
principal  original  etchings  are:  "Quasi 
Cursores,"  portraits  of  the  Professors  of 
the  Edinburgh  University  in  its  Tercen- 
tenary Year,  1884;  and  "Canterbury 
Pilgrims,"  1888  (36-inch  plate).  His  other 
etchings  are:  "Mill  on  the  Yare,"  after 
Crome,  1888 ;  "  He  is  Coming,"  after 
Mattys  Maris,  1889  ;  "The  Sawyers,"  after 
J.  F.  Millet,  1890;  "Six  plates  after 
Thomson  of  Duddingston,"  1889;  and 
many  others.  A  large  plate  after  Con- 
stable's "Jumping  Horse,"  was  published 
in  the  autumn  of  1890,  and  was  followed 
by  two  others  after  Velasquez — viz.,  "Don 
Gaspar  de  Guzman  "  and  "  Admiral  Pulido 
Pareja."  More  recently  Mr.  Hole  issued 
an  important  etching  after  Sir  John 
Millais'  "Idyll  of  the  '45."  At  the 
Chicago  Exhibition  Mr.  Hole  was  granted 
an  Award  of  Merit  for  his  etchings.  For 
the  future  his  name  will  probably  be 
associated  with  works  of  mural  decoration. 
His  "  Te  Deum"  in  the  Church  of  St. 
James,  Edinburgh,  has  already  attracted 
considerable  attention,  and  he  is  at  present 
engaged  on  the  decoration  of  the  Scottish 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  a  commission 
entrusted  to  him  in  1897,  and  probably 
the  most  important  work  of  the  kind  in 
point  of  magnitude  which  has  been  given 
to  one  man  since  the  recent  revival  of 
mural  art  in  these  islands.  In  1876  Mr. 
Hole  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  Lindsay,  Esq.,  W.S.  Address : 
27  Inverleith  Row,  Edinburgh. 


HOLLAND,   Canon    Henry  Scott, 

son  of  George  Henry  and  Hon.  Char- 
lotte D.  Holland,  of  Gayton  Lodge, 
Wimbledon,  was  born  at  Ledbury,  Here- 
fordshire, in  1847,  and  educated  at  Eton 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He 
took  a  first  class  in  the  Final  Schools  in 
1870,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  to 
a  senior  studentship  at  Christ  Church. 
He  was  ordained  at  Cuddesdon  in  1872, 
and  was  afterwards  Theological  Tutor  at 
Christ  Church.  He  was  Select  Preacher 
at,  Oxford  in  1882,  and  again  in  1896; 
Proctor  in  1882-83,  and  Censor  of  Christ 
Church  in  1883.  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
Canon  of  Truro  and  Examining  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop,  and  in  1884  was  made 
Canon,  afterwards  Precentor  of  St.  Paul's. 
He  has  published  several  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, "Logic  and  Life,"  in  1882;  "Good 
Friday  at  St.  Paul's  "  ;  "  Creed  and  Charac- 
ter," 1886 ;  "  Christ  or  Ecclesiastes," 
1887;  "On  Behalf  of  Belief,"  1888; 
articles  on  "Justin  Martyr"  and  on 
"Doctor  Liddon  "  in  the  Dictionary  of 
Christian  Biography;  an  Essay  in  "  Lux 
Mundi,"  "Pleas  and  Claims,"  1893; 
"God's  City  "  ;  and,  in  collaboration  with 
Mr.  W.  Rockstro,  a  "Life  of  Jenny 
Lind."  Permanent  address :  1  Amen 
Court,  E.  C. 

HOLLAND,     Professor    Thomas 

Erskine,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  Rev. 
T.  A.  Holland,  rector  of  Poynings,  Sussex 
(author  of  "  Dryburgh  Abbey  and  other 
Poems  "),  was  born  at  Brighton,  July  17, 
1835.  After  entering  Oxford  as  a  member 
of  Balliol  College,  he  obtained  a  Demyship 
at  Magdalen,  a  First  Class  in  the  Final 
Classical  School  ;  a  Fellowship  at  Exeter 
College,  and  a  Chancellor's  Prize.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1863,  and  practised  on 
the  Home  Circuit.  In  1874  he  was  elected 
Vinerian  Reader  of  English  Law  at  Oxford, 
but  resigned  that  office  on  being  elected,  a 
few  months  later,  Chichele  Professor  of 
International  Law.  He  has  frequently 
been  law  examiner  at  Oxford,  as  also 
(1870-75)  in  the  University  of  London  ; 
(1891-92),  at  Cambridge;  and  (1878-80, 
and  1893-97)  to  the  Inns  of  Court.  He  is 
a  member  and  lately  lr.  Vice-President  of 
the  Institut  de  Droit  International ;  a 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy ; 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford  ;  Fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College  ;  Assessor  of  the  Chancellor's 
Court ;  Hon  Prof,  in  the  University  of 
Perugia  ;  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the  Universities 
of  Bologna,  Dublin,  and  Glasgow ;  and 
Hon.  Member  of  the  University  of  St. 
Petersburg,  of  the  Juridical  Society  of 
Berlin,  and  of  the  Academie  de  Legisla- 
tion of  Toulouse.  Among  his  published 
works  are:  "An  Essay  on  Composition 
Deeds,"  1864;    "Essays  on  the  Form  of 


HOLLINGSHEAD  —  HOLMAN-HUNT 


525 


the  Law,"  1870;  "The  Institutes  of  Jus- 
tinian as  a  Recension  of  the  Institutes  of 
Gains,"  1873  (2nd  edit.,  1881);  "Select 
Titles  from  the  Digest "  (with  Mr.  C.  L. 
Shadwell),  1874-81  ;  "  Alberioi  Gentilis  de 
Jure  Belli,"  1877  ;  "  The  European  Con- 
cert in  the  Eastern  Question,"  1885;  "A 
Manual  of  Naval  Prize  Law,"  issued  by 
authority  of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty, 
1888  ;  but  he  is  probably  best  known  by 
his  "Elements  of  Jurisprudence,"  which, 
first  published  in  1880,  is  now  in  its  eighth 
edition,  and  has  become  a  text-book  in 
most  English  and  American  Universities 
and  law  schools.  This  work  received  in 
1894  the  "  Swiney  Prize,"  which  is  decen- 
nially awarded  for  "the  best  published 
work  upon  Jurisprudence,"  and  was  ad- 
judged in  1864  to  Sir  Henry  Maine's 
"  Ancient  Law."  Addresses  :  Poyning's 
House,  Oxford  ;  3  Brick  Court,  Temple  ; 
and  Athenfeum. 

HOLLINGSHEAD,  John,  author  and 
journalist,  son  of  Mr.  Henry  R.  Hollings- 
head,  of  the  Irish  Chamber,  was  born  in 
Hoxton,  London,  Sept.  9,  1827,  was  edu- 
cated at  Homerton,  and  entered  business 
early  ;  but  preferring  journalism,  became 
connected  with  several  leading  daily  and 
weekly  newspapers,  as  well  as  magazines. 
He  joined  the  staff  of  Household  Words 
in  1857  ;  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
that  periodical  and  to  All  the  Year  Round, 
the  Oornhill  Magazine,  Good  Words,  and 
Once  a  Week.  From  1859  to  1864  he  pub- 
lished several  volumes  of  essays  and  stories, 
chiefly  on  life  in  London.  In  1861,  the 
famine  year  in  London,  he  was  the  Special 
Commissioner  of  the  Morning  Post  at  the 
East  End.  The  outcome  of  his  mission 
was  "  Ragged  London,"  in  1861.  In  1862 
he  was  connected  with  the  Great  Exhibi- 
tion, and  wrote  the  historical  introduction 
to  its  catalogue.  He  has  written  one  or 
two  original  dramatic  pieces,  and  was  for 
six  years  the  dramatic  critic  of  the  Daily 
News,  London  Revieiv,  Punch,  &c. ;  he  con- 
tributed much  to  Punch,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Dramatic  Authors'  Society  and  of 
the  French  Society  of  Gens  de  Lettres.  In 
December  1868,  Mr.  Hollingshead  opened 
the  Gaiety  Theatre,  in  the  Strand,  but 
after  eighteen  years  he  ceased  to  be  its 
lessee  and  manager.  He  has  had  three 
Metropolitan  theatres  under  his  direction 
"  at  one  time,  with  the  most  powerful  com- 
bination of  actors  in  London.  He  has  also 
been  the  director  of  the  principal  theatre 
in  Manchester.  In  1879  he  induced  the 
whole  Come'die  Francaise  to  visit  London 
and  play  for  six  weeks  at  the  Gaiety.  A 
collection  of  his  writings  was  published 
under  the  title  of  "Miscellanies:  Stories 
and  Essays,"  3  vols.,  1874 ;  two  other 
small  collections  in  1882  and  1883,  called 


respectively  "  Plain  English  "  and  "  Foot- 
lights "  ;  and  in  1877  he  made  a  successful 
adaptation  of  MM.  Meilhac  and  Halevy's 
"La  Cigale,"  under  the  title  of  "The 
Grasshopper."  Mr.  Hollingshead  is  a 
director  of  several  large  variety  theatre 
companies  in  London,  the  provinces,  and 
abroad,  and  was  the  managing  director  of 
"Niagara  in  London,"  the  popular  pano- 
rama which  Mr.  Hollingshead  organised 
for  some  American  friends.  In  1890  he 
collected  some  papers  under  the  title  of 
"Niagara  Spray,"  containing,  like  "Foot- 
lights," a  good  many  reprints  from  Punch. 
In  1892  he  published  "The  Story  of 
Leicester  Square,"  and  his  Autobiography 
(2  vols. )  in  1894,  and  "  Gaiety  Chronicles  " 
in  1898.  Addresses  :  8  Egerlon  Mansions, 
Brompton  Road  ;  and  3  Garrick  Mansions, 
Charing  Cross  Road,  W. 

HOLMAN-HUNT,"William,  painter, 
one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  three 
working  members  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
movement,  was  born  in  London  in  1827, 
and  exhibited  his  first  picture  at  the 
Academy  in  1844,  a  portrait  of  a  child, 
entitled  "Hark  !  "  The  earlier  works  were 
adapted  from  poetry  and  fiction,  such  as 
"  Dr.  Rochecliffe  performing  Divine  Ser- 
vice in  the  Cottage  of  Joceline  Joliffe  at 
Woodstock,"  in  1847  ;  "  The  Flight  of 
Madeline  and  Porphyro, "  from  Keats's 
"St.  Agnes,"  in  1848;  and  "  Rienzi  vow- 
ing to  obtain  Justice  for  the  Death  of  his 
young  brother,"  in  1849.  He  began  that 
series  of  religious  and  mystical  subjects, 
whereby  he  has  since  made  himself  best 
known,  with  "  A  Converted  British  Family 
Sheltering  a  Christian  Missionary  from 
the  Persecution  of  the  Druids,"  in  1850  ; 
followed  by  the  symbolical  "  Hireling- 
Shepherd, "in  1852.  His  picture  in  1851 
was  in  a  different  class  of  sentiment — 
"  Valentine  receiving  Sylvia  from  Pro- 
teus "  ;  that  of  1853,  "  Claudio  and  Isa- 
bella," and  "  Our  English  Coasts,"  a  study 
of  the  Downs  at  Hastings.  Three  of  these 
pictures  were  awarded  £50  and  £60  prizes 
at  Liverpool  and  Birmingham.  The  occult 
meaniDg  of  his  "Light  of  the  World, "and 
of  the  "Awakening  Conscience,"  of  1854, 
was  explained  by  Mr.  Ruskin  in  some 
letters  to  the  Times.  "The  Scapegoat," 
of  which  the  scene  was  painted  upon  the 
margin  of  the  salt-incrusted  shallows  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  was  exhibited,  in  1856. 
The  "Finding  of  the  Saviour  in  the 
Temple "  was  exhibited  in  1860 ;  and 
"  Isabella  and  the  Pot  of  Basil,"  in  1866. 
His  more  recent  pictures  are  "  London 
Bridge  on  the  Night  of  the  Marriage  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales  "  ;  "The  Afterglow "  ; 
and  "  The  Festival  of  St.  Swithin."  The 
last-mentioned  was  in  the  Royal  Academy 
Exhibition  of   1868.      The   largest  of  his 


526 


HOLME  — HOLMES 


works,  which  exclusively  occupied  his 
time  during  a  residence  of  four  years  in 
Palestine,  was  finished  in  1873.  It  is 
styled  "The  Shadow  of  Death,"  and  re- 
presents a  prevision  of  the  Crucifixion. 
"Plains  of  Esdraelon,"  an  Oriental  land- 
scape with  shepherd  and  sheep,  taken  at 
Nazareth,  was  exhibited  in  1877.  "The 
Ship,"  an  illustration  of  lines  from  "In 
Memoriam,"  represents  the  deck  of  a  ship 
by  night,  exhibited  in  1878.  A  "  Portrait 
of  Sir  Richard  Owen,  C. B.,"  was  exhibited 
in  Bond  Street  in  1880,  &c.  "The  Triumph 
of  the  Innocents"  was  exhibited  in  Bond 
Street  in  1885.  It  represents  a  company 
of  the  spirits  of  the  Children  of  Beth- 
lehem accompanying  the  Holy  Family  on 
their  flight  into  Egypt.  "  Christ  amongst 
the  Doctors,"  designed  for  a  mosaic  placed 
in  Clifton  College  Chapel,  was  exhibited  in 
1890.  In  the  year  1880  he  delivered  a  lec- 
ture at  the  Society  of  Arts  upon  the  need 
of  greater  knowledge  and  care  on  the  part 
of  artists  in  the  preparation  of  the  mate- 
rials upon  the  perfection  of  which  they 
have  to  rely  for  the  permanence  of  their 
works.  This  at  the  time  awakened  much 
attention  to  the  matter,  and  still  encour- 
ages research  for  better  methods  of  obtain- 
ing superior  preparations.  A  nearly  com- 
plete collection  of  Mr.  Holman-Hunt's 
works  was  exhibited  at  the  Fine  Arts 
Society's  rooms  in  1886.  He  has  written 
in  the  Contemporary  Review  two  articles  of 
reminiscences  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  move- 
ment. In  the  columns  of  the  Times  he 
subsequently  led  the  attack  upon  the 
Royal  Academy,  in  which,  of  course,  he 
no  longer  exhibits.  In  May  1898  the 
Queen  purchased  one  of  his  pictures, 
"  The  Beloved,"  exhibited  in  the  New 
Gallery.  Addresses  :  Draycott  Lodge,  Ful- 
ham  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HOLME,  Charles,  F.L.S.,  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Studio,  Hon.  Secretary  of 
the  Japan  Society,  was  born  at  Derby  on 
Oct.  7,  1848,  and  is  the  son  of  George 
Holme,  a  silk  manufacturer  of  that  town. 
He  was  educated  privately  at  Derby,  and 
from  1868  to  1886  was  an  East  India  mer- 
chant. He  has  travelled  much  in  Russia, 
Japan,  and  the  East  generally.  He  suc- 
ceeded the  late  Mr.  Gleeson  White  as 
editor  of  the  Studio  in  1894.  Address  : 
The  Red  House,  Upton,  Bexley  Heath, 
S.E. 

HOLMES,  Lord  Justice,  The 
Right  Hon.   Hugh  Holmes,   P.O.,  is 

the  son  of  the  late  William  Holmes  of 
Dungannon,  and  was  born  in  1840.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1865. 
He  was  successively  Solicitor-General  and 
Attorney-General  of  Ireland  between  the 


years  1878  and  1880  ;  became  a  Judge  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice  in  Ireland  in 
1887,  and  was  in  the  latter  year  appointed 
an  Irish  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal.  He  had 
a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  from 
1885-87  as  Conservative  member  for  Dublin 
University.  Address:  3  Fitz- William  Place, 
Dublin. 

HOLMES,    Richard    Rivington, 

M.V.O.,  F.S.A.,  Windsor  Librarian,  was 
born  in  London  on  Nov.  16,  1835,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  John  Holmes,  Assistant 
Keeper  of  the  MSS.  at  the  British  Museum. 
He  was  educated  at  Cholmeley  School, 
Highgate.  He  was  appointed  Assistant  in 
the  British  Museum  in  1854,  Archaeologist 
to  the  Expedition  to  Abyssinia,  1868,  and 
obtained  the  medal.  In  1870  he  became 
Librarian  to  the  Queen  and  Keeper  of  the 
Prints  and  Drawings  at  Windsor  Castle. 
He  was  honoured  with  the  M.V.O.  fourth 
class  in  1897,  and  is  a  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
V.D.,  late  1st  Volunteer  Battalion  Royal 
Berks  Regiment.  He  is  author  of  various 
papers  in  literary  and  antiquarian  periodi- 
cals, of  "Naval  and  Military  Trophies," 
1897 ;  and  of  the  sumptuous  illustrated 
work  entitled  "Queen  Victoria,"  1897. 
He  has  exhibited  water-colour  drawings 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  Grosvenor,  and 
New  Galleries,  and  is  a  designer  of  stained 
glass  and  other  ornamental  work.  He 
drew  on  wood  the  illustrations  to  Mrs. 
Oliphant's  "Makers  of  Venice."  Addresses: 
Windsor  Castle  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HOLMES,  Timothy,  M.A.,  F.R.C.S., 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1847  (M.A.  1850),  and 
at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  of  which 
he  is  Treasurer  and  Consulting  Surgeon. 
As  a  young  surgeon  he  enjoyed  the  honour 
of  the  great  Sir  Benjamin  Brodie's  in- 
timacy. He  is  Fellow,  and  was  at  one 
time  President,  of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir. 
Soc,  has  been  Vice  -  President  of  the 
Pathological  Society,  and  was  at  one  time 
Senior  Vice  -  President  and  Professor  of 
Surgery  and  Pathology  at  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  (England),  where  he 
lectured  in  1872-74  on  the  "Surgical 
Treatment  of  Aneurism."  He  was  also 
at  one  time  Chief  Surgeon  to  the  Metro- 
politan Police  Force,  and  Surgeon  to  the 
Hospital  for  Sick  Children.  He  has  edited 
the  famous  "  System  of  Surgery,"  and  has 
contributed  important  articles  to  that 
work.  He  is  author  of  "  A  Treatise  on 
the  Surgical  Treatment  of  the  Diseases  of 
Infancy  and  Childhood,"  and  "  A  Treatise 
on  Surgery,  its  Principles  and  Practice"; 
and  with  Dr.  Bristowe  wrote  a  "Report 
on  Hospitals  "  in  the  sixth  Annual  Report 
of  Medical  Officers  to  the  Privy  Council. 
Lately  he   has  published  "Sir  Benjamin 


HOLYOAKE  —  HOME 


527 


Brodie  "  in  the  Masters  of  Medicine  Series, 
1898.  Address :  6  Sussex  Place,  Hyde 
Park,  W. 

HOLYOAKE,  George  Jacob,  born 
at  Birmingham,  April  13,  1817,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Mechanics'  Institution  in  that 
town.  He  was  appointed  Superintendent 
of  Assistants  of  the  first  Exhibition  of 
Arts  and  Manufactures  held  in  Birming- 
ham in  1839  ;  Teacher  of  Mathematics  to 
the  Mechanics'  Institution,  and  one  of  the 
Lecturers  to  explain  the  Social  System 
of  Robert  Owen,  1841.  In  1846  he  was 
awarded  the  five  prizes  offered  by  the 
Independent  Order  of  Oddfellows  for 
five  new  Degree  Lectures  upon  Know- 
ledge, Charity,  Justice,  Science,  and  Pro- 
gress. He  was  Acting  Secretary  to  the 
British  Legion  sent  out  to  Garibaldi ;  and 
Secretary  of  the  Hyde  Park  Demonstra- 
tion Committee  against  Lord  Palmerston's 
Conspiracy  Bill.  Mr.  Holyoake  is  the 
founder  of  "Secularism,"  a  system  which, 
according  to  him,  "bases  duty  on  con- 
siderations purely  human,  relies  on  material 
means  of  improvement,  justifying  its  be- 
liefs to  the  conscience,  irrespective  of 
Atheism,  Theism,  or  Revelation."  He  is 
the  author  of  numerous  works  on  work- 
ing-class education,  theological  criticism, 
politics,  and  co-operation;  "Uses  of 
Euclid";  "Reasoning  from  Facts";  "Public 
Speakingand  Debate" ;  "  Trial  of  Theism"  ; 
"History  of  Middlesborough  -  on  -  Tees  "  ; 
"  Letters  to  Lord  John  Russell  on  an 
Intelligence  Franchise";  "The  Political 
Situation " ;  a  letter  to  Joseph  Cowen, 
which  J.  S.  Mill  declared,  1865,  to  be 
"the  best  of  Mr.  Holyoake's  political 
writings";  "The  History  of  Co-operation 
in  Rochdale,"  which  caused  upwards  of 
250  co-operative  societies  to  be  founded 
in  two  years,  and  has  been  translated  into 
the  chief  European  and  Indian  languages  ; 
"  A  History  of  Co-operation  in  England," 
in  2  vols.;  and  "A  New  Defence  of  the 
Ballot,"  which  Mr.  Bright  described  as 
the  only  original  argument  for  it  he  had 
seen.  He  was  the  editor  of  thirty  volumes 
of  the  Reasoner.  Mr.  Holyoake  was  the 
last  person  imprisoned  in  England  for 
alleged  Atheism.  The  cause  was  an 
answer  given  in  debate  after  a  lecture 
upon  Home  Colonies  (1841).  Mr.  Justice 
Erskine  admitted  that  Mr.  Holyoake  did 
not  introduce  theology  into  the  address, 
and  merely  gave  an  honest  answer  to  a 
public  question,  but  sentenced  him  to  six 
months'  imprisonment  to  encourage  him  in 
candour.  Mr.  Holyoake  was  also  the  last 
person  against  whom  an  indictment  was 
issued  by  the  Court  of  Exchequer  for  pub- 
lishing unstamped  papers  in  support  of 
the  Society  for  Repealing  the  Taxes  upon 
Knowledge.      Mr.    Holyoake    having    in- 


curred upwards  of  £600,000  of  fines,  Mr. 
Gladstone  said  to  a  deputation  upon  the 
subject  that  "  he  recognised  that  Mr. 
Holyoake's  object  was  not  to  break  the 
law,  but  to  try  the  law."  The  Repeal 
of  the  Newspaper  Stamp  Act,  however, 
caused  the  prosecution  to  be  abandoned. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  causing 
the  Evidence  Amendment  Bill  to  be 
passed,  which  legalised  purely  secular 
affirmations.  He  suggested  and  furnished 
the  scheme  of  the  series  of  Blue-Books 
issued  by  Lord  Clarendon,  prepared  by  the 
Foreign  Office  on  the  "  Condition  of  the 
Industrial  Classes  in  Foreign  Countries." 
It  was  on  bis  suggestion,  made  when  Lord 
John  Manners  was  Commissioner  of  Works, 
that  the  limelight  was  placed  over  the 
Clock  Tower  at  Westminster,  to  denote 
at  night  when  Parliament  was  sitting.  A 
later  work  is  the  "  Life  of  Joseph  Rayner 
Stephens,  Preacher  and  Orator."  In  1882 
he  a  second  time  visited  Canada  and  the 
United  States  to  propose  to  the  Govern- 
ments of  both  countries  the  issue  of  a 
Settlers'  Guide  Book,  to  be  prepared  and 
published  on  their  authority,  Mr.  Glad- 
stone making  Mr.  Holyoake  two  grants 
from  the  Public  Service  Fund  in  aid  of 
this  object.  Mr.  Holyoake  edited  the  first 
three  volumes  of  the  Present  Day,  a  journal 
discussing  "Agitated  Questions  without 
Agitation."  His  recent  works  are:  "Among 
the  Americans,"  "A  Hundred  Days  Abroad 
in  New  Mexico  and  Canada,"  and  "  Hostile 
and  Generous  Toleration."  He  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Central  Board  since  its 
first  establishment  in  1869.  He  has  also 
published  "  Self-Help  One  Hundred  Years 
Ago,"  1890;  "The  Co-operative  Move- 
ment of  To-day,"  1891;  "  Sixty  Years  of 
an  Agitator's  Life,"  1892  ;  "Public  Speak- 
ing and  Debate,"  1S94  ;  "Origin  and 
Nature  of  Secularism,"  showing  that  where 
Free  Thought  commonly  ends  Secularism 
begins,  1896 ;  "Jubilee  History  of  the 
Leeds  Co-operative  Society,"  1897.  Ad- 
dress :  Eastern  Lodge,  Brighton.  Clubs  : 
National  Liberal  (Hon.  Member),  and  of 
the  Institute  of  Journalists,  of  the  Cobden 
Club,  and  the  Musee  Social,  Paris. 

HOME,  Earl  of,  Charles  Alexander 
Douglas-Home,  K.T.,  D.L.,  J. P.,  was 
born  at  the  Hirsel,  Coldstream,  on  April 
11,  1834,  and  is  the  son  of  the  11th  Earl, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1881,  and  Lucy, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  second  and  last 
Lord  Montague.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(M.A.).  He  was  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ber- 
wickshire from  1879  to  1890,  since  which 
year  he  has  been  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Lanarkshire.  He  is  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen, 
Major-General  of  the  Royal  Company  of 
Archers,  Colonel  of  Yeomanry,  and  Hon. 


528 


HOOK  —  HOOKER 


Colonel  of  Volunteers  (V.D.).  He  assumed 
the  name  of  Douglas  in  1877.  In  1899  he 
was  created  K.T.  in  place  of  the  late  Lord 
Napier  and  Ettrick.  He  married,  in  1870, 
Maria,  daughter  of  Captain  Charles  C. 
Grey,  R.N.  Addresses :  6  Grosvenor 
Square,  W.;  The  Hirsel,  Coldstream,  Ber- 
wickshire ;  and  Douglas  Castle,  Lanark- 
shire, &c. 

HOOK,  James  Clarke,  R.A.,  was  born 
in  London,  Nov.  21,  1819.     His  father,  Mr. 
James  Hook,  was  the  Judge  Arbitrator  in 
the    Mixed     Commission    Courts,    Sierra 
Leone,    and    his   mother  was   the  second 
daughter  of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke,  the  biblical 
commentator.      The     future     artist     was 
entered  as  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  183fi,  and  his  progress  from  the  outset 
was  marked   and  encouraging.     He  took 
the  first  Medals  in  the  life  and  painting 
schools  in   1852.     He  obtained  the  Gold 
Medal  for  historical  painting  in  1845,  the 
subject  being  "The  Finding  of  the  Body 
of   Harold."     Up  to  this  time   Mr.   Hook 
had  chiefly  confined   himself  to  subjects 
from  English  history,  and  occasional  por- 
traits.    In  1846  he  obtained  the  travelling 
pension  of  the  Royal  Academy  for  three 
years,  and  in  the  same  year  married  the 
third    daughter    of    Mr.    James    Burton, 
solicitor,  and  went  to  Italy.   After  eighteen 
months'  absence  he  gave  up  half  his  pen- 
sion, and  returned  to  England.     He  now 
began  painting  subjects  from  Italian  and 
French  history  and  poetry,  and  occasion- 
ally from  Scripture.     Of  this  class  may  be 
mentioned  the  following,  all  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  :  "  Pamphilus  relating 
his  Story,"  a  subject  from  Boccaccio,  1844  ; 
"The  Song  of  Olden  Time,"  1845;  "The 
Controversy  between  the  Lady  Jane  Grey 
and  Feckenham,"  184C  ;  "Bassanio  com- 
menting on  the  Caskets,"  a  scene  in  the 
"Merchant  of  Venice,"  1847  ;  "The  Em- 
peror Otho  IV.  and  the  Maid  Gualdrada, " 
1848  ;  "The  Chevalier  Bayard  wounded  at 
Brescia,"  also,  "  Othello's  First  Suspicion," 
and  "  Bianca  Capello,"  1849  ;  "  Escape  of 
Francesco   Novello   di    Carrara    and    the 
Lady  Taddea, "  and  "A  Dream  of  Venice," 
1850.     Mr.  Hook  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal   Academy  in    1850,  and   at- 
tained the  full  honours  of  the  Academy  in 
1860.     He  exhibited  "  The  Rescue  of  the 
Brides  of  Venice,"  and  "The  Defeat  of 
Shylock,"  1851;  "The  Story  of  Torello," 
from  Boccaccio, and  "Othello's Description 
of    Desdemona,"    1852;    "The    Chevalier 
Bayard  kuighting  the  Son  of  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon,"  and    "  Isabella  of  Castille  and 
the  Idle  Nuns,"  1853;  "Incidents  in  the 
Persecution  of  the  Protestants  in  Paris," 
1854;  and   "Gratitude  of  the   Mother  of 
Moses  for  the  Safety  of  her  Child,"  1855. 
About  this  period  Mr.  Hook  returned  to 


his  first  inclination,  and  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  pastoral  and   modern  subjects. 
Of  examples  in  his  later  style   we  may 
instance  the  following:  "The  Birthplace 
of  the  Streamlet,"  "The  Market  Morning," 
and  "The   Shepherd's   Boy,"  1855;  "The 
Fisherman's  Good-Night,"  1856  ;   "  A  Sig- 
nal on  the  Horizon,"  and  "  The  Ship-Boy's 
Letter,"  1857  ;  "A  Pastoral,"  with  a  quaint 
inscription  from  Spenser,  and  "  The  Coast- 
Boy  Gathering  Eggs,"  1858.     Of  late  years 
Mr.  Hook  has  devoted  himself  to  marine 
subjects,  "  Luff,  Boy  !  "  "A  Cornish  Gift," 
and  "  The  Skipper  Ashore,"  1859  ;  "Leav- 
ing  Cornwall   for    the   Whitby   Fishing," 
1861  ;  "The  Trawlers,"  18C2  ;  "Fish  from 
the   Doggerbank,"   1870;  "Salmon    Trap- 
pers, Norway,"  "  Norwegian  Haymakers," 
"Market  Girls   on   a   Fjord,"  1871;    "As 
Jolly  as  a  Sand-Boy,"   1872;  "Hearts  of 
Oak,"    and    "The    Samphire    Gatherer," 
1875;      "Crabbers,"      1876;      "A     Gull 
Catcher,"    "The    Coral    Fisher,    Amalli," 
1878 ;    "  Little    to    Earn    and    Many    to 
Keep,"      "Mushroom      Gatherers,"     and 
"  Tanning  Nets  :  Witches  and   Cauldrons 
from  the  Macbeth  Country,"  1879  ;  "King 
Baby  :  The  White  Sands  of  Iona,"  "  Home 
with  the  Tide,"  "  Sea-pools,"  and  "  Mussel- 
Gardens,"    1880;    "Diamond    Merchants, 
Cornwall,"      and      "Past  Work,"      1881; 
"Caller    Herrin',"   and    "Devon    Harvest 
Cart :    the   Last    Handful   Home,"    1882 ; 
"Catching  a  Mermaid,"   "Love  Lightens 
Toil,"  "The   Wily  Angler,"  "Carting   for 
'  Farmer  Pengelly,'  "  1883  ;  "  The  Broken 
Oar,"  1886  ;  "  The  Sea-weed  Raker,"  1889  ; 
"Last  Night's  Disaster,"  and  "A  Jib  for 
the  New  Smack,"  1890.     More  recently  he 
has  exhibited  "Good  Liquor,  Duty  Free," 
1893;  and  "Before  Sundown,"  "  Herring- 
packers,"  "Practising  without  Diploma," 
and  "  Seed-time,"  1894;  "  Finnan  Haddie," 
"  Hey,  Ho,  Seely  Sheepe  I  "  "  A  Harvest  in 
the   West   Country,"    1895;    "A   Dish   of 
Prawns,"    and     "  Breadwinners     of     the 
North,"   1896;  "From  the    Shore  to   the 
Field,"  Portrait  of  Allan  J.   Hook,  Esq. ; 
"Low  Water  at  the  Tidal  Crossing,"  "A 
Dutchman's   Home,"    1897  ;    "A   Turn   in 
the      Lane  :      Blackberries "  ;      "  Idlers," 
"Trouble   with   the   old    Muzzle-loader," 
and  a  landscape,  1898;  "Waders,"  "Grist 
to    the   Mill,"    "  Water-Cresses  I "   and    a 
portrait  of  Bryan  Hook,  Esq.,  1899.     Ad- 
dress: Silverbeck,  Churt,  Farnham,  Surrey. 

HOOKER,    Sir    Joseph    Dalton, 

G.C.S.I.,  C.B.,  P.P.R.S.,  M.D.,  F.L.S., 
F.G.S.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  LL.D.  Cantab.,  Dubl., 
Edin.,  and  Glas.,  is  the  second  and  only 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Sir  William 
Jackson  Hooker,  Regius  Professor  of 
Botany  in  Glasgow  University,  and  sub- 
sequently Director  of  the  Royal  Gardens, 
Kew,    by   Maria,    eldest   daughter  of  Mr. 


HOOKEK 


529 


Dawson  Turner,  F.R.S.,  banker,  of  Great 
Yarmouth,    Norfolk.      He    was    born    at 
Halesworth,  Suffolk,  June   30,    1817,  and 
was   educated   at   the   High   School    and 
University   of    Glasgow,    where  he    took 
the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1839.     At  the  age 
of  twenty-one  he  accompanied,  officially 
as    assistant-surgeon,    but    in   reality    as 
naturalist,  the  famous   expedition   of  Sir 
James  Clark  Ross,  fitted  out  by  the  Gov- 
ernment for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
the   phenomena  of   terrestrial  magnetism 
in  the  South  Circumpolar  Seas.     The  result 
of  his  researches  during  this  voyage  was 
a  series  of  superb  volumes  on  the  botany 
of   the   Southern   regions,  embracing  the 
flora   of    the   Antarctic    Islands,    Fuegia, 
New  Zealand,  and  Tasmania.     By  a  com- 
parison of  the  plants  of  these  regions  with 
those   of    other   parts   of   the    world,    he 
succeeded  in  advancing  our  knowledge  of 
the  laws  which  govern  the  distribution  of 
plants  over  the  surface  of  the  earth.     He 
returned  to  this  country  after  an  absence 
of  four  years.     In  1846  he  accepted  the 
appointment  of  botanist  to  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Great  Britain  under  Sir  H.  de  la 
BSche,  and  he  contributed  a  valuable  paper 
to  the  second  volume  of  the  "Records  "  of 
that  institution  on  the  vegetation  of  the 
Carboniferous  period    as   compared   with 
that  of  the  present  day ;  and  another  on 
the  structure  of  coal-fossils.     In  1847  Dr. 
Hooker  undertook  a  journey  to  India  for 
the  purpose  of  investigating  the  plants  of 
tropical    countries,    and    the    flora    of    a 
hitherto  unexplored  region  of  the  Hima- 
layas.    In   the   course   of    his   travels   in 
these   remote   districts  he  was  for   some 
time  kept  prisoner  by  the  Rajah  of  Sikkim. 
He  returned  in  1851,  and  published  two 
very  interesting  volumes  of   "  Himalayan 
Journals,"    and    a    number    of    scientific 
works  on  the  botany  of  India.     In   1850, 
while  in  India,  he  published  some  beauti- 
ful sketches  of  rhododendrons  from   the 
Sikkim  Himalaya,  several  of  which  have 
since     been     introduced     into     England. 
These   expeditions,  though   partly  at   his 
own  expense,  were  conducted  under  the 
authority  of  Government,  which  supplied 
some  of  the  funds.     He  was  appointed  in 
1855  Assistant-Director  of  Kew  Gardens  ; 
and,  on  his   father's  death  in  1865,  suc- 
ceeded   to    the    Directorship,    which    he 
resigned   in   1885.      He    was    some    time 
Examiner  in  Natural  Science  of  candidates 
for    medical   appointments   in   the   Royal 
Army  and  in  the  late  East   India   Com- 
pany's Service,  and  Examiner  in  Botany 
to  the  London  University  and  Apothecaries 
Company.      In  the   autumn   of    1860    he 
accompanied  the  late  Admiral  Washington 
on  a  tour  in  Syria,  during  which  he  paid 
special    attention    to    the    oaks    of    that 
country.     Dr.   Hooker  presided   over  the 


meeting  of  the  British  Association  held  at 
Norwich  in  1868.     The  main  subject  of  his 
address,  which  gave  rise  to  much   con- 
troversy,   was  the  consideration    of    the 
views  put  forward  from  time  to  time  by 
Mr.  Darwin  on  the  doctrine  of  the  con- 
tinuous evolution  of  life,  and  in  connection 
with   this,   on   what   is   termed    "natural 
selection,"  together  with  his  theory  of  the 
"  origin  of  species."     To  Darwin's  notions, 
expressed    in    their    fullest    extent,    Dr. 
Hooker  gave  his  entire  adhesion.     He  was 
appointed  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  (Civil 
Division)   in    1869.      In    April    1871    Dr. 
Hooker  left  England  for  Morocco,  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  John  Ball,  F.R.S.,  and  Mr. 
G.  Maw,  F.L.S.,  his  purpose  being  to  col- 
lect   the    plants    of    that    comparatively 
unexplored  country.     On  the  16th  of  May 
he  and  his  companions  made  the  ascent  of 
the   Great   Atlas,    the   heights   of    which 
mountain  had  never  before  been  trodden 
by  any  European  ;  and  at  the  close  of  June 
returned  to  Kew,  bringing  a  large  collec- 
tion of  plants.     In  1873  Dr.  Hooker  was 
elected   President  of  the  Royal   Society, 
but  resigned  in  1878,  when  the  late  Mr. 
W.  Spottiswoode  was  chosen  as  his  suc- 
cessor.    In    1877   he  was  created  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Star  of  India,  for  his 
services  to  the  Government  of  India,  and 
in  1897,  on  the  completion  of  "The  Flora 
of  British  India,"  was  raised  to  G.C.S.I. 
In  1877  he  paid  a  visit  of  three  months' 
duration  to  the  United   States,  where  he 
was  most  cordially  received  by  the  leading 
scientific  men.    On  his  return  he  presented 
to   Kew  a  large  collection  of   seeds  and 
museum  specimens,   and  a  herbarium  of 
about  a  thousand  species,  together  with 
notes   on   the   distribution   of   the   North 
American    trees   in   particular.      He   was 
awarded   by   the   Royal   Society  a   Royal 
medal  in  1854,  the  Copley  in  1887,  and  the 
Darwin  in   1892.     In   1884  the  Founders' 
medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
was   awarded   to   him   "for    his   eminent 
services  in  scientific  geography  "  ;  and  in 
1883  the  Society  of  Arts  presented  to  him 
their  Albert  medal  for  the  services  he  has 
rendered  to  the  arts,  manufactures,  and 
commerce     by     promoting     an     accurate 
knowledge   of    the   floras    and    economic 
vegetable  products  of  the  several  colonies 
and  dependencies  of  the  Empire.     In  1888 
he   received    the   medal   of   the   Linnean 
Society,  and  in  1898  that  of  the  Manchester 
Philosophical    Society.      Sir   Joseph   is   a 
member  of  various  learned  societies,  and  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Institute  of 
France.     His  works  are  :  "  Botany  of  the 
Antarctic  Voyage,"  6  vols.,  4to,  1847-60  ; 
"  Handbook  of  the  New  Zealand  Flora." 
1867;    "Rhododendrons   of    the    Sikkim- 
Himalaya,"    1849-51;    "Himalayan   Jour- 
nals,"    2     vols.,     8vo,      1854;     "Genera 

2l 


530 


HOPE  — HOPKINS 


Plautarnm,"  1862,  etseq.;  "The  Student's 
Flora  of  the  British  Islands,"  1870  ;  "The 
Flora  of  British  India,"  1872-97  ;  "  Journal 
of  a  Tour  in  Morocco  and  the  Great  Atlas," 
1878.  Addresses :  The  Camp,  near  Sun- 
ningdale  ;  and  Athenaeum. 


HOPE,     Anthony. 

Anthony  Hope. 


See    Hawkins, 


HOPE,    Sir    Theodore     Cracraft, 

K.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  was  born  in  1831,  and 
is  the  only  son  of  the  late  James  Hope, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby 
and  at  the  East  India  Company's  College 
at  Haileybury,  and  entered  the  Bombay 
Civil  Service  in  1853.  He  was  an  Educa- 
tional Inspector  in  India,  1855-60  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Governor-General's  Legislative 
Council,  1875-80  ;  provisional  member  of 
Council,  Bombay,  in  1880;  Secretary  to 
the  Government  of  India  for  Finance  and 
Commerce,  1881-82  ;  Finance  Minister 
(officiating),  in  1882  ;  Public  Works  Mem- 
ber of  the  Governor-General's  Councils, 
1882-87.  He  has  retired  from  the  Civil 
Service,  and  was  created  a  K.C.S.I.  in 
1886.  In  1893  he  published  "  Church  and 
State  in  India."  He  married  in  1866 
Josephine,  only  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Williamson  Fritton,  of  Braidujle  House, 
co.  Down.  Addresses  :  21  Elvaston  Place, 
S.W.  ;  Bel  Ritiro,  San  Remo  ;  and  Athe- 
naeum. 

HOPETOUN,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.     John     Adrian    Louis    Hope, 

G.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  Lord  Chamberlain,  was 
born  at  Hopetoun  House,  N.B.,  Sept.  25, 
1860,  and  is  the  son  of  the  6th  Earl  and 
Etheldred  Anne,  daughter  of  C.  T.  S. 
Birch-Reynardson,  Esq.,  and  was  educated 
at  Eton  College.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  1873.  He  passed  at  Sandhurst  in  1879, 
but  did  not  enter  the  army.  He  was 
appointed  Lieutenant,  Lanarkshire  Yeo- 
manry, 1880  ;  is  a  Deputy-Lieut,  for 
Linlithgow,  Lanark,  and  Dumfries  ;  and 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Linlithgow.  Earl 
Hopetoun  was  Junior  Whip  in  the  House 
of  Lords  from  1883  to  1886  ;  was  Lord- 
in-Waiting  to  the  Queen  from  1885  to  1889  ; 
and  wa9  Lord  High  Commissioner  to  the 
Church  of  Scotland  1887-88-89.  He  is 
the  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Forth  Submarine 
Mining  Volunteer  Corps  ;  and  was  made 
Governor  of  the  Colony  of  Victoria  in 
1889  in  succession  to  Sir  Henry  Loch,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  made  G.C.M.G.  He 
resigned  this  position  in  1895,  since  which 
year  he  has  been  President  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects.  In  December 
1898  he  was  appointed  Lord  Chamberlain 
in  the  room  of  the  late  Earl  of  Lathom. 
He  married  in  1886  the  Hon.  Hersey  Alice 
Eveleigh-de-Moleyns,  daughter  of  the  4th 


Baron  Ventry.    Address  :  Hopetoun  House, 
South  Queensferry,  Linlithgowshire. 

HOPKINS,  Edward  J.,  Mus.  Doc, 
Organist  at  the  Temple  Church,  born  in 
Westminster,  June  30,  1818,  was  admitted, 
at  the  age  of  eight,  as  a  chorister  in  the 
Chapel  Royal, St.  James's, where  heremained 
till  his  voice  broke  in  1833.  He  then 
became  a  pupil  of  Thomas  Forbes  Walmis- 
ley,  organist  of  the  Church  of  St.  Martin- 
in  -  the  -  Fields.  About  a  twelvemonth 
afterwards,  Sept.  17,  1834,  Mr.  Hopkins 
played  for  and  obtained  his  first  appoint- 
ment, that  of  organist  to  Mitcham  Church, 
Surrey,  at  the  early  age  of  sixteen.  This 
post  he  exchanged  for  that  of  organist 
to  St.  Peter's,  Islington,  in  1838.  The 
same  year  he  obtained  the  Gresham  gold 
medal  for  his  anthem,  "  Out  of  the  Deep  "; 
and  in  the  year  1840  he  obtained  a  similar 
prize  for  his  anthem,  "  God  is  gone  up," 
the  umpires  being  Dr.  Crotch,  Mr.  W. 
Horsley,  and  Sir  John  Goss.  In  1841  he 
accepted  the  position  of  organist  to  St. 
Luke's  Church,  Berwick  Street,  where  he 
remained  until  1843.  During  that  time 
he  executed  a  task  calling  for  much  dili- 
gence and  patience,  viz.,  that  of  "  scoring  " 
two  sets  of  old  madrigals  from  the  separate 
and  unbarred  part-books  for  the  Musical 
Antiquarian  Society — Thomas  Weelkes's 
first  set  of  madrigals,  1597 ;  and  John 
Bennet's  first  set  of  madrigals,  1599  ;  the 
former  of  which  was  published  in  the 
early  part  of  1843,  and  the  other  a  few 
years  later.  About  that  time  he  began 
to  publish  a  series  of  arrangements  for 
the  organ,  the  first  three  numbers  of  which 
were  devised  for  the  GG  orgaD,  to  the  use 
of  which  he  had  been  trained  ;  but  the 
remainder  of  the  series  were  laid  out  for 
the  CC  organ,  to  which,  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Gauntlett  and  Henry  Smart,  Mr. 
Hopkins  became  an  early  adherent.  On 
May  7,  1843,  Mr.  Hopkins"  played  his  first 
probationary  service  at  the  Temple  Church, 
and  in  the  following  October  he  was  for- 
mally appointed  "  Organist  to  the  Hon- 
ourable Society  of  the  Temple,"  by  the 
Benchers.  He  retained  his  position  until 
1898.  In  1849  the  octave  and  a  half  of 
F  pedals  were  removed  from  the  Temple 
organ,  and  a  proper  set,  of  the  range  of 
two  octaves  and  a  half  (from  CCC  to  F), 
were  laid  down  in  their  stead.  For  the 
opening  of  the  organ  with  this  important 
improvement,  the  service  known  as  "  Hop- 
kins in  F "  was  written,  and  was  soon 
followed  by  the  second  service  in  A  major. 
Previous  to  this,  however,  he  had  resumed 
publication  of  the  series  of  organ  arrange- 
ments for  the  CC  organ,  introducing  the 
Continental  oblong  form  for  the  printing; 
and  he  had  also  issued  his  "Four  Pre- 
ludial  Pieces."      In   September  1850  Mr. 


HOPKINS  —  HOPPS 


531 


Hopkins  delivered  a  course  of  four  lectures 
at  the  Collegiate  Institution,  Liverpool,  on 
"  The  Construction  and  Capabilities  of  the 
Organ,  illustrated  with  Diagrams,  &c," 
which,  on  receiving  the  request  that  they 
should  be  printed,  were  developed  into 
the  book  since  entitled  "The  Organ  :  its 
History  and  Construction,"  by  Dr.  Rim- 
bault  and  E.  J.  Hopkins.  In  1880  Dr. 
Hopkins's  history  of  the  organ  appeared 
in  Sir  George  Grove's  ' '  Dictionary  of 
Music,"  and  in  1883,  at  the  request  of  the 
Treasurers  of  the  two  hon.  societies,  Dr. 
Hopkins  undertook  the  rather  heavy  task 
of  preparing  a  new  book  of  the  words  of 
the  anthems,  and  a  pointed  psalter  with 
chants,  for  the  express  use  of  the  Temple 
Church.  Dr.  Hopkins  has  composed  a 
number  of  anthems,  services,  and  volun- 
taries, and  has  received  many  honourable 
distinctions  in  recognition  of  his  services 
to  music. 

HOPKINS,  Admiral  Sir  John 
Omanney,  K.C.B.,  late  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  son  of  the  Rev. 
W.  T.  Hopkins,  Rector  and  Rural  Dean  of 
Nuffield,  Oxford,  was  born  in  1834,  and 
educated  at  Marlborough  College.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  1848,  and  was  pro- 
moted Lieutenant  in  1854.  During  the 
Russian  war  he  served  in  H.M.S.  Sans- 
pared,  H.M.S.  Britannia,  and  H.M.S.  Lon- 
don, and  was  present  at  the  attack  on  the 
sea  defences  of  Sebastopol  and  in  various 
other  operations,  for  which  he  received 
the  Crimean  and  Turkish  medals.  He  was 
promoted  Commander  in  1862  and  Captain 
in  1867,  and  was  appointed  Private  Secre- 
tary to  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  in 
1881,  in  which  year  he  was  also  appointed 
Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen.  In  1883  he 
was  selected  to  fill  the  office  of  Captain 
Superintendent  of  Sheerness  Dockyard. 
This  appointment  he  relinquished  in  1885 
in  order  to  take  over  the  duties  of  the  Di- 
rectorship of  Naval  Ordnance.  Sir  John 
attained  Flag  rank  in  1885,  and  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Inter-Departmental  Com- 
mittee, which  was  ordered  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  inquire  into  the  supply  of  naval 
armaments.  He  was  Admiral  Superin- 
tendent of  Portsmouth  Dockyard  between 
1886  and  1888,  when  he  became  a  Lord 
Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty.  In  1892 
he  went  to  the  North  American  and  West 
Indian  Station  as  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  English  Fleet  in  those  waters.  While 
he  held  that  command  a  revolution  took 
place  at  Nicaragua,  and  Admiral  Hopkins 
received  the  thanks  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Bluefields  for  despatching  a  ship  to  their 
assistance,  and  by  his  prompt  action  ren- 
dered a  most  valuable  service  in  protecting 
them  from  the  outrages  of  brutal  and 
undisciplined  soldiers.     He  became  Com- 


mander-in-Chief in  the  Mediterranean  in 
1896,  and  was  retired  from  the  service  in  July 
1899.  Sir  John  was  created  a  K.C.B.  in 
1892.  He  married  (1)  in  1875  a  daughter  of 
Metcalfe  Larken  ;  and  (2),  in  1882  Minna, 
daughter  of  Admiral  Sir  Sydney  Dacres, 
G.C.B.     Address  :  United  Service  Club. 

HOPPER,  Eleanor  Mora,  was  born 
Jan.  2,  1871,  in  Exeter,  and  was  the 
daughter  of  the  late  Harman  Baillie 
Hopper,  Captain  31st  Bengal  Native  In- 
fantry, by  his  second  wife,  Caroline 
Augusta  Hopper  {ne'e  Francis).  She  was 
educated  at  the  school  of  Mr.  A.  S.  B. 
Scott,  of  Emperor's  Gate,  Kensington. 
Miss  Hopper  is  a  student  of  folk-lore  and 
superstition.  She  is  the  author  of  the 
serial,  "  A  Northern  Juliet,"  now  running 
in  Atalanta,  of  "  Ballads  in  Prose,"  1894 ; 
"Under  Quicken  Boughs,"  1896  ;  and  is  a 
contributor  to  Longmans',  Atalanta,  Souse- 
hold  Words,  Marmillan's,  Yellow  Book,  Eng- 
lish Illustrated,  Sketch,  Black  and  White, 
All  the  Year  Round,  Morning  Post,  Album, 
Illustrated  London  News,  Ludgatc  Monthly, 
Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Sylvia,  Girls'  Own  Paper, 
Woman,  National  Observer,  New  Review, 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  the  Evergreen,  the 
Lyceum.  She  began  to  write  first  for 
publication  in  1887,  and  her  earliest  con- 
tribution was  a  poem  which  appeared  in 
the  Family  Herald  on  Sept.  5,  1887.  Her 
poems  on  Irish  subjects  are  specially 
admired.  Address  :  36  Royal  Crescent, 
W. 

HOPPS,  John  Page,  was  born  in 
London,  Nov.  6,  1834,  and  was  educated 
in  London  and  at  the  Baptist  College, 
Leicester.  He  entered  the  Baptist  minis- 
try at  Hugglescote  and  Ibstock,  Leicester- 
shire, in  1855,  and  became  assistant  to 
George  Dawson  at  the  Church  of  the 
Saviour,  Birmingham,  in  1858.  In  1860 
he  accepted  an  invitation  from  a  Unitarian 
church  at  Sheffield;  and  afterwards  was 
Unitarian  minister  at  Dukinfield  and  Glas- 
gow. At  Glasgow  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  first  School  Board,  being  the  only  re- 
presentative thereof  the  principleof  secular 
education  only  in  public  schools.  In  1876 
he  became  minister  of  the  Great  Meeting, 
Leicester.  For  thirty  years,  in  addition 
to  the  ordinary  gatherings  of  his  con- 
gregation, he  has  held  meetings  of 
working  people  on  Sunday  afternoons  in 
public  halls,  at  Birmingham,  Sheffield, 
Manchester,  Glasgow,  and  Leicester, 
for  worship  and  "the  uplifting  of  the 
life."  During  part  of  this  time  in 
Leicester,  for  several  winters,  he  closed 
his  chapel  on  Sunday  evenings,  and 
gathered  together  immense  audiences  of 
working  people  in  the  Floral  Hall.  He 
was  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Truthseeker 


532 


HOPWOOD  —  HORE 


for  twenty-five  years,  from  1863  to  1887, 
and  is  the  author  of  a  great  number  of 
works  on  theological  and  religious  sub- 
jects, including  a  "  Revised  Old  Testa- 
ment "  for  young  people,  a  "Life  of  Jesus" 
for  the  young,  and  several  volumes  of  non- 
controversial  sermons,  also  of  various 
hymns  and  poems.  He  is  the  writer  of 
the  most  widely  circulated  statement  of 
the  Unitarian  Faith,  of  which  four  hundred 
thousand  copies  have  been  issued.  The 
following  are  some  of  the  titles  of  Mr. 
Hopps's  sermons  : — "  Fear  of  Evil  Mastered 
by  Faith  in  God,"  "Self-possession  through 
Endurance,"  "The  Goodness  of  God  in 
a  World  of  Struggle,"  "Love  for  God  a 
Power  working  with  us  for  Good."  Mr. 
Hopps  has  always  been  a  social  reformer, 
an  advocate  of  co-operation,  and  a  politi- 
cian. In  1885  he  contested  South  Pad- 
dington  against  Lord  Randolph  Churchill, 
and  in  1889  was  invited  to  be  the  Liberal 
candidate  for  St.  George's-in-the-East. 
He  has  written  a  series  of  papers  on  the 
Irish  question,  which  have  had  a  combined 
circulation  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  million. 
He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  the  Daily  News,  the 
Daily  Chronicle,  the  Star,  and  the  Echo. 
He  is  the  editor  of  the  Coming  Day, 
the  first  number  of  which  was  published 
Jan.  1,  1891.  In  1892  he  founded  "  Our 
Father's  Church,"  a  purely  spiritual  com- 
munity, whose  members,  in  various  parts 
of  the  world,  unite  on  the  basis  of  "The 
Fatherhood  of  God  (who  is  the  inmost 
uplifting  Life  of  all  things),  and  the 
brotherhood  of  man  for  sympathy  and 
service."  The  members  of  the  Church 
have  no  officials  and  no  rules,  and  never 
meet.  "The  Ideal,"  the  accepted  testi- 
mony of  the  Church,  simply  sets  forth  the 
leading  principles  of  an  ideal  life  in 
society.  It  has  been  translated  into 
Welsh,  French,  German,  Italian,  Hun- 
garian, and  Japanese,  and  published  all 
over  the  world  in  English.  In  1892  he 
accepted  the  pastorate  of  "The  Free 
Christian  Church,"  Croydon.  Address  : 
Oak  Tree  House,  South  Norwood  Hill, 
S.E. 

HOPWOOD,  Charles  Henry,  Q.C., 
appointed  Recorder  of  Liverpool  in  1886, 
fifth  son  of  J.  S.  S.  Hopwood.  of  Chancery 
Lane,  solicitor,  was  born  July  20,  1829,  and 
educated  at  a  private  school,  and  after- 
wards at  King's  College  School  andat  King's 
College,  London.  He  became  Barrister  of 
the  Middle  Temple  in  1853,  practised  on 
the  Northern  Circuit  and  in  London,  and 
was  made  Queen's  Counsel  in  1874.  He 
was  elected  M.P.  for  Stockport,  1874,  and 
was  returned  again  in  1880,  but  rejected 
in  1885.  In  1892  he  was  elected  for  the 
Middleton  Division  of  Lancashire,  and  sat 


till  1895.  He  was  elected  Bencher  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  1876,  and  Reader,  1885  ; 
was  appointed  Recorder  of  Liverpool, 
F'ebruary  1886 ;  attained  considerable 
practice,  and  was  joint  author  of  "Elec- 
tion Cases,"  Hopwood  and  Philbrick,  and 
Hopwood  and  Coltman.  He  advocated 
the  cause  of  Trades  Unions,  defending  at 
the  Bar  their  members  against  prosecu- 
tion, and  insisting  upon  protection  of 
their  funds  against  the  prejudice  of  the 
time.  In  the  House  of  Commons  he 
assisted  in  amending  the  laws  as  to 
employers  and  workmen,  and  pressed 
forward  reforms  in  the  summary  juris- 
diction of  justices  to  reduce  the  fre- 
quency and  length  of  imprisonments.  He 
advocated  the  creation  of  a  Court  of 
Appeal  in  indictable  cases.  He  worked 
for  the  repeal  of  the  Contagious  Diseases 
Acts  as  to  Women,  as  well  as  of  the 
Vaccination  laws.  Always  advanced  in 
political  opinions,  he  supported  every 
extension  of  the  suffrage.  He  is  earnest 
for  a  merciful  administration  of  the 
criminal  law,  which  he  believes  to  be 
harsh  and  inconsiderate,  producing  con- 
viction of  the  innocent,  and  despair,  not 
reform,  of  the  guilty.  To  carry  out  these 
views  he  has  founded  the  Romilly  Society, 
named  after  Sir  Samuel  Romilly,  one  of 
the  first  advocates  of  mercy  towards 
offenders.  Address  :  Northwich  Lodge, 
2  St  John's  Wood  Road,  N.W. 

HOKE,  Annie  Boyle,  wife  of  the 
following,  Edward  Coode  Hore,  was  born 
in  Bloomsbury,  London,  April  8,  1853. 
She  was  educated  at  Queen's  College,  and 
gained  the  Monteagle  Scholarship  in  1867. 
In  1882  Mrs.  Hore  commenced  her  travels 
in  Central  Africa.  On  her  first  journey  she 
started  from  Saadani  and  reached  Mambria, 
200  miles  inland,  trying  the  experiment  of 
wheels.  In  1884  Mrs.  Hore  started  from 
Quillimane  to  try  to  reach  Tanganyika  by 
the  Nyassa  route,  but  after  a  five  days' 
journey  up  the  Kwa-kwa  river  in  a  little 
open  boat,  she  was  obliged  to  turn  hack 
from  Marandeni  on  account  of  war  between 
the  Portuguese  and  the  natives.  A  month 
later  Mrs.  Hore  joined  her  husband  at 
Delagoa  Bay,  and  together  they  took  the 
old  ]Oad  to  Ujiji,  via,  Saadani,  Mpwapwa, 
Ugogo,  and  Unyamwezi.  Mrs.  Hore  was 
the  first  white  woman  to  reach  the  shores 
of  Lake  Tanganyika,  and  she  spent  nearly 
four  years  on  Kavala  Island  teaching  the 
children  the  first  rudiments  of  Christianity 
and  civilisation.  Mrs.  Hore  is  the  authoress 
of  "  To  Lake  Tanganyika  in  a  Bath  Chair." 
Mrs.  Hore  accompanied  her  husband  to 
Polynesia  (1894). 

HORE,  Edward  Coode,  F.R.G.S.,  was 
born  in  Islington  on  July  23,  1848.     His 


HORN  BY  —  HORSLEY 


533 


parents  were  of  two  old  Cornish  families. 
He  was  educated  chiefly  in  a  private  school 
at  Cambridge,  and  was  apprenticed,  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  to  the  owner  of  a  London 
ship,  and  visited  nearly  every  part  of  the 
world,  serving  on  more  than  twenty  dif- 
ferent  vessels,    from   the   small    coasting 
schooner  to  the  first-class  mail   steamer, 
and    passed    through   all    the    grades   of 
apprentice,  able  seaman,  boatswain,  third, 
second,  and  chief  officer,  and  master.     In 
March  1877  Captain  Hore  was  appointed 
to  the  London  Missionary  Society's  pioneer 
expedition  in  Central  Africa.     He  lived  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Tanganyika  for  about 
ten  years,  first  at  Ujiji,  then  at  Niumkorlo 
(south  end),  and  subsequently  on  Kavala 
Island.     He  surveyed  the  1000  mile  coast- 
line of   Lake  Tanganyika  in   a   little   log 
canoe,  and  discovered  the  Lukuga  to  be 
the  true  outlet  of  the  lake.     In  1884  Cap- 
tain Hore  returned  to  England  to  report 
upon  his  work.     In  1882  he  took  the  sec- 
tions of   a  steel  lifeboat,  on  trucks,  from 
Saadani  to  Ujiji,  a  distance  of  836  miles, 
in  less  than  100  days.     In  1888  he  finished 
the    building    of    the    steam    yacht    the 
Good    News    on    Lake   Tanganyika.     Cap- 
tain  Hore   received   a  gold    chronometer 
from  the  Government  of  the  French  Re- 
public for  attention  and  assistance  to  the 
late  Abbe  Debaize  ;  and  in  1890  received 
the  Cuthbert  Peek  grant  from  the  Koyal 
Geographical   Society.      Captain   Hore   is 
the  author  of  "  Tanganyika  ;  eleven  years 
in  Central  Africa"  ;  as  well  as  of  contri- 
butions to  various  journals  descriptive  and 
defensive  of  the  condition  and  rights  of 
the  natives  of   Central  Africa,  for  whom 
he  has  deep  sympathy.     In  pursuit  of  the 
same  subject  he  also  during  three  years 
delivered  many  lectures  throughout  Eng- 
land, and  in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and 
the  U.S.A. ;   and    exhibited   in   London  a 
display  of  models  (made  by  himself)  illus- 
trative  of    Central   African   life.       These 
lectures  were   known  as   the   "Brightest 
Africa  "  lectures.     Early  in  1894  Captain 
Hore  accepted  a  call  to  further  work  in 
the  Mission  field,  and  has  been  appointed 
chief  officer   of   the   fine   new  steamship 
John  Williams  for  the  London  Missionary 
Society's  work  in  Polynesia. 

HORNBY,  The  Rev.  James  John, 

Provost  of  Eton  College,  D.D.,  D.C.L., 
third  son  of  the  late  Admiral  Sir  Phipps 
Hornby,  G.C.B.,  of  Little  Green,  Sussex, 
and  of  Maria,  daughter  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Sir  John  Burgoyne,  was  born  at  Winwick, 
Dec.  18,  1826,  and  educated  at  Eton  under 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Hawtrey,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where,  in  1849,  he  took  a 
first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  He  rowed  twice  in 
the  Oxford  University  Eight,  viz.,  in  1849 
and  1851,  and  was  known  at  College  and 


at  Eton  as  a  cricketer.  He  is  now  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Alpine  Club.  In  1849  he  became 
a  Fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  and  in  1854 
Tutor  and  Principal  of  Bishop  Cosin's  Hall 
in  the  University  of  Durham.  Returning 
to  Oxford  in  1864  be  became  Classical 
Lecturer  at  Brasenose  ;  and  in  1866  was 
Senior  Proctor  of  the  University.  At  the 
close  of  the  latter  year  he  was  elected 
Second  Master  of  Winchester  School,  which 
post  he  retained  till  his  appointment  as 
Head-Master  of  Eton  in  January  1868. 
Dr.  Hornby  was  appointed  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  honorary  chaplains  in  February 
1882,  and  made  D.C.L.  of  Durham  Univer- 
sity the  same  year.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  Provostship  of  Eton,  July  1884,  and  is 
Chairman  of  the  Governing  Body  of  Eton. 
He  married  in  1869  Augusta  Eliza,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Evans,  of  Stoke  Poges  (died 
1891).  Addresses:  The  Lodge,  Eton  Col- 
lege ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HORSLEY,  John  Callcott,  R.A,  son 
of  the  late  William  Horsley,  the  well-known 
musician,  and  grand-nephew  of  the  late 
Sir  Augustus  Callcott,  the  eminent  painter, 
was  born  in  London,  Jan.  29,  1817.  His 
first  exhibited  picture,  painted  while  he 
was  a  youth — "Rent-Day  at  Haddon  Hall 
in  the  Sixteenth  Century" — was  spoken  of 
in  high  terms  by  Wilkie.  "  The  Chess- 
players," "The  Rival  Musicians,"  "Waiting 
for  an  Answer,"  were  first  seen  in  the 
British  Institution  ;  and  he  exhibited,  for 
the  first  time  at  the  Academy,  the  "Pride 
of  the  Village"  (now  in  the  Vernon  Gal- 
lery). This  was  followed  by  "The  Contrast : 
Youth  and  Age,"  in  1840;  "Leaving  the 
Ball,"  another  "Contrast,"  gay  pleasure 
seekers  on  the  one  hand,  the  homeless 
outcast  on  the  other;  and  "The  Pedlar," 
both  in  1841  ;  "Winning  Gloves,"  in  1842  ; 
and  "The  Father's  Grave,"  in  1843.  In 
the  latter  year  Mr.  Horsley's  cartoon  of 
"St.  Augustine  Preaching,"  gained  at 
Westminster  Hall  one  of  the  three  prizes 
in  the  second  rank  of  £200  ;  and  in  the 
trial  of  skill  of  1844  he  obtained,  by  his 
two  small  frescoes,  a  place  among  the  six 
painters  commissioned  to  execute  further 
samples  for  the  Palace  at  Westminster. 
That  of  1845,  for  "  Religion,"  was  approved, 
and  the  subject  executed  at  large  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  1847  his  colossal  oil 
painting,  "Henry  V.,  believing  the  King 
dead,  assumes  the  Crown,"  secured  a  pre- 
mium of  the  third  class.  Another  fresco 
which  he  was  employed  to  execute, 
"  Satan  Surprised  at  the  Ear  of  Eve,"  is 
to  be  seen  in  a  portion  of  the  New  Palace, 
called  Poets'  Hall.  Amongst  his  later 
works  are  :  "  Malvolio  i'  the  Sun  practising 
behaviour  to  his  own  Shadow,"  "Hospi- 
tality," "The  Madrigal — 'Keep  your 
Time,'"    "The    Pet    of    the    Common," 


534 


HORSLET 


"  L' Allegro  and  II  Penseroso  "  (painted 
for  the  late  Prince  Consort) ;  "  Lady  Jane 
Grey  and  Roger  Ascham,"  "  A  Scene  from 
Don  Quixote,"  "  Flower  Girls — Town  and 
Country,"  "The  Holy  Communion,"  "The 
Lost  Found,"  "A  Jealous  Eye,"  "The 
Duenna's  Return, "  "  The  New  Dress,"  and 
"Under  the  Mistletoe,"  "The  Bashful 
Swain,"  "The  Duenna  and  Her  Cares," 
"Attack  and  Defence,"  "Detected,"  "The 
Gaoler's  Daughter,"  "Caught  Napping," 
"  The  Banker's  Private  Boom — Negotiating 
a  Loan,"  "Old  Folk  and  Young  Folk," 
"Pay  for  Peeping,"  "In  with  You,"  "  Stolen 
Glances,"  "The  other  Name?"  "The  Poet's 
Theme,"  "  Sunny  Moments,"  and  a  large 
religious  subject  with  figures  of  a  colossal 
size,  entitled  "  The  Healing  Mercies  of 
Christ,"  painted  as  an  altar-piece  for  the 
chapel  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  portrait 
of  Thomas  Woolcombe,  Esq.,  painted  for 
the  South  Devon  Bailway  Company ; 
"Under  Lock  and  Key,"  "Coming  Down 
to  Dinner,"  "The  World  Forgetting," 
"Critics  on  Costume — Fashions  Change," 
"  Le  Jour  des  Morts,"  "  Life  in  the  Chateau 
Gardens  at  Fontainebleau,"  1881;  "A 
Merry  Chase  in  Haddon  Hall,"  1882  ;  and 
"Wedding  Rings,"  1883,  &c.  In  1893  he 
exhibited  a  portrait  of  Alderman  Treloar 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1882  Mr.  Hors- 
ley  was  elected  Treasurer  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  He  has  been  very  active  in 
bringing  together  the  magnificent  collec- 
tions of  "Old  Masters"  displayed  every 
winter  since  1870  at  Burlington  House. 
On  attaining  eighty  years  of  age  Mr. 
Horsley,  having  held  the  office  of  Treasurer 
to  the  Royal  Academy  for  fifteen  years, 
resigned  that  post  in  1897  and  joined  the 
list  of  "Retired  Academicians."  Addresses: 
1  High  Row,  Kensington,  W.;  and  Willesley, 
Cranbrook. 

HORSLEY,     Victor    Alexander 

Haden,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  F.R.S.,  B.Sc,  son 
of  J.  C.  Horsley,  R.A.,  was  born  on  April 
14,  1857,  in  Kensington,  and  educated  at 
Cranbrook  School  and  University  College 
Hospital  with  the  view  of  entering  on  a 
medical  career.  After  taking  the  Gold 
Medal  in  Anatomy  and  in  Surgery,  ob- 
taining the  Surgical  Scholarship  at  the 
University  of  London,  and  holding  the 
usual  preliminary  posts,  including  the 
Surgical  Registrarship,  he  was  appointed 
on  the  surgical  staff  of  the  Hospital, 
having  previously  taken  the  F.R.C.S.  and 
London  degrees  in  medicine  and  surgery. 
From  1884  to  1890  he  held  the  post  of 
Professor -Superintendent  of  the  Brown 
Institution,  in  the  laboratory  of  which 
he  carried  out  investigations  into  the 
localisation  of  functions  of  the  brain  and 
into  the  functions  of  the  thyroid  gland, 
by  which  latter  he  proved  that  the  disease 


known  as  myxcedema  was  caused  by  the 
loss  of  this  organ.     In   1885  he  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  to  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on   Hydrophobia,  in  which  capacity 
he   personally   sought   out    and    followed 
up   the   cases   operated   on,    and   became 
thoroughly  convinced  of  the  efficiency  of 
their  treatment.     In  1886  he  was  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  to  the  Trans- 
actions  and   Proceedings   of   which   he,  in 
conjunction  with  others,  has  contributed 
many  papers  bearing  principally  on  brain 
physiology  and  localisation.     Having  been 
elected  Surgeon  to  the  National  Hospital 
for  Paralysis  and  Epilepsy,   he,   in   1886, 
performed  a  successful  operation  for  re- 
moval of  a  tumour  in  the  brain  of  a  patient 
suffering   from   those   diseases.      This  he 
followed  up  by  many  others  of  a  similar 
nature,  and  in  1887  he  performed  the  first 
successful  operation  for  the  removal  of  a 
tumour  of  the  spinal  cord.    The  operations 
in  question  formed  the  subject  of  papers 
on  Brain  Surgery  in   1886  in  the  British 
Medical  Journal,  and  again  in   1887  and 
1890.     In   1890  he  suggested  the   use   of 
the   thyroid   gland    in    the    treatment   of 
myxosdema,  the   method   proposed   being 
that  of  grafting  the  gland  into  the  bodies 
of  patients  suffering  from  the  disease,  and 
in  1891  he  contributed  a  critical  and  his- 
torical view  of  the  subject  to  Virchow's 
"Festschrift."     In  the  same  year  he,  in 
conjunction   with    Professor    Gotcb,    was 
appointed  to   give  the   Croonian   Lecture 
of  the  Royal  Society,   the  subject  being 
"  The   Mammalian    Nervous    System,    its 
Functions  and  their  Localisation,   deter- 
mined bv  an  electrical  method."     From 
1891  to  1893  he  held  the  post  of  Fullerian 
Professor   at   the   Royal   Institution,   and 
delivered  three  sets  of  lectures  (of  which 
the  first  has  appeared  in  book  form)  on  the 
Brain  and  Spinal  Cord.     He  was  elected 
President  of  the  Section  of  Pathology  at 
the  British  Medical  Association  in  1892, 
and  in  1893  opened  the  discussion  in  the 
Surgical  Section  of  that  Association  with 
a   paper   on   the    treatment    of    Cerebral 
Tumours.     As  one  of  the  lecturers  before 
the  British  Association  for  that  year  he 
delivered  an  address  on  the  Discovery  of 
the   Functions   of    the   Nervous    System, 
showing  how  largely  our  knowledge  on 
the  subject  is  the  result  of  experimental 
research.    In  the  same  year  he  was  awarded 
the  Cameron  Prize  for  Therapeutics  by  the 
University   of   Edinburgh.      Mr.    Horsley 
was  Professor  of  Pathology  at  University 
College  (1893-96),  and  in  the  Pathological 
Laboratory  of  that  Institution,  as  well  as 
at  the  Brown,  has  carried  out  researches 
on  intra-cranial  pressure  with  Mr.  Spencer, 
on  the  larynx  with  Dr.  Semon,  on  rabies, 
on  the  Du  Buisson  hot-air  treatment  for 
hydrophobia,   on  the  motor  function   of 


HORTON  —  HOSKINS 


535 


certain  cranial  nerves  with  Dr.  Beevor, 
and  on  gunshot  wounds  of  the  brain  with 
Dr.  Kramer.  Mr.  Horsley  is  also  the 
author  of  several  papers  in  the  British 
Medical  Journal,  especially  on  the  surgical 
treatment  of  neuralgia,  and  an  operation, 
after  the  method  of  Lannelongue,  for  the 
relief  of  microcephalic  idiocy  in  children. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  German  Surgical 
Society,  the  American  Surgical  Society, 
the  American  Neurological  Society,  the 
Socie'te'  de  Biologie  in  Paris,  and  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Royal  Association 
of  Physicians  of  Buda-Pesth.  He  has 
greatly  interested  himself  in  questions  of 
medical  politics,  is  President  of  the  Medical 
Defence  Union,  and  has  devoted  much  of 
his  leisure  time  to  the  study  of  archaeo- 
logy, especially  in  reference  to  prehistoric 
methods  of  trephining,  on  which  latter 
subject  he  has  delivered  several  lectures, 
the  first  being  before  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion in  1886.  Mr.  Horsley  is  an  ardent 
advocate  of  experimental  research,  and 
his  vindication  of  himself  and  his  English 
colleagues  at  the  Church  Congress  of  1892, 
followed  by  his  article  on  the  subject 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century  and  by  many 
letters  in  the  Times,  &c,  is  well  known. 
Addresses  :  25  Cavendish  Square,  W.C.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

HORTON,  Robert  Forman,  M.A., 
D.D.,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
preachers  and  authors  in  the  Congrega- 
tional body,  was  born  in  London  on  Sept. 
18,  1855,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  T.  G. 
Horton,  at  that  time  minister  of  Tonbridge 
Chapel.  He  was  educated  at  Tettenhall 
College,  Shrewsbury  School,  and  New 
College,  Oxford ;  taking  a  first  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.,  and  subsequently  becoming 
Fellow  of  the  College  and  Lecturer  in 
Roman  history.  About  this  time  he  pub- 
lished his  first  book,  "A  History  of  the 
Romans,"  which  is  still  a  favourite  text- 
book at  the  Universities  and  Public  Schools. 
In  December  1883  Dr.  Horton's  name  came 
prominently  before  the  public  in  connec- 
tion with  his  appointment  by  the  govern- 
ing body  of  the  University  as  one  of  the 
Examiners  in  "  The  Rudiments  of  Faith 
and  Religion,"  which  included  examina- 
tion in  the  Thirty-Nine  Articles.  A  fierce 
outcry  was  raised  in  the  Clerical  and  Con- 
servative circles  of  the  University  at  the 
appointment  of  a  Nonconformist  to  the 
office,  a  vigorous  opposition  was  started, 
and  at  the  meeting  of  Convocation  the 
proposal  was  defeated  by  a  considerable 
majority.  In  the  following  January  Dr. 
Horton  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Con- 
gregational Church,  Lyndhurst  Road, 
Hampstead,  the  services  of  which  he  had 
been  conducting  in  a  tentative  way  for 
more   than   three   years   previously.     The 


success  of  his  ministry  may  be  judged 
from  the  fact  that  whereas  at  the  forma- 
tion of  the  church  on  Oct.  27,  1880,  the 
total  membership  was  59,  including  him- 
self, the  number  of  members  at  present 
in  active  communion  is  1170,  besides  about 
100  whose  names  still  remain  upon  the 
register,  but  are  abroad  or  residing  too 
far  away  for  practical  connection  with 
the  Church.  The  work  of  the  Church  is 
highly  organised,  and  the  reports  of  the 
various  institutions  connected  with  it,  in 
the  "Church  Manual,"  form  a  consider- 
able volume.  A  large  mission  and  social 
settlement  is  also  carried  on  at  Lyndhurst 
Hall,  Warden  Road,  Kentish  Town,  which 
was  erected  some  years  ago  at  a  cost 
of  over  £6000.  In  1893  Dr.  Horton  was 
invited  to  deliver  the  annual  lectures  on 
preaching  at  Yale  University,  and  visited 
America  for  that  purpose,  the  lectures 
being  afterwards  published  under  the  title 
of  "  Verbum  Dei."  In  recognition  of  this 
important  service  the  University  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  but 
personally  Dr.  Horton  does  not  use  it, 
nor  the  ordinary  title  of  "Rev.,"  pre- 
ferring to  be  considered  simply  a  Christian 
layman.  Notwithstanding  the  pressure  of 
his  pastoral  duties,  and  the  number  of 
his  outside  preaching  engagements,  Dr. 
Horton  has  found  time  to  add  consider- 
ably to  the  literature  of  the  day,  his  prin- 
cipal works,  in  addition  to  those  already 
mentioned,  being  "  Inspiration  and  the 
Bible,"  "  Revelation  and  the  Bible,"  "  The 
Book  of  Proverbs,"  "This  do,"  "The 
Cartoons  of  St.  Mark,"  "The  Lyndhurst 
Road  Pulpit,"  "Oliver  Cromwell,"  "The 
Teachings  of  Jesus,"  "John  Howe,"  and 
"  The  Women  of  Scripture."  He  is  also  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  magazines,  and 
many  of  his  papers  have  been  republished 
in  attractive  form,  such  as  "  The  Art  of 
Living  Together,"  "The  Four  Pillars  of 
the  Home,"  "The  Conquered  World," 
"Success  and  Failure,"  &c.  Recently  a 
series  of  addresses  by  him  on  Romanism, 
republished  under  the  title  of  "  England's 
Danger,"  has  excited  wide  interest  and 
attention.  His  monthly  lecture  to  artisans 
appears  in  the  "Christian  World  Pulpit" 
on  the  Wednesday  following  the  first 
Sunday  of  each  month,  and  thus  reaches  a 
wide  circle  of  readers.  Dr.  Horton,  in  the 
year  1898,  occupied  the  position  of  Chair- 
man of  the  London  Congregational  Union, 
and  he  has  already  filled  the  Chair  of  the 
London  Missionary  Society.  Address : 
Chesils,  Christ  Church  Road,  Hampstead, 
N.W. 

HOSKINS,  Admiral  Sir  Anthony 
Hiley,  G.C.B.,  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry 
Hoskins,  was  born  in  1828.  He  was  edu- 
cated   at   Winchester,    and    entered    the 


536 


HOSMER  —  HOULDS  WORTH 


navy  in  1842.  He  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant in  1849,  Commander  in  1858,  and 
Captain  in  1863.  As  a  Midshipman  in 
H.M.S.  Conway  he  was  present  at  the 
operations  off  Madagascar  and  in  the 
Mozambique  Channel  in  1845  and  1847. 
During  the  Kaffir  War  of  1851-52  he  was 
a  Lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  Castor,  and  acted 
as  Naval  A.D.C.  to  General  Sir  Harry 
Smith,  being  several  times  mentioned  in 
despatches.  He  went  to  China  in  1857  as 
Commander  of  H.M.S.  Sidney,  and  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  Canton  and  the 
Taku  Forts.  As  Commodore,  Sir  Anthony 
Hoskins  had  command  of  the  Australian 
station  between  1875  and  1878,  when  he 
also  received  a  C.B.  He  held  the  appoint- 
ment of  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen  for 
three  years  before  his  promotion  to  flag- 
rank  in  1879.  As  a  Rear-Admiral  he  was 
employed  on  special  service  in  Egypt  dur- 
ing the  war  of  1882,  and  was  awarded  a 
K.C.B.  and  the  thanks  of  both  Houses  of 
Parliament.  Upon  his  return  to  England 
he  was  appointed  Admiral-Superintendent 
of  Naval  Reserves.  In  1889  he  went  to 
the  Mediterranean  as  Commander-in-Chief, 
and  while  on  that  station  was  presented 
with  the  Medjidie  of  the  first  class  by  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey.  Sir  Anthony  has  been 
three  times  a  Lord  Commissioner  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  received  a  G.C.B.  as  a 
special  reward  for  distinguished  service 
upon  his  retirement  from  the  active  list  in 
November  1893.  He  has  also  served  upon 
several  of  the  committees  appointed  by 
the  Admiralty  to  inquire  into  service 
matters,  and  was  the  recipient  of  a  good- 
service  pension  in  1893.  He  married,  in 
1865,  Dorothea,  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Sir  George  Robinson.  Address  :  17  Mon- 
tague Square,  W. 

HOSMER,  Harriet,  born  at  Water- 
town,  Massachusetts,  Oct.  9,  1830,  was 
educated  at  Lenox,  Massachusetts,  and 
early  displayed  a  taste  for  art.  She  re- 
ceived a  few  lessons  in  modelling  in  Bos- 
ton, and  then  entered  a  medical  College  in 
St.  Louis  to  study  anatomy  and  dissection. 
Her  first  work  in  marble  was  a  reduced 
copy  of  Canova's  bust  of  Napoleon,  which 
was  soon  followed  by  an  ideal  work, 
"  Hesper,  or  the  Evening  Star."  In  1852 
she  went  to  Rome,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Gibson.  After  two  years  of  study  and 
modelling  from  the  antique,  she  produced 
the  busts  of  "Daphne"  and  "Medusa." 
Her  first  full-length  figure  in  marble  was 
GSnone,  completed  in  1855,  and  this  was 
followed  in  the  same  year  by  "Puck,"  of 
which  many  copies  have  been  made.  Next 
came  a  companion  piece,  "  Will-o'-the- 
Wisp."  Her  reclining  statue  of  "  Beatrice 
Cenci "  was  completed  and  exhibited  in 
1857.      A    colossal    statue    of   "Zenobia, 


Queen  of  Palmyra,  in  chains,"  was  her 
next  important  work,  followed  by  the 
"  Sleeping  "  and  the  "Waking  Faun,"  and 
a  design  of  a  memorial  monument  to 
Abraham  Lincoln.  Besides  her  skill  in 
sculpture,  Miss  Hosmer  has  exhibited 
talents  for  designing  and  constructing 
machinery  and  devising  new  processes, 
especially  in  connection  with  her  own  art, 
such  as  a  method  of  converting  ordinary 
Italian  limestone  into  marble.  She  has 
resided  for  many  years  in  Rome,  making 
occasional  visits  to  the  United  States. 

HOTHAM,  Admiral  Sir  Charles 
Frederick,  K.C.B.,  Commander-in-Chief 
at  the  Nore,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Captain  John  Hotham,  R.N.,  and  a  rela- 
tive of  the  Barons  Hotham.  He  was  born 
in  1843,  entered  the  navy  as  a  Cadet  in 
1856,  and  was  promoted  Lieutenant  in 
February  1863,  Commander  in  April  1865, 
and  Captain  in  December  1871.  He  first 
saw  active  service  in  the  Maori  War  of 
1863,  and  in  November  of  that  year  he 
landed  with  a  party  of  small-arm  men  to 
attack  the  rebel  redoubt  at  Rangariri,  on 
which  occasion  he  was  wounded.  His  ser- 
vices were  favourably  noted  at  the  Ad- 
miralty, and  he  was  afterwards  sent  in 
charge  of  a  detached  party  to  escort  an 
officer  across  mud  flats  in  rear  of  enemy's 
position.  He  was  specially  mentioned  in 
despatches  and  promoted,  receiving  also 
the  New  Zealand  medal.  As  Flag-Captain 
to  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Medi- 
terranean Fleet  he  took  part  in  the  bom- 
bardment of  Alexandria,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices throughout  the  Egyptian  War  he  was 
created  a  C.B.,  and  was  awarded  the 
Khedive's  Star,  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the 
third  class.  In  1880  Captain  Hotham  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  the  system  of  purchase  and 
contract  for  the  Royal  Navy.  He  has  also 
been  a  naval  Aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen. 
In  January  1888  he  was  promoted  Rear- 
Admiral,  and  in  the  same  month  became 
a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  He  went  to  the 
Pacific  station  as  Commander-in-Chief  in 
1890,  holding  that  appointment  for  three 
years.  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Hotham,  who 
is  the  youngest  officer  of  his  rank,  is 
married  to  Margaret,  daughter  of  David 
Milne-Home,  Esq.,  of  Milne-Graden,  Ber- 
wickshire. Addresses  :  St.  Mary's,  Bever- 
ley ;  and  20  Warwick  Square,  S.W. 


HOUGHTON,    Lord. 

Earl  of. 


See    Crewe, 


HOXJIiDSWORTH,  Sir  William 
Henry,  Bart.,  M.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Houldsworth,  of  Coltness,  Lanark- 
shire, and  was  born  at  Manchester  on 
Aug.  20,  1834.     He  was  educated  at  St. 


HOUSSAYE  —  HO  WAKD 


537 


Andrews  University.  He  has  represented 
North-West  Manchester,  as  a  Conservative 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  since 
1883,  and  has  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Commissions  on  Trade  Depression, 
Gold  and  Silver,  and  the  Liquor  Licensing 
Laws.  He  was  appointed  a  Delegate  to 
the  Monetary  Conference  at  Brussels  in 
1890,  and  also  to  the  Labour  Conference 
at  Berlin  in  1892.  Sir  William  Houlds- 
worth  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Lanca- 
shire and  Cheshire,  a  County  Alderman 
for  Lancashire,  and  is  married  to  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Walter  Crum,  of  Thorn- 
liebank,  Renfrewshire.  He  was  created 
a  Baronet  in  1887.  Address  :  35  Gros- 
venor  Place,  S.W.  ;  and  Coodham,  Kilmar- 
nock, N.B. 

HOUSSAYE,   Henry,   the    son    of 

Arsene  Houssaye,  was  born  in  Paris,  Feb. 
24,  1818,  and  was  educated  at  the  Lycfe 
Napoleon.  He  was  first  destined  for  paint- 
ing, but  turned  towards  the  study  of 
Greek  antiquities.  During  the  war  of 
1870  he  was  an  officer  of  Mobiles,  and  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  for 
his  gallantry.  At  nineteen  he  started  in 
literature  with  a  "History  of  Apelles," 
1867,  and  after  a  stay  in  Greece  of  some 
duration  he  issued  "  History  of  Alcibiades 
and  the  Athenian  Republic,"  1873,  which 
obtained  the  Thiers  Prize.  His  other  works 
include :  "  Memoire  sur  le  Nombre  des 
Citoyens  d'Athgnes  au  V8  Siecle,"  1882 
"Aspasie,  Cleopatre,  Theodora,"  1890 
"Le Premier  Siege  de  Paris,  52  B.C.,"  1876 
"  Les  Hommes  et  les  Idees,"  a  collection 
of  articles  from  the  Joitrnal  des  Debate. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes  and  La  Presse.  His  later  works 
have  been  on  the  History  of  the  Cam- 
paigns of  Napoleon  in  1814  and  1815, 
and  they  gained  him  a  seat  in  the  French 
Academy  in  1894  as  successor  to  Leconte 
de  Lisle.  His  Paris  address  is  39  Avenue 
Friedland. 

HOUSTON,  K.  P.  W.,  M.P.,  was  born 
in  1853,  and  was  educated  at  Liverpool 
College.  He  is  a  Liverpool  shipowner, 
and  practises  as  engineer  and  shipbuilder, 
whilst  he  is  also  the  chief  director  of  the 
Houston  Line  of  steamers.  He  has  since 
1892  represented  the  West  Toxeth  Divi- 
sion of  Liverpool,  as  a  Conservative  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Commons.  Addresses  : 
44  Park  Lane,  W.  ;  and  The  Lawn,  Aig- 
burth,  Liverpool. 

HOWARD,  Sir  Henry,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  is  the  son  of  Sir  Henry  F.  Howard, 
G.C.B.,  and  was  born  in  1843.  Entering 
the  Diplomatic  Service,  he  was  appointed 
Second  Secretary  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1873, 
at  the  Hague  in  1875,  and  at  Washington 


in  1877.  He  was  Acting  Charge  d' Affaires 
at  Guatemala  from  1883  to  1884,  and  be- 
came Secretary  of  Legation  at  Athens  in 
1885.  Transferred  to  Copenhagen  in  1886, 
he  served  in  the  same  capacity  there  for  a 
year,  and  also  at  Pekin  from  1887  to  1891. 
Mr.  Howard  was  promoted  to  be  Secretary 
of  Embassy  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1891,  and 
occupied  the  same  position  at  Paris  from 
1894  to  1896.  Since  the  latter  year  he  has 
been  Minister  at  the  Hague.  He  was 
created  K.C.M.G.  at  the  New  Year,  1899. 
He  was  married,  in  1867,  to  Miss  Cecilia 
Riggs,  an  American  lady.  Address  : 
British  Legation,  The  Hague. 

HOWARD,  General  Oliver  Otis, 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Leeds,  Maine,  Nov.  8, 
1830.  He  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College 
in  1850  ;  and  in  1854  at  the  Military  Aca- 
demy at  West  Point,  where,  in  1857,  he 
was  made  Instructor,  and  later  Assistant- 
Professor  of  Mathematics.  Upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  was  made 
Colonel  of  a  regiment  of  volunteers  ;  com- 
manded a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run  ;  and  was  made  (Sept.  3,  1861)  Briga- 
dier-General of  volunteers.  He  lost  his 
right  arm  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  June 
1,  1862.  He  was  made  Major-General  of 
volunteers,  Nov.  29,  1862  ;  and  had  the 
command  of  a  division  at  Burnside's  defeat 
at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862.  Soon 
after,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
11th  Army  Corps,  which  was  attacked  at 
evening  by  the  Confederate  General  Jack- 
son, and  put  to  flight,  at  Chancellorsville, 
July  1,  1863.  He  received  the  thanks 
of  Congress  for  taking  the  position  of 
success  at  Gettysburg.  In  the  following 
autumn  he  was  sent  with  his  corps  to  the 
West ;  took  part  in  the  campaign  which 
followed,  down  to  the  capture  of  Atlanta, 
and  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the 
army  during  Sherman's  "march  to  the 
sea."  He  was  in  December  1864  pro- 
moted to  Brigadier-General,  and  in  the 
following  March  to  Brevet  Major-General 
in  the  regular  army.  In  May  1865  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  Freeman's 
Bureau,  his  duties  lasting  until  1874 ;  and 
he  served  also  from  1869  to  1873  as  Presi- 
dent of  Howard  University.  In  1872  he 
was  sent  as  special  commissioner  to  the 
Indians  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona ;  and 
from  1874  to  1881  he  commanded  the 
Department  of  Columbia  on  the  Indian 
frontier.  In  1881  he  took  charge  for  two 
years  of  the  U.S.  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point ;  and  was  subsequently  trans- 
ferred to  the  command  of  the  Department 
of  the  Platte.  In  1886  he  received  his  full 
rank  of  Major-General,  and  was  placed  on 
the  retired  list  in  1894  on  account  of 
reaching  the  age  limit.  The  degree  of 
A.M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Bowdoin 


538 


HOWELL—  HOWLAND 


College  in  1853,  and  that  of  LL.D.  by 
Waterville  and  Shurtleff  Colleges  in  1865, 
and  by  the  Gettysburg  Theol.  Seminary  in 
1866.  The  French  Government  made  him 
a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1884.  He  has  contributed  many  articles 
to  the  magazines,  and  has  published : 
"Donald's  School  Days,"  1879;  "Chief 
Joseph,"  1881  ;  and  "General  Taylor"  (in 
the  Great  Commanders  series),  1893. 

HOWELL,  Very  Rev.  David,  B.D., 

is  the  son  of  John  Howell,  of  l'en  Coed, 
and  was  born  in  1831  ;  ordained  Deacon  in 
1855,  and  Priest  in  1856  ;  he  was  Curate  of 
Neath  from  1855  to  1857  ;  and  became 
Vicar  of  Pwllheli  in  1861.  He  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Vicarage  of  Cardiff  in  1864; 
was  appointed  Vicar  of  Wrexham  in  1875, 
and  Archdeacon  of  Wrexham  in  1889.  He 
became  a  Canon  of  St.  Asaph  in  1885,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  Deanery  of  St. 
David's  in  1897.  Address  :  The  Deanery, 
St.  David's. 

HOWELLS,    William    Dean,  MA. 

(Harvard  and  Yale),  was  born  at  Martins- 
ville, Ohio,  March  1,  1837,  and  is  the  son 
of  William  Cooper  and  Mary  Dean  Howells. 
In  1840  he  removed  to  Hamilton,  Ohio, 
with  his  father,  who  was  a  'printer  and 
journalist.  He  learned  the  printer's  trade 
of  his  father,  and  was  afterwards  editori- 
ally connected  with  the  Cincinnati  Gazette 
and  the  Ohio  State  Journal.  From  1861  to 
1865  he  was  United  States  Consul  at 
Venice.  Returning  to  America  he  engaged 
in  literary  labour,  and  in  1871  became 
editor  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  a  position 
which  he  retained  until  1880,  when  he 
relinquished  it  to  devote  himself  exclu- 
sively to  writing.  Besides  his  papers  in 
that  magazine  and  other  periodicals,  he 
has  published  "Poems  of  Two  Friends," 
himself  and  J.  J.  Piatt,  1860;  "Life  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,"  1860;  "Venetian  Life," 
1866;  "Italian  Journeys,"  1807;  "No 
Love  Lost,"  1868;  "Suburban  Sketches," 
1870;  "Their  Wedding  Journey,"  1872; 
"A  Chance  Acquaintance,"  and  "Poems," 
1873;  "A  Foregone  Conclusion,"  1874; 
"  Counterfeit  Presentment,"  a  Comedy,  and 
"A  Day's  Pleasure,"  1876  ;  "The  Parlour 
Car,"  "  Out  of  the  Question,"  and  "  Life 
of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,"  1877;  "The 
Lady  of  Aroostook,"  1879;  "The  Undis- 
covered Country,"  1880;  "A  Fearful  Re- 
sponsibility, and  other  Stories,"  and  "Dr. 
Breen's  Practice,"  1881;  "A  Modern  In- 
stance," 1882  ;  "A  Woman's  Reason,"  and 
"The  Sleeping  Car, "1883  ;  "The  Register," 
1884  ;  "The  Elevator,"  "The  Rise  of  Silas 
Lapham,"  and  "  The  Garroters,"  1885 ; 
"Indian  Summer,"  and  "Tuscan  Cities," 
1886 ;  "  The  Minister's  Charge,"  and 
"April  Hopes,"   1887;  "Annie  Kilburn," 


"Modern  Italian  Poets,"  1888  ;  "  A  Hazard 
of  New  Fortunes,"  1889;  "The  Shadow 
of  a  Dream,"  1890;  "An  Imperative 
Duty,"  1891;  "The  Quality  of  Mercy," 
1892-93;  "The  World  of  Diamonds," 
and  "The  Coast  of  Bohemia,"  1893;  "A 
Traveller  from  Alturia,"  1894;  "My 
Literary  Passions,"  1895;  "The  Day  of 
their  Wedding,"  "  Impressions  and  Experi- 
ences," "A  Parting  and  a  Meeting,"  1896  ; 
"The  Landlord  at  Lion's  Head,"  "An 
Open-Eyed  Conspiracy,"  "A  Previous  En- 
gagement," "Stories  of  Ohio,"  1897,  and 
"The  Story  of  a  Play,"  1898.  Under  the 
title  of  "  Choice  Biography,"  he  edited,  in 
1877-78,  a  series  of  eight  small  volumes. 
For  several  years  he  conducted  a  regular 
department,  the  Editor's  Study,  inllarper's 
Mar/azine,  but  resigned  the  charge  of  it  in 
1891.  All  his  works  have  been  largely 
circulated  in  England,  where,  of  late  years, 
he  has  become  almost  as  well  known  as  in 
his  own  country. 

HOW  LAN,  The  Hon.  George 
William,  Canadian  statesman,  was  born 
at  Waterford,  Ireland,  May  19,  1835,  and 
emigrated  to  Prince  Edward  Island  with 
his  parents  in  1839.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Central  Academy,  Charlottetown,  and 
followed  a  mercantile  career.  From  1862 
to  1873  he  was  a  Member  of  the  Island  As- 
sembly, and  at  the  time  of  the  Union  was 
defeated  at  Prince  for  the  first  Dominion 
Parliament.  However,  in  1873  he  was 
called  to  the  Senate  of  Canada,  where 
he  sat  until  his  appointment  as  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Prince  Edward  Isle  in  1894. 
In  1892  he  came  to  London  to  consult  Sir 
Douglas  Fox  on  a  project  to  connect  the 
island  with  the  mainland  by  a  submarine 
tunnel.  He  is  a  Vice-President  of  the 
British  Empire  League  in  Canada.  Ad- 
dress :  Government  House,  Charlottetown, 
P.  E.  I. 

HOWLAND,  The  Hon.  Sir  William 
Pearce,  C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born  at  Paw- 
lings,  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  May  29,  1811, 
but  removed  to  Canada  in  1830.  He  at 
once  engaged  in  business  at  Toronto,  and 
in  time  became  one  of  the  largest  mill- 
proprietors  in  the  Dominion.  He  was 
returned  for  West  York  in  1857,  and  sat 
in  the  Legislature  of  Canada  until  1868, 
when  he  was  appointed  Lieut.-Governor  of 
Ontario.  In  1862  he  became  a  Member  of 
the  Executive  Council  of  Canada  ;  from 
1862  to  1863  he  served  as  Minister  of 
Finance;  1863-G4  as  Receiver-General; 
and  1864-66  as  Postmaster-General.  In 
1866  he  succeeded  the  Hon.  A.  T.  Gait  as 
Finance  Minister,  and  on  the  formation  of 
the  first  Dominion  Government,  in  the 
following  year,  he  accepted  the  portfolio 
of  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue,  and  was 


HO  WORTH  —  HUBBARD 


539 


sworn  a  Member  of  the  Privy  Council. 
That  position  he  resigned  in  1868  on 
accepting  the  Lieut. -Governorship  of 
Ontario,  held  by  him  till  1873.  He  was 
created  a  C.B.  in  1867,  and  a  K.C.M.G.  in 
1879.     He  lives  at  Toronto. 

HOWORTH,    Sir    Henry   Hoyle, 

K.C.I.E.,  M.P.,  Vice-President  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  Corr.  Member  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Lisbon  and  of  the 
Geographical  Society  and  Anthropological 
Society  of  Italy,  Hon.  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  F.G.S.,  &c.,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Howorth,  of  Lisbon,  merchant,  and 
was  born  in  Lisbon,  July  1,  1842,  educated 
at  Rossall  School,  and  called  to  the  bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  June  11,  1867.  He  has 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  literature  and 
politics,  and  is  the  author  of  a  large  work 
on  the  "  History  of  the  Mongols,"  of  which 
several  volumes  are  published,  and  which 
is  still  in  progress  ;  a  "History  of  Ohing- 
hiz  Khan  and  his  Ancestors,"  based  upon 
an  entirely  new  chronicle  of  the  race  found 
in  the  Peking  Library  (this  work  has  been 
published  in  a  series  of  over  30  chapters  in 
the  Indian  Antiquary)  ;  of  a  considerable 
geological  work  entitled  "The  Mammoth 
and  the  Flood,"  discussing  the  problems 
arising  out  of  the  destruction  of  so-called 
palajolithic  man  and  his  contemporaries  ; 
of  a  second  work  entitled  "The  Glacial 
Nightmare  and  the  Flood,"  in  which  the 
theories  of  the  more  extravagant  glacialists 
are  attacked,  and  the  effects  which  they 
largely  assign  to  ice  are  attributed  to 
water.  These  two  works,  which  have  been 
favourably  reviewed  in  the  Quarterly  and 
Edinburgh  Reviews  and  elsewhere,  involve 
an  attack  upon  the  current  theories  of 
Uniformity.  Sir  Henry  Howorth  has  also 
edited  a  work  on  the  "History  of  the 
Vicars  of  Rochdale,"  for  the  Chetham 
Society.  In  addition  he  has  written  more 
than  seventy  scientific  memoirs,  chiefly  on 
geological,  ethnographical,  and  historical 
subjects.  Among  these  are  several  series 
of  papers  on  the  Westerly  Drifting  of 
Nomades,  on  the  Early  Ethnography  of 
Germany,  on  the  Spread  of  the  Slavs,  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute ; 
a  similar  series  on  the  Northern  Frontiers 
of  China,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society ;  and  a  series  on  the  Early  Expedi- 
tions of  the  Scandinavians,  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Royal  Historical  Society.  He  has  also 
contributed  memoirs  to  the  International 
Congress  of  Orientalists,  to  the  Journal  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  the  Archoso- 
logia,  the  Geological  Magazine,  the  Journal 
of  the  Numismatic  Society,  the  Quarterly, 
Edinburgh,  and  other  reviews  ;  and  has 
contributed  numerous  letters  to  the  Times, 
Spectator,  &c,  on  political  and  social  sub- 
jects, &c.     He  is  a  magistrate  for  Lanca- 


shire ;  and  for  more  than  twenty  years  he 
has  been  actively  interested  in  Lancashire 
politics.  He  is  a  trustee  of  Owens  College 
and  a  Feoffee  of  Chetham's  College  and 
Library.  In  1894  he  was  appointed  Presi- 
dent of  the  Archaeological  Institute,  and 
in  May  1899  was  appointed  Trustee  of  the 
British  Museum  in  place  of  the  late  Mr. 
Drury  Fortnum.  Sir  Henry  Howorth  was 
elected  a  Conservative  member  for  South 
Salford  at  the  general  election  of  1886,  and 
again  in  1893.  In  recognition  of  his  works 
upon  Eastern  history,  &c.,  he  was  created 
a  K.C.I.E.  in  1892,  and  a  F.R.S.  in  1893. 
In  1869  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  J.  P.  Brierley.  Addresses  :  30  Col- 
lingham  Gardens,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

HOWSE,  Henry  Greenway,  M.B., 
F.R.C.S.,  received  his  medical  education 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  and  graduated 
M.B.  at  the  University  of  London,  where 
he  was  Surgical  Scholar  and  Exhibitioner 
in  Physiology  and  Biology.  He  is  Senior 
Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery  at  Guy's, 
Consulting  Surgeon  at  Evelina  Hospital, 
Fellow  of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and 
Member  of  Council,  and  lately  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
(Eng.),  and  has  been  Examiner  in  Surgery 
and  in  Anatomy  at  the  University  of 
London.  He  has  contributed  important 
articles  to  Heath's  "  Dictionary  of  Practical 
Surgery,"  1886,  to  Stevenson  and  Murphy's 
"Treatise  on  Hygiene,"  to  the  Med.  Chir. 
Transactions,  "  Guy's  Hospital  Reports," 
the  Transactions  of  the  Pathological  Society, 
and  other  leading  medical  journals.  Ad- 
dress :  59  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor  Square, 
W. 

HOWTH,  Earl  of,  William 
"Click  Tristram  St.  Lawrence,  K.P., 
was  born  on  June  25,  1827,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  4th  Earl  in  1874. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  then 
entered  the  army,  from  which  he  retired, 
as  Captain  of  the  7th  Hussars,  in  1850. 
He  acted  as  State  Steward  to  the  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland  from  1855  to  1858, 
and  from  1859  to  1866  ;  and  he  sat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  Liberal  Member  for 
the  borough  of  Galway  from  1868  to  1874. 
Addresses  :  55  Jermyn  Street,  S.W.  ;  and 
Howth  Castle,  co.  Dublin. 

HUBBARD,     The    Hon.    Evelyn, 

M.P.,  was  born  in  London  on  March  18, 
1852,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  1st 
Baron  Addington,  and  Maria  Margaret, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  8th  Baron  Napier, 
of  Merchiston.  He  was  educated  at 
Radley,  and  at  Christ  Church  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  second  class  in 
Classical  Moderations  in  1872,  and  a  second 
in  History  in  1874,  and  graduated  B.A.  in 


540 


HUBBARD  —  HUDSON 


1874 ;  M.A.  1878.  He  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  Russia  in  1875,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Russia  merchants,  Messrs. 
Hubbard  &  Co.,  of  St.  Helen's  Place, 
London,  and  of  Egerton,  Hubbard  &  Co., 
of  St.  Petersburg.  He  is  a  Director  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  a  Commissioner  of  Public 
Works  Loans,  a  D.L.  for  the  City  of  Lon- 
don, and  in  1895  was  elected  an  Alderman 
of  the  London  County  Council,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  in  March  1898.  As  a 
Conservative  he  contested  North  Bucks 
twice,  in  1889  and  1891,  and  Plymouth  in 
1895,  when,  in  company  of  Sir  Edward 
Clarke,  he  was  beaten  by  only  26  votes. 
He  was  returned  for  Brixton  West  at  a 
bye-election  in  January  1896.  He  married 
in  1881  Evelyn  Maude,  youngest  daughter 
of  Wyndham  Spencer  Portal,  of  Mal- 
shanger,  Hants.  Addresses :  38  Lennox 
Gardens,  S.W.  ;  The  Rookery,  Downe, 
Kent. 

HXJBBAKD,  N.  W.,  Alderman  of 
the  London  County  Council,  was  born 
at  Brixton,  Surrey,  on  September  29,  1846, 
his  parents  being  in  a  humble  position. 
He  received  but  little  education  in  a  local 
school,  and  having  lost  his  father  very  early 
in  life,  he  went  out  to  work  at  the  age  of 
nine  years.  Mr.  Hubbard  very  early  began 
to  take  interest  in  public  affairs,  at  first 
devoting  his  efforts  chiefly  to  social  and 
temperance  reform.  In  the  year  1881 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Lambeth 
Vestry,  and  he  has  continued  to  be  a 
member  up  to  the  present  time.  Chiefly 
through  his  untiring  efforts,  baths  and 
wash-houses  were  established  in  Lambeth 
in  1897,  and  were  opened  on  the  9th  July 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Mr.  Hubbard  pre- 
siding at  the  opening  ceremony.  When 
the  London  County  Council  came  into 
existence  in  1889,  Mr.  Hubbard  was  elected 
a  member  for  the  Norwood  Division  of 
Lambeth,  and  was  again  re-elected  in 
1892.  At  the  elections  in  1895,  how- 
ever, he  lost  his  seat,  but  the  Pro- 
gressive party,  knowing  his  worth,  and 
being  desirous  of  retaining  his  services, 
made  him  an  Alderman,  which  position 
he  still  occupies.  He  has  been  Chairman 
of  the  Fire  Brigade  Committee,  the  High- 
ways Committee,  and  Vice-Chairman  of 
several  other  committees,  and  is  at  the 
present  time  Chairman  of  the  Asylums 
Committee.  In  connection  with  his  tem- 
perance work,  Mr.  Hubbard  is  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good 
Templars,  and  for  four  years  occupied  the 
position  of  Grand  Counsellor  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England.  For  the  last  thirty 
years  Mr.  Hubbard  has  been  a  successful 
merchant,  whilst  in  addition  he  is  Chair- 
man of  the  British  Homes  Assurance  Cor- 
poration,   Limited,  25  Great   Winchester 


Street,  E.C.,  an  institution  started  for 
the  purpose  of  enabling  persons  to  become 
the  owners  of  their  own  houses.  Mr. 
Hubbard  has  several  times  been  invited 
to  contest  a  parliamentary  seat,  but  up  to 
the  present  has  not  acceded  to  these  re- 
quests. Address  :  39  Shakespeare  Road, 
Heme  Hill,  S.E. 

HUDLESTON,  Wilfrid  H.,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  J. P.,  is  the  son  of  John  Simpson, 
of  Knaresborough,  M.D. ,  who  in  April 
1867  assumed  by  royal  license  the  surname 
of  Hudleston,  in  right  of  his  wife,  Eliza- 
beth, heiress  of  line  of  the  Hudlestons  of 
co.  Cumberland.  He  was  born  at  York, 
June  2,  1828,  and  educated  at  York  and  at 
Uppingham,  and  afterwards  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  1850.  During  the  period  between  1855 
and  1860  he  travelled  in  Lapland,  Algeria, 
Greece,  Turkey,  and  other  countries,  as  an 
ornithologist,  and.  contributed  articles  to 
the  earlier  numbers  of  the  Ibis.  Of  late 
years  he  has  paid  much  attention  to  the 
study  of  geology,  and  has  written  nume- 
rous papers,  reviews,  and  addresses,  which 
have  appeared  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Geologists1  Association,  the  Geological  Maga- 
zine, the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society,  the  Mineralogical  Magazine,  the 
issues  of  the  Pcdosontographical  Society,  and 
in  other  publications.  He  is  a  Past  Presi- 
dent of  the  Geologists'  Association,  of  the 
Mineralogical  Society,  of  the  Malton  Field 
Naturalists'  Society,  and  of  the  Yorkshire 
Naturalists'  Union.  He  was  elected  Presi- 
dent (1889-90)  of  the  Devonshire  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  Art,  and  in  1892-94  was 
President  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London,  of  which  he  had  previously  been 
Secretary.  In  1897  Mr.  Hudleston  was 
awarded  the  Wollaston  Gold  Medal  by  the 
Council  of  the  Geological  Society.  Ad- 
dress :  8  Stanhope  Gardens,  S.W. 

HUDSON,  Charles  Thomas,  M.A., 
LL.D.  Cantab.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  John 
Corrie  Hudson,  Esq.,  of  Guildford,  was 
born  at  Brompton,  London,  on  March  11, 
1828,  and  was  educated  at  The  Grange, 
Sunderland.  He  entered  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1848,  and  was  15th 
Wrangler  in  1852.  He  was  President  of 
the  Royal  Microscopical  Society  in  1888, 
1889,  and  1890,  and  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1889.  He  is  joint 
author  with  Mr.  P.  H.  Gosse,  F.R.S.,  of 
Hudson  and  Grosse's  "Rotifera,"  and  is 
the  discoverer  of  Pedulion  mirum,  and  of 
numerous  new  genera  and  species  of  Roti- 
fera, described  in  papers  published  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society, 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science, 
and  the  Annals  and  Magazines  of  Natural 


HUDSON  —  HUGGINS 


541 


History,  from  1869  to  the  present  year. 
Dr.  Hudson  is  specially  distinguished 
for  his  knowledge  of  the  Rotifera,  con- 
cerning which  he  is  the  chief  living  auth- 
ority. In  1886  he  published,  with  the 
assistance  of  P.  H.  Gosse,  F.R.S.,  the 
"  Rotifera ;  or,  Wheel  Animalcules,"  2  vols. 
He  married  (i)  Louisa  M.  F.,  daughter  of 
Freelove  Hammond,  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
in  1858.     Address  :  Lamorna,  Dawlish. 

HUDSON,  Prof.  William  Henry 
Hoar,  M.A.,  LL.M.,  was  born  in  London 
on  Dec.  11,  1838,  and  is  the  son  of  W. 
Hudson,  Esq.,  Architect.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  London,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  At  the  Uni- 
versity he  was  third  Wrangler  in  1861, 
Fellow  of  St.  John's  College  from  1862  to 
1875,  Lecturer  of  the  same  College,  1869- 
82,  for  some  time  also  a  Lecturer  at  St. 
Catherine's  College,  Camb.,  and  occupied 
the  position  of  Examiner  for  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos  in  1873.  He  is  now  Profes- 
sor of  Mathematics  at  both  King's  and 
Queen's  Colleges,  London  ;  a  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  London  ;  a  member  of  the 
Council,  and  Auditor  of  Newnham  College, 
Cambridge  ;  a  Member  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  and  also  of  the 
Cambridge  Philosophical  Society.  Prof. 
Hudson  has  published  "Notes  on  Dyna- 
mics," 1883  ;  and  the  revised  and  enlarged 
edition  of  Barnard  Smith's  Arithmetic  for 
Schools,  1892.  His  son,  Mr.  R.  W.  H.  T. 
Hudson,  was  Senior  Wrangler  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1898.  Address :  15  Altenberg 
Gardens,  S.W. 

HUGGINS,  Sir  William,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,  Hon.  F.R.S.E.,  D.C.L.  Oxon., 
LL.D.  Cantab.,  Edin.,  Dublin,  and  St. 
Andrews,  Ph.D.  Leyden,  was  born  in 
London,  Feb.  7,  1824,  and  received  his 
early  education  at  the  City  of  London 
School.  He  afterwards  continued  his 
studies  in  mathematics,  classics,  and 
modern  languages  with  the  assistance  of 
private  masters.  Much  of  his  time  was 
given  to  experiments  in  natural  philo- 
sophy, and  he  collected  apparatus  by  the 
use  of  which  he  gained  considerable  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  elements  of  chemis- 
try, electricity,  magnetism,  and  other 
branches  of  physical  science.  In  1852  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Micro- 
scopical Society,  and  for  some  years  he 
applied  himself  with  much  assiduity,  with 
the  aid  of  the  microscope,  to  the  study  of 
animal  and  vegetable  physiology.  In  1855 
Sir  William  Huggins  erected  an  observa- 
tory at  his  residence  at  Upper  Tulse  Hill, 
and  occupied  himself  for  some  time  with 
observations  of  double  stars,  and  with 
careful  drawings  of  the  planets  Mars, 
Jupiter,  and  Saturn.     From  the  first  estab- 


lishment  of  his   observatory  it    was   his 
desire  not  to  continue  in  the  beaten  track  of 
astronomical  observation,  but,  if  possible, 
to  bring  to  bear  upon  the  science  of  astro- 
nomy the  practical  knowledge  which  he 
had  obtained  of  general  physics.     For  bis 
important  discoveries   and   researches  by 
means  of  the  spectroscope  applied  to  the 
heavenly    bodies,    Sir    William    Huggins 
received,  in   November    1866,   one  of  the 
Royal  Medals  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Royal  Society,  of  which  he  had  previously, 
onJune  1,   1865,  been  elected  a  Fellow. 
In    1867   the   Gold   Medal   of  the    Royal 
Astronomical  Society  was  awarded  to  Sir 
William  Huggins  and  Dr.  Miller  for  their 
conjoint  researches.     Sir  William  Huggins 
has    since    continued    his    prismatic    re- 
searches by  a  re-examination  of  the  nebulae 
with   a   more   powerful   spectroscope,    by 
which  his  former   results  have  been  con- 
firmed.    He  has  also  examined  the  spectra 
of  various  comets,  and  has  found  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  light  of  these  objects 
is  different  from  solar  light.     Sir  William 
Huggins   has   made   observations   of    the 
spectra    of  the    solar   prominences,    and 
devised  the  method  by  which  the  forms  of 
these  objects  may  be  seen.     From  1875  he 
has  been  engaged  in  obtaining  photographs 
of  the  ultra-violet   portions  (invisible   to 
eye  observation)  of  the  spectra  of  the  stars. 
This  difficult  research  has  led  to  important 
results,  and  has  opened  quite  a  new  field 
of  work  to  the   astronomer  ;  it  furnishes 
one  of  the  chief  data  which  we  at  present 
have  as  to  the  probable  relative  ages  of 
the  stars  and  of  the  sun.     Sir  William  has 
extended  this  method  of  research  to  the 
planets,   to  comets,   to  the  Great  Nebula 
in  Orion  and  to  other  nebulas  ;  new  results 
of  importance  being  obtained.     For  these 
newer   researches,    and   for   that   on    the 
motion  of  stars  in  the  line   of  sight,  Sir 
William  Huggins  a  second  time  received  a 
medal  from   the  Royal  Society,  the  Rum- 
ford  Medal  being  conferred  upon  him  in 
1880  ;  also  a  Prix  Valtz   (1883)  from  the 
Institute  of  France  ;  and  the  Gold  Medal 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  for  the 
second  time  (1885).     The  research  on  the 
motions  of  the  stars  in  the  line  of  sight 
was  indeed  a  new  departure  of  the  utmost 
importance   in   astronomical   physics.     It 
has  since  been  followed  up  at  Greenwich, 
and  at  Potsdam  and  Harvard,  by  means 
of  photography.     Besides  revealing  to  us 
the   orbits  of  many  stars,    and  otherwise 
indetectable  companion   stars,   the   study 
of   line  of   sight  motions   must   certainly 
widely   increase    our    knowledge    of    the 
general   laws    and   arrangements   of    the 
stellar  universe.     The   work  of  the  Tulse 
Hill  Observatory  continues  to  be  actively 
carried  on.     Some  of  the  latest  investiga- 
tions (still  in  progress)  include  researches 


542 


HUGHES 


on  the  evolution  of  double  stars  ;  on  the 
correlations  of  the  ultra-violet  spectra  of 
stars,  and  those  of  nebula?  ;  while  in  the 
Physical  Laboratories  attached  to  the 
Observatory  researches  have  recently  been 
made  on  the  spectrum  of  Calcium  which 
have  important  bearings  on  the  problems 
of  solar  and  stellar  physics  ;  and  other 
chemical  researches  are  in  hand.  An 
autobiographical  article  giving  a  useful 
account  of  Sir  William  Huggins's  early 
work,  which  laid  the  foundations  of  Astro- 
physics in  this  country,  was  published  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century  for  June  1897, 
under  the  title  "  The  New  Astronomy." 
Sir  William  Huggins  delivered  the  Rede 
Lecture  at  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
1869,  when  he  gave  an  account  of  his 
researches  in  astronomy  by  means  of  the 
spectroscope.  In  May  1870  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  at  the  Com- 
memoration at  Oxford  the  same  year,  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  On  the  occasion  of  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  at 
Edinburgh  in  1871,  he  was  created  hono- 
rary LL.D.  of  that  university.  A  large 
duplex  telescope  by  Messrs.  Grubb,  of 
Dublin,  consisting  of  an  achromatic  of 
fifteen  inches,  and  of  a  reflector  of  eighteen 
inches,  constructed  at  the  expense  of  the 
Royal  Society,  was  placed  in  1871  in  Sir 
William  Huggins's  hands,  and  fixed  in  the 
observatory  erected  by  him  at  Upper  Tulse 
Hill.  In  July  1872  he  was  elected  a 
Foreign  Member  of  the  ancient  Univer- 
sity, Dei  Lincei,  in  Rome.  In  the  October 
of  the  same  year  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Paris  awarded  the  Lalande  Prize  for 
Astronomy  to  Sir  William  Huggins,  as  an 
acknowledgment  of  his  researches  in  the 
physical  constitution  of  the  stars,  planets, 
comets,  and  nebulas.  The  late  Emperor  of 
Brazil,  who  has  twice  paid  long  visits  to 
Sir  William  Huggins's  observatory,  hon- 
oured him  with  the  distinction  of  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  the  Rose  in  March 
1873.  About  the  same  time  he  was  elected 
a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Denmark,  and  also  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  of  Lund.  In  January  1874  he 
received  the  honour  of  being  elected  a 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Paris.  At  the  tercentenary 
commemoration  of  the  University  of  Ley- 
den,  in  1875,  Sir  William  Huggins  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Physics 
and  Mathematics.  In  1877  he  was  elected 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Gottingen,  and  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Bohemia.  In  1886  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  honoris  causd, 
from  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  in  1888  the 
Prix  Janssen  from  the  Institute  of  France ; 
and  in  1897  the  Wilde  Medal  from  the  Lit. 
and  Phil.   Society   of  Manchester.     He  is 


also  an  Hon.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  New  South  Wales  ;  an  Hon.  Foreign 
Member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  Boston  ;  and  a  Fellow  of 
various  other  learned  Societies  at  home 
and  abroad.  Sir  William  Huggins  was 
President  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  from  1876  to  1878  ;  and  President 
of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  in  1891-92.  In  June 
1897,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Diamond 
Jubilee,  he  was  created  a  K.C.B.  (Civil 
Division)  in  recognition  of  his  great  ser- 
vices to  astronomical  science.  He  married, 
in  1875,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John 
Murray,  Dublin.  Addresses :  90  Upper 
Tulse  Hill,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenamm. 

HUGHES,  Professor  David  Ed- 
ward, F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London  on 
May  16,  1831  ;  his  parents,  however, 
emigrated  to  the  United  States.  He  was, 
in  1850  (on  account  of  his  great  musical 
talents),  appointed  Professor  of  Music  at 
the  College  of  Bardstown  in  Kentucky, 
where  he  had  received  his  education. 
His  equal  talents  for  physical  sciences 
and  mechanics  later  on  procured  him  the 
appointment  to  the  Chair  of  Natural 
Philosophy  at  the  same  College.  His  first 
great  invention  was  that  of  the  printing 
telegraph  which  bears  his  name.  In  1854 
Professor  Hughes  went  to  Louisville  to 
superintend  the  making  of  his  first  instru- 
ment, but  the  patent  for  it  was  not  taken 
out  in  the  United  States  until  1855.  In 
that  year  the  invention  became  a  practical 
success,  and  no  sooner  was  this  the  case 
than  Professor  Hughes  received  a  telegram 
from  the  editors  of  the  American  Associated 
Press  summoning  him  to  New  York.  The 
American  Telegraph  Company  was  then 
in  possession  of  the  Morse  instrument,  and 
levied  rates  for  transmission  which  were 
felt  to  be  excessive.  The  Hughes  type- 
writer was  therefore  taken  up  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  Morse.  A  company  was  formed, 
and  the  lines  of  several  small  companies 
were  leased.  In  1857  these  smaller  com- 
panies united  to  form  one  large  corporation 
— the  present  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company.  In  that  year  Professor  Hughes 
came  to  England  in  order  to  effect  its 
introduction  here,  but  the  English  autho- 
rities metaphorically  threw  cold  water  on 
his  invention,  and  he  could  not,  at  that 
time,  persuade  the  telegraph  companies 
here  even  to  try  it  ;  so,  after  three  years' 
fruitless  efforts,  he  went  to  France,  where 
the  French  Imperial  Government  at  once 
put  the  instrument  in  practical  use  as  an 
experiment  between  Lyons  and  Paris.  At 
the  end  of  that  trial  a  provisional  contract 
was  made  with  Professor  Hughes  for  the 
right  to  the  use  of  the  instrument  for  all 
the  French   lines  ;    stipulating  that   the 


HUGHES 


543 


experimental  trials  should  be  continued 
and  extended  between  Marseilles,  Lyons, 
Paris,  and  Bordeaux  for  twelve  months, 
during  which  a  committee  of  the  highest 
scientific  experts  should  watch  and  report 
upon  the  results  obtained.  The  report  of 
this  committee  being  highly  favourable, 
the  French  Government,  in  1861,  adopted 
the  Hughes  instrument  for  all  their  im- 
portant lines.  The  Emperor  Napoleon  III. 
took  great  interest  in  the  invention,  and 
often  sent  for  Professor  Hughes  in  order 
to  consult  him  privately  upon  several  of 
his  Majesty's  own  electrical  inventions. 
Professor  Hughes  was  nominated,  in  1862, 
Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur,  and 
made  a  member  of  the  Telegraph  Com- 
mission de  Perfectionnements.  In  the 
latter  capacity  he  undertook,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Professor  Guillemin,  at  the 
request  of  the  Government,  a  series  of 
experiments  upon  the  comparative  value 
of  the  lightning  protectors  then  in  use. 
These  experiments,  were  made  at  the 
laboratory  of  the  Ecole  de  St.  Cyr,  and 
formed  the  subject  of  memoirs  published 
in  the  Comptes  renins  of  the  Academy  of 
Science.  At  the  end  of  the  year  1862, 
the  Italian  Government  invited  Professor 
Hughes  to  visit  Italy,  and  instruct  their 
officers  in  the  use  of  his  instrument. 
This  was  done,  and  the  instrument  was 
tried  probationally  for  six  months  be- 
tween Florence,  Genoa,  and  Turin,  at 
the  end  of  which  time  the  Hughes  sys- 
tem was  adopted  for  all  their  important 
lines.  In  1863  the  United  Kingdom  Tele- 
graph Company  of  England  adopted  the 
Hughes  instrument  for  their  lines.  In  1864, 
Professor  Hughes  was  invited  by  the  Rus- 
sian Government  to  visit  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  remained  nine  months,  during 
which  he  had  the  honour  of  being  a  guest 
of  the  Emperor  in  the  Summer  Palace  of 
Czarskoezelo,  where  he  was  requested  to 
explain  his  invention,  and  also  to  give  a 
lecture  on  electricity  to  the  Czar  and  his 
court.  His  instrument  was  adopted  for 
all  long  Eussian  telegraph  lines,  and  he 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Anne.  Between  1864  and  1876  Professor 
Hughes  was  called  successively  to  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Turkey,  Holland,  Belgium, 
Switzerland,  and  Spain,  where  his  tele- 
graph system  met  with  the  same  thorough 
adoption.  In  1878  Professor  Hughes  an- 
nounced through  a  paper  to  the  Boyal 
Society  his  discovery  of  the  microphone. 
This  instrument  not  only  transmits  speech, 
but  magnifies  the  smallest  sound,  so  that 
it  is  easy  to  render  audible  the  faintest 
sound,  such  as  the  walk  of  a  fly.  The 
microphone  is  now  universally  employed 
as  a  transmitter  to  the  telephone.  In 
1879  he  presented  to  the  Royal  Society 
his  invention  of  the  Induction  Balance, 


now  well  known  to  the  scientific  world. 
In  1880  Professor  Hughes  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  he  has 
since  read  numerous  papers  upon  electri- 
city and  magnetism  before  that  Society, 
for  which,  together  with  his  discovery  of 
the  microphone  and  invention  of  the  In- 
duction Balance,  the  Royal  Society,  in 
1885,  bestowed  upon  him  their  Royal  Gold 
Medal,  and  in  1897  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
as  Chairman  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  pre- 
sented to  him,  in  the  name  of  the  Society, 
and  in  presence  of  the  Council  at  Marl- 
borough House,  their  Gold  Albert  Medal, 
"  in  recognition  of  the  services  he  has 
rendered  to  arts,  manufactures,  and  com- 
merce by  his  numerous  inventions  in 
electricity  and  magnetism,  especially  the 
Printing  Telegraph  and  the  Microphone." 
The  Post  Office  in  England  now  makes 
use  of  the  Hughes  system  for  all  its  Con- 
tinental messages,  and  it  is  in  active 
service  in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  Con- 
tinent. In  1881  Professor  Hughes 
represented  Great  Britain  as  one  of  the 
Commissioners  at  the  Paris  Electrical 
Exhibition  ;  and  in  1886  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers.  He  has  received  numerous 
orders  of  knighthood,  medals,  and  diplomas 
from  the  different  countries  which  have 
appreciated  his  works.  Professor  Hughes 
is  Commander  of  the  Legion  d'Honneur 
(France)  ;  Charles  III.  (Spain) ;  Iron  Crown 
(Austria);  Medjidieh  (Turkey);  and  Knight 
of  St.  Anne  (Russia)  ;  St.  Maurice  and  St. 
Lazarus  (Italy);  St.  Michael's  (Bavaria); 
Grand  Officer  of  the  Royal  Order  of  Takovo 
(Servia) ;  Officer  of  the  Royal  Order  of 
Leopold  (Belgium)  ;  and  he  received  the 
special  Gold  Grand  Prix  (one  of  ten  only), 
Paris  Exhibition,  1867,  as  well  as  the 
Grand  Diplome  d'Honneur,  Paris  Electri- 
cal Exhibition,  1881  ;  besides  numerous 
other  medals  and  titles  of  less  importance. 
Address :  40  Langham  Street,  Portland 
Place,  W. 

HUGHES,  Colonel  Edwin,  M.P., 
L.C.C.,  V.D.,  was  born  at  Droitwich,  Wor- 
cestershire, May  27,  1832,  and  educated  at 
the  Grammar  School,  Birmingham.  In 
1862  he  was  commissioned  Second  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  Plumstead  Artillery  "Volun- 
teers, and  became  a  prize-winner  at  many 
county  and  Wimbledon  competitions.  In 
1865,  Mr.  Hughes  was  appointed  chief 
county  Conservative  agent,  and  was  suc- 
cessful in  gaining  enough  on  one  revision 
to  win  six  seats,  which  have  ever  since 
been  kept  by  the  Conservatives.  In  1874 
he  was  transferred  to  the  City  of  London 
Conservative  Association,  and  increased 
the  Conservative  majority  by  thousands 
so  that  in  1880  they  polled  two  to  one,  and 
in  1885  four  to  one.      After  twentv-five 


544 


HUGHES  — HULL 


years'  exertions  he  procured  the  return  in 
1880  of  two  Conservative  members  for 
Greenwich.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
agitation  against  the  School  Board  in  1885, 
and  on  the  triumph  of  the  "economical" 
party  he  was  elected  to  the  post  previously 
held  by  the  Hon.  Lyulph  Stanley.  In  1885 
he  was  elected  first  member  for  Woolwich 
by  a  large  Conservative  majority ;  and 
again  in  188G  he  was  returned  by  a  still 
larger  majority.  In  1887,  retiring  from  the 
Volunteers,  he  became  Honorary  Colonel 
of  the  Artillery  Brigade  he  had  raised  and 
commanded  for  twenty-eight  years.  He 
is  an  authority  on  Metropolitan  Local 
Government,  and  in  1889  he  was  elected 
Member  of  the  London  County  Council, 
where  he  has  continuously  represented 
Woolwich  from  the  first.  In  1892  he 
was  re-elected  to  Parliament  by  a  ma- 
jority of  1892  over  Mr.  Ben  Jones,  whom 
he  again  beat  by  a  very  large  majority  in 
1895.  He  has  laboured  unceasingly  in 
the  cause  of  the  Government  workmen  as 
to  superannuation,  and  of  the  sailors  as 
to  Greenwich  Hospital  pensions,  and  ob- 
tained two  select  Committees  of  the  House 
of  Commons  in  favour  of  his  several  pro- 
positions, gaining  enormous  advantages  to 
others  by  his  exertions,  in  pensions  and 
increased  wages  of  the  capital  value  of 
over  £5,000,000.  Thus  it  comes  about 
that  in  dockyard  towns  and  in  Woolwich 
Arsenal  he  is  gratefully  known  as  the 
"Pensioner's Champion."  Colonel  Hughes 
has  given  concurrent  municipal  service 
on  various  London  Boards  totalling  to 
one  hundred  and  seventeen  years.  His 
continuous  political  service  as  agent  and 
member  amounts  to  fifty-one  years,  his 
services,  municipal  and  parliamentary  to- 
gether, probably  exceeding  that  of  any 
other  public  man.  He  is  married  to  Mary 
Adele  Elliott.  Address  :  Oaklands,  Plum- 
stead  Common. 

HUGHES,  Rev.  Hugh  Price,  M.A., 
London,  a  celebrated  We.4eyan  preacher, 
was  born  in  1847,  at  Carmarthen,  South 
Wales,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  John 
Hughes,  Esq.,  surgeon,  coroner,  senior 
magistrate,  chairman  of  School  Board, 
itc,  in  Carmarthen,  who  died  in  1897. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  afterwards 
attended  lectures  at  University  College, 
London,  and  at  the  Theological  College  of 
the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church,  at  Rich- 
mond, Surrey,  where  Dr.  Moulton  was  his 
tutor.  His  first  appointment  was  to 
Dover  in  1869.  He  remained  there,  and 
at  every  other  place  to  which  he  was  ap- 
pointed, for  the  three  years  permitted  by 
the  itinerancy  law  of  his  Church.  His 
succe.-sive  appointments  were,  Dover. 
Brighton,  Stoke  Newington,  London  ; 
Mostyn  Road,  London  ;  Oxford,  and  Brix- 


ton Hill.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  three 
years  at  Brixton  Hill  he  was  appointed  to 
his  present  position  as  superintendent  of 
the  West  London  Mission,  which  conducts 
services  in  St.  James's  Hall,  Prince's  Hall, 
Wardour  Hall,  and  Cleveland  Hall,  and 
has  a  centre  of  social  philanthropy  in 
Lincoln  House,  60  Greek  Street,  Soho 
Square  ;  a  residence  for  young  men  at 
Wiclif  House,  Fitzroy  Square ;  and  a 
Sisterhood  in  Katherine  House,  Montague 
Street,  Russell  Square.  During  1888  he 
joined  in  the  Education  controversy  which 
arose  in  relation  to  the  Majority  Report  of 
the  Commission.  He  published,  in  1889, 
"  Social  Christianity,"  now  in  its  third 
edition  ;  and  "The  Philanthropy  of  God," 
in  1890.  Other  works  from  his  pen 
are  "Ethical  Christianity,"  "Essential 
Christianity,"  and  "  The  Atheist  Shoe- 
maker." In  1892  he  came  prominently 
forward  at  the  "  Review  of  the  Churches  " 
Conference  at  Grindelwald,  when  his  re- 
marks on  a  possible  reconciliation  between 
English  Dissenters  and  the  Church  of 
England  led  to  much  discussion.  He  was 
present  also  at  the  Conferences  at  Lucerne 
in  1893.  He  is  editor  of  the  Methodist 
Times,  the  most  influential  Methodist 
newspaper  ;  is  an  active  total  abstainer, 
and  Vice-President  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Alliance.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  Social  Purity  movement  ;  is  a  per- 
manent member  of  the  Methodist  Con- 
ference ;  and  a  leader  also  of  "The 
Forward  Movement,"  which  aims  at  the 
promotion  of  Social  as  well  as  Individual 
Salvation.  He  was  President  of  the  Wes- 
leyan Conference,  1898-99.  Address  : 
Methodist  Times  Office,  125  Fleet  Street, 
E.C. 

HUGHES,  Professor  Thomas 
M'Kenny,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  is  a  native  of 
the  Principality,  and  was  appointed  Wood- 
wardian  Professor  of  Geology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  in  1873.  In  con- 
nection with  the  completion  of  his  25th 
year  of  office  he  was  entertained  at  a 
public  dinner,  in  London,  on  Feb.  26, 
1898,  when  he  was  presented  with  an 
illuminated  address,  in  which  he  was  con- 
gratulated on  the  notable  success  of  the 
Cambridge  School  of  Geology.  The  ad- 
dress was  presented  in  the  name  of  former 
students.  Professor  M'Kenny  Hughes  has 
contributed  many  reports  and  papers  on 
Geology  to  the  British  Association  Re- 
ports and  to  geological  papers,  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  Cambridge. 

HULL,  Bishop  of.  See  Blunt,  The 
Right  Rev.  R.  F.  L. 

HULL,  Professor  Edward,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  late   Director  of  the  Geo- 


HULL 


545 


logical  Survey  of  Ireland,  and  Professor  of 
Geology  in  the  Royal  College  of  Science, 
Dublin,  was  born  at  Antrim,  in  Ireland, 
on  May  21,  1829  ;  his  father,  the  late  Rev. 
J.  D.  Hull,  Vicar  of  Wickhambrook,  in  Suf- 
folk, being  then  the  curate  of  the  parish.  He 
comes  of  a  military  family,  distinguished  for 
bravery  in  the  days  of  the  Peninsular  war. 
Professor  Hull  was  educatedat  Edge  worths- 
town  School,  and  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1850,  obtaining  in  the 
same  year  the  Diploma  of  Civil  Engineering 
in  the  school  attached  to  Dublin  Univer- 
sity. It  was  while  attending  the  lectures 
of  Professor  Oldham  that  he  acquired  his 
first  knowledge  of  geology.  On  the  re- 
commendation of  his  instructor,  he  was 
appointed,  in  1850,  to  the  staff  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Great  Britain,  under 
the  general  direction  of  Sir  H.  T.  delaBeche, 
Professor  (now  Sir  Andrew  C.)  Ramsay, 
being  Local  Director  ;  and  he  served  the 
first  years  of  his  official  life  in  company 
with  the  late  Professor  Jukes  (whom  he 
afterwards  succeeded)  and  Dr.  Selwyn,  the 
Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada.  During  the  period  of  about 
twenty  years  in  which  Mr.  Hull  was  en- 
gaged on  the  survey  of  Great  Britain,  he 
geologically  mapped  a  large  portion  of  the 
central  counties  of  England,  including  the 
coal-fields  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and 
Leicestershire.  In  1867  he  was  appointed 
District-Surveyor  to  the  Survey  of  Scot- 
land ;  and  in  1869  Director  of  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  Ireland  (in  succession  to 
Professor  J.  B.  Jukes),  and  Professor  of 
Geology  to  the  Royal  College  of  Science, 
Dublin.  Under  his  directorate  the  northern 
half  of  Ireland  has  been  geologically  sur- 
veyed, and  a  large  portion  of  the  southern 
half  revised  and  brought  into  harmony 
with  the  British  formations.  Mr.  Hull 
was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  London  in  1855,  and  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1867.  During  the  inquiries 
made  by  the  Royal  Commission,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  Prof. 
Hull  gave  much  information  regarding  the 
resources  of  the  British  and  Irish  coal- 
fields, which  are  recorded  in  the  Report 
of  the  Commission  issued  in  1871.  The 
Report  on  the  Irish  coal-fields  was  drawn 
up  by  himself.  In  1873  Prof.  Hull  was 
elected  President  of  the  Royal  Geological 
Society  of  Ireland,  and  in  1874  he  was 
appointed  Examiner  in  Geology  to  the 
University  of  London  in  conjunction  with 
Prof.  T.  R.  Jones,  F.R.S.,  which  appoint- 
ment he  held  for  three  years.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  in  Bel- 
fast, in  1874,  he  was  President  of  the 
Geological  Section  (C),  and  read  an  address 
on  the  volcanic  phenomena  of  the  North  of 
Ireland.  In  1879  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D    from    the  University  of 


Glasgow  on  the  occasion  of  the  installation 
of  the  late  Duke  of  Buccleuch  as  Chan- 
cellor. One  of  the  most  important  events 
in  Prof.  Hull's  life  was  his  visit  to  Arabia 
Petra?a  and  Palestine  towards  the  close  of 
1883.  On  the  recommendation  of  Colonel 
(now  Major-General)  Sir  Charles  "Wilson, 
R.E.,  he  was  nominated  by  the  Committee 
oE  the  Palestine  Exploration  Society  to 
take  the  command  of  an  expedition 
organised  for  making  a  geological  and 
topographical  survey  of  the  Arabah 
Valley  and  adjoining  territories  between 
the  Sinaitic  Peninsula  on  the  south  and 
Southern  Palestine  on  the  north.  In  that 
expedition  he  was  accompanied  by  Colonel 
Kitchener,  R.E.  (now  the  famous  Sirdar  of 
the  Egyptian  Army),  Mr.  H.  C.  Hart,  his 
son  Dr.  E.  G.  Hull,  and  several  assistants  ; 
and  in  November  of  the  above-named  year 
(1883),  the  party,  with  an  escort  of  twenty- 
nine  camels  and  their  drivers,  left  Suez, 
and  traversed  the  Sinaitic  Peninsula,  the 
Arabah  Valley  from  Akabah  to  the  Dead 
Sea,  visiting  Mount  Hor  and  Petra,  and 
thence  across  Southern  Palestine  to 
Gaza  by  Beersheba ;  the  period  occupied 
being  about  three  months.  By  this  ex- 
pedition the  surveys  of  Sinai  and  Palestine 
were  connected,  and  the  geological  pheno- 
mena mapped  and  described.  Collections 
of  plants  and  animals  were  made  by  Mr. 
Hart,  and  meteorological  observations  were 
carried  out  daily  by  Mr.  Reginald  Laur- 
ence. The  narrative  of  the  expedition  was 
drawn  up  and  published  by  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Committee,  under  the  title  of 
"Mount  Seir,  Sinai,  and  Southern  Pales- 
tine "  ;  and  the  geological  details  are  con- 
tained in  the  memoir,  "On  the  Physical 
Geography  and  Geology  of  Arabia  Petraaa, 
&c.,"  1886.  In  1893  Prof.  Hull  visited 
Egypt  and  the  Nile  Valley  as  far  as  the 
First  Cataract,  for  the  purpose  of  examin- 
ing the  evidence  regarding  the  former 
magnitude  of  that  river  as  compared  with 
that  of  the  present  day;  and  arrived  at 
the  conclusion  that  in  the  Pleistocene  (or 
Glacial)  epoch  its  volume  was  vastly 
greater  than  at  present.  The  evidence  for 
this  conclusion  was  laid  before  the 
Geological  Society  of  London.  At  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Geological  Society 
of  London,  in  1890,  the  Murchison  Medal 
was  presented  to  Prof.  Hull  in  considera- 
tion of  his  services  to  Geology.  Prof.  Hull 
is  the  author  of  several  works  and  scientific 
memoirs,  of  which  the  following  are  the 
more  important:  "The  Coal-Fields  of 
Great  Britain  :  their  History,  Structure, 
and  Resources,"  1865,  4th  edit.,  1881 ;  "  A 
Treatise  on  the  Building  and  Ornamental 
Stones  of  Great  Britain  and  Foreign 
Countries,"  1872;  "Contributions  to  the 
Physical  History  of  the  British  Isles," 
1882;   "Sketch   of   Geological   History," 

2  M 


546 


HUMBERT  —  HUMPHREY 


1887  ;  "  A  Text-Book  of  Physiography  or 
Physical  Geography,"  1888  ;  "  The  Phy- 
sical Geology  and  Geography  of  Ireland," 
1878;  "Moilnt  Seir,  Sinai,  and  Southern 
Palestine,"  1885;  "Memoir  on  the  Physical 
Geology  and  Geography  of  Arabia  Petrasa, 
Palestine,  and  adjoining  Districts,"  1886  ; 
"  Our  Coal  Resources  at  the  Close  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  1897  ;  also  several 
memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  papers  in  the 
Transactions  of  learned  and  scientific 
societies.  Prof.  Hull  is  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Geological  Societies  of 
Belgium,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Man- 
chester; and  of  the  Yorkshire  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  of  the  Academy  of 
Science,  Philadelphia.  On  the  completion 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Ireland  in 
1890,  Prof.  Hull  retired  from  the  public 
service.  Address  :  20  Arundel  Gardens, 
W. 

HUMBERT  I., '  Renier-Charles- 
Emmanuel  -  Jean  -  Marie  -  Ferdinand  - 
Eugene,  King  of  Italy,  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  King  Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  and  of 
Adelaide,  Archduchess  of  Austria,  was 
born  at  Turin,  March  14,  1844.  At  an 
early  age  he  obtained  an  insight  into 
political  and  military  life  under  the  guid- 
ance of  his  father,  whom  he  attended 
during  the  war  of  Italian  Independence, 
although  he  was  then  too  young  to  take 
an  active  part  in  the  struggle.  The 
youthful  heir  to  the  throne  was  more 
closely  connected  with  the  movement  for 
the  unification  of  Italy,  which  followed  the 
events  of  1859.  In  particular  he  took  part 
in  the  work  of  reorganising  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  ;  and  in  July 
1862  he  visited  Naples  and  Palermo, 
where  he  shared  the  popularity  of  Gari- 
baldi. When  the  war  between  Prussia 
and  Austria  was  imminent,  Prince  Hum- 
bert was  despatched  to  Paris  to  ascertain 
the  sentiments  of  the  French  Government 
in  reference  to  the  alliance  between  Italy 
and  Prussia.  On  the  outbreak  of  hostili- 
ties he  hastened  to  take  the  field  ;  obtained 
the  command  of  a  division  of  General 
Cialdini's  army  with  the  title  of  Lieuten- 
ant-General ;  and  was  present  at  the  dis- 
astrous battle  of  Custozza  (June  23,  1866), 
where  it  is  said  he  performed  prodigies  of 
valour.  On  April  22,  1868,  he  married,  at 
Turin,  his  cousin,  the  Princess  Marguerite 
Marie  Therese  Jeanne  of  Savoy,  daughter 
of  the  late  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Genoa, 
brother  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel.  The 
Queen  is  a  most  accomplished  lady,  an 
artist,  and  a  mountaineer  of  courage  and 
endurance.  A  son  was  born  at  Naples, 
Nov.  11,  1869,  who  received  the  names  of 
Victor  Emmanuel  Ferdinand  Mary  Janu- 
arius,  and  the  title  of  Prince  of   Naples. 


After  the  occupation  of  Eome  by  the 
Italian  troops  in  1870,  Prince  Humbert 
and  the  Princess  Marguerite  took  up  their 
residence  in  the  Eternal  City.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  Jan.  9,  1878.  As  he  was  entering 
Naples, Nov.  17, 1878, a  mannamed Giovanni 
Passanante  approached  the  Royal  carriage 
and  attempted  with  a  poniard  to  assassi- 
nate his  Majesty.  The  King  escaped  with 
a  slight  scratch,  but  Signer  Cairoli,  the 
Prime  Minister,  who  was  with  him,  was 
wounded  rather  badly  in  the  thigh. 
Passanante  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
the  punishment  was  commuted  by  the 
King  to  penal  servitude  for  life.  King 
Humbert  received  the  Order  of  the  Garter 
by  the  hands  of  the  Duke  of  Abercorn  at 
the  Quirinal,  March  2,  1878.  He  is  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Eagle  ; 
and  of  the  Austrian  Order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece,  &c.  King  Humbert  and  Queen 
Marguerite  celebrated  their  silver  wedding 
at  Rome  in  April  1893.  His  son,  the 
Crown  Prince  Victor  Emmanuel,  Prince  of 
Naples,  was  married  in  Oct.  1896  to  the 
Princess  Helen  of  Montenegro.  A  second 
attempt  upon  the  King's  life  in  1897 
happily  failed.  There  had  been  rumours 
as  to  the  unpopularity  of  the  monarchy, 
and  this  event  was  almost  regarded  as  a 
confirmation  of  such  reports.  As  the  King 
was  driving  out  on  April  22  to  the  Capan- 
nelle  Racecourse,  a  workman  struck  at 
him  with  a  dagger.  The  blow  was  averted, 
the  man  was  seized,  and  was  eventually 
sent  to  penal  servitude  for  life. 

HUMPHREY,  The  Rev.  William, 

S.J.,  son  of  John  Humphrey,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of 
Pitmedden,  Aberdeenshire,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  July  31,  1839.  He  was  educated 
at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  General  Council  of  the 
University  of  Aberdeen.  He  studied  law  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh ;  was  ordained 
a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England  by 
Dr.  Forbes,  Bishop  of  Brechin,  and  held 
the  living  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  Dundee. 
He  became  a  Roman  Catholic  in  March 
1868,  and  went  to  Rome,  where  he  made 
his  theological  studies  at  the  Collegio 
Romano.  He  was  ordained  priest  by 
Cardinal  Manning  in  1871,  and  served  on 
the  mission  in  London  till  1874,  when  he 
entered  the  Society  of  Jesus.  Father 
Humphrey  is  the  author  of  "The  Divine 
Teacher,"  7th  edit. ;  "  Mary  Magnifying 
God,"  7th  edit.;  "The  Written  Word"; 
"  Other  Gospels "  ;  "  Mr.  FitzJames 
Stephen  and  Cardinal  Bellarmine  "  ;  "  The 
Religious  State  "  ;  "  The  Bible  and  Be- 
lief "  ;  "  Christian  Marriage  "  ;  "  The  One 
Mediator,"  2nd  edit.  ;  "  The  Vicar  of 
Christ  "  ;  "  Elements  of  Religious  Life  " ; 
"  Conscience  and  Law,  or  Principles  of 


HUMPHRY  —  HUNTER 


547 


Human  Conduct";  "  Recollections  of 
Scottish  Episcopalianism  "  ;  "  Hie  Divine 
Majesty;  or,  The  Living  God";  and  has 
contributed  to  the  "Catholic  Academia" 
and  the  Month.  Address :  114  Mount 
Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  W. 

HUMPHRY,  Mrs.  C.  E.  ("Madge" 
in  Truth),  author  and  journalist,  was  born 
in  Londonderry,  and  is  a  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  James  Graham,  Derry  Cathedral, 
and  grand-daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  John 
Graham,  Rector  of  Tamlaght-ard,  author 
of  ''The  Siege  of  Derry,"  "Annals  of 
Popery,"  &c.  She  was  educated  in  Dub- 
lin. As  a  journalist  she  has  contributed 
"Girls'  Gossip"  by  "Madge"  to  Truth 
since  the  origination  of  those  papers. 
She  has  also  contributed  to  the  Daily 
News  since  1884.  Publications:  "Cookery 
Up-to-Date,"  and  "  Manners  for  Men," 
1897  ;  "  Manners  for  Women,"  1898  ;  and 
"A  Word  to  Women."  Address:  42  Blom- 
field  Road,  Maida  Hill,  W. 

HUNGARY  and  BOHEMIA,  King 

of.    See  Fbakois  Joseph  I. 

HUNTER,  Major  -  General  Sir 
Archibald,  K.C.B.,  D.S.O.,  Commander 
1st  CI.  Dist.,  Ind.,  son  of  Archibald  Hunter, 
Esq.,  merchant,  and  Mary  Jane,  daughter 
of  Major  Duncan  Graham,  of  Glenny, 
Perthshire,  was  born  Sept.  6,  1856.  He 
was  educated  at  Glasgow  Academy  and  at 
Sandhurst,  entering  the  Army  as  Lieute- 
nant of  the  Royal  Lancashire  Regiment  in 
June  1874.  For  two  years  he  served  as 
Adjutant  to  his  regiment,  and  was  pro- 
moted Captain  in  August  1882,  Major  in 
June  1885,  and  Colonel  in  January  1894. 
He  served  in  the  Nile  Expedition,  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  and  was  awarded 
the  Medjidieh  of  the  third  class  and  the 
Osmanieh  of  the  fourth  class.  In  1885  he 
was  employed  with  the  Egyptian  Frontier 
Force,  and  was  present  at  the  action  of 
Giniss,  where  he  was  severely  wounded, 
again  obtaining  mention  in  despatches 
and  the  D.S.O.  During  1889  he  served  on 
the  Soudan  Frontier  in  command  of  a 
Brigade  of  the  Egyptian  Army  and  took 
part  in  the  engagements  at  Arguin  and 
Toski.  He  was  promoted  to  Lieut.-Colonel. 
In  August  of  1892  Colonel  Hunter  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  the  Red  Sea  Littoral 
and  Commandant  at  Suakin,  and  after- 
wards Commander  of  the  Egyptian  Fron- 
tier Field  Force.  In  1896  he  served  with 
the  Dongola  Expeditionary  Force  under 
Sir  Herbert  Kitchener  in  command  of  the 
Infantry  Brigade,  being  present  at  the  en- 
gagement at  Firket  and  the  operations  at 
Hafir.  He  was  mentioned  in  despatches, 
and  specially  promoted  to  Major-General 
for  distinguished  service  in  the  field.     In 


March  of  1898  General  Hunter  made  a 
reconnaissance  of  the  enemy's  position  at 
Atbara,  and  shortly  after  the  brilliant 
action  was  fought  in  which  3000  dervishes 
were  slain  and  4000  taken  prisoners. 
General  Hunter  was  second  in  command 
on  that  occasion.  He  was  appointed 
Governor  of  Omdurman  on  the  settlement 
of  affairs  after  the  battle.  Address  :  High- 
thorn,  West  Kilbride,  Ayrshire. 

HUNTER,  Colin,  A.R.  A.,  was  born  in 
Glasgow,  July  16,  1841,  and  is  the  son  of 
John  Hunter,  bookseller  and  postmaster, 
of  Helensburgh.  He  was  educated  in 
that  town,  and  began  painting  at  twenty 
years  of  age,  after  four  years'  clerkship. 
His  education  as  a  painter  was  derived 
from  nature.  His  principal  pictures  are 
"Trawlers  Waiting  for  Darkness,"  ex- 
hibited in  the  Royal  Academy,  1873  ; 
"Salmon  Stake  Nets"  (R.A.),  1874,  now 
in  the  Sydney  Government  collection ; 
"Give  Way"  (R.A.),  1875;  "Digging 
Bait "  (R.A.),  1876  ;  "  Their  Only  Har- 
vest"  (R.A. ),  1878,  now  the  property  of 
the  Chantrey  Bequest  Trustees  ;  "  Silver 
of  the  Sea"  (R.A.),  1879;  "Mussel 
Gatherers,"  and  "  In  the  Gloaming  " 
(R.A.),  1880;  "The  Island  Harvest" 
(Fine  Art  Society's  Rooms),  1881 ;  "  Wait- 
ing for  the  Homeward  Bound  "  (R.A.), 
1882,  now  in  the  Adelaide  collection  ;  "A 
Pebbled  Shore  "  and  "  Lobster  Fishers  " 
(R.A.),  1883;  "Herring  Market  at  Sea" 
(R.A.),  1884,  now  in  Manchester  Corpora- 
tion collection  ;  "  The  Rapids  of  Niagara  " 
(R.A.),  1885 ;  "  The  Woman's  Part " 
(R.A.),  1886 ;  "  Their  Share  of  the  Toil  " 
(R.A.),  1887  ;  "Fishers  of  the  North  Sea" 
(R.A.),  1888;  "Baiters"  (R.A.),  1889; 
"  The  Hills  of  Morven  "  (R.A.),  1890  ;  and, 
more  recently,  "Ireland"  and  "Lobster 
Fishers,"  1893;  and  "The  Gleanings  of 
the  Herring  Harvest,"  and  "Wintry 
Weather,"  1894.  Since  1895  he  has  ex- 
hibited some  eighteen  pictures  of  wild 
life  at  the  Royal  Academy's  Exhibition. 
Mr.  Hunter  was  elected  an  associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy  in  January  1884,  and 
is  also  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Water-Colour  Society.  He  married,  in 
1873,  Isabel,  daughter  of  John  H.  Young, 
of  Glasgow.  Address  :  14  Melbury  Road, 
Kensington,  W. 

HUNTER,    Sir    "William    Guyer, 

K.C.M.G.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Hunter,  of  Catterick, 
Yorkshire,  was  born  in  1831,  and  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  London,  at  Aber- 
deen University,  and  at  various  hospitals. 
He  entered  the  Indian  Medical  Service, 
Bombay  Presidency,  in  1850,  and  served 
through  the  Burmese  War  and  the  Indian 
Mutiny.     In  1876  he  was  appointed  Prin- 


548 


HUNTER 


cipal  of  the  Grant  Medical  College  ;  and 
in  1879  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University 
of  Bombay.  He  retired  in  1880,  and  in 
1883  went  out  to  Egypt  to  serve  on  the 
Cholera  Commission.  For  his  services  on 
this  occasion  he  was  made  a  K.C.M.G. 
In  1885  he  entered  Parliament  as  Con- 
servative member  for  Central  Hackney, 
and  was  again  returned  for  the  same  con- 
stituency in  1886,  retaining  the  seat  until 
1892.  He  married  (2),  in  1871,  a  daughter 
of  S.  Stainburn.  Address :  21  Norfolk 
Crescent,  W. 

HUNTER,  Sir  William  Wilson, 
K.C.S.I.,  C.I.E.,  M.A.  Oxford,  Hon.  LL.D. 
Cambridge  and  Glasgow,  son  of  the  late 
A.  Galloway  Hunter,  Esq.,  of  Denholm, 
was  born  July  15,  1840,  and  educated 
at  the  universities  of  Glasgow,  Paris, 
and  Bonn.  He  headed  the  list  of  Indian 
civilians  appointed  in  1862 ;  and  after 
distinguishing  himself  in  Calcutta  by 
proficiency  in  Sanskrit  and  the  modern 
vernaculars  in  India,  passed  through  the 
appointments  of  a  junior  civil  servant  in 
the  Bengal  districts.  On  the  outbreak 
of  the  Orissa  Famine  of  1866,  he  was 
appointed  Inspector  of  Public  Instruction 
in  the  province  of  Orissa  and  the  south- 
western division  of  Bengal.  At  the  end 
of  the  dearth  he  received  the  thanks  of 
the  Government,  but  was  invalided  to 
England.  When  on  sick  leave  Sir  William 
Hunter  wrote  "The  Annals  of  Eural 
Bengal,"  which  in  the  next  ten  years 
passed  through  five  editions  ;  and  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Non-Aryan  Languages  of 
India  and  High  Asia."  On  his  return  to 
Bengal,  he  received  the  gazetted  acknow- 
ledgments of  the  Governor-General  and 
the  Secretary  of  State;  together  with  a 
present  of  Bs.  20,000  of  public  money,  also 
notified  in  the  Government  Gazette,  for  his 
services.  In  1869  he  was  attached  on 
special  duty  to  the  Secretariat  of  the 
.Government  of  Bengal ;  in  1870  to  that 
of  the  Supreme  Government  of  India, 
acting  for  a  time  as  Under-Secretary  ;  in 
1871  he  was  appointed  Director-General  of 
Statistics  to  the  Government  of  India.  As 
the  head  of  this  Department  he  organised, 
and  carried  out  from  beginning  to  end, 
the  Statistical  Survey  of  India.  The  first 
census  of  India  was  taken  in  1872.  In 
1876  he  issued  the  "Statistical  Account 
of  Bengal"  in  twenty  volumes.  For  the 
other  eleven  provinces  of  India  a  statistical 
survey  was  executed  under  his  direction 
in  each  district  of  an  area  "  equal  to  all 
Europe  less  Russia."  Sir  William  Hunter 
again  received  the  gazetted  thanks  of  the 
Government.  His  labours  had  done  much 
to  throw  light  on  the  causes  and  manage- 
ment of  famines,  and  to  bring  them  within 
administrative   control.     In   1878  he  was 


appointed  in  the  first  list  of  members  of 
the  new  Order  of  the  Indian  Empire.  By 
1880  the  Statistical  Survey  of  India  had 
been  brought  to  completion  under  his 
direction,  and  its  records  had  been  made 
available  to  the  public  in  128  printed 
volumes.  In  1881  he  issued  a  condensation 
of  this  vast  work,  alphabetically  arranged, 
in  the  "Imperial  Gazetteer  of  India,"  in 
nine  volumes.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  a  Member  of  the  Viceroy's 
Legislative  Council,  and  in  1882  President 
of  the  Education  Commission  in  India. 
As  a  Member  of  the  Viceroy's  Legislative 
Council,  Sir  William  Hunter  took  an  active 
part  in  the  important  series  of  measures 
which  issued  from  the  Indian  Legislature 
between  1881  and  1887,  especially  those 
affecting  the  Land  Law,  and  the  Tenancy 
Rights  of  Cultivators.  As  President  of 
the  Indian  Education  Commission  he 
was  largely  instrumental  in  consolidating 
public  instruction  in  India  on  its  present 
basis.  The  results  of  these  labours  have 
been  briefly  but  accurately  described  as 
the  development  of  the  Department  of 
Public  Instruction  in  India  into  a  truly 
national  system  of  education  for  that  coun- 
try. For  these  services  he  again  received 
the  gazetted  thanks  of  the  Government, 
and  was  appointed  a  Companion  of  the 
Star  of  India.  In  1884  Sir  William  Hunter 
was  deputed  to  England,  by  the  Governor- 
General  in  Council,  to  give  evidence  before 
the  Parliamentary  Committee  upon  the 
economic  aspects  of  Indian  railway  deve- 
lopment. In  1886,  in  addition  to  his  duty 
in  the  Viceroy's  Legislative  Council,  Lord 
Dufferin  appointed  him  to  the  Finance 
Commission,  to  conduct  a  searching  inquiry 
into  Indian  expenditure,  and  to  revise 
the  financial  relations  of  the  Provincial 
Governments  to  the  Supreme  Government 
of  India.  Among  the  honorary  offices  dis- 
charged by  Sir  William  Hunter  during  the 
course  of  his  Indian  career  was  that  of 
the  Vice-Chancellorship  of  the  University 
of  Calcutta.  In  1887  he  was  appointed  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Star  of  India, 
and  having  completed  his  twenty-five  years 
of  service,  he  retired  from  that  country. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  brought  out 
the  expanded  edition  of  the  "Imperial 
Gazetteer  of  India"  in  fourteen  volumes. 
Since  then  he  has  been  a  consistent  and 
powerful  advocate  of  moderate  reform  in 
India.  As  an  examiner  and  occasional 
lecturer  in  the  Honours  School  of  Oriental 
Studies,  and  as  a  member  of  the  Faculty 
of  Arts,  he  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
the  university  life  of  Oxford.  Under  his 
impulse  the  University  Press  undertook  the 
series  of  short  histories  and  biographies 
now  well  known  as  "  The  Rulers  of  India." 
Of  this  series  Sir  William  Hunter  was  the 
projector  and  editor,  and  of  its  twenty- 


HUNT-GKUBBE  —  HUNTINGTON 


549 


five  volumes  three  are  from  his  hand. 
Sir  William  Hunter  has  received  honorary 
degrees  from  the  Universities  of  Oxford, 
Cambridge,  and  Glasgow ;  and  is  an 
honorary  member  of  many  learned  societies 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  He  is  an  active 
magistrate  and  J. P.  for  Berkshire  and 
Oxfordshire,  and  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of 
the  former  county.  His  best-known  books 
are  the  "  Annals  of  Rural  Bengal,"  "  Orissa, 
or  an  Indian  Province  under  Native  and 
British  Rule,"  "The  Indian  Mussulmans," 
"A  System  of  Famine  Warnings,"  "A 
"Life  of  Lord  Mayo,"  2  vols.;  a  shorter 
life  of  the  same  in  one  volume,  "The 
Life  and  Work  of  the  Marquess  of  Dal- 
housie,"  "A  Dictionary  of  the  Non -Aryan 
Languages  of  India  and  High  Asia,"  "  The 
Imperial  Gazetteer  of  India,"  14  vols. ; 
"  The  Indian  Empire,  its  History,  People, 
and  Products,"  which  condenses  into  one 
volume,  for  popular  use,  the  main  results 
of  the  Statistical  Survey  of  India.  His 
"  Brief  History  of  the  Indian  Peoples " 
has  been  translated  into  five  languages, 
and  in  its  English  editions  has  reached 
eighty-five  thousand  copies.  Among  his 
more  recent  works  are  "  The  Old  Mis- 
sionary," "The  Thackerays  in  India,"  and 
"  A  Life  of  Brian  Hodgson."  In  March 
1899,  he  published  vol.  i.  of  an  important 
"  History  of  British  India."  Sir  William 
Hunter  married  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  Thomas  Murray,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  J.P., 
the  author  of  "The  Literary  History  of 
Galloway,"  and  other  antiquarian  works. 
Addresses  :  Oaken  Holt,  Cumnor,  Berk- 
shire;  128  Piccadilly ;  and  Athenaeum. 

HtTNT-GRUBBE,  Admiral  Sir 
Walter  James,  K.C.B.,  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  James  Hunt-Grubbe,  was  bom  in 
1833,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1844.  He 
was  promoted  Lieutenant  in  1854,  serving  in 
H.M.  S.  Scourge  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa, 
and  took  part  in  the  bombardment  of  the 
towns  of  Pessie  and  Labadie,  and  was  sub- 
sequently landed  for  the  instruction  of  the 
Gold  Coast  Artillery.  In  1855  he  was 
appointed  to  command  H.M.S.  Teaser  for 
the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa,  and  a  few  years 
afterwards  commanded  H.M.S.  Jaseur  on 
the  same  station  for  a  similar  purpose.  As 
Senior  Lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  Arrogant  he 
took  part  in  the  operations  on  the  river 
Gambia  in  1861,  and  also  the  capture  of 
the  stockaded  town  of  Saba.  He  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  and  promoted  to 
Commander.  In  1866  he  was  appointed 
in  charge  of  the  Island  of  Ascension. 
During  the  second  phase  of  the  Ashanti 
War  of  1874  he  commanded  the  Naval 
Brigade,  taking  part  in  all  the  fighting 
and  the  capture  of  Kumassi.  He  was 
severely    wounded,     mentioned     in     de- 


spatches, and  promoted  to  OB.  As  Cap- 
tain of  H.M.S.  Sultan  he  was  present  at 
the  bombardment  of  Alexandria,  and  being 
the  Senior  Captain  of  the  Mediterranean 
Fleet  at  that  time,  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  offshore  squadron  in  the 
attack  on  the  forts,  and  for  his  services  on 
that  occasion  he  received  a  K.  OB.  Sir 
Walter  also  had  charge  of  the  transports 
in  the  feint  on  Aboukir,  and  was  con- 
stantly employed  in  watching  the  enemy's 
coasts  until  the  close  of  the  campaign. 
He  was  promoted  Rear-Admiral  in  1884, 
and  the  following  year  was  appointed 
Commander-in-Chief  on  the  Cape  and 
West  Africa  station.  For  three  years  he 
was  Admiral  Superintendent  of  Devonport 
Dockyard,  and  also  Umpire  in  the  Naval 
Manusuvres  of  1893  and  1894.  He  attained 
the  rank  of  full  Admiral  in  1895,  and  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich,  retiring  from  the 
active  list  in  1897.  Admiral  Sir  Walter 
Hunt  Grubbe  has  been  an  Aide-de-Camp 
to  the  Queen,  and  is  a  J.P.  for  Hampshire. 
He  married,  in  1867,  Mary  Anne,  daughter 
of  William  Codrington,  Esq.,  of  Wrough- 
ton,  Wilts.  Address :  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege, Greenwich. 

HUNTINGTON,    Daniel,    LL.D., 

American  artist,  was  born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  14,  1816.  He  was  prepared  for  Col- 
lege by  Rev.  Horace  Bushnell  at  New 
Haven,  and  entered  Hamilton  College  in 
1832  ;  and  in  1835-36  was  a  pupil  of  S.  F. 
B.  Morse  in  the  art  department  of  the  New 
York  University.  In  1836  he  exhibited 
"The  Toper  Asreep,"  a  "Bar-room  Poli- 
tician," and  several  landscapes.  In  1839 
he  studied  in  Florence  and  Rome,  where 
he  painted  "The  Sacred  Lesson"  and 
"  Christian  Prisoners"  ;  and,  on  his  return 
to  America,  painted  "Mercy's  Dream  "and 
"Christiana  and  her  Children."  In  1844 
he  again  went  to  Rome,  where  he  painted 
the  "Roman  Penitents,"  "Italy,"  "The 
Communion  of  the  Sick,"  and  several 
landscapes.  In  1851  he  visited  England, 
where  he  painted  the  portraits  of  several 
distinguished  personages,  among  them 
Sir  Charles  Eastlake  (then  President  of  the 
Royal  Academy)  and  the  Earl  of  Carlisle, 
now  in  the  collection  of  the  Historical 
Society.  Among  his  later  works,  besides 
numerous  portraits,  are  "  Lady  Jane  Grey 
and  Feckenham  in  the  Tower,"  "  Henry 
VIII.  and  Queen  Catherine  Parr,"  "Queen 
Mary  Signing  the  Death-Warrant  of  Lady 
Jane  Grey,"  "The  Good  Samaritan,"  "The 
Sketcher,"  "Ichabod  Crane  and  Katrina 
van  Tassel,"  "  The  Counterfeit  Note," 
another  "Mercy's  Dream,"  "The  Republi- 
can Court,"  a  number  of  Shakespearian 
subjects,  "  Chocurna  Peak,"  "Philosophy 
and  Christian  Art,"  "Sowing  the  Word," 


550 


HUNTINGTON  —  HUTCHINS 


and  "  Titian  and  Charles  V."  In  1882  he 
visited  Spain,  and  painted  "The  Gold- 
smith's Daughter,"  "The  Doubtful  Let- 
ter," as  well  as  portraits.  Since  his  return 
he  has  painted  "A  Burgomaster  of  New 
Amsterdam,"  and  many  portraits  of  dis- 
tinguished people.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Century  Club,  of  which  he 
was  President  until  1895 ;  and  he  is  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Art.  He  was  President  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design,  New  York,  from 
1862  to  1891,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
years. 

HUNTINGTON,  The  Right  Rev. 
Frederick  Dan,  S.T.D.,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of 
Central  New  York,  was  born  at  Hadley, 
Mass.,  May  28,  1819.  He  was  graduated 
from  Amherst  College  in  1839,  studied 
divinity  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1842  be- 
came pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church  in 
Boston.  In  1855  he  was  elected  preacher 
to  Harvard  University,  and  Plummer  Pro- 
fessor of  Christian  Morals.  In  1860  he 
withdrew  from  the  Unitarian  denomina- 
tion, and  was  ordained  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  organised  a  new 
parish,  which  he  named  Emmanuel  Church. 
In  1861  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Church  Monthly.  In  1869  he  was  conse- 
crated Bishop  of  Central  New  York,  taking 
Syracuse  for  his  Cathedra]  City.  Among 
his  publications  are:  "Sermons  for  the 
People,"  1856  ;  "  Lessons  on  the  Parables," 
1856;  "Christian  Believing  and  Living," 
1860;  "Lectures  on  Human  Society,  as 
illustrating  the  Power,  Wisdom,  and  Good- 
ness of  God"  (Lowell  Lectures),  1860; 
"  Elim,  or  Hymns  of  Holy  Refreshment," 
1865;  "Lessons  for  the  Instruction  of 
Children  in  the  Divine  Life,"  1868 ; 
"  Helps  to  a  Holy  Lent,"  1872  ;  "  Steps  to 
a  Living  Faith,"  1873  ;  "  New  Helps  to  a 
Holy  Lent,"  1876 ;  "Personal  Christian  Life 
in  the  Ministry,"  1887;  "Forty  Days 
with  the  Master,"  1891 ;  a  Pamphlet  on 
"Strikes,"  1891 ;  "The  Golden  Rule  applied 
to  Business  and  Social  Life,"  1892  ;  besides 
other  pamphlets,  sermons,  charges,  and 
contributions  to  various  periodicals.  In 
18S3,  by  appointment,  he  wrote  the  Pas- 
toral Letter  of  the  House  of  Bishops. 

HTJNTLY,  Marquis  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Charles  Gordon,  Bart., 
LL.D.,  J.P.,  was  born  at  Orton-Longue- 
ville,  Peterborough,  on  March  5,  1847,  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  11th  Marquis 
in  1863.  He  is  the  premier  Marquis  of 
Scotland,  acted  as  Lord-in-Waiting  from 
1870  to  1873,  and  was  Captain  of  the  Hon. 
Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms  in  1881. 
Lord  Huntly  filled  the  position  of  Lord 
Rector  of  Aberdeen  University  in   1890, 


1893,  and  again  in  1896.  He  was  married, 
in  1869,  to  Amy,  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Cunliffe-Brooks,  Bart.,  of  Barlow  Hall, 
Lancashire.  Address  :  Orton-Longueville, 
Peterborough,  &c. 

HURLBATT,  Miss  Ethel,  Principal 
of  Bedford  College,  London,  is  a  native  of 
Kent,  and  was  educated  at  private  schools 
until  1884.  In  1888  she  entered  Somer- 
ville  College,  Oxford,  as  an  Exhibitioner, 
and  took  a  second  class  in  the  Final 
Honour  School  of  Modern  History  in  1891. 
She  remained  in  College  until  June  1892, 
for  further  historical  work,  holding  a 
Special  Scholarship  given  by  the  Cloth- 
workers'  Company.  In  1892  she  was 
appointed  Principal  of  Aberdare  Hall,  the 
residence  for  women  students  of  the  Uni- 
versity College  of  South  Wales  and  Mon- 
mouthshire, Cardiff.  During  the  six  years 
of  her  tenure  of  this  office  the  number  of 
students  increased  from  17  to  39,  and  new 
and  permanent  buildings  were  completed 
and  occupied  in  January  1895.  Miss  Hurl- 
batt  acted  as  Hon.  Sec.  for  South  Wales  of 
the  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  the 
Education  of  Girls  in  Wales.  She  also 
served  on  the  Committee  of  the  Training 
School  of  Cookery  and  Domestic  Arts, 
Cardiff,  and  was  a  Governor  of  the  Howell 
School,  Llandaff.  For  several  years  Miss 
Hurlbatt  was  employed  temporarily  during 
the  Long  Vacation  upon  the  staff  of  the 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  where  she  was 
employed  in  calendaring  mediaeval  char- 
ters. In  February  1898,  Miss  Hurlbatt  was 
appointed  Principal  of  Bedford  College 
(for  Women),  London.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  this  College  will  have  increas- 
ing importance  in  the  future.  It  was 
recognised  by  the  Cowper  Commission 
(London  University)  as  one  of  the  Colleges 
qualified  for  recognition  as  a  "  School"  of 
the  revised  University  of  London.  There 
are  at  present  180  students  attending  the 
College  (37  in  residence),  of  whom  132  are 
preparing  for  examinations  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  London,  for  which  the  College 
specially  fits  them. 

HUTCHINS,  Sir  Philip  Perceval, 
K. C.S.I. ,  was  born  in  London,  Jan.  28, 
1838,  and  is  the  fifth  son  of  William 
Hutchins  and  Isabella,  daughter  of  Leigh 
Thomas,  sometime  President  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England.  He  was 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  Hailey- 
bury,  and  joined  the  Madras  Civil  Service 
in  1857.  He  was  District  Judge  of  Madura, 
1872-82,  and  after  having  been  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1875,  he 
became  a  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Madras  in  1883,  and  a  member  of  the 
Council  in  1886.     From  1888  to  1893  he 


HUTCHINSON  —  HUTCHISON 


551 


was  a  member  of  the  Governor-General's 
Council,  when  he  joined  the  India  Office 
as  Secretary  of  the  Judicial  and  Public 
Department.  In  June  1898  he  succeeded 
Sir  A.  Arbuthnot  as  a  member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  India.  He  became  a  C.S.I,  in  1888, 
and  K.C.S.I.  in  1891.  Address  :  72  Crom- 
well Eoad,  S.W. 

HUTCHINSON,  John,  Librarian  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
George  Hutchinson,  of  the  Hutchinsons  of 
Cornforth  and  Bishop  Middleham,  in  the 
co.  of  Durham,  whose  sister  Mary  married 
the  poet  William  Wordsworth.  He  was 
born  at  Ballingham,  in  the  co.  of  Hereford, 
and  was  educated  at  home  and  at  Chelsea, 
under  the  Eev.  Derwent  Coleridge,  and  in 
Paris.  In  1855  he  was  appointed  First 
Master  of  the  English  Form  (now  the 
School  of  John  Lyon)  in  connection  with 
Harrow  School,  and  was  subsequently 
Vice -Principal  of  Hereford  Proprietary 
College,  and  Master  of  the  Modern  De- 
partment of  Doncaster  Grammar  School. 
In  1879,  after  establishing  the  College  at 
Llandrindod  Wells,  Eadnorshire,  he  re- 
tired from  educational  work,  and  in  the 
following  year  obtained  the  appointment 
he  now  holds  as  Keeper  of  the  Library  of 
the  Hon.  Soc.  of  the  Middle  Temple.  He 
has  been  a  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture, and  has  published  "  Ariconia  :  a 
Poem,"  1853 ;  "  Herefordshire  Biogra- 
phies," 1890 ;  "  Men  of  Kent,"  1892  ; 
"Llandrindod  Legends  and  Lyrics,"  1895  ; 
"The  Legend  of  Hereford  Cathedral:  a 
Poem,"  1897  ;  &c.  Address  :  The  Middle 
Temple  Library,  London. 

HUTCHINSON,  Professor  Jona- 
than, M.D.,  F.B.C.S.,  F.E.S.,  LL.D.,  Past 
President  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  was  born  on  July  23,  1828,  at 
Selby,  Yorkshire,  and  educated  there.  He 
is  the  second  son  of  Jonathan  Hutchinson 
and  Elizabeth  Massey.  He  was  admitted  a 
Fellow  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  in  1862  ; 
was  appointed  President  of  the  Hunterian 
Society  in  1869  and  1870  ;  President  of  the 
Pathological  Society  in  1879  and  1880 ;  of 
the  Opbthalmological  in  1883 ;  of  the 
Neurological  in  1887  ;  of  the  Medical  in 
1890 ;  and  of  the  Eoyal  Medical  and  Chir- 
urg.  in  1894-96.  He  was  Professor  of  Sur- 
gery and  Pathology  in  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Surgeons  from  1877  to  1882,  and  was 
elected  President  of  that  College  in  1889. 
Professor  Hutchinson  was  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  appointed  in  1881  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  London 
hospitals  for  smallpox  and  fever  cases, 
and  into  the  means  of  preventing  the 
spread  of  infection.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Eoyal  Commission  on  Vaccina- 


tion. The  degree  of  LL.D.  (Hon.)  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Glasgow  University 
in  1887,  and  by  that  of  Cambridge  in  1890. 
At  the  Tercentenary  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  he  received  the  honorary  diploma 
of  M.D.  He  holds  also  the  Honorary 
Fellowship  of  many  learned  societies  in 
conection  with  medicine  on  the  Continent 
and  America.  He  has  taken  much  interest 
in  "Educational  Museums  "  as  a  means  of 
popular  education,  and  has  arranged  one 
at  Haslemere  which  possesses  novel  fea- 
tures. Among  his  principal  works  may  be 
mentioned  :  "Eare  Diseases  of  the  Skin," 
"The  Pedigree  of  Disease,"  "Illustrations 
of  Clinical  Surgery,"  as  well  as  his  quar- 
terly Archives  of  Surgery,  and  a  short-lived 
experiment,  the  Home  University.  Ad- 
dresses :  15  Cavendish  Square,  W.  ;  and 
Inval,  Haslemere,  Surrey. 

HUTCHINSON,  The  Hon.  Sir 
Joseph  Turner,  Chief -Justice  of  Cyprus, 
was  born  at  Braystones,  Cumberland,  on 
March  28,  1850.  His  father  was  one  of 
the  old  Cumberland  "Statesmen,"  whose 
forefathers  had  lived  on  the  same  small 
estate  for  upwards  of  three  centuries.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Bees  Grammar  School ; 
elected  to  a  foundation  scholarship  at 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1870  ;  took 
his  degree  there  in  1873  in  the  first  class 
of  the  Classical  Tripos,  and  proceeded  to 
M.A.  in  1876.  After  leaving  Cambridge 
he  became  Sixth  Form  Master  at  Dulwich 
College,  where  he,  in  conjunction  with 
Arthur  Gray,  edited  for  the  Pitt  Press  the 
Hercules  Furens  of  Euripides  ;  afterwards 
was  Sixth  Form  Master  at  the  City  of 
London  School  from  1876  to  1879  ;  and  in 
1879  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  He  practised  for  eight  years  as 
an  Equity  draughtsman  and  conveyancer. 
In  April  1888  he  was  appointed  Queen's 
Advocate  of  the  Gold  Coast  Colony ;  and 
in  January  1890,  on  the  retirement  of  Mr. 
Macleod,  was  appointed  Chief  -  Justice. 
This  post  he  held  until  1895,  when  he  be- 
came Chief-Justice  of  Grenada,  in  which 
year  he  was  knighted.  In  1897  he  was 
appointed  to  his  present  post.  Home  ad- 
dress :    Grenada,  Braystones,  Cumberland. 

HUTCHISON,  John,  E.S.A.,  sculptor, 
was  born  at  Lauriston,  Edinburgh,  June  1, 
1832.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  wood-carver  in  the  High 
Street,  Edinburgh,  and  in  the  evenings, 
during  his  apprenticeship,  studied  drawing 
and  modelling  in  the  Trustees'  Academy 
and  the  School  of  Arts.  In  1852  he  was 
employed  to  execute  the  wood-carvings 
and  other  decorations  in  relief  for  the 
Picture  Gallery  then  in  course  of  erection 
at  Hospitalfield,  Arbroath,  by  Patrick  Allan 


552 


HUTTON 


Eraser,  H.E.S.A.  Returning  to  Edin- 
burgh, he  studied  in  the  Antique  and  Life 
School  of  the  Trustees'  Academy,  then 
under  the  able  direction  of  Robert  Scott 
Lauder,  R.S.A.  He  first  exhibited  in  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1856.  In  1859 
he  exhibited  there  a  colossal  bust  of 
"  Harald  Hardrada,  the  Norse  Sea- King," 
which  was  purchased  by  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Norton  for  Lord  Dufferin  ;  it  is  now  at 
Clandeboys,  Ireland.  In  1860  he  visited 
Rome  and  studied  with  the  late  Alfred 
Gatley,  an  able  and  enthusiastic  sculptor. 
Returning  to  Edinburgh  with  several 
works  in  marble,  executed  at  Rome,  he 
exhibited  in  the  1862  Exhibition  a  bust  in 
marble  of  a  Roman  matron.  Again  visit- 
ing Italy  in  1863,  he  executed  several 
works  in  marble,  "Pasquccia,"  a  Roman 
girl,  now  in  the  National  Gallery,  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  a  life-size  statue  in  marble 
of  a  "Roman  Dancing  -  Girl  Resting." 
While  in  Italy  Mr.  Hutchison  enjoyed  the 
friendship  of  the  Italian  sculptors  Tene- 
rani  and  Dupre,  and  Hiram  Powers,  the 
American.  In  1862  he  exhibited  for  the 
first  time  in  the  Royal  Academy  a  marble 
bust  of  John  Philip,  R.A. — a  commission 
from  Mr.  Philip — and  has  contributed  to 
Royal  Academy  Exhibitions  for  many 
years ;  in  1889  he  exhibited  a  study  in 
bronze,  "  II  Condottiere."  He  has  exe- 
cuted colossal  bronze  statues  of  James 
Carmichael,  engineer  (inventor  of  the  fan- 
blast),  erected  in  Dundee;  Adam  Black, 
M.P.,  publisher,  for  Edinburgh ;  Dr. 
Grigor,  M.D.,  for  Nairn.  For  Lochmaben 
a  colossal  statue  of  King  Robert  Bruce  in 
freestone ;  a  statue  in  bronze-gilt  of  a 
Greek  Torch  Racer  for  the  summit  of  the 
dome  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  ;  four 
statues  (life-size)  for  the  Scott  Monument, 
Edinburgh,  viz.,  Baron  Bradwardine,  Hal- 
o'-the-Wynd,  the  Glee  Maiden,  and  Flora 
Maclvor.  For  the  relic-room  of  the  Scott 
Monument,  eight  historical  portrait-heads 
alto-relievo  in  bronze.  Amongst  many 
other  monuments  which  Mr.  Hutchison 
has  designed  and  executed  may  be  men- 
tioned a  marble  monument  in  Leyland 
Church,  Lancashire,  a  recumbent  figure  of 
a  lady  (Mrs.  Farington)  resting  on  an 
altar-tomb  ;  and  a  monument  in  memory 
of  G.  Paul  Chalmers,  R.S.A.,  in  the  Dean 
Cemetery,  Edinburgh.  He  has  also  exe- 
cuted and  exhibited  in  the  Royal  Academy 
and  Royal  Scottish  Academy  various  busts 
of  distinguished  characters  ;  likewise 
studies  in  marble  and  bronze  of  Hamlet, 
Dante,  Don  Quixote,  Bonny  Kilmeny, 
Genevieve ;  and  Marietta,  a  Roman  Girl, 
now  in  the  National  Gallery,  Edinburgh. 
By  command  of  the  Queen,  Mr.  Hutchison 
has  executed  busts  of  the  late  Principal 
Tulloch  and  Dr.  Norman  Macleod  for 
Balmoral,  and  has  also  designed  and  exe- 


cuted the  marble  monument  in  memory  of 
the  Royal  Stewarts  buried  in  Paisley 
Abbey.  In  1888  her  Majesty  honoured 
Mr.  Hutchison  with  sittings  for  her  bust 
at  Windsor  Castle.  The  bust  of  the  Queen 
and  that  of  the  late  Prince  Consort  were 
executed  for  the  Victoria  Art  Galleries, 
Dundee.  Mr.  Hutchison  was  elected  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in 
1862  ;  Academician  in  1867  ;  Librarian  in 
1877  ;  and  Treasurer  in  1886. 

HUTTON,  Arthur  Wollaston,youDg- 
est  son  of  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Hutton,  Rector  of 
Spridlington,  Lincolnshire,  was  born  Sept. 
5,  1848.  Educated  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
Grammar  School,  at  Brussels  (under  M. 
le  Pasteur  Vent),  and  at  Cheltenham 
College,  he  obtained  a  scholarship  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  and  entered  upon 
residence  there  in  January  1867.  In  1869 
he  obtained  a  second  class  in  classical 
moderations,  and  in  June  1871  he  was 
placed  alone  in  the  first  class  in  the 
honour  school  of  theology,  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  that  year,  and  M.A.  in  1873. 
Ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  he  was 
curate  of  St.  Barnabas  Church  in  that  city, 
1871-73,  and  in  1872,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  secession  to  the  Church  of  Rome  of 
his  fellow-curate,  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Moore, 
he  published  an  essay  entitled  "  Our  Posi- 
tion as  Catholics  in  the  Church  of  England." 
In  1873,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  living  of  Spridlington,  a 
village  nine  miles  N.E.  of  Lincoln.  Here 
he  rebuilt  the  church  and  enlarged  the 
school  ;  but  in  January  1876  he  resigned 
his  position,  and  was  shortly  afterwards 
received  into  the  Catholic  Church  by  Dr. 
(afterwards  Cardinal)  Newman.  Thence- 
forward, until  1893,  he  resided  at  the 
Birmingham  Oratory  as  one  of  the  com- 
munity, being  ordained  priest  in  1879,  and 
having  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time  the 
management  of  the  public  elementary 
schools.  In  18TT)  he  published  "  The 
Anglican  Ministry,  its  nature  and  value 
in  relation  to  the  Catholic  Priesthood," 
a  criticism  of  the  position  of  the  Ritualists, 
to  which  Cardinal  Newman  contributed 
a  preface  of  twenty  pages.  In  November 
1883  Mr.  Hutton  withdrew  from  the  Catho- 
lic Church  and  the  clerical  profession,  and 
held  no  definite  position  until  1887,  when 
he  was  appointed  the  first  librarian  of 
the  Gladstone  Library  at  the  National 
Liberal  Club  in  Whitehall  Place.  He 
retired  from  this  post  in  March  1899, 
and  was  succeeded  by  F.  G.  Haley.  In 
addition  to  other  magazine  articles,  lec- 
tures, and  reviews,  Mr.  Hutton  published 
in  the  Expositor  for  September,  October, 
and  November  1890,  "  Personal  Reminis- 
cences of  Cardinal  Newman  "  ;  in  1892,  in 
the  series  of  English  Leaders  of  Religion, 


HUTTON  —  HYNDMAN 


553 


a  life  of  Cardinal  Manning  ;  and  in  the 
same  year,  in  Bohn's  Standard  Library,  a 
new  edition  of  Arthur  Young's  "Tour  in  Ire- 
land." In  conjunction  with  Mr.  H.  J.  Cohen, 
Mr.  Hutton  began  in  1892  acollected  edition 
of  the  "  Speeches  and  Public  Addresses  of 
Mr.  Gladstone,"  to  be  completed  in  11  vols.; 
and  in  the  autumn  of  1894  appeared  an 
essay  on  "The  Vaccination  Question,"  in 
the  form  of  an  open  letter  to  Mr.  Asquith. 
Address  i  Warden  Lodge,  Chiswick. 

HUTTON,  Sir  John,  J.P.,  late  Chair- 
man of  the  London  County  Council,  was  born 
in  London  in  1842,  and  educated  by  private 
tutors.  He  began  life  as  a  journalist,  and 
for  more  than  twenty  years  was  connected 
with  the  Weekly  Times,  of  which  he  even- 
tually became  editor  and  proprietor.  He 
also  partly  owned  the  Sporting  Life  news- 
paper, and  had  at  one  period  an  interest 
in  four  important  journalistic  or  literary 
properties.  In  1889  he  stood  for  the  Lon- 
don County  Council,  and  was  returned  as 
senior  member  for  South  St.  Pancras,  for 
which  he  was  again  elected  in  1892,  1895, 
and  1898.  He  acted  for  three  years  as 
Chairman  of  the  Building  Act  Committee, 
in  which  position  he  established  a  reputa- 
tion for  industry.  When  the  second 
Council  met  he  was  elected  Vice-Chair- 
man, and  upon  the  resignation  of  Lord 
Rosebery  succeeded  him  as  Chairman.  In 
March  1893  and  1894  he  was  re-elected  to 
this  post,  which  he  retained  to  1895.  Sir 
John  Hutton,  who  was  at  one  time  a  man 
of  leisure,  devoted  the  whole  of  his  time 
to  his  presidential  duties,  and  has  only  on 
very  rare  occasions  missed  a  meeting  of 
the  Council.  His  annual  address  was 
considered  an  ample  commentary  on  the 
Council's  work.  He  is  a  Progressive.  The 
honour  of  knighthood  was  conferred  upon 
him  in  May  1894,  his  name  being  among 
the  "  birthday  honours  "  on  the  26th.  He 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William 
Neal,  in  1864.  Addresses  :  10  Cumberland 
Terrace,  Eegent's  Park ;  Ongar  Hill 
Cottage,  Addlestone,  Surrey. 

HUTTON,  Laurence,  author  and 
literary  editor  of  Harper's  Magazine,  was 
born  in  New  York  on  Aug.  8,  1843,  was 
educated  at  private  schools,  at  Yale  (of 
which  he  is  M.A.),  and  at  Princeton  Uni- 
versity. He  was  in  business  from  1863  to 
1871,  and  then  began  to  write  dramatic 
criticism,  and  to  contribute  to  the  maga- 
zines. In  1885  he  joined  the  staff  of 
Harper's,  and  in  time  became  editor  of  the 
magazine.  He  has  published  several  works 
on  the  American  stage,  including  a  life 
of  Edmund  Booth,  "  Portraits  in  Plaster," 
"From  the  Books  of  Laurence  Hutton," 
"  Boy  I  knew,"  and  "  Literary  Landmarks  " 
of  London,  Edinburgh,  Jerusalem,  Venice, 


Rome,  and  Florence.  Address  :  229  W. 
34th  Street,  New  York. 

HUYSMANS,  Joris  Karl,  French 
author,  was  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  5,  1848,  of 
a  family  of  Dutch  origin  and  artistic  repu- 
tation. At  an  early  age  he  threw  himself 
ardently  into  the  footsteps  of  the  leaders 
of  the  naturalistic  and  pessimist  school. 
He  was  first  an  imitator  of  Baudelaire  and 
then  of  Zola,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  minute  depicture  of  extreme  realism. 
He  then  attached  himself  to  the  Decadents, 
and  was  characterised  by  Max  Nordau,  in 
that  writer's  manner,  be  it  said,  as  the 
type  of  "literary  hysteria."  His  first 
work  was  a  volume  of  poems  in  prose,  "Le 
Drageoir  a  Epices,"  1874 ;  and  this  was 
followed  by  a  novel,  "  Marthe,"  the  history 
of  a  girl.  Then  came  ' '  Les  Scaurs  Vatard," 
1879 ;  "Croquis  Parisiens,"  1880,  illustrated 
by  Forain  ;  "En  Manage,"  1881;  "A 
Rebours,"  1884,  by  many  considered  his 
finest  work;  "En  Rade,"  1887;  "Les 
Vieux  Quartiers  de  Paris,"  1890.  In  1891 
he  more  or  less  dissociated  himself  from 
the  Zolaistic  school,  and  published  "  La- 
Bas,"  a  study  of  diabolism  in  Paris.  This 
was  followed  by  "En  Route,"  1895,  more 
or  less  a  continuation  and  recantation  of 
the  previous  work — and  in  "La  Cathe'- 
drale,"  1897,  he  goes  still  further  along  the 
path  of  neo-Catholicism.  In  1881  he  col- 
laborated in  "Les  Soirees  de  M^dan,"  to 
which  he  contributed  "  Sac  au  Dos."  He 
is  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
and  his  Paris  address  is  41  Rue  de  Sevres. 

HYACTNTHE,  Father.  SccLoyson, 
Abbe  Charles  (Pere  Loyson). 

HYNDMAN,     Henry     Mayers, 

Socialistic  leader,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
John  Beckles  Hyndman,  a  capitalist  and 
most  generous  benefactor  of  churches,  was 
born  on  March  7, 1842  ;  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.  1864  ;  and 
entered  the  Inner  Temple  in  1863.  He 
was  special  correspondent  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette  during  the  war  between  France 
and  Italy  in  1866.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  The  Indian  Famine  and  the  Crisis  in 
India,"  1887  ;  "  England  for  All,"  1881  ; 
"  Historic  Bases  of  Socialism  in  Eng- 
land," 1883  ;  "  The  Social  Reconstruction 
of  England,"  "Socialism  and  Slavery," 
and  "  A  Summary  of  the  Principles  of 
Slavery,"  and  "Will  Socialism  Benefit  the 
English  People  ?  "  1884.  More  recently  he 
has  published  "  Socialism  and  Slavery," 
and  "  General  Booth's  Book  Refuted," 
1890  ;  "  The  Commercial  Crisis  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  1892;  and  "Econo- 
mics of  Socialism,"  1896.  He  married,  in 
1876,  Matilda  Ware.  Address  :  9  Queen 
Anne's  Gate,  S.W. 


554 


IBSEN 


IBSEN,  Henrik,  dramatist  and  poet, 
was  born  at  Skien,  in  Norway,  on  March 
20,  1828,  and  is  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant. 
He  is  said  to  be  of  Scotch  descent  on  his 
mother's  side,  but  as  he  is  unable  to  this 
day  to  read  English,  his  foreign  extraction 
is  perhaps  doubtful.  The  choice  of  his 
boyhood  was  to  be  an  artist,  but  his  father 
failed  in  business  when  Henrik  was  only 
eight  years  old,  and  all  his  dreams  of  a 
university  education  and  artistic  training 
were  dispelled.  He  was  forced  to  earn 
his  own  living,  the  only  opening  available 
being  in  a  small  apothecary's  shop  in  an 
obscure  provincial  town.  For  five  years 
he  lived  the  humdrum  life  of  an  assistant 
druggist,  dispensing  drugs  and  learning 
all  he  could,  with  a  youthful  longing  to 
enter  the  medical  profession.  In  his  spare 
hours,  which  were  few,  he  read  out-of-the- 
way  books.  The  struggle  was  hard  and 
embittering,  and  at  last,  unable  to  stand 
it  any  longer,  young  Ibsen  started  for 
Christiania  with  only  a  small  sum  of 
money  in  his  pocket.  In  1849,  with  the 
assistance  of  some  of  his  student-friends, 
he  published,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Brynjolf  Bjarme,"  his  first  book.  This 
first  venture  was  a  dismal  failure,  finding 
but  thirty  buyers,  and,  heart-broken,  Ibsen 
was  compelled  to  sell  the  remaining  copies 
as  waste  paper  in  order  to  keep  the  wolf 
from  the  door.  He  drowned  his  misery 
by  becoming  an  ardent  Radical  and  by 
writing  revolutionary  poems.  In  the  same 
year  he  entered  the  university,  where,  in 
conjunction  with  others,  including  Bjbrn- 
son,  with  whom  he  studied,  he  founded  a 
literary  journal  in  which  appeared  his  first 
satire,  "Norma,  or  a  Politician's  Love." 
He  sought  mental  recreation  in  attending 
and  addressing  Radical  meetings,  but, 
failing  in  Greek  and  mathematics  at  his 
matriculation  examination,  he  left  the 
university  and  occupied  himself  with  the 
composition  of  poems  and  dramas,  and  in 
addressing  more  meetings.  En  passant,  it 
is  curious  to  notice  that  in  later  life  Ibsen 
lost  both  his  Radicalism  and  his  eloquence, 
maturing  into  a  staid  Conservative  of  the 
most  uncompromising  type,  and  becoming 
utterly  incapable  of  speaking  in  public. 
On  leaving  the  university  he  again  turned 
to  literature  and  wrote  "  The  Warrior's 
Barrow,"  which  was  acted  successfully  in 
the  Christiania  Theatre  in  1850.  Through 
the  influence  of  Ole  Bull,  the  violinist,  he 
was  appointed  stage  manager  of  the 
Bergen  theatre.  He  remained  in  Bergen 
for  seven  years,  and  then  returned  to 
Christiania  to  take  over  the  management 


of  the  new  theatre  (The  Norske),  thus 
gaining  that  experience  of  stage  work 
which  has  made  his  plays  so  popular  with 
the  profession.  Becoming  tired  of  the 
theatre  he  retired  in  1862,  and,  wishing  to 
travel,  applied  to  the  Government  for  that 
truly  admirable  Norse  institution,  a  poet's 
pension,  but  Bjornson,  his  old  fellow- 
student,  being  at  that  time  better  known, 
received  it  instead.  However,  in  1864  the 
Storthing  granted  him  the  allowance, 
Ibsen  having  previously  decided  to  abandon 
political  affairs.  For  some  time  he  lived 
in  Rome,  and  travelled  a  great  deal  on  the 
Continent,  realising,  as  one  result,  the 
petty  tyranny  of  Norway  and  the  narrow- 
ness of  her  officials,  which  he  denounced 
in  "Brand,"  attacking  vigorously  the 
Established  Church.  Then  came  "Peer 
Gynt,"  probably  his  best-known  effort, 
and  from  that  date  a  continuous  stream  of 
dramas,  poems,  and  novels  has  issued 
from  the  master-brain  of  Ibsen.  The 
following  of  his  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English,  and  have  exercised  a 
stimulating  influence  on  English  literary 
and  dramatic  criticism  :  "  The  Pillars  of 
Society,"  1877;  "Ghosts,"  1881;  "An 
Enemy  of  Society,"  and  "  The  Wild  Duck," 
1884;  "Rosmersholm,"  1886;  "Hedda 
Gabler,"  1890  ;  and  ,;  The  Master  Builder," 
1892.  All  of  the  foregoing  have  been 
dramatised,  as  also  have  others,  such  as 
"A  Doll's  House,"  "Little  Eyolf,"  and 
"John  Gabriel  Borkman."  In  these  re- 
presentations some  of  the  finest  talent  on 
the  English  stage  has  taken  part,  and,  if 
space  permitted,  an  interesting  list  of 
productions  might  be  given.  However, 
two  particular  performances  may  be  cited, 
as  they  aroused  considerable  feeling  and 
criticism,  viz.,  "  An  Enemy  of  the  People," 
produced  by  Mr.  Beerbohm  Tree  at  the 
Haymarket  Theatre,  on  June  15,  1893 ; 
and  "  Little  Eyolf,"  staged  by  the  New 
Century  Theatre  and  acted  by  Miss 
Janet  Achurch,  Miss  Elizabeth  Robins, 
and  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell.  Within  the 
last  few  years  (he  was  comparatively  un- 
known beyond  Norway  ten  years  ago) 
Ibsen  has  acquired  a  considerable  and 
influential  following  in  England,  due,  in 
part,  to  the  efforts  of  Messrs.  William 
Archer  and  Edmund  Gosse,  who,  by 
translation  and  connotation,  have  largely 
aided  in  the  introduction  of  Ibsen  to 
English  readers.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  Ibsen  himself  has  not  thought  fit  to 
make  a  direct  appeal  to  English  circles, 
but  he  once  declared  himself  indifferent  to 
the  study  of  English,  as  he  felt  that  he 
could  never  "get  at  the  heart,"  as  he 
expressed  it,  of  the  English  people,  al- 
though he  confessed  to  a  strong  desire  to 
see  and  talk  with  such  English  giants  as 
Tennyson,  Gladstone,  and  Herbert  Spen- 


IGNATIEFF  —  ILBEKT 


555 


oer.  The  new  feeling  towards  the  Nor- 
wegian master,  referred  to  above,  received 
its  clearest  and  most  fitting  expression  in 
an  address  presented  to  Ibsen  by  some  of 
his  English  admirers,  on  the  occasion  of 
his  seventieth  birthday,  March  20,  1898. 
Accompanying  the  address,  which  was 
signed  by  a  representative  gathering,  was 
a  set  of  silver,  consisting  of  a  ciboriurn  or 
loving  cup,  an  exact  facsimile  of  one 
executed  for  King  George  II.  in  1730  ;  a 
ladle,  in  silver  and  ebony,  an  original, 
made  about  1725  ;  and  a  small  cup  of  the 
same  period.  On  the  same  date  (March 
20,  1898)  a  long  poem  by  Mr.  William 
Archer  appeared  in  the  Daily  Chronicle, 
inscribed  to  Ibsen,  and  hailing  him  as 
"Great  Poet,  ...  by  friends'  and  foes' 
consent,  in  Drama's  wide  domain  pre- 
.  eminent !  "  His  seventieth  birthday  was 
celebrated  in  Christiania  amid  great 
festivities,  and  congratulations  were  pre- 
sented by  the  President  of  the  Storthing, 
in  the  name  of  that  body,  and  by  numerous 
deputations,  associations,  and  private  per- 
sons. King  Oscar  also  took  part,  and, 
in  his  telegram  of  congratulation,  said : 
"Tour  day  of  honour  is,  likewise,  the  day 
of  honour  of  the  Norwegian  people." 
A  critical  estimate  of  his  work,  entitled 
"Ibsen  on  his  Merits,"  was  recently 
elaborated  by  Sir  Edward  R.  Russell  and 
Mr.  Percy  Cross  Standing. 

IGNATIEFF,  Nicholaus  Pavlo- 
vitch,  a  Russian  general  and  diplomatist, 
was  born  January  29,  1832.  He  is  the  son 
of  Count  Paul  Ignatieff,  a  captain  of  in- 
fantry, who  at  the  time  of  the  military 
insurrection  that  occurred  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  consequence  of  the  somewhat 
forcible  accession  of  the  Grand-Duke 
Nicholas  to  the  throne  of  Russia  in  1825, 
was  the  first  to  pass  over,  with  his  com- 
pany, to  the  side  of  the  new  Czar — a 
defection  which  it  was  his  duty  to  make 
in  this  manner  in  opposing  the  defection 
of  the  rebels,  and  which  ensured  the 
triumph  of  the  former,  and  gained  for 
Captain  Ignatieff  and  his  family  the 
powerful  protection  of  Nicholas  I.  The 
subject  of  this  notice  had  at  the  very  out- 
set of  his  career  the  Emperor  Alexander 
II.  for  his  godfather.  He  was  educated 
at  home  and  in  the  Corps  des  Pages,  and, 
according  to  custom,  quitted  that  select 
establishment  for  young  aristocrats  to 
enter  the  Guard ;  and  in  the  Military 
Academy,  after  three  years'  study,  he  was 
appointed  as  staff  officer.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Crimean  war  he  was  ordered 
to  be  on  the  staff  of  General  Berg.  He 
occupied  at  Riga  the  post  of  Quarter- 
master-General of  the  Baltic  corps.  He 
then  passed  from  the  military  to  the 
diplomatic   service,   finding   his   point   of 


transition  in  the  military  attacheship  to 
the  Embassy  at  London.  His  chief  per- 
formance in  this  capacity  was  a  report  on 
England's  military  position  in  India,  which 
so  pleased  the  Emperor  that  he  summoned 
Captain  Ignatieff  to  Warsaw  for  a  perso- 
nal interview.  In  1858  Ignatieff,  now  a 
colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  Emperor, 
was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to  Khiva 
and  Bokhara.  He  was  afterwards  made  a 
major-general  in  the  Imperial  suite,  and 
sent  as  a  plenipotentiary  to  Pekin,  1860, 
where  he  concluded  a  treaty  by  which  the 
province  of  Ussuri  was  ceded  by  China  to 
Russia.  On  his  return  to  Russia  he  was 
made  Director  of  the  Asiatic  Department 
in  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs.  In 
1864  he  was  appointed  Minister  at  Con- 
stantinople, where  his  legation  was  after- 
wards (1867)  raised  to  the  rank  of  an 
embassy.  Apart  from  his  rank  as  am- 
bassador, he  was  a  lieut.-general,  and 
general  aide-de-camp  to  the  Emperor. 
The  object  which  General  Ignatieff  steadily 
pursued  at  Constantinople  was  to  secure 
for  Russia  a  powerful  influence  over  Tur- 
key. He  completely  reassured  the  late 
Sultan  Abdnl  Aziz  as  to  the  intentions  of 
the  Government  of  St.  Petersburg,  while 
on  the  other  hand  he  gained  the  good-will 
of  the  Christian  subjects  of  the  Porte  by 
his  courteous  behaviour  and  his  simulated 
anxiety  to  protect  them.  In  the  negotia- 
tions between  the  various  European 
Powers  prior  and  subsequent  to  the  war 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  General 
Ignatieff  took  a  very  prominent  part,  and 
the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  was  mainly  his 
work.  He  was  recalled  from  the  embassy 
at  Constantinople,  May  2,  1878,  when 
Prince  Lobanoff  was  sent  there  in  his 
place.  Afterwards  he  was  appointed 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  from  which  post 
he  was  dismissed  in  June  1882,  owing  to 
disagreements  with  the  pacific  M.  De 
Giers.  He  remained,  however,  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Empire.  He  is  a 
bitter  enemy  of  the  Nihilists. 

IGNATIUS,  Father.    See  Lyne,  The 
Rev.  Joseph  Leycestek. 

ILBERT,  Sir  Courtenay  Peregrine, 

K.C.S.I.,  C.I.E.,  was  born  June  12,  1841, 
at  Kingsbridge,  Devon,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Peregrine  A.  Ilbert, 
Rector  of  Thurlestone,  Devon.  He  was 
educated  at  Marlborough,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  gained  an  open 
scholarship,  and  also  the  Hertford,  Ire- 
land, and  Craven  University  Scholarships. 
He  was  placed  in  the  first  class  in  the 
Classical  Moderations  1862,  and  in  the  Lit. 
Hum.  1864,  and  was  elected  to  a  Balliol 
Fellowship.  After  taking  his  degree  he 
read   for    the    Bar,    and   was    elected    to 


556 


1LCHESTER  —  IMAGE 


the  Bldon  Law  Scholarship  in  1867.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1869,  and  practised  as  a  parliamentary 
and  equity  draughtsman  and  conveyancer. 
For  many  years  he  did  work  in  connection 
with  the  Parliamentary  Counsel's  office, 
and  had  a  considerable  share  in  the  draft- 
ing ot  important  Government  measures. 
He  was  Counsel  to  the  Education  Depart- 
ment from  1879  to  1882  ;  Legal  Member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Viceroy  of  India 
from  1882  to  1886  ;  and  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Calcutta  in  1885. 
During  Lord  Dufferin's  absence  in  Burmah 
in  1886  he  was  President  of  the  Viceroy's 
Council,  with  the  powers  of  the  Governor- 
General.  As  Legal  Member  of  Lord 
Ripon's  Government  in  India,  Mr.  Ilbert's 
name  was  associated  with  a  measure  for 
the  Amendment  of  Criminal  Procedure,  in 
pursuance  of  the  Viceroy's  policy,  which 
became  the  subject  of  vehement  conten- 
tion, and  was  popularly  known  as  the 
Ilbert  Bill.  He  was  also  responsible  for 
an  important  measure  for  revising  the 
relations  between  landlord  and  tenant 
amongst  an  agricultural  population  of  sixty 
millions,  known  as  the  Bengal  Tenancy 
Bill,  which,  as  finally  amended  after  long 
and  careful  discussion,  is  now  part  of  the 
law  of  India.  This  was  only  one  of  a 
series  of  similar  measures,  affecting  the 
tenure  of  land  in  almost  every  part  of 
India,  for  which  Mr.  Ilbert  was  respon- 
sible, as  Legal  Member  of  the  Council, 
first  under  the  Marquis  of  Ripon,  and 
afterwards  under  the  Marquis  of  Dufferin 
and  Ava.  On  returning  from  India  in 
1886  Mr.  Ilbert  was  appointed  to  the  per- 
manent office  of  Assistant  Parliamentary 
Counsel  to  the  Treasury,  which  he  still 
holds.  He  was  knighted  in  February 
1895.  In  January  1899  he  was  ap- 
pointed Parliamentary  Counsel  to  suc- 
ceed Sir  Henry  Jenkyns,  K.C.B.,  retired. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
Marlborough  College,  and  of  the  Board  of 
Visitors  of  the  Cooper's  Hill  Engineering 
College.  A  paper  which  he  read  at  the 
Imperial  Institute  in  1894  resulted  in  the 
foundation  of  the  Society  of  Comparative 
Legislation.  He  is  the  author  of  a  book 
on  the  Government  of  India  (Clarendon 
Press,  1898).  In  1874  he  married  Jessie, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  C.  Bradley,  and  niece 
of  the  present  Dean  of  Westminster.  Per- 
manent addresses :  67  Gloucester  Place, 
Portman  Square  ;  and  3  Whitehall  Gar- 
dens (official). 

ILCHESTER,  Earl  of,  The  Bight 
Hon.  Henry  Edward  Fox-Strang- 
waye,  was  born  on  Sept.  13,  1847,  and 
is  the  only  son  of  the  Hon.  John  George 
Fox  -  Strangways.  He  was  educated 
at    Eton    and     Christ    Church,    Oxford ; 


from  1873  to  1874  he  was  Captain  of  the 
Hon.  Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms,  has 
been  a  Captain  of  Yeomanry,  is  Lord- 
Lieutenant  and  County  Alderman  of  Dor- 
set, and  a  member  of  the  London  County 
Council.  He  succeeded  his  uncle,  the 
fourth  Earl,  in  1865,  and  was  sworn  of  the 
Privy  Council  in  1871.  He  married,  in 
1872,  Lady  Mary  Eleanor  Anne  Dawson, 
daughter  of  the  first  Earl  of  Dartrey.  His 
London  residence  is  the  historic  Holland 
House,  Kensington. 

IMAGE,  Selwyn,  artist,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  Rev.  John  Image,  of  Bodiam, 
Sussex,  and  was  born  in  1849.  He  was 
educated  at  Marlborough  and  at  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree 
in  1872  (M.A.  1875).  He  was  curate  of 
St.  Anne's,  Soho,  from  1876  to  1880,  but 
has  since  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his 
art,  the  rudiments  of  which  he  acquired 
under  the  influence  of  Mr.  Ruskin,  one  of 
whose  earliest  pupils  he  was  at  the  Slade 
School,  Oxford.  Writing  in  a"  recent 
number  of  the  Studio,  the  editor  says : 
"Mr.  Selwyn  Image's  influence  upon 
modern  art  is  well  known  to  those  who 
have  studied  its  development  in  recent 
years."  The  labours  of  the  Century  Guild, 
the  organ  of  which  was  the  Hobby  Horse 
quarterly,  have  been  mainly  in  the  direc- 
tion of  a  revived  interest  in  the  English 
Renaissance  as  well  as  its  Italian  proto- 
type, infused  in  both  cases  by  Pagan 
learning  as  well  as  by  the  more  barbarous 
Gothic  creed.  These  labours  were  greatly 
inspired  by  Mr.  Image.  The  title-page  of 
the  Century  Guild  Hobby  Horse  was  from 
his  design,  and  many  have  seen  in  its  out- 
lines the  inspiration  of  much  modern 
decorative  work,  such,  for  instance,  as  the 
late  Mr.  Aubrey  Beardsley's  incomparable 
line.  Mr.  Image  has  done  much  decora- 
tive work,  and  has  painted  landscape,  but 
he  is  chiefly  known  for  his  glass.  He  is 
perhaps  the  most  distinguished  of  English 
designers  for  glass,  the  austere  beauty  and 
extreme  delicacy  of  his  work  placing  him 
far  above  the  facile  and  flamboyant  em- 
ployes of  the  great  firms  of  church  decora- 
tors, who  are  ordinarily  called  in  to  help 
in  the  perfunctory  adornment  of  our 
churches.  Among  his  principal  works  are 
the  windows  for  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
Pavilion  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  the  west 
window  in  St.  Luke's,  Camberwell,  four 
archangels  in  Morthoe  Church,  Devon, 
besides  windows  in  private  houses.  He  is 
a  frequent  exhibitor  at  the  Arts  and  Crafts 
Exhibitions,  and  is  member  of  committee 
of  several  art  societies  concerned  in  the 
reform  of  decoration.  He  has  lectured  on 
art  at  the  Society  of  Arts  and  at  the  Arts 
and  Crafts  Exhibition.  He  has  also  written 
much  on  art,  and  has  published  a  volume 


INCE  —  INGRAM 


557 


of  poems,  which  ranks  him  among  "  poet- 
painters."  His  address  is  :  6  Southampton 
Street,  Bloomsbury. 

INCE,  The  Rev.  William,  D.D., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Ince,  some- 
time President  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society  of  Great  Britain,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  James's,  Clerkenwell,  June  7, 
1825,  and  educated  at  King's  College, 
London,  and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  gained  a  scholarship  in  1843. 
He  graduated  B.A.  with  first  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.  in  1846  ;  and  became  Fellow  of 
Exeter  College  in  1847  ;  Sub-rector  of 
Exeter,  1857-1878,  when  he  was  appointed 
Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  and  Canon  of 
Christ  Church  in  succession  to  Dr.  Mozley. 
Dr.  Ince  was  Whitehall  Preacher,  1860-62  ; 
Public  Examiner  at  Oxford,  1866-68  ;  and 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishops  of  Oxford,  Dr. 
Mackarness,  and  subsequently  Dr.  Stubbs, 
1871-1888.  He  has  published  "  Some 
Aspects  of  Christian  Truth,"  1862;  "Re- 
ligion in  the  University  of  Oxford,"  1874  ; 
"  Education  of  the  Clergy  at  the  Univer- 
sities," 1882  ;  and  various  university  and 
college  sermons,  two  funeral  sermons,  and 
some  addresses.  Address  :  Christ  Church, 
Oxford. 

INCmOUIN,  Lord,  Sir  Edward 
Donough  O'Brien,  Bart.,  K.P.,  a  Repre- 
sentative Peer  for  Ireland,  was  born  in 
Dublin  on  May  14, 1839,  and  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  13th  Baron,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1872,  and  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  William 
FitzGerald,  of  co.  Clare.  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (M.A.  Hon.). 
He  was  High  Sheriff  of  co.  Clare  in  1862, 
and  has  been  Lord-Lieutenant  of  that 
county  since  1886.  He  is  Hon.  Colonel 
in  the  7th  Division  Royal  Artillery,  Ireland, 
and  became  a  Representative  Peer  in  1873. 
He  married  (1),  in  1862,  the  Hon.  Emily 
Holmes-A'Court,  daughter  of  the  2nd 
Baron  Heytesbury  (she  died  in  1868) ;  and 
(2),  in  1874,  the  Hon.  Ellen  Harriet  White, 
daughter  of  the  2nd  Baron  Annaly.  Ad- 
dress :  Dromoland  Castle,  co.  Clare. 

INDERWICK,  Frederick  Andrew, 

Q.C.,  J.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Andrew 
Inderwick,  R.N.,  and  was  born  in  1836. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1858,  becoming  a  Q.C.  in 
1874,  and  a  Bencher  in  1877.  After  con- 
testing Cirencester  in  1868,  and  Dover  in 
1874,  he  was  elected  as  member  for  Rye, 
in  the  Liberal  interest,  in  1880,  and  con- 
tinued to  represent  that  constituency  until 
1885.  He  acted  as  Mayor  of  Winchelsea 
from  1892  to  1893.  Mr.  Inderwick  is  the 
author  of :  "  Law  of  Wills,  Divorces,  and 
Matrimonial  Causes  Act,"  "The  Story  of 


King  Edward  and  New  Winchelsea,"  "  The 
Prisoner  of  War,"  "Side  Lights  on  the 
Stuarts,"  "The  Interregnum,"  "The King's 
Peace."  He  was  married,  in  1857,  to 
Frances,  daughter  of  John  Wilkinson,  of 
the  Exchequer  and  Audit  Department. 
He  practises  on  the  South-Eastern  Circuit. 
Addresses  :  1  Mitre  Court  Buildings,  E.C.  ; 
and  Mariteau  House,  Winchelsea,  Sussex. 

INGE,  The  Rev.  "William,  D.D., 
Provost  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  was 
born,  in  1829,  at  Ravenstone,  Leicester- 
shire, and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Inge  of  Benn  Hill,  Atherstone. 
He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School, 
and  matriculated  at  Worcester  College 
in  1849.  He  was  a  scholar  of  his  college 
from  1849  to  1854,  was  in  the  first  class 
in  Classical  Moderations  in  1852,  and  in 
the  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1853.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  University 
Eleven  in  1853  (B.A.  1853;  M.A.  1856; 
B.  and  D.D.  1892).  He  was  Fellow  of 
his  College  from  1854  to  1859,  and  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Cotton  in  1881  as  Provost, 
at  a  time  when  he  had  been  for  many 
years  a  country  clergyman,  first  as  curate 
of  Crayke,  Yorks.,  1857-75,  and  secondly 
as  Vicar  of  Alrewas,  Staffs.,  1875-81. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Hebdomadal 
Council,  was  hon.  secretary  to  the  Oxford 
Education  Board  in  1884,  Commissary  for 
the  Bishop  of  Grahamstown,  1883-88,  and 
examining  chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Lich- 
field, 1880-91,  and  to  the  Archbishop  of 
York  in  1891. 

INGRAM,  The  Right  Rev.  A.  F.  "W. 

See  WlNNINGTON-lNGEAM,  A.  F. 

INGRAM,  John  H.,  was  born  in 
London,  Nov.  16,  1849,  and  educated  at 
Lyonsdown  and  City  of  London  Colleges 
and  by  private  tutors.  He  entered  the 
General  Post  Office  in  1868.  In  1863  he 
published  a  small  volume  of  verse,  subse- 
quently suppressed.  This  was  followed, 
in  1868,  by  "Flora  Symbolica,"  a  work  on 
the  folk-lore  of  flowers,  which  has  passed 
through  numerous  editions.  In  1873  he 
began  a  series  of  articles  in  English  and 
American  periodicals,  calling  attention  to 
misrepresentations  about  the  life  and 
character  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe ;  and  in 
October  1874  embodied  some  of  the 
results  of  his  investigations  in  a  short 
"Memoir  of  Poe,"  prefixed  to  a  four- 
volume  edition  of  the  poet's  works.  This 
was  followed  in  1880  by  an  exhaustive 
two-volume  biography  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe  ; 
new  one-volume  editions  of  which  work 
have  since  been  published,  the  latest  in 
the  Minerva  Library  of  Famous  Books, 
for  which  series  Mr.  Ingram  edited  and 
copiously    annotated    a    new    edition    of 


558 


INGRAM 


Lockhart's  "Life  of  Burns,"  1890.  In 
1879,  under  the  name  of  "Don  Felix  de 
Salamanca,"  he  published  "  The  Philosophy 
of  Hand-writing,"  wherein  the  characters 
of  several  celebrated  contemporaries  were 
assumed  to  be  portrayed  by  their  calli- 
graphy. In  1881  he  published  a  volume 
of  "Fairy  Tales,"  translated  from  the 
Spanish  of  Fernan  Caballero,  and  in 
1882  a  collection  of  historical  sketches, 
styled  "Claimants  to  Royalty. "  In  the 
winter  of  1883  he  published  a  volume  of 
historical  ghost  stories,  entitled  "The 
Haunted  Homes  of  Great  Britain,"  and  in 

1884  a  second  series  of  similar  narratives. 
In  the  same  year  appeared  his  life  of 
"Oliver  Madox  Brown,"  the  young  poet- 
painter,  who  died  in  1874.  In  1884  Mr. 
Ingram  edited  an  illustrated  idition  de  luxe 
of  Edgar  Poe's  "Tales  and  Poems,"  in  4 
vols.,  and  a  selection  from  Poe's  works,  in 
2  vols.,  for  the  Tauchnitz  collection.     In 

1885  he  published  a  monograph  on  Poe's 
"Raven";  in  1887,  a  collection  of  Mrs. 
Browning's  Poems,  with  Memoir,  and  in 
1889  a  variorum  edition  of  Poe's  "  Poetical 
Works."  He  is  editing  a  series  of  ori- 
ginal biographical  manuals,  entitled  the 
Eminent  Women  series,  and  wrote  for 
it,  in  188S,  a  Life  of  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning.  It  is  the  only  complete  memoir 
of  Mrs.  Browning  yet  published,  has  gone 
through  several  editions,  and  has  been 
adopted  as  a  University  text-book.  In 
1892  Mr.  Ingram  edited,  with  a  biographical 
introduction,  a  reprint  of  George  Darley's 
"Sylvia,"  and  wrote  various  papers  for 
Mr.  Miles's  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century."  He  is  a  contributor 
to  many  of  the  leading  reviews  of  Europe 
and  America,  and  has  occasionally  lec- 
tured on  behalf  of  educational  institutions. 
Address  :  General  Post  Office,  E.C. 

INGHAM,  John  Kells,  LL.D.,  Litt.D., 
born  in  the  county  of  Donegal,  Ireland,  on 
July  7,  1823,  and  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
William  Ingram,  was  educated  at  Newry 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He 
was  elected  scholar  of  his  College  in  1840, 
and  Fellow  in  1846,  Professor  of  Oratory 
and  English  Literature  in  1852,  Regius 
Professor  of  Greek  in  1866,  and  Librarian 
in  1879.  He  is  now  Vice-Provost  of  Trinity 
College.  He  was  President  of  the  Statis- 
tical Section  of  the  British  Association  in 
1878,  and  in  that  capacity  delivered  an 
address  on  "The  Present  Position  and 
Prospects  of  Political  Economy,"  which 
attracted  much  attention  at  home  and 
abroad,  and  was  translated  into  German 
by  the  well-known  economist,  Dr.  H.  Von 
Scheel,  and  into  Danish  by  A.  Peterson. 
He  also  gave  an  address  to  the  Trades 
Union  Congress  in  1880  on  "Work  and 
the  Workman,"  of  which  a  French  transla- 


tion appeared  in  the  following  year.  He  is 
author  of  the  article  "  Political  Economy  " 
in  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica"  (9th 
edit.),  which  has  since  been  reprinted 
in  a  separate  volume  (1888),  and  which 
has  been  translated  into  French,  Italian, 
Spanish,  German,  Swedish,  Russian,  Polish, 
Czech,  and  Japanese.  He  also  contributed 
to  the  same  Encyclopaedia  the  article 
"Slavery"  (separately  published,  with 
additions,  in  1895,  and  since  translated 
into  German)  and  many  biographical 
notices,  amongst  which  may  be  mentioned 
those  of  Quesnay,  Turgot,  Petty,  Adam 
Smith,  Ricardo,  Arthur  Yonng,  and  Cliffe 
Leslie.  He  is  author  of  "  Greek  and  Latin 
Etymology  in  England,"  "  The  Etymology 
of  Liddell  and  Scott,"  and  other  articles 
in  Hermathena,  a  university  journal  which 
he  edited  for  some  years  ;  of  papers  on 
"The  Opus  Majus"  of  Roger  Bacon,  on 
"The  First  English  translation  of  the  De 
Jmitatione  Christi"  on  "Mediaeval  Moral 
Tales,"  and  other  subjects,  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Irish  A  cademy ;  of  a 
paper  on  "The  Weak  Endings  of  Shake- 
spere,"  in  the  Transactions  of  the  New 
Shahespere  Society,  vol.  i.  ;  of  Lectures 
on  Shakespere  and  Tennyson  in  "After- 
noon Lectures"  (Dublin,  1863  and  1866), 
and  of  the  etymological  portion  of  Dr. 
William  Smith's  Latin  School  Dictionary, 
2nd  edit.,  1883.  He  edited  for  the  Early 
English  Text  Society,  in  1893,  the  old 
English  version  of  the  Imitation  men- 
tioned above.  He  was  President  of  the 
Library  Association  in  1884,  and  delivered 
an  address  on  "The  Library  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin."  He  has  also  been 
President  of  the  Statistical  Society  of 
Ireland,  and  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy, 
and  is  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  National 
Library  of  Ireland,  a  Visitor  of  the  Science 
and  Art  Museum,  Dublin,  and  a  Commis- 
sioner for  the  Publication  of  the  Ancient 
Laws  and  Institutions  of  Ireland.  He 
received  in  1893  the  Hon.  Degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  is 
an  Hon.  Member  of  the  American  Economic 
Association.  He  married,  in  1862,  Made- 
line, daughter  of  J.  J.  Clark,  D.L.,  Largan- 
togher,  co.  Londonderry.  She  died  in  1890. 
Addresses  :  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  and 
38  Upper  Mount  Street,  Dublin. 

INGHAM,  The  Very  Rev.  "William 
Clavell,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Peterborough,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  George 
Ingram,  B.D.,  formerly  rector  of  Ched- 
burgh,  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  and 
Jane  Kames  Clavell,  his  wife.  He  was 
born  at  Chedburgh  Rectory  on  Aug.  11, 
1834.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1857. 
After  taking  his  degree,  he  was  for  some 
time  an   assistant   master  at   St.  Nicolas 


INGRAM  —  IRVING 


559 


College,  Lancing,  and  he  was  ordained 
Deacon  by  the  late  Bishop  Gilbert  at 
Chichester  in  1859,  and  Priest  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  proceeded  to  the  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts  in  1864,  and  to  the 
degree  of  Doctor  in  Divinity  in  1893.  In 
1863  he  was  appointed  Chaplain  to  Her 
Majesty's  Forces  at  Woolwich,  and  the 
following  year  he  accepted  the  Crown 
living  of  Kirkmichael  in  the  Isle  of  Man, 
and  became  Chaplain  to  the  late  Bishop 
Powys.  Here  he  remained  for  ten  years 
till  Bishop  Magee  removed  him  to  the 
living  of  St.  Matthew's,  Leicester,  a  large 
poor  parish,  containing  at  that  time  some 
15,000  inhabitants.  In  1887  Bishop  Magee, 
afterwards  Archbishop  of  York,  promoted 
Dr.  Ingram  to  an  honorary  Canonry  in 
Peterborough  Cathedral,  and  in  1892,  on 
Mr.  Gladstone's  nomination,  he  became 
Dean  of  Peterborough.  Dr.  Ingram  is  the 
author  of  several  sermons,  amongst  others 
a  volume  entitled  "  Happiness  in  the  Spiri- 
tual Life,"  published  by  Longmans,  and  he 
has  also  written  a  short  account  of  Peter- 
borough Cathedral,  issued  by  Isbister  and 
Co.    Address  :  The  Deanery,  Peterborough. 

INGRAM,    Sir    William    James, 

Bart.,  was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Herbert  Ingram,  sometime  M.P. 
for  Boston,  and  justly  famous  in  the  annals 
of  journalism  and  English  enterprise  as  the 
founder  of  the  Illustrated  London  News. 
His  mother  was  Anne,  daughter  of  William 
Little,  Esq.,  of  Eye,  and  was  afterwards 
Lady  Watkin,  wife  of  Sir  E.  Watkin,  Bart. 
The  subject  of  our  notice  was  educated  at 
Winchester,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1872.  From  1874  to  1880 
he  represented  Boston  in  the  Liberal 
interest  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
again  in  1885-86,  and  1892-95.  Sir 
William  Ingram  is  proprietor  of  the  IUus- 
trated  London  News,  the  English  Illustrated 
Magazine,  the  Sketch,  and  the  Penny  Illus- 
trated Paper.  He  invented  the  rotatory 
printing  press  named  after  him,  and  a 
main  factor  in  the  phenomenal  success  of 
the  last-mentioned  paper.  Together  with 
Mr.  Charles  Ingram,  he  projected  the  well- 
known  weekly,  the  Sketch,  which  obtained 
an  immediate  and  wide-spread  success. 
He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1893.  He 
married,  in  1874,  Mary,  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Edward  Stirling,  of  Adelaide.  His 
heir,  Mr.  Herbert  Ingram,  was  born  in 
1875.  Addresses :  65  Cromwell  Road,  S.W. ; 
The  Bungalow,  Westgate-on-Sea,  &c. ,  &c. 

IOTA.     See  Caffyn,  Mks.  Manning- 
ton. 

IRON,     Ralph.      See    Schebinee, 
Olive. 


IRVING,    Sir   Henry,    LL.D.,    the 

name  assumed  by  John  Henry  Brodribb, 
the  actor,  only  son  of  the  late  Samuel 
Brodribb,  was  born  Feb.  6,  1838,  at  Kein- 
ton,  near  Ghistonbury,  and  educated 
at  Dr.  Pinches'  school,  in  George  Yard, 
Lombard  Street,  London.  He  made  his 
first  public  appearance  at  the  Sunderland 
Theatre,  Sept.  29,  1856,  and  after  a  series 
of  engagements  at  Edinburgh,  Glasgow, 
.Manchester,  and  Liverpool,  extending 
over  nine  years,  he  was  engaged  on  July 
30,  1866,  to  play,  with  Miss  Kate  Terry, 
at  Manchester,  by  Mr.  Dion  Boucicault,  in 
an  original  play  of  his,  entitled  "  Hunted 
Down."  This  led  to  a  London  engage- 
ment, when  he  came  out  at  the  St.  James's 
Theatre  as  Doricourt  in  the  "  Belle's 
Stratagem."  He  subsequently  played  at 
Drury  Lane,  the  Haymarket,  and  the 
Gaiety  theatres.  In  May  1870  he  trans- 
ferred his  services  to  the  Vaudeville 
Theatre,  playing  Digby  Grant  in  Mr. 
Albery's  comedy  of  the  "Two  Roses," 
which  character  he  sustained  for  300  con- 
secutive nights.  His  representation  of 
"  Hamlet "  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  Oct.  31, 
1874,  produced  a  great  sensation  among 
the  playgoing  public,  and  opinion  was  at 
first  much  divided  as  to  the  merits  of  the 
performance,  but  it  is  now  generally  ad- 
mitted that  by  his  rendering  of  this  and 
of  other  Shakespearian  parts,  Mr.  Irving 
has  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  English 
tragedians.  "  Hamlet "  was  played  for  200 
nights,  the  longest  run  of  the  play  on 
record.  He  appeared  in  "  Macbeth  " 
Sept.  18,  1875  ;  in  "  Othello  "  in  1876  ; 
and  next  as  Philip  in  Tennyson's  drama 
of  "Queen  Mary."  Afterwards  Mr.  Irving 
played  his  Shakespearian  parts  in  the 
provinces,  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ireland. 
When  in  Dublin  he  played  "  Ham- 
let "  by  the  request  of  the  Univer- 
sity, he  having  been  presented  with  an 
address  in  the  Dining  Hall  of  Trinity 
College.  In  January  1877  he  added  to 
his  Shakespearian  repertory  by  playing 
"  Richard  III."  at  the  Lyceum.  The  with- 
drawal of  Mrs.  Bateman  from  the  Lyceum 
gave  Mr.  Irving  supreme  control  over  the 
theatre,  of  which  he  had  long  been  the 
mainstay.  It  opened  under  bis  manage- 
ment on  Dec.  30,  1878,  when  he  again 
played  "  Hamlet  "  for  100  nights.  The 
most  remarkable  incidents  of  Mr.  Irving's 
management  have  been  the  production  of 
"  Othello "  (in  which  he  alternated  the 
parts  of  the  Moor  and  Iago  with  Mr.  Edwin 
Booth),  "The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  "Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,"  "The  Cup,"  "Twelfth 
Night,"  and  "  Faust,"  all  which  have  been 
played  in  conjunction  with  Miss  Ellen 
Terry.  A  public  banquet  was  given  to 
Mr.  Irving  at  St.  James's  Hall,  on  July  4, 
1883,  shortly  before  his  departure  with  the 


560 


ISABELLA 


Lyceum  company  for  a  theatrical  tour  in 
the  United  States.  A  second  visit  to 
America  was  made  in  1884,  and  before 
its  close  Mr.  Irving  delivered  an  address 
to  the  students  of  Harvard  University  on 
the  art  of  acting.  He  also  delivered  an 
address  by  the  invitation  of  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  (Dr.  Jowett)  at  Oxford,  on 
June  26,  1886.  On  May  5,  1887,  Mr. 
Irving  was  elected  a  Life  Trustee  of 
Shakespeare's  birthplace.  On  June  1  he 
produced  Byron's  "  Werner  "  at  the 
Lyceum  Theatre  for  the  benefit  of  Dr. 
Westland  Marston,  with  the  fine  result 
of  giving  over  £800  to  the  distressed 
dramatist.  On  October  17  he  visited 
Stratford-on-Avon  for  the  purpose  of 
making  the  dedicatory  speech  at  the  pre- 
sentation of  a  public  fountain  by  Mr.  G. 
W.  Childs,  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  next 
day  left  Liverpool  for  a  third  tour  in 
America,  lasting  until  March  24,  1888. 
During  his  stay  in  the  States  he  was 
given,  on  March  15,  a  reception  by  the 
American  Goethe  Society,  and  on  March 
19,  by  special  desire  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment, he  took  his  company  to  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point,  where,  with  Miss 
Ellen  Terry,  he  gave  "  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  "  in  Elizabethan  dress  and  without 
scenery  of  any  kind.  On  March  12  the 
great  blizzard  occurred  which  paralysed 
New  York  for  a  week,  and  on  that  evening 
the  Star,  where  Mr.  Irving  was  performing, 
was  the  only  theatre  open.  After  a  short 
season  at  the  Lyceum  he  took  "Faust" 
on  tour,  and  at  Bolton  laid  the  foundation- 
stone  of  a  new  theatre.  On  November  28 
he  was  entertained  at  a  public  banquet  in 
Birmingham.  On  December  29  he  pro- 
duced "  Macbeth  "  at  the  Lyceum,  with 
Miss  Ellen  Terry  as  Lady  Macbeth,  and 
ran  it  until  the  following  summer,  nearly 
200  nights,  which  is  the  longest  run  of  the 
play  on  record.  In  April  of  the  year  1889 
he  visited  Germany,  where  "Julius  Cassar" 
and  "  The  Merchant  of  Venice  "  were  pre- 
sented for  him  at  the  Berliner  Theatre  by 
Herr  Barnay  ;  and  on  his  return  home  he 
played,  with  Miss  Ellen  Terry,  before  the 
Queen  at  Sandringham.  On  September 
28  lie  revived  at  the  Lyceum  Watts- 
Phillips'  play  "The  Dead  Heart."  The 
play  ran  the  whole  season,  ending  in  the 
summer  of  1890,  after  which,  with  Miss 
Ellen  Terry,  he  made  a  short  provincial 
tour,  giving  recitals  of  "  Macbeth  "  with 
the  accompaniment  of  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's 
music.  On  Sept.  20,  1890,  he  produced 
"  Ravenswood, "  by  Herman  Merivale, 
founded  on  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Bride 
of  Lammermoor."  This  was  followed  in 
1891  by  a  revival  of  "Much  Ado,"  "The 
Lyons  Mail," and  "The Corsican  Brothers." 
During  the  season  of  1892  Mr.  Irving's 
company  played  "  Henry  VIII.,"  a  notable 


revival,  at  the  Lyceum,  the  great  actor 
taking  the  part  of  Cardinal  Wolsey.  His 
next  part  was  not  dissimilar  to  this,  for 
he  appeared  as  "  Becket  "  in  the  late  Lord 
Tennyson's  great  play  of  that  name.  At 
the  end  of  1893  Mr.  Irving  gave  numerous 
revivals  of  familiar  pieces  in  his  repertoire. 
He  then  took  his  company  to  America, 
and,  on  his  return  to  the  Lyceum  in  the 
spring  of  1894,  revived  "Faust."  In 
September  1894  he  appeared  at  Bristol  in 
a  little  play  by  Dr.  Conan  Doyle,  in  which 
he  figured  as  a  Waterloo  veteran.  In 
1895  he  appeared  as  King  Arthur  in  a 
play  of  that  name,  and  in  1896  he  played 
in  "Cymbeline,"  a  Shakespearian  revival. 
In  April  1897  he  appeared  as  Napoleon  in 
a  translation  of  "  Madame  Sans-Gene." 
He  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in 
May  1895,  in  the  autumn  of  which  year  he 
again  visited  America.  In  June  1898  he 
delivered  the  Rede  Lecture  at  Cambridge, 
on  "The  Theatre  in  its  relation  to  the 
State,"  and  on  the  15th  of  that  month 
received  the  LL.D.  of  the  Cambridge 
University.  After  a  long  absence  from  the 
scene  of  his  former  triumphs  and  a  period 
of  serious  ill-health,  Sir  Henry  Irving  re- 
turned to  the  Lyceum  Theatre  in  April 
1899,  opening  with  the  play  of  "  Robes- 
pierre," specially  written  for  him  by  M. 
Victorien  Sardou.  He  received  a  welcome 
of  unprecedented  enthusiasm  from  his 
old  admirers.  In  "Robespierre,"  now 
running  (May  1899)  he  sustains  the  title- 
part,  while  Miss  Ellen  Terry  plays  the 
chief  female  character.  Addresses  :  15a 
Grafton  Street,  Bond  Street,  W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

ISABELLA  II.,  Maria  Isabella 
Louisa,  ex-Queen  of  Spain,  was  born  at 
Madrid,  Oct.  30,  1830.  Her  father,  Fer- 
dinand VII.,  had  been  induced,  by  the 
influence  of  his  wife,  to  issue  the  Prag- 
matic Decree,  revoking  the  Salic  law  ;  and 
at  his  death,  Sept.  29,  1833,  his  eldest 
daughter,  then  a  child,  was  proclaimed 
Queen,  under  the  regency  of  her  mother, 
Maria-Christina.  This  event  proved  the 
signal  for  civil  warfare,  as  the  claims  of 
the  late  king's  brother  were  warmly  sup- 
ported by  certain  classes  of  the  people 
The  war  of  succession  lasted  seven  years, 
and  the  country  was  desolated  by  the 
struggle  between  the  contending  Carlist 
and  Christina  parties,  until  the  Cortes 
confirmed  the  claims  of  Isabella  by  pro- 
nouncing sentence  of  exile  on  Don  Carlos 
and  his  adherents.  In  1840  the  Queen- 
regnant,  finding  it  impossible  to  carry  on 
the  government  without  making  conces- 
sions to  public  feeling  for  which  she  was 
indisposed,  retired  to  France,  resigning 
her  power  into  the  hands  of  Espartero, 
whom  she  had  been  previously  compelled 


ISLINGTON  —  ITO 


561 


to  summon  to  the  head  of  affairs.  For 
the  following  three  years,  whilst  that  con- 
stitutional leader  was  able  in  great  measure 
to  direct  her  education  and  training,  the 
young  Queen  was  subjected  to  purer  and 
better  influences  than  she  had  before  ex- 
perienced. She  was  declared  by  a  decree 
of  the  Cortes  to  have  attained  her  majority, 
Oct.  15,  1842,  and  took  her  place  among 
the  reigning  sovereigns  of  Europe.  Maria- 
Christina  returned  to  Madrid  in  1845,  and 
her  restoration  to  influence  was  marked  by 
the  marriage  of  Isabella  II.  to  her  cousin, 
Don  Francisco  d'Assisi,  the  elder  son  of 
her  maternal  uncle,  Don  Francisco  de 
Paula,  which  took  place  Oct.  10,  1846. 
Sacrificed  to  the  intrigues  of  a  party 
whose  interests  were  based  on  this  uncon- 
genial union,  Isabella  II.  never  knew  the 
beneficial  influence  of  domestic  happiness  ; 
estrangements  and  reconciliations  having 
succeeded  each  other  alternately  in  her 
married  life.  It  deserves  special  mention, 
however,  that  during  her  reign  Spain  rose 
to  take  rank  among  the  great  powers  of 
Europe,  while  the  internal  progress  of  the 
country  advanced  with  rapid  strides.  On 
Sept.  16,  1868,  a  great  revolution  broke  out 
in  Spain,  starting  with  the  fleet  off  Cadiz, 
and  gradually  spreading  over  the  whole 
peninsula.  The  speedy  result  was  the 
formation  of  a  Republican  Provisional 
Government  under  Prim,  Serrano,  and 
others  at  Madrid,  and  the  flight  of  Queen 
Isabella  to  France.  On  November  6  her 
Majesty  took  up  her  residence  in  Paris, 
where  she  remained  during  her  exile,  with 
the  exception  of  an  interval  spent  at 
Geneva  during  the  Franco-Prussian  War. 
On  June  25,  1870,  she  renounced  her 
claims  to  the  Spanish  throne  in  favour  of 
her  eldest  son,  the  Prince  of  the  Asturias. 
After  eight  years  of  exile  she  returned  to 
Spain,  and  was  received  at  Santander  by 
her  son,  the  late  King  Alfonso  XII.  (July 
29,  1876).  Queen  Isabella  has  had  five 
children :  1.  Infanta  Mari^-Isabel-Fran- 
coise-d'Assise-Christine-de-Paule-Dominga, 
born  Dec.  20,  1851.  2.  Alfonso  XII.,  late 
King  of  Spain.  3.  Infanta  Maria  del 
Pilar,  born  June  4,  1861.  4.  Infanta  Maria 
della  Paz,  born  June  23,  1862  ;  and  5.  In- 
fanta Maria  Eulalie,  born  Feb.  12,  1864. 

ISLINGTON,    Bishop    of.      See 

Turner,    The    Right    Rev.   Charles 
-Henry. 

ISRAELS,  Josef,  a  Dutch  painter,  was 
born  at  Groningen  in  1824.  He  studied  in 
Amsterdam,  under  Kruseman,  and  next  in 
Paris,  under  Picot  ;  and  received  Gold 
Medals  of  Honour  in  Paris,  Brussels,  and 
Rotterdam.  He  also  had  conferred  upon 
him  the  Belgian  Order  of  Leopold,  and 
was  nominated  a  member  of  the  French 


Legion  of  Honour.  His  principal  paint- 
ings are:  "The  Tranquil  House,"  "The 
"  Shipwrecked,"  and  "The  Cradle,"  "In- 
terior of  the  Orphans'  Home  at  Katwyk," 
"The  True  Support,"  "  The  Mother,"  and 
"  The  Children  of  the  Sea  "  (in  the  Queen 
of  Holland's  collection).  In  1873  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  French  Gallery  in  Pall  Mall, 
"Minding  the  Flock,"  and  since  that  time 
has  continually  added  to  that  long  list  of 
pictures  in  which  he  has  recorded  the 
sadder  aspects  of  humbler  life.  Among 
his  later  pictures  we  may  mention  "  The 
Little  Sick -Nurse,"  and  the  "Sewer," 
1888.  At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1889  he 
obtained  a  grand  prix.  He  was  elected  a 
correspondent  of  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts  in  January  1885.  Mr.  Israels  has 
resided  in  the  Hague  for  many  years.  His 
brother,  Mr.  Lehman  Israels,  born  at 
Groningen  in  1833,  went  at  an  early  age 
to  the  United  States,  where  he  acquired  a 
considerable  reputation  as  a  journalist. 
He  was  for  several  years  foreign  editor  of 
the  New  York  World.  A  monograph  of  the 
work  of  Josef  Israels  has  been  written 
by  Netscher,  and  translated  into  French 
by  Zilcken. 

ISTRIA,    Princess    Dora    d\       See 

Koltzopp-Massalsky,  Princess  von. 

ITALY,  King  of.     See  Humbert  I. 

ITALY,  Queen  of.  See  Margherita. 

ITO,  High  Admiral  of  the  Japanese 
fleet  during  the  war  with  China,  was  for 
ten  years  at  the  head  of  the  Yokosha 
Arsenal.  In  the  summer  of  1894  he  was 
put  in  command  of  the  Japanese  naval 
forces  engaged  against  China  off  the  coast 
of  Korea,  and  quitted  his  post  at  the 
arsenal  to  go  on  board  his  flagship  the 
Matsushima,  On  Sept.  7,  1894,  a  great 
naval  battle  took  place  between  the 
Chinese  and  Japanese  fleets.  Twelve 
Chinese  cruisers  and  warships  were  con- 
voying transports  full  of  Hunanese  soldiers 
to  the  scene  of  war,  when  twelve  Japanese 
ironclads  and  cruisers  and  five  torpedo- 
boats  under  Admiral  Ito  engaged  them. 
The  fight  lasted  some  seven  hours,  and  re- 
sulted in  the  sinking  or  destruction  of  four 
Chinese  men-of-war,  and  the  disablement 
of  many  others.  Only  one  Japanese  war- 
ship was  disabled,  but  the  troops  had  all 
been  landed  before  the  engagement.  The 
Japanese  fleet  was  again  ordered  to  sea  in 
October,  after  it  had  been  refitted  at  Port 
Arthur.  Admiral  Ito  explained  the  tardy 
progress  of  Japanese  influence  in  Korea  on 
the  ground  that  it  was  necessary  to  restore 
order  in  that  country,  to  crush  the  brigands 
swarming   in   the   mountain   districts,    to 

2N 


562 


IVEAGH  —  JACKSON 


erect  works  in  order  to  keep  open  the  line 
of  communication  with  the  Japanese 
armies,  and  to  enrol  and  train  the  Koreans 
as  soldiers.  In  November  he  co-operated 
with  the  land  forces  attacking  Port  Arthur. 
Towards  the  end  of  January  1895  he  was 
reported  to  be  narrowly  watching  Wei-hai- 
wei,  the  forts  of  which  had  fired  upon  his 
ships  on  the  21st.  In  February  the  whole 
place,  together  with  the  Chinese  fleet,  was 
surrendered  to  him  by  Admiral  Ting,  who 
subsequently  committed  suicide,  together 
with  three  principal  Chinese  officers.  Ad- 
miral Ito,  in  compliance  with  the  dead 
man's  request,  allowed  all  the  soldiers  in 
Wei-hai-wei  and  all  the  sailors  in  the 
Chinese  fleet  to  return  home  free,  and 
even  conceded  them  the  honours  of  war. 
He  has  resumed  his  duties  at  the  arsenal, 
and  resides  in  the  palace  in  the  Park  sur- 
rounding it. 

IVEAGH,  Lord,  Edward  Cecil 
Guinness,  Bart.,  K.P.,  LL.D.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
of  Castlenock,  co.  Dublin,  born  on  Nov. 
10,  1847,  formerly  a  member  of  the  great 
firm  of  brewers  in  Dublin,  is  the  younger 
brother  of  Lord  Ardilaun,  and  is  well 
known  as  a  munificent  philanthropist,  who 
has  given  a  quarter  of  a  million  to  be  ap- 
plied to  the  better  housing  of  the  poor, 
and  also  as  a  scion  of  a  house  whose 
wealth  has  been  systematically  employed 
for  the  promotion  of  schemes  of  public 
utility.  His  father,  Sir  Benjamin  Lee 
Guinness,  it  will  be  remembered,  rebuilt 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  in  Dublin ;  and 
even  the  most  rigid  of  teetotalers,  when 
they  see  the  purposes  to  which  the  great 
fortune  of  the  Guinness  family  has  been 
devoted,  may  almost  be  expected  to  for- 
give the  source  from  which  it  has  been 
derived.  In  December  1898  Lord  Iveagh 
made  two  munificent  offers,  the  first  of  a 
sum  amounting  to  £250,000  for  the  further 
endowment  of  the  Jenner  Institute  of 
Preventive  Medicine,  which  has  been 
gratefully  accepted,  the  second  of  a  like 
amount  for  the  improvement  of  an  in- 
sanitary area  in  the  heart  of  Dublin.  This 
last  offer  requires  the  sanction  of  Parlia- 
ment. It  is  a  scheme  for  erecting  work- 
men's dwellings,  &c,  in  the  Bull- Alley  area 
of  Dublin,  and  for  otherwise  improving 
the  streets  of  that  district.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  and  received 
the  degree  of  Hon.  LL.D.,  Dublin,  in  the 
same  year.  He  was  made  a  K.P.  in  February 
1896.  Sir  Edward  married,  in  1873,  Ade- 
laide Maria,  daughter  of  Richard  Samuel 
Guinness,  M.P.  for  Deepwell,  co.  Dublin. 
Addresses  :  Farnleigh,  Castlenock,  co. 
Dublin  ;  and  Elveden,  Suffolk. 

IZZET  BEY,  Ahmet,  was  born  some 
forty  years  ago,  and  was  educated  for  the 


law.  In  the  later  days  of  Mahmoud 
Nedim  he  was  appointed  a  judge  in  the 
Tidjaret.  After  the  accession  of  Abd-ul- 
Hamid  (q.v.)  he  became  a  palace  spy,  in 
which  position  he  greatly  distinguished 
himself.  From  being  a  reporter,  he  rose 
to  be  a  counsellor,  and  in  1895  became  the 
Sultan's  right-hand  man.  He  caused  the 
ruin  of  Kiamil  Pasha  and  Kutchuk  Said, 
and  induced  his  master  to  seek  Russian 
protection  from  British  persecution.  The 
Cabinet  are  nearly  all  his  creatures. 
Naturally  he  has  crowds  of  enemies  ;  the 
old  Turkish  party  hate  him  for  his  Russo- 
phil  policy,  while  the  advanced  party  dis- 
like his  despotic  methods.  He  is  in  full 
command  of  the  Palace  police  ;  and  is  in 
truth  the  Power  behind  the  Throne. 


JACKSON,  Frederick  Georg'e,  Arc- 
tic explorer,  born  in  1860,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  G.  F.  Jackson  of  Leamington.  He  was 
educated  at  Denstone  College  and  Edin- 
burgh University.  He  has  travelled  across 
the  Australian  deserts  and  across  the 
Tundras  of  Siberia.  In  1894  he  was  given 
the  command  of  the  Arctic  Expedition  sent 
out  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Harmsworth  (q.v.).  He 
set  out  from  London  in  the  Windward,  and 
fixed  his  headquarters  in  Franz  Josef 
Land,  in  a  small  house  which  he  called 
Elmwood,  near  Cape  Flora.  During  the 
three  years  he  spent  there  he  mapped  out 
the  whole  region,  which  he  proved  not  to 
consist  of  a  continuous  mass  of  land,  but 
of  a  number  of  islands.  He  also  omits 
Gillies  Land  from  his  maps,  of  the  exist- 
ence of  which  there  has  been  much  con- 
troversy. He  has  brought  home  valuable 
collections,  immense  numbers  of  photo- 
graphs, and  most  valuable  meteorological 
and  magnetic  observations.  In  1896  he 
came  across  Nansen  off  the  north  of  Franz 
Josef  Land,  and  his  "  Are  you  Nansen  ? " 
has  become  almost  as  famous  as  the  "  Dr. 
Livingstone,  I  presume  I  "  of  another  well- 
known  explorer.  He  returned  to  England 
in  September  1897.  Interviewed  in 
December  1897,  he  announced  his  inten- 
tion of  starting  upon  another  polar  ex- 
pedition as  soon  as  possible.  His  ship,  a 
whaler,  will  be  left  as  far  north  of  Coburg 
Island  as  possible,  and  he  will  push  on  in 
a  sledge  drawn  by  dogs  or  ponies,  and 
accompanied  by  only  one  other  explorer. 
He  laments  the  apathy  of  British  geo- 
graphers with  regard  to  the  north  polar 
area,  where  so  much  remains  to  do.  He 
is  an  Hon.  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Geographical  Societies  of  America  and 
Italy,  received  a  knighthood  of  the  first 
class  of  the  Royal  Order  of  St.  Olaf  from 


JACKSON 


563 


King  Oscar  in  December  1898,  and  in 
February  1899  was  awarded  the  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Geographical  Society  of 
Paris  in  recognition  of  his  recent  ex- 
ploration of  Franz  Josef  Land.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1895,  "The  Great  Frozen  Land." 
He  married,  June  1898,  Miss  Mabel  Dal- 
rymple  Bruce,  daughter  of  Colonel  Dal- 
rymple  Bruce.  Address  :  Royal  Societies 
Club. 

JACKSON,  Henry,  Litt.D.,  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Jackson,  surgeon,  was  born  at  Shef- 
field, March  12, 1839.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  the  Sheffield  Collegiate  School, 
and  at  Cheltenham  College.  He  proceeded 
to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1858 ; 
graduated  with  Classical  Honours  in  1862  ; 
and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College 
in  1864.  He  was  appointed  Assistant 
Tutor  in  1866,  and  Praelector  in  Ancient 
Philosophy  in  1875.  In  1881  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  degree  of  Doctor  in  Letters. 
In  1895  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  from  the  University  of 
Aberdeen.  From  1882  to  1886,  from  1888 
to  1892,  and  from  1892  to  1896,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Senate  of 
the  University.  He  has  served  upon 
several  boards  and  syndicates  ;  in  particu- 
lar, upon  the  boards  for  Classics  and  for 
Media;val  and  Modern  Languages,  and  the 
syndicates  of  the  Library  and  the  Press. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  governing  body  of 
Girton  College.  He  took  a  part  in  the 
movement  for  the  Education  of  Women 
which  began  in  1866  ;  in  the  movement 
which  led  to  the  abolition  of  University 
tests  in  1871  ;  in  the  revision  of  the  sta- 
tutes of  his  College  in  1870-72  ;  in  the 
comprehensive  academic  and  collegiate 
reforms  of  1877-83  ;  and  in  the  agitations 
in  favour  of  degrees  for  women  in  1887-88, 
and  in  1895-97.  He  is  a  Progressive 
Liberal,  and  has  been  since  1882  a  con- 
vinced Home  Ruler.  His  chief  published 
writings  are:  "The  Fifth  Book  of  the 
Nicomachean  Ethics  of  Aristotle,"  1879  ; 
a  series  of  articles  on  "  Plato's  Later 
Theory  of  Ideas,"  in  the  Journal  of 
Philology,  Nos.  19,  20,  22,  25,  26,  28,  30, 
49  ;  papers  in  the  same  periodical  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  writings  of  Plato, 
Aristotle,  and  other  ancient  philosophers  ; 
and  articles  in  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica  "  on  Thales,  Xenophanes,  Parmenides, 
Zeuo  of  Elea,  Sophists,  Socrates,  Speusip- 
pus,  &c.  Dr.  Jackson  married,  July  1, 
1875,  Margaret  Edith,  fourth  daughter  of 
the  late  Canon  F.  V.  Thornton.  He  resides 
during  the  University  terms  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  in  vacation  at 
Aldourie,  Branksome  Wood  Road,  Bourne- 
mouth. He  is  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum 
Club. 


JACKSON,  Thomas  Graham,  R.A., 

M.A.,  F.S.A.,  is  the  son  of  Hugh  Jackson, 
a  solicitor,  and  was  born  at  Hampstead, 
on  Dec.  21,  1835.  He  was  educated  at 
Brighton  College  and  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  a  scholar.  He 
took  honours  at  both  Classical  Modera- 
tions and  the  Final  School  of  Lit.  Hum.  ; 
graduated  B.A.  in  1858,  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  1864.  He 
vacated  his  Fellowship  in  1880,  but 
was  elected  an  Hon.  Fellow  in  1882. 
Selecting  the  profession  of  an  architect, 
he  was  a  pupil  of  Sir  George  Gilbert 
Scott,  R.A.,  from  1858  to  1861,  was  elected 
an  A.R.A.  in  1892,  and  became  a  full 
Academician  in  1896.  Mr.  Jackson's  name 
is  closely  connected  with  most  of  the 
recent  buildings  in  Oxford,  whether  it  be 
restoration,  additions,  or  entirely  new 
work ;  and  the  following  buildings  in  the 
University  and  city  may  be  cited  as  in- 
stances of  his  skill  in  design,  and  in 
blending  new  work  with  old  :  The  New 
Examinations  Schools  of  the  University  ; 
restoration  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  St. 
Mary's  (the  University),  and  All  Saints' 
Churches ;  new  additional  buildings  for 
Brasenose,  Lincoln,  Corpus,  Trinity,  Balliol, 
and  Hertford  Colleges  ;  Somerville  Hall  ; 
the  City  High  School ;  and  the  High 
School  for  Girls.  He  has  provided  new 
buildings  for  some  important  public 
schools,  viz. :  Rugby,  Harrow,  West- 
minster, Uppingham,  Radley,  Brighton, 
Giggleswick,  Cranbrook,  &c,  as  also  new 
buildings  at  the  Inner  Temple  and  at  the 
Drapers'  Hall.  Amongst  his  churches  may 
be  mentioned  those  at  Annesley,  Horn- 
blotton,  Stratton,  Wimbledon,  Northing- 
ton,  &c.  He  has  also  furnished  designs 
for  numerous  private  houses.  Mr.  Jackson 
is  the  author  of  :  "  Modern  Gothic  Archi- 
tecture," 1873  ;  "  Dalmatia,  the  Quarnero, 
and  Istria,"  1887;  "Wadham  College, 
Oxford  :  its  History  and  Buildings  "  (with 
illustrations),  1893;  "The  Church  of  St. 
Mary  the  Virgin,  Oxford  :  its  History  and 
Architecture";  and  numerous  articles  on 
subjects  connected  with  Architecture. 
Addresses  :  14  Buckingham  Street,  Strand, 
W.C. ;  and  Eagle  House,  Wimbledon. 

JACKSON,  The  BightHon.  William 
Lawies,  M.P.,  J. P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  William  Jackson,  of  Leeds,  was  born 
at  Otley  in  1840,  and  was  educated  pri- 
vately and  at  a  Moravian  school.  He  is  a 
Director  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway 
Company,  and  a  prominent  figure  in  the 
leather  and  woollen  trades.  He  repre- 
sented Leeds  from  April  1880  until  the 
dissolution  in  1885,  after  having  unsuccess- 
fully contested  the  borough  in  1876.  In 
1885,  1886,  1892,  and  1895,  he  was  returned 
for  the  Northern  division  of  Leeds.      In 


564 


JACKSON  — JACOBS 


Lord  Salisbury's  first  administration  he 
received  the  important  appointment  of 
Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  in 
succession  to  Sir  Henry  Holland,  and  in 
the  Ministry  of  1886  again  held  the  same 
post.  He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
strongest  of  the  subordinate  members  of 
the  administration,  and  in  1891-92  was 
Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland.  In  1890  he 
was  made  a  Privy  Councillor.  He  mar- 
ried, in  I860,  Grace,  daughter  of  G.  Tem- 
pest. Addresses :  27  Cadogan  Square, 
S.W.,  &c. ;  and  Athenseum. 

JACKSON,  William  Walrond, 
D.D.,  Rector  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Eight  Rev,  William 
Walrond  Jackson,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Antigua, 
West  Indies,  was  born  in  Trinidad  on  May 
17,  1838,  and  educated  at  Codrington  Col- 
lege, Barbadoes,  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.  1860  (first  class  Classics 
Moderations,  1858  ;  second  class  Lit. 
Humaniores,  1860)  ;  M.A.  1863  ;  D.D. 
1892.  Dr.  Jackson  was  elected  to  an  open 
Fellowship  at  Exeter  College  in  1863  ;  he 
was  Tutor' of  that  Society  from  1863  to 
1883 ;  Proctor  of  the  University  in  1872  ; 
Secretary  of  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Schools  Examination  Board,  1876  -  80  ; 
Select  Preacher  before  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, 1880-82 ;  Censor  of  the  Non-Collegiate 
Students,  1883  -  87  ;  and  was  elected 
Rector  of  Exeter  College  in  1887.  He  is 
a  Member  of  the  Hebdomadal  Council,  and 
of  various  educational  bodies  within  and 
outside  the  University.  He  has  always 
taken  an  active  part  in  educational  ques- 
tions in  Oxford,  and  in  all  questions 
affecting  the  relations  between  the  Uni- 
versity and  the  education  of  the  country 
at  large.    Address  :  Exeter  College,  Oxford. 

JACOB,  The  Right  Rev.  Edgar, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  is  a  son 
of  the  late  Archdeacon  Jacob,  and  of  Anna, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  and  Rev. 
G.  T.  Noel,  Canon  of  Winchester.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  at  New 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  a 
scholar.  He  took  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1865,  and  a  third  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.  in  1867.  Ordained  by  the  late 
Bishop  Wilberforce  in  1868,  he  was  suc- 
cessively curate  of  Taynton  and  Witney, 
Oxfordshire.  A  year  of  parochial  work 
in  Bermondsey  followed,  after  which  he 
accepted  the  domestic  chaplaincy  to  the 
late  Dr.  Milman,  Bishop  of  Calcutta,  re- 
maining in  India  with  that  prelate  until  his 
death  in  1876.  In  1877  he  had  charge  of 
the  Wilberforce  Memorial  Mission  in  South 
London.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  by  his 
old  college  of  Winchester  to  the  important 
parish  of  Portsea.  During  his  long  in- 
cumbency here    the    parish    church  was 


rebuilt  by  an  anonymous  donor,  who  after- 
wards was  found  to  be  the  late  W.  H. 
Smith.  Dr.  Jacob  was  appointed  an  Hon. 
Canon  of  Winchester  in  1884,  Hon.  Chap- 
lain to  the  Queen  in  1887,  and  Chaplain- 
in-Ordinary,  1890-96.  He  was  Examining 
Chaplain  to  Bishop  Browne  of  Winchester 
from  1876  to  1891 ;  Chaplain  to  Bishop 
Thorold  of  Winchester,  1891-95  ;  to  Bishop 
Davidson  of  Winchester,  1895-96  ;  Rural 
Dean  of  Landport,  1892-96 ;  Proctor  in 
Convocation  for  Hants  and  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  1895-96.  He  published  in  1890 
"The  Divine  Society"  (Cambridge  Lectures 
on  Pastoral  Theology).  Addresses :  Ben- 
well  Tower,  Newcastle  -  on  -  Tyne ;  and 
AtherEeum. 

JACOBS,  Joseph,  was  born  in  1854, 
and  educated  at  Sydney  Grammar  School 
and  University,  and  thence  came  to  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
senior  in  the  Moral  Science  Tripos  in 
1876.  He  also  took  a  scholarship  at 
London.  He  has  made  his  mark  as 
editor,  critic,  anthropologist,  and  folk- 
lorist.  He  wrote  in  1882  the  article 
in  the  Times,  on  the  persecution  of  the 
Jews,  which  attracted  much  attention. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  Archaeological 
Review,  Journal  of  Anthropological  Insti- 
tute, and  the  principal  magazines.  He 
was  philosophical  critic  of  the  Athenceum 
from  1878  to  1888,  and  also  contributed 
to  it  the  necrologies  of  George  Eliot, 
Browning,  Newman,  Matthew  Arnold,  &c, 
which  have  since  been  collected  in  book 
form.  Recently  he  did  the  necrologies 
of  Tennyson  and  Renan  in  the  Academy. 
He  has  been  editor  of  "Folklore,"  and  is 
now  editing  the  "Jewish  Year  Book"  and 
the  "Literary  Year  Book,"  besides  being 
Secretary  of  the  Russo-Jewish  Committee, 
and  President  of  the  Jewish  Historical 
Society  of  England.  Among  the  books 
he  has  edited,  with  volumes  of  Intro- 
ductions and  Notes,  are  "The  Fables 
of  Bidpai,"  "The  Fables  of  .ffilsop," 
"Daphnis  and  Chloe,"  "The  Palace  of 
Pleasure,"  and  "  The  Letters  of  James 
Howell."  He  has  also  translated  Bal- 
thasar  Gracian's  "Art  of  Worldly  Wisdom," 
for  the  Golden  Treasury  series.  He  pub- 
lished "Celtic  Fairy  Tales"  in  1890; 
"  Indian  Fairy  Tales  "  in  1891 ;  "  Studies 
in  Jewish  Statistics"  in  1892;  "Tenny- 
son and  In  Memoriam  "  in  1892 ;  and  the 
"Jews  of  Angevin  England"  and  "More 
English  Fairy  Tales"  in  1893.  Amongst 
his  more  recent  publications  may  be 
mentioned  "  Studies  in  Biblical  Archae- 
ology," 1894  ;  "  Sources  of  Spanish-Jewish 
History,"  1894;  "Jewish  Ideals,"  1896; 
"As  Others  saw  Him"  (a  Jewish  Life  of 
Christ),  1895.  In  the  winter  of  1896  Mr. 
Jacobs   visited  America    on   a    lecturing 


JACOBS  —  JAMES 


565 


tonr.  Address  :  Merodelia,  Grafton  Road, 
Acton,  W. 

JACOBS,  "William  Wymark,  son  of 

William  Jacobs,  was  born  on  Sept.  18, 
1863,  in  London,  and  was  educated  at  a 
private  school.  He  entered  the  Savings 
Bank  Department  of  the  Civil  Service  in 
1883.  As  an  author  he  has  published 
"Many  Cargoes,"  1896;  and  "  The  Skipper's 
Wooing,"  1897.  His  address  is  :  112  Manor 
Road,  Stoke  Newington,  N. 

JAMES,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Henry  James,  Q.C.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, youngest  son  of  Philip  Turner 
James,  Esq.,  of  Hereford,  by  Frances 
Gertrude,  third  daughter  of  John  Boden- 
ham,  Esq.,  of  Presteign,  Radnorshire,  was 
born  at  Hereford,  Oct.  30,  1828,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Cheltenham  Col- 
lege. He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1852,  and  went  the 
Oxford  Circuit.  He  had  already  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  his  Inn,  having 
been  Lecturer's  Prizeman  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1850,  and  again  in  1851.  Mr. 
James  was  nominated  to  the  ancient  order 
of  "postman"  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer 
in  1867  ;  was  made  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
June  1869  ;  and  became  a  Bencher  of  his 
Inn  in  1870.  In  March  1869  he  obtained 
a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  one 
of  the  members  for  Taunton,  unseating, 
on  a  scrutiny,  his  opponent,  Mr.  Serjeant 
Cox  (who  had  been  returned  at  the 
general  election  of  the  previous  December), 
and  continued  to  represent  that  borough 
in  the  Liberal  interest  until  1885,  when 
he  was  returned  for  Bury  (S.E.  Lanca- 
shire). During  the  session  of  1872  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  debates  on 
the  Judicature  Bill.  In  September  1873  Mr. 
Gladstone  appointed  him  Solicitor-General 
in  succession  to  Sir  George  Jesse],  and 
in  November  of  that  year  he  became 
Attorney-General,  and  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  He  went  out  of  office  with 
the  Liberal  party  in  February  1874.  He 
was  again  appointed  Attorney-General  on 
the  return  of  the  Liberals  to  power  under 
Mr.  Gladstone  in  May  1880.  During  this 
second  tenure  of  office  he  introduced  and 
carried  through  Parliament  the  Corrupt 
Practices  (Parliamentary  Elections)  Act. 
In  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration  of  1886 
Sir  Henry  James  (who  had  been  offered 
the  Lord  Chancellorship)  declined  to  take 
office,  on  the  ground  of  disagreement  with 
the  Prime  Minister's  Home  Rule  policy. 
He  was  returned  unopposed  for  Bury,  as  a 
Unionist  Liberal,  at  the  general  election 
of  1886,  and  has  since  then  been  one 
of  the  fighting  leaders  of  the  Liberal 
Unionist  party.  He  was  one  of  the 
counsel  for  the  Times  in   the  action  of 


O'Donnel  v.  Walter,  and  as  one  of  the 
leading  counsel  for  that  paper  in  the 
Parnell  Commission  delivered  an  able 
address,  forming  a  retrospect  of  the 
history  of  Ireland  from  his  point  of  view. 
In  1892  he  was  again  returned  for  Bury, 
and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  discussion 
of  the  Home  Rule  Bill  in  1893,  moving 
several  amendments  which  were  adopted. 
He  was  one  of  the  Chairmen  of  Standing 
Committees  in  that  Parliament.  He  was 
raised  to  the  Peerage  in  1895  by  the  title 
of  Lord  James  of  Hereford.  From  1892 
to  1895  he  was  Attorney-General  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales  as  Duke  of  Cornwall, 
and  since  1895  has  been  Chancellor  of 
the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  In  1896  he  was 
appointed  a  Member  of  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee of  the  Privy  Council.  In  August 
1898  the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1851  elected  Lord 
James  of  Hereford  a  member  of  their 
body,  and  placed  him  on  the  Board  of 
Management.  Addresses  :  41  Cadogan 
Square,  S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

JAMES,  Henry,  American  novelist 
and  essayist,  was  born  at  New  York  City, 
April  15,  1843.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Henry  James,  a  forcible  writer  on  reli- 
gious and  philosophical  topics  (born  1811 ; 
died  Dec.  18,  1882).  In  his  eleventh  year 
his  family  went  abroad,  and  after  some 
stay  in  England  made  a  long  sojourn  in 
France  and  Switzerland.  On  their  return 
to  America  in  1860  they  first  resided  in 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  removing  to  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  in  1866.  Mr.  James 
attended  the  Harvard  Law  School  for  a 
year  or  two  while  his  family  were  at  New- 
port, but  a  few  years  after  their  removal 
to  Cambridge,  1869,  he  went  abroad,  where 
he  has  since  remained,  with  the  exception 
of  occasional  brief  visits  home.  He  now 
lives  in  London,  though  he  spends  con- 
siderable time  in  Italy.  He  has  been 
a  contributor  to  most  of  the  American 
magazines,  but  his  celebrity  rests  mainly 
upon  his  novels,  which  usually  deal  with 
the  American  as  found  abroad.  His  pub- 
lished books  are:  "Watch  and  Ward," 
1871  ;  "A  Passionate  Pilgrim,  and  other 
Tales,"  1875;  "Roderick  Hudson,"  1875; 
"  Transatlantic  Sketches,"  1875  ;  "  The 
American,"  1877;  "French  Poets  and 
Novelists,"  1878  ;  "The  Europeans,"  1878  ; 
"Daisy  Miller,"  1878;  "An  International 
Episode,"  1879;  "Hawthorne"  (one  of  the 
English  Men  of  Letters  series),  1879 ; 
"A  Bundle  of  Letters,"  1879;  "Confi- 
dence," 1879  ;  "Diary  of  a  Man  of  Fifty," 
1880;  "Washington  Square,"  1880 ;  "The 
Portrait  of  a  Lady,"  1881;  "Siege  of 
London,"  1883;  "Portraits  of  Places" 
1884;  "Tales  of  Three  Cities,"  1884  ;  "A 
Little  Tour  in  France,"   1884;    "Author 


566 


JAMES  — JAMESON 


of  Beltraffio,"  1885;  "The  Bostonians," 
1886  ;  "  Princess  Casarnassima, "  1886  ; 
"Partial  Portraits,"  1888;  "The  Aspern 
Papers,"  &c.,  1888;  "The  Reverberator," 
1888;  "A  London  Life,"  1889;  "The 
Tragic  Muse,"  1890;  "The  Real  Thing," 
1892;  "The  Private  Life,"  1893;  "Essays 
in  London,"  1893;  "Picture  and  Text," 
1893;  "The  Album,"  "The  Reprobate," 
"Tenants,"  "Disengaged,"  1894;  "Ter- 
minations," 1895  ;  "  Embarrassments," 
"The  other  House,"  1896;  "The  Spoils 
of  Poynton,"  "What  Maisie  Knew,"  1897  ; 
and  "In  a  Cage,"  1898.  He  also  pro- 
duced in  London,  September  1891,  a  play 
founded  on  his  novel  "  The  American," 
and  bearing  the  same  title,  and  more 
recently,  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre, 
London,  "Guy  Domville,"  a  drama  with 
an  eighteenth-century  hero.  Address  :  c/o 
W.  Heinemann,  21  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 

JAMES,  Rev.  Herbert  Armitage, 
D.D.,  Head-Master  of  Rugby  School,  was 
born  on  Aug.  3,  1844,  at  Kirkdale,  Liver- 
pool, being  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
James,  then  Incumbent  of  St.  Mary's, 
Kirkdale.  He  was  educated  at  Aber- 
gavenny Grammar  School,  and  Jesus  and 
Lincoln  Colleges,  Oxford,  being  a  scholar 
of  Lincoln  College.  He  was  President  of 
the  Oxford  Union  Society  in  1871,  took  a 
first  class  in  Classics  in  both  Moderations 
and  the  final  schools,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  St.  John's  College.  He  was  an 
Assistant-Master  at  Marlborough  College 
from  1872  to  1875,  Head-Master  of  Rossall 
School  from  1875  to  1886,  Dean  of  St. 
Asaph  from  1886  to  1889,  Principal  of 
Cheltenham  College  from  1889  to  1895, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  appointed 
Head-Master  of  Rugby.  He  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Head-Masters'  Conference  in 
1896-97.  He  is  the  author  of  "School 
Ideals  "  (sermons  preached  at  Rossall 
School),  1887.  Addresses  :  School  House, 
Rugby  ;  and  Athenssum. 

JAMES,  The  Rev.  Sydney  Rhodes, 

M.A.,  head-master  of  Malvern  College, 
was  born  at  Aldeburgh,  on  May  30,  1855, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Rev.  Herbert 
James,  rector  of  Livermere,  Suffolk.  He 
was  educated  at  Haileybury  College,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
was  elected  Scholar  in  1874.  He  obtained 
the  Bell  University  Scholarship  in  1875, 
and  was  eighth  Classic  in  1878,  being  in  the 
same  year  honourably  mentioned  for  the 
Chancellor's  Medals.  From  1879-97  he 
was  assistant-master  at  Eton,  and  in  1897 
was  appointed  head-master  of  Malvern. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1883,  priest  in 
1897.  He  has  taken  a  keen  interest  in  the 
Volunteer  movement  at  Eton,  and  in  1878 
was  captain  of  the  Cambridge  University 


Rugby  football  team.  He  is  married  to  a 
daughter  of  H.  Hoare,  Esq.,  late  of 
Staplehurst.  Address :  School  House, 
Malvern  College. 

J  AM  E  SO  N,  Surgeon- Major  - 
General  James,  C.B.,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
Glasgow,  Director  of  the  Army  Medical 
Department,  was  born  at  Kilbirnie,  Ayr- 
shire, on  Aug.  15,  1837.  He  is  the  second 
son  of  W.  Jameson,  Esq.,  of  Ladeside,  and 
was  educated  at  the  High  School  and 
University  of  Glasgow,  where  he  graduated 
in  medicine  in  1857 ;  the  same  year  he 
was  admitted  a  Licentiate  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh.  He 
entered  the  Army  Medical  Staff  as  an 
assistant-surgeon  in  November  1857.  He 
joined  the  47th  Foot  (North  Lancashire 
Regiment)  and  proceeded  to  Canada.  He 
afterwards  served  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
while  he  was  at  Trinidad  a  severe  epidemic 
of  yellow  fever  occurred  which  led  to  his 
being  specially  promoted  to  Staff-Surgeon 
in  consideration  of  his  highly  meritorious 
services.  This  start  over  many  seniors 
was  afterwards  neutralised  by  an  Army 
Order  which  made  promotion  to  the 
relative  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  con- 
tingent on  20  years'  actual  full-pay  service. 
During  the  Franco-Prussian  war  of  1870 
he  commanded  a  division  of  the  English 
Ambulance.  He  was  promoted  Brigade- 
Surgeon  in  1883  and  Surgeon  -Major- 
General  in  1893,  and,  for  two  years  before 
succeeding  to  his  present  appointment,  he 
served  as  professional  assistant  to  Sir 
William  Mackinnon.  Surgeon  -  Major  - 
General  Jameson  is  a  Knight  of  Grace  of 
the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  and  an 
LL.D.  of  Glasgow  University.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1864,  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
R.  W.  Cartwright,  of  Kingston,  Ontario. 
Address  :  Newlands,  Eltham,  Kent. 

JAMESON,  Leander  Starr,  C.B., 
M.D.,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1853. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  R.  W.  Jame- 
son, a  Writer  to  the  Signet  and  journalist. 
Deciding  to  enter  the  medical  profession, 
he  came  to  London  in  1870  and  joined  the 
Medical  School  of  University  College 
Hospital.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England,  and 
M.B.  and  B.S.  of  London  University  in 
1875,  taking  a  gold  medal  and  first-class 
Honours  in  Forensic  Medicine,  and  third- 
class  Honours  in  Obstetric  Medicine. 
He  proceeded  M.D.  in  1877.  Before 
qualifying  he  held  a  dressership  under  Sir 
John  Erichsen,  and  also  gained  the  Atkin- 
son-Morley  Scholarship  at  University 
College.  After  graduation  he  was  ap- 
pointed House  Physician  to  Sir  John  B. 
Reynolds,  and  House  Surgeon  to  John 
Marshall,  F.R.S.,  and  also  Demonstrator 


JAMESON 


567 


of  Anatomy  to  the  Hospital.  In  1878he 
became  Resident  Medical  Officer,  but  his 
period  of  office  was  interrupted  by  a  voyage 
of  some  months  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  went  in  charge  of  a  patient,  and 
was  cut  short  by  the  fact  of  a  good  opening 
presenting  itself  at  Kimberley.  About  this 
time,  too,  his  health  broke  down  through 
over-work,  and  he  decided  to  go  to  Kim- 
berley in  the  hope  that  a  complete  change 
of  climate  and  environments  would  quite 
restore  him.  He  arrived  in  South  Africa 
in  1878,  entered  into  partnership  with  a 
Dr.  Prince,  and  soon  acquired  a  large 
practice.  His  success  as  a  doctor  was  very 
remarkable,  and  among  his  patients  on 
various  occasions  were  President  Kriiger, 
President  Brand  of  the  Orange  Free  State, 
and  the  Matabele  chief  Lobengula,  whom 
he  treated  for  gout.  His  professional  in- 
come at  that  time  has  been  estimated  at 
between  £5000  and  £6000  a  year.  It  was 
at  Kimberley  that  Mr.  Rhodes  and  Dr. 
Jameson  first  met  and  formed  that  close 
friendship  which  has  existed  ever  since. 
During  1888  the  British  South  Africa 
Company  experienced  a  great  deal  of 
difficulty  in  the  negotiations  for  the  open- 
ing up  of  Mashonaland,  and  it  was  at  this 
stage  in  the  history  of  the  Chartered 
Company  that  Dr.  Jameson  first  lent  active 
assistance  to  his  friend  and  abandoned  a 
magnificent  practice  to  undertake  an 
arduous  and  dangerous  mission.  In  order 
properly  to  develop  Mashonaland  and 
other  adjacent  territories  it  became 
necessary  to  obtain  concessions  from 
Lobengula,  the  Matabele  chief,  through 
whose  country  the  pioneer  force  wished  to 
pass.  Dr.  Jameson  offered  to  carry  out 
the  mission  and  went  to  Buluwayo.  Ulti- 
mately Lobengula  agreed  to  all  that  was 
demanded  of  him.  In  1889  the  Home 
Government  granted  a  Royal  Charter  to 
the  British  South  Africa  Company,  en- 
trusting it  with  the  development  of  the 
extensive  regions  lying  to  the  south  of  the 
Zambesi.  An  expedition  was  therefore 
decided  upon,  and  Mr.  Selous  was  in- 
structed to  make  a  road  into  Mashonaland. 
But  a  check  was  placed  upon  the  opera- 
tions owing  to  the  renewed  hostility  of 
Lobengula  and  the  aggressive  attitude  of 
the  Matabele.  Dr.  Jameson  again  gave 
up  his  medical  practice  and  undertook 
another  mission  to  the  wavering  king, 
with  a  perfectly  successful  result.  It  now 
became  more  and  more  evident  that  his 
services  were  indispensable  to  the  Char- 
tered Company  and  to  Mr.  Rhodes.  Dr. 
Jameson  therefore  relinquished  altogether 
his  medical  practice,  and  joined  the 
Pioneer  Expedition.  He  accompanied  it 
into  Mashonaland  and  settled  at  Fort 
Salisbury  as  the  representative  of  Mr. 
Rhodes.    In  a  few  months  he  started  upon 


an  exploring  expedition  through  an  un- 
known country  to  discover,  if  possible,  a 
route  leading  to  the  East  Coast  of  Africa, 
which  might  be  constructed  as  a  waggon 
road  and  ultimately  converted  into  a  rail- 
way. But  as  a  wide  belt  of  the  country 
through  which  he  passed  is  inhabited  by 
the  tsetse  fly,  whose  bite  is  fatal  to  oxen, 
the  idea  of  a  waggon  road  was  abandoned 
and  the  Beira  Railway  constructed,  which 
has  reduced  freights  into  Mashonaland  by 
one  half.  Dr.  Jameson's  next  venture  was 
a  mission  to  Gungunhana,  King  of  Gaza- 
land,  who  had  been  defeated  by  the 
Portuguese  and  taken  prisoner.  Gungun- 
hana had  for  years  asked  the  British 
Government  to  assume  a  Protectorate 
over  his  country  without  avail ;  the  Char- 
tered Company  therefore  entered  into 
negotiations  with  him  with  a  view  to 
granting  him  a  subsidy  for  certain  con- 
cessions. This  arrangement  was  strongly 
resented  by  the  Portuguese,  who  immedi- 
ately asserted  a  suzerainty  over  Gazaland. 
Their  claim  was  allowed  by  Lord  Salisbury. 
Dr.  Jameson  then  determined  to  undertake 
a  journey  to  Gungunhana  before  the 
Portuguese  could  make  final  arrangements. 
In  company  with  two  other  Englishmen 
he  started  his  march  over  600  miles  of  en- 
tirely unexplored  and  unhealthy  country, 
and  made  the  journey  in  43  days.  They 
endured  great  hardships  and  were  nearly 
starved,  and  being  constantly  wet  with 
wading  through  rivers  and  marshy  ground, 
suffered  severely  from  malarial  fever.  His 
two  companions  nearly  died  by  the  way, 
and  he  himself  never  fully  recovered  from 
the  effects  of  that  terrible  journey.  Dr. 
Jameson  had  no  difficulty  in  getting  a 
concession  signed  by  the  King,  who  was 
glad  of  the  opportunity  of  throwing  off  the 
Portuguese  yoke.  Although  no  territory 
was  ceded  to  the  Chartered  Company  on 
that  occasion,  it  was  entirely  owing  to  the 
prompt  action  of  Dr.  Jameson  that  the 
Portuguese  were  prevented  from  absorbing 
Gazaland.  During  1891  the  Administrator 
of  the  Chartered  Territories  resigned,  and 
Dr.  Jameson,  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  Rhodes, 
was  appointed  his  successor.  He  had  not 
been  in  office  many  months  when  a  large 
body  of  armed  Boers  made  an  attempt  to 
invade  a  portion  of  Mashonaland  which 
borders  the  Transvaal.  Dr.  Jameson  met 
them  and  explained  that  he  would  oppose 
their  passage  by  armed  force.  He  had  a 
parley  with  the  leaders,  and  persuaded 
some  of  them  to  trek  into  Mashonaland, 
where  they  would  be  welcomed  and  enjoy 
equal  rights  with  the  English  settlers. 
Ultimately  the  remainder  returned  peace- 
ably home.  About  this  time  signs  of 
unrest  became  only  too  apparent  among 
the  Matabele,  and  to  prevent  a  massacre 
of  whites,  Dr.  Jameson  determined  to  take 


568 


JANET 


the  field,  more  especially  as  he  discovered 
that  the  Matabele  had  for  many  months 
been  secretly  preparing  for  war.  He 
made  a  plan  of  campaign,  foresaw  the 
duration  of  the  war  and  the  speedy 
collapse  of  the  rebellion,  and  astonished 
his  officers  by  his  power  of  organisation 
and  tactical  ability.  In  a  few  months, 
after  several  successful  engagements,  he 
completely  subdued  the  Matabele,  and 
having  been  allowed  a  free  hand  in  the 
business,  he  conducted  the  settlement  with 
admirable  skill.  Towards  the  end  of  1894 
Dr.  Jameson  visited  England,  meeting 
with  a  very  cordial  reception.  On  Jan. 
24,  1895,  a  dinner  was  given  in  his  honour 
in  Whitehall  Kooms  by  his  fellow  students 
at  University  College,  where  he  had  been 
Resident  Medical  Officer  for  two  years. 
Mr.  Christopher  Heath  was  in  the  chair, 
and  many  eminent  members  of  the  medi- 
cal profession  were  present.  A  few  days 
after  he  delivered  an  address  in  the  Im- 
perial Institute  before  the  Prince  of  Wales 
and  an  audience  of  2500  people.  The 
past,  present,  and  future  of  South  Africa 
constituted  the  subject  of  the  address. 
Before  he  left  England  a  C.B.,  civil  division, 
was  conferred  upon  him  in  recognition  of 
his  splendid  work  in  South  Africa.  To- 
wards the  end  of  1896  the  discontent  and 
agitation  of  the  Outlander  population  of 
Johannesburg  took  a  serious  turn,  and 
they  secretly  armed  and  determined  to 
force  the  Boer  Government  to  grant  them 
constitutional  rights.  On  Dec.  28  a  letter 
was  sent  to  Dr.  Jameson,  who  was  at 
Mafeking,  asking  him  to  come  and  help 
them.  On  the  following  day  he  started  to 
their  assistance  with  the  Bechuanaland 
Police,  600  strong.  Major  Sir  John 
Willoughby  was  in  command  of  the  force, 
and  they  took  with  them  eight  Maxim 
guns.  After  having  cut  the  telegraph 
wires,  they  crossed  the  Transvaal  border 
and  pressed  on  to  Krugersdorp.  As  soon 
as  the  news  reached  England,  Mr.  Cham- 
berlain ordered  the  High  Commissioner  of 
South  Africa  publicly  to  repudiate  Dr. 
Jameson's  act  by  proclamation.  At  the 
same  time  Sir  Hercules  Robinson  sent  a 
despatch  to  Jameson  ordering  his  immedi- 
ate return.  Dr.  Jameson,  however,  dis- 
regarded the  message,  and  at  Krugersdorp 
he  was  met  by  a  force  of  1000  Boers,  and 
fighting  ensued.  He  then  pressed  on  to 
Doornkop,  hourly  expecting  some  promised 
assistance  from  Johannesburg.  Mean- 
while the  Boer  force  had  been  consider- 
ably augmented,  and  Jameson  at  last 
hoisted  a  flag  of  truce  and  gave  in  on  the 
condition  that  the  lives  of  his  followers 
were  spared.  They  were  taken  to  Pretoria, 
and  he  and  his  officers  were  sentenced  to 
be  shot ;  but  it  was  afterwards  arranged 
that  the  whole  force  should  be  given  up  to 


Her  Majesty's  Government.  The  Queen 
at  once  telegraphed  to  President  Kriiger 
her  satisfaction  at  the  decision  of  the 
Transvaal  Government.  At  this  juncture 
in  the  crisis  the  German  Emperor  sent  a 
telegram  to  the  Boer  President  congratu- 
lating him  upon  successfully  resisting  the 
invasion  of  the  Transvaal.  This  inter- 
ference on  the  part  of  the  German  Em- 
peror caused  the  most  widespread  indig- 
nation in  England,  and  led  to  the  com- 
missioning of  a  Flying  Squadron.  In 
spite  of  the  disastrous  consequences  of 
the  illegal  raid,  Dr.  Jameson  upon  his 
arrival  in  London  met  with  a  popular 
ovation.  He  was  taken  to  Bow  Street  and 
charged  before  Sir  John  Bridge  under  the 
Foreign  Enlistment  Act,  and  with  five  of 
his  officers  was  committed  for  trial.  The 
trial  was  at  bar  before  three  judges,  the 
Lord  Chief -Justice  presiding.  The  accused 
were  all  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to 
various  terms  of  imprisonment,  Dr.  Jame- 
son receiving  fifteen  months,  the  heaviest 
term.  As  a  result  of  the  imprisonment 
his  health  was  broken,  and  after  a 
necessary  operation  the  Home  Secretary 
ordered  his  release.  He  had  served  about 
a  year  of  his  time.  Dr.  Jameson  has  since 
led  a  retired  life,  chiefly  devoting  himself 
to  the  reading  of  English  and  foreign 
scientific  and  professional  literature. 
During  the  sitting  of  the  South  African 
Commission,  which  had  been  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  causes  of  the  raid,  Dr. 
Jameson  was  called  as  a  witness,  and  in 
his  evidence  made  use  of  the  expression, 
"  If  I  had  been  successful,  I  should  have 
been  forgiven." 

JANET,  Paul,  French  philosopher, 
was  born  in  Paris  on  April  30,  1823.  He 
is  a  follower  of  Cousin,  and  has  been  a 
Professor  at  Bourges  and  Strassburg,  and 
at  the  Lyc£e  of  Louis-le-Grand,  Paris.  In 
1864  he  became  Professor  of  the  History 
of  Philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Moral  and  Poli- 
tical Sciences,  which  institution  awarded 
prizes  for  his  "  La  Famille,"  1855  ;  and 
"  Histoire  de  la  Philosophie  dans  l'anti- 
quite'  et  dans  les  temps  modernes,"  1858. 
Among  his  more  recent  works  are  :  "  His- 
toire de  la  Science  Politique,"  1871 ; 
"Problemes  du  XIX.  Siecle,"  1872; 
"Philosophie  de  la  Revolution  Framjaise," 
1875;  "Les  Causes-Finales,  1876;  "La 
Philosophie  Francaise  Contemporaine," 
1879  ;  "  Les  Maltres  de  la  Pensee 
Moderne,"  and  "  Les  Origines  du  Socialism 
Contemporain,"  1883;  "Histoire  de  la 
Philosophie,"  in  collaboration  with  M.  G. 
Seailles,  1887  ;  a  centenary  history  of  the 
French  Revolution,  1889 ;  "  La  Philo- 
sophie de  Lamennais,"  1890.  He  has  also 
contributed  to  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes, 


JANSSEN— JAPP 


569 


Dictiormaire  des  Sciences  Philosophiques,  Le 
Temps,  &c.,  and  is  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Higher  Council  of  Public  Instruction. 
His  Paris  address  is  59  Rue  de  Grenelle. 

JANSSEN,    Pierre    Jules    Cesar, 
French   astronomer,    was   born   at   Paris, 
Feb.  22, 1824,  and  in  1860  gained  his  D.Sc. 
by  a  remarkable  thesis  on  "  L' Absorption 
de  la  Chaleur  rayonnante  obscure  dans 
les  milieux  de   l'CEil."     In  1853  he  was 
Assistant-Professor  at  the  Lycee  Charle- 
magne, and  from  1865  to  1871  Professor 
at  the  School  of  Architecture.      His  chief 
work,  however,  has  been  done  in  connec- 
tion   with     the     numerous    astronomical 
missions  on  which  he  has  been  sent.     In 
1857  he  was  sent  to  Peru  to  determine  the 
magnetic   equator,  but   the   fever   of   the 
virgin  forests  incapacitated  him.      From 
1861   to   1864  he  was  studying  the  solar 
spectrum  in   Italy.     In   1867  he  observed 
the   annular    eclipse    at    Trani,   and    the 
eruptions   of   Santorin.      In   1868   he  was 
charged  to  observe  the  eclipse  of  the  sun 
at  Guntoor,  in  India,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  modern  times,  which  led  to  the 
discovery  of  the  corona.     The  Academy  of 
Sciences  granted  him  the  Lalande  Prize, 
increased  specially  to  five  times  its  normal 
value.    To  observe  the  eclipse  of  1870  in 
Algeria  he  escaped  from  Paris  in  a  balloon, 
December  2,  and  travelled  300  miles  in  five 
hours,  descending  at  Savenay.     In  1874  he 
observed  the  transit  of  Venus  in  Japan 
with  great  success,  and  he  accompanied 
an  English  expedition  to  Siam  in  1875.    In 
1891  he  ascended  Mont  Blanc  to  study  the 
question  of  an  observatory.     His  reports 
have  been   included  in  the  "Annales  de 
Chimie,"  and  the  "Archives  des  Missions 
Scientifiques."     He  is  an  honorary  LL.D. 
of  Edinburgh,  and  F.R.S.  of  England.    He 
was  granted  the  Rumford  Medal  in  1877. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  Director  of  the 
Government  Observatory  at  Meudon.  He  is 
a  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
his  Paris  address  is  63  Rue  de  Vaugirard. 

JANVIER,  Louis  Joseph,  born  at 
Port-au-Prince,  Hayti,  May  7,  1855,  son  of 
Joseph  Janvier,  a  retired  infantry  captain 
and  district  administrator,  grandson  of  a 
cavalry  colonel,  was  educated  till  fourteen 
years  of  age  at  the  Wesleyan  Primary 
School,  founded  at  Port-au-Prince  and 
conducted  by  English  Wesleyan  mission- 
aries ;  then  at  the  Lycee  National,  till  he 
was  eighteen ;  then  at  the  School  of 
Medicine  and  Military  Hospital  of  Port- 
au-Prince,  till  he  was  two-and-twenty ; 
then  at  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Paris. 
He  is  a  Doctor  of  Medicine  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Paris,  and  was  Prizeman  of  the 
same   in   June    1881.      He    entered    the 


School  of  Political  Sciences  of  Paris  in 
October  1881 ;  passed  with  success  the  ex- 
aminations of  the  Administrative  Section 
in  July  1883  ;  of  the  Diplomatic  Section 
in  July  1885 ;  of  the  Political  Economy 
and  Finance  Section  in  July  1887,  and 
obtained  the  three  separate  diplomas.  He 
was  the  delegate  of  the  Haytian  Govern- 
ment at  the  Conferences  held  from  1884 
to  1887  for  the  Copyright  Convention  of 
Berne,  and  signed  the  Convention  of  1886 
and  ratified  it.  He  has  been  the  corre- 
spondent in  Paris  during  the  Exhibition  of 
1889  of  the  Moniteur,  the  "journal  ofBciel " 
of  the  Republic  of  Hayti.  Appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Haytian  Legation  in  Lon- 
don in  September  1889,  he  was  specially 
detached  by  permission  of  the  President  of 
Hayti  as  representative  of  the  Haytian 
Orthodox  Apostolic  Church  of  Hayti  at 
the  Congress  of  Old  Catholics  at  Lucerne, 
in  September  1892.  He  has  been  Charge1 
d'Affaires  of  Hayti  at  the  Court  of  St. 
James  since  November  1892.  Publica- 
tions :  "  La  Phthisie  Pulmonaire  ;  Causes, 
Traitement,  Preventif,"  "La  Republique 
d'Haiti  et  ses  Visiteurs,"  "  Les  De'tracteurs 
de  la  Race  Noire  et  d'Haiti,"  "  Les  Anti- 
nationaux,"  "Les  Affaires  d'Haiti,"  "De 
l'Egalite"  des  Races,"  "  Les  Constitutions 
d'Haiti,"  "  Le  Vieux  Piquet,"  "Haiti  aux 
Haitiens,"  "Une  Chercheux."  He  is  mar- 
ried to  an  English-born  subject,  Miss  Jane 
Maria  Windsor.  Addresses  :  5  Albany  Court 
Yard,  Piccadilly  ;  and  Holmbury,  Mitcham 
Road,  Tooting  Gravenay,  Surrey. 

JAPAN,  Mikado  of.  Seel  Mutstj- 
Hito. 

JAPP,  Francis  Robert,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S. ,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Aberdeen 
University,  was  born  at  Dundee,  Feb.  8, 
1848.  He  is  the  youngest  son  of  James 
Japp,  minister  of  the  Catholic  Apostolic 
Church,  and  was  educated  at  schools  in 
Dundee  and  St.  Andrews,  and  at  the 
universities  of  St.  Andrews,  Edinburgh, 
Heidelberg,  and  Bonn.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the 
Normal  School  of  Science  (now  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Science),  South  Kensington. 
From  1885  to  1890  he  was  Foreign  Secre- 
tary of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  in  the 
latter  year  received  from  the  Society  the 
Longstaff  Medal  for  Chemical  Research. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen. 
He  has  published,  chiefly  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Chemical  Society,  numerous  researches 
(over  60)  dealing  almost  exclusively  with 
questions  relating  to  organic  chemistry, 
and  is  also  joint  author,  with  Sir  Edward 
Frankland,  of  a  Text-book  of  Inorganic 
Chemistry.  Address :  The  University, 
Aberdeen. 


570 


JAKVIS  —  JEBB 


JARVIS,  Thomas  Stinson,  Cana- 
dian author,  was  born  in  Toronto,  May  31, 
1854 ;  was  educated  at  Upper  Canada 
College,  and  when  seventeen  years  old 
was  sent  away  for  a  year's  travel.  He 
went  through  Europe,  spent  a  winter  in 
Italy,  and  visited  various  Oriental  countries. 
He  studied  law  from  1875  to  1880,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar.  His  first  literary  effort, 
"  Letters  from  East  Longitudes,"  was 
compiled  from  letters  written  to  his 
parents  while  in  the  East ;  in  1890  he  pub- 
lished "  Geoffrey  Hampstead."  In  1891  he 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  published 
"  Doctor  Perdue  "  as  his  second  novel,  and 
"The  Ascent  of  Life"  followed  early  in 
1894.  The  remainder  of  the  year  he  spent 
in  Paris  and  London,  whence  he  published 
in  New  York  "  She  Lived  in  New  York." 

JAYNE,  The  Right  Rev.  Francis 
John,  D.D.,  M.A.,  Bishop  of  Chester,  was 
born  Jan.  1,  1845,  and  is  the  son  of  John 
Jayne,  J.  P.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby 
School  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  a  scholar.  He  took  a  first 
class  in  Moderations  in  1866,  and  a  double 
first  class  in  the  Final  Schools,  1868,  in  which 
year  he  became  a  Fellow  of  Jesus  College. 
He  was  ordained  in  1870,  and  was  for  a 
year  curate  of  St.  Clement's,  Oxford,  after- 
wards becoming  Tutor  of  Keble  College, 
where  he  remained  until  1879.  In  that 
year  he  was  appointed  Principal  of  St. 
David's  College,  Lampeter,  of  which  insti- 
tution he  greatly  increased  the  efficiency. 
In  1886  he  accepted  the  important  vicarage 
of  Leeds,  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Gott,  who  became  Dean  of  Worcester.  In 
1889  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Chester. 
In  1892  the  Bishop  initiated  a  discussion 
on  public-house  reform,  and  has  since 
urged  the  necessity  of  temperance  legisla- 
tion on  constructive  lines.  He  is  a  warm 
advocate  of  what  is  known  as  the  "  Goth- 
enburg System  "  of  State-controlled  liquor- 
traffic,  and  both  on  the  platform  and  in  the 
press  has  constantly  advocated  his  views. 
He  married  in  1872  Emily,  daughter  of 
Watts  J.  Garland,  of  Lisbon.  Addresses  : 
The  Palace,  Dee  Side,  Chester  ;  and  the 
Athenasum. 

JEBB,  Professor  Richard  Claver- 
house,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  Litt.D.,  Regius 
Professor  of  Greek,  Cambridge  University, 
and  M.  P.,  Cambridge  University,  born  at 
Dundee,  Aug.  27,  1841,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Robert  Jebb,  Esq.,  formerly  counsel  for 
the  Revenue  in  Ireland  ;  grandson  of  the 
late  Mr.  Justice  Jebb  ;  and  grand-nephew 
of  Bishop  Jebb  ;  while,  on  the  maternal 
side,  he  is  great  -  grandson  of  Bishop 
Horsley.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Col- 
umba's  College,  co.  Dublin  ;  at  Charter- 
house  School,    London ;    and    at    Trinity 


College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
as  senior  classic  in  1862,  and  was  soon 
afterwards  elected  a  Fellow.  As  a  classi- 
cal lecturer  of  his  College  he  took  a  fore- 
most part  in  organising  at  Cambridge  the 
system  of  Inter-Collegiate  Classical  Lec- 
tures, and  was  the  first  secretary  of  an 
association  of  college  lecturers  for  that 
purpose.  Along  with  Professor  E.  B. 
Cowell,  he  was  also  instrumental  in  found- 
ing the  Cambridge  Philological  Society,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  secretary.  In  1869 
he  was  chosen  by  the  Senate  to  be  Public 
Orator  of  the  University.  In  1871  he  was 
nominated  by  the  University  as  a  Governor 
of  Charterhouse  School,  a  post  which  he 
ceased  to  hold  from  1875  (when  he  went 
to  Glasgow)  till  1893,  when  he  was  re- 
elected to  it ;  in  1872  he  was  elected 
Classical  Examiner  in  the  University  of 
London  ;  and  was  also  appointed  Tutor  of 
Trinity  College  ;  but  resigned  these  posts 
on  being  called,  in  1875,  to  fill  the  chair  of 
Greek  in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  In 
1878  he  received  from  the  King  of  the 
Hellenes  the  order  of  the  Saviour,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  services  to  Greek  studies  ;  and 
in  the  following  year  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  conferred  upon  him  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  In  1882 
he  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  British 
School  of  Archaeology  at  Athens,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  secretary.  In  1884  he  was 
elected  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Archaeological  Institute  of  the  German 
Empire ;  and,  on  visiting  the  United 
States,  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  from  Harvard  University. 
In  1885  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Letters 
was  conferred  on  him  by  the  University  of 
Cambridge  ;  in  1888  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  that  of  Ph.D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bologna  ;  in  1891  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
and  that  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of 
Oxford.  In  1889  he  was  elected  Regius 
Professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge  ;  and  in 
1890  he  succeeded  the  late  Bishop  Light- 
foot  as  President  of  the  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Hellenic  Studies.  He  is 
also  a  F.S.A.  In  1891,  on  the  death  of 
the  Right  Hon.  H.  C.  Raikes,  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  re-elected  at  the  general 
elections  in  1892  and  1895.  In  1897  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Crown  a  Fellow  of  the 
University  of  London.  He  is  a  Governor  of 
Charterhouse  School,  and  a  Fellow  of  St. 
Columba's  College,  co.  Dublin.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  work  in  2  vols,  on  "  The  Attic 
Orators  "  ;  also  of  "  Selections  from  the 
Attic  Orators,"  with  notes  ;  "  The  Charac- 
ters of  Theophrastus,"  with  notes  and 
translation  ;  "  Modern  Greece  "  ;  "A 
Primer  of  Greek   Literature  "  ;    a  "  Life 


JEFFERSON  —  JERNINGHAM 


571 


of  Richard  Bentley  "  (in  English  Men  of 
Letters,  which  has  appeared  in  a  German 
translation) ;  an  "Introduction  to  Homer," 
which    has  been  translated   into  German 
and  Russian  ;  ' '  Lectures  on  Greek  Poetry," 
given  at    the   Johns    Hopkins    University, 
Baltimore  ;  "  Translations  "  into,  and  from, 
Greek   and    Latin;    the    "Electra"    and 
"  Ajax"  of  Sophocles,  with  notes  (in  Catena 
Classicorum) ;  a  complete  edition  of  Sopho- 
cles, with  critical  notes,  commentary,  and 
translation  (Cambridge  University  Press), 
1883-96  ;  and  important  articles  on  classi- 
cal literature,  history,  and  archaeology,  in 
the  " Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  "Diet,  of 
Nat.  Biography,"  the  Classical  Review,  and 
Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies.     He  is  engaged 
on  a  critical  edition  of  the  poems  and  frag- 
ments of  Bacchylides  discovered  in  1896. 
He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  promoting 
the  study  and  teaching  of  Modern  Greek. 
He  was  appointed  in  1894  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  on    Secondary  Educa- 
tion ;  served  in  1896-97  on  a  Departmental 
Committee    on    the    Regulations    of    the 
Science  and  Art  Department  (South  Ken- 
sington) ;   and  was  nominated  in  1898  a 
member  of  the  statutory  Commission  on 
the  University  of  London.     He  served  in 
1896-97  as  Chairman  of  a  Select   Parlia- 
mentary  Committee   on   Burial   Grounds. 
Both  in  the  House  of  Commons  and  else- 
where he  has  taken  an  active  interest  in 
questions  relating  to  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land and  to  national  education.    In  October 
1898   he  was   appointed   a   Commissioner 
under   the   London   University  Act.      He 
married  Caroline  Lane,  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  John  Reynolds,  D.D. ,  and  widow  of 
General  A.   E.  Glemmer,  U.S.A.,  in  1874. 
Addresses  :    Springfield,   Cambridge  ;    and 
Athenaeum. 

JEFFERSON,  Joseph,  actor,  was  born 
at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  20,  1829.  His  grand- 
father and  great-grandfather  were  distin- 
guished actors,  and  his  mother,  Mrs. 
Burke,  was  a  celebrated  vocalist.  He  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  at  a  very  early  age, 
and  gradually  rose  to  the  front  place  as  a 
comedian,  and  his  merits  are  recognised 
in  both  England  and  America.  His  range 
of  characters  is  very  wide,  covering  almost 
the  entire  field  of  comedy  and  farce,  with- 
out degenerating  into  burlesque.  His 
most  famous  rdle  is  that  of  Rip  Van  Winkle 
in  Mr.  Dion  Boucicault's  play  of  that  name, 
founded  upon  the  story  by  Washington 
Irving  ;  a  character  which  Mr.  Jefferson 
may  be  said  to  have  created,  as  well  as  to 
have  made  his  own.  Perhaps  he  is 
equally  successful  as  Bob  Acres  in  "The 
Rivals,"  Dr.  Pangloss  in  "The  Heir  at 
Law,"  and  Caleb  Plummer  in  ' '  The  Cricket 
on  the  Hearth."  Besides  playing  in  every 
city  in  the  United  States,  he  has   made 


professional  visits  to  England,  Australia, 
and  New  Zealand. 

JENKINSON,  Francis  John  Henry, 

M.A.,  Librarian  of  the  University  Library, 
Cambridge,  was  born  on  Aug.  20,  1853,  and 
is  a  son  of  John  Henry  Jenkinson.  He  was 
educated  at  Marlborough  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  Assist- 
ant-Tutor. He  is  a  Fellow  of  his  College. 
Address  :   10  Brookside,  Cambridge. 

JENNER,    George    Francis    Birt, 

Minister  to  the  Republic  of  Central 
America,  was  born  in  Paris,  May  26,  1840, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Albert.  Lascelles 
Jenner,  of  Wenvoe  Castle,  Glamorgan. 
He  was  educated  abroad,  and  entered  the 
Diplomatic  Service  in  1857,  receiving  his 
first  appointment  to  Washington  in  1859, 
and  accompanied  Lord  Lyons  in  attend- 
ance on  the  Prince  of  Wales  during  his 
travels  in  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
1860.  He  was  Acting  Consul-General  at 
Tabreez,  1868  ;  Secretary  of  Legation  in 
Mexico  in  1884,  and  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
1887.  In  1892  he  was  appointed  Minister 
at  Bogota,  and  in  1 897  to  his  present  post. 
Club  :  St.  James's. 

JERMYN,  The  Most  Rev.  Hugh 
Willoughby,  D.D. ,  late  Bishop  of  Brechin, 
Primus  of  Scotland,  was  born  at  Swaff- 
ham  Prior,  Cambridgeshire,  in  1820,  is  the 
son  of  the  Rev.  G.  B.  Jermyn,  LL.D.,  and 
was  educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  1841,  M.A.  1847,  D.D.  1872). 
Having  accepted  an  appointment  in  the 
West  Indies,  he  was  made  Archdeacon  of 
St.  Christopher.  In  1858  he  became 
Rector  of  Nettlecombe,  Somersetshire, 
and  in  1871  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Colombo,  being  consecrated  in  the  chapel 
of  Lambeth  Palace,  Oct.  28,  1871.  He 
resigned  this  See  early  in  1875,  and  came 
home.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  elected 
Bishop  of  Brechin,  and  was  formally  in- 
stalled at  Dundee,  Jan.  18,  1876.  In 
September  1886  he  was  elected  Primus  of 
the  Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland  in  suc- 
cession to  Bishop  Eden,  and  resigned  in 
March  1899.  He  married  (2),  in  1879, 
Sophia  Henrietta,  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  Edward  C.  Ogle.  Address  :  Forbes 
Court,  Broughty  Ferry. 

JERNINGHAM,  Sir  Hubert 
Edward  Henry,  K.C.M.G.,  J.P.,  Gover- 
nor of  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  was  born 
Oct.  18,  1842,  and  is  the  son  of  C.  W.  E. 
Jerningham,  of  Painswick,  Gloucester. 
He  is  a  Bachelier-es-Lettres  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  France,  and  entered  the  Diplomatic 
Service  in  1866.  He  was  M.P.  for  Berwick 
from  1881  to  1885.  From  1887  to  1889  he 
was  Colonial   Secretary  of  Honduras,  and 


572 


JEROME  —  JESSOP 


of  Mauritius  from  1889  to  1892,  when  he 
became  Governor,  a  post  he  held  until  he 
was  appointed  to  his  present  post  in  1897. 
He  is  a  prolific  writer,  among  his  best- 
known  works  being  :  "  Reminiscences  of 
an  Attach^,"  '*  Life  in  a  French  Chateau," 
"Diane  de  Breteuille,"  and  "History  of 
Norham  Castle."  He  married,  in  1874, 
Annie,  widow  of  C.  Mather  and  daughter 
of  E.  Liddell.  Addresses  :  Longridge 
Towers,  Berwick-on-Tweed  ;  Government 
House,  Port  of  Spain  ;  Athenaeum. 

JEROME,  Jerome  Klapka,  was  born 
at  Walsall,  May  2,  1861,  and  is  the  son  of 
a  gentleman  belonging  to  a  west  of  Eng- 
land family,  a  colliery  proprietor.  He 
came  to  London  when  a  child,  and  has 
lived  there  ever  since.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Philological  School,  Marylebone, 
served  a  good  many  callings,  was  clerk, 
schoolmaster,  shorthand  writer,  reporter, 
actor,  and  journalist.  In  1885  he  pub- 
lished "  On  the  Stage — and  Off,"  a  brief 
account  of  his  own  stage  experiences  ;  in 
1886,  "  Idle  Thoughts  of  an  Idle  Fellow,"  a 
book  of  essays  ;  in  the  same  year  he  pro- 
duced at  the  Globe  Theatre  "  Barbara,"  a 
one-act  comedy.  In  1888  he  produced 
"Sunset,"  a  one-act  comedy;  "Fennel," 
an  adaptation  of  a  poetical  play  from  the 
French  ;  "  Wood  Barrow  Farm,"  a  three- 
act  comedy.  In  1889  he  wrote  "  Stage- 
land,"  a  skit  on  stage  conventionalities, 
and  "  Three  Men  in  a  Boat,"  a  humorous 
story  which  has  had  an  immense  success. 
In  1890  he  produced  a  three-act  farce, 
"  New  Lamps  for  Old,"  and  "  Ruth,"  a 
play.  In  1891  he  published  "  The  Diary 
of  a  Pilgrimage,"  and  in  1892  he  started 
the  Idler  magazine  in  co-editorship  with 
Robert  Barr.  In  1893  he  produced,  in 
America,  "  The  Councillor's  Wife,"  a 
three-act  comedy,  played  in  England 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Prude's  Pro- 
gress "  ;  published  "  Novel  Notes,"  and 
John  Ingerfield  "  ;  and  started  the  weekly 
magazine-journal  To-Day,  from  all  con- 
nection with  which,  however,  he  retired 
a  few  years  later  in  consequence  of 
political  and  other  differences  with  his 
co  -  proprietors.  In  1897  he  published 
"  Sketches  in  Lavender,"  a  book  of  short 
stories,  and  produced  "The  MacHaggis  " 
at  the  Globe  Theatre,  a  three-act  farce. 
His  latest  work  is  "  Letters  to  Clorinda," 
1S98.  He  married,  in  1888,  Jenyina 
Henrietta  Stanley,  daughter  of  Lieutenant 
Nesya,  of  the  Spanish  army.  Addresses  : 
5  Park  Row,  S.W.  ;  and  Gould's  Grove, 
Wallingford. 

JERSEY,  Earl  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
Victor  Albert  George  Child  Villiers, 
G.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  March  20, 
1845,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  in  1859. 


He  is  eldest  son  of  the  sixth  Earl  and  of 
his  wife,  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  Bart.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  ;  was  Lord-in- Waiting  to  her 
Majesty,  1875-77;  and  Paymaster-General, 
1889-90  ;  and  was  appointed,  on  the  re- 
tirement of  Lord  Carrington  in  1890,  to  be 
Governor  of  New  South  Wales,  where  he 
was  succeeded  in  1893  by  Sir  R.  W.  Duff. 
He  is  Lord-Lieutenant,  County  Councillor, 
and  J.P.  for  Oxfordshire  ;  J.P.  and  D.L. 
for  Warwickshire  ;  and  County  Alderman 
for  Middlesex  ;  Chairman  Light  Railways 
Commission ;  principal  proprietor  of  Child's 
Bank  ;  and  was  formerly  Cornet  in  the 
Oxfordshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry.  The  Earl 
married,  in  1872,  the  Hon.  Margaret  Eliza- 
beth Leigh,  daughter  of  the  second  Baron 
Leigh,  and  has  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters. Addresses  :  Hiddleton  Park,  Bices- 
ter ;  Osterley  Park,  Isleworth. 

JERVIS-SMITH,  The  Rev.  Fred- 
erick John,  M.A.,  M.I.E.E. ,  Mem.  Phys. 
Soc.  London,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Taunton 
on  April  2,  1848,  and  is  the  only  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  Frederick  J.  Smith,  Vicar  of 
St.  John's,  Taunton,  and  Prebendary  of 
Wells.  He  was  educated  by  tutors  and 
at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  in  1872.  He  was  ordained 
Deacon  in  1877,  and  Priest  in  1880.  He 
became  Curate  of  St.  John's,  Taunton, 
and  Vicar  of  the  same  church,  1885.  He 
is  patron  of  two  livings.  He  was  appointed 
Millard  Lecturer  in  Mechanics  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  in  1886,  and  University 
Lecturer  in  Mechanics  in  1888.  He  was 
Public  Examiner  in  1 887-88  and  in  1892-93. 
He  served  on  a  committee  appointed  by 
the  Home  Secretary  to  inquire  into  the 
causes  of  explosions  due  to  compressed 
gas  (1895-96,  at  the  Home  Office).  He  lias 
long  been  occupied  in  researches  in  Prac- 
tical Mechanics  and  Physics,  and  is  the 
inventor  of  dynamometric  and  integrating 
instruments,  and  of  chronographio  ap- 
paratus used  in  measuring  the  flight  of 
projectiles,  and  in  physiological  research 
and  the  process  known  as  Inductoscript. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  papers  on  physi- 
cal subjects.  In  February  1897,  by  a 
Deed  Poll  in  the  High  Court  of  Judica- 
ture, he  changed  his  name  from  Smith  to 
Jervis-Smith.  Address  :  28  Norham  Gar- 
dens, Oxford. 

JESSOP,  Thomas  Richard,  F.R.C.S., 
J.P.  for  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  re- 
ceived his  medical  education  at  Leeds. 
He  was  formerly  resident  medical  officer 
at  the  Leeds  General  Infirmary,  to  which 
he  is  now  Consulting  Surgeon,  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  at  Yorkshire  College,  and 
Hon.  Surgeon  to  the  Leeds  Public  Dis- 


JESSOPP  — JEUNE 


573 


pensary.  He  is  a  Member  of  Council  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Eng.,  and 
represents  Yorkshire  on  the  Council  of  the 
British  Medical  Association.  In  1889  he 
delivered  the  presidential  address  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Surgical  Section  of  the  British 
Medical  Association.  He  has  contributed 
important  papers  on  surgical  subjects  to 
the  Lancet,  the  British  Medical  Journal, 
and  the  Transactions  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society,     Address  :  32  Park  Square,  Leeds. 

JESSOPP,    The    Rev.    Augustus, 
D.D.,    was    born    on    Dec.    20,    1824,    at 
Albury  Place,  Cheshunt,  Herts,  where  his 
father  was   J.  P.   for   the    county   and   a 
Deputy  -  Lieutenant.      His     mother,     ne'e 
Elizabeth  Tucker,  was  eldest  daughter  and 
co-heir  of  the  Hon.  Bridger  Goodrich,  of 
Bermuda.     He  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  is  M.A. ; 
and  he  is  D.  D.    of  Oxford.     He  was  ap- 
pointed Head-Master  of  Helston  Grammar 
School,   Cornwall,   1855 ;   Head-Master  of 
Norwich    School,    1859 ;    and    Rector    of 
Scarning,   Norfolk,    1879.     He  was  select 
preacher  before  the  University  of  Oxford 
in  1870   and  1897-98.     He   became  Hon. 
Canon  in  the  Cathedral  of  Norwich  ;  and 
was  elected  to  an  Honorary  Fellowship  in 
St.    John's   College,    Cambridge,   and    in 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  in  1895.     Dr. 
Jessopp  is  the  author  or  editor  of  "  Donne's 
Essays    in ;  Divinity,"    with    Life,    1855  ; 
"  Tales  by  Emile  Souvestre,  with  Notes  and 
Life    of    the   Author,"    1860,    which    has 
passed  through   five  editions  ;  "Norwich 
School  Sermons,"  1864  ;  "  A  Manual  of  the 
Greek  Accidence,"  1865  (third  edit.,  1879)  ; 
"The   Fragments   of   Primitive   Liturgies 
and  Confessions  of  Faith  contained  in  the 
writings  of   the  New   Testament,"   1872  ; 
"Letters  of  Father  Henry  Walpole,  S.J.," 
from    the   MSS.    at    Stonyhurst    College, 
1873 ;     "  One    Generation    of    a   Norfolk 
House,  a  contribution  to  Elizabethan  His- 
tory," 1878  (second  edit.,  1879) ;   "Husen- 
beth's  Emblems  of  Saints,"  edited  for  the 
Norfolk    Archaeological     Society,     1882 ; 
"History  of    the   Diocese   of    Norwich" 
(S.P.C.K.),  1884  ;  and  contributions  to  the 
Quarterly  and  Edinburgh  Reviews,  Nineteenth 
Century,  and  other  serials.     His  volume  of 
social  papers  entitled  "  Arcadia,  for  Better 
for   Worse,"   which   was   first    issued    in 
1887,  is  already  in  the  fifth  edition  ;  and 
his  "  Coming  of  the  Friars,  and  other  His- 
torical  Essays,"   published   in  1888,   and 
treating  of  some  important  social  and  re- 
ligious   movements    during    the    Middle 
Ages,  have  been  widely  read  in  England 
and   in   the   American  States,  and  three 
editions  were  absorbed  within  a  year.     In 
1898  appeared  his  "  Life  of  John  Donne, 
Dean    of   St.  Paul's,"  in  the   Leaders   of 
Religion    series.      Dr.    Jessopp    has   con- 


tributed some  important  articles  to  the 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  "  ;  the 
most  notable  being  the  life  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  lives  of  the  Cecils  and  Loid 
Burghley.  He  has  likewise  contributed 
many  papers  on  historical  and  antiquarian 
subjects  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Norfolk 
and  Norwich  Archaeological  Society,  of  which 
he  is  a  Vice-President.  Among  his  more 
recent  works  should  be  mentioned  "  Doris, 
an  Idyl  of  Arcady,"  1892  ;  "Pity  the  Poor 
Birds,"  and  "  Studies  by  a  Recluse,"  1893  ; 
"  Random  Roaming  and  other  Papers," 
1894;  and  "  Frivola,"  1896.  He  married 
Mary  Ann,  daughter  of  Charles  Cotes- 
worth,  R.A.,  of  Liverpool.  Address: 
Scarning  Rectory,  Dereham,  Norfolk. 

JEUNE,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Francis  Henry,  K.C.B.,  President  of  the 
Probate,  Divorce,  and  Admiralty  Division, 
eldest  son  of  a  late  Bishop  of  Peterborough, 
was  born  in  1843,  and  educated  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  firsts 
in  Classical  Moderations  and  Literae 
Humaniores,  1863  and  1865.  He  also  won 
University  prizes  for  historical  essays,  the 
Stanhope  in  1863  and  the  Arnold  in  1867. 
He  has  been  a  Fellow  of  Hertford,  but 
immediately  after  taking  his  degree  in 
1865  he  came  to  London  to  read  for  the 
Bar.  Called  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  Nov- 
ember 1868,  he  was  created  a  Queen's 
Counsel  twenty  years  after.  He  was  well 
known  as  an  ecclesiastical  lawyer,  and  has 
held  several  ecclesiastical  appointments. 
He  was  also  extensively  engaged  in  com- 
mons and  rights  of  way  cases,  and  before 
Parliamentary  committees,  and  was  junior 
counsel  for  the  Claimant  in  the  historic 
Tichborne  Case.  In  January  1891,  Mr. 
Jeune  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Pro- 
bate, Divorce,  and  Admiralty  Division  in 
succession  to  the  late  Sir  James  Hannen, 
who  had  been  promoted  to  be  a  Lord  of 
Appeal  in  Ordinary.  The  late  Justice 
Butt  was  at  that  time  President  of  the 
Probate  Division,  and  on  his  death,  in 
1892,  Sir  Francis  Jeune  was  appointed  to 
succeed  him  as  President,  and  was  also 
appointed  a  Privy  Councillor.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  Judge-Advocate- 
General,  and  was,  in  1897,  created  a 
K.C.B.  for  his  services  in  that  capacity. 
Sir  Francis,  then  Mr.  Jeune,  married  in 
1881  Mary  Susan  Elizabeth,  elder  daughter 
of  Mr.  Stewart  Mackenzie  of  Seaforth,  and 
widow  of  Colonel  the  Hon.  John  Constan- 
tine  Stanley,  brother  of  the  present  Lord 
Stanley  of  Alderley.  Addresses  :  Arling- 
ton Manor,  Newbury,  Berks  ;  79  Harley 
Street  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

JETJNE,  Lady  (Mary),  is  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Stewart-Mac- 
kenzie of  Seaforth.     She  was  married  (1) 


574 


JEX-BLAKE  —  JOACHIM 


to  the  Hon.  Constantine  Stanley,  second 
son  of  Lord  Stanley  of  Alderley,  and 
(2),  in  1881,  to  Mr.  Jeune,  Q.C.,  now 
the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Francis  Henry 
Jeune,  K.C.B.  Lady  Jeune  is  well  known 
for  her  philanthropy,  and  for  her  social 
brilliancy.  She  has  frequently  contributed 
to  the  magazines  and  reviews  on  social 
questions,  especially  on  the  position  of 
Woman,  whom  she  regards  from  an  en- 
lightened conservative  point  of  view.  She 
has  published  a  selection  of  her  essays 
under  the  title  "  Lesser  Questions. "  Ad- 
dresses :  79  Harley  Street,  W.  ;  and  Ar- 
lington Manor,  Newbury. 

JEX-BLAKE,  Sophia,  M.D.,  is  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Jex-Blake  of  Sussex 
Square,  Brighton,  and  sister  of  the  present 
Dean  of  Wells,  and  was  born  in  January 
1840.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  she  became 
a  mathematical  tutor  at  Queen's  College, 
London,  where  she  remained  for  three 
years.  After  travelling  on  the  Continent 
and  in  America,  in  order  to  study  the 
education  of  girls,  she  entered  on  a  course 
of  medical  training  under  Dr.  Lucy  Sewall, 
in  Boston,  U.S.A.,  in  1866.  Returning  to 
England  two  years  later,  she  matriculated 
in  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  Being,  however,  not  per- 
mitted to  take  her  degree,  she  brought  an 
action  against  the  University  in  1872, 
which  she  eventually  lost  in  the  Scotch 
Court  of  Appeal.  She  took  the  degree  of 
M.D.  at  the  University  of  Bern  in  1877, 
and  became  a  Licentiate  in  1877,  and  a 
Member,  in  1880,  of  the  Irish  College  of 
Physicians.  Leaving  Edinburgh  in  1874, 
she  came  to  London,  where  she  founded 
the  London  School  of  Medicine  for  women. 
She  returned  to  Edinburgh  in  1878,  and 
in  the"  same  year  opened  a  Dispensary  for 
women  and  children,  and  a  Cottage  Hospi- 
tal in  1885.  In  the  following  year  she 
founded  the  Edinburgh  School  of  Medicine 
for  Women,  which  was  recognised  by  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1894,  and  she 
is  at  the  present  time  Dean  of  the  school, 
and  Lecturer  on  Midwifery.  Dr.  Jex- 
Blake  is  the  author  of  "  American  Schools 
and  Colleges,"  1866  ;  "Medical  Women, " 
1872  and  1886  ;  "  Puerperal  Fever,"  1877  ; 
and  "Care  of  Infants,"  1884.  Address: 
Bruntsfield  Lodge,  Whitehouse  Loan, 
Edinburgh. 

JEX-BLAKE,  The  Very  Rev. 
Thomas  "William,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Wells, 
was  born  in  London  on  Jan.  26, 1832,  and  is 
the  only  surviving  son  of  Thomas  Jex-Blake, 
J.P.  for  Norfolk,  and  Maria  Emily,  daughter 
of  T.  Cubitt,  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  the  same 
county.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby,  under 
Dr.  Cotton,  and  at  University  College,  Ox- 
ford, of  which  he  was  a  scholar,  and  where 


he  was  placed  in  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  and  Lit.  Hum.,  and  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1355.  He  took  his  M.A.  in 
1857,  and  D.D.  in  1873.  In  1855  he  was 
appointed  by  Dr.  Cotton  Composition 
Master  to  the  sixth  form  at  Marlborough 
College,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  in  the  same  year. 
He  vacated  his  fellowship  on  his  marriage 
in  1857.  Ordained  Deacon  in  1856  and 
Priest  in  1857,  he  became  an  Assistant- 
Master  at  Rugby  in  1858.  In  1868  he  was 
appointed  Principal  of  Cheltenham  Col- 
lege, and  in  February  1874  succeeded  Dr. 
Hayman  as  Head-Master  of  Rugby  at  a 
difficult  period  of  the  school's  history.  In 
1887  he  resigned  the  Head-Mastership  of 
Rugby,  and  was  appointed  to  the  Rectory 
of  Alvechurch,  Redditch,  in  the  diocese  of 
Worcester.  He  succeeded  the  late  Dean 
Plumptre  at  Wells  in  February  1891,  and 
is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Worcester- 
shire. He  is  the  author  of  "  Long  Vaca- 
tion in  Continental  Picture  Galleries," 
1858  ;  of  "  Life  and  Faith,"  1875  ;  of  "  The 
Latin  Sermon  to  the  Clergy  in  St.  Paul's," 
August  1892  ;  and  of  "  Higher  Religious 
Education,"  1896.  He  married  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  John  Cordery,  of  Hampstead, 
in  1857.  Addresses  :  The  Deanery,  Wells  ; 
and  Athenseum. 

JOACHIM,  Joseph,  Mus.  D.  Camb. 
and  Oxon.,  LL.D.  Glasg. ,  violinist,  born 
at  Kitsee,  near  Presburg,  in  Hungary, 
of  Jewish  parents,  July  15,  1831,  en- 
tered while  very  young  the  Conservatory 
of  Music  at  Vienna,  where  he  studied 
under  Joseph  Bonn.  From  the  age  of 
twelve  years  he  attracted  much  attention 
at  Leipzig  by  his  rare  skill  on  his  instru- 
ment, and  obtained  an  engagement,  which 
he  held  for  seven  years,  in  the  orchestra 
of  the  Gewandhaus.  Meanwhile,  however, 
he  assiduously  pursued  his  studies  under 
the  guidance  of  Ferdinand  David,  and  also 
received  lessons  in  the  theory  of  music 
from  Moritz  Hauptmann.  In  1850  he  paid 
his  first  visit  to  Paris,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  Director  of  the 
Concerts  at  Weimar.  In  1853  he  became 
Master  of  the  Chapel  Royal  at  Hanover. 
After  this  he  appeared  in  most  of  the 
capitals  of  Europe,  and  paid  annual  visits 
to  London,  where  he  gave  several  series 
of  concerts.  In  1869  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Senate  of  the  Berlin  Academy,  and 
was  nominated  Director  of  the  School  of 
Instrumental  Music  in  the  Conservatory 
of  Music  then  recently  established  in  the 
Prussian  capital.  He  was  created  an  hon- 
orary Mus.  Doc.  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  March  8, 1877.  Herr  Joachim's 
fame  rests  mainly  on  his  extraordinary 
skill  as  an  instrumentalist,  but  he  is  too 
great  an  artist  not  to  keep  his  own  wonder- 


JOHNSON 


575 


ful  technical  ability  always  subordinate 
to  the  interpretation  of  the  music  he  is 
playing.  As  a  composer  he  belongs  to 
the  school  of  Schumann.  The  "Concert 
a  la  Hongroise  "  (Hungarian  Concerto) 
is  one  of  bis  chief  compositions  for  violin 
and  orchestra.  In  August  1882  he  was 
appointed  conductor  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music  in  Berlin,  and  Musical  Director 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  He  has 
frequently  visited  England  since  then, 
and  has  been  principal  violinist  at  the 
Monday  and  Saturday  Popular  Concerts 
at  St.  James's  Hall  since  they  were  first 
started.  On  March  17,  1889,  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  his  first  appearance  in 
public  was  celebrated,  he  being  presented 
with  a  magnificent  violin  by  his  admirers. 
Madame  Amalie  Joachim,  his  wife,  the 
greatest  of  German  ballad  and  oratorio 
singers,  died  in  February  1899.  Oxford 
University  has  conferred  on  him  the  D.C.L. 
degree,  and  Cambridge  that  of  Mus.  Doc. 
in  1877. 

JOHNSON,  Eastman,  American 
artist,  was  born  at  Lovell,  Maine,  July 
29,  1824.  From  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
devoted  himself  seriously  to  art  work, 
and  in  1849  went  to  Diisseldorf,  where 
he  studied  two  years,  and  afterwards 
resided  for  four  years  at  the  Hague,  where, 
besides  numerous  portraits,  he  executed 
"  The  Savoyard  "  and  "The  Card-Players," 
his  earliest  elaborate  pictures  in  oil.  After 
visiting  the  principal  European  galleries, 
he  established  himself  in  Paris,  but  was 
soon  after  called  home  to  Washington. 
In  1858  he  settled  at  New  York,  where  he 
still  remains.  His  favourite  subjects  are 
American  rural  and  domestic  life,  includ- 
ing the  negro  and  other  subjects,  though 
of  late  he  has  devoted  himself  almost 
exclusively  to  portrait-painting.  He  re- 
visited Europe  in  1885.  Among  his  best 
works,  many  of  which  have  been  repro- 
duced in  engraving  and  chromo-litho- 
graphy,  are  :  "The  Old  Kentucky  Home," 
"Mating,"  "The  Farmer's  Sunday  Morn- 
ing," "The  Village  Blacksmith,"  "The 
Pension  Agent,"  "The  Maple-Sugar  Camp," 
"  Milton  Dictating  to  his  Daughters," 
"  Consuelo,"  "  A  Light  unto  his  Feet," 
"Corn-Husking  Bee,"  "The  Cranberry 
Harvest  at  Nantucket,"  and  "The  School 
of  Philosophy  at  Nantucket."  Among  the 
portraits  he  has  painted  are  those  of 
Grover  Cleveland,  Chester  A.  Arthur,  Dr. 
James  M'Cosh,  and  William  M.  Evarts. 

JOHNSON,  The  Most  Rev.  Ed- 
ward Ralph,  D.D.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Camb., 
late  Bishop  of  Calcutta,  fi fth  son  of  William 
Ponsonby  Johnson,  of  Castlesteads,  Cum- 
berland, was  born  at  Castlesteads,  Feb.  17, 
1828,  and  educated  at  Rugby,  and  at  Wad- 


ham  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1850;  M.A. 
1860  ;  D.D.  1876).  He  was  ordained 
deacon  and  priest  by  the  Bishop  of  Wor- 
cester— deacon,  with  a  title  to  the  curacy 
of  Famborough,  in  the  county  of  Warwick 
— in  1851.  He  was  appointed,  in  1860,  to 
a  minor  canonry  in  the  cathedral  of 
Chester,  and  to  the  curacy  of  the  cathe- 
dral parish  of  St.  Oswald.  In  1866  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  appointed  him  to  the 
rectory  of  Northenden,  in  the  county  of 
Chester,  where  he  succeeded  the  late 
Archdeacon  Woolrough.  He  was  selected 
by  the  Bishop  of  Chester,  in  1871,  to  fill 
the  post  of  Archdeacon  of  Chester,  upon 
the  resignation  of  the  late  Archdeacon 
Pollock.  In  October  1876  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Bishopric  of  Calcutta,  vacant  by  the 
death  of  the  late  Dr.  Robert  Milman.  He 
was  consecrated  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
London,  Nov.  30,  1876,  and  was  in  1898 
succeeded  by  the  Head-master  of  Harrow, 
Dr.  Welldon. 

JOHNSON,  The  Right  Rev.  Henry 
Frank,  LL.B.,  D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of 
Colchester,  was  born  at  Walbury,  Essex, 
on  Dec.  17,  1834,  and  is  the  son  of  Col. 
John  Johnson.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Entering 
the  army,  he  was  cornet  in  the  1st  Dragoons 
from  1855  to  1856,  but  finding,  like  the 
Archbishop  of  York,  that  he  had  a  vocation 
for  the  Church,  he  retired,  and  in  1858  was 
ordained.  He  has  been  successively  curate 
of  Richmond,  Surrey  ;  Sawbridgeworth, 
Herts,  1860-62 ;  vicar  of  High  Wych, 
Sawbridgeworth,  1862-80  ;  rector  of 
Chelmsford,  1880-94  ;  Archdeacon  of 
Essex,  1885-94  ;  and  of  Colchester  since 
1894,  in  which  year  he  became  Bishop 
Suffragan  of  Colchester.  He  married,  in 
1857,  Emily,  youngest  daughter  of  Thomas 
Perry  of  Moor  Hall,  Harlow.  Address  : 
Chelmsford  Rectory. 

JOHNSON,  Lionel,  poet  and  critic, 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  General  John- 
son, and  was  born  at  Broadstairs,  Kent, 
on  March  15,  1867.  After  a  distinguished 
career  at  Winchester,  he  entered  New 
College,  Oxford,  in  1886,  and  graduated 
in  1890  (B.A.),  after  obtaining  a  second 
class  in  Classical  Moderations  and  a  first 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  Coming  up  to  London, 
he  commenced  authorship,  writing  for 
Frederick  Greenwood's  brilliant  and  short- 
lived Anti-Jacobin,  for  the  eccentric  and 
admirable  art  quarterly,  the  Hobby 
Horse,  to  which  he  contributed  poetry 
while  still  a  schoolboy,  and  for  the  Academy 
and  Daily  Chronicle,  &c.  His  scholarly 
criticisms  in  these  two  last-mentioned 
journals  are  the  delight  of  many  readers. 
Mr.  Johnson  is  justly  regarded  as  one 
of   the   late   Walter   Pater's   leading   dis- 


576 


JOHNSON  —  JOHNSTON 


ciples.  We  need  only  cite  his  "  Letter 
to  Sir  Thomas  Browne,"  and  his  critiques 
on  the  Celtic  spirit  and  on  Renan.  Mr. 
Lionel  Johnson  has  also  made  his  mark 
as  a  poet  of  distinction,  having  published 
"  Poems  "  and  "  Ireland  and  other  Poems," 
besides  contributing  verse  to  the  two 
books  of  the  Rhymers'  Club  and  to  the 
Speaker,  the  Outlook,  and  other  well-known 
papers.  His  "Art  of  Thomas  Hardy"  is 
a  weighty  prose  contribution  to  the  study 
of  that  novelist.  Address  :  8  New  Square, 
Lincoln's  Inn. 

JOHNSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Moore,  Q.C.,  is  the  only  son  of 
the  Rev.  William  Johnson,  M.A.,  formerly 
Chancellor  of  Ross  and  Cloyne,  and  rector 
of  Clenore,  County  Cork,  by  Elizabeth 
Anne,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William 
Hamilton,  F.T.C.D.,  and  was  born  in 
1828.  He  graduated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  taking  his  Bachelor's  degree  in 
1849,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1856.  He  was 
called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  Michaelmas  term, 
1853,  was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel 
in  1872,  and  was  Law  Adviser  to  the 
Crown  in  Ireland  from  1868  till  1874.  Mr. 
Johnson  was  returned  as  M.P.  for  Mallow 
at  the  general  election  of  April  1880 ; 
and  on  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Administration  in  the  following  month 
he  was  appointed  Solicitor-General  for 
Ireland,  and  re-elected  M.P.  for  Mallow. 
He  succeeded  Mr.  Law  as  Attorney-General 
for  Ireland  in  November  1881,  and  was 
appointed  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice  in  Ireland,  Queen's  Bench  Division, 
1883.  He  is  a  Bencher  of  the  King's  Inns, 
Dublin  (1880),  and  was  made  a  Privy 
Councillor  (Ireland),  1881.  He  married, 
in  1884,  Susan,  daughter  of  R.  D.  Bayly, 
J.P.  Address :  26  Lower  Leeson  Street, 
Dublin. 

JOHNSTON,  Sir  Harry  Hamilton, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.G.S.,  African  traveller,  born 
June  12,  1858,  at  Park  Place,  Kenning- 
ton,  Surrey,  is  the  third  son  of  John 
Brookes  Johnston,  Esq.,  and  was  educated 
at  Stockwell  Grammar  School  and  King's 
College,  London.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  Zoological 
Society,  Anthropological  Institute,  and 
Royal  Colonial  Institute,  and  was  appointed 
H.M.  Vice-Consul  for  the  Cameroons  and 
the  Oil  Rivers  in  October  1885.  He  was 
Acting-Consul  for  Bights  of  Benin  and 
Biafra,  1887-88,  and  was  promoted  to  be 
Consul  for  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Decem- 
ber 1888.  He  has  written  a  great  deal 
in  the  leading  journals  and  reviews  on 
subjects  connected  with  natural  history, 
travel,  and  political  matters,  and  pub- 
lished, in  1884,  a  work  entitled  "The 
River  Congo"  ;  in  1886,  "The  Kilimanjaro 


Expedition";  in  1889,  "The  History  of 
a  Slave";  and  in  1891,  the  "Life  of 
Livingstone."  He  studied  painting  as  a 
student  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  in 
London,  1876-80,  was  a  Medallist  of  the 
South  Kensington  School  of  Art  in  1876, 
and  has  frequently  exhibited  pictures  at 
the  Royal  Academy  and  in  other  galleries. 
In  1880  he  travelled  through  Tunis  and 
Algeria ;  in  1882-83  visited  the  river 
Congo  and  other  parts  of  West  Africa; 
and  in  1884  conducted  an  expedition  to 
Mount  Kilimanjaro  in  East  Africa.  In 
1887  he  surveyed  a  portion  of  the  Niger 
Delta,  and  in  1889-90  visited  Lakes 
Nyassa  and  Tanganyika,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  peace  between  the  Arabs  and  the 
African  Lakes  Company.  In  1890  he  was 
made  a  C.B.,  and  in  1891  was  appointed 
Commissioner  and  Consul  -  General  in 
British  Central  Africa,  and  for  some  years 
administered  the  extensive  territories  of 
that  protectorate.  He  visited  England  in 
1894,  and  frequently  lectured  on  the  sub- 
ject of  Central  Africa,  and  in  the  autumn 
of  that  year  published,  as  a  Government 
publication,  a  short  and  interesting  account 
of  his  charge.  This  forms  one  of  a  series 
of  blue-books  and  reports  on  Central  Africa 
published  by  him  between  1888  and  1S96, 
In  1897  he  was  appointed  Consul-General, 
Regency  of  Tunis.  His  last  important 
work  is  "British  Central  Africa,"  pub- 
lished in  1897.  He  was  created  a  K.C.B. 
in  January  1896  ;  was  appointed  Consul- 
General  for  the  Regency  of  Tunis,  July 
1897  ;  and  received  the  Jubilee  medal  in 
1897.  In  1896  he  married  Winifred  Irby, 
daughter  of  the  5th  Lord  Boston,  and  step- 
daughter of  Sir  H.  Percy  Anderson,  K.C.B., 
Assistant  Under-Secretary  for  Foreign 
Affairs.  Address:  H.B.M.  Consulate- 
General,  Tunis,  North  Africa. 

JOHNSTON,   Richard   Malcolm, 

American  writer,  was  born  in  Hancock 
County,  Georgia,  March  8,  1822.  He 
graduated  at  Mercer  University,  Georgia, 
in  1841,  and,  after  teaching  for  a  year, 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  In  1857  he 
was  offered  a  judgeship,  but  declined  it 
to  accept  the  Chair,  of  Literature  in  the 
University  of  Georgia,  where  he  remained 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War. 
Retiring  to  his  country  home  near  Sparta, 
Georgia,  he  there  opened  a  boarding- 
school  for  boys,  which  in  1867  he  removed 
to  Baltimore,  Maryland,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  He  has  published,  in  addi- 
tion to  contributions  to  periodicals,  in 
conjunction  with  William  Hand  Browne, 
a  "  Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens,"  2  vols., 
1878,  and  "A  History  of  English  Litera- 
ture," 1879  ;  "  Dukesborough  Tales,"  1883; 
"Old  Mark  Langston,"  1884;  "Two  Gray 
Tourists,"  1885  ;  Mr.  Absalom  Billingslea 


JOHNSTON  —  JOKAI 


577 


and  other  Georgia  Folk,"  1888 ;  "  Ogeechee 
Cross-Firings,"  1889;  "Widow  Guthrie," 
1890;  "The  Pines  and  their  Neighbours," 
1891;  "Studies  Literary  and  Social" 
(1st  series,  1891,  2nd  series,  1892);  "Mr. 
Fortner's  Marital  Claims,"  1892;  "Mr. 
Billy  Downs  and  his  Likes,"  1892 ;  "Widow 
Guthrie,"  1893  ;  "  Little  Ike  Templin  and 
other  Stories,"  1894  ;  "  Old  Times  in  Middle 
Georgia,"  1897;  and  "Pearce  Amerson's 
Will,"  1898. 

JOHNSTON",  William,  M.P.  (known 
as  Mr.  Johnston  of  Bally kilbeg),  was  born 
in  Down  patrick,  Feb.  22,  1829,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  John  Brett  Johnston  and 
Thomasina  Anne  Henriette  Scott,  and 
received  his  education  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1852, 
and  M.A.  in  1856.  He  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar  in  1872.  He  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Belfast,  in  the  Protestant  interest,  in 
1868,  was  re-elected  in  1874,  and  sat  for 
that  borough  till  1878,  when  he  was 
appointed  Inspector  of  Irish  Fisheries. 
He  held  that  office  till  1885,  when  he  was 
dismissed  by  Lord  Spencer  for  a  speech 
in  the  General  Synod  of  the  Church  of 
Ireland.  Mr.  Johnston  has  been  since 
1848  a  member  of  the  Orange  Institution, 
and  was  imprisoned  for  two  months,  in 
1868,  for  taking  part  in  an  Orange  pro- 
cession at  Bangor,  co.  Down,  on  July  12 
in  the  previous  year.  He  is  the  author  of 
the  novels  :  "  Nightshade,"  1857  ;  "  Fresh- 
field,"  and  "Under  which  King?"  1872. 
In  1885  he  was  returned  for  South  Belfast 
by  a  large  majority,  and  was  again  elected 
in  1886,  1892,  and  1895.  He  has  long 
been  identified  with  Temperance  move- 
ments, both  of  a  social  and  a  political 
character,  and  has  been  for  many  years 
a  total  abstainer.  In  1898  he  was  unani- 
mously elected  President  of  the  Irish 
Temperance  League.  In  the  House  he  is 
a  leading  representative  of  the  Orange 
party.  He  married  (3),  in  1863,  Georgiana 
Barbara,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Hay,  Bart. 
Address  :  Ballykilbeg,  co.  Down. 

JOICEY,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was 
born  on  April  6,  1846,  and  is  the  son  of 
Mr.  G.  Joicey,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  He 
was  educated  at  Gainford  School,  near 
Darlington.  As  Chairman  and  Managing 
Director  of  James  Joicey  &  Co.,  Ltd., 
and  of  the  Lambton  Collieries,  Ltd. ,  he  is 
one  of  the  most  extensive  coal  -  mine 
owners  in  the  northern  counties.  He  is 
principal  proprietor  of  the  important  New- 
castle Daily  Leader,  Director  of  the  N.E. 
Railway,  J.P.  for  Durham  County,  North- 
umberland, and  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and 
D.L.  for  the  county  of  Durham.  Since 
1885  he  has  sat  in  Parliament  as  Liberal 
member  for  Chester-le- Street,  Durham.    In 


1884  he  married  (2)  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Colonel  Drever,  H.E.I.C.S.  Addresses  :  58 
Cadogan  Square,  S.W ;  and  Longhirst, 
Morpeth. 

jdKAI,  Maurus  (or  M6r),  the  most 
productive  and  genial  of  Hungarian  novel- 
ists, was  born  Feb.  19,  1825,  at  Komorn. 
His  father  was  an  advocate,  of  good  and 
ancient  family,  and  a  strict  Calvinist,  so 
that  his  son  was  puritanically  brought  up, 
until  his  twelfth  year,  when  he  was  left  an 
orphan.  For  two  years  before  his  father's 
death  he  had  been  learning  German  at 
Presburg,  but  he  was  then  left  to  teach 
himself,  until  in  1840  he  went  to  the  High 
School  at  Papa,  and  in  1842  to  that  of 
Kecskemet,  at  both  having  the  Hungarian 
poet  Alexander  Petfafi  as  his  schoolfellow. 
In  1844  he  went  to  Pesth,  where  he  was 
articled  to  an  advocate,  and  obtained  his 
diploma,  of  which,  however,  he  never 
availed  himself ;  for  in  1846  he  was 
already  editor  of  the  then  very  famous 
Wochenblatt.  In  1848  he  proclaimed  the 
"Twelve  Points  of  Pesth,"  and  in  the 
same  year  he  married  Rosa  Laborfalvi,  the 
greatest  of  Hungarian  tragedians.  In  1849 
he  followed  the  Hungarian  Government  to 
Debreczin,  where  he  edited  the  Abendblatter, 
and  was  present  at  the  capitulation  of 
Villagos,  August  28.  To  escape  being  made 
prisoner,  he  resolved  on  suicide,  but  was 
hindered  by  the  fortunate  arrival  of  his 
wife  from  Pesth.  She  had  converted  all 
her  jewels  into  gold,  and  the  pair  found 
their  way  on  foot  through  the  Russian 
army,  reached  a  safe  hiding-place  in  the 
wood  of  Bukk,  and  at  last  got  safe  to 
Pesth.  Ten  years  followed,  during  which 
Hungarian  literature  became  well  -  nigh 
extinct.  Almost  alone  this  young  man 
created  a  new  one,  and  since  political 
journalism  was  impracticable  he  betook 
himself  to  fiction.  He  has  published  in 
160  vols.  25  romances  of  several  vols,  each, 
320  novelettes,  and  six  dramas,  of  which 
more  than  half  a  million  copies  have  been 
sold  amongst  six  millions  of  Magyars, 
besides  translations  into  various  languages. 
Amongst  his  most  popular  romances  are  : 
"  The  Good  Old  Assessors,"  "  A  Hungarian 
Nabob,"  and  its  continuation,  entitled 
"  Zoltan  Karpathy,"  "  Sad  Times," 
"Oceania,"  "The  White  Rose,"  "The 
Accursed  Family,"  "Transylvania's  Golden 
Age,"  "  The  Turks  in  Hungary,"  "  The 
Last  Days  of  the  Janissaries  in  1820," 
"Poor  Rich  Men,"  "The  World  Turned 
Upside  down,"  "  Madhouse  Management," 
"  The  New  Landlord  "  (translated  into 
English  by  A.  Patterson,  London,  1865), 
"  The  Romance  of  the  Next  Century," 
"Black  Diamonds,"  "Die  Zonen  des 
Geist.es,"  "  Beloved  to  the  Scaffold,"  1882  ; 
"The  White  Woman  of  Leutschan,"  &c. 

2o 


578 


JOLY  — JONES 


Among  his  dramas  may  be  mentioned  : 
"King  Koloman,"  1858;  "The  Martyrs 
of  Sziquetvar,"  and  "Milton,"  1878.  In 
1863  Jokai  established,  as  an  organ  of  the 
Left,  the  Hon  (Fatherland),  the  most 
■widely  circulated  Hungarian  journal,  in 
which  many  of  his  romances  appeared. 
He  has  also  become  chief  editor  of  the 
Governmental  journal,  the  Nemzet  (Nation). 
In  1898  his  novel,  "Dr.  Dumatiy's  Wife," 
was  translated  into  English. 

JOLT,  John,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S., 
was  born  in  1858  in  Hollywood,  King's 
County,  Ireland.  He  is  the  youngest  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  J.  P.  Joly,  M.A.,  Rector 
of  Clonsast,  and  Julia,  daughter  of 
Frederick,  Count  de  Lusi,  Resident  Prus- 
sian Minister  in  Greece.  Owing  to  the 
early  loss  of  his  father  his  education  and 
preservation  during  a  delicate  boyhood 
devolved  upon  his  mother,  to  whose 
influence  he  ascribes  what  enthusiasm  for 
science  he  possesses.  He  was  partly 
educated,  also,  at  the  Rathmines  School, 
Dublin  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
in  1876,  and  took  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Engineering  in  1883.  He  received  the 
degree  of  M.A.  (Stip.  Con.)  in  1887,  and  of 
Doctor  of  Science  in  1889.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1892.  He 
is  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society,  has  occupied  successively  the 
posts  of  Assistant  Lecturer  in  Engineering 
and  in  Experimental  Physics  in  Trinity 
College,  and  is  now  Professor  of  Geology 
and  Mineralogy  in  the  University  of  Dub- 
lin. He  is  author,  among  others,  of  the 
following  papers :  "On  the  Direct  Experi- 
mental Determination  of  Specific  Heats  of 
Gases  at  Constant  Volume,"  Phil.  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc,  vol.  182  ;  "  On  the  Method  of 
Condensation  in  Calorimetry,"  Proc.  Roy. 
Soc,  vols.  45  and  47  ;  "On  the  Specific 
Heats  of  Minerals,"  ibid.  vol.  41  ;  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Spark  Discharge  over 
the  Surface  of  Dielectrics."  ibid.  vol.  47; 
"  On  the  Steam  Calorimeter,"  ibid.  vol.  47  ; 
"  On  the  Volcanic  Ash  of  Krakatoa,"  Proc. 
Roy.  Dublin  Soc,  vol.  4;  "On  a  Method 
of  Determining  the  Density  of  a  Gas," 
Phil.  Mag.,  30,  5 ;  "On  the  Uses  of  the 
Meldometer,"  Proc.  Roy.  Irish  Ac,  ii.  3  ; 
"  On  the  Beryl  and  Iolite  of  Glencullen," 
Proc  Roy.  Dublin  Soc,  iv.  ;  "  The  Abund- 
ance of  Life,"  ibid.  vii.  ;  "On  the  Forma- 
tion of  Crystals  of  Calcium  and  Magnesium 
Oxide,"  ibid.  vi.  ;  "On  a  Diffusion  Photo- 
meter," Phil.  Mag.,  28,  5;  "On  the 
Thermal  Expansion  of  Diamond,"  Nature, 
49;  "On  the  Bright  Colours  of  Alpine 
Flowers,"  Proc.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc,  viii. ; 
"A  Speculation  as  to  a  Pre-material  Con- 
dition of  the  Universe,"  ibid,  vii.;  "On 
a  Method  of  Photography  in  Natural 
Colours,"  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc,  vol.  vi.  ; 


"On  the  Origin  of  the  Canals  of  Mars, " 
ibid. ;  "  On  the  Volume-change  of  Rocks 
attending  Fusion,"  ibid. ;  "On  Sub- 
marine Geological  Investigation,"  Proc. 
Roy.  Dublin  Soc. ,  vol.  viii. ;  and  jointly 
with  H.  H.  Dixon,  Sc.D.,  "On  the  Ascent 
of  Sap,"  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc,  vol.  186; 
"  On  the  Path  of  the  Transpiration  Cur- 
rent," Annals  of  Botany,  vol.  ix.  Address  : 
39  Waterloo  Road,  Dublin. 

JONES,  Lieut.-Col.  Alfred  Stowell, 

KS.€.,  Assoc.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  was  born  at 
Liverpool,  Jan.  24, 1832,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Archdeacon  J.  Jones,  M.A., 
and  his  wife  Hannah,  daughter  of  the  late 
Thomas  Pares,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Hopwell  Hall, 
Derby.  He  was  educated  at  the  Liverpool 
College.  While  serving  as  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  9th  Lancers  he  passed  his  examina- 
tions by  the  Public  Works  Department, 
India,  1857,  for  employment  as  a  Civil 
Engineer,  and  graduated  at  the  Staff  Col- 
lege, 1860.  Lieut.-Colonel  Jones  was  pre- 
sent at  the  battle  of  Buddleekeserai  and 
at  Delhi  throughout  the  siege  operations, 
including  the  assault  and  capture  of  the 
city,  having  been  Deputy  Assistant  Quar- 
termaster-General to  the  Cavalry  Brigade 
from  August  8  to  Sept.  23,  1857.  He 
served  with  the  9th  Lancers  in  Greathed's 
pursuing  column,  and  was  present  in  the 
actions  of  Bolundshuhur  and  Allyghur  and 
battle  of  Agra,  where  he  was  dangerously 
wounded,  having  received  a  musket-shot 
wound  and  twenty-two  sabre  cuts.  He 
was  mentioned  in  the  despatches  of  Sir 
Hope  Grant  on  three  different  occasions 
(Brevet  of  Major,  Victoria  Cross,  Medal 
with  Clasp).  He  was  awarded  the  U.ffi. 
for  the  following  service  :  "  The  cavalry 
charged  the  rebels  and  rode  through  them. 
Lieutenant  Jones  of  the  9th  Lancers,  with 
his  squadron,  captured  one  of  the  guns, 
killing  the  drivers,  and,  with  Lieut.-Col. 
Yule's  assistance,  turned  the  gun  upon  a 
village  occupied  by  the  rebels,  who  were 
quickly  dislodged.  This  was  a  well-con- 
ceived act,  gallantly  executed."  As  has 
been  stated,  he  was  Deputy  Assistant 
Quartermaster -General  at  the  siege  of 
Delhi,  1857,  and  held  a  similar  Staff  ap- 
pointment at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
1861-67;  Adjutant  of  the  Staff  College, 
1869-70,  when  that  appointment  was 
abolished  on  his  own  evidence  before  a 
Royal  Commission  on  Military  Education, 
resulting  in  a  saving  of  £400  per  annum 
on  the  army  estimates  for  the  last  twenty 
years,  while  the  duties  have  been  carried 
out  efficiently  as  Lieut.-Colonel  Jones  had 
proposed.  In  civil  matters  he  has  been 
Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Borough  of 
Wrexham  for  sewage  disposal ;  Corporate 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, 1876  ;  Membre  de  la  Socie'te'  Fran- 


JONES 


579 


caise  d'Hygiene,  1877 ;  Fellow  of  the 
Sanitary  Institute,  1880 ;  and  Member  of 
the  Association  of  Municipal  Engineers, 
1883.  He  is  the  author  of  "Will  a  Sewage 
Farm  Pay?"  1874  (third  edit.,  1885),  and 
many  papers  on  sewage  disposal  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Arts  and  of 
the  Sanitary  Institute,  and  in  other  pro- 
fessional publications.  But  Lieut. -Colonel 
Jones  is  perhaps  best  known  in  connection 
with  the  Canvey  Island  scheme,  intro- 
duced by  himself  and  other  engineers, 
and  approved  and  recommended  by  Lord 
Bramwell's  Royal  Committee  on  Metro- 
politan Sewage  Discharge  in  their  Final 
Report,  1884.  This  scheme  has  been  ela- 
borated and  perfected  by  Lieut. -Colonel 
Jones  and  his  partner,  Mr.  J.  Bailey 
Denton,  Member  Inst.  C.E.,  and  has  been 
under  the  consideration  of  the  London 
County  Council  since  1889.  In  1879  he 
was  awarded  one  of  the  only  two  £100 
prizes  ever  offered  by  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  England  for  the  best- 
managed  sewage  farms. 

JONES,  David  Brynmor,  M.P.,  Q.C., 
J.P.,  was  born  at  Pentrepoeth  Morriston, 
near  Swansea,  Glamorganshire,  on  May  12, 
1852,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Jones,  of  Swansea,  sometime 
Chairman  of  the  Congregational  Unions  of 
England  and  Wales  and  of  Victoria.  He 
was  educated  at  University  College  School 
and  at  University  College,  London,  where 
he  was  Hume  Scholar  in  Jurisprudence 
in  1873.  He  graduated  LL.B.  (Lond.)  in 
1874,  obtained  a  studentship  of  the  Council 
of  Legal  Education  in  January  1875,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple 
in  1876.  After  practising  in  London  and 
on  the  South  Wales  Circuit  from  1876  to 
1885,  he  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Mid 
Wales  County  Court  Circuit  in  the  latter 
year,  was  transferred  to  the  Gloucester- 
shire Circuit  in  1886,  and  resigned  in  1892. 
Being  made  a  Q.C.  in  February  1893,  he 
resumed  practice.  He  was  elected  M.P. 
for  the  Stroud  division  of  Gloucestershire 
in  July  1892  in  the  Liberal  interest,  and 
was  elected  for  the  Swansea  District  in 
1895,  likewise  as  a  Liberal.  He  served  as 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Land  in  Wales  and  Monmouthshire,  1893- 
96.  He  is  at  present  a  member  of  the 
Court  and  Executive  Committee  of  the 
University  of  Wales,  and  Hon.  Standing 
Counsel  of  the  University,  a  governor  of 
the  University  Colleges  of  Wales  (Aberyst- 
wyth), and  of  South  Wales  and  Monmouth- 
shire, and  one  of  the  Whips  of  the  Welsh 
Liberal  Parliamentary,  party.  Mr.  Jones 
has  edited  "The  Divine  Order  and  Other 
Sermons  and  Addresses,"  by  Thomas  Jones 
of  Swansea,  with  an  introduction  by 
Robert  Browning,  1884 ;  he  has  also  pub- 


lished an  essay  on  "Welsh  History  and 
Recent  Research,"  1891 ;  "Home  Rule  and 
Imperial  Sovereignty,"  1886  ;  and  divers 
magazine  articles  and  papers  on  the  Welsh 
laws.  He  is  a  vice-president  of  the 
Cymmrodorion  Society,  before  which  he 
has  read  several  papers.  He  acted  as 
Senior  Counsel  for  the  promoters  of  the 
Welsh  University,  and  drafted  the  charter 
with  Mr.  Cadwaladr  Davies,  and  defended 
it  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1893.  In 
1895  he  successfully  acted  as  honorary 
arbitrator  between  masters  and  men  in 
regard  to  the  dispute  and  strike  at  Aber- 
gwynfe  Collieries.  He  also  took  an  active 
part  in  bringing  together  the  Welsh  Na- 
tional Liberal  Convention  at  Cardiff  in 
February  1898.  He  married  in  1892  Flo- 
rence, widow  of  A.  de  M.  Mocatta,  and 
daughter  of  Major  Lionel  Cohen.  Ad- 
dresses :  27  Bryanston  Square,  W. ;  and 
12  King's  Bench  Walk,  Temple. 

JONES,  Emily  Elizabeth  Con- 
stance, was  born  in  1848,  at  Langstone 
Court,  Herefordshire,  and  is  the  eldest 
daughter  of  J.  Jones,  Esq.,  M.D.,  J. P., 
and  his  wife,  Emily  Edith,  who  was 
daughter  of  Thomas  Oakeley,  Esq.,  J.P., 
of  Lydart  House,  Monmouth,  and  his  wife, 
Elizabeth  Pearce,  co-heiress  of  Llanrumney 
Court,  Monmouthshire,  and  was  descended 
from  the  ancient  Welsh  families  of  Lewis 
of  Llanthewy  and  Morgan  of  Llanrumney. 
Miss  Jones  was  educated  at  Miss  Robin- 
son's, Alstone  Court,  Cheltenham,  and  at 
Girton  College,  Cambridge,  and  took  a 
First  Class  in  the  Moral  Sciences  Tripos 
in  1880  (was  bracketed  with  the  Senior), 
and  appointed  Resident  Lecturer  in  Moral 
Science  at  Girton  College  in  1884,  and 
Librarian  in  1889.  She  has  retired  from 
both  offices.  Miss  Jones  was  joint  trans- 
lator with  Miss  Elizabeth  Hamilton  of 
"  Lotze's  Micro-cosmus,"  and  editor  of  the 
translation,  which  was  published  in  1885, 
and  reached  a  third  edition  in  1888.  Miss 
Jones  is  also  the  author  of  "  Elements  of 
Logic  as  a  Science  of  Propositions,"  pub- 
lished in  1890. 

JONES,  Henry  Arthur,  was  born  on 
September  28,  1851,  at  Grandborough,  in 
Buckinghamshire,  and  is  the  son  of  Sil- 
vanus  Jones.  After  receiving  the  middle- 
class  education  of  that  period  at  the 
Winslow  School,  he  was  sent  into  the 
world  at  thirteen  to  shift  for  himself.  He 
was  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  for 
some  years,  devoting  all  his  leisure  to  the 
study  of  literature  and  to  writing,  and  it 
was  not  until  Dec.  11,  1878,  that  his  first 
play,  "  Only  Round  the  Corner,"  was  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Rousby  at  the  Exeter 
Theatre.  In  the  summer  of  1879  he  made 
his    first    appearance   before    a    London 


580 


JONES 


audience  as  a  dramatic  author.  This  was 
in  the  comedietta  "A  Clerical  Error," 
which  was  accepted  by  Mr.  Wilson  Barrett 
and  produced  by  him  at  the  Court  Theatre. 
His  next  essay  in  dramatic  writing  was  a 
play  entitled  "His  Wife,"  an  adaptation 
of  Mark  Hope's  "Prodigal  Daughter," 
which  was  written  for  and  produced  by 
Miss  Bateman  at  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre, 
and  was  afterwards  played  in  the  pro- 
vinces. In  November  1882  "The  Silver 
King "  was  produced  by  Mr.  Wilson  Bar- 
rett at  the  Princess's  Theatre.  This  play 
ran  for  over  a  year,  and  has  been  since 
played  without  intermission  in  America, 
Australia,  and  the  English  provinces.  In 
1884  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  wrote  the 
first  of  the  series  of  plays  of  modern  Eng- 
lish life  with  which  he  has  since  become 
so  closely  identified.  This  play,  "  Saints 
and  Sinners,"  was  produced  at  the  Vaude- 
ville on  September  25  of  that  year.  The 
propriety  of  dealing  with  religious  matters 
on  the  stage  provoked  a  considerable 
amount  of  discussion,  but  the  play  ran  for 
over  200  nights.  After  the  production  of 
"  Saints  and  Sinners  "  Mr.  Jones  reverted 
for  a  time  to  melodrama,  and  wrote, 
amongst  other  plays,  "Hoodman  Blind," 
"The  Noble  Vagabond,"  "The  Lord 
Harry,"  "  Heart  of  Hearts,"  "Hard  Hit," 
&c.  But  it  was  not  until  1889  that  he  was 
able  to  devote  himself  to  the  class  of  work 
that  was  really  congenial  to  his  inclina- 
tion. On  Aug.  27,  1889,  "The  Middle- 
man" was  produced  at  the  Shaftesbury 
Theatre  with  Mr.  Willard  in  the  leading 
part.  This  achieved  an  instantaneous 
success,  and  ran  for  over  two  hundred 
nights,  and  was  followed  on  May  21,  1890, 
by  "Judah,"  a  psychological  play  which 
achieved  equal  popularity.  Both  these 
plays  have  been  translated  and  produced 
in  Germany,  Austria,  Holland,  Belgium, 
and  Denmark.  On  Jan.  15,  1891,  "The 
Dancing  Girl"  was  produced  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  with  Mr.  Tree  in  the 
leading  part.  This  ran  for  over  a  year. 
In  the  autumn  of  1891  Mr.  Jones  went 
into  theatrical  management,  and  his  new 
comedy,  "The  Crusaders,"  was  produced 
by  him  at  the  Avenue  Theatre,  running 
for  one  hundred  nights.  "The  Bauble 
Shop  "  was  produced  by  Mr.  Chas.  Wynd- 
ham  at  the  Criterion  Theatre  on  Jan.  26, 
1893,  and  in  the  following  autumn  "The 
Tempter,"  a  four-act  tragedy,  was  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Tree  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre.  Nearly  all  of  Mr.  Henry  Arthur 
Jones's  plays  have  been  produced  in 
America.  In  1894  Mr.  Jones  wrote  "The 
Case  of  Rebellious  Susan,"  which  achieved 
a  great  success  with  Mr.  Wyndham  and 
Miss  Mary  Moore  in  the  leading  parts. 
Recent  dramas  from  his  pen  are  :  "  Michael 
and    his    Lost  ADgel,"  produced  at  the 


Lyceum  Theatre  in  1896  ;  a  satire  on  the 
clerical  career,  with  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson 
in  the  leading  part.  In  the  same  year 
"The  Rogue's  Comedy"  was  produced  at 
the  Garrick  Theatre,  and  this  was  followed 
in  1897  by  "The  Physician"  and  "The 
Liars,"  both  at  the  Criterion  Theatre. 
Address  :  Townshend  House,  North  Gate, 
Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

JONES,  Capt.  Henry  Michael,  t.C, 
late  Minister  at  Lima  and  Quito,  was  born 
in  1830,  and  entered  the  army  in  1849. 
He  served  through  the  Crimean  war  with 
great  distinction,  being  severely  wounded 
at  the  Alma  and  the  Redan.  Leaving  the 
army  in  1857,  he  entered  the  Diplomatic 
Service  the  next  year.  In  1868  he  was 
Consul-General  at  Tabreez,  and  subse- 
quently at  Christiania  and  Philippopolis. 
In  1889  he  wasMinister  at  Bangkok  and  was 
promoted  to  Peru  in  1894.    He  has  retired. 

JONES,  Kennedy,  part  proprietor  of 
the  London  Daily  Mail,  and  Managing 
Director  of  the  London  Evening  News,  was 
born  in  Glasgow,  on  May  4,  1865,  and  was 
educated  at  the  High  School,  Glasgow. 
In  1884  he  began  his  career  as  a  journalist 
by  joining  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Glasyow 
Evening  News,  and  in  1889  became  assistant- 
editor  of  the  Birmingham  Daily  Mail.  He 
came  to  London  a  few  years  later.  Ad- 
dress :  Daily  Mail  Office,  Carmelite  Street, 
Temple,  E.C. 

JONES,  Morris  Charles,  F.S.A.,  was 
born  in  Montgomeryshire,  May  9,  1819, 
and  educated  at  Bruce  Castle  School, 
Tottenham.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
genealogical  and  antiquarian  articles  and 
privately-printed  pamphlets,  and  of  "The 
Abbey  of  Valle  Crucis  :  its  Origin '  and 
Foundation  Charter,"  1866;  and  "The 
Feudal  Barons  of  Powys,"  1868.  He  is 
the  founder  and  chief  supporter  of  the 
Powysland  Club,  an  archasological  society 
for  Montgomeryshire,  and  also  of  the 
Powysland  Museum  and  Library  connected 
therewith.  He  has  devoted  much  time  to 
the  illustration  of  the  archaeology  and 
history  of  his  native  country,  and  since 
1867  has  been  the  editor  of  "  The  Mont- 
gomeryshire Collections,"  issued  by  the 
Powysland  Club,  which  contain  elaborate 
and  useful  contributions  to  local  topo- 
graphy and  history,  and  afford  complete 
and  extensive  materials  for  the  history  of 
the  county  of  Montgomery.  In  1876  his 
archaeological  services  were  acknowledged 
by  a  testimonial  raised  by  public  sub- 
scriptions, which  were  devoted  chiefly  to 
the  purchase  of  a  fine  life-size  bronze 
group  representing  a  scene  in  Welsh  his- 
tory, which,  at  his  request,  was  placed  in 
the  Powysland  Museum. 


JONES 


581 


JONES,  Thomas  Rupert,  F.E.S., 
F.G.S.,  late  Professor  of  Geology  at  the 
Staff  College,  Sandhurst,  naturalist,  geolo- 
gist, palaeontologist,  and  antiquary,  was 
born  Oct.  1,  1819,  at  No.  6  Wood  Street, 
Cheapside,  London,  and  is  the  son  of  John 
Jones,  silk  merchant  and  silk  throwster,  of 
London  and  Taunton  (descendant  of  the 
old  Powys  family  of  North  Wales),  and 
Rhoda  Jones  {ne'e  Burberry),  of  Coventry. 
He  was  educated  at  Foster's  at  Taunton, 
and  the  Rev.  John  Allan's  at  Ilminster  ; 
and  was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  (Hugh 
Norris)  at  Taunton,  Somerset,  in  1835  ;  at 
his  death  he  finished  apprenticeship  with 
Dr.  Joseph  Bunny,  of  Newbury,  Berks,  in 
1842.  After  some  years  of  desultory  medi- 
cal and  scientific  education,  he  was,  in 
1850,  appointed  Assistant-Secretary  to  the 
Geological  Society  of  London  ;  Lecturer 
on  Geology  at  the  Royal  Military  College, 
Sandhurst,"  in  1858,  and  Professor  in  1862, 
and  subsequently  at  the  Staff  College  until 
he  "  retired  "  in  1881.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Monograph  of  the  Cretaceous  Entomo- 
straca,"  in  1849;  and  of  "The  Tertiary 
Entomostracain England,"  in  1856;  "Mono- 
graph of  the  Fossil  Estheriae,"  1862 ;  article, 
"  Tunicata,"  in  Todd's  "  Cyclopedia  of 
Anatomy,"  1850 ;  and  of  articles  in  Cas- 
sell's  "Natural  History,"  "Science  for 
All,"  and  "Encyclopaedic  Dictionary"; 
also  of  numerous  articles  and  memoirs  on 
Geology,  Fossils,  and  Pre-historic  Man, 
and  especially  on  recent  and  fossil  Forarn- 
inifera  and  Entomostraca,  in  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  the  Natural 
History  Review,  Annals  of  Natural  History, 
the  Geologist,  the  Geological  Magazine,  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Geologists'  Association,  and 
many  other  periodicals,  as  well  foreign  as 
British.  Particularly  may  be  mentioned  : 
"The  Antiquity  of  Man,"  Croydon  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc,  1877;  "The  History  of  the 
Sarsens,"  Wilts  Archceol.  Soc,  1886;  "The 
Geology  and  the  Mineral  Wealth  of  South 
Africa,"  Mining  Journal,  1886,  and  Im- 
perial Colonial  Instil.,  1887  ;  "  The  Coal- 
field of  South  Wales,"  Brit.  Assoc.  Report 
for  1891  ;  "The  Geology  of  the  Plateau 
Implements  of  Kent,"  Natural  Science, 
1894 ;  "  Rockell  and  its  Previous  History," 
Trans.  R.  Irish  Acad.,  1897.  These  papers 
and  essays  are  more  or  less  characteristic 
of  Professor  R.  Jones'  wide  range  of  re- 
search, and  of  his  steady  endeavours  to 
bring  together  scattered  information  on 
many  subjects  of  interest  to  geologists  and 
of  use  to  the  public.  Whether  as  lecturer, 
professor,  author,  or  reviewer,  Professor 
Rupert  Jones  has  always  aimed  at  the 
advancement  of  geological  science,  free 
from  the  prejudices  of  old  or  new  phases 
of  thought.  He  is  joint-author  of  the 
"  Monograph  of  the  Arctic  and  North- 
Atlantic  Foraminifera,"   1865  ;    the  Fora- 


minifera  of  the  Abrohlos  Bank,"  1888  ; 
"Foraminifera  of  the  Crag,"  1866  and 
1895  ;  "  Palaeozoic  Bivalves,  Entomostraca," 
32  Parts,  1855-95;  "Nomenclature  of 
the  Foraminifera,"  15  Parts,  1859-72; 
of  the  "  Micrographical  Dictionary,"  1874 
and  1882;  "Monograph  of  the  Carboni- 
ferous Cypridinadse,"  1874  and  1884  ; 
Palaeozoic  Phyllopoda,"  1888  and  1892 ; 
"  Geology,"  Part  I.  Heads  of  Lectures, 
&c.,  1870 ;  and  of  numerous  papers  on 
Carboniferous  and  other  Entomostraca. 
Mr.  Jones  was  the  editor  of  the  "Arctic 
Manual,"  1875  ;  and  the  editor  and  joint 
author  of  the  "  Reliquiae  Aquitanicae  ;  or, 
Caves  and  Cave  -  Dwellers  in  Central 
France";  and  of  the  second  edition  of 
"Dixon's  Geology  of  Sussex,"  1878;  also 
of  the  "Supplement  to  the Monogr.  Tertiary 
Entomostraca,"  1889  ;  and  "  Supplement  to 
the  Cretaceous  Entomostraca,"  1890.  He 
was  formerly  Examiner  to  the  London 
University,  and  to  the  Victoria  (Man- 
chester) University ;  and  to  the  New 
Zealand  University  ;  now  Examiner  to 
the  College  of  Preceptors  ;  Assistant-Exa- 
miner to  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  to 
the  Department  of  Science  and  Art,  and 
to  the  Royal  College  of  Science.  He  was 
President  of  the  Geologists'  Association, 
1879-81  ;  Vice-President  of  Section  C, 
British  Association,  at  Montreal,  in  1884  ; 
and  President  of  Section  C,  at  Cardiff,  in 
1891.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London  ; 
Honorary  Member  of  numerous  scientific 
societies,  British  and  foreign  ;  Recipient 
of  the  Murchison  Geological  Fund  in  1882  ; 
and  Lyell  Medallist  of  the  Geological 
Society  in  1890.  Address :  17  Parson's 
Green;  Fulham,  S.W. 

JONES,  Rev.  William,  Primitive 
Methodist  minister,  was  born  at  Hales- 
owen, Worcestershire,  July  6, 1834.  He  re- 
ceived a  fair  modern  education.  His  first 
appointment  of  special  importance  was  to 
Tunstall,  the  mother  church  of  the  Primi- 
tive Methodist  connection.  His  next  special 
appointment  was  to  Birmingham,  in  1867. 
It  was  while  here  that  his  fame  as  a 
preacher  and  lecturer  became  universally 
known.  His  name  became  a  household 
word  not  only  in  his  own  denomination, 
but  in  Nonconformist  churches  generally. 
He  was  a  familiar  figure  and  speaker  on 
many  great  occasions  in  the  famous  Town 
Hall.  From  Birmingham  he  returned  to 
Tunstall.  During  his  term  of  ministerial 
service  he  was  instrumental  in  building,  at 
a  cost  of  £9000,  the  Jubilee  Memorial 
Schools  opposite  the  church.  At  the  same 
time  he  rendered  important  service  to  the 
denomination  by  preaching  and  lecturing 
up  and  down  the  kingdom  in  behalf  of  its 
various  interests.     He  was  a  constant  con- 


582 


JONES  — JO  YNT 


tributor  to  the  denominational  newspaper. 
His  own  church,  large  as  it  is,  was  always 
crowded  with  persons  eager  to  listen  to 
him  when  he  was  at  home.  He  was 
elected  chairman  of  the  first  School 
Board  for  Wolstanton.  When,  in  1877, 
Surrey  Chapel  was  taken  over  from  Rev. 
Newman  Hall  by  the  Primitive  Methodist 
Conference,  Mr.  Jones  was  appointed  pas- 
tor, and  to  him  belongs  the  honour  of 
founding  the  first  Primitive  Methodist 
church  in  the  historic  building.  From 
Surrey  he  removed  to  Derby,  where  another 
special  task  awaited  him.  The  Central 
Church  was  in  course  of  building,  and  as 
soon  as  it  was  finished  he  commenced  his 
labours  there,  and  succeeded  in  drawing 
together  a  large  congregation  and  building 
up  a  powerful  church.  Mr.  Jones's  next  ap- 
pointment was  to  Stepney  Green  Taber- 
nacle, London.  He  laboured  subsequently 
at  Grays,  Lincoln,  and  Sunderland.  At 
the  Conference  of  1896  he  was  elected 
to  the  office  of  President  of  the  denomi- 
nation. On  his  retirement  he  was  pre- 
sented with  the  thanks  of  the  Conference. 
He  is  now  for  the  third  time  stationed  at 
Tunstall,  and  for  the  second  time  holds  the 
position  of  Chairman  of  the  School  Board, 
besides  being  President  of  the  Free  Church 
Council  for  Tunstall  and  District.  He  is  now 
in  the  sixty -fourth  year  of  his  age.  Address: 
The  Manse,  Forster  Street,  Tunstall,  Staff. 

JONES,  The  Most  Rev.  William 
West,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Cape  Town, 
was  born  in  1838,  and  is  the  sixth  son  of 
Edward  Henry  Jones,  of  Hackney.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  a  Foundation  Fellow  from 
1856  to  1859.  He  obtained  a  second  class 
in  Classical  Moderations  in  1858,  and  a 
fourth  in  the  Final  Honours  School  of 
Mathematics  in  1860 ;  B.A.  1860 ;  M.A. 
1864;  B.D.  1869;  D.D.  1874.  He  was 
appointed  Dean  of  Arts  in  1864,  and  Vice- 
President  of  his  College  in  1872.  He  was 
Vicar  of  Summertown  from  1864  to  1874, 
and  Whitehall  Preacher  in  1870-72.  He 
was  appointed  Bishop  of  Cape  Town  in 
1874,  and  Archbishop  in  1897.  He  is  mar- 
ried to  a  daughter  of  Mr.  John  Allen,  of 
Altrincham,  Cheshire.  Address  :  Bishop's 
Court,  Claremont,  Cape  Town. 

JORDAN,  John  Newell,  C.M.G., 
Charge"  d'Affaires  in  Corea,  was  born  in 
1857,  and  in  1876  became  a  student-inter- 
preter in  China.  Having  been  Acting- 
Consul  at  Kiungchow  and  Amoy,  he  was 
attached  to  the  Legation  as  Accountant 
in  1886,  Assistant  Chinese  Secretary  in 
1889,  and  Chinese  Secretary  in  1891.  In 
1896  he  was  promoted  to  be  Consul- 
General  for  Corea,  to  reside  at  Seoul,  and 
in  1897  he  was  made  a  C.M.G. 


JOTJBERT,  Petrus  Jacobus,  General- 
in-Chief  of  the  Transvaal,  was  born  about 
1831,  and  first  distinguished  himself  by  his 
defeat  of  Sir  George  Colley  at  Majuba 
Hill,  1881.  In  1893  and  1898  he  allowed 
himself  to  be  nominated  for  the  Presidency 
of  the  South  African  Republic,  but  was 
easily  defeated  by  President  Kriiger  (q.v.). 
In  1896  he  was  the  chief  factor  in  causing 
the  surrender  of  Dr.  Jameson.  As  a  tacti- 
cian, he  acts  severely  on  the  defensive, 
concealing  his  men  behind  earthworks  and 
obstacles,  and  trusting  to  their  marksman- 
ship to  prevent  their  position  being  rushed. 
In  political  matters  he  is  entirely  subser- 
vient to  Kriiger's  domination. 

JOY,  George  William,  painter,  was 
born  at  Dublin  in  1844,  and  is  the  son 
of  W.  Bruce  Joy,  M.D.  He  received 
his  education  at  Harrow,  and  afterwards 
studied  art  as  a  Royal  Academy  student 
and  in  Paris  under  Bonnat  and  Charles 
Jalabert.  His  principal  works,  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  are  "Domenica," 
his  first  picture,  1871;  "Nelson's  First 
Farewell,"  "Wellington  at  Angiers," 
"Danaids,"  "Truth,"  "The  King's  Drum 
shall  never  be  beaten  for  Rebels " ;  in 
1894,  the  "Death  of  General  Gordon"; 
"The  Bayswater  'Bus"  and  "Joan  of 
Arc,"  1895;  "Patience,"  1897;  and 
"Christ  and  the  Little  Child,"  1898;  "A 
Merchantman  Seeking  Goodly  Pearls,"  and 
"Mary  of  Bethany,"  1899.  He  has  won 
medals  at  the  Paris  Salon  and  at  the 
Chicago  World's  Fair.  Mr.  George  Joy 
is  well  known  as  a  volunteer,  and  has 
shot  several  times  in  the  Irish  Volunteer 
team  at  Wimbledon.  He  married  in  1877 
Florence,  daughter  of  Thomas  Masterman. 
Address  :  The  Red  Lodge,  51  Palace  Court, 
Paddington,  W. 

JOYCE,    Thomas    Heath,    F.R.G.S., 

editor  of  the  Graphic  and  Daily  Graphic, 
was  born  in  London  on  July  9,  1850,  and 
is  the  son  of  Thomas  Joyce,  of  Freshford, 
Somerset.  He  received  the  principal  part 
of  his  education  on  the  Continent,  and  has 
been  on  the  staff  of  the  Graphic  since  the 
first  issue  of  that  important  weekly  in 
1869.  He  has  translated  Victor  Hugo's 
"History  of  a  Crime,"  besides  writing 
articles  on  various  subjects  in  journals  and 
magazines.  Address  :  Freshford,  South 
Hill,  Bromley,  Kent. 

JOYNT,  Miss  Maud,  M.A.,  is  the 
second  daughter  of  Deputy  Surgeon- 
General  Christopher  Joynt,  Indian  A.M.D., 
and  entered  Alexandra  College,  Dublin,  in 
1881.  In  1883,  at  the  intermediate  exami- 
nations, she  gained  an  exhibition  in  the 
middle  grade  and  three  gold  medals  ;  at 
the  same  examinations  in  1884  she  gained 


JUDD  —  KASSON 


583 


highest  marks  of  all  Ireland,  two  gold  and 
three  silver  medals.  She  matriculated  at 
the  Royal  University  in  1886,  taking  first 
honours  in  Latin,  first  place  and  first 
honours  in  German,  first  place  and  second 
honours  in  English,  first  honours  in  Experi- 
mental Physics,  and  later  in  the  same  year 
the  scholarship  of  Modern  Literature.  She 
obtained  first  class  exhibitions  in  1887-88  ; 
gained  in  the  latter  year  the  Henry  Hutch- 
inson Stewart  scholarship  (Mod.  Litera- 
ture), a  very  distinguished  honour.  Her 
B.A.  was  obtained  in  1889,  with  first  ex- 
hibition honours  in  modern  literature,  and 
the  degree  of  M.A.  was  conferred  on  her 
on  Oct.  29,  1890. 

JUDD,  Professor  John  "Wesley, 
C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  geologist,  was  born  at 
Portsmouth,  Feb.  18,  1840  ;  but  when  he 
was  only  eight  years  of  age  his  family 
removed  to  the  neighbourhood  of  London. 
During  his  earlier  years  he  was  engaged 
in  teaching,  first  in  London  and  afterwards 
in  Lincolnshire,  but  his  taste  for  science, 
and  especially  for  geological  studies,  led 
him,  in  1863,  to  become  a  student  in  the 
Royal  School  of  Mines.  In  the  following 
year  he  accepted  the  post  of  Analytical 
Chemist  in  one  of  the  great  iron  and  steel 
works  at  Sheffield,  but  while  there  he  met 
with  a  railway  accident  that  interrupted 
his  work  and  studies  for  a  considerable 
period.  Upon  his  recovery,  he  determined 
to  devote  himself  entirely  to  his  favourite 
studies,  and  commenced  a  geological 
survey  of  the  county  of  Lincolnshire,  the 
results  of  his  investigations  being  pub- 
lished in  a  number  of  memoirs  on  the 
Neocomian  formation,  which  he  showed 
to  be  admirably  developed  in  that  and 
the  adjoining  counties.  In  1867  he  was 
invited  to  join  the  staff  of  the  Geological 
Survey  and  to  continue  his  work  in  con- 
nection with  that  body.  During  a  period 
of  four  years  he  was  engaged  in  working 
out  the  relations  between  the  Jurassic 
rocks  of  the  Midland  district  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  Northern  and  Southern 
areas  in  England,  and  his  book  on  the 
Geology  of  Rutland,  &c,  deals  with  this 
very  important  question.  In  1871  he  was 
induced  by  his  friend  the  late  Matthew 
Arnold  to  act  with  him  for  a  time  as  a 
School  Inspector,  and  to  assist  in  the 
work  of  preparing  the  way  for  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Education  Act  of  1870  in  the 
north-eastern  suburbs  of  London.  After 
a  year  of  this  work,  however,  he  returned 
to  his  geological  studies,  and  commenced 
the  execution  of  a  long-cherished  project, 
that  of  unravelling  the  complexities  of  the 
whole  of  the  Secondary  Strata  of  the 
Scottish  Highlands.  Not  only  was  he 
able  to  show  what  are  the  true  relations 
of  the  great  series  of  Triassic  and  Jurassic 


rocks  in  that  area,  but  he  also  discovered 
and  studied  very  interesting  deposits  of 
Carboniferous  and  Cretaceous  age,  the 
existence  of  which  in  the  district  had 
been  previously  overlooked.  These  studies 
led  him  to  the  investigation  of  the  relics 
of  the  great  Tertiary  Volcanoes  of  the 
Western  Isles  of  Scotland ;  and  during 
several  years  he  was  engaged  in  travelling 
in  various  volcanic  regions,  and  making 
comparisons  between  these  and  the  dis- 
tricts in  the  British  Isles  in  which  igneous 
action  was  rife  during  past  geological 
times,  a  long  series  of  memoirs  being 
published  as  the  result  of  these  researches. 
In  1877  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  the  same  year,  upon 
the  retirement  of  Sir  Andrew  Ramsay, 
became  Professor  of  Geology  in  the  Royal 
School  of  Mines  ;  in  1881  he  accepted  the 
same  position  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Science.  From  1877  to  1885  Professor 
Judd  was  Secretary  to  the  Geological 
Society,  and  during  the  years  1886  and 
1887  held  the  office  of  President  of  that 
Society.  In  1891  the  Geological  Society 
awarded  Professor  Judd  the  highest 
honour  in  their  gift — the  Wollaston  Medal. 
In  1895  Professor  Judd  succeeded  Profes- 
sor Huxley  as  Dean  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Science,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  (Civil 
Division).  He  is  the  author  of  "  Geology 
of  Rutland,"  1875;  "Volcanoes:  what 
they  are  and  what  they  teach,"  1878 ; 
"The  Student's  Lyell,"  1896.  He  has, 
besides,  published  many  papers  in  the 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc,  and  other  scientific 
periodicals.  He  married  Jeannie  Frances, 
daughter  of  John  Jeyes,  in  1878.  Ad- 
dresses :  22  Cumberland  Road,  Kew  ;  and 
Athenseum. 


K 

KASSON,  John  Adams,  American 
statesman,  was  born  near  Burlington, 
Vermont,  Jan.  11,  1822.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1842  ; 
studied  law  in  Massachusetts,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar.  He  practised  law 
in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  until  1857,  when 
he  removed  to  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed  First  Assistant 
Postmaster-General  by  President  Lincoln  ; 
resigned  in  1862,  and  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, 1863-67.  He  was_  United  States 
Postal  Commissioner  to  Paris  in  1863,  and 
again  in  1867,  when  he  negotiated  postal 
conventions  with  Great  Britain  and  other 
nations.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  of  the  Iowa  Legislature  from  1868  to 
1873,  when  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress, 
serving  until  1877.      In  that  year  he  was 


584 


KATO  —  KAY-SHUTTLEWOKTH 


appointed  Minister  to  Austria,  serving  till 
1881,  when  he  was  again  sent  to  Congress, 
until  he  went  as  Minister  to  Germany, 
1884-85.  In  1898  he  was  appointed  on 
the  Joint  Commission  to  settle  matters  in 
dispute  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States. 

KATO,  Takaaki,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  Em- 
peror of  Japan  at  the  Court  of  St.  James's, 
was  born  in  1860,  and  was  educated  in 
the  Imperial  University  of  Tokio,  where 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Laws  in  1881.  He  was  Private  Secretary 
to  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and 
Chief  of  the  Political  Bureau  in  the 
Foreign  Office  at  Tokio,  from  1887  to  1890. 
In  the  latter  year  he  became  Director  of 
the  Banking  Bureau,  and  of  the  Revenue 
Bureau,  in  the  Finance  Department,  and 
held  these  posts  till  1894,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Foreign  Office  and 
Directorship  of  the  Political  Affairs 
Bureau,  with  the  rank  of  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary. He  was  ordered  to  proceed 
to  London  as  Envoy  Extraordinary  in 
November  1894,  and  has  remained  in  that 
position  since  1895.  In  recognition  of 
his  services  during  the  Chino-Japanese 
War  of  1894-95,  he  was  decorated  by  the 
Emperor  of  Japan  with  the  third  class  of 
the  Rising  Sun  of  the  Empire  of  Japan. 
Address :  Japanese  Legation,  8  Sussex 
Square,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

KAWASfi,  Viscount  Masataka, 
late  Japanese  Minister  at  the  Court  of 
St.  James's,  was  born  in  1839,  and  belongs 
to  a  family  who  in  former  times  were 
vassals  of  the  Prince  of  Choshiu,  in  Japan. 
During  the  disturbed  period  preceding 
the  restoration  of  the  Mikado,  Kawase" 
experienced  many  vicissitudes,  but  his 
first  important  appearance  was  in  com- 
mand of  a  force  raised  to  defend  the 
territory  of  Choshiu  from  the  army  of 
the  Shogun.  The  latter  was  completely 
defeated,  and  terms  of  peace  were  ar- 
ranged. Kawasd  then  visited  Europe, 
and  resided  for  some  time  in  England, 
being  one  of  the  first  Japanese  who  de- 
voted themselves  to  the  study  of  Western 
institutions  with  the  view  of  engrafting 
such  as  appeared  suitable  on  those  of 
their  own  country.  On  his  return  to 
Japan  he  was  appointed  Vice-Minister  of 
Public  Works  by  the  present  Emperor, 
and  subsequently  Vice-Chamberlain  of 
the  Imperial  Household.  In  1874  he  was 
sent  to  Italy  to  represent  Japan.  He 
then  successively  filled  the  position  of 
Senator  and  Vice-Minister  of  Justice,  and 
in  1884  was  appointed  Envoy  Extraordin- 
ary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at  the 
Court   of   St.   James's,   a   post   which   he 


filled  until  the  beginning  of  1894,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Viscount  Aoki.  He  was 
created  Viscount  in  1887,  and  is  the  holder 
of  numerous  decorations. 

KAYSEBLING,  M.,born  in  Hanover, 
Germany,    June    17,    1829,   was   educated 
there  and  at  the  University  of  Berlin.    He 
was    appointed    by    the    Government   of 
Aargau,  in  1861,  Rabbi  of  the  Swiss  Jews, 
and     in     September     1870,     Rabbi     and 
Preacher   of    the   Jewish   Community  in 
Pesth,   Hungary.      In   1861   he  married  a 
daughter  of  the  celebrated  Dr.   Ludwig 
Philippson.     Dr.  Kayserling  is  the  author 
of  "Sephardim  :  Romanische  Poesien  der 
Juden  in  Spanien,"  Leipzig,  1859;   "Ein 
Feiertag  in   Madrid,  zur   Geschichte   der 
Spanische  Portugiesischen  Juden  "  ;  "Ge- 
schichte der  Juden  in  Spanien  und   Por- 
tugal,"   1859-61;    "Menassie   Ben  Israel, 
sein   Leben   und  Werken,"   Berlin,  1867 ; 
"Geschichte    der    Juden     in     England," 
Berlin,  1861 ;  "Der  Dichter  Ephraim  Kuh, 
ein  Beitrag  zur  Geschichte  der  Deutschen 
Literatur,"   Berlin,    1867:    "Moses   Men- 
delssohn, sein  Leben  und  Werken,"  Leip- 
zig, 1852  ;  "Zum  Siegesfeste,  Dankpredigt 
und    Danklieder   von    M.    Mendelssohn," 
Berlin,  1866  ;  "  Die  Rituale  Schlachtfrage, 
oder  1st  Schachten  Thierqualerei  ?  "  Aarau, 
1867  ;    "  Schlachten  Bibliothek  Jildischer 
Kanzelredner,"   Berlin,    1870,    1871.      He 
also   published   a  volume  of  Sketches  of 
Distinguished    Jewish    Women ;     a    bio- 
graphical work  on  Jewish  diplomatists  and 
statesmen  :  several  series  of  historical  and 
literary  articles  in  the  Deutsche  Museum  of 
Prutz,    Frankel's   Monatsschrift,     Jahrbuch 
filr  Israeliten  in  Wien,  Steinschneider 's  Htbr. 
Bibliographie  ;  and  some  sermons.    Among 
his  most  recent  works  we  may  mention  : 
"  Biblioteca     Espaiiola  -  Portugueze  -  Jud  - 
aica,"  1890  ;  "  The  First  Jew  in  America," 
and  "  Gedenkblatter,"  a  book  on  prominent 
Jews  of  the  nineteenth  century,  1892. 

KAY-SHTJTTLEWORTH,  Right 
Hon.  Sir  Ughtred.  James,  Bart.,  M.P., 
J.P. ,  D.L.,  is  the  eldest  son,  born  Dec.  18, 
1844,  of  the  late  Sir  James  Phillips  Kay- 
Shuttleworth,  Bart.,  D.C.L.  (for  many 
years  Secretary  of  the  Committee  of 
Council  on  Education),  by  Janet,  his  wife, 
only  child  and  heiress  of  R.  Shuttleworth, 
Esq.,  of  Gawthorpe  Hall,  Lancashire.  Sir 
Ughtred  was  educated  at  Harrow,  at  home, 
and  at  the  London  University,  and  is  the 
author  of  the  "  First  Principles  of  Modern 
Chemistry  "  (the  second  edition  of  which 
was  published  in  1870).  At  the  invitation 
of  the  Liberal  party  in  North -East  Lanca- 
shire, he  contested  that  division  in  1868, 
and  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  131. 
In  October  1869  he  became  Member  for 
Hastings.     His  maiden  speech  in  Parlia- 


KEANE  — KEENE 


585 


ment  was  delivered  on  the  second  reading 
of  the  Elementary  Education  Bill  in  1870. 
In  1871  he  called  the  attention  of  the 
House  to  the  subject  of  the  London  water 
supply.  In  1874  he  was  re-elected  Member 
for  Hastings,  and  brought  before  the  House 
the  state  of  the  dwellings  of  working 
people  in  London,  eliciting  the  promise 
of  Mr.  Secretary  Cross  which  resulted,  in 
1875,  in  the  passing  of  the  Artisans' 
Dwelling  Act.  In  1878  he  moved  resolu- 
tions on  the  Government  of  London.  At 
the  next  general  election,  1880,  he  lost 
his  seat  for  Hastings,  and  havintr  failed  at 
a  by-election  in  1881,  at  Coventry,  he  was 
out  of  the  House  of  Commons  till  he  was 
returned  by  a  majority  of  2359,  in  1885, 
for  the  Clitheroe  Division  of  North-East 
Lancashire.  During  the  time  he  was  not 
in  the  House  he  served  for  two  years  on 
the  London  School  Board.  He  was  also  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Re- 
formatory and  Industrial  Schools.  He 
became  Under-Secretary  for  India  when 
Mr.  Gladstone's  third  administration  was 
formed  in  1886,  and  subsequently  was  ap- 
pointed Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 
caster and  a  Privy  Councillor.  At  the 
general  election  of  1886,  Sir  U.  Kay-Shut- 
tleworth  was  returned  unopposed  for 
North-East  Lancashire,  as  a  Gladstonian 
Liberal.  He  has  been  Chairman  of  the 
Public  Accounts  Committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  Vice-President  of  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  In  1892,  at  the 
general  election,  he  was  again  returned 
for  the  Clitheroe  Division  of  Lancashire, 
and  in  August  was  appointed  Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Admiralty,  and 
held  that  office  till  July  1895.  At  the 
general  election  of  1895  his  constituents 
again  returned  him  unopposed.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1871,  Blanche  Marion,  youngest 
daughter  of  Sir  Woodbine  Parish,  K.C.H. 
Addresses  :  28  Princes  Gardens.  S.W. ; 
Gawthorpe  Hall,  Burnley,  Lancashire,  &c. ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

KEANE,  Right  Rev.  John  Joseph, 

American  Roman  Catholic  prelate,  was 
born  at  Ballyshannon,  county  Donegal, 
Ireland,  Sept.  12,  18,39.  He  went  with  his 
family  to  America  in  1846,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Charles's  College,  and  at  St. 
Mary's  Seminary,  Baltimore,  and  in  1866 
was  ordained  to  the  priesthood.  He  was 
assistant  pastor  of  St.  Patrick's  Church, 
Washington,  until  1878,  when  he  was  con- 
secrated Bishop  of  Richmond,  Virginia. 
In  1887  he  was  appointed  Rector  of  the 
Catholic  University  of  America,  which 
was  formally  opened  at  Washington  in 
1889.  In  that  year  he  received  the  degree 
of  D.D.  from  Laval  University,  Quebec, 
and  in  1893  that  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard 
University.     At  the  request  of  the  Catholic 


Archbishops  of  the  United  States,  he  or- 
ganised and  superintended  the  representa- 
tion of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  World's 
Parliament  of  Religions  held  during  the 
Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago,  1893. 
In  1897  he  resigned  as  Rector  of  the 
Catholic  University  of  America,  and  went 
to  Rome. 

KEBBEL,  Thomas  Edward,  M.A., 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry 
Kebbel,  Vicar  of  Wistow  and  Kilby,  in  the 
county  of  Leicester,  was  born  at  Kilby 
Nov.  23,  1828,  and  graduated  at  Oxford 
in  1849.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1862. 
Mr.  Kebbel's  first  introduction  to  jour- 
nalism was  in  1855,  when  he  was  invited 
to  join  the  staff  of  the  Press  newspaper, 
then  newly  established  by  the  late  Lord 
Derby  and  Mr.  Disraeli  as  the  weekly 
organ  of  the  Tory  party.  In  1867,  when 
the  Day  newspaper  was  founded,  repre- 
senting the  views  of  the  "  Cave,"  Mr. 
Kebbel  was  engaged  as  the  leading  political 
writer  in  support  of  the  Conservative  Re- 
form Bill.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  a 
contributor  to  the  principal  publications 
of  the  day — the  Quarterly,  Edinburgh, 
Fortnightly,  Nineteenth  Century,  and  Na- 
tional Reviews,  Blackwood's,  the  Cornhill, 
Fraser,  and  Macmillan's  Magazine,  and, 
under  Mr.  Delane,  he  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  literary  columns  of  the 
Times.  In  1873  he  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Standard,  on  which  he  has  continued  ever 
since.  In  1864  he  published  "  Essays  on 
History  and  Politics  "  ;  and  in  1881,  on 
the  death  of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  he  was 
employed  to  edit  a  collection  of  his 
speeches  published  in  two  volumes  by 
Messrs.  Longman.  In  1886  he  published. 
"  Tory  Administrations  from  the  Accession 
of  Mr.  Pitt  to  Power  in  1783  to  the  death 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield  in  1881."  In  1887 
he  brought  out  "The  Agricultural  La- 
bourer," an  account  of  the  English 
peasantry,  pronounced  by  the  Edinburgh 
Review  to  be  the  best  of  its  kind.  A  new 
edition  of  this  work  came  out  in  1893. 
In  1888  he  contributed  a  life  of  the 
poet  Crabbe  to  the  series  of  Eminent 
Writers.  He  is  also  the  author  of  lives  of 
Lord  Beaconsfield  and  Lord  Derby  in  the 
Statesmen  series,  and  has  recently  pub- 
lished "The  Old  and  the  New,"  a  com- 
parison between  the  country  life  of  1890 
and  1840  (1891) ;  and  "Sport  and  Nature  " 
(1893).  He  is  a  contributor  of  articles  to 
the  "Dictionary  of  National  Biography." 
Address :  54  Cathcart  Road,  West  Ken- 
sington, W. 

KEENE,  The  Most  Rev.  James 
Bennett,  Bishop  of  Meath,  was  born  in 
Dublin  on  Oct.  25,  1849,  and  is  the  young- 
est son  of  A.  Bennett  Keene,  M.  A.    He  was 


586 


KEKEWICH  —  KELLY 


educated  at  Rathmines  School  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  his  academic 
career  was  phenomenally  brilliant.  He 
was  first  Honour-man  and  Prize-man  in 
Classics  in  1867  ;  first  of  the  First  Honour- 
men  in  Science  in  1867,  1868,  and  1869  ; 
first  Primate's  Hebrew  Prize-man  in  the 
same  year,  and  winner  of  scholarships  in 
Mathematics,  Hebrew,  Syriac,  andChaldee, 
and  of  several  theological  prizes.  He  be- 
came Rector  of  Navan  in  1879,  and  has 
been  Prebendary  of  Tipper  and  Canon  of 
St.  Patrick's,  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Meath,  Head-Master  of  Navan 
College,  and  Diocesan  Nominator  and 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  Address  :  Bishopscourt, 
Ardbraccan,  Navan. 

KEKEWICH,  The  Hon.  Sir  Arthur, 

late  Standing  Counsel  to  the  Bank  of 
England,  was  born  in  1832,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  Samuel  Trehawke  Kekewich, 
Peamore,  Exeter,  at  one  time  M.P.  for 
South  Devon.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
obtained  a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.,  and  a 
second  class  in  Mathematics,  afterwards, 
in  1854,  becoming  Fellow  of  Exeter.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1858  ;  made  Q.C.  in  1877  ;  Bencher  of  his 
Inn  in  1881  ;  and  was  raised  to  the 
Judicial  Bench  (Chancery  Division)  in 
1886.  He  married  Marianne,  daughter  of 
F.  W.  Freshfield,  in  1858.  Addresses  :  19 
Park  Crescent,  Portland  Place,  W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

KEKEWICH,  Sir  George  William, 

K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  Secretary  to  the  Educa- 
tion Department,  is  the  third  son  of  the 
late  Samuel  Trehawke  Kekewich,  M.P., 
and  a  younger  brother  of  the  Judge,  and 
was  born  in  1842.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  a  first  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions, and  a  second  class  in  Lit.  Hum. 
In  1864  he  entered  as  a  student  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  He  was  appointed  Examiner 
to  the  Education  Department,  the  central 
authority  for  primary  education,  in  1867  ; 
Senior  Examiner  in  1871,  and  Secretary 
in  1890.  In  1897  he  was  made  Hon. 
D.C.L.  of  Durham.  Address  :  Meadhurst, 
Sunbury  Common,  Middlesex. 

KELLOGG,  Clara  Louise,  American 
vocalist,  was  born  at  Sumterville,  South 
Carolina,  July  1842.  In  1843  her  parents 
returned  with  her  to  Connecticut,  where 
they  remained  until  1856,  when  they  went 
to  New  York.  At  an  early  age  she  gave 
evidence  of  musical  talent,  and  after  some 
years  of  careful  study  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  the  Academy  of  Music  in  New 


York  in  1861.  After  four  more  years  of 
study  she  appeared  as  Marguerite  in 
Gounod's  "  Faust,"  in  the  season  of  1864- 
65.  Her  success  was  not  less  complete, 
within  the  next  two  years,  in  "Crispino," 
as  Linda  di  Chamounix,  in  the  "  Barber 
of  Seville,"  "La  Sonnambula,"  "  Lucia  di 
Lammermoor,"  and  other  operas.  On  Nov. 
2,  1867,  she  made  a  successful  de"but  in 
London  as  Marguerite  in  "Faust."  She 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1868.  In 
1872  she  again  visited  England,  appearing 
at  the  Drury  Lane  Opera.  In  the  winter 
of  1873-74  she  organised  an  English  Opera 
Company,  continuing  until  1876.  Return- 
ing to  Europe  once  more  in  1879,  she  sung 
at  Her  Majesty's  in  London,  and  at  the 
Imperial  Opera  Houses  of  Vienna  and  St. 
Petersburg,  and  has  since  that  time  ap- 
peared in  opera  and  concerts  in  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  United  States.  She 
was  married  some  years  ago  to  Mr.  Stra- 
kosch. 

KELLY,  Rev.  Charles  Henry,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Confer- 
ence, 1889,  was  born  at  Salford,  Manches- 
ter, Nov.  25,  1833,  and  educated  at  the 
School  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  the 
Wesleyan  College,  Didsbury.  He  spent 
the  first  eleven  years  of  his  ministry  as 
Chaplain  to  Methodist  troops  ;  and  was 
actively  engaged  during  that  time  in 
securing  the  recognition  of  the  religious 
rights  of  Nonconformists  in  the  British 
Army  and  Navy.  For  fourteen  years  he 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Wesleyan  Sunday 
School  Department  as  the  Connectional 
Secretary  ;  and  he  was  appointed  to  the 
superintendence  of  the  great  Book  Con- 
cern of  Methodism  in  1889.  Mr.  Kelly 
was  the  Delegate  from  the  British  Con- 
ference to  the  General  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  which  met  in 
New  York  in  1888.  Mr.  Kelly  holds  the 
degree  of  D.D.,  although  he  does  not  use 
it.  Address  :  Wesleyan  Conference  Office, 
City  Road,  London. 

KELLY,  The  Bight  Rev.  James 
Butler  Knill,  Bishop  of  Moray,  Ross,  and 
Caithness,  N.B.,  was  born  in  1832,  and 
educated  at  Clare  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  B.A.  in  1854,  M.A.  in 
1858,  and  D.D.  in  1867.  He  was  conse- 
crated Coadjutor-Bishop  of  Newfoundland 
in  1867,  and  succeeded  as  Bishop  of  that 
See  in  1876.  He  was  appointed  Bishop- 
Commissary  to  the  Bishop  (Jacobson)  of 
Chester  in  1879  ;  Archdeacon  of  Maccles- 
field in  1880 ;  Bishop-Commissary  to  Bishop 
Moberly  of  Salisbury  in  1884  ;  and  was 
elected  Bishop-Coadjutor  of  Moray,  Ross, 
and  Caithness  in  1885  ;  and  succeeded  to 
that  see  in  1886.  Address  :  Eden  Court, 
Inverness. 


KELLY  — KELVIN 


587 


KELLY,  Colonel  James  Graves, 
C.B.,  A.D.C.,  was  born  in  November  1843. 
He  joined  the  West  India  Eegiment  as 
an  Ensign  in  September  1863,  and  shortly 
afterwards  exchanged  into  the  94th  Foot, 
the  Connaught  Rangers.  He  was  pro- 
moted Captain  in  the  Indian  Staff  Corps 
in  September  1875,  and  Major  in  1883,  and 
for  several  years  was  the  Brigade-Major 
of  the  Bengal  Command.  He  first  saw 
active  service  with  the  Hazara  Expedition 
in  1891,  and  obtained  a  medal  with  clasp. 
In  the  same  year  he  also  served  in  the 
Miranzai  Expedition.  In  March  1895  he 
was  appointed  in  charge  of  the  Gilgit 
troops,  which,  in  co-operatioD  with  the 
force  under  Sir  Robert  Low,  effected  the 
relief  of  Chitral.  Colonel  Kelly's  troops 
were  made  up  of  Bengal  infantry,  Cash- 
mere sappers  and  miners,  and  a  small 
body  of  levies  from  various  frontier  tribes, 
with  two  guns.  They  marched  a  distance 
of  200  miles  over  a  country  presenting 
very  great  physical  difficulties,  crossed  the 
Shandur  Pass,  which  is  12,000  feet  high, 
in  deep  snow,  relieved  the  Mastuj  garrison, 
and  twice  defeated  the  enemy  posted  in 
strong  natural  positions.  After  a  most 
arduous  and  difficult  march  they  reached 
Chitral  on  the  20th  of  April.  Colonel 
Kelly  was  especially  mentioned  in  des- 
patches, and  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Government  of  India.  He  was  appointed 
Aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen,  and  Officiating 
Colonel  of  the  Staff  at  Sealkote  in  the 
Punjab  Command. 

KELVIN,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
William  Thomson,  G.C.V.O.,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  P.R.S.E.,  D.L.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Natural  Philosophy,  Glasgow 
University,  was  born  in  Belfast  on  June 
26,  1824.  His  father,  the  late  James 
Thomson,  LL.D.,  was  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics at  the  Royal  Academical  Institute 
in  Belfast,  but  on  his  appointment  to  the 
Professorship  of  Mathematics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  in  1832  he  removed 
thither  with  his  family.  At  the  early  age 
of  ten  William  entered  the  Glasgow  Col- 
lege, and  after  a  distinguished  course 
there,  he  entered  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
where  in  1845  he  graduated  as  Second 
Wrangler  and  First  Smith's  Prizeman,  and 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  in  his  College. 
While  at  Cambridge  he  did  not  confine 
himself  to  his  books,  but  took  a  great 
interest  in  outdoor  sports.  He  was  a 
keen  oarsman,  and  won  the  Colquhoun 
sculls.  He  was  also  President  of  the 
University  Musical  Society.  In  1846  he 
was  elected  to  the  Professorship  of  Natural 
Philosophy  in  Glasgow  University,  a  post 
which  he  has  now  held  for  fifty-three  years. 
At  the  early  age  of  seventeen,  while  yet 
an  undergraduate   of  Cambridge  Univer- 


sity, he  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
scientific  men  of  the  country  by  his  paper 
"On  the  Uniform  Motion  of  Heat  in 
Homogeneous  Solid  Bodies,  and  its  Con- 
nection with  the  Mathematical  Theory  of 
Electricity."  The  method  of  this  paper 
was  quite  original,  and  later  proved  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  the  discussion  of 
problems  in  electrostatics  and  magnetism. 
This  paper  was  soon  followed  by  others 
showing  the  same  remarkable  scientific 
insight  and  mathematical  ability,  and  it 
was  at  once  manifest  that  Thomson  was 
destined  to  take  a  foremost  place  as  a 
scientific  worker.  In  1845  he  became  the 
first  editor  of  the  Cambridge  and  Dublin 
Mathematical  Journal,  and  held  that  office 
for  nearly  seven  years.  In  its  predecessor, 
The  Cambridge  Mathematical  journal,  his 
article  mentioned  above  had  appeared, 
and  several  others  of  later  date,  of  which 
we  may  note  that  "On  the  Linear  Motion 
of  Heat."  From  among  the  articles  of 
later  years,  which  have  appeared  in  the 
various  scientific  periodicals  or  as  com- 
munications to  the  learned  societies,  only 
a  few  of  the  most  important  can  be 
selected  for  mention  here.  By  his  paper 
"  On  Electrical  Images  "  he  introduced  an 
idea  which  has  led  to  great  advances  in 
the  mathematical  theory  of  electricity. 
The  value  of  his  paper  "  On  an  Absolute 
Thermometric  Scale "  is  shown  by  the 
universal  use  that  is  now  made  of  that 
conception  in  calculations  in  thermo- 
dynamics. Many  of  his  papers  deal  with 
the  theory  of  heat — "  On  the  Dynamical 
Theory  of  Heat";  "On  the  Thermal 
Effects  of  Fluids  in  Motion "  (Joule  and 
Thomson)  ;  "  Compendium  of  Fourier 
Mathematics  for  the  Conduction  of  Heat 
in  Solids";  "Elasticity  and  Heat" — and 
his  work  in  this  department  is  worthy 
of  special  notice  ;  for  some  of  it 
was  carried  out  in  conjunction  with 
Joule,  and  the  warm  friendship  which 
existed  between  these  two  workers  is  a 
noteworthy  feature  in  the  lives  of  both. 
Other  papers  worthy  of  special  mention 
are  the  following  :  "On  a  Universal 
Tendency  in  Nature  to  the  Dissipation  of 
Mechanical  Energy  "  ;  "  On  the  Theory  of 
the  Electric  Telegraph";  "On  the  Use 
of  Observations  of  Terrestrial  Temperature 
for  the  Investigation  of  Absolute  Dates 
in  Geology";  "On  the  Electro-Dynamic 
Qualities  of  Metals."  These  papers,  with 
others,  have  all  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  3  vols,  under  the  title  of 
"Mathematical  and  Physical  Papers." 
The  third  volume  was  published  in  1890, 
but  since  then  many  valuable  papers  have 
been  published,  of  which  the  most  recent 
are  a  lecture  to  the  Victoria  Institute  "On 
the  Age  of  the  Earth,"  and  a  lecture  to 
the  Royal  Institution  "  On  Volta-Contact 


588 


KEMBALL 


Electricity."      His    papers    on    "Electro- 
statics and  Magnetism"  up  to  1872  were 
published  in  collected  form  in  that  year. 
In  addition  to  these   books  Lord  Kelvin 
has  published  3  vols,  of  "  Popular  Lectures 
and  Addresses,"  and  a  standard  text-book 
on    Natural    Philosophy   (conjointly   with 
Professor  Tait).     Thomson's  researches  in 
Electrostatics  soon  led  him  to  the  inven- 
tion of  those  beautiful  measuring  instru- 
ments   which    are    now    so    well    known 
in  laboratories  and  electric  installations. 
His  chain  of  electrometers  affords  a  means 
of  accurately  measuring  electric  potentials 
ranging  from  exceedingly  small  to  exceed- 
ingly high  values.     His  portable  electro- 
meter is  largely  used  for  the  determination 
of  the   electric  state  of   the  atmosphere. 
In  Electromagnetism  again  his  ammeters 
and  electric  balances  cover  a  wide  range 
in  the  measurement  of  electric  currents, 
while   his   supply  meter   has   been  found 
useful  in  electric  installations.     Perhaps, 
however,    to    the     general     public    Lord 
Kelvin   is   best   known   by  his  inventions 
in  the  field   of  telegraphy  and  by  those 
which  form   aids  to  navigation.     By  the 
invention  of  the  mirror  galvanometer  and 
of   the  siphon   recorder   he   has   made  it 
possible  to  receive  and  record  accurately 
telegraphic  signals  over  the  longest  cables. 
When  the  Atlantic  cable  was  successfully 
laid   in   18fi6   he   received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  for  the  part  he  had  taken  in 
that  undertaking.     Sir  William  Thomson 
was  always  an  enthusiastic  yachtsman,  and 
it    is    therefore    not    surprising    that   he 
should  have  directed  his  attention  to  de- 
vising aids  to  navigation.     His  magnetic 
compass   and   his   sounding   machine   are 
familiar  to  all  seamen.     The  former  gives 
complete   and   perfect   correction   against 
disturbance  by  the  ship's  magnetism  ;  by 
the   latter   instrument   soundings   can   be 
readily  taken  without  slackening  the  speed 
of  the  ship.    In  1892  Sir  William  Thomson 
was  raised  to  the  Peerage  as  Baron  Kelvin 
of    Largs,   in   the    county   of   Ayr.      The 
appreciation   and   esteem   in  which  Lord 
Kelvin  is  held  by  scientific  men  generally 
were  well  manifested  in   1896,   when  his 
Jubilee  as  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy 
was    celebrated    in    Glasgow   University. 
To   that   celebration   came   many   of    the 
most    distinguished    British    and   foreign 
men  of  science  to  offer  their  congratula- 
tions, and  the  brilliant  gathering  was  an 
event  to  be  long  remembered.      A  short 
time    afterwards    the    Queen    made    him 
a    Knight    of    the   Grand   Cross   of    the 
Royal  Victorian  Order.    Besides  this,  Lord 
Kelvin  has  at  different  times  received  de- 
corations from  foreign  countries.     He  is 
Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  of 
France,    Knight    of   the   Order   "pour  le 
Me'rite"  of  Germany,  Commander  of  the 


Imperial  Order  of  the  Rose  (Brazil),  and 
Commander    of     the    Order    of    Leopold 
(Belgium).     From  Glasgow,  where  he  has 
laboured  so  long,  he  received  the  freedom 
of  the  city  after  the  laying  of  the  Atlantic 
cables  in  1866,  and  is  now  Deputy-Lieu- 
tenant   of    the    County    of    the    City   of 
Glasgow.     The  degree  of  LL.D.  has  been 
conferred    on    him    successively    by   the 
Universities  of  Dublin,  Cambridge,  Edin- 
burgh,    Montreal     ( M'Gill ),     Columbia, 
Glasgow,  Princeton,  and  Toronto.     Oxford 
gave  him  the  degree   of   D.C.L.,   and  he 
holds    honorary    degrees    from    the    uni- 
versities of  Ticino,   Heidelberg,   Bologna, 
Padua,  Budapest,  and  Moscow.     He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
which  has  presented  him  with  the  Copley 
and   the    Royal    Medals,    and    made   him 
President   from    1890  to   December  1895. 
He  is  now  President  for  the  fourth  time 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and 
holds  the   Keith   Medal   of  that  Society. 
He  delivered  the  Rede  Lecture  in  Cam- 
bridge   in    1866,    was    President    of    the 
British  Association  in  1871,  and  President 
of  the  Geological  Society  of  Glasgow  from 
1872   to   1894.      In  October  1872  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge 
(his  first  fellowship  there  was  resigned  on 
his  marriage),  under  the  provisions  of  the 
College  Statutes   empowering  the  Master 
and    Fellows    to    elect    men    eminent    in 
science   or  learning.      He    has    been   five 
times  President  of  the  Mathematical  and 
Physical  Section  of   the  British  Associa- 
tion, viz. :  at  Belfast,  1852  ;  Dundee,  1867  ; 
Glasgow,    1876 ;    York,    1881  ;    Montreal, 
1884.     Of  the  learned  societies  of  foreign 
countries  there  are  few   which  have  not 
entered  the  name  of  Lord  Kelvin  among 
their   Foreign   Members.      From   the   In- 
stitut  de  France   he   received   the  "Prix 
Poncelet"  (2000  francs)  in  1874,  and  the 
Arago  Medal  in  1896.     He  is  one  of  its 
eight  Foreign  Associates.     In  1892  he  re- 
ceived  the   Helmholtz    Medal   from   Ger- 
many.   He  married  (1 )  Margaret,  daughter 
of   Walter   Crum,    Thornliebank,   in   1852 
(died   1870);     (2)    Frances,    daughter   of 
Charles     R.    Blandy    of     Madeira,    1874. 
Addresses  :     the     University,     Glasgow ; 
Netherhall,    Largs,  Ayrshire ;    and  Athe- 


KEMBALL,  General  Sir  Arnold 
Burrowes,  K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
born  in  1820,  was  educated  for  his  profes- 
sion at  Addiscombe,  and  received  his  first 
commission  as  Second  Lieutenant  in  the 
Bombay  Artillery,  Dec.  11,  1837.  His 
battery  formed  part  of  the  army  of  the 
Indus!  under  Lord  Keane,  and  with  it  he 
served  in  the  first  campaign  in  Afghani- 
stan, 1838-39,  including  the  siege  and 
storming    of     Ghuznee    and    subsequent 


KEMPE 


589 


occupation  of  Cabul,  for  which  he  received 
the  medal.  His  real  field  of  utility,  how- 
ever, was  determined  by  his  appointment 
as  Assistant  Political  Resident  in  the  Per- 
sian Gulf  in  1842,  where  he  was  employed 
in  various  political  duties  for  28  years,  and 
acquired  a  special  and  valuable  experience 
of  Turkish  and  Persian  affairs,  and  mas- 
tery of  the  Turkish,  Persian,  and  Arabic 
languages.  He  was  made  Political  Resi- 
dent in  the  Persian  Gulf  in  1852,  and 
Consul-General  of  Bagdad  and  Political 
Agent  in  Turkish  Arabia  in  1855,  after 
having  acted  in  both  capacities  at  various 
times  during  the  absences  of  previous  in- 
cumbents. He  took  part  in  the  Persian 
Expedition  in  1857,  under  Sir  James 
Outram,  and  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Mohumrah  and  subsequent  operations 
in  the  field.  He  was  specially  mentioned 
several  times  in  the  despatches  of  both 
the  General  and  the  Commodore  com- 
manding the  land  and  sea  forces,  for  his 
valuable  assistance,  advice,  and  gallantry. 
Lord  Canning,  in  his  notification  of  June 
18,  1857,  publicly  thanked  him  for  his 
zealous  services,  "  afforded  on  every  occa- 
sion of  difficulty  and  danger,  and  especially 
in  the  brilliant  expedition  against  Ah  was." 
For  his  services  in  the  Persian  War, 
Captain  Kemball  was  rewarded  with  the 
medal  and  clasp,  a  Brevet  Majority,  and 
the  C.B.  In  1866  he  was  nominated  to  the 
second  class  of  the  Star  of  India,  and  in 

1874  was  promoted  to  General  Officer's 
rank.  He  was  in  attendance  upon  the 
Shah  of  Persia  during  his  Majesty's  first 
visit  to  England  in  1873  ;  was  her  Majesty's 
Commissioner  for  demarcating  the  frontier 
of  Turkey  in  Asia  between  the  Turks  and 
Persians  when  these  countries  demanded 
the  mediation  of  England  and  Russia  in 

1875  ;  Military  Attache  at  her  Majesty's 
Embassy  at  Constantinople  and  at  Head- 
quarters of  the  Turkish  army  during  the 
Servian  campaign  in  1876 ;  and  British 
Commissioner  in  Armenia  during  the 
Turco-Russian  War.  He  is  now  on  the 
Retired  List.  He  is  a  J.P.  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  Sutherland,  and  a  Director 
of  the  East  Africa  Company.  He  married 
Anna,  daughter  of  A.  N.  Shaw,  in  1868. 
Addresses :  62  Lowndes  Square,  S.W. ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

KEMPE,  Alfred  Bray,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
is  the  third  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Edward 
Kempe,  Rector  of  St.  James,  Piccadilly. 
He  was  born  on  July  6, 1849,  at  Kensington, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
was  a  Scholar.  He  graduated  B.A.  in 
1872  as  22nd  Wrangler,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1873  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
joined  the  Western  Circuit.  In  1881  he 
was  appointed  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  be  the 


Secretary  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Ecclesiastical  Courts  which  sat  during  the 
years  1881-83.  In  January  1887,  he  was 
appointed  Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of 
Newcastle,  in  October  of  the  same  year 
Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of  Southwell, 
and  in  1891  Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of 
St.  Albans.  He  was  the  junior  counsel  for 
the  Bishop  of  Lincoln  in  the  historical 
trial  of  that  prelate  before  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  in  1889-90,  and  has  been 
engaged  in  a  number  of  other  important 
ecclesiastical  cases.  Mr.  Kempe  is  the 
author  of  a  number  of  papers  on  mathe- 
matical subjects,  the  value  of  which  has 
been  recognised  by  his  election  to  a  Fel- 
lowship of  the  Royal  Society  in  1881.  The 
earlier  of  these  papers  were  mainly  about 
"  linkages  "  ;  the  most  important  being 
one  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society  for  1875,  "On  a  general 
method  of  producing  exact  rectilinear 
motion  by  linkwork,"  and  a  little  book, 
"How  to  Draw  a  Straight  Line,"  pub- 
lished in  1877.  Later  papers  related  to 
some  interesting  theorems  as  to  the  move- 
ment of  a  plane  (Nature,  vol.  xviii.  p.  149), 
the  colouring  of  maps  (id.  vol.  xxi.  p.  399) ; 
the  graphical  representation  of  invariants 
and  covariants  (Proc.  Land.  Math.  Soe.,  vol. 
xvii.  p.  108,  and  vol.  xxiv.  p.  97) ;  the  con- 
nection between  logic  and  geometry  (id. 
vol.  xxi.  p.  147)  and  knots  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc. 
Edinburgh,  1886).  In  1886  Mr.  Kempe 
communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  an 
important  paper  on  the  nature  of  the  sub- 
ject matter  of  exact  thought,  entitled  "A 
Memoir  on  the  Theory  of  Mathematical 
Form,"  which  was  printed  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  for  that  year.  He 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  London  Mathematical  Society, 
of  which  body  he  was  for  some  years  the 
Treasurer,  and  was  in  1893  and  1894  the 
President.  He  has  served  as  a  Manager 
of  the  Royal  Institution  in  Albemarle 
Street,  and  is  now  (1898)  on  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  married  (2),  in 
1887,  Ida,  daughter  of  his  Honour  Judge 
Meadows  White,  Q.C.  Addresses:  10  Por- 
chester  Square,  Hyde  Park,  W.  ;  2  Paper 
Buildings,  Temple  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

KEMPE,  The  Kev.  John  Edward, 

M.A.,  son  of  A.  J.  Kempe,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  a 
distinguished  antiquary,  was  born  March 
9,  1810  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1833  as  a  Senior  Optime,  and 
first  class  in  Classics  ;  and  M.A.  in  1837. 
He  was  appointed  Curate  of  Tavistock, 
Devon,  in  1833,  and  elected  a  Fellow  of 
his  College  in  1841.  He  became  Curate  of 
Barnet,  Herts,  in  1844 ;  incumbent  of  St. 
John's,  St.  Pancras,  on  the  presentation  of 
Bishop  Blomfield,  in  1846  ;  of  St.  Barnabas, 


590 


KENDAL  —  KENMABE 


Kensington,  in  1848 ;  and  Rector  of  St. 
James's,  Piccadilly,  on  the  presentation  of 
Lord  Aberdeen,  as  Premier,  1853.  In  1861 
he  was  appointed  by  Bishop  Tait  to  the 
Prebendal  Stall  of  Chamberlainewood,  in 
St.  Paul's  ;  in  1864  he  became  one  of  her 
Majesty's  Chaplains  ;  and  in  1868  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  Proctors  in  Convocation 
for  London,  being  re-elected  in  1874.  In 
1880  he  retired  from  Convocation,  and  in 
1895  resigned  the  Rectory  of  St.  James. 
He  was  a  rural  Dean  of  the  Diocese,  and 
is  considered  to  have  rendered  great  ser- 
vices to  the  Anglican  Church  in  general, 
and  especially  to  its  cause  in  London,  by 
having  established,  and  conducted  as  Pre- 
sident for  many  years,  monthly  confer- 
ences, at  which  clergy  and  laity  met  for 
the  discussion  of  Church  questions.  Mr. 
Kempe  has  published  lectures  on  the  Book 
of  Job,  and  on  Elijah  ;  occasional  sermons 
and  prefaces  to  lectures  delivered  in  St. 
James's  Church  on  "The  Use  and  Abuse 
of  the  World,"  "Companions  for  the 
Devout  Life,"  and  "  Classic  Preachers  of 
the  English  Church,"  besides  an  adapta- 
tion of  Bishop  Andrewes'  "  Devotions," 
&c.  Mr.  Kempe  is  also  the  founder  of  the 
St.  James's  Diocesan  Home  for  Female 
Penitents ;  and  he  was  one  of  Bishop 
Tait's  principal  counsellors  and  coadjutors 
in  the  origination  and  earlier  working  of 
the  Bishop  of  London's  Fund.  In  1868 
Mr.  Kempe  was  offered  the  Bishopric  of 
Calcutta  by  Lord  Cranborne  (now  Marquis 
of  Salisbury),  who  was  then  Indian  Mini- 
ster, but  declined  it  for  family  reasons. 
In  1843  he  married  Harriet,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  R.  Wood,  of  Osmington  House, 
Dorset,  by  whom  he  has  a  daughter  and 
four  sons,  of  whom  one  is  Chancellor  of  the 
Diocese  of  Newcastle,  Southwell,  and  St. 
Albans.  His  present  address  is  14  Mon- 
tague Place,  W. 

KENDAL,  Mr.,  the  stage  name  of 
Mr.  William  Hunter  Grimston,  was  born  in 
London  on  Dec.  16,  1843.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school  and  under  a 
tutor,  and  went  on  the  stage  in  Glasgow 
in  1862.  Here  he  remained  for  several 
years,  supporting  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles 
Kean,  Helen  Faucit,  &c,  and  in  1866 
appeared  for  the  first  time  in  London,  at 
the  Haymarket  Theatre,  the  play  being 
"A  Dangerous  Friend."  He  played 
many  important  parts  at  the  Hay- 
market,  at  the  Court,  and  at  the  Old 
Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre.  From  1879 
to  1888  he  was  lessee  and  manager,  to- 
gether with  Mr.  John  Hare,  of  the  St. 
James's  Theatre,  and  with  that  dis- 
tinguished player  produced  "The  Queen's 
Shilling,"  "The  Squire,"  "Impulse,"  "The 
Ironmaster,"  "A  Scrap  of  Paper,"  &c, 
&c.     He  married  the  well-known  actress, 


Miss  Madge  Robertson,  in  1869,  and  has 
acted  with  her  ever  since,  The  Kendals' 
Canadian  and  American  tours,  undertaken 
between  the  years  1889  and  1895,  were 
exceptionally  successful.  Address  :  12 
Portland  Place,  W. 

KENDAL,  Mrs.  (Mrs.  William 
Hunter  Grimston),  ne'e  Margaret  Brun- 
ton  Robertson,  was  born  at  Great 
Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  March  15,  1849. 
Her  grandfather,  her  father,  and  her 
uncle  were  all  actors.  Her  brother  was 
the  dramatist  T.  W.  Robertson.  Miss 
"Madge"  Robertson's  d^but  in  London 
was  made  on  July  29,  1865,  when  she 
appeared  at  the  Haymarket  as  Ophelia  to 
the  Hamlet  of  Walter  Montgomery,  On 
March  14,  1868,  she  made  her  first  decided 
success  in  the  metropolis  as  Blanche 
Dumont  in  Dr.  Westland  Marston's  "Hero 
of  Romance,"  which  was  performed  for 
the  first  time  on  that  occasion  at  the 
Haymarket  Theatre.  On  Aug.  7,  1869,  Miss 
Robertson  was  married  to  Mr.  William 
Hunter  Grimston,  who  on  the  stage  and  in 
society  is  known  by  his  assumed  name  of 
Kendal.  In  the  ensuing  five  years  she 
appeared  at  the  Haymarket  in  various 
characters.  The  creation  of  the  character 
of  Lilian  in  "New  Men  and  Old  Acres" 
gave  Mrs.  Kendal  a  position  among  the 
leading  comediennes  of  the  day.  In  January 
1875  she  began  a  short  engagement  at  the 
Opera  Comique,  and  in  the  same  year 
joined  the  company  organised  by  Mr. 
Hare  for  the  Court  Theatre.  Afterwards 
she  joined  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre, 
then  under  the  management  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bancroft.  In  January  1879  Mrs. 
Kendal  returned  to  the  Court  Theatre. 
In  1879  she  joined  the  company  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre,  under  the  joint  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Kendal  and  Mr.  Hare.  In 
September  1889  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal 
went  to  America,  where  they  made  several 
tours  up  to  1895,  when  they  finally  re- 
turned to  England,  having  obtained  an 
extraordinary  success.  Mrs.  Kendal  has 
contributed  to  Murray's  Magazine  a  series 
of  gossipy  articles,  chiefly  autobiogra- 
phical, entitled  "Dramatic  Opinions." 
Addresses :  12  Portland  Place,  W. ;  and 
The  Lodge,  Filey,  Yorks. 

KENMAEE,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Valentine  Augustus  Brown, 
Bart.,  K.P.,  was  born  on  May  16,  1825, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  3rd  Earl, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1871,  and  Catherine, 
daughter  of  Edmund  O'Callaghan,  of  Kil- 
gory,  co.  Clare.  As  a  Liberal  he  sat  in 
Parliament  for  co.  Kerry  from  1852  to 
1871,  was  Comptroller  of  the  Household 
from  1856  to  1858,  Vice-Chamberlain  from 
1859  to  1866  and  1868-72,  Lord-in-Wait- 


KENNAN  —  KENNEDY 


591 


ing,  1872-74  ;  Lord  Chamberlain,  1880-86  ; 
has  been  Lord  Lieutenant  of  co.  Kerry 
since  1866,  and  since  the  same  year  has 
been  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  4th  Battalion 
of  the  Royal  Munster  Fusiliers.  He  mar- 
ried in  1858  Gertrude,  only  daughter  of 
Lord  Charles  Thynne.  He  owns  immense 
estates.  Address  :  Killarney  House,  Kil- 
larney. 

KENNAN,  George,  American  tra- 
veller, son  of  John  Kennan  and  Mary 
Ann  Morse,  was  born  at  Norwalk,  Ohio, 
Feb.  16,  1845.  He  received  an  aca- 
demic education,  completing  his  studies 
at  the  Columbus  (Ohio)  High  School,  while 
working  as  a  night  telegraph  operator. 
Having  risen  to  be  assistant  chief  operator 
at  Cincinnati,  he  was  sent,  in  December 
1864,  by  the  Russo-American  Telegraph 
Company  to  superintend  the  location  and 
construction  of  lines  in  Siberia,  and  spent 
three  years  in  travelling  through  the 
north-eastern  part  of  that  country  on  this 
mission.  He  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1868,  and  two  years  later  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  Arctic  experience 
in  a  volume  entitled  "Tent  Life  in  Si- 
beria." In  1870  he  went  again  to  Russia, 
and  spent  some  months  in  an  exploration 
of  Daghestan  and  the  mountains  of  the 
eastern  Caucasus,  returning  to  America  in 
1871  by  way  of  the  Black  Sea,  Constanti- 
nople, and  the  Danube.  In  1885-86  he 
made  a  third  journey  to  the  Russian 
empire,  this  time  for  the  especial  purpose 
of  investigating  the  Siberian  exile  system. 
The  results  of  his  observations  on  this 
trip,  during  which  he  travelled  15,000 
miles  in  Northern  Russia  and  Siberia, 
were  published  in  a  series  of  twenty-eight 
articles  in  the  Century  Magazine,  between 
the  years  1887  and  1890,  and  were  repub- 
lished in  book  form  in  1891,  under  the 
title,  "Siberia  and  the  Exile  System." 
This  work  attracted  wide  attention,  and 
was  translated  into  most  of  the  European 
languages,  including  Russian,  Polish,  Bo- 
hemian, Bulgarian,  German,  Swedish, 
and  Dutch.  Since  then  he  has  been 
a  frequent  contributor,  as  in  the  past, 
to  leading  American  magazines.  In 
1879  he  married  Emmeline,  daughter 
of  J.  R.  Weld.  Club:  Authors',  New 
York. 

KENNAWAT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
John  Henry,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  born  in 
1837,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  2nd 
Baronet  and  Emily,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Kingscote,  of  Kingscote.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  obtained  a  First  Class  in 
the  Law  and  Modern  History  School  (M.A. 
1862).  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple   in   1864.       He   sat   in   the 


House  of  Commons  from  1870  to  1885  as 
Conservative  member  for  East  Devon,  and 
since  1885  has  represented  the  Honiton 
Division  of  Devon.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  1873.  He  is  President  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  and  of  the 
London  Society  for  Promoting  Christianity 
among  the  Jews,  has  been  since  1894 
Colonel  of  the  3rd  Volunteer  Battalion 
of  the  Devon  Regiment,  and  is  J.P.  and 
D.L.  for  Devonshire.  He  married  in  1866 
Fanny,  daughter  of  Archibald  F.  Arbuth- 
not.  Addresses  :  Escot,  Ottery  St.  Mary, 
Devon  ;  and  Athena5um. 

KENNEDY,  Emeritus  Professor 
Alexander  Blackie  'William,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Inst,  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineers, LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  born  March 
17,  1847,  at  Stepney,  is  the  son  of  Rev.  J. 
Kennedy,  D.D.,  late  President  Congrega- 
tional Union,  and  Helen  Stodart  Blackie, 
sister  of  the  late  Professor  Blackie,  and 
was  educated  chiefly  at  the  City  of  London 
School,  and  afterwards,  for  a  year,  at  the 
School  of  Mines,  Jermyn  Street.  He 
served  as  an  engineering  pupil  for  four 
and  a  half  years  with  Messrs.  J.  &  W. 
Dudgeon,  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders, 
Millwall ;  in  1868  became  leading  draughts- 
man at  Palmer's  Engine  Works,  Jarrow  ; 
in  1871  chief  draughtsman  to  Messrs.  T. 
M.  Tennant  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Leith  ;  in  1872 
became  consulting  engineer  in  Edinburgh 
with  Mr.  H.  O.  Bennett,  as  Bennett  &  Ken- 
nedy. In  1874  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineering  at 
University  College,  London,  the  title  of 
the  Chair  being  changed  later  to  that  of 
Engineering  and  Mechanical  Technology. 
In  1875  he  established  the  Engineering 
Laboratory  at  University  College,  which 
was  the  precursor  of  the  similar  Labora- 
tories now  to  be  found  at  nearly  all  the 
colleges  in  the  country  where  Engineering 
is  taught.  In  1889  he  resigned  his  chair, 
but  received  the  honorary  title  of  Emeritus 
Professor  of  Engineering  from  the  Council 
of  University  College.  In  1876  he  trans- 
lated and  edited  Reuleaux's  "  Theoretische 
Kinematic,"  under  the  title  of  "  Kine- 
matics of  Machinery."  In  1886  he  pub- 
lished the  "Mechanics  of  Machinery" 
(second  edit.,  1898).  He  has  been  connected 
with  the  Research  Committees  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Mechanical  Engineers  since 
their  foundation,  and  as  Reporter  of  the 
Committee  on  Riveted  Joints,  carried  out 
an  elaborate  series  of  experiments,  which 
are  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Institution,  1881,  1882,  1885,  and  1888. 
As  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Marine 
Engine  Trials  he  has  carried  out  a  number 
of  extended  trials  at  sea,  the  results  of 
which  have  been  published  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  En- 


592 


KENNEDY 


rjineers,  1889  and  1890.  He  contributed  a 
paper  on  "Engineering  Laboratories"  to 
the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  (Proceed- 
ings,yo\.  lxxxviii.,  1887),  and  has  published 
many  papers  in  the  professional  journals. 
Among  other  structural  work  he  designed 
the  iron  and  concrete  internal  structure  of 
the  present  Alhambra  Theatre,  probably 
the  first  building  in  which  all  the  floors 
were  simply  flat  concrete  slabs,  made  in 
situ  and  carried  by  a  wrought-iron  skele- 
ton, and  also  the  Promenade  Pier  at 
Trouville,  the  first  purely  arched  steel 
structure  of  the  kind  which  has  been  built. 
He  has  been  Engineer  in  Chief  to  the 
Westminster  Electric  Supply  Corporation, 
Ltd.,  since  its  formation  in  1890.  He  has 
also  designed  and  carried  out  systems  of 
electric  lighting  for  the  Corporations  of 
Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  Oldham,  Belfast,  Edin- 
burgh, Sunderland,  Chester,  Croydon, 
Carlisle,  York,  West  Hartlepool,  and  many 
other  places,  in  connection  in  several  cases 
with  systems  of  electric  traction.  He  is 
Joint  Engineer,  with  Mr.  W.  R.  Galbraith, 
to  the  Waterloo  and  City  Eailway,  is  one 
of  the  engineers  for  the  Brompton  and 
Piccadilly  Railway,  &c.  He  is  an  Hon. 
Life  Member  and  a  Past  President, 
1894-96,  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers.  He  is  a  Member  of  Council  of 
the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1887.  In  1874  he  married  Elizabeth 
Veralls,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Smith,  LL.D.,  Edinburgh.  Addresses  :  1 
Queen  Anne  Street,  Cavendish  Square ; 
and  17  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

KENNEDY,  Captain  Alexander 
William  Maxwell  Clark,  F.R.G.S., 
F.L.S.,  was  born  at  Rochester,  Sept.  26, 
1851,  being  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Colonel  John  Clark  Kennedy,  C.B.,  of 
Knockgray,  N.B.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
where  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  published 
"  The  Birds  of  Berkshire  and  Buckingham- 
shire, a  Contribution  to  the  Ornithology 
of  the  two  Counties,"  1868,  by  "an  Eton 
Boy."  He  entered  the  Coldstream  Guards 
as  Ensign  in  1870,  became  Lieutenant  in 
1872,  and  Lieutenant  and  Captain  in  1874, 
and  retired  the  same  year.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  verses  and  poems,  and 
of  a  work  of  travels,  "To  the  Arctic 
Regions  and  Back  in  Six  Weeks,"  being 
travels  in  Lapland  and  Norway,  1878.  He 
has  contributed  articles  to  the  Ibis,  Zoolo- 
gist, Land  and  Water,  the  Field,  and  other 
natural  -  history  periodicals  ;  and  is  a 
fellow  of  several  learned  societies.  He  is 
a  Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for 
Kirkcudbrightshire,  for  which  county  he 
came  forward  as  Conservative  candidate 
at  the  general  election  of  1874,  but  re- 
tired. 


KENNEDY,  Gilbert  George,  Magis- 
trate of  the  Metropolitan  Police  Courts  at 
Greenwich  and  Woolwich,  was  born  on 
May  9,  1844,  and  is  the  fourth  son  of  the 
late  John  Kennedy,  of  the  Diplomatic 
Service.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  was  called  to 
theBarin  1870,  and  was  appointed  Recorder 
of  Grantham  in  1889,  in  which  year  also 
he  was  appointed  to  his  present  post.  He 
is  author,  in  conjunction  with  J.  S.  Sandars, 
of  a  work  on  "  The  Law  of  Sewers,"  and  is 
joint  editor  of  Roscoe's  "Criminal  Evi- 
dence." He  married,  in  1874,  a  daughter 
of  the  late  Edward  Lyon,  of  Johnson  Hall, 
Staffs.  Address  :  6  Linden  Gardens,  Bays- 
water,  &c. 

KENNEDY,  John  Gordon,  Minister 
to  Roumania,  was  born  in  1838,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  John  Gordon  Kennedy,  of 
Naples.  He  entered  the  Diplomatic  Service 
in  1857,  having  been  educated  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford.  He  filled  minor 
appointments  at  Vienna  and  Washington, 
and  became  Second  Secretary  at  Constan- 
tinople in  1886,  where  he  was  Private 
Secretary  to  Sir  Henry  Elliott,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  1869  when  representing 
her  Majesty  at  the  opening  of  the  Suez 
Canal.  In  1878  he  was  Secretary  at 
Yeddo,  and  then  at  St.  Petersburg  and 
Rome.  He  became  Minister  to  Chili  in 
1888,  a  post  which  he  exchanged  for  his 
present  post  in  August  1897. 

KENNEDY,  Bobert  John,  C.M.G., 
D.L.,  J.P. ,  Minister  to  Montenegro,  was 
born  in  1851,  and  is  the  son  of  Robert 
Stewart  Kennedy  of  Cultra.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  University  College, 
Oxford,  and  entered  the  Diplomatic  Service 
in  1870.  He  has  been  Secretary  of  Legation 
in  Russia,  Bulgaria,  Roumania,  and  Persia, 
and  was  appointed  to  his  present  post  in 
1897.  He  married  Bertha,  daughter  of 
the  fifth  Viscount  Bangor,  in  1883.  Ad- 
dresses :  British  Legation,  Cettinge ;  Cul- 
tra, co.  Down,  &c. 

KENNEDY,  The  Hon.  Sir  William 
Bann,  KB.,  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  W.  J. 
Kennedy,  Vicar  of  Barnwood,  was  born  in 
1846,  and  received  his  education  at  Eton 
and  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  was  subsequently  a  Fellow,  and  at 
Pembroke  College  in  the  same  University. 
In  1863  he  was  Senior  Classic.  After 
leaving  Cambridge  he  entered  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1871,  and 
joined  the  Northern  Circuit.  He  enjoyed 
a  large  practice  at  the  Bar,  and  in  1885 
was  made  a  Q.C.  He  was  Private  Secre- 
tary to  the  President  of  the  Poor  Law 
Board  from  1870  to  1871,  and  a  Member  of 
the  Bar  Committee  from  1883  to  1892.   In 


KENNETT-BARRINGTON  —  KENT 


593 


the  latter  year  he  was  appointed  a  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  (Queen's  Bench  Divi- 
sion), and  was  made  a  K.B.  He  unsuc- 
cessfully contested  St.  Helen's  in  the 
Gladstonian  interest  at  the  1S92  general 
election.  In  1874  he  married  the  daughter 
of  George  Richmond,  R.A.  Addresses  :  94 
Westbourne  Terrace,  W.  ;  and  Atbenaaum. 

KENNETT  -  BARRINGTON,    Sir 

V.  H.     See  Baeeington,  Sie  V.  H.  K. 

KENNION,  The  Bight  Rev.  George 
Wyndham,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  born  in  1845,  is  the  son  of  George 
Kennion,  M.D.,  of  Harrogate.  He  was 
educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford  (B.A. 
1867  ;  M.A.  1871).  He  was  ordained  Deacon 
in  1869  by  the  Bishop  of  Tuam,  and  Priest 
in  the  following  year  by  the  Archbishop  of 
York.  He  was  Domestic  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Tuam,  1869-70  ;  Curate  of  Don- 
caster,  1870-71 ;  York  Diocesan  Inspector 
of  Schools,  1871-73  ;  Vicar  of  St.  Paul's, 
Sculcoates,  Kingston-on-Hull,  1873-76 ; 
and  Vicar  of  All  Saints',  Bradford,  from 
1876  until  his  advancement  to  the  episco- 
pate. On  Nov.  30,  1882,  he  was  conse- 
crated, in  Westminster  Abbey,  Bishop  of 
Adelaide,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Short,  who 
had  resigned  the  See,  which  comprises  the 
whole  of  South  Australia.  He  was  made 
Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  in  1894,  in  suc- 
cession to  the  late  Lord  Hervey,  and 
arrived  in  England  in  the  autumn.  He 
married,  in  1882,  Henrietta,  daughter  of 
Sir  Charles  Dalrymple  Ferguson,  Bart. 
Addresses :  The  Palace,  Wells ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

KENNY,  The  Right  Hon.  William, 
Q.C.,  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice, 
Ireland,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Jan.  14, 
1846,  and  is  the  only  son  of  the  late 
Edward  Kenny,  solicitor,  of  Ennis.  He 
was  educated  privately  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  of  which  he  is  M.A.  He 
was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  at  the  King's 
Inns  in  1868,  and  rose  to  be  the  leader  of 
the  Irish  Chancery  Bar  (Q.C.  1885 ;  Bencher, 
King's  Inns,  1890).  After  the  defeat  of 
the  Home  Rule  Bill  of  1886  he  laboured 
to  organise  Liberal  Unionism  in  Ireland, 
and  for  a  time  was  Secretary  to  the  Liberal 
Union  of  Ireland.  He  arranged  for  the 
famous  visit  to  Dublin  of  Lord  Hartington 
and  Mr.  Goschen  in  1887.  He  was  Liberal- 
Unionist  member  for  St.  Stephen's  Green 
from  1892  to  1897.  He  was  Solicitor- 
General  for  Ireland  from  1895  to  1897. 
On  his  appointment  to  this  office  he  had 
again  to  contest  his  seat,  and  he  thus 
held  a  hitherto  impregnable  Nationalist 
stronghold  at  three  successive  elections. 
In  1897  he  was  appointed  Judge  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice,  Ireland.    In  1873  he 


married  Mary,  daughter  of  David  Caffey, 
Master  in  Chancery.  Addresses:  72Chester 
Place,  S.W.  ;  35  Fitzwilliam  Place,  Dublin. 

KENT,    William   Charles    Mark 

(known  as  Charles  Kent),  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, was  born  in  London,  on  Nov.  3, 
1823,  and  was  educated  at  Prior  Park 
and  Oscott  Colleges.  His  father,  William 
Kent,  R.N.,  who  was  born  on  Dec.  23,  1799, 
in  the  Government  House  at  Sydney  in 
Australia,  when  his  great-uncle,  Captain 
(afterwards  Admiral)  Hunter  was  Governor 
of  New  South  Wales,  and  who,  on  Aug. 
27,  1816,  was  a  midshipman  on  board  the 
Leander  frigate  at  the  battle  of  Algiers 
under  Viscount  Exmouth,  was  the  only 
son  of  Captain  William  Kent,  R.N.,  the 
discoverer  of  Kent's  Group  and  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Vincent,  and  who  died  in  1812,  while 
in  command,  during  the  great  Napoleonic 
War,  of  H.M.S.  Union,  98  guns,  then 
stationed  off  Toulon.  Mr.  Kent's  mother, 
Ellen,  was  the  only  daughter  of  Judge 
Baggs,  of  the  Court  of  Vice-Admiralty  in 
Demerara,  by  a  lady  of  good  Irish  family. 
At  an  early  age  Mr.  Charles  Kent  adopted 
literature  as  a  profession.  When  19  he 
had  written  and  published,  in  three  series, 
more  than  forty  Essays  and  Stories.  When 
22  he  began,  in  the  Christmas  of  1845,  his 
twenty-five  years'  editorship  of  the  Sun 
daily  newspaper,  of  which  journal,  during 
the  last  eight  years  of  that  quarter  of  a 
century,  he  was  both  editor  and  sole 
proprietor.  Beginning  with  1874  he  was 
for  seven  years  editor  of  the  Weekly 
Register.  He  is  the  author,  among  other 
works,  of  "The  Vision  of  Cagliostro,  a 
tale  of  the  Five  Senses "  1847  ;  "  Aletheia, 
or  the  Doom  of  Mythology,  and  other 
Poems,"  1850;  "Dreamland,  or  Poets  in 
their  Haunts,  and  other  Poems,"  1862  ; 
"Footprints  on  the  Road,"  1864;  his 
"Poems,"  in  a  collected  edition,  1870;  a 
"Mythological  Dictionary"  (virginibus 
puerisque),  1870;  "Charles  Dickens  as 
a  Reader,"  published  simultaneously  in 
London  and  Philadelphia,  1872  ;  "Corona 
Catholica,"  in  fifty  languages,  in  which 
work  he  was  translated  by  the  chief  lin- 
guistic scholars  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa,  among  them  being  Professor 
Paley  into  Greek,  Professor  Max-Muller 
into  Sanskrit,  Prince  Louis  Lucien  Bona- 
parte into  Basque,  Professor  Mir  Aulad 
AH  into  Persian,  Professor  Dillmann  into 
Ethiopic,  Professor  Sayce  into  Assyrian, 
Professor  Noldeke  into  Syriac,  and  Pro- 
fessor Novalevsky  into  Russian.  He  has 
written,  besides  this,  "  The  Modern  Seven 
Wonders  of  the  World,"  profusely  illus- 
trated, in  1890.  He  has  also  published 
under  various  assumed  names  such  entirely 
different  productions  as  "Catholicity  in 
the  .Dark  Ages,"  by  an  Oscotinn,    1847; 

2P 


594 


KEPPEL  — KER 


"The  Derby  Ministry,"  by  Mark  Rochester, 
1858  ;  and  "  The  Gladstone  Government," 
by  a  Templar,  1869.  He  edited  in  1875 
"  The  Centenary  Edition  of  Charles  Lamb," 
which  has  been  frequently  reprinted  and 
has  had  a  very  wide  circulation.  Besides 
this,  he  edited,  in  1879,  "  The  Centenary 
Edition  of  Thomas  Moore."  Prefixed  to 
these  two  last-mentioned  works,  he  wrote 
a  Memoir,  embellished  with  facsimiles,  in 
which  he  brought  together  a  mass  of 
entirely  new  facts,  especially  in  regard  to 
Charles  Lamb,  from  sources  until  then 
wholly  overlooked  by  preceding  biogra- 
phers. In  a  similar  way  he  edited  also, 
in  1874,  "The  Works  of  Robert  Burns." 
in  1881,  those  of  "  Father  Prout,"  and,  in 
1888,  those  of  his  own  personal  friend, 
Leigh  Hunt.  Under  his  supervision  the 
miscellaneous  works  of  the  first  Lord 
Lytton,  including  his  poems,  plays,  essays, 
and  minor  romances,  were  added,  in  12 
volumes,  to  the  Knebworth  Edition  of 
his  more  famous  Novels  and  Romances. 
In  1879  he  presented  to  the  British 
Museum  the  "Last  Letter  of  Charles 
Dickens,"  and  in  1887  the  "First  Letter 
of  Lord  Lytton,"  both  addressed  to  him- 
self, and  both  now  permanently  displayed 
there,  under  glass,  in  the  Manuscript 
Department.  Beyond  this,  he  published, 
in  1883,  "The  Wit  and  Wisdom  of  Lord 
Lytton";  and,  in  1884,  "The  Humour 
and  Pathos  of  Charles  Dickens."  He  has 
contributed  largely  for  years  to  many 
of  the  leading  periodicals,  such  as  the 
Westminster  Review,  Blackwood's  Magazine, 
Household  Words,  and  All  the  Year  Round; 
writing  besides  a  great  number  of  memoirs 
in  the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography," 
the  Illustrated  Review,  and  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica." 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  on  June  10, 1859, 
at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  was  awarded 
in  1887  a  Pension  from  the  Crown  of  £100 
a  year  on  the  Civil  List,  in  recognition  of 
his  contributions  to  literature  as  poet  and 
biographer. 

KEPPEL,  Admiral  The  Hon.  Sir 
Henry,  G.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  fourth  son  of  the 
late  4th  Earl  of  Albemarle,  and  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  late  Lord  de  Clifford,  born 
June  14,  1809,  entered  the  navy  at  an 
early  age,  was  made  Lieutenant  in  1829, 
and  Commander  in  1833.  In  command  of 
the  Childers,  16  guns,  he  served  on  the 
south  coast  of  Spain  during  the  civil  war 
of  1834-35,  afterwards  on  the  west  coast 
of  Africa,  was  made  Captain  in  1837,  and 
commanded  the  Dido  from  1841  till  1845, 
during  which  time  he  was  employed  in  the 
China  war  of  1842,  and  afterwards  in  the 
suppression  of  piracy  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago.  From  November  1847  till 
Julv  1851  he  commanded  the  Meander,  44 


guns,  on  the  China  and  Pacific  stations  ; 
in  May  1853  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  101  guns ; 
served  in  the  Baltic  and  in  the  Black  Sea, 
and  having  in  July  1855  exchanged  into 
the  Rodney,  74  guns,  obtained  command  of 
the  Naval  Brigade  before  Sebastopol. 
After  the  fall  of  that  stronghold  he 
returned  to  England,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  Colossus.  In  September  1856  he 
hoisted  his  pennant  as  Commodore  on 
board  the  Raleigh,  52  guns,  and  proceeded 
to  China,  where  his  ship  was  lost  by  strik- 
ing on  an  unknown  rock.  He  commanded 
a  division  of  boats  at  the  destruction  of 
the  Chinese  war  fleet  in  the  Fatshan 
Creek,  June  1,  1857,  for  which  service  he 
was  made  a  K.C.B.,  and  on  attaining  flag- 
rank  he  returned  to  England.  In  1859  he 
was  made  Groom-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen, 
which  office  he  relinquished  in  May  1860, 
on  being  appointed  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  as  Naval  Commander-in-Chief,  from 
which  he  was  transferred  to  the  Brazilian 
station.  In  January  1867  he  hoisted  his 
flag  on  board  the  Rodney,  as  Vice-Admiral 
Commander-in-Chief  on  the  China  and 
Japan  station.  He  returned  to  England 
in  December  1869,  on  attaining  the  rank 
of  full  Admiral,  and  was  made  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford  in  1870.  He  was  created  a  G.C.B. 
in  1871,  and  he  became  an  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet  in  1877.  He  retired  in  1879.  He  is 
a  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
and  Medjidieh  of  the  second  class.  Sir  H. 
Keppel  has  written  "  Expedition  to  Borneo, 
with  Rajah  Brooke's  Journal,"  published  in 
1847,  "  Visit  to  the  Indian  Archipelago," 
and  "Reminiscences,"  1898.  He  married 
(2)  Jane,  daughter  of  Martin  J.  West, 
barrister-at-law.  She  died  in  1895.  Ad- 
dress :  8  Albany,  W.,  &c. 

KER,  William  Paton,  MA.  Oxon., 
LL.D.  (Hon.)  Glasgow,  son  of  William  Ker, 
a  Glasgow  merchant,  was  born  in  1855. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Glasgow  Academy, 
at  Glasgow  University,  and  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  of  which  latter  foundation  he 
was  Snell  Exhibitioner.  At  Oxford  he 
also  gained  the  Taylorian  Scholarship  in 
1878,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  All 
Souls'  College,  in  1879.  After  assisting  for 
some  time  the  Professor  of  Humanity 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  he  was, 
in  1883,  appointed  Professor  of  English 
Language,  Literature,  and  History  in  the 
University  College  of  South  Wales  at  Car- 
diff. In  1889,  on  the  resignation  of  Pro- 
fessor Henry  Morley,  he  became  Professor 
of  English  Language  and  Literature  in 
University  College,  London.  He  has  con- 
tributed an  Essay  on  the  "Philosophy  of 
Art"  to  "Essays  in  Philosophical  Criti- 
cism," edited  by  A.  Seth  and  R.  B. 
Haldane,    1883;    and    papers    to    Craik's 


KERATRY  — KERR 


595 


"  English  Prose  Selections."  He  is  besides 
the  author  of  "  Epic  and  Romance  "  ;  and 
"Essays  on  Mediaeval  Literature,"  1897. 
His  address  is  :  95  Gower  Street,  W.C. 

KERATRY,  I5mlle,  Comte  de,  was 
born  in  Paris,  March  20,  1832,  of  an  ancient 
Breton  family,  his  father  being  Count 
Auguste  Hilarion  Keratry,  who  died  in 
1859.  Having  completed  his  studies  at 
the  Lyceums  of  St.  Louis  and  of  Louis-le- 
Grand,  he  entered  as  a  volunteer  the  1st 
Regiment  of  Chasseurs  d'Afrique,  in  1854, 
went  through  the  Crimean  campaign, 
removed  successively  to  the  1st  Regiment 
of  Spahis  and  of  Cuirassiers,  and,  in  1859, 
was  appointed  Sous-Lieutenant  in  the  5th 
Regiment  of  Lancers.  In  1861  he  ex- 
changed into  the  3rd  Regiment  of  Chas- 
seurs d'Afrique,  in  order  that  he  might 
make  the  campaign  in  Mexico ;  and  in 
1864  he  was  detached  as  Captain  com- 
manding the  second  squadron  of  Colonel 
Dupin's  famous  counter-guerilla.  In  this 
dangerous  service  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  bravery  and  decision,  and 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  Officer  of 
Ordnance  to  Marshal  Bazaine.  The  Comte 
de  Keratry  was  several  times  mentioned 
in  the  "Order  of  the  Day"  in  Africa  and 
Mexico.  In  1865  he  was  recommended  for 
a  Lieutenant's  commission,  but  he  sent  in 
his  resignation  and  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice. At  this  period  he  had  received  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  had  been  decorated 
with  several  foreign  Orders.  On  his 
return  to  France  he  devoted  himself  to 
literary  pursuits,  and  contributed  to  the 
Revue  Oontemporaine  a  remarkable  series  of 
articles  on  the  Mexican  expedition,  in 
which  he  severely  attacked  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  conduct  of  Marshal  Bazaine. 
Soon  afterwards  he  became  editor  of  the 
Revue  Moderne,  in  which  periodical  he 
continued  his  accusation.  In  1869  he  was 
returned  by  the  electors  of  Brest  to  the 
Corps  Legislatif,  when  he  associated  him- 
self with  the  new  Liberal  Tiers-Parti.  On 
the  establishment  of  the  Government  of 
the  National  Defence  in  September  1870, 
he  was  made  Prefect  of  Police ;  but  in  the 
following  month  he  escaped  in  a  balloon 
from  Paris,  then  besieged,  and  proceeded 
on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Madrid,  where, 
soon  afterwards,  he  was  succeeded  by  M. 
Edmond  Adam.  On  October  22  he  was 
appointed  General  of  Division,  command- 
ing the  mobilised  forces  in  Brittany,  and 
recruited  a  number  of  old  sailors,  but 
shortly  afterwards  resigned  his  command. 
When  M.  Thiers  came  to  power  he  was 
appointed  Prefect  of  the  Bouches-du- 
Rhone,  but  his  severe  repression  of  disorder 
excited  the  hostility  of  the  Republican 
press,  and  he  eventually  retired.  After 
several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  get  into 


Parliament  he  retired  into  private  life,  and 
has  latterly  devoted  himself  to  the  question 
of  international  copyright.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Le  Contre-Guerilla,"  1867; 
"La  Creance  Jecker,"  1867;  "L'EUSva- 
tion  et  la  Chute  de  Maximilien,"  1867 ; 
a  work  on  French  events  entitled  "  Le  4 
Septembre  et  le  Gouvernement  de  la 
Defense  Nationale,"  1871  ;  "  Armee  de 
Bretagne,  1870-1,"  published  in  1874; 
"  Mourad  V.,  Prince,  Sultan,  Prisonnier 
d'Etat,"  1878;  and  "A  travers  le  passee 
Souvenirs  Militaires,"  1887.  In  1872  he 
was  promoted  to  be  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour. 

EEBNAHAN,  Coulson,  son  of  Dr. 

James  Kernahan,  M.A.,  F.G.S.,  born  at 
Ilfracombe,  Aug.  1,  1858,  was  educated  at 
St.  Albans,  and  privately  by  his  father. 
He  was  for  many  years  literary  adviser  to 
Ward,  Lock  &  Co.,  now  to  James  Bowden. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury and  the  Fortnightly,  and  most  of  the 
principal  English  and  American  reviews.  His 
first  book,  "A  Dead  Man's  Diary,"  1890,  was 
published  serially  in  Lippincott's  Magazine,  of 
which  Mr.  Kernahan  was  at  one  time  Eng- 
lish editor.  Then  followed  "  A  Book  of 
Strange  Sins,"  1893  ;  "  Sorrow  and  Song," 
a  volume  of  literary  essays,  1894.  His 
two  most  widely  circulated  publications, 
"God  and  the  Ant,"  and  "The  Child,  the 
Wise  Man,  and  the  Devil,"  were  issued 
in  1895  and  1896  respectively.  The  com- 
bined sale  of  these  two  booklets  exceeds 
100,000  copies.  In  1897  he  issued  "  Cap- 
tain Shannon,"  which  ran  first  as  a  serial 
in  the  Windsor  Magazine.  The  stories 
contained  in  "  A  Book  of  Strange  Sins " 
has  been  re-issued  by  the  publishers 
(whose  copyright  the  work  is)  in  separate 
booklets,  some  of  which,  especially  "  A 
Literary  Gent,"  have  had  large  circula- 
tions. Mrs.  Coulson  Kernahan,  the  widow 
of  the  late  Professor  Bettany,  of  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  is  the  author  of  several 
successful  volumes  :  "The  House  of  Rim- 
mon,"  "A  Laggard  in  Love,"  "  Trewen- 
not  of  Guy's,"  &c,  and  is  a  contributor  to 
Temple  Bar,  the  A  rgosy,  and  other  magazines. 
Mary  Kernahan,  whose  book  of  "Non- 
sense Verse  "  was  published  by  Bowden  in 
1898,  and  who  is  also  a  contributor  to  the 
magazines,  is  Mr.  Coulson  Kernahan's  sister. 
Address  :  Thrums,  Westcliff-on-Sea,  Essex. 

KERR,  Robert,  architect,  Emeritus 
Professor,  King's  College,  London,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen,  Jan.  17,  1823,  and 
became  a  pupil  of  John  Smith,  city  archi- 
tect of  Aberdeen.  He  was  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  Architectural  Association  in 
1847,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1857,  and 
was  appointed  Professor  of  the  Arts  of 


596 


KERR  — KILMOEEY 


Construction  at  King's  College,  London, 
in  1861,  retaining  that  post  until  his  re- 
tirement in  1890.  He  is  the  author  of 
"The  English  Gentleman's  House,"  1864, 
and  other  works,  and  amongst  other  build- 
ings, has  designed  and  executed  Bear- 
wood, Berkshire,  the  residence  of  the  late 
Mr.  John  Walter,  of  the  Times.  He  is  the 
consulting  architect  to  various  profes- 
sional papers.  Address  :  22  Old  Burling- 
ton Street,  W. 

KERR,  Robert  Malcolm,  LL.D., 
D.L.,  J.P.,  Judge  of  the  City  of  London 
Court,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1821,  went 
to  the  Scottish  Bar  in  1843,  and  was  called 
to  the  English  Bar,  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1848,  and  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1860. 
Mr.  Commissioner  Kerr  is  well  known  for 
his  just  administration  of  the  law  for  the 
protection  of  the  victims  of  unscrupulous 
usurers  ;  and  has  edited  several  valuable 
legal  works.  He  twice  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested Kilmarnock  in  the  Liberal  interest. 
Addresses  :  7  Chester  Terrace,  N.W. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

KERSHAW,  S.  Wayland,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  Librarian  of  the  Archbishop's 
Library,  Lambeth,  is  the  youngest  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  John  Kershaw,  M.A.,  and 
was  born  in  1837,  and  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree. 
On  leaving  the  University,  he  engaged 
in  library  and  journalistic  work,  and 
was  officially  connected  with  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  for  eleven 
years.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  by 
Archbishop  Tait  as  Librarian  of  Lambeth 
Palace,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
He  is  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Guernsey 
Antiquarian  and  of  the  Society  des  Anti- 
quaires,  Picardy,  also  one  of  the  first 
members  of  the  Huguenot  Society  of 
London,  founded  in  1885.  He  has  con- 
tributed papers  on  Art  and  Archaeology  to 
the  Art  Journal,  Architect,  &c,  as  well  as 
to  several  antiquarian  societies,  especially 
on  subjects  relating  to  Surrey  and  Kent. 
For  some  time  he  was  joint  editor  of  the 
late  Herbert  Fry's  "Handbook  to  London," 
and  has  published  an  illustrated  manual  on 
the  "Art  Treasures  of  Lambeth  Library," 
1873,  and  a  work  on  "Protestants  from 
France  in  their  English  Home,"  also 
chapters  to  some  of  the  series  of  "  By- 
gone "  County  Histories  lately  issued  by 
the  Hull  Press,  as  well  as  occasional  essays 
on  ecclesiastical  matters,  in  Church  and 
other  periodicals.  Address  :  Archbishop's 
Library,  Lambeth  Palace. 

KESTELL-CORNISH,  The  Right 
Rev.  Robert  Kestell,  D.D.,  late  Bishop 
of  Madagascar,  only  surviving  son  of  the 


Rev.  George  James  Cornish,  of  Salcombe 
Hill,  Sidmouth,  Devon,  Prebendary  of 
Exeter,  was  born  in  1824,  and  educated  at 
Winchester  School,  and  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1846;  M.A.  1849; 
D.D.  1874).  He  was  vicar  of  Coleridge, 
Devon,  1856-61 ;  of  Revelstoke  in  the  same 
county,  1861-66  ;  and  Rector  of  Landkey, 
Barnstaple,  from  1866  till  1874,  when  he 
was  appointed  the  first  Bishop  of  Mada- 
gascar, retiring  in  1896.  In  1897  he 
became  Rector  of  Down  St.  Mary,  Bow, 
North  Devon.  In  1871  he  assumed  the 
additional  name  of  Kestell,  as  the  sole 
surviving  representative  of  the  ancient 
family  of  Kestell  of  Kestell,  Cornwall. 
Address:  Rectory,  Down  St.  Mary,  Bow, 
N.  Devon. 

KIDD,  Benjamin,  was  born  in  1858, 
and  entered  the  Civil  Service  (Inland 
Revenue  Department,  Somerset  House) 
by  open  competition  in  1877.  He  has 
been  engaged  for  many  years  in  the  study 
of  practical  biology.  He  was  Hon.  Secre- 
tary from  1882  to  1886  to  the  Committee 
of  the  Second  Division  of  the  Civil  Service, 
the  work  of  which  was  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal causes  leading  to  the  appointment 
of  the  Ridley  Commission,  and  ultimately 
to  the  reorganisation  of  the  Home  Civil 
Service.  He  has  contributed,  from  1884 
onwards,  many  articles  to  reviews  and 
periodicals  mainly  on  subjects  scientific 
(biological),  helping  with  others  in  Eng- 
land to  direct  attention  to  the  importance 
of  the  theories  being  enunciated  in  Ger- 
many by  Professor  August  Weismann, 
whom  he  visited  at  Freiburg  in  1890.  He 
published, in  1894,  "Social Evolution," upon 
which  he  had  been  at  work  for  a  period 
of  ten  years.  The  book  immediately 
attracted  wide  attention  in  England,  and 
later  in  foreign  countries ;  in  England 
and  America  it  has  gone  through  a  large 
number  of  reprints  and  editions,  the  nine- 
teenth English  edition  being  issued  by 
Messrs.  Macmillan  in  February  1898.  It 
was  soon  translated  into  German  (with  in- 
troduction by  Professor  Weismann) ;  Swed- 
ish (introduction  by  Professor  Rydberg; 
Russian  (introduction  by  Mikhailovsky) ; 
French  and  Italian.  Mr.  Kidd  resigned 
his  appointment  in  the  Inland  Revenue 
Department  in  1897,  and  is  now  engaged  in 
the  further  development  of  the  system  of 
social  philosophy  outlined  in  "  Social  Evolu- 
tion." Address :  c/o  Messrs.  Macmillan, 
St.  Martin's  Street,  London,  W.C. 

KILL  ALOE,  Bishop  of.  See  Aech- 
dall,  This  Right  Rev.  Mbrvyn.  . 

KILMOREY,  Earl  of,  Charles  Fran- 
cis  Needham,  K.P.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born 
on  Aug.  2, 1842,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 


KIMBEKLEY  —  KING 


597 


ViscountNewry  andMourne,  and  succeeded 
his  grandfather,  the  2nd  Earl,  in  1880.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  graduated  B.A.,  1864;  M.A., 
1867.  As  Viscount  Newry  he  sat  for 
Newry  in  the  House  of  Commons  from 
1871  to  1874.  In  1881  he  became  a 
representative  peer  for  Ireland,  K.P.  in 
1890.  He  was  appointed,  in  1895,  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  Shropshire  Yeomanry 
Cavalry,  and  in  1871  was  High  Sheriff  of 
Down.  He  married,  in  1881,  Ellen  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  Edward  H.  Baldock, 
Esq.,  M.P.  Addresses  :  5  Aldford  Street, 
Park  Lane,  W. ;  and  Mourne  Park,  Kilkeel, 
co.  Down. 

KIMBEKLEY,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  John  Wodehouse,  K.G.,  D.C.L., 
Bart.,  born  Jan.  7,  1826,  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1847,  taking 
a  first-class  in  classical  honours.  He  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Wode- 
house and  his  wife,  daughter  of  Theophilus 
Thornhagh  Gurdon,  Letton,  Norfolk,  and 
succeeded  his  grandfather  as  3rd  Baron 
Wodehouse,  May  29,  1846,  and  was  raised 
to  the  earldom  of  Kimberley,  June  1,  1866. 
In  December  1852  he  accepted  the  post 
of  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  which  he  held  under  Lords  Aber- 
deen and  Palmerston  until  1856,  when  he 
was  appointed  Envoy  at  St.  Petersburg. 
He  returned  from  Russia  in  1858,  and 
resumed  his  post  as  Under-Secretary  for 
Foreign  Affairs  in  Lord  Palmerston's  second 
administration,  June  19,  1859,  retiring 
Aug.  14,  1861.  In  1863  he  was  sent  on 
a  special  mission  to  the  north  of  Europe, 
with  the  view  of  obtaining  some  settle- 
ment of  the  Schleswig-Holstein  question  ; 
and  in  1864  he  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  for  India.  In  October  of  the 
same  year  he  succeeded  the  late  Earl 
of  Carlisle  in  the  Lord  Lieutenancy  of 
Ireland,  resigning  that  post  on  the  fall 
of  Lord  Russell's  second  administration, 
in  July  1866.  He  held  the  office  of  Lord 
Privy  Seal  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  administra- 
tion from  December  1868  to  July  1870, 
and  that  of  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies  from  the  latter  date  until  the 
retirement  of  Mr.  Gladstone  in  February 
1874.  In  February  1878  he  was  nomi- 
nated Chairman  of  the  Royal  Commission 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  working  of 
the  Penal  Servitude  Acts.  He  was  reap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies 
on  Mr.  Gladstone's  return  to  power  in 
May  1880;  and  in  June  1882  he  was  also 
appointed  to  hold  provisionally  the  seals 
of  the  office  of  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy 
of  Lancaster,  resigned  by  Mr.  Bright.  On 
December  16,  1882,  he  received  from  the 
Queen  the  seals  of  the  office  of  Secretary 


of  State  for  India,  which  he  held  till  June 
1885,  and  to  which  he  was  reappointed 
on  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  third 
Government  in  February  1886.  In  August 
1892,  on  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
fourth  Government,  he  again  received  the 
seals  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 
and  was  at  the  same  time  appointed  Lord 
President  of  the  Council.  These  offices 
he  held  until  March  1894,  when,  on  Lord 
Rosebery  becoming  Premier,  he  received 
the  seals  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  and  resigned  that  post 
on  the  fall  of  that  administration  in  June 
1895.  In  1885  he  was  made  a  Knight  of 
the  Garter.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Senate 
of  the  University  of  London,  and  was 
President  of  University  College,  London, 
resigning  in  1887.  In  March  1899  he  was 
appointed  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
London,  to  succeed  the  late  Lord  Herschell. 
He  married  Florence,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  3rd  Earl  of  Clare,  in  1847.  She  died 
in  1895.  Addresses  :  Kimberley  House, 
Wymondham,  Norfolk ;  35  Lowndes  Square, 
S.W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

KINCAIRNBT,  Lord,  William 
Ellis  Gloag\  Senator  of  the  College  of 
Justice,  Edinburgh,  was  born  in  Perth  on 
Feb.  7,  1828,  and  is  the  son  of  William 
Gloag,  of  Greenhill,  banker.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Perth  Grammar  School,  and  at 
Edinburgh  University,  became  an  advocate 
in  1853,  and  has  been  Sheriff  of  Stirling- 
shire and  of  Perthshire.  Address :  6  Heriot 
Row,  Edinburgh,  &c. 

KING,   The  Bight  Rev.  Edward, 

D.D.,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  born  in  the 
year  1829,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Arch- 
deacon King,  of  Rochester.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oriel  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1851 ; 
M.A.  1855).  He  was  ordained  deacon  in 
1854,  and  priest  1855,  by  the  Bishop  of 
Oxford,  and  became  curate  of  Wheatley. 
In  1858  he  was  appointed  Chaplain  and 
Assistant-Lecturer  of  Cuddesdon  College, 
and  from  1863  to  1873  he  was  Principal  of 
the  College.  In  1873  he  became  Canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  Regius  Pro- 
fessor of  Pastoral  Theology,  in  which 
position  he  exercised  a  wide  influence 
throughout  the  University.  On  the  death 
of  Dr.  Christopher  Wordsworth  in  1885, 
Dr.  King  was  appointed  to  the  Bishopric 
of  Lincoln,  and  was  consecrated  in  Lin- 
coln Cathedral.  Dr.  King  is  a  High 
Churchman,  and  at  Lincoln  carried  ritual- 
istic practices  to  such  a  point  that  he  was 
citedbefore  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
for  nonconformity  to  the  Rubric ;  the 
result  being  that  he  promised  to  obey  the 
Archbishop's  injunctions,  and  abstain  from 
certain  forms  which  gave  offence.  He 
has  published  ' '  Meditations  on  the  Last 


598 


KING  — KINGSLEY 


Seven  Words,"  &c.  Address :  Old  Palace, 
Lincoln. 

KING,  Lieut. -Col.  Sir  George,  LL.  D., 

F.R.S.,K  CLE.,  superintendent  of  theRoyal 
Botanic  Gardens  at  Calcutta,  was  born  in 
Scotland,  April  12,  1820,  and  was  educated 
at  Aberdeen  University.  In  1866  he  be- 
came a  Surgeon  at  the  Hospital  of  Calcutta, 
and  in  1 871  was  appointed  Superintendent 
of  the  Botanical  Gardens,  Professor  in 
Botany  at  the  Calcutta  Medical  College, 
and  Superintendent  of  the  Government 
cinchona  plantations  at  Darjeeling.  In 
1891  he  became,  in  addition,  Director  of 
the  Botanical  Survey  of  India.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Manual  of  Cinchona  Cultiva- 
tion in  India,"  and  other  botanical  works, 
and  he  is  the  editor  of  the  "Annals  of  the 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens  of  Calcutta."  He 
was  made  a  CLE.  in  1890,  and  promoted 
to  knighthood  in  the  same  Order  in  1898. 
Address :  Geebpore,  Calcutta. 

KING,  Yeend,  B.I.,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don on  Aug.  21,  1855,  and  is  the  only  son 
of  Henry  King.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Temple  Choir  School  and  the  Philological 
School,  and  then  became  apprentice  to 
Messrs.  O'Connor,  the  glass  painters.  He 
stayed  here  three  years,  and  then  began  to 
study  painting  under  William  Bromley, 
E.B.A.,  and  afterwards  under  the  great 
French  painters  Bonnat  and  Corinon.  He 
is  well  known  as  a  painter  of  landscape 
with  figure,  and  has  exhibited  constantly 
for  some  twenty  years  in  the  Royal 
Academy.  Among  his  well-known  pictures 
of  earlier  date  should  be  mentioned 
"  Green  and  Gold,"  which  was  bought  for 
Liverpool,  "  The  Lass  that  Loves  a  Sailor," 
"The  Miller's  Daughter,"  and  "Sweet 
September."  In  1895  his  landscapes  were 
"Sleeping  Waters"  and  "On  the  Ouse"  ; 
in  1896,  "At  Sunset"  and  "Hay  in  Sep- 
tember," purchased  for  New  South  Wales 
by  the  R.A.  ;  in  1897,  "  The  Garden  by  the 
River"  and  "The  Windmill";  and  in 
1898,  "Blackmore  Vale"  and  "Milking 
Time."  He  is  Hon.  Treasurer  of  the  R. 
Inst.,  and  has  obtained  medals  at  Paris, 
Berlin,  and  Chicago.  Address  :  103  Finch- 
ley  Road,  N.W. 

KING-HARMAN,  Charles  An- 
thony, C.M.G.,  M.A.  Cantab.,  Adminis- 
trator and  Colonial  Secretary  of  St.  Lucia, 
is  the  fifth  son  of  the  Hon.  Lawrence 
King-Harman,  of  Roscommon,  and  was 
born  in  1851.  He  was  educated  at  Chel- 
tenham and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degree  in  1872.  He  be- 
came Private  Secretary  to  the  Governor  of 
the  Bahamas  in  1874,  and  to  the  High 
Commissioner  of  Cyprus  in  1879,  where  he 
also  acted  as  Assistant  Commissioner.     In 


1883  he  became  Auditor-General  of  Bar- 
badoes,  and  ten  years  later  Colonial  Secre- 
tary of  Mauritius,  where  he  often  took  the 
place  of  the  Governor.  He  obtained  his 
present  post  in  1897.  He  married  in  1888, 
Constance,  daughter  of  General  Sir  R.  Bid- 
dulph,  G.C.M.G.  Address:  Government 
House,  St.  Lucia. 

KINGSBTJBGH,  Lord.  See  Mac- 
donald,  The  Right  Hon.  John  Hat 
Atholb. 

KINGSFORD,  "William,  Canadian 
historian,  was  born  in  London  Jn  1819, 
and  entering  the  army  came  to  Canada 
with  the  1st  Dragoon  Guards.  He  left 
that  regiment  in  1841,  and  entered  the 
City  Surveyor's  Office  at  Montreal,  becom- 
ing later  Deputy  City  Surveyor.  He 
resigned  that  position  in  1844  to  become 
co-editor  of  the  Montreal  Times.  In  1846 
the  Times  ceased  to  exist,  and  he  entered 
the  Department  of  Public  Works,  survey- 
ing the  Lachine  Canal.  He  aided  in  the 
construction  of  the  Hudson  River  Railway, 
the  Panama  Railway,  and  on  returning  to 
Canada  was  appointed  Surveyor  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway.  In  1860  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  did  not  revisit 
Canada  until  1866,  when  he  became  Engi- 
neer of  Harbours,  and  Surveyor  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  1880.  On  retir- 
ing from  this  work  he  turned  to  literature, 
and  in  1887  produced  the  first  volume  of 
his  "  History  of  Canada  from  the  Earliest 
Times  until  the  Union  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Canadas  in  1841."  This  great  work 
was  finished  in  1897  in  ten  volumes,  and 
has  earned  the  encomium  of  every  writer. 
He  was  made  an  honorary  LL.D.  of 
Queen's  and  Dalhousie  Universities,  and 
he  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Canada.  Address  :  310  Chapel  Street, 
Ottawa. 

KINGSLEY,  Mary  H.,  explorer,  is  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  G.  H.  Kingsley,  brother 
of  the  late  Canon  Kingsley.  In  1893  she 
went  out  to  St.  Paul  de  Loanda  to  study 
botany  and  zoology,  and  after  collecting 
many  specimens  visited  Cabenda,  where 
the  Portuguese  authorities  gave  her  great 
assistance.  She  travelled  through  regions 
hitherto  untraversed  by  Europeans,  and 
had  a  long  struggle  with  the  difficulties 
encountered  in  swamps  and  dense  bush, 
but  the  results  of  her  adventurous  expedi- 
tion were  most  satisfactory.  In  November 
1896  she  returned  to  Africa,  visited  Old 
Calabar  and  the  rivers  of  the  Niger  Coast 
Protectorate,  and  collected  some  rare 
specimens  of  plants,  &c,  which  may 
eventually  form  articles  of  export.  After- 
wards she  travelled,  and  had  more  than 
one  hairbreadth  escape  in  the  elephant 


KINGSTON  —  KIPLING 


599 


and  gorilla  countries.  She  was  once 
nearly  drowned  in  her  desire  to  view  the 
rapids  above  N'Ojole  near  Talaguga.  She 
returned  to  her  friends  at  the  French 
Protestant  Mission  of  Talaguga,  then 
visited  Lambarene,  afterwards  made  a 
courageous  journey  across  country  to 
Ogongou,  on  the  Rembwe  River,  where  no 
white  man  had  ever  set  foot,  and  then 
came  to  Gaboon.  In  Dr.  Nassau's  boat, 
the  Lafayette,  she  next  made  a  thorough 
exploration  of  the  island  of  Corisco, 
obtaining  rare  specimens.  Thence  she 
visited  the  Cameroons,  the  branches  of 
the  Old  Calabar  River,  &c.  Miss  Kingsley 
doubtless  derives  her  passion  for  travel 
and  natural  -  history  studies  from  her 
father,  long  familiar  to  the  scientific 
society  of  Cambridge.  She  has  published 
the  results  of  her  journeys  in  two  books, 
"Travels  in  West  Africa,"  1896,  and 
"  West  African  Studies,"  1898,  the  latter 
a  very  important  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  Crown  Colonies  on  the 
Gold  Coast. 

KINGSTON,  The  Bight  Hon. 
Charles  Cameron,  Q.C.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
Prime  Minister  of  South  Australia,  was 
born  at  Adelaide,  Oct.  22,  1850,  and  is  the 
younger  son  of  the  late  Sir  George  Strick- 
land Kingston,  one  of  the  pioneers  who 
came  to  the  province  with  Colonel  Light 
in  the  Cygnet  in  1836  before  the  foundation 
of  the  colony.  He  was  educated  at  Ade- 
laide Educational  Institution,  and  was 
then  articled  to  Mr.  S.  J.  Way,  now  Chief- 
Justice  of  South  Australia.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  1873,  and  became  a  Q.C.  in 
1889.  In  1881  he  entered  political  life, 
and  was  returned  for  West  Adelaide,  which 
district  he  has  represented  ever  since. 
Having  been  three  times  Attorney-General, 
he  formed  a  government  in  1893.  Among 
the  measures  passed  during  his  premier- 
ship have  been  the  extension  of  the  fran- 
chise to  women,  the  establishment  of  the 
State  Bank  of  South  Australia,  factory 
legislation,  and  progressive  income  taxa- 
tion. Address :  West  Adelaide,  South 
Australia. 

KINNE  AR,  Lord,  Alexander  Smith 
Kinnear,  Scotch  Lord  of  Session,  was 
born  in  Edinburgh  on  Nov.  3,  1833,  and  is 
the  son  of  John  Kinnear,  and  Mary, 
daughter  of  Alexander  Smith,  an  Edin- 
burgh banker.  He  was  educated  at  the 
universities  of  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  Edinburgh  in 
1856.  He  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1881, 
and  in  1882  was  raised  to  the  Bench.  In 
1881  he  was  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advo- 
cates, and  in  1897  was  created  first  Baron 
Kinnear.  Address  :  2  Moray  Place,  Edin- 
burgh. 


KINTOBE,  Earl  of,  The  Bight 
Hon.     Algernon     Keith  -  Falconer, 

G.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.E.,  was  born  in  Edin- 
burgh on  Aug.  12,  1852,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge (M.A.,  LL.D.).  He  succeeded  his 
father,  the  8th  earl,  in  1880.  He  was  ap- 
pointed First  Government  Whip  in  the 
House  of  Lords  in  1885;  was  Lord-in- 
Waiting  in  1885-86,  and  has  served  in 
that  position  since  1895  ;  was  Captain  of 
the  Yeomen  of  the  Guard  from  1886  to 
1889,  when  he  was  appointed  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  South  Aus- 
tralia, a  position  he  held  until  1895.  He 
is  an  hon.  Colonel  of  Militia.  He  married 
in  1873  Lady  Sydney  Charlotte  Montagu, 
daughter  of  the  6th  Duke  of  Manchester. 
Addresses :  13  Lower  Berkeley  Street, 
Portman  Square  ;  and  Keith  Hall,  Inver- 
urie, &c. 

KIPLING,  Budyard,  who  has  been 
described  as  the  "Tyrtasus  of  the  con- 
quering Saxon,"  was  born  in  Bombay, 
Dec.  30,  1865,  and  is  the  son  of  John  Lock- 
wood  Kipling,  CLE.,  late  Head  of  the 
Lahore  School  of  Art,  author  of  "  Beast 
and  Man  in  India,"  1891.  He  was  educated 
at  the  United  Services  College,  Westward 
Ho,  North  Devon  ;  returned  to  India  in 
1882  as  sub-editor  of  the  Lahore  Civil  and 
Military  Gazette,  and  was  special  corre- 
spondent for  that  paper  and  for  the  Pioneer 
of  Allahabad,  on  the  frontier,  at  Rajputana 
and  elsewhere.  He  published,  in  India, 
"  Departmental  Ditties,"  and  "  Plain  Tales 
from  the  Hills,"  followed  by  six  small 
books  of  military,  native,  and  social  life  in 
India,  of  which  "  Soldiers  Three  "  deserves 
special  mention.  He  left  India  in  1889, 
and  travelled  in  China,  Japan,  and  America, 
and  thence  to  England.  He  has  written 
the  following  books  in  recent  years  :  A 
one-volume  novel,  "The  Light  that  Failed," 
published  in  1891  ;  "Life's  Handicap,"  a 
collection  of  tales,  mostly  Oriental,  in 
the  same  year  ;  "  Ballads  and  Barrack- 
room  Ballads,"  1892 ;  "  Many  Inventions," 
"The  Jungle  Book,"  1894;  "The  Second 
Jungle  Book,"  1895;  "The  Seven  Seas," 
1896;  "Soldier  Stories,"  1896;  "Captains 
Courageous,"  1897;  "The  Day's  Work," 
1898.  He  has  also  published  stories  and 
poems  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  and  poems 
in  the  Daily  Chronicle  and  Times.  These 
journalistic  poems  may  be  said  to  mark  an 
epoch  in  modern  English  literature.  They 
have  appeared,  backed  by  the  immense 
advertising  power  of  the  London  journals 
in  which  they  have  been  printed,  and  have 
at  once  become  household  words.  We 
need  only  mention  "The  Flowers,"  "Our 
Lady  of  the  Snows,"  and  "Recessional." 
The  last-mentioned  appeared  in  the  Times, 
and  was  the  chosen  poem  of  the  Jubilee 


600 


KIPPING  —  KIRKPATRICK 


celebrations  in  June  1897.  It  was  a  some- 
what Hebraic  warning  to  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race,  only  too  prone  to  worship  merely 
material  aggrandisement,  and,  as  such,  it 
compares  curiously  with  Mr.  George  Mere- 
dith's sonnet  on  Empire,  which  appeared 
at  about  the  same  time.  Despite  criticism, 
the  belief  is  growing  that  Mr.  Kipling  is 
one  of  the  few  brilliant  men  of  genius  who 
carry  on  the  tradition  of  English  letters 
in  the  times  that  have  succeeded  the 
deaths  of  Tennyson  and  Browning.  What- 
ever may  be  thought  in  1950  of  "  The 
Gadsbys,"  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
twentieth  century  will  admire  this  author's 
masterly  pictures  of  the  ancient  life  of 
those  whom  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  tending  to 
obliterate.  His  tales,  "Without  Benefit 
of  Clergy,"  "  Beyond  the  Pale, "  "Mohamed 
Din,"  and  many  others  dealing  with 
Hindoo  life,  will  place  him  among  the 
immortals  of  another  century,  when  many 
of  his  more  English  stories  will  have  been 
forgotten.  In  the  spring  of  1899  Mr. 
Kipling  passed  through  a  very  dangerous 
attack  of  pneumonia,  contracted  by  him 
while  staying  in  a  New  York  hotel.  He 
was  devotedly  nursed  by  Mrs.  Kipling, 
and  his  recovery  was  marked  by  the  en- 
thusiastic rejoicings  of  Americans  and 
English. 

KIPPING,  Professor  Frederic 
Stanley,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1863,  at 
Manchester,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
James  Stanley  Kipping.  He  was  educated 
at  Manchester  Grammar  School,  at  Owens 
College,  and  at  Munich  University,  of 
which  he  is  Ph.D.  He  is  also  D.Sc.  of 
London.  After  completing  his  chemical 
studies  in  Germany,  he  for  some  years 
assisted  Professor  Perkin  in  Edinburgh. 
He  has  been  Lecturer  in  the  Chemical 
Department  of  the  Central  Technical  Col- 
lege, and  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Chemistry  at  University  College,  Notting- 
ham, in  1897,  in  which  year  he  was  also 
elected  P.R.S.  In  conjunction  with  Prof. 
Perkin  he  has  written  a  work  on  "  Organic 
Chemistry,"  and  has  published  many  papers 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
chiefly  on  Bromocamphoric  Acids,  &c. 
He  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  W.  T.  Hol- 
land, J. P.,  of  Bridgwater.  Address  :  The 
College,  Nottingham. 

KIRK,  Sir  John,  M.D.,  G.O.M.G., 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  LL.D.  (Honorary)  Edin- 
burgh, Sc.D.  Cambridge,  was  born  at  Barry, 
near  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  on  Dec.  19, 
1836,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev. 
John  Kirk,  Arbirlot,  Forfarshire.  He 
graduated  M.D.  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh in  1854,  and  early  distinguished 
himself  in  botany  and  other  departments 
of  natural  history.    He  served  on  the  Civil 


Medical  Staff  during  the  Crimean  War, 
and  subsequently,  for  five  years,  February 
1858  to  July  1864,  as  Chief  Officer  and 
Naturalist  to  the  late  Dr.  Livingstone's 
second  exploring  expedition,  sent  out  by 
the  British  Government.  In  1866  he  was 
Vice-Consul  and  Assistant  Political  Agent 
at  Zanzibar.  In  1873  he  was  appointed 
her  Majesty's  Consul-General,  and  in  1880 
her  Majesty's  Agent  and  Consul-General  at 
Zanzibar.  He  accompanied  the  Sultan  of 
Zanzibar  in  his  visit  to  England  in  1875, 
having  previously,  by  his  great  influence 
with  that  potentate,  induced  him  to  enter 
into  a  treaty  for  the  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  in  his  dominions.  By  his  own  exer- 
tions, and  the  aid  he  has  afforded  to  other 
explorers,  Dr.  Kirk  has  materially  assisted 
the  progress  of  geographical  discovery  in 
East  Africa,  for  which  he  received  the 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  of  London  ;  but  his  great  achieve- 
ment is  the  almost  complete  suppression 
of  the  slave-trade  in  the  greater  part  of 
Eastern  Africa.  In  1875  he  was  appointed 
Consul  in  the  Comoro  Islands,  in  addition 
to  his  other  duties.  In  1889  and  1890  he 
was  her  Majesty's  Plenipotentiary  at  the 
Slave-Trade  Conference  at  Brussels  ;  H.M. 
Commissioner  on  the  Niger  in  1895  ;  and 
became  Vice-Chairman  Uganda  Railway, 
1896.  He  was  made  a  C.M.G.  in  August 
1879  ;  K.C.M.G.  in  September  1881  ; 
G.C.M.G.,  Feb.  16,  1886;  and  a  K.C.B.  in 
1890.  He  married  Helen  Cooke  in  1867. 
Addresses  :  Wavertree,  Sevenoaks  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

KIRKPATRICK,    Professor     the 
Rev.  Alexander  Francis,  D.D.,  is  the 

son  of  the  late  Rev.  F.  Kirkpatrick,  who 
was  descended  from  a  younger  branch  of 
the  family  of  the  Kirkpatricks  of  Close- 
burn  in  Scotland,  and  was  born  at  Lewes 
on  June  25,  1849.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Haileybury  College,  under  the  Rev. 
A.  G.  Butler,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  obtained  a  Minor 
Scholarship  in  1867,  and  a  Foundation 
Scholarship  in  the  following  year.  He 
was  elected  Bell  Scholar  and  Porson 
Scholar  in  1868,  and  Craven  Scholar  in 
1870 ;  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1871,  as 
second  in  the  first-class  of  the  Classical 
Tripos.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity  College.  He 
was  placed  in  the  first  class  of  the  Theo- 
logical Examination  in  1872,  obtaining  the 
Evans  Prize,  and  being  equal  for  the 
Scholefield  and  Hebrew  Prizes,  and  in  1874 
was  elected  Tyrwhitt  Hebrew  Scholar. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1874,  and 
priest  in  1875,  by  the  Bishop  of  Ely.  He 
held  the  office  of  Assistant-Tutor  of  his 
College  from  1871  to  1882 ;  served  as 
Junior    Proctor    and    Examiner    for   the 


KITCHENEK 


601 


Classical  and  Theological  Triposes ;  was 
Whitehall  Preacher,  1878-80,  and  Lady 
Margaret's  Preacher,  1882  and  1893 ;  and 
has  also  been  University  Preacher  upon 
other  occasions.  In  1882  he  succeeded 
Prof.  Jarrett  as  Regius  Professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  an  office 
to  which  a  Canonry  in  Ely  Cathedral  is 
attached,  and  in  1898  was  appointed  to  the 
Mastership  of  Selwyn  College.  He  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University,  and  is  on  various 
Boards  and  Syndicates.  He  was  Examin- 
ing Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Winchester 
(Harold  Browne)  from  1878  to  1890,  and 
was  Warburtonian  Lecturer  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1886-90.  Since  1891  he  has  been 
Examining  Chaplain  to  Bishop  Randall 
Davidson,  in  the  Diocese  of  Rochester 
(1890-95)  and  Winchester.  Prof.  Kirk- 
patrick  has  written  commentaries  on  the 
First  and  Second  Books  of  Samuel  and  the 
Book  of  Psalms  in  "  The  Cambridge  Bible 
for  Schools  and  Colleges,"  and  is  the 
general  editor  of  the  Old  Testament  in 
that  series.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
Church  Quarterly  Review  and  the  Expositor. 
He  has  also  published  "The  Divine  Library 
of  the  Old  Testament,"  1891,  and  "  The 
Doctrine  of  the  Prophets,"  1892,  being  the 
Warburtonian  Lectures  for  1886-90.  He 
married,  in  1884,  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  J.  Pemberton  Bartlett.  Ad- 
dresses :  Selwyn  College  Lodge,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  The  College,  Ely. 

KITCHENER  OF  KHARTOUM, 
Lord,  Major  -  General  Sir  Horatio 
Herbert,  R.E.,  G.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  Sirdar 
of  the  Egyptian  army,  and  Pacha,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Lieut.-Colonel  H.  H.  Kit- 
chener of  the  13th  Dragoons,  was  born 
in  June  1850,  and  educated  at  the  Royal 
Military  Academy,  Woolwich.  He  entered 
the  army  as  a  Lieutenant  of  Royal  Engi- 
neers in  January  1871,  and  was  promoted 
Captain  in  January  1883,  Major  in  October 
1884,  and  Colonel  in  April  1888.  During  the 
Franco-Prussian  War  of  1870  he  saw  some 
service  on  the  French  side  as  a  volunteer. 
The  eight  years  between  1874  and  1882  were 
spent  in  civil  employment.  In  1874  he 
joined  the  survey  of  Western  Palestine 
under  Major  Conder,  but  after  the  attack 
on  the  party  at  Safed,  in  1875,  he  returned 
to  England,  and  for  two  years  was  engaged 
in  laying  down  the  Palestine  Exploration 
Fund's  map.  Returning  to  the  Holy  Land 
in  1877,  he  executed  the  whole  of  the  sur- 
vey of  Galilee.  In  1878  he  was  sent  to 
Cyprus  to  organise  the  Courts.  He  was 
next  appointed  Vice-Consul  at  Erzeroum. 
Subsequently  he  returned  to  Cyprus  and 
made  a  survey  of  the  entire  island.  In 
1882,  hearing  that  an  Egyptian  army  was 
being  organised  by  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  he 


volunteered  for  the  service,  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  two  Majors  of  the 
cavalry.  Major  Kitchener  soon  acquired 
a  knowledge  of  the  Egyptian  character,  so 
that  he  was  often  entrusted  with  missions 
of  some  delicacy,  which  were  always  car- 
ried out  in  a  most  satisfactory  manner.  In 
June  1884  he  was  appointed  Deputy- 
Assistant  Adjutant-General  of  the  Intelli- 
gence Department  under  Sir  Chas.  Wilson, 
and  took  part  in  the  Nile  Expedition. 
He  also  drew  up  a  scheme  for  the  relief 
of  Khartoum  and  the  rescue  of  Gordon. 
It  was  to  have  been  effected  by  a  small 
brigade  of  infantry,  led  with  confidence 
and  moved  with  celerity,  but  the  plan  was 
overruled.  For  his  services  he  was  several 
times  mentioned  in  despatches,  and  was 
promoted  Brevet  Lieut.-Colonel.  In  August 
1886  he  succeeded  General  Watson  as 
Governor  of  the  Red  Sea  Territories,  and 
the  judicious  advice  he  then  gave  the 
Arabs  enabled  them  to  overthrow  Osman 
Digna  at  Tamai  with  great  slaughter. 
Subsequently  he  succeeded  Colonel  Cherm- 
side  as  Governor-General  of  the  Red  Sea 
Littoral,  and  Commandant  at  Suakin.  At 
the  action  of  Handoub  he  commanded 
the  Egyptian  troops,  and  was  severely 
wounded.  In  May  1888  he  left  for  Eng"- 
land,  being  succeeded  at  Suakin  by  Lieut.- 
Colonel  Holled  Smith.  Upon  his  arrival  he 
was  nominated  Aide-de-Camp  to  theQueen, 
which  appointment  carries  with  it  the  rank 
of  Colonel ;  he  was  also  awarded  the 
Medjidie  of  the  second  class.  Towards  the 
end  of  the  year  Colonel  Kitchener  again 
left  for  Egypt,  and  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand a  Brigade  of  the  Egyptian  army  in 
the  Soudan.  He  was  present  at  the  action 
of  Gamaizah,  and  was  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches. At  the  battle  of  Toski,  in 
August  1889,  he  was  in  command  of  the 
mounted  troops.  He  was  again  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  received  a  C.B.  In 
1892  he  succeeded  Sir  Francis  Grenfell  as 
Sirdar  of  the  Egyptian  army,  with  the 
local  rank  of  Kerik  or  Lieut.-General. 
Colonel  Kitchener  had  been,  since  1888, 
Adjutant-General  and  second  in  command 
of  the  army,  and  also  Inspector-General  of 
Police  at  Cairo.  His  next  achievement  was 
the  re-capture  of  Dongola.  In  the  summer 
of  1896  an  expeditionary  force,  composed 
of  English  and  Egyptian  troops,  advanced 
into  the  Soudan  with  the  object  of  re- 
taking from  the  Dervishes  the  lost  pro- 
vince of  Dongola,  and  after  several 
successful  engagements  the  whole  pro- 
vince was  subdued.  Sir  Herbert  Kitchener 
was  promoted  Major-General  and  created 
a  K.C.B.  for  distinguished  service  in  the 
field.  The  Khedive  also  conferred  upon 
him  the  Medjidie  of  the  first  class,  and  the 
Osmanieh  of  the  second  class.  The  vic- 
tory enabled  him  to  extend  a  railway  to 


602 


KITCHIN  — KITSON 


Berber,  and  was  the  first  decisive  blow 
struck  at  the  power  of  the  Mahdi.  The 
brilliancy  of  the  action,  however,  was 
eclipsed  by  the  crushing  defeat  inflicted 
at  the  battle  of  Atbara  on  Good  Friday  of 
1898.  A  force  of  Dervishes,  numbering 
about  20,000  men,  under  the  command  of 
the  Emir  Mahmoud  and  Osman  Digna, 
were  strongly  entrenched  in  a  zareba  at 
Atbara,  but  in  spite  of  the  strength  of 
their  position  the  Anglo-Egyptian  army 
utterly  routed  the  Dervishes,  who  fled, 
leaving  over  3000  dead  and  nearly  4000 
prisoners.  Sir  Herbert  Kitchener,  who 
had  been  under  fire  throughout  the  fight, 
received  congratulatory  telegrams  from 
the  Queen  and  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  most  of  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe. 
The  climax  of  the  Soudan  campaign  of 
1898  was  reached  at  the  battle  of  Omdur- 
man  and  the  capture  of  Khartoum  on 
September  2nd,  when  the  army  of  the 
Khalifa  was  annihilated.  Among  the 
results  of  the  brilliant  victory  were  the 
extinction  of  Mahdism,  and  the  submis- 
sion of  the  whole  of  the  country  formerly 
under  Egyptian  authority.  The  Sirdar, 
upon  arriving  at  Fashoda,  found  a  French 
force  entrenched,  but  he  claimed  the  terri- 
tory for  England  and  Egypt,  and  left  the 
settlement  of  the  affair  to  diplomacy.  On 
October  21st  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Lord  Kitchener  of  Khartoum  and  of 
Aspall  in  Suffolk,  and  was  promoted  to 
a  G.C.B.  He  arrived  in  England  in  Nov- 
ember, and  met  with  a  most  enthusiastic 
reception.  The  Lord  Mayor  entertained 
him  at  the  Mansion  House,  and  presented 
him  with  the  freedom  of  the  city  and  a 
sword  of  honour.  At  the  same  time  he 
asked  the  public  to  raise  a  fund  of  £100,000 
for  the  founding  and  endowment  of  a 
college  to  be  built  at  Khartoum  as  a  memo- 
rial of  Gordon,  for  the  education  and 
training  of  Egyptians  and  Soudanese. 
The  scheme  met  with  universal  approval, 
and  when  he  returned  to  Egypt  he  took 
with  him  the  whole  of  the  sum  required 
for  the  purpose.  The  foundation-stone 
of  the  Gordon  College  was  laid  by  Lord 
Cromer  in  the  presence  of  a  large  number 
of  Sheiks  and  other  notables.  In  Decem- 
ber Lord  Kitchener  was  appointed  Gover- 
nor-General and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Soudan.     Address  :  Cairo. 

KITCHIN,  The  Very  Rev.  George 
"William,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  Dean  of  Durham, 
and  Warden  of  the  University  of  Durham, 
was  born  Dec.  7,  1827,  at  Naughton  Par- 
sonage, Suffolk,  being  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
I.  Kitchin,  Rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Ips- 
wich, by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  W. 
Bardgett,  Rector  of  Melmerby,  Cumber- 
land. He  was  educated  at  Ipswich 
Grammar  School,  King's  College,  London, 


and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  Student  of 
Christ  Church,  1846  (B.A.,  double  first- 
class,  1850  ;  M.A.,  1853  ;  D.D.,  1883).  He 
was  appointed  Tutor  of  Christ  Church  in 
1853  ;  Head-Master  of  Twyford  School  in 
1855  ;  Censor  and  Tutor  of  Christ  Church 
in  1861 ;  Proctor  of  the  University  in  1863  ; 
Tutor  to  H.R.H.  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Denmark  in  1863 ;  Censor  of  Non-colle- 
giate Students,  1868-83  ;  History  Lecturer 
at  Christ  Church,  and  History  Tutor  at 
Christ  Church  in  1882;  Dean  of  Win- 
chester in  1883,  in  succession  to  Dean 
Bramston,  who  retired,  and  Dean  of  Dur- 
ham in  1894.  He  was  Select  Preacher  at 
Oxford  in  1863  and  1864 ;  and  Whitehall 
Preacher  in  1866  and  1867.  He  was  a 
Member  of  the  Hebdomadal  Council  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  1879-83  ;  Governor 
of  Ipswich  and  Portsmouth  Endowed 
Schools  ;  also  Chairman  of  the  Cheltenham 
Ladies'  College ;  and  was  formerly  Exa- 
mining Chaplain  to  Dr.  Jacobson,  Bishop 
of  Chester.  His  works  include  editions  of 
Bacon's  "  Novum  Organum,"  2  vols.,  1855; 
Bacon's  "Advancement  of  Learning"  and 
"Twyford  Prayers,"  1860;  Spenser's 
"  Faery  Queene,"  i.,  ii.,  1867, 1869 ;  "  Cata- 
logue of  MSS.  in  Christ  Church  Library," 
1867  ;  translations  of  "  Brachet's  French 
Grammar,"  1869  ;  and  of  the  same  author's 
"French  Dictionary,"  1873.  Dr.  Kitchin 
is  the  translator  of  part  of  Ranke's  "  Eng- 
lische  Geschichte,"  and  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  France,"  3  vols.  (Clarendon  Press), 
1873,  &c.  ;  "  Life  of  Pope  Pius  II.,"  for  the 
Arundel  Society,  1881;  and  of  "Win- 
chester," 1890,  for  Messrs.  Longman's 
series  of  Historic  Towns.  He  has  also 
edited  "  Winchester  Cathedral  Records, 
No.  I.,"  being  a  Consuetudinary  of  the 
Refectory  of  St.  Swithin's  Priory,  1886, 
and  No.  II.,  being  the  "  Charter  of  Edward 
III.  for  the  St.  Giles'  Fair,  Winchester," 
1886  ;  also  3  vols,  of  the  publications  of 
the  Hampshire  Record  Society,  "Docu- 
ments relating  to  the  Foundation  of  the 
Chapter  of  Winchester,  A.D.  1541-47," 
1889  ;  ' '  Rolls  of  the  Obedientiaries  of 
St.  Swithin's  Monastery,"  1893 ;  and 
"  The  Manor  of  Manydown,"  1895  ; 
also  "Edward  Harold  Browne,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Winchester,"  a  Memoir,  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Murray,  1895.  He 
married,  in  1863,  Alice  Maud,  daughter 
of  Bridges  Taylor,  Elsinore,  Denmark. 
Addresses  :  The  Deanery,  Durham ;  and 
Athenajum. 

KITSON,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was 
born  at  Leeds  on  Sept.  22,  1835,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  James  Kitson,  of 
Elmet  Hall,  Leeds.  He  was  educated  at 
University  College,  London,  and  is  a  very 
wealthy  and  well-known  iron  and  steel 
manufacturer.     In  one  of  his   two  huge 


KITTO  —  KLEIN 


603 


workshops  engines  only  are  manufactured, 
which  are  famous  at  home  and  abroad. 
He  is  Chairman  of  the  Yorkshire  Banking 
Company,  Director  of  the  North-Eastern 
Railway  Company  ;  was  from  1888  to  1890 
President  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  ; 
has  been  President  of  the  Leeds  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  and  was  Lord  Mayor  of 
Leeds  from  1896  to  1897.  In  1892  he  was 
returned  to  Parliament  for  the  Colne 
Valley  Division  of  Yorks.,  which  he  repre- 
sents in  the  Liberal  interest.  He  is  J.P. 
for  the  West  Riding  and  Leeds,  and  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1886.  He  married 
(2),  in  1881,  Mary,  daughter  of  E.  Fisher 
Smith.  Addresses:  105  Pall  Mall,  S.W.; 
and  Gledhow  Hall,  Leeds. 

KITTO,  John  Fenwick,  M.A.,  was 
born  Dec.  31,  1837,  in  Islington,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  John  Kitto,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  the 
well-known  author  on  biblical  subjects, 
who  died  in  1854,  and  whose  eminence  is 
the  more  remarkable  from  the  fact  that  he 
had  become  totally  deaf  whilst  he  was  a 
boy.  Mr.  Kitto  was  educated  at  the  North 
London  Collegiate  School  in  Camden 
Town,  where  his  father  was  then  living, 
and  in  1856  proceeded  to  St.  Alban  Hall, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  June 
1860,  having  been  placed  in  the  second 
class  in  Mathematics  by  the  moderators, 
as  well  as  in  the  final  schools.  He  took 
the  M.A.  degree  in  1870.  In  the  year  1862 
he  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Tait  to  the 
Curacy  of  St.  Pancras,  then  under  the 
care  of  the  Rev.  Canon  Champreys,  who 
afterwards  became  Dean  of  Lichfield. 
Whilst  he  was  still  a  Curate  of  St.  Pan- 
cras, he  was  invited  to  join  the  Committee 
of  the  Church  of  England  Sunday-School 
Institute,  being  the  first  clergyman  who 
had  occupied  that  position.  He  is  still  a 
Member  of  the  Committee,  although  he 
resigned  the  office  of  Chairman  after  he 
had  held  it  for  twenty-one  years.  In  1866 
he  was  invited  by  the  Bishop  of  London 
to  take  charge  of  the  new  parish  of  St. 
Matthias,  Poplar,  of  which  the  chapel  be- 
longing to  the  East  India  Company  was  to 
be  the  Parish  Church,  and  the  chaplain's 
home  the  new  Vicarage.  The  distress 
which  followed  the  outbreak  of  cholera, 
and  the  collapse  of  Messrs.  Overend  and 
Gurney,  affected  the  whole  of  the  East 
End,  and  Mr.  Kitto  was  at  once  actively 
engaged  in  means  of  relief.  He  assisted 
in  starting  the  East  End  Emigration  Fund 
as  a  means  of  relief,  and  thousands  were 
by  this  means  enabled  to  seek  a  brighter 
prospect  in  Canada.  He  acted  for  some 
years  as  Hon.  Secretary  to  the  Poplar 
Hospital  for  Accidents,  and  started  a  con- 
valescent home  for  the  East  End  poor, 
which  is  still  maintained  at  Reigate. 
After  nine  years  at  Poplar,  he  was  pre- 


sented by  Bishop  Jackson,  in  1875,  to  the 
important  rectory  of  Whitechapel.  At  the 
time  of  his  entrance  on  this  work,  it  had 
been  determined  to  rebuild  the  Parish 
Church  in  consequence  of  a  munificent 
offer  from  Mr.  Octavius  Coope,  who  had 
been  born  in  Whitechapel,  and  had  been 
asked  to  contribute  to  its  repair.  He 
arranged  that  as  part  of  this  church  an 
open-air  pulpit  should  be  erected  at  the 
corner  of  the  tower  as  a  memorial  to  Dean 
Champreys,  who  had  been  for  many  years 
Rector  of  Whitechapel.  This  pulpit,  which 
is  in  constant  use  for  services  and  meet- 
ings, is,  we  believe,  the  first  open-air 
pulpit  erected  in  England  since  the  Re- 
formation. The  church,  which  was  opened 
and  consecrated  in  February  1877,  was 
burned  down  in  August  1880,  after  Mr. 
Kitto  had  accepted  the  Rectory  of  Step- 
ney, the  mother  parish  of  the  whole  of 
East  London,  to  which  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed by  Bishop  Walsham  How.  He  re- 
mained at  Whitechapel  long  enough  to 
make  arrangements  for  the  rebuilding  of 
the  church,  and  to  secure  better  acoustical 
properties.  At  Stepney  he  remained  until 
1886,  when  he  was  appointed  by  Bishop 
Temple  to  the  living  of  St.  Martin  in  the 
Fields.  Whilst  at  Stepney  he  was  ap- 
pointed Select  Preacher  to  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  and  after  coming  to  St. 
Martin's,  he  became,  in  1889,  Chaplain  to 
the  Queen.  In  1896  he  was  made  by 
Bishop  Temple  a  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's. 
In  each  parish  which  he  has  held  there 
has  fallen  upon  him  the  duty  of  restoring 
or  repairing,  or  rebuilding  the  Parish 
Church  ;  in  each  parish  he  has  had  the 
gratification  of  throwing  open  the  church- 
yard for  the  use  of  the  public  ;  and  in  each 
parish  he  has  been  closely  associated  with 
hospital  work — the  Poplar  Hospital  for 
accidents,  the  London  Hospital,  and 
Charing  Cross  Hospital.  He  has  been  a 
Member  of  the  Hospital  Sunday  Fund 
from  its  formation.  He  married  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Adam  Symon,  of  Dundee. 
Address  :  St.  Martin's  Vicarage,  St.  Mar- 
tin's Place,  W.C. 

KLEIN,  Edward  E.,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  was  born  in 
1849.  He  is  one  of  our  chief  authorities 
on  bacteriology,  and  his  advice  has  been 
much  sought  by  the  Local  Government 
Board.  His  chief  works  are  :  "  The  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Lymphatic  System,"  1873  ; 
"  Researches  into  the  Smallpox  of  Sheep," 
1875 ;  "  Atlas  of  Histology, "  1880  ;  "  Micro- 
organisms and  Disease,"  1884  (4th  edition, 
1896);  "  Bacteria  in  Asiatic  Cholera," 
1889  ;  and  "  Etiology  of  Grouse  Disease," 
1892.  Address  :  19  Earl's  Court  Square, 
S.W. 


604 


KNAUS  —  KNIGHTON 


KNATJS,  Ludwig,  Hon.  R.A.,  a  cele- 
brated German  genre-painter,  was  born  at 
Wiesbaden,  Oct.  10,  1829,  and  entered  the 
Academy  at  Diisseldorf,  where  he  studied 
under  Sohn  and  Schadow.  He  then  went 
to  Paris,  and,  with  a  break  of  one  year  in 
Italy,  lived  there  for  eight  years,  perfect- 
ing himself  in  the  technical  part  of  his  art 
by  close  study  of  modern  French  masters. 
His  first  important  pictures  were  "  The 
Golden  Wedding,"  1858,  and  "The  Chris- 
tening," 1859.  In  the  following  year  he 
returned  to  Wiesbaden,  but  in  1861  went 
to  Berlin,  in  1866  to  Diisseldorf,  whence  in 
1874  he  once  more  returned  to  Berlin,  in 
order  to  fill  an  important  post  in  the  Aca- 
demy. Besides  the  above-named  works 
may  be  mentioned  "  Funeral  in  a  Hesse 
Village,"  1871  ;  "His  Excellency  Travel- 
ling," "  The  Village  Musician,"  and  "  The 
Inn,"  1876  ;  "The  Refractory  Model,"  1877; 
"  Solomon's  Wisdom,"  1878  ;  and  "  A  Peep 
Behind  the  Scenes,"  1880.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  be  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1867. 

KNIGHT,  Francis  Arnold,  field 
naturalist  and  writer  on  country  life,  was 
born  in  1852  at  Gloucester,  and  now  re- 
sides at  Weston-super-Mare,  in  Somerset- 
shire, where  he  has  a  school.  Since  1888 
Mr.  Knight  has  been  a  regular  contributor, 
mainly  on  Natural  History  subjects,  to  the 
leader  columns  of  the  Daily  News,  and  he 
has  also  written  for  the  Contemporary  Re- 
view, the  Speaker,  the  Spectator,  the  Globe, 
and  various  provincial  journals.  He  has 
published  several  volumes  of  essays,  chiefly 
on  Natural  History  and  Country  Life,  en- 
titled, "By  Leafy  Ways,"  "  Idylls  of  the 
Field,"  "  Rambles  of  a  Dominie,"  and  "  By 
Moorland  and  Sea,"  which  appeared  in  the 
autumn  of  1893,  and  was  illustrated  by 
himself.  In  1896  he  published  an  illus- 
trated work,  "  In  a  West  Country."  His 
literary  style  suggests  that  of  the  late 
Richard  Jefferies. 

KNIGHT,  Joseph,  R.I.,  R.P.E.,  &c, 
only  son  of  Joseph  Knight,  was  born  in 
Manchester  on  Feb.  27,  1838,  was  edu- 
cated at  an  ordinary  day  school  until 
thirteen  years  of  age,  and  was  put  to  most 
uncongenial  employment  until  twenty-four 
years  of  age.  He  is  self-taught  as  an 
artist,  paints  in  oils  and  water-colours,  and 
is  an  engraver  in  mezzotint.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colours  ;  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painters,  Etchers,  and  En- 
gravers ;  a  Member  of  the  newly 
formed  Society  of  Mezzotint  Engravers  ; 
and  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Cambrian 
Academy.  Amongst  his  pictures  may  be 
mentioned  :  "  A  Tidal  River,"  bought  by 
the  Council  of  the  R.A.,  out  of  the  Chan- 


trey  Bequest,  and  now  in  the  Tate  Gallery  ; 
a  water-colour  picture  called  "  A  Welsh 
Moorland,"  bought  for  the  nation,  and  now 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  ;  an  oil 
picture  called  "Lifting  Mist,!'  bought  by 
the  corporation  of  Manchester ;  an  oil 
picture,  "  Showery  Weather,"  bought  by 
the  corporation  of  Liverpool ;  and  also 
other  oil  pictures  bought  by  the  corpora- 
tions of  Oldham,  Salford,  and  Blackburn, 
and  now  in  their  galleries.  He  was  repre- 
sented at  the  Paris  International  Exhibi- 
tion in  1889,  and  was  awarded  a  bronze 
medal ;  also  at  the  Brussels  International 
Exhibition  in  1897  he  exhibited  five 
works.  Address  :  Min  Afon,  Tywyn,  near 
Llandudno. 

KNIGHT,     Professor     "William 

Angus,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Scotland  on 
Feb.  22,  1836,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  George  Fulton  Knight,  of  Ber- 
wickshire. He  was  educated  at  the  High 
School  and  University,  Edinburgh,  and 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Moral  Philo- 
sophy at  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  in 
1876.  He  has  been  Examiner  to  Victoria 
University,  and  is  Examiner  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  to  that  of  New  Zealand, 
and  to  the  Civil  Service  Commissioners. 
He  has  published  voluminously,  his  works 
on  Wordsworth  and  on  his  poetry  being 
particularly  well  known.  Among  these, 
mention  should  be  made  of  his  edition  of 
Wordsworth's  works,  with  life,  1881-89  ; 
"  Selections  from  Wordsworth,"  1889  ;  an 
edition  of  "  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone," 
1891 ;  "  Wordsworth's  Prose,"  1893  ;  "  The 
English  Lake  District  as  interpreted  in  the 
Poems  of  Wordsworth,"  1872;  "Through 
the  Wordsworth  Country,"  1892;  "The 
Works  of  William  and  Dorothy  Words- 
worth," &c.  He  has  also  interested  him- 
self extensively  in  philosophical  questions, 
has  edited  the  "  Philosophical  Classics  for 
English  Readers,"  and  has  written  on 
Theism,  Christian  Ethics,  the  Beautiful, 
&c.  In  the  summer  of  1898  he  made  a 
munificent  gift  to  the  trustees  of  Dove 
Cottage,  Grasmere,  the  Wordsworths'  old 
house,  of  all  the  editions  of  Wordsworth's 
poems  in  his  possession,  of  many  Words- 
worth relics,  portraits,  sketches,  and  en- 
gravings, as  well  as  Wordsworth  MSS.  and 
letters,  &c,  all  of  which  will  in  future  be 
housed  in  Dove  Cottage.  Addresses  : 
Castle  House,   St.   Andrews ;  and  Athen- 


KNIGHTON,  William,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  born  in  Dublin,  the  son  of  Richard 
Ingham  Knighton,  is  of  the  same  family 
to  which  belonged  Henry  de  Knyghton, 
Canon  of  Worcester,  and  Chronicler  of 
English  History  about  a.d.  1400,  and  Sir 
William  Knighton,  Bart.,  Keeper  of  the 


KNOLLYS  —  KXOWLES 


605 


Privy  Purse  in  the  reign  of  George  IV. 
He   was   educated   in   Glasgow,    and   ap- 
pointed Head-Master  of  the  Normal  School 
of  Colombo,  Ceylon,  before  he  was  twenty 
years  of  age.      He  was  partner  in  a  coffee 
plantation  in  the  interior  of   the  island, 
and  wrote  the  "History  of  Ceylon,"  from 
native   chronicles,   and    "  Forest    Life   in 
Ceylon,"   from    his   own    experience.     He 
was   the   first   Hon.    Sec.    of   the   Ceylon 
Branch  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.     He 
was  subsequently  appointed  Professor  of 
History  and  Logic  in  the  Calcutta  Uni- 
versity ;  and   in  1860   was  transferred  as 
Assistant  Commissioner  to  Oudh  by  Lord 
Canning.     His  "Private  Life  of  an  Eastern 
King,"  published  before  the  great  Indian 
Mutiny  broke  out,  gave  a  faithful  account 
of  the  career  of  Nussir-ood-deen,  King  of 
Oudh,  and  incidentally  of  the  state  of  that 
country  before  its  annexation.     This  work 
was  translated  into  most  of  the  languages 
of  Europe,  and  was  referred  to  in  Parlia- 
ment by  supporters  of  the  Government  of 
the  day  as  proving  the  necessity  for  the 
annexation  of  Oudh  to  the  British  domi- 
nions in  India.     In  Fraser's Magazine,  when 
edited  by  Mr.  Froude,  Mr.  Knighton  pub- 
lished his  "Village  Life  in  Oudh,"  and,  in 
1864,  he  issued  his  "Private  Life  of  an 
Eastern   Queen."      Mr.   Knighton   retired 
from  the  Oudh  Commission  in  1878,  and 
has  since  devoted  himself   to   literature. 
In  1887  he  was  elected  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  in  London, 
and   of    the    International    Literary   and 
Artistic  Association  of  Paris.     In  1889  he 
erected   a   statue  of   Shakespeare  on  the 
Boulevard  Haussmann,  in  Paris — a  statue 
in  bronze,  modelled  by  Paul  Fournier,  the 
eminent  French  sculptor.     Mr.  Knighton  is 
a  Master  of  Arts,  a  Doctor  of  Philosophy, 
and  a  Doctor  of  Laws  of  the  Giessen  Uni- 
versity in  Germany.     These  degrees  were 
granted  to  him  when   Baron  Liebig  was 
Dean    of    the    Philosophical    Faculty    in 
that   University.     His  most  recent  work, 
"Struggles  for  Life,"  was  translated  into 
French  by  M.  Leon  Delbos,  under  the  title 
of  "  Les  Luttes  pour  la  Vie,"  and  has  been 
very  popular  in  Paris,  in  London,  and  in 
Berlin.     Of  Mr.  Knighton's  contributions 
to  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Literature  the  most  remarkable  are  "Early 
Roman  History,"  "Cleon  the  Democrat," 
"  The  Philosophy  of  Epicurus  and  Modern 
Agnosticism,"  and  "  Greek  and  Latin  Wit." 
He  married,  in  1883,  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  Sir  W.  Drake,  K.C.B.     Address  :  Tile- 
worth,  St.  Leonards-on-Sea. 

KNOLLYS,  Sir  Courtenay,  K.C.M.G., 
Colonial  Secretary  of  Trinidad,  was  born 
in  1849,  and  is  the  fourth  son  of  Canon 
Erskine  Knollys.  He  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 


a  second  class  in  the  Final  Schools.  He 
rowed  for  Oxford  in  the  boat  race  in  1872 
and  1873 ;  won  the  Diamond  Sculls  at 
Henley  in  1872,  and  the  Goblets  in  1873. 
In  1874.  he  was  appointed  Sub-Receiver 
of  Trinidad  ;  from  1879  to  1894  he  was 
Auditor-General  and  Colonial  Secretary  of 
Barbadoes,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  to  his  present  post.  He  married 
in  1874  Ellen  May,  daughter  of  P.  H.  de 
la  Motte,  and  in  1897  was  created  a 
K.C.M.G.  His  address  is :  Port  of  Spain, 
Trinidad. 

KNOLLYS,     Sir     Francis     K., 

K.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.  (Civil),  was  born  in  the 
thirties,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
General  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  W.  T.  Knollys, 
K.C.B. ,  and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the 
late  Sir  J.  St.  Aubyn.  He  is  well  known 
as  Private  Secretary  and  Groom-in-Wait- 
ing  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1897. 
He  married  in  1887  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Sir  H.  Tyrrwhit,  Bart.,  and  of  the  Baroness 
Berners.  Official  address :  St.  James's 
Palace,  S.W. 

KNOWLES,  James,  F.R.I.B.A.,  born 
in  1831,  was  educated  as  an  architect  at  a 
piivate  school,  at  University  College,  in 
his  father's  office,  and  in  Italy.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  and  has  executed  many  archi- 
tectural works,  chiefly  in  London  and  its 
neighbourhood — amongst  which  may  be 
mentioned  Aldworth,  the  Surrey  residence 
of  Lord  Tennyson ;  Kensington  House, 
with  its  gardens  and  adjuncts ;  the 
Thatched  House  Club,  St.  James's  Street  ; 
the  public  garden  and  fountain  in  Leicester 
Square ;  Albert  Mansions  in  Victoria 
Street ;  and  St.  Saviour's,  St.  Philip's,  and 
St.  Stephen's  churches  at  Clapham.  Mr. 
Knowles  has  also  been  engaged  in  litera- 
ture from  an  early  age,  contributing  many 
articles  to  journals  and  reviews,  and  in 
1860  compiling  (from  Sir  Thomas  Malory) 
"The  Story  of  King  Arthur,"  which 
reached  a  sixth  edition.  In  1869  he 
originated  the  Metaphysical  Society,  a 
club  consisting  of  forty  members,  being 
chiefly  eminent  representatives  of  the 
most  various  forms  of  belief  and  contem- 
porary thought  on  speculative  subjects — 
Anglican,  Roman  Catholic,  Nonconformist, 
Positivist,  Agnostic,  and  Atheistic — and 
constituted  for  the  full,  free,  and  con- 
fidential discussion  of  philosophical  ques- 
tions. The  list  of  members  included  Lord 
Tennyson,  Mr.  Gladstone,  Dr.  Martineau, 
Cardinal  Manning,  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  Prof.  Huxley,  Prof.  Tyndall,  Prof. 
W.  K.  Clifford,  Father  Dalgavius,  Mr.  John 
Morley,  Mr.  Arthur  Balfour,  Dr.  Ward, 
Mr.    Froude,    Mr.    Ruskin,    the    Duke    of 


606 


KNOWLES  —  KNOX 


Argyll,  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's  (Thirl- 
wall),  the  Bishop  of  Peterborough  (Magee), 
the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol 
(Ellicott),  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison,  Sir  J. 
Fitzjames  Stephen,  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen, 
Lord  Selborne,  Sir  F.  Pollock,  Mr.  R.  H. 
Hutton,  Prof.  Seeley,  Prof.  Henry  Sidg- 
wick,  Sir  M.  E.  Grant  Duff,  Mr.  Robert 
Lowe  (Lord  Sherbrooke),  Lord  Arthur 
Russell.  Mr.  Shadwack  Hodgson,  Mr.  James 
Hinton,  Mr.  St.  George  Mivart,  Sir  Andrew 
Clark,  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Prof.  Pritchard, 
Dean  Stanley,  Sir  William  Gull,  the  Dean 
of  St.  Paul's  (Church),  the  Rev.  F.  D. 
Maurice,  Prof.  Sylvester,  Mr.  Walter  Bage- 
hot,  Mr.  Mark  Pattison,  Rev.  Dr.  Mozley, 
Mr.  Crooin  Robertson,  &c.  In  1870  he 
succeeded  Dean  Alford  in  the  editorship 
of  the  Contemporary  Review,  which,  by  en- 
listing the  aid  of  the  members  of  the 
Metaphysical  Society,  he  raised  to  a 
position  of  influence  and  importance.  In 
1877,  owing  to  a  change  in  the  proprietor- 
ship of  the  Contemporary  Review,  a  separa- 
tion took  place  between  it  and  Mr. 
Knowles,  when — supported  by  more  than 
one  hundred  writers  of  celebrity  (mostly 
members  of  the  Metaphysical  Society,  and 
contributors  to  the  Contemporary  Review) — 
he  established  the  Nineteenth  Century,  a 
monthly  review,  in  which,  as  his  own  pro- 
perty, the  principle  of  the  unfettered  and 
unbiassed  discussion  of  all  topics  of  public 
interest,  by  authors  signing  their  own 
names,  might  be  preserved  without  inter- 
ference. The  Nineteenth  Century  immedi- 
ately attained,  and  still  preserves,  a  very 
wide  circulation.  The  introductory  sonnet 
was  written  by  Lord  (then  Mr.)  Tennyson, 
who  had  become  intimately  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Knowles,  consulting  with  him 
upon  all  matters  of  business,  &c,  and 
sharing  rooms  with  him,  for  several  years, 
as  a  joint-tenant,  in  Victoria  Street,  West- 
minster. A  very  iufluentially-signed  pro- 
test against  the  proposed  Channel  Tunnel 
Scheme  which  appeared  in  the  Review 
largely  assisted  in  defeating  that  project, 
Mr.  Gladstone  often  reproaching  the 
editor  that  "he  had  stopped  the  Channel 
Tunnel,"  and  another  important  protest 
signed  by  hundreds  of  women  of  all  ranks 
against  "  Female  Suffrage "  helped  to 
hinder  that  scheme.  Mr.  Knowles  is  a 
collector  of  works  of  art,  a  member  of  the 
Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club,  and  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  Winter  Exhibition  of 
the  Old  Masters  at  the  Royal  Academy 
and  to  other  exhibitions.  Permanent 
address  :  Queen  Anne's  Lodge,  St.  James's 
Park,  S.W. 

KNOWLES,  Lees,  D.L.,  M.P.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  John  Knowles,  Esq.,  J.P. , 
C.A.  and  D.L.  (High  Sheriff  of  Lancashire, 
1892-93),  of   Westwood,    Pendlebury,    by 


Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  late  James 
Lees,  Esq.,  of  Green  Bank,  Oldham,  was 
born  Feb.  16,  1857,  and  was  educated  at 
Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  the  degrees  of  M.A.  and 
LL.M.,  and  was  president  of  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Athletic  Club  in  1878. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1882,  joined  the  Northern  Circuit  in 
1883,  and  is  joint-editor  of  the  2nd  edition 
of  Greenwood's  "Real  Property  Statutes." 
Appointed  unpaid  private  secretary  to  Mr. 
Ritchie,  President  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  in  1887,  he  received  the  same 
appointment  again  in  1895,  whilst  he  had 
formerly  been  hon.  sec.  of  the  Guinness 
Trust,  a  member  of  the  Select  Committee 
on  Town  Holdings,  and  chairman  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  the  Plumbers'  Regis- 
tration Bill.  He  was  appointed  a  Church 
Estates  Commissioner  in  1895,  and  he  is 
a  trustee  for  two  church  livings.  Mr. 
Knowles  is  a  D.L.  for  Lancashire ;  hon. 
secretary  to  the  Lancashire  Conservative 
M.P.'s  Association,  and  has  been  success- 
ful in  passing  five  Acts  of  Parliament, 
dealing  chiefly  with  sanitation.  In  1885 
he  unsuccessfully  contested  the  Leigh 
Division  of  Lancashire,  but  was  elected 
for  Salford  (West)  in  1886  as  a  Conserva- 
tive member.  Addresses  :  4  New  Square, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.,  &c. ;  and  Westwood, 
Pendlebury. 

KNOX,  The  Bight  Rev.  Edmund 
Arbuthnott,  D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of 
Coventry,  son  of  the  late  Rev.  George 
Knox,  Vicar  of  Exton,  Rutland,  was  born 
on  Dec.  6,  1847,  at  Bangalore,  India.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  was  elected  a  scholar  in  1865.  He 
took  a  first  class  in  Moderations,  a  first 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.,  and  a  first  class  in 
Law  and  Modern  History,  proceeding  to 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1868,  and  to  that 
of  M.A.  in  1872,  whilst  the  hon.  degree  of 
D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1894.  At 
Oxford  he  was  a  Fellow  of  Merton  from 
1868  to  1875,  and  held  the  appointments 
of  Vicar  of  St.  John  Baptist  from  1874  to 
1879  ;  tutor  of  Merton  College,  1875  to 
1885 ;  and  chaplain  of  Merton,  1879  to 
1885.  He  became  rector  of  Kibworth 
Beauchamp,  Leicester,  in  1888  ;  vicar  of 
Aston,  Birmingham,  and  examining 
chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Worcester  in 
1891.  Mr.  Knox  was  in  1894  appointed 
Hon.  Canon  of  Worcester,  rector  of  St. 
Philip's,  Birmingham,  Archdeacon  of  Bir- 
mingham, and  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Cov- 
entry (for  Diocese  of  Worcester).  He 
married  (1),  in  1878,  Ellen  Penelope, 
daughter  of  the  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  Valpy 
French,  Bishop  of  Lahore  (she  died  in 
1892)  ;      (2)     in      1895,      Ethel      Mary, 


KNOX  — KOCH 


607 


daughter  of  the  Rev.  Canon  Newton, 
vicar  of  Redditoh.  Address  :  St.  Philip's 
Rectory,  Birmingham. 

KNOX,  Mrs.,  nte  Isa  Craig,  was  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Oct.  17, 1831.     At  an  early 
age  she  began  to  contribute  anonymously 
to  several  periodicals,    and  at    last   her 
poetical    contributions    to    the    Scotsman, 
under     the     signature    "Isa,"    attracted 
attention,  and  led  to  her  employment  in 
the  literary  department  of   that  journal. 
In  1856  she  published  a  collection  of  her 
poems.     In  1857  she  came  to  London,  and 
her  services  were  engaged  by  Mr.  Hastings 
in  organising  the  National  Association  for 
the  Promotion  of  Social  Science,  to  which 
she  acted  as  secretary  and  literary  assis- 
tant, until  her  marriage  with  her  cousin, 
Mr.   John   Knox.     In    1859   she   won  the 
first  prize  for  her  Ode  (against  620  com- 
petitors), recited  at  the  Burns  Centenary 
Festival,  and  in  1865  published  "Duchess 
Agnes,"  and  other  poems.     Among  later 
works  from  her  pen  may   be   mentioned 
"  Songs  of  Consolation,"  1874,  and  "Esther 
West,"  a  story,  which  in  1880  was  in  its 
fifth  edition.     In   1892  selections  of   her 
poetry  were  edited  by  Dr.  Japp. 

KNTTTSFORD,  Viscount,  The 
Bight  Hon.  Henry  Thurstan  Hol- 
land, Bart.,  G.C.M.G,  Knight  of  Justice 
of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Holland,  the 
famous  physician,  and  President  of  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  and 
Emma,  daughter  of  James  Caldwell, 
Limley  Wood,  Staffordshire,  was  born 
on  Aug.  3,  1825,  and  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking 
his  University  degree  in  1847.  After  the 
usual  preliminaries  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1849  by  the  Honourable  Society 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  joined  the 
Northern  Circuit.  Undertakings  of  a 
difficult  and  delicate  nature  soon  de- 
volved upon  him,  and  he  was  frequently 
employed  by  the  Treasury,  in  conjunction 
with  Sir  W.  Stephenson,  the  late  Mr. 
George  Hamilton,  then  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury,  and  the  late  Mr.  George  Ar- 
buthnot,  also  attached  to  the  same  office, 
to  revise  and  reorganise  the  establishment 
of  various  public  offices,  among  the  num- 
ber being  the  Ecclesiastical  Commission, 
the  Poor  Law  Board,  and  the  Woods  and 
Forests  Commission.  In  1851  he  was 
appointed  by  the  then  Lord  Chancellor 
to  the  onerous  duty  of  drawing  up  the 
Bill  which,  in  1852,  became  law  under 
the  title  of  the  Common  Law  Procedure 
Act,  1852.  This  task  he  carried  out  under 
the  direction  of  the  late  Mr.  Justice  Willes, 
one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners.  The 
Common    Law    Procedure    Act  of    1854 


which  followed  the    measure  just  men- 
tioned, was  the  next  work  upon  which 
Sir  Henry  Holland  was  engaged  as  drafts- 
man.    He  was  next  employed  by  Lord 
Chief  Baron  Sir  Fitzroy  Kelly  in  drafting 
two  of  the  criminal  measures  which  be- 
came  law   in   24th   and  25th   Vict.     The 
County  Court  Judgeship  of  Northumber- 
land was  offered  him  by  Lord  Campbell 
when  Lord  Chancellor,  but  the  appoint- 
ment was  declined.     Sir  Henry  continued 
to  practise  at  the  Bar  until  the  beginning 
of  the  year  1867,   when  Lord   Carnarvon 
selected  him   to   fill  the    office  of   legal 
adviser  to   the   Colonial   Office.     In  1870 
he  was  promoted  to  an  assistant  under- 
secretaryship,  and  remained  in  that  office 
until  August   1874,  when  he   resigned  in 
order  to  stand  for   the  borough  of  Mid- 
hurst  ;   he  was  elected  without  a  contest, 
and  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  the  following  session.     In  1885, 
after   the  borough  of  Midhurst  was  dis- 
franchised, Sir  H.  T.   Holland  stood  for 
the  new  borough  of  Hampstead,  and  beat 
his  opponent,  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  by 
a  large   majority.      In  June   1885,  when 
Lord    Salisbury    took    office,    Sir   H.    T. 
Holland   accepted  the  post  of  Financial 
Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  and  held  that 
post  till  the   September  following,  when 
he  was  appointed  Vice-President  of   the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education,  and 
became  a  Privy  Councillor.     He  was  again 
returned   for    Hampstead    in    1886,    and 
again   appointed    Vice-President    of    the 
Council  on  Education.     In  January  1887 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Colonies,  continuing  in  office  till  1892, 
and  as  Secretary  of  State  presided  over 
the  Colonial  Conference  which  was  held 
in    London    in    1887.      In    1888   he   was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  and  took  the  title 
of  Knutsford.     In  1889  he  carried  through 
the   House  of  Lords   a  Bill  for  giving  a 
constitutional     government     to    Western 
Australia,  but  it  was  rejected  in  the  House 
of  Commons.     It  was,  however,  passed  in 
1890  by  both  Houses.      In   1895   he  was 
created     a    Viscount.       Lord    Knutsford 
is   a   Bencher    of    the    Inner    Temple,   a 
Deputy-Lieutenant   of   Middlesex,   and   a 
magistrate  for  the  counties  of  Surrey  and 
of  the  county  of  London.     He  is  also  a 
Trustee  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 
He  married  (1),  in    1852,  Elizabeth  Mar- 
garet,   daughter   of    Mr.    N.    Hibbert    of 
Watford,     and     (2),     in     1858,    Margaret 
Jean,   daughter   of   the   late   Sir   Charles 
Trevelyan.      Addresses  :    Pinewood,   Wit- 
ley,  Godalming,  Surrey  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

KOCH,  Professor  Dr.  Robert,   the 

eminent  bacteriologist,  was  born  at  Klaus- 
thai,  in  Hanover,  on  Dec.  11,  1843.  He 
studied  medicine   at  the    University    of 


608 


KOHLRAUSCH  —  KOLTZOFF-MASSALSKY 


Gottingen  from  1862  to  1866,  and  having 
taken  Ms  degree  was  appointed  assistant- 
surgeon  in  the  General  Hospital  at  Ham- 
burg, and  afterwards  practised  privately 
at  Langenhagen  in  Hanover,  and  at  Racke- 
witz  in  Posen.  In  1872,  when  District 
Surgeon  at  Walistein,  he  began  his  bac- 
teriological investigations,  and  conse- 
quently was  appointed  in  1880  a  member 
of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Health.  About 
that  time  he  discovered  a  method  of  colour- 
ing microscopical  preparations,  by  means 
of  which  he  in  1882  isolated  the  tubercle 
bacillus,  and  produced  tuberculosis  by  its 
inoculation  in  animals.  In  1883  he  was 
appointed  a  Privy  Councillor,  and  given 
the  direction  of  the  German  Cholera  Com- 
mission, which  visited  Egypt  and  India. 
He  then  discovered  the  so-called  "  comma" 
cholera  bacillus,  and  for  his  services  re- 
ceived a  gift  of  100,000  marks  (£5000). 
Two  years  later  he  went  to  France  to 
make  further  investigations  in  regard 
to  the  cholera  bacillus,  and  on  his  re- 
turn was  appointed  Professor  in  Berlin 
University  and  Director  of  the  Institute  of 
Hygiene  in  Berlin.  In  1891  he  became  an 
honorary  Professor  and  Director  of  the 
New  Institute  for  Infectious  Diseases.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1890  he  became 
famous  for  his  discovery  of  the  phthisis 
bacillus,  and  for  a  specific  agent  which 
arrests  the  ravages  of  the  same.  Invalids 
crowded  to  Berlin  to  be  inoculated  with 
Dr.  Koch's  lymph,  of  which  the  secret  was 
closely  kept.  The  German  Government 
even  sought  to  obtain  a  monopoly  of  its 
sale.  The  lymph  was  sent  to  various 
hospitals  in  Germany  and  abroad,  notably 
to  King's  College,  London.  A  committee 
of  French  doctors,  however,  visited  Berlin 
in  1890  in  order  to  study  the  newest 
Koch  method,  and  announced,  as  a  result 
of  their  investigations,  that  in  several 
cases  the  lymph  had  aggravated  the  dis- 
ease it  was  meant  to  cure.  The  celebrated 
Virchow  also  maintained  that  the  injected 
lymph  tended  to  produce  centres  of  irri- 
tation. During  the  six  years  (1890-1896) 
work  on  the  Koch  cure  and  bacteria-caused 
disease  has  been  going  on  steadily.  In 
1897  he  said  that,  on  the  whole,  his  ex- 
periments led  him  to  believe  that  perfect 
immunity  from  tuberculosis  was  brought 
about  in  two  or  three  weeks  after  using 
the  larger  doses  of  his  newer  tuberculin  ; 
but  he  uttered  an  emphatic  warning 
against  unrealisable  expectations.  A 
patient  who,  in  the  natural  course  of 
things,  has  only  a  few  more  months  to 
live  can  gain  no  benefit  from  his  treat- 
ment ;  but  with  suitable  cases  he  has  had 
no  failure.  In  1896  he  was  summoned  to 
Cape  Colony  to  study  the  cattle  plague 
(rinderpest)  then  raging  in  South  Africa. 
In  the  next  year  he  visited  India  to  study 


the  bubonic  plague,  whence  he  went  to 
German  East  Africa  and  discovered  that 
this  plague  was  really  a  rat  disease,  and 
claimed  that  the  centres  were  Mesopo- 
tamia, Hunan  in  China,  Tibet,  Mecca,  and 
Kissiba,  close  to  the  Victoria  Nyanza. 
He  anticipated  that,  within  a  measurable 
distance  of  time,  the  last  plague  centres 
would  disappear.  He  has  written  works 
on  splenic  fever  and  wound  poison. 

KOHLRAUSCH,  Friedrich,  F.R.S., 
German  physicist,  was  born  at  Rinteln, 
Oct.  14,  1840,  and  is  the  son  of  Rudolf 
Kohlrausch,  Professor  of  Physics  at  Er- 
langen.  He  was  educated  chiefly  by  his 
father,  and  at  an  early  age  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  Physic  at  Gottin- 
gen. He  was  promoted  in  succession  to 
Zurich,  Darmstadt,  Wiirzburg,  Strasburg, 
and  finally  appointed  President  of  the  Im- 
perial Physical  and  Technical  College  at 
Charlottenburg.  His  chief  works  have 
been  :  "Leitfaden  der  praktischen  Physik," 
of  which  the  eighth  edition  was  published 
at  Leipsig  in  1896;  "Das  Leitvermogen 
der  Elektrolyte  "  (Leipsig),  1898,  in  con- 
junction with  L.  Holborn.  He  also  contri- 
butes greatly  to  the  Annalen  der  Physik. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  scientific  societies 
of  Berlin,  Munich,  St.  Petersburg,  Up- 
sala,  and  Haarlem,  and  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London.  Address  :  25b  March- 
strasse,  Charlottenburg. 

KOLLIKER,  Rudoph.  Albert  von, 

F.R.S.,  German  physiologist  and  anato- 
mist, was  born  at  Zurich,  July  6,  1817, 
and  became  Professor  of  Physiology  at  his 
native  town  in  1845.  He  was  promoted 
to  the  chair  of  Anatomy  at  Wiirzburg 
in  1847.  Among  his  chief  works  are : 
"  Manual  of  Human  Histology,"  1852, 
which  was  translated  into  English  in 
1854  ;  and  the  Challenger  report  on  Penna- 
tulida,  1880. 

KOLTZOFF  -  MASSALSKY,  Prin- 
cess von,  whose  literary  pseudonym  is  the 
"Princess  Dora  d'Istria,"  was  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Michael  Ghika,  and  niece  of 
Prince  Gregory  IV.,  who  was  the  first  to 
spread  among  the  people  of  Wallachia  the 
liberal  institutions  of  civilisation.  She 
was  born  at  Bucharest  in  1829,  and  was 
married  in  1849  to  the  Russian  Prince 
Koltzoff-Massalsky.  Disliking  the  absolu- 
tist system  of  government  in  Russia,  she 
quitted  that  country  in  1855.  She  spent 
five  years  in  Belgium  and  Switzerland, 
carefully  studying  the  customs  and  laws, 
and,  having  made  a  tour  through  Greece, 
she  went  to  Italy  in  1861.  At  this  period 
Garibaldi  addressed  to  her  a  letter,  re- 
questing her  to  exert  her  influence  over 
the  Roumanians,  to  induce  them  to  rise  in, 


KOTZE  — KKEHL 


609 


rebellion  against  Austria.  The  Princess, 
who  resides  in  Florence,  is  said  to  be 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  Italian, 
German,  French,  Roumanian,  Greek,  Latin, 
Eussian,  and  Albanian  languages,  and  has 
written  much  on  the  essential  and  vital 
questions  affecting  the  political  and  social 
future  of  the  Greeks,  the  Albanians,  and 
the  Slavs  of  Southern  Europe.  She  is 
an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  "Women's 
Eights,"  and  an  indefatigable  champion 
of  oppressed  nationalities.  Since  1850 
she  has  been  a  contributor  to  the  Revue 
des  deux  Mondes :  and  she  has  written 
many  articles  in  the  French,  Belgian, 
Greek,  German,  Italian,  English,  and 
American  journals.  Among  her  works 
are:  "La  Vie  Monastique  dans  l'Eglise 
Orientale,"  Brussels,  1855  (2nd  edit., 
Paris  and  Geneva,  1858) ;  "La  Suisse  Alle- 
mande  et  P  Ascension  du  Monch,"  4  vols., 
Paris  and  Geneva,  1856,  translated  into 
English  and  German  ;  "  Les  Femmes  en 
Orient,"  2  vols.,  Zurich,  1858;  "Excur- 
sions en  Eoumelie  et  en  Mor^e,"  2  vols., 
Zurich,  1863  ;  "  Des  Femmes,  par  une 
Femme,"  2  vols.,  Paris  and  Brussels,  1865  ; 
"  La  Nazionalita  Albanese  secondo  i  canti 
popolare,"  Cosenza,  1867;  "Discours  sur 
Marco  Polo,"  Trieste,  1869  ;  "  Venise  en 
1867,"  Leipzig,  1870;  "  Gli  Albanesi  in 
Eumenia,"  a  history  of  the  Princesses 
Ghika  in  the  seventeenth,  eighteenth,  and 
nineteenth  centuries,  published  in  the 
Rivista  Europea,  1871-73;  "Eleonora  de 
Hallingen,"  and  "  Ghizlaine,"  two  novels, 
1871 ;  "  La  Poesie  des  Ottomans,"  2nd 
edit.,  Paris,  1877  ;  and  "  The  Condition  of 
Women  among  the  Southern  Slavs,"  1878. 
A  detailed  list  of  her  works  is  given  in 
the  "Bibliografia  della  Principesse  Dora 
d'Istria,"  6th  edit.,  Florence,  1873. 

KOTZE,  ex-Chief-Justice  of  the  South 
African  Republic,  is  a  Cape  Dutchman  by 
birth,  has  been  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple,  and  has  always  been  much 
in  favour  of  an  English  system  in  matters 
legal.  He  has  translated  into  English, 
and  annotated  "Van  Lieuwen's  well-known 
Eoman-Dutch  text-book.  He  is  now  edit- 
ing the  Transvaal  Law  Eeports  in  1881. 
Chief-Justice  Kotze  first  came  into  noto- 
riety for  condemning  to  death  two  high- 
way robbers  who  had  shot  at  a  policeman. 
The  men  were  reprieved  after  the  sentence 
had  been  everywhere  protested  against. 
He  was  dismissed  by  President  Kriiger 
(q.v.)  in  February  1898  for  refusing  to 
comply  with  the  law  of  1897,  by  the  4th 
section  of  which  the  judges  were  directed 
to  treat  the  resolutions  of  the  Volksraad 
as  laws.  He  declared  this  to  be  a  trespass 
on  the  liberties  of  the  people  and  an 
attack  on  the  independence  of  the  country, 
and    more    particularly    of    the    voteless 


Uitlanders,  whose  property  would  depend 
absolutely  on  the  pleasure  of  the  majority 
of  the  Volksraad  for  the  time  being.  He 
claimed  for  the  Bench  the  so-called  "  Test- 
ing Right,"  i.e.,  the  right  to  see  whether 
laws  passed  by  the  Volksraad  are  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
Orondwet,  or  written  constitution.  Mr. 
Kotze  came  to  England  in  June  1898  to 
lay  his  case  before  the  Colonial  Secretary, 
by  whom  he  was  received  most  sym- 
pathetically. 

KOUR.OPATKIN,   Major -General, 

of  the  Eussian  army  (sometimes  spelled 
Koropatkin  and  Kuropatkin),  is  said  to  have 
been  born  in  1843,  and  was  first  famous 
as  the  chief  of  the  staff  to  General 
Skobeleff.  He  was  left  for  dead  at  the 
Shipka  Pass.  After  the  Eusso  -  Turkish 
war  he  wrote  a  book  upon  its  operations. 
Although  Skobeleff 's  right-hand  man,  he 
held  the  rank  of  Captain  only  during 
the  Eusso  -  Turkish  war ;  after  which, 
however,  he  obtained  the  command  of 
the  light  troops  in  Turkestan.  He  was 
again  with  Skobeleff  at  the  attack  on 
Geok  Tepe,  where  he  had  the  rank  of 
Colonel. 

KOWAIEWSKT,     Alexander, 

F.E.S.,  embryologist,  was  born  at  Duna- 
burg,  Nov.  19,  1840,  and  became  Professor 
at  St.  Petersburg.  He  is  known  for  his 
researches  on  the  embryology  of  inverte- 
brates, which  led  to  Haeckel's  (q.v.)  "Theory 
of  the  Gastroea"  ;  for  his  discovery  of  the 
true  position  of  the  Ascidians  ;  and  for 
investigations  of  the  development  of  the 
Brachiopods.  He  was  elected  a  Foreign 
Member  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  is  now 
Professor  at  Odessa. 

KRANTZ,  Camille,  French  states- 
man, was  born  at  Epinal  in  1848.  His 
father  was  a  life  Senator  and  Commis- 
sioner-General of  the  1878  Exhibition. 
He  studied  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique, 
and  became  an  engineer.  In  1893  he 
was  elected  deputy  for  his  native  town, 
Epinal,  and  acted  as  reporter  on  the 
last  French  Budget.  In  religious  matters 
M.  Camille  Krantz  is  a  Protestant.  He 
entered  official  life  on  the  offer  of  M. 
Dupuy,  made  in  October  1898,  to  accept 
the  portfolio  of  Minister  of  Public  Works 
in  the  new  Government  which  succeeded 
that  of  M.  Brisson,  and  in  May  1899  he 
succeeded  M.  de  Freycinet  on  his  resigna- 
tion. 

EBEHL,  Ludolf,  is  Professor  of 
Arabic  at  Leipzig,  and  Chief  Librarian  of 
the  University.  For  the  past  forty-eight 
years  he  has  been  editor  of  the  Zeitschrift, 
the  organ  of  the  German  Oriental  Society, 

2  Q 


610 


KROPOTKIN  —  KRUGER 


and  has  contributed  many  important 
papers  to  its  pages.  His  principal  work 
is  the  edition  of  Bukhary's  "Corpus  of 
Mohammedan  Traditions."  Other  works 
by  Professor  Krehl  are  "  The  Religion  of 
the  Pre-Islamic  Arabs,"  1863  ;  "Essays  on 
the  Koranic  Doctrine  of  Predestination 
and  Faith,"  1877;  "The  Life  of  Moham- 
med," 1884,  &c. 

KROPOTKIN,  Prince  Petr  Alexeie- 
vitch,  a  Russian  revolutionist  and  geo- 
grapher, was  born  at  Moscow,  Dec.  9,  1842. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  entered  the  Corps 
of  Pages  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  was  pro- 
moted Lieutenant  in  1862.  Attracted  by 
the  desire  of  travelling,  he  joined  a  regi- 
ment of  Cossacks  of  the  Amur,  and  spent 
five  years  in  Eastern  Siberia,  first  as 
Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Military  Governor  of 
Transbaikalia,  and,  after  1863,  as  Attache' 
for  Cossacks'  Affairs  to  the  Governor- 
General  of  Eastern  Siberia.  During  these 
five  years  he  thrice  visited  the  Amur  and 
Usuri,  and  made  extensive  journeys  in 
Siberia  and  Mantchuria.  In  1863  he 
crossed  North  Mantchuria  from  Trans- 
baikalia to  the  Amur,  vid  Merghen ;  in 
the  same  year  he  took  part  in  the  first 
steamer  expedition  up  the  Sungari  to 
Ghirin.  Accounts  of  these  journeys,  and 
several  others,  are  published  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Russian  and  the  Siberian 
Geographical  Society,  from  the  former  of 
which  he  received  the  Gold  Medal.  Pro- 
moted Captain  in  1865,  he  returned  in 
1867  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  studied  four 
years  at  the  Mathematical  Faculty  of 
that  University,  and  acted  as  Secretary 
to  the  Physical  Geography  Section  of 
the  Geographical  Society.  He  then  pub- 
lished the  reports  of  his  chief  expeditions 
to  the  Olekma  and  Vitim  Highlands,  as 
well  as  a  general  sketch  of  the  Orography 
of  Eastern  Siberia.  In  1871  he  was  sent 
by  this  society  to  explore  the  glacial 
deposits  in  Finland  and  Sweden,  the 
account  of  which  is  embodied  in  a  larger 
work  on  the  Glacial  Period,  the  first 
volume  of  which  was  published  by  his 
brother  Alexander,  in  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Geographical  Society,  while  he  was 
confined  in  prison.  In  1872  he  paid  a 
visit  to  Switzerland  and  Belgium,  and 
became  acquainted  with  the  International 
Working- Men's  Association,  and  joined 
the  most  advanced  anarchist  section  of 
it.  He  returned  to  Russia  and  became  a 
member  of  the  widely  -  spread  organisa- 
tion of  the  Tchaykovtzy  ;  was  arrested  in 
March  1874,  and  confined  to  the  fortress 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  write  on  the  Glacial  Period. 
He  was  transferred  to  the  prison  of  the 
Military  Hospital,  and  escaped  on  July  12, 
1876,  and   went  to  England.     The  next 


year  he  rejoined,  in  Switzerland,  the  Jura 
Federation  of  the  International  Working- 
Men's  Association,  and  in  February  1879 
founded  at  Geneva  the  anarchist  paper  La 
Revolte,  now  published  in  Paris.  Expelled 
from  Switzerland  in  September  1881,  he 
stayed  first  for  a  few  months  at  Thonon, 
while  his  wife  passed  her  examination  of 
B.  Sc,  and  then  went  to  reside  in  England, 
where  he  roused  an  agitation  against  the 
Russian  Government  both  in  the  press 
(Newcastle  Chronicle,  Fortnightly  Review, 
and  Nineteenth  Century),  and  by  a  series 
of  lectures  at  Newcastle  and  in  Scotland. 
In  October  1882  he  went  again  to  stay 
at  Thonon,  where  he  was  arrested  Dec. 
20,  1882.  On  Jan.  19,  1883,  he  was  con- 
demned by  the  Police  Correctionnelle  . 
Court  at  Lyons  to  five  years'  imprison- 
ment for  participation  in  the  International 
Working  -  Men's  Association.  He  was 
liberated  on  Jan.  15,  1886,  by  decree  of 
the  President  of  the  French  Republic. 
His  anarchist  papers  contributed  to  La 
Rivolte  have  been  collected  by  his  friend 
Elise"e  Reclus,  and  were  published  in 
October  1885,  in  a  separate  volume,  under 
the  title  "  Paroles  d'un  ReVolte\"  parts  of 
which  have  had  a  wide  circulation  in  the 
shape  of  pamphlets,  in  English,  German, 
&c.  His  review  articles  on  prisons  were 
published  in  book  form,  in  1887,  under 
the  title  "In  Russian  and  French  Prisons." 
In  1892  appeared  in  French  one  of  his 
latest  nihilistic  utterances,  entitled  "  A  la 
Recherche  du  Pain."  He  has  written  the 
article  on  Russia  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  and  in  "  Chambers's  Encyclo- 
paedia." In  1896  he  issued  "L'Anarchie, 
son  philosophie,  son  ideal,"  which  was 
translated  into  English  in  1897.  In  1898 
appeared  his  "The  State:  its  Part  in 
History."     Address  :  Bromley,  Kent. 

KRUGER,  Stephanus  Johannes 
Paulus,  President  of  the  South  African 
Republic,  was  born  at  Rastenburg  in  Cape 
Colony,  Oct.  10,  1825.  With  his  father, 
family,  and  fellow-Boers  he  took  part  in 
the  Great  Trek  of  1836-37,  and  successively 
trekked  to  Natal,  the  Orange  Free  State, 
and  the  Transvaal.  When  quite  young  he 
was  a  spectator  of  the  battles  in  which  the 
advancing  Boers  drove  the  Matabele  under 
Moselikatse,  father  of  Lobengula,  across 
the  Limpopo.  In  his  youth  he  was  re- 
nowned as  a  fine  game  shot  and  splendid 
runner.  He  shot  great  quantities  of  wild 
animals  in  the  uncultivated  countries  tra- 
versed by  the  Boers.  He  became  a  "  Dop- 
per  "  or  member  of  the  strictest  sect  of  the 
Dutch  Reformed  Church,  and  even  dis- 
tinguished himself,  like  the  Puritans  of 
old,  as  a  preacher.  The  Bible  was  his 
sole  education,  and  considering  what  the 
Boer    ideals   were,  he  needed  no  other. 


KWANG-HSU 


611 


He  became  a  Field  Cornet,  District  Com- 
mandant, and  Commandant,  and  in  1872 
he  became  a  Member  of  the  Executive 
Council  under  President  Burgers,  and  was 
even  then  distinguished  for  coolness,  cour- 
age, and  common-sense.  In  the  war 
against  England  in  1881  he  was  chosen 
Head  of  the  Provisional  Government,  and 
this  post  was  made  permanent  in  1883, 
when  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
South  African  Republic  for  five  years.  He 
was  re-elected  in  1888  and  1893.  On  the 
occasion  of  Jameson's  Raid  and  the  abor- 
tive insurrection  in  Johannesburg  (1896), 
by  a  masterly  display  of  what  his  enemies 
call  finesse,  and  what  many  good  judges  re- 
gard as  diplomacy,  he  succeeded  in  prevent- 
ing the  Uitlanders,  or  what  he  considered 
money-hunting  foreigners,  from  acquiring 
equal  rights  with  the  Boers,  his  old  pas- 
toral confreres.  He  was  humane  and 
moderate  on  more  than  one  occasion 
during  the  days  succeeding  the  Raid.  In 
1897  the  Transvaal  demanded  an  indem- 
nity for  the  Raid  of  £600,000  for  material 
damage  and  £1,000,000  for  "moral  dam- 
age," besides  a  small  sum  of  odd  shillings 
and  pence,  which  excited  the  mirth  of 
those  who  failed  to  see  the  satire  involved 
in  this  scrupulously  accurate  bill  of  costs. 
In  February  1898  he  was  re-elected  for  the 
fourth  time  by  an  overwhelming  majority, 
obtaining  more  than  12,800  votes,  while 
Mr.  Schalk  Burger  polled  only  3700,  and 
General  Joubert  2001.  As  the  white  popu- 
lation numbers  180,000,  and  the  total 
number  of  votes  polled  was  only  18,600, 
this  gives  an  idea  of  the  oligarchic  char- 
acter of  what  is  really  a  seventeenth-cen- 
tury Dutch  republic.  A  statue  has  been 
erected  to  President  Kriiger  at  Pretoria. 
It  is  characteristic  of  the  man  and  his 
friends  that  Mrs.  Kriiger's  especial  wish 
should  have  been  respected,  and  that  the 
hat,  an  ugly  chimney-pot,  should  have  been 
left  rootless,  so  that  rain-water  may  collect 
there  and  afiord  solace  to  thirsty  birds. 
He  is  called  "Oom  Paul"  by  his  adoring 
subjects,  and  is  a  typical  Boer  in  appear- 
ance and  mind.  His  supporters  regard 
him  as  a  strong,  sincere  man,  a  type  out 
of  seventeenth-century  Holland,  who  has 
struggled  successfully  against  usurping 
hands,  and  retained  the  independence  of 
his  little  fatherland  against  overwhelming 
odds.  His  official  income  is  £7000  per 
annum,  besides  innumerable  allowances. 
Like  Hazelrigg  of  old,  he  has  already 
amassed  a  very  large  fortune,  but  the 
simplicity  of  his  life  and  surroundings 
renders  wealth  a  superfluity. 

KWANG-HSTJ,  Emperor  of  China, 

who  may  be  likened  to  Joseph  II.  of  Aus- 
tria, was  born  on  Aug.  15,  1871,  and  is  a 
cousin  of  the  late  Emperor  Tung-Chih,  and 


nephew  of  his  predecessor  Hsien-Feng,  and 
succeeded  to  the  throne  on  Jan.  12,  1875, 
previously,  in  accordance  with  Chinese 
custom,  having  taken  the  name  of  Tsai- 
t'-ien.  His  Kwo  Sao,  or  reigning  name,  is, 
however,  the  above.  Until  he  was  twenty- 
one  he  was  under  the  regency  of  his  aunt, 
Tze-hsi  {q.v.),  the  Empress-Dowager,  who, 
although  sprung  from  the  dregs  of  the 
people,  is  admitted  to  be  a  woman  of  great 
energy  and  ability.  She  has  often  been 
compared  to  Catherine  the  Great,  and  the 
analogy  is  not  infelicitous,  in  regard  to  her 
greed  of  power,  extravagance,  and  other 
characteristics.  In  July  1898  the  German 
Emperor  presented  Kwang-Hsu  with  the 
Order  of  the  Black  Eagle  set  in  diamonds. 
For  some  time  past  he  had  been  much 
influenced  by  one  of  his  advisers,  Kang- 
Yu-Wei,  the  Cantonese  reformer,  who  per- 
suaded him  to  issue  a  decree  ordering  his 
people  to  cut  off  their  pig-tails,  assume 
foreign  dress,  and  adopt  a  curious  form  of 
Christianity  which  he  had  evolved  from 
the  teaching  of  the  English  missionaries, 
and  had  afterwards  corrected  in  accord- 
ance with  the  teachings  of  Confucius. 
The  Emperor's  reforming  decrees  amount 
to  some  two  hundred  perhaps,  and  evince  a 
sincere  desire  for  the  reform  of  a  corrupt 
bureaucracy.  One  of  the  most  important 
edicts  was  issued  in  August  1898,  and 
abolished  the  time-honoured  system  of 
literary  essays  in  ancient  subjects  which 
constitute  the  examinations  for  governor- 
ships, &c.  The  essays,  the  edict  provided, 
were  in  future  to  deal  with  practical  mo- 
dern subjects,  and  the  highest  examination 
of  all  was  to  be  held  in  the  Emperor's 
presence.  Calligraphy,  which  in  China 
implies  a  scholar's  knowledge  of  words, 
was  in  future  not  to  be  insisted  on  on  the 
ground  of  its  being  "an  empty  accomplish- 
ment." Another  very  important  reform, 
promulgated  in  June,  provided  that  mem- 
bers of  the  Imperial  family  should  in  future 
be  sent  abroad  to  travel  and  study.  A 
college  of  foreign  literature  and  science  at 
Peking  was  also  projected,  and  education 
was  in  many  ways  to  be  popularised.  In 
April  1898  the  Empress-Dowager  openly 
threatened  to  dethrone  him  if  he  persisted 
in  these  schemes  of  reform.  However,  in 
July,  he  promulgated  a  decree,  the  effect 
of  which  was  to  close  about  two-thirds 
of  the  Buddhist  temples  throughout  the 
Empire.  The  Empress  warned  him  that 
he  was  going  too  fast,  throwing  thousands 
of  officials  into  idleness,  and  getting  him- 
self detested  by  the  old  Manchu  aristocracy. 
On  Sept.  21,  1898,  by  a  coup  d'etat,  in  con- 
junction with  Li  Hung  Chang  {q.v.),  she 
seized  the  reins  of  power,  arrested  the 
young  Emperor's  reforming  advisers,  and 
sequestered  him  within  the  precincts  of 
the   Summer   Palace   at   Peking.     It   was 


612 


KYLLACHY  —  LAFARGE 


even  reported  that  the  young  Emperor  had 
been  assassinated,  and  that  the  Empress 
wished  to  place  Prince  Kung's  grandson 
on  the  throne.  Kang  escaped  to  Shanghai 
in  a  British  steamer.  His  character  has 
been  sketched  thus:  "The  Emperor  ap- 
pears to  be  a  sickly  youth  with  a  melan- 
choly, but  not  unattractive  countenance, 
given  to  violent  fits  of  passion,  which  he 
gratifies  in  a  relatively  harmless  way  by 
smashing  his  furniture.  In  the  self-imposed 
seclusion  of  his  palace,  within  whose  pre- 
cincts only  women  and  eunuchs  are  allowed 
to  dwell,  he  holds  no  communication  with 
the  outside  world  except  through  the  high 
State  officials,  who  approach  him  on  bended 
knee  to  present  reports  upon  public  affairs 
in  which  the  necessities  of  truth  are  largely 
subordinated  to  the  considerations  of 
courtly  expediency.  When  he  goes  forth 
to  sacrifice  in  one  of  the  Imperial  temples, 
the  streets  through  which  he  passes  are 
carefully  cleared  and  guarded,  the  houses 
on  either  side  are  shut  off  with  heavy 
hangings,  the  ground  is  strewn  with  yellow 
sand,  and  everything  removed  which  might 
offend  the  sensitiveness  of  Imperial  eyes 
or  nostrils.  Through  the  deserted  thorough- 
fares the  Son  of  Heaven  flits,  generally  in 
the  stillness  of  night,  like  a  ghost  borne  in 
a  lofty  palanquin "  (Valentine  Chirrol). 
The  Emperor  is  a  keen  student  of  English. 
He  is  married,  but  childless. 

KYLLACHY,  Lord,  William 
Mackintosh,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
Edinburgh  and  Inverness-shire,  was  born 
in  Inverness  on  April  9,  1842,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Mackintosh, 
of  Inshes  House,  Inverness-shire.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  passed 
as  Advocate  in  1866 ;  was  Procurator  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland,  1880  ;  Sheriff  of 
Ross,  Cromarty,  and  Sutherland,  1881  ; 
Dean  of  Faculty,  1886 ;  and  was  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Session,  1889.  In 
1869  he  married  Jane,  daughter  of  David 
Stevenson,  C.E.,  Edinburgh.  Addresses : 
Kyllachy,  Tomatin,  Inverness-shire ;  and 
6  Randolph  Crescent,  Edinburgh. 


LABORI,  Femand  Gustave  Gaston, 

French  lawyer,  was  born  at  Reims,  Aug. 
18,  1860,  and  was  brilliantly  successful  in 
the  law  school  of  Paris,  being  prizeman  in 
1881  and  1883.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar, 
Nov.  11,  1881,  and  in  1887  was  Secretary 
to  the  Bar  Committee.  His  chief  cases 
have  been  in  defence  of  the  assassin 
Duval,  the  anarchist  Pini,  and  the  dyna- 
miter Vaillant.     Civilly,  he  has  defended 


Deputy  Gabriel  Compayre'  in  his  famous 
libel  action  against  Numa  Gilly.  He  has 
also  defended  several  literary  cases,  such 
as  those  of  La  Plume  and  the  Theatre 
Realiste.  But  his  European  reputation  has 
been  founded  on  his  masterly  defence  of 
M.  Zola  {q.K.)  when  accused  of  libelling 
the  President  and  the  French  army.  His 
final  appeal  to  the  jury  lasted  two  days, 
but  was,  of  course,  of  no  avail.  He  also 
defended  the  editor  of  the  Aurore  and 
Colonel  Picquart  in  subsidiary  actions, 
and  he  is  now  looking  forward  to  the 
triumph  of  his  client  M.  Zola's  cause. 

LABOUCHERE,  Henry,  M.P.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  John  Labouchere,  of 
Broome  Park,  Surrey,  and  nephew  of  the 
late  Lord  Taunton,  was  born  in  1831,  and 
educated  at  Eton.  He  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  in  1824,  and  was  succes- 
sively Attache'  at  Washington,  Munich, 
Stockholm,  Frankfort,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  Dresden  ;  he  was  appointed  Third 
Secretary  in  1862,  Second  Secretary  at 
Constantinople  in  1863,  and  retired  in 
1864.  In  1865  he  entered  Parliament  as 
Liberal  member  for  Windsor  ;  but  in  April 
1866  he  was  unseated  on  petition,  and 
from  1867  to  1868  sat  for  Middlesex.  In 
February  1874  he  unsuccessfully  contested 
Nottingham,  but  in  1880  was  returned  at 
the  head  of  the  poll  for  Northampton,  and 
has  since  sat  for  that  borough,  his  fellow- 
member  for  some  years  being  the  late 
Charles  Bradlaugh.  Mr.  Labouchere  was 
returned  at  the  last  general  election  as  a 
strong  Gladstone  Liberal,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  energetic  supporters  of  Mr. 
Gladstone.  In  February  1893  he  took 
part  in  drafting  a  simple  Bill  providing 
that  after  Jan.  1,  1895,  all  members  of 
Parliament  should  be  elected  by  popular 
vote.  Had  this  Bill  become  law,  it  would 
have  had  the  effect  of  putting  an  end  to 
the  existence  of  a  hereditary  House  of 
Lords.  In  March  1894  Mr.  Labouchere 
was  conspicuous  in  his  opposition  to  Lord 
Rosebery's  being  appointed  Premier.  He 
headed  a  "cave"  of  some  twenty  members 
who  are  understood  to  have  been  in  favour 
of  Sir  William  Harcourt's  premiership,  but 
he  eventually  withdrew  his  opposition. 
He  is  proprietor  and  editor  of  Truth,  and 
was  part-proprietor  of  the  Daily  News. 
He  sat  on  the  Jameson  Raid  Royal  Com- 
mission, and  the  extreme  pertinence  of 
his  questions  was  not  a  little  perplexing 
to  the  Rhodesian  party.  Address  :  5  Old 
Palace  Yard. 

LAFARGE,  John,  landscape  and 
ecclesiastical  painter,  best  known  by  his 
mural  and  stained-glass  work,  was  born 
in  New  York,  March  31,  1835.  He  estab- 
lished his  reputation  as  a  brilliant  colourist 


LAFFAN  —  LAMBERT 


613 


and  idealist.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
admirers  of  Japanese  art,  visiting  that 
Empire  in  1866.  In  his  stained  glass  he 
has  almost  performed  the  still  impossible 
task  of  rivalling  the  colours  of  the  finest 
mediaeval  windows,  and  has,  like  many 
other  glass-painters,  perfected  a  method 
of  "leading"  by  which  the  mechanical 
means  are  made  to  contribute  to  the 
rendering  of  details  and  general  effect. 
In  1869  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy,  and  he  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  American  Artists.  An 
account  of  his  work  appeared  in  the 
Portfolio  for  May  1896. 

LAFFAN,  The  Rev.  Robert  Stuart 
de  Courcy,  M.A.,  Principal  of  Chelten- 
ham College,  was  born  on  Jan.  18,  1853, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Lieutenant- 
General  Sir  Robert  Michael  Laff  an,  K.  C.  M.G. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  at 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  of  which  college 
he  was  an  exhibitioner.  He  took  a  first 
class  in  Moderations  and  in  Lit.  Hum. 
(B.A.  1878  ;  M.A.  1884).  He  took  orders 
in  1882 ;  was  Senior  Classical  Master,  and 
afterwards  Chaplain  of  Derby  School, 
1880-84;  Head  Master  of  Edward  VI.'s 
School  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  1884-95  ;  and 
in  1895  was  appointed  to  his  present  post 
at  Cheltenham.  He  announced  his  inten- 
tion of  retiring  from  the  Principalship  in 
August  1899.  Mrs.  de  Courcy  Laffan, 
whom  he  married  in  1883,  has  been  on 
the  staff  of  All  the  Tear  Round  since  1878, 
and  has  published  a  number  of  novels,  of 
which  "  Madelon  Lemoine  "  is  well  known 
and  now  in  its  fourth  edition.  Address  : 
Montpellier  Lodge,  Cheltenham. 

LAGDEN,   Sir  Godfrey  Yeatman, 

K.C.M.G.,  Commissioner  of  Basutoland,  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  R.  Dowse  Lagden, 
of  Balsham  House,  and  was  born  in  1851. 
From  1869  to  1877  he  was  a  clerk  in  the 
General  Post  Office  in  London,  but  in  1878 
he  was  appointed  clerk  to  the  Secretary  to 
Government  of  the  Transvaal  under  British 
protection,  and  later  Private  Secretary  to 
Sir  O.  Lanyon,  Sir  W.  Bellairs,  and  Sir 
Evelyn  Wood  while  administering  the 
Government.  In  1881  he  was  Secretary 
to  the  Transvaal  Royal  Commission  for 
compensation  claims,  and  he  then  served 
as  war  correspondent  in  Egypt  during 
1882.  The  next  year  he  became  Colonial 
Secretary  of  Sierra  Leone,  but  in  1884  he 
returned  to  South  Africa  as  Secretary  and 
Accountant  of  Basutoland.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Assistant  Commissioner  in  1885, 
acting  Commissioner  of  Swaziland  in  1892, 
and  Resident  Commissioner  of  Basutoland, 
1893.  He  married,  in  1881,  Frances,  eldest 
daughter  of  Bishop  Bousfield,  of  Pretoria. 
Address  :  British  Residency,  Maseru. 


LAKING,  Sir  Francis  Henry, 
K.C.V.O.,  M.D.  Heidelberg,  M.R.C.P., 
L.S.A.,  was  born  in  1847,  and  received 
his  medical  education  at  Heidelberg, 
where  he  obtained  the  M.D.  degree  in 
1869,  and  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
London,  where  he  was  House  Physician 
from  1869  to  1870  and  Medical  Registrar 
from  1871  to  1874.  He  is  the  Surgeon- 
Apothecary  to  the  households  or  persons 
of  the  Queen,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and 
the  Dukes  of  York,  Saxe-Coburg,  and 
Connaught.  He  attended  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  the  summer  of  1898,  when  his 
Royal  Highness  was  suffering  from  fracture 
of  the  patella,  and  at  the  same  period  was 
sent  to  visit  the  late  Queen  of  Denmark. 
He  is  "Visiting  Apothecary"  to  St.  George's 
Hospital ;  Consulting  Physician  to  the 
Gordon  Hospital  for  Fistula ;  Assistant 
Physician  to  the  Victoria  Hospital  for 
Children,  &c,  and  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Institution.  He  was  appointed  K.C.V.O., 
September  1898.  He  is  married  to  Emma, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Mansell.  Addresses  : 
62  Pall  Mall,  S.W.  ;  and  13  Addison 
Road,  W. 

LAMB,  Horace,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  son  of 
the  late  John  Lamb,  of  Stockport,  was 
born  on  Nov.  27,  1849,  at  Stockport,  and 
educated  at  Stockport  Grammar  School, 
Owens  College,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  second  Wrangler  and 
second  Smith's  Prizeman  in  1872  ;  Fellow 
and  Assistant-Tutor  of  Trinity  in  1872  ; 
Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  University 
of  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  in  1875  ;  and 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1884  ;  and  Professor  of  Mathematics  in 
Owens  College,  Victoria  University,  Man- 
chester, 1885.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
treatise  on  "  Hydrodynamics,"  and  of 
various  papers  on  Applied  Mathematics, 
principally  on  Hydrodynamics,  Elasticity, 
and  Electro-magnetism.  In  the  year  1890 
he  was  awarded  the  Hopkins  Prize  of 
the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  "  for 
his  various  important  contributions  to 
Mathematical  Physics."  In  1897  he  pub- 
lished a  work  on  the  Infinitesimal  Cal- 
culus. In  1875  he  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  late  Simon  Foot,  of 
Dublin.  Address :  6  Wilbraham  Road, 
Fallowfield,  Manchester. 


LAMBER,     Juliette. 

Mme.  Edmond. 


See     Adam, 


LAMBERT,  George,  M.P.,  is  the  son 
of  the  late  George  Lambert,  of  Spreyton, 
Devonshire,  and  was  born  in  1866.  He 
was  educated  at  North  Tawton  Grammar 
School.  He  has  represented  the  South 
Molton  Division  of  Devonshire  as  a  Liberal 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons  since 


614 


LAMINGTON  —  LANDOK 


1891.  Mr.  Lambert  is  Lord  of  the  Manor 
of  Spreyton,  and  himself  farms  part  of  his 
own  estate.  He  has  acted  as  a  Guardian 
of  the  Poor,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Devon 
County  Council.  In  1893  he  moved  the 
Address  in  reply  to  the  Queen's  Speech, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Agriculture.  Addresses :  6  Upper  Bel- 
grave  Street,  S.W.  ;  and  Spreyton,  Bow, 
North  Devon. 

LAMINGTON,  Lord,  Charles  Wal- 
lace Alexander  Napier  Cochrane- 
Baillie,  K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  F.R.C.I., 
Governor  of  Queensland,  was  born  on  July 
29,  1860,  and  is  the  son  of  the  first  Baron 
and  of  Annabella,  daughter  of  Andrew 
R.  Drummond,  of  Cadlands,  Hants,  and 
grand-daughter  of  the  fifth  Duke  of  Rut- 
land. He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  was  in  the 
fourth  class  of  the  Modern  History  School 
in  1880  (B.A.  1881).  In  1885-86  he  was 
Assistant  Private  Secretary  to  the  Premier, 
the  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  and  from  1886 
to  1890  he  represented  North  St.  Pancras 
in  Parliament  in  the  Conservative  interest. 
He  succeeded  his  father  in  1890,  and  in 
1895  he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Queens- 
land. In  the  same  year  he  married  the 
youngest  daughter  of  Sir  William  Hozier. 
Addresses  :  Government  House,  Brisbane, 
Queensland;  26  Wilton  Crescent,  S.W.,  &c. 

LAMONT,     Hon.     Daniel     Scott, 

American  statesman,  was  born  at  East- 
landville,  N.Y.,  Feb.  9,  1851,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  McGrawville  Academy  and 
Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.Y.  He 
was  English  reporter  and  managing  editor 
for  some  years  of  the  Albany  (N.Y.)  Argus ; 
Private  Secretary  and  Military  Secretary 
to  Mr.  Cleveland  during  his  Governorship 
of  N.Y.  State,  1883-85  ;  and  Private 
Secretary  of  President  Cleveland  during 
his  first  term  of  office,  1885-89.  At  the 
beginning  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  second  term 
of  the  Presidency  (March  1893),  Mr. 
Lamont  entered  the  Cabinet  as  Secretary 
of  War,  a  position  retained  by  him  till 
March  1897. 

LAMOtTREUX,  Jean,  French  mu- 
sician, was  born  at  Bordeaux  of  poor 
parents,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve  played 
the  violin  at  the  Grand  Theatre  of  his 
native  town.  Two  years  later  he  came 
to  Paris  and  studied  under  Girard  and 
Chauvet.  He  became  one  of  the  orchestra 
at  the  Church  of  La  Trinite",  and  in  1854 
carried  off  the  first  prize  for  violin -playing 
at  the  Conservatoire.  Until  1872  he  was 
the  second  Chef  d'Orchestre  at  the  Con- 
servatoire Concerts,  when  he  founded  the 
Societe"  de  l'Harmonie   Sacree.      In   1875 


be  performed  the  "  Messiah  "  for  the  first 
time  in  Paris,  and  he  introduced  Handel 
and  Bach  to  French  audiences.  In  1880 
he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  the  next  year  his  concerts 
raised  quite  a  furore  in  Paris.  Although 
he  was  unable  to  force  Wagner  upon  the 
attention  of  his  public  in  1887,  he  did 
not  despair,  and  succeeded  in  1891.  His 
Musical  Festivals  are  one  of  the  features 
of  the  Parisian  season,  and  when  he  visited 
London  in  1896  and  1897  he  gained  a  great 
success. 

LANCASTER,  Albert  Benoit 
Marie,  was  born  at  Mons,  Belgium,  on 
May  24,  1849,  and  is  Meteorological  In- 
spector and  Librarian  of  the  Royal  Obser- 
vatory, Brussels  ;  Director  of  the  journal 
Ciel  et  Terre  ;  and  Associate  of  the  Liver- 
pool Astronomical  Society.  M.  Lancaster 
has  written  many  articles  on  meteorology, 
earthquakes,  and  astronomy,  in  various 
Belgian  scientific  publications,  and  many 
separate  works,  e.g.  "  Instructions  pour 
les  Stations  me'te'orologiques  beiges  "  (two 
editions)  ;  "  Discussion  des  Orages  en 
Belgique  "  ;  "La  Pluie  en  Belgique  "  ; 
"  Quatre  Mois  au  Texas,  de  la  Nouvelle 
Orleans  b,  la  Havane  "  ;  also,  jointly  with 
the  late  M.  Houzeau,  the  "  Traits  elemen- 
taire  de  Me'te'orologie  "  (two  editions)  ; 
"Catalogue  des  ouvrages  d'Astronomie  et 
de  Me'tebrologie  qui  se  trouvent  dans  les 
principales  bibliotheques  de  la  Belgique  "; 
and  the  colossal  "  Bibliographie  generale 
de  l'Astronomie,"  now  completed. 

LANDOR,  A.  Henry  Savage,  art- 
ist and  explorer,  was  born  at  Florence, 
and  is  the  grandson  of  Walter  Savage 
Landor.  He  was  educated  at  the  Liceo 
Dante,  Florence,  and  at  Julian's  in  Paris. 
For  several  years  he  travelled  in  the 
East,  through  Japan,  China,  and  Corea, 
but  he  first  made  his  name  by  his 
book  "Alone  with  the  Hairy  Ainos,"  an 
account  of  his  stay  with  the  primitive 
inhabitants  of  the  Kurile  Islands.  He 
subsequently  published  "Corea,  or  the 
Land  of  the  Morning  Calm,"  and  "A 
Journey  to  the  Sacred  Mountain  of  Siao- 
on-tai-shan."  Early  in  1897,  Mr.  Landor 
set  out  from  England  with  the  avowed 
object  of  making  an  entry  into  Tibet,  a 
region  hitherto  inaccessible  to  travellers. 
His  adventures  on  this  expedition,  which 
was  one  of  particular  danger,  were  re- 
corded in  part  in  the  Daily  Mail,  but 
his  letters  suddenly  ceased,  and  horrify- 
ing rumours  of  an  untimely  fate  reached 
this  country.  The  full  story  of  these 
days  came  to  be  written  when  Mr.  Landor, 
after  suffering  almost  indescribable  tor- 
tures, was  released  and  made  his  way 
across  the  Indian  frontier.     In  a  letter 


LANE  —  LANE-POOLE 


615 


which  he  sent  to  Bombay,  Mr.  Landor 
stated  that  after  proceeding  for  no  less 
than  56  marches  with  only  one  bearer  and 
a  sick  coolie  (28  out  of  his  original  com- 
pany of  30  deserted  him  a  few  days  from 
starting),  he  lost  his  provisions,  and,  by 
an  act  of  treachery,  was  made  prisoner 
after  a  desperate  struggle  for  liberty. 
He  and  his  two  men  were  put  in  chains 
and  sentenced  to  death,  but  the  Tibetans 
seeing  that  firing  and  inhuman  torture 
did  not  frighten  him,  Mr.  Landor's  execu- 
tion was  ordered.  The  preparations  for 
this  act  were  of  an  agonisiDg  description. 
However,  at  the  last  moment,  the  Grand 
Lama  commuted  the  sentence  of  decapi- 
tation to  the  torture  of  the  ' '  stretching  log  " 
— a  kind  of  rack  which  injured  the  un- 
happy prisoner's  spine,  legs,  feet,  arms, 
and  hands.  The  effect  of  these  barbarities 
on  Mr.  Landor  can  be  estimated  by  com- 
paring the  two  portraits  of  him,  one  taken 
in  February  and  the  other  in  November  of 
the  same  year  (1897).  Mr.  Landor  re- 
mained chained  up  for  eight  days,  and 
his  two  servants  were  kept  in  fetters  and 
manacles  for  eighteen  days.  The  prisoners 
were  subsequently  released,  and  Mr.  Lan- 
dor reached  India,  physically  ruined  for 
life,  and  with  22  wounds.  These  unparal- 
leled adventures  were  afterwards  recounted 
in  "The  Forbidden  Land,"  published  in 
September  1898.  The  volume  was  illus- 
trated from  photographs,  and  from 
sketches  made  by  the  author  on  the 
spot,  except  on  certain  readily-imagined 
occasions.  Naturally,  the  book  in  ques- 
tion aroused  a  high  feeling  amongst 
Englishmen,  which  was  equalled  only 
by  the  universal  sympathy  for  the  nar- 
rator. Mr.  Landor  is,  at  the  time  of  going 
to  press,  engaged  on  a  lecturing  tour 
through  England.  His  address  in  Eng- 
land is  the  Grosvenor  Club,  New  Bond 
Street. 

LANE,  Richard  Ouseley  Blake, 
Q.C.,  J.P.,  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate 
for  West  London,  was  born  in  1842,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Kev.  J.  Lane  of 
Killashee.  He  went  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1870,  was  made  Q.C.  in 
1890,  and  was  appointed  a  Police  Magis- 
trate for  North  London  in  1893,  and  for 
West  London  in  1895.  He  married,  in 
1867,  Sophia,  daughter  of  P.  M.  Burke. 
Addresses  :  2  Westgate  Terrace,  South 
Kensington,  S.W.  ;  and  1  Temple  Gardens, 
E.C. 

LANE-POOLE,  Stanley,  born  in 
London,  Dec.  18,  1854,  eldest  son  of  E.  S. 
Poole,  of  the  Science  and  Art  Department 
(who  died  in  1867),  was  educated  under 
the  direction  of  his  great-uncle,  E.  W. 
Lane,  the  Orientalist,   and  proceeded  to 


Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  whence  he 
took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1878,  M.A.  1895. 
As  early  as  1870  his  studies  had  been 
turned  towards  numismatics  by  his  uncle, 
R.  S.  Poole,  the  Keeper  of  Coins  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  in  1872  he  published 
his  first  treatise  on  Arabic  Coins  in  the 
Chronicle  of  the  Numismatic  Society.  In 
1874  he  was  appointed  by  the  Trustees  of 
the  British  Museum  to  write  the  official 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Oriental  Coins  "  in  the 
national  collection  ;  the  work  appeared  in 
8  vols.,  1875-83,  and  was  couronni  by  the 
French  Institute.  Three  volumes  of  a 
subsequent  "  Catalogue  of  Indian  Coins  " 
were  published  in  1884-92,  and  2  vols, 
of  "Additions  to  the  Oriental  Collection  " 
in  1890.  A  "Catalogue  of  the  Arabic 
Glass  Weights  in  the  British  Museum," 
making  the  fourteenth  volume  of  cata- 
logue, followed  in  1891 ;  and  a  "  Catalogue 
of  the  Mohammedan  Coins  in  the  Bod- 
leian "  was  published  in  1888.  He  has 
also  printed  4  vols,  of  collected  papers  . 
on  Arabic  Numismatics,  1875-93.  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  Lane,  in  1876,  the  duty  of 
completing  his  great  Arabic  Lexicon  de- 
volved on  his  grand-nephew,  who  brought 
out  vols.  6-8,  between  1877  and  1893,  and 
published  a  "  Life  of  E.  W.  Lane"  in  the 
former  year.  In  1883  he  was  sent  to 
Egypt  by  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment, for  which  he  wrote  a  handbook 
of  the  "  Art  of  the  Saracens,"  1886.  With 
a  view  to  collecting  materials  for  a  Cor- 
pus of  Mohammedan  numismatics,  he 
visited  Russia  in  1886,  and  examined  the 
coin  cabinets  of  Stockholm,  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  Constantinople.  In  1888  he 
published  in  2  vols,  the  "Life  of  Strat- 
ford Canning,  Viscount  Stratford  de  Red- 
cliffe,"  from  the  ambassador's  private  and 
official  papers,  of  which  a  popular  edition 
appeared  in  1890  ;  and  in  the  latter  year 
he  edited  the  despatches  of  Sir  G.  F. 
Bowen,  the  colonial  governor,  and  pub- 
lished a  memoir  of  Sir  Richard  Church, 
the  generalissimo  of  the  Greeks  in  the 
War  of  Independence.  His  next  bio- 
graphy (1894)  was  the  "  Life  of  Sir  Harry 
Parkes,  late  Minister  to  China  and  Japan," 
in  which  Mr.  F.  V.  Dickins  collaborated  ; 
and  his  latest  is  a  "  Life  of  Saladin,"  now 
at  press.  He  is  at  present  engaged  upon 
a  "  History  of  Mohammedan  India  "  and 
a  biography  of  the  Emperor  Babar.  His 
chief  works,  besides  those  already  men- 
tioned, are  "  Speeches  and  Table-talk  of 
the  Prophet  Mohammed  "  (Golden  Trea- 
sury Series) ;  and  "  Le  Koran,  sa  Po&ie  et 
ses  Lois "  (Bibliotheque  Elzevirienne), 
1882  ;  "  Arabian  Society  in  the  Middle 
Ages,"  "  Studies  in  a  Mosque,"  1883  (2nd 
edit.,  1893) ;  "  Picturesque  Egypt  "  (edited 
by  Sir  C.  Wilson),  and  "Social  Life  in 
Egypt,"  1883  ;  "  Prose  Writings  of  Jona- 


616 


LANG  — LANGE 


than  Swift,"  1884 ;  "  Swift's  Letters  and 
Journals,"  "  Coins  and  Medals  :  their  Place 
in  History  and  Art,"  1885  (3rd  edit.,  1895) ; 
"The  Moors  in  Spain,"  1886;  "Turkey," 
1888  ;  "  The  Barbary  Corsairs,"  1890  ; 
"History  of  the  Mogul  Emperors,"  1892; 
"  Cairo,"  1892  (3rd  edit.,  1897)  ;  "  Auran- 
zib"  (Rulers  of  India),  1893;  "The  Mo- 
hammedan Dynasties,"  1893.  In  all,  he 
has  published  about  sixty  volumes.  He 
also  contributed  to  the  "Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  "Chambers's  Encyclopaedia," 
the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography," 
and  weekly  critical  reviews  ;  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Russian  Archaeological  and 
other  learned  societies,  and  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Egyptian  Commission  for 
the  preservation  of  the  monuments  of 
Arab  art.  During  two  visits  to  Cairo  in 
1895  and  1897  he  wrote  a  "  Catalogue  of 
the  Coins  in  the  Khedivial  Library  "  there, 
and  was  instrumental  in  obtaining,  through 
Lord  Cromer's  influence,  a  large  increase 
in  the  Egyptian  grant  for  the  preservation 
of  the  Arab  monuments,  on  which  his 
report  was  presented  to  Parliament  in  the 
Egyptian  Bluebook  for  1896.  He  married, 
in  1879,  Charlotte  Bell,  second  daughter 
of  the  late  David  Wilson,  of  Ballymoney, 
co.  Antrim,  and  niece  of  Gen.  Fr.  R. 
Chesney,  R.A.  Addresses  :  3  Newnham 
Road,  Bedford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LANG,  Andrew,  M.A.,  Hon.  LL.D., 
critic,  poet,  and  anthropologist,  son  of 
John  Lang  and  Jane  Plenderleath  Sellar, 
was  born  at  Selkirk,  Mar.  31,  1844,  and 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  St. 
Andrews  University,  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  gained  first  classes  in 
Classical  Moderations  and  the  Final 
Schools.  In  1868  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford.  In  1888  he 
was  appointed  Gifford  Lecturer  at  St. 
Andrews  University  on  Natural  Religion, 
and  delivered  his  inaugural  address  on 
Jan.  17,  1889.  He  has  published,  in  verse, 
"Ballades  in  Blue  China,"  1881;  and 
"Helen  of  Troy,"  1882;  "Rhymes  a  la 
Mode,"  1884  ;  and  "Grass  of  Parnassus," 
1888  ;  and,  in  prose,  "Custom  and  Myth," 
1884  ;  "Myth,  Ritual,  and  Religion,"  1887. 
He  has  published  also  a  prose  translation 
of  the  "Odyssey"  (with  Prof.  Butcher), 
and  of  the  "  Iliad  "  (with  Messrs.  E.  Myers 
and  Walter  Leaf),  and  of  "Theocritus," 
"Aucassin  and  Nicolette,"  "Perrault's 
Popular  Tales,"  "The  Gold  of  Fairnilee," 
1888  ;  "  Lost  Leaders  "  (a  reprint  of  Daily 
Neivs  articles),  1889;  "Prince  Prigio," 
"  Blue  Fairy  Tale  Book,"  "  Red  Fairy  Tale 
Book,"  "True  Stories  "  ;  and,  in  collabora- 
tion with  Mr.  Rider  Haggard,  in  1890,  "  The 
World's  Desire  "  ;  also  "  The  Life,  Letters, 
and  Diaries  of  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  the 
First  Lord  Iddesleigh,"  1890  ;  a  volume  of 


verse,  entitled  "  Ban  et  Arriere  Ban  "  ;  and 
a  discussion  of  the  spiritualist  controversy, 
entitled  "  Cock-Lane  and  Common  Sense," 
1894.  Among  other  recent  works  of  his 
maybe  mentioned:  "Angling  Sketches," 
"The  Blue  Poetry  Book,"  and  "Essays  in 
Little,"  1891  ;  his  introductory  essays  and 
notes  to  numerous  books,  including  the 
Border  Edition  of  the  Waverley  Novels, 
1892,  and  "  The  Natives  of  Sarawak " ; 
his  series  of  "  Fairy  Books,"  including 
"  My  Own  Fairy  Book,"  1895  ;  "  Life  of 
John  Gibson  Lockhart,"  1896;  "Pickle 
the  Spy,"  an  exhaustive  study  of  Jacobite 
affairs  in  Scotland  subsequent  to  '45 ; 
"The  Book  of  Dreams  and  Ghosts," 
"The  Pink  Fairy  Book,"  1897;  "The 
Companions  of  Pickle,"  and  "  The  Making 
of  Religion,"  1898.  Mr.  Lang  writes 
literary  articles  for  the  Daily  News,  and  is 
a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture. The  monthly  causeries  "  At  the 
Sign  of  the  Ship,"  in  Longmans'  Magazine, 
are  from  his  pen.  Addresses :  1  Marloes 
Road,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LANGE,  FrSulein  Helene,  was  born 
at  Oldenburg  in  1848.  She  stands  in  the 
foremost  ranks  of  those  who  represent  the 
new  ideas  of  women's  education  in  Ger- 
many. After  the  death  of  her  father, 
when  she  was  sixteen,  a  wish  began  to 
make  itself  felt  in  her  to  lead  a  useful 
life,  to  test  her  strength  and  capabilities, 
to  create  for  herself  a  world  with  which 
she  could  feel  in  sympathy,  and  this  at 
last  induced  her  to  take  up  the  life  of  a 
teacher,  a  choice  which  proved  a  happy 
one  in  every  way.  In  1870  she  settled 
permanently  at  Berlin,  and,  after  duly 
qualifying  for  the  profession,  she  was 
called  to  the  head  of  a  training  college  for 
teachers,  which,  under  her  distinguished 
leadership,  very  soon  established  her  repu- 
tation. Her  position  brought  her  into 
contact  with  colleagues  of  all  shades  of 
opinion,  and  she  felt  that  something  must 
be  done  to  stop  the  mischief  of  a  system 
which  leaves  girls'  education  in  the  hands 
of  men.  She  consulted,  and  earnestly 
deliberated  with,  women  whom  she  knew 
to  be  thoroughly  of  one  mind  with  herself, 
and  in  1887  a  petition  was  laid  before  the 
Prussian  House  of  Deputies,  signed  by 
Frl.  Lange  and  others,  praying  for  a  re- 
form of  the  obnoxious  system,  and  for 
institutions  where  women  might  qualify 
for  appointments  as  Oberlehrerinnen.  The 
petition  was  accompanied  by  a  pamphlet, 
written  by  Frl.  Lange,  in  which  she 
thoroughly  exposed  the  hollowness  and 
mischievous  tendency  of  girls'  education 
as  then  carried  on,  and  at  the  same  time 
warmly  vindicated  the  right  of  women  to 
educate  their  own  sex.  The  plain  truth 
had  never  been  told  so  plainly  before,  and 


LANGEVIN  —  LANGFORD 


617 


it  was  enough  to  set  public  opinion  on  fire 
even  outside  the  profession.  Although 
the  petition  was  unsuccessful,  the  Govern- 
ment, in  curious  contrast  to  their  previous 
uncompromising  attitude,  soon  after  sanc- 
tioned the  opening  of  classes  for  history, 
German,  and  literature  for  women  students 
at  the  "Victoria  Lyceum,  which  was  to  be 
equivalent  to  university  study,  and  by 
which  the  capacities  of  women  for  serious 
study  were  to  be  tested.  A  further  step 
towards  a  realisation  of  Frl.  Lange's  plans 
was  the  opening  of  an  institution  where 
women  might  receive  instruction  in  those 
branches  of  science  which  are  the  indis- 
pensable basis  for  any  profession.  These 
classes,  called  Real-kurse  (comprising  ma- 
thematics, chemistry,  natural  sciences, 
national  economy,  and  languages),  were 
opened  in  October  1889,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Empress  Frederick,  on  which  occasion 
Frl.  Lange  delivered  an  address  on  the 
necessity  of  training  women's  faculties, 
which  is  greater  in  our  day  than  it  has 
ever  been  before.  The  advancement  of 
women's  education  and  culture  is  Frl. 
Lange's  one  aim  and  object,  to  which  she 
makes  every  other  interest  subservient. 
She  is  identified  with  every  movement 
tending  to  strengthen  the  capacities  of 
women  and  to  widen  their  spheres  of  in- 
fluence and  usefulness.  The  small  band 
of  those  who  are  working  for  a  near  solu- 
tion of  the  Woman's  Question  in  Germany 
is  increasing  rapidly,  and  their  eyes  are 
fixed  with  hope  and  confidence  on  Frl. 
Lange,  who  has  shown  ability  and  courage 
to  take  initiative  where  it  is  necessary. 

LANGEVIN,  The  Hon.  Sir  Hector 
Louis,  Q.C.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  LL.D., 
born  in  Quebec,  Aug.  25,  1826,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Seminary  in  his  native  city, 
studied  law  at  Montreal,  and  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1850.  He  was  created  Q.C. 
March  30, 1864.  He  was  for  some  time  chief 
editor  of  the  Melanges  Rcligieux,  Montreal ; 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  editors  of  Le 
Courrier  du  Canada,  Quebec,  and  wrote 
"Droit  Administratif  des  Paroisses,  or 
Parochial  Laws  and  Customs  of  Lower 
Canada,"  1862  (second  enlarged  edition, 
1875).  Mr.  Langevin,  elected  Mayor  of 
Quebec  in  December  1857,  was  re-elected 
in  1858  and  1859,  has  filled  the  chair  of 
the  Institut  Canadien,  and  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Jean  Baptiste  Society  of 
Quebec.  He  was  elected  January  2,  1858, 
member  of  the  Provincial  Parliament,  by 
the  county  of  Dorchester,  and  has  always 
supported  the  Conservative  party.  In 
March  1864  Mr.  Langevin  became  Solici- 
tor-General for  Lower  Canada,  with  a  seat 
in  the  Cabinet  in  Sir  E.  P.  Tache's  Ad- 
ministration, and  exchanged  the  former 
post  for  the  Postmaster  -  Generalship  in 


November  1866.  He  was  one  of  the  Cana- 
dian delegates  to  the  conference  at  Prince 
Edward  Island  on  the  question  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  British  North  Ameri- 
can Provinces  in  the  summer  of  1866,  and 
afterwards  to  the  Quebec  Conference,  and 
repaired  to  London  with  other  commis- 
sioners towards  the  end  of  that  year,  in 
order  to  complete  the  arrangements.  On 
the  organisation  of  the  Dominion  Cabinet 
in  1867,  Mr.  Langevin  became  a  Privy 
Councillor,  Secretary  of  State  of  Canada, 
Superintendent-General  of  Indian  Affairs, 
and  Registrar-General ;  and  in  November 
1869  exchanged  that  office  for  that  of 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  which  he  re- 
tained until  the  fall  of  the  Macdonald 
Government  in  1873.  At  the  General 
Elections  of  1878  he  was  returned  for 
Three  Rivers  (which  he  still  represents), 
and  was  sworn  in  as  Postmaster-General 
in  the  Liberal-Conservative  Government  of 
that  year.  This  portfolio  he  resigned,  in 
May  1879,  for  that  of  the  Ministry  of 
Public  Works,  which  he  continued  to  fill 
until  he  resigned  the  office  in  August 
1891.  He  was  made  a  C.B.  after  the 
arrangements  for  the  organisation  of  the 
Dominion  Government,  and  in  1881  had 
the  order  of  K.C.M.G.  conferred  upon  him. 
He  is  also  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Roman  Order  of  St.  Gregory  the  Great, 
and  LL.D.  of  Laval  University.  In  1851  he 
married  Justine,  daughter  of  Colonel  Fetu. 

LANGFORD,   John  Alfred,  LL.D., 

was  born  at  Birmingham,  Sept.  12,  1823, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Mechanics'  In- 
stitute, but  in  1S51  took  private  lessons  in 
classics  and  mathematics  from  Prof.  Lund, 
at  Queen's  College  in  that  town.  His  first 
public  work  was  to  take  a  very  active  part 
in  securing  Aston  Hall  and  Park  for  the 
people,  for  which  he  was  presented  to  the 
Queen,  when  her  Majesty  performed  the 
opening  ceremony  on  June  15,  1858.  He 
was  an  original  Fellow  of  the  Royal  His- 
torical Society,  a  post  which  he  resigned 
in  1877.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  Bir- 
mingham Free  Libraries  Committee, 
1864-74 ;  and  teacher  of  English  Litera- 
ture in  the  Birmingham  and  Midland 
Institute,  1868-74.  In  1875-76  he  visited 
Australia  and  the  United  States,  and  the 
results  of  his  travels  were  published  in  a 
series  of  articles  in  the  Birmingham  Weekly 
Post  in  1876.  He  was  elected  a  Member  of 
the  Birmingham  School  Board  in  1874,  and 
re-elected  in  1876,  1879,  1882,  1885,  and 
1888.  In  1891  he  retired,  having  been  a 
Member  of  the  Board  for  seventeen  years. 
In  1892  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Yardley  School  Board,  and  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  the  Attendance  and  Appeals 
Committee,  but  was  not  a  candidate  for 
re-election    in    1895.       He    has    been    a 


618 


LANGLEY 


Member  of  the  Old  Library  Committee 
since  1871,  and  was  elected  President  in 
1880.  He  has  been  local  editor  of  the 
Birmingham  Daily  Gazette  and  the  Bir- 
mingham Morning  News.  Dr.  Langford  is 
the  author  of  "Religious  Scepticism  and 
Infidelity,"  1850;  "A  Drama  of  Life  and 
Aspiranda,"  and  "Religion  and  Education 
in  Relation  to  the  People,"  1852  ;  "  Eng- 
lish Democracy,"  1855;  "The  Lamp  of 
Life  :  a  Poem,"  1856  ;  "  Poems  of  the 
Fields  and  Town,"  1859;  "Shelley  and 
other  Poems,"  1860  ;  "  Prison  Books  and 
their  Authors,"  1861;  "Pleasant  Spots 
and  Famous  Places,"  1862  ;  "  A  Century 
of  Birmingham  Life,"  2  vols.  1868  ;  "Mo- 
dern Birmingham,"  2  vols.,  1874-77 ; 
"Staffordshire  and  Warwickshire,  Past 
and  Present,"  2  vols.,  1874;  "Birming- 
ham: a  Handbook,"  1879;  "The  Praise 
of  Books,"  1880  ;  "  Child-Life  as  Learned 
from  Children,"  1884  ;  "On  Sea  and  Shore," 
1887;  "Heroes  and  Martyrs,"  1890; 
"Pattie's  Christmas  Tree,"  1892;  "Plea- 
sant Spots  and  Famous  Places,"  second 
series,  1898.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
last  edition  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica";  read  a  number  of  papers  at  the 
meetings  of  the  Birmingham  Archaeolo- 
gical Society,  published  in  its  Transactions; 
and  is  the  author  of  several  pamphlets  on 
current  topics.  The  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Greene- 
ville  and  Tusculum  College  in  1869.  Ad- 
dress :  Astley  House,  Fernley  Road, 
Sparkhill,  Birmingham. 

LANGLEY,  John  Newport,  M.A. 
D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Newbury  on 
Nov.  10,  1852.  He  is  the  second  son  of 
John  Langley,  by  his  wife,  Mary  Groom, 
eldest  daughter  of  Richard  Groom,  for- 
merly Assistant  -  Secretary  in  the  Tax 
Department,  Somerset  House.  Mr.  Lang- 
ley's  earlier  education  was  carried  on 
partly  at  home  and  partly  at  the  Exeter 
Grammar  School.  In  October  1871  he  en- 
tered at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
was  elected  a  Foundation  Scholar  in  May 
1874 ;  and  obtained  a  first  class  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos  in  December  of  the 
same  year.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College  in  October  1877,  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  June  1883. 
In  1884  he  was  appointed  a  Lecturer  in 
Natural  Sciences  in  Trinity  College,  and  a 
Lecturer  in  Histology  in  the  University. 
On  the  lapsing  of  his  Fellowship  in  1885 
he  was  re-elected.  In  1892  he  received 
one  of  the  Royal  medals  for  original  re- 
search awarded  on  the  recommendation 
of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1897  he  was 
elected  to  serve  on  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  1899  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Athenaeum  under 
Rule   2.      Most   of   Mr.  Langley's   papers 


have  been  published  in  the  Journal 
of  Physiology,  the  Proceedings  or  Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Society.  His  observa- 
tions have  for  the  most  part  been  con- 
cerned with  one  of  two  fields  of  research. 
In  the  first  place  he  has  investigated  the 
microscopical  changes  which  take  place 
in  glands  during  secretion  arid  the 
physiological  conditions  of  secretion.  On 
this  subject  he  has  written  on  the  "  Sali- 
vary Glands,"  1879,  1886,  1889;  on  the 
"Gastric  Glands,"  1879,  with  Dr.  Sewall, 
1881,  1882;  on  "The  Liver,"  1882,  1885; 
and  a  series  of  six  papers  on  the  "  Physi- 
ology of  the  Salivary  Secretion,"  1878-90. 
And  in  connection  with  this  subject  he 
has  written  on  the  "Destruction  of  Fer- 
ments in  the  Alimentary  Canal,"  1882; 
with  Miss  Eves  on  the  "Amylolytic 
Action  of  Saliva,"  1882  ;  with  Dr.  Edkins 
on  "Pepsinogen  and  Pepsin,"  1886; 
with  Dr.  Fletcher  on  the  "Secretion  of 
Salts  in  Saliva,"  1888.  In  the  second 
place,  he  has  investigated  the  connections 
and  functions  of  the  sympathetic  nervous 
system.  He  has  written  with  Prof.  Sher- 
rington on  "Pilo-Motor  Nerves,"  1891; 
on  the  "Origin,  Course,  and  Connection 
of  the  Sympathetic  Fibres  for  the  Head," 
1892;  for  the  "Limbs  and  Trunk," 
1891-94  ;  and  for  the  "Lower  Abdominal 
and  Pelvic  Viscera,"  1895-96,  the  latter  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Anderson  ;  with  Dr. 
Anderson  on  the  "Movements of  the  Iris," 
1892 ;  with  Dr.  Anderson  on  "  Reflex 
Action  from  Sympathetic  Ganglia,"  1894  ; 
on  the  "  Regeneration  of  Sympathetic  and 
other  Similar  Nerve-Fibres,"  1895,  1897, 
1898;  on  "White  and  Grey  Rami  Com- 
municantes,"  1896  ;  and  on  the  "General 
Arrangement  of  the  Sympathetic  System," 
1893,  1895,  1896.  Mr.  Langley  has  also 
made  observations  with  regard  to  the 
physiological  action  of  poisons  and  the 
structure  of  the  central  nervous  system. 
On  the  former  subject  may  be  mentioned  : 
"  Pilocarpin,"  1876  ;  "The  Antagonism  of 
Poisons,"  1880 ;  "  Piluri  and  Nicotin," 
with  Dr.  Dickinson,  1890;  "Poisonous 
Action  of  Alkaloids  on  Nerve  Cells," 
with  Dr.  Dickinson,  1890  ;  "  Nicotin  in  the 
Ciliary  Ganglia,"  with  Dr.  Anderson,  1892. 
On  the  latter  subject,  "The  Structure  of 
the  Dog's  Brain,"  1883  ;  "  Secondary  De- 
generation," with  Prof.  Sherrington,  1884, 
and  with  Dr.  Griinbaum,  1890.  He  has 
written  also  on  Hypnotism.  Mr.  Langley 
is  the  joint  author  with  Prof.  Foster  of  a 
"  Practical  Physiology  and  Histology,"  now 
in  its  sixth  edition  ;  and  editor  with  Prof. 
Foster  of  the  Journal  of  Physiology.  Ad- 
dresses :  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

LANGLEY,     Samuel     Pierpont, 
Ph.D.,   LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  American  astrono- 


LANGTON  —  LANKESTER 


619 


mer,  was  born  at  Roxbury,  Boston,  Mass., 
Aug.  22,  1834.  Upon  graduating  from  tbe 
Boston  Latin  School  he  devoted  himself 
at  first  to  civil  engineering,  and  then  for 
a  time  to  architecture,  but  soon  abandoned 
these  professions  for  astronomy.  In  1863 
he  went  to  Europe,  and  upon  his  return  to 
America  in  1865  became  an  assistant  in 
the  Harvard  Observatory.  He  remained 
there,  however,  only  for  a  few  months,  being 
called  to  the  professorship  of  Mathematics 
in  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis. 
From  1867  to  1887  he  was  Director  of 
the  Observatory  of  the  Western  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  (at  Allegheny)  ;  and 
in  January  1887  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
at  Washington,  succeeding  to  the  full 
secretaryship  in  November  1887.  Secre- 
tary Langley  has  accompanied  many  of 
the  parties  sent  out  by  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment to  observe  eclipses  of  the  sun  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  the  study  of 
that  body  being  the  work  to  which  he  has 
largely  devoted  himself,  and  by  which  he 
is  best  known.  Besides  his  lectures  and 
addresses  in  America,  he  in  1885  lectured 
before  the  Royal  Institution  in  London, 
and  in  1882  made  an  address  before  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  at  Southampton.  He  received, 
in  1886,  the  first  Henry  Draper  medal 
awarded  by  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  in  1887  the  Rumford  medals 
from  both  the  Royal  Society  of  London 
and  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  He  is  a  member  of  many  scien- 
tific societies,  American  and  European, 
and  a  correspondent  of  the  Institute  of 
France.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  Harvard  University  in 
1888,  as  well  as  by  other  institutions  of 
learning,  and  that  of  D.C.L.  by  Oxford  in 
1894.  In  addition  to  his  numerous  strictly 
scientific  papers,  he  published  in  1884-85 
in  the  Century  Magazine  some  more  popular 
articles  on  "The  New  Astronomy." 

LANGTON,  John,  F.R.C.S.,  received 
his  medical  education  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  and  became  M.S.  in  1861,  and 
Fellow  in  1865.  He  is  a  Member  of 
Council,  and  has  been  Vice-President  and 
Hunterian  Professor  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  England,  and  a  Member  of 
its  Court  of  Examiners.  He  is  Surgeon 
and  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Surgery  at  his 
own  hospital,  and  surgeon  to  a  number  of 
other  important  institutions.  He  is  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  and 
the  Royal  Medical  'Societies  of  London, 
&c.  To  the  "  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital 
Reports  "  and  the  Transactions  and  Journal 
of  the  Clinical  Society  he  has  contributed 
important  papers  on  "  Hernia,"  &c.  He  is 
also  a  contributor  to  Heath's  "Dictionary 


of  Surgery,"  and  has  edited  Holden's 
"Manual  of  Dissection."  Address:  62 
Harley  Street,  W. 

LANGTRY,  Lillie,  actress,  is  the 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Le  Breton, 
Dean  of  Jersey,  and  was  born  in  1852.  In 
1874  she  was  married  to  Mr.  Langtry,  a 
native  of  Belfast,  and  about  1881,  after 
having  been  for  some  years  celebrated  for 
her  beauty  in  London  society,  determined 
to  go  on  the  stage.  Mrs.  Langtry  made 
her  first  public  appearance  on  Dec.  15, 
1881,  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  in  "She 
Stoops  to  Conquer."  In  January  of  the 
following  year  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  en- 
gaged Mrs.  Langtry  to  play  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  and  she  appeared  in  the 
character  of  Blanche  Haye  in  Robertson's 
play  of  "  Ours."  She  appeared  as  Rosalind 
in  "As  You  Like  It,"  at  the  Imperial 
Theatre,  on  Sept.  23,  1882,  and  subse- 
quently went  to  America.  Mrs.  Langtry 
has  twice  leased  the  Prince's  Theatre  (now 
the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre).  At  the  end 
of  the  summer  season  of  1885  she  weut 
once  more  to  America,  and  in  1887  became 
a  naturalised  citizen  of  the  United  States. 
In  1891  she  leased  the  Princess's  Theatre 
in  London,  and  appeared  as  Cleopatra  in 
"  Antony  and  Cleopatra."  Her  husband 
died  under  melancholy  circumstances  in 
1897. 

LANKESTER,  Professor  Edwin 
Ray,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  eldest  son  of 
Edwin  Lankester,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  coroner 
for  Middlesex,  was  born  May  15,  1847,  at 
22  Old  Burlington  Street,  London,  and  was 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was  appointed 
Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  in  1872,  and  Professor  of  Zoology 
and  Comparative  Anatomy  in  University 
College,  London,  in  1874.  He  is  an 
Honorary  LL.D.  of  the  University  of!  St. 
Andrews  (1885),  Examiner  in  the  Univer- 
sities of  Cambridge,  London,  and  New 
Zealand,  and  one  of  the  Honorary  Fellows 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  his  colleagues 
being  the  late  Lord  Chief-Justice,  Mr. 
Froude,  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones,  Mr.  William 
Morris,  and  the  Regius  Professor  of 
Divinity.  He  is  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Science,  St. 
Petersburg,  &c.  In  1878  the  professorship 
in  London  held  by  Mr.  Lankester  was 
selected  by  Mr.  Jodrell  for  endowment, 
with  the  interest  of  £7000,  and  subse- 
quently large  laboratories  and  a  museum, 
adapted  both  to  class  teaching  and  to  the 
pursuit  of  original  investigations  in  the 
field  of  natural  history,  were  placed  at  his 
disposal  by  the  Council  of  the  College. 
Professor  Lankester  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the   Royal  Society  in   1875.     He  has 


620 


LAJSTSDELL 


published  more  than  a  hundred  scientific 
memoirs  (dating  from  1865),  mostly  on 
comparative  anatomy  and  palaeontology, 
the  chief  of  which  are  "  A  Monograph  of 
the  Fossil  Fishes  of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone 
of  Britain,"  Part  I.,  1870;  "Comparative 
Longevity,"  1871;  "Contributions  to  the 
Developmental  History  of  the  Mollusca " 
(Philos.  Trans.  Royal  Society),  1875  ;  "  De- 
generation, a  chapter  in  Darwinism," 
1880;  "  Limulus  an  Arachnid,"  1881; 
"  Rhabdopleura  and  Amphioxus,"  1889; 
and  the  English  editions  of  Haeckel's 
"  History  of  Creation,"  and  of  Gegenbaur's 
"Comparative  Anatomy."  Besides  these 
he  has  published  numerous  shorter 
memoirs,  and  has  constantly  contributed 
reviews  and  articles  to  the  pages  of  the 
Athenceum,  the  Academy,  and  Nature,  and 
is  the  author  of  the  articles  Hydrozoa, 
Mollusca,  Polyzoa,  Protozoa,  Vertebrata, 
and  Zoology  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica."  Since  1869, 
when  he  joined  his  father,  the  late  Dr. 
Edwin  Lankester,  in  that  work,  he  has 
been  chief  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Microscopical  Science.  During  the  years 
1870-74  he  was  one  of  the  sectional 
secretaries  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  organised 
the  annual  museum  which  has  become  a 
feature  of  the  meetings  of  that  body.  In 
1883  he  was  President  of  the  Biological 
Section  of  the  Association  when  it  met  at 
Southport.  In  the  autumn  of  1876  Pro- 
fessor Lankester  prosecuted  the  spirit- 
medium  Slade,  and  procured  his  conviction 
by  Mr.  Flowers  at  Bow  Street  as  "  a  com- 
mon rogue  and  vagabond."  He  has  also 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  defence  of 
scientific  experiment  on  live  animals  and 
in  the  discussion  of  University  Reform. 
In  April  1882  the  Regius  chair  of  Natural 
History  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
was,  on  the  death  of  Sir  Wyville  Thomson, 
offered  by  the  Home  Secretary  to  Professor 
Lankester,  and  accepted  by  him.  This 
had  been  the  most  coveted  post  to  which 
a  naturalist  could  aspire,  on  account  both 
of  its  pecuniary  value  and  of  its  educa- 
tional importance.  It  was,  however, 
intimated  by  the  Government,  at  the 
moment  of  making  the  appointment,  that 
the  division  of  the  chair  and  the  alteration 
of  the  curriculum  in  such  a  way  as  greatly 
to  reduce  the  professor's  income  from 
students'  fees  were  in  contemplation. 
Finding  that  he  would  be  unable  in  these 
circumstances  to  develop  the  museum  and 
laboratories  of  the  University  in  a  satis- 
factory manner,  on  account  of  the  gene- 
ral uncertainty  as  to  the  contemplated 
changes,  Professor  Lankester  resigned  the 
Regius  Professorship  a  fortnight  after  his 
appointment,  and  was  immediately  re- 
elected to  the  Jodrell    Professorship   in 


London.  In  November  of  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  by  the  Royal  Society  to  be 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  that  body,  and 
for  a  second  term  of  service  in  November 
1888.  In  1884  Professor  Lankester  founded 
the  Marine  Biological  Association,  of 
which  he  is  President.  The  Association 
has  erected  at  Plymouth,  on  a  site  granted 
by  the  War  Office,  a  large  laboratory  and 
aquarium  for  the  study  of  marine  fishes 
and  shell-fish.  The  Association  has  ob- 
tained support  from  the  Fishmongers  and 
other  City  Companies,  and  from  the 
Government,  so  that  it  has  been  able  to 
spend  £12,000  on  the  laboratory,  and  has 
an  income  of  £1000  a  year  to  maintain  it. 
In  1885  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Society 
awarded  to  Professor  Lankester  one  of  the 
Royal  Medals  in  recognition  of  his  dis- 
coveries in  the  field  of  Zoology  and 
Palaeontology.  In  1891  Professor  Lankes- 
ter was  appointed  to  the  Linacre  Pro- 
fessorship of  Human  and  Comparative 
Anatomy  at  Oxford.  In  August  1898  he 
was  appointed  by  the  principal  trustees  of 
the  British  Museum  to  succeed  Sir  William 
Flower  as  Director  of  the  Natural  History 
Department  of  the  British  Museum.  This 
was  a  popular  appointment,  which  put  an 
end  to  the  fear  at  that  time  expressed  by 
scientific  men,  that  the  powers  of  the  Direc- 
tor would  in  future  be  greatly  curtailed.  In 
1890  he  published  "The  Advancement  of 
Science,"  and  in  1891  issued  in  book-form 
his  zoological  articles  in  the  "Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,"  ed.  9.  Addresses : 
Natural  History  Museum,  South  Kensing- 
ton, S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

LANSDELL,  Trie  Rev.  Henry,  D.D., 

is  known  as  author,  editor,  traveller,  and 
divine.  He  was  born  at  Tenterden,  Kent, 
on  Jan  10,  1841,  received  his  early  educa- 
tion from  his  father,  and  subsequently 
studied  at  St.  John's  College  of  Divinity, 
Highbury,  whence  he  was  ordained  in 
1867  to  the  Curacy  of  Greenwich.  In  1869 
he  was  appointed  Metropolitan  Association 
Secretary  to  the  Society  for  Irish  Church 
Missions,  and  during  the  following  ten 
years  preached  and  spoke  on  its  behalf 
in  twelve  countries,  forty  counties,  three 
hundred  churches,  &c.  In  1873  he  planned 
and,  as  honorary  secretary,  was  the  prin- 
cipal worker  in  founding  the  Church 
Homiletical  Society,  which  had  for  its 
object  the  improvement  in  preaching  and 
pastoral  work  of  the  younger  clergy  and 
candidates  for  Holy  Orders,  and  which 
brought  within  its  membership  or  influence 
about  one-fifth  of  the  English  clergy.  In 
connection  with  the  foregoing  society  he 
originated,  and  for  twelve  years  was  editor 
of,  the  Clergyman's  Magazine,  of  which 
about  300,000  copies  were  circulated.  He 
edited  also  about  the  same  time  a  volume 


LANSDOWNE 


621 


of  "Homiletioal  and  Pastoral  Lectures," 
and  "Three  Lectures  on  Preaching,  de- 
livered in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral."  Dr. 
Lansdell  is  widely  known  as  a  traveller 
and  author.  It  occurred  to  him  to  make 
his  holidays  a  means  of  philanthropic 
and  religious  usefulness,  partly  by  the 
visitation  of  hospitals  and  prisons,  and 
partly  by  the  distribution  therein,  and 
elsewhere,  of  religious  literature.  Ac- 
cordingly he  visited  in  1874  prisons  in 
Scandinavia,  Finland,  Eussia,  and  Poland  ; 
in  1876  Norway,  Sweden,  and  both  shores 
of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia;  in  1877,  during 
the  Eusso-Turkish  War,  Austria-Hungary, 
Eoumania,  and  Sclavonia  ;  and  in  1878  St. 
Petersburg  and  Archangel.  The  foregoing 
were  tours,  each  of  a  few  weeks  only, 
after  which  he  was  asked  whether  he 
could  not  do  something  for  Siberia.  This 
led  in  1870  to  his  traversing  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere  in  a  tolerably  straight  line 
from  Calais  to  the  Pacific,  crossing  America, 
and  in  seven  months  finishing  the  circuit 
of  the  world.  Another  journey  of  five 
months  took  him,  in  1882,  through  Eussian 
Central  Asia,  including  Kuldja,  Bokhara, 
and  Khiva ;  and  this  was  followed  by  a 
tour  of  three  months,  in  1885,  through 
eight  of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe.  Among 
the  results  of  these  journeys  may  be  men- 
tioned in  gross  the  distribution  in  public 
institutions  and  elsewhere  of  about  150,000 
publications,  in  twenty  languages,  and  in 
particular  the  providing  at  least  one  copy 
of  some  portion  of  Holy  Scripture  for 
each  room  of  every  hospital  and  prison 
throughout  Siberia,  Eussian  Central  Asia, 
Finland,  and,  less  completely,  the  Caucasus 
and  certain  parts  of  European  Eussia. 
Accounts  of  these  travels  have  appeared 
in  some  100  newspapers  and  magazine 
articles,  also  in  two  vols.,  published  1882, 
entitled  "Through  Siberia"  (now  as  one 
volume  in  its  fifth  edition),  and  translated 
into  German,  Swedish,  and  Danish ;  also, 
in  1885,  "Eussian  Central  Asia,"  in  two 
vols.,  translated  likewise  into  German,  and 
abridged  into  one  volume,  published  in 
1887,  and  entitled  "  Through  Central  Asia  ; 
with  an  Appendix  on  the  Eusso-Afghan 
Frontier."  As  a  parochial  clergyman,  in 
addition  to  his  curacy  at  Greenwich,  Dr. 
Lansdell  served  as  Assistant  Minister  of 
St.  German's,  Blackheath,  in  1880-82; 
and  in  1885-86  was  in  sole  charge  of  St. 
Peter's,  Eltham ;  after  leaving  which  he 
was  asked  whether  he  would  "come  out 
and  lead  the  way "  by  a  Pioneer  Mission 
through  Mongolia  towards  Tibet.  This 
led  to  the  last  and  greatest  of  his  honorary 
missionary  journeys,  namely,  of  950  days, 
through  five  of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe, 
four  of  Africa,  and  every  kingdom  of  Asia, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  distributed 
Scriptures   in   eleven   languages    through 


five  new  countries,  and  also  came  in 
contact  with  about  400  missionaries,  re- 
siding at  170  mission  stations,  in  110  loca- 
lities, and  working  under  fifty  societies. 
He  also  collected  some  few  thousands  of 
specimens  of  the  fauna  of  Eussian  and 
Chinese  Turkistan.  In  1892  Dr.  Lansdell 
was  appointed  by  the  trustees  Chaplain  of 
Morden  College,  Blackheath,  S.E.  In  the 
same  year  he  married  Mary  Ann,  eldest 
child  of  Charles  and  Mary  Ann  Colyer,  of 
Farningham  and  Greenhithe,  and  pro- 
ceeded on  a  tour  to  Spain  and  Portugal, 
thereby  completing  his  visits  to  every 
kingdom  of  Asia  and  Europe.  In  1893  he 
published  another  considerable  work,  in 
two  volumes,  entitled  "  Chinese  Central 
Asia  :  a  Eide  to  Little  Tibet,"  a  record  of 
part  of  his  last  journey  in  Asia.  Dr.  Lans- 
dell was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society  in  1876,  and  in  1880 
became  a  member  of  the  General  Commit- 
tee of  the  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  before  the  annual 
meeting  of  which,  at  Swansea,  he  read  a 
paper.  In  1882  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  confirmed  by 
Her  Majesty's  letters  patent.  He  is,  by 
invitation  of  the  Council,  member  of  the 
Victoria  Institute,  member  of  the  Eoyal 
Asiatic,  and  sundry  other  societies.  Ad- 
dress :  Morden  College,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

LANSDOWNE,  Marquis  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Henry  Charles  Keith 
Petty  -  Fitzmaurice,  E.G.,  G. C.S.I. , 
G.C.I.E.,  G.C.M.G.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  late 
Viceroy  and  Governor-General  of  India, 
eldest  son  of  the  4th  Marquis  of  Lans- 
downe,  K.G.,  by  his  second  wife,  the  Hon. 
Emily  Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Comte 
de  Flahault  and  the  Baroness  Keith  and 
Nairne,  was  born  Jan.  14,  1845.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  (M.A.  1884;  Hon.  D.C.L.  1888; 
Hon.  LL.D.  Camb. ;  Hon.  LL.D.  M'Gill 
University,  Canada,  1884),  and  was  formerly 
a  Captain  in  the  Wilts  Yeomanry  Cavalry. 
He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  Marquisate 
and  other  titles  in  1866.  Lord  Lansdowne 
was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  1868 
to  1872,  and  Under-Secretary  for  War 
from  the  latter  date  till  1874.  He  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  for  India  when 
Mr.  Gladstone  took  office  again  in  1880, 
but  retired  two  months  afterwards  (July 
8),  owing  to  a  disagreement  with  the 
Government  on  the  subject  of  the  Com- 
pensation for  Disturbance  (Ireland)  Bill. 
In  May  1883  the  Queen  approved  the  ap- 
pointment of  Lord  Lansdowne  as  Gover- 
nor-General of  Canada,  in  succession  to 
the  Marquis  of  Lome,  who  retired  in  Octo- 
ber of  that  year,  on  the  completion  of  the 
period  for  which  he  was  appointed.     Lord 


622 


LA  KAMEE  — LASKEE 


Lansdowne  was  created  G.C.M.  G.  a  few 
months  later.  At  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  office  as  Governor-General  of 
Canada  (the  chief  events  of  which  were 
the  suppression  of  Riel's  rebellion  in  the 
North-West,  the  execution  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway,  and  the  satisfactory  settle- 
ment of  the  long-standing  controversy 
concerning  the  North  American  Fisheries), 
Lord  Lansdowne  was  appointed  by  her 
Majesty  Viceroy  and  Governor-General  of 
India.  His  Excellency  took  his  seat  at  Cal- 
cutta on  Dec.  10,  1888.  In  December 
1893  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Earl  of 
Elgin.  He  was  appointed  a  Trustee  of 
the  National  Gallery  in  1894.  In  July 
1895  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State 
for  War.  His  lordship  is  a  magistrate  for 
Wiltshire,  and  also  for  the  county  of 
Kerry.  He  married,  in  1869,  Lady  Maud 
Evelyn  Hamilton,  youngest  daughter  of 
the  first  Duke  of  Abercorn.  Addresses  : 
Lansdowne  House,  Berkeley  Square,  W. ; 
Bowood  Park,  Calne,  Wilts  ;  and  Athen- 
aeum. 

LA  RAMEE,  Mdlle.  Louise  de,  com- 
monly known  to  her  readers  as  "Ouida, " 
was  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  in  1840.  At 
a  very  early  age  she  commenced  authoress, 
and  contributed  to  Colbum's  New  Monthly. 
She  has  written  a  large  number  of  popular 
novels,  some  of  which  possess  high  literary 
charm.  Of  these  the  principal  are  "  Held 
in  Bondage,"  1863;  "  Chandos,"  1866; 
"Idalia,"  1867;  "Under  Two  Flags," 
1867  ;  "  Folle  Farine,"  1871  ;  "  In  a  Win- 
ter City,"  1876;  "In  Maremma,"  1882; 
"Bimbi"  (stories  for  children),  1882; 
"Wanda,"  1883;  "Othmar,"  "Guilderoy," 
1889  ;  "  Signa,"  1875  ;  "  Moths,"  1880  ; 
"  Syrlin,"  "Ruffi.no,"  "Santa  Barbara," 
"The  Tower  of  Taddeo,"  "Two  Offen- 
ders" (tales),  1894;  "Le  Selve,"  1896; 
"The  Massarenes,"  and  "Toxin,  an 
Altruist,"  1897.  "Ouida "lives  in  Flor- 
ence, and  is  a  well-known  figure  in  Anglo- 
Florentine  circles.  Her  novels  deal  with 
all  phases  of  European  society,  and  the 
scenes  of  many  of  them  are  laid  in  Italy. 

LARMOR,  Joseph,  M.A.  (Camb.), 
D.Sc.  (Univer.  Lond.),  D.Sc.  (Eoy.  Univer. 
Ireland),  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1857,  being 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Hugh  Larmor  of 
Magheragall,  Lisburn,  Co.  Antrim,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Royal  Belfast  Acade- 
mical Institution,  at  Queen's  College  Bel- 
fast, and  at  St.  John's  College  Cambridge. 
He  has  been  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College 
Cambridge  since  1880,  and  University 
Lecturer  in  Mathematical  Physics  since 
1885.  From  1880  to  1885  he  filled  the 
chair  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  Queen's 
College  Galway,  and  in  the  Queen's  Uni- 
versity in  Ireland,  and  for  some  years  he 


was  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  University. 
He  is  at  present  Examiner  in  Mathematics, 
and  Natural  Philosophy,  in  the  University 
of  London  ;  a  Governor  of  Mason  College 
Birmingham ;  Treasurer,  and  lately  Vice- 
President  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society ;  Vice  -  President,  and  lately 
(1886-95)  Secretary  of  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society ;  and  a  member  of 
Council  of  the  Royal  Society.  Mr.  Larmor 
has  published  memoirs  on  various  branches 
of  mathematics,  and  natural  philosophy, 
in  the  publications  of  these  Societies,  and 
in  other  journals.  Address  :  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge. 

LASCELLES,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
Frank  Cavendish,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G., 
Ambassador  to  Germany,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Right  Hon.  William  Sebright  Las- 
celles,  M.P.,  third  son  of  the  2nd  Earl  of 
Harewood,  and  of  Lady  Caroline  Georgiana 
Howard,  daughter  of  the  6th  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle. Born  in  1841,  he  entered  the  Diplo- 
matic Service  at  the  age  of  20,  and  was 
soon  afterwards  appointed  Attache'  at 
Madrid.  Until  1878  he  filled  many  subor- 
dinate posts  in  Paris,  Berlin,  Copen- 
hagen, Rome,  Washington,  and  Athens, 
and  in  all  these  varied  jjositions  gained  the 
character  of  an  able,  painstaking  diplo- 
matist, especially  when  he  acted  as  Charge' 
d'Affaires.  In  1878  and  1879  he,  on  three 
occasions  for  several  months,  was  Agent 
and  Consul-General  in  Egypt,  and  in  that 
capacity  convinced  his  official  superiors 
of  his  fitness  for  higher  and  more  inde- 
pendent spheres  of  action.  Accordingly 
he  was  sent  to  Bulgaria  in  November  1879, 
and  displayed  in  that  difficult  position  so 
much  ability  and  discretion  that  in  1886 
he  was  made  a  K.C.M.G.,  and  on  Jan. 
1,  1887,  was  appointed  to  the  vacant  post 
of  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  at  Bucharest.  From 
thence,  in  July  1891,  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Court  of  Teheran,  succeeding  Sir  Henry 
Drummond  Wolff  there  as  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary. His  activity  and  vigilance  in 
Persia  caused  him  to  be  so  much  appreci- 
ated by  the  Foreign  Office  that  they 
appointed  him  to  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant posts  in  the  Diplomatic  Service.  He 
was  made  Ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg 
at  the  close  of  1893,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Sir  Robert  Morier.  In  1895  he  was 
appointed  to  Berlin.  He  married,  in  1867, 
Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  J.  F.  Olliffe, 
M.D.  Lady  Lascelles  died  suddenly  at 
Berlin  in  April  1897.  Address  :  British 
Embassy,  Berlin. 

LASKER,  Emanuel,  chess  champion 
of  the  world  and  of  England,  was  born  on 
Dec.  24,  1868,  at  Berlinchen,  in  Germany, 
and    received  a  university  education  at 


LASSALLE  —  LATHAM 


623 


Berlin  and  Gottingen.  When  only  fifteen 
years  of  age  he  entered  seriously  on  the 
study  of  chess,  and  won  a  first  prize  in 
1889  at  a  Berlin  tournament.  He  won  a 
third  prize  at  the  Graz  International 
Tournament  in  1890.  He  gave  exhibition 
performances  in  London  in  1891,  and  in 
1892  won  the  first  prize  at  the  National 
Master  Tournament.  In  the  now  cele- 
brated quintangular  match  against  Messrs. 
Blackburne,  Bird,  Gunsberg,  and  Mason, 
he  obtained  the  first  prize  with  6J  games 
out  of  eight.  He  toured  in  America  from 
September  1892  onwards,  and  beat  Steinitz 
in  1894  by  ten  games  to  five,  of  which  four 
were  drawn.  He  studied  mathematics  in 
his  student  days,  and  has  won  three  im- 
portant chess  championships,  that  of  Eng- 
land in  1892,  of  America  in  1894,  and  of 
the  chess-playing  world  in  1897.  He  has 
also  won  many  first  prizes  in  chess  tourna- 
ments, and  has  published  several  works  on 
chess  and  on  mathematical  subjects.  Ad- 
dress :  71  Chiswell  Street,  E.C. 

LASSALLE,  Jean,  French  baritone, 
was  born  in  1859,  and  was  educated  as  an 
artist,  but  gave  up  that  career  and  entered 
the  Paris  Conservatoire.  His  success  was 
immediate,  for  he  is  a  consummate  actor, 
as  well  as  a  singer  of  high  rank.  He  takes 
infinite  pains  with  a  part,  ransacking  every 
library  to  study  Hamlet,  becoming  a 
classicist  to  play  Polyeucte,  and  studying 
Egyptology  before  undertaking  A'ida. 
He  is  a  frequent  performer  at  Covent 
Garden,  and  is  a  great  favourite  with 
English  audiences. 

LATEY,  John,  F.J.I.,  editor  of  the 
Penny  Illustrated  Paper,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don on  Oct.  30,  1842,  and  is  the  only 
son  of  the  late  John  Lash  Latey,  who  for 
many  years  edited  the  Illustrated  London 
Neivs.  Both  his  parents  were  Devonians, 
and  he  received  his  early  education  at 
Barnstaple.  He  has  been  practically  all 
his  life  a  journalist.  He  joined  the  Penny 
Illustrated  Paper  when  it  was  started  by 
the  proprietors  of  the  Illustrated  London 
News  in  October  1861,  and  has  worked  for 
it  ever  since,  latterly  as  art  and  literary 
editor.  To  the  columns  of  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  to  which  his  paper  is  still 
affiliated,  he  has  contributed  largely,  hav- 
ing succeeded  the  late  Mr.  Spellen  as  writer 
of  the  Parliamentary  sketch  for  that  paper. 
During  the  rise  of  the  Parnellite  party  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  he  was  well  known 
in  the  Gallery  as  "The  Silent  Member," 
under  which  pseudonym  he  composed  his 
Parliamentary  articles.  For  several  years 
he  contributed  to  the  Penny  Illustrated 
Paper  a  series  of  articles,  signed  ' '  The 
Showman."  These  were  in  great  part 
bright  and  amusing  satires  on  the  follies 


and  vices  of  the  age.  "  Bird's-eye  Views," 
in  the  same  paper,  were  also  devised  by 
him,  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  Harry  Fur- 
niss.  Mr.  Latey  has  been  a  busy  novelette 
writer,  the  Christmas  Annuals  of  the  Penny 
Illustrated  Paper  having  been  largely  the 
work  of  his  pen.  He  has  also  written  a 
comedietta,  "The  Rose  of  Hastings,"  a 
"Life  of  General  Gordon,"  and  transla- 
tions of  Dumas'  "  Mohicans  of  Paris  " 
(Routledge),  and  Paul  Feval's  "  Fils  du 
Diable,"  which  in  its  English  dress  appeared 
as  "The  Three  Bed  Knights."  Mr.  Latey 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  London 
Press  Club,  and  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Jour- 
nalists' Institute.  Address  :  10  Milford 
Lane,  Strand,  W.C. 

LATHAM,  Bev.  Henry,  M.A.,  J.P., 
was  born  on  June  4,  1821,  at  Dover,  being 
the  son  of  John  Henry  Latham,  for  many 
years  one  of  the  Paymasters  of  Exchequer 
bills,  and  Harriet,  only  child  of  E.  Brode- 
rip,  M.D.  He  was  educated  privately  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Camb.,  of  which  College  he 
was  a  Scholar.  He  was  18th  Wrangler  in 
1845,  and  was  appointed  Tutor  of  Trinity 
Hall  in  1847,  becoming  a  Fellow  in  1848.  He 
was  ordained  Deacon  in  1848,  and  Priest 
in  1850.  He  was  appointed  Master  of 
Trinity  Hall  in  1888.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Problems  in  Geometrical  Conic  Sections," 
1848  and  1882  ;  "  On  the  Action  of  Ex- 
aminations," 1877;  "Pastor  Pastorum," 
1888;  "A  Service  of  Angels,"  1895.  He 
is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Cambridge- 
shire. Address :  Master's  Lodge,  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge. 

LATHAM,  Peter  Wallwork,  M.A , 
M.D.,  F.B.C.P.,  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  John 
Latham,  a  physician  practising  in  Wigan, 
Lancashire,  was  born  Oct.  21,  1832.  He 
was  educated  at  Gonville  and  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  took  the  BA.  degree 
in  1858  as  19th  Wrangler,  and  in  1859  was 
placed  first,  with  distinction  in  five  sub- 
jects, in  the  Natural  Science  Tripos.  In 
1860  he  was  elected  into  a  Medical  Fellow- 
ship at  Downing  College.  He  studied 
Medicine  at  Cambridge,  Glasgow,  and  at 
St.  Bartholomew's,  London  ;  graduated  as 
M.A.  and  M.B/  in  1861,  and  as  M.D.  in 
1864.  In  1866  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London, 
where  he  has  held  the  offices  of  Councillor 
1886-87,  and  Censor  1887-89 ;  and  in  1886 
delivered  the  Croonian  Lectures,  and  in 
1888  the  Harveian  Oration.  In  1868  he 
was  appointed  Deputy  for  the  Downing 
Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Fisher  in 
the  Professorship  in  1874.  He  has  twice 
been  an  Examiner  for  the  Natural  Science 
Tripos,  and  on  several  occasions  for  Medi- 
cal Degrees  at  Cambridge.     He  is  Senior 


624 


LA  THANGUE  — LAUKIER 


Physician  to  Addenbrooke's  Hospital,  and 
has  published  several  works  and  papers 
relating  to  medicine  :  "On  Nervous  or  Sick 
Headache,"  1873;  "On  the  Formation  of 
Uric  Acid  in  Animals,"  1884;  "On  some 
Points  in  the  Pathology  of  Rheumatism, 
Gout,  and  Diabetes,"  Croonian  Lectures, 
1886;  articles  in  "Quain's  Dictionary  of 
Medicine,"  and  the  Harveian  Oration  for 
1888.  Dr.  Latham  resigned  the  Downing 
Professorship  in  1894,  having  discharged 
the  duties  of  the  office  for  twenty-six 
years.  Address  :  17  Trumpington  Street, 
Cambridge. 

LA  THANGUE,  H.  H.,  A.R.A,  was 

educated  at  Dulwich  College,  the  Academy 
Schools,  and  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts, 
Paris.  His  methods  are  rather  French 
than  English,  and  his  broad  realistic 
manner  marks  him  out  as  one  of  the  future 
leaders  of  a  new  school  of  English  land- 
scape art.  He  was  elected  A.R.A.  in  1898, 
and  of  late  years  has  exhibited  the  follow- 
ing Royal  Academy  pictures:  "The  Last 
Furrow"   and    "Cleaning    the   Orchard," 

1895  ;  "A  Little  Holding,"  "In  a  Cottage 
Garden,"  and  "  The  Man  with  the  Scythe  " 
fa    most   noteworthy  allegorical   picture), 

1896  ;  "A  Summer  Morning,"  "Travelling 
Harvesters "  (a  very  fine  painting),  and 
"Gleaners,"  1897;  "Nightfall,"  "Bracken," 
"Harvesters  at  Supper,"  and  "A  Sussex 
Cider-Press,"  1898  ;  "  Cider  Apples,"  "Cut- 
ting Bracken,"  "Harrowing,"  and  "Love 
in  the  Harvest  Field,"  1899.  Address : 
Graffham,  Petworth,  Sussex. 

LATJGHTON,  John  Knox,  M.A.,  was 
born  in  Liverpool  on  April  23,  1830,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Royal  Institution 
School,  Liverpool,  and  at  Cains  College, 
Cambridge.  Appointed  a  Naval  Instructor 
in  1853,  he  was  present  in  the  Baltic  during 
the  Russian  War  of  1854-55,  and  served  in 
China  during  the  second  war  of  1856-59, 
where  he  obtained  a  medal  and  three 
clasps.  He  subsequently  served  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  Channel,  and  was 
in  1866  appointed  Mathematical  and  Naval 
Instructor  at  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
Portsmouth.  In  1873  he  was  transferred 
to  Greenwich  in  the  same  capacity,  where 
he  also  lectured  on  Meteorology  ;  and  in 
1876  he  became  Lecturer  on  Naval  History 
at  the  same  institution.  Professor  Laugh- 
ton  was  in  1885  elected  to  the  chair  of 
Modern  History  at  King's  College,  London, 
and  in  1895  became  an  Hon.  Fellow  of 
Caius  College,  Cambridge.  He  acted  as 
President  of  the  Royal  Meteorological 
Society  from  1882  to' 1884.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Physical  Geography  in  its 
Relation  to  the  Prevailing  Winds  and  Cur- 
rents," 1870;  "A  Treatise  on  Nautical 
Surveying,"  1872  ;   "  Studies  in  Naval  His- 


tory," 1887;  "Nelson"  (English  Men  of 
Action  Series),  1895;  "Nelson  and  his 
Companions  in  Arms,"  1896 ;  and  has 
edited  "Memoirs  relating  to  the  Lord 
Torrington,"  1889;  "Letters  and  De- 
spatches of  Lord  Nelson,"  1886  ;  "  Defeat 
of  the  Spanish  Armada"  (Navy  Records 
Society);  "Memoirs  of  Henry  Reeve," 
1898.     Address  :  King's  College,  London. 

LAURIER,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Wilfrid,  Canadian  statesman,  was  born  at 
St.  Lin,  Quebec,  Nov.  20, 1841.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  L'Assomption  College,  graduated  in 
law  at  M'Gill  University  in  1864,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1864.  From  1871  to 
1874  he  was  in  the  Quebec  Assembly.  He 
then  entered  the  Dominion  Parliament,  and 
in  1877  was  appointed  Minister  of  Inland 
Revenue  in  the  Mackenzie  Government,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  the  resignation 
of  the  Ministry  in  1878.  M.  Laurier  at  one 
time  edited  Le  Difricheur.  On  the  retire- 
ment of  Mr.  Blake  from  the  Liberal  leader- 
ship in  1887,  M.  Laurier,  who  had  already 
been  recognised  as  the  head  of  the  French- 
Canadian  wing  of  that  party,  was  unani- 
mously chosen  to  succeed  him.  At  the 
general  election  in  1896  his  party  was 
successful,  and  he  was  sworn  into  office  as 
President  of  the  Privy  Council,  July  9  of 
that  year.  Notwithstanding  powerful  op- 
position he  was  able  to  settle  the  Manitoba 
School  question  in  such  manner  as  to 
remove  it  from  the  domain  of  politics,  and 
in  1897  he  took  part  in  London  at  the 
Diamond  Jubilee,  being  received  in  the 
Mother  Country  in  almost  regal  manner, 
his  fine  and  romantic  presence  as  he 
headed  the  Colonial  statesmen  in  the 
Jubilee  Procession  being  all  in  his  favour. 
As  an  orator  he  took  first  place  everywhere. 
He  advocated  a  closer  union  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  colonies  and  preferential 
trade  arrangements,  predicting  that  the 
time  was  approaching  "  when  Canadian 
pride  and  aspiration  would  develop  a  claim 
to  demand  as  a  right  their  share  in  that 
broader  citizenship  which  embraces  the 
whole  empire,  and  whose  legislative  centre 
is  the  Palace  of  Westminster."  He  was 
also  received  with  unusual  honours  by  the 
President  of  France  and  His  Holiness  the 
Pope.  On  his  return  to  Canada  he  had 
splendid  receptions  in  all  the  chief  cities 
of  his  native  land,  where  great  enthusiasm 
was  shown.  He  was  (1898)  one  of  the  Joint 
Commissioners  for  the  settlement  of  mat- 
ters in  dispute  between  Canada  and  the 
United  States.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  and  created  a  Knight  Grand  Cross 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  in  1897,  and 
in  the  same  year  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Toronto 
University  and  also  by  Queen's  University 
of  Kingston.     Honorary  degrees  were  also 


LAVED  AN  — LAW 


625 


conferred  by  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Uni- 
versities in  England,  and  he  was  appointed 
a  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
France. 

LAVEDAN,  Henri  Leon  Emile, 
French  dramatist,  is  the  son  of  a  famous 
Republican  journalist  under  the  Second 
Empire,  and  was  born  at  Orleans  in  April 
1859.  He  was  educated  at  the  Lycee  Louis 
le  Grand,  and  immediately  took  up  letters 
as  his  profession.  He  started  by  writing 
Chroniques  to  several  smart  Parisian  papers, 
such  as  L'Echo  de  Paris,  Le  Gil  Bias,  and 
Le  Figaro,  in  which  he  displayed  talents 
of  keen  observation  and  mordant  satire. 
These  articles  have  been  since  reprinted  in 
a  dozen  volumes,  with  the  titles  "  Mam'selle 
Vertu,"  "Lydie,"  "Petites  Fetes,"  &c.  But 
his  chief  success  has  been  on  the  stage. 
He  made  a  brilliant  debut  at  the  Theatre 
Frangais  with  a  comedy  in  four  acts,  en- 
titled "Une  Famille"  (May  1890),  for 
which  he  was  given  the  Thoirac  prize  of 
£160  by  the  French  Academy.  Two  years 
later  he  offered  a  satirical  drama,  "Les 
Descendants,"  to  the  same  theatre,  in 
which  play  his  object  was  to  contrast  the 
present  decadence  of  the  great  aristocratic 
families  with  the  glorious  past  of  their 
ancestors.  There  it  was  refused,  but,  under 
a  fresh  title,  "  Le  Prince  dAuree,"  it  was 
played  at  the  Vaudeville  (Paris)  with  im- 
mense success,  thanks  to  its  continual  play 
of  sparkling  epigram.  In  April  1894  he 
wrote  "  Deux  Noblesses "  for  the  Od£on, 
and  in  November  1895  his  "Viveurs"  was 
presented  at  the  Vaudeville.  On  Dec.  8, 
1898,  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
French  Academy.  He  is  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  his  Paris  ad- 
dress is  15  Rue  dAstorq. 

LAVISSE,  Ernest,  French  historian, 
was  born  at  Nouvion-en-Thierache,  Dec. 
17,  1842,  and  was  educated  at  the  Church 
Schools  of  St.  Roch  at  Paris.  He  entered 
the  Ecole  Normale  in  1862,  and  in  1865  he 
passed  his  agrige  in  History.  After  having 
been  a  teacher  at  the  Lycees  of  Versailles 
and  Henri  IV,  he  became  a  docteur  is 
lettres  in  1875,  and  a  Professor  of  Modern 
History  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1888.  He  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  French  Academy 
in  June  1892  in  the  place  of  Admiral  Jurien 
de  la  Grav'iere,  having  been  created  an 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1887. 
M.  Lavisse  is  remarkable  both  for  the 
clearness  of  his  elementary  historical  text- 
books and  for  the  depth  of  his  historical 
researches.  His  chief  study  has  been  the 
history  of  Germany  and  the  close  relation- 
ship of  its  present  policy  with  its  past. 
His  chief  works  are  :  "  Etudes  sur  l'His- 
toire  de  Prusse,"  1879  ;  "Essais  sur  l'Alle- 
magne  Imp<5riale,"  1887  ;  "La  Jeunesse  du 


Grand  Frederic,"  1891;  "Trois  Empereurs 
dAllemagne,"  1888;  studies  of  William  I., 
Frederick  III.,  and  William  II.  Amongst 
his  historical  text-books  may  be  cited : 
"Sully,"  1880;  "Histoire  de  France," 
1890  ;  and  ' '  La  Premiere  Annee  d'Histoire 
de  France,"  1876.  He  wrote  an  introduc- 
tion to  a  translation  of  Professor  Freeman's 
"Historical  Geography  of  Europe,"  and  he 
has  written  essays  on  university  questions. 
He  is  a  frequent  writer  in  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondcs  and  the  Revue  de  V Enseigne- 
ment  Supirieur.  His  Paris  address  is  5  Rue 
de  Meclicis. 

LAW,  William  Arthur,  dramatist, 
was  born  on  22nd  March  1844  at  North 
Repps  Rectory,  near  Cromer,  Norfolk,  his 
father  being  the  Rev.  Patrick  Comerford 
Law,  Rector  of  North  Repps,  and  his 
mother  Frances,  daughter  of  the  Right 
Rev.  Alexander  Arbuthnot,  Bishop  of 
Killaloe.  His  family  is  the  Irish  branch 
of  the  Scotch  family  of  the  Laws  of  Lauris- 
ton,  which  branch  went  over  to  Ireland 
with  "Strongbow"  in  1166,  and  his  an- 
cestor, Sir  Michael  Law,  fought  under 
William  of  Orange  at  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne  in  1690 ;  and  another  ancestor, 
Lord  Danganmore,  fought  on  the  opposite 
side  for  James,  bis  title  and  estates 
being  afterwards  forfeited  for  high  trea- 
son. He  was  educated  at  the  Royal 
Military  College,  Sandhurst,  and  in  1864 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  21st  Royal 
Scots  Fusiliers,  in  which  regiment  he 
served  at  home  and  in  Burma  for  eight 
years.  In  1872  he  went  on  the  stage,  his 
first  engagement  being  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Edinburgh.  After  acting  in  the 
provinces  and  at  the  Surrey  Theatre  for 
two  years  he  joined  Mr.  and  Mrs.  German 
Reed's  Company  in  1874,  and  was  con- 
nected with  it  for  five  years.  In  1877  he 
married  Miss  Fanny  Holland  of  the  same 
company,  and  from  1879  to  1881  he  and 
his  wife  gave  an  entertainment  of  their 
own  throughout  the  country.  In  1881 
Arthur  Law  was  engaged  at  the  Savoy 
Theatre,  when  he  retired  from  the  stage 
and  devoted  himself  solely  to  writing 
plays.  His  first  piece,  "A  Night  Sur- 
prise," was  produced  at  the  German  Reeds' 
entertainment  on  Feb.  12, 1877.  He  wrote 
19  plays  for  the  German  Reeds,  and  up 
to  the  present  has  also  produced  20  plays 
in  the  London  theatres.  At  German  Reeds' 
we  may  mention:  "A  Night  Surprise," 
"A  Happy  Bungalow,"  "An  Artful  Auto- 
maton," "Enchantment,"  "£100  Reward," 
"Castle  Botherem,"  "A  Flying  Visit," 
"A  Merry  Christmas,"  "All  at  Sea," 
"Cherry  Tree  Farm,"  "A  Bright  Idea," 
"  The  Head  of  the  Poll,"  "Nobody's  Fault." 
"A  Strange  Host,"  "Treasure  Trove,"  "A 
Moss  Rose   Rent,"  "A   Terrible   Fright," 

2b 


626 


LA  WES  —  LAWRENCE 


"Old  Knockles,"  and  "A  Peculiar  Case." 
At  the  London  theatres:  "Hope,"  "Mr. 
Guffin's  Elopement,"  "  The  Happy  Return," 
"Uncle  Samuel,"  "A  Mint  of  Money," 
"The  Great  Tay-kin,"  "Chirruper's  For- 
tune," "After  Long  Years,"  "Gladys," 
"The  Mystery  of  a  Hansom  Cab,"  "John 
Smith,"  "All  Abroad,"  "Dick  Venables," 
"The  Judge,"  "Culprits,"  "In  Three 
Volumes,"  "The  Magic  Opal,"  "The  New 
Boy,"  "The  Ladies'  Idol,"  and  "The  Sea 
Flower."  Address :  Cromer  House,  223 
Elgin  Avenue,  Maida  Vale,  W. 

LAWES,  Sir  John  Beimet,  Bart., 
F.R.S.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  D.Sc.  Camb.,  LL.D. 
Edin.,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Bennet 
Lawes,  of  Rothamsted,  Hertfordshire,  by 
Marianne,  daughter  of  Mr.  John  Sherman 
of  Drayton,  Oxfordshire,  and  widow  of 
the  Rev.  D.  G.  Knox,  was  born  at  Rotham- 
sted, Dec.  28,  .1814,  and  succeeded  to  his 
estate  there  in  1822.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford. 
On  leaving  the  University  he  spent  some 
time  in  London  for  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing in  a  practical  manner  the  science  of 
chemistry.  In  October  1834  he  started 
regular  experiments  in  agricultural  chemis- 
try on  taking  possession  of  his  property 
and  home  at  Rothamsted,  and  from  that 
date  up  to  the  present  time  he  has  unceas- 
ingly been  applying  his  scientific  know- 
ledge to  the  solution  of  questions  affecting 
practical  agriculture.  Among  his  earliest 
experiments,  the  effect  of  bones  as  a 
manure  on  land  occupied  his  attention 
for  some  time.  Mr.  Lawes  afterwards 
established  large  works  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  London  for  the  manufacture  of 
superphosphate  of  lime,  by  which  name 
the  manure  is  known  which  has  produced 
quite  a  revolution  in  the  science  of  agri- 
culture. In  1843  Mr  Lawes  engaged  the 
assistance  of  Dr.  Gilbert,  the  present 
director  of  Rothamsted  Farm,  and  under- 
took with  him  a  systematic  series  of 
agricultural  investigations  in  the  field, 
the  feeding-shed,  and  the  laboratory.  Mr. 
Lawes  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1854,  and  in  1867  the  Royal 
Medal  was  awarded  to  him  conjointly  with 
Dr.  Gilbert  by  the  Council  of  the  society. 
He  also  received  a  gold  medal  from  the 
Imperial  Agricultural  Society  of  Russia. 
In  June  1881  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  by 
Imperial  decree,  awarded  the  Gold  Medal 
of  Merit  for  Agriculture  to  Mr.  Lawes  and 
Dr.  Gilbert  jointly.  In  1893  the  Society 
of  Arts  awarded  the  Albert  Medal  to  Sir 
John  Lawes  and  Professor  Gilbert  for  their 
joint  services  to  scientific  agriculture. 
The  results  of  the  Rothamsted  investiga- 
tions are  to  be  found  in  the  Journals  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  the 
Reports  of  the  British  Association  for   the 


Advancement  of  Science,  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society  of  London,  the  Proceedings 
and  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of 
London,  the  Edinburgh  Veterinary  Review, 
the  Reports  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  the 
Philosophical  Magazine,  the  Agricultural 
Gazette,  the  Chemical  News,  and  in  official 
reports  and  scattered  pamphlets  and  news- 
paper letters.  In  1870  he  published  his 
views  on  the  valuation  of  unexhausted 
manures ;  and  in  1873  wrote  an  interest- 
ing pamphlet  on  the  same  subject  with 
reference  to  the  Irish  Land  Act  of  1870. 
In  1892  he  published  a  work  on  the 
Rothamsted  Farm.  He  has  recently  col- 
lected his  papers  on  Agriculture,  published 
from  1847  to  the  present,  and  has  made 
them  into  three  quarto  and  six  octavo 
volumes,  which  he  has  presented  to  various 
national  institutions  in  different  countries. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  in  May  1882. 
Address  :  Rothamsted,  St.  Albans. 

LAWEANCE,  The  Hon.  Sir  John 
Compton,  J. P.,  D.L.,  one  of  the  Justices  of 
the  High  Court,  is  the  only  son  of  Mr.  T.  M. 
Lawrance,  late  of  Dunsby  Hall,  Lincoln- 
shire, and  was  born  in  1832,  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  was 
created  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1887,  and  was 
elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1879.  He 
had  been  for  some  years  the  leader  of  the 
Midland  Circuit.  He  has  held  the  appoint- 
ment of  Recorder  of  Derby  (1879) ;  repre- 
sented South  Lincolnshire  in  the  Con- 
servative interest  from  1880  until  1885 ; 
and  sat,  until  1890,  for  the  Stamford  divi- 
sion of  the  county,  his  return  being  un- 
opposed in  1886.  He  was  made  one  of 
the  Justices  of  the  High  Court  in  February 
1890.  He  married,  in  1861,  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  Major  Smart.  Addresses : 
7  Onslow  Square,  S.W. ;  and  Dunsby  Hall, 
Bourne,  &c. 

LAWRENCE,  The  Bight  Rev. 
William,  S.T.D.,  D.D.,  son  of  Amos  A. 
and  Sarah  E.  Lawrence,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  30,  1850.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  in  1871,  studied  for  the 
ministry  at  Andover,  the  Divinity  School 
in  Philadelphia,  and  the  Episcopal  Theo- 
logical School  in  Cambridge,  taking  the 
degree  of  B.D.  at  the  latter  place  in  1875. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1875,  and 
entered  the  priesthood  in  1876.  On  April 
1,  1876,  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  assis- 
tant-minister of  Grace  Church,  Lawrence, 
Mass.,  and  accepted  the  position  of  Rector 
of  the  same  church  in  March  1877.  In 
1884  he  became  Professor  of  Homiletics 
and  Pastoral  Care  in  the  Episcopal  Theo- 
logical School  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and 
accepted  the  office  of  Dean  in  addition  to 


LAWSON 


627 


the  above  Chair  in  1889.  From  1888  to 
1893  he  was  preacher  to  Harvard  Univer- 
sity. In  1888  he  published  the  "  Life  of 
Amos  A.  Lawrence,"  and  also  a  pamphlet 
on  "  Proportional  Representation  in  the 
House  of  Deputies  of  the  General  Con- 
vention." The  degree  of  S.T.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1890  by  Hobart  Col- 
lege, and  that  of  D.D.  by  Harvard  in 
1893.  He  was  consecrated  seventh  Bishop 
of  Massachusetts,  Oct.  5,  1893. 

LAWSON,  Sir  Edward  Levy-,  Bart., 
D.L.,  J.P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  J.  M. 
Levy,  and  was  born  in  London  on  Dec. 
28,  1833.  He  was  educated  at  University 
College,  London,  and  in  1875  he  assumed 
the  name  of  Lawson,  by  royal  license,  in 
accordance  with  the  will  of  his  uncle,  Mr. 
Lionel  Lawson.  He  served  the  office  of 
High  Sheriff  of  Buckinghamshire  in  1886, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  President  of 
the  Royal  Institute  of  Journalists.  Sir 
Edward  Lawson,  who  was  created  a 
Baronet  in  1892,  is  the  principal  pro- 
prietor of  the  Daily  Telegraph,  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  the  City  of  London,  and  a 
County  Alderman  and  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Buckinghamshire.  Addresses  : 
12  Berkeley  Square,  W.  ;  and  Hall  Barn, 
Beaconsfield,  Bucks. 

LAWSON,  Harry  Lawson  Webster, 

eldest  son  of  Sir  Edward  Lawson,  Bart., 
of  Hall  Barn,  Beaconsfield,  Bucks,  by 
Harriette  Georgiana,  only  daughter  of  Mr. 
Benjamin  Webster,  author,  manager,  and 
actor,  was  born  in  St.  Pancras,  Middlesex, 
Dec.  18,  1862.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxon,  where  he 
obtained  a  first  class  in  the  Final  School 
of  Modern  History.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1891 ;  he  is  a 
J.P.  for  Bucks  ;  and  a  Major  in  the  Royal 
Bucks  Hussars.  He  sat  as  M.P.  for  West 
St.  Pancras  from  1885  to  1892,  and 
for  East  Gloucestershire,  1893-95.  He 
was  a  Member  of  the  London  County 
Council  for  West  St.  Pancras,  1889-92 ; 
was  elected  for  Whitechapel  in  1897,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1898.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Civil 
Establishments  from  1887  to  1891.  Since 
1892  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Colonial 
Office  Committee  of  the  Emigrants'  In- 
formation Department.  While  in  the 
House  of  Commons  he  served  on  nearly 
every  Select  and  Hybrid  Committee 
appointed  to  consider  Metropolitan  ques- 
tions, and  was  a  member  of  the  Town 
Holdings  Committee,  1886-92.  He  has 
acted  as  special  correspondent  for  the 
Daily  Telegraph  in  South  Africa  and  India, 
and  has  contributed  topical  articles  to  the 
monthly  periodicals.  He  married,  in  1884, 
Olive,    second   daughter    of    General    Sir 


Henry  Percival  de  Bathe,  4th  Baronet. 
Addresses  :  37  Grosvenor  Square,  London, 
W. ;  and  Orkney  Cottage,  Taplow,  Bucks. 

LAWSON,  John  Grant,  M.P.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Andrew  Lawson 
of  Aldborough,  Yorkshire,  and  was  born  in 
Yorkshire  on  July  28,  1856.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1882. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1881,  and  has  represented  the 
Thirsk  and  Malton  Division  of  Yorkshire 
as  a  Conservative  member  of  the  House 
of  Commons  since  1892.  He  is  a  Parlia- 
mentary Charity  Commissioner,  and  one 
of  the  Deputy-Chairmen  of  Committees  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  Addresses  :  14 
Arlington  Street,  S.W. ;  and  Elm  Bank, 
York. 

LAWSON,  Sir  Wilfrid,  Bart.,  M.P., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Wilfrid  Law- 
son  of  Aspatria,  Cumberland,  and  of 
Caroline,  daughter  of  Sir  James  Graham 
of  Netherby,  was  born  Sept.  4,  1829,  and 
succeeded  to  the  title  and  estates  on  his 
father's  death  in  1867.  From  an  early  age 
he  has  been  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of 
the  temperance  movement,  and  is  now 
the  leader  and  President  of  the  United 
Kingdom  Alliance,  and  is  its  spokesman 
in  Parliament.  At  the  general  election 
of  1859  he  stood,  in  conjunction  with  his 
uncle,  the  late  Sir  James  Graham,  as  a 
candidate  for  the  representation  of  Car- 
lisle, and  succeeded  by  a  narrow  majority 
over  his  opponent,  Mr.  Hodgson.  In 
March  1864  he  first  moved  for  leave  to 
introduce  the  measure  now  so  well  known 
as  the  Permissive  Bill,  the  main  principle 
of  which  is  the  giving  to  two-thirds  of 
the  inhabitants  of  any  parish  or  township 
an  absolute  veto  upon  all  licenses  for  the 
sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  granted  within 
their  districts.  It  was  supported  by  forty 
members.  In  1865  he  was  displaced  at 
the  general  election  by  his  former  oppo- 
nent, Mr.  Hodgson ;  but,  ^at  the  general 
election  of  1868,  on  appealing  to  the  en- 
larged constituency  as  a  supporter  of  Mr. 
Gladstone  he  was  returned  at  the  head  of 
the  poll.  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  succeeded, 
on  June  18,  1880,  in  carrying  his  Local 
Option  resolution  by  a  majority  of  26, 
and  in  1881  and  1883  he  again  got  it 
passed.  In  1885  he  stood  for  the  new 
Cockermouth  division  of  Cumberland,  but 
was  defeated  by  a  Conservative  majority 
of  ten.  In  1886,  as  a  Gladstonian  Liberal, 
he  gained  the  seat  by  a  large  majority, 
and  was  again  returned  in  1892  and  1895. 
Sir  Wilfrid  is  an  advanced  Radical,  and  is 
in  favour  of  the  disestablishment  of  the 
Church,  and  of  the  abolition  of  the  House 
of  Lords  and  of  standing  armies.     He  is 


628 


LEA  — LEAF 


married  to  a  daughter  of  J.  Pooklington 
Senhouse  of  Netherhall,  Cumberland.  Ad- 
dress :  Bray  ton,  Carlisle. 

LEA,  Arthur  Sheridan,  M.A.,  Sc.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  New  York,  of  English 
parents,  on  Deo.  1,  1853.  He  came  to 
England  in  1859,  where  he  has  since 
resided,  and  was  educated  in  a  private 
school,  and  at  the  Royal  Institution 
School,  Liverpool.  He  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  October  1872, 
reading  at  first  for  Honours  in  Mathe- 
matics. In  his  second  year  he  turned  his 
attention  to  Natural  Science,  and  was 
elected  to  a  Foundation  Scholarship  in 
May  1875,  being  placed  in  the  first  class 
of  the  Natural  Science  Tripos  in  Decem- 
ber of  the  same  year.  Immediately  after 
taking  his  degree  he  proceeded  to  Ger- 
many and  worked  with  Professor  W. 
Kiihne,  of  Heidelberg,  in  conjunction 
with  whom  he  published  his  first  paper, 
"  Beobachtungen  iiber  die  Absonderung 
des  Pankreas "  (Untersuch.  Physiol.  Inst. 
Heidelb.,  vol.  ii.).  After  his  return  to 
England  he  acted  as  head  -  assistant  to 
Professor  Michael  Foster,  during  which 
time  he  lectured  on  Chemical  Physiology. 
He  was  appointed  Lecturer  to  Gonville 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in  1881, 
and  University  Lecturer  in  1884.  In 
October  1885  Gonville  and  Caius  College 
elected  him  to  a  Fellowship,  whereupon 
he  migrated  to  this  Society  from  Trinity. 
While  actively  engaged  in  teaching  and 
in  endeavouring  to  promote  the  progress 
of  science  he  published  a  short  series  of 
papers,  dealing  chiefly  with  enzymes  or 
soluble  ferments,  which  appeared  in  the 
Journal  of  Physiology  and  in  the  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc,  the  most  important  being  "A 
Comparative  Study  of  Artificial  and 
Natural  Digestions  "  (Jour.  Physiol. ,  vol. 
xi.,  1890).  He  has  further  been  respon- 
sible for  the  Appendix  to  the  several 
editions  of  Foster's  "Text-book  of  Physi- 
ology," publishing  it  in  an  enlarged  and 
extended  form  as  a  separate  volume  in 
1892.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  in  1890.  Address :  Caius 
College,  Cambridge. 

LEADER,  Benjamin  Williams,  R.A., 
C.E.,  was  born  at  Worcester,  March  12, 
1831,  and  is  the  son  of  E.  Leader  Williams, 
M.Inst.C.E.  He  received  his  earliest 
instruction  in  art  at  the  School  of  Design 
in  his  native  city.  In  1854  he  was  ad- 
mitted a  student  in  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  in  the  same  year  exhibited  his  first 
picture,  "Cottage  Children  Blowing 
Bubbles,"  which  was  bought  for  £50  by 
an  American  gentleman.  Two  years  later 
Mr.  Leader  visited  Scotland,  having  till 
then  seen  no  hills  higher  than  the  Mal- 


verns.  Since  then  he  has  become  a 
popular  delineator  of  mountain  scenery, 
Wales  and  Switzerland  being  his  favourite 
sketching  grounds.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  Jan.  16, 
1883,  and  R.A.,  Feb.  2,  1898,  and  has 
exhibited  pictures  in  the  Royal  Academy 
since  1856.  His  most  important  pictures 
since  then  are :  "  A  Moated  Grange," 
1868;  "The  Streams  through  the  Birch 
Wood,"  1871 ;  "Mountain  Solitude,"  1873 ; 
"Wild  Waters,"  1875;  "Barges  passing 
a  Lock  on  the  Thames,"  "An  English 
Hayfield,"  and  "A  November  Evening 
after  Rain,"  1876 ;  "  The  Valley  of  Clear 
Springs,"  and  "Lucerne,"  1877;  "View 
of  the  Wetterhorn,"  1878  ;  "  The  Last 
Gleam,"  1879;  "A  Gleam  in  the  Storm," 
1880;  "February  fill  Dyke,"  1881;  "In 
the  Evening  there  shall  be  Light,"  1882  ; 
"  Parting  Day,"  "  Green  Pastures  and  Still 
Waters,"  and  "An  Autumn  Evening,"  1883. 
In  1886  he  exhibited  three  pictures,  one 
of  them  "  With  Verdure  Clad,"  being  the 
largest  he  has  yet  painted.  Since  then 
he  has  painted  "An  April  Day,"  1887; 
"Sands  of  Aberdovey,"  and  "A  Summer's 
Day,"  1888;  "Sabrina's  Stream,"  "Cam- 
bria's Coast,"  and  "The  Dawn  of  an 
Autumn  Day,"  1889  ;  "  The  Sandy  Margin 
of  the  Sea,"  "The  Silent  Evening  Hour," 
1890  ;  "  The  Manchester  Ship  Canal 
Works  in  Progress  "  (a  large  picture),  1891 ; 
"Conway  Bay"  and  "Across  the  Com- 
mon," 1892;  "By  Mead  and  Stream," 
"An  Old  Country  Church,"  and  two  Surrey 
scenes,  1893  ;  and  "Worcester  Cathedral," 
1894  ;  "  Evening,"  "  English  Cottage 
Homes,"  "A  Sunny  Morning:  Surrey," 
and  "Evening  Glow,"  1895;  "A  Golden 
Eve,"  "The  Skirts  of  a  Pine-Wood,"  "A 
Silvery  Morn,"  and  "  Hill  -  side  Pines," 
1896;'  "The  Breezy  Morn,"  "Fast  Falls 
the  Eventide,"  "An  Autumn  Gleam,"  and 
"On  a  Surrey  Common,"  1897;  "In  a 
Welsh  Valley,"  "Where  Peaceful  Waters 
Glide,"  "The  Silver  Sea,"  and  "Surrey 
Sheep  Pastures,"  1898;  "The  Sand-Pit, 
Burroughs  Cross  "  (Diploma  Work),  "Even- 
ing's Last  Gleam,"  "Where  Brook  and 
River  Meet,"  and  "Summer  Eve  by 
Haunted  Stream,"  1899.  Several  of  his 
pictures  have  been  very  successfully  etched 
by  Chauvel  and  Brunet-Desbaines  [q.v.). 
He  received  the  Gold  Medal  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  1889,  and  was  made  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  married,  in 
1877,  Mary  Eastlake,  of  Plymouth.  Ad- 
dress :  Burroughs  Cross,  Shere,  Guildford. 

LEAF,  "Walter,  was  born  in  1852,  at 
Norwood,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Charles 
John  Leaf,  F.L.S.,  F.S.A.,  and  Isabella 
Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late  John  Tyas,  of 
the  Times.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow, 
1866-69,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 


LEAN  — LECKY 


629 


1870-74  ;  Minor  Scholar,  1869  ;  Scholar, 
1871  ;  Craven  University  Scholar,  1873  ; 
B.A.  Senior  Classic  (bracketed),  1874  ; 
Chancellor's  Medallist,  1874 ;  Fellow  of 
Trinity,  1875  ;  M.A.  1877  ;  Doctor  of 
Letters  (Litt.  D.),  1888.  He  entered  the 
firm  of  Leaf,  Sons,  &  Co.,  wholesale  ware- 
housemen, in  1877,  and  became  Chairman 
of  Leaf  &  Co.,  Limited,  in  1888,  retiring 
in  1892.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
first  members  of  the  Council  of  the  London 
Chamber  of  Commerce  ;  Deputy  Chair- 
man of  the  Council,  1885-86  ;  Chairman, 
1887  ;  and  is  now  Vice-President  of  the 
Chamber.  He  is  a  Director  of  the  London 
and  Westminster  Bank,  and  member  of 
the  Senate  of  the  University  of  London,  of 
the  Governing  Body  of  Harrow  School, 
Marlborough  College,  the  Central  Founda- 
tion Schools  of  London,  and  the  Ware- 
housemen, Clerks',  and  Drapers'  School ; 
of  the  Councils  of  the  Society  for  Psychical 
Research,  and  the  Hellenic  Society,  and 
Treasurer  of  the  British  School  at  Athens. 
He  is  author  of  "  The  Story  of  Achilles  " 
(with  J.  H.  Pratt),  1880;  '-The  Iliad  of 
Homer  translated  into  English  Prose " 
(with  Messrs.  A.  Lang  and  E.  Myers), 
1882;  "The  Iliad,  Edited  with  English 
Notes  and  Introduction,"  1886-88  ;  "  Com- 
panion to  the  Iliad,"  1892;  "A  Modern 
Priestess  of  Isis "  (translated  from  the 
Russian),  1894  ;  "  Versions  from  Hafiz  ; 
An  Essay  in  Persian  Metre,"  1898  ;  and 
of  numerous  papers  in  the  Journal  of 
Philology,  the  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies, 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  for 
Psychical  Research,  and  elsewhere.  He 
married,  in  1894,  Charlotte  Mary,  daughter 
of  the  late  John  Addington  Symonds,  of 
Clifton  Hill,  Bristol,  and  Am  Hof,  Davos. 

LEAN,  Mrs.  Francis.  See  Maebyat, 
Florence. 

LEATHES,  Professor  the  Rev. 
Stanley,  D.D.,  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
was  born  March  21,  1830,  at  Ellesborough, 
Bucks,  being  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Chaloner 
Stanley  Leathes,  rector  of  that  parish. 
He  was  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge (B.A.  1852,  Tyrwhitt  University 
Scholar,  1853,  M.A.  1855),  was  ordained 
in  1856,  and  became  curate  successively  of 
St.  Martin's,  Salisbury  ;  St.  Luke's,  Berwick 
Street ;  and  St.  James's,  Westminster.  Mr. 
Leathes  succeeded  Dr.  M 'Caul  as  Professor 
of  Hebrew  in  King's  College,  London,  in 
1863.  He  was  appointed  Boyle  Lecturer 
in  1867,  and  held  this  office  from  1868  to 
1870.  He  became  minister  of  St.  Philip's, 
Regent  Street,  1869.  He  was  elected  Hul- 
sean  Lecturer  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge for  the  year  1873,  Bampton  Lec- 
turer at  Oxford  for  the  year  1874,  and  was 
appointed  Warburtonian  Lecturer  at  Lin- 


coln's Inn  in  1876.  The  University  of 
Edinburgh  couferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  D.D.,  March  2,  1878.  He  was 
appointed  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1876  ; 
Rector  of  Cliffe  at  Hoo,  1880 ;  and  Rector 
of  Much  Hadham,  Herts,  1889.  In  1885 
he  was  elected  Honorary  Fellow  of  his 
College.  Dr.  Leathes,  who  was  invited  by 
Convocation  to  join  in  the  revision  of  the 
Authorised  Version  of  the  Old  Testament, 
is  the  author  of  "  The  Witness  of  the  Old 
Testament  to  Christ,"  being  the  Boyle 
Lectures  for  1x68;  "The  Witness  of  St.. 
Paul  to  Christ";  "The  Witness  of  St. 
John  to  Christ  "  ;  a  "  Hebrew  Grammar  "  ; 
"  Structure  of  the  Old  Testament,"  a 
series  of  popular  essays,  1873;  "The 
Gospel  its  Own  Witness,"  1874,  being  the 
Hulsean  Lecture  delivered  in  the  preced- 
ing year  ;  "  Religion  of  the  Christ  "  (Bamp- 
ton Lecture),  1874;  "The  Christian  Creed  ; 
its  Theory  and  Practice  :  with  a  Preface 
on  some  present  Dangers  of  the  English 
Church,"  1878  ;  "  The  Law  in  the  Pro- 
phets," 1890 ;  and  Introductions  to  the 
Books  of  Ezekiel  and  Daniel.  Addresses  : 
Much  Hadham,  Herts  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LEBRET,  M.,  French  statesman,  was 
born  at  Etampes  in  October  1853.  After 
passing  with  distinction  through  the 
School  of  Law,  he  was  in  1879  entrusted 
by  the  then  Minister  of  Education  with  a 
mission  to  England  and  Scotland  for  the 
purpose  of  reporting  on  leases  and  agricul- 
tural legislation  and  usages.  He  pub- 
lished, on  his  return,  a  treatise  enumerat- 
ing the  conclusions  arrived  at  during  his 
journey,  and  soon  afterwards  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Law  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Caen.  He  was  elected  Deputy  for 
the  town  of  Caen  in  1893,  and  at  the 
general  election  in  the  summer  of  1898 
was  re-elected.  In  October  of  the  same 
year  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
portfolio  of  Minister  of  Justice  in  M. 
Charles  Dupuy's  Cabinet.  M.  Lebret  is 
new  to  ministerial  work.  He  is  Mayor  of 
Caen,  and,  in  his  professional  capacity, 
stands  in  considerable  repute.  He  is 
probably  one  of  the  highest  authorities  on 
technical  jurisprudence. 

LECKY,  The  Right  Hon.  William 
Edward  Hartpole,  eldest  son  of  John 
Hartpole  Lecky,  Longford  Terrace,  Dublin, 
and  Maria,  daughter  of  W.  E.  Tallents, 
Newark-on-Trent,  was  born  at  Newtown 
Park,  near  Dublin,  March  26,  1838,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1 859  and  M.A.  in  1 863. 
Devoting  himself  to  literature,  he  soon 
gained  distinction  as  an  author.  His  ac- 
knowledged works  are  "The  Leaders  of 
Public  Opinion  in  Ireland,"  published 
anonymously  in  1861,  and  republished  in 


630 


LECOCQ  — LE  CONTE 


1871-72 ;  "  History  of  the  Rise  and  In- 
fluence of  the  Spirit  of  Rationalism  in 
Europe,"  2  vols.,  1865  (fifth  edit,,  1872)  ; 
"  History  of  European  Morals  from  Augus- 
tus to  Charlemagne,"  2  vols.,  18G9  ;  "His- 
tory of  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury," vols.  i.  and  ii.  1878,  vols.  iii.  and 
iv.  1882,  vols.  v.  and  vi.  1887,  vols.  vii. 
and  viii.  (completing  the  work),  1890.  A 
Cabinet  Edition  of  the  History  in  twelve 
volumes  was  published  in  1892,  the  last 
five  being  devoted  to  Ireland  and  Irish 
affairs  down  to  the  Addington  Ministry. 
Mr.  Lecky  published  a  small  volume  of 
poems  (1891),  and  an  important  work  on 
contemporary  politics,  called  "  Democracy 
and  Liberty,"  in  1896,  a  second  edition  of 
which  was  published  in  1899,  and  created 
some  stir  through  its  adverse  comments 
on  Mr.  Gladstone.  His  first  three  works 
and  a  large  part  of  his  History  of  Eng- 
land have  been  translated  into  German, 
and  some  of  them  into  other  languages. 
Most  of  his  works  have  gone  through  many 
editions  in  England.  Mr.  Lecky  has 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  his  own  University  of  Dublin,  and 
from  the  Universities  of  St.  Andrews  and 
Glasgow  ;  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  the  degree  of 
Litt.  D.  from  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
In  1894  he  was  elected  Corresponding 
Member  to  the  Institute  of  France.  He 
is  also  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  In  November  1895  he  was 
elected  member  of  Parliament  for  the 
University  of  Dublin,  and  is  a  prominent 
figure  in  the  debates  of  the  House.  In 
1897  he  was  made  Privy  Councillor.  He 
has  contributed  occasionally,  but  not  fre- 
quently, to  periodical  literature  ;  and  since 
the  division  in  the  Liberal  party,  in  1886, 
he  has  been  an  active  member  of  the 
Unionist  party.  He  married,  in  1871, 
Elizabeth,  Baroness  de  Dedem.  Addresses  : 
38  Onslow  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LECOCQ,,     Charles     Alexandre,    a 

celebrated  French  composer  of  popular 
operatic  music,  was  born  in  Paris  in  1832, 
and  studied  under  Halevy,  entering  the 
Conservatoire  in  1849,  where  he  gained 
several  prizes  and  became  Professor  of 
Music.  His  first  operetta  was  produced 
in  1857  at  the  Bouffes  Parisiens,  and  was 
entitled  "  Le  Docteur  Miracle."  This  was 
followed  by  "Le  Myosotis,"  1866  ;  "Fleur 
de  They  1868  ;  "Fille  de  Madame  Angot," 
his  most  popular  achievement,  1873,  which 
ran  500  nights  after  having  been  coldly 
received  on  its  first  appearance.  This  work 
has  been  revived  in  France  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  world  more  frequently  than  any 
other  of  its  class.  This  was  followed  by 
"Girofle'  Girofla,"  1874;  "La  Marjolaine," 
1877;   "Le  Petit  Due,"  1878;   "Le'Jour 


et  la  Nuit,"  1882 ;  "  La  Princesse  des 
Canaries,"  1883;  "Plutus,"  1885;  "Les 
Grenadiers  de  Montcornette,"  1887;  "La 
Voliere,"  1888 ;  "  Ali-Baba,"  ballet  at  the 
now  defunct  Eden,  1889;  and  "L'Egyp- 
tienne,"  1890.  He  has  also  written  a 
number  of  melodies  and  chansonnettes  under 
the  title  of  "Miettes  musicales."  His  most 
recent  work  has  been  "Ruse  dAmour," 
which  was  produced  at  the  Bodiniere  in 
June  1897.  He  is  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour,  and  his  Paris  address  is  27  Rue 
du  Mont  Thabor. 

LE  CONTE,  Joseph,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
born  in  Liberty  County,  Georgia,  Feb. 
26,  1823,  graduated  at  Franklin  College, 
in  1841,  and  the  New  York  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1845,  and 
practised  his  profession  at  Macon,  Georgia. 
In  1850  he  went  to  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  studied  under  Agassiz. 
He  subsequently  held  several  professor- 
ships, and  since  1869  has  been  Professor 
of  Geology  and  Natural  History  in  the 
University  of  California.  He  has  pub- 
lished many  essays  on  Education  and  the 
fine  arts,  and  on  philosophical  subjects, 
a  work  on  "The  Mutual  Relations  of 
Religion  and  Science,"  1874;  "Elements 
of  Geology,"  1878;  "Sight,"  1881 ;  "ACom- 
pend  of  Geology,"  1884;  and  "Evolution 
and  its  Relation  to  Religious  Thought," 
1888.  Among  his  strictly  scientific  pub- 
lications are  papers  on  "The  Agency  of 
the  Gulf  Stream  in  the  Formation  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Florida,"  "  On  the  Correla- 
tion of  Vital  Force  with  Chemical  and 
Physical  Forces,"  "On  the  Phenomena 
of  Binocular  Vision,"  "A  Theory  of  the 
Formation  of  the  Great  Features  of  the 
Earth's  Surface,"  "  On  some  of  the  Ancient 
Glaciers  of  the  Sierras,"  "On  the  Great 
Lava  Flood  of  the  North-west,"  "  On  the- 
Structure  and  Age  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains," "  Critical  Periods  in  the  History  of 
the  Earth  and  their  Relation  to  Evolution," 
"  Genesis  of  Sex,"  "  Psychical  Relation  of 
Man  to  Animals,"  "Structure  and  Origin 
of  Mountains,"  "Genesis  of  Metalliferous 
Veins,"  "Interior  Condition  of  the  Earth," 
"  Flora  of  the  Coast  Islands  of  California 
in  relation  to  recent  Changes  in  Physical 
Geography,"  "A  Post-tertiary  Elevation 
of  Sierra  Nevada,  as  shown  in  the  River 
Beds,"  "  Tertiary  and  Post- tertiary  Changes 
on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Coasts," 
"  The  Mutual  Relations  of  Land  Elevation 
and  Ice-accumulation  during  the  Glacial 
Period,"  "Evolution  and  Human  Progress," 
"The  Relation  of  Philosophy  to  Psycho- 
logy and  to  Physiology,"  "  The  Race 
Problem  in  the  South  from  a  Scientific 
Point  of  View,"  "  Theory  of  the  Origin  of 
Mountains,"  Presidential  Address  before 
the  Am.  Assn.  Adv.  of  Sci.  (1893). 


LEDOCHOWSKI  —  LEE 


631 


LEDOCHOWSKI,  His  Eminence 
Miecislas,  Cardinal  of  the  Roman  Church, 
Archbishop  of  Gnesen  and  Posen,  and 
Primate  of  Poland,  was  born  at  Gork,  of 
an  illustrious  Polish  family,  Oct.  29,  1822. 
He  began  his  theological  stndies  under 
the  Lazarists  in  the  College  of  St.  John, 
Warsaw,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  received 
the  ecclesiastical  tonsure  and  habit  from 
the  Bishop  of  Sandomir.  After  some 
studies  at  Vienna  he  proceeded  to  Rome, 
where  he  joined  the  "Academia  Eccle- 
siastica,"  founded  by  Pius  IX.  to  impart  a 
special  training  to  young  ecclesiastics  dis- 
tinguished by  their  acquirements.  His 
Holiness  named  Ledochowski  Domestic 
Prelate  and  Protonotary  Apostolic,  and 
also  sent  him  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to 
Madrid  and  as  Auditor  of  the  Nunciature 
to  Lisbon,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santiago 
de  Chili.  He  was  nominated  Archbishop 
of  Thebes,  in  partlbus  infidelium,  on  his 
appointment,  Sept.  30,  1861,  to  the  Nun- 
ciature of  Brussels,  where  he  remained 
four  years.  In  January  1866  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  archbishopric  of  Gnesen  and 
Posen,  and  as  the  occupant  of  that  See  he 
possesses  the  title  of  Primate  of  Poland. 
In  consequence  of  his  resistance  to  the 
laws  enacted  in  Prussia  against  the  Church, 
he  was,  in  1874,  cast  into  prison,  and  he 
was  actually  incarcerated  in  the  dungeons 
of  Ostrowo  when  he  was  proclaimed  a 
Cardinal  by  the  Pope  in  a  secret  consis- 
tory held  in  Rome,  March  15,  1875.  He 
was  released  from  captivity,  Feb.  3,  1876. 
Being  banished  from  his  diocese,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Rome,  where  he  took  possession 
of  his  "  title,"  the  church  of  Santa  Maria 
in  Araceli  (May  11).  He  was  cordially 
received  by  Pius  IX.,  and  lived  in  the 
Vatican,  whence  he  continued  administer- 
ing the  affairs  of  his  diocese.  Legal  pro- 
ceedings were  several  times  taken  against 
him  by  the  Prussian  Government,  and 
at  last  he  was  condemned  in  default  to 
seventy  days'  imprisonment  and  to  the 
payment  of  a  large  fine  for  having  excom- 
municated one  of  his  lesser  clergy.  He 
was  closely  confined  in  the  Vatican  for 
fear  of  being  handed  over  by  the  Italian 
to  the  Prussian  Government,  who,  however, 
denied  that  they  had  asked  for  his  extradi- 
tion (1883).  In  1884  the  Pope  appointed 
the  cardinal  Secretary  of  Memorials, 
which  necessitated  his  living  in  Rome  and 
resigning  his  archiepiscopal  seat.  This 
concession  to  the  Prussian  authorities 
put  an  end  to  the  attacks  on  Cardinal 
Ledochowski,  who  in  January  1892  was 
appointed  Prefect  of  the  Propaganda. 

LEE,  Fitzhugh,  American  soldier  and 
statesman,  was  born  at  Clermont,  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  Nov.  19,  1835.  He  is 
a  nephew  of  the  late  General  Robert  E. 


Lee.  He  graduated  from  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point  in  1856.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  between  the  States 
in  1861  he  resigned  from  the  United 
States  Army,  and  entered  the  Confederate 
service.  He  became  Lieutenant-Colonel 
of  the  First  Virginia  Cavalry  and  later 
was  made  Colonel  and  participated  in  all 
the  campaigns  of  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia.  In  July  1862  he  was  made 
Brigadier-General,  and  in  September  1863 
Major-General.  In  March  1865  he  was  put 
in  command  of  the  whole  cavalry  corps 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  and  a 
month  later  he  was  compelled  to  surrender 
to  General  Meade  and  retired  to  his  home 
in  Stafford  County,  Virginia.  In  1885  he 
was  elected  Governor  of  Virginia,  serving 
four  years  ;  in  June  1896  he  was  appointed 
United  States  Consul-General  to  Cuba, 
which  position  he  held  until  the  opening 
of  the  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Spain,  when  he  returned  home  and  was 
made  a  Major-General  and  given  command 
of  an  army  corps  in  the  United  States 
Army. 

LEE,  The  Rev.  Frederick  George, 
D.D.,  born  Jan.  6,  1832,  at  Thame  Vicar- 
age, Oxfordshire,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Frederick  Lee,  M.A.,  rector  of 
Easington,  in  that  county.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Grammar  School,  Thame,  and 
at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  S.C.L.,  and  became  both  a 
University  and  a  College  prizeman  in 
1854.  His  Newdigate  Prize,  "  The  Martyrs 
of  Vienne  and  Lyons,"  has  passed  through 
five  editions.  He  was  afterwards  a  student 
of  Cuddesdon  Theological  College,  and 
was  ordained  deacon  in  1854,  and  priest 
in  1856,  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford.  He 
has  been  curate  of  Sunningwell,  Berks, 
assistant-minister  of  Berkeley  Chapel,  and 
incumbent  of  St.  Mary's,  Aberdeen.  He 
was  created  hon.  D.D.  of  the  Washington 
and  Lee  University  at  Lexington  in  Vir- 
ginia in  June  1879.  At  present  he  is 
vicar  of  All  Saints',  Lambeth.  He  was 
F.S.A.  from  1857  to  1892.  Dr.  Lee  founded 
and  edited  the  Union  Review  from  1863 
to  1869,  and  was  hon.  secretary  of  the 
Association  for  the  Promotion  of  the 
Unity  of  Christendom  from  1857  to  1869. 
He  was  likewise  one  of  the  originators 
and  officers  of  the  Order  of  Corporate 
Reunion,  established  in  1877.  This  body, 
confined  exclusively  to  members  of  the 
Church  of  England,  has  exercised  con- 
siderable influence,  acquired  rather  by 
construction  than  reform,  and  has  at  the 
same  time  successfully  perpetuated  the  best 
traditions  of  the  Oxford  Tractarians.  Its 
special  organ,  The  Reunion  Magazine  (1877- 
79)  embodies  its  fundamental  principles,  set 
forth    very    clearly.      He  is   the   author 


632 


LEE 


of  "Poems,"  2nd  edit.,  1855;  "The 
Gospel  Message,"  1860  ;  "  The  King's 
Highway,  and  other  Poems,"  2nd  edit., 
1872  ;  "The  Martyrs  of  Vienne and  Lyons, 
an  Oxford  Prize  Poem,"  5th  edit.,  1894; 
"The  Message  of  Reconciliation,"  2nd 
edit. ,  1868  ;  "  Petronilia,  and  other  Poems," 
2nd  edit.,  1869;  "The  Beauty  of  Holi- 
ness," 4th  edit.,  1869;  "Parochial  and 
Occasional  Sermons,"  2nd  edit.,  1873  ; 
"Death,  Judgment,  Heaven  and  Hell," 
3rd  edit.,  1870  ;  "The  Christian  Doctrine 
of  Prayer  for  the  Departed,"  2nd  edit., 
1875  ;  "  Memorials  of  the  Rev.  R.  S. 
Hawker,"  1876  ;  "  A  Glossary  of  Liturgi- 
cal and  Ecclesiastical  Terms,"  illustrated 
by  A.  W.  Pugin,  &c,  1877  ;  "The  Sinless 
Conception  of  the  Mother  of  God,  a  Theo- 
logical Essay,"  1881  ;  "  A  Manual  of  Poli- 
tics," 1889;  "The  Validity  of  the  Holy 
Orders  of  the  Church  of  England  Main- 
tained and  Vindicated,"  1870  ;  "The  Bells 
of  Botteville  Tower,"  1874;  "The  Words 
from  the  Cross,"  3rd  edit.,  1880.  As 
editor,  Dr.  Lee  has  issued  two  series  of 
"Sermons,"  and  one  of  "Essays  on  the 
Reunion  of  Christendom  "  (with  a  Pre- 
fatory Essay  by  Dr.  E.  B.  Pusey),  "  Lyrics 
of  Light  and  Life,"  2nd  edit.,  1878.  He 
wrote  "Order  out  of  Chaos,"  1881  ;  and 
has  published  "  Altar  Service  Book  of  the 
Church  of  England,"  "The  Book  of 
Epistles,"  "The  Book  of  Gospels,"  "  Di- 
rectorium  Anglicanum,"  4th  edit.  He 
has  also  written  "  Glimpses  of  the  Super- 
natural," 2nd  edit.,  1877;  "More  Glimpses 
of  the  World  Unseen."  1880;  "Glimpses 
in  the  Twilight,"  1885  ;  and  "  Sights  and 
Shadows  ;  being  Examples  of  the  Super- 
natural," 1894.  His  work,  "The  History 
and  Antiquities  of  the  Prebendal  Church 
of  the  B.  V.  Mary  of  Thame,"  an  illus- 
trated folio  of  considerable  size,  was 
published  in  1883,  and  brought  about  the 
restoration  of  that  church  under  Mr.  J. 
Oldrid  Scott.  His  studies  in  History, 
chiefly  bearing  on  the  Tudor  changes  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  have  resulted  in 
the  issue  of  "  Historical  Sketches  of  the 
Reformation,"  1879  ;  "The  Church  under 
Queen  Elizabeth,"  3rd  edit.,  1897;  "Ed- 
ward the  Sixth,  Supreme  Head,"  2nd  edit, 
1889  ;  and  "  Cardinal  Reginald  Pole,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,"  1888.  In  all  of 
the  above,  numerous  original  MSS.  have 
been  largely  made  use  of,  and  fresh  light 
thrown  upon  past  events.  A  metrical 
"  Litany  of  the  Faithful  Departed,"  by  Dr. 
Lee,  approved  for  use  by  several  Catholic 
dignitaries,  used  in  various  convents  and 
religious  communities,  has  had  a  very 
extended  circulation  in  England,  America, 
and  Australia.  Dr.  Lee  has  likewise  been 
a  contributor  to  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
the  Christian  Remembrancer,  the  Contem- 
porary Reviev),  Archeeologia  of  the  Society 


of  Antiquaries,  the  National  Review,  and 
other  similar  serials.  Address  :  All  Saints', 
Lambeth. 

LEE,  Rev.  Richard,  M.A.,  born  Sept. 
5,  1846,  at  Odogh,  near  Kilkenny,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard  Lee,  B.A., 
Scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
Curate  of  Odogh  (died  May  1850,  aged  28). 
He  was  educated  1853-65  at  Christ's 
Hospital  ;  1865-69  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  College  he  was  a  Founda- 
tion and  Rustat  Scholar.  He  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1869  ;  first  (bracketed) 
of  second  class  of  Classical  Tripos,  and 
M.A.  in  1872 ;  and  M.A.  (ad  eundem) 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1882.  He  was 
admitted  to  Holy  Orders  by  the  late  Dr. 
Jackson,  Bishop  of  London,  in  1873,  and 
ordained  Priest  in  1874.  In  1873  he  be- 
came Curate  of  Holy  Trinity,  Finchley ; 
Lecturer  in  1875  of  St.  Benet's,  Paul's 
Wharf ;  and  Curate  of  St.  Margaret's, 
Lothbury,  in  the  Diocese  of  London.  He 
was  appointed  Assistant-Master  in  Christ's 
Hospital  in  1871  ;  and  became  Head- 
Master  in  1876.  Address  :  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, E.C. 

LEE,  Sidney,  editor  of  the  "Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography,"  and  bio- 
grapher of  Shakespeare,  born  in  London 
on  Dec.  5,  1859,  was  educated  at  the  City 
of  London  School.  Proceeding  to  Balliol 
College  at  Michaelmas  1878,  he  obtained 
there  an  Exhibition  in  Modern  History, 
and  graduated  B.A.  with  a  second  class 
in  the  Final  School  of  Modern  History  at 
Midsummer  1882.  From  an  early  age, 
Mr.  Lee  interested  himself  in  Elizabethan 
literature,  and,  while  an  undergraduate, 
he  contributed  to  the  Gentleman  s  Magazine 
two  articles  entitled  respectively  "  The  Ori- 
ginal of  Shylock,"  in  February  1880,  and  "A 
New  Study  of  Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  in  Oc- 
tober 1880.  New  facts  were  there  brought 
together  from  an  examination  of  State 
papers  and  contemporary  literature,  and 
new  light  was  thrown  on  the  circum- 
stances under  which  two  plays  of  Shake- 
speare were  written.  The  papers  attracted 
the  favourable  attention  of  Shakespearian 
scholars,  and  Mr.  Lee's  views  on  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  have  been  generally  adopted 
by  commentators.  In  1882  Mr.  Lee 
edited  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
a  reprint  of  Lord  Berner's  early  sixteenth- 
century  translation  of  the  B'rench  mediae- 
val romance  of  "  Huon  of  Burdeux."  At 
the  end  of  1884  he  published  an  original 
work  entitled  "  Stratford-on-Avon  from 
the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Death  of  Shake- 
speare," which  reached  a  new  edition  in 
1890.  In  1886  he  edited,  with  many 
valuable  additions,  the  autobiography  of 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  ;  when  in  the 


LEE  — LEESE 


633 


summer  of  1892  a  bookseller  who  had 
purchased  of  the  original  publisher  some 
unsold  copies  of  this  work  tried  to  sell 
them  in  a  garbled  form  as  a  new  work  by 
Mr.  Lee,  application  was  made  for  an 
injunction  to  the  Court  of  Chancery,  and 
although  the  application  failed,  Mr.  Lee 
exposed  the  evil  principle  of  the  trans- 
action in  letters  to  the  Athenceum,  which 
were  privately  printed  as  a  pamphlet, 
entitled  "Lee  versus  Gibbings."  Mean- 
while, in  March  1883,  Mr.  Lee  had  become 
sub-editor,  under  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen,  of 
the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography," 
the  great  storehouse  of  biography,  pro- 
jected in  1882  by  Mr.  George  Smith 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.).  After  taking  a  large 
share  in  the  work  of  editing  the  under- 
taking for  seven  years,  Mr.  Lee  was 
officially  appointed,  in  the  spring  of  1890, 
joint-editor  with  Mr.  Stephen,  and  a  year 
later,  on  Mr.  Stephen's  retirement  owing  to 
ill-health,  he  became  sole  editor.  Thirty 
volumes  have  been  issued  at  quarterly 
intervals  under  his  sole  supervision.  In 
June  1894  Mr.  Lee  presided  at  a  public 
dinner  given  by  the  contributors  to  Mr. 
George  Smith,  the  proprietor  of  the  "  Dic- 
tionary," and  on  8th  July  1897  he  was  the 
principal  guest  at  a  public  banquet  which 
was  given  by  the  publisher  to  the  editor 
and  contributors,  and  was  attended  by 
many  eminent  persons.  In  January 
1896  he  gave  at' the  Royal  Institution  a 
Friday  evening  discourse  on  "National 
Biography,"  which  was  printed  in  the 
Cornhill  Magazine  for  March  and  circu- 
lated privately  in  pamphlet  form.  Besides 
fulfilling  very  actively  his  part  as  editor 
of  the  "  Dictionary,"  Mr.  Lee  has  been 
a  voluminous  contributor,  and  nearly  800 
articles  are  from  his  pen.  Each  of  the 
later  volumes  of  the  "Dictionary"  con- 
tain memoirs  by  him  of  the  first  import- 
ance, chiefly  on  Elizabethan  authors  or 
statesmen.  His  chief  contribution  is  the 
elaborate  life  of  Shakespeare  in  the  fifty- 
first  volume,  published  in  June  1897,  which 
was  welcomed  as  the  first  endeavour  to 
state  clearly,  and  co-ordinate  coherently, 
all  the  varied  facts  about  the  great  drama- 
tist's career  and  works  which  antiquaries 
had  accumulated  during  the  past  two 
centuries.  Mr.  Lee  has  since  gone  further 
in  his  efforts  as  a  succinct,  yet  coherent, 
biographer  of  Shakespeare,  and  has  based 
on  his  article  in  the  "  Dictionary"  a  full 
and  elaborate  biography  of  the  poet,  con- 
taining many  newly  -  discovered  facts. 
This  book  was  published  in  an  inde- 
pendent volume  in  this  country  and  in 
America,  and  is  likely  to  rank  as  the 
standard  work  on  the  subject.  The  Aca- 
demy crowned  it  in  January  1899  as  one  of 
the  three  best  books  of  1898.  Address  : 
108  Lexham  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 


LEE,  Vernon.     See  Paget,  Violet. 

LEEDS,  Duke  of,  George  Godol- 
phin  Osborne,  late  Treasurer  of  the 
Household,  was  born  on  Sept.  18,  1862, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  the  9th  Duke 
and  Fanny,  second  daughter  of  the  4th 
Baron  Rivers.  He  succeeded  to  the  title 
in  1895,  having  been,  as  Marquis  of  Car- 
marthen, Conservative  member  for  the 
Brixton  Division  of  Lambeth  from  1883  to 
1S95,  and  Assistant  Secretary  to  the 
Colonial  Secretary  from  1887  to  1888. 
He  was  Treasurer  of  the  Household  from 
1895  to  1896.  He  was  at  one  time  a 
Lieutenant  in  the  Yorkshire  Hussar  Yeo- 
manry Cavalry.  He  is  a  Prince  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  a  descendant  of 
Charles  II. 's  famous  minister,  and  of  Sir 
Edward  Osborne,  Lord  Mayor  of  London 
in  1582,  who,  as  legend  has  it,  rose  to 
prosperity  through  jumping  from  his 
master's  house  on  old  London  Bridge  to 
save  his  master's  daughter  from  drowning 
in  the  rapids  between  the  arches  beneath. 
He  married,  in  1884,  Katherine,  daughter 
of  the  2nd  Earl  of  Durham.  His  heir  is 
Lieut.  Lord  Francis  Osborne,  R.N. ,  born 
in  1864.  Addresses  :  11  Grosvenor  Cres- 
cent, S.W.  ;  and  Hornby  Castle,  Bedale, 
Yorkshire. 

LEES,  The  Very  Rev.  James 
Cameron,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Dean  of  the 
Order  of  the  Thistle  and  of  the  Chapel 
Royal  of  Scotland,  and  Chaplain  to  the 
Queen,  was  born  in  London  on  July  24, 
1834,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
John  Lees,  A.M.,  Minister  of  Stornoway. 
He  was  educated  in  London,  and  at  the 
Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Aberdeen. 
He  was  minister  of  Carmock,  Ross,  from 
1856  to  1859,  of  the  Abbey  of  Paisley  from 
1859  to  1877,  and  has  been  minister  of 
St.  Giles'  Cathedral,  Edinburgh,  since  the 
latter  year.  He  was  appointed  Dean  of 
the  Order  of  the  Thistle  and  of  the  Chapel 
Royal  of  Scotland  in  1886.  He  has  pub- 
lished histories  of  the  Abbey  of  Paislev 
(1878),  of  St.  Giles',  Edinburgh  (1889),  and 
of  the  County  of  Inverness  (1897),  besides 
other  works.  Address  :  33  Blacket  Place, 
Edinburgh. 

LEESE,  Sir  Joseph  Francis,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  is  the  second  son  of  Joseph  Leese, 
of  Manchester,  and  was  born  in  1845. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  is  a  B.A.  of  the  London  Uni- 
versity. Called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1868,  he  practised  on  the 
Northern  Circuit,  was  appointed  a  Q.C. 
in  1891,  and  became  Recorder  of  Man- 
chester in  1893.  He  has  been  a  Liberal 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons  since 
1892,  representing  the  Accrington  Division 


634 


LEFEBVKE  — LE  GALLIENNE 


of  Lancashire.  He  was  knighted  in  1895, 
and  is  married  to  Mary,  daughter  of 
William  Hargreaves.  Addresses  :  2  King's 
Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.C. ;  and  80  Queen 
Anne's  Mansions,  S.W. 

LEFEBVKE,  Jules  Joseph,  a 
French  painter,  born  at  Tournan  in  1836, 
was  a  pupil  of  Leon  Cogniet.  He  gained 
the  Grand  Prix  de  Home  in  1861  for 
"  The  Death  of  Priam,"  and  in  1870  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  "Truth,"  which  is 
now  hanging  in  the  Luxembourg  at  Paris. 
These  were  followed,  amongst  others,  by 
"  The  Grasshopper,"  1872  ;  a  portrait  of 
"  The  Prince  Imperial,"  1874  ;  "  Mary 
Magdalene,"  1876  ;  "  Pandora,"  1877  ;  a 
portrait  of  "M.  Pelpel,"  1880;  "Fiametta," 
and  "  Ondine,"  1881  ;  "  La  Fiancee," 
1882;  "Morning  Glory,"  1887;  "Lady 
Godiva,"  one  of  his  most  elaborate  works  ; 
and  "  Une  Fille  d'Eve,"  1892.  M.  Le- 
fcbvre  has  obtained  three  medals  (in  1865, 
1868,  and  1870),  and  a  first-class  medal  at 
the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1878,  and  a  Grand 
Prize  in  1889.  He  was  decorated  with  the 
insignia  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1870, 
and  made  an  officer  in  1878.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts  in  November  1891.  He  is  one  of  the 
leading  painters  of  his  school  and  style, 
an  excellent  example  of  which  is  the 
beautiful  "  Psyche,"  at  one  time  exhibited 
in  London,  and  engraved  by  Francois. 
His  Paris  address  is  5  Rue  La  Bruyere. 

LEFEVKE,  The  Eight  Hon. 
George  John  Shaw.  See  Shaw- 
Lepevee. 

LEFROY,  The  Right  Rev.  George 
Alfred,  M.A.,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
first  class  in  the  Theological  Tripos  in 
1878,  graduating  B.A.  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  ordained  in  1879,  and  forthwith 
went  out  to  India  to  superintend  the 
Mission  at  Delhi  on  behalf  of  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  and  of 
the  Cambridge  University  Missions.  He 
was  appointed  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Lahore  in  1885,  and  in  February 
1899  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Lahore. 

LEFROY,  The  Very  Rev.  William, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Norwich,  was  born  in 
Dublin  in  1836,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Isaac  Lefroy  and  Isabella  his  wife.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Michael-le-Pole 
School,  Dublin,  and  under  a  private  tutor. 
He  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
as  B.A.,  M.A.,  B.D.,  and  D.D.  The  Dean 
as  a  young  man  was  a  journalist,  but  took 
orders  and  became  curate  of  Christ 
Church,  Cork,  in  1864.  In  1866,  on  the 
advice  of  the  late  Dr.  Magee,  he  accepted 


the  incumbency  of  St.  Andrew's,  Liver- 
pool. During  this  period  of  his  life  he 
busied  himself  in  training  young  men  for 
the  Church.  He  has  been  a  prominent 
church-builder,  having  raised  large  sums 
of  money  for  that  as  well  as  other  church 
purposes.  He  has  built  several  churches 
in  Liverpool  and  in  the  Alps,  and  makes  a 
yearly  stay  for  climbing  purposes  at  the 
Riffel  Alp,  where  is  a  church  of  his  found- 
ing. In  co-operation  with  the  late  John 
Torr,  M.P.,  he  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing the  Bishopric  of  Liverpool.  He  was 
Donnellan  Lecturer  at  the  University  of 
Dublin  in  1888  ;  Hon.  Canon  of  Liverpool, 
1880  ;  Proctor  for  Liverpool  Archdeaconry, 
1887-89  ;  Rural  Dean  of  Liverpool  (South'),. 
1884-87;  Archdeacon,  1887-89;  and  was 
appointed  Dean  of  Norwich  in  1889.  He 
is  well  known  as  a  lover  of  music,  and  has, 
since  1892,  raised  a  large  fund  for  the 
restoration  of  his  cathedral.  The  Clergy 
Sustentation  Fund  is  held  to  have  been 
originated  by  Dean  Lefroy.  His  writings 
include,  besides  books  on  Norwich 
Cathedral  and  on  the  Christian  Life,  "A 
Plea  for  the  Old  Catholic  Movement," 
1875,  and  Lectures  on  Ecclesiastical 
History.  He  married  (2)  Mary,  second 
daughter  of  the  late  Charles  Maclver,  of 
Calderstone,  Liverpool,  and  Roxanstanes, 
Malta.     Address  :  The  Deanery,  Norwich. 

LE  G-ALLIENNE,  Richard,  poet, 
man  of  letters,  and  journalist,  was  bora  in 
Liverpool  on  Jan.  20,  1866.  His  family 
came  originally  from  Guernsey,  but  his 
father  had  for  some  time  been  settled  in 
England.  He  was  educated  at  Liverpool 
College,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  entered 
the  office  of  a  chartered  accountant.  Here 
he  privately  printed  his  first  volume  of 
poetry,  "My  Ladies'  Sonnets"  (1887).  In 
February  1889  he  became  literary  secretary 
to  Mr.  Wilson  Barrett,  and  stayed  with 
him  some  months,  though  ill-health  pre- 
vented him  accompanying  Mr.  Barrett  to 
America.  In  1889  he  returned  to  Liver- 
pool, and  in  Feb.  1891  joined  the  Star  in 
London,  becoming  literary  critic  to  that 
journal,  and  writing  thenceforth  a  series 
of  cultivated  and  kindly  appreciations  of 
contemporary  literature  over  the  signature 
"Logroller."  Shortly  after  becoming 
critic  to  the  Star  he  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Daily  Chronicle  and  of  the  Speaker.  Mr. 
Le  Gallienne  is  the  author  of  the  following' 
volumes  of  prose  and  verse  :  "  My  Ladies'1 
Sonnets,"  1887  ;  "Volumes  in  Folio," 
"The  Book  Bills  of  Narcissus,"  and 
"  George  Meredith  :  some  Characteristics," 
18S9;  "English  Poems,"  1892;  "The 
Religion  of  a  Literary  Man,"  1893  ;  "  Prose 
Fancies,"  1894  ;  "  Robert  Louis  Stevenson, 
an  Elegy  and  Other  Poems,"  1895;  "Re- 
trospective     Reviews,"      1896;      "Prose 


LEGGE  — LEHMANN 


635 


Fancies,"  second  series,  1896;  "The 
Quest  of  the  Golden  Girl,"  1897;  "If  I 
were  God  :  a  Conversation,"  1897  ; 
"Rubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam,  a  Para- 
phrase," 1897 ;  "  The  Romance  of  Zion 
Chapel,"  1898  ;  and  "  Young  Lives," 
1899.  He  has  contributed  to  "  The 
Book  of  the  Rhymers'  Club,"  1892  and 
1894,  and  to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  the 
New  Review,  and  other  leading  maga- 
zines and  weekly  journals.  In  February 
1893  he  engaged  in  a  newspaper  con- 
troversy with  Mr.  Robert  Buchanan  on  the 
question  "  Is  Christianity  played  out  ?  " 
which  led  to  the  publication  of  the  "Re- 
ligion of  a  Literary  Man."  He  has 
delivered  lectures  at  South  Place  Chapel 
and  elsewhere  on  such  subjects  as  "The 
Influence  of  the  Press  upon  Society," 
"The  Nonconformist  Conscience,"  "The 
Revolt  of  the  Daughters,"  and  "The 
World,  the  Flesh,  and  the  Puritan."  Mr. 
Le  Gallienne  married,  on  Oct.  22,  1891, 
Mildred,  daughter  of  Alfred  Lee,  of  Liver- 
pool. She  died  on  May  21,  1894,  their 
child,  Hesper,  having  been  born  on  Dec.  6, 
1893.  On  Feb.  12,  1897,  Mr.  Le  Gal- 
lienne married  Julie  Norregard,  a  Danish 
literary  woman  resident  in  London.  Mrs. 
Le  Gallienne  is  the  London  correspondent 
of  "The  Politiken,"  Copenhagen,  writing 
under  the  name  of  "Eva,"  a  pseudonym 
by  which  she  is  well  known  in  her  own 
country.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Le  Gallienne  paid 
a  visit  to  America  during  the  spring  of 
1898,  Mr.  Le  Gallienne  lecturing  and  read- 
ing from  his  own  writings.  Address : 
Moorcroft,  Hindhead,  Haslemere. 

LEG-GE,  Hon.  and  Eight  Rev. 
Augustus,  Bishop  of  Lichfield,  was  born 
in  1839,  and  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  second  class  in 
Law  and  History  in  1861,  and  at  Lichfield 
College,  B.A.  1861,  M.A.  1864,  D.D.  1891. 
He  is  the  sixth  son  of  the  4th  Earl  of 
Dartmouth  and  of  Frances,  daughter  of 
the  5th  Viscount  Barrington.  Ordained 
in  1864,  he  was  Curate  of  Handsworth  in 
Staffordshire  from  that  year  till  1866, 
Curate  of  St.  Michael's,  Bryanston  Square, 
from  1866  to  1867,  Vicar  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's, Sydenham,  from  1867  to  1879,  and 
Vicar  of  Lewisham  from  1879  to  1891, 
when  he  was  promoted  to  the  See  of  Lich- 
field. He  was  Rural  Dean  of  Greenwich 
from  1882  to  1886,  and  of  Lewisham 
between  1886-91,  and  Proctor  of  the  Dio- 
cese of  Rochester  between  1885-91.  In 
June  1891  he  succeeded  Dr.  Maclngan  as 
Bishop  of  Lichfield.  In  1891  he  published 
"In  Covenant  with  God."  In  1877  he 
married  Fanny,  second  daughter  of  the 
late  W.  B.  Stopford,  Drayton  House, 
Thrapston.  Permanent  addresses :  The 
Palace,  Lichfield  ;  Club,  Athenaeum. 


LEGOTJVE,  Ernest  Wilfred,  a 
French  dramatist,  the  son  of  Gabriel 
Legouve\  author  of  "  Merites  des  Femmes," 
was  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1807.  At  an 
early  age  he  wrote  novels,  plays,  and 
poems,  and  his  lectures  on  "  L'Histoire 
Morale  des  Femmes "  were  published  in 
1848.  In  1849,  in  conjunction  with  Scribe, 
he  produced  "Adrienne  Lecouvreur," 
which  gained  great  popularity  through  the 
personation  of  the  heroine  by  Rachel. 
She,  however,  paid  a  fine  of  5000  francs 
rather  than  perform  in  his  "M^dee,"  a 
play  which  in  Montanelli's  Italian  version 
was  in  1856  very  successful  with  Ristori. 
In  1856  he  succeeded  Ancelot  as  a  member 
of  the  Academy.  Among  his  works  are 
"Beatrix,"  1861  ;  "La  Croix  d'Honneur  et 
les  Com^diens,"  1863;  "Miss  Suzanne," 
1867;  "Messieurs  les  Enfants,"  1868 ; 
"  LaBataille  de  Dames,"1873  ;  "Etudes  et 
Souvenirs  de  Theatre,"  1880;  "  Le  Mente 
des  Femmes,"  1882 ;  t  "  La  Lecture  en 
Action,"  1883  ;  "  Une  Education  de  Jeune 
Fille,"  1884  ;  "  Soixante  Ans  de  Souvenirs," 
2  vols.,  1886-87;  "Fleurs  d'Hiver,"  &c, 
and  "  Une  Eleve  de  Seize  Ans,"  1890.  His 
collected  plays  were  published  in  three 
volumes  in  1887-90.  He  rose  to  the  rank 
of  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1887,  and  has  since  been  promoted  a 
Grand  Officer.  He  is  by  far  the  oldest 
member  of  the  Academy,  and  may  be 
styled  the  Grand  Old  Man  of  French 
Drama.  His  Paris  address  is  14  Rue  St. 
Marc. 

LEHMANN,  Rudolf,  artist,  was 
born  Aug.  19,  1819,  at  Ottensen,  near 
Hamburg,  and  educated  at  Hamburg.  His 
art  education  he  received  in  Paris,  Munich, 
and  Rome,  where  he  afterwards  resided 
for  some  time,  and  where  his  studio  was 
much  frequented.  He  has  lived  in  London 
since  1866.  He  obtained  three  Gold 
Medals  at  three  Paris  Exhibitions,  and 
was  created  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the 
Falcon  by  the  Grand-Duke  of  Saxe- 
Weimar.  His  portrait,  painted  by  himself 
at  the  request  of  the  Director  of  Public 
Galleries  in  Florence,  is  placed  in  the 
Galleria  degli  Uffizi  of  that  city,  in  the 
room  set  apart  for  portraits  of  distinguished 
artists  painted  by  themselves.  M.  Leh- 
mann's  chief  pictures  are  "Sixtus  V. 
Blessing  the  Pontine  Marshes,"  bought  by 
the  French  Government  for  the  Museum 
at  Lille  (this  is  his  largest  work) ;  a 
"Madonna,"  and  a  "St.  Sebastian," 
ordered  by  the  French  Government  for 
two  churches  in  France ;  "  Graziella," 
from  Lamartine's  "Confidences";  "Early 
Dawn  in  the  Pontine  Marshes"  ;  numerous 
pictures  of  modern  life  and  costume  in 
Italy  ;  numerous  portraits  of  distinguished 
persons  in  England,  amongst  whom  are 


636 


LE  HUNTE  —  LEIGH 


the  late  Duchess  of  Northumberland, 
Countess  Percy,  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Leinster,  Earl  and  Countess  Stair,  Countess 
of  Clanwilliam,  Countess  Radnor,  Lady 
Enfield  (Countess  Strafford),  the  Rt.  Hon. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Goschen,  Earl  and  Countess 
Beauchamp,  Lord  Houghton,  Lord  Revel- 
stoke,  Viscount  Galway,  Helen  Faucit 
(Lady  Martin),  Lady  Herschell,  Lord  and 
Lady  Herries,  Lady  Elizah  Bultiel,  Sir 
William  and  Lady  Priestley,  Sir  William 
Fergusson,  Sir  Spencer  Wells,  Sir  Andrew 
Clarke,  Sir  Henry  Bessemer,  Sir  William 
Siemens,  Emily  Davies,  James  Payn, 
Wilkie  Collins,  Baron  and  Baroness  Reuter, 
Mr.  T.  J.  Morgan,  Sir  Charles  and  Lady 
Trevelyan,  Dr.  Collingwood  Bruce,  Hon. 
Mrs.  Pitt-Rivers,  Mr.  Browning,  the  Earl 
of  Clanwilliam,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet 
(1899),  &c.  ;  and  a  collection  of  pencil 
sketches,  portraits  of  distinguished  con- 
temporaries, with  their  autographs, 
over  one  hundred  in  number.  He  has 
published  his  reminiscences,  and  more 
recently  a  reproduction  in  album  form 
of  bis  collection  of  pencil  drawings  of 
contemporary  celebrities,  under  the  title 
"Men  and  Women  of  the  Century" 
(George  Bell  &  Sons).  He  married  a 
daughter  of  Robert  Chambers  in  1861. 
Of  his  four  daughters  the  eldest,  Liza,  is 
well  known  in  the  musical  world  through 
her  singing  and  her  compositions.  She  is 
married  to  Mr.  Bedford.  The  second  one 
married  Mr.  Heron  Allen,  the  translator  of 
Omar  Khayyam  ;  and  the  third,  Mrs.  Barry 
Pain,  has  recently  published  a  successful 
novel,  "St.  Eva."  Address:  28  Abercorn 
Place,  N.W. 

LE    HUNTE,     George    Ruthven, 

C.M.G.,  Lieut. -Governor  of  British  New 
Guinea  in  succession  to  Sir  William  Mac- 
gregor  (q.v.),  August  1898.  He  was  born 
in  1853,  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1881.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  Private  Secretary  to  the  Gover- 
nor of  Fiji,  and  after  filling  other  offices 
became  Acting  Colonial  Secretary  in  1880. 
He  was  Judicial  Commissioner  to  the  West 
Pacific  Islands  in  1883,  and  in  1894  be- 
came Colonial  Secretary  in  Barbadoes, 
whence  he  was  promoted  to  Mauritius  in 
1897. 

LEICESTER,  Earl  of,  Thomas 
William  Coke,  KG.,  D.L.,  J  P.,  was 
born  at  Holkham  on  Dec.  26,  1822,  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  2nd  Earl  in  1812. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton.  He  has  been 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Norfolk  since  1846, 
and  he  was  in  1870  appointed  Keeper  of 
the  Privy  Seal  to  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
K.G.  He  was  married  in  1875  to 
Georgiana   Caroline   Cavendish,   daughter 


of  the  2nd  Lord  Chesham  (his  second 
wife).  Address  :  Holkham  Hall,  Wells, 
Norfolk. 

LEIGH,  The  Rev.  Augustus 
Austen-,  M.A.,  Provost  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  was  born,  July  17, 
1840,  at  Scarlets  in  Berkshire,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Austen- 
Leigh.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
latter  College  he  was  Scholar,  Fellow, 
and,  from  1868  to  1881,  Tutor.  He  has 
been  Provost  of  the  College  since  1889  ; 
and  was  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University, 
1893-95.  He  is  a  member  of  Council  of 
Senate  and  of  the  governing  bodies  of 
Eton  and  Winchester,  and  President  of 
the  Cambridge  University  Cricket  Club. 
He  married,  in  1889,  Florence  Emma 
Lefroy,  great-niece  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 
Address :  The  Lodge,  King's  College, 
Cambridge. 

LEIGH,  The  Hon.  and  Very  Rev. 
James  Wentworth,  D.D.,  third  son  of 
the  late  Lord  Leigh,  was  born  in  Paris  on 
Jan.  21,  1838,  and  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He 
was  ordained  Deacon  in  1862,  and  Priest 
in  1863,  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester.  He 
began  his  clerical  work  as  Curate  of 
Bromsgrove,  and  then  became  Vicar  of  the 
agricultural  village  of  Stoneleigh,  where 
he  remained  for  nine  years.  In  1872 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  labourers' 
agitation,  started  by  Joseph  Arch  in  War- 
wickshire ;  in  the  same  year  he  also  resigned 
his  living,  and  went  to  reside  in  America, 
where  he  worked  among  the  negroes  on 
Butler's  Island,  had  a  church  built  for 
them,  and  was  publicly  thanked  by  the 
Bishop  of  Georgia  for  the  interest  he  had 
taken  in  their  spiritual  welfare.  Return- 
ing to  England  in  1877,  he  was  for  a  time 
in  charge  of  St.  James',  Stratford-on- 
Avon,  but  in  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  important  living  of  Leam- 
ington. In  1879  he  was  made  an  Hon. 
Canon  of  Worcester,  and  during  his  stay 
in  Leamington  was  Chaplain  of  the  South 
Warwickshire  Hospital,  Chairman  of  the 
Warwick  Board  of  Guardians,  and  Chair- 
man of  the  first  Leamington  School  Board. 
Canon  Leigh  was  in  1883  appointed  Rector 
of  St.  Mary's,  Bryanston  Square,  where  he 
remained  until  1894,  when  he  was  pre- 
ferred by  Lord  Rosebery  to  the  Deanery 
of  Hereford.  He  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  questions  of  social  reform  ;  introduced 
the  boarding-out  of  pauper  children  in  the 
Warwick  Union  thirty  years  ago ;  and 
has  published  papers  and  pamphlets  on 
various  temperance  and  social  subjects. 
In  fact,  the  Dean  is  known  throughout 
the  land  as  a  leader  of  the  Temperance 


LEIGH  — LEIGHTON 


637 


Reform  Movement,  and  at  the  Shrewsbury 
Church  Congress  he  read  a  paper  on  the 
duty  of  the  Church  towards  the  liquor 
traffic.  He  is  married  to  Frances,  daughter 
of  Pierce  Butler,  Georgia,  U.S.A.,  and 
Frances  A.  Kemble.  Address  :  Deanery, 
Hereford. 

LEIGH,  Lord,  The  Bight  Hon. 
William  Henry,  LL.D.,  J.P.,  was  born 
at  Addlestrop  House  on  Jan.  17,  1824,  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  2nd  Baron  in  1850. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  has  been  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Warwickshire  since  1856,  acted  as  High 
Steward  of  Sutton  Coldfield  from  1859  to 
1882,  and  is  a  Governor  and  Trustee  of 
Rugby  School.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1895.  Lord  Leigh  was  married, 
in  1848,  to  Lady  Caroline  Amelia  Gros- 
venor,  daughter  of  the  2nd  Marquis  of 
Westminster,  K.G.  Address  :  Stoneleigh 
Abbey,  Kenilworth. 

LEIGHTON",  John,  F.S.A.,  artist, 
descended  from  the  Leightons  of  Ulysses- 
haven,  Forfarshire,  was  born  in  St.  James's, 
Westminster,  Sept.  15,  1822,  became  a 
pupil  of  Mr.  Howard,  R.A.,  and  was  one  of 
the  pioneers  of  industrial  and  technical 
art  education,  aiding  by  example  the 
formation  of  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art,  by  the  foundation  of  the  "  Subur- 
ban Artisan  Schools,"  of  which  the  Prince 
Consort  was  the  Patron.  His  first  pub- 
lished work,  a  series  of  outlines,  came  out 
in  1844,  but  he  had  previously  contributed 
to  cartoon  exhibitions.  In  1848-50  he 
published  several  serio-comic  brochures, 
satires  on  art  principles  (then  little  ap- 
preciated), under  the  name  of  "Luke  Lim- 
ner." In  1851  Mr.  Leighton  aided  Owen 
Jones  in  arranging  the  first  International 
Exhibition,  about  the  same  time  pub- 
lishing a  series  of  twenty-four  outlines, 
entitled  "Money,"  and  at  the  same  time 
a  book,  "Suggestions  in  Design,"  which 
was  greatly  enlarged  in  1881,  and  was  the 
first  ever  issued  in  all  styles.  With 
Rossetti  and  several  members  of  the  ad- 
vanced school,  he  promoted  a  free  exhibi- 
tion of  pictures,  and  with  Roger  Fenton 
founded  the  Photographic  Society,  of 
which  the  President  of  the  Royal  Academy 
was  the  first  Chairman.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Copyright  Committee  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  that  met  in  1858-59  and 
codified  the  law  as  it  now  stands,  and  has 
since  been  at  the  International  Copyright 
Congresses,  at  Antwerp,  1877,  and  Paris, 
1878,  under  the  chairmanship  of  M.  Meis- 
sonnier.  Mr.  Leighton  has  had  great 
bibliographical  and  typographical  experi- 
ence. He  has  lectured  on  "  Libraries  and 
Books,"  "Oriental  Art,"  and  "Binocular 
Perspective "  ;     the    "  Advantages    of     a 


System  of  a  Postal  Ballot,"  and  "  Pic- 
torial Advertising,  its  Use  and  Abuse  "  ; 
and  has  also  travelled  in  Russia,  Caucasia, 
and  Georgia,  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
the  Byzantine  art  of  the  Greek  Church. 
In  1869  it  was  at  Mr.  Leighton's  sugges- 
tion that  Earl  Sydney,  the  Lord  Chamber- 
lain, modified  the  Court  costume  at  St. 
James's,  making  it  more  dignified  than  of 
yore.  He  has  illustrated  "  Moral  Em- 
blems," "  Lyra  Germanica,"  "  The  Life  of 
Man  Symbolised,"  and  "  Mad  re  Natura." 
In  1871  he  edited,  with  illustrations, 
"  Paris  under  the  Commune."  He  is  one 
of  the  original  proprietors  of  the  Graphic, 
and  a  founder  of  the  Ex-Libris  Society, 
and  a  Vice-President.  Mr.  Leighton  served 
on  the  Commissions  of  the  Exhibitions  of 
1851  and  1862,  also  in  Paris,  1855  and 
1867,  and  Philadelphia,  1867,  and  was  a 
Juror  in  Paris  in  1878,  where  he  first 
exhibited  his  scheme  for  the  "  Unification 
of  London,"  preserving  the  City,  the  map 
now  being  in  Spring  Gardens.  Mr.  Leigh- 
ton is  also  a  herald,  and  it  was  at  his 
suggestion  that  Wales  desired  to  adopt  an 
emblem  for  the  Principality  on  the  Royal 
Standard,  and  the  Cross  of  St.  David  on 
the  Union  Jack,  a  plea  for  which  he  put 
forth  in  his  "  Book-Plate  Annual."  He  has 
three  times  contested  the  Borough  of  North 
St.  Pancras  in  the  Liberal  Unionist  interest, 
and  once  retired  when  an  Unionist  was 
returned.  Mr.  Leighton  is  a  life  member 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  Society 
of  Arts,  the  Royal  Institute,  the  Society 
for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Fine  Arts, 
the  London  Archaeological  Society,  the 
Zoological  Society,  the  Corporation  of  the 
Artists  and  Literary  Fund,  the  Ex-Libris, 
and  many  other  kindred  associations. 
He  has  recently  published  an  important 
little  work  on  a  large  subject,  "  The  Unifi- 
cation of  London  :  the  Need  and  the 
Remedy"  (with  maps  and  plans).  Ad- 
dress :  Ormonde,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

LEIGHTON,  Mrs.  Marie  Connor,. 
novelist  and  critic,  is  the  daughter  of  the 
late  Captain  James  Nenon  Connor,  87th 
Royal  Irish  Fusiliers,  and  was  born  in 
Clifton  in  1869.  She  began  to  devote  her- 
self to  literary  work  at  a  very  early  age, 
and  was  educated  mainly  at  Marquise,  Pas 
de  Calais,  France.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
she  wrote  and  published  "Beauty's  Queen," 
a  three-volume  novel,  which  was  followed 
by  "A  Morganatic  Marriage"  in  1885; 
"  Sweet  Magdalen,"  1887  ;  "  Husband  and 
Wife,"  1888  ;  "  The  Triumph  of  Manhood," 
1889;  "The  Lady  of  Balmerino,"  1891; 
and  "The  Heart's  Awakening."  1893.  In 
1889  she  married  Robert  Leighton,  with 
whom  in  1891  she  joined  the  literary  staff 
of  the  Messrs.  Harmsworth,  and  has  written 
for  Answers  and  others  of  the  Harmsworth 


638 


LEIGHTON  —  LELAND 


journals  some  thirty  serial  novels,  includ- 
ing "Convict  99,"  "In  the  Shadow  of 
Guilt,"  "  Michael  Dred  "  (these  three  done 
in  collaboration  with  her  husband),  and 
"The  Harvest  of  Sin."  Since  1896  Mrs. 
Leighton  has  been  on  the  literary  staff  of 
the  Daily  Mail,  while  she  is  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Pioneer  Club,  and  takes  an 
active  interest  in  all  branches  of  women's 
work.  Address :  Vallombrosa,  Abbey 
Road,  N.W. 

LEIGHTON,  Robert,  author,  editor, 
and  critic,  was  born  in  Ayr,  Scotland, 
June  5,  1858,  being  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Robert  Leighton,  Scotch  poet,  and  his 
wife,  Elizabeth  Campbell.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Liverpool,  and  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen entered  the  office  of  the  Liverpool 
Porcupine  under  the  late  Hugh  Shimmin. 
Coming  to  London  in  1879,  he  was  ap- 
pointed editor  of  Young  Folks,  in  which  he 
wrote  many  stories  and  articles  for  young- 
readers  ;  in  1886  he  became  editor  of  the 
Bristol  Observer,  occupying  this  position 
for  a  year.  He  was  married,  in  1889,  to 
Marie  Connor,  and  in  collaboration  with 
her  wrote  "Convict  99,"  "Michael  Dred, 
Detective,"  "In  the  Shadow  of  Guilt," 
and  other  stories  which  appeared  serially 
in  Answers  and  others  of  the  Harmsworth 
periodicals.  He  was  a  Director  of  Answers, 
Limited,  from  1893  to  1896,  and  has 
been  literary  editor  of  the  Daily  Mail  since 
the  appearance  of  its  first  number  in  May 
1896.  He  has  published  the  following 
books  for  the  young :  "  The  Pilots  of 
Pomona,"  1892;"  "The  Thirsty  Sword," 
1893 ;  "  In  the  Grip  of  the  Algerine," 
1893  ;  "  The  Wreck  of  the  Golden  Fleece," 
1894;  "Olaf  the  Glorious,"  1895  ;  "Under 
the  Foeinan's  Flag,"  1896  ;  "The  Golden 
Galleon,"  1897  ;  "  The  Splendid  Stranger," 
1898.  Address:  Vallombrosa,  Abbey 
Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

IRISHMAN,  The  Rev.  Thomas, 
D.D.,  was  born  on  May  7,  1825,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Matthew  Leishman, 
D.D.,  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland  in  1858.  He 
was  educated  at  Glasgow  High  School  and 
at  the  University,  where  he  graduated 
MA.  Since  1855  he  has  been  minister  of 
Linton,  Roxburghshire.  From  1894  to 
1895  he  was  President  of  the  Scottish 
Church  Society,  and  in  1895-96  and  1896- 
97  was  General  Assembly's  Lecturer  on 
Pastoral  Theology  in  Scottish  Universities. 
He  was  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland  for  1898.  He 
has,  in  collaboration  with  others,  edited 
"  The  Book  of  Common  Order  and  West- 
minster Directory,"  1868  ;  "  May  the  Kirk 
keep  Pasche  and  Yule  ?  "  1875  ;  and  "  The 
Ritual  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,"  1891. 


He  married,  in  1857,  Christina  B.  Fleming, 
who  died  in  1868.  Address  :  Linton 
Manse,  by  Kelso. 

LE  JEXJNE,  Henry,  A.R.A.,  of 
Flemish  extraction,  was  born  on  Dec.  12, 
1819.  In  early  life  he  was  sent  to  study 
at  the  British  Museum,  and  in  1841  ob- 
tained the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  for  a  picture  of  "  Samson  Burst- 
ing his  Bonds."  He  was  Head-master  of  the 
Government  School  of  Design  from  1845 
to  1848,  when  he  became  Curator  of  the 
Painting  School  at  the  Royal  Academy  ; 
from  which  post  he  retired  in  1864.  He 
has  been  a  frequent  exhibitor  since  1841 ; 
was  chosen  an  A.R.A  in  1863,  and  retired  in 
1886.  His  last  exhibited  picture  is  "Idle- 
ness," 1894.  He  married  in  1844.  Ad- 
dress :  155  Goldhurst  Terrace,  Hampstead, 
N.W. 

I/ELAND,    Charles   Godfrey,   Hon. 

F.R.L.S.,  M.A.  Harvard,  Fellow  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  American 
author,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Leland,  mer- 
chant, was  born  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  15, 
1824.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College 
in  1846,  and  subsequently  studied  at  the 
Universities  of  Heidelberg  and  Munich, 
and  in  Paris.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1851,  but  soon  relinquished  law  for 
literature,  and  contributed  largely  to 
periodicals.  For  several  years  he  resided 
at  New  York,  and  edited  the  Illustrated 
News,  but  returned  to  Philadelphia  in 
1885,  and  for  three  years  was  connected 
with  the  Evening  Bulletin.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  Civil  War  he  established  at 
Boston  the  Continental  Magazine.  On  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  he  travelled  through 
a  portion  of  the  Southern  States,  in  con- 
nection with  real  estate  business.  He  was 
for  a  short  time  a  soldier,  and  at  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg  in  1864.  Later  he  became 
editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Press.  In  1869 
he  went  abroad,  and  remained,  chiefly  in 
London,  until  1880.  On  his  return  to 
America  he  introduced,  and  for  a  number 
of  years  supervised,  a  system  of  industrial- 
art  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Philadelphia.  Mr.  Leland  has  taken  part 
in  and  read  papers  before  the  Social 
Science  Congresses  of  Great  Britain,  the 
British  Philological  Society,  and  the 
Oriental  Congresses  of  Florence,  Vienna, 
Stockholm,  and  London.  He  co-operated 
with  Mrs.  R.  Jebb  in  founding  the  Home 
Arts  and  Industries  Association  of  Great 
Britain,  originated  the  Rabelais  Club  of 
London,  and  has  been  from  the  first  the 
President  of  the  Gypsy  Lore  Society  of 
Great  Britain  and  Hungary.  It  was  at  his 
instance  that  the  Folk-Lore  Societies  of 
Hungary  and  Italy  were  established,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  first  institutors  and  Hon. 


LEMAIEE 


639 


President  of  the  first  European  Folk-Lore 
Congress,   Paris,  1889,  where  he  was  de- 
puted to  organise  and  direct  the  Second 
Congress,  held  in   London  in   1891.     He 
was  Hon.  and  Vice-President  at  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Italian  Folk-Lore  Society 
in  1893.     His  works,  many  of  which  are  of 
a  humorous  or  burlesque  character,  include 
"The    Poetry   and  Mystery   of   Dreams," 
and  "  Meister  Karl's  Sketch-Book,"  1855  ; 
"  Pictures    of    Travel,"   a   translation    of 
Heine's  " Beisebilder,"   1856;   "Sunshine 
in  Thought,"  1862;  "Legends  of  Birds," 
1864 ;       "  Hans     Breitmann's      Ballads," 
1867-70 ;  "  The  Music  Lessons  of  Confu- 
cius, and  other  Poems,"  1870;  "Gaudea- 
mus,"  a  translation  of  the  humorous  poems 
of    Scheffel,    1871 ;     "  Egyptian    Sketch- 
Book,"  and  "The   English    Gypsies   and 
their  Language,"  1873  ;  "  Fu-Sang,  or  the 
Discovery  of  America  by  Chinese  Buddhist 
Priests  in  the  Fifth  Century,"  and  "  Eng- 
lish Gipsy  Songs,"  1875  ;  "  Johnuykin  and 
the  Goblins,"  and  "  Pidgin-English  Sing- 
Song,"  1876  ;   "  Abraham  Lincoln,"  1879  ; 
"The  Minor  Arts,"  1880;  "The  Gipsies," 
1882;    "The  Algonquin  Legends  of   New 
England,"     1884;      "Twelve     Art -Work 
Manuals,"     1885;     "Gipsy    Sorcery    and 
Fortune-Telling,"  "Practical  Education," 
"Brand  New  Ballads,"   "Manual  of   De- 
sign," "  Manual  of  Wood-Carving,"  "  Metal 
Work,"     "  Etruscan- Roman    Remains     in 
Popular  Tradition,"  1892  ;    "  The  Book  of 
One  Hundred  Riddles,"  1892  ;  "The  Book 
of     Copperheads,"      1863;      "Memoirs," 
1893;    "Dictionary   of    English    Slang," 
(with  A.  Barrere),  2  vols.,  1889  ;  "  The  Art 
of     Conversation,"     1863;      "Snooping," 
1888;    "France,   Alsace,    and    Lorraine," 
1870 ;        "  Centralisation      versus      State 
Rights,"  1868  ;   "  Three  Thousand  Miles  in 
a   Railway   Car,"   1868 ;  and   "  Industrial 
Art   Education,"    1882.     Also,    "  Mending 
and     Repairing,"     1896 ;     "  Legends     of 
Florence,  as  Told  by  the  People,"  2  vols., 
1896  ;  and  a  translation  of  all  the  works  of 
Heinrich   Heine.      His  projected  or  most 
recently  published  works  are  "Have  You 
a   Strong  Will?"   (1898),   "One  Hundred 
Acts"     (1897),     "The    Simplest    Musical 
Instruments,"      "  Wayside      Wanderers," 
"Songs  of   Sorcery  and  Witchcraft,"  the 
third  series  of  the  "Florentine  Legends," 
"  Aradia,    or  the    Gospel   of    the   Italian 
Wizards,"      "  Unpublished     Legends     of 
Virgil  gathered  in  Tuscany,"  "Tales  and 
Traditions  of  Tuscany,"  "Proverbial Tales," 
and  in  French  "La  Lutin    du  Chateau." 
Among  his  officially-published  works   are 
the  papers   in   English,   German,  French, 
and  Italian,  read  at  different  Congresses. 
He  was  on  the  staff  of  Appleton's  Cyclo- 
paedia, to  which  he  contributed  200  articles, 
and  was  subsequently  the  European  editor 
or  agent  for  Johnson's  Cyclopaedia.     In  a 


series  of  articles  recently  published,  J.  K. 
Gilmore,  author  of  "Among  the  Pines,"  and 
formerly  an  editor  of  the  New  York  Tribune, 
attributes  entirely  to  Mr.  Leland  the  so- 
called  "Emancipation  movement,"  during 
the  Civil  War,  by  means  of  which  the 
Union  men,  who  were  still  opposed  to  the 
Abolitionists,  were  reconciled  to  freeing 
the  slaves,  and  he  adduces  the  highest 
authority  to  prove  that  this  emancipation 
policy,  as  conducted  by  Leland  in  the 
Continental,  induced  Abraham  Lincoln  to 
advance  the  emancipation  by  many 
months,  a  movement  which,  it  is  now  gene- 
rally conceded,  perhaps  saved  the  Union 
by  greatly  abridging  the  war.  Even 
Lincoln  and  all  his  Cabinet  deemed  the  act 
premature.  He  has  of  late  lived  chiefly  in 
Italy.  Address  :  Messrs.  Baring  Brothers 
and'Co.,  8  Bishopsgate  Within,  E.C. 

LEMAIRE,  Mme.  Jeanne  Made- 
leine, nie  Coll,  French  artist,  born  in 
1850,  at  St.  Rossoline,  near  Cannes,  was 
brought  up  by  her  aunt,  Mme.  Herbelin. 
She  from  her  earliest  years  imbibed  a  love 
of  art  from  that  eminent  miniaturist. 
There  was  never  any  doubt  as  to  what  the 
pursuit  of  her  life  would  be.  As  soon  as 
the  little  girl  could  move  about,  a  pencil 
was  her  greatest  joy,  so  that  even  at  the 
age  of  five  or  six  the  childish  mind 
dictated  attempts  in  imitative  art.  It  is 
unfortunately  but  too  seldom  that  the 
first  efforts  of  those  who  afterwards  become 
eminent  in  their  profession  are  preserved, 
and  we  are  not  aware  that  any  of  Mme. 
Lemaire's  juvenile  artistic  productions  are 
in  existence.  Those,  however,  having 
charge  of  the  child  were,  luckily,  most 
careful  not  to  neglect  any  evidence  of  un- 
usual talent,  so  that  at  the  age  of  nine  the 
child  was  placed  with  a  Mme.  Cava"  to 
learn  drawing,  this  being  followed  by  four 
years'  instruction  at  M.  Chaplin's  school. 
In  1865,  and  when  but  fifteen  years  of  age, 
the  artist  exhibited  her  first  picture  at  the 
Salon — a  portrait  in  oils  of  her  grand- 
mother— the  talent  in  which  was  so  fully 
recognised  by  the  judges,  that  it  was  only 
the  extreme  youth  of  the  artist  that  pre- 
vented a  prize  being  adjudged  for  the 
work.  Then  followed  a  succession  of  pic- 
tures at  the  Salon — most  of  them  being  in 
oils  —  "A  Columbine,"  an  exceedingly 
clever  work  that  was  greatly  admired,  and 
one  that  at  once  foreshadowed  the  artist's 
future  fame;  "Diana  Vernon,"  and  another 
fancy  figure  in  "  Corinne,"  showed  a  sense 
of  beauty  of  form  and  colour  that  fairly 
took  the  public  by  surprise.  Rapidly  de- 
veloping into  a  facile  and  productive 
painter,  the  artist's  works  became  as 
numerous  as  they  were  diversified  in 
manner.  Season  after  season  her  works 
were  to  be  seen  at  the  exhibitions  of  the 


640 


LEMAlTKE  —  LENBACH 


Societe"  d'Aquarellistes  Francais,  of  which 
she  was  a  member,  her  subjects  embracing 
flowers,  genre,  and  portraits.  Mme.  Lemaire 
also  engaged  somewhat  extensively  in  book 
illustration,  producing  a  series  of  forty 
water-colour  drawings  for  the  Edition  de 
luxe  of  "  L'Abbe'  Constantin,"  by  Ludovic 
Halevy,  and  a  large  number  for  the  novel 
"Flirt,"  by  Paul  Hervieu.  In  1890  the 
artist  had  two  oil  paintings — "Ophelia" 
and  "  Sornmeil," — at  the  exhibition  of  the 
Socie'te'  Nationale  des  Beaux  Arts,  in  the 
Champ  de  Mars.  In  1891  she  exhibited 
"Five,"  and,  in  1892,  "Le  Char  des  Fees," 
&c.  In  addition  to  all  this,  Mme.  Lemaire 
has  entered  the  field  as  a  pastellist,  for 
which  branch  of  art  French  painters  are 
noted.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Socie'te'  des 
Pastellistes  Francais,  and  a  series  of  her 
drawings  were  at  one  time  on  view  at  the 
Goupil  Gallery.  Her  Paris  address  is  31 
Rue  de  Monceau. 

LEMAlTRE,  Francois  ^lie  Jules, 

French  poet  and  critic,  was  born  at  Ven- 
necy,  April  27,  1853,  and  began  his  educa- 
tion at  the  seminary  of  the  Cnapelle  St. 
Mesmin,  near  Orleans.  He  entered  the 
Ecole  Normale  in  1872,  and  became  an 
assistant-master  at  the  Lyc<5e  of  Havre  in 
1875.  In  1880  he  passed  to  Algiers,  then 
to  Besamjon  ;  but  in  1884  he  deserted 
the  ill-paid  paths  of  professorial  work,  to 
devote  himself  entirely  to  literature.  He 
became  the  editor  of  the  Revue  Eleue,  in 
which  several  of  his  articles  attracted 
much  attention,  especially  one  on  Flau- 
bert. But  it  is  above  all  as  a  dramatic 
critic  that  he  has  earned  his  Euro- 
pean reputation.  Succeeding  Weiss  on 
the  Journal  des  Dibats  in  1886,  he  has 
since  then  given  to  the  world  a  weekly 
article  on  the  drama  that  may  be  said  to 
have  revolutionised  the  methods  of  criti- 
cism ;  and,  at  any  rate,  to  have  created  a 
new  school  of  dramatic  critics  in  England, 
of  whom  Mr.  A.  B.  Walkley  is  the  chief 
representative.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Academy  in  1895  in  succession  to  Duruy. 
His  first  work  of  any  size  was  "  Les  Con- 
temporains,"  1886-89,  of  which  the  studies 
on  Zola,  Ohnet,  and  Victor  Hugo  created 
a  great  impression.  His  dramatic  criti- 
cisms have  been  collected  into  volumes 
entitled  "Impressions  du  Theatre,"  of 
which  the  tenth  volume  was  published  in 
July  1898.  Although  a  critic  of  peculiarly 
sarcastic  power,  he  has  been  unable  to 
keep  from  writing  plays  himself.  His  first 
was  "Re'volte'e,"  which  was  played  at  the 
Odfon  in  1889.  This  was  followed  by 
"  Le  Depute  Leveau  "  (1890),  and  by  "Le 
Mariage  Blanc,"  which  was  played  at  the 
Theatre  Francais  in  1891  ;  as  have  been 
"  L'Age  Difficile  "  and  "  Le  Pardon."  His 
plays  are  noted  for  their  advanced  views, 


and  are  appreciated  best  by  intellectual 
audiences.  He  now  writes  for  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,  and  his  work  has  become 
less  impressionist  andmore good-humoured. 
As  a  playwright  he  deals  very  severely 
with  his  own  class.  He  is  an  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  His  Paris  address 
is  :  39  Rue  d'Artois. 

LE  MARCHANT,  Francis  Charles, 

was  born  in  1844,  and  educated  at  Eton 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
a  first  in  Lit.  Hum.  1866.  He  proceeded 
to  India  as  a  member  of  the  Civil  Service ; 
and  in  1896  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 

LEMONNIER,  Antoine  Louis 
Camille,  Belgian  critic  and  novelist,  was 
born  at  Ixelles,  near  Brussels,  March  24, 
1835.  He  first  attracted  public  attention 
by  his  criticisms  on  the  salons  of  Brussels 
in  1863-66.  In  1887  he  obtained  the  quin- 
quennial Grand  Prize  given  by  the  Belgian 
Government  for  a  standard  work  of  art  by 
his  "La  Belgique."  M.  Lemonnier  is, 
however,  best  known  as  a  novelist  of  the 
naturalistic  school,  affecting  crudity  and 
brutality  in  his  methods.  His  chief  works 
are  "  Contes  Flamands  et  Wallons,"  1873  ; 
"  Les  Charniers,"  1881  ;  "  Un  Male,"  1881 ; 
"Les  Concubins,"  1885;  and  "Madame 
Lupanar,"  1886.  In  1889  his  novel  in  the 
Gil  Bias,  entitled  "L'Enfantdu  Crapaud," 
was  stopped  by  the  authorities,  and  he  had 
to  pay  a  fine  of  £40.  He  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  Figaro,  Le  Journal, 
L'Echo  de  Paris,  and  other  French  papers. 

LENBACH,  Franz,  a  distinguished 
German  portrait  -  painter,  was  born  at 
Schrobenhausen  in  Bavaria,  Dec.  13,  1836. 
He  at  first  followed  the  trade  of  his  father, 
a  master-mason,  but  on  his  father's  death 
in  1856  he  entered  the  Munich  Academy 
to  study  painting,  and  afterwards  was  a 
pupil  of  Griifle  andPiloty.  He  first  confined 
himself  to  genre  painting,  and  his  "Peasant 
Family  in  a  Storm  "  excited  much  interest. 
In  1858  he  went  with  Piloty  to  Rome,  and 
there  painted  a  picture  of  the  Forum, 
which  by  its  realism  and  colour  created  a 
great  sensation  in  Munich.  He  then  turned 
to  portrait-painting,  taking  the  old  masters, 
especially  Rembrandt,  as  his  models.  In 
I860  he  received  an  appointment  at  the 
School  of  Art  at  Weimar,  but  left  it  soon 
in  order  to  pursue  further  studies  in  Rome. 
In  1867  he  exhibited  a  masterly  portrait  of 
the  artist,  Von  Hagn  ;  and  after  further 
travels  in  Italy  and  Spain,  he  returned  to 
Munich,  and  soon  became  renowned  for 
his  portraits.  Commissions  came  to  him 
from  all  parts,  and  for  two  years  he 
worked  in  Vienna,  but  in  1874  settled 
again  in  Munich,  where,  when  not  travel- 


LENG 


641 


ling  in  Greece  and  Egypt,  he  has  since 
resided.  He  is  an  honorary  Professor  at 
the  Munich  Academy.  Amongst  his  most 
celebrated  pictures  are  portraits  of  Paul 
Heyse,  Frans  Lachner,  Moltke,  Bismarck, 
Dr.  Dollinger,  Wagner,  Liszt,  the  late 
King  of  Bavaria,  Gladstone,  the  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph,  and  William  I.  of  Ger- 
many. 

LENG,  Sir  John,  D.L.,  J.  P.,  Senior 
Member  of  Parliament  for  the  city  of  Dun- 
dee, was  born  in  Hull  on  April  10, 1828.  He 
is  the  second  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Adam  Leng, 
by  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Christopher  Luc- 
cock,  land  surveyor,  Malton,  Yorkshire, 
and  is  the  younger  brother  of  Sir  William 
Christopher  Leng,  of  Sheffield.  Sir  John 
was  educated  at  the  Hull  Grammar  School 
under  the  Head-mastership  of  Mr.  J.  D. 
Sollit.  In  1847,  when  only  nineteen  years 
of  age,  he  was  appointed  sub-editor  of  the 
Hull  Advertiser,  and  thus  began  a  very 
successful  career  as  journalist.  Four 
years  afterwards  (1851)  he  went  to  Dundee 
to  fill  the  position  of  editor  and  general 
manager  of  the  Dundee  Advertiser.  That 
journal  had  then  passed  its  jubilee,  having 
been  founded  in  1801,  but  although  advo- 
cating advanced  Liberal  principles  in 
politics,  in  consonance  with  the  prevailing 
sentiment  in  the  locality,  it  was  so  handi- 
capped by  the  heavy  paper  stamp  and  ad- 
vertisement duties  that  its  bi  -  weekly 
circulation  was  very  limited,  and  its  con- 
dition languishing.  Sir  John  set  vigor- 
ously to  work  to  improve  and  infuse  new 
life  into  the  Dundee  Advertiser,  which  has 
since  become  a  power  of  considerable 
magnitude,  not  only  locally  but  through- 
out Scotland.  About  ten  years  after  he 
undertook  the  management — that  is,  as 
soon  as  "the  taxes  on  knowledge"  were 
abolished  —  the  Advertiser  was  changed 
from  a  bi-weekly  to  a  daily  journal,  the 
price  being  reduced  to  one  penny.  In 
1858  Sir  John  established  the  People's 
Journal,  a  weekly  paper  whose  circulation 
is  now  over  250,000,  there  being  twelve 
separate  editions,  specially  adapted  to  the 
several  districts  of  Scotland.  Another 
enterprise  which  has  proved  successful 
was  the  founding  by  Sir  John,  in  1877,  of 
the  Evening  Telegraph,  a  daily  halfpenny 
newspaper,  the  several  editions  of  which 
have  a  very  large  circulation.  Some  years 
before  he  had  founded  a  literary  journal 
named  the  People's  Friend,  which  was 
begun  as  a  monthly,  but  was  received  with 
so  much  favour  that  it  was  changed  into 
a  weekly.  This  publication  has  been  the 
means  of  introducing  many  new  writers  to 
the  public,  such  popular  novelists  as  Annie 
S.  Swan  and  Adeline  Sergeant  having  first 
appeared  in  print  as  contributors  to  its 
columns.     In  addition  to  the  journalistic 


work,  an  extensive  business  in  commercial 
printing  and  lithography  is  conducted 
under  Sir  John's  management ;  and  the 
small  office  which  was  sufficient  for  the 
Dundee  Advertiser  in  1851  has  now  de- 
veloped into  a  very  extensive  establish- 
ment. The  Liberal  principles  which  Sir 
John  professed  in  1851,  when  he  under- 
took the  editorship  of  the  Dundee  Adver- 
tiser, have  been  consistently  maintained 
and  advocated  by  him  in  his  various 
journals.  He  has  from  the  first  been  an 
adherent  of  Mr.  Gladstone  ;  an  advocate 
of  Home  Eule  for  Ireland,  Scotland,  Eng- 
land, and  Wales ;  and  a  supporter  of 
measures  calculated  to  bring  about  con- 
ciliation between  Capital  and  Labour ; 
while  on  temperance  questions  he  has 
striven  to  introduce  measures  whereby 
the  liquor  traffic  would  be  controlled  by 
the  people.  The  prominence  given  to  his 
political  convictions  on  popular  questions 
naturally  suggested  that  he  would  be 
found  of  great  service  in  Parliament,  but 
he  was  reluctant  to  abandon  his  journalis- 
tic career,  and  it  was  after  he  had  declined 
no  fewer  than  fifteen  invitations  that  he 
at  length  consented  to  enter  the  field  of 
politics.  The  death  of  Mr.  Firth  in  Sep- 
tember 1889  caused  a  vacancy  in  the 
representation  of  Dundee,  and  Sir  John  was 
induced  to  become  a  candidate.  On  that 
occasion  he  was  elected  without  opposi- 
tion. At  the  general  election  in  1892  Sir 
John  was  returned  at  the  top  of  the  poll  as 
representative  for  Dundee  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Edmund  Robertson,  Civil  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  fourth 
administration.  On  the  distribution  of 
birthday  honours  in  1893  he  received  a 
knighthood,  and  this  dignity  was  accepted 
by  him  chiefly  as  an  honour  to  the  Press, 
and  to  the  city  of  his  adoption.  He  is  a 
Magistrate  for  the  counties  of  Forfar  and 
Fife,  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Dundee,  and 
President  or  Vice-President  of  numerous 
societies.  Besides  his  journalistic  work, 
Sir  John  has  published  a  number  of  books 
and  pamphlets,  amongst  which  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  "  Impressions  of  America,"  1876  ; 
"  The  Electric  Light  Recommended  to 
Gas  Companies  and  Corporations,"  1878  ; 
"Scottish Banking  Reform,"  1881 ;  "Ameri- 
can Competition  and  British  Agriculture," 
1881;  "Practical  Politics,"  1885;  "How 
Best  to  Deal  with  the  Unemployed,"  1886  ; 
"  Trip  to  Norway,"  1886  ;  "Home  Rule  all 
Round,"  1890  ;  "  Excessive  Patent  Fees," 
1891;  "Canadian  Cattle  Importation," 
1893;  "Disestablishment  in  Scotland," 
1894;  "Nationalisation:  the  Dream  of 
the  Labour  Party,"  1895  ;  "Letters  from 
India  and  Ceylon,"  1896  ;  "Some  Euro- 
pean Rivers  and  Cities,"  1897.  He  married 
(1),  in  1851,  Emily  Cook,  of  Beverley,  who 
died  in  1894  ;  and  (2),  in  1897,  Mary  Low, 

2S 


642 


LEONCAVALLO  — LEO  THE  THIRTEENTH 


of  Dundee.  Address  :  Kinbrae,  Newport, 
Fife. 

LEONCAVALLO,  Ruggiero,  com- 
poser, was  born  in  Naples  on  March  8, 
1858.  He  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Wag- 
ner, and  for  a  long- period  of  time  lived  in 
Paris,  where  he  composed  songs  and  occa- 
sional pieces,  and  planned  his  trilogy  of 
Italian  history,  of  which  the  "Medici" 
constitutes  the  first  part.  In  May  1892  he 
produced  his  short  dramatic  opera,  "  I 
Pagliacci,"  at  Milan,  and  in  November 
1893  his  "Medici"  was  first  performed  in 
the  same  city.  The  success  of  Mascagni's 
short  operas  may  be  said  to  have  paved  the 
way  for  his  own.  His  works  have  often 
been  heard  at  Covent  Garden. 

LEOPOLD     II.     (Leopold-Louis- 

Philippe-Marie-Victor),  King  of  the 
Belgians,  son  of  the  late  King  Leopold  I., 
upon  whose  death,  which  occurred  Dec. 
10,  1865,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  as 
Leopold  II.,  was  born  in  Brussels,  April  9, 
1835,  and  married,  Aug.  22,  1853,  the 
Archduchess  Marie  of  Austria,  by  whom 
he  has  had  three  children — two  daughters 
and  one  son,  the  Duke  of  Brabant,  who 
died  in  January  1869  at  the  age  of  ten. 
In  1855,  in  company  with  the  Duchess  of 
Brabant,  he  made  a  lengthened  tour 
through  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor. 
As  Duke  of  Brabant,  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  several  important  discussions  in  the 
Senate,  especially  in  that  relating  to  the 
establishment  of  a  maritime  service  be- 
tween Antwerp  and  the  Levant.  His 
Majesty  has  visited  this  country  very 
frequently.  General  Gordon  was  his 
friend,  and  was  in  his  service  until 
ordered  to  leave  Brussels  for  the  Soudan. 
His  "silver  wedding"  was  celebrated 
with  great  rejoicing  in  August  1878.  His 
Majesty  takes  a  great  interest  in  the 
development  of  the  Congo  Free  State, 
was  practically  the  founder  of  it,  and  is 
now  its  ruling  sovereign.  He  has  lately 
been  zealously  advocating  the  claims  of 
his  country  in  China,  but  without  success. 
Having  no  son  living,  and  daughters  being 
excluded  from  the  succession  by  the  Bel- 
gian Constitution,  the  elder  son  of  his 
brother,  the  Comte  de  Flandre,  was  heir- 
presumptive  to  the  throne  until  his  death, 
Jan.  23,  1891,  aged  twenty-two.  Now 
Prince  Albert,  the  only  brother  of  the  late 
Prince  Baldwin,  is  heir-presumptive. 

LEO    THE    THIRTEENTH,    The 

Pope,  is  the  son  of  Count  Ludovico  Pecci, 
by  his  wife  Anna  Prosperi.  He  was  born 
at  Carpineto,  in  the  diocese  of  Anigni,  in 
the  State  of  the  Church,  March  2,  1810, 
and  was  baptized  by  the  names  of  Vin- 
cenzo  and  Gioacchino.     His  mother  always 


called  him  by  his  first  name,  which  was 
also  used  by  himself  up  to  the  termina- 
tion of  his  studies,  when  he  began  to  use 
his  second  name,  Gioacchino.  In  1818 
his  father  sent  him,  along  with  his  elder 
brother  Giuseppe,  to  the  Jesuit  College 
of  Viterbo.  There  he  was  taught  gram- 
mar and  humanities  under  Father  Leo- 
nardo Giribaldi,  a  man  of  great  learning, 
until  the  year  1824,  when,  on  his  mother's 
death,  he  was  sent  to  Rome  to  the  care  of 
an  uncle,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  an 
apartment  of  the  palace  of  the  Marchese 
Muti.  In  November  1824  he  entered  the 
schools  of  the  Collegio  Romano,  then  re- 
stored to  the  Jesuits,  and  had  for  his 
teachers  Fathers  Ferdinando  Minini  and 
Giuseppe  Bonvicini,  both  distinguished 
for  eloquence  and  virtue  of  no  common 
order.  Three  years  later  he  began  to 
study  mathematics.  He  had  for  instruc- 
tors Father  Giovanbattista  Pianciani, 
nephew  of  Leo  XII.,  and  Father  Andrea 
Carafa,  a  mathematician  of  renown. 
Young  Pecci  signalised  himself  by  his 
assiduity  and  talent,  and  in  1828  got  the 
first  prize  in  Physico  -  Chemistry,  and 
the  first  aecessit  in  mathematics.  Then 
he  passed  to  the  course  of  philosophy, 
and  in  the  four  years  of  that  curriculum 
he  attended  the  lectures  of  Fathers  Gio- 
vanni Perrone,  Francesco  Manera,  Michele 
Zecchinelli,  Cornelius  Van  Everbroeck, 
and  Francesco  Xaverio  Patrizi,  brother  of 
the  late  Cardinal  Patrizi.  While  study- 
ing philosophy  Pecci  was  entrusted,  de- 
spite his  youth,  to  give  repetitions  in 
philosophy  to  the  pupils  of  the  German 
College.  In  his  third  year  of  philosophy 
he  sustained  a  public  disputation,  and 
obtained  the  first  prize  (1830).  The  fol- 
lowing year,  being  then  but  twenty-one 
years  old,  he  obtained  the  laurea  in 
philosophy.  Even  in  Viterbo  young  Pecci 
was  noticed  for  his  ability  and  for  his 
perfect  propriety  of  conduct.  In  Rome  he 
seemed  entirely  devoted  to  study,  and 
took  no  part  in  entertainments,  conver- 
sazioni, amusements,  or  plays.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  or  thirteen  he  wrote  Latin, 
prose  or  verse,  with  facility ;  and  it  may 
be  mentioned  that  since  he  became  Pope  a 
volume  of  his  verses,  chiefly  Latin,  has 
been  printed  at  Udine.  Having  entered 
the  College  of  Noble  Ecclesiastics,  the 
Abbate  Pecci  frequented  the  schools  of 
the  Roman  University  to  learn  canon  and 
civil  law.  Pecci  and  the  Duke  Sisto 
Riario  Sforza  (afterwards  Cardinal  Arch- 
bishop of  Naples)  were  the  two  brilliant 
youths  who  eclipsed  all  the  rest  of  their 
companions  in  study.  Cardinal  Antonio 
Sala  took  much  interest  in  Pecci,  and 
assisted  him  with  advice  and  instruction. 
Becoming  a  Doctor  in  Laws,  he  was  made, 
by  Pope  Gregory  XVI. ,  a  domestic  prelate 


LEO  THE  THIETEENTH 


643 


and  Referendary  of  the  Segnatura,  March 
16,    1837.      Cardinal    Carlo     Odesoalohi, 
famous  for  his  humility   in    renouncing 
the  purple  to  enter  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
gave  Pecci   holy  orders  in  the  chapel  of 
St.   Stanislas    Kostka,    in    S.    Andrea    al 
Quirinale,  and  on  Dec.  23,  1837,   conferred 
the  priesthood  upon  him  in  the  chapel  of 
the   Vicariate.      Gregory   XVI.   bestowed 
upon  him  the  title  of  Prothonotary  Apos- 
tolic, and  appointed  him  Apostolic  Dele- 
gate at  Benevento,  Perugia,   and  Spoleto 
in  succession.     In  these  important  posts 
he  ruled  with  firmness  and  prudence,  and 
while  at  Benevento  he,  by  his  energy,  put 
a  stop  to  the  brigandage  which  had  before 
infested  that  district.     In   1843   he   was 
again  promoted  by  Pope  Gregory   XVI., 
being'  sent  as  Nuncio  to   Belgium,    and 
on  Jan.    17  in  that  year  he  was  created 
Archbishop     of     Damietta,     in    partibus 
infideliurn,   to   qualify   him   for   his  office 
of  Nuncio.     He  remained  in  Brussels  for 
three    years,   and    was    then    nominated 
Bishop  of  Perugia  on  Jan.  19,  1846,  about 
four    months    previous   to   the   death    of 
Gregory   XVI.     He  was  created  and  pro- 
claimed  a   Cardinal  by  Pius   IX.   in  the 
'Consistory  of  Dec.  19,    1853.     He   was  a 
member  of  several  of  the   Congregations 
of  Cardinals — among   them   those  of  the 
Council,   of   Rites,   and    of    Bishops   and 
Regulars.      In    September    1877    he    was 
selected  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  to  fill  the  im- 
portant office  of  Cardinal  Camerlengo  of 
the   Roman  Church,  which  post  had  be- 
come vacant  by  the  death  of  Cardinal  de 
Angelis.     In  that  capacity,  after  the  death 
of  the  late  Pope  (Feb.  7,  1878),  he  acted  as 
head  of  the  Church  in  temporal  matters, 
made    the    arrangements    for    the    last 
solemn  obsequies  of  the  Pontiff,  received 
the   Catholic   ambassadors,    and   superin- 
tended the  preparations  for  the  Conclave. 
Sixty-two   Cardinals    attended    the    Con- 
clave,   which   was   closed   in  the  Vatican 
on  Monday,  Feb.  18,  1878,  and  the  Car- 
dinal Camerlengo  was  made  Pope  by  the 
acclamation  of  all.     The  news  was  officially 
proclaimed   to    the   outside    world    at    a 
quarter-past  one  o'clock  from  the  gallery 
of   St.   Peter's,   when   it   was   announced 
that  His  Holiness  had  assumed  the  name 
of  Leo  XIII.     On  March  3  he  was  crowned 
in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  all  the  ancient  cere- 
monies being  observed,  save  the  benedic- 
tion  Urbi  et  Orbi,  from   the  loggia  of  St. 
Peter's.     At  the  end   of   1887   the   Pope 
celebrated  his  jubilee,  commemorative  of 
his  having  been  fifty  years  in  the  priest- 
hood, on  which  occasion  he  received  con- 
gratulations from  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  Queen  of  England  sent  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk  as  her  Special  Envoy  with  valuable 
gifts   and  an   address   of  congratulation. 
In  June  1891  the  Pope  issued  an  impor- 


tant Encyclical  Letter  on  Labour,  which 
presents  the  Papacy  in  a  new  and  liberal 
light.  Later,  His  Holiness  bade  the  French 
clergy  recognise  the  Republic,  the  result 
being  that  many  hitherto  disaffected  Mon- 
archists have  accepted  the  present  order 
of  things  in  France.  On  Feb.  19,  1893, 
His  Holiness  celebrated  his  episcopal 
Jubilee,  and  held  a  State  celebration  at 
St.  Peter's  before  immense  crowds  of 
pilgrims.  The  English  pilgrims  on  this 
occasion  were  headed  by  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk.  In  October  1894  the  Pope  sum- 
moned a  conference  of  the  Patriarchs  of 
the  Greek  and  other  Eastern  Churches  at 
the  Vatican,  but  the  gathering  was  with- 
out results.  In  March  1895  considerable 
excitement  was  aroused  in  Austria  owing 
to  an  announcement  in  the  leading  organ 
of  the  Christian  Socialists'  Party  that  the 
Pope  had  sent  his  blessing  to  the  party, 
whose  leader,  the  well-known  Polish  priest 
and  Christian  Socialist  agitator,  Father 
Stojaloffski,  was  then  awaiting  his  trial  on 
a  charge  of  inciting  civil  discontent,  and 
to  the  journal  itself.  At  about  the  same 
time  an  intimation  was  given  to  the  world 
that,  being  approached  by  many  English 
churchmen,  both  lay  and  clerical,  who 
desired  reunion  with  the  Church  if  only 
certain  restrictions,  including  the  enforced 
celibacy  of  the  clergy,  could  be  with- 
drawn, the  Pope  was  disposed  to  grant 
some  mitigation  as  to  celibacy,  but,  the 
English  bishops  being  divided,  nothing 
further  came  of  the  pronouncement. 
Following  up  this  appeal  to  His  Holiness, 
Viscount  Halifax,  as  representing  the 
English  churchmen  before  mentioned, 
visited  Rome  and  conferred  with  Cardinal 
Vaughan,  the  Pope's  English  Vicar,  as  to 
the  conditions  of  reunion.  The  Pope  did 
not  endorse  Cardinal  Vaughan's  conclu- 
sions favouring  the  promotion  of  individual 
conversions,  but  stated  his  desire  to  ad- 
dress an  appeal  to  the  English  people. 
His  famous  utterance  was  published  on 
April  20,  1895,  inscribed  "Ad  Anglos," 
and  the  pathetic  •  plea  for  the  unity  of 
Christendom  was  followed,  in  June  1896, 
by  an  Encyclical  addressed  to  the  Bishops 
of  the  Church,  in  which  the  conditions  of 
unity — in  brief,  unqualified  recognition  of 
Rome — were  laid  down.  As  was  observed 
at  the  time  by  all  thinking  people,  not  one 
word  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of 
this  statement  could  be  found  to  justify 
the  assumption  of  Lord  Halifax  and  kin- 
dred spirits  that  Rome  would  or  could 
treat  the  question  of  reunion  as  a  matter 
of  negotiation  or  compromise.  Although 
rebuffed,  members  of  the  English  Church 
Union  sought  for  the  recognition  by  Rome 
of  Anglican  Orders,  and  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  Gladstone  was  enlisted  in  that  behalf. 
But  neither  Mr.  Gladstone's  touching  per- 


644 


LEPINE  — LE  ROUX 


sonal  appeal  to  His  Holiness  nor  the 
earnest,  if  misguided,  efforts  of  the  High 
Church  Party  availed.  On  Sept.  21,  1896, 
the  now-famous  "  Papal  Bull  on  Anglican 
Orders "  was  promulgated,  and,  to  the 
keen  disappointment  of  Mr.  Gladstone 
and  to  the  dismay  of  the  English  Ex- 
tremists, the  Pope  unequivocally  re- 
fused to  recognise  English  ecclesiastical 
Orders,  setting  forth  in  his  pronounce- 
ment an  elaborate  argument  to  justify 
Rome's  reiterated  negative.  When  re- 
ceiving the  Cardinals  and  his  Court  on  the 
celebration  of  his  87th  birthday  in  March 
1897  the  Pope  emphasised  the  drastic 
nature  of  his  Bull,  which,  he  said,  had 
been  issued  "  in  order  to  enlighten  those 
who  were  honestly  mistaken  and  to  cut 
short  sophistical  evasions."  His  Holiness 
has  not  since  made  a  further  appeal  to  the 
English  Church,  convinced,  probably,  by 
the  severe  and  discouraging  criticism  of 
both  Prelate  and  laity  that  his  Pontificate 
will  never  see  the  dawn  of  the  reunion  of 
the  West.  The  only  two  recent  intrusions 
of  the  Pope  into  English  political  life  have 
been  the  bestowal,  in  March  1896,  of  his 
blessing  on  Mr.  John  Dillon  as  the  new 
leader  of  the  Irish  Party,  and  his  ex- 
pressions of  sympathy  with  the  objects  of 
the  Irish  Race  Convention,  which  met  in 
Dublin  during  September  1896.  But  the 
Pope's  active  interest  in  European  affairs 
has  of  late  been  as  keen  as  ever,  and  in 
1896  he  made  various  representations  to 
the  Governments  of  Hungary,  Bulgaria, 
and  Servia,  concerning  which  it  is  im- 
possible to  comment  here.  An  Encyclical 
was  published  in  May  1897,  exhorting  the 
faithful,  on  the  occasion  of  Pentecost,  to 
pray  for  the  unity  of  all  Christians  ;  and 
in  the  following  month  the  Pope  solemnly 
canonised  two  old  priests,  Anthony 
Zaccaria  (1502-39)  and  Peter  Fourier 
(1565),  a  ceremony  which  had  not  been 
seen  in  St.  Peter's  for  thirty  years.  His 
Holiness  at  this  time  made  an  important 
statement  as  to  the  Church's  attitude 
towards  the  French  Republic,  asserting 
that  the  supreme  criterion  of  the  common 
good  imposed  upon  Catholics  the  accept- 
ance of  the  existing  form  of  government. 
On  Aug.  14,  1897,  the  Pope  received  in 
audience  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  (q.v.)  on  his 
visit  to  Europe.  This  interview  resulted  in 
the  appearance,  on  Dec.  24,  1897,  of  an 
Encyclical  on  the  Manitoba  Schools  Ques- 
tion, in  which,  while  asserting  the  con- 
cessions obtained  by  Catholics  as  in- 
adequate, the  Pope  advised  the  faithful 
on  their  part  not  to  refuse  a  partial  com- 
promise. On  the  previous  day,  Leo,  speak- 
ing at  his  customary  Christmas  reception 
to  the  Cardinals,  declared  the  hostility 
between  the  Vatican  and  the  Italian 
Government  to    be   "repugnant    to    the 


national  traditions  and  genius,"  and  said 
that  such  a  state  of  affairs  could  never  he 
supported  by  the  votes  of  the  Italian 
Catholics. x  In  the  spring  of  1898  the  Pope 
endeavoured  to  act  as  mediator  between 
Spain  and  America,  with  the  view  of  bring- 
ing about  the  conclusion  of  the  Hispano- 
American  War,  but  with  no  success.  In 
June  1897  His  Holiness  revived  memories 
of  his  early  days  as  a  poet  in  a  Latin  poem, 
"In  Praise  of  Frugality."  An  English 
translation  of  this  poem,  which  was  on  the 
model  of  the  Epistles  of  Horace,  was  made 
by  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  for  the  New  York 
World.  The  effort  was  an  interesting 
appeal  for  asceticism  in  modern  life,  and 
much  astonishment  was  evinced  at  such 
a  production  from  a  statesman  so  advanced 
in  years.  From  time  to  time,  during 
recent  months  (1898),  alarming  reports 
have  been  issued  as  to  the  state  of  His 
Holiness's  health,  and  bulletins  have  been 
issued  with  unusual  reticence.  In  the 
early  part  of  1899  a  serious  operation  was 
performed  on  His  Holiness,  from  which  he 
has  only  partially  recovered. 

LUPINE,  Louis,  French  administrator, 
was  born  at  Lyon  in  1846,  and  was  educated 
at  that  town  and  at  the  Lycee  Louis-le- 
Grand,  Paris.  He  was  attending  the  Law 
School  when  the  war  of  1870  broke  out, 
and  he  at  once  enlisted  in  the  "mobiles" 
of  the  Rhone,  and  after  the  siege  of  Belfort 
passed  into  a  volunteer  regiment  organised 
by  Colonel  Denfert-Rochereau.  After  the 
war  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lyon, 
and  in  1877  was  appointed  Sous-Preset 
at  La  Palisse.  Having  filled  the  same 
office  at  many  towns,  in  1S85  he  was 
promoted  Prefet  of  the  Indre  department. 
From  1886  to  1891  he  was  Chief  Secretary 
of  the  Preset  de  Police  at  Paris,  whence 
he  went  to  the  Loire  as  Pre"fet,  and  was 
instrumental  in  arbitrating  between  the 
masters  and  men  during  the  strike  of 
glass-workers  and  engineers.  He  then 
passed  to  the  Seine-et-Oise,  when  in  1893 
he  was  recalled  to  Paris  to  succeed  M. 
Loz^  as  Prdfet  de  Police,  because  of  the 
riots  of  the  students.  On  Sept.  29,  1897, 
he  was  appointed  Governor-General  of 
Algeria. 

LE  ROUX,  Henri  (known  as  Hugues 
Le  Roux),  French  writer,  was  born  at 
Havre  in  1860,  and  early  in  life  took  to 
journalism,  and  was  a  notable  contributor 
to  the  Revue  Politique  et  LitUraire.  When 
M.  Jules  Claretie  (q.v.)  became  Director 
of  the  Come'die  Francaise,  M.  Le  Roux 
took  his  place  on  the  Temps.  His  first 
serious  work  was  a  translation  from  the 
Russian  of  Stepniak's  "  Subterranean 
Russia,"  and  he  has  since  poured  forth 
a  quantity  of  novels,  travels,  and  works 


LESCHETIZK  Y  —  LESSAR 


645 


of  belles  lettres.  Among  the  most  impor- 
tant of  these  are  "Les  Ames  en  Peine," 
1888;  "L'Enfer  Parisien,"  1888;  "Entre 
Hommes,"  1889;  "An  Sahara,"  1891,  illus- 
trated with  photographs  by  the  author;  "En 
Yacht,"  1891,  travels  in  Spain,  Morocco, 
and  Algeria;  "Les  Mondains,"  1893.  In 
1888  his  adaptation  of  the  Kussian  novel 
of  Dostoievski,  entitled  "Crime  et  Chati- 
ment,"  was  played  at  the  Odeon.  He  is 
a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
his  Paris  address  is  167  Boulevard  Males- 
herbes. 

LESCHETIZKY,  Th.eod.or,  musician, 
was  born  at  Langert,  in  Austrian  Poland, 
in  1831.  He  was  educated  by  his  father, 
and  by  Czerny  and  Sechter,  and  began  to 
teach  at  the  age  of  15.  For  many  years 
he  was  Professor  at  St.  Petersburg  Con- 
servatoire, and  first  came  to  England  as 
a  pianist  in  1864.  Afterwards,  he  settled 
in  Vienna,  where  he  has  acquired  the 
reputation  of  being  the  finest  pianoforte 
teacher  in  Europe.  Among  his  pupils 
have  been  Paderewski  (q.v.),  Mark  Ham- 
bourg,  and  Madame  Essipoff,  whom  he 
subsequently  married.  In  the  autumn  of 
1897  he  came  to  England  on  a  visit  to 
Mark  Hambourg,  and  gave  several  recitals 
at  the  Salle  Erard  and  elsewhere,  being 
most  cordially  greeted.  His  compositions 
include  an  opera,  entitled  "Die  Erste 
Falte,"  which  was  played  at  Prague  in 
1867,  and  numberless  pieces  for  the  piano- 
forte. 

LESLIE,  George  Dunlop,  K.A.,  the 

youngest  son  of  the  late  Charles  Robert 
Leslie,  R.A.,  was  born  at  12  Pineapple 
Place,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  July  2, 
1835,  and  educated  at  the  Mercers'  School 
in  the  City.  From  his  father  he  received, 
of  course,  a  great  deal  of  instruction  in 
art ;  and  the  pure  and  tender  feeling,  as 
well  as  the  simplicity  and  method  which 
distinguish  so  many  works  of  the  father, 
seem  to  be  reflected  in  the  productions 
of  the  son.  Young  Leslie  was,  however, 
placed  by  his  father  at  Mr.  F.  Cary's 
School  of  Art,  Bloomsbury,  whence  he 
was  admitted  a  student  in  the  Life  School 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  April  1854.  The 
first  picture  he  exhibited,  called  "  Hope," 
appeared  at  the  British  Institution  in  1857, 
and  was  purchased  by  Lord  Houghton. 
In  the  same  year  two  small  pictures  by 
him  were  hung  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
where  he  has  since  regularly  exhibited. 
In  the  spring  of  1859  his  father  died, 
leaving  the  young  artist  entirely  to  his 
own  resources.  He  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1868,  and  a 
Royal  Academician,  June  29,  1876.  The 
principal  pictures  which  he  has  exhibited 
are :    "  The  Defence   of   Lathom    House," 


1865;  "Clarissa,"  1866,  which  was  also 
exhibited  at  the  Paris  International  Exhi- 
bition ;  "Nausicaa  and  her  Maids,"  1871  ; 
"School  Revisited"  (his  most  celebrated 
picture),  1875;  "Cowslips"  and  "The 
Lass  of  Richmond  Hill"  (his  Diploma 
picture),  1877;  "Home,  Sweet  Home," 
1878;  "Naughty  Kitty"  and  "Alice  in 
Wonderland,"  containing  portraits  of  the 
artist's  wife  and  daughter,  1879;  "All 
that  Glitters  is  not  Gold,"  1880;  "Hen 
and  Chickens,"  1881;  "Molly,"  "Sally 
in  our  Alley,"  "Pique,"  and  "A  Daughter 
of  Charity,"  1882  ;  "  Daughters  of  Eve  " 
and  "Wayside  Rest,"  1883;  "A  Girl 
with  a  Silver  Bowl  full  of  Roses"  and 
"A  Thames  Boat-house,"  1887;  "Sun 
and  Moon  Flowers,"  1889.  More  recently 
he  has  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
"November  Sunshine,"  and  "Toby,"  1895  ; 
"Kathleen,"  and  "September  Sunshine," 
1896  ;  "  The  Day  of  Rest,"  1897  ;  "  The 
Ash  Grove,"  and  "Arlington  Row, 
Gloucestershire,"  1898  ;  "  The  Peaceful 
Highway,"  1899.  In  1881  Mr.  Leslie  gave 
up  his  house  in  St.  John's  Wood  and 
removed  with  his  family  to  an  old- 
fashioned  riverside  house  at  Wallingford, 
where  he  has  lived  ever  since.  Mr.  Leslie 
has  at  times  used  the  pen  as  well  as 
the  pencil,  being  the  author  of  "  Our 
River,"  the  first  edition  of  which  was 
published  by  Messrs.  Bradbury  &  Agnew 
in  1881.  In  1893  Messrs.  Macmillan  pub- 
lished his  "Letters  to  Marco,"  which  were 
written  to  Mr.  Leslie's  old  friend,  H.  Stacy 
Marks,  R.A.,  on  subjects  from  natural 
history  and  country  life.  Both  these 
books  are  illustrated  by  the  author.  In 
1896  he  published  "Riverside  Letters." 
Addresses  :  Riverside,  Wallingford,  Berks  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

LESSAR,  Paul,  was  born  in  1851,  and 
comes  of  a  Montenegrin  family.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Ecole  des  Ingenieurs  in 
St.  Petersburg,  and  on  account  of  his  ability 
he  was  selected  to  accompany  General 
Skobeleff  into  Asia  to  survey  for  railways. 
In  18S0  he  joined  General  Komaroff  as 
an  expert  in  surveying  and  exploring  the 
Turcoman  country  between  the  Caspian, 
and  Afghanistan.  He  established  himself 
at  Askabad,  and  in  November  1881  he 
penetrated  beyond  Sarakhs,  across  the 
Afghan  frontier,  to  within  a  few  miles  of 
Herat.  In  the  course  of  two  years  he  rode 
a  distance  of  nearly  6000  miles,  exploring 
the  whole  of  the  ground  of  the  Russo- 
Persian  and  Russo-Afghan  frontier.  He 
became  Diplomatic  Attache"  to  the  Governor 
of  the  Transcaspian,  and  to  him  was  com- 
mitted the  real  direction  of  the  matter  of 
the  Afghan  frontier.  In  1885  he  was  sent 
on  a  special  mission  to  London  as  geo- 
graphical expert,  to  assist    the    Russian 


646 


LETHBRIDGE  —  LEWIS 


Ambassador  in  the  negotiations  which 
accompanied  the  despatch  of  the  Afghan 
Boundary  Commission. 

LETHBBIDGE,  Sir  Roper,  K.C.I.E., 
J. P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  E.  Leth- 
bridge,  was  born  on  Dec.  23,  1840,  and 
educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  in  double  honours  (classical 
and  mathematical).  He  was  called'  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1880.  In  1868 
he  was  appointed  Professor  in  the  Bengal 
Educational  Department.  He  was  subse- 
quently elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Calcutta 
University,  and  acted  as  an  Examiner  of 
that  University  (and  also  of  the  University 
of  Lahore),  at  various  times  from  1868 
to  1876,  in  Political  Economy,  History, 
English  Language  and  Literature,  Mathe- 
matics, and  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy. 
In  1877  he  was  appointed  Secretary  to  the 
Simla  Educational  Commission,  and  placed 
on  special  duty  to  write  the  articles  on 
the  Feudatory  States  for  the  "Imperial 
Gazetteer  of  India."  In  the  following 
year  he  was  transferred  to  the  Indian 
Political  Department  as  Political  Agent 
and  Press  Commissioner  under  Lord 
Lytton's  Viceroyalty.  He  was  for  man}7 
years  editor  of  the  only  Indian  quarterly, 
the  Calcutta  Review ;  and  is  the  author  of 
a  "  History  of  India,"  also  a  "  History  of 
Bengal,"  and  many  other  works.  In  1885 
he  was  elected  Conservative  member  for 
North  Kensington,  and  was  again  returned 
in  1886.  He  was  created  a  Companion 
of  the  Indian  Empire  in  1877,  a  Knight 
Bachelor  in  1885,  and  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Indian  Empire  in  1890. 
Sir  Roper  is  a  J.P.  for  Kent,  Lord  of  the 
Manor  of  Exbourne,  co.  Devon,  and  patron 
of  one  living.  He  married  ( 1 ),  in  1869,  Eliza, 
daughter  of  Mr.  W.  Finlay,  and  grandniece 
of  the  Bight  Hon.  John,  13th  Lord  Teyn- 
ham  (she  died  in  1895) ;  and  (2),  in  1897, 
Emma,  widow  of  the  late  Mr.  Frederick 
Burbidge  of  Micklefield,  Herts.  By  his 
first  marriage  he  has  issue  :  Francis  Wash- 
ington Lethbridge,  Lieutenant  Indian  Staff 
Corps  and  Assistant  Cantonment  -  Magis- 
trate of  Rawal  Pindi,  India  ;  William  Agar 
•Lander  Lethbridge,  Lieutenant  4th  King's 
Own  Regiment ;  and  Caroline  Anne  Roper, 
married  to  Mr.  Frederic  Gorell  Barnes, 
M.P.  for  the  Faversham  Division  of  Kent. 
Sir  Roper  is  Chairman  of  the  Indian  Con- 
stitutional Association,  Member  of  Council 
of  the  East  India  Association  and  of  the 
National  Indian  Association,  and  Member 
of  the  Indian  Committee  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  ;  and  Governor  of  the  Plymouth 
College.  Address :  21  Cornwall  Terrace, 
Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

LEWIS,  Mrs.  Arthur.  See  Terry, 
Kate. 


LEWIS,  Professor  Bunnell,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  is  descended  from  Philip  Henry, 
the  celebrated  Nonconformist,  father 
of  Matthew  Henry  the  Commentator, 
and  from  a  Huguenot  family  which 
seems  to  have  migrated  into  England 
at  the  time  of  the  Reformation.  He 
was  born  in  London  in  1824 ;  educated 
at  the  Islington  Proprietary  School,  under 
the  late  Dr.  Jackson,  afterwards  Bishop 
of  London,  and  at  University  College, 
London  ;  he  also  read  privately  with  the 
late  Mr.  Charles  Rann  Kennedy.  He  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  at  the  University 
of  London  in  1843,  with  the  University 
Scholarship  in  Classics  ;  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  University  College  in  1847. 
He  graduated  M.A.,  Branch  I.  (Classics), 
in  .1849,  with  the  Gold  Medal,  then 
awarded  for  the  first  time ;  and  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Latin  in  Queen's 
College,  Cork,  in  1849.  At  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Queen's  University  in  Ireland 
he  took  an  active  part  in  its  administra- 
tion, and  held  the  office  of  Examiner 
in  Latin  for  four  years.  He  was  elected 
F.S.A.  in  1865;  and  Foreign  Correspond- 
ing Associate  of  the  National  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  France  in  1883.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian 
Society,  the  Royal  Historical  and  Archaeo- 
logical Association  of  Ireland,  and  the 
Huguenot  Society  of  London.  At  the 
request  of  the  Council  of  University 
College,  London,  he  delivered  courses  of 
lectures  on  Classical  Archaeology  in  1873, 
1874,  in  connection  with  the  Slade  School 
of  Art.  Professor  Lewis  has  visited, 
for  purposes  of  archaeological  research, 
Ravenna,  Brittany,  Norway,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  the  south  -  west  of  France, 
Tarragona,  Palermo,  Constantinople, 
Autun,  Reims,  Switzerland,  Langres  and 
Besangon,  the  Middle  Rhine  and  the 
Upper  Danube,  Pola,  Aquileia,  and  Buda- 
pest. The  results  of  these  investigations 
have  appeared  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Archceological  Institute,  1875-93.  Many 
facts  have  been  mentioned  with  which 
the  English  public  was  not  previously 
acquainted,  and  ancient  monuments  have 
been  specially  considered  as  illustrating 
the  Greek  and  Latin  authors.  With  the 
view  of  making  classical  instruction  more 
realistic  and  interesting,  Professor  Lewis 
has  collected  objects  of  art  and  antiquity 
for  the  museum  of  his  college  ;  and  has 
laboured  in  various  ways  to  introduce  the 
study  of  antiquities  as  an  integral  part 
of  University  education.  He  has  contri- 
buted to  the  second  revised  edition  of  Dr. 
William  Smith's  Latin  Dictionary.  A  great 
part  of  his  paper  on  Autun  was  translated 
into  French  and  published  by  the  Society 
Eduenne,  of  which  M.  Bulliot,  the  explorer 
of  Mont  Beuvray,  is  the  President. 


LEWIS 


647 


LEWIS,  Sir  George  Henry,  senior 
member  of  Lewis  &  Co.,  solicitors,  was 
born  in  1833,  and  educated  at  Edmonton 
and  University  College,  Gower  Street. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  was  articled 
to  his  father,  and  was  admitted  as 
solicitor  in  Hilary  Term  1856,  when  he 
went  into  partnership  with  his  father 
and  uncle.  He  made  his  first  mark 
in  conducting  the  prosecution  of  the 
directors  of  Overend  &  Gurney's  bank, 
and  subsequently  had  the  management 
of  many  other  mercantile  and  financial 
prosecutions.  He  was  engaged  also  in 
the  prosecution  of  Madame  Rachel,  and 
of  Slade,  the  medium  ;  in  the  Hatton  Gar- 
den Diamond  Robbery  case ;  in  Belt  v. 
Lawes  ;  the  Baccarat  case  ;  and  later  in  the 
preparation  of  the  case  for  Mr.  Parnell 
and  the  Irish  party  against  the  Times  at 
the  Parnell  Commission.  He  has  by  far 
the  largest  practice  in  criminal  cases  of 
any  lawyer  in  London,  and  has  been  the 
solicitor  in  most  of  the  causes  cilebres,  and 
in  all  the  notable  newspaper  libel  cases  of 
recent  years.  He  was  knighted  in  June 
1893.  In  1867  he  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  F.  Eberstadt.  Addresses  : 
88  Portland  Place,  W.  ;  Ely  Place,  Hol- 
born,  E.C. ;  and  Walton-on-Thames. 

LEWIS,  George  Pitt,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  G.  Lewis  of  Exminster,  and  Jane 
Frances,  niece  of  Stephen  Pitt  of  Crichet 
Mallerbie,  Somerset,  was  born  at  Honiton, 
Dec.  13,  1845.  He  was  educated  privately, 
gained  a  studentship  of  the  Four  Inns  of 
Court  in  November  1869,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  June 
1870;  he  became  a  Q.C.  in  1885,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  appointed  Recorder 
of  Poole.  He  represented  the  Barnstaple 
Division  of  Devonshire  in  the  Liberal 
interest  from  1885  to  1892,  but  voted 
against  the  Home  Rule  Bill  of  1886.  He 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Bar 
Committee,  now  the  Council  of  the  Bar, 
and  a  member  of  it  from  its  commence- 
ment ;  was  appointed  Examiner  for 
Honours  to  the  Council  of  Legal  Educa- 
tion in  1897,  and  is  on  the  Board  of 
Preliminary  Examiners  appointed  by  the 
Four  Inns  of  Court  in  1897.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Complete  County  Court 
Practice,"  which,  after  passing  through 
four  editions,  is  now  merged  in  "  The 
Yearly  County  Court  Practice "  ;  also  of 
"The  Insane  and  the  Law,"  1895.  He  is 
also  editor  of  the  9th  edition  of  ' '  Taylor 
on  Evidence,"  the  author  of  "Inns  of 
Court"  and  other  articles  in  the  "Ency- 
clopaedia of  English  Law,"  "  The  History  of 
the  Temple,"  &c.,  &c.  He  was  appointed 
in  1898  one  of  the  Honorary  Counsel  to 
the  Honourable  Society  of  the  Baronetage. 
Address  :  4  Paper  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 


LEWIS,  Most  Rev.  John  Travers, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  Archbishop  of  Ontario,  born 
in  1825  at  Garrysloyne  Castle,  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  J.  Lewi's,  of  St.  Anne's,  Cork,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  graduated  as  Senior  Moderator  in  Ethics 
and  Logic,  and  was  Gold  Medallist.  He 
was  ordained  in  1848,  and  held  the  curacy 
of  Newtown  Butler ;  went  to  Canada  in 
1849,  and  was  appointed  by  the  Bishop  of 
Toronto  to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the 
parish  of  Hawkesbury,  which  he  exchanged 
in  1854  for  the  rectory  of  Brookville.  He 
was  consecrated  first  Bishop  of  Ontario,  in 
Upper  Canada,  March  25,  1862.  On  Jan. 
25,  1893,  he  was  elected  Metropolitan  of 
Canada,  and  on  Sept.  19  of  the  same  year 
he  was  made  Archbishop  of  Ontario  at 
the  General  Synod  held  in  Toronto  for  the 
Consolidation  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
Canada.  Address :  Bishopsleigh,  King- 
ston, Canada. 

LEWIS,  The  Right  Rev.  Richard, 

D.D.,  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  was  born  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, March  27,  1821,  and  is  the  son 
of  John  Lewis.  He  was  educated  at  Broms- 
grove  and  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.  1843  ;  M.A.  1846).  He  was  instituted 
to  the  rectory  of  Lampeter-Velfry,  Nar- 
berth,  Pembrokeshire,  in  1851,  and  was 
appointed  Archdeacon  of  St.  David's  in 
1875.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Llandaff  in  succession  to  Dr.  Ollivant,  and 
was  consecrated  to  that  See  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (Dr.  Benson),  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  on  April  25  of  that  year. 
Addresses :  The  Palace,  Llandaff ;  Heullan, 
Narberth ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LEWIS,  Professor  William  James, 

M.A.,  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  Lewis,  late  of 
Bonvilston,  born  near  Newtown,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, Jan.  16,  1847,  was  elected  a 
Scholar  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  in  October 
1865,  and  obtained  a  first  class  in  the  Uni- 
versity Examinations  in  Mathematics  and 
Natural  Science.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  Oriel  College  in  April  1869.  For  some 
time  he  was  Assistant-Master  at  Chelten- 
ham College.  He  was  a  Member  of  the 
Total  Eclipse  Expeditions  (English)  of 
1870  and  1871,  and  his  observations  on 
the  polarisation  of  the  corona  have  been 
published  in  the  volume  of  "Solar  Eclipses  " 
issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society.  In  1874  he  began 
to  study  mineralogy,  and  for  that  purpose 
went  to  Cambridge,  where  he  received  the 
valuable  assistance  of  Professor  William 
Hallows  Miller.  He  held  an  appointment 
in  the  Mineral  Department  of  the  British 
Museum  from  1875  to  1877,  in  which  latter 
year  he  resigned  owing  to  ill-health.  He 
has  contributed  several  papers  on  Crystal- 
lography to  the  Philosophical  Magazine.    In 


648 


LEYDS  —  LIE 


February  1881  he  was  elected  Professor  of 
Mineralogy  at  Cambridge  in  succession  to 
the  late  Dr.  William  Hallows  Miller.  In 
1884  he  organised,  and  has  since  conducted 
as  Honorary  Secretary,  the  Cambridge 
University  Scholastic  Agency.  Address  : 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

LEYDS,  Dr.  "W.  J.,  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary of  the  South  African  Eepublic  in 
Europe,  after  the  Jameson  Raid  in  1896, 
became  the  chief  adviser  of  President 
Kriiger,  and  was  credited  with  violent 
anti-English  opinions.  He  made  a  visit 
to  Europe,  endeavouring  to  raise  a  loan,  in 
1896,  and  revisited  Europe  in  1898,  when 
he  was  received  by  Emperor  William  II.  in 
October  of  that  year. 

LICHFIELD,  Bishop  of.  SccLegge, 
Hon.  and  Right  Rev.  Augustus. 

LIDDEHDALE,  The  Right  Hon. 
"William,  Director  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, son  of  John  Lidderdale,  a  Russia 
merchant,  was  born  at  St.  Petersburg  on 
July  16,  1832,  and  educated  at  a  private 
school  in  Cheshire.  He  entered  com- 
mercial life  in  the  office  of  Heath  &  Co., 
Russia  merchant,  in  Liverpool,  and  after- 
wards became  cashier  to  Messrs.  Rath- 
bone  Brothers  &  Co.  in  the  same  city, 
representing  that  firm  in  New  York  from 
1857  to  1863,  and  becoming  a  partner  in 
1864,  when  he  opened  their  London  house. 
In  1870  he  was  elected  a  Director  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  In  1887  he  was  Deputy- 
Governor  of  the  Bank.  From  1889-92 
he  was  Governor.  In  November  1890  Mr. 
Lidderdale  saved  the  City  "  from  what 
would  otherwise  have  undoubtedly  been 
the  greatest  financial  panic  this  genera- 
tion has  seen,"  by  his  wise,  firm,  and 
rapid  measures  during  the  Baring  crisis. 
In  these  measures  he  was  materially 
assisted  by  Mr.  Powell,  the  Deputy-Gover- 
nor, and  by  Lord  Rothschild  and  a  few 
other  leaders  of  finance,  but  it  was  chiefly 
owing  to  his  initiative  that  the  Baring 
difficulty  was  smoothly  tided  over.  In 
the  Vagliano  case  he  has  also  done  good 
service  to  the  banking  interest  at  large, 
having  afforded  important  assistance  to 
Sir  Richard  Webster  in  his  arguments 
before  the  House  of  Lords.  Mr.  Lidder- 
dale, after  the  Baring  crisis  was  over,  was 
continued  in  office  as  Governor  of  the 
Bank  of  England  a  year  longer  than  is 
customary.  He  was  also  presented  with 
the  freedom  of  the  City.  Since  1893  he 
has  been  a  Commissioner  of  the  Patriotic 
Fund.  In  1868  he  married  Mary,  elder 
daughter  of  Wadsworth  D.  Busk,  Esq., 
formerly  of  St.  Petersburg.  Address : 
42  Lancaster  Gate,  W. 


LIDGETT,  Rev.  John  Scott,  M.A., 
was  born  on  August  10,  1854.  He  is 
the  son  of  the  late  John  Jacob  Lid- 
gett,  a  shipowner  of  the  port  of  Lon- 
don, by  his  marriage  with  Maria  Eliza- 
beth, the  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
John  Scott,  the  first  organiser  and  head 
of  the  Wesleyan  system  of  elementary 
education.  He  was  educated  at  the  Black- 
heath  Proprietary  School  and  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  whence  he  gradu- 
ated at  the  London  University,  taking  the 
B.A.  degree  in  1874,  and  the  M.A.  in  1875. 
In  1876  be  entered  the  Wesleyan  min- 
istry, being  successively  appointed  to 
Tunstall  in  the  Potteries,  Southport,  Car- 
diff, Wolverhampton,  and  Cambridge. 
During  his  residence  in  Cardiff  and  Wolver- 
hampton he  took  considerable  part  in  edu- 
cational and  social  movements.  While  in 
Cambridge  he  inaugurated,  in  conjunction 
with  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  W.  D.  Moulton,  the 
movement  which  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Bermondsey  Settlement.  The 
scheme  was  sanctioned  by  the  Wesleyan 
Conference  in  1889,  and  the  settlement 
opened  in  January  1892.  Mr.  Lidgett  has 
been  Warden  from  the  beginning.  The 
settlement  has  now  about  25  residents 
besides  a  large  staff  of  non-resident 
workers,  and  it  carries  on  an  extensive 
programme  of  religious,  educational,  and 
philanthropic  work  in  Bermondsey  and 
Rotherhithe  on  broadly  undenominational 
lines.  In  1897  Mr.  Lidgett  published  a 
considerable  theological  book  entitled 
"  The  Spiritual  Principle  of  the  Atone- 
ment," being  the  27th  Fernley  Lecture. 
This  book  attracted  favourable  notice  in 
theological  circles,  and  a  second  edition 
has  been  issued.  In  November  1897  Mr. 
Lidgett  was  returned  to  the  School  Board 
for  London,  being  head  of  the  poll  in  the 
Southwark  Division.  He  is  a  Governor  of 
the  Leys  School,  Cambridge,  Chairman  of 
the  Young  People's  Section  of  the  National 
Home  Reading  Union,  a  Member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  both  of  the  National 
and  the  Metropolitan  Council  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Free  Churches,  in  addition  to  being 
a  member  of  numerous  Wesleyan  and 
educational  committees.  He  has  also  been 
for  a  number  of  years  a  Guardian  of  the 
Poor  of  the  St.  Olave's  Union.  In  1884  he 
married  Emmeline  Martha,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Andrew  Davies,  of  Newport, 
Mon.  Address  :  The  Bermondsey  Settle- 
ment, Farncombe  Street,  Jamaica  Road, 
S.E. 

LIE,  Jonas,  Norwegian  novelist,  was 
born  at  Eker,  near  Drammen,  Nov.  6, 
1833,  and  after  having  studied  for  the 
law  abandoned  it  for  literature.  His 
novels,  which  are  numerous,  give  realistic 
pictures  of  Norwegian  life,  especially  of 


LIEBKNECHT  —  LIEBLING 


649 


that  o£  the  fishing  population.  The  most 
noteworthy  are:  "The  Visionary,"  1870, 
which  was  translated  into  English  in  1894; 
"The  Three-Master  Future,"  1872;  "The 
Pilot  and  his  Wife,"  1874,  translated  in 
1877  ;  "One  of  Life's  Slaves,"  1883,  trans- 
lated in  1896  ;  "  The  Commodore's  Daugh- 
ters," 1886;  and  "Misa  Ions,"  1889.  He 
published  a  volume  of  poems  in  1866,  and 
a  comedy  entitled  "  Lystiga  Kmer "  in 
1894. 

LIEBKNECHT,   Herr,    one    of    the 

leaders  of  contemporary  Socialism  in  Ger- 
many, was  born  at  Giessen,  March  29,  1826. 
He  entered  the  university  of  that  town  in 
his  sixteenth  year,  and  enthusiastically 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  philology, 
theology,  and  philosophy,  with  the  object 
of  becoming  a  learned  jurist  or  advocate. 
He  showed  socialistic  tendencies  at  an 
early  age,  and,  becoming  enamoured  of 
the  writings  of  St.  Simon,  he  hurried  to 
Paris  to  aid  in  the  February  Revolution  of 
1848.  Previously  to  this,  however,  he  was 
charged  with  taking  part  in  one  of  the 
Polish  revolutionary  movements,  and  was 
accordingly  expelled  from  Austria  in  1846, 
and  he  joined  the  ouvriers  in  Paris  in 
1848.  This  chapter  over,  he  assisted  in 
the  ill-fated  attempt  to  establish  a  re- 
public in  Germany,  was  arrested  at  Frei- 
burg, and  lay  in  prison  for  nine  months 
without  trial.  Soon  after  his  liberation 
Liebknecht  came  into  collision  with  the 
Swiss  authorities  for  trying  to  "impreg- 
nate "  the  trade  unions  of  the  Republic 
with  socialist  principles.  He  was  accord- 
ingly conveyed  to  the  frontier  of  France, 
and  handed  over  to  the  police  of  that 
country,  who  conducted  him  to  the  coast, 
put  him  safely  and  surely  on  a  ship,  and, 
as  he  says,  "packed  him  off  to  England 
like  a  bale  of  contraband  goods."  From 
1850  to  1862  he  remained  in  England, 
"living  a  life  of  honourable  privation  at 
the  hungry  occupation  of  journalism,"  an 
intimate  associate  of  Frederick  Engels  and 
Karl  Marx,  who  were  also  temporarily 
resident  in  this  country.  In  1862,  on  the 
proclamation  of  an  amnestj',  Liebknecht 
returned  to  Germany,  and  "to  the  tender 
mercies  of  Prince  Bismarck. "  He  at  once 
set  to  work  to  further  the  Socialist  cause 
as  a  journalist,  schoolmaster,  and  lecturer. 
In  1865  he  was  again  banished  from  Berlin 
and  Prussia.  A  candidate  for  Parliament 
in  February  1867,  he  was  arrested  and 
imprisoned  for  three  months,  but  was  duly 
elected  seven  months  later  for  Schneeburg 
Stolberg,  in  Saxony,  and  subsequently 
represented  Offenbach  on  the  Maine.  In 
1870  Liebknecht,  Bebel  (q.v.),  and  others 
"fearlessly  bore  testimony, "in  the  press  and 
Parliament,  against  what  they  conceived 
to   be   "the   fratricidal   iniquity"   of   the 


Franco-German  war.  Arrested  again,  quite 
naturally,  for  high  treason,  Liebknecht 
with  his  colleagues  was  imprisoned  for 
three  months,  and  sentenced  to  two  years' 
further  incarceration.  The  "  Man  of  Blood 
and  Iron"  passed  his  Anti-Socialist  law  in 
1878,  which  continued  in  operation  until 
1890,  when  lie  retired.  The  effect  of  this 
law  on  Herr  Liebknecht  was  to  deprive 
him  of  all  direct  intercourse  with  his  family 
for  a  period  of  twelve  years.  Opinions 
may  differ  with  regard  to  the  philosophy 
of  Liebknecht,  but  as  to  the  heroihm  and 
staunch  conviction  which  have  marked  his 
career  there  can  be  no  question.  He  visited 
this  country  in  1896,  when  he  lectured 
throughout  Great  Britain,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Zurich  International  Socialist 
Committee,  and  returned  to  Germany  to 
undergo  another  term  of  four  months' 
imprisonment  for  lese-majeste.  His  offence 
was  the  childish  one  of  not  rising  to  wel- 
come the  Emperor  on  his  visit  to  open 
Parliament.  His  importance  in  German 
political  life  can  be  gauged  by  the  fact 
that  he  has  the  high  honour  of  represent- 
ing Berlin  in  the  Reichstag,  in  which 
assembly  he  is  regarded  as  an  "  Incorrup- 
tible." He  is  also  editor  of  Vorivarts,  the 
leading  Socialist  organ  in  Germany,  and 
is  an  eloquent  parliamentary  and  public 
speaker. 

LIEBLING,  Alice,  was  born  at  Berlin, 
27th  November  1872,  and  was  educated  in 
that  city  and  at  Lausanne.  Under  the  nom- 
de-plume  of  "Fred  Aling  "  Madame  Lieb- 
ling  has  won  a  considerable  reputation  in 
Germany  as  a  writer  and  a  novelist.  She 
contributed  feuilletons  and  essays  to  the 
Berliner  Tageblatt  and  the  Montags-Welt, 
and  in  1897  published  her  first  novel, 
"Eltern  Siinden "  ("The  Sins  of  the 
Parents "),  which  created  some  sensation 
in  Germany  on  account  of  the  boldness 
and  vividness  of  the  style,  and  the  courage 
with  which  the  psychological  sides  of  the 
incidents  were  handled.  "  Fred  Aling  " 
has  written  some  poetry,  chiefly  the  ballet 
"Der  Spielteufel,"  and  two  of  her  fairy 
tales  inspired  the  composition  of  two  of 
her  husband's  most  famous  piano  pieces, 
"The  Flower  and  the  Butterfly"  (Op.  11) 
and  "  The  Star  of  Warsaw  "  (Op.  14),  which 
were  well  received  at  the  St.  James's  Hall 
in  June  1898.  Madame  Liebling  is  now  en- 
gaged in  writing  the  libretto  of  Herr  Georg 
Liebling's  opera  "Am  Fjord,"  which  will 
be  produced  shortly.  "Fred  Aling"  has 
settled  in  the  metropolis  as  special  corre- 
spondent for  Great  Britain  of  the  Berliner 
Kleines  Journal,  and  of  that  Parisian 
curiosity,  La  Fronde,  a  paper  written, 
printed,  and  published  entirely  by  women. 
On  the  occasion  of  her  husband's  recital 
before  the  Queen  at   Osborne  in  August 


650 


LIEBLING  — LI  HUNG  CHANG 


1898,  Madame  Liebling  had  the  honour  of 
being  presented  to  her  Majesty. 

LIEBLING,  Georg,  a  German  pia- 
nist, was  born  at  Berlin,  22nd  January 
1865.  As  a  child  he  showed  remarkable 
musical  ability  both  in  composition  and 
in  execution.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
became  a  teacher  in  the  Kullak  Con- 
servatoire, Berlin,  in  the  following  year 
making  his  first  tour  through  Germany 
and  Austria,  where  he  was  enthusiasti- 
cally received.  He  first  studied  the 
piano  under  Theodor  and  Franz  Kullak, 
and  learnt  composition  with  Heinrich 
Urban  and  Alb.  Becker.  So  promising 
was  his  future  that,  in  1884,  Franz  Liszt 
took  him  under  his  charge  at  Weimar, 
where  he  remained  for  two  years,  and 
thus  completed  his  musical  education.  In 
October  1884  he  gave  his  first  Berlin 
concert,  and  from  1885  to  1889  travelled 
through  Europe,  performing  before  several 
of  the  Courts.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  as  Court 
pianist  and  chamber  virtuoso  to  his  Court, 
and  Liebling's  career  from  that  time  has 
been  one  of  increasing  success.  Although 
still  young,  he  has  become  well  known  as  a 
composer,  fulfilling  the  promise  of  his 
early  years  in  overtures,  concertos,  dances, 
and  songs.  He  gave  a  series  of  ten 
recitals  in  London  during  1897  and  1898 
at  the  St.  James's  Hall,  on  each  occasion 
receiving  merited  applause.  His  composi- 
tions, which  are  numerous,  are  widely 
known  and  played.  Herr  Liebling,  on  4th 
September  1895,  married,  at  Berlin,  Alice, 
daughter  of  Herr  Goldberger,  an  in- 
timate acquaintance  of  the  old  Emperor, 
William  I.  On  Aug.  14,  1898,  Herr  Georg 
Liebling  played,  by  command,  before  her 
Majesty  the  Queen  at  Osborne,  who  ex- 
pressed great  delight  at  the  performance, 
complimenting  Herr  Liebling  on  his  skill 
as  an  executant  and  composer,  and  pre- 
senting him  with  a  diamond  pin  as  a 
memento  of  the  occasion.  In  September 
1898  Liebling  was  offered  a  professorship 
at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music,  which, 
after  some  hesitation,  he  accepted,  aban- 
doning his  projected  American  tour.  He 
has  played  in  several  of  the  large  pro- 
vincial towns,  such  as  Liverpool,  Black- 
burn, and  Manchester  (at  the  Halle'  con- 
certs)— appearing  with  Patti  at  the  Dome, 
Brighton — and  has  everywhere  been  re- 
ceived with  great  favour.  Herr  Liebling 
has  settled,  for  the  time  being,  in  London. 
Address  :  13b  Hyde  Park  Mansions. 

LI  HSI,  King  of  Corea,  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  1864,  and  although  he 
has  the  reputation  of  being  a  weak  and 
vacillating  ruler,  owing  to  his  country 
being    the    battle-ground    of    China    and 


Japan,  yet  he  has  firmly  opposed  the 
Court  of  Peking  in  their  endeavours  to 
possess  Chosen,  and  to  prevent  him  sending 
ambassadors  to  other  Courts.  A  Russian 
Agent  now  resides  at  Seoul,  and  he  is  re- 
garded as  the  real  King  of  Corea. 

LI    HUNG    CHANG,    General,  ex- 
Prime  Minister  of  China,  was  born  at  Ho 
Fei    Shieun,  in  the  Anu-Huei  province, 
Feb.   16,   1823.      In   1860  he  co-operated 
with   General   (then    Colonel)   Gordon  in 
suppressing  the  Taeping  rebellion,  being 
then  Governor  of  the  Thiang-sin  province. 
The  other  Thiang  province  being  added  to 
his  rule,  he  was  created  Viceroy  of  the 
united  countries  May  1865.     The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  appointed  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary, and  in  1867  Viceroy  of  Hong- 
Kuang,  and  a  Grand  Chancellor  in  1868. 
After  the  Tieu-Tsin  massacre  in  1870  he 
was  despoiled  of  his  titles,  and  otherwise 
punished  on  the  charge  of  not  assisting 
the  General  in  command,  but  in  1872  the 
reigning  Emperor  restored  him  to  favour 
and  to  the  office  of  Grand  Chancellor.    He 
was  the  mediator  for  fixing  the  indemnity 
for  the  murder  of  Mr.  Margary,  who  was 
killed    in    1876    while    endeavouring    to 
explore    South-western    China.      He    has 
also   negotiated   important    treaties   with 
Peru  and  with  Japan.      Li  Hung  Chang 
was  till  lately  the  Viceroy  of  the  Metro- 
politan  provinces  of   Pe-Chih-Li,  and  as 
such  was  the  actual  ruler  or  chief  adminis- 
trator of  the  Chinese  Empire.      He  is  a 
man  of  liberal  views,  has  permitted  coal- 
mining  and   coast-steamer   traffic    to    be 
carried  on  by  English  companies,  and  is 
thought  to  be  favourable  even  to  railways. 
He   was    the    originator   of    the   Chinese 
navy.     During  the  recent  war  with  Japan 
General  Li  Hung  Chang,  though  an  old 
man,  and  more  than  once  discouraged  and 
disgraced  by  the  Emperor,  carried  up  to 
1895  the  whole  burden  of   responsibility 
which   in  a  constitutional  country  would 
be  divided  between  various  ministers.    He 
has   performed    the   functions   of   a  War 
Ministry,   Marine   Ministry,  and   Finance 
Ministry,   and  that  without  any  staff  or 
civil  service  to  assist  him.     The  Emperor 
issues   edicts,   but   does   not   provide  the 
means   for   carrying    them    out.       On   Li 
Hung   Chang   has   devolved   the   task   of 
providing  means,  whether  in  gross  or  in 
detail.    Indeed,  he  has  been  fitly  described 
as  the  Atlas  on  whose  shoulders  the  whole 
rotten  fabric   of    Chinese  administration 
has  rested  for  thirty  years  past.     At  the 
beginning  of  the  recent  war  he  was  in- 
vested by  the  Emperor  with  the  supreme 
charge   of   the  naval  and  military  forces 
sent  to  Corea,  but  early  in  the  war  was 
deprived  of  the  Yellow  Jacket  and  the 
Peacock's   Feather,   and  was   afterwards 


LI  HUNG  CHANG 


651 


superseded  in  the  chief  command.  He, 
however,  still  continued  Prime  Minister. 
In  December  it  was  rumoured  that  in- 
fluential Chinese  merchants  and  others  at 
Canton  were  anxious  that  he  should  be 
impeached  on  the  charge  of  being  under 
Japanese,  and  even  German,  influences. 
Later  it  was  reported  that  he  had  been 
definitely  superseded  in  all  his  offices,  and 
then  again  restored  to  complete  favour 
(February  1895)  in  view  of  the  peace 
negotiations  with  Japan,  which  he  is  said 
to  have  undertaken.  On  March  28,  1896, 
Li  Hung  Chang  left  Shanghai  for  Europe 
to  represent  the  Emperor  of  China  at 
the  Czar's  coronation,  thus  beginning  his 
famous  journey  round  the  civilised  world, 
which  is  thought  to  have  critically  in- 
fluenced the  European  situation.  He  de- 
clared that  the  object  of  his  trip  was  to 
see  Europe  for  himself,  in  order  to  study 
it,  and  to  report  to  the  Emperor  as  to 
feasible  reforms  for  China.  Indeed,  he 
said  the  Emperor  had  expressly  ordered 
him  to  make  the  trip,  and  he  affirmed  that 
his  business  in  Europe  was  not  at  all  that 
of  concluding  treaties  of  any  sort,  but 
solely  to  observe  and  to  carry  back  useful 
information.  He  visited  Germany,  the 
Hague,  Brussels,  and  Paris,  arriving  in 
England  in  August  1896.  While  here  Li 
Hung  Chang,  naturally  as  an  honoured 
guest,  paid  visits  to  almost  everything 
worth  visiting,  doing  homage  in  particular 
to  Gordon's  statue  in  Trafalgar  Square, 
and  receiving  an  invitation  to  Hawarden 
from  the  late  Mr.  Gladstone.  After  pay- 
ing his  respects  to  the  Queen,  Li  left 
England  on  Aug.  20,  1896,  expressing  his 
thanks  to  the  English  nation  and  assuring 
them  of  his  good-will  and  gratification. 
He  crossed  to  the  United  States  and 
visited  the  Dominion,  returning  via  Yoko- 
hama to  Tien-tsin,  which  he  reached  Oct.  3, 
1896,  and  proceeding  to  Peking  (October 
17).  In  a  few  days  Li  Hung  Chang  was 
appointed  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
and,  curiously  enough,  an  Imperial  edict 
was  issued  at  the  same  time  ordering  him 
to  be  punished  "  for  presuming  to  enter 
the  precincts  of  the  ruined  summer  palace 
while  visiting  the  Empress  Dowager." 
The  Emperor  suspected  Li  of  going  behind 
his  back,  and  as  a  punishment  deprived 
him  of  one's  year's  salary,  although  strongly 
advised  to  deprive  the  Foreign  Minister  of 
all  his  offices.  Disgusted  at  the  treatment 
he  had  received  on  his  return,  Li  declared 
his  intention  of  retiring  into  private  life, 
but  he  remained  at  his  post,  probably  to 
support  the  Empress  Dowager  and  her 
party  against  the  Emperor,  but  more  par- 
ticularly, it  has  been  hinted,  in  order  to 
secure,  by  his  influence,  the  long  series  of 
concessions  which  Russia  has  received 
from  China,  and  to  checkmate  any  incon- 


venient ascendency  which  Britain  might 
acquire  at  Peking.  In  March  1898  China 
acknowledged  that  the  mission  of  her 
envoy,  Li  Hung  Chang,  to  St.  Petersburg, 
had  been  unsuccessful,  and  that  she  had 
no  alternative  but  to  agree  to  the  Russian 
demands.  It  is  impossible  to  trace  here 
all  the  influences,  direct  and  indirect, 
which  Li  Hung  Chang  exerted  over  the 
course  of  events.  He  evidently  gave 
some  measure  of  satisfaction  to  his  Im- 
perial master,  for  in  June  1898  the  Em- 
peror conferred  upon  him  the  Chinese 
Order  of  the  Double  Dragon  (third  degree, 
first  class),  a  distinction  never  before  be- 
stowed on  a  Chinese  subject.  Rumours 
were  current  in  China  during  August 
1898  reflecting  doubtfully  upon  Li  Hung 
Chang's  integrity,  and  in  September  1898 
he  was  dismissed  from  the  Tsung-li-Yamen 
by  an  Imperial  decree.  This  momentous 
occurrence  was  regarded  as  a  distinct 
success  for  British  diplomacy,  and,  al- 
though Li  was  permitted  to  retain  the 
position  of  Senior  Grand  Secretary,  it  was 
expected  that,  anticipating  dismissal,  he 
would  resign.  The  cause  of  his  disgrace 
was  that  he  deceived  the  Tsung-li-Yamen 
as  to  the  true  nature  of  the  terms  of  the 
Lu-han  railway  contract,  and  it  was  under- 
stood that,  Li  having  served  its  purpose, 
Russia  would  abandon  him.  Towards  the 
end  of  September  1898  rumour  reached 
England  that  the  Dowager  Empress  had  re- 
covered her  ascendency  over  the  Emperor, 
and  that  consequently  the  return  to  power 
of  Li  Hung  Chang,  her  lieutenant,  was 
imminent.  Whatever  may  be  conjectured 
concerning  his  career  as  a  diplomatist, 
admiration  cannot  be  withheld  from  the 
elevating  and  distinguished  efforts  he  has 
made  to  further  the  social  and  educational 
interests  of  his  country.  A  recent  writer, 
Mr.  Valentine  Chirol,  has  given  the  fol- 
lowing portrait  of  this  potent  politician  : 
"Gifted  with  no  mean  intelligence  and 
with  a  double  dose  of  Chinese  cunning, 
he  is  too  much  of  a  sceptic  to  allow 
prejudices  or  principles  of  any  kind  to 
stand  in  his  way.  Brought  more  often 
than  most  of  his  fellow-countrymen 
into  contact  with  Europeans,  especially 
during  his  five-and-twenty  years'  resi- 
dence at  Tien-tsin,  he  has  rubbed  up 
acquaintance  with  Western  modes  of 
thought,  and  he  has  learned  with  some 
success  the  art  of  turning  towards  every 
European  whom  he  meets  that  facet  of 
his  character  which  is  most  likely  to  im- 
press his  visitor.  On  proper  occasions  he 
will  shed  crocodile's  tears  over  the  iniquity 
of  the  opium  trade,  yet  nowhere  does  the 
cultivation  of  the  native  poppy  receive 
more  encouragement  than  in  the  province 
which  he  rules  or  on  his  own  vast  estates. 
He  will  deplore  the  lamentable  periodicity 


652 


LILLY  — LINDSAY 


of  famines,  and  yet  will  allow  his  subor- 
dinates to  engineer  a  gigantic  corner  in 
grain.  It  is  difficult  to  believe  that  his 
own  hands  are  clean  when  he  is  known 
to  have  amassed  in  the  course  of  a  long 
official  career  a  colossal  fortune,  reputed 
by  many  to  be  the  largest  possessed  by 
any  single  individual  in  the  world,  and 
certainly  in  China."  His  life  was  written 
by  R.  K.  Douglas,  and  published  in  1895. 

LILLY,  William  Samuel,  M.A., 
J.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Lilly, 
of  Windout  House,  near  Exeter,  was  born 
at  Fifehead,  Dorsetshire,  on  July  10,  1840, 
and  educated  at  St.  Peter's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  in  1858  he  obtained  the 
senior  scholarship  and  the  Classical  Prize. 
He  graduated  in  1861  in  the  Law  Tripos, 
and  in  the  same  year  obtained  an  appoint- 
ment, by  open  competition,  in  the  Civil 
Service  of  India.  He  was  sent  to  the 
Presidency  of  Madras,  where,  after  filling 
various  public  offices,  he  was  appointed, 
in  1869,  Under-Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment. He  left  India  on  account  of  ill- 
health  in  1870.  He  was  called  to  the 
English  Bar  in  1873,  and  in  1874  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  to  the  Catholic  Union 
of  Great  Britain,  which  office  he  still  holds. 
He  published,  in  1884,  "Ancient  Religion 
and  Modern  Thought"  ;  in  1886,  "Chapters 
in  European  History,"  2  vols.  ;  in  1889, 
"A  Century  of  Revolution" ;  in  1890,  "  On 
Right  and  Wrong";  in  1892,  "On  Shib- 
boleths" and  "The  Great  Enigma";  in 
1893  (with  J.  E.  P.  Wallis)  a  "  Manual  of 
the  Law  specially  affecting  Catholics  "  ;  in 
1894,  the  "  Claims  of  Christianity  "  ;  and 
in  1897,  "Essays  and  Speeches,"  and  is 
well  known  as  a  contributor  to  the  Qvxir- 
terly,  Contemporary,  and  Fortnightly  Reviews, 
and  to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  upon  philo- 
sophical and  historical  subjects.  He  is  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  counties  of 
Middlesex  and  London.  He  married,  in 
1878,  Susannah,  .second  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  George  Hall.  Residence  :  27  Egerton 
Terrace,  S.W. ;  Club:  The  Athenaeum. 

LIMERICK,  Bishop  of.  See  Graves, 
The  Right  Rev.  Charles. 

LINCOLN,  Bishop  of.  See  King, 
The  Right  Rev.  Edward. 

LINCOLN,  The  Hon.  Robert  Todd, 

American  statesman,  is  the  son  of  the 
sixteenth  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  was  born  at  Springfield,  Illinois,  Aug. 
1,  1843.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at 
Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.H.,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1864.  After  a 
short  sta)'  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  he 
was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the  Union 
Army,  and  served  through  the  final  cam- 


paign of  the  Civil  War.  He  then  resumed 
the  study  of  law,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar, 
and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Chicago.  All  offers  to  enter  public  life 
were  steadily  refused  by  him  until  Pre- 
sident Garfield  in  1881  tendered  him  the 
portfolio  of  Secretary  of  War  in  the 
Cabinet,  and  this  he  accepted.  On  the 
assassination  of  Mr.  Garfield,  Mr.  Lincoln 
was  requested  by  President  Arthur  to 
retain  his  seat,  which  he  did  until  the 
accession  to  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Cleve- 
land in  1885.  In  the  latter  year  he  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law  in  Chicago, 
where  he  remained  until  sent  by  President 
Harrison  in  1889  as  the  American  Minister 
to  England.  He  resigned  this  position  at 
the  beginning  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  second 
Administration,  and  again  returned  to  his 
professional  work  in  Chicago. 

LINDLEY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Nathaniel,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Dr.  John  Lindley, 
F.R.S.  (Professor  of  Botany  at  University 
College,  London,  and  author  of  numerous 
well-known  botanical  works),  by  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Mr.  George  Anthony  Free- 
stone, of  St.  Margaret's,  Suffolk.  He  was 
born  at  Acton  Green,  Middlesex,  in  1828, 
and  educated  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don. He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  in  Michaelmas  term,  1850, 
and  practised  in  the  Chancery  Courts.  In 
1872  he  obtained  a  silk  gown.  He  was 
appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  in  May  1875,  on  which  occasion  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  He 
became  one  of  the  Lords  Justices  of  the 
Court  of  Appeal  in  Nov.  1881,  and  a 
member  of  the  Privy  Council  in  the 
following  month,  and  Master  of  the  Rolls 
in  Oct.  1897.  In  1892  he  was  Treasurer 
of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  from  1891  to 
1895  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  Legal 
Education.  In  1888  he  received  the  Hon. 
LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  University.  He  is  the 
author  of  an  "  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Jurisprudence,"  and  of  treatises  on  the  Law 
of  Partnership  and  Companies,  of  which 
a  fifth  and  sixth  edition  have  been  pub- 
lished. In  1858  he  married  Sarah,  eldest 
daughter  of  Edward  John  Teale,  of  Leeds. 
Addresses :  19  Craven  Hill  Gardens,  W. ; 
East  Carlton,  Norwich  ;  Athenasum. 

LINDSAY,  Sir  Coutts,  Bart.,  of  Bal- 
carres,  J.P.,  D.L.,  born  in  1824,  late  Lieut.  - 
Colonel  Grenadier  Guards  ;  Lieut.-Colonel 
commanding  the  J"if  e  Rifle  Volunteers ;  and 
late  Major  commanding  the  first  regiment 
of  the  Italian  Legion,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Lieut. -General  James  Lindsay  and  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Coutts  Trotter.  He 
succeeded  his  maternal  grandfather  in 
1837.     Since  his  retirement  from  active 


LINDSAY  —  LINTON 


653 


military  life   he  has  devoted  himself  to 
artistic  pursuits.     During  his  residence  in 
Rome  he  became  an  intimate  friend  of  the 
late  Mr.  Gibson,  and  embracing  art  as  a 
serious   study  enjoyed   the   advantage  of 
the  instruction  of  Ary  Scheffer.     Sir  Coutts 
Lindsay,   whom  professional   artists   used 
not   to    consider  as  an  amateur,  has  ex- 
hibited    many     pictures     at     the     Royal 
Academy,  notably  the  "Good  Shepherd," 
and  a  portrait  of  Lord  Somers.     His  most 
important  work  is,  perhaps,  to  be  found  in 
Dorchester    House,   the    central    hall    of 
which     is     decorated    entirely    from    his 
designs,   and   mainly   by   his   own    hand. 
Strongly  imbued  with   the  Early  Italian 
idea  of  painting,  for  decorative  purposes, 
upon  a  golden  ground,  he  has  left  in  Mr. 
Holford's  mansion  a  substantial  record  of 
his  skill.     He  was  on  the  English  Commis- 
sion,   and   a   member   of    the   Fine   Arts 
Committee,  of  the  Paris  Exhibition.     He 
was  the  owner  of  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in 
the  days  of  its  greatness.     In  building  it, 
however,  he  was  not  actuated  by  any  spirit 
of  opposition  to  the  Royal  Academy,  but 
rather  by  the  idea  of  affording  an  increased 
area  to  artists  for  the  exhibition  of  their 
works.       He    married    in    1864   Blanche, 
daughter  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  H.  Fitz 
Roy,  a  lady  well  known  as  a  painter  and 
poetess.      Addresses  :    Balcarres,    Colins- 
burgh,  Fife  ;  and  4  Cromwell  Place,  S.W. 

LINDSAY,  David,  F.R.G.S.,  Austra- 
lian explorer,  was  born  at  Goolwa,  on  the 
Lower  Murray,  South  Australia,  June  20, 
1856,  and  is  the  younger  son  of  John  Scott 
Lindsay,  master-mariner,  of  Dundee, 
Scotland.  He  was  educated  at  the  Goolwa 
Public  School,  and  at  the  Rev.  John 
Hotham's  Private  School  at  Port  Elliot  ; 
was  appointed  Cadet  in  the  South  Austra- 
lian Survey  Department  in  June  1873, 
Surveyor  in  March  1874,  Junior  Surveyor 
for  the  Northern  Territory  in  1878,  re- 
signed his  post  in  the  Government  service 
in  June  1882,  was  appointed,  by  the  South 
Australian  Government,  as  Leader  of  the 
Arnheims  Land  Exploring  Expedition  in 
1883,  during  which  journey  much  new 
country  was  discovered  and  mapped  down, 
and  much  hardship  endured  through  short- 
ness of  rations,  they  having,  for  the  last 
three  weeks,  to  subsist  on  horseflesh  dried 
in  the  sun.  The  expedition  lost  sixteen 
horses  through  accidents  and  starvation, 
and  four  horses  were  speared  by  natives 
at  one  camp.  Mr.  Lindsay  carried  out  a 
private  exploration  at  bis  own  risk  and 
expense  right  across  Australia  from  South 
to  North,  occupying  twelve  months,  from 
November  1885  to  December  1886  (during 
which  time  only  three  showers  of  rain  fell). 
He  surveyed  and  marked  on  the  ground 
550  miles  of  Run  boundary  lines,  connect- 


ing the  Queensland  border-line  with  the 
Adelaide  and  Port  Darwin  telegraph  line  ; 
and  discovered  the  "Rubies"  in  Mac- 
Donnell  Ranges,  Central  Australia.  The 
journals  of  these  two  explorations  have 
been  published  in  the  South  Australian 
parliamentary  papers,  and  by  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  of  England.  Mr. 
Lindsay  is  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
South  Australian  Institute  of  Surveyors, 
Member  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  for 
Licensed  Surveyors,  Honorary  Member  of 
the  South  Australian  branch,  and  Honorary 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Victorian 
branch  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
of  Australasia,  and  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  of  London. 

LINGEN,  Lord,  Ralph  Robert 
Wheeler  Lingen,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  Baron 
Lingen  of  Lingen,  in  the  county  of  Here- 
ford, only  son  of  Mr.  Thomas  Lingen,  and 
of  Ann,  daughter  of  Mr.  Robert  Wheeler,  of 
Birmingham,  born  in  that  town  on  Feb. 
19,  1819,  was  educated  at  Bridgnorth 
Grammar  School,  whence  he  was  elected, 
in  1837,  to  a  scholarship  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  obtained  the  Ireland 
University  Scholarship  in  1838,  the  Hert- 
ford University  Scholarship  in  1839,  gra- 
duated B.A.  as  a  first-class  in  Classics  in 
1840,  was  afterwards  elected  to  a  Fellow- 
ship at  Balliol  College,  and  obtained  the 
Chancellor's  prize  for  a  Latin  Essay  in 
1843,  and  the  Eldon  Law  Scholarship  in 

1846.  He  was  elected  an  honorary  D.C.L. 
in  1881.  He  studied  in  the  chambers  of 
the  late  Mr.  Peter  Brodie  and  the  late  Mr. 
Heathfield,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 

1847,  but  shortly  afterwards  entered  the 
Educational  Department  of  the  Privy 
Council,  and  in  1849  succeeded  Sir  J.  P. 
Kay-Shuttleworth,  Bart.,  as  Secretary.  In 
January  1870  he  was  appointed  to  succeed 
the  Right  Hon.  G.  A.  Hamilton  as  Perma- 
nent Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  held 
this  post  till  1885.  He  was  nominated 
C.B.  in  1869,  and  K.C.B.  in  1878.  He  was 
created  a  Peer  July  3,  1885,  and  elected 
an  Alderman  of  the  first  London  County 
Council  in  1889,  but  resigned  in  1893.  He 
is  a  Governor  of  Rugby  and  Bedford 
Schools,  and  a  member  of  the  Committee 
for  editing  the  Statutes  and  State  Trials. 
He  married,  in  1852,  Emma,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Robert  Hutton,  of  Putney  Park, 
Surrey,  formerly  M.P.  for  the  city  of  Dublin. 
Addresses  :  13  Wetherley  Gardens,  S.W.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

LINTON,    Sir    James    Dromgole, 

President  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters 
in  Water-Colours,  was  born  in  London, 
Dec.  26,  1840,  and  is  the  only  son  of  the 
late  James  Linton,  of  London,  and  Jane 
Scott,  of  Carlisle.     He  soon  showed  talent 


654 


LIPPHSTCOTT  —  LIPTON 


for  drawing,  and  was  sent  to  the  Newman 
Street  School  of  Art,  then  conducted  by 
Leigh,  a  pupil  of  Etty.  He  continued  his 
studies  there  till  the  age  of  twenty-one, 
and  then  began  to  exhibit  water-colours 
at  the  Dudley  Gallery  and  the  Institute  of 
Water-Colour  Painters ;  of  the  latter  he 
was  in  1867  elected  a  member,  and  his 
pictures  soon  became  a  special  feature  of 
the  exhibitions.  At  the  same  time  he 
became  a  member  of  the  staff  of  artists 
on  the  Graphic.  Among  his  pictures  ex- 
hibited at  the  Institute  maybe  mentioned  : 
"Maundy  Thursday,"  "1793,"  "Love  the 
Conqueror,"  "  Off  Guard,"  "  The  Cardinal 
Minister,"  "The  Earl  of  Leicester,"  and 
"  Priscilla."  Mr.  Linton  worked  hard  to 
obtain  for  the  art  of  water-colour  painting 
a  recognised  position.  In  1863  he,  together 
with  other  artists,  opened  the  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water-Colours,  a  development 
of  the  New  Society  which  had  been  formed 
in  1832  by  painters  dissatisfied  with  the 
manner  iti  which  their  art  was  treated  by 
the  Royal  Academy.  The  exhibition  was 
for  many  years  confined  to  the  works  of 
members,  but  in  1883,  having  moved  to 
large  new  quarters  in  Piccadilly,  it  was 
thrown  open  to  all  comers,  and  Mr.  Linton 
was  elected  President.  The  Queen  granted 
the  title  "Royal,"  and  in  1885  conferred 
on  the  President  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. Sir  James  has  also  produced  a 
number  of  pictures  in  oil ;  in  1878  he  ex- 
hibited a  small  picture,  "Biron,"  at  the 
Academy,  and  in  1879  five  oil  paintings  at 
the  Grosvenor  Gallery.  In  the  same  year 
he  received  a  commission  for  a  series  of 
pictures  representing  the  conflict  between 
Islam  and  Christianity  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  In  1885  he  exhibited  at  the 
Academy  "The  Marriage  of  H.R.H.  the 
Duke  of  Albany,"  painted  by  command  of 
the  Queen.  Sir  J.  Linton  is  also  President 
of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil  Colours, 
which  holds  its  exhibitions  in  the  winter 
at  the  rooms  of  the  Water-Colour  Insti- 
tute ;  President  of  the  Society  of  Illustra- 
tors ;  Hon.  Member  of  the  Scottish  Water- 
Colour  Society ;  Chairman  of  the  Royal 
Drawing  Society  ;  Knight  of  the  Order  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem  ;  Officer  of  the 
Order  of  Leopold  of  Belgium.  He  was 
decorated  with  the  Jubilee  Medal  in  1897. 
Address :  39  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square,  W. 

LIPPINCOTT,  Sara  Jane  (Clarke), 
known  by  her  pseudonym  of  "  Grace  Green- 
wood," was  born  at  Pompey,  New  York, 
Sept.  28,  1823.  She  was  educated  at 
Rochester,  New  York.  She  removed  with 
her  father's  family  to  New  Brighton, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1843,  and  soon  began 
writing  for  magazines  and  other  periodi- 
cals.    In   1853    she   was  married  to   Mr. 


Leander  K.  Lippincott,  of  Philadelphia. 
In  1854  she  established  the  Little  Pilgrim, 
a  paper  for  children,  which  for  some  years 
had  a  wide  circulation.  She  has  appeared 
on  the  stage  as  a  dramatic  reader  and  as 
a  lecturer.  Besides  frequent  contributions 
to  periodicals,  she  has  published  :  "Green- 
wood Leaves,"  1850-52  ;  "  History  of  my 
Pets,"  1850  ;  "  Poems,"  and  "  Recollec- 
tions of  my  Childhood,"  1851  ;  "  Haps  and 
Mishaps  of  a  Tour  in  Europe,"  1854; 
"Merrie  England,"  1855;  "Forest  Tra- 
gedy, and  other  Tales,"  1856;  "Stories 
and  Legends  of  Ireland,"  and  "History 
for  Children,"  1858  ;  "  Stories  from  Famous 
Ballads,"  1859  ;  "Bonnie  Scotland,"  1860  ; 
"  Stories  of  many  Lands,"  1866  ;  "  Stories 
of  France  and  Italy,"  and  "Records  of 
Five  Years,"  1867;  "New  Life  in  New 
Lands,"  1873;  "Heads  and  Tails,"  1875; 
"Queen  Victoria,"  1883;  "and  "Stories 
for  Home-Folks,"  1885.  She  has  been 
perhaps  best  known  as  a  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  Tribune  and  New  York 
Times,  writing  from  Washington  and  from 
Europe,  where  she  spent  a  number  of 
years. 

LIPPMANN,  Gabriel,  French  man 
of  science,  was  born  at  Hallerich,  in 
Luxemburg,  Aug.  16,  1845.  Admitted  to 
the  Ecole  Normale  in  1868,  he  completed 
his  physical  and  chemical  education  in 
the  universities  of  Germany.  He  gained 
his  doctor's  degree  by  a  remarkable  thesis 
on  the  relations  between  electric  and 
capillary  phenomena  (1875).  These  studies 
led  him  to  the  invention  of  the  capillary 
electrometer,  an  instrument  of  marvellous 
sensibility.  In  1883  M.  Lippmann  was 
nominated  Professor  of  Mathematical 
Physics  at  Paris ;  and  in  1886  succeeded 
Jamin  as  Professor  of  Experimental 
Physics  ;  and  in  the  same  year  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  He  is  married  to  a  daughter  of 
M.  Cherbuliez,  and  is  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  His  writings  are  to 
be  found  in  the  journals  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  of  which  the  most  remarkable 
are  :  "  Extension  du  Princip  de  Carnot  a 
la  The'orie  des  Phenomenes,Electriques," 
1876  ;  "Sur  le  Propri<5te's  Electriques  et 
Capillaires  du  Mercure,"  1877  ;  "  Me'thode 
Thermoscopique  pour  la  Determination  de 
l'Ohm,"  1882.  Besides  the  electrometer, 
M.  Lippmann  has  invented  other  remark- 
able instruments,  such  as  the  capillary 
electromotor,  and  he  is  also  interested  in 
the  photography  of  colours. 

LIPTON,   Sir  Thomas  Johnstone, 

Kt.,  merchant  and  philanthropist,  was 
bom  in  Glasgow  of  Irish  parentage.  He 
is  the  owner  of  extensive  tea  gardens  in 
Ceylon,  and  is  well  known  for  his  teas, 


LISTEK  —  LISTOWEL 


655 


which  are  within  the  reach  of  every  purae. 
As  an  importer  of  tea  he  has  been  a 
notable  benefactor  of  the  working-man, 
or  rather  of  the  working-man's  wife  and 
children.  On  Thursday  in  Jubilee  week 
(1897)  he  sprang  into  fame  as  the  provider 
of  the  tea  drunk  by  some  300,000  poverty- 
stricken  Londoners,  in  fifty-six  different 
centres  where  Jubilee  dinners  were  pro- 
vided for  them  at  the  kind  instance  of 
H.R.H.  the  Princess  of  Wales.  To  this 
colossal  tea-drinking  Sir  Thomas  Lipton 
most  generously  contributed  £25,000.  His 
generosity  earned  its  reward,  and  he  was 
knighted.  Address :  Osidge,  Southgate, 
Middlesex. 

LISTER,  Lord,  Joseph  Lister,  Bart., 
F.R.S.,   D.C.L.,   LL.D.,  President   of    the 
Royal  Society,   Surgeon-Extraordinary  to 
the  Queen,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clini- 
cal Surgery  in  King's  College,  London,  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Joseph  Jackson  Lister, 
Esq.,  of  Upton,  Essex,  and  was  born  in 
1827.     He  is  a  B.A.  and  M.B.  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  1852 ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  England,  1852  ; 
and   a  Fellow   of   the   Royal    College   of 
Surgeons,  Edinburgh,   1855.     He  was  for 
some  time   Regius   Professor   of   Surgery 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  after- 
wards Regius  Professor  of   Clinical   Sur- 
gery in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.     In 
1876  he  was  one  of  the  members  appointed 
to  the  General  Medical  Council  for  Scot- 
land by  the  Privy  Council.      In  1880  he 
received  the  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  ; 
and    in   the   following   year   the  prize  of 
the   Academy  of    Paris   was   awarded   to 
him   for  his  observations  and  discoveries 
in  the  application  of  the  antiseptic  treat- 
ment  in   surgery,  which   has  often  been 
referred  to  as   "  Listerism,"   and  is  now 
of   world-wide   fame  and  universal  bene- 
ficence.    He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
at  Glasgow  University   in    1879  ;    D.C.L. 
at  Oxford  in   1880  ;  LL.D.  at  Cambridge 
in  1880  ;  and  in  1883  was  made  a  Baronet 
on  Mr.  Gladstone's  recommendation.     He 
has  also  been  the  recipient  of  many  other 
honorary  degrees  and  distinctions.  In  1896, 
being  then  President  of  the  Royal  Society, 
he  was  elevated  to  the  peerage,  as  Lord 
Lister  of  Lyme  Regis,  and  is,  if  not  the  first 
medical  man  called  to  the  House  of  Lords, 
certainly  the  first  to  be  called   there  in 
recognition  of    his    great    position  as  a 
medical  man.     In  the  September  of  that 
year   he   was    President    of    the    British 
Association,  and  at  the  Liverpool  meeting 
delivered  a  masterly   and   comprehensive 
address  on  "  Listerism  "  and  all  that  the 
word  implies.    Old  pupils  of  his  recognised 
in  this  address  the  sum  and  substance  of 
the  master's  teaching  during  many  previ- 
ous years,   but  the  general  public,   pro- 


foundly ignorant  of  the  recent  march  of 
surgical  science,  were  none  the  less  pro- 
foundly  impressed    with    what  to   them 
proved  a  revelation.     Since  that  date  his 
lordship  has  taken  much  the  same  posi- 
tion in  the  world  of  English   science  as 
that  taken  by  Huxley  a  decade  or  two  ago. 
The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England 
has   presented    him   with   its   medal,    an 
honour  granted  to  very  few,  and  he  has 
been   feted   at   a    great   banquet    of    the 
medical  profession  and  of  scientific  men 
generally.     His  portrait,   painted  by  Mr. 
Ouless,    R.A.,  and    subscribed  for  by  his 
admirers,    was  presented  to  him  by   Mr. 
Davis-Colley,    on   behalf   of   the   surgical 
profession,  in  the  theatre   of  the  Royal 
College   of    Surgeons   of  England,  in  the 
hall   of   which   it   now  hangs.     More  re- 
cently he  was  entertained  by  his  former 
"  dressers  "   at   a  banquet,  of  which   Dr. 
St.  Clair  Thomson  was  secretary.     At  the 
Virchow  address  and  dinner  (October  1898), 
Lord   Lister  fitly  presided,   and  was  the 
object  of  the  illustrious  German  savant's 
most  fervent  eulogy.     During  his  address, 
Professor  Virchow  expressed  the  admira- 
tion felt  for  Lord  Lister's  grand  scientific 
achievements  by  the  Continent   at  large 
by  one  of  those  acts  of  spontaneous  cour- 
tesy which,    though   rarely   witnessed   in 
this  self-contained  island,  are  an   honour 
to  foreign  men  of  learning,  for  he  turned 
round,  at  a  critical  point  in  his  oration, 
and    shook    the    subject    of     our    notice 
warmly  by  the  hand.     It  was  a  historic 
incident.     In  June  1899  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Public  Health  awarded 
the"  Harben  Gold  Medalforl899  to  Lord  Lis- 
ter, "  in  recognition  of  his  eminent  services 
to  preventive  medicine."     He  is  the  author 
of  papers  "  On  the  Early  Stages  of  Inflam- 
mation," &c,  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions ;    "  On    the   Minute   Structure   of 
Involuntary     Muscular     Fibre,"     in     the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  of   various   other    papers    on 
"Surgical   Pathology,"   &c.      One   of   his 
latest  papers  on  "  Principles  of  Antiseptic 
Surgery  "  appeared  inVirchow's  Festschrift 
in    1891.      He   married,    in   1856,    Agnes, 
daughter   of  J.    Syme.      This   lady   died 
in   1893.     Addresses  :    12  Park  Crescent, 
Portland  Place,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LISTOWEL,  Earl  of,  The 
Bight  Hon.  William  Hare,  K.P.,  J.P., 
was  born  at  Convamore,  co.  Cork,  on 
May  29,  1833,  and  succeeded  his  father 
as  3rd  Earl  in  1856.  Obtaining  a  com- 
mission in  the  Scots  Guards  in  1852,  he 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Alma, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded,  and 
retired  as  a  Captain  in  1856.  He  acted 
as  a  Lord-in-Waiting  in  1880,  was  created 
K.P.  in  1873,  and  is  Vice-Admiral  of  the 


656 


LITTLE  — LIVEING 


Province  of  Minister.  Lord  Listowel 
married,  in  1865,  Lady  Ernestine  Mary 
Brudenell -Bruce,  daughter  of  the  3rd 
Marquis  of  Ailesbnry.  Addresses  :  King- 
ston House,  Princes  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and 
Convamore,  Ballyhooly,  co.  Cork. 

LITTLE,  The  Rev.  "William  John 
Knox,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Worcester,  is  a 
son  of  Mr.  John  Little,  of  Stewartstown, 
co.  Tyrone,  and  was  born  in  1839.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  Bachelor's 
degree  in  1862  as  a  third  class  in  the 
Classical  Tripos,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in 
due  course.  He  was  successively  assist- 
ant master  in  Lancaster  and  Sherborne 
Grammar  Schools ;  curate  of  Christ 
Church,  Lancaster ;  curate  in  charge 
of  Turweston,  Bucks  ;  and  curate  of  St. 
Thomas's,  Regent  Street.  He  was  col- 
lated to  the  rectory  of  St.  Alban's,  Cheet- 
wood,  in  1875,  and  remained  there  until 
1885,  when  he  was  appointed  Vicar  of 
Hoar  Cross.  In  September  1881  he  was 
nominated  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  the  canonry 
in  Worcester  Cathedral  that  had  been 
vacated  by  the  promotion  of  Canon  Brad- 
ley to  the  Deanery  of  Westminster.  Canon 
Knox  Little  is  well  known  as  a  most 
eloquent  popular  preacher  of  the  High 
Church  School,  whose  sermons  suggest 
the  grand  flights  of  the  Jesuit  orators  of 
the  Roman  Church.  Perhaps  his  most 
memorable  sermon  is  that  which  he  de- 
livered on  the  text  in  the  "Song  of 
Solomon,"  "He  is  chiefest  among  ten 
thousand  ;  he  is  altogether  lovely."  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Characteristics  of  the 
Christian  Life,"  "  Meditations  on  the 
Three  Hours'  Agony  of  our  Blessed  Re- 
deemer," "  Motives  of  the  Christian  Life," 
and  a  volume  of  "  Sermons "  and  some 
novels,  one  of  which  is  "  The  Child  of 
Stafferton,"  1889.  One  of  his  most  recent 
publications  is  "  The  Christian  House,  its 
Foundation  and  Duties,"  1891.  He  married, 
in  1866,  Annie,  eldest  daughter  of  Mr. 
Henry  Gregson,  of  Moorlands,  Lancashire, 
and  has  issue.  Address  :  The  Vicarage, 
Hoar  Cross,  Burton-on-Trent. 

LITTLER,  Ralph  Daniel  Makin- 
son,  Q.C.,  C.B.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Robert  Littler  of  London,  and  was  born  on 
Oct.  2,  1835.  He  graduated  B.A.  at  the 
University  of  London  in  1854,  was  Com- 
mon Law  Prizeman,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Convocation  of  the  University.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1857,  but  was  admitted  a  barrister  at 
the  Middle  Temple  in  1870,  becoming  a 
Q.C.  in  1873,  and  a  bencher  in  1882.  He 
practises  on  the  Northern  and  North- 
Eastern  Circuits,  and  is  the  author  of 
' '  Practice  and  Evidence  in  Divorce  Cases"; 


"Digest  of  Cases  before  Referees,  in  Par- 
liament." Address:  6  Pump  Court,  Temple, 
E.C. 

LIVEING,  George  Downing,  M.A., 
D.Sc,  F.R.  S. ,  eldest  son  of  Edward  Liveing, 
of  Nayland,  Suffolk,  surgeon,  was  born 
Dec.  21,  1827,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  He  graduated  B.A. 
1850 ;  M.A.  1853 ;  and  became  in  the 
same  year  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  St. 
John's  College.  He  was  one  of  the  Cam- 
bridge Essayists,  1855.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary College,  Sandhurst,  1860 ;  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge,. 1861  ;  and  was  elected  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1879  ;  and  is  J.P.  for 
Cambridgeshire.  Professor  Liveing  is 
joint  -  author  with  Professor  Dewar,  of 
"Ultra-Violet  Spectra  of  the  Elements," 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society, 
1883  ;  and  of  many  papers  on  spectrosco- 
pic subjects  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Proceedings  of  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society,  and  Philosophical 
Magazine ;  and  of  "  Chemical  Equilibrium 
the  Result  of,  the  Dissipation  of  Energy," 
1885.  Besides  his  scientific  work,  Pro- 
fessor Liveing's  energies  have  been  much 
given  to  the  spread  of  education.  Before 
1852  there  were  no  laboratories  in  Cam- 
bridge in  which  students  could  learn  the 
practical  applications  of  science.  In  that 
year  he  established,  at  his  own  expense, 
the  first  chemical  laboratory  for  under- 
graduates in  Cambridge,  and  subsequently, 
for  twelve  years,  he  presided  over  the 
laboratory  built  for  him  by  St.  John's 
College.  This  was  the  beginning  of  that 
system  of  experimental  teaching  which 
has  now  so  prominent  a  place  at  the  Uni- 
versity. In  the  first  establishment  of  the 
local  examinations  of  the  University  he 
took  a  leading  part,  and  for  several  years 
he  was  the  organising  secretary  for  these 
examinations.  During  that  time,  and  in 
great  measure  through  his  exertions,  the 
examination  and  inspection  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  secondary  schools  and  the 
admission  of  girls  and  girls'  schools  to 
the  examinations  were  commenced.  He 
also  took  an  active  part  in  the  establish- 
ment, in  1873,  of  the  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge Schools  Examination  Board.  In 
1875  he  promoted,  and  in  great  measure 
organised,  the  examinations  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  State  Medicine,  open  to  the 
whole  medical  profession,  which  have 
since  taken  the  name  of  Examinations  for 
the  Diploma  in  Public  Health,  and  have 
been  the  model  for  similar  examinations 
by  other  bodies.  In  recent  years  he  has 
actively  promoted  the  establishment  of  a 
School  of  Agricultural  Science  at  Cam- 
bridge,  which  has  received  the  support 


LIVERPOOL  —  LLANDAFF 


657 


of  several  county  councils.  Appointed 
with  the  President  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  to  examine  into  the  working  of 
University  Colleges,  he  issued  his  "  Report 
on  University  Colleges,"  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Warren,  in  1897.  He  married, 
in  1860,  Katharine,  second  daughter  of 
Rowland  Ingram,  rector  of  Great  and 
Little  Ellingham,  Norfolk,  who  died  in 
1888  without  issue.  Addresses  :  The 
Pightle,  Cambridge  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LIVERPOOL,  Bishop  of.  See  Rile, 
The  Right  Rev.  John  Charles. 

LIVERSIDGE,  Professor  Archi- 
bald, M.A.,  F.R.S.,  President  Royal 
Society  of  New  South  Wales,  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school,  and  by  private 
tutors  in  science  in  London.  He  entered 
the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry  and  Royal 
School  of  Mines,  London,  1866,  and  ob- 
tained a  Royal  Exhibition  at  these  places 
in  1867 ;  this  privilege  was  tenable  for 
three  years  with  £50  per  year  and  re- 
mission of  all  fees,  equal  to  about  £100 
in  addition.  At  the  same  examination  he 
obtained  Medals  in  chemistry,  mineralogy, 
and  metallurgy.  During  his  first  year  as 
student  at  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry 
he  was  given  charge  of  the  Chemical 
Laboratory  at  the  Royal  School  of  Naval 
Architecture  for  one  term,  during  the  ill- 
ness of  the  lecturer,  and  published  his  first 
paper  on  "Super-saturated  Saline  Solu- 
tions." He  was  trained  in  Chemistry  at 
the  College  of  Chemistry,  under  Professor 
Frankland,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  &c.  He  took 
the  Associateship  of  the  School  of  Mines, 
in  Metallurgy  and  Mining,  1870,  after 
having  studied  and  passed  in  Physics 
under  Professor  Tyndall,  Geology  under 
Sir  Andrew  Ramsay,  Mineralogy  and 
Mining  under  Sir  W.  Warrington  Smyth, 
Mechanics  under  Professors  Willis  and 
Goodeve,  and  Metallurgy  under  Dr.  Percy. 
He  also  spent  some  time  in  Dr.  Frank- 
land's  private  chemical  laboratory,  as  a 
senior  student  upon  research  work.  In 
1870  he  obtained  an  open  scholarship  in 
science  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 
During  his  first  year  at  Cambridge  he  held 
the  post  of  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  in 
the  University  Laboratory  for  two  terms 
in  the  absence  of  Dr.  Hicks.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  two  students  in  the  new 
Physiological  Laboratory  at  Cambridge, 
just  started  by  Professor  Michael  Foster, 
Secretary  to  the  Royal  Society.  In  1872 
he  was  offered  the  appointment  of  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  in  the 
University  of  Sydney,  and  went  out  in 
September  of  that  year.  He  was  a  Re- 
presentative Commissioner  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition  in  1878,  and  a  juror  in  che- 
mistry and  metallurgy.      He  has  been  a 


trustee  of  the  Australian  Museum,  Sydney, 
since  1874,  and  during  visits  to  Europe, 
America,  &c,  purchased  most  of  the  non- 
Australian  mineral  and  geological  col- 
lections which  it  possesses.  Professor 
Liversidge  has  also  been  a  member  of 
the  Sydney  University  Senate  since  1878 
and  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Science  since 
the  formation  of  that  faculty  in  1883.  He 
made  the  chemical  investigations  upon 
the  Sydney  water  supply  for  the  Govern- 
ment in  1876 ;  was  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Board  of  Technical 
Education,  and  Hon.  Secretary  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  N.S.W.  from  1874  to 
1889,  except  when  he  was  President  in 
1883-84.  He  was  the  President  for  1889-90 
(this  being  an  annual  office).  He  was 
elected  to  the  Fellowship  of  the  Royal 
Society,  England,  in  1882.  He  published 
a  work  on  the  minerals  of  N.S.W.  in  1888, 
to  show  the  progress  made  in  the  know- 
ledge of  the  mineralogy  of  N.S.W.  during 
the  first  100  years  of  its  history.  He 
originated  the  Australasian  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  as  a  centen- 
nial record  of  the  progress  of  the  colonies. 
This  Association  held  its  first  meeting  in 
Sydney  in  1890.  He  has  visited  Tasmania 
and  New  Zealand  several  times,  Fiji,  Java, 
China,  Japan,  and  the  United  States  in 
1887.  Professor  Archibald  Liversidge  is  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  School  of  Mines, 
London  ;  Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
London  ;  Fellow  Inst.  Chemistry  of  Gt. 
Brit,  and  Irel.  ;  F.G.S.  ;  F.L.S. ;  F.R.G.S.  ; 
Mem.  Phys.  Soc.  London  ;  Mem.  Minera- 
logical  Soc.  Gt.  Brit,  and  Irel.  ;  Cor.  Mem. 
Roy.  Soc.  Tas.  ;  Cor.  Mem.  Senckenberg 
Institute,  Frankfort  ;  Cor.  Mem.  Soc. 
d'Acclimat.,  Mauritius ;  Hon.  Fel.  Roy. 
Hist.  Soc.  Lond.  ;  Mem.  Min.  Soc.  of 
France ;  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Sydney ;  Editor  for  many 
years  of  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  New  South  Wales;  and  is  the  author 
of  nearly  a  hundred  scientific  papers  and 
reports  on  chemistry,  mineralogy,  &c. 
Address  :  Sydney. 

LLANDAFF,  Bishop  of.  See  Lewis, 
The  Right  Rev.  Richaed. 

LLANDAFF,  Viscount,  The  Right 
Hon.  Henry  Matthews,  Q.C.,  ex -Home 
Secretary,  was  born  in  1826,  in  Ceylon, 
where  his  father,  of  whom  he  was  the 
only  son,  was  a  Puisne  Judge.  After 
graduating  at  the  Universities  of  Paris 
and  London,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  after  having  been  admitted 
to  the  Inn  at  the  early  age  of  eighteen. 
In  1868  he  took  silk,  and  from  1872  to 
1876  acted  as  Examiner  in  Common  Law 
to  the  Council  of  Legal  Education.  He 
has  been  engaged  in  several  of  the  great 

2  T 


658 


LLEWELYN  —  LLOYD 


cases  of  his  time,  notably  the  Home  case, 
the  Slade  case,  Reg.  v.  Boulton  and  Park, 
the  Epping  case,  the  Tichborne  case,  and 
the  Crawford  case.  He  contested  the 
borough  of  Dungarvan  three  times  un- 
successfully, but  sat  for  it  from  1868  to 
1874.  At  the  general  election  of  1886  he 
was  returned  for  East  Birmingham,  being 
the  first  Conservative  who  ever  sat  for 
Birmingham.  On  the  formation  of  Lord 
Salisbury's  second  Ministry,  Mr.  Matthews 
was  appointed  Home  Secretary,  and  as 
such  he  had  to  endure  a  prolonged  storm 
of  adverse  criticism  in  the  Opposition 
press.  In  1892  he  was  again  returned  for 
East  Birmingham.  In  1895  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Viscount 
Llandaff,  his  family  having  anciently  been 
of  that  city.  In  1897  he  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
the  London  Water  Supply.  Addresses  :  6 
Carlton  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LLEWELYN,  Sir  Robert  Baxter, 

K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1848,  and  entered 
the  Colonial  Office  in  1868.  In  the  next 
year  he  became  Registrar  of  the  Colonial 
Secretary's  Office  oE  Jamaica,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Clerk  of  the  Privy  Council  in 
1877.  In  1878  he  was  Commissioner  of 
Turks  Islands,  and  then  was  successively 
Administrator  of  Tobago,  St.  Vincent,  and 
St.  Lucia.  In  1891  he  was  appointed  Ad- 
ministrator of  the  Colony  of  the  Gambia, 
which  post  he  still  holds.  In  1898  he  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G. 

LLOYD,  The  Right  Rev.  Arthur 
Thomas,  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Thet- 
ford,  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Henry  W. 
Lloyd,  Vicar  of  Cholsey,  Berks,  and 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  College  School, 
and  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1868,  and  M.A.  in  1870. 
Ordained  in  1868,  he  was  Curate  of  Cholsey 
from  1868  to  1873,  arid  Curate-in-charge 
of  Watlington,  Oxon,  from  1873  to  1876. 
He  was  presented  to  the  Vicarage  of 
Aylesbury  in  the  latter  year,  and  in  1882 
became  Vicar  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of 
St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle,  being  at  the  same 
time  appointed  Hon.  Canon  and  Rural 
Dean  of  Newcastle.  Mr.  Lloyd  was  ap- 
pointed Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of  Nor- 
wich in  1894,  under  the  title  of  Bishop  of 
Thetford  ;  he  was  also  given  the  rectory 
of  North  Creake,  Norfolk,  and  became 
Archdeacon  of  Lynn.  Address  :  North 
Creake  Rectory,  Fakenham,  Norfolk. 

LLOYD,  The  Right  Rev.  Daniel 
Lewis,  D.D.,  is  the  son  of  John  Lloyd 
of  Penywern,  and  was  born  on  Nov.  23, 
1843.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  a  scholar  of  his 
College,    and  where   he  gained  a   second 


class  in  Moderations  in  1865,  and  a  second 
class  in  the  final  school  of  Lit.  Hum.  in 
1867.  He  was  ordained  in  1867,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  appointed  Head-Master 
of  Dolgelly  School  and  Curate  of  Dolgelly. 
In  1873  he  became  Head-Master  of  the 
Friars'  School,  Bangor  ;  and  he  accepted 
the  post  of  Head-Master  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Brecon,  in  1878.  After  twelve  years' 
work  at  Brecon,  Dr.  Lloyd  was  in  1890 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Bangor.  He  has 
published  a  Welsh  Hymn  Book  under  the 
title  of  "Emyniadun  yr  Eglwys."  The 
Bishop  has  recently,  owing  to  ill-health, 
been  compelled  to  resign  his  see  (Novem- 
ber 1898).  Address  :  Gwynfryn,  Llanarth, 
Cardiganshire. 

LLOYD,  Edward,  the  famous  tenor 
vocalist,  was  born  in  London  in  1845. 
When  seven  years  of  age  he  entered 
Westminster  Abbey  choir.  Afterwards  he 
became  solo  tenor  at  the  Chapel  Royal, 
St.  James's.  Mr.  Lloyd  sang  in  Novello's 
Concerts  in  1867,  and  at  the  Gloucester 
Festival  in  1871,  where  he  attracted  much 
attention  by  his  part  in  Bach's  "Passion." 
In  1888  he  went  on  a  tour  in  America, 
and  sang  in  the  Cincinnati  Festival.  He 
repeated  his  visit  in  1890  and  1892.  In 
1888  he  sang  also  in  the  Handel  Festival ; 
and  was  principal  tenor  in  the  Leeds 
Musical  Festival  in  1889.  Since  that 
year  he  has  frequently  taken  part  in 
musical  festivals  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
and  elsewhere,  notably  at  the  Handel 
Festival  in  1891.  In  1890  and  1892  he 
received  an  enthusiastic  welcome  in  the 
United  States,  and  he  has  sung  with  his 
accustomed  power  at  the  Handel  Festival, 
and  others,  since  1894. 

LLOYD,    The    Right   Rev.    John, 

D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Swansea,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  John  Lloyd,  and  was 
born  at  Newport,  Pembrokeshire,  in 
October  1847.  He  was  educated  at  Haver- 
fordwest, at  Cardigan,  and  at  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
exhibitioner  and  scholar  of  his  College, 
Prizeman  in  Divinity,  and  a  Senior  Optime 
in  1876,  in  which  year  he  graduated  B.A. 
Ordained  in  1876,  he  was  Curate,  succes- 
sively, of  Roehampton,  and  Storrington, 
Sussex.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Vicarage  of  Llanfihangel  Aberbythych, 
Carmarthenshire,  and  he  became  Rector  of 
Penboyr,  Llandyssil,  Carmarthenshire,  in 
1884.  Dr.  Lloyd  was,  in  1890,  consecrated 
Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's, 
under  the  title  of  Bishop  of  Swansea;  at 
the  same  time  he  became  Vicar  of  Car- 
marthen, and  Canon  of  St.  David's.  The 
Bishop  has  published  numerous  sermons 
and  addresses.  Addresses :  Vicarage, 
Carmarthen  ;  and  Glanymor,  St.  David's. 


LOBB 


659 


LOBB,  John,  was  born  on  Aug.  7,  1840, 
in  Mile  End  New  Town,  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex.     After   a  creditable   examina- 
tion in    1862,   he   received   a  call   to   the 
Primitive    Methodist    ministry,   but.  pre- 
ferred a  commercial  sphere,  remaining  a 
lay  preacher.      In    1870  he  established  a 
local  journal,  the  Kingsland  Monthly  Mes- 
senger, which  proved  a  success.     In  1872 
his    services    were     transferred     to     the 
Christian  Aye,  a  weekly  journal  which  had 
then  been  established  about  twelve  months, 
with  a  sale  of  about  5000  copies  weekly. 
In  five  years,  by  his  energy,  it  reached  a 
circulation  of  about  80,000  copies  weekly. 
In  1880  Mr.   Lobb  became  the  chief  pro- 
prietor.    In  1876  he  was  urged  by  the  late 
Mr.   Samuel   Morley,    HP.,    and    George 
Sturge,  the  well-known  philanthropist,  to 
raise  a  fund  for  the  Rev.  Josiah  Henson, 
the    original   character   of    Mrs.   Beecher 
Stowe's    "Uncle  Tom's   Cabin."      Within 
seven  months,  by  lectures  and  preaching 
sermons,    he   raised  for  him   upwards  of 
£2000.     He  edited  the  story  of  Mr.  Hen- 
son's  life,  which  also  contained  a  preface 
by  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury, 
K.G.     Within  six  weeks  upwards  of  30,000 
copies  were  sold.     Subsequently  the  book 
was  translated  into  twelve  languages.     A 
quarter  of  a  million  have  been  sold.     On 
Monday,  March  5,  1877,  Mr.  Lobb  received 
her    Majesty's     command    to    attend    at 
Windsor  Castle,  with  the  hero  of  his  book, 
and  had  the  honour  of  inscribing  his  name 
in  her   Majesty's   private  album.     At  the 
triennial   election   of  the  London   School 
Board   of   1882,  he  was  returned  for  the 
division  of  Hackney,  second  on  the  poll, 
polliDg  11,576.     In  1885,  of   the  thirteen 
candidates  he  was  returned  at  the  head  of 
the  poll,  polling  15,092.     In  1888  he  was 
again  returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll, 
polling  17,360  votes  ;  and  at  the  triennial 
election  of  1891  he  was  again  at  the  head 
of  the   poll,    polling  14,002.     At  the  tri- 
ennial election  of  1894  he  lost  his  seat,  it 
being  the  first  and  only  occasion  on  which 
Mr.  Lobb  had  identified  himself  with  any 
party.     Although  known  as  an  Independ- 
ent, he  was  regarded  as  a  "  Diggleite."    In 
1897  he  was  again  returned  to  the  Board. 
It  must  be  said  in  justice  to  Mr.  Lobb,  how- 
ever,   that   he    was   strongly   opposed   to 
Mr.  Athelstan  Riley  and  his  friends  on  the 
religious  question.     Mr.  Lobb  is  known  as 
the    "famous   pamphleteer,"  on   "School 
Board  Extravagance,"  "  The  Scandals  of 
the  Stores,"  "  Pen  and  Ink  Sketches  of  All 
the  Members,"  "A  Twelve  Years'  Experi- 
ence of  the  London  School  Board."     His 
first  pamphlet,  published  in  1885,  reached 
a  sale  of  97,000  copies  in  six  weeks.     He 
was  for  nine  years  Chairman  of  the  Stores 
Committee,  and  subsequently  Chairman  to 
the   Finance  Committee  in  succession  to 


Sir  Richard  Temple,  Bart.,  M. P.     In  1886 
he  edited  and  published  "The  Life  and 
Times  of  Frederick  Douglas,"  the  famous 
runaway  slave  who  was  afterwards  Marshal 
to   the  District  of   Columbia,   U.S.A.,   to 
which   the  Right  Hon.  John  Bright   con- 
tributed a  preface.     In  1879  he  published 
the  "  Life  of  the  Rev.  T.  De  Witt  Talmage, 
D.D.,"  and  also  "Arrows  and  Anecdotes 
and  the  Story  of  the  Great  Revival."     In 
1877  he  published  a  weekly  paper  called 
the   Daisy   Family   Story  Paper,  which  in 
five  years  reached  a  weekly  sale  of  15,000 
copies.     In  1882  he  received  £1000  for  the 
copyright  of  the  Daisy,  which  was  subse- 
quently conducted  by  Mrs.  Joseph  Parker 
of  the  City  Temple.     He  is  a  Guardian  of 
the  City  of  London  Union,  of  whom  there 
are  ninety-four,  being  elected  in  1885  for 
the    parish    of    St.    Bride,    Fleet    Street, 
E.C.      He   is  a   Member  of  the  Metropo- 
litan  Asylums  Board,  and  has  published 
pamphlets    on    dementia,   imbecility,  and 
idiocy  in   its  various    forms.     He   is   Ex- 
Chairman   of   the  Lunatic  Visiting  Com- 
mittee of  the  City  of  London  Union,  the 
Contract  Committee,  and  is  Vice-Chairman 
of   the   Finance   Committee.     In  1887  he 
was  elected  a   Member   of   the    Court   of 
Common  Council  for  the  ward  of  Farring- 
don   Without.       He    has    served    on    the 
Central  Markets,  the  Billingsgate  Market, 
and   was  Vice-Chairman  of   the   Finance 
of    the    Markets    Committees.       He    has 
served   for  ten  years  on  the  Officers  and 
Clerks   Committee,  and   six  years  on  the 
Freemen's  Orphan  School  Committee,  and 
was  Chairman  for  two  years  in  succession. 
He   is   also   a   Member   of   the   Guildhall 
Library   Committee,    the    Epping    Forest 
Committee,  and  one  of  the  Court  of  Assist- 
ants to  the  Honourable  Irish  Society.     On 
the   occasion   of    the   German    Emperor's 
visit  to  the  City  he  was  a  Member  of  the 
Reception  Committee,  and  in  1894  served 
on  the  Lord  Mayor's  Committee  ;  and  on 
the  occasion   of  the  Queen's  visit  to  the 
City  on  June  22,  1898,  was  one  of  the  five 
Common  Councilmen  appointed  to  receive 
her   Majesty   with   the   Lord   Mayor   and 
Sheriffs  at  Temple  Bar.     He  has  served 
for  twelve  years  as  a  Governor  of  Lady 
Holles's  Trust  to  the  Ward  of  Cripplegate, 
E.C.     He    is    a   Governor   of    St.   Bride's 
Foundation,  a  Fellow  of   the  Royal   His- 
torical Society,  and  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.    On  July  21,  1891,  he  was  publicly 
presented  with  a  testimonial  in  the  form 
of  a  cheque  for  £250  and  an  illuminated 
address,   in   the   Mansion  House,   by   the 
Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor,   Sir  Joseph 
Savory,    Bart.,    M.P.     A    silver    tea    and 
coffee    service    was     at     the    same    time 
presented  to  Mrs.  Lobb.     In  1896  he  was 
the  recipient  of  another  public  testimonial 
in  the  form  of  a   solid   silver  fruit-stand 


660 


LOCH  — LOCKHAKT 


and  an  illuminated  address  from  the  School 
Keepers  under  the  London  Board.  Mr. 
Lobb  is  a  Freeman  of  the  Loriners'  Com- 
pany and  the  Blacksmiths'  Company.  A 
full-length  portrait  of  Mrs.  John  Lobb  was 
in  the  Eoyal  Academy  in  1897,  No.  174  in 
Gallery  No.  2,  by  Joseph  Mordecai.  Ad- 
dress :  the  Christian  Aye,  St.  Bride's 
Street,  Ludgate  Circus,  E.C. 

LOCH,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Henry  Brougham  Loch,  G.C.B., 
G.C.M.G.,  D.C.L.  Hon.  Oxon.,  late  Governor 
of  the  Cape,  and  High  Commissioner  for 
South  Africa,  was  born  on  May  23,  1827, 
and  is  the  son  of  James  Loch,  M.P. ,  of 
Drvlaw,  Midlothian,  and  Anne,  daughter 
of  Patrick  Orr,  of  Bridgeton,  Kincardine- 
shire. Entering  the  Eoyal  Navy  in  1840, 
he  served  until  1842  ;  in  1844  he  obtained 
a  cornet's  commission  in  the  3rd  Bengal 
Light  Cavalry,  and  was  A.D.C.  to  Lord 
Gough  in  the  Sutlej  Campaign,  and 
Adjutant  and  second  in  command  of 
Skinner's  Horse  in  1852.  Two  years  later 
he  raised  irregular  Turkish  cavalry  in 
Bulgaria,  and  in  1857  joined  the  Earl  of 
Elgin's  mission  to  China  as  attache".  After- 
wards we  find  him  at  the  head-quarters  of 
the  army  engaged  in  China.  In  1858  he 
brought  the  Treaty  of  Yeddo  to  England, 
and  in  1860  that  of  Tien-tsin  and  the  Con- 
vention of  Pekin.  He  was  at  that  time 
Secretary  of  the  Chinese  Mission.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  during  the  war,  and  with 
Mr.  Boulby,  the  Times  correspondent,  was 
carried  about  in  a  cage  by  his  captors,  and 
exhibited  to  the  natives,  After  his  libera- 
tion he  returned  to  England,  became 
Private  Secretary  to  Sir  G.  Grey  in  1861, 
and  in  1863  was  appointed  Lieut.-Governor 
of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  subsequently 
Governor  of  Victoria ;  and  in  1889  was 
appointed  to  succeed  Sir  Hercules  Robin- 
son as  Chief  Commissioner  at  the  Cape. 
Here  he  was  energetic  in  developing  the 
resources  of  his  colony.  He  was  con- 
spicuously before  the  public  during  the 
Matabele  War  in  his  character  of  repre- 
sentative of  Imperial  interests  in  South 
Africa.  He  several  times  visited  England, 
and  once  more  arrived  in  this  country, 
with  Dr.  Jameson  in  November  1894.  He 
retired  from  the  Governorship  of  Cape 
Colony  in  1895,  and  was  succeeded  by  the 
late  Sir  Hercules  Kobinson  (Lord  Ros- 
mead).  He  is  married  to  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  E.  E.  Villiers,  and 
niece  of  the  4th  Earl  of  Clarendon.  Ad- 
dresses :  44  Elm  Park  Gardens,  S.W.,  &c.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

LOCK,  Walter,  D.D.,  Warden  of  Keble 
College,  Oxford,  and  Dean  Ireland's  Pro- 
fessor of  Exegesis  of  Holy  Scripture,  was 
born  at  Dorchester  on  July  14,  1846,  being 


the  second  son  of  Henry  Lock,  solicitor. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Dorchester 
Grammar  School  from  1856  to  1858  ;  at 
Marlborough  College  from  1859  to  1865, 
and  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  a  scholar,  from  1865  to 
1869.  He  gained  a  first  class  in  the 
first  Public  Classical  Examination,  and 
the  Hertford  Scholarship  in  1867 ;  a  first 
class  in  Literal  Humaniores  in  1869  ;  and 
the  Craven  Scholarship  in  1870.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen 
College  in  1869.  He  became  Tutor  of 
Keble  College  in  1870,  Sub-Warden  in 
1880,  and  Warden  in  1897.  He  was  Senior 
Proctor  in  1882-83.  He  was  Select 
Preacher  at  Oxford,  1889-90,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1891,  and  was  Examining  Chap- 
lain to  the  Archbishop  of  York  in  1891. 
He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Exegesis  in 
1895,  and  was  elected  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Magdalen  College  in  1897.  He  is  the 
author  of  sermons  preached  in  Keble  Col- 
lege ;  "  Sermons,"  1877  and  1889  ;  Articles 
in  the  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Bio- 
graphy," 1887  ;  in  the  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,"  1897  ;  "  The  Church,"  an  Essay  in 
"Lux  Mundi,"  1890;  "John  Keble,"  a 
biography,  18S2 ;  and  is  editor  of  the 
"Christian  Year,"  with  Introduction  and 
Notes,  1895.  Address :  Keble  College, 
Oxford. 

LOCKHART,  William  Ewart, 
R.S.A.,  was  born  in  Dumfriesshire  on  Feb. 
14,  1846.  He  exhibited  in  the  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy  at  the  early  age  of  fourteen, 
and  a  few  years  later  in  the  Royal 
Academy.  He  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1870. 
Eight  years  later,  in  1878,  Mr.  Lockhart 
was  made  a  full  Academician.  He  is  the 
representative  of  the  Scottish  Academy 
among  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Institu- 
tion, and  is  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Water-Colour  Society.  In  June  1887  Mr. 
Lockhart  was  commissioned  by  her  Majesty 
the  Queen  to  paint,  for  the  Royal  Galleries 
at  Windsor,  a  picture  of  the  "Jubilee  Cele- 
bration in  Westminster  Abbey,"  which 
large  work  engrossed  his  whole  attention 
for  almost  three  years.  His  principal 
works  exhibited  in  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  are:  "  Priscilla,"  1870;  "Don 
Quixote,'"  1875;  "Gil  Bias,"  1878;  "Al- 
naschar,"  1879;  "Cardinal  Beaton," 
1881;  "The  Cid,"  1882;  "Swineherd," 
1885;  "Church  Lottery,"  1886;  "  Glau- 
cus,"  and  "The  Jubilee  Celebration  in 
Westminster  Abbey,"  1887,  &c.  Three 
years  ago  he  was  awarded  a  medal  in  the 
Paris  Salon  for  his  portrait  of  Lord 
Peel,  the  late  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  1898  the  French  Govern- 
ment purchased  his  picture  in  the  Salon 
for  the  State  collection.     In  1897  he  was 


LOCKHART  —  LOCKROY 


661 


elected  a  Member  of  the  Society  of  Por- 
trait Painters  in  London.  Since  the  Jubi- 
lee he  has  been  almost  exclusively  engaged 
on  portraiture.  As  a  young  man  he  was 
several  years  in  Spain,  painted  many 
scenes  of  Spanish  life,  and  imbibed  a  great 
love  for  Spanish  art,  especially  for  the 
works  of  Velasquez.  Address  :  16  Philli- 
more  Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 

LOCKHART,  General  Sir  William 
Stephen  Alexander,  G.C.B.,  K.C.S.I., 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Forces  in  India, 
was  born  in  September  1841.  He  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  L.  Lockhart,  of  Wicket- 
shaw  and  Milton  Lockhart,  co.  Lanark. 
He  entered  the  Indian  Army  in  October 
1S58  as  a  Lieutenant  of  the  44th  Bengal 
Native  Infantry,  and  was  promoted  Captain 
in  December  1868,  Major  in  June  1877,  and 
Colonel  in  April  1883.  For  a  few  months 
in  1858  he  served  with  the  Sth  Fusiliers  in 
Oude.  Sir  William  Lockhart  has  seen  very 
considerable  war  service,  and  has  taken 
part  in  campaigns  in  India,  Abyssinia, 
Afghanistan,  Burma,  and  Sumatra.  He 
served  with  distinction  throughout  the 
Bhootan  Campaign  of  1864-66  as  Adjutant 
of  the  14th  Bengal  Cavalry,  and  took  part 
in  the  Reconnaissance  to  Cheerung,  obtain- 
ing Medal  and  Clasp.  In  the  Abyssinian 
Expedition  of  1867-68  he  was  Aide-de-camp 
to  Brigadier-General  Merewether,  and  was 
present  at  the  action  of  Arogee  and  the 
capture  of  Magdala  ;  being  mentioned  in 
despatches.  As  Deputy-Assistant  Quarter- 
master-General of  the  2nd  Brigade  he 
served  with  the  Hazara  Field  Force  in  the 
operations  in  the  Black  Mountain.  During 
the  Dutch  War  in  Acheen  of  1875-77  he 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  Lambada,  and 
received  the  Dutch  War  Medal  with  Clasp, 
and  promotion  to  Major.  He  served  in  the 
Afghan  War  of  1879  as  Road  Commandant 
in  the  Khyber  Pass,  and  afterwards  as 
Assistant  Quartermaster-General  to  Lord 
Roberts's  Division,  and  was  present  at  the 
affair  of  Takht-i-Shah  and  the  investment 
of  Sherpore ;  he  also  took  part  in  the 
operations  round  Cabul.  Lieut. -Colonel 
Lockhart  was  mentioned  in  despatches, 
received  a  medal  with  clasp,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  a  C.B     From  June  1885  to  July 

1886  he  was  employed  with  the  Chitral 
Mission,  and  in  the  Burmese  Expedition  of 

1887  he  obtained  the  command  of  a  Brigade, 
and  at  the  conclusion  of  the  campaign 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Government  of 
India  and  promotion  to  K.C.B.  In  March 
of  1887  he  was  appointed  a  Brigadier- 
General  in  the  Bengal  Command,  and 
some  two  years  later  Assistant  Military 
Secretary  for  Indian  Affairs  at  Headquar- 
ters. He  was  afterwards  attached  to  the 
Punjab  Frontier  Force  and  chosen  to  com- 
mand the   two   Miranzai    Expeditions   of 


1891.  Recognition  by  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment, mention  in  despatches  and  promo- 
tion to  Major-General  for  distinguished 
service  in  the  field,  were  the  rewards  of 
his  efforts.  In  the  following  year  he  con- 
ducted the  Isazai  Expedition.  Sir  William 
Lockhart  was  promoted  Lieutenant-General 
in  1894  and  obtained  the  command  of  the 
Punjab,  the  most  important  of  the  Indian 
commands.  During  the  same  year  an 
expedition  was  sent  into  Waziristan  under 
his  charge,  and  he  again  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Government  of  India  for  the 
skilful  manner  in  which  he  conducted  the 
operations  to  a  completely  successful  issue. 
He  was  also  promoted  K.C.S.I.  A  rising 
on  the  Indian  frontier  in  1897,  which 
subsequently  assumed  a  very  serious  aspect, 
again  brought  into  prominence  the  capacity 
and  military  ability  of  Sir  William  Lock- 
hart. Soon  after  peace  had  been  restored 
by  Sir  Bindon  Blood  in  the  Swat  Valley,  • 
the  Afridis  captured  the  forts  in  the 
Khyber  and  effectually  closed  the  Pass. 
The  Mohmands  and  Orakzais  immediately 
joined  in  the  revolt,  and  an  army  of  40,000 
British  troops  for  punitive  operations  was 
placed  under  the  command  of  Sir  William 
Lockhart.  Much  heavy  fighting  ensued, 
but  ultimately  all  the  chiefs  of  the  tribes 
came  into  the  British  camp  and  submitted. 
The  Mohmands,  however,  again  proved 
troublesome,  and  the  Tirah  Field  Force 
was  organised  further  to  chastise  them. 
The  Governor-General  in  his  despatch  said, 
"That  the  manner  in  which  the  campaign 
had  been  conducted  reflected  great  credit 
on  Sir  William  Lockhart's  skill  and  judg- 
ment." Sir  William  was  shortly  after 
chosen  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Forces 
in  India  in  the  room  of  Sir  George  White. 
He  was  promoted  to  a  G.C.B.  on  the  Queen's 
Birthday  in  1898  in  recognition  of  his  ser- 
vices on  the  Indian  frontier.  He  is  married 
to  Mary  Katharine,  daughter  of  the  late 
Captain  William  Eccles  of  the  Coldstream 
Guards. 

LOCKROY,  Edward  Simon,  a  French 
journalist  and  politician,  son  of  the  dra- 
matist and  director  of  the  Theatre  Fran£ais, 
born  in  Paris,  July  18,  1840,  studied  paint- 
ing under  Eugene  Giraud  and  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  accompanied  M. 
Renan  as  secretary  on  his  archaeological 
tour  through  Judaea  and  Palestine,  1860-64, 
and  took  part,  under  Garibaldi,  in  the  ex- 
pedition of  Sicily.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  made  his  del>ut  in  journalism  and  wrote 
for  the  Figaro,  the  Diable  a  Quatre,  and  the 
Rappel.  For  these  articles  he  was  con- 
demned to  four  months'  imprisonment  and 
fined  3000  francs.  During  the  siege  of 
Paris  he  was  chief  of  a  battalion  of  the 
National  Guard,  and  on  Feb.  8,  1871,  was 
elected    to   represent    the    Seine    in    the 


662 


LOCKYEE 


National  Assembly,  and  voted  against  the 
preliminaries  of  peace.  After  the  insur- 
rection of  March  18  he  was  arrested  in  the 
environs  of  Paris,  taken  first  to  Versailles, 
and  then  to  Chartres,  but  was  liberated  in 
June  without  a  trial.  On  July  23  following 
he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Municipal 
Council  of  Paris.  He  then  became  editor 
of  the  Peuple  Souverain,  a  popular  political 
journal,  and  for  an  article  entitled  "Mort 
aux  traitres  "  he  was  tried  and  acquitted  ; 
but  a  few  days  afterwards,  owing  to  a 
noisy  duel  with  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac,  he 
and  his  adversary  were  condemned  to  eight 
days'  imprisonment.  On  March  27,  1873, 
he  was  again  condemned  to  a  month's  im- 
prisonment and  a  fine  of  500  francs  for 
an  article,  "La  Liberation  du  Territoire." 
During  his  imprisonment  M.  Lockroy  was 
elected  representative  for  the  department 
of  Bouches  du  Rhone  by  55,830  votes.  At 
.  the  general  election  in  February  1876  he 
was  returned  simultaneously  for  the  17th 
Arrondissement  of  Paris  and  for  Aix,  and 
was  one  of  the  363  deputies  who  refused  a 
vote  of  confidence  in  the  Broglie  Cabinet. 
In  1883  he  acted  with  M.  Floquet  in  carry- 
ing through  his  Exile  Bill.  M.  Lockroy 
was  Minister  of  Commerce  under  M.  de 
Freycinet  in  1886,  and  of  Public  Instruction 
in  1888  under  M.  Floquet;  and  in  1886 
was  charged  with  the  organisation  of  the 
International  Exhibition  of  1889.  In  the 
September  elections  of  1889  he  was  elected 
for  the  Second  District  of  the  11th  Arron- 
dissement of  Paris,  beating  the  Boulangist 
Massard  by  a  large  majority.  M.  Lockroy 
was  for  long  an  important  member  of 
Victor  Hugo's  circle,  having  married  the 
widow  of  Charles  Hugo  in  1877.  On  the 
constitution  of  the  Brisson  Cabinet  in  1898, 
he  was  offered,  and  he  accepted,  the  Port- 
folio of  Minister  of  Marine,  a  position  on 
which  he  has  laid  the  foundations  of  an 
European  reputation.  His  statesmanlike 
reorganisation  of  the  navy  received  such 
support  from  all  responsible  parties  that, 
notwithstanding  the  overthrow  of  his 
colleagues,  M.  Lockroy  retained  office  as 
Minister  of  Marine  in  M.  Charles  Dupuy's 
Cabinet  of  October  1898,  and  through  this 
unusual  opportunity  was  enabled  to  con- 
tinue the  vast  scheme  whose  foundations  he 
had  already  partly  laid.  His  policy  is  as 
vigorous  as  his  administration,  and  has 
brought  him  a  large  measure  of  official 
approval  and  general  popularity.  Person- 
ally M.  Lockroy  is  essentially  Parisian. 
He  has  been  described  as  of  that  race  of 
French  troops  who  once  stormed  a  city  in 
silk  stockings  to  the  sound  of  violins. 
This  fin-de-siicle  portrait  gives  an  excellent 
view  of  the  popular  Frenc.h  Minister.  He 
is  said  to  be  capable  of  enunciating  a  policy 
in  the  midst  of  the  light  persiflage  of  a 
salon,  and  will  discuss  torpedoes  in  the 


entr'acte  of  a  premiere  at  the  Com^die 
Francaise.  On  the  administrative  side  M. 
Lockroy  is  a  Minister  of  large  designs. 
Besides  many  departmental  details  into 
which  it  is  impossible  to  enter  here,  he  has 
reinforced  regulations  for  the  suppression 
of  advancement  by  favour,  and  has  inaugu- 
rated a  school  for  petty  officers.  In  fact, 
M.  Lockroy  is  slowly  and  surely  re-estab- 
lishing the  regime  which  Admiral  Besnard, 
his  old  successor  in  office,  promptly  swept 
away.  As  there  is  no  such  thing  as  sta- 
bility in  contemporary  French  administra- 
tion, we  fear  that  M.  Lockroy's  reforms, 
excellent  as  they  are,  cannot  survive 
the  century.  He  has  published  several 
volumes,  composed  mainly  of  articles  con- 
tributed to  various  journals:  "LesAigles 
du  Capitole,"  1869  ;  "  La  Commune  et 
l'Assemblee,"  1871;  "  L'Isle  Revolted," 
1877;  "Ahmed-le-Boucher,"  1887.  He  has 
also  edited  "Le  Journal  d'une  Bourgeoise 
pendant  la  Revolution,  1791-1793,"  the 
lady  in  question  having  been  his  maternal 
grandmother,  Mme.  Jullien. 

LOCKYER,  Sir  (Joseph)  Norman, 

K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  born  at  Rugby,  May  17, 
1836,  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Hooley  Lockyer, 
and  Anne,  daughter  of  Edward  Norman, 
of  Cosford,  Warwickshire  ;  was  educated 
in  various  private  schools  in  England,  and 
on  the  Continent,  where  he  attended  the 
scientific  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne  in  Paris. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  War  Office  in 
1857,  and  from  Lord  de  Orey  received  the 
appointment  of  editor  of  the  Army  Regula- 
tions in  1865 ;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Thomas  Hughes,  M.P.,  placed  the 
legislation  of  the  War  Office  on  an  im- 
proved basis.  In  1870  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Scientific  Instruction  and  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  presided  over  by  the  late  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  and,  on  the  termination  of 
the  labours  of  that  commission  in  1875, 
was  transferred  by  the  then  Prime  Min- 
ister, Mr.  Disraeli,  to  the  Science  and  Art 
Department.  In  this  Department  he 
organised  the  Loan  Collection  of  Scientific 
Apparatus,  opened  by  her  Majesty  in  1876. 
He  was  subsequently  employed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Science  Museum,  and  the 
inspection  of  the  scientific  teaching  in  the 
Training  Colleges.  He  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Solar  Physics  Committee  on 
its  establishment  in  1878,  and  Professor  of 
Astronomical  Physics  in  the  Royal  College 
of  Science  on  its  reorganisation  in  1881. 
Sir  Norman  Lockyer  is  known  as  a  worker 
in  astronomical  physics,  a  large  contributor 
to  scientific  literature,  and  a  lecturer  on 
scientific  subjects.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
in  1860,  and  he  contributed  an  important 
paper    on    the    "Planet    Mars"    to    the 


LODER  —  LODGE 


663 


Memoirs  of  that   Society.       About    tbat 
time  he  began  telescopic  and  spectroscopic 
observations  of  the  sun,  and  in  1866  pro- 
posed   a    method   for   observing   the   red 
flames  without  an  eclipse,  which  method 
he  and  M.  Janssen  independently  applied  in 
1868.      To  commemorate  this  discovery  a 
medal  was  struck  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment in  1872.     He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Koyal  Society  in  1869,  and  inde- 
pendently,  and   in  conjunction  with   Dr. 
Frankland,    announced    many    important 
solar    and     physical     discoveries    to    the 
Society  in  that  and  the  following  years. 
Since    1876,   when    his    observatory    was 
removed   from   his    private    residence    at 
Hampstead  to  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment at  South  Kensington,  he  has  com- 
municated   many   memoirs   to  the  Royal 
Society,   dealing,   among   other    matters, 
with   the   dissociation   of   the    terrestrial 
elements  in  the  sun,   the  spectra  of   sun 
spots,  a  revision  of  Kant's  hypothesis  on 
the  origin  of  celestial  bodies,  the  spectra 
of  meteorites,  the  classification  of  stars  as 
determined  by  their  spectroscopic  pheno- 
mena when  photographed  on  a  large  scale, 
and  on  the  origin  of  new  and  variable 
stars.       He   was    chief    of    the    English 
Government  Eclipse  Expeditions  to  Sicily 
in  1870,  to  India  in  1871,  to  Egypt  in  1882, 
to  the  West  Indies  in  1886,  to  Lapland 
in  1896,  and  to  India  in  1898.      He  also 
observed  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  the 
United  States  in  1878.      He  was  elected 
Rede  Lecturer  to  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1871,  and  Bakerian  Lecturer  to 
the  Royal  Society  in  1874.      He  received 
the    Rumford     Medal     from     the    Royal 
Society  in  1874,  and  the  Janssen  Medal 
from  the  Institute  of  France  in  1891.     In 
1875  the  Institute  of  France  (Academy  of 
Sciences)   elected    him    a    corresponding 
member  in  the  Section  of  Astronomy.     He 
has  since  been  elected  a  member  of   the 
Academy  of  the  Lincei  of  Rome,  and  of  a 
large  number  of  other  academies  in  Europe 
and  America.      Sir  Norman  Lockyer  has 
published  "Elementary    Lessons    in    As- 
tronomy," 1870 ;  "Contributions  to  Solar 
Physics,"  1873  ;   "  The  Spectroscope  and 
its  Applications,"  1873  ;    "  Primer  of  As- 
tronomy,"   1874;  "Studies   in    Spectrum 
Analysis,"  1878;  "Star-Gazing,  Past  and 
Present,"   1878 ;    "  The   Chemistry  of  the 
Sun,"    1887;    "The    Movements    of    the 
Earth,"   1887;     "The    Meteoritic    Hypo- 
thesis," 1890  ;  "  The  Dawn  of  Astronomy," 
1894;    "Rules   of   Golf,"   1896;    "Recent 
and  Coming  Eclipses,"  1897  ;    and  "  The 
Sun's   Place   in   Nature,"  1897.     Many  of 
these   works    have    been    translated    into 
German,  and  some  of  them  into  Russian, 
Greek,    and   Chinese.       During  the  years 
1890-93,  Sir  Norman  Lockyer  carried  on 
an    investigation    of    the    orientation   of 


ancient  temples,  with  a  view  of  ascertain- 
ing the  astronomical  basis  of  the  old 
temple  worships.  For  this  purpose  he 
visited  Egypt  in  1891  and  1893  ;  the  results 
of  his  inquiries  are  included  in  his  last 
published  work.  Sir  Norman  Lockyer  is 
a  Knight  of  the  Brazilian  Order  of  the 
Rose,  and  he  received  the  distinction  of 
C.B.  for  his  public  service  on  the  occasion 
of  the  New-Year  Honours  in  1894,  and 
K.C.B.  on  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's 
Jubilee  in  1897.  On  Nov.  22,  1894,  a  com- 
plimentary dinner,  attended  by  many 
eminent  men  of  science,  was  given  to  Sir 
Norman  Lockyer  to  commemorate  the 
jubilee  of  Nature,  of  which  he  is  the 
original  editor.  In  1858  Sir  Norman 
Lockyer  married  Winifred,  daughter  of 
William  James,  Trehinshon,  near  Aber- 
gavenny. Addresses  :  16  Penywern  Road, 
Earl's  Court,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LODER,,  Gerald  Walter  Erskine, 
M.P.,  LL.B.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was  born  in  Sus- 
sex on  Oct.  25,  1861,  and  is  the  fourth  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Loder,  Bart.,  M.P. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  (M.A.).  Called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1888,  he  be- 
came private  secretary  to  the  Right  Hon. 
C.  T.  Ritchie,  at  that  time  President  of 
the  Local  Government  Board.  From  1892 
to  1896  he  was  private  secretary  to  Lord 
George  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  State  for 
India.  Since  1889  he  has  represented 
Brighton  as  a  Conservative,  and  is  a 
Director  of  the  London  and  Brighton 
Railway.  He  married,  in  1890,  Lady 
Louise,  eldest  daughter  of  the  10th  Duke 
of  St.  Albans.  Address  :  48  Cadogan 
Square,  S.W. 

LODGE,  Professor  Oliver  Joseph, 

D.Sc,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  on  June 
12,  1851,  at  Penkhull,  near  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  Staffordshire,  and  is  the  son  of 
Oliver  and  Grace  Lodge,  and  grandson  of 
Rev.  Oliver  Lodge,  of  Barking,  Essex,  and 
of  Elsworth,  Cambridgeshire  (formerly  of 
co.  Tipperary),  and  of  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Heath,  of  Lucton,  Herefordshire.  At  the 
age  of  eight  he  went  to  Newport  Grammar 
School,  in  the  house  of  Rev.  John  Hea- 
wood  ;  with  whom  also,  when  rector  of 
Combs,  Suffolk,  he  was  under  private 
tuition  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and 
fourteen.  At  fourteen  be  was  taken  into 
business  to  help  his  father,  who  was  in 
failing  health,  and  he  continued  in  business 
till  the  age  of  twenty-one  ;  matriculating 
at  the  London  University  and  taking 
honours  in  Physics  at  the  intermediate 
B.Sc,  by  evening  work.  He  also  obtained, 
through  the  Science  and  Art  Department, 
a  winter's  work  at  the  Chemical  Labora- 
tory, South  Kensington.     In  1872  he  was 


664 


LOEWE 


proxime   accessit    to    a   scholarship   at   St. 
John's   College,    Cambridge,   and    in   the 
same  winter  went  to  University  College, 
London,  to  study  mathematics  under  Pro- 
fessors Henrici  and  Clifford,  and  to  work 
in    Professor   Carey   Foster's    laboratory. 
He  took  the  D.Sc.  degree,  and  married  in 
1877  ;  lectured  on  Physics  at  the  Bedford 
College  (for  ladies),  became  Assistant-Pro- 
fessor of   Physics  at  University  College, 
London,   and,  during  the  illness  of   Pro- 
fessor W.  K.  Clifford,  took  charge  of  most 
of  his  classes.     In  1880  he  was  appointed 
Professor   of    Physics    at   the   University 
College,  then  just  established  in  Liverpool. 
This  office  he  continues  to  hold.     In  1887 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the    Royal 
Society  ;  and  in  1888  the  honorary  LL.D. 
of  St.  Andrews  University  was  conferred 
upon  him.     He  is  best  known  as  a  teacher, 
and  he  has  examined  for  both  the  London 
University  and  the  Science  and  Art  De- 
partment.    His  writings  are  a  text-book 
of   "  Elementary   Mechanics,"   1877  ;   and 
"  Modern  Views  of  Electricity,"   1889  ;  a 
treatise  on   the   phenomena  of   lightning 
and    other    disruptive    discharges    called 
"  Lightning    Conductors    and     Lightning 
Guards,"  1892  ;  and  a  popular  illustrated 
work  on  astronomical  biography  and  dis- 
coveries   called    "  Pioneers    of    Science," 
1893.     His  scientific  papers  have  appeared 
chiefly  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine,  but 
he  has  written  considerably  in  Nature  and 
the   Electrician ;  occasionally  also   in   the 
Engineer.     He  has  lectured  at  the  London 
Institution   on   "  Electricity  and   Light," 
and  on  "The  Ether  and  its  Functions"  ; 
also  at  the  British  Association  at  Montreal 
on  "Dust"  ;  and  at  the  Royal  Institution 
on  the  "  Deposition  of  Dust  Fume  and  Fog 
by  Electricity,"  on  "  The  Leyden  Jar,"  on 
"Aberration,"  and  (in  1897)  to  a  Christmas 
audience  on  "The  Principle  of  the  Electric 
Telegraph."     His  chief  experimental  work 
has  been   connected  with  the  alternating 
character    of    lightning    and    other    dis- 
charges,  and    with    the    propagation    of 
electro-magnetic  waves  (see  Philosophical 
Magazine,   August   1888).      In   this   latter 
subject,  he  was  on  the  track  of  the  nearly 
simultaneous  discoveries  made  by  the  late 
Dr.   Hertz.     These   discoveries   verify  the 
electrical   and    optical   theories   of   Clerk 
Maxwell,   and  owe  their  importance  and 
rapid  acceptance  to  his  scientific  insight. 
In  conjunction  with  the  late  J.  W.  Clark, 
Professor  Lodge  discovered  the  now  well- 
known  power  of  electricity  to  coagulate  or 
condense  suspended  particles  of  fume  or 
fog.     He  has  also  written  largely  on  elec- 
trolysis and  on  contact  electricity,  and  has 
devised  models  illustrating  Clerk  Maxwell's 
theories.      In   1891    he  was   President   of 
Section  A  of   the   British  Association  at 
Cardiff,  where   he  delivered   an   address, 


which  is  often  quoted,  concerning  the 
need  for  scientific  recognition  and  investi- 
gation of  "  occult "  phenomena.  He  is,  in 
fact,  an  active  member  of  the  Society  for 
Psychical  Research,  and  frequently  con- 
tributes to  their  Proceedings.  For  some 
years  he  was  engaged  in  examining  the 
question  whether  moving  matter  is  able 
to  disturb  the  ether  of  space,  and  other 
questions  connected  with  the  subject  of 
astronomical  aberration  (Phil.  Trans.  Hoy. 
Soc,  1893,  1897).  His  conclusion  is  that 
the  ether  is  absolutely  devoid  of  mechani- 
cal viscosity,  and  therefore  cannot  be  dis- 
turbed in  a  "rotational"  manner  by  any 
mechanical  means.  Another  observation 
of  importance,  made  while  inventing  the 
lightning  guard  for  cables,  &c,  now  manu- 
factured by  Dr.  Alexander  Muirhead,  was 
the  fact  that  metals  cohered  readily  under 
electrical  influence,  a  principle  which  has 
led  to  the  most  sensitive  detector  of  elec- 
tric waves  known.  Such  waves  emitted 
from  one  station  can  be  received  at  a  dis- 
tant station,  and  there  by  aid  of  a  coherer 
be  made  to  affect  any  telegraphic  instru- 
ment. This  method  of  signalling  across 
space  was  demonstrated  publicly  by  several 
persons,  but  most  completely  by  Professor 
Lodge  in  1894,  though  it  has  not  till  re- 
cently excited  much  interest  outside  scien- 
tific circles.  An  account  of  these  re- 
searches is  contained  in  a  little  book 
published  by  the  Electrician  newspaper, 
London,  entitled,  "The  Work  of  Hertz 
and  some  of  his  Successors."  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  A.  Muirhead,  Professor  Lodge 
has  now  devised  and  executed  a  plan 
for  syntonising  or  tuning  the  emitter  and 
receiver  in  wireless  telegraphy,  so  that  the 
response  is  discriminative  as  well  as  highly 
efficient,  and  he  has  made  further  advances 
in  the  same  direction  by  another  method 
which  has  not  yet  been  published,  though 
it  has  been  referred  to  by  Professor  Sil- 
vanus  Thompson  in  a  recent  lecture  to  the 
Society  of  Arts.  In  February  1899,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Physical  Society 
of  London.  Professor  Lodge  married, 
in  1877,  Mary  F.  A.  Marshall.  Address : 
2  Grove  Park,  Liverpool. 

LOEWE,  The  Rev.  Dr.  Louis,  was 

born  at  Ziilz,  in  Prussian  Silesia,  in  1809, 
and  was  educated  at  Rosenberg,  in  Silesia, 
subsequently  at  the  theological  colleges  of 
Lissa,  Nicholsburg,  and  Presburg,  and  the 
University  of  Berlin.  He  was  appointed 
in  1839  Hebrew  Lecturer  and  Oriental 
linguist  to  the  late  Duke  of  Sussex ;  in 
1856  Head-Master  of  the  Jews'  College, 
Finsbury  Square  ;  in  1858  Examiner  for 
Oriental  Languages  to  the  Royal  College 
of  Preceptors  ;  and  in  1868  Principal  and 
Director  of  Sir  Moses  Montefiore's  Theolo- 
gical  College  at  Ramsgate.      Dr.  Loewe 


LOEWY  —  LOFTIE 


665 


travelled  under  the  auspices  of  the  Duke 
of  Sussex,  the  Duke  of  Northumberland 
(then  Lord  Prudhoe),  the  Earl  of  Munster, 
and  the  late  Admiral  Sir  Sydney  Smith, 
in  the  years  1836,  1837,   1838,  in  Egypt, 
Nubia,  part  of  Ethiopia,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Turkey,  Asia  Minor,  and  Greece,  for  the 
cultivation  of  the  study  of  Arabic,  Coptic, 
Nubian,  Turkish,  and  Circassian  languages 
and  literature,  and  accompanied  Sir  Moses 
Montefiore,  Bart.,  on  nine  of  his  philan- 
thropic missions  to  the  East,  and  on  four 
to  Russia,  Poland,  Roumania,  and  Rome. 
He    has    published    "The   Origin   of    the 
Egyptian  Language  proved  by  the  Analysis 
of  that  and  the  Hebrew,"  in  the  Asiatic 
Journal,  1837;  "  Briefe  aus  dem  Orient" 
(Letters  from  the  East),  in  Dr.  Philippson's 
Allgemeine    Zeitung   des  Judenthums,   Nos. 
18-79,   in    18   numbers,    Leipzig,   1839 ;   a 
translation    of    J.    B.    Levinsohn's    "Ef& 
Dammim,"   a   series   of    conversations   at 
Jerusalem   between    a    patriarch    of    the 
Greek  Church  and  a  chief  Rabbi  of  the 
Jews,  London,  1841  ;  a  translation  of  the 
Rev.  David  Nieto's  "MatWh  Dan,"  being  a 
supplement  to  the  book  "Kuzari,"  1842; 
"Observations   on   a   Unique   Cufic   Gold 
Coin,     issued     by     Al-Aamir     Beakhc&m 
Allah,  Abu  Ali  Manzour  Ben  Mustali,  tenth 
caliph  of  the  Fatimite  dynasty,"  London, 
1849 ;  "A  Dictionary  of  the  Circassian  Lan- 
guage," in  two  parts,  English-Circassian- 
Turkish   and    Circassian-English-Turkish, 
1854;    "Memoir  on  the  Lemlein  Medal," 
1857;     besides    numerous    "Discourses" 
and  papers  in  the  Transactions  of  learned 
societies. 

LOEWY,  Maurice,  National  Astrono- 
mer of  France,  was  born  at  Vienna,  April 
15,  1833,  and  was  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished pupils  of  the  Observatory  of  his 
native  town.  In  consequence  of  his  Jewish 
birth,  he  was  not  allowed  to  follow  a 
scientific  career  in  his  own  country.  Le 
Verrier,  the  renowned  co-discoverer  of 
Neptune,  heard  of  this,  and  invited  him 
to  Paris,  offering  him  a  post  at  the  Obser- 
vatory. In  1864  he  became  a  naturalised 
French  subject,  and  on  there-organisation  of 
the  Observatory  in  1873  he  was  made  chief 
of  the  instruments.  He  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Bureau  des  Longitudes  in 
1872,  and  in  the  next  year  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  to  the  chair 
of  Delaunay.  He  was  nominated  Sub- 
Director  of  the  Observatory  in  1878,  and 
Director  in  recent  years.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Vienna  and 
St.  Petersburg  and  of  the  Royal  Society, 
whose  gold  medal  be  gained  in  1889,  and 
he  is  a  Commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  His  chief  work  has  been  the 
determination  of  the  longitudes  of  Vienna, 
Berlin,  Marseilles,  and  Algiers,  compared 


with  that  of  Paris,  by  a  new  method  that 
he  has  invented.  His  writings,  which  are 
exclusively  scientific,  have  been  published 
in  the  Mimoires  of  the  Academy  of  Vienna, 
in  the  Comptes  Eendus  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  in  the  Annales  of  the  Obser- 
vatory ;  his  articles  deal  with  the  deter- 
mination of  orbits  of  comets  and  planets 
and  other  astronomical  and  mathematical 
questions.    Address :  L'Observatoire,  Paris. 

LO  FENG-LUH,  Sir  Chih.  Chen, 
K.C.V.O.,  is  the  seventh  son  of  Lo  Shao 
Isung,  a  celebrated  scholar  and  distin- 
guished military  officer  of  Foo  Chow. 
He  was  born  in  1850,  and  was  educated 
privately  by  his  father,  and  at  the  Imperial 
Naval  College  on  the  river  Min,  from 
which  he  passed  out  first  in  1872.  He  sub- 
sequently came  to  London,  and  studied  at 
King's  College,  and  in  1877  was  attached 
to  Kosung  Tao's  Mission.  From  1879  to 
1881  he  was  at  the  Chinese  Legation  in 
Berlin,  and  in  1882  he  became  Secretary 
to  Li  Hung  Chang  iq.v.),  accompanying 
him  as  First  Confidential  Secretary  of 
his  Staff  on  important  foreign  missions, 
among  others,  to  Shimonoseki,  where  the 
Peace  Treaty  with  Japan  was  signed 
(1895).  He  also  formed  part  of  the  con- 
gratulatory Embassy  to  the  coronation  of 
the  Czar  and  on  the  subsequent  European 
tour  (1896).  In  the  next  year  he  was 
appointed  Chinese  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  London, 
which  post  he  still  holds.  His  Excellency 
became  a  Mandarin  of  the  Fourth  Rank 
in  1881,  a  Taotai  in  1885,  a  Mandarin  of 
the  Second  Rank  in  1890,  and  in  1892 
honours  were  awarded  his  ancestors  for 
three  generations.  In  1896  he  was  created 
an  Hon.  Knight  Commander  of  the  Victorian 
Order,  and  he  has  also  been  decorated 
with  Russian,  German,  Dutch,  and  Belgian 
Orders.  He  is  the  author  of  "Problems 
in  Nautical  Astronomy  and  Navigation," 
and  "Solutions  of  Problems  by  Inter- 
Terminate  Equations."  Lady  Lo,  his 
wife,  died  in  London  in  February  1899. 
Address:  Chinese  Legation,  49  Portland 
Place,  W. 

LOFTIE,  Rev.  William  John,  F.S.A., 
eldest  son  of  John  Henry  Loftie  and  Jane 
Crozier,  was  born  at  Tandragee,  in  the 
county  Armagh,  July  25,  1839,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1864.  Sub- 
sequently he  turned  to  literature,  writing 
first  on  antiquarian  subjects  in  the  People's 
Magazine  (S.P.C.K.),  of  which  he  became 
editor  in  1872.  Elected  F.S.A.  in  1872, 
he  published  a  "  Century  of  Bibles,"  and 
in  1873  "The  Latin  Year,"  a  collection  of 
hymns.  After  holding  temporary  Church 
appointments  he  became  Assistant-Minister 


666 


LOFTUS  —  LOMBROSO 


of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Savoy,  1871,  holding 
that  post  until  1895,  and  in  1879  published 
"Memorials  of  the  Savoy";  meanwhile, 
having  spent  some  winters  on  the  Nile,  he 
wrote  "A  Ride  in  Egypt,"  and  has  since 
published  "An  Essay  of  Scarabs,"  and 
written  papers  in  the  Archceological  Journal 
on  "Egyptology."  Being  also  a  student 
of  old  prints,  he  published,  in  1877,  a 
catalogue  of  the  works  of  Hans  Sebald 
Beham.  He  became  connected  with  the 
Guardian  in  1870,  and  was  a  weekly  cop 
tributor  for  six  years.  In  1874  he  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Saturday  Review,  and.  has 
written  on  art  and  archaeology  in  the  Port- 
folio, the  Magazine  of  Art,  and  many  other 
periodicals.  In  1894  he  joined  the  staff 
of  the  National  Observer.  The  Art  at 
Home  Series,  begun  in  1877,  resulted  in 
the  issue  of  twelve  volumes,  by  various 
writers,  including  Mrs.  Loftie,  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang,  Mrs.  Oliphant,  and  Mr.  Walter 
Pollock.  He  then  turned  his  attention 
to  municipal  antiquities,  and  besides  a 
short  guide  entitled  "  Through  London," 
and  other  books,  has  published  two  editions 
of  "A  History  of  London,"  "Windsor," 
"Kensington,  Picturesque  and  Historical," 
"Westminster  Abbey,"  a  volume  on  the 
"  City  "  for  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman's  series  of 
Historic  Towns,  the  authorised  "  Guide 
to  the  Tower,"  for  the  Government,  of 
which  10,000  copies  were  sold  in  the  first 
three  weeks  ;  "  The  Cathedral  Churches  of 
England,"  1892;  and  "Inns  of  Court  and 
Chancery,"  1894.  Besides  these  literary 
labours,  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient 
Buildings.  He  married,  in  1867,  Jeannie, 
widow  of  J.  J.  Burnett,  of  Gadgirth,  Ayr. 
Address :  3a  Sheffield  Terrace,  Kensing- 
ton, W. 

LOFTUS,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Augustus  William  Frederick  Spencer, 
G.C.B.,  commonly  called  Lord  Augustus 
Loftus,  the  fourth  son  of  the  2nd  Marquis 
of  Ely,  by  the  daughter  of  Sir  H.  W.  Dash- 
wood,  Bart.,  was  born  on  Oct.  4,  1817, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A. 
Entering  the  Diplomatic  Service,  he  was 
appointed  Attache  at  Berlin  in  1837,  and 
paid  Attache  at  Stuttgart  in  1844.  He 
accompanied  Sir  Stratford  Canning  (after- 
wards Viscount  Stratford  de  Redcliffe)  on 
his  special  mission  to  the  Courts  of  Berlin, 
Vienna,  Munich,  and  Athens,  in  March 
1848.  He  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Legation  at  Stuttgart  in  1852,  and  in 
Berlin  in  1853  ;  and  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  in  Vienna  in 
March  1858.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
Queen  to  represent  her  Majesty  at  the 
marriage  of  his  Serene  Highness  Prince 
Leiningen    with    the    Princess    Mary    of 


Baden,  at  Carlsruhe,  in  August  1858.  In 
December  1860  he  was  transferred  to 
Berlin.  On  the  elevation  of  the  Mission 
in  Berlin  to  the  rank  of  an  Embassy,  he 
was  transferred,  Oct,  28,  1862,  to  Munich, 
which  was  on  that  occasion  raised  to  the 
rank  of  a  First-class  Mission.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.B.,  Dec.  12,  1862 ;  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Ambassador  Extraordinary 
and  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of  Prussia, 
Jan.  19,  1866;  and  was  made  a  G.C.B., 
July  6,  1866.  He  was  appointed  Ambas- 
sador Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary 
to  the  North  German  Confederation,  Feb. 
24,  1868;  was  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor, 
Nov.  11,  1868  ;  and  was  appointed  Ambas- 
sador Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary 
to  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  Oct.  16,  1871. 
The  latter  post  he  held  till  February  1879, 
when  he  was  appointed  Governor  of  New 
South  Wales,  a  post  held  by  him  till  1885. 
In  1892  he  published  his  "  Diplomatic 
Reminiscences  between  the  years  1837 
and  1862."  He  married,  in  1845,  Emma, 
second  daughter  of  Admiral  H.  Greville, 
Address :  9  Queen's  Gate  Place.  South 
Kensington,  S.W. 

LOGUE,  His  Eminence  Cardinal 
Michael,  Archbishop  of  Armagh  and 
Primate  of  All  Ireland,  was  born  in  1840, 
and  consecrated  Bishop  of  Raphoe  in  July 
1879 ;  became  Coadjutor  for  Armagh  in 
1887,  and  in  1888  succeeded  to  the  Arch- 
bishopric. A  Cardinal's  hat  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  January  1893.  Address  ; 
Armagh. 

LOMBROSO,     Professor    Cesare, 

criminologist,  was  born  in  November  1836 
in  Venice,  and  is  of  Venetian  parentage. 
At  the  age  of  eleven  he  essayed  the  com- 
position of  romances,  poems,  and  tragedies, 
after  the  style  of  Alfieri,  and,  for  so  young 
a  writer,  attained  a  respectable  success. 
At  twelve  he  developed,  with  the  intensity 
of  youth,  a  passion  for  the  study  of  classical 
antiquity,  and  even  published  two  small 
works  on  Roman  archaeology.  At  thirteen 
he  was  attracted  to  the  investigations  of 
sociology — a  science  then  in  its  infancy— 
from  a  linguistic  point  of  view,  chiefly, 
we  are  told,  with  relation  to  Greek, 
Hebrew,  Chinese,  and  Coptic.  Being 
keenly  interested  in  scientific  pursuits, 
he  was  drawn  at  this  time  to  natural 
science,  and  examined  with  particular 
attention  the  bearings  of  scientific  re- 
search on  the  formation  of  crystals.  Be- 
fore entering  the  University  of  Turin  he 
published  two  books  on  marked  evolu- 
tionary lines  — »■  Darwin's  theory  was  not 
propounded  until  some  years  later.  While 
a  student  at  the  university  he  first  ap- 
proached that  field  of  scientific  work — 
criminology  in  its  sociological  relations — 


LOMBKOSO 


667 


which  has  since  given  to  his  name  a  world- 
wide fame.  He  took  up  the  investigation 
of  mental  diseases  after  a  joint  study  of 
the  history  of  ancient  religions  and  of 
medicine,  his  conclusions  being  afterwards 
adopted  by  Virchow  and  other  eminent 
specialists.  In  1859  Lombroso  joined  the 
army,  and  later  on  became  a  military 
surgeon.  He  was  appointed  in  1862  to 
the  charge  of  the  department  of  mental 
diseases  at  the  University  of  Pavia,  where 
he  initiated  an  institution  for  the  in- 
sane, a  psychiatric  museum,  and  a  series 
of  researches  in  the  application  of  exact 
scientific  methods  to  the  study  of  insanity. 
It  is  interesting  to  note,  that  at  this 
period,  which  perhaps  we  might  call  the 
beginning  of  his  professional  career,  Lom- 
broso incurred  the  displeasure  and,  indeed, 
the  derision  of  the  scientific  men  of  the 
time.  It  was  said  contemptuously  that  he 
was  studying  madness  with  a  yard  measure, 
a  comment  in  which  a  slight  element  of 
truth  appears  to  have  been  unnoticed  by 
latter-day  enthusiasts  for  the  Lombroso 
method.  However,  notwithstanding  the 
general  scorn,  the  Professor  went  on 
quietly  with  his  work,  carrying  on  some 
important  investigations  into  the  causes 
of  pellagra,  a  skin  disease  due  to  under- 
feeding, common  among  the  peasantry  of 
Northern  Italy,  the  Asturias,  Gascony, 
Roumania,  and  Corfu.  Lombroso's  system 
slowly  made  progress,  and  came  to  be 
widely  adopted.  This  may  not  have  been 
owing  so  much  to  the  inherent  value  of 
his  method  as  to  the  fact  that  his  was  the 
only  attempt  at  that  time  to  conduct 
criminal  investigation  with  due  regard  to 
recent  scientific  discovery.  Appointed  as 
Director  of  the  Asylum  at  Pesaro,  he  intro- 
duced many  reforms  in  the  conduct  of 
that  institution,  and  established  a  news- 
paper written  and  managed  by  the  insane. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Pavia,  where  he 
continued  his  psychiatric  work,  investigat- 
ing the  influence  of  atmospheric  conditions 
on  the  mind,  inventing  an  instrument  to 
measure  pain,  and  engaging  in  many 
studies,  marked  by  extraordinary  ingenuity, 
patience,  and  insight.  It  is  said  that 
Lombroso,  even  as  a  youth,  exhibited  a 
marvellous  faculty,  almost  amounting  to 
genius,  of  divining  the  possible  bearings 
of  other  men's  discoveries,  and  of  turning 
his  intuitions  to  important  use  in  the  con- 
sideration of  new  methods.  Gifted  as  he 
was  in  this  rare  art,  Lombroso  eagerly 
assimilated  the  conclusions  of  Darwin  as 
revealed  in  the  latter's  book,  "  The  Origin 
of  Species."  An  excellent  critic  has 
observed  that  Darwin's  work  "  supplied, 
for  the  first  time,  an  indispensable  bio- 
logical basis,  and  furnished  that  atavistic 
key  of  which  Lombroso  was  tempted  to 
make  at  first  so  much  use,  sometimes,  it 


must  be  added,  so  much  abuse.  These 
circumstances  combined  to  render  possible 
for  the  first  time  the  complete  scientific 
treatment  of  the  criminal  man  as  a  human 
variety,  while  Lombroso's  own  manifold 
studies  and  various  faculties  had  given 
him  the  best  preparation  for  approaching 
this  great  task."  Lombroso,  with  his 
usual  acuteness,  at  once  commenced  an 
elaborate  treatise  on  much  the  same  lines 
that  Darwin  had  followed,  testing  the 
latter's  theories  at  many  points,  and  specu- 
lating with  considerable  success  on  the 
important  suggestions  towards  the  study 
of  man  which  "The  Origin  of  Species" 
gave  to  the  scientific  world.  Lombroso's 
great  work,  "L'Uomo  Delinquente,"  was 
not  published,  however,  until  1876 — nearly 
twenty  years  after  the  undertaking  was 
conceived  —  and  the  second  volume  ap- 
peared only  in  1889.  The  influence  of 
"  L'Uomo  Delinquente  "  in  Italy,  France, 
and  Germany  is  said  to  have  been  as  im- 
mediate and  as  decisive  as  that  of  "  The 
Origin  of  Species."  Despine's  "Psycho- 
logie  Naturelle,"  the  greatest  work  on  the 
criminal  which  had  appeared  before  Lomb- 
roso's, was  partial ;  the  criminal  was  therein 
regarded  purely  as  a  psychological  anomaly. 
Lombroso  first  perceived  the  criminal  as, 
anatomically  and  physiologically,  an  organic 
anomaly.  He  set  about  weighing  him  and 
measuring  him,  according  to  the  methods 
of  anthropology.  Even  on  the  psycho- 
logical side  he  gained  new  and  more  exact 
results.  He  went  back  to  the  origins  of 
crime  among  plants  and  animals,  among 
savages  and  children.  He  endeavoured  to 
ascertain  the  place  of  the  criminal  in 
nature,  the  causes  of  his  appearance,  and 
his  treatment.  It  need  hardly  be  said 
that  this  momentous  investigation  has 
earned  for  its  conductor  a  reputation 
almost  exceeding  that  of  any  other  scien- 
tific man  of  the  day.  The  results  of  that 
work  are  daily  used  on  the  Continent  in 
the  administration  of  several  State  prisons 
and  in  the  control  and  supervision  of  many 
private  asylums.  Lombroso's  methods 
have  never  been  adopted  in  England. 
Rich,  laborious,  various,  Lombroso's  life- 
work  has  opened  up  so  many  new  lines  of 
investigation,  and  has  suggested  so  many 
more,  that  it  has  everywhere  been  received 
as  marking  a  new  epoch.  This  distin- 
guished man  works  steadily  on  in  Italy. 
The  scientific  world  is  enriched,  almost 
every  month,  by  some  new  study  of  his, 
conceived  in  a  truly  remarkable  brain. 
He  has  frequently  contributed  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century  and  other  important 
English  magazines.  The  Monist,  an 
American  quarterly  philosophical  maga- 
zine, contained  in  its  number  of  June 
1898  a  very  suggestive  essay  by  Lombroso 
on  "  Progressive  Phenomena  in  Evolution." 


668 


LONDON  —  LONGMAN 


His  work  has  now  many  English  students, 
largely  through  the  medium  of  such  popular 
and  useful  series  as  the  Criminology 
Series  (Fisher  Unwin)  and  the  Con- 
temporary Science  Series  (Walter  Scott). 
Lombroso,  as  yet,  exerts  very  little  in- 
fluence on  English  prison  reformers,  who 
are  considered  by  some  to  run  the  risk  of 
sinking  the  scientific  beneath  the  purely 
emotional  or  traditional. 

LONDON,  Bishop  of.  See  Ceeigh- 
ton,  The  Bight  Rev.  Mandell. 

LONDONDERRY,  Marquis  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Charles  Stewart  Vane- 
Tempest-Stewart,  K.G.,  LL.D.,  D.L., 
J.P.,  son  of  the  5th  Marquis,  and  Mary, 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  John  Edwards, 
Bart.,  was  born  on  July  16,  1852,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  As  Viscount  Castlereagh  he  un- 
successfully contested  South  Kensington 
in  1874,  and  Montgomery  District  in  1877, 
and  sat  for  County  Down  from  1878  to 
1884.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1884 
he  succeeded  to  the  title,  and  on  the  for- 
mation of  Lord  Salisbury's  second  admin- 
istration in  1866,  was  appointed  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  remained  at 
Dublin  till  1889.  He  was  Chairman  of  the 
London  School  Board  from  October  1895 
until  1898,  and  in  1897  was  appointed 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen.  He  married  the 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  is  the  owner  of  extensive  collieries  in 
Durham.  His  ancestor,  the  second  peer, 
was  the  celebrated  Viscount  Castlereagh. 
Addresses :  Londonderry  House,  Park 
Lane,  W. ;  Wynward  House,  Stockton-on- 
Tees,  dec. 

LONG,  John  Davis,  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  was  born  at  Buckfleld, 
Maine,  Oct.  27,  1838.  Educated  at  Har- 
vard University,  and  graduating  there  in 
1857,  he  afterwards  studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in  1862,  and  practised 
his  profession  in  Boston.  He  was  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  State  Legislature  of  Massachu- 
setts in  1875-78,  being  Speaker  of  the 
Lower  House  for  the  last  three  years ;  was 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  State  in  1879 
and  Governor  in  1880,  1881,  and  1882;  was 
elected  to  the  forty-eighth  Congress,  and 
re-elected  to  the  forty-ninth  and  fiftieth 
Congresses.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  to 
be  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Navy 
under  President  M'Kinley. 

LONG,  The  Right  Hon.  Walter 
Hume,  M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  President  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Richard  Penruddocke  Long,  Esq., 
of  Dolforgan,  Montgomeryshire  (who  re- 
presented North  Wilts  from  1865  to  1868), 


by  Charlotte  Anna,  daughter  of  William 
W.  Fitzwilliam-Hume  Dick,  Esq.,  late  M.P. 
for  Wicklow,  and  also  grandson  of  the  late 
Walter  Long,  Esq.,  who  represented  North 
Wilts  for  thirty  years.  He  was  born  at 
Bath,  July  13,  1854.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
represented  North  Wiltshire  in  Parliament 
from  1880  to  1885,  and  the  Devizes  Division 
of  that  county  from  1885  to  the  general 
election  in  July  1892,  when  he  was  de- 
feated ;  in  the  following  December,  how- 
ever, he  was  elected  for  the  West  Derby 
Division  of  Liverpool.  From  1886  to  1892 
he  acted  as  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the 
Local  Government  Board  under  Mr.  Ritchie, 
and  in  1895  he  became  President  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council.  Mr.  Long  may  be  de- 
scribed as  being  a  "  Progressive  Conserva- 
tive." He  is  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  of  Wiltshire,  and  Colonel  of 
the  Wilts  Yeomanry.  He  married  in  1878 
Lady  Dorothy  Blanche,  fourth  daughter 
of  the  9th  Earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery.  Ad- 
dresses: 11  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.;  and 
Rood  Ashton,  Trowbridge,  Wilts. 

LONGLEY,  Sir  Henry,  K.C.B.,  Chief 
Charity  Commissioner  for  England  and 
Wales,  was  born  in  1833,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Archbishop  Longley  and  Caroline, 
daughter  of  the  first  Lord  Congleton.  He 
was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1856,  M.A.  in  1859,  and  B.C.L.  in  1863. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1860,  and  after  going  the  Northern  Cir- 
cuit for  a  short  time,  ultimately  practised 
at  the  Equity  Bar  and  as  a  conveyancer. 
He  was  appointed  a  Poor-Law  Inspector 
in  1868,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  Metro- 
politan Poor-Law  District  from  1872  to 
1874.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed 
Third  Charity  Commissioner  upon  the 
transfer  of  the  duties  of  the  Endowed 
Schools  Commissioner  to  the  Charity  Com- 
mission. He  was  appointed  Second  Charity 
Commissioner  in  1879,  and  Chief  Charity 
Commissioner  in  July  1885  upon  the  death 
of  Sir  W.  R.  Seymour  Fitzgerald,  G.C.S.I. 
Sir  H.  Longley  was  created  C.B.  in  1887, 
and  K.C.B.  in  1889;  he  is  the  author  of 
a  report  of  the  Local  Government  Board 
made  in  1873  on  "  Poor-Law  Administra- 
tion in  London,  with  special  reference  to 
the  disposal  by  Boards  of  Guardians  of 
Applications  for  Relief."  He  married,  in 
1861,  Diana,  second  daughter  of  John 
Davenport,  of  Foxley,  Herefordshire.  Ad- 
dresses :  8  Lowndes  Street,  S.W);  Gwydyr 
House,  Whitehall,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

LONGMAN,  Charles  James,  M.A., 
J.P.,  was  born  on  April  14,  1852,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  William  Longman, 


LONG STAFF  —  LOPES 


6G9 


the  well-known  publisher.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  second  class  in 
Classical  Mods.,  a  third  class  in  Mod. 
Hist.,  and  graduated  M.A.  in  1877.  He 
has  succeeded  his  father  in  the  firm  of 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  and  since  1882 
has  edited  Longmans'  Magazine.  He  was 
President  of  the  Publishers'  Association  in 
1896  and  1897.  He  is  joint-author  of  the 
work  on  "Archery"  in  the  Badminton 
Series,  and  in  1883  was  Archery  Champion  of 
England.  He  is  married  to  Harriet,  second 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S. 
Address  :  27  Norfolk  Square,  W.,  &c. 

LONGSTAEF,  L.  W.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  G.  D.  Longstaff,  and 
was  born  in  1841.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Wandsworth  under  Bishop  Staley, 
and  studied  chemistry  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main  and  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Chemistry.  He  is  a  director  of  Blundell, 
Spence,  &  Co.,  and  is  favourably  known  in 
the  world  of  capital  and  labour  as  having 
inaugurated  one  of  the  first  successful 
attempts  to  reconcile  employers  and  em- 
ployed. He  has  been  President  of  the 
Hull  Incorporated  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  Shipping,  and  is  F.R.G.S.  and  member 
of  many  other  scientific  bodies.  He  has 
recently  become  famous  as  the  donor  of 
£25,000  for  the  equipment  of  the  National 
Antarctic  Expedition.     Address  :  Hull. 

LONGSTREET,     General    James, 

was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1821 ;  gradu- 
ated at  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point  in  1842 ;  and  was  on  duty  in  Missouri 
and  on  the  Mexican  frontier  till  1846 ;  took 
part  in  the  Mexican  War,  1846-48,  where 
he  was  wounded ;  attained  the  rank  of 
Captain  and  Brevet  Major ;  served  subse- 
quently in  Texas  and  as  Paymaster  in  the 
U.S.  Army,  and  became  a  Major  on  the 
staff  in  1858.  He  resigned  his  commission 
to  take  part  with  the  South  in  the  Civil 
War,  June  1,  1861,  and  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  4th  Brigade  of  General 
Beauregard's  first  corps  near  Centreville. 
He  was  in  command  in  the  affair  at  Black- 
burn's Ford,  July  18,  1861,  and  engaged 
in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21.  He 
commanded  the  Confederate  troops  in  the 
battle  of  Williamsburg,  May  6,  1862,  and 
commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Confede- 
rate army  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
Sept.  20,  1863.  In  the  later  part  of  1861 
he  was  made  Major-General,  and  won 
reputation  under  General  Lee  in  the  cam- 
paigns against  M'Clellan,  Pope,  Burnside, 
and  Meade.  After  the  battle  of  Sharps- 
burg,  1862,  Longstreet  was  promoted  to 
the  command  of  a  corps,  with  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant-General.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  July  1-3. 


He  was  also  conspicuous  in  the  campaign 
of  the  Wilderness,  May  1-6,  1864,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded,  but  recovered 
in  time  to  lead  his  corps  during  the  siege 
of  Petersburg.  He  surrendered  with  Gen- 
eral Lee  in  April  1865.  After  the  war 
General  Longstreet  acted  zealously  for  the 
restoration  of  harmony  between  the  two 
sections.  Having  been  amnestied  by  Pre- 
sident Johnson,  he  was  so  cordial  towards 
the  Administration  that  President  Grant 
appointed  him  Surveyor  of  the  Port  of 
New  Orleans.  In  1875  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Georgia,  and  in  1880  was  sent 
as  Minister  to  Turkey,  where  he  remained 
until  1881.  He  was  subsequently  U.S. 
Marshal  for  the  Northern  District  of 
Georgia,  and  in  1897  was  appointed  U.S. 
Commissioner  of  Railroads  by  President 
M'Kinley.  He  resides  at  Gainsville, 
Georgia. 

LOPES,  Sir  H.  C.  See  Ludlow, 
Lobd. 

LOPES,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Lopes 
Massey,  Bart.,  of  Maristow,  Devon,  M.P. 
for  Westbury  from  1857  to  1865,  and  for 
South  Devon  from  1868  to  1885,  Civil  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  from  1874  to  1880,  D.L.  for 
Wilts  and  Devon,  was  born  on  June  14, 
1818,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Oriel  College.  Sir  Massey  had  several 
parliamentary  contests,  but  the  most 
severe  was  that  with  Lord  Amberley,  son 
of  the  late  Lord  John  Russell,  for  South 
Devon  in  1868,  which  lasted  sixteen  weeks, 
and  which  Sir  Massey  won  by  a  majority 
of  upwards  of  500  votes.  During  the 
thirty  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  he  took  a  very  pro- 
minent part  in  all  measures  which  had 
reference  to  the  agricultural  interest,  and 
more  particularly  directed  his  attention 
to  the  subject  of  Local  Taxation,  contend- 
ing that  real  property  (i.e.  land  and  houses) 
was  very  unjustly  burdened  with  many 
charges  which  were  national  in  their  char- 
acter, and  ought  therefore  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  Imperial  Exchequer.  Though 
at  first  there  was  much  indifference  on 
this  subject  among  all  parties,  in  and  out 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  he  met 
with  comparatively  little  sympathy,  he 
persevered  every  session  in  bringing  this 
question  before  the  House,  and  his  able 
and  exhaustive  speeches  in  exposing  the 
grievances  and  anomalies  of  the  local  tax- 
payer gradually  created  increasing  interest 
in  this  subject  until  finally,  in  1872,  he 
carried  a  resolution  "that  it  was  expedient 
to  remedy  the  injustice  of  imposing  taxa- 
tion of  national  objects  upon  one  descrip- 
tion of  property,  and  that  the  ratepayers 
should  be  relieved  from  charges  imposed 
upon    them    for    the     administration     of 


670 


LOENE  — LOTHIAN 


justice,  police,  and  lunatics."  This  resolu- 
tion was  carried  into  effect  by  Lord 
Beaconsfield's  Government  in  1874.  The 
whole  cost  of  the  administration  of  justice 
and  of  prisons,  as  well  as  half  the  expenses 
of  police  and  lunatics,  were  transferred  to 
the  Imperial  Exchequer,  and  the  ratepayers 
were  relieved  to  the  extent  of  nearly  three 
millions.  As  Chairman  of  the  Local 
Taxation  Committee,  which  he  initiated, 
Sir  Massey  consistently  and  successfully 
opposed  several  other  measures  which  pro- 
posed to  place  further  charges  on  the  land 
rates,  and  when  the  late  Mr.  Stansfield 
brought  forward  the  Public  Health  Bill, 
he  carried  an  amendment  that  one  half  of 
the  salaries  of  medical  officers  and  inspec- 
tors should  be  defrayed  by  the  National 
Exchequer.  Mr.  Goschen,  who,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Poor  -  Law  Board,  was 
his  chief  opponent  on  these  questions  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  has  since  publicly 
admitted  there  that  the  credit  of  these 
changes  for  the  relief  of  local  rates  was 
due  to  Sir  Massey's  advocacy,  and  that  he 
was  in  error  in  his  opposition  to  them,  and 
has  himself  since  proposed  and  carried 
other  important  measures  which  have 
tended  to  relieve  the  local  taxpayer.  Dur- 
ing the  six  years  Sir  Massey  held  the  office 
of  Civil  Lord  to  the  Admiralty,  he  intro- 
duced many  reforms  in  the  secretariat  and 
in  the  dockyards.  He  was  Chairman  of 
several  committees  which  were  appointed 
for  this  object.  By  his  management  of 
the  Greenwich  property,  which  was  en- 
tirely under  him,  he  very  much  increased 
the  value  and  income  of  this  property. 
This  enabled  him  very  considerably  to 
increase  the  Greenwich  Age  Pensions,  and 
the  number  of  boys  educated  in  the  Green- 
wich School.  Lord  Beaconsfield  was  so 
satisfied  with  the  way  in  which  Sir  Massey 
fulfilled  his  duties,  that  he  offered  him  the 
higher  office  of  Secretary  to  the  Treasury, 
in  succession  to  the  late  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith, 
but  Sir  Massey  was  so  interested  in  his 
work  that  he  preferred  to  continue  in  it. 
Sir  Massey  resigned  his  seat  for  South 
Devon  in  1885.  He  married  (1)  Bertha, 
only  daughter  of  the  1st  Lord  Churston, 
who  died  Jan.  13,  1872,  leaving  one  sur- 
viving son,  Henry  Yarde  Buller  Lopes, 
M.P.  for  Grantham,  who  married  Lady 
Albertha,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Mount- 
Edgcumbe  ;  (2)  in  1874,  Louisa,  daughter 
of  Sir  Robert  William  Newman,  Bart.,  of 
Mamhead.  Addresses  :  Mavistow,  Ro- 
borough,  South  Devon ;  28  Grosvenor 
Gardens,  S.W. 

LORNE,  Marquis  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  John  Douglas  Sutherland 
Campbell,  G.C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  D.L. 
(Dumbartonshire  since  1896),  M.P.,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll  and  Eliza- 


beth, eldest  daughter  of  the  2nd  Duke  of 
Sutherland,  and  was  born  at  Stafford 
House,  London,  on  Aug.  6,  1845.  He  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Argyllshire,  in  the  Liberal 
interest,  in  February  1868,  and  in  Decem- 
ber of  the  same  year  he  became  private 
secretary  to  his  father  at  the  India  Office. 
He  married  the  Princess  Louise,  fourth 
daughter  of  Queen  Victoria,  on  March  21, 
1871.  The  marriage  ceremony  was  per- 
formed in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor, 
by  the  Bishop  of  London,  assisted  by  the 
Bishops  of  Winchester,  Oxford,  and  Wor- 
cester. He  was  created  a  Knight  of  the 
Thistle  in  1872.  He  has  written  "A  Trip 
to  the  Tropics  and  Home  through  America," 
1867  ;  "  Guido  and  Lita  :  a  Tale  of  the 
Riviera"  (a  poem),  1875;  "The  Psalms 
literally  rendered  in  Verse,"  1877;  "A 
Life  of  Lord  Palmerston,"  1890  ;  "  Windsor 
Castle " ;  and  a  libretto  for  the  opera 
"Diarmid,"  1897.  In  July  1878  he  ac- 
cepted the  post  of  Governor-General  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  in  succession  to 
Lord  Dufferin.  He  was  soon  afterwards 
created  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order 
of  SS.  Michael  and  George.  Accompanied 
by  the  Princess  Louise,  he  proceeded  to 
Canada,  November  1878,  where  he  had  an 
enthusiastic  reception.  His  term  of  office, 
during  which  he  had  travelled  very  exten- 
sively throughout  the  Dominion,  expired 
in  1883,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the 
Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  He  has  since 
written  on  Imperial  Federation  and  on 
many  public  topics.  At  the  general 
election  in  1885  Lord  Lome  contested 
Hampstead  as  a  Liberal,  against  Sir  Henry 
Holland.  In  1892  he  contested  Bradford. 
In  1895  he  was  returned  as  a  Liberal 
Unionist  for  South  Manchester.  He  has 
been  Governor  of  Windsor  Castle  since 
1892,  and  has  the  Volunteer  Order  for 
Long  Service.  Addresses  :  Kensington 
Palace,  W.  ;  Roseneath,  Dumbartonshire ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

LOTHIAN,  Marquis  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Schomberg  Henry  Kerr,  K.T., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.L.S.,  was  born  on 
Dec.  2,  1833,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
7th  Marquis,  and  succeeded  bis  brother  as 
9th  Marquis  in.  1870.  He  was  educated 
at  Glenalmond,  Eton,  and  New  College, 
Oxford.  After  serving  on  Sir  James  Out- 
ram's  Staff  in  Persia,  in  1857,  he  entered 
the  Diplomatic  Service,  in  which  he  was 
appointed  second  Secretary  of  Legation 
at  Frankfort  in  1862,  and  in  the  same 
capacity  at  Vienna  in  1865.  Lord  Lothian 
was  Secretary  for  Scotland,  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  Council  of  Education  for 
Scotland  from  1887  to  1892,  and  held  the 
position  of  Lord  Rector  of  Edinburgh 
University  from  1887  to  1888.  He  has 
been  Lord  Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal  of 


LOTI  —  LOUISE 


671 


Scotland  since  1874,  and  Captain  of  the 
Corps  of  Royal  Scottish  Archers  since 
1884.  He  is  President  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  and  of  the  Royal 
(Scottish) Geographical  Society,  K.T.,187S; 
P.C.,  1886.  He  was  married,  in  1865,  to 
Victoria  Alexandria  Montagu  -  Douglas- 
Scott,  daughter  of  the  5th  Duke  of  Buc- 
cleuch.  Addresses  :  39  Grosvenor  Square, 
W. ;  and  Newbattle  Abbey,  near  Dalkeith, 
N.B. 

LOTI,  Pierre.     See  Viaud,  Julibn. 

LOUBET,    Emile,   President    of    the 
French  Republic,  was  born  at  Marsanne, 
Drome,  on  December  31,  1838,  his  father 
being  a  peasant  proprietor.     He   studied 
law,  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor,  and 
established    himself    at    Montelimar,    of 
which   town   he   became   Mayor    in    July 
1870.     He  entered  political  life  in  1876, 
as  representative  of   Montelimar,  and  took 
his  seat  among  the  Republican  Left.     His 
early  Parliamentary  career  was  marked  by 
his  support  of  M.   Dufaure,  the  enemy  of 
the  Monarchist  coalition  ;  he  voted  for  pre- 
venting non-authorised  religious  congrega- 
tions from  teaching,  for  the  invalidation 
of  the  election  of  the  Communist  Blanqui, 
and  for  free  elementary  education.      He 
supported  the  Gambetta  and  Ferry  minis- 
tries, and  voted  for  the  Tonkin  and  Tunis 
credits.    In  1885  he  became  Senator  for  his 
Department,  sitting  among  the  Moderate 
Republicans,    and    two    years    later    was 
appointed   Minister   of    Public   Works    in 
the   Tirard    Cabinet,    which   resigned    in 
1888,  when  he  refused  to  join  M.  Floquet. 
When  M.  de  Freycinet  resigned  in  1892, 
the  President,  M.  Carnot,  called  upon  his 
old  friend  to  re-form  the  Cabinet,  which 
he  did  with  the  majority  of  the  former 
members,  taking  himself  the  Portfolio  of 
the  Interior  from  M.  Constans,  while  M. 
de   Freycinet  became   Minister   of    War. 
His  policy  was  that  of  the  Extreme  Left, 
and  in  the  strike  of  the  Carmaux  miners, 
he  was  reproached  by  the  Left  for  lack  of 
sympathy   with  the   miners,    and   by  the 
Right  for  his   tolerance   towards   attacks 
on  the  liberty  of  the  subject.     M.  Loubet 
offered  himself  as  arbitrator  between  the 
men  and  the  company,  and  managed  to 
patch   up   a   peace   between    them.      The 
men' construing  this  into  a  victory,  made 
revolutionary  demonstrations  at  Carmaux 
and  at  Lyons,  and  the  office  of  the  com- 
pany at  Paris  was  almost  blown  up  by  an 
infernal  machine.    The  Right  endeavoured 
to  lay  the  blame  of  this  on  the  weakness 
of   the   Government,    but   they   were    un- 
successful in  the  division.      However,   in 
November    1892,   the   Panama   affair  was 
seized   upon   as   a   pretext   for    upsetting 
the  Ministry,  which  was  succeeded  by  that 


of  M.  Ribot.  In  1895  he  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Senate,  in  succession  to 
M.  Challemel-Lacour,  and  filled  that  post 
with  much  distinction.  He  was  a  warm 
friend  of  M.  Faure,  and  advised  him  on 
critical  occasions.  On  the  sudden  death 
of  the  latter,  Feb.  16,  1899,  M.  Loubet 
was  called  upon  by  the  united  votes  of 
the  Senate  and  Chamber  to  fill  his  place. 
He  has  been  all  his  life  remarkable  for 
his  devotion  to  work  and  for  simplicity  of 
manners,  being  a  contrast  to  M.  Faure, 
who  was  most  attentive  to  ceremony  and 
a  slave  to  the  protocol. 

LOUGH,  Thomas,  M.P.,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1850,  and  is  the  son  of  Matthew 
Lough,  of  Killynebber  House,  Cavan,  and 
Martha,  daughter  of  William  Steel.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Royal  School,  Cavan, 
and  at  the  Wesleyan  Connectional  School, 
Dublin.  Mr.  Lough,  who  is  a  strong 
Radical,  contested  Truro  in  1886,  and 
entered  Parliament  for  Islington  in  1892, 
being  re-elected  in  1895.  In  1886  he 
founded  the  Home  Rule  Union,  of  which 
he  has  been  an  Hon.  Secretary.  He  has 
been  a  citizen  of  the  Metropolis  since  1880, 
his  business  being  that  of  a  tea  merchant, 
and  in  October  1892  he  started  the  London 
Reform  Union,  having  for  its  main  object 
the  improvement  of  the  municipal  govern- 
ment of  London.  He  is  now  Chairman 
of  the  Union,  Mr.  Passmore  Edwards 
being  President.  He  published,  in  1888, 
"Glimpses  of  Early  Ireland,"  and,  in  1896, 
"England's  Wealth,  Ireland's  Poverty." 
He  married,  in  1880,  Edith,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  John  Mills.  Addresses : 
29  Hyde  Park  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and  Drummully 
House,  co.  Cavan. 

LOUISE,  H.R.H.  Princess,  Mar- 
chioness of  Lome,  Louise  Caroline 

Alberta,  is  the  fourth  daughter  of  her 
Majesty,  the  Queen,  and  was  born  at 
Buckingham  Palace  on  March  18,  1848. 
She  was  married,  on  March  21,  1871,  to 
the  Marquis  of  Lome,  eldest  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Argyll.  The  Princess  devotes  a 
good  deal  of  time  to  painting  and  sculp- 
ture. She  is  an  accomplished  painter  in 
water-colours,  and  an  industrious  hon. 
member  of  the  exclusive  Old  Water-Colour 
Society.  She  is  also  distinguished  as  one 
of  the  very  few  women  sculptors  in  Great 
Britain.  At  an  early  age  she  is  said  to 
have  watched  the  late  Mrs.  Tborneycroft 
at  work,  as  the  mother  of  the  great 
sculptor  modelled  the  young  Royal  Princes 
and  Princesses  at  various  ages.  After- 
wards she  studied  her  difficult  art  under  the 
late  Sir  Edgar  Boehm,  R.A.,  and  under  his 
influence  produced  her  fine  statue  of  the 
Queen,  now  placed  in  Kensington  Gardens, 
between   the    east    front    of    Kensington 


672 


LOVELAND  —  LOW 


Palace  and  the  Round  Pond.  To  execute 
this  idealised  representation  of  her  royal 
mother  she  was  chosen  by  the  Committee 
of  the  Women's  Jubilee  Fund  of  1S87. 
The  work  was  subscribed  for  by  women, 
and  is  a  conspicuous  landmark  in  a  park 
which  contains  only  one  other  notable 
statue,  that  of  Edward  Jenner.  Another 
fine  example  of  her  work  is  her  marble 
bust  of  the  Queen  in  the  Gallery  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours. 
Her  studio  is  in  her  home  in  Kensington 
Palace.  Princess  Louise,  besides  being  a 
Princess  of  the  United  Kingdom,  is  Duchess 
of  Saxony,  and  Princess  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  Gotha,  and  V.A.  and  C.G. 

LOVELAND,    Richard    Loveland, 

Q.  C,  D.L.,  Deputy-Chairman  of  the  County 
of  London  Sessions,  was  born  in  London, 
July  13,  1841,  being  the  only  surviving 
child  of  the  late  John  Perry  Loveland, 
J.  P.,  Middlesex,  and  Harriet  Hannah,  only 
child  of  the  late  Richard  Errington,  of 
Beaufront,  near  Hexham,  Northumber- 
land, and  granddaughter  of  Thomas  Love- 
land of  Park  Place,  Islington,  London. 
By  royal  license,  dated  March  28,  1861, 
he  was  authorised  to  take  the  surname  of 
Loveland  instead  of  that  of  Oldershaw,  and 
to  bear  the  arms  of  Loveland  quarterly  with 
those  of  Oldershaw.  He  was  educated  at 
Kensington  Grammar  School  privately, 
and  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1865  ;  and  was  Deputy- 
Chairman  of  Middlesex  Quarter-Sessions, 
1889-96.  He  was  appointed  Deputy- 
Chairman  of  the  County  of  London  Quarter- 
Sessions  in  1896,  and  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1897.  He  is  editor  of  Sir  John  Kelying's 
"Crown  Cases";  Shower's  "Cases  in 
Parliament"  ;  Hall's  "  Essay  on  Rights  of 
Seashore,"  and  joint-editor  of  Griffith  and 
Loveland  "  On  the  Judicature  Acts."  Mr. 
Loveland  is  Past  Master  of  the  Worshipful 
Company  of  Turners  of  London,  and  was 
an  Alderman  of  the  Middlesex  County 
Council  up  to  1896.  He  married  Maria 
Elizabeth  Oddie,  fifth  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
P.  H.  Hind,  Vicar  of  Woodcote-cum-South- 
stoke,  Oxon.  Address :  1  Gloucester 
Square,  Hyde  Park. 

LOW,  Lord,  Alexander  Low,  J.P.,  is 

the  son  of  James  Low  of  "  The  Laws,"  Ber- 
wickshire, and  was  born  in  1845.  He  was 
educated  at  Cheltenham  College,  St. 
Andrews  University,  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  first 
class  honours  on  graduating  B.  A.  He  was 
called  to  the  Scotch  Bar  in  1870,  and  was 
appointed  a  Lord  of  Session  in  Scotland  in 
1890,  at  the  same  time  receiving  the  title 
of  Lord.  He  was  married  in  1875  to 
Annie,  daughter  of  Lord  Mackenzie,  Lord 


of  Session.  Address :  12  Drumsheugh 
Gardens,  Edinburgh;  and  "The  Laws," 
Edrom. 

LOW,  Lieut.-G-eneral  Sir  Robert 
Cunliffe,  G.C.B.,  son  of  the  late  General 
Sir  John  Low,  G.C.S.I.,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  Kemback,  Fife,  in  January  1836. 
He  entered  the  4th  Bengal  Cavalry  as  a 
Lieutenant  in  September  1855.  He  was 
promoted  Captain  in  January  1862,  receiv- 
ing the  brevets  of  Major  in  1872  and 
Colonel  in  1883.  Sir  Robert  has  seen  con- 
siderable war  service  all  over  India,  in 
Afghanistan,  and  in  Burmah.  During  the 
Indian  Mutiny  he  was  present  at  many 
actions,  including  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Delhi,  and  in  the  operations  in  the 
Jhujjur  district ;  the  siege  of  Luck- 
now,  and  the  operations  in  Central  India. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
thanked  by  the  Indian  Government  for 
his  services,  receiving  a  medal  with 
two  clasps.  He  commanded  a  company 
in  the  second  Eusofzai  Expedition  on  the 
North-West  Frontier  in  1863.  The  Afghan 
War,  however,  gave  Sir  Robert  his  great 
opportunity,  for,  as  Director  of  Transport 
to  the  army  at  Cabul,  he  rendered  Lord 
Roberts  invaluable  service  in  the  march  to 
Candahar.  He  also  accompanied  the  expe- 
dition to  the  Bezar  Valley,  and  was  present 
at  the  action  of  Zawa.  He  was  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  received  a  C.B.  and 
the  command  of  a  brigade  in  India.  In 
the  Burmese  War  of  1885  he  had  charge 
of  a  brigade  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General,  and  was  again  mentioned  in 
despatches.  For  his  services  during  the 
campaign  he  was  created  a  K.C.B.,  and 
was  also  promoted  to  Major-General  in  the 
Bengal  command.  In  1895  he  was  chosen 
to  command  the  Chitral  relief  force. 
That  campaign  is  considered  a  masterpiece 
of  the  "  Art  of  War,"  and  the  successful 
issue  to  which  it  was  brought  was  due  in 
a  very  great  measure  to  Sir  Robert  Low. 
As  a  reward  for  his  distinguished  services 
he  was  created  a  G.C.B.,  an  honour  never 
before  conferred  upon  an  officer  below  the 
rank  of  full  General  or  Lieut. -General. 
He  was  promoted  Lieut..  -  General  in 
November  1896.  He  married,  in  1862, 
Constance,  daughter  of  the  late  Captain 
Taylor,  H.E.I.C.S.  Address  :  Lucknow, 
India. 

LOW,  The  Hon.  Seth,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Brooklyn,  New  York,  Jan.  18, 
1850.  He  was  graduated  from  Columbia 
College,  New  York  City,  in  1870,  and 
immediately  entered  the  mercantile  house 
of  his  father,  in  which  in  1875  he 
became  a  partner.  In  1881  he  was 
nominated  as  an  independent  (Reform) 
candidate  for  the  mayoralty  of  his  native 


LOW  — LOWE 


673 


city,  and  was  elected.  He  served  for  two 
terms  (1882-85),  and  during  his  adminis- 
tration accomplished  much  in  purifying 
municipal  politics.  On  leaving  that  office 
he  again  became  engaged  in  active  busi- 
ness, until  his  election,  in  1889,  as  the 
successor  of  the  late  Dr.  F.  A.  P.  Barnard 
to  the  Presidency  of  Columbia  College,  of 
which  he  was  already  a  trustee.  Mr.  Low 
has  been  for  a  number  of  years  a  member 
of  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  ; 
is  President  of  the  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute of  America  ;  a  Vice-President  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  was  the 
founder  and  first  President  of  the  Brooklyn 
Bureau  of  Charities ;  and  one  of  the 
organisers  and  the  first  President  of  the 
Young  Men's  Republican  Club  of  Brooklyn. 
The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York  and  Amherst  College  in  1889,  and  by 
Harvard  University,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Trinity  College  in  1890.  In 
1897  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  Citizens' 
Union  party  for  the  Mayoralty  of  New 
York,  but  was  not  elected.  He  is  (May 
1899)  one  of  the  American  delegates  to 
the  Peace  Conference  at  the  Hague. 

LOW,  Sidney  James,  born  on  Jan. 
22,  1857,  was  educated  at  King's  College 
School,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple. 
In  1883  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
History  at  King's  College,  London.  In 
1884  he  edited  jointly  with  the  late  Prof. 
Pulling,  the  "  Dictionary  of  English  His- 
tory," a  well-known  work  of  reference. 
Mr.  Low  has  been  closely  connected  with 
the  London  daily  press  for  many  years, 
and  was  editor  of  the  St  James's  Gazette 
from  1888  to  December  1897.  He  has  also 
contributed  extensively  to  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  the  Fortnightly  Review,  and  other 
magazines.  Permanent  address  :  2  Dur- 
ham Place,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

LOWE,  Lieut. -General  Sir  Drury 
Curzon  Drury-,  G.C.B.,  J.P.,  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  William  Drury  Lowe,  of  Laco  Park, 
Derbyshire,  by  the  Hon.  Caroline  Esther 
Curzon,  daughter  of  the  2nd  Lord  Scars- 
dale,  was  born  in  1830  and  educated 
at  Oxford  University,  of  which  he  is  a 
graduate.  He  entered  the  army  in  1854, 
became  Captain  in  1856,  Major  in  1862, 
Lieut.-Colonel  in  1866,  Colonel  in  1871, 
and  Major-General  in  1881.  He  served 
with  the  17th  Lancers  in  the  Crimea,  from 
June  18,  1855,  including  the  battle  of  the 
Tchernaya,  the  siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(Medal  with  Clasp,  and  Turkish  Medal) ; 
also  in  the  Indian  Mutiny  campaign  of 
1838-59,  including  the  pursuit  of  the  rebel 
forces  under  Tantia  Topee,  and  the  action 
of  Zeerapore   (mentioned  in   despatches, 


Medal  with  clasp  for  Central  India).  He 
commanded  the  17th  Lancers  and  the 
Cavalry  of  the  2nd  Division  in  the  Zulu 
war  of  1879,  and  led  the  charge  at  the  con- 
clusion of  the  battle  of  Ulundi,  in  which 
he  was  wounded  (C.B.,  Medal  with  clasp). 
He  served  in  the  Boer  war  of  1881,  under 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  in  command  of  the 
Cavalry  Brigade  ;  served  in  the  Egyptian 
war  of  1882  in  command  of  the  Cavalry 
Division,  and  was  present  at  the  engage- 
ments of  El  Magfar  Mahota,  the  two 
actions  at  Kassassin,  and  the  battle  of 
Tel-el-Kebir,  immediately  after  which  he 
commenced  a  forced  march  with  the 
cavalry,  by  which  he  obtained  possession 
of  Cairo,  the  surrender  of  its  citadel,  and 
of  the  rebel  chief  Arabi  (six  times  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  received  the  thanks 
of  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  K.C.B., 
Medal  with  clasp,  second  class  of  the 
Osmanieh,  and  Khedive's  Star).  From 
1885  to  1890  he  was  in  command  of  the 
Cavalry  Brigade  at  Aldershot,  and  was 
also  I.-G.  of  Cavalry  for  Great  Britain. 
From  1890  to  1891  he  was  I.-G.  of  Cavalry  at 
the  Headquarters  of  the  army,  and  in  1892 
was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  17th  Lancers. 
In  1895  he  retired.  He  is  a  J.  P.  for  Hants. 
Address  :  Key  Dell,  Horndean,  Hants. 

LOWE,  Canon  Edward  Clarke, 
D.D.,  born  at  Everton,  near  Liverpool, 
Dec.  15,  1823,  youngest  son  of  S.  Lowe, 
Esq.,  solicitor,  formerly  of  Whitchurch, 
Salop,  and  subsequently  of  Liverpool,  was 
educated  at  Liverpool  at  a  private  school, 
and  afterwards  at  Oxford,  where  he 
entered  under  Eev.  W.  Jacobson  (who 
became  Bishop  of  Chester)  at  Magdalen 
Hall  in  1842,  whence  he  was  elected  to 
the  Bible  Clerkship  at  Lincoln  College  in 
June  1844,  where  he  was  a  pupil  of  the 
late  Mark  Pattison.  He  graduated  B.A. 
in  1846  (third  cl.,  Lit.  Hum.),  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  became  Second  Master  of  the 
King's  School,  Ottery  St.  Mary,  and  was 
ordained  Deacon  by  Bishop  Philpotts  in 
September  of  the  same  year,  and  Priest  in 
September  of  the  year  following.  In 
1849  he  joined,  at  Shoreham,  the  Rev.  N. 
Woodard,  who  had  just  begun  his  effort 
to  found,  by  public  boarding  schools,  a 
system  of  Church  of  England  education 
for  the  middle  classes.  In  January  1850 
he  opened,  as  Head-Master,  at  Hurst- 
pierpoint,  the  first  middle  school  of  the 
system,  and  remained  in  that  office  till 
the  end  of  1872,  when  he  was  appointed 
Provost  of  the  Midland  district  of  St. 
Nicolas  College,  as  head  of  the  Society  of 
SS.  Mary  and  John  of  Lichfield  in  union 
with  St.  Nicolas  College,  and  directing 
the  large  schools  at  Denstone  and  Elles- 
mere  for  boys,  and  two  for  girls  at  Abbot's 
Bromley,  as  well  as  a  boys'  day-school  at 

2u 


674 


LOWE  — LOWNDES 


Dewsbury.  In  1891,  on  the  death  of  Canon 
Woodard,  he  was  elected  Provost  of  St. 
Nicolas  College  in  succession  to  the 
founder,  and  returned  into  Sussex.  In 
September  1873  he  was  preferred  to  a 
Canonry  in  Ely  Cathedral,  upon  a  vacancy 
falling  to  the  Crown,  sede  vacante ;  and 
since  1880  up  to  the  present  time  has  re- 
presented the  Chapter  as  Proctor  in  Con- 
vocation. He  has  published  several  small 
educational  works  ;  among  others,  "  Porta 
LatiDa,"  Erasmus  Colloquies,  "An  En- 
glish Primer,"  and  an  annotated  edition  of 
&.  Herbert's  "Church  Porch."  Addresses : 
The  College,  Ely  ;  and  Henfield,  Sussex. 

LOWE,  Edward  Joseph,  F.R.S., 
J.P.,  D.L.,  eldest  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Alfred  Lowe,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  High- 
field,  near  Nottingham,  was  born  at 
Highfield,  Nov.  11,  1825,  and  in  1840 
began  that  valuable  series  of  daily  me- 
teorological observations  which  were 
continued  to  April  1882.  In  1846  he  pub- 
lished "  A  Treatise  on  Atmospheric  Pheno- 
mena." About  1848  he  assisted  the  late 
Professor  Baden  Powell  in  the  meteor 
observations  for  the  British  Association, 
and  was  the  first  to  point  out  the  conver- 
gence of  meteors  to  a  point  in  the  heavens. 
"Prognostications  of  the  Weather,"  a 
small  work  by  him,  appeared  in  1849.  In 
1850  he  became  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Meteorological  Society,  of  which  he  was 
one  of  the  founders.  In  1853  he  wrote 
two  valuable  local  works,  entitled  "  The 
Climate  of  Nottinghamshire,"  and  "  The 
Conchology  of  Nottinghamshire."  In  the 
same  year  he  likewise  assisted  the  late 
Prof.  Edward  Forbes  in  the  compilation 
of  his  work  on  "British  Mollusca,"  and 
issued  the  first  parts  of  the  well-known 
"Natural  History  of  British  and  Exotic 
Ferns."  His  next  work,  on  "British 
Grasses,"  appeared  in  1858,  and  he  subse- 
quently wrote  two  other  botanical  works 
on  "Beautiful-leaved  Plants,"  and  "New 
and  Rare  Ferns,"  in  1861  and  1862  ;  "Our 
Native  Ferns,"  in  1865  ;  and  "  Chronology 
of  the  Seasons,"  &c.  In  1860  he  was 
one  of  those  who  accompanied  the  Govern- 
ment expedition  to  Spain  for  the  purpose 
of  observing  the  solar  eclipse,  and  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  meteorological 
departments  in  the  Santander  district.  In 
1866  he  was  local  secretary  to  the  British 
Association.  In  1868  he  was  President  of 
the  Nottingham  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society.  Besides  being  the 
author  of  the  works  enumerated,  Mr.  Lowe 
has  contributed  many  papers  on  scientific 
subjects  to  various  learned  societies,  and 
to  the  British  Association  ;  and  he  sent 
daily  meteorological  telegrams  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  synchronous  meteoro- 
logical observations  to  the  United  States 


Government  up  to  1882.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  dry  powder  tests  for  the 
ozone  observations  used  in  the  scientific 
balloon  ascents.  He  was  also  the  dis- 
coverer of  an  entirely  new  and  distinct 
species  of  British  worm,  the  Megascolex 
rigida  (Baird) ;  has  been  the  raiser  of 
many  abnormal  British  ferns ;  and  has 
succeeded  in  producing  hybrids  between 
Polysticlium  aculeatum,  and  P.  angulare. 
Since  1886  he  has  devoted  his  time  to 
the  hybridisation  of  ferns,  and  flowering 
plants,  and  has  recently  discovered  that 
divisions  of  a  prothallus  will  grow  and 
produce  several  ferns,  also  that  ferns  can 
have  multiple  parents,  and  hundreds  of 
distinct  varieties  have  resulted  from  this 
discovery.  In  1891  he  published  a  "  Hand- 
book on  the  Varieties  of  British  Ferns," 
and  has  of  late  years  issued  a  large  work, 
"  The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  their 
Varieties."  For  some  years  past  Mr.  Lowe 
has  been  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  and  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  Nottinghamshire,  and  a 
Commissioner  of  Income  Tax.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal,  the  Royal  Astronomi- 
cal, the  Geological,  the  Linnean,  the  Royal 
Meteorological,  and  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Societies.  In  1849  he  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  John  Allcock.  In  1882 
he  went  to  reside  at  Shirenewton  Hall, 
near  Chepstow,  which  estate  he  purchased 
from  Lord  Kintore. 

LOWELL,  Percival,  son  of  Augustus 
Lowell  and  Katharine  Bigelow  (Lawrence) 
Lowell,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
United  States  of  America,  March  13,  1855, 
and  took  his  degree  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity in  1876.  He  has  travelled  consider- 
ably, especially  in  the  Far  East.  While 
in  Japan,  in  1883,  he  was  appointed 
Foreign  Secretary  and  Counsellor  to  the 
Korean  Special  Mission  to  the  United 
States,  the  first  to  go  from  Korea  to  a 
Western  Power.  He  returned  to  Korea 
with  the  mission  the  same  year,  and  spent 
the  winter  of  1883-84  in  Soul,  its  capital. 
He  published,  in  1885,  "  Choson,  a  Sketch 
of  Korea  "  ;  in  1888,  "  The  Soul  of  the  Far 
East";  in  1889,  "  Noto,  an  Unexplored 
Corner  of  Japan,"  and  poems  in  Scribner's 
Magazine,  and  lectured  before  the  Q.B.K. 
Society  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  He 
is  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society 
of  Japan. 

LOWNDES,  Mrs.  F.  S.,  nie  Maria 
Adelaide  Belloc,  the  only  daughter 
of  M.  Louis  Belloc,  a  French  barrister, 
and  of  Madame  Belloc  {nie  Bessie 
Rayner  Parkes),  through  whom  she  is 
descended  from  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley, 
was  born  in  1868,  and  educated  at  May- 
field  Convent.  She  is  prominent  among 
London    lady    journalists,  -  and,    having 


LOWRY  —  LOYD 


675 


made  a  special  study  of  French  his- 
tory and  literature,  is  an  authority  in 
matters  of  contemporary  French  bio- 
graphy. She  has  published  the  "  Life  and 
Letters  of  Charlotte  Elizabeth,  Princess 
Palatine,"  1889,  and  selections  from  the 
correspondence  of  "Edmond  and  Jules  de 
Goncourt,"  1894.  This  last  work  was 
written  in  collaboration  with  Miss  Shed- 
lock.  She  married,  in  1896,  Mr.  Frederic 
Sawrey  Lowndes,  M.A.,  of  the  Times. 
Address  :  11  Great  College  Street,  West- 
minster, S.W. 

LOWRY,  Henry  Dawson,  born  at 
Truro,  Feb.  22,  1869,  is  eldest  son  of  T.  S. 
Lowry  and  his  wife  Winifred.  The  family 
subsequently  removed  to  Camborne,  and 
Mr.  Lowry  was  educated  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Taunton,  and  at  Oxford  (unattached), 
where  he  graduated  in  the  Honour  School 
of  Chemistry,  1891.  He  began  the  career 
of  journalism  very  early,  and  in  1891  was 
already  writing  Cornish  stories  in  the 
National  Observer.  He  came  to  London  in 
1893,  and  wrote  a  good  deal  in  prose  and 
verse  for  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette.  He  was 
on  the  staff  of  that  journal  for  part  of 
1895,  in  which  year  he  went  to  Black  and 
White.  Early  in  1897  he  became  editor  of 
the  Ludgate,  until,  in  April  1898,  the 
magazine  was  sold  by  the  Black  and  White 
Company,  Limited,  and  he  quitted  their 
service.  He  had  already  become  con- 
nected, as  a  leader-writer,  with  the  Morn- 
ing Post,  and  this  appointment  he  still 
holds.  Publications:  "Wreckers  and 
Methodists,"  1893;  "Women's Tragedies," 
1895  ;  "  A  Man  of  Moods  and  Make- 
Believe, "  1896  ;  and  "The  Happy  Exile," 
1895  ;  and  a  great  quantity  of  scattered 
articles.  Permanent  addresses  :  Camborne, 
Cornwall ;  and  the  Yinik  Club. 

LOWIHER,  The  Bight  Hon. 
James,  M.P.,  J.P.,  younger  son  of  Sir 
Charles  Hugh  Lowther,  Bart.,  by  Isabella, 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Robert  More- 
head,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Easington-cum- 
Liverton,  Yorkshire,  was  born  at  Swilling- 
ton  House,  Leeds,  in  1840,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1862,  M.A.  1866). 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1864.  The  next  year  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  York  in  the  Conservative 
interest,  and  continued  to  sit  for  that  city 
until  1880.  He  unsuccessfully  contested 
East  Cumberland  in  February  1881,  and 
in  September  of  the  same  year  was  elected 
Member  for  North  Lincolnshire,  which 
constituency  he  represented  until  Novem- 
ber 1885.  He  was  Parliamentary  Secre- 
tary to  the  Poor-Law  Board  from  August 
to  December  1868,  and  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies  from  February  1874 


till  February  1878,  when  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Secretary  of  Ireland,  which  office 
he  held  until  the  resignation  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield's  Government  in  May  1880. 
He  unsuccessfully  contested  the  East 
Lindsey  Division  of  Lincolnshire,  Novem- 
ber 1885,  also  North  Cumberland  at  the 
general  election  of  1886  ;  but  was  re- 
turned for  the  Isle  of  Thanet  Division  of 
Kent,  in  June  1888,  and  again  in  1892  and 
1895.  Mr.  Lowther  is  a  magistrate, 
deputy-lieutenant,  and  county  alderman 
for  the  North  Riding  of  York.  He  is  well 
known  as  a  member  of  the  Jockey  Club. 
Addresses  :  59  Grosvenor  Street,  W. ;  and 
Wilton  Castle,  Redcar. 

LOWTHER,  The  Right  Hon. 
James  William,  M.P.,  Ll.M.,  J.P.,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Hon.  William 
Lowther,  formerly  M.P.  for  Westmore- 
land, and  was  born  on  April  1,  1855. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  King's  College, 
London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  honours  in  both  the 
Classical  and  Law  Tripos.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  1879,  and  was  elected  a 
Conservative  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons  for  Rutlandshire  in  1883.  After 
unsuccessfully  contesting  Mid-Cumberland 
in  1885,  he  was,  in  the  following  year, 
elected  Member  for  the  Penrith  Division 
of  the  same  county ;  he  still  retains  this 
seat  in  the  Conservative  interest.  Mr. 
Lowther  acted  as  an  unpaid  Charity  Com- 
missioner from  1887  to  1891,  was  Under- 
Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs  from  1891  to 
1892,  and  he  represented  this  country  at 
the  Venice  International  Sanitary  Confer- 
ence in  1892.  Since  August  1895  he  has 
filled  the  offices  of  Deputy-Speaker  and 
Chairman  of  Ways  and  Means.  He  was 
married  in  1886  to  Mary  Frances,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Beres- 
ford  Hope.  Address  :  16  Wilton  Crescent, 
S.W. 

LOYD,  Archie  Kirkman,  Q.C.,  M.P, 
J.P.,  was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Thomas  Kirkman  Loyd,  Bengal 
Civil  Service.  He  was  educated  at 
Brighton  College,  and  in  1867  entered  the 
Indian  Civil  Service.  He  was  Prizeman  in 
English  Law  and  in  Hindi  at  the  further 
examinations,  but  retired  from  the  Civil 
Service  in  1869.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1868,  joined  the 
Norfolk  and  then  the  Midland  Circuit, 
became  Q.C.  in  1892,  and  Bencher  in  1894. 
From  1880  to  1881  he  was  Secretary  to  the 
Macclesfield  Corrupt  Practices  Commis- 
sion. He  is  a  J.  P.  for  Berks,  and  was 
elected  to  Parliament  as  Conservative 
member  for  the  North  or  Abingdon 
Division  of  Berkshire  in  1895.  He  is  joint- 
editor    of    recent    editions  of   Sir    John 


676 


LOYSOJST  —  LUBBOCK 


Byles's  work  on  Bills  of  Exchange.  He 
married,  1885,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  the 
late  E.  L.  Clutterbuck,  of  Hardenhuish, 
Wilts.  Addresses  :  Hodoott,  W.  Ilsley, 
Berks  ;  60a  Cadogan  Square,  S.W.  ;  Lamb 
Buildings,  Temple. 

LOYSON,  Charles,  known  as  Pere 
Hyacinthe,  born  at  Orleans,  March  10, 
1827,  was  educated  at  Pau  by  private 
professors,  where  his  father  was  Rector 
of  the  University.  His  mother  was  of  the 
noble  family  Burnier-Fontonel,  of  the 
Chateau  de  Reiquier,  Savoy.  In  1845  he 
entered  St.  Sulpice,  was  ordained  priest 
after  five  years  of  theological  study,  taught 
philosophy  at  the  great  Seminary  at  Avig- 
non, and  theology  at  that  of  Nantes,*and 
officiated  in  his  ecclesiastical  capacity  at 
St.  Sulpice,  in  Paris.  He  afterwards  spent 
two  years  in  the  convent  of  the  Carmelites 
at  Lyons,  entered  that  Order,  and  attracted 
much  attention  by  his  preaching  at  the 
Lyce'e  of  that  city.  In  June  1869  Pere 
Hyacinthe  delivered  before  the  Interna- 
tional League  of  Peace  an  address,  in 
which  he  spoke  of  the  Jewish  religion,  the 
Catholic  religion,  and  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion as  being  "the  three  great  religions 
of  civilised  peoples."  This  expression 
elicited  severe  censures  from  the  Catholic 
press.  On  Sept.  20  of  the  same  year  Pere 
Hyacinthe  published  his  famous  Mani- 
festo, addressed  to  the  General  of  the 
Barefooted  Carmelites  at  Rome,  but 
evidently  intended  for  the  governing 
powers  of  the  Church,  in  which  he  pro- 
tested against  the  "  sacrilegious  perversion 
of  the  Gospel,"  and  went  on  to  say  :  "  It  is 
my  profound  conviction  that  if  France  in 
particular,  and  the  Latin  races  in  general, 
are  given  up  to  social,  moral,  and  religi- 
ous anarchy,  the  principal  cause  is  not 
Catholicism  itself,  but  the  manner  in 
which  Catholicism  has  for  a  long  time 
been  understood  and  practised."  This 
manifesto  against  the  alleged  abuses  in 
the  Church  created  intense  excitement, 
not  only  in  Prance,  but  throughout  the 
civilised  world,  and  the  young  monk  was 
hailed  as  a  powerful  ally  by  all  the  open 
opponents  of  the  Papacy.  Soon  after  this 
he  left  France  for  America,  landing 
in  New  York,  Oct.  18,  1869.  He  was 
warmly  welcomed  by  the  leading  members 
of  the  various  Protestant  sects  in  the 
United  States,  but,  though  he  fraternised 
with  them  to  a  certain  extent,  he  con- 
stantly declared  that  he  had  no  intention 
of  quitting  the  Catholic  faith.  On  Sept. 
3,  1872,  he  was  married  in  London,  at  the 
Marylebone  Registry  Office,  to  Emilie 
Jane,  daughter  of  Mr.  Amory  Butterfield, 
and  widow  of  Captain  Edwin  Ruthven 
Meriman,  of  the  United  States.  The  late 
Dr.  Stanley,   Dean   of  Westminster,   and 


Lady  Augusta  Stanley,  his  wife,  were 
present  at  the  marriage.  Soon  after  his 
marriage,  Pere  Hyacinthe  was  called  to 
Geneva ;  and  after  giving  a  series  of 
lectures  in  the  Salle  de  la  Reformation, 
which  found  echo  throughout  Europe,  he 
was  invited  by  the  Swiss  Government  to 
take  charge  of  the  Catholic  Church  in 
Geneva,  and  thus  he  became  the  founder 
of  the  Old  Catholic  State  Church,  or,  as  it 
is  officially  styled,  the  Christian  Catholic 
Church  of  Switzerland.  In  March  1894 
Pere  Hyacinthe,  in  consequence  of  pecuni- 
ary and  other  discouragement,  asked  Arch- 
bishop Gerrard  Gul,  head  of  the  Dutch 
Jansenist  body,  to  take  over  his  Gallican 
mission.  The  mission  was  taken  over, 
but  Pere  Hyacinthe  was  informed  that,  as 
a  married  priest,  he  would  have  to  sink 
into  the  position  of  a  layman.  He  pro- 
tested, and  now  continues  his  Gallican 
services  at  an  Anglican  church  at  Neuilly. 
In  1896  he  went  to  Jerusalem  in  his  en- 
deavours at  a  rapprochement  between  the 
three  monotheistic  religions.  His  great 
breadth  of  view  has  led  to  false  rumours 
of  his  becoming  a  Copt  or  an  Armenian. 
His  "  Last  Will  and  Testament "  explains 
his  position  very  clearly. 

LUBBOCK,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir 
John,  Bart.,  M.P.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  V.P.RS., 
D.L. ,  was  born  at  29  Eaton  Place, 
London,  April  30,  1834,  being  the  son  and 
heir  of  Sir  John  William  Lubbock,  of 
Mitcham  Grove,  Surrey,  and  High  Elms, 
Down,  Kent,  a  gentleman  eminent  as  an 
astronomer  and  a  mathematician,  by  his 
wife,  Harriet,  daughter  of  Lieut.-Col. 
George  Hotham,  of  York.  The  baronetcy 
was  created  in  1806,  in  favour  of  the  great- 
great-uncle  of  the  present  baronet,  who 
succeeded  to  it  in  1865,  and  who  resides 
at  High  Elms,  Down,  in  Kent.  From  a 
private  school  he  was  transferred  to  Eton. 
His  father,  owing  to  the  sudden  illness  of 
several  of  his  partners,  took  him  when 
but  fourteen  years  of  age  into  his  bank 
in  Lombard  Street,  a  business  with  which 
the  family  has  been  connected  for  several 
generations.  He  became  a  partner  in 
that  establishment  in  1856.  Among  the 
improvements  which  he  introduced  in 
banking  affairs  were  the  "  Country  Clear- 
ing "  and  the  publication  of  the  Clearing 
House  returns.  So  high  was  his  pro- 
fessional reputation  that  he  was  chosen 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Association  of 
London  Bankers,  the  first  President  of 
the  Institute  of  Bankers,  an  association 
numbering  over  2000  members,  and  is  now 
President  of  the  Central  Association  of 
Bankers.  He  was  nominated  by  the 
Crown  to  serve  on  the  International  Coin- 
age Commission.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Public    School    Commission,  the 


LUBBOCK 


677 


Advancement  of  Science  Commission,  the 
Education  Commission,  the  Gold  and 
Silver  Commission,  and  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  which  settled  the  designs  of 
the  new  coins.  He  was  also  for  some 
time  Chairman  of  the  Public  Accounts 
Committee.  It  is,  however,  by  his  works 
on  the  ancient  vestiges  and  remains  of 
man  that  Sir  John  Lubbock  has  most  dis- 
tinguished himself.  He  has  written  "  Pre- 
historic Times,  as  illustrated  by  Ancient 
Eemains  and  the  Manners  and  Customs  of 
Modern  Savages,"  1865  (5th  edit.,  1889); 
"The  Origin  of  Civilisation  and  the 
Primitive  Condition  of  Man,"  1870,  which 
also  has,  like  the  preceding  work,  passed 
through  five  editions,  and  which  has  been 
translated  into  all  the  principal  languages  ; 
"  The  Origin  and  Metamorphoses  of  In- 
sects," 1874;  "On  British  Wild  Flowers, 
considered  in  Relation  to  Insects,"  1875  ; 
"Monograph  of  the  Thysanura  and  Col- 
lembola";  two  volumes  of  Lectures  and 
Addresses  ;  a  work  on  Ants,  Bees,  and 
Wasps,  which  in  less  than  a  year  ran 
through  five  editions  ;  "  The  Pleasures 
of  Life" — this  is  the  most  popular  of  Sir 
John  Lubbock's  works,  and  has  run 
through  over  thirty  editions,  of  which 
130,000  copies  have  been  sold  ;  "  The 
Senses  of  Animals,"  "Fifty  Years  of 
Science,"  "Flowers,  Fruits,  and  Leaves," 
"Representation,"  "  Chapters  in  Popular 
Natural  History,"  "  The  Beauties  of 
Nature,"  "  The  Use  of  Life,"  "  The 
Scenery  of  Switzerland"  (2nd  edit.),  and 
over  a  hundred  separate  memoirs  on  zoo- 
logical, physiological,  and  archaeological 
subjects  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the 
Linnaean,  Ethnological,  Geological,  and 
Entomological  Societies,  and  the  British 
Association.  He  was  chosen  as  President 
of  the  British  Association  for  the  "Jubilee  " 
year  (1881),  and  presided  over  the  meeting 
held  at  York.  He  is  now  President  of  the 
Linnasan  Society.  He  has  been  President 
of  the  Ethnological  and  Entomological 
Societies,  and  of  the  Anthropological 
Institute,  Vice-President  of  the  British 
Association,  and  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Sir  John  Lubbock  was  twice  chosen  to 
represent  Maidstone  in  Parliament.  In 
February  1870,  after  he  had  been  defeated 
as  a  Liberal  candidate  for  West  Kent  by 
only  fifty  votes,  he  was  returned  for  the 
county  town,  an  honour  which  was  re- 
newed at  the  general  election  of  1874 ; 
in  1880,  however,  he  lost  his  seat,  but 
was  immediately  returned  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  London,  for  which  he  now  sits. 
In  the  House  of  Commons  he  has  spoken 
principally  on  financial  and  educational- 
subjects.  He  has  been  so  fortunate  as  to 
succeed  in  carrying  more  than  twenty 
important  public  measures,  including  the 


Bank  Holidays  Act  (1871),  by  which  four 
new  statute  holidays  were  added  to  the 
two  previously  in  existence.  Amongst 
the  other  measures  were  :  the  Absconding 
Debtors  Bill,  the  Apothecaries'  Company 
Medical  Act  Amendment  Bill,  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  Medical  Act  Amend- 
ment Bill,  the  Falsification  of  Accounts 
Bill  (by  which,  for  the  first  time,  it  be- 
came an  offence  to  falsify  accounts  for 
the  purpose  of  fraud),  the  Bankers'  Books 
Evidence  Bill,  the  College  of  Surgeons 
Medical  Act  Bill,  the  Factors  Acts 
Amendment  Bill,  Shop  Hours  Regulation 
Act,  and  the  Bills  of  Exchange  Act, 
which  consolidates  and  confirms  the  whole 
law  relating  to  bills  of  exchange,  cheques, 
and  promissory  notes  ;  the  Public  Libra- 
ries Amendment  Act,  the  Open  Spaces 
Act,  and  the  Metropolis  Management 
Act.  More  recently  his  name  has  been 
associated  with  the  "  Ancient  Monuments 
Bill,"  which  has  received  the  sanction  of 
the  Legislature.  In  1877  he  moved  the 
"previous  question"  to  Mr.  Gladstone's 
famous  resolutions  on  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion. In  March  1878  he  was  appointed  a 
Trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  in  the 
place  of  the  late  Sir  William  Stirling  Max- 
well. In  the  same  year  the  University  of 
Dublin  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  is  also  a  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford,  LL.D.  of  Cambridge  and  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  M.D.  of  Wiirzburg.  He  has 
had  the  honour  of  being  elected  an  honor- 
ary member  of  many  foreign  scientific 
societies,  both  on  the  Continent  and  in 
America..  He  was  Vice-Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  London  for  eight  years,  but 
resigned  the  office  on  his  election  to  repre- 
sent the  University  in  Parliament.  This 
seat  he  held  without  a  contest  till  1886, 
but  on  the  dissolution  Mr.  Frederic  Harri- 
son was  brought  forward  as  a  Home-Rule 
candidate,  Sir  J.  Lubbock  standing  as  a 
Unionist.  The  latter  easily  won  the  seat, 
polling  1314  votes  against  Mr.  Harrison's 
516.  On  the  formation  of  County  Councils 
he  stood  for  the  City  on  a  requisition 
signed  by  the  leaders  of  all  parties,  and 
out  of  10,000  votes  recorded,  received  8900, 
the  largest  number  of  votes  recorded  for 
any  candidate  in  the  whole  country.  He 
was  unanimously  elected  Vice-Chairman 
of  the  London  County  Council,  and  re- 
elected 1889  ;  and  in  1890  was  elected 
Chairman,  on  the  resignation  of  the  Earl 
of  Rosebery,  and  occupied  this  post  to 
1892.  He  is  President  of  the  London 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  was  till  1899 
President  of  the  Working-Men's  Col- 
lege, where  he  is  now  succeeded  by 
Prof.  A.  V.  Dicey.  Several  of  his  books 
have  been  translated  into  the  French, 
German,  Spanish,  Italian,  Danish,  Swedish, 
Russian,   Polish     Bohemian,    Roumanian, 


678 


LUCAN  —  LUCKOCK 


Marathi,  and  Urdu  languages.  Sir  John 
Lubbock  married  (1),  in  1856,  Ellen,  only 
child  of  the  Eev.  Peter  Hordern,  Chorlton- 
cum-Hardy  (she  died  in  1879) ;  and  (2) 
Alice,  daughter  of  General  Fox-Pitt- 
Rivers,  in  1884.  Addresses  :  High  Elms, 
Down,  Kent  ;  2  St.  James's  Square  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

LUCAN,  Earl  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
George  Bingham,  Bart.,  K.P.,  J.P.,  was 
born  May  8,  1830,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  4th  Earl  in  1888.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby,  and  then  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  army.  He  served  in 
the  Rifle  Brigade  and  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  acted  as  A.D.C.  to  his  father  in 
the  Crimea,  where  he  was  present  at  the 
battles  of  the  Alma  and  Balaclava,  and 
finally  retired  as  Lieut.-Colonel  in  1860. 
As  Lord  Bingham,  he  sat  in  the  House 
of  Commons  as  member  for  Mayo  from 
1865  to  1874,  and  is  now  a  Representative 
Peer  for  Ireland,  having  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  He  is  a  Knight  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  of  the  Medjidieh, 
has  been  Vice-Admiral  of  Connaught  since 
1889,  and  was  created  K.P.  in  March  1899. 
Lord  Lucan  was  married,  in  1859,  to  Lady 
Cecilia  Catherine  Gordon-Lennox,  daugh- 
ter of  the  5th  Duke  of  Richmond,  K.G. 
Addresses  :  Laleham  House,  Staines  ;  and 
Castlebar  House,  Mayo. 

LUCAS,  John  Seymour,  R.A.,  was 
born  in  London  on  Dec.  21,  1849,  and  is 
a  son  of  Henry  Lucas,  brother  of  the  por- 
trait painter.  Leaving  school  at  the  age 
of  fifteen,  he  spent  three  months  in  the 
studio  of  a  sculptor,  and  a  further  term 
of  nine  months  with  Gerard  Robinson, 
the  wood-carver,  from  whom  he  received 
his  first  notions  of  composition.  His 
uncle,  John  Lucas,  the  painter,  then 
articled  him  to  his  son,  John  Templeton 
Lucas,  who  was  to  teach  him  the  art  of 
painting.  During  the  term  of  his  appren- 
ticeship Mr.  Lucas  attended  the  evening 
classes  of  the  St.  Martin's  School  of  Art, 
in  connection  with  South  Kensington  ; 
and  in  1871  he  became  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  exhibiting  his  first  pic- 
ture there  in  1872.  It  was  not  until 
1875,  however,  that  Mr.  Lucas  contributed 
to  the  annual  exhibition  at  Burlington 
House  a  work  of  any  mark ;  this  was 
entitled  "  By  Hook  or  Crook."  The  follow- 
ing year  he  sent  two  pictures,  "  Fleeced," 
and  "  For  the  King  and  the  Cause"  ;  and 
in  1877,  "  Intercepted  Despatches."  "An 
Ambuscade,  Edge  Hill,"  appeared  in  1878. 
The  technical  excellence  of  all  this  artist's 
work  is  of  a  high  order,  and  is  especially 
noticeable  in  "  The  Gordon  Riots,"  which 
was  exhibited  in  1879.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  full  member   of   the   Institute   of 


Painters  in  Water-Colours,  and  in  1886 
was  elected  A.R.A.  His  recent  works  are 
"  The  Armada  in  Sight,"  1880  ;  "Charles 
before  Gloucester,"  1881;  "  The  Favourite," 
1882  ;  "A  Whip  for  Van  Trompe,"  1883  ; 
"  After  Culloden,"  1884  ;  "  From  the  Field 
of  Sedgemoor,"  1885  ;  "  Peter  the  Great  at 
Deptford,"  1886;  and  "The  Latest  Scan- 
dal," 1887,  &c.  He  exhibited  "The  Call 
to  Arms,"  and  four  portraits  at  the  Royal 
Academy's  Exhibition  in  1894.  Since  that 
date  he  has  exhibited  as  many  as  twenty- 
one  pictures  and  black  and  white  drawings 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  made 
R.A.  in  February  1898.  Address :  New 
Place,  Woodchurch  Road,  West  Hamp- 
stead,  N.W. 


LUCCA,  Pauline. 

Madame. 


See  Wallhopfen, 


LUCK,  Major-General  Sir  George, 

K.C.B.,  was  born  on  Oct.  24,  1840.  He  is 
one  of  the  Lucks  of  Mailing,  Kent.  He 
was  educated  privately,  and  entered  the 
15th  Foot  (East  York  Regiment)  as  Ensign 
in  April  1858.  The  following  year  he 
exchanged  into  the  6th  Dragoons,  Innis- 
killings,  and  in  1868  was  promoted  Captain 
in  the  15th  Hussars.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  Major  in  March  1878,  and  Lieut.- 
Colonel  in  April  1879.  From  1871  to  1874 
he  was  Instructor  in  Army  Signalling  at 
Bombay.  He  took  part  in  the  Jowaki 
Expedition  of  1878,  receiving  a  medal. 
He  saw  much  service  in  the  Afghan  War, 
and  took  part  in  the  occupation  of  Kanda- 
har and  Khelat-i-Ghilzai,  and  the  opera- 
tions at  Yarkistan.  He  also  commanded 
the  advance  cavalry  at  the  action  of  Takht- 
i-pul,  where  he  was  wounded.  He  was 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  received  a 
C.B.,  and  commanded  the  15th  Hussars  in 
the  march  from  Quetta  and  the  relief  of 
Kandahar.  Sir  George  Luck  with  his 
regiment  went  to  South  Africa  and  took 
part  in  the  Transvaal  war  of  1881.  He 
was  promoted  to  be  Brigadier-General  in 
command  of  the  Sind  district  in  1884,  was 
transferred  to  the  Bengal  command  in 
1887;  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
Inspector-General  of  Cavalry  in  India. 
He  was  promoted  Major-General  in  May 
1893,  and  was  appointed  Inspector-General 
of  Cavalry  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in 
1895.  Major-General  Sir  George  Luck  is 
married  to  Ellen  Georgina,  daughter  of 
Major-General  Frank  Adams,  C.B.  Ad- 
dresses :  Horse  Guards,  Whitehall  ;  and 
23  Courtfield  Road,  South  Kensington, 
S.W. 

LUCKOCK,  The  Very  Rev.  Her- 
bert Mortimer,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Lichfield, 
was  born  at  Great  Barr,  Staffordshire,  on 
July  11,  1833,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the 


LUCY  — LUDLOW 


679 


Rev.  T.  G.  M.  Luckock.  He  was  educated 
at  Marlborough  and  Shrewsbury,  and  at 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  After  taking 
orders  he  was  twice  Vicar  of  All  Saints', 
Cambridge.  He  has  been  Rector  of  Gay- 
hurst  and  Stoke  Goldington,  Honorary  and 
then  Residentiary  Canon  of  Ely,  first 
Principal  of  Ely  Theological  College,  and 
was  appointed  Dean  of  Lichfield  in  1892. 
He  has  published  works  bearing  on  points 
of  theology  and  church  history,  such  as 
the  intermediate  state,  the  history  of 
marriage,  the  state  of  the  faithful  dead. 
He  has  also  written  "  Footprints  of  the 
Son  of  Man,'"'  Footprints  of  the  Apostles," 
"The  Divine  Liturgy,"  "History  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland,"  and  has  edited  Bishop 
Woodford's  "  Great  Commission."  He 
married,  in  1866,  Margaret  Emma,  daugh- 
ter of  S.  H.  Thompson,  of  Thingwall, 
Lanes.  Addresses  :  The  Deanery,  Lich- 
field ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LUCY,  Henry  W.,  J. P.,  born  at  Crosby, 
near  Liverpool,  Dec.  5,  1845,  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  Liverpool  merchant ;  joined  the 
staff  of  the  Shrewsbury  Chronicle  as  chief 
reporter  in  1864  ;  in  1869  went  to  Paris  to 
attend  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne  ;  in  Janu- 
ary 1870  returned  to  London  to  join  the 
staff  of  the  morning  edition  of  the  Pall 
Mail  Gazette;  and  in  October  1873  joined 
the  Daily  News  as  special  correspondent, 
chief  of  the  Gallery  staff,  and  writer  of  the 
Parliamentary  summary.  Mr.  Lucy  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Handbook  of  Parliamentary 
Procedure  "  ;  and  "  Men  and  Manner  in 
Parliament. "  He  is  a  frequent  contributor 
to  London  and  American  periodical  litera- 
ture. In  1882  his  first  novel,  "  Gideon 
Fleyce,"  was  published.  In  the  autumn 
of  1883  he  made  a  journey  round  the 
world,  visiting  the  United  States,  Japan, 
and  India.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the 
journey  in  a  series  of  Letters  which  first 
appeared  in  the  Daily  Nexos  and  the  New 
York  Tribune,  and  were  subsequently  pub- 
lished in  book  form  under  the  title  "  East 
by  West."  In  1885  the  first  volume  of  his 
"Diary  of  Two  Parliaments"  was  pub- 
lished simultaneously  in  this  country,  the 
United  States,  and  Australia.  The  second 
volume  appeared  in  1886.  "A  Diary  of 
the  Salisbury  Parliament  "  was  published 
in  1892  ;  "  A  Diary  of  the  Home  Rule  Par- 
liament," in  1896.  Others  of  his  works 
are,  "  Faces  and  Places,"  1895  ;  "  Mr. 
Gladstone,  a  Study  from  Life,"  1896 ; 
"  The  Miller's  Niece,"  1896.  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Tom  Taylor,  who,  in  succession  to 
Mr.  Shirley  Brooks,  had  written  the  "Es- 
sence of  Parliament "  for  Punch,  Mr.  Lucy 
was  invited  to  continue  the  work.  This 
he  did  in  a  new  style,  now  familiar  as 
"The  Diary  of  Toby,  M.P."  In  1878  his 
letters  to  the  Daily  News,  describing  the 


condition  of  the  people  in  South  Wales 
owing  to  the  strike,  resulted  in  a  public 
subscription,  which  in  the  course  of  three 
weeks  amounted  to  over  £10,000  in 
cash,  in  addition  to  many  gifts  in  kind. 
With  a  portion  of  the  money  the  rector 
of  Merthyr  was  enabled  to  feed  daily  for 
seventeen  weeks  5000  children.  Mr.  Lucy 
has  travelled  extensively,  and  accompanied 
the  Princess  Louise  and  the  Marquis  of 
Lome,  when  the  last-named  was  appointed 
to  the  Governor-Generalship  of  Canada  in 
1878.  In  January  1886  Mr.  Lucy  accepted 
the  editorship  of  the  Daily  Nevis,  resigning 
the  post  in  July  1887,  preferring  his  earlier 
work  in  the  Press  Gallery  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  Addresses  :  42  Ashley  Gardens, 
Westminster  ;  Whitethorn,  Hythe,  Kent. 

LUDLOW,  Sir  Henry,  Knt.,  Chief - 
Justice  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  was  born 
in  1838,  and  is  the  son  of  Mr.  George 
Ludlow,  late  of  Hertford,  who  was  first 
cousin  to  Mr.  Serjeant  Ludlow,  sometime 
Recorder  of  Bristol.  Sir  Henry  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  graduated  as 
B.A.,  8th  Wrangler,  in  1857,  and  subse- 
quently became  M.A.  and  Fellow  of  St. 
John's.  He  obtained,  in  1861,  the  student- 
ship granted  by  the  Inns  of  Court  to  the 
student  who  passed  the  best  examination 
previous  to  his  call  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  ;  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1862,  and 
appointed  Attorney-General  of  Trinidad 
in  1874,  and  Chief -Justice  of  the  Leeward 
Islands  in  1886.  In  conjunction  with  E. 
Chisholm  Batten  he  published  "Batten 
and  Ludlow  on  the  Jurisdiction  of  the 
County  Courts  in  Equity,"  and  in  con- 
junction with  H.  Jenkyns,  Esq.,  published 
"Ludlow  and  Jenkyns  on  Trade-Marks." 
He  married,  in  1876,  Alice,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Swordes.  Address  :  St.  John's, 
Antigua,  West  Indies. 

LUDLOW,  Lord,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Henry  Charles  Lopes,  D.L.,  third  son 
of  the  late  Ralph  Lopes,  the  second  baronet 
of  Maristow,  Devon,  by  Susan  Gibbs,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  A.  Ludlow,  Esq.,  of 
Hey  wood  House,  Wiltshire,  was  born  at 
Devonport,  Oct.  3,  1828,  and  received  his 
education  at  Winchester  School,  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1850).  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple, 
June  7, 1852,  and  for  some  time  he  practised 
as  an  equity  draughtsman  and  conveyancer. 
In  1857  he  joined  the  Western  Circuit,  of 
which  he  became,  in  course  of  time,  the 
leading  "stuff  gown."  Mr.  Lopes  was  made 
Recorder  of  Exeter  in  1867,  obtained  his  silk 
gown  in  1869,  and  was  elected  a  Bencher 
of  his  Inn  shortly  afterwards.  In  April 
1868  he  was  returned  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  in  the  Conservative  interest,  as 


680 


LUGARD  —  LUITPOLD 


member  for  Launceston.    He  was  re-elected 
in  December  1868,  and  he  continued  to  sit 
for  that  borough  till  January  1874.     The 
Warrington  Park  property  having  in  the 
meantime  changed  hands,  it  then  became 
necessary  for  Mr.  Lopes  either  to  oppose 
the  new  owner  or  to  seek  for  another  seat. 
Choosing  the  latter  alternative,  he  deter- 
mined  to   stand   for   Frome,   near   which 
borough  he  had  a  residence  and  property. 
After  a  severe  contest  he  was  returned  by 
642  votes,  against  557  recorded  in  favour 
of  Mr.  Willans,  the  Liberal  candidate.    He 
continued    to   represent   Frome   until   his 
elevation  to  the  judicial  bench.    Mr.  Lopes 
was  a  frequent  speaker  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  he  succeeded  in  carrying 
through  that  House  a  Jury  Bill  containing 
more  than  a  hundred  sections,  but  there 
was  not  sufficient  time  to  get  it  passed 
by  the  House  of  Peers.     On  Nov.  3,  1876, 
Mr.  Lopes  accepted  the  vacant  judgeship 
in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  in  succes- 
sion to  the  late  Mr.  Justice  Archibald,  and 
very  shortly  afterwards   he   received   the 
honour  of  knighthood.    In  November  1876, 
on  the  death  of  his  maternal  uncle,  Sir 
Henry  Lopes  became  the  owner  of  Hey- 
wood,  near  Westbury,  Wiltshire,  a  place 
which   had   been   for   many  years   in   his 
mother's  family,  and  where  he  now  resides. 
On  Dec.  1,  1885,  he  was  appointed  a  Lord 
Justice  of  Appeal,  and  subsequently  sworn 
of  the  Privy  Council.     He  retired  from  the 
Court  of  Appeal  in  1897,  and  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  as  Lord  Ludlow  of  Heywood, 
being  granted  an  annuity  of  £3500.      In 
1854  he  married  Cordelia  Lucy,  daughter 
of  Brving  Clarke,  Esq.,  of  Efford  Manor, 
near  Plymouth,  and  thus  became  connected 
with  the  old  Cornish  families  of   Moles- 
worth  and  Trelawney.    She  died  in  Decem- 
ber 1891.     Sir  Henry  was  Treasurer  of  the 
Inner  Temple  for  the  year  1890 ;  and  has 
been  a   Member  of  the  Council  of  Legal 
Education.     He  was  appointed  Chairman 
of    the   Wilts    Quarter   Sessions   in    1895. 
Addresses :    Heywood,   Westbury,    Wilts  ; 
8  Cromwell  Place,  S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LUGARD,  Colonel  Frederick  J.  D., 

C.B.,  D.S.O.,  who  comes  of  a  race  of  fine 
soldiers,  is  a  nephew  of  the  late  General 
the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Lugard,  G.C.B. 
He  was  born  at  Fort  George,  Madras,  in 
1858,  his  father  being  an  army  chaplain 
there  at  the  time.  He  was  educated  at 
Rossall,  and  passed  from  that  school  into 
Sandhurst  direct.  He  entered  the  army 
as  a  second  lieutenant  in  the  86th  Foot, 
the  Royal  Irish  Rifles,  and  soon  after 
joined  the  Norfolk  Regiment.  In  1879  he 
went  to  India,  and  was  attached  to  the 
expedition  despatched  to  avenge  the 
murder  of  Sir  Louis  Cavagnari.  He  saw  a 
good  deal  of  service  in  the  Afghan  War, 


and  was  present  at  the  affair  at  Saidabad. 
Mr.   Lugard    occupied   his   leisure   during 
the  next  three  or  four  years  in  preparation 
for  different  army  examinations,   and  in 
studying  the  phases  of  animal  life,  thus 
gaining  a  knowledge  which  stood  him  in 
good  stead  when  he  wrote  the  zoological 
part  of  his  work  on  Africa.     In  1885  he 
was  promoted  captain,  and  was  appointed, 
by  telegram,  transport  officer  of  the  Indian 
contingent    under    General    Hudson    for 
Suakin.    He  was  mentioned  in  despatches, 
and  received  a  medal  with  clasp,  and  the 
Khedive's  Star,  for  his  services  in  Egypt. 
In  1886  Captain  Lugard  went  as  transport 
officer    to    the    Ruby   Mines    Column    in 
Burma.      As   there   are   no   roads   in   the 
portion  of  the  country  through  which  he 
journeyed,  and  the  way  led  over  moun- 
tains 8000  feet  high,  and  through  a  dense 
bamboo  jungle,  the  difficulties  in  the  path 
were  very  great,  but  so  successfully  did 
Lugard  overcome  them  that  he  was  made 
a  Companion  of  the  Distinguished  Service 
Order,  then  recently  instituted.     In  1888 
he  commanded  an  expedition  which  was 
sent  against  slave-traders  on  Lake  Nyassa, 
when  he  was  severely  wounded.      After- 
wards, during  sick-leave,  he  was  appointed 
Representative  in  Uganda  of  the  British 
East  Africa  Company,  and  on  his  return 
to-England  in  1893  published  his  important 
work  on  "The  Rise  of  our  East  African 
Empire  ;  or,  Early  Efforts  in  Uganda  and 
Nyassaland,"   and   in   a   series   of    public 
lectures  and  letters  to  the  Times  strenuously 
advocated  the  retention  of  those  countries 
under  British  rule,  in  which  efforts  he  has 
been  successful.     In  1894  Captain  Lugard 
was  employed  by  the  Royal  Niger  Com- 
pany in   command   of  the   expedition   to 
Borgu,  which  was  organised  to  negotiate 
treaties  between  England  and  the  native 
potentates.      He   was   created    a   C.B.   in 
May  1895,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
sent  in  charge  of  an  expedition  to  Lake 
Ngami.      He  was  shortly  after  appointed 
Commissioner   and    Commandant    of    the 
Forces   in    Nigeria   and    Lagos.      Colonel 
Lugard,  on  account  of  ill  health,  returned 
to  England  in  August  1898.     Club  :  Junior 
Army  and  Navy. 

LTTITPOLD,  Prince  Charles  Joseph 
William  Louis,  Regent  of  Bavaria,  was 
born  at  Wiirzburg,  Mar.  12,  1821,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  King  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria. 
He  is  General  and  Inspector-General  of 
the  Bavarian  Army,  Chief  of  the  Regiment 
of  Bavarian  Artillery,  and  proprietor  of 
the  first  regiment  of  Austrian  Artillery. 
He  married,  April  15,  1844,  the  Princess 
Augusta,  Archduchess  of  Austria,  and  has 
four  children.  On  the  death  of  Louis  II., 
King  of  Bavaria,  on  June  10,  1886,  he  was 
appointed  Regent  on  account  of  the  mental 


"LUKE  LIMNER"  — LUNN 


681 


derangement  of  Prince  Otto,  the  succeed- 
ing titular  king. 

"  LUKE  LIMNER."  See  Leighton, 
John. 

LUMSDEN,  General  Sir  Peter 
Stark,  G.C.B.,  C.S.I,  D.L,  son  of  the  late 
Colonel  Thomas  Lumsden,  C.B,  was  born 
on  Nov.  9,  1829.  He  entered  the  Indian 
Army  in  1847,  and  has  risen  to  his  present 
rank  by  constant  and  active  service,  prin- 
cipally on  the  North-West  and  other 
frontiers  of  India.  In  1857  he  was  em- 
ployed in  a  difficult  mission  to  Afghanistan, 
at  the  crisis  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,  and 
creditably  discharged  his  arduous  and 
perilous  duties.  He  served  in  Central  India 
in  1858,  under  Major-General  Sir  R.  Napier. 
He  accompanied  the  expedition  to  China 
in  1860,  and  was  present  in  all  the  actions 
there,  including  the  assault  and  capture  of 
the  Taku  Forts.  He  was  Quartermaster- 
General  of  the  Army  in  India  from  1868 
to  1873,  and  Adjutant-General  from  1874 
to  1879,  and  Chief  of  the  Staff  to  the 
Commander-in-Chief,  Sir  F.  P.  Haines, 
during  the  last  Afghan  War.  He  was 
appointed  Commissioner  for  the  demarca- 
tion of  the  North-Western  Boundary  of 
Afghanistan,  July  16,  1884.  After  the 
Penjdeh  "incident,"  Sir  Peter  Lumsden 
returned  home  to  report  on  the  state  of 
things  to  the  British  Government,  and 
his  place  was  taken  by  Colonel  (now  Sir 
West)  Ridgway.  He  attained  General's 
rank  in  1890,  and  joined  the  Indian  Staff 
Corps  in  that  year.  Sir  Peter  Lumsden 
was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  India 
from  1883  to  1893,  and  was  made  a  G.C.B. 
July  3,  1885.  He  married,  in  1862,  Mary, 
daughter  of  J.  Marriott.  Address  :  Buch- 
romb,  Dufftown,  Scotland. 

LUNN,  Henry  Simpson,  M.D., 
F.R.G.S. ,  editor  of  Travel,  was  born  at 
Horncastle,  in  Lincolnshire,  on  July  30, 
1859,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Henry 
Lunn.  He  was  educated  at  the  Horn- 
castle Grammar  School,  and  at  Dublin 
University,  where  he  graduated  B.A., 
M.D.,  B.Ch.  In  1887  Dr.  Lunn  left  Eng- 
land for  the  Indian  Mission  field  as  a 
medical  missionary.  As  correspondent  to 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  he  attended  the 
Indian  National  Congress,  becoming  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  the  leaders  of  the 
movement,  and  lecturiug  to  large  assem- 
blies of  educated  Hindus  on  the  develop- 
ment of  their  national  life.  The  vigour 
with  which  he  threw  himself  into  his 
Indian  work  was  responsible  for  a  series 
of  attacks  of  malarial  fever,  and  he  was 
ordered  home  only  twelve  months  after  he 
had  entered  the  work.     He  was  at  once 


invited  to  become  the  colleague  of  the 
Rev.  H.  Price  Hughes  at  St.  James's  Hall, 
and  for  two  years  was  actively  engaged  in 
the  work  of  the  West  London  Mission. 
During  this  period  he  wrote  a  series  of 
articles  for  Mr.  Hughes's  paper,  the  Metho- 
dist Times,  which  led  to  a  grave  contro- 
versy and  to  a  special  Commission,  of 
which  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Henry  Fowler, 
Sir  George  Chubb,  and  others  were  mem- 
bers. The  report  of  the  Commission  was 
indecisive,  but  the  bitterness  aroused  was 
so  great  that  Dr.  Lunn  resigned  the 
Methodist  ministry,  and  accepted  an  ap- 
pointment as  Sunday  Evening  Lecturer  at 
the  Regent  Street  Polytechnic.  At  this 
date  he  published  his  Indian  experiences, 
under  the  title  of  "  A  Friend  of  Missions 
in  India."  In  1890  Dr.  Lunn  founded  the 
Review  of  the  Churches,  a  magazine  express- 
ing the  increasing  desire  for  inter-de- 
nominational comity.  In  this  he  was 
assisted  by  an  editorial  staff,  including 
Dean  Farrar,  Rev.  Donald  Fraser,  D.  D.  ; 
Rev.  John  Clifford,  D.D.  ;  Rev.  John  Mac- 
kennal,  D.D.  ;  and  Mr.  Percy  Bunting. 
In  1892  he  founded  the  Grindelwald  Con- 
ference for  the  consideration  of  the  ques- 
tion of  Christian  unity,  and  was  supported 
in  arranging  these  gatherings  by  the 
Bishops  of  Ripon  and  Worcester,  Earl 
Nelson,  Dean  Fremantle,  the  Moderator 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  the  Moderator 
of  the  English  Presbyterian  Church,  the 
Moderator  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Scotland,  and  a  number  of  in- 
fluential Nonconformist  divines.  In  1895 
Dr.  Lunn  visited  America  and  lectured  on 
Christian  Unity  and  on  the  Religions  of 
India  to  large  and  enthusiastic  audiences 
in  New  York,  Washington,  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  Chicago,  Toronto,  and  Boston. 
He  also  delivered  lectures  at  the  Univer- 
sities of  Harvard,  Brown,  and  Boston. 
During  late  years  he  has  devoted  con- 
siderable energy  to  the  development  of 
the  tours  which  grew  out  of  the  Grindel- 
wald Conference,  and  which  have  assumed 
a  special  educational  character,  and  in 
connection  with  this  development,  he  has 
published  a  series  of  guide-books  entitled 
"How  to  Visit  Switzerland,"  "How  to 
Visit  Italy,"  "How  to  Visit  Northern 
Europe,"  and  "  How  to  Visit  the  Medi- 
terranean." Recently  Dr.  Lunn  has  taken 
an  active  part  in  the  organisation  of  Free 
Church  Councils,  and  spoke  at  the  last 
gathering  of  the  National  Federation  of 
Free  Churches  in  Bristol  on  the  relation 
of  the  Free  Churches  to  journalism.  He 
is  also  a  member  of,  and  lecturer  for,  the 
Eighty  Club.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  Liberal  Forward  Move- 
ment, and  is  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee.  Dr.  Lunn  is  married  to 
Ethel,  eldest  daughter  of  Canon  Moore,  of 


682 


LUSHINGTON  —  LYDEKKER 


Midleton  Rectory.  Address  :  5  Endsleigh 
Gardens,  N.W. 

LUSHINGTON,  Sir  Godfrey,  K.C.B., 

G.C.M.G.  (1899),  M.A.,  fifth  son  of  the  late 
Right  Hon.  S.  Lushington,  M.P. ,  was  born 
in  1832.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a 
first  class  in  Classical  Moderations  in  1853, 
and  also  a  first  class  in  the  Final  School  of 
Lit.  Hum.  in  1854  ;  he  was  also  elected  a 
Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1858,  became  counsel  to  the  Home  Office  in 
1869,  and  was  appointed  Assistant  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment in  1876.  Sir  G.  Lushington  was, 
from  1883  to  1895,  Permanent  Under- 
Secretary  at  the  Home  Office,  and  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  in  1892.  Formerly  a 
member  of  the  London  County  Council, 
he  was  elected  Alderman  (Moderate)  until 
1900,  but  resigned  his  Aldermanship  in 
March  1898.  He  was  married,  in  1865,  to 
Beatrice,  daughter  of  S.  Smith,  of  Embley, 
Romsey,  Hants.  Addresses :  34  Old 
Queen  Street,  S.W. ;  Stokke,  Great  Bed- 
wyn,  Hungerford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LUXEMBURG  -  NASSAU,  Grand- 
Duke  of,  Adolphus-  William  Charles- 
Augustus-Frederick,  was  born  at  Bieb- 
rich,  July  24,  1817,  and  married,  at  Dessau, 
April  23,  1851,  his  second  wife,  Princess 
Adelaide  of  Anhalt ;  his  first  wife,  the 
Grand-Duchess  Elisabeth  Michai'lovna  of 
Russia,  having  died  in  1845  without  issue. 
His  only  daughter,  Princess  Hilda,  was 
married  to  the  Crown  Prince  Frederick  of 
Baden  in  1885,  a  grandson  of  the  Emperor 
William  I.,  with  a  settlement  of  a  million 
sterling.  The  Hereditary  Prince  Alex- 
ander is  likewise  an  only  son,  born  in  1852, 
and  serves  as  major-general  in  the  Austrian 
army.  Should  his  sister  die  without  issue, 
her  dower  will  ultimately  revert  to  him, 
and  he  will  be  one  of  the  wealthiest  princes 
in  Europe,  his  father  possessing,  in  addi- 
tion to  a  fortune  of  at  least  three  millions 
sterling,  vast  estates  in  Austria  and  Ger- 
many. Prince  Alexander  married,  on 
June  21,  1893,  Marie-Anne,  Princess  of 
Braganza.  Through  this  union  his  family 
hope  to  secure  the  succession  to  the 
Luxemburg  throne  in  the  direct  line, 
thus  eventually  avoiding  complications 
with  Prussia. 

LYALL,  Sir  Alfred  Corny n,  K.C.B., 
G.C.I.E.,  son  of  the  Rev.  Alfred  Lyall, 
was  born  at  Coulston,  Surrey,  in  1835, 
and  educated  at  Eton.  He  was  appointed 
Home  Secretary  in  India  in  1873  ;  Foreign 
Secretary  in  1878  ;  and  Lieut.-Governor 
of  the  North-West  Provinces  in  1882,  hav- 
ing in   the  previous  year  been  created  a 


K.C.B.  He  was  formerly  Secretary  to  the 
Order  of  the  Star  of  India,  and  the  Order 
of  the  Indian  Empire.  Sir  Alfred  Lyall, 
who  is  no  less  distinguished  in  literature 
than  in  the  public  service,  is  the  author  of 
"Asiatic  Studies,  Religious  and  Social," 
1882,  and  of  a  volume  of  poems.  In  1889 
he  published  a  biography  of  Warren  Hast- 
ings in  the  English  Men  of  Action  Series, 
and  in  1891  delivered  the  Rede  Lecture  at 
Cambridge  on  "  Natural  Religion  in  India." 
In  1893  appeared  his  "  Rise  of  the  British 
Dominion  in  India  "  (3rd  edit.,  1893).  In 
January  1888  he  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  India.  He  has  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.  L.  at  Oxford,  and 
of  LL.D.  at  Cambridge.  In  1863  he  mar- 
ried Cora,  daughter  of  P.  Cloete.  Ad- 
dresses :  18  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. ;  and 
Athenseum. 

LYALL,  Sir  Charles  James,  K.C.S.I., 
CLE.,  LL.D.,  Edinb.,  late  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Central  Provinces  of  India,  was 
born  March  9, 1845,  and  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford. In  1867  he  entered  the  Bengal  Civil 
Service,  and  was  Assistant-Magistrate  for 
Meerut  until  1871,  when  he  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  for  the  N.W.  Provinces. 
After  holding  other  under-secretaryships, 
he  became  Secretary  of  the  Chief  Commis- 
sion of  Assam  in  1880  ;  and  Secretary  to 
the  Government  of  India  for  the  Home 
Department,  1889-95,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  post  of  Chief  Commissioner, 
Central  Provinces,  India.  In  1898  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Judicial  and 
Public  Department  of  the  India  Office. 
He  has  translated  several  texts  from  the 
Arabic.  Address :  Government  House, 
Nagpur. 

LYALL,  Edna.  See  Bayly,  Ada 
Ellen. 

LYDEKKER,  Richard,  F.R.S., 
F.G.S.,  F.Z.S.,  J.P.  for  Hertfordshire, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  G.  W.  Lydekker, 
was  born  in  1849,  went  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1868,  and  in  1871  was  second 
in  the  first  class  of  the  Natural  Science 
Tripos,  the  late  Mr.  A.  H.  Garrod  being 
senior.  In  1874  he  went  with  three  friends 
on  a  tour  to  Kashmir,  and  while  there  in 
the  autumn  was  appointed  by  Lord  Salis- 
bury (then  Secretary  for  India)  to  the 
Geological  Survey  of  India.  He  held  this 
appointment  until  1892,  when  he  resigned 
on  his  marriage  with  the  elder  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Canon  Davys,  Rector  of  Wheat- 
hampstead,  Herts,  for  which  county  he 
became  J.P.  during  the  same  year.  Dur- 
ing his  service  on  the  Geological  Survey 
of  India,  he  surveyed  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  territories  of  the  Maharaja  of  Kashmir. 


LYNE 


683 


The   results   of   this   difficult    work    were 
written    after   the  author's  return    home, 
and  published,  with  a  map,  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Geolo- 
gical Survey    of  India.      In    the   winters 
during  his  Indian  service,   Mr.   Lydekker 
was  occupied  in  descriptions  of  the  large 
series  of  vertebrate  fossils  from  the  Siwalik 
Hills  at   the  foot  of  the   Himalayas,  this 
being  continued  (by  special  grant  from  the 
Indian   Government)   after  his  return   to 
England.     The  results  were  published  by 
the  Indian  Government  in  the  Palaiontologia 
Inaliea.      In  1884  Mr.  Lydekker  undertook 
for  the  Trustees  the  writing  of  catalogues 
of  the  fossil  mammalia,  birds,  reptilia,  and 
amphibia  in  the  British  Museum.     Of  this 
work  the  mammalia  occupy  five  volumes  ; 
reptiles  and  amphibians  four,  and  the  birds 
one  volume.     In  1893,  and  again  in  1894, 
Mr.  Lydekker,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Koyal  Society,  went  out  to  Argentina  to 
study  the  fossil  mammals  in  the  La  Plata 
Museum,  the  results  of  his  investigations 
having   been   published  in    two  volumes, 
illustrated  by  folio  plates.    He  has  written 
a  number  of  papers  on  vertebrate  palaeon- 
tology,   published    in    the    Records    of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  India,   Journal  of  the 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  Proceedings  of  the 
Zoological  Society,   Quarterly  Journal  of  the 
Geological  Society,  &c.     While  in  India  he 
was   a  Fellow  of  the  Asiatic  Society   of 
Bengal.     In  1880  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Zoological  Society,  and  in  1883  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society. 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  latter  Society  in  1886,  and  again  in 
1893,  while  in  the  following  year  he  was 
chosen  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents,  and  in 
1898  was  elected  on  the   Council   of  the 
Zoological  Society.     Mr.  Lydekker  is  also 
joint-author  with  Professor  H.  A.  Nichol- 
son of  the  only  "Manual  of  Paleontology  " 
extant  in  this  country  ;  while,  in  co-opera- 
tion with  Sir  W.  H.  Flower,  then  Director 
of  the  British  Museum  (Natural  History), 
he  has  written  "The  Study  of  Mammals." 
To  the  general  public  he  is,  however,  pro- 
bably better  known  as  the  editor  and  chief 
author  of  the  "Royal  Natural  History." 
Among  his  other  contributions  to  scientific 
literature  may  be  mentioned  :  an  illustrated 
monograph   of   "The  Deer  of  all  Lands," 
"A  Geographical  History  of  Mammals," 
"Horns  and  Hoofs,"  "  Forms  and  Phases 
of  Animal  Life,"  and  "Life  and  Rock," 
three     volumes     of     Allen's     Naturalists' 
Library.     He  married,  in  1882,  Lucy  Mari- 
anne,   eldest    daughter   of   Canon    Davys. 
Address  :  The  Lodge,  Harpenden,  Herts. 

LYNE,  The  Rev.  Joseph  Iieycester, 

called  "Father  Ignatius,"  son  of  Francis 
and  Louisa  Genevieve  Lyne,  was  born  Nov. 
23,  1837,  at  Trinity  Square,  by  the  Tower 


of  London,  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
then  by  Eev.  G.  N.  Wright,  at  Ayscough 
Free  Hall,  Spalding,  Lincoln,  and  Britannia 
House,  Worcester;  next  at  Trinity  College, 
Glenalmond,  Perth.  He  was  ordained  in 
1860  to  the  curacy  of  St.  Peter's,  Plymouth, 
and  was  then  Mission  Curate  to  the  late 
Mr.  Lowder  at  St.  George's  in  the  East, 
but  left  him  in  1862  to  begin  the  attempt 
of  restoring  monasticism  in  the  Church  of 
England.  He  began  at  Claydon,  near  Ips- 
wich, and  moved  to  Norwich,  Jan.  30,  1863. 
Next  he  moved  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  to  a 
house  of  Dr.  Pusey's,  at  Chale,  then  to 
Laleham,  Chertsey,  for  three  years,  and 
finally  he  purchased  land  among  the  Black 
Mountains,  and  built  Llanthony  Abbey, 
five  miles  beyond  the  old  ruined  Llanthony 
Priory.  There  is  a  Priory  of  Nuns  attached 
to  the  Church,  as  well  as  an  Abbey  for 
Monks,  after  the  example  of  many  of  the 
old  double  monasteries  of  the  Saxon  Church. 
The  monks  claim  to  follow  the  ancient  rule 
of  St.  Benedict,  and  use  the  Benedictine 
Breviary  for  Choir  Office  and  the  Sarum"" 
Missal  of  the  ante-Reformation  Church  of 
England.  They  wear  the  old  English  Bene- 
dictine dress.  Mr.  Lyne's  monastic  name 
is  "Ignatius  of  Jesus."  During  the  last 
few  years  Father  Ignatius  has  inaugurated 
a  special  crusade  in  defence  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  and  Orthodox  Christianity 
against  the  "Higher  Critics"  and  other 
opponents  of  Orthodoxy  within  the  Church 
of  England.  During  the  year  1893  he 
initiated  at  Llanthony  Abbey  a  petition  to 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  Convo- 
cation, praying  that  Church  authority 
should  arrest  the  attacks  upon  the  Faith 
of  Christ  now  so  common  among  the 
clergy.  The  petition  was  largely  signed 
first  in  Oxford,  then  throughout  the  coun- 
try. It  was  presented  by  the  Bishop  of 
Gloucester  and  Bristol.  In  the  early  part 
of  1893  the  Monk's  preaching  at  the  Uni- 
versity Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin  in 
Oxford  caused  much  excitement,  being 
commented  on  as  a  significant  fact  by  the 
Times  and  most  newspapers  throughout  the 
country.  Never  had  such  vast  congrega- 
tions of  men  assembled  in  this  historic 
church  for  centuries.  "  The  feat  of  filling 
and  more  than  filling  St.  Mary's  with  men 
only  has  not  been  accomplished  by  any 
other  preacher,"  was  the  statement  made 
by  one  of  the  chief  Church  papers  at  the 
time.  At  the  Church  Congress  at  Birming- 
ham in  1893  Father  Ignatius  denounced  the 
author  of  "Lux  Mundi"  as  "an  impugner 
of  Holy  Scripture  and  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ."  He  is  the  author  of  many  pub- 
lished sermons,  poems,  hymns  ;  the  "Tales 
of  Llanthony,"  "Brother  Placidus,"  "Leo- 
nard Morris,"  and  "Tales  of  the  Monastery." 
He  is  the  composer  of  many  pieces  of 
sacred    music,    1860-98 ;    also    editor    of 


684 


LYNN  — LYONS 


"  Llanthony  Monastery  Tracts."  In  the 
years  1890  and  1891  the  Welsh  Monk  made 
a  missionary  tour  in  America.  From 
Quebec  to  the  southernmost  point  of  civi- 
lisation in  Florida  he  preached  the  old- 
fashioned  Gospel  message,  receiving  invi- 
tations from  bishops  and  clergy,  from 
Baptist,  Congregational,  Presbyterian,  and 
Methodist  ministers  to  preach  in  their 
places  of  worship.  He  was  asked  by  the 
Superior  of  a  Roman  Catholic  College  to 
address  their  students,  and  in  Chicago  he 
preached  in  the  Cathedral  and  in  Mr.  D.  L. 
Moody's  Tabernacle.  The  Monk's  visit  to 
North  America  was  certainly,  from  an 
ecclesiastical  point  of  view,  unique.  In 
the  summer  of  1898  he  was  ordained  Priest 
at  Llanthony  Abbey  by  Archbishop  Mar 
Timotheus,  of  the  Syrian  Church,  and 
afterwards  issued  a  manifesto  with  regard 
to  his  ordination,  in  which  he  maintained 
the  validity  of  the  orders  he  had  received. 
Address :  Llanthony  Abbey,  near  Aber- 
gavenny. 

LYNN,    "William     Thynne,     B.A., 

F.R.A.S.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  William 
Bewicke  Lynn,  F.R.C.S.,  for  many  years 
one  of  the  surgeons  of  Westminster  Hos- 
pital, and  descended  from  a  family  long 
resident  in  the  county  of  Durham,  was 
born  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  9, 1835,  and  educated 
privately  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Esher, 
Surrey.  His  first  appointment,  after  a 
short  preliminary  training  at  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  was  that  of  an 
assistant  at  the  Cambridge  Observatory, 
under  the  late  Professor  Challis,  in  the 
year  1855,  whence,  in  the  following  year, 
he  returned  to  Greenwich  as  a  member  of 
the  staff  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  where 
Professor  (afterwards  Sir  George)  Airy  was 
Astronomer-Royal.  For  several  years  he 
superintended  the  greater  part  of  the 
astronomical  calculations,  during  which  he 
found  time  to  devote  some  of  his  evenings 
to  attending  lectures  at  King's  College, 
London,  of  which  he  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate in  18G2.  In  that  year  he  also  gradu- 
ated as  B.A.  in  the  University  of  London, 
after  passing  the  requisite  examinations  in 
1860  and  1861.  In  February  1862  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  to  the  Monthly  Notices  of  which 
he  from  time  to  time  contributed  papers, 
of  which  the  last  appeared  in  1896.  In 
1863  he  published  a  small  educational 
work  called  "The  First  Principles  of 
Natural  Philosophy."  A  long  and  serious 
illness  compelled  him  to  desist  from  night 
exposure,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
retired  from  the  Observatory  in  the  month 
of  February  1880.  He  continued,  however, 
to  give  much  of  his  time  to  astronomical 
literature,  and  numerous  contributions 
from  his  pen  appeared  in  the  pages  of  the 


Observatory,  the  Athenceum,  the  Companion 
to  the  British  Almanac,  and  other  periodi- 
cals ;  besides  his  editing  and  revising 
various  astronomical  works.  In  1884  he 
published  a  concise  and  popular  summary 
of  the  most  interesting  facts  known  re- 
specting the  heavenly  bodies  (especially 
their  movements)  under  the  title  "Celestial 
Motions  :  a  Handy  Book  of  Astronomy," 
of  which  a  ninth  edition  appeared  in  1897. 
In  1886  he  was  elected  an  Honorary  Asso- 
ciateof  the  Liverpool  Astronomical  Society. 
In  1880  he  had  been  admitted  a  Lay  Reader 
in  the  diocese  of  Rochester ;  and  in  1889 
he  published  two  small  volumes,  intended 
chiefly  for  Sunday-school  teachers,  on 
"Bible  Chronology, "  and  "Brief  Lessons 
on  the  Parables  and  Miracles  of  our  Lord," 
and  early  in  1891  a  third,  entitled  "Emi- 
nent Scripture  Characters,"  and  in  1892  a 
"  Short  Catechism  of  English  Church  His- 
tory" in  pamphlet  form.  In  1893  appeared 
also  a  small  treatise  on  "Remarkable 
Comets"  (of  which  a  sixth  edition  was 
published  in  1898),  and  "Brief  Lessons  on 
Astronomy,"  and  in  1896  a  companion 
volume  to  the  former,  entitled  "Remark- 
able Eclipses,"  which  is  now  in  its  third 
edition.  The  columns  of  Notes  and  Queries 
since  1882  contain  a  large  number  of  con- 
tributions from  his  pen  on  literary,  scien- 
tific, and  Biblical  subjects.  "Celestial 
Motions  "  has  been  translated  into  French. 
Address  :  3  South  A'ale,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

LYONS,  Sir  Algernon  M'Lennan, 
G.C.B.,  D.L.,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  was  born 
in  August  1833.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Lieutenant-General  Humphrey  Lyons  by 
Eliza,  daughter  of  Henry  Bennett,  Esq.,  of 
Fir  Grove,  Liverpool.  He  entered  the 
Navy  in  1847,  and  was  promoted  Lieutenant 
in  June  1854,  serving  in  that  rank  through- 
out the  Russian  War  in  the  Black  Sea.  He 
commanded  the  boats  of  H.M.S.  Firebrand 
in  the  destruction  of  Russian  works  on  the 
Danube,  and  was  mentioned  in  despatches. 
He  was  also  present  at  the  bombardment 
of  Sebastopol,  and  as  Flag-Lieutenant  to 
the  Commander-in-Chief  assisted  in  subse- 
quent operations  in  the  Black  Sea,  including 
the  capture  of  Kertch  and  Kinburn.  Sir 
Algernon  commanded  H.M.S.  Racer  on  the 
American  Station  during  the  Civil  War, 
and  in  1875  he  was  appointed  Commodore 
on  the  West  Indian  Station.  He  was  pro- 
moted Rear-Admiral  in  1878,  and  became 
successively  Commander-in-Chief  in  the 
Pacific,  on  the  North  American  Station, 
and  at  Devonport,  where  he  succeeded 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 
From  1875  to  1878  he  was  an  Aide-de-camp 
to  the  Queen,  becoming  First  and  Principal 
Naval  A.D.C.  to  Her  Majesty  in  1895.  Sir 
Algernon  was  appointed  K.  C.B.  in  1889, 
and  promoted  to  G.C.B.  in  1897.   He  holds 


LYTE  — MAAETENS 


685 


the  Crimean  and  Turkish  Medals  and  the 
Medjidieh  of  the  fifth  class,  and  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  and  J.P.  for  the  county  of 
Glamorganshire.  He  married,  in  1879, 
Louisa,  daughter  of  Thomas  Penrice,  Esq., 
of  Kilvrough,  Glamorganshire.  Address  : 
Kilvrough  Park,  Mill,  R.S.O. 

LYTE,  Sir  Henry  Churchill  Max- 
well, K.C.B.,  F.S.A.,  Deputy-Keeper  of 
the  Records,  Royal  Commissioner  on 
Historical  MSS.,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
J.  W.  Maxwell  Lyte,  Esq.,  grandson  of  the 
Rev.  H.  F.  Lyte,  the  well-known  hymn- 
writer,  and  the  representative  of  the 
families  of  Lyte  of  Lytescary,  co.  Somer- 
set, and  Maxwell  of  Falkland,  co.  Mona- 
ghan.  He  was  born  in  London  on  May  29, 
1848,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  honours  in 
Law  and  History  and  became  M.A.  In 
1875  he  published  a  "History  of  Eton 
College,"  of  which  a  new  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged,  was  issued  in  1889.  In  1880 
and  1881  he  contributed  to  the  Archaeo- 
logical Journal  a  series  of  papers  on 
"  Dunster  and  its  Lords,"  which  was 
afterwards  reprinted  with  additions  as  a 
volume  for  private  circulation.  This  was 
followed,  in  1886,  by  a  "History  of  the 
University  of  Oxford  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  year  1530."  In  the  mean- 
while Mr.  Maxwell  Lyte  had  been  acting 
for  some  years  as  an  Inspector  for  the 
Historical  Manuscripts  Commission.  Re- 
ports by  him  on  the  Collections  of  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  the  Duke 
of  Rutland,  and  upwards  of  twenty  other 
owners,  have  at  different  times  been  pre- 
sented to  Parliament.  In  January  1886 
he  was  appointed  Deputy-Keeper  of  the 
Records,  in  succession  to  the  late  Sir 
William  Hardy,  and  as  such  was  entrusted 
with  the  direction  of  all  official  publica- 
tions and  arrangements  connected  with 
the  national  archives,  upon  which  he 
presents  an  annual  report.  In  the  follow- 
ing month  he  was  nominated  one  of  the 
Royal  Commissioners  on  Historical  Manu- 
scripts. He  was  made  a  OB.  in  January 
1889,  and  a  K.C.B.  in  1897.  He  married, 
in  1871,  Frances  Fownes,  daughter  of  the 
late  J.  C.  Somerville,  Esq.,  of  Dinder,  co. 
Somerset.  Addresses  :  3  Portman  Square, 
W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

LYTTELTON,  Hon.  Alfred,  M.P., 
M.A.,  is  the  eighth  son  of  the  4th  Lord 
Lyttelton,  and  was  born  on  Feb.  7,  1857. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  was  captain  of 
both  his  school  and  university  cricket 
elevens.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1878,  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1881,  and  joined  the  Oxford  Circuit.  He 
acted   as  Legal   Private   Secretary  to   Sir 


Henry  James,  when  Attorney-General,  from 
1882  to  1886,  was  appointed  Recorder  of 
Hereford  in  1894,  and  in  the  following 
year  became  Recorder  of  Oxford.  Mr. 
Lyttelton  has  represented  Warwick  and 
Leamington  as  a  Liberal  Unionist  Member 
of  the  House  of  Commons  since  1895,  and 
he  was  chosen  to  second  the  Address  in 
the  Lower  House  in  1897.  Address  :  16 
Great  College  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 

LYTTELTON,  Hon.  Canon  Ed- 
ward, M.A.,  the  seventh  son  of  the  4th 
Lord  Lyttelton,  and  Mary,  daughter  of 
Sir  S.  Glynne,  horn  July  23,  1855,  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  foundation 
scholar,  and  where  he  gained  a  second- 
class  in  the  Class.  Tripos  in  1878.  He  was 
assistant  -  master  at  Wellington  College, 
1880-82;  assistant  -  master  at  Eton  Col- 
lege, 1882-90  ;  and  was  appointed  head- 
master of  Haileybury  College  in  1890. 
He  was  made  an  Honorary  Canon  of  St. 
Albans  in  1895.  He  married,  in  1888, 
Caroline  Amy,  younger  daughter  of  the 
Very  Rev.  John  West,  D.D.,  Dean  of  St. 
Patrick's,  Dublin.  Mr.  Lyttelton  is  the 
author  of  a  "  Handbook  on  Cricket,"  1890  ; 
"Mothers  and  Sons,"  1892;  and  "Shall 
we  go  on  with  Latin  Verses  ? "  1897.  He 
served  on  her  Majesty's  Royal  Commission 
on  Secondary  Education,  1894-96.  As  a 
cricketer,  moreover,  Mr.  Lyttelton  has  made 
his  mark,  and  forms  with  his  two  brothers 
a  remarkable  trio  of  experts  at  this  fine 
old  English  game.  Residence  :  Master's 
Lodge,  Haileybury  College,  Hertford. 


M 

MAAK.TENS,  Bf aarten,  novelist,  was 
born  in  Holland,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion in  Germany,  and  at  the  University  of 
Utrecht.  He  is  a  barrister  by  profession, 
but  for  years  now  he  has  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  literature.  Some  of  his  best- 
known  books  are:  "The  Sin  of  Joost 
Avelingh,"  "An  Old  Maid's  Love,"  "A 
Question  of  Taste,"  "  God's  Fool "  (perhaps 
his  most  popular  work),  and  "  The  Greater 
Glory."  These  works,  originally  written 
in  excellent  English,  are  also  published  by 
the  author  in  his  native  tongue.  They 
present  a  not  over  -  pleasant  picture  of 
bourgeois  existence  in  the  Netherlands,  but 
are  admitted  by  Dutchmen  to  be  singu- 
larly true  to  life.  On  the  occasion  of  her 
Majesty,  Queen  Wilhelmina  of  Holland, 
ascending  the  throne  on  Aug.  31, 1898,  Mr. 
Maarten  Maartens  published  a  charming 
poem  in  the  Daily  Chronicle  of  that  date, 
hailing  the  youthful  Sovereign  as  "Queen 
of  the  Lowlands  by  the  Northern  Sea." 


686 


MACALISTER 


MACALISTER,  Alexander,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  second  son 
of  Robert  Macalister,  Esq.,  was  born  in 
Dublin  on  April  19,  1844,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  became 
L.R.C.S.  in  1861,  L.R.C.P.  1862,  and  sub- 
sequently M.A.  and  M.D.  of  the  Univer- 
sities of  Dublin  and  Cambridge,  LL.D.  of 
the  University  of  Glasgow  and  of  M'Gill 
University.  In  1869  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Zoology  in  Dublin  University, 
and  of  Anatomy  in  1872.  In  1883  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
St.  John's  College.  He  is  F.R.S.  and 
member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland,  and  has  published  "In- 
troduction to  Animal  Morphology,"  1876  ; 
"  Morphology  of  Vertebrate  Animals," 
1878;  "Text-Book  of  Human  Anatomy," 
1889  ;  and  a  number  of  papers  on  ana- 
tomical and  other  subjects.  Address : 
Torrisdale,  Cambridge. 

MACALISTER,  Donald,  M.A.,  M.D., 
Cantab.,  B.Sc.  London,  F.R.C.P.  London, 
was  born  May  17, 1854,  at  Perth,  Scotland, 
and  is  the  son  of  Donald  MacAlister,  Esq., 
formerly  of  Tarbert,  Lochfyne,  represen- 
tative of  the  ancient  family  who  were 
hereditary  keepers  of  Tarbert  Castle. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  at 
Liverpool  Institute,  and  his  scholastic 
successes  were  probably  unique.  He  took 
the  highest  place  in  successive  years  in 
Oxford  Senior,  Cambridge  Senior,  and 
London  Matriculation  ;  five  Gold  and 
Silver  Medals  in  the  Science  and  Art 
Examinations  ;  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society ;  and  five  scholar- 
ships at  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  He 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
October  1873,  gained  all  College  honours 
open  to  him,  including  the  Herschel  prize 
for  Astronomy ;  graduated  B.A.  as  senior 
wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman  1877, 
and  B.Sc.  London  the  same  year.  He  was 
Master  at  Harrow  in  1877,  and  subse- 
quently examiner,  and  was  elected  Fellow 
of  St.  John's  in  the  same  year.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Cambridge  and  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  where 
he  was  Lecturer  in  Natural  Philosophy, 
and  graduated  M.B.  in  1881.  He  made 
researches  in  the  physiology  of  heat- 
production  under  Professor  Ludwig  at 
Leipzig  in  1881,  and  studied  the  mechan- 
ism of  the  heart  and  the  architecture  of 
bones,  on  which  he  has  published  papers. 
He  graduated  M.D.  in  1884,  and  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  1886 ;  appointed  Gulstonian 
Lecturer  1887,  and  first  Croonian  Pro- 
fessor 1888  ;  Secretary  and  Recorder  in 
the  Section  of  Mathematics  and  Physics 
of  the  British  Association  for  Advancement 


of  Science,  1879-84,  and  Vice-President, 
1886  ;  is  member  of  the  Council,  Tutor, 
and  Linacre  Lecturer,  St.  John's  College ; 
Physician  to  Addenbrooke's  Hospital ;  late 
Member  and  Secretary  of  the  University 
Council  of  Senate,  1886-98 ;  Secretary  of 
the  Special  Board  for  Medicine,  Examiner 
and  University  Lecturer  in  Medicine ; 
Accessor  to  the  Regius  Professor  of 
Physic  ;  Elector  to  the  Professorships  of 
Medicine,  Surgery,  Anatomy,  Zoology,  and 
Pathology ;  member  of  the  General  Board 
of  Studies,  and  of  the  Local  Examinations 
and  other  Syndicates  ;  Representative  of 
the  University  on  General  Medical  Coun- 
cil (elected  1889)  :  Examiner  in  Medicine 
at  Victoria  University  ;  Thomson  Lecturer 
at  Aberdeen,  1889  ;  late  editor  of  the  Eagle 
and  of  the  Practitioner ;  member  of  the 
editorial  committee  of  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia, 1898  ;  and  editorial  referee  of  the 
British  Medical  Journal.  He  has  published 
an  English  edition  of  "Ziegler's  Patho- 
logical Anatomy,"  1885-86  (3  vols.,  3rd 
edit.,  1897-98),  and  is  the  author  of  "The 
Nature  of  Fever,"  1887;  "Antipyretics," 
1888;  "Law  of  the  Geometric  Mean," 
1879;  "Advanced  Study  and  Research 
in  Cambridge,"  1896  ;  and  other  literary, 
scientific,  and  professional  Memoirs.  He 
is  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Cambridge  Philo- 
sophical Society,  the  Royal  Medical  and 
Chirnrgical  Society,  and  of  the  Physical, 
Mathematical,  and  Physiological  Societies 
of  London  ;  a  Member  of  the  Permanent 
International  Commission  of  Hygiene  and 
Demography  (Madrid,  1898) ;  and  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  the  county  of  Cambridge. 
He  married  Edith,  eldest  daughter  of  Pro- 
fessor A.  MacAlister,  in  1895.  Addresses  : 
Barrmore,  Cambridge ;  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  Athenasum. 

MACALISTER,  John  Y.  W.,  son  of 

Donald  MacAlister,  Esq.,  formerly  of  Tar- 
bert, born  at  Perth  in  1857,  was  educated  at 
the  High  School,  Liverpool,  and  Edinburgh 
University.  For  two  years  he  studied 
medicine,  but  his  health  broke  down,  and 
when  he  recovered  he  chose  librarianship 
as  a  vocation.  In  1878  he  entered  the 
Liverpool  Library  as  sub-librarian,  and 
two  years  later  was  appointed  Librarian 
of  the  Leeds  Library,  where  he  superin- 
tended the  erection  of  the  new  buildings, 
the  internal  portion  of  which  was  designed 
by  himself.  He  catalogued  the  collection 
of  some  90,000  volumes,  and  classified 
the  whole  library  on  a  system  devised 
by  himself.  Recognised  as  an  expert, 
he  was  invited  by  the  Yorkshire  Col- 
lege to  assist  in  planning  and  arrang- 
ing their  new  library,  for  which  he 
received  the  cordial  thanks  of  the  Col- 
lege. While  in  Leeds  he  contributed 
many  literary  and  antiquarian  articles  to 


M  ACARTHTJR  —  M'ARTHUR 


687 


the  Leeds  Mercury  and  Yorkshire  Post,  and 
was  a  successful  lecturer.     In  1887  he  was 
appointed  first  librarian  of  the  Gladstone 
Library.      As   soon   as   this    appointment 
was  made  Mr.  Gladstone  invited  Mr.  Mac- 
Alister  to  Hawarden  in  order  to  discuss  the 
scope  of  the  new  library,  and  to  examine 
the    statesman's    ingenious     methods     of 
arrangement  and  classification.     Immedi- 
ately afterwards  he  was  elected  Librarian 
of    the    Royal   Medical   and    Chirurgical 
Society  (the   "Academy  of  Medicine"  of 
Great  Britain),  and  the  Committee  of  the 
Gladstone  Library  reluctantly  released  him 
from    his    engagement.        He,     however, 
acted     as    Librarian    of    the     Gladstone 
Library  for  some  months  in  an  honorary 
capacity,     and      started     the     work     on 
right  lines   with   a  well-selected   nucleus 
of    books.         In    his     new     position     he 
soon  made  his  energy  felt.     The  Society 
was    housed    in    such    cramped    and    ill- 
adapted  quarters  in  Berners   Street,  that 
a    portion    of    its    valuable    library    was 
stored  in  the  cellars,  while  its  income  was 
barely  sufficient  for  its  needs.     He  sub- 
mitted  a  scheme   to  the   Council,    which 
proposed  that  they  should  build  new  and 
suitable  premises  on  such  a  scale  and  on 
such  financial  terms  as,   without  cost   to 
the    Society,  would    place    it    ultimately 
in   free  possession.      The  scheme  seemed 
so     sanguine     and     risky     that     it    was 
strongly    opposed    until    Mr.    MacAlister 
gained  the  powerful  support  of  Sir  Andrew 
Clark.     In   accordance    with   the   scheme 
the  Society  purchased  the  freehold  of  20 
Hanover     Square.       Handsome    premises 
were    erected,    which    have    become    the 
centre  of  most  of  the   leading   scientific 
and  literary   societies    in    London.      Mr. 
MacAlister's  most  sanguine    expectations 
were  realised,  and  the  Royal  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Society  is  now  not  only   the 
chief    medical    society,    but    one   of    the 
wealthiest  scientific  societies  of  the  king- 
dom.     In   1892   Mr.  MacAlister  was   ap- 
pointed  Chairman  of   the   Editing   Com- 
mittee of  the  International   Congress  of 
Hygiene.    In  1887  he  was  elected  Honorary 
Secretary  of  the  Library  Association,  and 
in  that  position  has  done  great  service  to 
the  library  movement.    In  1886  he  founded 
the  Library,  a  monthly  magazine  devoted 
to  the  work  and   literature   of   libraries, 
which  soon  became  an  established  success. 
He  has  also  edited  the  "  Public  Library 
Manual,"  the  "Library  Year-Book,"  and 
the  "  Library  Association  Series  "  of  hand- 
books.    In  1890  he  took  up  the  question  of 
library  legislation,  then  in  a  state  of  chaos, 
and  it  was  mainly  due  to  his  efforts  that  in 
1892  Sir  John  Lubbock  was  able  to  submit 
to   Parliament   a   Bill   consolidating   and 
amending  the  different  Acts,  which  soon 
passed,  and  is  now  the  law  under  which 


all  public  libraries  are  conducted.  In  1892 
he  visited  the  principal  libraries  of  France, 
and  was  invited  by  the  late  Due  d'Aumale 
to  visit  him  at  Chantilly,  and  to  examine 
his  magnificent  library.  He  obtained 
from  the  duke  an  invitation  to  the  Library 
Association  to  visit  Chantilly,  which  they 
did  when,  later  on,  its  annual  meeting  was 
held  in  Paris.  His  latest  service  to  the 
cause  of  libraries  was  to  secure  for  the 
Association,  through  the  powerful  influ- 
ence of  Lord  Dufferin,  Lord  Windsor, 
and  Sir  John  Lubbock,  a  Royal  Charter 
of  Incorporation,  which  was  granted  in 
February  1898.  Mr.  MacAlister  numbers 
amongst  his  friends  many  men  of  light  and 
leading  in  the  world  of  literature.  He 
was  very  intimate  with  the  late  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  who  shortly  before  his 
death  sent  him  a  complete  set  of  his  works, 
each  volume  containing  an  appropriate 
autograph  quotation.  Dr.  Nansen  is  an 
intimate  friend  of  bis,  and  it  was  Mr. 
MacAlister  who  presented  a  library  of  well- 
selected  books  to  the  Fram.  Among  his 
most-treasured  possessions  are  souvenirs 
from  the  famous  expedition,  which  Dr. 
Nansen  sent  to  him  on  his  return.  "Mark 
Twain"  is  another  of  Mr.MacAlister's  many 
friends,  and  when  in  London,  the  greatest 
of  humourists  often  smokes  the  pipe  of 
peace  at  20  Hanover  Square  with  his 
friend.  Mr.  MacAlister  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  a  well- 
known  "  Savage."  His  official  address 
is  20  Hanover  Square,  W. 

MACARTHTJR,  The  Right  Rev. 
James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bombay,  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1868.  Be- 
coming a  Scotch  Barrister  in  1871,  lie  was, 
three  years  later,  called  to  the  English 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple.  Relinquishing 
the  legal  profession,  Mr.  Macarthnr  spent 
a  year  at  Cuddesdon  Theological  College, 
and  was  ordained  in  1878.  After  serving 
a  curacy  at  St.  Mary,  Redcliff,  Bristol,  for 
two  years,  he  was  presented  to  the  Rec- 
tory of  Lamplugh,  Cumberland,  in  1880, 
and  in  1887  he  became  Vicar  of  St.  Mary, 
Tothill  Fields,  London.  He  was  subse- 
quently transferred  to  the  Vicarage  of  All 
Saints,  South  Acton,  in  1892,  and  was 
appointed  Rural  Dean  of  Ealing  in  1894. 
In  1898  Mr.  Macarthur  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Bombay. 

M'ARTHTJR,  W.  A.,  M.P.,  D.L.,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Alexander  M Arthur,  M.P., 
and  was  born  in  1857,  and  educated 
privately.  Entering  upon  a  business 
career,  he  became  partner  in  the  firm  of 
W.  &  A.  M'Arthur,  Australian  merchants, 
and   was    Commissioner   for    New   South 


688 


MACAKTNEY  —  MACAULAY 


Wales  to  the  Colonial  Exhibition  in  1886. 
He  is  also  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of 
Australasia,  and  a  D.L.  for  London.  His 
parliamentary  career  dates  from  1886, 
when  he  contested  Buckrose,  Yorks.,  but 
was  unseated  on  a  scrutiny.  In  1887  he 
was  returned  as  a  Liberal  for  the  St. 
Austell  Division  of  Cornwall,  and  was 
again  returned  in  1892  and  1895.  He  was 
a  Junior  Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  Aug. 
1892  to  July  1895,  and  since  March  1894 
has  been  second  Liberal  Whip.  He  has 
acted  as  Hon.  Sec.  and  unofficial  whip  to 
the  Commiltee  of  Radical  members.  Ad- 
dress :  14  Sloane  Gardens,  S.W. 

MACAKTNEY,    Sir    Halliday, 

K.C.M.G. ,  son  of  Robert  Macartney,  of 
Dundrennan,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  was  born 
in  1833,  and  was  educated  for  the  medical 
profession  at  the  Edinburgh  University. 
In  1856,  during  his  student  days,  he  joined 
a  contingent  of  volunteers  being  raised  for 
the  Turkish  army,  and  served  through  the 
Crimea,  studying  Turkish  at  the  same 
time.  Returning  to  Edinburgh  he  gradu- 
ated M.D.,  and  entered  the  Army  Medical 
Service  as  Surgeon  in  the  99th  Regiment, 
at  that  time  under  orders  for  India,  where 
the  Mutiny  had  broken  out.  The  regiment 
arrived  too  late  at  Calcutta  for  its  services 
to  be  required,  and  was  sent  on  to  China, 
where  Macartney  was  present  at  thetakiDg 
of  the  Taku  Forts,  the  attack  on  Pekin, 
and  the  sacking  of  the  Summer  Palace. 
Remaining  in  China  after  the  peace,  he 
took  service  under  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment, 1862,  being  granted  military  rank 
and  command  together  with  General 
Gordon,  of  whom  he  was  the  friend.  As  an 
officer  in  the  Celestial  army,  he  drilled  a 
force  of  3000  men,  which  operated  with 
success  against  the  Taepings.  He  also 
established  a  military  arsenal  at  Nankin, 
of  which  he  was  Governor  for  twelve 
years  till  1876.  He  was  then  sent  to  Eng- 
land on  a  special  mission  in  connection 
with  the  Margary  incident.  A  per- 
manent mission  being  resolved  upon  by 
China,  he  became  its  European  Secre- 
tary, and  as  such  paid  frequent  visits  to 
the  principal  European  capitals.  He 
attended  the  coronation  of  the  present 
Czar's  father,  and  has  been  present  at 
many  of  the  principal  State  functions  at 
home  and  abroad.  He  is  officially  de- 
scribed as  Councillor  and  English  Secre- 
tary to  the  Chinese  Legation  in  London, 
and  his  unrivalled  knowledge  of  the 
Chinese  language,  customs,  and  policy,  has 
led  to  his  being  described  by  Anglo- 
Chinese  officials  as  "a  thorough  China- 
man." He  received  the  honour  of  the 
C.M.G.  in  1881,  and  the  K.C.M.G.  in  1885, 
and  has  been  decorated  with  the  Orders 
of    the    Precious    Star   and    the    Double 


Dragon.  In  1884  he  married  Jeanne, 
daughter  of  J.  L.  de  Sautoy.  Address :  49 
Portland  Place,  &c. 

MACAKTNEY,    "William    G.    E., 

M.P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  J.  W.  E. 
Macartney,  M.P.,  of  co.  Tyrone,  and  was 
born  in  1852.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  with  a  first  class  in  History  in 
1875  (B.A.)  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1878,  and  went  the 
South-Eastern  Circuit.  In  1885  he  entered 
Parliament  as  Conservative  Member  for 
South  Antrim,  which  he  continues  to  re- 
present. In  1895  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Admiralty.  Addresses  : 
Clogher  Park,  Tyrone,  and  Palace  Cham- 
bers, Westminster,  S.W. 

MACAULAY,  James,  M.A.,  M.D., 
eldest  son  of  Alexander  Macaulay,  M.D., 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  May  22,  1817. 
His  early  education  was  received  at  the 
Edinburgh  Academy,  where  he  was  from 
1824  to  1830.  The  Rector  of  the  school 
in  those  years  was  the  Venerable  Arch- 
deacon Williams.  Tait,  afterwards  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  was  "Dux"  of  the 
school  in  1826.  In  1830  he  entered  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  took 
degrees  in  arts  and  in  medicine,  attending 
also  the  classes  in  theology.  After  graduat- 
ing in  1841,  Dr.  Macaulay  studied  in  Paris, 
and  travelled  in  Italy  and  Spain.  In  1850 
he  became  joint-editor  of  the  Literary 
Gazette,  on  the  retirement  of  William 
Jerdan,  and  retained  the  appointment  till 
1857.  In  the  following  year  he  became 
editor  of  the  Leisure  Hour  and  the  Sunday 
at  Home.  From  the  Leisure  Hour  office 
was  issued,  about  twenty  years  ago,  the 
Boys'  Own  Paper,  which  was  started  in 
order  to  take  the  place  of  the  pernicious 
weekly  literature  which  had  previously 
been  provided  ;  and  was  followed  by  the 
Girls'  Ovm  Paper.  Both  were  founded  by 
Dr.  Macaulay.  He  has  also  written  many 
books  of  biography,  travel,  and  adventure, 
some  of  them  chiefly  for  juvenile  reading, 
such  as  "All  True,"  "Stirring  Stories  of 
Peace  and  War,"  "Wonderful  Tales  from 
Real  Life,"  "  Anson's  Voyage  Round  the 
World,"  and  his  story,  "  From  Middy  to 
Admiral  of  the  Fleet."  The  last  of  these 
Christmas  books  is  entitled,  "  Strange,  yet 
True ;  or,  Interesting  and  Memorable 
Stories  retold."  "  Notes  of  a  Tour  in  the 
United  States,"  which  first  appeared  in 
the  Leisure  Hour,  was  afterwards  issued 
as  a  volume,  entitled  "  Across  the  Ferry," 
which  passed  through  several  editions. 
"  The  Truth  about  Ireland  "  contains  the 
result  of  personal  observation  during  re- 
peated visits.  One  of  Dr.  Macaulay's 
volumes  in  the  Pen  and    Pencil    Series 


MACBETH  —  M'CALMONT 


689 


is  "Sea  Pictures,"  which  Mr.  Ruskin  said 
was  the  best  book  he  had  ever  seen  on  the 
subject.  He  has  also  published  books  on 
Luther,  Dr.  Johnson,  and  General  Gordon; 
and  in  1887,  "Victoria  R.I.,  her  Life  and 
Reign."  On  the  occasion  of  the  silver 
wedding  of  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales  he  issued  an  annotated  collection  of 
the  "Speeches  and  Addresses  of  H.R.H. 
the  Prince  of  Wales  during  twenty-five 
years,  1863-88."  Dr.  Macaulay  has'been 
for  thirty-five  years  the  editor-in-chief  of 
the  Religious  Tract  Society's  periodicals. 
He  is  now  Consulting  Editor  of  its 
magazines,  and  only  an  occasional  con- 
tributor to  the  Leisure  Hour  and  Sunday 
at  Home,  to  which  he  devoted  so  long  a 
service  as  editor.  He  retired  from  the 
editorship  of  the  Leisure  Hour  in  1895. 
He  married,  in  1860,  a  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  G.  Stokes,  vicar  of  Hope,  Hanley. 
Address  :  4  Wynnstay  Gardens,  Kensing- 
ton, W. 

MACBETH,  Robert  Walker,  A.R.A., 
R.W.S.,  was  born  in  Glasgow  on  Sept.  30, 
1848,  and  is  the  second  son  of  Norman  Mac- 
beth, R.S.A.  He  was  educated  in  Edin- 
burgh and  abroad,  and  received  his  early 
art  training  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
Schools.  He  came  up  to  London  in  1871, 
and  for  a  time  drew  for  the  Graphic.  He 
became  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Water- 
Colour  Society  in  1874,  and  is  an  original 
member  of  the  Painter-Etchers,  as  well 
as  a  Correspondent  of  the  Institut  de 
France.  He  has  been  a  constant  ex- 
hibitor at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  of  late 
years  has  had  the  following  pictures  hung: 
"  Unenvied,  Unmolested,"  and  "  Dunster 
Castle,"  1895  ;  two  illustrations  to  "  The 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth,"  "  Cider  Making,"  an 
etching  of  Sir  E.  Burne  Jones's  ''Chant 
dAmour,"  &c,  in  the  Black  and  White 
Room,  and  "Marauders  from  the  Moor," 
"  Sweethearts  and  Wives,"  a  water-colour, 
1896;  "The  End  of  a  Good  Day,"  a  por- 
trait sketch  of  Alfred  Gilbert,  R.A.,  and 
another  of  Philip  H.  Calderon,  R.A., 
1897;  "In  Cloudlnnd,"  "  Sparklets,"  and, 
in  the  Black  and  White  Room,  two  etchings 
of  Mr.  MacWhirter's  "Affric  Water,"  and 
another  of  his,  "End  of  a  Good  Day."  In 
1899  he  exhibited  "Favourites  of  the 
Hunt,"  "Naval  Manoeuvres,"  and,  in  the 
Black  and  White  Room,  "Midnight  Moths." 
He  married,  in  1887,  Lydia,  eldest  daughter 
of  General  Bates.  He  lives  at  Washford, 
not  far  from  Dunster  Castle,  in  Somerset- 
shire, and  his  London  studio  is  28  Tite 
Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

M'CALLTJM,  Lieut.-Colonel  Sir 
Henry  Edward,  R.E.,  K.C.M.G.,  Gover- 
nor of  Newfoundland,  was  born  in  1882, 
and  is  the  son  of  Major  H.  A.  M'Callum, 


R.M.L.I.  He  passed  out  of  Woolwich 
first  in  1871,  and  was  appointed  Superin- 
tendent of  Telegraphy  in  the  Southern 
District  in  1874.  Subsequently  he  became 
Private  Secretary  to  Sir  William  Jervois 
in  the  Straits  Settlements,  and  prepared 
plans  for  the  defence  of  Singapore.  In 
1879  he  was  at  Woolwich  at  the  Works 
Office,  and  in  1880  became  Colonial  En- 
gineer of  the  Straits  Settlements,  and  in 
1884  Surveyor  -  General,  when  he  con- 
structed the  new  fortifications  of  Singa- 
pore. He  was  created  a  C.M.G.  in  1887, 
and  promoted  Knight  Commander  in  July 
1898.  He  was  Governor  of  Lagos  until 
September  1898,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  his  present  post  in  succession  to  Sir 
H.  H.  Murray,  K.C.B. 

M'CALMONT,  Major  Harry 
Leslie  Blundell,  M.P.,   J.P.,  D.L.,  was 

born  in  1861,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
H.  B.  B.  M'Calmont,  Esq.,  barrister-at-law. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  in  1881 
entered  the  1st  battalion  of  the  6th  Royal 
Regiment,  subsequently  joining  the  Scots 
Guards  in  1885.  He  retired  in  1889,  and 
is  a  Major  in  the  4th  Battalion  Royal 
Warwickshire  Regiment  (militia).  In 
1S95  he  was  elected  as  a  Conservative 
to  represent  Newmarket.  He  is  well 
known  as  an  owner  of  racehorses,  especi- 
ally of  "Isinglass,"  winner  of  the  "triple 
event "  in  1893,  i.e.  the  Derby,  St.  Leger, 
and  the  Two  Thousand  Guineas,  and  also 
of  the  Ascot  Cup  in  1895.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Jockey  Club  and  of  the--Royal 
Yacht  Squadron,  and  owns  the  steam 
yacht  Oiralda.  He  married,  in  1885, 
Amy  H.,  daughter  of  Major-Gen.  John 
Miller.  This  lady  died  in  1889,  and  he 
is  now  married  to  Winifred,  daughter  of 
General  Sir  Henry  de  Bathe,  Bart.  Ad- 
dresses :  11  St.  James's  Square,  S.W.  ; 
Cheveley  Park,  Newmarket,  &c. 

M'CALMONT,  Major  -  General 
Hugh,  C.B.,  J.  P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  James  M'Calmont,  of  Abbeylands, 
co.  Antrim,  and  Emily,  daughter  of  the 
late  James  Marten  of  Ross,  co.  Galway. 
Born  on  Feb.  9,  1845,  he  was  educated  at 
Eton.  Entering  the  7th  Hussars,  he  served 
with  the  Red  River  Expedition  in  1870, 
and  three  years  later  he  was  A.D.C.  to 
General  Wolseley  on  the  Gold  Coast. 
From  1878  to  1879  he  was  High  Commis- 
sioner and  Commander-in-Chief  in  Cyprus, 
and  held  the  same  position  in  Natal  in 
1879-80.  In  the  Egyptian  War  of  1882  he 
was  Brigade-Major,  and  in  1885  com- 
manded the  Light  Camel  Regiment  on 
the  Upper  Nile.  He  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Colonel  in  1885,  and  of  Major- 
General  in  1896.  He  was  made  C.B.  in 
1885,    in    recognition    of     his     Egyptian 

2x 


690 


M'CARTHY  —  MCCARTHY 


services.  He  is  a  J. P.  for  counties  An- 
trim and  Dublin,  and  has  sat  for  North 
Antrim  since  1895.  He  married  Kose 
Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of  the  4th 
Lord  Clanmorris,  in  1885.  Address  : 
Abbeylands,  co.  Antrim. 

M'CARTHY,  Jeremiah,  M.A.  Dublin; 
M.B.  London;  F.R.C.S.  England;  late 
Senior  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  and  is  of  Irish  parent- 
age. He  received  his  medical  education 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  at  the 
London  Hospital,  where  for  many  years 
he  was  Lecturer  on  Surgery  and  Surgeon, 
retiring  from  the  latter  position  in  the 
autumn  of  1898.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  and  Hun- 
terian  Societies,  and  has  contributed 
important  articles  to  Quain's  and  Heath's 
Dictionaries.  Address  :  1  Cambridge 
Place,  Victoria  Road,  Kensington,  W. 

MCCARTHY,    Justin,    M.P.,    eldest 
son  of  the  late  Michael  Francis  McCarthy, 
was  born  at  Cork  on  Nov.  22,  1830.     After 
receiving  a  liberal  education  there,  he  be- 
came attached  to  the  staff  of  a  Liverpool 
paper  in  1853.     He  entered  the  Reporters' 
Gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  1860 
for  the  Morning  Star,  became  foreign  edi- 
tor of  that  paper  the  following  autumn, 
and  chief  editor  in  1864  ;  he  resigned  the 
latter  post  in  1868,  and  travelled  through 
the  United  States  for  nearly  three  years, 
visiting   thirty  -  five   of    the   thirty  -  seven 
States.     Since  that  time  he  has  more  than 
once   revisited   America.      Mr.    McCarthy 
has  contributed  to  the  London  Review,  the 
Westminster  Review,  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
the  Nineteenth  Century,   the   Contemporary 
Review,  to  several  English  magazines,  and 
to  many  American  periodicals,  including 
the     North    American    Review,     and     the 
Forum.     He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Water- 
dale   Neighbours."    1867;    "My   Enemy's 
Daughter,"    1869;    "Lady  Judith,"   1871; 
"A   Fair    Saxon,"    1873;    "Linley   Roch- 
ford,"  1874;  "Dear  Lady  Disdain,"  1875; 
"Miss     Misanthrope,"     1877;      "Donna 
Quixote,"  1879;  "The Comet  of  a  Season," 
1881;    "Maid  of  Athens,"  1883;   "  Cami- 
ola,"  1885  (novels) ;    of  "  Con  Amore,"  a 
volume   of   critical   essays;    and   "Prohi- 
bitory Legislation  in  the  United  States," 
an  account  of  the  working  of  the  Liquor 
Laws  in  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan, 
Iowa,  and  other  States  of  the  Union.     In 
collaboration  with  Mrs.  Campbell  -  Praed 
he  has  written  three  novels:  "The  Right 
Honourable,"  1886;    "The  Rebel  Rose," 
1887;   and   "The  Ladies'  Gallery,"  1888. 
More     lately    he     has     published     "  The 
Dictator,"    a    novel,    1893  ;    and    "  Red 
Diamonds,"  a  novel,  1893.    Mr.  McCarthy's 


most  important  work  is  "A  History  of  Our 
Own  Times"  (1878-80),  being  an  account 
of  what  happened  in  these  countries,  from 
the  accession  of  Queen  Victoria  to  the 
general  election  of  1880.  He  has  pub- 
lished the  first  and  second  volumes  of  a 
"History  of  the  Four  Georges."  He  has 
also  written  a  short  history  of  "The 
Epoch  of  Reform,"  the  period  between 
1830  and  1850,  published  in  1882,  and  a 
"  Life  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,"  in  the  series 
called  "  The  Prime  Ministers  of  Queen 
Victoria,"  published  in  1891 ;  in  1896  a 
"Life  of  Leo  XIII.";  in  1897,  5th  vol. 
of  "History  of  Our  Own  Times,"  up  to 
June  of  that  year  ;  in  1898,  "  The  Story 
of  Gladstone's  Life."  Mr.  McCarthy  was 
for  twenty  -  five  years  a  political  writer 
for  one  of  the  London  daily  papers. 
He  was  elected  to  Parliament  as  member 
for  the  county  of  Longford,  Ireland,  in 
March  1879,  and  was  re-elected  when  the 
dissolution  took  place  in  1880,  in  both 
instances  without  a  contest.  At  the 
general  election,  1885,  he  contested  Derry, 
and  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  29,  but 
was  immediately  elected  for  Longford,  by 
an  immense  majority.  In  1886  he  con- 
tested Derry  again,  and  was  defeated  by 
a  majority  of  3,  while  at  the  same  time 
he  was  returned  unopposed  for  Longford. 
He  claimed  the  Derry  seat  and  obtained 
it  on  petition,  and  then  elected  to  sit  for 
Derry.  He  has  since  lectured  in  America. 
He  is  a  Home  Ruler,  and  was  Vice-Chair-  • 
man  of  the  Irish  parliamentary  party  in 
the  House  of  Commons  before  the  re- 
jection of  Mr.  Parnell  by  the  majority, 
when  Mr.  McCarthy  was  by  them  elected 
Chairman.  He  married,  in  1855,  Char- 
lotte, daughter  of  the  late  W.  G.  Allman  ; 
she  died  in  1879.  Address  pro  tern. :  11 
Roxburgh  Road,  Westgate-on-Sea. 

MCCARTHY,  Justin  Huntly,  author, 
was  born  in  1860,  and  is  the  son  of  Justin 
McCarthy,  M.P.  He  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College  School  and  College,  and 
on  his  leaving  the  latter,  travelled  exten- 
sively and  entered  upon  a  career  of 
journalism.  He  has  written  largely  for 
the  newspapers  and  magazines,  and  has 
published  many  books,  including  the 
following:  (Poetry)  "Serapion,"  "  Hafiz 
in  London,"  "Harlequinade";  (fiction) 
"Doom,"  "Dolly,"  "Lily  Lass,"  "A 
London  Legend,"  "The  Royal  Christo- 
pher"; (history)  "An  Outline  of  Irish 
History,"  "England  under  Gladstone," 
"Ireland  since  the  Union,"  "The  French 
Revolution";  (plavs)  "The  White  Carna- 
tion," "  The  Highwayman,"  "  The  Wife  of 
Socrates,"  &c.  He  has  also  translated 
"Omar  Khayyam,"  the  "  Arabian  Nights," 
and  Hafiz.  He  sat  in  Parliament  as  an 
Irish  Nationalist  from  1884  to  1892.    In 


M'CLELAN  —  M'CLINTOCK 


691 


1894  he  married  the  accomplished  Miss 
Cissy  Loftus.  Address  :  31  King's  Road, 
Brighton. 

M'  CLE  LAN,  Trie  Hon.  Abner 
Reid,  Lieut.-Governor  of  New  Brunswick, 
was  born  at  Hopewell,  N.B.,  Jan.  4,  1831, 
of  a  family  that  had  emigrated  from  Lon- 
donderry towards  the  end  of  the  last 
century.  He  was  educated  at  Mount 
Allison  Academy,  and  for  several  years 
was  a  successful  merchant  at  Hopewell. 
In  1854  he  entered  the  N.B.  Assembly  as 
representative  for  Albert,  and  sat  until 
the  Union  in  1867,  which  he  aided  to  bring- 
about,  being  Chief  Commissioner  of  Public 
works  at  the  time.  In  1867  he  was  called 
to  the  Canadian  Senate,  where  he  sat 
until  his  appointment  as  Governor  in 
1896.  Address :  Government  House, 
Frederickton,  N.B. 

M'CLINTOCK,  Admiral  Sir 
(Francis)  Leopold,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c,  is  second  son  of  the 
late  Henry  M'Clintock,  Esq.,  uncle  to  the 
first  Lord  Rathdonnell,  and  of  a  daughter 
of  Archdeacon  Fleury.  He  was  born  at 
Dundalk  in  1819,  and  entered  the  navy  in 
1831.  After  some  years  of  foreign  service, 
during  which  he  was  promoted  to  Lieu- 
tenant for  special  services  in  the  recovery 
of  H.M.S.  Gorgon  when  stranded  in  South 
America,  he  returned  to  England  about 
the  time  when  great  anxiety  began  to  be 
felt  for  the  safety  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  his  companions.  He  accompanied  Sir 
James  Clarke  Ross  as  Second  Lieutenant 
on  board  H.M.S.  Enterprise,  in  the  Arctic 
Expedition  sent  out  by  the  Admiralty  in 
1848.  Returning  unsuccessful  in  Novem- 
ber 1849,  M'Clintock  joined  a  second 
expedition  sent  out  early  in  1850,  under 
the  command  of  Captain  Horatio  Austin, 
as  Senior  Lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  Assistance, 
Captain  (Sir)  Erasmus  Ommaney.  It  was 
their  fortune,  in  August  1850,  to  see,  at 
Cape  Riley,  the  first  traces  of  the  missing 
expedition.  In  the  following  spring, 
whilst  frozen  up  at  Griffith's  Island,  he 
signalised  himself  by  an  unprecedented 
sledge  journey  of  eighty  days  and  760  geo- 
graphical miles,  reaching  the  most  westerly 
point  which  had  then  been  attained  from 
the  east,  in  the  Arctic  regions.  Upon  the 
return  of  this  expedition  to  England  in 
October  1851,  Lieutenant  M'Clintock  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Commander. 
The  following  spring  he  again  proceeded 
to  the  Arctic  regions  in  command  of 
H.M.S.  Intrepid,  one  of  five  vessels  com- 
posing the  third  searching  expedition, 
under  Sir  Edward  Belcher's  command. 
In  accordance  with  instructions  from  the 
Admiralty,  the  Intrepid,  in  company  with 
the  Resolute,  Captain  Kellett,  wintered  at 


Melville  Island,  in  order  to  search  for  the 
heroic  Captain  M'Clure  and  his  com- 
panions ;  and  most  fortunately  they  were 
discovered  and  rescued,  after  their  three 
years'  imprisonment  in  the  ice.  M'Clintock 
again  distinguished  himself  by  his  sledge 
journey  of  one  hundred  and  five  days  and 
1210  geographical  miles,  into  the  hitherto 
unexplored  region  northward  of  Melville 
Island.  The  comparative  perfection  to 
which  Arctic  sledge-travelling  has  been 
carried  is  almost  entirely  due  to  the  im- 
provements effected  by  him.  Abandoning 
four  out  of  the  five  ships  embedded  in  the 
ice,  and  also  M'Clure's  ship  the  Investi- 
gator, the  personnel  of  this  expedition,  with 
M'Clure  and  his  companions,  returned  to 
England  in  October  1854,  in  the  depot 
ship  North  Star,  and  two  relief  ships, 
freshly  arrived  out,  under  Captain  Ingle- 
field.  M'Clintock  was  now  advanced  to 
the  rank  of  Captain.  In  1857  he  accepted 
the  command  of  Lady  Franklin's  own 
search  expedition — to  be  fitted  out  at  her 
expense.  He  selected,  and  appropriately 
equipped,  the  steam  yacht  Fox,  of  177  tons, 
and  with  twenty-four  companions  sailed 
on  July  1,  1857.  He  returned  on  Sept.  20, 
1859,  having  discovered,  upon  the  north- 
west shore  of  King  William's  Island,  a 
record  announcing  the  death  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  the  abandonment  of  the 
Erebus  and  Terror.  M'Clintock  brought 
home  intelligence  of  their  great  dis- 
coveries and  the  fate  of  their  crews,  and 
many  relics  of  the  bold  expedition.  He 
published  a  very  interesting  account  of  his 
most  important  and  successful  searching 
voyage.  Captain  M'Clintock  was  received 
with  great  distinction.  Knighthood,  the 
Freedom  of  the  City  of  London,  and  the 
highest  degrees  of  the  chief  Universities 
were  conferred  upon  him.  Her  Majesty, 
by  her  Order  in  Council,  sanctioned  his 
time  in  the  Fox  to  count  as  sea-time  served 
in  the  navy,  for  having  brought  home 
the  only  authentic  intelligence  of  the 
death  of  Franklin  and  the  fate  of  his  com- 
panions. During  the  next  six  years  Sir 
Leopold  commanded,  in  succession,  H.M.S, 
Bulldog,  Doris,  and  Aurora,  fulfilling 
various  important  and  delicate  duties 
abroad.  From  1865  to  1868  he  served  as 
Commodore  of  the  Jamaica  Station.  From 
1868,  until  promoted  to  Rear-Admiral  in 
1871,  he  was  a  naval  Aide-de-camp  to  the 
Queen  ;  from  1872  to  1877  Admiral- 
Superintendent  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard, 
when  he  was  promoted  to  Vice-Admiral ; 
and  from  1879  to  1882  he  served  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  North  American 
and  West  Indian  Stations.  In  1884  he 
became  a  full  Admiral  and  also  an  Elder 
Brother  of  the  Corporation  of  the  Trinity 
House  ;  in  1887  he  was  selected  for  one  of 
the  few  pensions  open  to  admirals,  for 


692 


MACCOLL  —  MAC  COEMAC 


"good  and  meritorious  services"  ;  and  in 
1891  he  was  created  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Bath.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Voyage  of  the  Fox  in  the  Arctic  Seas," 
which  has  gone  through  five  editions.  In 
1870  Sir  Leopold  M'Clintock  married 
Annette  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of 
Robert  Foster  Dunlop,  Esq.,  of  Monaster  - 
boice  House,  co.  Louth,  by  Anna  Elizabeth, 
sister  of  10th  Viscount  Massereene  and 
Ferrard,  and  has  issue.  Address  :  8  Ather- 
stone  Terrace,  Gloucester  Road,  S.W. 

MACCOLL,  Canon  Malcolm,  was  born 
March  27,  1838,  on  a  sheep  farm  occupied 
by  his  father,  a  man  of  some  distinction  in 
mathematical  sciences,  in  Inverness-shire, 
and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  at  Trinity 
College,  Glenalmond,  and  at  the  University 
of  Naples.  He  was  appointed  assistant- 
curate  of  St.  Paul's,  Knightsbridge,  in 
1861 ;  chaplain  to  the  British  Ambassador 
at  St.  Petersburg,  1862-63 ;  curate  of  St. 
Paul's,  Knightsbridge,  1864-67.  He  spent 
the  period  between  1867  and  1869  in 
Southern  Italy,  chiefly  in  the  study  of 
theology,  literature,  and  foreign  politics. 
In  1871  he  was  collated  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  George's,  Botolph  Lane,  in  the  City  of 
London.  In  1884  he  became  a  Canon 
residentiary  of  Ripon.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Mr.  Gladstone  and  Oxford,"  by 
"  Scrutator,"  2nd  edit.,  1865  ;  "  Science 
and  Prayer,"  4th  edit.,  1866  ;  "  Is  there 
not  a  Cause  ?  a  Letter  to  Col.  Greville 
Nugent,  M.P.  (late  Lord  Greville),  on  the 
Disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church," 
2nd  edit.,  1868;  "The  Reformation  in 
England,"  2nd  edit.,  1869;  "The  Ober- 
Ammergau  Passion  Play,"  10th  edit.,  1870  ; 
"Is  Liberal  Policy  a  Failure?"  by  "  Ex- 
pertus,"  1870;  "Who  is  Responsible  for 
the  (Franco-German)  War?"  by  "Scru- 
tator," 2nd  edit.,  1871  ;  "  The  Damnatory 
Clauses  of  the  Athanasian  Creed  ration- 
ally explained,"  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, 1872;  "  Lawlessness,  Sacerdotalism, 
and  Ritualism,"  3rd  edit.,  1875;  "The 
Eastern  Question  :  its  Facts  and  Falla- 
cies," 1877  ;  "  Three  Years  of  the  Eastern 
Question,"  3rd  edit.,  1878  ;  "  Christianity 
in  Relation  to  Science  and  Morals,"  5th 
edit.,  1889;  "Life  Here  and  Hereafter," 
2nd  edit.,  1896;  "England's  Responsi- 
bility towards  Armenia,"  4th  edit.,  1895  ; 
"The  Sultan  and  the.Powers,"  2nd  edit., 
1896 ;  besides  contributions  to  periodical 
literature,  and,  in  1886,  a  pamphlet  on  the 
Irish  Question,  which  passed  through  nine 
editions  in  the  course  of  the  year.  In 
foreign  politics  he  has  made  a  special 
study  of  Mohammedanism  as  a  theocratic 
system  of  government,  inconsistent,  as  he 
contends,  with  civilisation,  and  fatal  to 
the  moral  and  intellectual  development  of 
any  people  who  embrace  it.     This  is  his 


conclusion  from  the  history  and  tenets  of 
Islam,  confirmed  by  his  own  observation 
in  various  Mohammedan  lands.  Address  : 
The  Residence,  Ripon. 

MACCOLL,  Norman,  M.A.,  editor  of 
the  Athenaum,  was  born  in  1843, 'and  edu- 
cated at  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  a  Fellow.  He  was  Hare 
Prizeman  in  1868,  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1875.  He  has 
published  a  work  on  "  Greek  Sceptics 
from  Pyrrho  to  Sextus,"  1869.  Address: 
1  New  Court,  Carey  Street,  W.C.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

M'CONNELL,  W.  K,,  Q.  C,  J.P.,  D.L., 
Chairman  of  the  County  of  London  Court 
of  Sessions,  was  born  on  July  2,  1837,  at 
Belfast,  being  the  only  child  of  David 
M'Connell,  J.P.,  of  Castlereagh  House,  co. 
Down,  and  Jane,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
Alex.  M'Connell.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Academical  Institution,  Belfast,  at  a 
private  school  in  England,  at  Heidelberg, 
and  the  University  of  London,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1858.  After  being 
called  to  the  Bar  by  the  Honourable 
Society  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1862,  he 
joined  the  Northern  Circuit  in  1863.  He 
was  appointed  Revising  Barrister  for 
Liverpool  in  1868  ;  one  of  the  Counsel  to 
the  Board  of  Trade  in  1875  ;  and  Counsel 
to  her  Majesty's  Board  of  Customs  in 
1876.  He  was  Royal  Commissioner  to 
inquire  into  Corrupt  Practices  at  Parlia- 
mentary Elections  in  the  city  of  Glou- 
cester in  1880.  He  became  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1897,  and  was  appointed  Chair- 
man of  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  for 
the  County  of  London  in  August  1897. 
He  is  a  Magistrate  for  the  counties  of 
Down  and  London,  a  Deputy-Lieutenant, 
and  a  F.R.G.S.  Mr.  M'Connell  is  married 
to  Minnie,  daughter  of  Edward  Marshall. 
Addresses  :  35  Montague  Place,  Russell 
Square,  W.C. ;  and  Norfolk  Cottage, 
Littlehampton,  Sussex. 

MAC  CORMAC,  Sir  William,  Bart., 
K.C.V.O.,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  M.Ch.  honoris 
causd,  President  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England,  and  Member  of  the 
Court  of  Examiners,  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  and  now  Examiner  for  H.M. 
Naval  Medical  Service,  was  born  at  Belfast, 
Jan.  17,  1836,  being  the  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Mac  Cormac,  M.D.,  and  Mary 
Newsam.  He  was  educated  in  the  Belfast 
Institution,  in  Dublin,  and  in  Paris  ;  he 
became  Bachelor  and  Master  of  Arts,  also 
Master  in  Surgery,  and  Doctor  of  Science 
honoris  causa,  of  the  Queen's  University, 
and  received  its  gold  medal.  He  was 
afterwards  a  Member  of  the  Senate,  and 
Examiner  in   Surgery  of  the  University. 


M'CORMICK  — MAC  CUNN 


693 


He  was  appointed  Surgeon,  and  subse- 
quently Consulting  Surgeon,  to  the  Belfast 
Eoyal  Hospital.  He  saw  service  at  Metz 
and  Sedan,  during  the  Franco-German 
war,  1870-71,  as  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the 
Anglo-American  Ambulance,  and  during 
the  Turco-Servian  war,  1876.  He  was  one 
of  the  Senior  Surgeons,  and  Lecturer  on 
Surgery  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  during 
twenty  years  ;  is  Consulting  Surgeon  and 
Emeritus  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Surgery  to 
the  Hospital,  and  Consulting  Surgeon  to 
the  French  Hospital,  the  Italian  Hospital, 
and  Queen  Charlotte's  Hospital.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  English  and  Irish  Colleges 
of  Surgeons,  and  lately  Examiner  in  Sur- 
gery in  the  University  of  London,  and 
Examiner  in  Surgery  for  her  Majesty's 
Army  and  Indian  Medical  Services.  He  is 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England.  In 
1881  he  acted  as  Hon.  Secretary-General 
of  the  International  Medical  Congress  in 
London,  and  in  consideration  of  his  ser- 
vices in  this  capacity  the  Queen  conferred 
upon  him  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In 
1897  he  was  created  a  baronet  on  the  occa- 
sion of  her  Majesty's  Jubilee,  and  appointed 
Surgeon  in  Ordinary  to  H.E.H.  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  whom  he  attended  in  July  1898, 
when  H.E.H.  was  suffering  from  the  effects 
of  his  accident.  He  was  elected  President 
of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land for  the  third  year  in  July  1898.  In 
September  1898  he  and  Sir  Francis  Laking 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  the 
Eoyal  Victorian  order.  In  December  1898, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  Academy  of  Medicine,  he  was 
appointed  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Academy. 
He  is  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Commander  of  the  Orders  of  the  Danne- 
brog,  the  Crown  of  Italy,  and  the  Takovo  ; 
also  possessor  of  the  orders  of  the  Crown 
of  Prussia,  North  Star  of  Sweden,  St.  Iago 
of  Portugal,  Eitter  Kreuz  of  Bavaria,  Merit 
of  Spain,  and  Medjidieh.  Sir  William 
Mao  Cormac  is  the  author  of  "  Work  under 
the  Eed  Cross,"  and  treatises  on  "Anti- 
septic Surgery,"  and  "  Surgical  Opera- 
tions," besides  numerous  surgical  papers 
contributed  to  medical  journals  and  ad- 
dressed to  medical  societies.  On  Feb.  14, 
1899,  Sir  William  Mac  Cormac  delivered 
the  Hunterian  oration  at  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Surgeons,  England,  in  the  presence  of 
H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Addresses: 
13  Harley  Street,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum.- 

M'CORMICK,  The  Rev.  Joseph, 
M.A,  D.D.,  was  born  in  the  year  1834,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A  1857,  M.A.  I860,  D.D.  Dublin  ad 
eundem,  1884).  While  at  Cambridge  he 
rowed  in  the  University  Eight,  and  was 
Captain  of  the  University  Eleven.    He  was 


ordained  in  1858,  and  was  for  two  years 
curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Eegent  Square, 
London  ;  he  was  then  appointed  Sector 
of  Dunmore  East,  Waterford,  Ireland, 
where  he  remained  until  1864,  when  he 
became  Assistant-Minister  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Marylebone.  In  1867  he  was  appointed 
Perpetual  Curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Deptford, 
and  in  1875  he  accepted  the  important 
Vicarage  of  Hull.  He  was  made  Eural 
Dean  of  Hull  in  1875,  Prebendary  of  York 
in  1884,  and  Hon.  Chaplain  to  the  Queen 
in  1890.  In  1894  he  was  appointed  Vicar 
of  St.  Augustine's,  Highbury.  Address  :  1 
Highbury  Quadrant,  N. 

MAC  CUNN,  Hamish,  composer  of 
dramatic  music,  was  born  at  Greenock, 
March  22,  1868,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
James  Mac  Cunn,  formerly  shipowner  in 
Greenock.  He  was  educated  at  various 
schools  in  Greenock,  and  by  private  tutors, 
and  commenced  the  study  of  music  at  the 
early  age  of  six  years.  In  1883  he  gained 
an  Educational  Scholarship  for  composi- 
tion at  the  then  newly-established  Eoyal 
College  of  Music,  London.  There  he 
studied  principally  under  Dr.  C.  H.  Hubert 
Parry  until  1886,  when  he  resigned  his 
scholarship.  His  first  introduction  to  the 
public  was  at  the  Crystal  Palace  in  1886, 
when  at  one  of  the  Saturday  concerts  Mr. 
Manns  produced  his  overture  entitled 
"  The  Land  of  the  Mountain  and  the 
Flood,"  which  gained  for  its  composer 
immediate  fame.  His  principal  works 
are:  "Chior  Mhor,"  overture  for  orches- 
tra; "Bonnie  Kilmeny,"  cantata  for  soli, 
chorus,  and  orchestra  ;  concert  overture, 
"The  Land  of  the  Mountain  and  the 
Flood  ;  "  "  Lord  Ullin's  Daughter,"  ballad 
for  chorus  and  orchestra  ;  "  The  Ship  o' 
the  Fiend,"  ballad  for  orchestra;  "The 
Dowie  Dens  o'  Yarrow,"  ballad — overture 
for  orchestra ;  "  The  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel,"  dramatic  cantata  for  soli, 
chorus,  and  orchestra ;  "  Album  of  Ten 
Songs";  "Cycle  of  Six  Love-Lyrics"; 
"The  Cameronian's  Dream,"  a  ballad  for 
baritone  solo,  chorus,  and  orchestra ; 
"  Three  Songs  from  William  Black's 
'  Ebymes  by  a  Deerstalker '  "  ;  (November 
1894)  an  opera,  produced  at  Edinburgh, 
and  entitled  "Jeanie  Deans";  "Queen 
Hynde  of  Caledon,"  a  dramatic  cantata 
for  soli,  chorus,  and  orchestra  ;  "  Suite  of 
Six  Scotch  Dances";  "Three  Eomantic 
Pieces,"  for  'cello  and  pianoforte  ;  suite 
for  orchestra,  "  Highland  Memories  "  ; 
ballad  for  male  voice,  chorus,  and  orches- 
tra, "  The  Death  of  Parcy  Eeed  "  ;  and  a 
grand  opera,  "  Diarmid,"  libretto  by  the 
Marquis  of  Lome,  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  in  October  1897.  Besides  the 
above  mentioned,  he  is  the  author  of 
many   other    songs,    part-songs,    &c.      In 


694 


MACDONALD 


June  1889  he  married  the  only  daughter 
of  the  late  John  Pettie,  E.A.  Address: 
21  Albion  Road,  South  Hampstead,  N.W. 

MACDONALD,  The  Most  Rev. 
Angus,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh,  was  born 
at  Borrodale,  in  Inverness-shire,  on  Sept. 
18,  1844,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of  the 
late  Angus  Macdonald,  Esq.,  of  Glenaladale, 
and  Mary,  daughter  of  Hugh  Watson, 
Writer  to  the  Signet.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Cuthbert's  College,  Ushaw,  and  is  a 
B.A.  of  London  University.  He  was  or- 
dained priest  in  July  1872,  and  was  conse- 
crated Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles  in 
1878,  when  the  Hierarchy  of  Scotland  was 
restored  in  March  of  that  year.  He  was 
translated  to  his  present  see  in  1892. 
Twenty  years  before  that  date  the  staunch 
Protestants  of  St.  Andrews  used  to  aver 
that  there  were  only  two  Roman  Catholics 
in  the  ancient  University  city,  but  under 
Archbishop  Macdonald  the  Church  of 
Rome  has  made  converts  in  the  diocese. 
Address  :  42  Greenhill  Gardens,  Edin- 
burgh. 

MACDONALD,  Sir  Claude  Max- 
well, K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  British  Minister  to 
the  Court  of  China,  son  of  the  late  Major- 
General  J.  P.  Macdonald,  was  born  in 
1852.  He  was  educated  at  Uppingham 
and  at  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sand- 
hurst, and  entered  the  army  as  a  Lieu- 
tenant of  the  74th  Highlanders  in  March 
1872.  He  was  promoted  Captain  in  1881, 
and  Major  in  1882,  in  which  year  he  went 
to  Egypt  and  took  part  in  the  campaign, 
being  present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
obtained  the  brevet  of  Major,  the  Khe- 
dive's Star,  and  medal  with  clasp.  He 
remained  in  Egypt  on  special  service,  and 
in  1884  volunteered  for  the  1st  Battalion 
of  the  Black  Watch,  which  was  attached 
to  the  Suakin  Expedition,  and  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  El-Teb  and  Tamai,  where 
he  was  wounded.  He  obtained  two  clasps 
to  his  medal  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the 
Fourth  Class.  From  February  1883  until 
June  1887  he  was  attached  by  the  War 
Office  to  the  Agency  at  Cairo.  He  retired 
from  the  army  in  1887,  and  was  appointed 
Acting-Agent  and  Consul-General  at  Zan- 
zibar. In  1888  he  became  Commissioner 
on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  proceeded  on  a  special  mission 
to  the  Niger  Territories.  Subsequently  at 
Berlin  he  took  part  in  the  delimitation  of 
the  boundary  between  the  Oil  Rivers  Pro- 
tectorate and  the  Cameroons,  and  then 
became  Commissioner  and  Consul-General 
in  the  Oil  Rivers  Protectorate  and  the 
adjoining  native  territories.  Sir  Claude 
Macdonald  was  appointed  in  1891  Com- 


missioner and  Consul-General  in  the  Niger 
Coast  Protectorate,  Consul  to  the  Island 
of  Fernando  Po,  and  also  Consul  in  the 
Cameroons.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in 
1892,  and  K.C.B.  in  1898.  In  January 
1896  he  was  appointed  Envoy-Extraordin- 
ary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at  Pekin. 
Since  his  appointment,  China  has  been 
passing  through  the  most  critical  stage  in 
its  history ;  and  although  the  British 
policy  in  the  Far  East  has  been  severely 
criticised,  yet  Sir  Claude  Macdonald  has 
secured  some  substantial  concessions. 
Among  them  should  be  mentioned  the 
decision  of  the  Chinese  Government  to 
open  all  inland  waters  to  navigation, 
whether  by  foreign  or  native  steamers, 
and  the  assurance  that  no  portion  of  the 
provinces  adjoining  the  Yangtse-Kiang 
valley  should  be  alienated  to  any  other 
Power.  It  is  also,  in  great  measure, 
due  to  Sir  Claude  Macdonald  that  the 
Government  undertook  that,  so  long  as 
British  trade  continued  to  exceed  that  of 
any  other  Power,  the  Inspector-General 
of  Maritime  Customs  should  be  a  British 
subject.  In  May  1899  he  returned  to 
England  to  take  a  short  holiday,  his 
health  having  been  much  impaired.  Sir 
Claude  married,  in  1892,  Ethel,  daughter 
of  Major  W.  Cairns  Armstrong,  widow  of 
P.  C.  Robertson,  Esq.,  of  the  Indian  Poli- 
tical Service.  Address  :  British  Legation, 
Pekin,  China. 

MACDONALD,  Frederic  William, 

born  in  Leeds,  Feb.  25,  1842,  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  G.  B.  Macdonald,  a  well-known 
Wesleyan  minister,  and  grandson  of  the 
Rev.  James  Macdonald.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Peter's  Collegiate  School,  London, 
at  Oxenford  House,  Jersey,  and  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  where  he  was  Senior 
Prizeman  in  Classics,  Greek  Testament, 
and  English  Literature,  session  1861-62. 
He  entered  the  Wesleyan  ministry  in  1862. 
First  stationed  at  Burslem,  afterwards  in 
Liverpool,  Waterloo,  Manchester,  South- 
port,  Kensington,  and  Clifton.  In  1880 
he  was  the  representative  of  the  British 
Methodist  Conference  to  the  General  Con- 
ference of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
of  the  United  States  at  Cincinnati.  In 
1881  he  was  Fernley  Lecturer  on  "The 
Dogmatic  Principle  in  Relation  to  Chris- 
tian Belief,"  and  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Systematic  Theology  at  the  Birmingham 
branch  of  the  Wesleyan  Theological  Insti- 
tution. In  18S5  he  published  "  The  Life 
of  Fletcher  of  Madeley "  ;  and  in  1887 
"The  Life  of  William  Morley  Punshon, 
LL.D."  He  was  assistant-editor  of  the 
London  Quarterly  Review,  1872-76,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Birmingham 
School  Board  in  1888.  In  1891  he  retired 
from  his  professorship  to  become   Secre- 


MACDONALD 


695 


.  tary  of  the  Wesleyan  Foreign  Missionary 
Society,  and  in  this  capacity  travels 
largely  at  home  and  abroad. 

MACDONALD,  George,  LL.D.,  poet 
and  novelist,  was  born  at  Huntly,  Aber- 
deenshire, in  1824,  and  was  educated  at 
the  parish  school  there,  and  at  King's 
College  and  University,  Aberdeen.  After 
taking  his  degree  he  became  a  student  for 
the  ministry  at  the  Independent  College, 
Highbury,  London,  and  was  for  a  short 
time  an  Independent  minister,  but  soon 
retired,  became  a  lay  member  of  the  Church 
of  England,  and  settled  in  London  to  pur- 
sue a  literary  career.  His  first  work  was 
"  Within  and  Without,  a  Dramatic  Poem," 
1856 ;  followed  by  "Poems,"  1857;  "Phan- 
tastes,  a  Faerie  Romance,"  1858  ;  "  David 
Elginbrod,"     1862;      "Adela     Cathcart," 

1864  ;  "  The  Portent,  a  Story  of  Second 
Sight,"  1864  ;  "Alec  Forbes  of  Howglen," 

1865  ;  "Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighbourhood," 
1866;  "Guild  Court,"  1867;  "The  Dis- 
ciple and  other  Poems,"  1868  ;  "The  Sea- 
board Parish."  1868;  "Robert  Falconer," 
1868;  "Wilfrid  Cumbermede,"  1871; 
"  The  Vicar's  Daughter,"  and  "  Malcolm," 
1874;  "St.  George  and  St.  Michael," 
1875;  "Thomas  Wingfield,  Curate,"  1876  ; 
"The  Marquis  of  Lossie,"  1877.  Besides 
these  Mr.  Macdonald  has  written  books 
fortheyoung  ;  "Dealings  with  the  Fairies," 
1867;  "Ranald  Bannerman's  Boyhood," 
1869;  "The  Princess  and  the  Goblin," 
1871  ;  "  At  the  Back  of  the  North  Wind," 
1870  ;  and  others.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  "Unspoken  Sermons,"  1866;  and  a 
treatise  on  the  "Miracles  of  our  Lord," 
1870.  In  1877  he  received  a  Civil  List 
Pension  of  £100,  in  consideration  of  his 
contributions  to  literature.  His  later 
works  are  "The  Gifts  of  the  Child  Christ, 
and  other  Poems,"  2  vols.,  1882  ;  "  Castle 
Warlock,"  3  vols.,  1882  ;  "  The  Princess 
and  Curdie,"  a  fairv  romance,  1882 ; 
"Weighed  and  Wanting,"  1882;  "The 
Wise  Woman,"  a  parable,  1883  ;  "  There 
and  Back,"  a  novel;  and  "A  Rough 
Shaking,"  1891 ;  "  Vicar's  Daughter," 
1893;  " Lilith,"  1895  ;  "Salted  with  Fire," 
and  "  Rampolli,"  1897.  In  May  1893  his 
poetical  works  were  published  in  two 
volumes.  For  some  years  past  Dr.  Mac- 
donald has  lived  principally  at  Bordi- 
ghera,  but  pays  annual  visits  to  England. 
Address  :  Casa  Coraggio,  Bordighera. 

MACDONALD,  Greville,  M.D.,  eldest 
son  of  George  Macdonald,  LL.D.,  the 
novelist  and  poet,  was  born  in  Manchester 
on  Jan.  20,  1856.  He  was  educated  at 
King's  College  School,  subsequently  ob- 
taining his  medical  education  at  King's 
College  Hospital,  where  he  gained  several 
scholarships  and  prizes.     In  1879  he  took 


the  membership  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons ;  in  1881  he  graduated  with 
honours  at  the  University  of  London, 
taking  the  degree  of  M.B.,  and  his  M.D. 
in  the  following  year.  After  travelling  in 
the  East  and  on  the  Continent  for  some 
years,  he  was  appointed  Resident  Medical 
Officer  to  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the 
Throat  in  1886  ;  since  which  time  he  has 
devoted  his  attention  solely  to  the  study 
of  affections  of  the  nose,  throat,  and  ear. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
Honorary  Physician  to  the  same  institu- 
tion, which  office  he  holds  at  the  present 
time.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  Throat 
Physician  and  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  the 
Throat  and  Nose  to  King's  College  Hos- 
pital. During  the  year  1888  Dr.  Mac- 
donald devoted  his  attention  specially  to 
a  scientific  investigation  of  the  functions 
of  the  nose  ;  the  results  of  his  experiments 
being  published  in  a  volume  entitled  "  On 
the  Respiratory  Functions  of  the  Nose." 
He  had  previously  published  (1887)  a 
brochure  entitled  "  The  Forms  of  Nasal 
Obstruction  in  Relation  to  Throat  and 
Ear  Disease."  He  has  since  added  to 
these  "  Board  School  Laryngitis,"  1889  ; 
"A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and 
its  Accessory  Cavities  "  (2nd  edit.),  1892  ; 
"  Hay  Fever  and  Asthma,"  1893.  Besides 
the  above  he  has  contributed  many  articles 
and  papers  to  the  medical  societies  and 
journals,  and  is  one  of  the  editors  of  and 
contributors  to  the  Medical  Annual.  One 
of  his  most  recent  papers  is  on  "  The 
Forms  of  Epithelial  Hypertrophy  in  the 
Larynx"  (International  Clinics),  1895-96. 
Address  :  85  Harley  Street,  W. 

MACDONALD,  Colonel  Hector 
Archibald,  C.B.,  D.S.O.,  Aide-de-Camp 
to  the  Queen,  was  born  April  13,  1852. 
He  joined  the  Gordon  Highlanders  as  a 
private  soldier,  and  served  in  the  ranks 
for  over  nine  years.  He  first  saw  active 
service  in  the  Afghan  War  of  1879-80,  and 
for  his  conduct  at  the  affair  at  Karatiga 
he  was  mentioned  in  despatches.  He 
was  attached  to  the  Maidan  Expedition, 
and  was  present  at  the  engagement  at 
Charasiah,  and  also  took  part  in  the 
operations  round  Cabul  in  December  1879. 
He  accompanied  Lord  Roberts  in  the 
famous  march  to  Cabul,  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Candahar,  after  which  he 
was  promoted  Lieutenant  for  his  distin- 
guished conduct  in  the  field.  He  also 
received  a  medal  with  three  clasps  and  a 
bronze  decoration.  Lieutenant  Macdonald 
went  to  South  Africa  in  1881,  and  took 
part  in  the  Boer  War,  and  was  present  in 
the  engagement  at  Majuba  Hill.  In  June 
1885  he  joined  the  Egyptian  Constabulary, 
and  served  in  the  Nile  Expedition  of  that 
year    as    Garrison-Adjutant    at    Assiout. 


696 


M'DONALD  —  MACDONALD 


He  was  promoted  Captain  in  the  Gordon 
Highlanders  in  January  1888,  and  in  the 
following  December  took  part  in  the 
operations  near  Suakim  and  the  engage- 
ment at  Gemaizah.  In  1889  he  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Tokar  and  the  battle  at 
Toski,  and  was  several  times  mentioned 
in  despatches.  He  was  awarded  the 
D.S.O.  and  the  third  class  of  the  Osmanieh, 
and  in  July  1891  was  promoted  Major  in 
the  Royal  Fusiliers.  He  obtained  the 
command  of  the  3rd  Infantry  Brigade 
of  Lord  Kitchener's  Dongola  Expeditionary 
Force,  and  was  present  at  the  engagement 
at  Firket,  and  the  operations  at  Hafir, 
promotion  to  brevet  Lieut. -Colonel  being 
the  reward  of  his  services  on  that  occa- 
sion. During  the  operations  in  the  Soudan 
in  1898,  Macdonald  as  a  Brigadier-General 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Soudanese  Brigade,  which  he  soon  brought 
to  a  high  state  of  efficiency.  At  the 
battle  of  Atbara  his  troops  distinguished 
themselves  by  their  cool  courage  under 
fire  and  their  spirited  charges.  He  had 
the  command  of  the  same  brigade  at  the 
battle  of  Omdurman  and  the  taking  of 
Khartoum.  At  one  time  during  the  fight  a 
furious  charge  was  made  upon  Macdonald's 
troops,  which  were  somewhat  unsupported. 
He  made  two  rapid  changes  of  front  and 
effectually  checked  the  Dervish  rush,  and 
thus  defeated  the  only  chance  the  enemy 
really  had  during  the  battle.  But  for 
Macdonald's  generalship  a  slaughter  of 
the  Soudanese  troops  would  have  been 
unavoidable.  He  was  promoted  A.D.C. 
to  the  Queen,  and  obtained  the  rank  of 
Colonel  in  the  English  army  and  that  of 
Brigadier-General  in  the  Egyptian  army. 
Upon  his  return  to  England  in  May  1899 
the  Clan  Macdonald  presented  him  with 
a  sword  of  honour  in  recognition  of  his 
distinguished  services  in  the  Soudan  and 
elsewhere.  The  Highland  societies  of 
London  also  entertained  him  at  a  banquet, 
the  Duke  of  Atholl  being  in  the  chair. 

M'DONALD,  John  Blake,  R.S.A.,  a 
descendant  of  the  family  of  M'Donalds 
of  Keppoch,  was  born  in  the  parish  of 
Boharm,  Morayshire,  in  1829.  When  very 
young  his  family  removed  to  Deeside, 
where  he  was  educated,  and  early  deve- 
loped a  taste  for  art.  He  removed  to 
Edinburgh  in  1852,  where  he  attended 
the  Board  of  Trustees'  School  of  Art  for 
several  years  under  Robert  Scott  Lauder 
and  John  Ballantyne,  who  were  at  that 
time  the  teachers,  receiving  previous  to 
1862  from  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
several  prizes,  and  in  that  year  the  first 
prize  for  painting  from  life.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  elected  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy.  In  1862  he  painted 
"Prince  Charlie  leaving  Scotland,  or  the 


Last  of  the  Stuart  Race,"  which  was  ■ 
exhibited  at  the  International  Edinburgh 
Exhibition  of  1886,  and  there  greatly 
admired  by  the  Queen,  and  the  Prince  of 
Wales.  Within  the  next  few  years  he 
produced  the  following  pictures :  "  A  Scene 
from  the  Legend  of  Montrose,"  "The 
Quest  of  Henry  Morton,"  "King  James 
and  the  Witches,"  "The  Arrest  of  a 
Jacobite,"  "Prince  Charlie  in  Hiding," 
and  "After  the  '45."  He  also  produced 
numerous  paintings  of  subjects  from  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  works,  including  "  The 
Lady  of  the  Lake,"  "The  Antiquary," 
"The  Heart  of  Midlothian,"  "Waverley," 
and  "Rob  Roy,"  all  of  which  were  engraved 
for  the  Royal  Association  for  the  Promotion 
of  Fine  Arts,  by  Lumb  Stocks,  R.A.,  Bell, 
Le  Conte,  Brown,  and  others.  "Van 
Tromp's  Duel"  was  another  picture  of 
this  period.  In  1876  he  went  to  Venice 
for  six  months,  where  he  made  several 
sketches  of  Venetian  views,  which,  on 
his  return,  he  painted  in  water-colours 
and  oil.  He  has  paid  several  visits,  at 
various  times,  to  other  places  on  the 
Continent  in  connection  with  his  art, 
including  Paris,  Brussels,  Cologne,  and 
several  parts  of  Germany.  After  1876  he 
turned  his  attention  to  landscape.  His 
first  painting  of  this  class  was  "  Strathyre, 
at  the  head  of  Loch  Lubnaig."  This  was 
followed  by  "The  Garry  above  Struan  " 
in  the  Edinburgh  Exhibition  of  1891.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  a  Royal  Scottish 
Academician,  his  diploma  picture  being  the 
"Massacre  of  Glencoe"  now  in  the  National 
Gallery,  Edinburgh.  In  1881  he  painted 
another  historical  picture,  "The  Meeting 
of  Flora  M'Donald  and  Prince  Charlie." 
Since  then  he  has  been  principally  engaged 
in  painting  landscapes  in  oil  and  water- 
colour.  Address :  4  St.  Peter's  Place, 
Viewfortb,  Edinburgh. 

MACDONALD,  John  Denis,  R.N., 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Inspector-General  of  Hos- 
pitals and  Fleets,  youngest  son  of  the 
late  James  Macdonald,  Esq.,  of  Cork, 
and  Catherine  his  wife  (daughter  of  the 
late  Denis  M'Carthy,  Esq.,  of  Kilcoleman), 
was  born  Oct.  26,  1826,  and  educated 
under  his  father's  supervision.  In  1841 
he  became  the  apprentice  and  pupil  of 
the  late  Dr.  Wm.  L.  Meredith,  House- 
Surgeon  to  the  South  Infirmary,  Cork;  and 
commenced  his  professional  studies  in  the 
Cork  School  of  Medicine,  but  completed 
them  in  King's  College,  London,  where 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Martin  Duncan,  F.R.S., 
as  prosector  to  the  late  Professor  R.  B. 
Todd,  F.R.S.,  and  Sir  William  Bowman, 
Bart.,  then  joint-professors  of  physiology. 
Here  he  had  the  advantage  of  attending 
the  Botanical  Lectures  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Edward  Forbes  and  the  Zoological 


MACDONALD 


697 


course  of  Professor  T.  Rymer  Jones,  who 
may  be  said  to  have  first  inspired  him 
with  a  taste  for  natural  history.  He  was 
the  winner  of  Sir  William  Fergusson's 
prize  in  Surgery,  the  Medical  Society's 
prize,  and  a  Certificate  in  Medicine,  while 
connected  with  the  College.  Having  passed 
the  College  of  Surgeons  he  entered  the 
Navy  as  Assistant-Surgeon  in  1849  ;  was 
appointed  to  the  Royal  Naval  Hospital, 
Plymouth ;  took  charge  of  the  Medical 
Museum,  and  made  numerous  pathological 
drawings  and  records,  preserved  in  the 
Library.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed 
to  H.M.S.  Eerald,  Captain  Henry  Mangles 
Denham,  F.RS.,  Feb.  18,  1852,  for  survey- 
ing and  exploring  service  in  the  S.W. 
Pacific.  Before  proceeding  to  join  the 
ship  Dr.  Macdonald  profited  much  by  the 
advice  and  information  communicated  to 
him  by  Professor  Huxley,  whose  discoveries 
in  the  South  Sea  fauna  he  afterwards 
had  numerous  opportunities  of  verifying, 
whilst  himself  studying  the  topography 
and  natural  history  of  the  different  locali- 
ties visited  either  in  the  ship  or  in  the 
steam-tender  the  Torch.  These  included 
both  sides  of  the  Australian  Continent, 
Tasmania,  the  Islands  in  Bass's  Strait, 
the  Percy  Islands,  New  Hebrides,  New 
Caledonia,  the  Isle  of  Pines,  and  the 
Fiji  Group.  Microscopical  drawings  and 
determinations  of  all  the  more  important 
soundings  and  products  of  dredge  and 
towing  net  obtained  in  the  expedition 
were  communicated  from  time  to  time 
to  the  learned  societies  at  home.  He 
materially  assisted  Mr.  John  Macgillivray, 
the  appointed  naturalist,  and  Mr.  Frederic 
Matthew  Rayner,  the  surgeon,  in  making 
the  large  collection  of  objects  of  natural 
history  which  were  sent  home,  and  pre- 
sented by  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  to 
the  British  Museum.  He  headed  a  perilous 
exploring  expedition  into  the  interior  of 
Viti  Levu,  ascending  the  Rewa  river  to 
its  source  at  the  Moli  vei  tala,  with  a 
terrestrial  horizon,  for  nearly  a  month. 
An  abstract  of  the  report  sent  home  by 
the  captain  was  published  by  the  Geo- 
graphical Society  in  the  volume  for  1857. 
Soon  after  this,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Baker, 
Wesleyan  Missionary,  and  a  party  of 
native  teachers  were  clubbed  and  eaten 
in  the  Solo  ira  district.  Much  informa- 
tion was  furnished  from  time  to  time 
to  the  Colonial  Office,  and  on  leaving 
the  Colony  a  gold  chronometer  was  pre- 
sented to  Dr.  Macdonald  by  the  Governor- 
General,  Sir  William  Denison,  RE.,  F.R.S., 
members  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  and 
other  gentlemen,  in  recognition  of  services 
rendered.  He  was  also  made  Correspond- 
ing Member  of  the  Australian  Museum 
by  the  late  William  Sharp  Macleay,  Esq., 
author  of  the  "Horas  Entomological,"  whose 


splendid  library  at  Elizabeth  Bay  was  fre- 
quently consulted  when  objects  of  interest 
presented  themselves.  On  arriving  in 
England  in  1859,  at  the  age  of  33,  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
was  promoted  and  appointed  the  same 
year  to  H.M.S.  Icarus  (Commander,  now  Sir 
Nowell  Salmon,  G.C.B.,  V.C.),  and  in  the 
West  Indies  encountered  almost  single- 
handed  (two  medical  officers  dying  in 
succession)  one  of  the  most  formidable 
epidemics  of  yellow  fever  on  record.  Some 
of  the  particulars  connected  with  it  will 
be  found  in  the  article  on  Yellow  Fever 
in  Reynolds's  System  of  Medicine.  He 
was  awarded  the  M'Dougall  Brisbane  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh, 
was  also  adjudged  but  not  awarded  the 
Keith  prize,  the  technical  reason  being 
that  he  could  not  be  called  a  Scottish 
Naturalist,  as  specified  in  the  bequest. 
He  gained  the  Sir  Gilbert  Blane  Gold  Medal 
for  the  journal  of  H.M.S.  Lord  Warden 
flag-ship,  Mediterranean  Station  (1871), 
and  was  frequently  engaged  as  one  of  the 
medical  board  of  examiners,  and  he  subse- 
quently superintended  the  Naval  Medical 
Officers  entering  the  Army  Medical  School, 
as  Professor  of  Naval  Hygiene  and  a 
member  of  the  Senate.  Dr.  Macdonald  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Inspector-General 
of  Hospitals,  &c. ,  in  1880;  appointed  to 
the  Royal  Naval  Hospital,  Plymouth,  in 
1883  ;  and  placed  on  the  retired  list  in 
1886.  The  following  are  some  of  his 
published  works:  "Sound  and  Colour," 
setting  forth  the  undulatory  theory  as  the 
only  trustworthy  basis  of  analogy,  1869; 
"Guide  to  the  Microscopical  Examination 
of  Drinking-Water,"  1875;  "Outlines  of 
Naval  Hygiene,"  1881 ;  "A  Guide  to  Micro- 
scopical Examination  of  Drinking-Water," 
1883.  Address :  Amwell  Place,  Hurst  Pier- 
point,  Hassocks,  Sussex. 

MACDONALD,  The  Bight  Hon. 
John  Hay  Athole,Q.O,  C.B.,  V.D.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  J.P.,  D.L.  (Lord  Kings- 
burgh),  Lord  Justice-Clerk  of  Scotland  and 
Lord  President  of  the  Second  Division  of 
the  Court  of  Session,  son  of  M.  N.  Mac- 
donald-Hume,  of  Ninewells,  W.S.,  by  Grace, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Hay,  of  Smithfield 
and  Haystoune,  Bart.,  was  born  Dec.  27, 
1836 ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy 
and  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and 
Basle  (LL.D.  Edin.  1884) ;  became  Advocate, 
Scotland,  1859,  and  Q.C.  1880.  He  was 
Sheriff  of  Ross,  Cromarty,  and  Sutherland 
1874_76,  and  of  Perthshire  1880-85  ;  Soli- 
citor-General for  Scotland  1876-80  ;  and 
Commissioner  of  Northern  Lighthouses 
1876-80  and  1885-88;  Member  of  H.M. 
Prison  Board  for  Scotland  and  H.M.  Board 
of  Supervision  1875-76  and  1880-85  ;  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  1882-85,  and 


MACDONALD  —  McDOUGALL 


Lord  Advocate  of  Scotland  1885-86,  re- 
appointed 1886-88  ;  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  1885,  and  Member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education  1885-88. 
He  was  created  C.B.  1886,  and  received 
"Volunteer  Decoration  1892,  and  is  a  J.  P. 
and  D.L.  for  the  County  of  the  City  of 
Edinburgh,  and  a  Member  of  H.M.  Board 
of  Manufactures.  He  was  Colonel-Com- 
mandant of  the  Queen's  Rifle  Volunteer 
Brigade  (Royal  Scots)  1882  to  1890,  and  is 
Brigadier-General  of  the  Forth  Brigade 
1888;  F.R.S.E.  1886  and  F.R.S.  1888; 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers  1886  ;  a  Brigadier-General  and 
Adjutant-General  of  the  Royal  Company  of 
Archers  (Queen's  Body-Guard  for  Scotland) ; 
Chairman  of  Royal  Commission  on  Boun- 
daries of  Glasgow  1888 ;  unsuccessfully 
contested  Edinburgh  1874  and  1880,  and 
Haddington  Burghs  1878.  He  sat  as  M.P. 
for  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and  St. 
Andrews  1885-88.  He  is  an  eminent  elec- 
trician, having  received  numerous  medals 
at  International  Exhibitions  for  inventions ; 
is  an  authority  on  Criminal  Law,  and  his 
books  and  lectures  on  Drill  and  Tactics 
have  been  used  as  a  basis  for  the  improve- 
ment of  British  Infantry  drill.  His  chief 
works  are:  "Macdonald  on  Tactics," 
"Treatise  on  the  Criminal  Law,"  "Our 
Trip  to  Blunderland,"  "Common  Sense  on 
Parade,  or  Drill  without  Stays,"  &c.  He 
married  in  1 864  Adelaide  Jeanette,  daughter 
of  Major  Doran  of  Ely  House,  Wexford  ; 
she  died  in  1870.  Address:  15  Abercromby 
Place,  Edinburgh. 

MACDONALD,  Sir  William  0.,  is 

the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Hon.  Donald 
M 'Donald,  at  one  time  President  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  Prince  Edward 
Island.  In  1854  he  left  Prince  Edward 
Island  and  became  an  importer  and  tobacco 
merchant  in  Montreal.  He  received  the 
honour  of  Knighthood  (December  1898) 
for  his  gifts  to  philanthropical  and  educa- 
tional objects  in  Canada.  He  has  been 
especially  munificent  to  the  McGill  Univer- 
sity, his  contributions  to  that  institution 
amounting  to  upwards  of  1,600,000  dollars. 
He  is  a  Governor  of  McGill  University, 
Montreal,  a  Governor  of  the  Montreal 
General  Hospital,  and  a  Director  of  the 
Bank  of  Montreal.  He  is  a  Roman  Catholic. 
Address :  Montreal. 

MACDONELL,   Sir    Hugh  Guion, 

G.C.M.G.,  her  Majesty's  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary at  Lisbon,  was  born  at  Florence, 
March  5,  1832,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
Hugh  Macdonell.  He  was  educated  at 
Sandhurst,  and  joined  the  Rifle  Brigade  in 
1848,  with  which  regiment  he  served  in 
British   Kaffraria   till    1852.     In    1854   he 


entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  as  an  un- 
paid Attache",  and  was  promoted  to  be  a 
paid  Attache"  at  Constantinople  in  1858, 
and  rose  to  be  Second  Secretary  in  1862. 
He  was  successively  Secretary  at  Buenos 
Ayres  1869,  Madrid  1872,  Berlin  1875,  Rome 
1878,  and  Munich  1882.  In  1885  he  was 
British  Minister  to  Brazil,  being  transferred 
to  Copenhagen  in  1888,  and  to  his  present 
post  in  1893.  He  was  created  a  C.B.  in 
1890,  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1892,  and  a  G.C.M.G. 
in  June  1899.  Address  :  British  Legation, 
Lisbon. 

MACDONNELL,  Sir  Antony  Pat- 
rick,  G.C.S.I.,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the 
North-West  Provinces  of  India,  was  born 
in  1844,  and  having  been  educated  at 
Queen's  College,  Galway,  he  entered  the 
Indian  Civil  Service  in  1865.  He  became 
Chief  Commissioner  of  the  Central  Pro- 
vinces in  1891,  Acting  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  Bengal  in  1893,  and  Member  of  the 
Viceroy's  Council  in  the  same  year.  In 
1895  he  was  promoted  to  his  present  post, 
and  was  created  a  G.C.S.I.  in  1897.  In 
October  1898  he  was  entertained  at  a 
banquet  in  London  by  his  friends  and 
admirers.  Address  :  Government  House, 
Allahabad. 

McDOUGALL,  The  Hon.  William, 
C.B.,  Q.C.,  and  a  Privy  Councillor  for 
Canada,  was  born  at  Toronto,  Jan.  25, 1822. 
His  grandfather,  John  M'Dougall,  served 
through  the  American  Revolution  in  the 
British  Commissariat.  He  was  educated 
at  Toronto  and  at  Victoria  College,  and 
afterwards  studied  law.  From  1848  to 
1858  he  conducted  at  Toronto  a  monthly 
journal  on  agriculture,  and  from  1850 
edited  the  North  American,  which  was 
merged  in  the  Toronto  Globe  in  1857.  He 
was  first  elected  to  Parliament  as  a 
Reformer  in  1858  ;  was  appointed  Com- 
missioner of  Crown  Lands,  and  a  Member 
of  the  Executive  Council  in  a  Reform 
Ministry  in  May  1862  ;  and  resigned  office 
with  his  colleagues  in  March  1864  on  ques- 
tions of  constitutional  changes ;  in  June 
of  the  same  year  accepted  the  office  of 
Provincial  Secretary  in  a  coalition  ministry, 
formed  to  carry  a  measure  to  unite  British 
America  under  one  government.  During 
the  Fenian  troubles  in  the  summer  of  1866, 
Mr.  McDougall  was  charged  with  the 
duties  of  Minister  of  Marine.  In  the  first 
Dominion  Government  of  1867  he  was  made 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  which  position 
he  held  until  1869.  In  1868  he  and  Sir 
George  Cartier  were  sent  to  England  to 
confer  with  the  Imperial  Government  on 
some  questions  that  had  arisen  between 
the  Provinces,  including  the  acquisition 
of  the  North-West  Territory  and  Rupert's 
Land    then  claimed  by  the  Hudson  Bay 


MACEVILLY— M'GAW 


699 


Company,  under  its  charter  from  Charles 
II.  After  five  months'  negotiations  the 
delegates  concluded  the  purchase  of  nearly 
one  half  the  North  American  continent  for 
£300,000,  and  one  twentieth  of  the  prairie 
land  surveyed  within  twenty  years.  In 
1869  he  was  Commissioned  Lieut.-Governor 
of  Rupert's  Land  and  the  North-West 
Territories,  but  the  half-breed  rebellion, 
under  the  provisional  government  of  Louis 
Biel,  at  the  time  prevented  his  entering  the 
country.  Returning  to  Ottawa  he  resumed 
his  place  in  Parliament,  and  declined  to 
assume  the  Governorship  after  the  sup- 
pression of  the  outbreak.  In  1873  he  was 
the  Special  Commissioner  of  the  Dominion 
Government  to  confer  with  the  Imperial 
authorities  on  the  subject  of  the  Fisheries 
and  Emigration.  Mr.  McDougall  sat  for 
South  Simcoe  in  the  Ontario  Legislature 
from  May  1875  to  September  1878,  when 
he  resigned  to  contest  Halton  in  the 
Dominion  Parliament,  which  he  represented 
until  1882.  He  was  offered  the  Governor- 
ship of  British  Columbia  or  the  Chief- 
Justiceship  of  Manitoba  in  1878,  both  of 
which  he  declined.  He  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Ottawa  as  Consult- 
ing Counsel  in  special  cases.  In  1867  he 
was  created  C.B.  (Civil),  and  subsequently 
became  a  Puisne  Judge  in  the  Province  of 
Quebec. 

MACEVILLY,  The  Most  Rev.  John, 

Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Tuam,  Pri- 
mate of  Connaught  and  Metropolitan,  was 
born  in  Louisburgh,  co.  Mayo,  on  April  24, 
1817,  of  respectable  parents  of  the  farmer 
class.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Jasteth's, 
Tuam,  then  graduated  at  Maynooth  Col- 
lege, and  after  having  earned  the  highest 
collegiate  honours  was  a  scholar  of  the 
Dunboyne  Establishment  for  three  years, 
and  was  ordained  Priest  in  1840.  He  was 
appointed  Professor  of  SS.  Scripture  in  St. 
Jasteth's  in  1842,  and  in  course  of  time 
became  President  of  that  College,  which 
position  he  held  up  to  the  year  1857.  In 
March  1857  he  became  Bishop  of  Galway, 
and  in  1866  was  also  appointed  temporary 
Administrator  of  Kilmacduagh  and  Kilfe- 
nora,  remaining  still  Bishop  of  Galway. 
Between  1852  and  1894  he  wrote  a  full 
Commentary  in  the  English  language  on 
the  entire  New  Testament,  except  the 
Apocalypse  or  Revelation.  It  has  achieved 
a  wonderful  success,  is  used  as  a  class 
book  in  almost  all  Colleges,  and  has 
reached  (at  anyrate  the  Epistles  and  leading 
Gospels)  the  fifth  edition.  It  is  in  great 
request  at  home  and  abroad,  especially  in 
America.  The  Archbishop,  who  is  now  in 
his  eighty-second  year,  administers  the 
largest  Diocese  in  Ireland  with  wonderful 
vigour  and  vigilance.  Address  :  St.  Jas- 
teth's, Tuam,  co.  Galway. 


MACEWEN,    Professor    William, 

M.D.,  F.R.S,,  LL.D.  (Glasgow),  F.F.P.S. 
(Glasgow),  was  born  in  1848,  received  his 
medical  education  at  Glasgow  University, 
of  which  he  is  M.D.,  and  was  appointed 
Regius  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  same  in 
1892.  He  became  F.R.S.  in  1895.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  Jubilee  of  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Academy  of  Medicine  in  December 
1898,  he  was  appointed  an  Hon.  Member 
of  the  Academy.  He  has  published  "Oste- 
otomy," 1880;  "Observations  concerning 
Transplantation  of  Bone,"  1881  ;  "  Trans- 
verse Fracture  of  the  Patella,"  "Surgery 
of  the  Brain  and  Spinal  Cord,"  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  3  Woodside  Crescent,  Charing 
Cross,  Glasgow. 

M'GAW,  Joseph  Thorbum,  M.A., 
D.D. ,  was  born  on  December  7,  1836,  at 
Sunnyside,  five  miles  from  Belfast.  His 
father,  Mr.  William  Orr  M'Gaw,  was  a 
well-known  office-bearer  in  Carnmoney 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  held  in  the 
highest  esteem  for  his  superior  intelligence 
and  his  marked  integrity  of  character. 
His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Alexander  Clarke,  minister  of  Lylehill 
Presbyterian  Church,  near  Antrim.  He 
was  sent  at  an  early  age  to  Belfast 
Academy,  of  which  the  Rev.  R.  J.  Bryce, 
LL.D.,  was  then  Principal.  In  1854  he 
entered  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  and 
secured  the  first  Scholarship  on  the 
Classical  side.  In  1855,  before  he  was 
quite  nineteen,  he  was  appointed  Principal 
of  the  Coleraine  Academy.  In  1859  he 
became  Headmaster  of  the  English  School 
of  the  Belfast  Academy,  and  he  was  offered 
the  Principalship  some  years  afterwards. 
Prior  to  taking  his  degree  he  spent  an 
extra  session  at  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
He  graduated  in  the  Queen's  University  in 
1861,  taking  a  double  first  in  English 
Literature  and  Metaphysics,  and  obtaining 
a  valuable  exhibition  and  gold  medal.  In 
the  same  year,  in  competition  with  two 
distinguished  rivals,  he  carried  off  one  of 
the  most  coveted  prizes  of  his  college,  the 
Senior  Scholarship  in  Metaphysical  and 
Economical  Science,  and  became  Assistant 
to  the  Professor  of  Logic  and  Metaphysics 
— Dr.  M'Cosh,  afterwards  President  of 
Princeton.  Mr.  M'Gaw  studied  theology 
at  the  General  Assembly's  College,  Belfast. 
During  his  divinity  course  he  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  philanthropic  and  religious 
work.  In  May  1862  he  was  licensed  by 
the  Presbytery  of  Belfast,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  he  was  ordained 
at  Ramelton,  in  co.  Donegal.  In  June 
1865,  before  he  had  completed  his  twenty- 
ninth  year,  he  was  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Ireland  to  the  Chair  of  Logic,  Belles- 
Lettres,  and  Rhetoric  in  Magee  College, 


700 


M'GRATH  —  M'INNES 


Londonderry.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  educational  life  of  the  "  Maiden  City," 
and  was  the  founder  of  the  Londonderry 
Academical  Institution.  In  1874  Professor 
M'Gaw  resigned  his  chair  in  order  to 
accept  a  call  from  the  new  congregation 
at  Sale,  Manchester,  to  which  he  minis- 
tered with  much  success  till  1889,  when 
the  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
of  England  unanimously  appointed  him 
General  Secretary.  In  1891  the  Presby- 
terian Theological  Faculty  of  Ireland  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 
During  a  vacancy  in  the  Barbour  Chair  of 
the  Presbyterian  College,  London,  Dr. 
M'Gaw  lectured  on  Homiletics  and 
Pastoral  Theology.  In  1896  his  brethren 
showed  their  appreciation  of  his  work  and 
their  esteem  for  himself  by  unanimously 
electing  him  Moderator  of  the  Synod — the 
highest  honour  at  their  disposal.  From 
this  record  it  will  be  apparent  that  Dr. 
M'Gaw  has  been  a  worker  and  a  preacher 
rather  than  an  author.  He  has  found 
time,  however,  to  contribute  occasional 
articles  to  the  magazines,  and,  when  a 
Professor  in  Magee  College,  he  published 
an  address  delivered  as  President  of  the 
Faculty  on  "Pantheism  and  Positivism  as 
antagonistic  to  Christianity."  Address : 
7  East  India  Avenue,  London,  E.C. 

M'GRATH,  Terence.  See  Blake, 
Heney  Arthub. 

M'GREGOR,  Robert,  R.S.A.,  was 
born,  of  Scottish  parents,  in  Yorkshire, 
July  6,  1848.  Both  his  father  and  grand- 
father were  artistic  designers  for  table 
linen  and  silk  goods.  He  was  educated  in 
Manchester  and  Edinburgh  ;  and  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Hoyal  Scottish 
Academy  (AR.S.A.)  in  1882,  and  Royal 
Scottish  Academician  (R.S.A.)  in  1889. 

MACGREGOR,    Sir    William, 

K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  M.D.,  and  LL.D.  Aberdeen, 
B.Sc.  Cambridge,  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
British  New  Guinea,  was  born  in  1847, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  John 
Macgregor.  He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen 
and  Glasgow,  and  in  Berlin  and  Paris. 
He  began  his  medical  career  as  Resident 
Surgeon  and  Resident  Physician  at  the 
Glasgow  Royal  Infirmary  and  Royal 
Lunatic  Asylum,  Aberdeen.  In  1873  he 
was  appointed  Assistant  -  Government 
Medical  Officer  in  the  Seychelles,  was 
Surgeon  at  the  Civil  Hospital,  Port  Louis, 
Mauritius,  in  1874,  and  became  Chief 
Medical  Officer  in  Fiji,  1875.  In  1875  he 
was  appointed  Administrator  of  the 
Government  and  Acting  High  Commis- 
sioner and  Consul-General  for  the  Western 
Pacific ;  and  in  1888  Administrator  of 
British  New  Guinea,  and  Lieut. -Governor 


in  1895.  In  1889  he  was  made  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George.  Address  :  Government 
House,  Port  Moresby,  British  New  Guinea. 

MACHKAY,  Most  Reverend 
Robert,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  the  first  Canadian 
Archbishop  of  the  Church  of  England 
and  Primate  of  All  Canada,  was  born  in 
Aberdeen  in  1832,  his  father  being  a 
lawyer.  He  was  educated  at  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  and  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge,  graduating  in  1855. 
He  became  a  Fellow  of  his  College,  and  in 
1865,  when  Vicar  of  Madingly,  was  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Rupertsland,  a  diocese 
formerly  including  Manitoba  and  North- 
West  Territories,  but  now  only  the 
former.  He  is  Chancellor  of  St.  John's 
College,  Manitoba,  and  in  1893  became 
Prelate  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George.  At  the  First  General  Synod  of 
the  Church  of  England  in  Canada  he  was 
made  Primate  of  the  Dominion,  and  Arch- 
bishop of  his  See,  September  1893.  Ad- 
dress :  Bishop's  Court,  Winnipeg. 

M'lLWRAITH,  The  Hon.  Sir 
Thomas,  K.C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at 
Ayr,  N.B.,  in  1835,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Glasgow  University.  He  went  out  to 
Victoria  in  1854,  and  was  civil  engineer  on 
the  Government  railways.  He  entered  the 
Queensland  Parliament  in  1869 ;  was 
Minister  of  Works,  1873  ;  and  Premier, 
1879-83,  when  the  general  election  re- 
sulted in  a  majority  for  Sir  Samuel  Griffith. 
In  1886  he  retired  from  public  life,  but 
re-entered  it  in  1888,  arousing  enthusiasm 
by  his  programme  of  a  National  Party, 
and  he  became  Premier  for  a  short  while. 
During  this  period  the  well-known  dispute 
arose  with  the  Governor,  Sir  Antony  Mus- 
grave,  as  to  his  prerogative  of  mercy  in 
the  case  of  convicted  criminals.  He  re- 
signed his  post  in  November  of  the  same 
year  through  ill-health,  and  travelled  to 
China  and  Japan.  In  1890  he  joined  Sir 
Samuel  Griffiths  in  defeating  the  Govern- 
ment, and  became  Treasurer  in  his  ad- 
ministration during  1890-91.  He  was 
again  Premier  from  1892  to  1893,  when  he 
finally  retired.  He  is  married  to  Harriette, 
daughter  of  Hugh  Mossman.  Address : 
Brisbane,  Queensland. 

M'lNNES,    The    Hon.    Thomas 

Robert,  Lieut. -Governor  of  British 
Columbia,  was  born  at  Lake  Ainslie,  Nova 
Scotia,  Nov.  5,  1840.  He  studied  medicine 
at  Harvard  University  and  at  the  Rush 
Medical  College,  Chicago,  graduating  M.D. 
in  1869.  He  practised  for  some  years  at 
Dresden,  Ontario,  becoming  reeve  of  the 
town  in  1874.  In  the  same  year  he  re- 
moved   to     New    Westminster    and    was 


McINTOSH  —  MACKELLAK 


701 


mayor  of  that  town,  1876-78.  From  1878 
until  1881  he  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
when  he  was  called  to  the  Senate.  In 
November  1897  he  was  appointed  to  his 
present  post.  Address :  Government 
House,  Victoria,  B.C. 

McINTOSH,  Professor  William 
Carmicliael,  M.D.,  LL.D.  St.  Andrews, 
F.B.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.L.S.,  J.P.,  was  born 
at  St.  Andrews,  Oct.  10,  1838  ;  and 
was  educated  at  the  Madras  College, 
St.  Andrews,  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews,  and  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, graduating  in  Medicine  in  1860 
with  a  Thesis  (Gold  Medal);  L.R.C.S., 
Edinburgh,  1860;  Cor.  Memb.  Z.S. ;  Soc. 
Psychol.  Par.  Soc.  Honor.,  1866;  Soc. 
Centrale  d'Agricult.  de  France  Soc.  Honor.; 
and  Hon.  Member  of  other  societies.  Dr. 
Mcintosh  was  Assistant-Physician,  Perth 
Asylum,  from  August  1860  to  March  1863; 
Physician  to  the  Perth  District  Asylum 
from  March  1863  to  November  1883,  and 
a  Consulting  Physician  to  the  latter  till 
1893.  He  was  Examiner  in  Natural  His- 
tory, University  of  Edinburgh,  from  Octo- 
ber 1874  to  January  1885;  Professor  of 
Natural  History,  University  of  St.  Andrews, 
August  1882  ;  President  Biol.  Sect.  Brit, 
Assoc,  1885  ;  Member  of  the  Fishery 
Board  for  Scotland,  1892-96  ;  Director  of 
the  University  Museum,  and  Hon.  Presi- 
dent of  various  students'  societies.  He  is 
also  J.P.  for  Fife,  and  Vice-President  Lit. 
and  Antiq.  Soc,  Perth,  and  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society,  St.  Andrews.  He 
has  published  :  "  Observations  and  Experi- 
ments on  the  Shore  Crab,"  1860;  "The 
Marine  Invertebrates  and  Fishes  of  St. 
Andrews,"  1875  ;  "  Monograph  of  the 
British  Annelida  (Bay  Society),"  1872-73, 
and  Part  II.,  1898;  "The  Annelida  of 
H.M.S.  Challenger"  1885 ;  "  Report  on 
Trawling,"  for  H.M.  Commission  under 
Lord  Dalhousie,  1884  ;  "  On  the  Develop- 
ment and  Life-Histories  of  the  British 
Food-Fishes"  (with  E.  E.  Prince,  B.A.), 
1889  ;  "  Life-Histories  of  the  British  Food- 
Fishes  "  (with  Dr.  A.  T.  Masterman).  Dr. 
Mcintosh  is  Neill  Gold  Medallist,  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  ;  Gold  Medallist, 
Edinburgh  Fisheries  Exhibition,  1882  ; 
Gold  Medallist,  International  Fisheries 
Exhibition,  London,  1883.  He  has  written 
numerous  medical  papers.  Of  scientific 
papers  (Zoological)  he  has  published  up- 
wards of  a  hundred,  some  of  them  of 
considerable  size,  and  the  majority  illus- 
trated by  original  plates.  He  has  made 
large  additions  to  the  Perth  Museum  and 
to  the  University  Museum,  St.  Andrews  ; 
while  the  St.  Andrews  Marine  Laboratory 
(1884)  owes  its  existence  to  him,  with  the 
aid  of  the  Government  and  the  Fishery 
Board.     By  the  munificence  of  Dr.  C.  H. 


Gatty,  there  is  now  the  Gatty  Marine 
Laboratory  of  the  University  of  St.  An- 
drews. He  is  Captain  of  the  University 
company  of  artillery.  Addresses  :  2  Ab- 
botsford  Crescent,  St.  Andrews ;  Barham, 
Springfield,  Fife. 

MacINTYKE,  Margaret,  prima 
donna,  is  a  daughter  of  General  Mac- 
Intyre,  late  of  the  Royal  Artillery.  She 
received  her  musical  education  at  Dr. 
Wylde's  branch  of  the  London  Academy 
of  Music  at  Brighton,  and  subsequently 
studied  under  Signor  Garcia  at  the  London 
Academy  of  Music.  She  won  the  Bronze 
Medal  of  the  Academy  in  1883,  the  Silver 
Medal  in  1884,  the  Gold  Medal  in  1885, 
and  obtained  an  Associate's  diploma.  On 
the  occasion  of  the  late  Abbe  Liszt's  visit 
to  England,  Miss  Maggie  Maclntyre  sang 
the  soprano  music  in  that  composer's 
oratorio  of  "  St.  Elizabeth,"  and  won  his 
warm  approval.  In  May  1888  she  ap- 
peared as  Michaela  in  "Carmen,"  and 
won  an  instant  success.  At  the  Royal 
English  Opera  House  she  sang  the  part 
of  Rebecca  in  "Ivanhoe,"  and  in  1891 
took  part  in  the  Handel  Festival.  She 
has  also  won  great  applause  in  Australia 
and  the  Colonies,  and  has  sung  as  prima 
donna  at  La  Scala  and  in  St.  Petersburg 
and  Moscow.  Address  :  8  Pont  Street, 
S.W. 

MACKAY,  Sir  James  Iiyde,K.C.I.E., 

Indian  merchant,  was  born  at  Arbroath, 
Sept.  11,  1852.  He  was  educated  at 
Arbroath  and  Elgin,  and  in  1874  he  went 
out  to  India  to  the  firm  of  MacKinnon, 
MacKenzie  &  Co.,  of  which  he  has  been 
a  partner  since  1881.  He  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the 
Viceroy  of  India  in  1891  ;  from  1890  to  1893 
he  was  President  of  the  Bengal  Chamber 
of  Commerce.  He  returned  to  England 
in  the  next  year,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  India,  and  a  Director  of  the 
British  India  Steam  Navigation  Company- 
Address  :  7  Seamore  Place,  Mayfair. 

MACKELLAK,    Alexander    Over- 

lin,  M.D.R.U.I.,  F.R.C.S.  Eng.,  received 
his  medical  education  at  Manchester ; 
Queen's  College,  Belfast  ;  University  Col- 
lege, London  ;  and  in  Paris.  He  is  Sur- 
geon, Senior  Lecturer  on  Practical  Surgery, 
and  Lecturer  on  Forensic  Medicine  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  and  Surgeon-in-Chief 
to  the  Metropolitan  Police  Force.  He  was 
formerly  Surgeon-in-Chief  at  the  French 
Hospital,  London.  He  took  part  as  sur- 
geon in  the  Franco-Prussian  Campaign  of 
1870-71,  and  for  his  distinguished  services 
was  created  Knight  of  the  Military  Order 
of  Merit  of  Bavaria.  Attached  as  Surgeon- 
in-Chief  to  the  English  ambulance  in  the 


702 


MoKENDRICK  —  MACKENZIE 


Turoo-Servian  War  of  1876,  he  subse- 
quently became  Knight  Grand  Cross 
of  Takovo,  &c.  He  was  Consulting  Sur- 
geon to  the  fifth  Ambulance  of  the  Red 
Crescent  during  the  Russo-Turkish  War 
of  1877,  and  has  the  first  class  of  the 
Medjidieh,  besides  other  orders.  Address  : 
79  Wimpole  Street,  W. 

MoKENDRICK,  Professor  John 
Gray,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E., 
F.R. C.P.,  was  born  in  Aberdeen  on  Aug. 
12,  1841.  He  was  educated  in  Aberdeen 
and  in  Braco  village,  Perthshire,  spent 
several  years  in  a  law  office  in  Aberdeen, 
and  then  taking  to  the  study  of  medicine, 
he  graduated  as  M.D.  and  CM.  at  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  in  1864.  He  held 
in  succession  the  offices  of  Visiting  Sur- 
geon to  the  Chester  General  Infirmary, 
Resident  Medical  Officer  to  the  Eastern 
Dispensary,  London,  and  Surgeon  to  the 
Belford  Hospital,  Fort  William.  He  then 
became  Assistant  to  the  late  Professor 
Hughes  Bennett,  in  the  Chair  of  the 
Institutes  of  Medicine  or  Physiology  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Owing  to 
Professor  Bennett's  illness,  he  discharged 
the  entire  duties  of  the  Chair  for  three 
sessions,  then  became  an  Extra-mural 
Lecturer  on  Physiology  in  Edinburgh  for 
two  years,  and  was  appointed  to  the  Chair 
of  Institutes  of  Medicine  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow  in  1876.  For  two  years 
he  held  the  office  of  Fullerian  Professor 
of  Physiology  in  the  Royal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain  ;  and  on  two  occasions  he 
was  the  Thomson  Lecturer  on  Natural 
Science  in  the  Free  Church  College  of 
Aberdeen.  He  has  written  various  papers 
on  physiological  subjects,  such  as  on  the 
Action  of  Light  on  the  Retina,  on  the 
Antagonism  of  Drugs,  on  Anaesthetics, 
&c,  published  in  the  Medical  Journals 
and  in  the  Proceedings  and  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Societies  of  London  and  Edin- 
burgh. He  has  devoted  special  attention 
to  physiological  acoustics,  and  to  the 
scientific  use  of  the  phonograph.  In  1896 
he  devised  a  method  by  which  the  time, 
rhythm,  and  intensity  of  music  may  be 
communicated  to  the  deaf.  He  published 
a  work  entitled  "  Outlines  of  Physiology  " 
in  1878,  and  a  larger  "  Text-book  of  Phy- 
siology," in  2  vols.,  in  1889 ;  "  Life  in 
Motion,  or  Muscle  Nerve,"  1892 ;  and 
"Physiology,"  1896.  He  is  LL.D.  of  the 
University  of  Aberdeen,  1882;  F.R.C.P. 
Edin.,  1872  ;  F.R.S.E.  1873  ;  and  F.R.S. 
1884.  He  married,  in  1867,  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  W.  Souttar,  Aberdeen.  Address : 
2  Florentine  Gardens,  Glasgow. 

MACKENZIE,  Hon.  Sir  Alex- 
ander, K.C.S.I.,  late  Lieut. -Governor  of 
Bengal,  was  born   at   Dumfries,  June  28, 


1842,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  R. 
Mackenzie,  D.D.  He  was  educated  at 
King  Edward  School,  Birmingham,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  entered 
the  Bengal  Civil  Service  in  1862,  and 
became  Assistant-Magistrate  at  Shahabad 
in  1863.  In  1873  he  was  on  Famine  Duty, 
and  in  1876  Magistrate  at  Moorshedabad. 
He  became  Home  Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  in  1882.  In  1887  he  was 
Chief  Commissioner  of  the  Central  Pro- 
vinces, and  was  transferred  to  Burmah 
in  1890,  while  in  1895  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Lieut.-Governorship  of  Bengal, 
which  he  held  till  1898.  He  married  Maud, 
the  grand-daughter  of  the  late  Sir  George 
Elliott,  Bart.,  in  1893,  having  been  created 
K.C.S.I.  in  1891.  He  has  written  a  work 
on  the  "  North-East  Frontier  of  Bengal  " 
in  1884.  Address  :  The  Shrubbery,  Dar- 
jiling. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  Alexander 
Campbell,  Mus.  Doc.  St.  And.,  Camb., 
and  Edin.,  Principal  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  is  the  son  of  a  favourite  Edin- 
burgh musician,  Alexander  Mackenzie  of 
the  Theatre  Royal,  was  born  in  Edinburgh 
in  1847,  and  sent  to  Germany,  at  the  age 
of  ten,  to  study  under  Ulrich  Edward 
Stein.  Four  years  later  he  entered  the 
ducal  orchestra  at  Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
hausen,  and  remained  in  Germany  till 
1862,  when  he  came  to  London  to  study 
the  violin  under  M.  Sainton.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  King's  Scholar  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music.  In  1865  he 
returned  to  Edinburgh  as  a  teacher  of  the 
pianoforte,  then  resided  for  some  years 
in  Italy,  devoting  himself  entirely  to  com- 
position. His  earlier  works  comprise 
"Cervantes,"  an  overture  for  orchestra; 
a  scherzo  for  the  same  ;  overture  to  a 
comedy  ;  string  quartette,  and  many  other 
pieces  in  MS.,  but  the  composition  which 
made  him  famous  was  his  opera  "Col- 
omba,"  based  upon  MenmeVs  celebrated 
story.  This  work  (of  which  the  libretto 
was  written  by  Dr.  Hueffer)  was  produced 
with  very  great  success  by  the  Carl  Rosa 
Company  at  Drury  Lane  in  1884.  This 
was  followed  by  "Jason,"  for  a  Bristol 
musical  festival  ;  "La  Belle  Dame  sans 
merci,"  for  the  Philharmonic  Society, 
and  the  "  Rose  of  Sharon  "  for  Norwich ; 
two  "  Scottish  Rhapsodies  "  for  orchestra, 
and  a  violin  concerto  for  Birmingham. 
His  second  opera,  "The  Troubadour,"  was 
produced  in  the  summer  of  1886 ;  and  at 
the  Leeds  Festival  of  1886  his  cantata 
"  The  Story  of  Sayid "  was  performed 
with  success,  and  in  1890  "Ravenswood" 
was  equally  successful  at  the  Lyceum. 
Among  other  works  from  his  pen  are  :  "A 
Jubilee  Ode  "  for  the  Crystal  Palace,  "  The 
New  Covenant"  for  the  Glasgow  Exhibi- 


McKENZIE  —  McKINLEY 


703 


tion  of  1888,  a  Twelfth-Night  "Overture," 
"The  Cottar's  Saturday  Night,"  "The 
Dream  of  Jubal"  for  Liverpool,  a  "Pi- 
broch "  for  Leeds,  "  Veni,  Creator  Spiritus  " 
for  Birmingham.  His  latest  published 
works  are  :  "  Bethlehem,"  an  oratorio  ; 
music  to  "  The  Little  Minister,"  Scottish 
Concerto  for  the  Pianoforte,  "His  Ma- 
jesty," comic  opera,  Savoy  Theatre.  He 
was  elected  Principal  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Music  in  February  1888,  in  suc- 
cession to  the  late  Sir  George  Macfarren, 
and  in  1893  Conductor  of  the  Philharmonic 
Society.  He  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood in  1895.  Addresses :  4  Tenterden 
Street,  Hanover  Square,  W.  ;  and  Athe- 
nasum. 

McKENZIE,    Marian.     See    Smith- 
Williams,  Mrs.,  A.R.A. 

MACKENZIE,    Robert    Jameson, 

Rector  of  Edinburgh  Academy,  third  son 
of  the  late  Hon.  Lord  Mackenzie,  Senator 
of  the  College  of  Justice  in  Scotland,  was 
born  in  Edinburgh,  Feb.  3,  1857.  He  was 
educated  at  Loretto  School,  Midlothian, 
and  Keble  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
was  senior  classical  scholar,  and  where  he 
graduated  M.A.  After  being  a  master  at 
Clifton  College  from  January  1882  to  April 
1888  he  was  appointed  Rector  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy  in  October  1888.  He  has 
published  a  "Memoir  of  the  late  Ernest 
Roxburgh  Balfour,"  which  was  written  in 
conjunction  with  the  Rev.  Cosmo  G.  Lang, 
Fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and 
Vicar  of  Portsea.  To  Mr.  Mackenzie  must 
be  attributed  the  revival  of  the  Edinburgh 
Academy,  which  was  at  a  very  low  ebb 
when  he  succeeded  to  the  rectorship.  The 
school,  which  then  numbered  little  over 
200,  now  numbers  400.  A  large  gymnasium 
and  laboratory,  two  fives  courts,  and  half 
a  dozen  schoolrooms  have  been  built  during 
this  period,  and  a  second  cricket  ground 
of  9  acres  has  been  acquired  to  meet  the 
new  needs  of  the  school.  In  connection 
with  this  field,  2J  acres  of  ground  have 
been  secured  on  an  admirable  site  in  the 
north  of  Edinburgh,  within  ten  minutes' 
walk  of  the  school,  upon  which  boarding- 
houses  are  being  erected  by  the  Edinburgh 
Academy  Boarding-House  Company  —  a 
company  which  has  been  formed  among 
the  old  boys.  In  recent  years  the  school 
has  been  successful  in  gaining  scholar- 
ships at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  has 
upon  two  occasions  given  remarkably  suc- 
cessful representations  of  Greek  plays, 
the  "  Antigone  "  of  Sophocles  having  been 
produced  in  1895,  and  the  "Alkestis"  of 
.  Euripides  in  the  present  year.  It  has  also 
been  successful  in  passing  boys  high  for 
Woolwich,  the  Woods  and  Forests,  and 
other    examinations.      In    athletics    the 


Academy  has  risen  to  a  level  with  the 
chief  boarding-schools  in  Scotland,  having 
during  the  last  season,  and  on  former  occa- 
sions, defeated  at  football  both  Fettes 
and  Loretto.  During  the  last  five  years 
two  Academy  boys  have  been  captains  of 
the  Oxford  University  Rugby  Football 
"Fifteen,"  namely,  the  late  E.  R.  Balfour 
and  T.  A.  Nelson.  Address  :  The  Academy, 
Henderson  Row,  Edinburgh. 

MACKENZIE,  Stephen,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  brother  of  the  late  Sir  Morell 
Mackenzie,  received  his  medical  education 
at  the  London  Hospital,  at  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, and  in  Berlin.  He  graduated 
M.D.,  with  special  honours  for  his  gradua- 
tion thesis,  at  Aberdeen  in  1875,  and  in 
1873  obtained  highest  honours  at  the  M.B. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  London,  and  of  the  Roy. 
Med.  Chir.  Soc,  besides  being  member 
of  a  number  of  learned  societies.  He  is 
Physician,  and  Physician  in  charge  of  the 
department  for  skin  diseases  at  the  London 
Hospital,  where  at  one  time  he  lectured 
on  Pathology,  and  is  now  Lecturer  on  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine.  He 
is  an  examiner  in  medicine  at  the  Roy. 
Coll.  Phys.,  and  holds  a  number  of  hos- 
pital appointments.  His  contributions  to 
medical  literature  chiefly  take  the  form  of 
articles  on  "Vertigo,"  "Jaundice,"  &c,  in 
Quain's  "Dictionary  of  Medicine,"  articles 
on  "Chyluria"  and  "Filaria"  in  Heath's 
"  Dictionary  of  Surgery,"  and  various  con- 
tributions to  the  medical  transactions  and 
journals.  His  address  is  :  18  Cavendish 
Square,  W. 

McKINLAY,  Mrs.  John,  nie  Antoi- 
nette Sterling,  by  which  name  she  is 
known  professionally,  was  born  at  Sterling- 
ville,  Jefferson  Co.,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  in  1850,  and  is  the  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  James  Sterling,  of  old  New  England 
descent.  She  was  educated  as  a  vocalist 
under  Abella,  Marchesi,  Pauline  Viardot, 
and  Manuel  Garcia.  She  made  her  de'but 
at  one  of  the  Covent  Garden  Promenade 
Concerts  in  1873,  and  at  once  became  a 
general  favourite  for  ballads  and  Scotch 
songs.  Her  rendering  of  "  The  Better 
Land"  and  "The  Lost  Chord"  is  cele- 
brated. In  1875  she  married  Mr.  John 
McKinlay.  He  died  in  1893.  She  is  a 
vice-president  of  the  World's  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union.  Address  : 
125  Ashley  Gardens,  S.W. 

McKINLEY,  Hon.  William,  twenty- 
fourth  President  of  the  United  States,  was 
born  at  Niles,  Ohio,  Jan.  29,  1843.  He 
was  educated  at  the  public  schools,  and  at 
the  Poland  (Ohio)  Academy.  In  1861,  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  enlisted 


704 


M'LACHLAN 


as  a  private  in  the  Union  army,  and  before 
its  close  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  captain 
and  brevet  major.  In  1867  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  began  the  practice 
of  the  law  at  Canton,  Ohio.  He  was 
chosen  prosecuting  attorney  of  Stark  Co., 
Ohio,  in  1869,  and  in  1871  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  Congress,  and  was  con- 
tinuously re-elected  until  1891.  Mr. 
McKinley  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Ways  and  Means  that  framed  the 
Revenue  Bill  of  1890,  and  hence  that 
measure  has  been  known  as  "  the  McKinley 
tariff."  He  was  elected  Governor  of  Ohio 
in  1891,  and  re-elected  by  an  increased 
plurality  in  1893,  serving  until  the  close 
of  1895.  As  his  name  was  closely  con- 
nected in  the  minds  of  the  people  with 
the  principles  of  a  protective  tariff,  both 
these  elections  were  contested  on  the 
national  question  of  tariff  policy,  and  this 
point  was  fully  discussed  by  orators  on 
both  sides  all  over  the  country,  so  that 
when  Mr.  McKinley 's  election  in  1893  was 
found  to  be  more  pronounced  than  it  had 
been  in  1891,  it  was  considered  an  indica- 
tion that  he  would  be  the  candidate  of  his 
party  for  the  Presidential  election  in  1896. 
This  nomination  took  place  at  a  Conven- 
tion of  Delegates  from  the  party  in  all 
parts  of  the  country,  which  was  held  at 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  June  1896.  Soon 
after  (July  7,  1896)  the  Democratic  Con- 
vention was  held  in  Chicago,  and  selected 
as  their  candidate  Wm.  Jennings  Bryan, 
with  a  platform  of  principles  advocating 
the  unlimited  coinage  of  silver,  a  low  tariff, 
and  the  non-interference  of  the  Federal 
authorities  in  local  affairs,  even  when 
national  interests  were  involved.  In  the 
ensuing  election  (November  1896)  Mr. 
McKinley  received  the  votes  of  many  who 
were  Democrats  with  reference  to  the 
tariff,  while  his  opponent  received  many 
Republican  votes  in  the  west  and  south 
because  of  his  views  concerning  silver. 
The  tariff  question  was  discussed  during 
the  canvass,  but  it  did  not  take  the  pre- 
eminent place  it  had  before  occupied,  and 
as  a  result  the  old  party  lines  were  much 
broken  up.  Mr.  McKinley  received  a 
plurality  over  Mr.  Bryan  of  over  600,000 
votes,  and  was  inducted  into  office  Mar. 
4,  1897.  As  the  tariff  of  1894,  shorn  of 
the  income-tax  feature,  did  not  produce 
sufficient  revenue  for  the  support  of  the 
Government,  an  extra  session  of  Congress 
was  called  to  meet  Mar.  15,  1897,  and  a 
new  tariff,  with  strongly  protective  fea- 
tures (known  from  the  name  of  the  chair- 
man of  the  committee  in  which  it  originated 
as  "the  Dingley  Bill"),  was  agreed  upon. 
In  the  meantime  relations  between  the 
United  States  and  Spain  were  becoming 
more  and  more  strained  because  of  the 
sympathy  of  the  Americans  with  the  suf- 


ferings of  the  people  in  Cuba,  occasioned 
by  the  restrictions  of  the  Spanish  autho- 
rities growing  in  part  out  of  the  insurrec- 
tion there.  This  tension  was  greatly 
increased  by  an  explosion  by  which  the 
U.S.  battleship  Maine  was  destroyed  in 
the  harbour  of  Havana  on  the  night  of 
Feb.  15,  1898,  together  with  the  lives  of 
two  of  her  officers  and  more  than  250  of 
her  crew.  A  careful  investigation  failed 
to  show  with  certainty  the  cause  of  the 
explosion,  but  there  were  strong  indica- 
tions that  it  came  from  a  point  outside 
the  ship,  and  other  events  occurring  which 
increased  the  existing  irritation,  war  was 
declared  in  April  following.  Within  four 
months  the  power  of  Spain  on  the  sea 
had  been  destroyed,  her  army  in  Eastern 
Cuba  had  surrendered,  and  lodgments  by 
the  American  land  forces  had  been  effected 
in  Porto  Rico  and  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Spain  then  sued  for  peace,  and  a  protocol 
was  signed  August  12,  stopping  hostilities 
and  providing  for  the  appointment  of  Peace 
Commissioners  to  settle  the  details  with 
reference  to  the  Spanish  islands  in  the 
Pacific,  her  army  to  be  withdrawn  entirely 
from  her  West  Indian  possessions,  and 
Porto  Rico  to  be  ceded  to  the  United 
States.  During  the  war  the  President 
has  enjoyed  a  vast  popularity  in  the 
States. 

M'LACHLAN,  Robert,  F.R.S.,  F.C.S., 
F.E.  S.,  was  born  in  London,  April  10, 
1837,  and  educated  principally  at  Ilford, 
in  Essex.  His  father,  Hugh  M'Lachlan,  a 
native  of  Greenock,  settled  in  London 
early  in  life,  and  was  eminently  successful 
as  a  chronometer  maker.  His  mother, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Thompson,  was 
from  Northamptonshire.  Robert,  the 
youngest  of  five  children,  early  showed  a 
taste  for  natural  history,  which,  as  years 
sped  on,  concentrated  itself  upon  botany, 
and  subsequently  upon  entomology.  A 
voyage  to  New  South  Wales  and  China  in 
1855-56,  led  to  his  collecting  Australian 
plants  ;  and  on  his  return  to  England  his 
desire  to  have  them  named  led  to  his 
acquaintance  with  Robert  Brown,  then 
Keeper  of  the  Botanical  Department  of 
the  British  Museum.  Contact  with  this 
celebrated  botanist  had  a  distinct  in- 
fluence on  his  subsequent  scientific  career. 
In  185S  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  of 
which  he  became  successively  Secretary, 
Treasurer,  and  President,  the  latter  in 
1885-86,  and  is  again  Treasurer.  He  was 
elected,  in  1862,  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnseau 
Society,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1877, 
and  is  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Zoological  and 
of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Societies,  and 
on  the  Honorary  List  of  the  New  Zealand 
Institute,  the  Royal  Society  of  Liege,  the 


MACLAGAN 


705 


Entomological  Societies  of  Holland,  Bel- 
gium, Switzerland,  Sweden,  Russia,  &c. 
His  attention  has  been  directed  to  entomo- 
logy in  general,  and  he  has,  on  several 
occasions,  acted  as  scientific  adviser  to 
the  Colonial  Office.  Repeated  visits  to  the 
Continent  have  kept  him  in  frequent  in- 
tercourse with  the  entomologists  of  other 
countries.  Amongst  his  general  works 
perhaps  the  principal  are  the  article 
"  Insects,"  in  the  9th  edition  of  the  "  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica,"  and  "The  Ento- 
mological Results  of  the  last  Arctic 
Expedition,"  published  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Linnean  Society.  As  a  specialist  he  has 
particularly  attended  to  the  Order  Neurop- 
tera,  upon  which  his  publications  are  very 
numerous,  the  principal  separate  work,  a 
bulky  8vo,  of  upwards  of  600  pages,  with 
76  plates,  "Revision  and  Synopsis  of  the 
Trichoptera  (or  Caddis-flies)  of  the  Euro- 
pean Fauna,  with  Supplement,"  1874-84, 
the  first  attempt  which  has  been  made  at 
working  out  exhaustively  a  special  group 
of  insects  on  characters  based  on  certain 
structural  peculiarities,  and  which  has 
served  as  a  departure  in  the  case  of 
workers  of  other  groups.  In  1893  came 
out  his  ' '  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the 
Entomological  Society."  Mr.  M'Lachlan 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  most 
of  the  Natural  History  Journals  during  his 
time,  and  was  for  seventeen  consecutive 
years  a  contributor  to  the  Zoological  Record, 
and  has  acted  as  an  editor  of  the  Entomo- 
logist's Monthly  Magazine  since  its  estab- 
lishment in  1864.  Address  :  23  Clarendon 
Road,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

MACLAGAN,  Sir  Douglas,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  David  Maclagan,  M.D., 
F.R.S.E.,  Physician  to  the  Forces,  and 
Surgeon  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  Scot- 
land, was  born  at  Ayr,  N.B.,  in  1812,  and 
educated  at  the  High  School  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  subsequently  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  became  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Edinburgh, 
1863,  and  has  been  President  of  both 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  of 
Physicians,  Edin.,  an  honour  held  only 
by  his  father;  he  has  been  P.R.S.E.,  and 
is  Deputy-Lieutenant  of  the  City  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  Professor  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence  and  Public  Health  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  from  1862  to 
1896.  Sir  D.  Maclagan  holds  the  follow- 
ing posts  :  Surgeon-General  of  the  Royal 
Company  of  Archers,  the  Queen's  Body- 
Guard  for  Scotland ;  Brigade-Surgeon 
Lieut.-Colonel  Forth  Infantry  Brigade 
(V.D.) ;  Medical  Adviser  to  H.M.  Prisons 
Commissioners  for  Scotland  ;  and  Super- 
visor, on  behalf  of  the  Privy  Council,  of 
Pharmaceutical  Examinations  in  Scotland. 
He    is    the    author    of   "Nugse     Canorse 


Medicse,"  and  of  numerous  papers  on 
Medical  Jurisprudence,  and  on  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics,  in  the  medical 
journals.  He  was  made  Knight  Bachelor 
in  1886.  Address  :  28  Heriot  Row,  Edin- 
burgh. 

MACLAGAN,  Thomas  John,  M.D. 
Edin.,  received  his  medical  education  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  in  Paris, 
Munich,  and  Vienna.  He  was  at  one 
time  Examiner  in  Medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Aberdeen,  and  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  member  of  various 
medical  societies,  and  Physician  in  Ordi- 
nary to  Prince  and  Princess  Christian  of 
Schleswig-Holstein.  He  has  contributed 
articles  on  Rheumatism,  Cholera,  &c. ,  to 
the  Lancet,  a  paper  with  the  title  "  Is 
Typhoid  l^ever  Contagious  ? "  to  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  1879,  and  has  published 
'•  The  Germ  Theory  Applied  to  the  Ex- 
planation of  the  Phenomena  of  Disease : 
the  Specific  Fevers,"  1876  ;  "  Rheumatism  : 
its  Nature,  its  Pathology,  and  its  Success- 
ful Treatment,"  1881 ;  "  Fever,  a  Clinical 
Study,"  1886 ;  and  a  translation  of  Bou- 
chard's "Cerebral  Haemorrhage."  Ad- 
dress :  9  Cadogan  Place,  Belgrave  Square, 
S.W. 

MACLAGAN,  The  Right  Hon.  and 
Most  Rev.  William  Dalrymple,  D.D., 

D.C.L.,  Archbishop  of  York,  Primate  of  Eng- 
land and  Metropolitan,  brother  of  Sir 
Douglas  Maclagan,  born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1826,  and  educated  there.  In  early  life  he 
served  in  the  army  in  India,  and  retired 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  1852.  Then 
he  went  through  the  ordinary  university 
course  at  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  1856,  M.A.  1860,  D.D.  jure  dignatis 
1878).  He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1856, 
and  priest  in  1857.  He  served  the  curacies 
of  St.  Saviour,  Paddington,  and  St. 
Stephen,  Marylebone,  till  1860,  when  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  to  the  London 
Diocesan  Church  -  Building  Society.  In 
1865  he  was  appointed  Curate-in-charge 
of  Enfield,  and  in  1869  Lord  Chancellor 
Hatherley  gave  him  the  Rectory  of  St. 
Mary,  Newington.  When  Newington  was 
transferred  to  Rochester,  the  Bishop  of 
London,  in  order  to  retain  Mr.  Maclagan 
in  his  diocese,  promoted  him  to  the  vicar- 
age of  St.  Mary  Abbotts,  Kensington, 
where  he  remained  till  1878,  when  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Crown,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  to  the 
Bishopric  of  Lichfield,  which  had  become 
vacant  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Selwyn.  He 
was  consecrated  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
June  24,  1878.  In  1891  he  was  translated 
to  York.  The  same  year  he  was  made  an 
Hon.  Fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
and  a  D.C.L.  of  the  University  of   Dur- 

2  Y 


706 


MACLAKEN  —  MACLEOD 


ham,  the  latter  degree  being  conferred  by 
diploma.  In  October  1894  he  became 
President  of  the  Church  Sanitary  Associa- 
tion, and  of  the  Church  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Kindness  to  Animals.  Dr. 
Maclagan  has  published  one  or  two 
detached  sermons  ;  a  Charge  delivered  to 
the  Clergy  and  Churchwardens  of  his 
Diocese  in  1880  ;  and  several  other  ad- 
dresses to  the  Clergy,  and  Parochial 
Papers.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Archi- 
bald Weir,  he  edited  "  The  Church  and 
the  Age  :  Essays  on  the  Principles  and 
present  Position  of  the  Anglican  Church," 
1870 ;  and  in  1891  published  his  "  Pastoral 
Letters  and  Synodal  Charges."  He  mar- 
ried (1),  in  1860,  Sarah  Kate,  daughter 
of  George  Clapham  ;  and  (2),  in  1878, 
Augusta,  daughter  of  the  6th  Viscount 
Barrington.  Addresses :  Bishopsthorpe, 
York  :  and  Athenaeum. 


MACLAREN, 

The  Rev.  John. 


Ian.       See    WATSON, 


M'LAREN,  Lord,  John  M'Laren, 
LL.D.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Lord  of  Session,  Scot- 
land, was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1831,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  Duncan  M'Laren,  M.P. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University,  Edin- 
burgh, and  became  an  Advocate  in  1856. 
He  was  Sheriff  of  Chancery  from  1869  to 
1880,  when  he  became  Q.C.  and  Lord 
Advocate.  He  represented  Wigtown  Dis- 
trict in  Parliament  in  1880,  and  was 
returned  for  Edinburgh  in  1881.  He  was 
appointed  Lord  of  Justiciary  in  1885,  and 
was  raised  to  the  Bench  in  1881.  He  has 
published  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Law  of 
Wills,"  and  married  the  daughter  of  a 
German  gentleman  resident  in  Glasgow, 
in  1868.  Address  :  46  Moray  Place,  Edin- 
burgh. 

MACLEAN,    James    Mackenzie, 

M.P.,  President  of  the  Institute  of  Jour- 
nalists, is  the  son  of  Mr.  Alexander  Mac- 
lean, and  was  born  near  Edinburgh  on 
Aug.  13,  1835.  Intending  to  enter  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  by  circumstances  to  forth- 
with earn  his  own  livelihood,  and  he  took 
up  journalistic  work.  After  working  on 
the  staff  of  the  Newcastle  Chronicle  for  a 
short  time,  he  became  its  editor  in  1855, 
and  continued  in  that  position  until  1858. 
He  then  worked  as  leader-writer  on  the 
Manchester  Guardian  for  nearly  two  years, 
and  in  1859  went  out  to  India  as  editor  of 
the  Bombay  Gazette.  Becoming  in  1863 
proprietor  of  that  paper,  he  kept  up  his 
connection  with  it  until  1879,  when  he 
effected  a  sale  and  left  India  for  good. 
Whilst  living  at  Bombay  Mr.  Maclean 
interested   himself    greatly   in   municipal 


matters  ;  was  one  of  the  first  members  of 
the  newly-created  Corporation,  and  held 
for  a  time  the  office  of  Chairman  of  the 
Town  Council.  In  1882  he  became  a  part- 
proprietor  of  the  Western  Mail  at  Cardiff, 
and  still  continues  to  contribute  to  it. 
Mr.  Maclean  was  elected  Conservative 
member  for  Oldham  in  1885,  and  in  1886 
he  came  out  at  the  head  of  the  poll  with 
the  largest  vote  given  in  the  whole 
country  ;  however,  in  1892  he  lost  his  seat, 
and  remained  out  of  Parliament  for  three 
years.  Cardiff,  which  had  been  a  Eadical 
stronghold  for  forty  years,  was  won  to  the 
Conservative  Party  by  him  in  1895,  and  he 
still  sits  as  member  for  that  constituency. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  University  of  Bom- 
bay, and  has  been  a  member  of  Council, 
and  a  Vice-President  of  the  Associated 
Chambers  of  Commerce  in  England.  He 
was  elected  President  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists  in  1896.  On  the  occasion  of 
the  visit  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  India 
he  published  a  "  Guide  to  Bombay,"  which 
is  a  historical  handbook  for  ali  Western 
India  from  before  the  English  conquest  to 
the  present  day.  He  married  Anna  Maria 
Whitehead  in  1867.  Address :  40  Nevern 
Square,  Earl's  Court,  S.W. 

MACLEOD,  Mrs  Alick.  See  Martin, 
Mrs.  Frederick. 

MACLEOD,  The  "Very.  Rev.  Donald, 
D.D,,  one  of  the  Queen's  Chaplains  in 
Scotland,  and  editor  of  Good  Words  since 
the  death  of  his  illustrious  brother  in  1872, 
was  born  at  Campsie,  Stirlingshire,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Norman  Macleod,  D.D., 
first  editor  of  Good  Words,  a  magazine 
chiefly  famous,  in  the  opinion  of  the  pre- 
sent generation,  for  the  beauty  of  its  illus- 
trations in  the  sixties.  He  graduated  B.A. 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  then 
travelled,  after  which  he  became  minister 
of  the  parish  of  Lauder,  and  subsequently 
of  Linlithgow.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  in 
1895-96,  and  since  1888  has  been  Con- 
vener of  the  Home  Mission  Committee  of 
the  Kirk.  He  has  for  nearly  thirty  years 
been  minister  of  the  parish  of  Park,  Glas- 
gow, having  been  called  thither  in  1869. 
Dr.  Macleod  is  famous  not  only  as  a 
minister  and  man  of  letters,  but  as  a 
leader  of  the  Church  and  organiser  of 
mission  work.  Among  his  publications 
we  may  note  his  "Memoir  of  Norman 
Macleod,  D.D.,"  and  his  edition  of  the 
Bible  in  three  Tolumes.  Address :  1  Wood- 
lands Terrace,  Glasgow,  &c. 

MACLEOD,  Fiona,  authoress,  was 
born  in  the  Hebrides,  where  she  spent  the 
greater  part  of  her  childhood.     She  is  one 


MACLURE  —  MACMAHON 


707 


of  the  leading  spirits  of  that  "Renais- 
sance "  which  has  done  so  much  to  revive 
the  interest  of  intelligent  people  in  the 
literature  and  traditions  of  the  Celts. 
Her  first  book,  "  Pharais,"  published  in 
1S94  at  Derby,  at  once  attracted  the 
favourable  attention  of  prominent  men 
and  women  of  letters.  Her  subsequent 
works  have  been:  "  The  Mountain-Lovers," 
and  "  The  Sin-Eater,"  1895  ;  "  The  Washer 
of  the  Ford,"  "Green  Fire,"  and  "From 
the  Hills  of  Dream"  (verse),  1896;  "The 
Laughter  of  Peterkin,  Old  Celtic  Tales 
Retold,"  and  a  collected  edition  of  some 
of  her  more  important  works,  1897.  Her 
most  recent  work  is  the  "Dominion  of 
Dreams,"  1899.  From  internal  evidence 
derived  from  the  writings  of  Miss  Fiona 
Macleod  and  Mr.  William  Sharp  (q.v.),  it 
has  recently  been  conjectured  (Jan.  1899) 
that  they  are  one  and  the  same  person. 
This,  however,  is  not  the  case.  Address  : 
c/o  Miss  Rea,  The  Columbia  Literary 
Agency,  9  Mill  Street,  Conduit  Street,  W. 

MACLURE,  The  Very  Rev.  Edward 
Craig,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Manchester,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  John  Maclure,  and  eldest 
brother  of  Sir  J.  W.  Maclure,  Bart.,  M.P., 
was  educated  at  the  Manchester  Grammar 
School,  where  he  was  the  exhibitioner  of 
his  year.  He  graduated  B.A.,  M.A. ,  and 
D.D.  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  a  scholar  and  Hulmeian 
Exhibitioner.  After  occupying  curacies 
at  St.  John's,  Ladywood,  Birmingham,  and 
St.  Pancras,  Middlesex,  he  became  vicar  of 
Habergham  Eaves,  Burnley,  in  1863,  where 
he  remained  for  fourteen  years  Chairman 
of  the  Burnley  School  Board.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Moles  worth  in  1877  he  was 
appointed  vicar  of  Rochdale  by  the  late 
Bishop  of  Manchester.  In  1878  he  became 
Honorary  Canon  of  Manchester,  and  in 
1879  Rural  Dean.  In  Rochdale,  and  pre- 
viously at  Burnley,  he  had  carried  out 
important  works  of  church  restoration  and 
extension.  Dean  Maclure  has  always 
undertaken  a  very  considerable  share  of 
diocesan  work,  having  been  honorary  sec- 
retary of  the  Diocesan  Conference  and  the 
Diocesan  Board  of  Education.  He  is  also 
honorary  secretary  to  the  Training  Col- 
lege at  Warrington.  In  1888  he  was 
one  of  the  honorary  secretaries  of  the 
Church  Congress  in  Manchester,  and 
was  appointed  Dean  of  Manchester  in 
July  1890.  He  has  twice  been  Chair- 
man of  the  School  Board,  Manchester, 
and  is  Governor  of  Owens  College,  the 
Grammar  School,  and  of  Hulme's  Trust 
and  Chetham's  Hospital,  besides  holding 
other  public  offices.  He  is  also  Chairman 
of  the  School  Boards  Association  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  and  he  is  prominent  in  all 
educational  matters.  He  married  the  eldest 


daughter  of  Johnson  Gedge,  of  Bury  St. 
Edmunds.  Address  :  The  Deanery,  Man- 
chester. 

MACLURE,    Sir    John    "William, 

Bart,,  M.P.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  F.R.G.S.,  was  born 
in  Manchester  on  April  22,  1835,  and  is 
the  son  of  John  Maclure,  of  Manchester, 
and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William 
Kearsley,  of  Kearsley.  He  was  educated 
at  Manchester  Grammar  School.  He  has 
been  one  of  the  most  actively  benevolent 
of  Manchester  public  men.  He  founded, 
with  the  late  Canon  Richson,  the  Man- 
chester and  Salford  Sanitary  Association, 
and  has  laboured  from  the  first  to  improve 
the  homes  and  the  sanitation  of  large  and 
overcrowded  towns.  He  was  founder  of 
the  Cotton  Famine  Fund,  and  was  its 
Hon.  Sec.  from  1862  to  1866.  With  the  then 
Premier,  the  late  Lord  Derby,  and  other 
influential  men,  he  distributed  more  than 
a  million  and  a  half  among  the  starving 
or  distressed  cotton  operatives  of  the 
north.  As  Churchwarden  of  Manchester 
he  raised  nearly  £50,000  towards  the 
restoration  of  the  ancient  Parish  Church 
at  Manchester,  which  has  since  become 
the  Cathedral.  He  is  P.G.  Deacon  of 
Freemasons  in  England,  a  Knight  of 
Grace  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Director 
of  numerous  public  companies,  Trustee 
and  Treasurer  of  the  Cotton  Districts 
Convalescent  Fund,  F.R.G.S.,  F.S.S.,  J.P. 
for  Lancashire  and  Manchester,  has  been 
Major  of  the  40th  Lancashire  Rifles,  and 
was  created  a  Baronet  in  1898.  He  has 
sat  as  a  Conservative  for  the  Stretford 
Division  of  Lancashire  since  1886.  He 
married,  in  1859,  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Nettleship,  of  East  Sheen.  Lon- 
don address  :  Victoria  Mansions,  26  Vic- 
toria Street,  S.W. 

MACMAHON,  Major  Percy  Alex- 
ander, R.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Brigadier-General  P.  W. 
MacMahon,  C.B.,  and  was  born  at  Sliema, 
in  the  island  of  Malta,  Sept.  26,  1854.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Proprietary  School, 
Cheltenham,  and  afterwards  at  Chelten- 
ham College,  where  he  obtained  the  Junior 
Mathematical  Scholarship  in  January  1868. 
He  entered  the  Royal  Military  Academy 
as  a  cadet  in  January  1871,  and  subse- 
quently, in  September  1872,  entered  the 
Royal  Artillery  as  a  Lieutenant.  He  was 
promoted  Captain  in  October  1881,  and  in 
March  1882  was  appointed  Instructor 
of  Mathematics  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy.  From  that  date  he  has  been 
engaged  in  research  in  Pure  Mathematics. 
Numerous  memoirs  from  his  pen,  chiefly 
connected  with  Higher  Algebra,  have  been 
published  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Mathematics,     the     Quarterly    Journal    of 


708 


MACMILLAN  —  MACNAMAKA 


Mathematics,  the  Proceedings  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  the  Messenger  of 
Mathematics,  and  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  June 
1890 ;  was  President  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  1894-96 ;  was  in 
1897  elected  honorary  member  of  the 
Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  ;  and  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science  (honoris  eausA) 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University 
of  Dublin.  Address :  52  Shaftesbury 
Avenue,  W. 

MACMILLAN,  The  Rev.  Hugh., 
D.D.,  LL.D..  F.R.S.E.,  F.S.A.  Scot.,  Chief 
of  the  Clan  Macmillan,  born  at  Aberfeldy, 
Perthshire,  Sept.  17,  1833,  was  educated 
at  Breadalbane  Academy  and  Edinburgh 
University.  He  was  appointed  Free 
Church  Minister  of  Kirkmichael,  Perth- 
shire, in  1859,  translated  in  1864  to  Free 
St.  Peter's  Church,  Glasgow ;  and  in  1878 
to  the  Free  West  Church,  Greenock,  his 
present  charge.  He  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews  in  February  1871  ;  was  elected 
two  months  afterwards  F.R.S.E.  In  April 
1879  the  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh  ; 
and  in  1883  he  became  an  F.S.A.  Dr. 
Macmillan  is  the  author  of  "  Bible  Teach- 
ings in  Nature,"  1866,  now  in  its  25th 
edition,  translated  into  Danish,  Swedish, 
German,  and  other  Continental  languages  ; 
"  First  Forms  of  Vegetation  ; "  "  Holidays 
on  High  Lands";  "The  True  Vine"; 
"  The  Ministry  of  Nature  "  ;  "  The  Garden 
and  the  City  ;','  "Sun-glints  in  the  Wil- 
derness "  ;  "  The  Sabbath  of  the  Fields," 
translated  into  Danish  and  Norwegian  ; 
"Our  Lord's  Three  Raisings  from  the 
Dead "  ;  "  Two  Worlds  are  Ours, "  trans- 
lated into  German;  "The  Marriage  in 
Cana  of  Galilee";  "The  Olive  Leaf"; 
"  Roman  Mosaics  ;  or,  Studies  in  Rome 
and  its  Neighbourhood  "  ;  "  The  Riviera  "  ; 
"The  Mystery  of  Grace";  "The  Gate 
Beautiful,  and  other  Bible  Teachings  for 
the  Times";  "My  Comfort  in  Sorrow"; 
"The  Daisies  of  Nazareth,"  1894;  "The 
Clock  of  Nature,"  1896;  "The  Spring  of 
the  Day, "  1898.  Nearly  all  these  books  have 
passed  through  numerous  editions,  have 
been  popular  in  this  country  and  America, 
and  have  been  translated  into  the  leading 
European  languages.  Dr.  Macmillan  has 
published  besides  numerous  contributions 
to  quarterly  reviews  and  religious  and 
scientific  periodicals.  He  delivered  the 
"Thomson  Lectures"  on  Science  in  the 
New  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1886  ;  and  he 
was  appointed  to  give  the  "Cunningham 
Lectures  "  on  the  Archeology  of  the  Bible 
in  the  light  of  recent  researches,  in  the 
New  College,  Edinburgh,  in  1894,  and  the 


"  Gunning  Lectures"  on  Science  and  Reve- 
lation, in  1898,  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burg.  He  served  as  Moderator  of  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland  during  1897-98.  Ad- 
dress :  70  Union  Street,  Greenock. 

MACNAGHTEN,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  Edward,  D.L.,  J.P.  (Life  Peer), 
Lord  of  Appeal,  is  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Edward  Macnaghten,  2nd  Baronet,  and 
was  born  in  1830.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  twice  rowed  in  the 
University  race,  and  was  a  Fellow  of 
Trinity  ;  called  to  the  Bar,  1857  ;  made 
Q.C.,  1880;  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1883  ;  and  appointed  a  Lord  of  Appeal  in 
Ordinary,  1887,  in  succession  to  Lord 
Blackburn.  He  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment as  Conservative  member  for  Antrim 
in  1880,  and  continued  to  sit  for  that  con- 
stituency, or  for  North  Antrim,  until  his 
appointment  as  Lord  of  Appeal.  Since 
1895  he  has  been  Chairman  of  the  Legal 
Council  of  Education.  He  married  Frances 
only  child  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Samuel 
Martin.  Addresses :  198  Queen's  Gate, 
S.W.,  &c. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MACNAMARA,  Nottidge  Charles, 

F.R.C.S.,  F.R.C.S.I.,  is  of  Irish  stock,  and 
became  a  M.R.C.S.  when  he  was  twenty- 
one  years  of  age,  the  examination  in  those 
days  lasting  an  hour  and  a  half.  Within 
a  month  he  received  a  commission  to  pro- 
ceed to  India  as  an  Assistant-Surgeon  in 
the  Hon.  E.I.C.  Medical  Service.  His  ex- 
periences in  India  during  his  nineteen 
years  of  service  were  typical,  various,  and 
often  perilous.  He  went  through  the 
Southall  Rebellion  and  the  Mutiny,  was 
stationed  at  Dinapore  and  Tirhoot,  and  in 
1865  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Ophthal- 
mic Hospital  in  Calcutta.  Here  he  was 
instrumental  in  building  and  endowing  a 
large  native  hospital  of  250  beds  (the 
Mayo),  which  continues  a  most  useful  in- 
stitution. It  was  opened  by  Lord  North- 
brook,  the  then  Viceroy,  in  1873.  Returning 
to  England,  Mr.  Macnamara,  then  Surgeon- 
Major,  retired  from  the  Bengal  Medical 
Service  and  from  his  Indian  appointments, 
and  became  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on 
Clinical  Surgery  at  the  Westminster  Hos- 
pital. He  is  also  Consulting  Surgeon  to 
the  Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  is 
a  Vice-President  of  the  British  Medical 
Association,  has  (1875)  been  an  Examiner 
to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land, where  also  he  was  Vice-President  of 
the  Council  from  1893  to  1896,  and  in  1895 
Bradshaw  Lecturer,  his  subject  being 
Osteitis  in  Childhood.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
Calcutta  University.  He  has  published 
"Lectures  on  Diseases  of  Bones  and 
Joints,"  3rd  edit.  ;  "Diseases  of  the  Eye," 
5th  edit.  ;  "  Notes  on  Leprosy,"  2nd  edit., 


MACNEILL  —  M'VAIL 


709 


and  works  on  Asiatic  Cholera,  &c,  besides 
contributing  clinical  lectures  to  the  Lancet. 
Address  :  13  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

MACNEILL,     John      Gordon 

Swift,    M.A.,    Q.C.,    M.P.,    is    the    only 
son  of   the  late  Rev.  John  Gordon  Swift 
MacNeill,  M.A.,  and  of  Susan,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  Tweedy,  M.A.     Mr.  Mac- 
Neill  was   born   in   Dublin   in    1849,   and 
matriculated  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin  in 
1866,  when  he  obtained  three  first  honours 
in  Classics.     In  1868  he  obtained  a  classi- 
cal  exhibition  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
was  placed  in  the  second  class  of  Classical 
Moderations  in  1870,  and  in  the  School  of 
Law  and  Modern  History  in  1872.     After 
obtaining  a  First  Place  and  First  Exhibi- 
tion  at   the  Final    Examination   for   call 
to   the  Irish   Bar  in  1875,  and  becoming 
Auditor  of  the  Irish  Law  Students'  Debat- 
ing Society,  whose  gold  medal  he  holds, 
in  1876  he  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  and 
joined  the  Munster  Circuit.     In   1881  he 
was  an  Examiner  in  the  Law  School  of 
Dublin    University,    and  in  1882   he   was 
appointed  Professor  of  Constitutional  and 
Criminal  Law  in  the  Honourable  Society 
of  the  King's  Inns,  Dublin,  and  being,  on 
the  expiration  of  the  term,  re-elected  in 
1885  for  another  term.    Iu  1885  he  wrote 
"The  Irish  Parliament,  what  it  was,  and 
what  it  did,"  a  work  which  obtained  the 
warm  praises  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  at  whose 
suggestion    "English    Interference    with 
Irish  Industries,"  which  appeared  in  1886, 
was    written.      "How     the     Union     was 
carried  "  quickly  followed.      In  February 
1887  Mr.  MacNeill,  who   had  during  the 
previous  general  election  spoken  in  many 
constituencies   in   Scotland  in   favour   of 
Home  Rule,  was  elected  in  the  National- 
ist  interest,    Member    for     South  Done- 
gal.     In  1887  he   took   a   tour  in   South 
Africa,  and  meeting  Mr.  Rhodes  on  board 
ship,  was  authorised  by  that   gentleman 
to  make  his  offer,  which  was  accepted,  of 
£10,000  as  a  contribution  to  the  funds  of 
the   Irish   Parliamentary  party.     In  1891 
Mr.   MacNeill  took   a   second  journey  to 
Cape  Colony,  and  made  a  close  study  of 
the  workings  of  responsible  Governments 
under  Colonial   conditions.     In   1892   the 
Conservative  Government  were  defeated 
on   his    motion   for  the    disallowance    of 
the  votes  of  certain  directors  and  share- 
holders   of    the   East   African   Company, 
for    a    grant    towards    the    expenses    of 
the    Mombasa   Railway,    on    the    ground 
that    they    had    a    direct    personal    and 
pecuniary  interest  in  the  vote.      In  1894 
Mr.  MacNeill  published  his  work  "  Titled 
Corruption,"  describing  the  sordid  origin 
of   some  of  the  Irish  peerages.     He  is  a 
lineal   descendant  of  the  last  John  Mac- 
Neill, Laird  of  Barra ;  William  Lenthall, 


Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  the 
Long  Parliament ;  and  of  Godwin  Swift, 
the  uncle  and  guardian  of  Jonathan  Swift, 
the  illustrious  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral.  Address  :  19  Blackhall  Street, 
Dublin. 

MACEOEIE,  The  Right  Rev. 
William  Kenneth,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  As- 
sistant-Bishop to  the  Bishop  of  Ely,  late 
Bishop  of  Maritzburg,  and  Canon  of  Ely, 
born  Feb.  8.  1831,  in  Liverpool,  is  the  son 
of  David  Macrorie,  M.D. ,  a  well-known 
physician  in  that  town,  and  received  his 
education  at  Winchester  and  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  B.A.  1852,  M.A.  1855. 
He  held  the  Rectory  of  Wapping  in  the 
Diocese  of  London  from  1861  to  1866,  when 
he  was  appointed  Vicar  of  Accrington, 
Lancashire,  which  preferment  he  held 
until  his  consecration  as  Bishop  of  Maritz- 
burg, or  Pietermaritzburg,  Jan.  25,  1869. 
The  ceremony  was  performed  at  Capetown, 
the  consecrating  prelate  being  the  metro- 
politan, Dr.  Robert  Gray,  Bishop  of  Cape- 
town, assisted  by  the  Bishops  of  Grahams- 
town,  St.  Helena,  and  the  Orange  Free 
State.  A  protest  signed  by  129  persons 
having  been  presented  against  Dr.  Mac- 
rorie's  consecration  on  the  ground  that 
Maritzburg  was  in  the  See  of  Natal,  which 
already  had  a  legal  Bishop  (Colenso),  the 
Metropolitan  replied  that  it  could  not  be 
accepted  as  a  protest,  the  signers  having 
no  right  to  protest,  but  that  he  would 
receive  it  as  "the  expression  of  views  of 
certain  individuals."  Bishop  Macrorie  was 
made  a  Canon  of  Ely  in  1892  on  his  return 
from  South  Africa,  and  is  now  Assistant- 
Bishop  to  the  Bishop  of  Ely.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  charges  and  addresses. 
In  1863  he  married  Agnes,  daughter  of 
William  Watson,  of  South  Hill,  Liverpool. 
Address  :  The  College,  Ely. 

MACRORY,  Edmund,  M.A.,  Q.C.,  is 
the  son  of  Adam  John  Macrory,  of  Dun- 
cairn,  Belfast,  advocate,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1853, 
became  a  Bencher  in  1878,  and  practises 
on  the  Northern  Circuit.  He  was  formerly 
a  Member  of  the  Joint  Board  of  Ex- 
aminers of  the  Inns  of  Court.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Report  of  Cases  relating  to 
Letters  Patent  for  Inventions,"  and  is 
joint-editor  of  "Hindmarsh  on  Law  of 
Patents."  Mr.  Macrory  was  married,  in 
1862,  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Sir  Henry  Manisty,  Justice  of  the 
High  Court.  Address  :  7  Fig-Tree  Court, 
Temple,  E.C. 

M'VAIL,  Professor  David  Cald- 
well, was  born  in  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire, 
Oct.  6,  1845,  is  the  son  of  the  late  James 


710 


M  ACWHIKTER  —  MAD  AN 


M'Vail,  and  studied  Medicine  in  Ander- 
son's College,  Glasgow.  He  is  L.R.C.P. 
Edin.,  1866  ;  M.B.  Glasgow,  1876  ;  F.F.P.S. 
Glasg.,  1878;  and  was  formerly  House 
Surgeon  in  Alnwick  Infirmary,  late  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology  in  Anderson's  Col- 
lege, and  subsequently  Lecturer  on  the 
Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  Western  Ex- 
tra-mural School,  and  Member  of  the 
General  Medical  Council  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  At  the  present  time  he  is  Ex- 
tra Physician  to  the  Glasgow  Royal 
Infirmary,  and  Professor  of  Clinical  Medi- 
cine in  St.  Mungo's  College,  Glasgow.  Dr. 
M'Vail  is  the  author  of  various  valuable 
contributions  to  medical  literature,  princi- 
pally with  reference  to  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  organs,  e.g.,  "  The  Mechanism 
of  Respiration  in  Normal  and  Abnormal 
Conditions,"  Lancet,  1882;  "The  Wavy 
Respiratory  Sound  of  Phthisis,"  British 
Medical  Journal,  1882;  "Pathology  of 
Pulmonary  Emphysema,"  Ibid.  1884,  &c. 
He  is  widely  known  in  connection  with 
what  may  be  termed  academic  politics. 
For  the  past  decade  he  has  been  the 
acknowledged  and  energetic  leader  of 
the  reform  party  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow ;  and  it  is  very  largely  to  "him, 
and  to  the  movement  in  which  he  has 
taken  so  active  a  part,  that  the  recent 
thoroughgoing  Universities  (Scotland)  Act 
is  due.  The  main  plank  of  the  reform 
platform  has  been  the  destruction  of  the 
practical  monopoly  of  teaching,  of  examin- 
ing, and  of  degree  granting,  enjoyed  by 
the  professors  in  the  Scottish  Universities, 
while  the  principal  means  urged  for  the 
accomplishment  of  this  object  have  been 
an  entire  re-casting  of  the  governing  body 
of  the  Universities,  the  fuller  recognition 
of  extra-mural  teaching,  the  prohibition 
of  the  degree-examination  of  candidates 
by  their  own  teachers,  and  the  affiliation 
of  new  colleges.  Dr.  M'Vail  has  also 
been  the  moving  spirit  in  the  erection  and 
incorporation  of  St.  Mungo's  College,  the 
medical  faculty  of  which  is  in  intimate 
connection  with  the  Royal  Infirmary  of 
Glasgow.  On  the  board  of  directors  of 
the  College  he  occupies  a  seat  as  one  of 
the  representatives  chosen  by  the  mana- 
gers of  the  Royal  Infirmary.  He  was 
elected  in  1891  a  member  of  the  Court  of 
Glasgow  University,  and  in  1892  he  was 
appointed  by  her  Majesty  to  be  Crown 
member  for  Scotland  of  the  General 
Medical  Council.  Address  :  3  St.  James's 
Terrace,  Glasgow. 

MACWHIRTER,    John,   R.A.,   was 

born  in  1839,  at  Slateford,  near  Edinburgh, 
and  educated  at  Peebles.  He  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Aca- 
demy in  1863.  In  the  following  year  he 
came   to    London,    and    was   elected  an 


Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  on  Jan. 
22,  1879,  and  R.A.  in  1893.  He  was 
elected  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  in  1882  ;  elected  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colours,  same  year  ;  exhibited  in 
R.A.  1884,  "The  Windings  of  the  Forth," 
"  A  Sermon  by  the  Sea,"  and  "  Home  of 
the  Grizzly  Bear";  1885,  "Track  of  a 
Hurricane,"  "Iona,"  "Loch  Scavaig"; 
"The  Three  Witches,"  1886.  Mr.  Mac- 
wbirter  has  painted  "  Loch  Coruisk, 
Skye,"  1867;  "A  great  while  ago  the 
world  began,  with  hey  ho,  the  wind  and 
the  rain,"  1871;  "Caledonia,"  1875; 
"  The  Lady  of  the  Woods,"  1876  ;  "  The 
Three  Graces,"  1878  ;  "  The  Valley  by 
the  Sea,"  1879  ;  "  The  Lord  of  the  Glen," 
1880;  "Sunday  in  the  Highlands,"  and 
"Mountain  Tops,"  1881;  "A  Highland 
Auction  "  and  "  Ossian's  Grave,"  1882  ; 
"  Corrie,  Isle  of  Arran,"  "Sunset  Fires," 
"Nature's  Mirror,"  "A  Highland  Har- 
vest," 1883;  and  "  Edinburgh  from  Salis-  . 
bury  Crag,"  1887.  More  recently  he  has 
exhibited  "A  Highland  Storm,"  and  a 
set  of  three  pictures,  "  The  Shamrock," 
"The  Rose,"  and  "The  Thistle,"  1893; 
and  "  Subsiding  Flood,"  "  Nature's  Arch- 
way "  (diploma  work,  deposited  on  his 
election  as  an  Academician),  and  three 
other  pictures  in  1894,  since  which  date 
he  has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  his  characteristic  land- 
scapes. His  principal  Highland  pieces 
have  been  :  "Glen  Affaric,"  1895;  "The 
Sleep  that  is  among  the  Lonely  Hills " 
and  "Bonnie  Scotland,"  1896;  "Affaric 
Water "  (two  pictures),  1897  ;  "  Morning, 
Isle  of  Arran,"  1898;  "Dark  Loch  Cor- 
uisk," and  "  The  Silver  Strand,  Loch 
Katrine,"  1899.  He  married,  in  1872, 
Katherine,  daughter  of  Professor  Menzies, 
of  Edinburgh  University.  Addresses  :  1 
Abbey  Road,  N.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MADAGASCAR,  Queen  of.  -See 
Ranavalo  Manjaka  III. 

MADAN,  Falconer,  M.A.,  born  April 
15,  1851,  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  Rev,  George 
Madan,  then  Vicar  of  Cam  in  Gloucester- 
shire (afterwards  Vicar  of  St.  Mary  Red- 
cliffe.Bristol,  and  Rector  of  Dursley),  and 
of  his  wife  Harriet,  ne'e  Gresley.  He  was 
educated  at  Marlborough  College  from 
1864  to  1870,  and  at  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  an  open 
scholarship.  He  was  twice  Proxime 
Accessit  for  the  Hertford  Scholarship ; 
graduated  B.A.  in  1874,  M.A.  in  1877  ; 
was  a  Fellow  of  his  College  from  1876  to 
1880,  and  was  again  elected  to  that 
position  in  1889.  On  June  15,  1880,  he 
was  elected  a  Sub-Librarian  of  the  Bodleian 
Library,  and  in  1889  was  appointed  Lee- 


MADDEN 


711 


turer  in  Mediaeval  Palaeography  in  the 
University  of  Oxford — positions  which  he 
still  holds.  In  1874  he  won  the  Univer- 
sity Single  Fives  Prize.  His  chief  works 
are :  "  A  Bibliography  of  Dr.  Henry 
Sacheverell,"  1884;  "Books  in  Manu- 
script," 1893  ;  "The  Early  Oxford  Press, 
'  1468 '  to  1640,"  1895  ;  "  A  Summary  Cata- 
logue of  Western  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian 
Library,"  vols,  iii.-iv.,  1895-97  (in  pro- 
gress) ;  "  The  Gresleys  of  Drakelowe,"  a 
family  history,  1898.  He  married,  on 
Dec.  29,  1885,  Frances  Jane,  daughter  of 
Harrison  Hayter,  Esq.,  Past  President  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  :  and 
has  issue.  Addresses  :  90  Banbury  Road  ; 
and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford. 

MADDEN,  The  Right  Hon.  Dodg- 
son  Hamilton,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the 
Eev.  Hugh  Hamilton  Madden,  M.A.  (Rec- 
tor of  Templemore  and  Chancellor  of 
Cashel),  by  Isabella,  daughter  of  H.  J. 
Monck  Mason,  Esq.,  LL.D.  (author  of  "An 
Essay  on  Irish  Parliaments,"  "Life  of 
Bishop  Bedell,"  and  other  works),  was 
born  at  Loughgall,  co.  Armagh,  Mar.  28, 
1840.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
in  1857,  and  obtained  a  Classical  Scholar- 
ship and  Moderatorship,  a  Gold  Medal  and 
Senior  Moderatorship  in  Ethics  and  Logics, 
a  Vice-Chancellor's  Prize  for  English  Com- 
position, and  other  honours.  He  gradu- 
ated B.A.  and  M.A.,  and  in  1891  the  Uni- 
versity conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1864,  appointed  Q.C.  in  1880,  Third 
Serjeant-at-Law  in  1887,  Solicitor-General 
in  1888,  Attorney-General  in  1889,  and  a 
Judge  of  the  High  Court,  Queen's  Bench 
Division,  in  1892.  In  1896,  under  a  pro- 
vision introduced  into  the  Land  Act  of 
that  year,  he  was  appointed  Additional 
Land  Judge  for  the  purposes  of  the  Local 
Registration  of  Title  Act,  a  measure  which 
he  was  successful  in  passing,  when  At- 
torney-General for  Ireland,  in  1891.  He 
represented  the  University  of  Dublin  in 
Parliament  (1887-92),  and  was  appointed 
Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  in  1895, 
on  the  retirement  of  the  Right  Hon.  John 
Thomas  Ball,  LL.  D.  He  is  Vice-Chairman 
of  the  Board  of  Intermediate  Education 
in  Ireland.  He  published  works  on  the 
Registration  of  Deeds,  1868,  and  the 
Practice  of  the  Land  Judges'  Court,  1870, 
1879,  and  1889  ;  and  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Diary  of  Master  William  Silence  :  a  Study 
of  Shakespeare  and  of  Elizabethan  Sport  " 
Longmans,  1897.  He  married  (1),  in 
1868,  Minnie,  daughter  of  Lewis  Moore, 
Esq.,  D.L.,  Cremorgan,  Queen's  County  ; 
and  (2),  Jessie  Isabelle,  daughter  of 
Richard  Warburton,  Esq.,  D.L. ,  Garry  - 
hinch,  King's  County.  Address  :  Nutley, 
Booterstown,  co.  Dublin. 


MADDEN,  Hon.  Sir  John,  K.C.M.G., 

Chief -Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vic- 
toria, was  born  in  1844,  and  educated  at 
Melbourne  University,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1863,  and  LL.D.  in  1866.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  called  to  the  Australian 
Bar,  and  in  1889  was  appointed  to  his 
present  post.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G.  at 
the  New  Year  1899.  He  married,  in 
1872,  Gertrude  Frances,  daughter  of  F.  J. 
Stephen.  Address  :  Cloyne,  St.  Kilda, 
Melbourne. 

MADDEN,  Thomas  More,  M.D.,  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  his 
father,  the  late  Dr.  R.  R.  Madden,  F.R.C.S. 
Eng.,  then  filled  the  office  of  British 
representative  at  the  Havanna,  in  the 
International  Commission  for  the  Aboli- 
tion of  the  Slave-Trade,  to  which  he  was 
appointed  by  Lord  Palmerston,  and  for 
which  he  had  relinquished  his  practice  as 
a  London  physician.  Dr.  Madden,  senior, 
who  died  in  1886,  was  not  only  a  prominent 
member  of  the  anti-slavery  party,  but  was 
also  a  prolific  and  well-known  writer, 
having  in  the  course  of  his  long  and  varied 
life  published  more  than  forty  volumes. 
Amongst  these  we  may  here  mention  his 
"  Travels  in  the  East,"  "  History  of  the 
United  Irishmen,"  "Life  and  Correspond- 
ence of  Lady  Blessington,"  "Biography  of 
Savonarola,"  "  The  Infirmities  of  Genius," 
"  History  of  Periodical  Literature,"  &c, 
Dr.  More  Madden  entered  on  medical 
studies  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  when  he 
was  apprenticed  to  the  late  Mr.  Cusack, 
Surgeon-in -Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in 
Ireland.  Shortly  before  the  completion 
of  pupilage,  however,  he  was  forced  by 
symptoms  of  pulmonary  disease  to  remove 
to  a  more  genial  climate,  and  the  next 
few  years  he  passed  in  the  South  of  Spain, 
Italy,  and  France,  completing  his  profes- 
sional studies  in  Malaga  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Montpellier.  Having  graduated 
as  a  physician,  after  he  returned  home  in 
1862  he  became  a  member  of  the  London 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  is  also  a  Member 
of  the  Dublin  College  of  Physicians,  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  Edinburgh.  After  a  further  period  of 
health-travel  in  Southern  Europe,  Egypt, 
Africa,  and  Australia,  he  settled  down  in 
practice  in  Dublin.  In  1868,  having 
adopted  obstetric  and  gynaecological  prac- 
tice as  a  specialism,  Dr.  More  Madden 
was  appointed  Assistant  Physician  to  the 
Rotunda  Lying-in  Hospital.  On  retire- 
ment from  that  office  three  years  later,  he 
was  accorded  the  special  thanks  of  the 
governors  for  "  zealous  and  efficient  dis- 
charge of  his  duties,  and  uniform  kindness 
to  the  patients."  In  1872  he  received  the 
French  bronze  cross,  in  recognition  of  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  organisa- 


712 


MADGE  —  MAETERLINCK 


tion  of  the  Irish  Ambulance  Corps  em- 
ployed during  the  Franco-Prussian  War. 
In  that  year,  being  also  Examiner  in 
Obstetric  Medicine  in  the  Queen's  Univer- 
sity, he  was  appointed  Physician  to  the 
newly-established  Hospital  for  Sick  Chil- 
dren, Dublin ;  and  not  long  afterwards 
became  Obstetric  Physician  and  Gynaeco- 
logist to  the  Mater  Misericordiae  Hospital. 
In  addition  to  these  appointments  Dr. 
More  Madden  is  Consultant  to  the  National 
Lying-in  Hospital,  and  other  institutions. 
In  1878  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of 
the  Dublin  Obstetrical  Society ;  in  1885 
Vice-President  of  the  British  Gynaecologi- 
cal Society  ;  in  1886  President  of  the 
Obstetric  Section  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  ;  and  more  recently  he  held  the 
office  of  President  of  the  Obstetric  Section 
of  the  British  Medical  Association.  He 
received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  (honoris  causd), 
from  the  Medical  College  of  Galveston  in 
1890  ;  and  was  accorded  a  Gold  Medal  by 
the  Associazione  dei  Benemeriti  Italiani. 
In  1892  he  was  Hon.  President  of  the  first 
International  Congress  of  Obstetrics  and 
Gynaecology  at  Brussels.  He  has  been 
also  made  Honorary  or  Corresponding 
Member  or  Fellow  of  many  medical  and 
scientific  societies  at  home  and  abroad. 
In  1895  he  received  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Obstetrics  (honoris  causd),  from  the 
Royal  University  of  Ireland.  Besides  a 
vast  number  of  contributions  to  medical 
journals,  and  several  articles  in  Quain's 
"Dictionary  of  Medicine,"  and  other 
standard  books,  Dr.  More  Madden's  writ- 
ings include  the  last  edition  of  "  The 
Dublin  Practice  of  Midwifery"  ;  "Change 
of  Climate  in  Chronic  Disease,"  3rd  edit., 
1876  ;  "  Spas  of  Germany,  France,  and 
Italy,"  1874;  "  Contributional  Treatment 
of  Chronic  Uterine  Disease,"  1878  ; 
"  Mental  and  Nervous  Disorders  peculiar 
to  Women,"  1883  ;  "  Child  Culture- 
Mental,  Moral,  and  Physical,"  3rd  edit., 
1890  ;  "  On  Uterine  Tumours,"  1887  ; 
"  Treatment  of  Dysmenorrhoea  and  Ster- 
ility," London,  1889.  In  1893  he  edited 
"  A  Manual  of  Obstetric  and  Gynaecologi- 
cal Nursing  "  ;  and  in  the  same  year  was 
published  in  Philadelphia  and  in  London 
his  "  Clinical  Gynaecology — a  Handbook  of 
Diseases  of  Women,"  profusely  illustrated. 
Finally,  in  the  list  of  this  writer's  works 
may  be  mentioned  "The  Health  Resorts 
of  Europe  and  Africa,"  3rd  edit.,  1891. 
The  latter  work  has  been  also  republished 
in  America.  The  latest  publication  of  this 
writer  on  a  professional  subject  is  one  on 
"  The  Special  Hygiene  and  Management 
of  Childhood  and  Youth,"  1897.  Besides 
these  Dr.  More  Madden  has  also  contrib- 
uted to  non -professional  literature  several 
works,  amongst  which  are  his  "  Memoirs 
from   1798  to  1886  of  Dr.  R.  R.  Madden, 


formerly  Colonial  Secretary  of  Western 
Australia,"  1891  ;  "  Genealogical  and  His- 
torical Records  of  the  O'Maddens  of  Hy- 
Mary,"  1894;  "Episodes  in  Ireland's 
History,"  1897  ;  and  "A  New  Edition  of 
the  Lives  and  Times  of  the  United  Irish- 
men of  1798  and  1803,  by  the  late  Dr.  R. 
R.  Madden,"  1898.  Dr.  More  Madden  mar- 
ried the  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas 
McDonnel  Caffrey,  Esq.  of  Crosthwaite 
Park,  Kingstown,  by  whom  he  has  two 
sons  and  one  daughter  surviving.  Of 
his  sons  the  eldest,  Dr.  Richard  R.  More 
Madden,  follows  his  father's  profession 
in  London,  where  he  is  one  of  the  Visiting 
Physicians  to  the  Infirmary  for  Consump- 
tion, Margaret  Street,  Cavendish  Square; 
and  the  youngest,  Captain  T.  McD.  Mad- 
den, is  an  officer  in  the  Wicklow  Artillery. 
Address  :  55  Merrion  Square,  Dublin. 

MADGE.     See  Humphry,  Mrs. 

MAETERLINCK,  Maurice,  Belgian 
dramatist  and  poet,  was  born  at  Ghent  in 
1864.  At  an  early  age  he  took  to  litera- 
ture, and  wrote  what  Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney 
once  called  "some  youthful  absurdities," 
among  which  were  "  Serres  Chaudes"  and 
"La  Princesse  Maleine."  The  latter,  a 
strange  old  -  world  invention,  introduced 
Maeterlinck  to  England,  and  was  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  Alfred  Sutro  into  English, 
with  a  preface  by  Mr.  Hall  Caine,  in  1892. 
"L'Intruse,"  "Les  Sept  Princesses,"  and 
"  Pelleas  et  Melisande  "  followed,  suffused 
with  an  arresting  mysticism,  and  widen- 
ing considerably  the  author's  sphere  of 
influence.  Miss  Alma  Tadema  translated 
the  last  play  in  1895.  In  June  1898 
"Pelleas  et  Melisande"  was  produced 
at  the  Lyceum  Theatre  by  Mr.  Forbes 
Robertson  and  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell, 
and,  albeit  its  run  was  short,  special 
matinees  were  given  during  the  "Macbeth" 
season  in  the  following  autumn.  Natu- 
rally Mr.  Forbes  Robertson's  venture 
attracted  widespread  attention,  and  curi- 
ously varying  estimates  were  made  of  M. 
Maeterlinck's  work.  Succeeding  contribu- 
tions from  M.  Maeterlinck  were  received 
with  much  interest,  especially  his  best- 
known  book,  "Le  Tre'sor  des  Humbles" 
(1897),  which  threw  a  wholly  new  light  on 
the  author's  aims.  This  was  introduced 
to  the  British  public  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Walkley 
and  translated  by  Mr.  Sutro.  The  current 
notion  of  him  as  a  kind  of  fantastic  de- 
cadent gave  place  to  a  conception  of  a 
new  and  snggestive  but  modest  seeker 
after  the  mystery  of  existence.  Some  of 
his  prose  essays,  it  was  said,  were  "empty 
enough,"  and  others  were  of  "a  sort  of 
etherealised  Emerson,  tender,  fascinating, 
and  almost  beautiful."  "Aglaraine  and 
Selysette"  (1897)   struck  a  deeper  note, 


MAGNUS  —  MAGRATH 


713 


and  many  adverse  comments  appeared  as 
a  result.  On  Oct.  15,  1898,  "Wisdom  and 
Destiny"  was  published  simultaneously  in 
London,  Paris,  and  New  York,  Mr.  Sutro 
again  being  the  translator,  and  was  hailed 
with  a  round  of  approval.  In  fact  M. 
Maeterlinck  has  undoubtedly  laid  the 
foundations  of  a  growing  contemporary 
reputation,  and  whilst  it  is  too  early  to 
assert  that  he  will  make  some  contribu- 
tion to  "the  stock  of  enduring  wisdom," 
a  surmise  may  be  hazarded  that  "the 
Belgian  Shakespeare,"  as  he  has  been 
called,  will  in  the  coming  century  receive 
some  commensurate  measure  of  recogni- 
tion. 

MAGNUS,  Sir  Philip,  J.P.,  second  son 
of  Jacob  Magnus,  was  born  in  London  on 
Oct.  7,  1842.  He  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College  School  from  1854  to  1858, 
and  afterwards  at  University  College, 
London,  where  he  obtained  the  Andrews 
Scholarship  for  Mathematics.  He  gradu- 
ated B.A.  (first  class  with  honours  in 
Philosophy  and  Physiology)  in  1863,  and 
B.Sc.  (first  class  with  honours)  in  1864  at 
the  University  of  London.  In  1865-66  he 
was  a  student  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 
During  his  residence  in  Germany  he  made 
inquiries  into  the  German  system  of  educa- 
tion, visited  schools,  and  studied  methods 
of  teaching.  He  embodied  the  results  of 
these  inquiries  in  a  paper  first  read  to  the 
members  of  a  College  Society  and  after- 
wards published.  This  was  his  earliest 
essay  on  educational  subjects.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  busily  engaged 
in  tutorial,  literary,  and  examining  work, 
and  held  for  some  years  the  Professorship 
of  Applied  Mathematics  at  the  Catholic 
University  College.  As  a  result  of  his 
lectures  in  Physics  there  appeared,  in 
1875,  the  first  edition  of  his  "Lessons 
in  Elementary  Mechanics  "  ( Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.),  which  he  re-wrote  in  1890, 
and  of  which  more  than  40,000  copies 
have  been  sold.  Later  he  was  associated 
with  Professor  Carey  Foster  in  editing  for 
the  same  publishers  a  series  of  Science 
Class  -  books,  to  which  he  contributed 
the  volume  on  "Hydrostatics  and  Pneu- 
matics." Subsequently  he  became  editor 
for  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul,  Trench  &  Co.  of 
a  series  of  books  on  educational  topics, 
called  the  "Education  Library,"  to  which 
in  1888  he  contributed  a  volume  consist- 
ing of  reprints  of  essays  and  addresses 
delivered  at  various  times,  under  the  title 
of  "Industrial  Education."  Since  then 
he  has  contributed  to  different  periodicals 
articles  and  essays  on  Educational  and 
Commercial  Subjects.  In  1880  Sir  Philip 
(then  Mr.)  Magnus  was  appointed  Organ- 
ising Director  and  Secretary  of  the  newly 
formed  Association  of  Livery  Companies, 


known  as  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London 
Institute  for  the  Advancement  of  Tech- 
nical Education.  At  that  date  little  or 
nothing  was  known  of  technical  educa- 
tion, and  the  wide  development  of  that 
movement  during  recent  years  has  followed 
pretty  closely  the  lines  laid  down  by  those 
originally  responsible  for  the  organisation 
of  the  City  Guilds  Institute.  In  1881  Mr. 
Magnus  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Technical  Instruction.  The 
Commission  sat  for  three  years,  during' 
which  Mr.  Magnus,  together  with  his  col- 
leagues, devoted  all  the  time  he  could 
spare  from  official  duties  to  the  inspection 
of  schools  and  factories  in  France,  Ger- 
many, Belgium,  Italy,  Holland,  Switzer- 
land, Austria,  aud  England.  In  1883  he 
was  appointed  Principal  of  the  Finsbury 
Technical  College,  and  delivered  his  in- 
augural address  on  Feb.  19  in  that  year. 
In  1884  he  was  Chairman  of  the  Technical 
Section  of  the  International  Conference  on 
Education  held  in  London,  and  presided 
over  by  Lord  Reay.  In  1886  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  that  year  he  represented  this 
country  at  an  Educational  Conference 
held  in  Bordeaux.  In  1890  Sir  Philip 
Magnus  was  co-opted  a  member  of  the 
School  Board  for  London,  but  did  not 
seek  re-election  when  the  Board  dissolved. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  by  Con- 
vocation on  the  Senate  of  the  University 
of  London,  to  the  work  of  which  he  had 
devoted  considerable  time.  Sir  Philip 
Magnus  is  a  member  of  the  Physical  and 
Mathematical  Societies,  a  Life  Governor 
of  University  College,  London,  Honorary 
Fellow  of  College  of  Preceptors,  Member 
of  the  Technical  Education  Board  of 
London  County  Council,  Representative 
of  University  of  London  on  Joint  Board 
for  University  Extension,  and  member  of 
the  governing  body  of  more  than  one  of 
the  London  polytechnics  and  other  educa- 
tional institutes.  He  is  President  of  the 
National  Association  of  Manual  Training 
Teachers,  and  also  of  the  Joint  Scholar- 
ship Board,  and  Education  Adviser  to  the 
London  Polytechnic  Council.  He  is  J.P. 
for  the  county  of  Surrey.  Sir  Philip 
Magnus  was  married  in  1870  to  Katie, 
only  daughter  of  the  late  Alderman  E. 
Emanuel,  J.P.,  of  Southsea.  Addresses : 
16  Gloucester  Terrace,  Hyde  Park  ;  Tang- 
ley  Hill,  Chilworth,  Surrey  ;  Athenseum. 

MAG  BATH,  The  Rev.  John 
Richard,  D.D.,  late  Vice-Chancellor  of 
the  University  of  Oxford,  son  of  Nicholas 
Magrath,  Surgeon,  R.N.,  of  Manor  House, 
Guernsey,  was  born  in  Guernsey,  Jan.  29, 
1839,  and  educated  at  Elizabeth  College, 
before  proceeding  to  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  a  Scholarship  at  Oriel  College.     At 


'14 


MAHAFFY  —  MAHAN 


the  University  he  obtained  (1860)  the 
Stanhope  Prize  for  an  essay  on  "The  Fall 
of  the  Republic  of  Florence."  He  gradu- 
ated B.A. ,  with  a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum. 
in  1860,  was  Johnson's  Theological  Scholar, 
1861,  and  took  his  M.A.  degree,  1863. 
From  1860  to  1878  he  was  Fellow  of  Queen's 
College  ;  Chaplain  from  1867  to  1878,  and 
Bursar  from  1874  to  1878.  He  was  Select 
Preacher  before  the  University  in  1867-69, 
and  Senior  Proctor  in  1877-78.  In  1878 
he  was  elected  Provost  of  Queen's  College, 
and  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D. 
Dr.  Magrath  has  published  "  A  Plea  for  the 
Study  of  Theology  in  the  University  of 
Oxford,"  1868  ; ' '  Selections  from  Aristotle's 
Organon,"  1868  (2nd  edit.  1877);  "Two 
Papers  on  University  Reform,"  1876.  He 
was  Chairman  of  the  Oxford  Local  Board 
from  1882-87.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Oxfordshire,  Alderman  of  the 
City  of  Oxford,  Member  of  the  Heb- 
domadal Council  of  the  University  since 
1878,  and  was  Vice-Chancellor  from  1894 
to  1898,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Sir 
William  Anson.  He  married,  in  1887, 
Georgiana  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  Ven. 
W.  Jackson,  D.D.,  formerly  Archdeacon 
and  Canon  of  Carlisle  and  Provost  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1862-78.  Ad- 
dress :  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 

MAHAFFY,  Professor  the  Kev. 
John  Pentland,  D.D.,  seventh  and 
youngest  child  of  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  B. 
Mahaffy  and  his  wife  Elizabeth  Pentland, 
was  born  on  Feb.  26,  1839,  at  Chappon- 
naire,  near  Vevay,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
in  Switzerland,  and  was  never  at  school, 
being  educated  in  Germany  by  his  parents, 
till  he  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in 
1856.  He  was  elected  to  a  scholarship  in 
1858,  and  obtained  two  Senior  Moderator- 
ships  (in  Classics  and  in  Philosophy)  at  his 
degree  in  1859  ;  gained  his  Fellowship  (by 
competition)  in  1864 ;  was  appointed 
Precentor  of  the  Chapel,  with  control  of 
the  college  choir  in  1867  ;  Professor  of 
Ancient  History,  1871  (which  offices  he 
now  holds) ;  and  Donnellan  lecturer  in 
1873.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  in 
1886,  Hon.  Mus.  D.  in  1890,  Hon.  D.C.L. 
(Oxon.),  1892.  He  was  decorated  with  the 
Gold  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Saviour  by 
the  King  of  Greece  in  1877,  and  was  elected 
an  Honorary  Fellow  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  in  1882,  and  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Vienna  Academy  in  1896. 
He  is  a  J.  P.  for  the  co.  Dublin,  on  the 
Grand  Jury  of  the  co.  Monaghan,  and  one 
of  the  Governors  of  the  Irish  National 
Gallery.  Professor  Mahaffy  has  published 
a  translation  of  Kuno  Fischer's  "Com- 
mentary on  Kant,"  1866;  "Twelve  Lec- 
tures on  Primitive  Civilisation,"  1868 ; 
"Prolegomena  to  Ancient  History,"  1871 ; 


"Kant's  Critical  Philosophy  for  English 
Readers,"  1871  ;  "Greek  Social  Life  from 
Homer  to  Menander,"  1874  (7th  edit., 
1898);  "Greek  Antiquities,"  1876,  a  work 
adopted  in  French,  Russian,  and  Hungarian 
schools  ;  "  Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece," 
1876  (3rd  edit.,  1887) ;  "  Greek  Education," 
1879;  "A  History  of  Classical  Greek 
Literature,"  2  vols.,  1880  (3rd  edit.,  1891) ; 
' '  A  Report  on  the  Irish  Grammar  Schools  " 
(in  the  Royal  Commission  of  1880-81); 
"The  Decay  of  Modern  Preaching,"  1882; 
"  The  Story  of  Alexander's  Empire,"  4th 
edit.,  1890;  "Greek  Life  and  Thought 
from  Alexander  to  the  Roman  Conquest," 
1887  (2nd  edit.,  1897);  "The  Art  of  Con- 
versation," 2nd  edit.,  1889;  "The  Greek 
World  under  Roman  Sway,"  and  "Greek 
Pictnres,"  1890,  and  "Problems  in  Greek 
History,"  1892;  "The  Empire  of  the 
Ptolemies,"  1896 ;  "  A  Sketch  of  the  Life 
and  Teaching  of  Descartes,"  1880,  and  has 
edited  the  English  edition  of  "Duruy's 
Roman  History,"  1883-86  ;  also  deciphered 
and  edited  the  Petrie  papyri  for  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  (Cunningham  Memoirs, 
viii.  and  ix.),  1891-93  ;  besides  many  papers 
in  periodicals  and  reviews.  Professor 
Mahaffy  is  at  present  Science  Tutor  and 
Examiner  and  Lecturer  in  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  Classics,  Philosophy,  Music, 
and  in  Modern  Languages.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Athenaeum  by  the  Com- 
mittee in  1884.  He  married,  in  1865, 
Frances,  daughter  of  William  M'Dougall, 
Esq.,  J.  P.,  &c,  of  Howth,  co.  Dublin,  and 
has  two  sons  and  two  daughters.  Ad- 
dresses :  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  38  North 
Great  George's  Street,  Dublin  ;  Sea  Lawn, 
Baldoyle  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MAH AN,  Alfred  T. ,  American  naval 
officer  and  author,  was  born  in  New  York, 
Sept.  27,  1840,  and  is  the  son  of  Prof.  D. 
H.  Mahan,  Professor  of  Military  Engineer- 
ing, U.S.  Military  Academy.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1856,  was  midshipman  June  9, 
1859,  and  promoted  to  Lieutenant  in  1861. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  between  the  States 
in  1865  he  had  become  a  Lieut.-Com- 
mander  ;  was  made  Commander  in  1872 
and  Captain  in  1885.  The  United  States 
Naval  War  College  at  Newport,  R.I.,  has 
received  a  great  deal  of  his  attention,  and 
he  has  done  much  special  duty  there, 
having  been  President  of  it  for  some  years. 
He  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  at  his 
own  request  in  November  1896.  He  is 
widely  known  as  an  able  writer  on  naval 
topics,  and  his  work  on  the  "  Influence  of 
Sea  Power  upon  History,"  published  in 
1890,  is  standard.  He  has  also  published 
"The  Gulf  and  Inland  Waters,"  1883; 
"  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French 
Revolution  and  Empire,"  1892  ;  "Life  of 
Admiral  Farragut,"  1894;  "The  Life  of 


MAITLAND  —  MALABAR! 


715 


Nelson,"  1897 ;  and  he  has  collected  various 
papers  contributed  to  the  American  maga- 
zines and  published  them  under  the  title 
of  "The  Interest  of  America  in  Sea  Power, 
present  and  future,"  1897.  In  1894,  when 
the  Chicago  of  which  he  was  in  command 
lay  in  the  Thames,  he  was  the  recipient  of 
unusual  honours  from  officers  of  the  British 
Navy.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Spain  he  was  recalled  into  active  service, 
and  served  in  1898  on  the  Board  of 
Strategy.  In  1899  he  was  chosen  as  Naval 
Expert  for  the  U.S.  on  the  Peace  Con- 
ference at  The  Hague.  Address :  160 
West  86th  Street,  New  York. 

MAITLAND,  Agnes  Catharine, 

Principal  of  Somerville  College,  Oxford, 
was  born  in  London,  on  April  12,  1849, 
and  is  the  second  daughter  of  David  John 
Maitland  (only  son  of  Col.  Maitland, 
H.E.I.C.S.,  of  Chipperkyle,  Galloway),  and 
of  Matilda  Leathes  Mortlock,  daughter  of 
Sir  John  Cheetham  Mortlock,  Commis- 
sioner in  Excise.  She  was  educated  at 
home,  and  was  appointed  Examiner  to 
Northern  Union  of  Schools  of  Cookery, 
1877  ;  Visiting  Examiner  to  Elementary 
Schools  under  Liverpool  School  of  Cookery, 
1881 ;  Principal  of  Somerville  Hall,  Oxford, 
in  succession  to  Miss  M.  Shaw-Lefevre, 
1889.  Miss  Maitland  is  the  author  of 
"Elsie,"  a  Lowland  sketch,  1875;  "A 
Woman's  Victory,"  1877  ;  "  Rhoda,"  1885  ; 
and  several  volumes  of  stories  for  children, 
various  cookery  books,  both  for  schools 
and  other  establishments  ;  also  "  Cottage 
Lecture's  on  Health,"  1889  ;  and  papers  on 
Hygiene,  Housekeeping,  Education,  and 
so  forth.  Miss  Maitland  has  always  taken 
great  interest  in  questions  affecting 
women,  especially  in  the  movement  for 
their  higher  education  ;  and  has  lectured 
on  these  and  other  subjects  ;  and  carried 
on  successfully  a  considerable  amount  of 
philanthropic  work.  Somerville  Hall  has 
grown  and  extended  its  buildings  con- 
siderably since  Miss  Maitland  entered  on 
her  duties  as  Principal,  and  became  a 
college  in  1894.  Address  :  Somerville 
College,  Oxford. 

MAITLAND,  Professor  Frederic 
William,  LL.D.,  was  born  on  May  28, 
1850,  and  is  the  son  of  John  Gorham 
Maitland.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (M.A.).  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  in  1884  was  appointed  Reader  of  Eng- 
lish Law  at  Cambridge  University,  and  in 
1888  Professor  of  English  Law.  He  is 
best  known  as  an  authority  on  the  history 
of  the  Laws  of  England,  and  has  published 
"Gloucester  Pleas,"  1884;  "Justice  and 
Police,"  1885;  Bracton's  "Note-Book," 
1887 ;  and,  jointly  with  Sir  Frederick  Pol- 


lock, the  standard  "History  of  English 
Law,"  1895;  "Domesday  Book  and  Be- 
yond," 1897;  "Township  and  Borough," 
and  "Canon  Law  in  England,"  1898.  He 
has  also  edited  several  of  the  Selden 
Society's  publications.  Addresses:  Down- 
ing College,  Cambridge  ;  and  Athenuasm. 

MAITLAND,  Major -General  Sir 
James  Makgill  Heriot,  K.C.B.,  younger 
son  of  the  late  James  M.  Heriot  of 
Ramornie,  Fifeshire,  and  grandson  of  the 
6th  Earl  of  Lauderdale,  was  born  at 
Ramornie  in  June  1837.  He  was  educated 
privately  and  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  and  entered  the  Royal  Engineers 
as  Lieutenant  in  April  1855,  and  was  pro- 
moted Captain  in  April  1862,  Major  in  July 
1872,  and  Colonel  in  the  Army  in  Decem- 
ber 1883.  He  first  saw  active  service  in 
the  China  War  of  1857-59,  taking  part  in 
the  occupation  of  Canton,  the  storming  of 
Chek-Hung,  and  the  attack  on  the  Peiho 
Forts.  He  was  mentioned  in  despatches 
and  received  a  medal.  In  1882  he  went 
to  Egypt  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Tel-el-Kebir.  For  his  services  throughout 
the  campaign  he  was  created  a  C.B.  and 
was  also  awarded  the  Medjidieh  of  the 
third  class.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
Colonel  on  the  Staff  and  Commanding 
Royal  Engineer  in  Egypt,  and  in  that 
capacity  took  part  in  the  Soudan  Cam- 
paign, being  employed  on  the  Nile  and 
with  the  Frontier  Field  Force,  and  was 
present  at  the  action  of  Giniss.  In  April 
1891  he  was  appointed  Deputy-Adjutant- 
General  for  Royal  Engineers  at  Head- 
quarters, and  was  promoted  to  Major- 
General  in  May  1895.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  sent  as  a  Special  Envoy  from 
the  War  Office  to  negotiate  with  the 
Government  of  India.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.B.  in  1887.  Major-General  Sir  James 
Maitland  is  married  to  Jessica,  only 
daughter  of  the  late  Captain  Hutchings, 
R.N.  His  first  wife  was  Frances,  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  John  Campbell.  Address  : 
16  Herbert  Crescent,  Hans  Place,  S.W. 

MALABABI,  Behramji  Merwanji 

(ni  Mehta),  an  Indian  poet,  philanthro- 
pist, and  national  reformer,  was  born  at 
Baroda  in  1853,  and  is  the  son  of  Dhan- 
jibhai  Mehta,  a  poor  Parsi  clerk,  who  was 
in  the  service  of  the  Gaekwar  of  Baroda, 
and  died  when  his  son  was  only  two  years 
of  age.  The  child  was  adopted  by  a 
maternal  relative,  named  Merwanji  Nana- 
bhai  Malabari,  who  subsequently  became 
his  stepfather,  and  whose  name  the  orphan 
boy  took,  in  lieu  of  Mehta.  His  mother, 
whose  name  was  Bhikhibai,  was  a  remark- 
able woman,  possessing  the  rare  qualities 
of  irrepressible  energy  combined  with 
great  gentleness  of  disposition.    Her  large- 


716 


MALCOM  KHAN 


ness  of  heart  and  loving  sympathy  for  the 
friendless  procured  for  her  the  esteem  of 
all  who  had  the  happiness  to  know  her. 
She  died  when  her  son  was  eleven  years 
of  age.  To  the  ennobling  influence  of  her 
character  her  son  owes  many  of  the  traits 
which  have  made  him  the  philanthropist 
that  he  is — one  who  has  sacrificed  his 
fortune  and  devoted  his  life  to  the  ameli- 
oration of  the  condition  of  the  girls  and 
women  of  India  ;  and  who,  in  the  name 
of  God  and  of  humanity,  has  undertaken 
a  noble  crusade  against  infant  marriages 
and  enforced  widowhood  among  the  Hindu 
races.  Malabari  began  life  as  a  poet,  and 
of  his  "  Niti  Vinod  "  it  has  been  said  that 
some  of  the  poems  will  live  as  long  as  the 
vernacular  of  Gujarat  endures.  He  has 
likewise  written  English  verse  which  has 
elicited  the  admiration  of  Lord  Tennyson, 
Professor  Max  Mtiller,  and  others.  His 
poetical  works  are  "Niti  Vinod,"  "  Wilson 
Virah,"  "  Tarod-i-Ittefaq,"  and  "The 
Indian  Muse  in  an  English  Garb."  He 
has  also  written  "  Gujarat  and  Gujaratis," 
which  has  passed  into  three  editions,  and 
is  esteemed  for  its  humorous  and  pictu- 
resque style.  Mr.  Malabari  is  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Indian  Spectator,  the 
leading  native  journal  of  India,  which 
is  known  to  have  done  most  valuable 
service  to  the  state  and  the  country  ;  and 
also  of  the  Voice  of  India.  He  has  written 
largely  on  important  political  and  moral 
questions,  and  is  the  greatest  social  re- 
former in  India,  known  to  be  in  touch 
with  high  authorities  and  leading  thinkers 
in  this  country.  He  visited  England  in 
1890,  and  his  "  Appeal  from  the  Daughters 
of  India,"  with  his  eloquent  pleadings  on 
their  behalf  in  the  Times  and  other  jour- 
nals, created  a  profound  impression  in  the 
highest  circles.  An  influential  committee 
was  formed  to  aid  his  efforts.  It  consisted 
of  former  Secretaries  of  State  for  India, 
Viceroys,  Governors,  high  legal  and  medi- 
cal authorities,  and  prominent  representa- 
tives of  Church  and  State.  Mr.  Malabari 
visited  this  country  again  in  1891,  and 
continued  the  agitation  commenced  in 
the  previous  year  against  infant  marriage 
in  his  own  country.  By  great  personal 
exertions,  and  with  the  aid  of  influential 
persons  here,  whom  he  interested  in  the 
cause  of  the  helpless  Indian  child-wife, 
he  succeeded  in  moving  the  Government 
of  India  to  take  legislative  action  in  the 
matter.  The  famous  Age  of  Consent  Bill, 
introduced  by  Sir  Andrew  Scoble,  the 
legal  member  of  the  Viceroy's  Council,  as 
the  direct  outcome  of  Mr.  Malabari's  long 
and  persistent  crusade,  became  law,  after 
bitter  discussions.  The  Age  of  Consent 
Act,  the  practical  outcome  of  Mr.  Mala- 
bari's labours  of  a  lifetime,  will  remain 
his  best  claim  to  the  gratitude   of  the 


Indian  people.  By  raising  the  age  of 
consent  from  ten  to  twelve  years  it  tends 
to  decrease  the  number  of  child-widows, 
and  to  improve  the  physical  and  moral 
condition  of  Indian  girls  in  general.  The 
educative  influence  of  this  piece  of  legis- 
lation is,  however,  its  chief  merit  ;  and 
the  next  generation  will  raise  the  age  still 
higher  with  much  less  trouble  and  opposi- 
tion. A  few  years  later  Mr.  Malabari 
urged  the  question  of  the  Restitution  of 
Conjugal  Rights,  which  had  been  laid 
aside  in  1891  for  a  more  convenient  op- 
portunity. Sir  Andrew  Scoble's  succes- 
sor, Sir  Alexander  Miller,  introduced  a 
bill  to  mitigate  the  rigours  of  this  imported 
law  ;  but  owing  to  the  weakness  or  igno- 
rance, of  the  new  Government,  the  bill, 
introduced  by  Government  themselves, 
was  withdrawn.  During  the  last  few 
years,  Mr.  Malabari  has  been  busy  with 
his  pen  again,  and  published  general 
literary  works,  all  of  which  have  met  with 
a  cordial  reception,  both  in  his  own  coun- 
try and  in  England  and  America.  In  his 
"  Indian  Eye  on  English  Life,"  published 
in  1893,  he  has  given  his  impressions  of 
men  and  manners  English,  in  his  racy 
humorous  style.  The  book  has  gone 
through  several  editions  in  a  short  time. 
Mr.  Malabari  has  also  written  on  politics, 
and  his  two  brochures,  "  The  India  Pro- 
blem" (London  and  Bombay,  1894),  and 
"  India  in  1897 "  (London,  1898),  treat 
some  of  the  most  burning  questions  of 
current  Indian  politics  in  a  calm  dispas- 
sionate manner,  characteristic  of  this 
publicist.  Nor  has  Mr.  Malabari  neglected 
his  poetic  muse  amid  political  and  philan- 
thropic labours,  all  -  engrossing  as  they 
have  been.  He  has  added  to  his  previous 
works  two  volumes  of  verse  in  his  mother 
tongue,  Gujarati,  "  Anubhavika, "  or  "  Ex- 
periences of  Life"  (1894),  and  "  Man  and 
his  World  "  (1898),  which  have  considerably 
enhanced  his  fame  as  a  genuine  poet.  Mr. 
Malabari  has  also  interested  himself  keenly 
in  Miss  Florence  Nightingale's  scheme  for 
Indian  Village  Sanitation,  for  which  he  is 
doing  much  in  a  quiet  manner.  During 
the  last  two  or  three  years  of  troubles  and 
disasters  through  which  India  has  passed, 
Mr.  Malabari  has  been  busy  rendering 
assistance  to  the  plague  -  stricken  and 
famine-stricken  people  in  the  cities  and 
the  provinces,  and  by  long  and  frequent 
tours  he  has  kept  himself  in  touch  with 
the  operations  and  measures  of  relief 
started  and  worked  by  the  officials,  acting 
throughout  as  a  welcome  interpreter  be- 
tween the  people  and  their  alien  rulers. 

MALCOM  KHAN,  His  Highness 
Prince,  Nazem  ud  Dowleh,  was  born 
at  Ispahan  in  1832,  and  is  descended  from 
a  noble  family  of  great  antiquity  in  Persia. 


MALET 


717 


His  father,  Yaooub  Khan,  was  one  of  the 
ablest    and    most    learned    statesmen   of 
Persia.     After  receiving  a  careful  training 
at  home  under  his  father's  immediate  care, 
Malcom  Khan  was,  at  the  age  of  twelve, 
sent  to  Paris,  where  he  successfully  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  mathematics  and 
other  sciences,  literature,   &c,  and   more 
especially  to  the  study  of  the  institutions 
of    Europe    as    compared   with   those   of 
Persia.     When  he  returned  to  Persia   he 
was  at  once   appointed   Oonseiller   Intime, 
and   A.D.C.   to  the  Shah  at  Teheran.     At 
the  age  of  twenty-two  Malcom  Khan  was 
sent  to  Europe  with  the  special  mission  of 
elaborating    and    concluding    treaties   of 
friendship  and  commerce  with  the  Gov- 
ernments of  Europe   and   of   the   United 
States    of    America.       On    his   return   to 
Persia   he   ardently   promoted   the   intro- 
duction of  reforms  in  the  Persian  adminis- 
tration.     To    this    end    he    had   already 
written   several  pamphlets  and  books  on 
literary,   religious,   and  political   subjects 
connected  with  Persia.     As  an  author  he 
introduced  into  the  Persian  language  the 
methods  and  best  style  of  European  writers, 
and  entirely  transformed   the  diplomatic 
language  of  Persia.     In  1860  the  ideas  of 
Prince  Malcom  Khan  were  found  too  ad- 
vanced   for    immediate    realisation  ;     he 
therefore  obtained  leave  of   absence  and 
went  to  take  up  his  residence  at  Constan- 
tinople,  where  he   married,  in    1865,   the 
Princess   Dadian,   by   whom   he   has   had 
four  children,  three  daughters,  and  a  son 
who  was  educated   at  Eton.     In  1872  he 
was  asked  to  draw  up  a   comprehensive 
programme  of  reforms  to  be  carried  out  in 
Persia ;  and  was  recalled  to  Teheran  and 
occupied  the  post  second  to  that  of  the 
Grand  Vizier,  in  which  position  all  the  great 
home    and   foreign    affairs   of    the   State 
passed  through  his  hands  ;  and  in  conse- 
quence of  many  important  reforms  realised 
under    his   immediate   direction,    he   was 
created  Nazem  ud  Dowleh   (Eeformer   of 
the  Empire),    a  title  which  ranks   among 
the  highest  in  the  land.     One  of  his  best 
successes  was  to  decide  the  Shah  to  under- 
take his  first  journey  to  Europe  in  1873. 
The   Prince  was  accordingly   sent   on  an 
extraordinary  mission   to   all   the   Courts 
of  Europe  to  prepare  for  the  visit  of  his 
sovereign.     After  accompanying  the  Shah 
during   his    tour,    Prince    Malcom    Khan, 
unwilling  to  return  to  Persia,  remained  in 
Europe  as  Persian  Minister  at  the  Courts 
of  London,  Vienna,  Berlin  and  other  coun- 
tries.    During  the  Shah's  second  visit  to 
Europe,   1878,   Prince  Malcom  Khan  was 
sent  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin  as  Persian 
Plenipotentiary,   where   he   succeeded   in 
obtaining  the  restitution  by  Turkey  of  a 
disputed  province,  and  on  that  occasion 
was    raised    to    the    rank    of    Highness. 


Prince  Malcom  Khan  has  constantly  pro- 
moted various  reforms  ;  finding  that  the 
regeneration  of  Oriental  countries  could 
be  effected  only  by  radical  religious  trans- 
formations, and  by  a  new  system  of  public 
instruction,  he  devoted  a  large  portion  of 
his  time  and  means  to  modify  the  Arabic 
alphabet.  He  recently  published  an  edi- 
tion of  the  celebrated  "  Gnlistan  "  and 
other  works  in  his  new  phonetic  system 
of  Arabic  writing.  It  is  generally  con- 
sidered that  the  improvement  of  the 
relations  between  Great  Britain  and 
Persia,  and  the  success  which  attended 
the  visit  of  the  Shah  to  this  country  in 
1889,  are  due  mostly  to  Prince  Malcom 
Khan.  Upon  his  sovereign's  return  to 
Persia  he  resigned  the  Embassy  of  London, 
on  account  of  personal  differences  with 
the  acting  Grand  Vizier.  In  the  early 
part  of  June  1890  the  Shah  offered  him 
the  Persian  Embassy  at  Rome,  but  his 
Highness  declined  the  appointment  on 
the  plea  of  his  health.  In  February  1899 
his  appointment  was  announced  as  Persian 
Minister  in  Rome,  in  succession  to  General 
Neriman  Khan. 

MALET,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Ed- 
ward Baldwin,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.B.,  born  at 
the  Hague,  Oct.  10,  1837,  is  the  son  of  Sir 
Alexander  Malet,  K.C.B.,  formerly  British 
Minister  at  Frankfort.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford, 
and  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1854 
as  attache  at  Frankfort.  In  1858  he  was 
transferred  to  Brussels,  to  Rio  de  Janeiro 
in  1861,  and  to  Washington  in  1862,  where 
be  was  made  Second  Secretary.  In  1865 
he  served  at  Lisbon  and  Constantinople  ; 
was  appointed  to  act  temporarily  as  a 
supernumerary  Second  Secretary  at  Paris, 
in  July  1867,  and  was  transferred  to  Paris 
in  January  1868.  During  the  Commune 
he  was  Charge"  des  Archives  ;  was  made  a 
C.B.  July  10,  1871,  and  promoted  to  be 
Secretary  of  Legation  at  Pekin  in  August 
of  the  same  year.  From  1873  to  1875  he 
was  acting  Charge  d'Affaires  at  Athens, 
and  then  proceeded  to  Rome  as  Secretary 
of  Embassy.  In  connection  with  the  re- 
newal of  the  treaty  of  commerce  with 
Italy,  Sir  Edward  Malet  visited  the  manu- 
facturing districts,  and  was  appointed 
with  Mr.  Kennedy  to  confer  with  the 
Italian  Commissioner  in  November  1875 
with  respect  to  the  renewal  of  the  treaty 
of  Aug.  6,  1863,  between  Great  Britain 
and  Italy.  On  April  29,  1878,  he  was 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at 
Constantinople  in  the  absence  of  the  Am- 
bassador. The  following  year  he  went 
to  Egypt  as  Agent-Consul-General,  and  as 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  in  the  diplomatic 
service.  He  was  made  a  K. C.B.  in  1881,  and 
received  the  medal  and  Khedive's  star  for 


718 


MALLOCK  — MANN 


his  services  in  Egypt  in  1882.  In  August 
1883  he  was  promoted  to  be  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at 
Brussels,  and  Ambassador  at  Berlin,  Sept. 
20,  1884.  He  was  also  accredited  as 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Mecklenburg  -  Strelitz,  Saxe- 
Weimar,  Anhalt,  Oldenburg,  and  Bruns- 
wick. In  1895  he  retired  on  a  pension. 
He  was  British  Plenipotentiary  at  the 
Congo  Conference  in  1884-85,  and  at  the 
Samoa  Conference  in  1889.  Sir  Edward 
Malet  was  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  in 
March  1885,  and  in  June  of  the  same 
year  was  made  a  G.C.M.G.,  and  G.C.B.  in 
February  1886.  He  married  Lady  Ermyn- 
trude,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford, 
in  1885.  Addresses :  85  Eaton  Square, 
S.W. ;  Wrest  Wood,  Bexhill. 

MALLOCK,  "William  Hurrell,  son 

of  the  Rev.  Roger  Mallock,  of  Cockington 
Court,  South  Devon,  was  born  in  Devon- 
shire in  1849.  His  mother  is  a  daughter 
of  the  late  Ven.  R.  Hurrell  Froude,  Arch- 
deacon of  Totnes,  and  sister  of  Mr.  An- 
thony Froude,  the  historian.  Mr.  Mallock 
was  educated  by  a  private  tutor,  the  Rev. 
W.  B.  Philpot,  of  Littlehampton,  Sussex, 
and  afterwards  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  in  1871  he  gained  the  Newdigate 
Prize  Poem,  the  subject  being  "The  Isth- 
mus of  Suez."  He  took,  at  Oxford,  a 
second  class  in  the  final  classical  schools. 
Mr.  Mallock  has  never  entered  any  profes- 
sion, though  at  one  time  he  contemplated 
the  diplomatic  service.  "The  New  Re- 
public," most  of  which  he  wrote  when  he 
was  at  Oxford,  was  published  in  1876, 
having  first  appeared  in  a  fragmentary 
form  in  Belgravia.  A  year  later  he  pub- 
lished "The  New  Paul  and  Virginia."  In 
1879  he  published  "Is  Life  Worth  Living?" 
which  first  appeared  in  fragments  in  the 
Contemporary  Review  and  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  In  1880  he  brought  out  a  small 
edition  of  "Poems,"  written,  most  of 
them,  many  years  previously.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  published,  "  A  Romance  of 
the  Nineteenth  Century "  ;  and  in  1882 
"  Social  Equality  :  a  Study  in  a  Missing 
Science,"  the  substance  of  which  had 
already  appeared  in  fragments  iu  the 
Nineteenth  Century  and  the  Contemporary 
during  the  three  previous  years.  In  1884 
he  published  "Property  and  Progress,"  an 
examination  of  the  theories  of  contem- 
porary radical  and  socialistic  agitation. 
This  had  been  formerly  published  in  the 
Quarterly  Review  in  the  shape  of  three 
essays.  The  year  following  he  published 
"Atheism  and  the  Value  of  Life,  or 
Five  Studies  in  Contemporary  Literature," 
being  criticisms  of  Professor  Clifford, 
Lord  Tennyson,  George  Eliot,  the  author 
of  "Ecce  Homo,"  and  Herbert  Spencer. 


In  1886  he  published  "The  Old  Order 
Changes,"  a  novel  which  first  appeared  in 
the  National  Review.  His  most  recent 
works  are:  "A  Human  Document,"  a  novel, 
and  "In  an  Enchanted  Island,"  1892; 
"Labour  and  the  Popular  Welfare,"  an 
edition  of  the  Letters  and  Remains  of  the 
12th  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  a  volume  of 
"  Verses,"  1893.  In  1889  he  published  his 
experiences  in  Cyprus,  under  the  title, 
"In  an  Enchanted  Island."  More  recently 
he  has  written  in  the  newspapers,  one  of 
his  most  effective  attacks  being  on  socialis- 
tic doctrinairism.  In  1896  he  published 
"  Classes  and  Masses,"  and  in  1898, 
"Aristocracy  and  Evolution."  In  1890 
he  became  editor  of  the  "  British  Review," 
a  new  weekly,  now  amalgamated  with  the 
"National  Observer."  Address:  Bornhill, 
near  Exeter. 

MANCHESTER,    Bishop    of.      See 

Mookhouse,  The  Right  Rev.  James. 

MANCHESTER,     Dean    of.        See 

Macluee,  The  Very  Rev.  Edward 
Craig. 

MANCHESTER,,  Duke  of,  William 
Angus  Drogo  Montagu,  was  born  in 
London  in  1877,  and  is  the  son  of  the  8th 
Duke,  and  Consuelo,  daughter  of  Signor 
Antonio  Yznaga  de  Valle,  of  Louisiana.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  succeeded  his  father  in 
1890.  He  is  a  lieutenant  in  the  5th 
Battalion  of  the  King's  Royal  Rifles.  Ad- 
dresses :  Kimbolton  Castle,  St.  Neots  ;  and 
45  Portman  Square,  W.,  &c. 

MANN,  Horace,  son  of  Thomas  Mann, 
Esq.,  solicitor,  and  afterwards  Chief  Clerk 
in  the  General  Register  Office,  was  born 
Oct.  4,  1823,  and  educated  privately  and 
at  Mercers'  School,  London.  He  entered 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1842,  and  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1847,  practising  on  the  Home 
Circuit  until,  in  October  1850,  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  -  Commissioner  for 
conducting  the  Census  of  1851.  In  that 
capacity  he  wrote  special  Reports  on 
"Education"  and  "  Religious  Worship. " 
In  June  1855  he  was  appointed  Registrar, 
and  in  December  1875  Secretary  to  the 
Civil  Service  Commission,  from  which  post 
he  retired,  on  pension,  1887. 

MANN,  Tom,  was  born  at  Foleshill, 
Warwickshire,  on  April  15,  1856.  As  a 
lad  he  worked  in  a  mine  till  he  was  four- 
teen years  of  age,  when  his  people  removed 
to  Birmingham.  In  1877  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, and  became  connected  with  the 
Amalgamated  Engineers.  He  was  em- 
ployed at  Messrs.  Thorneycroft's,  but  in 
1889,  during  the  great  dock  strike,  devoted 


MANNS  —  MARCET 


719 


himself  to  labour  organisation  among  the 
dock  labourers.  He  was  elected  President 
of  the  Dock,  Wharf,  Riverside,  and  General 
Labourers'  Union,  but  retired  from  that 
position  in  September  1892.  At  the 
Bristol  Conference  of  1893  he  accepted 
the  position  of  Hon.  President.  In  1892 
Mr.  Mann  became  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Labour,  and  also  gave 
evidence  before  the  Commission.  The 
London  Reform  Union  being  formed  in 
1893,  he  accepted  the  Secretaryship.  In 
1894  he  became  Secretary  of  the  Independ- 
ent Labour  Party,  which  office  he  held 
for  three  years,  resigning  in  order  to 
devote  himself  more  effectually  to  the  In- 
ternational Federation  of  Ship,  Dock,  and 
River  Workers,  which  came  into  existence 
in  June  1896.  For  organising  purposes 
Mr.  Mann  has  visited  France,  Belgium, 
Holland,  Germany,  Denmark,  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Spain,  but  owing  to  the 
opposition  of  the  authorities  he  has 
been  expelled  from  France,  Belgium,  and 
Hamburg.  He  is  now  engaged  in  the 
organisation  of  the  Workers'  Union,  which 
it  is  hoped  will  draw  into  the  ranks  of 
Trade  Unionism  large  numbers  of  those 
who  have  up  till  now  stood  apart.  Ad- 
dress :  34  Minford  Gardens,  West  Ken- 
sington. 

MANN'S,  August,  well  known  as  a 
musical  conductor,  was  born  on  March  12, 
1825,  at  Stolzenburg,  in  Prussia.  He 
showed  great  ability  in  conducting  at 
Krolls,  in  Berlin,  from  1849  till  1851,  and 
afterwards  from  1851  till  1854  as  Director 
of  Herr  von  Roon's  Regimental  Band  in 
Cologne,  and  was  appointed  in  1855  musi- 
cal director  of  the  Crystal  Palace,  where 
for  nearly  forty-three  years  he  has  wielded 
the  baton  at  the  famous  winter  and  spring 
Saturday  Concerts.  During  this  long 
period  he  has  done  much  to  popularise 
certain  French,  German,  and  other  foreign 
masters  who  would  otherwise  have  re- 
mained comparatively  unknown  to  the 
English  music-loving  public.  It  may  be 
said  that  the  liberal  spirit  in  which  musi- 
cal art  has  been  nursed  by  the  concerts 
under  his  conductorship  has  prepared  the 
way  for  that  general  progress  of  musical 
art  in  Great  Britain  which  now  gives  so 
much  enjoyment  to  lovers  of  good  music 
in  London,  and  in  most  of  the  large  pro- 
vincial towns.  In  1883  he  became  con- 
ductor to  the  Handel  Festival  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  Michael  Costa,  who  retired 
owing  to  ill-health.  He  has  conducted 
at  all  subsequent  Handel  Festivals.  Ad- 
dress :  Crystal  Palace,  S.E. 

MAPLE,  Sir  John  Blundell,  Bart., 
M.P.,  Governor  of  Maple  &  Co.,  of  the 
Tottenham  Court  Road,  London,  was  born 


in  1845,  and  is  the  son  of  Mr.  John  Maple, 
upholsterer.  He  was  educated  at  Crau- 
furd  College  and  King's  College  School, 
and  since  1887  has  represented  the  Dul- 
wich  Division  of  Camberwell  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  where  he  votes  as  a  Con- 
servative. He  entered  the  London  County 
Council  for  South  St.  Pancras  in  1895,  and 
has  found  the  funds  for  rebuilding  Univer- 
sity College  Hospital  at  a  cost  of  £120,000, 
on  ground  rendered  partially  vacant  by 
the  demolition  of  some  of  his  workshops. 
He  was  created  Baronet  at  the  Jubilee  in 
1897,  having  been  previously  knighted. 
He  is  very  well  known  in  the  racing  world. 
He  married  Emily,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Merryweather,  in  1874,  and  their  only 
daughter  was  married  to  Baron  von  Eck- 
hardstein  of  the  German  Embassy,  in 
1896.  Addresses :  8  Clarence  Terrace, 
N.W. ;  and  Childwickbury,  St.  Albans. 

MAPOTHER,  Edward  Dillon,  born 
at  Fairview,  Dublin,  Oct.  14,  1835,  of  a 
leading  Roscommon  family,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Queen's  University.  Before 
he  had  attained  his  nineteenth  year  he  was 
elected  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Ireland,  and  in 
1867  became  its  Professor  of  Physiology, 
and  afterwards  filled  the  presidential 
chair  in  that  institution.  He  was  also 
President  of  the  Statistical  Society  of  Ire- 
land. In  1888  he  resigned  his  official 
position  to  practise  in  London,  having 
purchased  the  residence  of  the  eminent 
surgeon  Quain,  a  house  also  interesting  as 
having  been  the  abode  successively  of 
three  famous  portrait  -  painters,  Francis 
Cotes,  R.A.,  George  Romney,  and  Sir  M. 
A.  Shee,  P.R.A.  Dr.  Mapother's  writings 
include  "A  Manual  of  Physiology,"  3rd 
edit.,  1882  ;  "  Lectures  on  Public  Health," 
2nd  edit.,  1867  ;  "  Lectures  on  Skin 
Diseases  "  ;  "  The  Body  and  its  Health  " 
(six  editions).  By  this  primer  a  know- 
ledge of  Physiology  and  Hygiene  has  been 
diffused  in  the  National  Schools  of  Ireland 
and  of  most  other  English  -  speaking 
countries.  He  also  gained  the  Carmichael 
Prize  (£200)  for  an  essay  on  Medical  Edu- 
cation, and  has  contributed  many  medical 
biographical  sketches  and  proposals  for 
hospital  reform.  Address  :  32  Cavendish 
Square,  W. 

MARCET,  "William,  M.D.  Edin., 
F.R.C.P.  Lond.,  F.R.S.,  received  his  medi- 
cal education  at  Edinburgh,  and  graduated 
M.D.  in  1850.  In  1859  he  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Lon- 
don, and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  has  been  Assistant-Physician  at  the 
Brompton  Hospital  for  Consumption,  is 
Consulting  Physician  in  London  for  the 
Invalid    Ladies'    Home    at    Cannes,    and 


720 


MAKCHAND  —  MAKGOLIOTJTH 


Assistant  -  Physician  at  the  Westminster 
Hospital.  He  was  president  from  1888  to 
1890  of  the  Royal  Meteorological  Society, 
and  is  President  of  the  Edinburgh  Medical 
Society  and  Fellow  of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir. 
Soc.  Perhaps  his  best-known  book  is  the 
reprint  of  his  Croonian  Lectures,  delivered 
at  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1895, 
and  entitled  "A  Contribution  to  the  His- 
tory of  the  Respiration  of  Man."  Ad- 
dresses :  Flowermead,  Wimbledon  Park, 
Surrey  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MAKCHAND,  The  Hon.  Felix 
Gabriel,  Canadian  author  and  statesman, 
was  born  at  St.  John's,  Lower  Canada,  in 
1832.  He  studied  law,  and  entered  the 
Legislative  Assembly  of  Quebec  in  1867. 
In  1878  he  became  Provincial  Secretary, 
and  for  a  short  while  was  Commissioner 
of  Crown  Lands.  In  1887  he  was  Speaker 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly.  He  has  been 
a  constant  writer  in  most  of  the  French- 
Canadian  papers,  notably  Lc  Franco- 
Oanadien,  wbich  he  founded.  He  has  also 
written  comedies  for  the  stage,  such  as 
"  Erreur  n'est  pas  Compte,"  and  "  Un  Bon- 
heur  en  Attire  un  Autre."  In  1879  he 
received  the  decoration  of  Officier  de 
L'Instruction  Publique  from  the  French 
Government. 

MAKCHAND,    Major    Thomas, 

French  explorer  and  "  emissary  of  civilisa- 
tion," is  the  son  of  a  carpenter  of  Thoissey, 
in  the  department  of  the  Saone-et-Loire, 
and  was  born  in  1863.  He  was  educated 
at  the  local  college,  and  for  five  years 
served  as  a  clerc  de  notaire.  At  eighteen 
he  wished  to  volunteer  for  the  army,  but 
gave  way  before  his  mother's  entreaties. 
However,  in  1883  he  served  his  regulation 
time,  and  having  re-engaged  himself,  he 
soon  gained  a  commission.  In  1896  he 
joined  the  staff  of  M.  Liotard,  the  Com- 
missioner of  the  Upper  Congo,  and  reached 
Loango  in  July  of  that  year.  He  left 
Brazzaville,  the  capital  of  the  French 
Congo,  in  March  1897,  and  steamed  up  the 
M'bomo  River,  hauling  his  boats  through 
forests  and  over  the  mountains  between 
the  Congo  and  Nile  Basins.  In  September 
1897  he  reached  M'bima  on  the  Boku  River, 
the  extremity  of  the  Congo  basin  and  the 
limit  of  the  French  Congo  Protectorate. 
He  then  despatched  Captain  Baratier  to 
reconnoitre  the  Sueh  River,  a  tributary  of 
the  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  one  of  the  heads  of 
the  Nile.  This  river  having  been  mapped 
out,  he  made  a  road  100  miles  long  by 
16  feet  wide,  over  which  he  carried  his 
loads,  two  gunboats  and  ten  steel  boats. 
By  November  he  reached  the  Sueh,  and 
then  worked  his  way  down  to  the  Bahr-el- 
Ghazal  and  so  on  to  the  Nile,  establishing 
himself  at  Fashoda  by  July  1898.     After 


the  battle  of  Omdurman  on  Sept.  2,  1898, 
Lord  Kitchener  steamed  up  the  Nile,  and 
warned  Major  Marchand  that  he  was  on 
Egyptian  territory.  The  Major  refused  to 
move  until  he  had  received  orders  from 
the  French  Government.  He  sent  Captain 
Baratier  with  his  report  to  Paris  vid  the 
Nile,  and  himself  left  Fashoda  to  supple- 
ment that  report  in  October  1898.  His 
Government  having  given  him  orders  to 
leave  Fashoda,  he  marched  through  Abys- 
sinia to  Djiboutil,  arriving  at  Toulon  in 
May  1899,  where  he  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm.  His  reception  in  Paris 
was  phenomenal. 

MARCONI,  William,  electrical 
engineer  and  inventor  of  "wireless  tele- 
graphy," was  born  at  Marzabotto,  near 
Bologna,  in  1875,  his  father  being  Italian, 
but  his  mother  English.  He  was  educated 
at  Livorno  under  Professor  Rosa  and  at 
Bologna  under  Professor  Righi,  where  he 
first  attracted  public  attention  with  his 
system  of  wireless  telegraphy.  He  visited 
in  England  in  1896,  and  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  the  labours  of  Mr.  W.  H. 
Preece,  C.B.,  F.R.S.,  Engineer-in-Chief  of 
the  Post  Office,  Signor  Marconi  went  to 
him  for  advice,  and  his  apparatus  was 
tested  between  Penarth  and  Weston  with 
a  completely  favourable  result.  Returning 
to  Italy,  he  secured  support  from  the 
Italian  Minister  of  Marine,  and  experi- 
ments were  carried  out,  firstly  at  Rome, 
and  subsequently  at  Spezzia,  where  mes- 
sages were  sent  from  the  shore  to  an  iron- 
clad ten  miles  away.  His  most  important 
experiments,  however,  have  been  recently 
(1898)  undertaken  at  Dublin  in  Kingstown 
Harbour,  with  the  object  of  sending  the 
results  of  the  yacht  races  from  the  harbour 
to  the  offices  of  the  Dublin  Daily  Express, 
whose  editor,  Mr.  T.  P.  Gill,  organised 
the  trial.  Signor  Marconi,  with  the  help 
of  a  transmitter,  a  receiver,  an  ordinary 
Morse  taping  machine,  and  two  batteries 
attached  to  a  width  of  wire-netting  at 
the  top  of  an  improvised  mast,  succeeded 
in  signalling  to  a  distance  of  more  than 
ten  miles.  The  use  that  this  system  would 
be  to  lighthouses  in  foggy  weather  and  to 
armies  in  the  field  can  be  easily  seen. 
Signor  Marconi  has  a  permanent  installa- 
tion working  over  a  distance  of  14J  miles, 
between  Bournemouth  and  Alum  Bay  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  another  between 
Dover  and  Cape  Grisnez. 

MAKGOLIOTJTH,  Professor  David 
Samuel,  Laudian  Professor  of  Arabic  in 
the  University  of  Oxford,  son  of  Ezekiel 
Margoliouth,  was  born  in  London  on  Oct. 
17,  1858,  and  educated  at  the  Hackney 
Collegiate  School ;  afterwards  he  was 
scholar  of  Winchester  College,  1872-77 ; 


MAEIA  CHRISTINA  —  MAEKHAM 


721 


whence  he  became  scholar  of  New  College 
Oxford,  1877-81,  where  he  gained  most  of 
the  University  scholarships  for  Classics 
and  Oriental  languages.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  Fellow  of  New  College,  where  he 
became  subsequently  Lecturer,  Tutor,  and 
Librarian.  In  1889  he  was  elected  to  the 
Laudian  Professorship  of  Arabic  at  Oxford. 
In  1884  he  published  his  critical  edition 
of  the  "Agamemnon"  of  jEschylus  ;  in 
1887  "Analecta  Orientalia  ad  Poeticam 
Aristoteleam  "  ;  in  1889  "  The  Commentary 
of  Jephet  ibn  Ali  on  Daniel "  ;  in  1893, 
"Chrestomathia  Baidawiana"  and  "Arabic 
Papyri  in  the  Bodleian  Library."  He 
assisted  Dr.  Edersbeim  in  his  commentary 
on  Ecclesiasticus  in  the  "  Speaker's  Com- 
mentary." Since  1896,  with  Mrs.  Margo- 
liouth,  nie  J.  Payne  Smith,  and  a  daughter 
of  the  late  Dean  of  Canterbury,  he  has 
been  engaged  in  completing  the  Syriac 
"Thesaurus"  of  the  late  Dean  Payne 
Smith.  He  has  also  published  various 
articles  in  learned  journals  chiefly  con- 
nected with  Arabic  literature.  Address  : 
88  Woodstock  Road,  Oxford. 

MARIA  CHRISTINA,  Q,ueen- 
Regent  of  Spain,  born  July  21,  1858, 
is  the  second  daughter  of  the  late  Arch- 
duke Charles  of  Austria.  She  married, 
on  Nov.  29,  1879,  Alfonso  XII.,  King  of 
Spain,  as  his  second  wife,  and  upon  his 
death  on  Nov.  25,  1885,  she  was  appointed 
Regent.  Her  son,  the  present  King,  was 
born  at  Madrid  on  May  17,  1886,  where 
also  her  eldest  daughter,  the  Infanta  Maria 
delas  Mercedes,  was  born  on  Sept.  11, 1880, 
and  her  voungest  daughter,  the  Infanta 
Maria- Theresa,  on  Nov.  12,  1882.  As 
Regent  she  has  proved  herself  a  monarch 
of  singular  courage  and  supreme  devotion 
to  her  son  and  his  cause.  The  opening 
of  the  Cortes  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Hispano-American  War  showed  her  in  an 
almost  heroic  light. 

MARINDIN,  Sir  Francis  Arthur, 
K.C.M.G.,  R.E.,  Senior  Inspecting  Officer 
of  Railways,  Board  of  Trade,  was  born  at 
Weymouth  on  May  1,  1838,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Rev.  S.  Marindin, 
formerly  in  the  2nd  Life  Guards,  and 
of  Isabella,  daughter  of  A.  Wedderburn 
Colville,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich, 
and  entered  the  Royal  Engineers  in  1854, 
retiring  in  1879  with  the  rank  of  Major. 
He  saw  service  in  the  East  in  1855-56, 
was  A.D.C.  and  Private  Secretary  to  Sir 
William  Stevenson,  K.C.B.,  Governor  of 
Mauritius,  from  1860  to  1863,  and  was 
on  special  service  in  Madagascar  in  1861. 
From  1866  to  1868  he  was  Adjutant  at 
the  School  of  Military  Engineering  at 
Chatham,   and  was  Brigade-Major    from 


1869  to  1874.  He  became  attached  to 
the  Board  of  Trade  in  1877.  He  was 
created  C.M.G.  in  1887  for  work  done  on 
the  Egyptian  State  Railways,  and  became 
K.C.M.G.  in  1897,  at  the  Jubilee.  He 
married,  in  1860,  a  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Stevenson,  K.C.B.  Addresses:  3  Hans 
Crescent,  S.W.  ;  and  Craigflower,  Dun- 
fermline. 

MAEKBT,  Sir  "William,  K.C.I.E., 
D.C.L.,  J.P.,  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  William 
Henry  Markby,  B.  D. ,  rector  of  Duxford 
St.  Peter,  in  the  county  of  Cambridge, 
was  born  at  Duxford  on  May  3,  1829,  and 
was  educated  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  Merton  College, 
Oxford  (B.A.  1850,  M.A  1853,  D.C.L.  1879). 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar,  1856,  and  became 
Recorder  of  Buckingham,  1865-66  ;  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  at  Calcutta,  1866-78  ; 
Vice -Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Calcutta,  1887-88 ;  and  was  appointed 
Reader  of  Indian  Law  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  1878,  which  office  he  still  holds. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  and  of  Balliol 
Colleges,  and  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county  of  Oxford.  In  1892  he  was 
appointed  a  Commissioner  to  inquire  into 
the  administration  of  justice  in  the  island 
of  Trinidad.  He  has  published  "Lectures 
on  Indian  Law,"  and  "Elements  of  Law 
considered  with  Reference  to  General  Prin- 
ciples of  Jurisprudence"  (Clarendon  Press), 
5th  edit.,  1896.  Addresses:  Headington 
Hill,  Oxford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MARKHAM,  Sir  Clements  Robert, 

K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  son  of  the  Rev. 
David  F.  Markham,  Canon  of  Windsor, 
and  of  Catharine,  daughter  of  Sir  W. 
Milner,  Bart.,  of  Nunappleton,  co.  York, 
was  born,  July  20,  1830,  at  Stillingfleet, 
near  York,  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  entered  the  Navy  in  1844.  He 
was  appointed  Naval  Cadet  on  board 
H.M.  S.  Collingwood,  bearing  the  flag  of 
Sir  George  Seymour,  on  the  Pacific 
station,  Midshipman  in  1846,  passed  for 
a  Lieutenant  in  1850,  and  left  the  Navy  in 
1851.  He  became  a  clerk  in  the  Board  of 
Control  in  1855,  Assistant-Secretary  in  the 
India  Office  in  1867,  and  was  in  charge  of 
the  Geographical  Department  of  the  India 
Office  from  1867  to  1877,  when  he  retired. 
From  1862  to  1864  he  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Mr.  T.  G.  Baring  (now  Earl  of 
Northbrook).  He  was  secretary  to  the 
Hakluyt  Society  from  1858  to  1889,  and 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  from  1863  to  1888.  In  1888  he 
received  the  Society's  Gold  Medal.  He 
served  in  the  Arctic  expedition  in  search 
of  Sir  John  Franklin  in  1850-51  ;  explored 
Peru  and  the  forests  of  the  Eastern  Andes 
in  1852-54  ;  introduced  the  cultivation  of 

2  z 


722 


MARKHAM  —  MARKS 


the  chinchona  plant  from  South  America 
into  India  in  1860-61  ;  visited  Ceylon  and 
India  in  1865-66  to  report  on  the  pearl 
fisheries  ;  served  as  Geographer  to  the 
Abyssinian  expedition,  and  was  present 
at  the  storming  of  Magdala  in  1867-68  ; 
and  was  created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath 
in  1871,  and  a  K.C.B.  in  1896.  He  received 
a  "Grand  Prix"  at  the  Paris  Exhibition 
of  1867  for  introducing  chinchona  cultiva- 
tion into  India.  In  1874  he  was  created 
by  the  King  of  Portugal  a  Oommendador  of 
the  Order  of  Christ,  and  by  the  Emperor 
of  Brazil  a  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  the 
Rose.  In  1890  he  became  President  of  the 
Hakluyt  Society.  In  1893  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.  In  1895  he  was  President  of  the 
International  Geographical  Congress  ;  and 
in  1896  was  created  a  K.C.B.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Franklin's  Footsteps,"  1852; 
"kCuzco  and  Lima,"  1856;  "Travels  in 
Peru  and  India,"  1862;  "A  Quichua 
Grammar  and  Dictionary,"  1863  ;  "Spanish 
Irrigation,"  1867;  "A  History  of  the 
Abyssinian  Expedition,"  1869;  "A  Life 
of  the  Great  Lord  Fairfax,"  1870  ;  "  01- 
lanta,  a  Quichua  Drama,"  1871  ;  "Memoir 
on  the  Indian  Surveys,"  1871  (2nd  edit., 
1878)  ;  "General  Sketch  of  the  History  of 
Persia,"  1873;  "The  Threshold  of  the 
Unknown  Region,"  1874  (four  editions)  ; 
"  A  Memoir  of  the  Countess  of  Chinchon," 
1875  ;  "  Missions  to  Tibet,"  1877  (2nd  edit., 
1879);  "Peruvian  Bark,"  1880;  "Peru," 
1880;  "The  War  between  Chili  and 
Peru,"  1879-81  (3rd  edit.,  1883);  "The 
Fighting  Veres,"  1888;  "Life  of  John 
Davis  the  Navigator,"  1889;  "Life  of 
Columbus,"  1892;  "History  of  Peru," 
1893;  "Life  of  Major  Bennett,"  "Major 
James  Rennell  and  the  Rise  of  Modern 
English  Geography,"  1895.  In  1893  the 
National  Congress  of  Peru  voted  him  a 
Gold  Medal  for  his  historical  works.  He 
has  translated  and  edited  twenty  works 
for  the  Hakluyt  Society,  and  has  con- 
tributed numerous  papers  to  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society's  Journal.  He  also 
wrote  the  reports  on  the  Moral  and 
National  Progress  of  India  for  1871-72 
and  1872-73  ;  and  the  Peruvian  chapters 
for  Winsor's  "History  of  America."  Sir 
C.  Markham  was  editor  of  the  Geographical 
Magazine,  1872-78.  In  1857  he  married 
Minna,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Chi- 
chester, Rector  of  Arlington,  co.  Devon. 
Addresses  :  21  Eccleston  Square,  S.W.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

MARKHAM,  Lieut.  -  General  Sir 
Edwin,  K.C.B.,  Inspector  -  General  of 
Ordnance  at  Headquarters,  is  the  son  of 
W.  Markham,  Esq.,  of  Becca  Hall,  York- 
shire, and  was  born  in  March  1833.  He 
entered  the  army  as  a  Lieutenant  of  the 


Royal  Artillery  in  Dec.  1850,  and  was  pro- 
moted Captain  in  Nov.  1857,  Major  in  July 
1872,  and  Colonel,  by  brevet,  in  January 
1881.  He  first  saw  war  service  in  the 
Crimea,  and  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Alma  and  Inkerman,  and  also  at  the  siege 
of  Sebastopol.  He  took  part  in  the  re- 
pulse of  the  sortie  of  the  26th  Oct.  1854. 
For  his  services  he  was  created  a  Knight 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  received  the 
Crimean  medal  with  three  clasps  and  the 
Turkish  medal.  In  1856  he  arrived  in 
India  during  the  Mutiny,  and  took  part  in 
the  action  of  Secundra.  For  several  years 
he  was  Assistant- Adjutant  -  General  at 
Woolwich,  and  was  appointed  Colonel  on 
the  Staff  in  command  of  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery at  Gibraltar  in  November  1882.  In 
April  1885  he  became  Director  of  Artillery 
Studies  at  Woolwich,  which  appointment 
he  gave  up  on  being  selected  Deputy- 
Adjutant-General  of  Royal  Artillery  at 
Headquarters.  Colonel  Markham  was  pro- 
moted Major-General  in  April  1890,  and 
went  to  Jersey  in  1892  as  Lieut. -Governor 
and  Commander  of  the  Troops.  He  was 
promoted  a  supernumerary  Lieut. -General 
on  taking  over  his  present  appointment 
in  March  1895.  Sir  Edwin  Markham  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  in  1897.  He  married,  in 
1877,  Evelyn,  a  daughter  of  Admiral  the 
Hon.  Sir  Montague  Stopford.  Address : 
68  Chester  Square,  S.W. 

MARKS,  Harry  Hananel,  M.P., 
J.P.,  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  Rev.  Professor 
Marks  and  Cecilia,  daughter  of  the  late 
Mosely  Wolff,  of  Liverpool.  He  was  born 
on  April  9,  1855,  and  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  the  Athenee 
Royale,  Brussels.  After  considerable  jour- 
nalistic experience  in  the  United  States 
he  returned  to  London  in  1884  and  founded 
the  Financial  News,  of  which  he  is  editor 
and  chief  proprietor.  He  initiated  in  the 
columns  of  that  journal  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works  exposures,  which  led,  in 
the  first  place,  to  the  appointment  of  a 
Royal  Commission,  whose  report  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  abolition  of  the  Board  of 
Works  and  the  establishment  of  the  Lon- 
don County  Council.  Mr.  Marks  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  conduct  of  the  inquiry 
before  the  Commission,  and  one  indirect 
consequence  of  his  labours  was  the  pass- 
ing of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill's  Act  for 
the  prevention  and  punishment  of  the 
acceptance  of  bribes  by  officers  of  muni- 
cipal bodies.  In  1889,  largely  as  a  conse- 
quence of  his  action  with  reference  to  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  Mr.  Marks 
was  elected  to  the  London  County  Council 
for  East  Marylebone.  In  1892  he  unsuc- 
cessfully contested  North  -  East  Bethnal 
Green  in  the  Unionist  interest.  In  March 
1895  he  was  elected  to  the  London  County 


MAELBOROUGH  —  MARRY  AT 


723 


Council  for  St.  George's-in-the-East,  and 
in  the  following  July  was  returned  to 
Parliament  for  the  same  constituency,  de- 
feating Mr.  J.  W.  Benn,  the  Vice-Chair- 
man of  the  London  County  Council.  A 
petition  against  his  return  was  unsuccess- 
ful. On  the  London  County  Council  Mr. 
Marks  was  largely  instrumental  in  secur- 
ing payment  for  coroner's  jurymen.  He  is 
a  J.P.  for  Kent.  Addresses :  6  Cavendish 
Square,  W. ;  Callis  Court,  St.  Peter's, 
Thanet. 

MARLBOROUGH,  Duke  of, 
Charles  Richard  John  Spencer  - 
Churchill,  was  born  at  Simla  on  Nov. 
13,  1871,  and  is  the  son  of  the  8th  Duke, 
and  Albertha,  daughter  of  the  1st  Duke 
of  Abercorn,  KG.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  1892,  was  appointed  Chancellor 
of  the  Primrose  League  in  1897,  and  in 
February  1899,  Pay  master  -  General.  He 
married  Consuelo,  the  daughter  of  the  mil- 
lionaire, Mr.  W.  K.  Vanderbilt,  in  1895. 
Address  :  Blenheim,  Oxfordshire. 

MARRIOTT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
■William  Thackeray,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  Christopher  Marriott,  of 
Crumpsall,  and  of  Jane  Dorothea,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Poole,  Esq.,  Cornbrook  Hall, 
near  Manchester,  was  born  in  1834.  He 
took  his  degree  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1858,  and  the  same  year  he 
was  ordained  a  Deacon,  and  appointed  to 
the  curacy  of  St.  George's  Church,  Hulme. 
The  population  amidst  which  he  worked 
was  composed  chiefly  of  the  working 
classes,  and  in  1860  he  published  a 
pamphlet,  which  had  a  wide  circulation, 
on  "Some  Real  Wants  of  the  Working 
Classes,"  in  which  he  advocated  the  forma- 
tion of  parks,  playgrounds,  gymnasiums, 
and  clubs  for  the  people.  He  started  what 
is  believed  to  be  the  first  working-men's 
club  in  1859,  called  the  "Hulme  Athe- 
naeum," which  consisted  entirely  of  work- 
ing-men, and  was  managed  by  themselves, 
and  there  was  a  gymnasium,  with  rooms 
for  fencing  and  boxing,  and  rooms  for 
cards  and  bagatelle  and  dominoes.  When 
the  time  came  for  him  to  take  priest's 
orders  he  hesitated  and  eventually  de- 
clined, and  gave  his  reasons  in  the  pre- 
face to  his  farewell  sermon,  entitled  "What 
is  Christianity?"  which  was  published  in 
1862.  He  then  studied  for  the  Bar,  and 
was  called  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1864,  became 
a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1877,  and  was  made 
a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1879.  He  first 
entered  Parliament  in  1880  as  Liberal 
member  for  Brighton,  acknowledging  Lord 
Hartington  as  his  leader,  and  not  Mr. 
Gladstone.  When  Mr.  Gladstone  again 
took  the  leadership,   and  became   Prime 


Minister  and  formed  his  Cabinet,  he  soon 
began  to  show  signs  of  dissatisfaction  with 
his  post,  and  in  1882  he  moved  the  amend- 
ment against  the  Government  on  the  Clo- 
ture question.  In  1883  he  published  a 
pamphlet,  condemning  strongly  the  re- 
volutionary radicalism  of  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain, and  in  1884  differed  so  from  the 
Ministry  in  their  policy  in  Egypt  and  the 
Soudan,  that  he  took  the  "Chiltern  Hun- 
dreds," and  offered  himself  to  his  consti- 
tuency as  a  supporter  of  Lord  Salisbury. 
He  was  returned  by  a  majority  of  1457, 
and  again  in  1886  and  1892.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  first  administration  he  held 
the  post  of  Judge-Advocate-General,  and 
was  made  a  Privy  Councillor,  whilst  he 
received  the  same  appointment  in  Lord 
Salisbury's  second  administration,  holding 
it  from  "1886  to  1892.  In  1887  and  1888 
he  acted  for  the  Khedive  Ismail  Pasha 
and  other  members  of  his  family  in  set- 
tling their  claim  against  the  Egyptian 
Government,  and  in  the  latter  year  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In 
1893  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  he  still  continues  to  be  an 
active  supporter  of  the  Unionist  party  and 
the  Primrose  League.  In  his  younger 
days,  as  student  and  barrister,  he  was 
a  'frequent  contributor  to  the  daily  and 
weakly  press,  and  occasionally  now  arti- 
cles by  him  appear  in  the  monthly  maga- 
zines. He  is  married  to  Charlotte,  daugh- 
ter of  Captain  Tennant.  Addresses  :  56 
Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  6  Crown 
Office  Row,  E.G. 

M  A  R  R  Y  A  T,  Florence  (Mrs. 
Francis  Lean),  sixth  daughter  and  tenth 
child  of  thelate  Captain  Frederick  Marryat, 
R.N.,  C.B.,  F.R.S.,  and  Catherine,  eldest 
daughter  of  Sir  Stephen  Shairp  of  Houston, 
Linlithgowshire,  was  born  at  Brighton,  in 
Sussex,  and  educated  at  home.  She  began 
to  write  in  1865,  when  her  first  novel, 
"Love's  Conflict,"  was  published,  since 
which  time  she  has  written  some  seventy-  . 
five  novels,  most  of  which  have  been  re- 
published in  America  and  Germany  and 
translated  into  French,  German,  Russian, 
Flemish,  and  Swedish.  She  was  appointed 
editor  of  London  Society  in  1872,  and  has 
been  a  constant  contributor  to  magazines 
and  newspapers.  She  is  known  on  the 
stage  as  an  operatic  singer  and  high-class 
comedy  actress,  and  has  been  most  suc- 
cessful as  an  entertainer  and  lecturer. 
Several  of  her  works  deal  with  spiritualism, 
in  which  she  takes  much  interest.  The 
last-named  are:  "There  is  no  Death," 
1891,  of  which  several  editions  have  been 
published;  "The  Risen  Dead,"  a  novel, 
1893  ;  "  The  Spirit  World,"  1894  ;  and  "  A 
Soul  on  Fire."  Permanent  address  :  Lang- 
ham  Lodge,  26  Abercorn  Place,  N.W. 


724 


MARSDEN  —  MARSHALL 


MARSDEN,  Alexander,  M.D., 
F.E.C.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  Consulting  and  Senior 
Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Free  and  Cancer 
Hospitals,  London,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
William  Marsden,  M.D.,  founder  of  the 
above  institutions.  He  was  born  Sept.  22, 
1832,  and  educated  at  Wimbledon  School 
and  King's  College,  London.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1854,  and  served  at  the  General 
Hospital,  Scutari.  Early  in  1855  he  was 
appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Ambulance  Corps 
before  Sebastopol,  was  engaged  in  several 
actions  with  the  enemy,  and  remained  on 
active  service  till  the  end  of  the  Crimean 
War,  when  he  received  the  Crimean  and 
Turkish  War  Medals.  On  his  return  home 
in  1856  he  had  the  honour  of  being  pre- 
sented to  her  Majesty  the  Queen  by  H.R.H. 
the  Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed full  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Free  and 
Cancer  Hospitals,  and  subsequently  Curator 
of  the  Museum  and  General  Superintendent 
of  the  former  institution.  For  fifteen  years 
Dr.  Marsden  worked  at  these  two  hospitals, 
seeing  as  many  as  300  patients  a  week  at 
the  Royal  Free,  and  about  70  to  80  at  the 
Cancer.  During  the  last  twenty  years  he 
has  devoted  himself  to  the  latter  institu- 
tion only.  He  is  the  author  of  "  A  New 
and  Successful  Mode  of  Treating  Certain 
Forms  of  Cancer,"  "Cancer  Quacks  and 
Cancer  Curers,"  "  The  Treatment  of  Cancer 
by  Chian  Turpentine  and  all  other  Methods," 
"Our  Present  Means  of  Successfully  Treat- 
ing or  Alleviating  Cancer  and  Tumours  of 
the  Breast,  Tongue,  Lip,"  &c.  He  is  editor 
of  the  fourth  edition  of  the  late  Dr.  W. 
Marsden's  "Treatise  on  the  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Cholera,"  and  is  the  author 
of  numerous  other  papers.  Address : 
Coombe,  Nightingale  Lane,  S.W. 

MARSDEN,  Trie  Right  Rev.  Samuel 
Edward,  D.D.,  is  the  son  of  Thomas 
Marsden,  merchant,  of  Sydney,  N.S.W., 
and  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Marsden, 
known  as  the  Apostle  of  New  Zealand,  for 
many  years  Principal  Chaplain  of  N.  S.W. 
Bishop  Marsden  was  born  in  Sydney,  and 
educated  at  private  schools  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (M.A.).  He  was  Curate 
of  St.  Peter's,  Hereford,  from  1855  to  1858, 
Curate  of  Lilleshall,  Salop,  1858  to  1861, 
Vicar  of  Bergerwick,  Worcestershire,  1861 
to  1869,  and  Inspector  of  Schools  for 
Rural  Deanery  of  Evesham.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Bathurst,  N.S.W.,  in 
1869,  and  consecrated  by  Archbishop  Tait 
and  other  Prelates,  Bishop  Selwyn  preach- 
ing the  sermon  on  the  occasion.  Bishop 
Marsden  took  part  in  the  formalities  of 
the  General  Synod  of  the  Church  of 
England  in  Australia  and  Tasmania.  He 
resigned  his  See  at  the  end  of  1885  in 
consequence  of  ill-health.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1892  Assistant  of  the  Bishop  of 


Gloucester  and  Bristol,  and  was  Adminis- 
trator of  the  Diocese  of  Bristol  during  the 
vacancy  of  the  See.  He  is  now  Assistant- 
Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Gloucester.  He 
married  an  Australian  lady  in  1870.  He 
was  present  at  the  Lambeth  Conference  in 
1897.  Address:  Clifton  Park,  Clifton, 
Bristol. 

MARSH,    Miss    Catherine,  is  the 

youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Marsh,  Rector  of  Beddington,  Surrey,  who 
died  in  1864.  Her  best-known  works  are 
"English  Hearts  and  English  Hands," 
"Memorials  of  Captain  Hedley  Vicars," 
the  "Life  of  the  Rev.  William  Marsh,  D.D.," 
a  volume  of  songs  and  hymns,  entitled 
"Memory's  Pictures,"  and  "Light  for  the 
Line  ;  or,  the  Story  of  Thomas  Ward,  a 
Railway  Workman,"  also  "Brief  Memories 
of  the  late  Earl  Cairns."  Miss  Marsh 
resided  for  some  time  at  Beekenham, 
Kent,  to  the  then  rector  of  which  parish 
her  sister  is  married.  During  the  visitation 
of  cholera  in  1866,  whilst  watching  over 
sufferers  from  that  disease  in  the  wards  of 
the  London  Hospital,  she  founded  a  Con- 
valescent Hospital  at  Blackrock,  Brighton, 
which  has  since  been  established  as  a 
permanent  institution. 

MARSH,  Howard,  F.R.C.S.,  received 
his  medical  education  at  St.  Bartholomew's, 
and  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  Eng.,  in  1866.  He  is  Member 
of  Council  and  of  the  Court  of  Examiners 
of  the  College,  and  in  July  1898  was  ap- 
pointed Vice-President  of  the  Council.  As 
Hunterian  Professor  of  Pathology  and 
Surgery  he  lectured  in  1889  on  "Tubercu- 
losis in  some  of  its  Surgical  Aspects."  He 
is  Examiner  in  Surgery  at  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on 
Surgery  at  St.  Bart's.,  and  Consulting  Sur- 
geon at  the  Hospital  for  Sick  Children, 
besides  being  a  Fellow  of  the  Roy.  Med. 
Chir.  Soc,  and  member  of  various  medical 
societies.  He  has  published  a  work  on  the 
"Joints  and  Spine,"  1895,  has  edited  the 
first  and  second  editions  of  Sir  James 
Paget's  "  Clinical  Lectures  and  Essays," 
besides  contributing  articles  on  bone- 
setting,  joints,  fractures,  &c.,to  the  leading 
medical  journals  and  manuals.  Address  : 
30  Bruton  Street,  Berkeley  Square,  W. 

MARSHALL,  Professor  Alfred, 

M.A.  Camb.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Edin.,  born 
in  London  on  July  26,  1842,  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  whence 
he  obtained  the  title  to  a  probationary 
fellowship  at  St.  John's  College,  Ox- 
ford, awarded  for  classical  attainments, 
but  preferring  mathematical  studies  he 
proceeded  to  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge,   He  was  Second  Wrangler  in  1865,. 


MARSHALL 


725 


and  was  elected  Fellow  of  his  College  in 
the  same  year,  and  Lecturer  on  Moral 
Science  in  1868.  He  held  this  position 
till  1877,  when  he  was  appointed  Principal 
of  University  College,  Bristol.  In  the  same 
year  he  married  Miss  Mary  Paley,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Paley,  and  in  conjunc- 
tion with  her  he  published  in  1879  the 
"Economics  of  Industry."  His  health 
haying  broken  down,  he  resigned  his  post 
in  1881  and  went  abroad.  In  1883  he  was 
appointed  Lecturer  on  Political  Economy 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  in  1884  he 
was  made  a  Fellow  of  that  College.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  Chair 
of  Political  Economy  at  his  old  University, 
vacant  by  Professor  Fawcett's  untimely 
death,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was 
re-elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  In  1889  he  delivered  the  open- 
ing address  at  the  Co-operative  Congress 
at  Ipswich  ;  and  was  President  of  Section 
F  of  the  British  Association  for  1890.  He 
was  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
on  Labour,  1891.  In  1896  he  was  made  an 
Honorary  Fellow  of  Balliol  and  a  Foreign 
Fellow  of  the  Accademia  Reale  dei  Lincei. 
He  published  the  first  volume  of  his  "Prin- 
ciples of  Economics "  in  1890,  and  an 
abridgment  of  the  second  edition  of  that 
volume  in  1892,  under  the  title  "  Elements 
of  Economics  of  Industry."  A  list  of  his 
minor  writings  may  be  found  in  the  "Hand- 
worterbuch  der  Staatswissenschaften " 
under  his  name.  Address :  Balliol  Croft, 
Cambridge. 

MARSHALL,    George    William, 

LL.D.,  F.S.A,  genealogist,  born  at  Ward 
End  House,  co.  Warwick,  April  19,  1839,  is 
the  only  son  of  George  Marshall  of  Ward 
End,  by  Eliza  Henshaw,  youngest  daughter 
of  John  Comberbach.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Peter's  College,  Radley,  under  private 
tuition,  and  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  in  1860,  and  as  LL.D. 
in  1873.  He  became  a  Barrister  of  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1865,  is  a  J.P.  for  co. 
Hereford,  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  and  an  Honorary  Member  of 
several  American  Antiquarian  Societies ; 
and  Rouge  Croix  Pursuivant  of  Arms 
from  1887.  He  has  edited  a  number  of 
genealogical  works,  among  them:  "The 
Visitations  of  Nottinghamshire,"  and  "Le 
Neve's  Knights,"  for  the  Harleian  Society, 
of  which  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Council  since  its  foundation;  "A  Hand- 
book to  the  Ancient  Courts  of  Probate"  ; 
and  the  first  seven  volumes  of  the  Gene- 
alogist, which  magazine  was  founded  by 
him  in  1875.  He  is  probably  best  known 
as  the  compiler  of  "The  Genealogist's 
Guide,"  a  work  which  contains  between 
seventy  and  eighty  thousand  references  to 
pedigrees,  and  which  has  passed  through 


three  editions,  the  first  having  been  issued 
in  1879.  Permanent  addresses :  Sarnes- 
field  Court,  Weobley,  R.S.O.;  and  Herald's 
College,  E.C. 

MARSHALL,     Herbert     Menziee, 

R.W.S.,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  T. 
H.  Marshall,  Judge  of  the  County  Court, 
Leeds,  was  born  at  Leeds,  Aug.  1,  1841, 
and  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  1864  second  class  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos.  In  the  same  year 
he  went  to  Paris  for  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing architecture,  and  entered  the  atelier 
of  M.  Questel,  architect  to  the  Chateau  of 
Versailles.  On  his  return  from  Paris,  1867, 
he  became  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  in  the  following  year  obtained  there 
the  Travelling  Studentship  in  architecture. 
The  result  of  travelling  in  Italy  and  of 
constant  sketching  under  a  bright  sun  was 
to  weaken  his  eyesight  so  much  that  he 
was  obliged  to  give  up  all  work  for  two 
years,  and  especially  any  architectural 
drawing.  This  accident  induced  him  to 
turn  his  attention  to  water-colour  painting 
as  being  less  trying  to  the  eyes,  and  in 
1871  he  exhibited  his  first  drawing  at  the 
Dudley  Gallery.  In  1879  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colours,  and  became  full  Member 
in  1882.  Mr.  Marshall  has  held  two  exhi- 
bitions, in  1886  and  in  1890,  at  the  galleries 
of  the  Fine  Art  Society,  illustrating  the 
scenery  of  London,  his  special  aim  being 
to  show  how  beautiful  and  mysterious  is 
the  common  life  of  the  streets  and  on  the 
river  when  seen  under  the  atmospheric 
effects  which  are  found  only  in  London. 
Address  :  1  Victoria  Mansions,  Westmin- 
ster, S.W. 

MARSHALL,  John,  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, Rector  of  the  Royal  High  School, 
Edinburgh,  was  born  in  that  city  on 
March  9,  1845,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
P.  Marshall  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Newington  School,  Edinburgh, 
and  at  the  Training  College,  Moray  House, 
Edinburgh,  where  he  qualified  as  a  certifi- 
cated teacher  of  the  first  class.  At  Edin- 
burgh University  be  gained  class  medals 
and  other  distinctions  in  every  depart- 
ment, and  on  graduating  with  first-class 
honours  in  Classics  in  1869,  was  awarded 
the  Greek  Travelling  Fellowship  as  first 
graduate  of  his  year.  He  proceeded  to 
the  University  of  Halle,  in  Saxony,  where 
he  attended  lectures  on  classical  subjects 
by  Bemhardy,  Keil,  and  others.  In  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  he  gained  the 
Ferguson  Classical  Scholarship  open  to  all 
Scottish  graduates,  and  was  admitted  a 
Foundation  Exhibitioner  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford.     In  the  following  year  (1870) 


726 


M  ARTEL  DE  J  ANVILLE  —  MARTIN 


he  gained  the  Guthrie  Classical  Fellow- 
ship at  Edinburgh  University  ;  in  1S71  he 
passed  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations, 
and  entered  as  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 
In  1.H72  he  passed  first  class  in  Litera 
Humaniores.  In  1874  he  was  admitted 
a  Barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  never 
practised,  but  continuing  his  classical 
studies,  was  appointed  Classical  Examiner 
for  degrees  in  Edinburgh  University,  an 
office  which  he  held  for  two  periods  of 
three  years  each.  He  also  acted  for  many 
years  as  an  Assistant  Examiner  to  the 
Civil  Service  Commission  (Sandhurst, 
Woolwich,  Indian  Civil  Service).  After 
assisting  Dr.  Abbott.  Head-master  of  the 
City  of  London  School,  as  Composition 
Master,  Mr.  Marshall  returned  to  Balliol 
in  187(1  as  Classical  Lecturer,  and  in  1877 
was  elected  Professor  of  Classical  Litera- 
ture and  Philosophy  at  the  Yorkshire 
College,  Leeds.  There  he  remained  for 
five  years,  contributing  the  economical 
chapters  to  a  joint  work  by  the  Professors 
of  the  College  on  "Coal,  its  History  and 
Uses  "  (Macmillan).  In  1882  he  returned 
to  his  native  city  as  Rector  of  its  ancient 
Grammar  School,  the  Royal  High  School, 
where  he  still  continues.  The  school  has 
increased  from  about  330  to  580  boys. 
During  his  Head-mastership  Mr.  Marshall 
edited  for  the  Oxford  University  Press 
the  "Anabasis"  and  "Memorabilia"  of 
Xenophon.and  for  Edward  Arnold,  Scott's 
"Lady  of  the  Lako."  He  is  also  the 
author  of  a  "  Short  History  of  Greek 
Philosophy"  (Livingston),  and  of  various 
pamphlets  and  essays  on  educational  ques- 
tions. In  1890  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  Address : 
Royal  High  School,  Edinburgh. 

MARTEL  DE  JANVILLE,  Sibylle 
Gabrielle  Marie  Antoinette  de  Ri- 
quetti  de  Mirabeau,  Comtesse  de, 
better  known  under  her  pseudonym  of 
"Gyp,"  French  novelist,  was  born  at  the 
Chateau  do  Koiitsal  in  the  Morbihan  in 
18G0,  and  is  the  great-granddaughter  of 
the  great  Mirabeau's  brother.  Her  father 
served  in  the  Pontifical  Zouaves,  and  died 
in  Italy  shortly  before  the  battle  of  Men- 
tana.  In  18U9  she  married  the  Comte  de 
Martel,  who  was  permitted  in  1888  to  add 
to  his  name  those  of  his  wife,  de  Riquetti 
de  Mirabeau.  Her  first  sketches  wore 
published  in  La  Vie  J'arisimne  by  Mar- 
cellin,  and  were  at  once  noticed  for  the 
delicate  malice  of  their  observation,  their 
witty  risrjue'  tone,  and  their  art  of  en- 
closing a  moral  in  a  tale  that  only  just 
escaped  being  indelicate.  Several  of  her 
types  have  become  proverbial,  "Paulette," 
the  luxurious  woman  of  the  world  ;  "Petit 
Bob,"  and  "Loulou,"  the  boy  and  girl  of 


luxurious  life.  She  has  written  in  most 
of  the  high-class  magazines,  including  the 
Heme  des  Veux  Monties  and  Oosmopolia. 
Probably  the  best  written  of  her  novels 
is  "Autour  du  Manage"  (1883).  It  was 
dramatised  by  the  authoress  and  M.  Henri 
Cromieux,  and  produced  at  the  Gymnase 
in  the  same  year,  but  the  play  was  not 
so  great  a  success  as  the  novel.  She  is  in 
the  habit  of  illustrating  her  own  books, 
under  the  pseudomyn  of  "  Petit  Bob,"  in 
a  child-like  and  comic  manner.  Her  best- 
known  works  are  :  "  Petit  Bob,"  1882 ; 
"  Dans  le  Train,"  and  "Autour  du  Divorce," 
a  sequel  to  "Autour  du  Mariage,"  1886; 
"Pour  no  pas  I'otrel"  1887;  "Made- 
moiselle Loulou,"  1888;  "  Passionnette," 
181)1  ;  "  Ces  bons  Normands,"  1N92;  "  Le 
Mariage  de  Chiffon,"  1894.  She  lives  at 
71  Boulevard  Bineau,  at  Neuilly. 

MARTIN,  Mrs.  Frederick,  nde 
Catherine  E.  M.  Mackay,  was  born  in 
the  Isle  of  Skye,  but  left  for  Australia 
with  her  parents  in  infancy.  Her  educa- 
tion was  private,  in  an  up-country  distriot 
in  South  Australia,  but  she  was  a  diligent 
student  of  literature,  and  made  herself 
familiar  not  only  with  the  great  German 
poets,  but  with  the  works  of  Kant,  Fichte, 
and  Hegel.  After  some  journalistio  work 
in  the  provincial  and  Adelaide  press  she 
produced  the  novel  "An  Australian  Girl," 
anonymously  published  in  1890,  followed 
by  "The  Silent  Sea"  and  "Mrs.  AUck 
Macleod  "  in  1892,  in  which  we  see  the 
results  of  her  German  studies,  and  also 
the  influence  of  "George  Eliot."  Both 
novels,  however,  show  accurate  and  yet 
idealising  observations  of  Australian 
scenery,  and  give  a  reflex  of  Australian 
life  and  sooiety,  and  of  the  growth  of 
national  sentiment  in  the  great  Southern 
Colonies.  She  resides  in  Adelaide,  South 
Australia. 

MARTIN,   Sidney    Harris    Oox, 

M.D.,  F.  R.S.  (1895),  was  born  in  Jamaica 
on  April  8,  18G0,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
the  late  John  Ewers  Martin  of  Jamaica. 
Ho  received  his  medical  oducation  at 
University  College  Medical  School  and  in 
Vionna.  He  graduated  M.B.,  M.D.,  and 
B.Sc.  at  the  University  of  London,  at 
which  ho  was  University  Scholar  of  Medi- 
cine. He  was  at  one  time  Pathological 
Curator  of  the  Museum  and  Medical  Tutor 
of  the  Middlesex  Hospital,  and  is  now 
Assistant  -  Physician  and  Professor  of 
Pathology  at  University  College  Hospital, 
Fellow  of  University  College,  London,  and 
Assistant-Physician  at  Brompton  Hospital 
and  at  various  other  hospitals  ;  Examiner 
in  Pathology  at  Oxford,  and  in  Medicine 
at  Cambridge,  and  Fellow  of  the  Roy. 
Med.  Cliir.  Soc,  and  member  of  various 


MARTIN  —  MARTINEAU 


727 


medical  societies.  In  1892  he  delivered 
the  "  Gulstonian  Lectures  on  Diphtheria," 
and,  besides  contributing  important  articles 
to  Stevenson  and  Murphy's  "Hygiene," 
Quain's  "Diet,  of  Med.,"  and  Allbutt's 
"  System,"  and  to  the  Roy.  Soc.  Trans., 
&c,  he  published,  in  1895,  a  work  on 
"Diseases  of  the  Stomach,"  and  wrote  the 
Appendix  to  the  Report  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Tuberculosis,  1896.  Address  : 
10  Mansfield  Street,  Portland  Place,  W. 

MARTIN,  Sir  Theodore,  K.C.B., 
K.C.V.O.,LL.D.,J.P.,sonofthelateJames 
Martin,  Esq.,  solicitor,  of  Edinburgh,  was 
born  there  on  Sept.  16,  1816,  and  received 
his  education  at  the  High  School  and  at 
the  University  of  his  native  city,  of  which 
he  is  an  honorary  LL.D.  After  practising 
as  a  solicitor  in  Edinburgh  for  several 
years  he  came,  in  1845,  to  London,  where 
he  established  himself  with  great  success 
as  a  parliamentary  agent.  He  first  became 
known  as  an  author  by  his  contributions 
to  Fraser's  Magazine  and  Tait's  Magazine, 
under  the  signature  of  "Bon  Gaultier," 
and  in  conjunction  with  the  late  Prof. 
Aytoun  he  composed  the  "  Book  of  Ballads  " 
which  bears  that  pseudonym,  and  a  volume 
of  translations  of  the  "Poems  and  Ballads 
of  Goethe,"  1858.  He  prepared  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Danish  poet  Henrik  Hertz's 
fine  lyrical  drama,  "King  Rene's  Daugh- 
ter," the  principal  character,  Iolanthe, 
being  played  by  Miss  Helen  Faucit, 
who  in  1851  became  Sir  T.  Martin's 
wife.  She  died  in  1898.  His  transla- 
tions of  (Ehlenschlager's  dramas,  "  Cor- 
reggio,"  and  "  Aladdin,  or  the  Wonder- 
ful Lamp,"  published  in  1854  and  1857, 
have  made  these  masterpieces  of  the 
Danish  poet's  genius  familiar  to  a  large 
circle  of  English  readers.  His  metrical 
translation  of  the  "  Odes  of  Horace "  ap- 
peared in  1860,  and  was  immediately  re- 
published in  the  United  States.  It  was 
followed,  ten  years  later,  by  a  critical 
essay  on  Horace's  Life  and  Writings, 
in  the  Ancient  Classics  for  English 
Readers.  In  1882  Sir  T.  Martin  completed 
his  Horatian  labours  in  a  translation  of 
Horace's  whole  works,  with  a  life  and 
notes,  in  2  vols.  His  poetical  translation 
of  Catullus,  1861  (2nd  edit.,  1875),  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  privately  printed  volume  of 
"  Poems,  Original  and  Translated,"  1863, 
a  translation  of  the  "  Vita  Nuova "  of 
Dante,  and  a  translation  of  the  first  part 
of  Goethe's  "  Faust."  In  1866  he  pub- 
lished a  metrical  version  of  the  second 
part  of  "Faust."  In  1867  he  published 
a  memoir  of  Professor  Aytouu.  It  was 
while  he  was  engaged  on  this  biography 
that  he  was  requested  by  the  Queen  to 
write  the  "  Life  of  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Prince  Consort,"  the  first  volume  of  which 


appeared  in  1874.  His  metrical  version  of 
Heine's  "  Poems  and  Ballads  "  appeared 
in  1878.  The  fifth  and  concluding  volume 
of  the  "Life  of  the  Prince  Consort"  was 
published  on  March  15,  1880,  and  five 
days  afterwards  the  author  received  from 
the  hands  of  the  Queen  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  and  was  invested  with  the 
insignia  of  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Bath.  On  Nov.  25,  1880,  he  was  elected 
Rector  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
In  1883  he  published  a  "Life  of  Lord 
Lyndhurst,"  founded  on  papers  furnished 
by  his  lordship's  widow  and  family.  His 
last  published  works  are  "The  Song  of 
the  Bell,  and  other  Translations  from 
Schiller,  Goethe,  Uhland,  and  others," 
1889  ;  "  Madonna  Pia,  and  other  Dramas," 
1894  ;  and  a  translation  of  "  The  iEneid 
of  Virgil,  Books  i.-vi.,"  1896.  He  is  a  J.P. 
for  Denbighshire,  where  he  has  consider- 
able property,  and  he  resides  at  Bryntysilio, 
near  Llangollen,  during  the  summer 
months.  Addresses  :  31  Onslow  Square  ; 
Bryntysilio,  near  Llangollen  ;  and  Athen- 
aeum. 

MARTIN,  Sir  Taos.  Acquin,  Agent- 
General  to  the  Government  of  Afghanistan, 
was  born  in  1850,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Oratory  at  Birmingham.  He  is  the  head 
of  the  firm  of  Martin  &  Co.,  civil  engineers, 
of  Calcutta  and  London,  and  was  appointed 
to  his  present  post  in  1895.  He  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  at  the  New  Year, 
1896.  Addresses  :  3  Esplanade,  Calcutta  ; 
Silverlands,  Eridge,  Sussex. 

MARTINEAU,  James,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  Litt.  D.,  younger  brother  of  the 
late  Miss  Harriet  Martineau,  was  born  at 
Norwich,  April  21,  1805,  and  educated 
at  the  Norwich  Grammar  School,  Dr. 
Lant  Carpenter's  School  at  Bristol,  and 
Manchester  New  College,  York.  He  was 
appointed  second  minister  of  Eustace 
Street  Presbyterian  Meeting-House,  Dub- 
lin, in  1828  ;  second  minister  of  Paradise 
Street  Chapel,  Liverpool,  in  1832 ;  sole 
minister  three  or  four  years  after  ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy  in 
Manchester  New  College  in  1840;  re- 
moved to  London,  1857  ;  was  minister  of 
Little  Portland  Street  Chapel,  1859-72; 
and  was  appointed  Principal  of  Manchester 
New  College,  London,  in  1869.  Dr.  Mar- 
tineau is  the  author  of  "The  Rationale  of 
Religious  Inquiry,"  published  1836  ;  "Lec- 
tures in  the  Liverpool  Controversy,"  1839 ; 
"  Hymns  for  the  Christian  Church  and 
Home,"  1840 ;  "  Endeavours  after  the 
Christian  Life,"  vol.  i.  1843,  vol.  ii.  1847  ; 
"  Miscellanies,"  1852  ;  "Studies  of  Chris- 
tianity," 1858  ;  "Essays  Philosophical  and 
Theological,"  2  vols.,  1868;  "Hymns  of 
Praise  and  Prayer,"  1874  ;  and  "Religion 


728 


MARTINEZ  CAMPOS— MASON 


as  affected  by  Modern  Materialism,"  an 
address  delivered  in  Manchester  New  Col- 
lege, London,  1874  ;  "Modern  Materialism: 
its  Attitude  towards  Theology,"  1876 ; 
"Ideal  Substitutes  for  God  considered," 
1879  ;  "  The  Relation  between  Ethics  and 
Religion,"  1881  ;  "  Hours  of  Thought  on 
Sacred  Things,"  2  vols.,  1876-80;  "A 
Study  of  Spinoza,"  1882;  "Types  of  Ethi- 
cal Theory,"  2  vols.,  1885;  "A  Study  of 
Religion,"  2  vols.,  1888;  "The  Seat  of 
Authority  in  Religion,"  and  "  Essays,  Re- 
views, and  Addresses,"  1890.  He  was  a 
constant  contributor  to  the  Prospective  and 
National  Reviews,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  founders.  The  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Har- 
vard College,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  U.S.A.,  in 
1872 ;  that  of  Doctor  of  Theology  by  the 
University  of  Leyden  in  1875  ;  and  that 
of  D.D.  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in 
1884 ;  that  of  D.C.L.  bv"the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1888;  and  "of  Litt.D.  by  the 
University  of  Dublin  in  1892.  His  birth- 
day, on  April  21,  1898,  was  the  occasion 
for  an  interesting  expression  of  feeling  on 
the  part  of  his  admirers  and  of  the  press. 
Addresses:  35  Gordon  Square,  W.C. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

MARTINEZ    CAMPOS,    Arsenic 

See  Campos,  Aesenio  Martinez. 

MARTINO,  Chevalier  Eduardo  de, 

M.V.O.,  Marine  Painter  in  Ordinary  to  the 
Queen,  was  born  in  Naples,  and  spent  many 
years  in  the  Italian  navy.  He  painted  much 
for  the  late  Emperor  of  Brazil,  and  is  the 
favourite  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany  and 
the  King  of  Italy,  of  both  of  whom  he  is 
frequently  the  guest.  He  has  painted  a 
picture  of  the  Jubilee  Naval  Review  of 
1897  for  the  Queen.  He  was  created  M.V.O. 
in  1898. 

MASCAGNI,  Pietro,  composer,  was 
born  at  Leghorn.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
baker,  but  his  father  intended  him  to 
adopt  a  learned  profession.  He,  however, 
when  a  child  showed  such  a  taste  for 
music  and  musical  composition,  that  his 
father  was  at  length  iuduced  to  send  him 
to  the  Conservatoire  at  Milan.  Here  he 
failed  to  agree  with  his  teachers,  and 
joined  a  travelling  opera  company.  In 
1886  he  married,  and  settled  in  Cerignola 
as  a  music-master.  He  had  been  a  com- 
poser from  early  youth  upwards,  and  his 
first  important  opera,  "Cavalleria  Rusti- 
cana,"  was  written  here,  and  soon  made 
him  famous  in  every  European  capital.  It 
was  written  in  competition  for  a  prize 
offered  for  a  one-act  opera.  In  many 
European  cities  he  has  personally  con- 
ducted the  opera,  which  has  been  per- 
formed  in   the   principal   European    lan- 


guages and  in  Russian.  His  later  operas 
have  been  "  L'Amico  Fritz,"  founded  on 
"  L'Ami  Fritz  "  of  Messrs.  Erckmann  and 
Chatrian  ;  "  I  Rantzau,"  also  founded  on  a 
work  by  the  same  authors ;  and  "  Ratcliffe." 
"  I  Rantzau"  was  performed  for  the  first 
time  at  Florence  in  November  1892,  and 
in  June  1893  it  was  put  on  the  stage  in 
London,  when  Signor  Mascagni  himself 
conducted.  In  the  following  month  he 
conducted  selections  from  his  composi- 
tions before  the  Queen  at  Windsor.  Sel- 
dom did  public  opinion  chaDge  so  quickly 
as  in  the  case  of  Mascagni.  A  few  years 
since  the  premiere  of  his  newest  opera 
would  have  taken  place  before  a  small 
company  of  enthusiastic  friends  ;  now,  the 
production  of  a  new  composition  is  an 
event  of  first  importance  in  the  musical 
world,  although,  as  has  been  truly  ob- 
served, one  fails  to  note  continuity  and 
real  sincerity  in  his  work.  On  June  23, 
1896,  the  first  English  performance  of 
"  Zanetto "  was  given  by  the  sisters 
Ravogli  in  London,  and  the  new  venture 
was  considered  to  deserve  a  higher  place 
than  anything  Mascagni  had  written  since 
his  "Cavalleria."  The  general  feeling  ex- 
cited by  the  last-named  work  has  begun 
to  die  away,  but  the  opera,  especially  the 
superb  "intermezzo,"  still  charms.  On 
Nov.  22,  1898,  his  last  new  opera  of 
Japanese  life,  "Iris,"  was  produced  at  the 
Cortanzi  Theatre ;  the  first  and  second  acts 
were  much  applauded,  but  the  third  was 
felt  hardly  to  reach  the  same  high  level. 

MASCART,  Eleuthere  EUe  Nicolas, 

F.R.S.,  French  physicist,  was  born  at 
Quaroble,  Feb.  20,  1835,  and  entered  the 
Ecole  Normale  in  1858,  and  became 
Doctor  of  Science  in  1864.  He  remained 
Curator  of  the  scientific  collections  of  the 
Ecole  Normale  for  some  time,  and  was  then 
Professor  of  Physics  at  the  College  Chap- 
tal.  He  succeeded  Regnault  as  Professor 
at  the  College  of  France  in  1872,  and 
became  Director  of  the  Meteorological 
Observatory  in  1878.  He  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
1884,  and  he  is  also  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  was  created  Commander  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1889.  His  chief 
works  are:  "Elements  de  Mecanique," 
1866;  "Traite"  d'Electricite'  Statique," 
1876  ;  "  Lecons  sur  L'Electricite'  et  le  Mag- 
nefiisme,"  1882;  and  "Traits  d'Optique," 
1889.  His  Paris  address  is  176  Rue  de 
l'Universite. 

MASON,  Professor  Arthur  James, 
D.D.,  Lady  Margaret  Professor  of  Divinity 
at  Cambridge  University,  was  educated  at 
Repton  School  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  was  Fellow  from  1873 
to  1884,  and  Assistant-Tutor  from  1874  to 


MASPERO  —  MASSENET 


729 


1877.  He  was  Canon  of  Truro  from  1877  to 
1884,  and  Vicar  of  All  Hallows,  Barking, 
from  1884  to  1895,  when  he  was  appointed 
Canon  of  Canterbury  and  Lady  Margaret 
Professor.  He  has  published  :  ' '  The  Per- 
secution of  Diocletian,"  1875;  "The  Faith 
of  the  Gospel,"  1887;  "The  Relation  of 
Confirmation  to  Baptism,"  1893;  "The 
Conditions  of  Our  Lord's  Life  upon 
Earth,"  1896;  "Thomas  Cranmer,"  1898. 
Address  :  Jesus  College,  Cambridge. 

MASPERO,  Gaston  Camille  Charles, 

Egyptologist,  was  born  at  Paris,  June  24, 
1846,  and  after  a  brilliant  course  of  study  at 
the  Lyce"e  Louis-le-Grand,  he  entered  the 
Ecole  Normale  in  1865.  Devoted  early  to 
erudite  studies,  he  was  appointed  Teacher 
and  Professor  of  Egyptian  Archaeology  and 
Philology,  first  at '  the  School  of  High 
Studies  in  June  1869,  then  at  the  College 
of  France,  Feb.  4,  1874.  He  is  Docteur-es- 
Lettres  since  1873.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Essai  sur  l'lnscription  De'dicatoire  au 
Temple  dAbydos,"  1869;  "Une  Enquete 
Judiciaire  a  Thebes  au  Temps  de  la  XX". 
Dynastie,"  1872;  "De  Carohemis  oppidi 
situ  et  Historic  Antiquissima,"  1873  ;  "  His- 
toire  Ancienne  des  Peuples  de  l'Orient," 
1875;  "De  Quelques  Navigations  des 
Egyptiens  sur  les  Cotes  de  la  Mer  Ery- 
thre'e,"  1879 ;  "  Les  Contes  Populaires  de 
l'Egypte  Ancienne,"  1881  ;  "  Guide  du 
Visiteur  au  Muse"e  de  Boulaq,"  1883  ;  "  The 
Royal  Mummies  of  Delr-el-Bahari,"  1886; 
"Egyptian  Archaeology,"  1887  ;  "Lectures 
Historiques,"  1889,  and  a  large  number  of 
important  memoirs  in  the  Kevue  Archceolo- 
gique,  Journal  Asiatique,  Proceedings  of  the 
Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology.  He  has  been 
since  1878  the  editor  of  the  Recueil  de  Tra- 
vaux  relatif  a  la  Philologie  et  V Archiologie 
Egyptiennc  et  Assyrienne.  He  has  also 
edited  works  left  in  manuscript  by  Cham- 
pollion  and  by  Mariette  Bey,  and  is  direct- 
ing the  publication  of  the  "  Bibliotheque 
Egyptiologique,"  which  contains  the  scat- 
tered and  hitherto  unpublished  works  of 
French  Egyptologists.  Among  his  recent 
publications  should  be  mentioned  ' '  Etudes 
de  Mythologie  et  Archiologie  Egyptienne, " 
and  an  enlarged  edition  of  his  "Histoire 
Ancienne,"  in  three  large  volumes,  the 
first  and  the  second  of  which  appeared 
1894-96,  and  have  been  translated  into 
English.  On  the  death  of  Mariette  Bey, 
Prof.  Maspero  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Boulak  Museum,  and  till  his  retirement 
in  June  1886  he  did  much  to  promote 
archaeological  discovery  in  Egypt.  He  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour,  Jan. 
15,  1879,  and  promoted  Commander  Dec. 
20,  1895.  He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  in  1883 ;  Hon. 
Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  and  D.C.L. 
Oxon.   in   1887.      Permanent  address :    4 


Place  du  College  de  France,  Paris ;  private 
address  :  24  Avenue  de  l'Observatoire. 

MASSENET,  Jules  Emile  Frederic, 

a  French  composer,  born  at  Montaud,  May 
12,  1842,  is  the  youngest  of  twenty-one 
children  of  an  engineer  officer  of  the 
First  Empire,  who  established  himself  as 
a  blacksmith  near  Saint  Etienne.  He 
studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatoire  under 
Laurent,  Reber,  Savard,  and  Ambroise 
Thomas,  obtained  the  first  prize  for  piano- 
forte in  1859,  the  first  for  fugue,  and  the 
Prix  de  Rome  for  his  cantata,  "  David 
Rizzio,"  in  1863.  He  travelled  through 
Italy  and  Germany,  and  made  his  de"but 
at  the  Opera  Comique,  Paris,  in  1868,  with 
"La  Grand  - Tante. "  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Composition  at  the 
Conservatoire,  and  elected  a  member  of 
the  Academie  des  Beaux  Arts.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Poeme  d'Avril,"  1868;  "Suite 
d'Orchestre,"  played  at  the  Pasdeloup 
Concerts,  1868;  "Poeme  du  Souvenir," 
1860 ;  "  Don  Cesar  de  Bazan,"  produced 
at  the  Ope"ra  Comique  in  1873 ;  "  Les 
Erinnyes,"  a  tragedy  by  Leconte  de  Lisle, 
and  "Marie-Madeleine,"  a  sacred  drama 
produced  at  the  Odeon  the  same  year ; 
"  Eve,"  an  oratorio  performed  under  the 
direction  of  M.  Lamoureux  at  his  concerts 
at  the  Sacred  Harmony,  1874 ;  "  The 
Roi  de  Lahore,"  an  opera,  1877;  "The 
Virgin,"  a  sacred  legend  performed  at 
the  Historical  Concerts  of  the  Acade"mie 
Nationale  de  Musique,  1880 ;  "  Herodiade," 
an  opera  first  performed  at  the  Monnaie 
of  Brussels,  1881,  and  in  Paris  at  the 
Italian  Opera  in  1883  ;  "  Manon,"  an  opera 
comique,  with  the  late  Mme.  Heilbronn  in 
the  principal  part,  1883;  "Le  Cid,"  an 
opera,  from  Corneille's  tragedy,  1885 ; 
"  Esclarmonde,"  a  romantic  opera  which 
had  a  run  of  100  representations  without 
interruption,  1889  ;  and  a  large  number  of 
melodies  which  are  now  popular,  pieces 
for  the  pianoforte,  and  a  series  of  seven 
"Suites  d'Orchestre,"  amongst  which: 
"Scenes  Pittoresques,"  "Scenes  Alsaci- 
ennes,"  "Scenes  Hongroises,"  "Scenes  de 
Faerie,"  and  "Scenes  Napolitaines,"  and 
two  cantatas,  "Narcisse"  and  "Biblis." 
He  has  written  also  some  entr'acts  and 
stage  music  for  Sardou's  dramas  "  Theo- 
dora" and  the  "Crocodile."  "Le  Mage," 
a  new  opera  of  his,  the  words  by  Jean 
Richepin,  was  produced  at  the  Grand 
Opera  in  Paris ;  and  a  drame  lyrique, 
adapted  from  Goethe's  "Werther,"  was 
first  performed  in  1891.  His  opera, 
"  Thais,"  was  performed  at  the  Paris 
Opera,  Mar.  16,  1894,  the  libretto  having 
been  adapted  from  the  novel  of  Anatole 
France ;  while  in  May  of  the  same  year 
a  short  one-act  piece,  "  Le  Portrait  de 
Manon,"    was    performed    at    the    Opera 


730 


MASSEY  —  MASSON 


Comique.  In  1835  he  wrote  the  music 
for  Claretie's  "  La  Navarraise,"  which  was 
produced  at  the  Opera  Comique. 

MASSEY,  Thomas  Gerald  (better 
known  as  Gerald  Massey),  was  born  of 
very  poor  parents  at  Gamble  Wharf,  near 
Tring,  in  Hertfordshire,  May  29,  1828,  and 
received  a  scanty  education  at  the  British 
and  National  Schools.  At  eight  years  of 
age  he  was  working  twelve  hours  a  day  in 
a  silk  manufactory.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  went  to  London  and  found  work  as  an 
errand-boy,  and  at  twenty-one  he  became 
editor  of  the  Spirit  of  Freedom.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  one  of  the  secretaries 
of  the  "Christian  Socialists,"  and  a  per- 
sonal friend  of  Charles  Kingsley  and  F. 
D.  Maurice.  In  1854  he  published  "The 
Ballad  of  Babe  Christabel,  and  other 
Poems,"  which  entered  its  fifth  edition 
at  the  end  of  the  year.  He  then  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Athenceum,  and  for  ten 
years  wrote  a  considerable  number  of  its 
reviews.  For  several  years  he  wrote  on 
literary  subjects  in  the  Quarterly  Review. 
As  early  as  1852  Mr.  Massey  began  to 
take  a  great  interest  in  mesmerism,  spirit- 
ualism, and  kindred  subjects,  and  he  has 
since  delivered  many  lectures  on  such 
matters,  both  in  London  and  abroad.  He 
has  lectured  all  through  America,  Aus- 
tralia, and  the  Colonies,  twice  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco,  where  he  is  better 
known  and  more  highly  thought  of  than 
in  England.  Of  late  years  he  has  written 
very  little  poetry,  but  has  recently  pub- 
lished his  "Collected  Poems,"  in  2  vols., 
under  the  title  of  "My  Lyrical  Life."  He 
has  also  re-written  his  work  on  the  "Secret 
Drama  of  Shakspeare's  Sonnets,"  1864- 
1888.  His  principal  works  are  "Voices  of 
Freedom  and  Lyrics  of  Love,"  1850  ;  "The 
Ballad  of  Babe  Christabel,"  &c,  1854; 
"War  Waits,"  1855  ;  "Craigcrook  Castle," 
1856;  "Havelock's  March,"  &c„  1860; 
"A  Tale  of  Eternity,  and  other  Poems," 
1869;  "Concerning  Spiritualism,"  1872; 
"A  Book  of  the  Beginnings,"  1882;  "The 
Natural  Genesis,"  1884;  "My  Lyrical 
Life,"  1889  ;  besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  English  and  American  periodical 
literature.    Address  :  Anru,  Norwood,  S.E. 

MASSINGHAM,   Henry  William, 

editor  of  the  Daily  Chronicle,  son  of  John 
Massingham,  was  born  at  old  Catton,  Nor- 
wich, in  1860,  and  was  educated  under  Dr. 
Jessopp  at  Norwich  Grammar  School,  of 
which  he  was  head  boy  when  he  left.  He 
entered  journalism  as  a  member  of  the  staff 
of  the  Norfolk  News  and  of  the  Daily  Press, 
Norwich,  coming  to  London  as  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  National  Press  Agency.  He 
became  assistant-editor  of  the  Star  upon 
its  foundation,  and  eventually  succeeded 


Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor  as  editor.  Leaving 
the  Star,  Mr.  Massingham  joined  the  staff 
of  the  Daily  Chronicle  as  a  leader-writer. 
He  became  successively  literary  editor  and 
assistant-editor.  He  was  the  special  repre- 
sentative of  the  Chronicle  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  1892  to  1895,  when  he  was 
appointed  editor  of  the  paper.  Mr.  Mas- 
singham has  contributed  largely  to  the 
reviews,  and  is  author  of  a  book  on  the 
"London  Daily  Press."  He  is  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dress :  Daily  Chronicle  Office,  Fleet  Street, 
E.C. 

MASSON,  David,  Litt.D.,  LL.D., 
Historiographer-Royal  for  Scotland,  Eme- 
ritus Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  English 
Literature  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
was  born  Dec.  2,  1822,  in  Aberdeen,  and 
educated  at  Marischal  College  in  that  city, 
and  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
He  began  his  literary  career  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  as  editor  of  a  Scotch  provincial 
newspaper,  and  repairing  in  1844  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  remained  about  a  year, 
contributed  to  Frasers  Magazine  and  other 
periodicals.  He  established  himself  in 
Edinburgh  for  two  or  three  years  as  a 
writer  for  periodical  publications,  besides 
having  special  engagements  with  the 
Messrs.  Chambers,  but  returned  to  Lon- 
don in  1847,  where  he  resided  for  eighteen 
years,  editing  and  contributing  largely  to 
Macmillan's  Magazine  from  1858  to  1865, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  English 
Language  and  Literature  at  University 
College,  London,  on  the  resignation  of 
the  late  Professor  Clough  in  1852.  He 
retired  from  his  posts  in  October  1865, 
havin  g  been  appointed  Professor  of  Rhetoric 
and  English  Literature  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  a  post  from  which  he  retired 
in  1895.  He  contributed  numerous  articles 
to  the  Quarterly,  National,  British  Quarterly, 
and  North  British  Reviews,  to  the  "Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica, "  and  the  "English 
Cyclopaedia."  His  papers  on  Carlyle's 
"Latter-Day  Pamphlets,"  "Dickens  and 
Thackeray,"  "Rabelais,"  "Literature  and 
the  Labour  Question,"  "  Pre-Raphaelism  in 
Art  and  Literature,"  "  Theories  of  Poetry," 
" Shakspere  and  Goethe,"  "Hugh  Miller," 
and  "De  Quincey  and  Prose-writing,"  are 
the  best  known.  His  "  Essays,  Biographi- 
cal and  Critical:  chiefly  on  English  Poets," 
appeared  in  1856,  and  have  been  reprinted, 
with  additions,  in  3  vols. ,  1874,  one  being 
entitled  specially,  "Chatterton  :  a  Story 
of  the  Year  1770 " ;  his  classic  "  Life  of 
John  Milton,  narrated  in  connection  with 
the  Political,  Ecclesiastical,  and  Literary 
History  of  his  Time,"  vol.  i.  was  pub- 
lished "in  1858,  vol.  ii.  in  1871,  vol.  iii.  in 
1873,  and  vols.  iv.  and  v.  in  1878.  He 
is  also  author  of  "British  Novelists  and 


MASTERS  —  MATHESON 


731 


their  Styles :  a  Critical  Sketch  of  the 
History  of  British  Prose  Fiction,"  in  1859  ; 
"Recent  British  Philosophy;  a  Review 
with  Criticism,  including  some  Remarks 
on  Mr.  Mill's  Answer  to  Sir  W.  Hamilton," 
being  an  explanation  of  some  lectures  de- 
livered at  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain  in  1865.  Other  important  publica- 
tions from  his  pen  are  an  edition  of  Milton's 
Poetical  works,  called  "The  Cambridge 
Edition,"  in  three  volumes,  with  Introduc- 
tions, Notes,  and  an  Essay  on  Milton's 
English,  and  a  smaller  edition  of  the  same, 
called  "The  Golden  Treasury  Edition,"  in 
two  volumes,  with  Introductions,  Notes, 
and  a  Memoir.  Both  appeared  in  1874. 
In  1873  he  published  a  biography  of  the 
poet  Drummond,  entitled  "  Drummond  of 
Hawthornden  :  the  Story  of  his  Life  and 
Writings";  in  1874  "The  Three  Devils: 
Luther's,  Milton's,  and  Goethe's"  ;  and  in 
1878  "De  Quincey,"  in  the  English  Men 
of  Letters  Series.  He  has  edited  "  De 
Quincey's  Collected  Works,"  in  14  volumes. 
Among  his  most  recent  works  should  be 
mentioned  "Edinburgh  Sketches  and  Me- 
moirs," 1892  ;  and  his  contribution  to  "In 
the  Footsteps  of  the  Poets,"  1893.  In 
1893  he  was  appointed  Historiographer- 
Royal  for  Scotland,  and  has  edited  the 
Register  of  the  Privy  Council  of  Scotland, 
vols.  iii.  to  xiii.  (1578-1625),  published 
between  1880-96.  He  is  married  to  Rosa- 
line, eldest  daughter  of  Charles  Orme. 
Addresses :  Gowan  Lee,  Juniper  Green, 
Midlothian  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MASTERS,  Maxwell  Tylden,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  Corresponding  Member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  France,  Chevalier  of  the  Order 
of  Leopold,  born  April  15,  1833,  at  Canter- 
bury, is  the  youngest  son  of  Alderman 
Masters,  and  was  educated  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  after  which  he  practised 
medicine  for  some  years.  He  held  the 
lectureship  on  botany  at  St.  George's 
Hospital  from  1855  to  1868,  and  became 
principal  editor  of  the  Gardener's  Chronicle 
in  1865.  Dr.  Masters  has  been  Botanical 
Examiner  in  the  University  of  London. 
He  is  a  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Leopold ; 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal,  Linnean,  and  Royal 
Horticultural  Societies ;  an  Associate  of 
King's  College,  London  ;  an  honorary  or 
corresponding  member  of  the  principal 
horticultural  societies  of  the  Continent 
and  America,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Sciences  of  Liege,  the  Society  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Cherbourg,  the  Botanical 
Society  of  France,  and  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute  (Acade"mie  des  Sciences), 
and  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia.  His  works  consist  of  a  treatise 
on  "Vegetable  Teratology,"  which  has 
been  translated  into  German  (with  addi- 
tions   by   the    author),    of    "Botany    for 


Beginners,"  and  of  "  Plant  Life  "  (of  both 
which  French,  Dutch,  and  Russian  trans- 
lations have  been  made),  and  of  numerous 
monographs  and  papers  on  subjects  relating 
to  botany,  vegetable  physiology,  and  horti- 
culture. He  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
scientific  periodicals,  and  has  taken  part 
in  Oliver's  "Flora  of  Tropical  Africa," 
Hooker's  "  Flora  of  British  India,"  Von 
Martius's"  Flora  Brasiliensis,"  "Flora 
Capensis,"  De  Candolle's  "Prodromus," 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  the 
"Pinetum  Britannicum,"  and  other  works, 
besides  preparing,  either  alone  or  in  col- 
laboration with  Messrs.  G.  Murray  and 
Arthur  Bennett,  the  second,  third,  and 
fourth  editions  of  Henfrey's  "Elementary 
Course  of  Botany."  Addresses :  41  Wel- 
lington Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C.  ;  and 
9  Mount  Avenue,  Ealing. 

MATHERS,    Helen    Buckingham. 

See  Reeves,  Mbs.  Heney. 

MATHESON,   Rev.   George,  D.D., 

F.R.S.E.,  was  born  at  Glasgow,  March  27, 
1842,  and  educated  at  Glasgow  Academy 
and  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He  lost 
his  sight  in  youth  by  a  gradual  process  of 
internal  inflammation,  beginning  at  the 
age  of  18  months  and  recurring  intermit- 
tently until  his  twentieth  year,  from  which 
time  he  has  been  practically  blind.  Dur- 
ing this  gradual  decline  he  was  able  with 
his  own  eyes  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of 
Latin,  Greek,  French,  and  German,  and  to 
learn  penmanship.  At  the  Glasgow  Aca- 
demy he  carried  off  the  first  prizes  in  every 
department.  He  then  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  in  preparation  for  the 
ministry,  and  took  a  leading  place  in 
Classics,  Philosophy,  and  Theology  ;  car- 
ried off  the  first  prize  in  the  senior  division 
of  Logic,  and  the  prize  essay  for  the  best 
specimen  of  Socratic  dialogue  in  1860 ; 
took  the  first  prize  for  Moral  Philosophy  in 
1861  ;  graduated  M.A.  with  honours  in 
Philosophy  in  1862,  and  B.D.  in  1866.  He 
was  licensed  to  the  ministry  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  in  1866  ;  appointed  assistant 
to  Dr.  Macduff  of  Sandyford  Church, 
Glasgow,  in  1867 ;  chosen  by  popular 
election  parish  minister  of  Innellan  in 
1868 ;  received  in  1880  a  unanimous  call 
to  succeed  Dr.  Cumming,  London,  but 
declined  it ;  and  was  appointed  Baird 
Lecturer  for  1881,  and  one  of  the  St.  Giles' 
lecturers  for  1882.  His  ministry  in  Innel- 
lan was  highly  popular,  the  summer 
visitors  flocking  to  his  church  in  great 
numbers.  His  preaching  is  in  expression 
purely  extemporaneous,  though  he  keeps 
in  his  mind  a  carefully  studied  train  of 
thought.  In  1886  he  was  translated  to 
the  parish  of  St.  Bernard's,  Edinburgh. 
In  1879  the  University  of  Edinburgh  con- 


732 


MATHEW 


ferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  In  1890 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  Edinburgh.  In  1886  he  preached 
before  the  Queen  at  Balmoral  with  such 
acceptance  that  he  was  requested  by  Her 
Majesty  to  forward  a  printed  copy  of  his 
sermon.  On  that  occasion  the  Queen, 
taking  into  account  his  inability  to  appre- 
ciate a  portrait,  presented  him  with  a 
small  bust  of  herself.  In  Edinburgh  he  is 
known  as  the  Poet-Preacher;  and  he  has 
gathered  round  him  a  congregation  from 
all  parts.  He  is  extremely  popular  with 
all  denominations.  As  an  instance  of  this, 
the  first  year  after  his  translation  to 
Edinburgh  he  was  invited  to  deliver  the 
inaugural  address  to  the  theological 
students  of  three  different  colleges — the 
Edinburgh  University,  the  United  Presby- 
terian Hall,  and  the  Free  Church  College 
of  Glasgow.  He  is  a  representative  of  the 
Broad-Church  party,  and  the  uniform  aim 
of  his  teaching  has  been  to  discover  a 
basis  for  the  reconciliation  of  the  conflict- 
ing creeds  of  Christendom.  In  1897, 
through  the  pressure  of  accumulating 
work  and  the  desire  for  more  literary 
leisure,  he  associated  with  himself  a  col- 
league in  the  ministry  of  St.  Bernard's, 
his  duties  in  that  sphere  being  now  limited 
to  the  services  of  the  pulpit.  In  1892  he 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Braille  system 
for  the  blind,  which  he  has  found  of 
inestimable  value.  In  preparing  for  the 
press  his  practice  is  to  write  each  day  in 
Braille  what  he  deems  an  adequate  amount, 
and  on  the  following  day  to  read  off  this 
in  dictation  to  his  secretary.  In  1874  he 
published  "Aids  to  the  Study  of  German 
Theology  "  ;  in  1877,  "  Growth  of  the  Spirit 
of  Christianity,"  2  vols.  ;  in  1881,  "  Natural 
Elements  of  Revealed  Theology"  (Baird 
lecture);  in  1882,  "Confucianism"  (in 
the  St.  Giles'  lectures — "Faiths  of  the 
World")  ;  and  a  devotional  volume,  "My 
Aspirations  "  (translated  into  German) ;  in 
1884,  "Moments  on  the  Mount,"  also  a 
devotional  volume,  and  in  the  same  year 
a  paper  on  "  The  Religious  Bearings  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Evolution  "  (delivered  at  the 
Pan-Presbyterian  Council,  Belfast,  and 
published  in  its  Transactions) ;  in  1885, 
"  Can  the  Old  Faith  Live  with  the  New  ? " 
or  the  problem  of  evolution  and  revela- 
tion ;  in  1887,  "The  Psalmist  and  the 
Scientist,"  or  the  modern  value  of  the 
religious  sentiment;  in  1888,  "Landmarks 
of  New  Testament  Morality,"  and  another 
devotional  volume,  entitled  "  Voices  of  the 
Spirit "  ;  in  1890,  a  volume  of  hymns,  en- 
titled "Sacred  Songs";  in  1891,  "Spiritual 
Development  of  St.  Paul"  ;  in  1892,  "Dis- 
tinctive Messages  of  the  Old  Religions"; 
in  1895,  "Searchings  in  the  Silence"  ;  in 
1896,  "Words  by  the  Wayside"  (trans- 
lated into  German,  and  greatly  admired 


by  the  Queen  of  Roumania) ;  and  "  The 
Lady  Ecclesia"  (a  religious  allegory  de- 
picting the  early  history  of  the  Church) ; 
in  1898,  "Sidelights  from  Patmos."  In 
the  course  of  1897  he  contributed  one  of 
the  biographies  to  the  volume  issued  by 
Dr.  Lyman  Abbot  of  New  York — "  Pro- 
phets of  the  Christian  Faith."  Dr.  Mathe- 
son  has  contributed  to  the  Contemporary, 
British  Quarterly,  Modern  Review,  Princeton 
Review,  Interpreter,  Expositor,  Good  Words, 
Sunday  Magazine,  and  Sunday  School  Times 
(Philadelphia).  His  article  in  the  Con- 
temporary Review,  entitled  ' '  The  Originality 
of  the  Character  of  Christ,"  has  been 
printed  in  the  United  States,  and  has 
recently  been  translated  into  French.  He 
has  also  contributed  to  the  revised  edition 
of  the  "Scottish  Hymnal"  the  hymn  be- 
ginning "  O  Love  that  wilt  not  let  me  go," 
for  the  use  of  which  he  has  received  ap- 
plications from  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Address  :  19  St.  Bernard's  Crescent,  Edin- 
burgh. 

MATHEW,  The  Hon.  Sir  James 
Charles,  LL.D.,  Judge  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice,  is  son  of  Charles  Mathew,  of 
Lehenagh  House,  Cork,  by  Mary,  daughter 
of  James  Hackett,  of  Cork.  He  was  born 
at  Lehenagh  House,  July  10,  1830,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  was  senior  moderator 
and  gold  medallist  in  1860.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Hilary 
Term,  1854,  having  in  the  previous  Nov- 
ember obtained  an  open  studentship.  Mr. 
Mathew  was  a  Member  of  the  South- 
Eastern  Circuit,  when  in  March  1881  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Crown  a  Judge  in 
the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice.  Shortly  before  that 
time  he  had  acted  as  a  member  of  the 
Committee  on  the  subject  of  Costs  of  Legal 
Proceedings.  His  appointment  to  the 
Bench  is  one  of  the  few  instances  of  a 
member  of  the  Junior  Bar  being  elevated. 
He  was  knighted  on  his  promotion  ;  and 
was  created  LL.D.,  honoris  causd,  by  the 
University  of  Dublin.  He  was  the  third 
Catholic  Judge  appointed  in  England  since 
Catholic  Emancipation,  the  two  previous 
ones  being  Mr.  Justice  Shee  and  Mr. 
Justice  Hayes.  In  1892  Sir  James  Mathew 
presided,  at  Dublin,  over  the  Evicted 
Tenants'  Commission,  which  began  its 
sittings  on  November  8.  Against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  this  Commission  Mr.  E.  Car- 
son, Q.C.,  as  representative  of  Lord  Clan- 
ricarde,  continuously  protested,  but  was 
ordered  to  withdraw  by  Sir  James,  who 
refused  to  hear  counsel  or  to  adopt 
methods  of  legal  procedure  in  his  exa- 
mination of  witnesses.  In  this  course  he 
was  generally  supported  by  the  opinion  of 
lawyers.     In  1895  he  was  appointed  Judge 


MATHEWS  —  MAUDE 


733 


of  the  Commercial  Court,  which  was  justly 
valued  by  City  men.  He  married,  in  1861, 
Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Edwin  Biron,  vicar  of  Lympne,  Kent. 
Addresses  :  46  Queen's  Gate  Gardens, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MATHEWS,  George  Ballard,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  eldest  son  of  George  and  Harriet 
Hannah  Mathews,  was  born  in  London, 
1861.  He  was  educated  at  Ludlow  Gram- 
mar School,  University  College,  London, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  He 
has  been  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the 
University  College  of  N.  Wales,  1884-96, 
and  has  published  Part  I.  of  a  "Treatise 
on  the  Theory  of  Numbers,"  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Professor  A.  Gray,  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Bessel  Functions  and  their  Appli- 
cations to  Physics."  He  has  contributed 
various  papers  on  mathematical  subjects 
to  the  Messenger  of  Mathematics,  the  Quar- 
terly Journal  of  Mathematics,  and  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  London  Mathematical  Society. 
Address  :  10  Menai  View  Terrace,  Upper 
Bangor,  N.  Wales. 

MATHILDE,  Princess  Mathilde 
Leetitia       Wilhelmine       Bonaparte, 

daughter  of  the  ex-King  Jerome  and 
Princess  Catherine  of  Wtlrtemberg,  and 
cousin  to  Napoleon  III.,  was  born  at 
Trieste,  May  27,  1820,  and  married  at 
Florence,  Oct.  10,  1841,  to  the  Russian 
Prince  Anatole  Demidoff.  This  union  was 
not  happy,  and  in  1845  they  separated  by 
mutual  consent,  her  husband  being  com- 
pelled by  the  Czar  to  allow  the  Princess 
an  annuity  of  200,000  roubles.  From  1849 
till  the  marriage  of  Napoleon  III.  she  did 
the  honours  at  the  palace  of  the  President, 
and  on  the  re-establishment  of  the  Empire 
was  comprised  amongst  the  members  of 
the  imperial  family  of  France,  and  received 
the  title  of  Highness.  After  the  war  she 
again  took  up  her  residence  in  Paris,  and 
continued  giving  the  artistic  and  literary 
receptions  which  have  made  her  salon 
famous.  The  Princess,  who  was  a  pupil  of 
M.  Giraud,  is  an  accomplished  artist,  and 
has  exhibited  some  of  her  pictures  upon 
several  occasions  at  the  Salon  de  Peinture. 
She  obtained  honourable  mention  in  1861. 

MATTHEWS,   Charles    Willie,    is 

the  stepson  of  the  late  Charles  Matthews, 
of  London,  comedian,  and  was  born  at 
New  York  on  Oct.  16,  1850.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1872.  He  is 
on  the  Western  Circuit,  and  was  appointed 
Recorder  of  Salisbury  in  1893.  Address  : 
1  Essex  Court  Temple,  E.C. 

MATTHEWS,  The  Right  Hon. 
Henry.    See  Llandaff,  Viscount. 


MATTINSON,  Miles  Walker,  is  the 
son  of  Thomas  Mattinson,  of  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  and  he  entered  as  a  student  at 
Gray's  Inn  in  1874  ;  he  obtained  the  Bacon 
Scholarship  in  1874,  a  first  class  Student- 
ship in  1875,  a  certificate  of  Honour  in 
1876,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1877. 
He  practices  on  the  Northern  Circuit, 
and  was  appointed  Recorder  of  Black- 
burn in  1886.  Mr.  Mattinson  is  the 
author  of  "  Law  of  Corrupt  Practices  at 
Elections,"  and  "Selection  of  Precedents 
in  Pleading."  Address  :  1  Garden  Court, 
Temple,  E.C. 

MAUDE,  Cyril,  actor,  was  born  in 
London  on  April  24,  1862.  He  is  the  son 
of  Captain  Charles  Henry  Maude,  formerly 
of  the  14th  Madras  Infantry,  grandson  of 
Viscount  Hawarden,  and  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Maude,  daughter  of  the  third  Baron, Sude- 
ley.  He  was  educated  by  Charles  King- 
sley's  great  friend,  Cowley  Powles,  and 
afterwards  at  Charterhouse,  Godalming. 
He  first  went  on  the  stage  in  the  spring  of 
1883,  playing  at  Denver,  Colorado.  He 
continued  acting  in  the  American  and 
English  provinces  until  the  autumn  of 
1867,  when  he  made  his  first  London 
success  in  a  play  called  "Racing,"  at  the 
Grand  Theatre,  Islington.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  distinguished  himself  in  a  play 
by  Hamilton  and  Quinton  called  "Hand- 
fast."  He  was  a  member  of  the  Gaiety 
Company  during  the  autumn  and  winter 
of  1887.  He  joined  the  Vaudeville  Com- 
pany in  1888,  remaining  there  for  three 
consecutive  seasons.  He  then  joined  Mr. 
Wyndham's  forces  at  the  Criterion,  and 
after  shorter  seasons  with  Henry  Arthur 
Jones  at  the  Avenue,  with  Mrs.  Langtry  at 
the  Haymarket,  at  the  Shaftesbury,  and 
with  Mr.  Alexander  in  "  The  Second  Mrs. 
Tanqueray  "  at  the  St.  James's,  he  played 
for  three  years  at  the  Comedy  Theatre 
under  Mr.  ComynsCarr's  management.  He 
then  played  at  the  Lyceum,  and  in  1896, 
together  with  Mr.  Frederick  Harrison,  he 
started  in  management  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre,  and  has  up  to  the  presant  date 
most  successfully  produced  "Under  the 
Red  Robe,"  "A  Marriage  of  Convenience," 
and  "  The  Little  Minister,"  the  last-named 
piece  breaking  all  the  previous  histori- 
cally successful  Haymarket  records.  Mr. 
Maude  is  chiefly,  and  justly,  famous  for  his 
impersonations  of  old  men,  which  remind 
one  of  the  most  finished  French  acting. 
He  was  married  in  1888  to  Miss  Winifred 
Emery  (q.v.),  and  has  two  daughters,  Mar- 
gery, born  in  1889,  and  Pamela,  born  in 
1893.  Address :  33  Egerton  Crescent, 
S.W. 


MAUDE,   Mrs.   Cyril. 

Isabel  Winifbed  M.  E. 


See  Emery, 


734 


MAUDSLEY  —  MAXIM 


MAUDSLEY,  Henry,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
LL.D.,  third  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Maud- 
sley, was  born  near  Giggleswiok,  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  Feb.  5,  1835,  and  educated  at 
Giggleswick  School  and  University  Col- 
lege, London.  He  studied  medicine  at 
University  College,  and  graduated  M.D. 
at  the  University  of  London  in  1857.  Dr. 
Maudsley  was  Physician  to  the  Manchester 
Royal  Lunatic  Hospital,  1859-62 ;  was 
made  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1869  ;  and  was  appointed 
Gulstonian  Lecturer  to  the  College  in 
1870.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  University  Col- 
lege, London ;  was  lately  Professor  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence  in  University  Col- 
lege, and  is  Consulting  Physician  to  the 
West  London  Hospital ;  and  an  honorary 
member  of  various  learned  societies  in 
Paris,  Vienna,  Italy,  and  America.  He 
has  been  President  of  the  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  and  was  editor  of  the  Journal  of 
Mental  Science.  Dr.  Maudsley  is  the  author 
of  "The  Physiology  of  Mind,"  "The 
Pathology  of  Mind,"  "Body  and  Mind," 
"Body  and  Will,"  "Responsibility  in 
Mental  Disease,"  and  "Natural  Causes 
and  Supernatural  Seemings "  (3rd  edit., 
1897).  He  is  married  to  Ann  Caroline, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Conolly,  M.D.,  D.C.L.,  Lawn  House,  Han- 
well.  Addresses  :  12  Queen  Street,  May- 
fair  ;  and  Heathbourne  House,  Bushey 
Heath,  Herts. 

MATTKEL,  Victor,  French  singer,  was 
born   at   Marseilles,  July  12,   1848.      His 
father  being  an  architect,  he  first  studied 
painting,  together  with  music,  but  he  soon 
devoted   himself    entirely   to   the    latter. 
He   studied   at  the  Conservatoire  of   his 
native  town,  and  in  Paris,  where  he  car- 
ried off  the  two  chief  prizes  in  1867.     The 
next  year  he  was  engaged  at  the  Opera  as 
understudy  for  the  chief  baritone  singers. 
He  preferred,  however,  Italian  opera,  and 
in  1869  he  went  to  the  Scala  at  Milan,  to 
which   he    has    often   returned.       Subse- 
quently he  travelled  in  America,   Egypt, 
and   Russia,   returning   to   Italy  in   1873, 
when   he   made   a  great  success  in  Mar- 
chetti's  "  Ruy  Bias  "  and  Gomez's  ' '  Fosca." 
At  the  end  of  1879  he  was  singing  again 
at    the    Paris    Opera,   and     appeared    in 
"Hamlet"  and  "Don  Juan,"  1880.      The 
same  year  he  created  the  part  of  Amonasro 
in  Verdi's  "  A'ida,"  and  he  is  acknowledged 
to  be  one  of  the  best  interpreters  of  that 
composer's  music.     In  1883  he  attempted 
to  restore  Italian  opera  in  Paris,  and  took 
the  Theatre  des  Nations,   where  be  was 
assisted  by  the  best  European    singers. 
He  produced  there  "  Simon  Boccanegra," 
by  Verdi,  Massenet's  "  Herodiade,"  Doni- 
zetti's   "Lucrezia     Borgia,"    and     other 


classical  works  ;  but  the  enterpise  proved 
a  ruinous  one,  and  he  was  compelled  to 
desist  at  the  end  of  1884.  M.  Maurel  is 
well  known  at  Covent  Garden,  and  in  1893 
he  appeared  in  Verdi's  "Falstaff,"  after 
creating  the  part  at  the  Scala  at  Milan. 
He  has  recently  lectured  on  musical  and 
operatic  history,  illustrated  by  snatches 
of  song.  His  Paris  address  is  10  Rue 
Lesueur. 

MAXIM,  Hiram  Stevens,  C.E.,  was 
born  in  the  town  of  Tangersville,  State  of 
Maine,  U.S.A.,  on  Feb.  5,  1840.    His  parents 
were  also  born  in  the  State  of  Maine,  but 
his  grandparents  were  born  in  the  State  of 
Mass.,  and  were  of  English  Puritan  stock, 
and  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Ply- 
mouth County,  Mass.      He  attended  the 
common  schools  in  the  State  of  Maine, 
which  only  gave  him  the  foundation  of  an 
education,  since  which  time  he  has  been 
engaged   in     educating    himself    in   the 
different  branches  of  science  with  which 
his  work  has  brought  him  in  contact.     He 
always  had  a  great  liking  for  mechanics, 
and  while  still  a  mere  boy  was  able  to 
operate  almost  any  kind  of  tool  and  to 
do  very  good  work.      Before  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years  he  had  served  an  appren- 
ticeship and  had  also  been  foreman.     At 
the  age  of  twenty-four  he  was  in  the  large 
machine  works  of  his  uncle,  Levi  Stevens, 
at  Fitchburg,  Mass.     Later  on  he  became 
a  mechanical  draughtsman  in  Boston,  and 
also  acted  as  foreman  in  the  manufacture 
of    gas   machines    and    philosophical   in- 
struments.     At    twenty-eight    he   was   a 
draughtsman  in  a  large  steamship-build- 
ing   establishment    in    New    York    City, 
where  shortly  after  this  he  invented  a  new 
gas  locomotive  headlight,  which  went  into 
general  use.     He  also  did  much  to  perfect 
automatic    gas     machines     for     lighting 
private  houses  out  of  the  reach  of  coal- 
gas.      These  machines  went  largely  into 
use,  and    are   still   being   made   in   large 
quantities.       In    1877    he    took    up    the 
question  of  electricity,  and  was  among  the 
first  to    make   dynamo- electric    machines 
and  electric  lamps  in  the  U.S.A.      He  was 
the  first  to  make  incandescent  lamp  car- 
bons by  the  process  known  as  "  flashing," 
that  is,  a  process  of  building  up,  solidify- 
ing   and    standardising   the    carbons    by 
electrically   heating   them   in    an   atmo- 
sphere of  hydro-carbon  vapours.     It  was 
this  process  which  rendered   it  possible 
to  make  incandescent  lamps  which  would 
stand.     Unfortunately  for  Mr.  Maxim  the 
process,  which  is  much  used,  has  become 
common  property.     In  1881  he  exhibited 
at  Paris  the  first  electrical  current  regula- 
tor ever  made  for  electric  lamps.     This 
regulator  maintained  a  constant  potential 
of  current  quite  irrespective  of  the  num- 


MAX-MULLER 


735 


ber  of  lamps  in  the  circuit,  and  for  this 
invention  he  was  made  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  by  President  Grevy. 
At  this  time  he  took  out  a  great  many 
patents  on  electrical  machinery,  including 
arc  lamps,  incandescent  lamps,  search 
lights,  dynamo-electric  machines,  chemical 
processes  relating  to  electricity,  &c.  In 
1883  he  took  up  the  question  of  automatic 
guns.  He  believed  that  the  recoil  energy 
ofijthe  gun,  which  was  only  a  disturbing 
element  in  firing,  could  be  turned  to  use- 
ful effect,  and  that  the  energy  was  always 
sufficient  to  perform  all  the  necessary 
functions  of  loading  and  firing.  Accord- 
ingly he  made  a  species  of  a  dynamometer 
gun  with  which  he  was  able  to  measure 
the  force  of  the  recoil,  the  duration  of  the 
recoil,  and  everything  relating  to  loading 
and  firing  a  gun.  This  gave  him  the 
necessary  data,  and  he  made  the  first 
automatic  gun  in  Hatton  Garden  in  1884. 
This  gun  was  a  nine  days'  wonder  in  Lon- 
don. People  at  first  would  not  believe 
that  it  was  possible  for  a  gun  to  load  and 
fire  itself  without  any  one  touching  it,  and 
everybody  came  to  see  the  gun,  from  the 
Prince  of  Wales  downwards.  Competitive 
trials  with  other  guns  operated  by  hand 
followed,  and  he  exhibited  his  automatic 
guns  in  various  countries,  and  received 
some  very  large  orders.  The  amalgama- 
tion with  the  Nordenfelt  Company  fol- 
lowed, and  the  management  of  the  com- 
pany passed  into  the  hands  of  a  board  of 
directors.  Mr.  Maxim  writes  character- 
istically of  the  guns  :  "  I  think  it  is  now 
admitted  that  these  automatic  guns  have 
proved  themselves  superior  to  all  others. 
In  the  late  war  with  the  Matabele  they 
operated  without  a  hitch,  and  it  was  these 
guns  that  saved  the  British  column  from 
total  annihilation.  I  have  received  many 
letters  from  the  officers  in  command,  and 
they  all  attribute  their  wonderful  success 
to  the  remarkable  killing  power  of  these 
guns,  and  they  say  that  no  soldier,  no 
matter  how  brave,  could  stand  up  before 
them.  Six  hundred  rounds  a  minute  from 
a  single  barrel  is  rather  too  deadly  a  fire 
to  stand  up  against ;  in  fact,  the  slaughter 
was  so  great  that  the  matter  was  seriously 
discussed  in  Parliament  as  to  whether  the 
English  were  j  ustifi  ed  in  slaughtering  the 
natives  in  such  numbers."  The  French 
navy  has  adopted  the  fully  automatic 
Maxim  gun,  using  a  barrel  of  lj-inch  bore 
with  cast-iron  explosive  projectiles,  and 
the  French  officers,  in  describing  the  fire, 
said  it  was  literally  a  rain  of  iron.  When 
the  question  of  smokeless  powder  came 
up  in  Europe  Mr.  Maxim  was  among  the 
first  in  England  to  commence  experiments, 
and  he  found  that  very  excellent  results 
could  be  obtained  by  combining  gun- 
cotton  of  the  highest  degree  of  nitration 


— commonly  called  tri-nitrocellulose — and 
nitro-glycerine  with  a  small  percentage  of 
a  suitable  oil.  He  found  that  the  violence 
of  the  nitro-glycerine  could  be  modified  to 
any  extent  in  this  way,  and  with  such  a 
compound  detonation  was  absolutely  im- 
possible. After  a  large  number  of  experi- 
ments he  produced  most  excellent  results. 
The  powder  was  found  to  be  a  stable  com- 
pound not  affected  by  heat  and  moisture, 
and  to  give  very  high  muzzle  velocities 
and  low  pressures  without  any  smoke  at 
all.  This  was  the  first  compound  of  the 
kind  ever  made.  About  nine  years  ago  he 
took  up  the  question  of  aerial  navigation, 
and  made  a  large  number  of  experiments 
with  a  view  of  ascertaining  exactly  how 
much  power  was  required  to  perform 
artificial  flight  on  the  aeroplane  system, 
the  aeroplane  being  propelled  by  screws. 
The  experimental  apparatus  was  placed  on 
the  end  of  a  very  long  rotating  arm,  so 
that  the  apparatus  passed  around  a  circle, 
the  circumference  of  which  was  200  feet. 
After  this  he  commenced  experiments  on 
a  very  much  larger  machine  to  run  in  a 
straight  line  on  a  railway  track  ;  but  it 
was  first  necessary  to  produce  some  kind 
of  motive  power  which  should  be  much 
lighter  and  stronger  than  anything  else 
in  existence,  and  this  he  has  succeeded  in 
doing.  He  has,  he  avers,  been  able  to 
get  a  horse-power  out  of  every  10  lbs.  of 
motor,  a  result  which,  he  thinks,  has  never 
been  attained  before.  His  large  machine 
is  driven  by  twin  screws,  and  the  thrust 
of  these  screws  is  over  2100  lbs.  when 
the  engines  are  running  at  full  speed. 
The  machine  is  provided  with  all  sorts 
of  instruments  and  tachometers,  so  as 
to  measure  the  thrust  of  the  screw,  the 
speed  and  the  lifting  power  of  the  aero- 
plane as  the  machine  runs  on  the  railway 
track.  An  inverted  rail  is  provided  on 
each  side  of  the  machine  to  prevent  it 
from  leaving  the  track.  These  are  the 
first  experiments  that  have  ever  been 
tried  with  a  machine  running  in  a  straight 
line,  and  it  is  the  first  time  that  any  con- 
siderable weight  has  been  lifted  by  an 
aerial  apparatus  not  provided  with  a  gas 
bag.  Mr.  Maxim  is  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  Member  of  the  Society 
of  Arts,  Member  of  the  English  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engineers,  Member  of  the 
London  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Member 
of  the  Bridgeport  Scientific  Society,  and 
has  lately  been  decorated  by  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey  with  the  Grand  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh. 

MAX-MULLER,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Professor  Friedrich,  K.  M.,  LL.  D., 
D.C.L.,  son  of  Wilhelm  Miiller,  the  Ger- 
man poet,  was  born  at  Dessau,  Dec.  6, 
1823.    In  1850  he  took  one  of  his  Christian 


736 


MAX-MULLEE 


names  as  his  surname.  He  was  educated 
at  the  public  schools  of  Dessau  and  Leip- 
zig, attended  lectures  in  the  Universities  of 
Leipzig  and  Berlin,  and  took  his  degree  in 
1843.  He  studied  Arabic  and  Persian 
under  Professor  Fleischer ;  Sanskrit  and 
comparative  Philology  under  Professors 
Brockhaus,  Bopp,  and  Riickert ;  philo- 
sophy under  Drobisch,  Weisse,  and 
Schelling.  He  published,  in  1844,  his  first 
work,  a  translation  of  "The  Hitopadesa," 
a  collection  of  Sanskrit  fables ;  and  then 
proceeded  to  Berlin,  to  examine  the  col- 
lection of  Sanskrit  MSS.  there.  In  1845 
he  went  to  Paris  to  continue  his  studies 
•under  Eugene  Burnouf,  at  whose  sugges- 
tion he  began  to  collect  materials  for  an 
edition  of  the  "Rig- Veda,"  the  Sacred 
Hymns  of  the  Brahmans,  and  the  Com- 
mentary of  Sayan&charya.  After  copy- 
ing and  collating  some  of  the  MSS.  in  the 
Royal  Library  at  Paris,  he  repaired  to 
England  in  June  1846,  in  order  to  collate 
some  more  MSS.  at  the  East-India  House 
and  the  Bodleian  Library.  When  he  was 
on  the  point  of  returning  to  Germany  he 
made  the  acquaintance  of  the  late  Baron 
Bunsen,  then  Prussian  Minister  in  London, 
who  persuaded  him  to  stay  in  England, 
and  on  his  and  the  late  Professor  Wilson's 
recommendation  the  East-India  Company 
engaged  him  to  publish  the  first  edition 
of  the  "Rig- Veda"  at  their  expense.  In 
1848  he  settled  at  Oxford,  where  his  work 
was  to  be  printed,  and  the  first  volume  of 
1000  pages  quarto  appeared  in  1849.  He 
was  invited  by  the  University  to  give 
some  courses  of  lectures  on  -Comparative 
Philology,  as  Deputy  Taylorian  Professor, 
in  1850  ;  was  made  honorary  M.A.  and 
member  of  Christ  Church  in  1851 ;  was 
elected  Taylorian  Professor,  and  received 
the  full  degree  of  M.A.  by  decree  of  Con- 
vocation in  1854 ;  was  made  a  curator  of 
the  Bodleian  Library  in  1856  ;  and  elected 
a  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College  in  1858.  He 
was  in  1860  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  Professorship  of  Sanskrit  at 
Oxford,  being  opposed  by  a  coalition  of 
theological  parties.  From  1865  to  1867  he 
was  Oriental  Librarian  at  the  Bodleian 
Library.  In  1868  the  University  founded 
a  new  Professorship  of  Comparative 
Philology,  and  the  statute  of  foundation 
named  him  as  the  first  Professor.  In 
1872  he  was  invited  to  lecture  in  the 
reconstituted  University  of  Strassburg 
as  Professor  of  Sanskrit.  He  declined 
the  appointment,  but  gave  some  courses 
of  lectures  there  in  1872.  As  he  refused 
to  accept  any  salary,  the  University  of 
Strassburg  founded  a  triennial  prize  for 
Sanskrit  scholarship  in  memory  of  his 
services.  On  Dec.  3,  1873,  at  the  invi- 
tation of  Dean  Stanley,  he  delivered  in 
Westminster    Abbey    a    lecture    on    -the 


"Religions  of  the  World,"  the  only 
address  ever  delivered  by  a  layman 
within  the  Abbey.  In  1875  he  wished  to 
resign  the  Professorship  at  Oxford,  in- 
tending to  return  to  Germany,  but  the 
University  requested  him  to  remain  in 
Oxford,  and  entrusted  him  with  the  edition 
of  a  series  of  translations  of  the  "  Sacred 
Books  of  the  East,"  appointing  at  the  same 
time  a  Deputy-Professor,  Mr.  Sayce.  Fifty 
volumes  of  this  series  have  been  pub- 
lished, of  which  the  first  contains  Max- 
Miiller's  translation  of  the  "Upanishads," 
1879,  and  the  tenth  his  translation  of  the 
Dhammapada  from  Pali,  1881.  In  1878 
he  delivered  in  the  Chapter  -  House  of 
Westminster  a  course  of  lectures  on  "The 
Origin  and  Growth  of  Religion,  as  illus- 
trated by  the  Religions  of  India "  (last 
edition,  1891).  These  lectures  were  the 
first  of  those  delivered  under  a  bequest 
made  by  the  late  Mr.  Hibbert.  On  Nov. 
13,  1877,  Professor  Max-Miiller  was 
elected  a  delegate  of  the  University 
Press.  On  Oct.  28,  1881,  he  was  re-elected 
Curator  of  the  Bodleian  Library  in  place 
of  the  late  Professor  Rolleston.  In  1882 
he  was  invited  by  the  University  of 
Cambridge  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  on 
India,  specially  intended  for  the  candi- 
dates for  the  Indian  Civil  Service.  These 
lectures  were  published  in  1882,  under 
the  title  of  "  India :  What  can  it  teach 
us?"  In  addition  to  the  "Hitopadesa," 
he  published  at  Konigsberg,  in  1847, 
"  Meghaduta,  an  Indian  Elegy,"  trans- 
lated from  the  Sanskrit,  with  notes,  in 
German  ;  in  the  Reports  of  the  British 
Association,  1847,  an  "Essay  on  Bengali, 
and  its  Relation  to  the  Aryan  Lan- 
guages"; in  1853,  an  "Essay  on  Indian 
Logic,"  in  "Archbishop  Thompson's  Laws 
of  Thought";  in  1854,  "Proposals  for  a 
"Uniform  Missionary  Alphabet"  and 
"Suggestions  on  the  Learning  of  the 
Languages  of  the  Seat  of  War  in  the 
East,  with  Linguistic  Map,"  republished 
in  1855  under  the  title  of  "A  Survey  of 
Languages."  In  1854  appeared  his 
"  Letter  to  Chevalier  Bunsen  on  the 
Classification  of  the  Turanian  Languages 
in  Bunsen's  'Christianity  and  Mankind'  "  ; 
in  1857,  at  Leipzig,  "  The  Hymns  of  the 
Rig- Veda,  together  with  text  and  transla- 
tion of  the  Pratisakhya,  an  ancient  work 
on  Sanskrit  Grammar  and  Pronunciation," 
in  German  ;  and  "  Buddhism  and  Buddhist 
Pilgrims"  ;  in  1858,  "The  German  Classics 
from  the  Fourth  to  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury "  (new  edition,  1886),  and  "  Essay  on 
Comparative  Mythology,"  in  the  Oxford 
Essays,  translated  into  French  by  Ernest 
Renan  ;  in  1859,  "  History  of  Ancient 
Sanskrit  Literature"  (2nd  edition,  1860), 
and  "  Lectures  on  the  Science  of  Lan- 
guage," two  series,  delivered  at  the  Royal 


MAXWELL 


737 


Institution  (last  edition,  1888) ;  a  tho- 
roughly revised  edition  of  this  work  was 
published  in  1891,  under  the  title  "The 
Science  of  Language,  founded  on  Lectures 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution."  He 
published  a  "Sanskrit  Grammar  for  Be- 
ginners" (2nd  edition,  1870).  In  1868  he 
delivered  the  Rede  Lecture  at  Cambridge, 
"On  the  Stratification  of  Languages,"  and 
in  1870  a  course  of  lectures  "  On  the 
Science  of  Religion  "  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, published  in  1873  under  the  title  of 
"Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Religion," 
with  "Two  Essays  on  False  Analogies  and 
the  Philosophy  of  Mythology  "  (last  edition, 
1882).  In  1873  he  gave  another  course 
of  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution  on 
Darwin's  Philosophy  of  Language,  pub- 
lished in  Fraser's  Magazine.  Most  of  his 
essays  have  been  collected  in  "  Chips  from 
a  German  Workshop,"  4  vols.,  1868-75  : — 
vol.  i.,  Essays  on  the  Science;  of  Religion  ; 
vol  ii.,  Essays  on  Mythology,  Tradition, 
and  Customs;  vol.  iii.,  Essays  on  Liter- 
ature, Biography,  and  Antiquities ;  vol. 
iv.,  Essays  on  the  Science  of  Language. 
A  selection  of  them  was  published  under 
the  title  of  "  Selected  Essays,"  2  vols., 
1882,  followed  by  a  later  edition  of  four 
volumes.  In  1869  he  published,  as  a 
specimen,  the  first  volume  of  his  transla- 
tion of  the  Rig- Veda  "Hymns  to  the 
Maruts,  or  the  Storm-Gods."  In  1873 
appeared  his  edition  of  the  two  texts  of 
the  Rig- Veda  (2nd  edition,  1877),  and  in 
1874  the  sixth  and  concluding  volume  of 
his  large  edition  of  the  Rig-Veda  with 
Sayana's  Commentary.  A  new  edition  of 
this  work  in  four  volumes,  published  at  the 
expense  of  the  Mahttrajah  of  Vizianagram, 
appeared  in  1891.  Since  the  year  1879 
Professor  Max-Muller  devoted  himself  to 
the  teaching  of  several  Buddhist  priests 
who  had  been  sent  to  him  from  Japan  to 
learn  Sanskrit.  This  led  him  to  the  dis- 
covery that  the  oldest  Sanskrit  MSS. 
existed  in  Japan.  With  the  help  of  these 
Japanese  MSS.  he  published  the  Sanskrit 
originals  of  several  Buddhist  texts,  such  as 
the  Sukh&vativyiiha  (Joum.Roy.  A  siatic  Soc, 
1880),  the  Vajracchedika,  in  the  Anecdota 
Oxoniensia,  1881,  while  one  of  his  pupils, 
Mr.  Bunyiu  Nanjio,  compiled  a  complete 
Catalogue  of  the  Buddhist  Tripitaka,  the 
Sacred  Canon  of  the  Buddhists  in  China 
and  Japan,  published  by  the  Clarendon 
Press,  Oxford,  in  1883.  In  1881,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  centenary  of  its  first 
publication,  he  brought  out  a  new  trans- 
lation of  Kant's  Critique  of  Pure  Reason, 
preceded  by  a  historical  introduction  by 
Professor  L.  Noire\  Of  the  "Critique" 
alone  a  second  edition  was  published  in 
1897.  In  1884  he  published  a  volume  of 
"  Biographical  Essays  "  ;  in  1 887,  "  The 
Science  of  Thought ";  in  1888, "  Biographies 


of  Words  and  the  Home  of  the  Aryas. "  In 
1888  he  was  appointed  Gilford  Lecturer 
in  Natural  Religion  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  and  his  first  course  of  lectures 
was  published  in  1889,  under  the  title  of 
"Natural  Religion";  the  second  course, 
"Physical  Religion,"  in  1891  ;  the  third 
volume  of  lectures  in  1892,  "Anthropo- 
logical Religion " ;  the  fourth  in  1893, 
"Thoosophy,  or  Psychological  Religion." 
He  was  re-elected  Gifford  Lecturer  in 
1891.  Professor  Max-Miiller,  who  has 
contributed  numerous  articles  to  the 
Edinburgh  and  Quarterly  Reviews,  the 
Times,  and  various  literary  journals  of 
England,  America,  Germany,  and  France, 
is  one  of  the  eight  foreign  members  of  the 
Institute  of  France,  one  of  the  thirty 
Knights  of  the  Ordre  pour  le  Merite,  one 
of  the  ten  foreign  members  of  the  Reale 
Accademia  dei  Lincei  of  Rome,  and  has 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Laws  and  Philosophy  at  Cambridge, 
Dublin,  Edinburgh,  Bologna,  and  Buda- 
Pesth.  In  1889  he  was  elected  First 
President  of  the  Aryan  Section  at  the 
International  Congress  of  Orientalists 
held  in  Stockholm  and  Christiania,  and 
received  the  Northern  Star  (first  class) 
from  the  King  of  Sweden.  In  1892  he 
was  chosen  President  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Orientalists  held  in  London ; 
in  1894  President  of  the  Ethnological 
Section  of  the  British  Association.  In 
1893  he  visited  Constantinople,  and  was 
decorated  by  the  Sultan  with  the  Turkish 
Ordre  pour  le  Merite  (Liakat)  and  the 
Star  of  the  Medjidieh.  On  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  his  Doctorate  (September 
1893)  the  University  of  Leipzig  presented 
him  with  an  honorary  Diploma,  and  on 
his  seventieth  birthday  (Dec.  6,  1893)  he 
received  numerous  addresses  from  acade- 
mies and  learned  societies  to  which  he 
belongs.  In  May  1896  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  received  the 
insignia  of  a  Knight  Com.  of  the  Legion 
d'Honneur.  He  is  also  Knight  Com.  of 
the  Corone  d'ltalia  and  of  Albrecht  the 
Bear.  Professor  Max-Miiller  published  in 
February  1898  a  volume  of  reminiscences, 
"Auld  Lang  Syne,"  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  Permanent 
addresses :  All  Souls'  College ;  and  7 
Norham  Gardens,  Oxford. 

MAXWELL,  The  Rig-ht  Hon.  Sir 
Herbert  Eustace,  7th  Bart.,  M.P.,  F.R.S., 
of  Monreith,  only  surviving  son  of  Sir 
William  Maxwell  by  his  wife  Helenora, 
daughter  of  Sir  Michael  Shaw  Stewart,  5th 
Baronet  of  Ardgowan,  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Renfrewshire,  was  born  on  Jan.  8, 1845,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Church, 
which  he   left  without   taking  a  degree. 

3  A 


738 


MAXWELL  — MAY 


After  leaving  college  he  joined  the  Militia, 
and  served  for  twenty-one  years,  finally 
retiring  as  a  Major  and  Lieut. -Colonel. 
He  succeeded  his  father  in  1877,  and 
was  elected  (Conservative)  Member  for 
Wigtownshire  at  the  General  Election  of 
1880,  which  county  he  continues  to  repre- 
sent. He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  in 
1886-92.  He  has  made  friendly  societies 
and  provident  insurance  a  special  subject 
of  study,  and  was  Chairman  of  the  Select 
Committee  on  Provident  Insurance  in 
1885-87,  and  of  the  Select  Committee  on 
Friendly  Societies  in  1888-89.  He  has 
also  presided  over  inquiries  into  Scottish 
Salmon  Fisheries,  Solway  Fishings,  and 
the  Vole  Plague  in  Scotland.  In  1893  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  the  Aged  Poor,  and  in 
1896-97  he  was  Chairman  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Tuberculosis.  He  was 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1897.  He  is 
the  author  of  numerous  papers  on  Archae- 
ology and  Natural  History,  besides  mis- 
cellaneous essays  and  reviews  ;  has  written 
regularly  for  the  following  journals : 
Saturday  Review,  National  Observer,  Out- 
look, Literature,  and  Pall  Mall  Gazette; 
and  has  published  the  following  books : 
"  Studies  in  the  Topography  of  Galloway," 
1887  ;  "Passages  in  the  Life  of  Sir  Lucian 
Elphin,"  a  novel  in  two  vols.,  1889  ;  "  The 
Art  of  Love,"  a  novel,  1890  ;  "  The  Letter 
of  the  Law,"  a  novel,  1891;  "Meridiana 
— Noontide  Essavs,"  1892;  "Life  and 
Times  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  H.  Smith 
(2  vols.),  1893;  "Scottish  Land  Names," 
1894;  "Post  Meridiana — Afternoon  Es- 
says," 1895;  "A  Duke  of  Britain:  a 
Romance,"  1895;  "Rainy  Days  in  a  Li- 
brary," 1896  ;  "Robert  the  Bruce"  (Heroes 
of  the  Nation  Series),  1897 ;  "  Sixty  Years  a 
Queen,"  1897;  "Memories  of  the  Months," 
1897;  "The  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Murray:  a 
Memoir,"  1898  ;  "Salmon  and  Sea-Trout," 
1898.  He  was  appointed  Rhind  Lecturer 
in  Archaeology  (Edinburgh,  1893),  and 
is  Director  of  the  Glasgow  and  South- 
Western  Railway  and  of  London  and  Pro- 
vincial Bank.  He  married,  in  1869,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Henry  Fletcher  Campbell 
of  Boquhan,  Stirlingshire,  and  has  issue. 
Addresses  :  Monreith,  Wigtownshire  ;  49 
Lennox  Gardens,  S.W. 

MAXWELL,  Mrs.  John,  nie  Mary 
Elizabeth  Braddon,  daughter  of  Henry 
Braddon,  solicitor  (a  younger  son  of  a 
family  long  established  in  North  Cornwall), 
and  widow  of  John  Maxwell,  publisher, 
was  born  in  Soho  Square,  London,  in  1837, 
and,  after  a  home  education,  became  at 
an  early  age  a  contributor  to  periodical 
literature,  writing  sentimental  verses, 
political  squibs,  and  parodies  for  the 
poet's  corner  of    provincial   newspapers. 


Miss  Braddon  has  written  a  large  number 
of  novels,  amongst  which  are  "Lady 
Audley's  Secret,"  "Aurora  Floyd,"  "Elea- 
nor's Victory,"  "John  Marchmont's  Le- 
gacy," "Henry  Dunbar,"  "The  Doctor's 
Wife,"  "Only  a  Clod,"  "Sir  Jasper's 
Tenant,"  "The  Lady's  Mile,"  "Rupert 
Godwin,"  and  "Run  to  Earth."  Miss 
Braddon  conducted  Belgravia,  a  London 
magazine,  to  which  she  contributed  the 
following  novels  :  "  Birds  of  Prey,"  "Char- 
lotte's Inheritance,"  "Dead  Sea  Fruit," 
"Fenton's  Quest,"  and  a  variety  of  short 
tales  and  novelettes.  Her  more  recent 
works  are:  "To  the  Bitter  End,"  1872; 
"Lucius  Davoring,"  "Strangers  and  Pil- 
grims," "Griselda,"  a  drama  in  four  acts, 
brought  out  at  the  Princess's  Theatre  in 
November  1873;  "The  Missing  Witness," 
"Lost  for  Love,"  and  "Taken  at  the 
Flood,"  1874;  "Hostages  to  Fortune," 
1875;  "Dead  Men's  Shoes"  and  "Joshua 
Haggart's  Daughter,"  1876;  "An  Open 
Verdict,"  1878;  "The  Cloven  Foot"  and 
"  Vixen,"  1879  ;  "Just  as  I  am  "  and  "The 
Story  of  Barbara,"  1880;  "Asphodel," 
1881  ;  "Mount  Royal,"  1882  ;  "Flower  and 
Weed,"  "Ishmael,"  "Wyllard's  Weird," 
"Mohawks,"  1886;  "Like  and  Unlike," 
"The  Fatal  Three,"  "The  Day  will  Come," 
1889;  "One  Life,  One  Love,"  1890; 
"  Gerard,"  1891  ;  "The  Venetians,"  1892; 
"All  Along  the  River"  and  "  The  Christ- 
mas Hirelings,"  1893;  "Thou  art  the 
Man,"  1894;  "Sons  of  Fire,"  1895; 
"London  Pride,"  1896;  "Under  Love's 
Rule,"  1897;  "In  High  Places,"  and 
"Rough Justice,"  1898.  Addresses:  Lich- 
field House,  Richmond  -on- Thames  ;  An- 
nesley  Bank,  New  Forest. 

MAY,  Phil,  who  is  now  credited  with 
being  able  to  earn  as  much  as  £100  a  day 
by  his  drawings,  was  born  at  Leeds  on 
April  22,  1864,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
Philip  May,  engineer.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  George's  School,  Leeds.  He  began 
his  artistic  career  when  he  was  twelve 
years  old,  at  which  time  the  Grand  Theatre, 
Leeds,  opened,  and  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  son  of  the  local  scene-painter, 
and  helped  to  mix  the  distemper.  Here 
Mr.  May  used  to  sketch  sections  of  other 
people's  designs  of  costumes,  and  even- 
tually he  designed  comic  masks  and 
dresses.  This  brought  him  orders  for 
portraits,  and  after  a  year  or  two  the  late 
Frederick  Stimpson  engager!  him  to  play 
small  parts  and  do  six  sketches  a  week  as 
advertisement  window  bills.  He  got  an 
engagement  to  design  the  dresses  for  the 
Leeds  pantomime  in  1882,  but  then  deter- 
mined to  come  to  London  as  a  tragedian, 
his  finances  at  the  time  consisting  of 
twenty  shillings.  An  aunt  had  married 
an  actor  there,  and  he  sought  her  out. 


MAY  — MAYKARD 


739 


By  his  uncle  he  was  next  day  despatched 
again  to  Leeds,  but  he  left  the  train  and 
walked  back  to  London.  Then  ensued  a 
time  of  great  privation,  and  the  first  turn 
of  good  fortune  he  had  was  when  he  met 
the  owner  of  a  photograph  shop,  who  took 
his  drawing  of  Irving,  Bancroft,  and  Toole, 
and  published  it.  At  last  a  drawing  by 
him  of  Mr.  Bancroft  in  Society  brought 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  St.  Stephen's  Re- 
view), where  he  was  set  the  task  of  design- 
ing a  cartoon,  illustrations,  cover  and 
initials  for  a  Christmas  number.  A  week 
was  given  him  to  do  this  in.  He  worked 
night  and  day  and  finished  the  whole  in 
time.  He  was  employed  on  the  illustra- 
tions of  the  Review  till  an  agent  came 
from  Sydney  to  secure  an  artist.  He  went 
out  to  the  Colonies,  and  in  fine  air  has 
grown  what  he  is,  but  he  says  the  trials 
of  his  early  days  made  him  an  artist.  He 
was  three  years  on  the  Sydney  Bulletin. 
He  is  now  an  artist  on  the  staffs  of  the 
Graphic  and  Punch,  for  both  which  jour- 
nals he  continues  to  do  notable  and  char- 
acteristic work.  He  has  travelled  for  the 
Graphic  in  America.  Since  1892  he  has 
published  "Phil  May's  Annual,"  and  has 
also  given  to  the  world  "  The  Parson  and 
the  Painter,"  1891;  "Phil  May's  Gutter- 
snipes," "Phil  May's  Sketchbook,"  1896, 
&c.  Address  :  Holland  Park  Road,  Ken- 
sington, W. 

MAY,  William  Charles,  was  born 
at  Reading  early  in  the  fifties.  After 
studying  at  South  Kensington  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Royal  Academy  Schools, 
where  he  gained  a  silver  medal  and  hon- 
ourable mention  for  the  historical  gold 
medal  which  that  year  was  won  by  Mr. 
Hamo  Thornycroft.  For  some  time  Mr. 
May  was  the  pupil  and  assistant  of  the 
late  Signor  Monti,  sculptor  of  the  cele- 
brated group,  "  The  Sleep  of  Sorrow  and 
Dream  of  Joy,"  which  attracted  so  much 
attention  at  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1862. 
He  has  been  more  particularly  successful 
as  a  portrait  sculptor,  but  has  executed 
a  large  quantity  of  ideal  work.  His  finest 
group  in  marble  was  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1877,  and  is  entitled 
"  The  Death  of  Panthea."  An  exception- 
ally good  engraving  of  it  was  published  in 
the  Art  Journal  in  1884,  and  attracted 
some  attention.  A  beautiful  monument 
in  Remenham  Churchyard,  Henley-on- 
Thames,  illustrative  of  the  words  "  He 
shall  give  His  angels  charge  over  thee," 
by  this  artist  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Mr.  R.  A.  Cosier,  a  well-known  art  patron, 
was  also  greatly  admired  on  a  representa- 
tion of  it  being  published  in  the  Builder 
in  1886.  Mr.  May  was  the  sculptor  of  the 
memorial  subscribed  for  by  the  nation, 
and  erected  on  Plymouth  Hoe  in   1892, 


in  commemoration  of  the  tercentenary 
of  the  defeat  of  the  Armada.  His  only 
son,  Mr.  Charles  Albert  Victor  May,  is 
also  a  sculptor. 

MAYER,  Michael  Leopold,  born 
Nov.  6,  1832,  is  a  naturalised  Englishman 
of  Franco-German  descent.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  his  boyhood,  he  has  spent  all 
his  life  in  London,  where,  for  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,  he  has  been  one 
of  the  central  figures  of  the  theatrical 
world.  Formerly  a  journalist,  he  became 
the  lessee  of  the  Princess's  Theatre  in 
1875,  and  produced  "Round  the  World 
in  80  Days,"  an  adaptation  by  himself 
from  Jules  Verne's  popular  romance  and 
play,  "  Le  Tour  du  Monde  en  80  Jours." 
It  was  a  great  success,  and  was  followed 
by  "  Heartsease,"  an  adaptation  by  James 
Mortimer  of  "La  Dame  aux  Camelias," 
by  the  younger  Dumas.  It  is,  however,  as 
the  founder  of  a  regular  season  of  French 
plays  that  Mr.  Mayer  is  best  known  to  the 
present  generation.  After  introducing  to 
London  the  leading  artists  of  the  French 
stage,  he,  by  arrangement  with  Mr.  John 
Hollingshead,  the  then  lessee  of  the  Gaiety 
Theatre,  brought  over  the  whole  company 
of  the  Theatre  Fran9ais  for  a  season  of 
six  weeks,  during  which  they  performed 
about  sixty  of  their  most  successful  plays, 
both  classic  and  modern.  This  was  the 
first  introduction  to  London  of  Madame 
Sarah  Bernhardt.  Since  1879  there  has 
been  a  season  of  French  plays  every 
summer,  and  in  some  years  a  winter 
season  too.  All  the  leading  French  actors 
and  actresses,  including  Mesdames  Sarah 
Bernhardt,  Hading,  Bartet,  and  Chaumont; 
MM.  Coquelin,  Mounet-Sully,  Got,  De- 
launay,  &c,  have  performed  in  London 
under  Mr.  Mayer's  management,  and  have 
at  various  times  occupied  the  boards  of 
the  Lyceum,  Gaiety,  Adelphi,  Comedy, 
Daly's,  Royalty,  Opera  Comique,  and  the 
old  Her  Majesty's  theatres.  At  the  last- 
named,  Mr.  Mayer  also  gave  a  season  of 
French  grand  opera  ;  and  at  the  Lyceum, 
about  eight  years  ago,  he  gave  a  season  of 
Italian  opera,  introducing  to  London  for 
the  first  time  Verdi's  "Otello,"  with  the 
whole  of  the  famous  orchestra  and  chorus 
of  La  Scala,  Milan,  under  their  late  emi- 
nent conductor,  Signor  Faccio. 

MAYNARD,  Constance  Louisa, 
was  born  in  London  on  Feb.  19,  1849,  her 
father  belonging  to  the  family  of  the 
Viscounts  Maynard,  and  her  mother  being 
of  French  Huguenot  origin.  She  was 
educated  at  home,  with  the  exception  of 
one  year  at  Belstead,  Mrs.  Umphelby's 
School,  near  Ipswich,  and  entered  Girton 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1872,  where  she 
successfully  passed  the    Moral    Sciences 


740 


MAYO  —  MEASON 


Tripos  in  1876,  being  the  first  woman  to  do 
so  within  the  limits  allowed  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  After  working  in 
the  well-known  school  of  St.  Leonard's, 
at  St.  Andrews,  for  three  years,  she  came 
to  London,  and  studied  art  at  the  Slade 
School  for  some  time.  In  1882  she  joined 
Miss  Dudin  Brown  in  founding  Westfield 
College,  Hampstead,  an  institution  in 
which  women  receive  the  education  of 
a  University  College,  and  at  the  same 
time  are  carefully  grounded  in  the  tenets 
of  the  Protestant  religion.  Address  : 
Westfield  College,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

MAYO,  Mrs.  Isabella  Fyvie,  born  in 
London  in  1843,  of  pure  Scottish  descent, 
was  educated  in  London.  She  issued  "  The 
Occupations  ofaEetired  Life,"  by  "Edward 
Garrett"  (noni  deplume)  in  1868.  She  was 
married  in  1870  to  Mr.  JohnjMayo,  who  died 
in  1877.  Principal  works  :  "TheCrustand 
the  Cake,"  "Premiums  paid  to  Experi- 
ence," "Crooked  Places,"  "By  Still 
Waters,"  "John  Winter,  a  Story  of  Har- 
vests," "At  any  Cost,"  "Mystery  of  Allan 
Grale,"  1885  ;  "  Ways  and  Means,"  1889  ; 
"  Not  by  Bread  alone,"  1890  ;  "  Her  Day 
of  Service,"  1891 ;  "Rab Bethune's  Double," 
"A  Black  Diamond,"  1894;  "Nine-Day 
Wonder,"  1896 ;  "  A  Daughter  of  the 
Klephts,"  1897,  the  latter  story  being 
the  outcome  of  the  two  visits  paid  to 
Greece;  "Other  People's  Stairs,"  1898, 
&e.  She  has  contributed  innumerable 
articles  both  in  prose  and  verse  to  the 
Leisure  Sour,  Good  Words,  the  Sunday 
Magazine,  the  Sunday  at  Home,  Atalanta, 
Chambers,  the  New  Age,  the  Fireside,  the 
Young  Man,  the  Young  Woman,  the  Argosy, 
the  GirVs  Oim,  the  Scots  Pictorial,  &c. 
Some  of  these  articles  are  under  her  nom 
de  plume,  and  some  under  her  own  name. 
Address  :  Albyn  Place,  Aberdeen. 

MAYOR,  The  Rev.  John  Eyton 
Bickersteth,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Latin, 
Cambridge  University,  born  atBaddegama, 
in  Ceylon,  Jan.  28,  1825,  was  educated 
at  Shrewsbury  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  ordained  deacon 
in  1855,  priest  in  1857.  He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  St.  John's  College  in  1849  ;  was 
Assistant-Master  at  Marlborough  College, 
1849-53  ;  College  Lecturer  in  1853  ;  Li- 
brarian of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
1863-67,  and  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Latin  in  that  University  in  1872,  and 
President  of  the  Vegetarian  Society  in  1883. 
Mr.  Mayor  is  the  editor  of  "  Thirteen 
Satires  of  Juvenal,"  1853  (3rd  edit.,  1881) ; 
"  Juvenal  for  Schools,"  1879  ;  "  Two  Lives 
of  Nicholas  Ferrar,"  1855;  "Autobio- 
graphy of  Matt.  Robinson,"  1856  ;  "  Early 
Statutes  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge," 
1859;   "Cicero's  Second  Philippic,"  with 


notes,  1861  (6th  edit.,  1879)  ;  "  Roger 
Ascham's  Schoolmaster,"  with  notes,  1873 
(new  edit.,  1883),  Bohn's  Library ;  "  Ricardi 
de  Cirencestria  Speculum  Historiale  de 
Gestis  Regum  Anglise,"  2  vols.,  1863-69  ; 
and  "Thomas  Baker's  History  of  the 
College  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  Cam- 
bridge," 2  vols.,  1869  ;  "  Bibliographical 
Clue  to  Latin  Literature,"  1875  ;  "  The 
Latin  Heptateuch,"  1889  ;  and  numerous 
other  works.  Mr.  Mayor  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Journal  of  Classical  and  Sacred 
Philology  and  of  the  Journal  of  Philology. 
Mr.  Mayor's  brother,  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Bickersteth  Mayor,  is  well  known  as  the 
editor  of  Cicero's  "  De  Natura,"  "  St. 
James,"  and  many  other  works.  Address : 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 

MEAD,  Frederick,  is  the  son  of 
George  Edward  Mead,  a  solicitor,  and  was 
born  on  July  22,  1847.  He  was  educated 
at  King's  College,  London,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1869. 
He  acted  as  Counsel  to  the  Treasury,  at 
the  Middlesex  Sessions,  from  1879  to  1886, 
and  was  engaged  at  the  Central  Criminal 
Court  from  1886  to  1889.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  appointed  a  Metropolitan 
Police  Magistrate  at  the  Thames  Court. 
Mr.  Mead  was  married,  in  1878,  to  Sophia, 
daughter  of  R.  H.  Poland,  of  Blackheath. 
Address  :  10  Eliot  Place,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

MEADE,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Edward,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne, 
and  Ross,  was  born  Feb.  24,  1832,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Meade,  of 
Inchinabacca  Rectory.  He  was  educated 
at  Middleton  School  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  where  he  was  Scholar, 
Senior  Moderator  in  1856,  Bishop  Law's 
Prizeman,  &c.  He  was  appointed  Rector 
of  Ardtrea  in  1864,  Prebendary  of  Armagh 
in  1877,  and  Archdeacon  in  1885.  He 
married,  in  1864,  Mary  Ferrier,  daughter 
of  Fleetwood  Churchill,  M.D.  Address  : 
The  Palace,  Cork. 

MEASON,  Malcolm  Ronald  Laing, 

son  of  the  late  Gilbert  Laing  Meason,  Esq., 
of  Lindertis,  Forfarshire,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1824,  was  educated  in  France, 
and  at  St.  Gregory's  College,  Downside, 
near  Bath.  He  entered  the  army  in  1839 
as  ensign  of  the  40th  Regiment,  and 
served  through  the  second  Afghan  and 
the  Gwalior  campaigns  in  India,  was  very 
severely  wounded,  and  received  two 
medals.  He  joined  the  10th  Hussars  in 
1846,  and  sold  out  in  1851.  From  the 
latter  year  to  1854  he  was  editor  of  the 
Bombay  Telegraph  and  Courier.  In  1855 
he  was  sent  to  Paris  by  the  Daily  News 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Blanchard  Jerrold 
as  one  of  the  special  correspondents  for 


MEATH  —  MEDING 


741 


the  Paris  Exhibition  of  that  year.  From 
1855  to  1870  he  was  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  the  Daily  News,  Household  Words, 
and  All  the  Year  Round.  From  1866  to 
1870  he  was  editor  of  the  Weekly  Register. 
In  1870  he  went  abroad  as  special  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  Herald  with  the 
French  Army.  After  Sedan  he  accepted 
an  offer  from  the  Daily  Telegraph,  and 
remained  in  France  as  special  correspon- 
dent of  that  paper  until  the  end  of  the 
war,  and  afterwards,  for  two  years,  as 
correspondent  for  the  same  journal  at 
Paris  and  Versailles.  He  joined  the  staff 
of  the  Hour  in  1873.  In  1865  he  published 
"The  Bubbles  of  Finance,"  and  in  1866 
"  The  Profits  of  Panics,"  both  being  de- 
scriptions from  life  of  the  joint-stock 
swindles  of  the  day.  In  1868  he  published 
a  small  volume  on  "  Turf  Frauds  "  ;  in 
1875,  "  Three  Months  after  Date,  and  other 
Tales"  ;  andin  1886,  "Sir William's  Specula- 
tions." He  has  contributed  to  the  Month, 
the  Dublin  Review,  Belgravia,  Fraser,  Mae- 
millan,  the  Whitehall  Review,  and  other 
periodicals. 

MEATH,    Bishop   of.      See    Keene, 
The  Most  Eev.  James  Bennett. 

MEATH,  Earl  of,  The  Bight  Hon. 
Reginald  Brabazon,  P.O.,  was  born  in 
London  on  July  81,  1841,  and  is  the  son 
of  the  11th  Earl,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1887,  and  of  Harriet,  daughter  of  the 
late  Sir  Richard  Brooke,  of  Norton  Priory, 
Cheshire.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
in  Germany,  and  entered  the  Foreign 
Office,  after  competitive  examination,  in 
1863.  Five  years  later  he  exchanged  into 
the  diplomatic  service,  and  was  suc- 
cessively at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Berlin, 
The  Hague,  and  Paris  until  1873.  For 
many  years  Lord  Meath  has  been  exceed- 
ingly busy  as  a  public  benefactor.  As 
Lord  Brabazon,  in  1871,  he  became  first 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Hospital  Saturday 
Fund;  in  1879  he  was  first  Chairman  of 
the  Young  Men's  Friendly  Society.  In 
1882  he  founded  and  became  first  Chair- 
man of  the  Metropolitan  Public  Gardens 
Association,  which  has  for  its  object  the 
acquisition  and  laying-out  of  open  spaces, 
such  as  disused  burial-grounds,  the  plant- 
ing of  trees,  the  provision  of  seats,  the 
supply  of  children's  gymnasiums,  protec- 
tion of  commons  and  existing  open  spaces 
&c.  He  was  first  President  of  the  British 
College  of  Physical  Education,  and  of  the 
Church  Reform  Association.  His  work  on 
the  London  County  Council,  of  which  he 
was  for  some  years  an  Alderman,  has  been 
important.  He  was  first  Chairman  of  the 
Parks  Committee.  Latterly  he  has  turned 
his  attention  to  Dublin  city  and  county, 
of  which  he  has   been  since   1898  Lord- 


Lieutenant  and  Custos  Rotulorum.  He  is 
Hon.  Colonel  of  the  5th  Batt.  R.D.  Fusi- 
liers. He  married,  in  1868,  the  only  sur- 
viving daughter  of  the  11th  Earl  of  Lauder- 
dale. Addresses  :  83  Lancaster  Gate,  W.  ; 
and  Kilruddery,  Bray,  Ireland. 

EECKLEKBUE G  STBELITZ, 
Grand-Duke  of,  Frederick  William 
Charles  George  Ernest  Adolphus 
Gustavus,  a  Lieut. -General  in  the  Prus- 
sian army,  born  Oct.  17,  1819  ;  married, 
June  28,  1843,  the  Princess  Augusta  Caro- 
line Charlotte  Elizabeth  Maria  Sophia 
Louisa  of  Cambridge,  daughter  of  the 
late  Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  succeeded 
his  father,  Sept.  6,  1860,  and  has  one 
son,  George  Adolphus  Frederick  Augustus 
Victor  Ernest  Gustavus  William  Welling- 
ton, born  July  22,  1848,  who  married  a 
Princess  of  Anhalt  in  1877,  his  son, 
Adolphus  Frederick  George,  being  born  in 
June  1882. 

MEDING,  Johann  Ferdinand 
Martin  Oskar,  novelist  (Gregor  Sam- 
arow),  was  born  April  11,  1829,  at  Konigs- 
berg,  being  the  son  of  the  Governor  of 
East  Prussia.  He  studied  law  in  his  native 
town,  at  Heidelberg,  and  at  Berlin,  from 
1848  till  1851,  when  he  became  an  advo- 
cate (Auskultator)  at  Marienwerder.  At 
a  later  period  he  was  employed  in  the 
magistracy  and  administration  ;  and  in 
1859  he  quitted  the  public  service  of 
Prussia  and  joined  that  of  Hanover.  He 
was  sent  on  several  confidential  missions 
by  the  King  of  Hanover,  George  V.,  and 
was  concerned  as  a  Councillor  of  State 
in  the  passing  of  various  religious  and 
political  measures.  In  1863  he  accom- 
panied the  King  to  Frankfort  on  the 
occasion  of  a  Congress  of  the  reigning 
Princes  of  Germany  being  held  in  that 
city.  In  1866  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
the  Elector  of  Hesse,  and  subsequently 
went  to  Vienna  with  the  deposed  King  of 
Hanover.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1867  as 
the  representative  of  the  interests  of  the 
deposed  King.  In  1870  he  gave  in  his 
adhesion  to  the  Prussian  Government, 
and,  after  residing  two  years  in  Switzer- 
land and  at  Stuttgart,  he  settled  in 
Berlin,  where,  keeping  wholly  aloof  from 
politics,  he  began  to  write  his  personal 
reminiscences,  in  the  form  of  novels, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Gregor  Sam- 
arow. "  His  works  include  :  "For  Sceptres 
and  Crown,"  a  romance  in  five  parts, 
1872-76  ;  subsequently  "  The  Roman  Ex- 
pedition of  the  Epigoni,"  1873;  "The 
Dying  Salutation  of  the  Legions,"  1874  ; 
"  Heights  and  Depths,"  20  vols.,  1879-80  ; 
"Queen  Elizabeth,"  6  vols.,  1881;  "The 
Merchant's  House,"  1882;  "A  Difficult 
Choice,"     1883  ;     "  Die     Saxoborussen," 


742 


MEDLICOTT  —  MELDOLA 


1885  ;  "  Gippel  und  Abgrund,"  1888  ; 
"  Feenschloss,"  1890  ;  aud  "  Der  Weisse 
Adler,"  1891.  Under  his  own  name  Me- 
ding  has  published  "  Memoirs  of  Con- 
temporary History "  ("  Memorien  zur 
Zeitgeschichte  "),  vol.  i.,  1881  ;  "A  Bio- 
graphy of  William  I.  of  Germany,  with 
additions  and  corrections  by  the  Emperor 
himself." 

MEDLICOTT,    Henry    Benedict, 

M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  was  born  on  Aug.  3, 
1829,  at  Loughrea,  co.  Gal  way,  Ireland, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Medlicott,  Rector  of  Loughrea,  and  Char- 
lotte, daughter  of  Colonel  H.  B.  Dolphin, 
C.B.  He  was  educated  in  France,  Guern- 
sey, and  Dublin,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  B.A.  at  Trinity  College  in  1850,  with 
diploma  and  honours  in  the  School  of 
Civil  Engineering;  and  the  M.A.  de- 
gree in  1870.  He  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Geological  Society  of  London, 
1856  ;  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1877  ;  and 
received  the  Wollaston  Medal  in  1888. 
He  is  honorary  and  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  several  foreign  societies  ;  and  was 
awarded  the  Indian  Mutiny  Medal  for 
special  service  as  a  Volunteer.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Ireland,  1851  ;  transferred  to  the  English 
Survey,  1853  ;  to  the  Indian  Geological 
Survey  and  as  Professor  of  Geology  at 
the  Roorkee  College  of  Civil  Engineers, 
1854  ;  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  India,  1876-87,  when  he  retired.  He 
has  published  "  A  Manual  of  the  Geology 
of  India"  (in  part),  1879  ;  scientific  papers 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society, 
1868;  five  "memoirs"  and  forty-four 
"  records "  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
India  series,  1860-87  ;  and  pamphlets  en- 
titled "  Agnosticism  and  Faith,"  1888,  and 
"  Evolution  of  Mind  in  Man,"  1892.  He 
married  Louisa,  second  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  D.  H.  Maunsell.  Address  :  c/o  H.  S. 
King  &  Co.,  65  Cornhill,  E.C. 

MELBA,  Madame  Nellie,  prima 
donna  (Mrs.  Armstrong),  was  born  in  one 
of  the  Australian  Colonies  on  May  19, 1865. 
As  a  little  child  of  six  she  sang  ballads  to 
her  own  accompaniment  at  a  public  con- 
cert. Subsequently  she  was  sent  to  Europe, 
and  studied  under  Madame  Marchesi  in 
Paris.  She  first  appeared  on  the  stage  in 
October  1887,  singing  in  "Rigoletto"  at  the 
Theatre  de  la  Monnaie  in  Brussels.  The 
year  after  she  appeared  before  a  London 
audience  as  Lucia  at  Covent  Garden  Opera 
House.  She  played  Ophelia  at  the  Paris 
Grand  Opera  in  1889,  and  also  appeared  as 
Juliet  in  London.  Bemberg  specially  wrote 
"Elaine"  for  her,  and  she  appeared  in 
this  opera  in  London  in  1892.  In  1893  she 
achieved  great  success  in  "Pagliacci"  at 


Covent  Garden.  In  1894  she  sang  at  the 
Handel  Festival,  and  has  been  much  before 
the  public  in  principal  parts  during  recent 
operatic  seasons.  Address :  Rue  de  Prony, 
Paris. 

MELBOURNE,  Bishop  of.   See  Goe, 
The  Right  Rev.  Field  Flowers. 

MELDOLA,    Professor    Raphael, 

F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Fins- 
bury  Technical  College,  City  and  Guilds  of 
London  Institute,  was  born  July  19,  1849, 
in  Annette  Crescent,  Essex  Road,  Islington. 
His  father,  Samuel  Meldola,  was  a  printer, 
and  his  grandfather,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Raphael 
Meldola,  Chief  Rabbi  of  the  Congregation 
of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Jews  in  Lon- 
don (1805-28).  An  obituary  notice  of  the 
Chief  Rabbi,  who  was  widely  esteemed 
for  his  scholarship  by  all  denominations, 
appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
1828.  The  history  of  the  family  can  be 
traced  back  without  a  break  through 
eleven  generations  to  Rabbi  Isaiah  Meldola, 
described  in  the  pedigree  as  "  one  of  the 
sages  of  Castile,"  who  died  as  head  of  the 
college  at  Mantua  in  1340.  Many  mem- 
bers of  the  family  have  been  distinguished 
divines,  physicians,  scholars,  and  writers 
on  various  subjects.  Professor  Meldola 
received  his  early  education  in  private 
schools,  first  at  Bristol,  where  his  mother's 
family  resided,  and  afterwards  at  Kew 
and  Bayswater.  He  received  his  scientific 
training  at  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry 
in  Oxford  Street,  having  entered  as  a 
student  under  Dr.  Edward  Frankland  in 
1866.  His  first  appointment  was  as  Junior 
Assistant  in  the  laboratory  of  the  late  Dr. 
John  Stenhouse,  F.R.S.,  where  he  imbibed 
the  taste  for  organic  chemistry  which  he 
has  since  cultivated.  From  the  laboratory 
in  Pentonville  Professor  Meldola  trans- 
ferred his  services  to  a  firm  of  colour 
manufacturers  at  Brentford,  where  he  ac- 
quired his  first  experience  as  a  technologist, 
and  in  1872  he  again  entered  the  Royal 
College  of  Chemistry,  then  transferred  to 
the  South  Kensington  establishment,  in 
the  capacity  of  Demonstrator  under  Dr. 
Frankland.  In  1874  he  became  associated 
with  Mr.  Norman  Lockyer,  F.R.S.,  and 
assisted  this  well-known  investigator  in 
many  of  his  researches  in  Spectrum  Analy- 
sis. While  in  the  laboratory  of  Mr.  Lockyer, 
Professor  Meldola  was  sent  out  by  the 
Royal  Society  in  charge  of  the  Nicobar 
Island  branch  of  the  expedition  commis- 
sioned to  make  observation  on  the  total 
eclipse  of  April  5,  1875.  Two  years  after 
his  return  to  England  he  again  gave  his 
services  to  chemical  technology,  having 
accepted  in  1887  the  post  of  scientific 
chemist  in  one  of  the  leading  coal-tar 
colour  factories  in  this  country.     In  the 


MELDRUM  —  MELINE 


743 


laboratory  of  this  firm  at  Hackney  Wick 
he  worked  at  chemical  research  for  eight 
years,  and  made  many  discoveries  of  scien- 
tific and  technical  importance  which  are 
associated  with  hi6  name.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  professorship  which  he  now 
holds  in  1885.  The  list  of  chemical  papers 
embodying  the  results  of  original  investi- 
gations carried  out  by  Professor  Meldola 
alone,  or  by  him  in  conjunction  with  his 
assistants  and  students,  is  a  very  long  one, 
numbering  about  seventy  memoirs  and 
notes  contributed  to  the  recognised  scien- 
tific periodicals  in  England  and  Germany. 
Although  his  work  has  been  chiefly  in  the 
domain  of  chemistry,  he  is  also  an  enthusi- 
astic naturalist  and  geologist,  and  much 
of  his  early  work  was  in  connection  with 
the  application  of  the  Darwinian  theory  to 
the  problems  of  animal  coloration.  His 
first  published  scientific  papers  were  on 
biological  subjects,  and  he  has  contributed 
about  thirty  entomological  notes  to  various 
natural  history  journals.  He  is  still  warmly 
interested  in  the  subject,  and  devotes  most 
of  his  leisure  time  to  collecting  and  ob- 
serving in  the  field.  English  biologists 
owe  to  Professor  Meldola  the  translation 
of  Weismann's  "  Studies  in  the  Theory  of 
Descent"  (1881-82),  a  work  which  first 
brought  into  notoriety  in  this  country  the 
eminent  German  biologist,  and  which  also 
embodied  in  the  form  of  notes  many  of  the 
translator's  own  observations.  In  1886  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  he  belongs  to  most  of  the  scientific 
societies  in  London  and  to  many  foreign 
societies.  He  is  one  of  the  original  Fellows 
of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry  and  of  the 
Physical  Society,  and  an  Hon.  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  Brewing.  He  has  been 
Secretary,  three  times  Vice-President,  and 
wasPresidentof  the  Entomological  Society, 
1896-97;  he  is  also  Foreign  "Secretary  of 
the  Chemical  Society,  a  Member  of  Council 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  and  of  the  British 
Association,  and  was  President  of  the 
Chemical  Section  for  the  Ipswich  Meeting 
in  1895.  In  connection  with  the  British 
Association  he  has  done  much  in  helping 
to  promote  and  consolidate  the  work  of 
the  local  scientific  societies  throughout 
the  country,  and  is  Chairman  of  the  Cor- 
responding Societies  Committee  of  the 
Association.  His  tastes  as  a  field  naturalist 
led  him  to  take  an  active  part  in  1880  in 
the  formation  of  the  Essex  Field  Club,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  President,  and  has 
since  been  a  warm  supporter.  In  addition 
to  his  official  addresses  and  scientific 
papers  published  by  the  Club,  he  (in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  W.  White)  drew  up  an 
exhaustive  "  Report  on  the  East  Anglian 
Earthquake  of  1884,"  which  forms  the 
first  volume  of  the  Club's  Special  Memoirs. 
His  experience  as  a  technologist  as  well  as 


a  scientific  teacher  has  enabled  Professor 
Meldola  to  take  an  active  part,  outside  his 
immediate  professional  duties,  in  the  Tech- 
nical Education  Movement.  In  1886  he 
read  a  paper  on  "  The  Scientific  Develop- 
ment of  the  Coal-Tar  Colour  Industry " 
before  the  Society  of  Arts,  for  which  he 
was  awarded  a  silver  medal.  In  1891 
he_  delivered  a  course  of  Cantor  Lectures 
on  Photographic  Chemistry  before  the 
Society  of  Arts.  Professor  Meldola's  name 
has  long  been  familiar  as  a  reviewer  in  the 
pagesof  Nature  and  other  journals,  although 
much  of  his  writing  in  this  category  is 
anonymous.  For  many  years  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  Land  and  Water  as  natural- 
history  correspondent  in  the  time  of  Frank 
Buckland  and  John  Keast  Lord.  He  has 
contributed  articles  on  special  subjects  to 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  to  "  Watt's  Dictionary  of 
Chemistry  "  by  Morley  and  Muir,  and  to 
"Thorpe's  Dictionary  of  Applied  Chemis- 
try." He  is  the  author  of  a  little  manual 
of  "Inorganic  Chemistry,"  Murby,  1874; 
the  "Chemistry  of  Photography,"  Mac- 
millan,  1889  ;  and  "Coal,  and  what  we  get 
from  it,"  published  by  the  S.P.C.K.  in 
1891.  Prof.  Meldola  has  acted  as  an  Exa- 
miner for  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He 
was  the  recipient  of  a  Jubilee  Medal  from 
the  Queen  in  1897.  Professor  Meldola 
married,  in  1866,  Ella  Frederica,  daughter 
of  Dr.  Maurice  Davis,  J.P.  Permanent  ad- 
dress :  6  Brunswick  Square,  W.C. 

MELDRUM,  Charles,  C.M.G.,  LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  Univer- 
sity, and  entered  the  Bombay  Educational 
Department  in  1846.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Mathematics  at  the  Royal 
College,  Mauritius,  in  1848,  was  in  1851 
Secretary  and  one  of  the  Founders  of  the 
Meteorological  Society  of  that  colony,  and 
in  1862  was  appointed  Government  Mete- 
orological Observer  and  in  1875  Director 
of  the  Royal  Alfred  Observatory.  In  1876 
he  was  elected  F.R.S.  For  ten  years  he 
was  Member  of  Council  of  the  Government 
of  Mauritius.  He  is  an  authority  on  sun- 
spots  and  rainfall,  and  these  form  the 
subject-matter  of  several  reports  made 
by  him  to  the  British  Association  and 
to  Nature.  Address  :  25  South  Parade, 
Southsea. 

MELINE,  M.,  French  statesman,  was 
born  in  the  Vosges  in  1838.  After  a  dis- 
tinguished career  as  a  student  he  was 
called  to  the  Paris  Bar,  and  espoused  jour- 
nalism as  a  writer  for  the  Opposition  news- 
papers under  the  Empire.  He  entered 
the  Chamber  in  1876,  and  held  the  port- 
folio of  Minister  of  Agriculture  in  the 
Ferry  Cabinet  from  1883  to  1885.  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  Chamber  in  1889, 


744 


MELLOR  —  MENDELEEF 


and  became  best  known  as  a  Protectionist 
leader,  and  by  taking  a  prominent  part  in 
opposing  the  income-tax  scheme  of  the 
Bourgeois  Ministry.  In  1896,  on  the 
fall  of  M.  Bourgeois,  M.  Midline  suc- 
ceeded, after  several  vain  attempts  by 
other  statesmen,  in  forming  a  Cabinet 
composed  wholly  of  Moderates.  The 
Ministry's  declaration  of  policy  expressed 
a  desire  to  re-establish  the  indispen- 
sable harmony  of  the  two  Houses,  pro- 
mised fiscal  reforms,  agricultural  legis- 
lation, and  announced  that  the  various 
labour  bills  would  be  at  once  pushed  for- 
ward. During  1896  M.  Mfline  received  a 
deputation  on  tariffs,  and  stated  his  views 
with  regard  to  Agricultural  Depression, 
Free  Trade  and  Protection,  Bimetallism, 
Sugar  Bounties,  and  on  Rentes  Taxation. 
In  October  1897  the  Premier  made  an  im- 
portant statement  on  his  policy,  which  he 
defined  as  being  "neither  revolution  nor 
reaction."  "  The  best  way,"  he  said,  "  of 
combating  Socialism  was  to  do  all  that 
was  practicable  for  the  amelioration  of 
the  lot  of  the  masses,  who  would  soon 
judge  between  empty  flatterers  and  sin- 
cere friends."  On  the  General  Elections, 
which  were  held  on  Sunday,  May  9,  1898, 
M.  Meline's  Government  was  returned  by  a 
majority  of  from  12  to  15,  but  this  support 
was  anything  but  certain,  as  was  shown 
by  the  narrow  election  to  the  temporary 
Presidency  of  M.  Deschanel  (q.v.),  the 
Government's  nominee.  We  cannot  enter 
here  into  the  Dreyfus  imbroglio,  in  which 
the  Cabinet  became  involved,  as  so  many 
points  were  thereby  raised,  but  suffice  it 
to  say  that  during  his  whole  period  of 
office  the  War  Minister,  General  Billot 
(q.v.),  supported  the  action  of  his  prede- 
cessor, General  Mercier,  and  refused  to 
allow  the  case  to  be  re-opened.  The 
Government  was  short-lived,  for  soon 
after  the  inaugural  address  of  M.  Des- 
chanel, who  had  previously  been  definitely 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  M.  Meline  resigned  office,  not- 
withstanding the  urgent  representations 
which  the  President  made  against  that 
decision.  After  some  delay  M.  Brisson 
(q.v.)  succeeded  in  the  task  of  forming  a 
combination  of  a  distinctly  Radical  tinge. 

MELLOR,  Right  Hon.  John  "Wil- 
liam, M.P.,  D.L.,  Q.C.,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  Mellor,  and  was 
born  on  July  26,  1835.  He  completed  his 
education  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  and 
in  1857,  when  he  took  his  B.A.  degree,  was 
eighth  Senior  Optime  (M.A.  1860).  In 
1860  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  went  on  the  Midland  Circuit. 
He  took  silk  in  1875,  and  became  a  Bencher 
in  1877.  He  was  Recorder  of  Grantham 
from  1872  to  1874,  which  he  subsequently 


represented  in  Parliament  from  1880  to 
1886  ;  the  latter  year  became  Judge-Advo- 
cate-General. He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  the  same  year.  In  July  1892 
he  was  elected  Member  of  Parliament  in 
the  Gladstonian  Liberal  interest  for  the 
Sowerby  Division  of  Yorkshire,  in  1893 
was  appointed  Chairman  of  Committees  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  subsequently, 
until  1895,  presided  over  many  of  the  con- 
tentious discussions  which  arose  out  of 
the  Home  Rule  Bill  debates.  In  1895  he  was 
re-elected  Liberal  Member  for  the  Sower- 
by Division  of  Yorkshire.  He  is  a  J.  P. 
and  D.L.  for  the  county  of  Somerset,  and 
J.P.  for  Devon.  He  married,  in  1860, 
Caroline,  daughter  of  the  late  Charles 
Paget,  M.P.,  of  Ruddington  Grange, 
Notts.  Addresses  :  68  St.  George's  Square, 
S.W. ;  Culmhead,  Pitminster,  Somerset. 

MELVILLE,"  George    Wallace, 

American  naval  officer,  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  Jan.  10,  1841.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  city,  and  entered  the 
United  States  Navy  as  third  assistant- 
engineer  in  July  1861,  with  rank  of  mid- 
shipman, and  has  passed  through  all  the 
intermediate  grades  to  that  of  Chief 
Engineer,  with  the  rank  of  Lieut. -Com- 
mander, which  he  attained  in  1881.  He 
was  engineer  of  the  Jeannette,  which 
sailed  from  San  Francisco,  July  8,  1879, 
under  command  of  Lieutenant  George  W. 
de  Long,  on  a  voyage  of  polar  exploration. 
After  the  sinking  of  the  Jeannette,  on  June 
13,  1881,  Engineer  Melville  accompanied 
De  Long  over  the  ice  to  Bennett  Island, 
and,  after  the  party  had  divided,  he  com- 
manded one  of  the  Jeannette' s  boats  on  the 
passage  to  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Lena 
delta,  which  was  reached  Sept.  17,  1881. 
He  now  searched  for  Lieutenant  de  Long 
and  his  party,  and  obtained  from  the 
natives  some  of  his  records  ;  in  the  follow- 
ing spring  he  explored  the  delta  thoroughly 
for  traces  of  the  missing  party,  and  about 
the  end  of  March  the  remains  of  de  Long 
and  his  eleven  companions  were  found. 
On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  was 
appointed  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Steam 
Engineers  with  the  rank  of  Commodore, 
Aug.  8,  1887,  and  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the 
U.S.  Navy.  He  published  "  In  the  Lena 
Delta,"  1885  ;  and  has  had  an  important 
part  in  constructing  the  modernised  U.S. 
Navy. 

MENDELEEF,  Dmitri  Ivanovich, 

Russian  chemist,  was  born  at  Tobolsk, 
Feb.  7,  1834.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Pedagogic  Institute  at  St.  Petersburg,  and 
then  came  to  Paris,  where  he  was  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  pupils  of  Wurtz.  He 
then  studied  the  chemical  properties  of 
petroleum  in  the  mines  of  Caucasia  and 


MEKDES  —  MENELEK 


745 


Pennsylvania.  In  1866  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of 
St.  Petersburg.  He  may  be  said  to  have 
a  world-wide  reputation,  and  to  be  familiar 
with  every  section  of  chemical  science  ; 
but  it  is  by  his  law  of  chemical  combina- 
tion that  his  name  is  chiefly  known.  This 
law  has  led  to  the  discovery  of  more  than 
one  chemical  element.  His  "  Principles  of 
Chemistry"  was  published  in  Russian  in 
1868-70,  and  was  translated  into  English 
in  1892.  He  is  a  D.C.L.  of  the  University 
of  Oxford,  and  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  of  Paris.  Address  :  Univer- 
sity, St.  Petersburg. 

MENDES,  Catulle,  a  French  author, 
was  born  at  Bordeaux  on  May  22,  1841. 
In  1861  he  established  in  Paris  La  Revue 
Fantaisiste,  in  which  he  published  "  Le 
Roman  d'une  Nuit,"  a  drama  in  verse, 
which  resulted  in  the  author  being  con- 
demned to  two  months'  imprisonment  and 
a  fine  of  500  francs,  although  he  was  still 
under  age.  At  that  time  he  belonged  to 
the  little  group  of  artistic  poets  called 
"Parnassians,"  whose  aim  was  the  careful 
choice  of  words  and  the  introduction  of 
audacious  rythmical  innovations.  His 
other  works  include:  "Philomele,"  a  volume 
of  lyrics,  1864 ;  "  Hesperus,"  a  poem, 
1869 ;  "La  Colere  d'un  Franc-tireur," 
';  Odelette  Guerriere,"  1871 ;  "  Contes 
Epiques,"  "  Les  Soirs  Moroses,"  "  Le 
Soleil  de  Minuit "  (poe'sies),  1872,  repub- 
lished in  1876  under  the  title  of  "  Poe'sies"  ; 
several  novels,  "Les  Folies  Amoureuses," 
1877;  " Les  Meres  Ennemies,"  1880;  "La 
Divine  Adventure,"  1881,  in  conjunction 
with  M.  Lesclide  ;  "Le  Rose  et  le  Noir," 
1885;  "Le  Roi  vierge,"  "Zo'har,"  "La 
premiere  Maitresse,"  reckoned  his  master- 
piece in  realistic  fiction ;  "  Mephisto- 
phela,"  1890;  "  Le  Chemin  du  Coeur," 
1895,  and  various  pieces  for  the  theatre, 
such  as  "Le  Capitaine  Fracasse,"  1870, 
after  Gauthier's  romance  ;  "Le  CMti- 
ment,"  1887  ;  and  "  Fiammette,"  1889.  In 
October  1898  Madame  Bernhardt  produced 
his  version  of  "  Medea  "  at  the  Renaissance, 
Paris.  M.  Mendes  has  been  described  as 
a  very  good  second  in  almost  every  depart- 
ment of  literature,  but  first  in  none.  In 
verse  he  has  written  after  the  manner  of 
Hugo,  Le  Conte  de  Lisle,  Theodore  de 
Banville,  and  Verlaine,  and  only  just  falls 
beneath  the  level  of  each  of  these  masters. 
In  prose  his  short  stories  are  only  inferior 
to  Maupassant,  although  a  good  deal 
broader  ;  his  realistic  novels  only  below 
Zola,  and  his  society  scandals  only  below 
Gyp.  He  turns  out  an  enormous  quantity  • 
of  copy  yearly.  On  Dec.  6,  1898,  his 
"  La  Reine  Fiametta"  was  produced  with 
great  success  at  the  Odeon.  It  had  previ- 
ously been  seen  at  Antoine's  Theatre  Libre, 


and  had  been  refused  by  the  Francjais. 
In  1866  he  married  Mile.  Judith  Gautier, 
from  whom  he  has  since  been  legally  sepa- 
rated as  the  result  of  a  somewhat  famous 
trial.     Address  :  44  Rue  Lafayette,  Paris. 

MENELEK  II.,  Emperor  of  Abyssinia 
and  King  of  Shoa,  G.C.M.G.,  was  born  in 
1843.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the 
death  of  Johannes  II.,  with  whom  he  had 
been  constantly  at  war.  In  1877,  as  King 
of  Shoa,  Menelek  was  totally  defeated 
in  a  great  battle,  and  it  was  currently 
reported  that  he  had  been  killed  by 
Johannes.  Upon  the  death  of  the  latter  in 
1889,  Menelek  assumed  the  chief  power  in 
Abyssinia,  and  was  crowned  in  November 
as  Negus  Negusti,  or  King  of  Kings  in 
Ethiopia.  For  some  time  after  his  acces- 
sion many  attempts  were  made  by  various 
chiefs  to  overthrow  him,  but  he  defeated  all 
their  efforts.  In  the  first  year  of  his  reign 
Menelek  concluded  a  treaty  with  Hum- 
bert, King  of  Italy,  which  practically 
placed  Abyssinia  under  the  protection  of 
the  Italians,  who,  at  the  same  time,  agreed 
to  lend  him  4,000,000  francs.  In  conse- 
quence of  disputes  in  connection  with  this 
treaty,  known  as  the  Uccialli  Treaty,  and 
the  continual  encroachments  of  the  Italians, 
especially  from  the  direction  of  Erythrea, 
war  broke  out  in  1895.  Menelek  raised  a 
large  army  and  inflicted  a  serious  reverse 
upon  the  advance-guard  of  the  Italian 
forces  at  Ambalagi  in  December.  Many 
minor  engagements  followed,  with  the  re- 
sult that  the  Negus  made  propositions  for 
peace,  which,  however,  the  Italian  Govern- 
ment declared  were  such  as  they  could  not 
accept.  They  included  a  demand  for  the 
retirement  of  the  Italians  from  positions 
recently  occupied  by  them,  and  a  modifi- 
cation in  the  Treaty  of  Uccialli.  On  Feb. 
24,  1896,  Menelek  concentrated  his  forces 
near  Adowa,  where  he  was  at  once  pursued 
by  the  Italian  troops  under  the  command 
of  General  Baratieri  {q.v.).  A  general 
advance  upon  the  Abyssinian  position  was 
made  on  the  29th,  the  Italians  attacking 
in  three  columns  ;  but  the  difficulties  of 
the  ground  enabled  Menelek  to  concen- 
trate his  forces  on  the  left  column,  and  the 
other  columns  being  unable,  owing  to  the 
hills  and  to  bad  generalship,  to  succour  it, 
a  terrible  defeat  was  sustained  by  the  whole 
force.  The  Italians  lost  in  killed  and 
wounded  over  7000  officers  and  men.  After 
this  reverse,  which  caused  the  fall  of  the 
Italian  Ministry  under  Crispi,  the  idea  of 
an  Italian  Protectorate  over  the  country 
was  abandoned,  and  in  May  General  Valles 
was  appointed  with  full  powers  to  treat 
with  the  Emperor  Menelek  for  the  settle- 
ment of  all  questions  at  issue  between 
Italy  and  Abyssinia,  with  the  result 
that  a  treaty  was  signed  recognising  the 


746 


MENPES  —  MENZEL 


absolute  independence  of  the  latter  country. 
The  defeat  inflicted  by  the  Abyssinian 
monarch  upon  a  European  Power  greatly 
increased  his  prestige,  and  he  at  once 
renewed  his  negotiations  with  France, 
which  had  lapsed  since  1891,  in  which 
year  he  had  presented  President  Carnot 
with  a  decoration  and  two  tame  lions.  He 
also  sent  a  mission  to  St.  Petersburg  to 
obtain  the  Czar's  sympathy  for  the  Abys- 
sinian Christians.  In  February  1897  he 
concluded  a  commercial  treaty  with  the 
French,  who  despatched  a  Mission  under 
M.  Lagarde  to  Menelek  in  the  following 
March.  The  Mission  was  very  cordially 
received.  In  the  early  part  of  1898  a 
Mission  under  Sir  Rennell  Eodd  was 
sent  to  Abyssinia  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
between  Menelek  and  England,  with  very 
successful  results.  The  British  Mission 
met  with  a  handsome  reception,  20,000 
warriors  being  present  and  several  Euro- 
peans, among  whom  were  Colonel  Leon- 
tieff,  the  head  of  a  Russian  mission,  and 
Prince  Henri  d'Orleans,  who  were  endeav- 
ouring to  induce  Menelek  to  thwart 
British  efforts  in  the  Soudan.  By  a  curi- 
ous coincidence  the  average  height  of  the 
officials  composing  the  British  Mission  was 
over  6  feet,  and  their  striking  appearance 
made  a  great  impression.  The  more  im- 
portant points  of  the  treaty,  which  was 
ratified  by  the  Queen  in  July,  were  the 
settlement  of  the  frontiers  of  the  British 
Somali  Protectorate  ;  the  keeping  open  to 
British  commerce  the  caravan  route  be- 
tween Zeila  and  Harar,  and  the  prevention 
of  the  transit  through  Abyssinia  of  arms 
and  ammunition  to  the  Mahdists,  whom 
Menelek  declared  to  be  the  enemies  of  his 
country.  In  a  letter  to  the  Queen  he  ex- 
pressed the  following  sentiment :  "  The 
treaty  of  peace  which  is  now  between  your 
Government  and  our  Government,  we  hope 
it  will  increase  in  firmness  and  last  for 
ever."  In  April  Lieutenant  Harrington 
was  sent  to  the  Emperor's  capital  as 
Diplomatic  Agent.  During  October  1898 
it  was  reported  that  Kas  Mangascia, 
Governor  of  Tigre,  had  shown  signs  of 
rebellion  against  Menelek's  supreme  autho- 
rity. A  large  expedition  was  sent  against 
the  Has,  but  upon  negotiations  being 
opened  the  difficulty  was  amicably  ar- 
ranged. The  etiquette  of  the  Abyssinian 
Court  is  very  minute  in  its  regulations, 
and  among  other  usages  distasteful  to 
Europeans  is  that  of  kissing  the  ground  on 
approaching  the  royal  presence.  Menelek, 
however,  is  careful  not  to  offend  foreign 
susceptibilities,  and  he  never  requires  a 
stranger  to  go  through  any  ceremony  to 
which  he  objects.  He  is  gifted  with  a 
capacious  memory,  and  is  very  energetic, 
rising  at  3  A.M.,  and  devoting  the  first 
hour  of  the  day  to  prayer.     From  four  to 


six  he  works  with  his  grand  secretary, 
who  is  practically  his  only  minister.  He 
publicly  administers  justice  and  transacts 
all  the  affairs  of  State  personally,  being 
very  kind  to  his  people  and  accessible  to 
all.  Since  his  accession  to  the  throne  he 
has  done  much  to  consolidate  his  kingdom, 
and  has  very  largely  promoted  civilisation. 
Menelek  claims  to  be  a  direct  descendant 
of  Solomon  by  the  Queen  of  Sheba.  This 
descent  is  recorded  on  the  coins  which  he 
had  struck  at  the  Paris  mint  some  years 
ago.  The  large  silver  piece  bears  the  head 
of  Menelek,  with  the  inscription  "King  of 
Kings  of  Ethiopia,  1887."  The  reverse  side 
has  a  lion  crowned  and  the  words,  "The 
Lion  of  the  House  of  Judah  has  con- 
quered," this  being  the  motto  of  the 
House  of  David.  On  the  edge  of  the  coins 
are  the  words,  "  Ethiopia  stretches  out 
her  hands  to  God  alone."  His  wife  is 
Queen  Taitou. 

MENPES,  Mortimer,  artist,  was 
born  in  South  Australia,  whence,  at  the 
age  of  nineteen,  he  came  to  London  with 
his  father.  He  chose  the  career  of  art, 
and  studied  at  South  Kensington  under 
Poynter  and  Sparkes,  winning  the  Poynter 
prize  for  the  best  drawing  done  in  any 
English  art  school.  He  then  studied  for 
three  years  in  picturesque  Brittany,  and 
in  1880  exhibited  etchings  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  which  were  much  praised  for 
their  excellence.  In  1885  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists, 
and  in  1887  went  out  to  Japan,  and  re- 
turned with  that  unique  collection  of 
brilliant  Japanese  views  for  which  he  is 
famous.  These  were  exhibited  at  Dowdes- 
well's  in  1888.  Mr.  Mortimer  Menpes  has 
also  twice  visited  India,  and  has  sojourned 
in  Venice,  exhibiting  the  results  of  his 
artistic  studies  and  appreciations  in  two 
notable  exhibitions,  held  respectively  in 
1891  and  1892.  In  the  Academy  of  1898 
he  exhibited,  in  the  Black  -  and  -  White 
Room,  "Osaka,  Japan,"  and  in  that  of 
1899  a  water-colour  and  three  portraits  in 
black  and  white.  He  has  written  on  Japan 
in  the  Magazine  of  Art.  Address  :  25  Cado- 
gan  Gardens,  S.W. 

MENZEL,  Adolf  Friedrich.  Erd- 
mann,  German  historical  painter,  was 
born  Dec.  8,  1815,  at  Breslau,  but  removed 
in  1830  with  his  parents  to  Berlin,  where 
he  studied  art  at  the  Academy.  On  his 
father's  death  he  had  to  support  himself, 
and  first  began  by  selling  pen  -  and  -  ink 
drawings.  In  1836  he  made  his  first 
attempt  in  oil  painting,  "The  Chess- 
players," followed  by  several  other  pic- 
tures ;  but  from  1839  to  1842  he  worked 
at  the  illustrations  to  Kugler's  "History 
of  Frederick  the  Great."    Since  then  he 


MERClE  —  MEREDITH 


747 


has  become  celebrated  as  a  painter  of 
the  most  life  -  like  and  accurate  scenes 
from  the  age  of  Frederick  ;  his  first 
important  work  of  the  period  was  the 
"Round  Table  of  Frederick  the  Great," 
1850,  followed  by  the  "Inline  Concert  at 
Sans-souci,"  1852;  "Frederick's  Recep- 
tion in  Breslau,"  and  "Frederick  at  the 
Battle  of  Hochkirch,"  1856;  "Bliicher 
and  Wellington  at  Waterloo,"  1858;  and 
many  others.  All  these  paintings  are 
remarkable  for  strong  realism,  great 
power  of  characterisation,  and  for  the 
masterly  skill  with  which  every  detail  is 
represented.  Between  1861  and  1865  Men- 
zel  was  working  at  the  "Coronation  of 
William  I.  "  ;  in  1871  he  completed  the 
"  King's  Departure  from  Berlin  " ;  and 
from  1872  to  1875  he  worked  at  "Modern 
Cyclops,"  representing  a  scene  from  the 
great  ironworks,  and  one  of  the  most 
extraordinary  and  remarkable  of  all  his 
paintings.  His  later  works  are  the  ex- 
cellent illustrations  to  Kleist's  "Broken 
Jug,"  1877,  and  a  clever  Society  picture, 
"  The  Ball  Supper,"  besides  a  large 
number  of  pen  -  and  -  ink  drawings  and 
water-colours.  He  has  been  since  1856 
Professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy,  and  is  a 
Member  of  the  Academies  of  Vienna  and 
Munich,  and  Hon.  Member  of  the  English 
Royal  Academy,  the  Royal  Water-Colour 
Society,  and  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  of 
Paris.  In  1885  a  successful  exhibition  of 
his  works  was  held  in  Paris.  His  illustra- 
tions to  the  works  of  Frederick  the  Great 
have  been  republished  in  2  vols.  4to.  He 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1876,  and  his  eightieth  birthday 
was  celebrated  at  Berlin  in  1895  with 
much  public  rejoicing. 

MERCIE,  Marius  Jean  Antonin,  a 

French  sculptor,  was  born  at  Toulouse, 
Oct.  30,  1845.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Falguere 
and  Jouffroy,  and  studied  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  In  1868  he  obtained 
the  Prix  de  Rome,  and  the  same  year 
exhibited  a  medallion  at  the  Salon.  In 
1872  he  sent  from  Rome  a  plaster  statue 
of  " David,"  and  "  Delilah,"  a  bust ;  and  in 
1874  "Gloria  Victis,"  a  group  in  bronze, 
attracted  much  attention,  and  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Government.  "The  Genius 
of  the  Arts,"  intended  for  the  grand 
entrance  of  the  Louvre,  was  exhibited 
in  1877 ;  the  plaster  model  of  the  bas- 
relief  for  the  tomb  of  Michelet  in  Pere 
la  Chaise,  in  1879  ;  and  a  statue  of 
"Arago"  in  1880.  Besides  these  he  has 
modelled  various  portrait  busts,  including 
that  of  Victor  Hugo  for  the  Senate  in 
1890.  Among  his  most  recent  works  are 
"  Le  Regret,"  a  statue  for  the  tomb  of 
Cabanel ;  a  plaster  statue  of  William  Tell 
for  the  town  of  Lausanne,  and  a  number 


of  medallions.  M.  Mercie'  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1874,  and 
made  a  Commander  in  1889.  In  1887  the 
Institute  voted  him  their  biennial  prize 
of  20,000  francs,  and  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts  elected  him  one  of  their  members 
in  1891.  He  is  Professor  of  Drawing  and 
Sculpture  at  the  Beaux-Arts.  His  Paris 
address  is  15  Avenue  de  l'Observatoire. 

MERCIER,  Aug-uste,  French  general, 
and  former  Minister  of  War,  was  born  at 
Arras,  Dec.  8,  1833.  He  entered  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique  in  1852,  and  came  out 
second  two  years  after.  He  entered  the 
Artillery,  and  by  successive  promotions 
attained  the  rank  of  General  of  Division 
in  1889.  He  was  distinguished  during  the 
campaign  of  Mexico  for  his  bravery  at  the 
siege  of  Puebla,  for  which  he  was  decor- 
ated with  the  Legion  of  Honour.  During 
the  Franco-Prussian  War  he  took  part  in 
the  battles  round  Metz,  and  was  made 
prisoner  after  the  capitulation  of  that 
city.  After  the  conclusion  of  peace  he 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  the  Com- 
munards, and  subsequently  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  artillery  at 
Angouleme.  In  1888  M.  de  Freycinet 
called  him  to  the  War  Office,  and  in 
1889  he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
manoeuvres  around  Beauvais.  Mercier 
being  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
18th  Corps  d'Arme'e  at  Bordeaux  in  1893,the 
Prime  Minister,  M.  Casimir-Perier,  offered 
him  the  Ministry  of  War  in  December  of 
the  same  year,  which  he  accepted,  and 
kept  throughout  the  Dupuy  Ministry.  His 
tenure  of  office  was  distinguished  for  in- 
defatigable work  and  firm  decision.  This  ■ 
was  noted  in  his  attitude  with  regard  to 
M.  Mirman,  who  was,  at  one  and  the  same 
time,  a  soldier  and  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment. He  absolutely  refused  to  treat  him 
differently  to  other  soldiers.  But  a  much 
more  famous  case  was  that  of  Captain 
Dreyfus,  in  which  he  asserted  the  absolute 
guilt  of  the  accused,  and  in  spite  of  all 
outside  influence  retained  his  obstin- 
ate opinion  and  dragged  him  before  the 
Council  of  War,  which  condemned  him  to 
life-long  penal  servitude  and  to  public  de- 
gradation from  his  rank  (Dec.  22,  1894). 
On  the  fall  of  the  Dupuy  Cabinet  in 
January  1895  General  Mercier  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  4th  Corps 
dArmee  at  Le  Mans,  in  place  of  General 
Zurlinden.  In  1895  he  was  promoted  a 
Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

MEREDITH,  George,  novelist  and 
poet,  born  in  Hampshire  on  Feb.  12,  1828, 
and  educated  partly  in  Germany,  was 
brought  up  to  the  law,  which  he  quitted 
for  literature.  He  has  written  "Poems," 
1851  ;     "  The    Shaving    of    Shagpat,    an 


748 


MERIVALE  —  MERRIMAN 


Arabian  Entertainment,"  a  burlesque 
prose  poem,  1855  ;  "  Farina,  a  Legend  of 
Cologne,"  1857;  "The  Ordeal  of  Richard 
Feverel,"  a  philosophical  novel,  bearing 
upon  the  more  serious  questions  of  moral 
education,  1859  ;  "  Evan  Harrington,"  a 
serial  tale  of  modern  life,  first  printed 
in  Once  a  Week,  and  republished  in  a 
separate  form,  1861  ;  "  Modern  Love  : 
Poems  and  Ballads,"  1862;  "Emilia  in 
England,"  1864  ;  "  Rhoda  Fleming," 
1865;  "Vittoria,"  1866;  "The  Adven- 
tures of  Harry  Richmond,"  1871 ;  "  The 
Egoist,"  a  novel,  3  vols.,  1879;  "The 
Tragic  Comedians,"  2  vols.,  1881,  a  novel 
founded  on  the  life  and  tragic  fate  of 
Ferdinand  Lassalle,  the  German  Social- 
ist;  "  Poems  and  Lyrics  of  the  Joy  of 
Earth,"  1883;  "Diana  of  the  Crossways," 
1885;  "Ballads  and  Poems  of  Tragic 
Life,"  1887;  and  "A  Reading  of  Earth," 
1888.  His  novel,  "One  of  Our  Con- 
querors," was  published  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review  in  1890,  and  "Lord  Ormont  and 
his  Aminta"  appeared  in  the  summer  of 
1894.  This  was  followed  in  1895  by  "  The 
Amazing  Marriage,"  which  is  supposed  to 
introduce  as  hero  the  late  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson;  "The  Case  of  General  Opie 
and  Lady  Cowper,"  "  The  Tale  of  Chloe," 
and  "  The  House  on  the  Beach "  ;  and  in 
1897  by  "Comedy,  and  the  Uses  of  the 
Comic  Spirit,"  recently  translated  into 
French  by  M.  Henry  Davray.  In  1892 
appeared  the  "Empty  Purse,"  a  volume  of 
poems,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year 
Mr.  Meredith  was  elected  President  of  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Authors  in  succes- 
sion to  Lord  Tennyson.  A  style  of  much 
obscurity  and  an  excess  of  epigram  have 
long  prevented  Mr.  Meredith's  works  from 
becoming  popular  with  the  average  novel- 
reading  public,  but  among  the  cultured 
and  critical  few  he  has  always  been  re- 
garded as  the  first  of  our  living  novelists. 
Strong  expression  was  given  to  this  sen- 
timent of  admiration  on  Feb.  12,  1898, 
when  he  completed  his  seventieth  year, 
and  was  presented  with  a  letter  of  con- 
gratulation signed  by  thirty  of  the  first 
of  English  men  and  women  of  letters. 
The  letter  ran  as  follows:  "Some  com- 
rades in  letters  who  have  long  valued  your 
work  send  you  a  cordial  greeting  upon 
your  seventieth  birthday.  You  have  at- 
tained the  first  rank  in  literature  after 
many  years  of  inadequate  recognition. 
From  first  to  last  you  have  been  true  to 
yourself,  and  have  always  aimed  at  the 
highest  mark.  We  are  rejoiced  to  know 
that  merits  once  perceived  by  only  a  few 
are  now  appreciated  by  a  wide  and 
steadily  growing  circle.  We  wish  you 
many  years  of  life,  during  which  you  may 
continue  to  do  good  work,  cheered  by 
the  consciousness  of  good  work  already 


achieved,  and  encouraged  by  the  certainty 
of  a  hearty  welcome  from  many  sym- 
pathetic readers."  Address  :  Boxhill, 
Surrey. 

MERIVALE,  Herman  Charles,  son 

of  the  late  Herman  Merivale,  Permanent 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 
and  afterwards  for  India,  was  born  in 
London,  Jan.  27,  1839,  and  educated  at 
Harrow  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1861.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1864,  and  served  on  the 
Western  Circuit  and  Exeter  Sessions. 
He  afterwards  practised  in  the  Privy 
Council  on  Indian  Appeals.  Under  the 
late  Lord  Beaconsfield's  Reform  Act  he 
served  on  the  Boundary  Commission  for 
North  Wales.  From  1870  to  1880  he  was 
editor  of  the  Annual  Register,  and  in  1874, 
owing  to  ill-health,  was  obliged  to  give 
up  the  legal  profession.  Since  then  he 
has  occupied  himself  with  literature,  and 
for  a  time  with  politics.  His  chief  works 
are  the  plays  "All  for  Her,"  1874;  "Forget 
me  Not,"  1879  ;  "  The  Cynic,"  1882  ; 
"  Fedora  "  (from  Sardou),  1883  ;  and  "  Our 
Joan,"  1885  (written  in  conjunction  with 
his  wife,  Mrs.  Merivale,  as  were  also 
the  comedies  of  "The  Butler,"  "The 
Don,"  and  "  The  Whip- Hand  ")  ;  a  novel, 
"  Faucit  of  Balliol,"  1882;  "  Binko's 
Blues,"  a  fairy  tale,  1884;  "White  Pil- 
grim, and  other  Poems,"  1883;  "Florien, 
and  other  Poems,"  1884 ;  besides  some 
other  dramas  and  various  essays,  travels, 
verse,  &c,  in  All  the  Year  Round  (under 
Charles  Dickens),  and  in  weekly  papers 
and  monthly  magazines.  "Ravenswood,"  a 
blank-verse  tragedy,  played  by  Mr.  Irving, 
on  the  subject  of  Scott's  novel  of  "The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  was  produced  in 
1891.     Address :  Society  of  Authors. 

MERRIMAN,    Henry    Seton.      See 

Scott,  Hugh  S. 

MERRIMAN,    The    Hon.    John 

Xavier,  the  son  of  the  Bishop  of  Grahams- 
town,  was  born  in  1841,  at  Street,  Somerset- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Rondebosch 
Diocesan  College  and  Radley.  He  went 
out  to  the  Cape  in  1849,  and  entered 
upon  a  political  career  in  1869.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Molteno  Ministry  from 
1875  to  1878,  and  in  1881,  and  Com- 
missioner of  Crown  Lands,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  from  1875  to  1878,  and  from  1881 
to  1884.  In  1890  he  was  the  Treasurer- 
General  of  the  Colony,  and  retained  that 
office  till  1893.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Cape  Jameson  Raid  Committee.  He  is 
married  to  Agnes  Vincent,  sister  of  L. 
Vincent,  of  the  Cape  Legislature.  Address : 
Shellenbosch  District,  The  Cape. 


MERRITT  —  METHUEN 


749 


MERRITT,  Wesley,  American  soldier, 
was  born  in  New  York  in  1836,  and  gra- 
duated from  the  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point  in  1860,  when  he  entered  the 
army  as  brevet  Second  Lieutenant  of 
Dragoons.  In  1862  he  became  Captain 
of  Cavalry ;  was  on  the  staff  of  General 
Stoneman  when  he  made  the  raid  on 
Richmond,  Va.,  in  April  1863,  and  in 
June  of  the  same  year  he  was  promoted 
to  be  Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers. 
From  1863  to  1864  he  commanded  a  divi- 
sion of  cavalry  in  Central  Virginia,  and 
served  under  General  Sheridan,  becoming 
Major-General  of  Volunteers  and  also  re- 
ceiving promotions  on  the  roster  of  the 
Regular  Army.  At  the  battle  of  Five 
Forks  and  other  engagements,  and  at 
the  surrender  at  Appomattox,  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself.  He  became  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel in  the  Regular  Army  on 
July  28,  1866,  and  has  since  served  in 
various  parts  of  the  country,  chiefly  against 
the  Indians.  He  was  made  Colonel,  July 
1,  1876  ;  Brigadier-General,  April  16, 1887; 
and  Major-General,  April  25,  1895.  In 
May  1898  he  was  sent  to  San  Francisco 
to  organise  a  force  with  which  to  operate 
in  concert  with  Rear-Admiral  Dewey 
against  the  Spanish  in  the  Philippine 
Islands,  and  in  August,  shortly  after  his 
arrival  there,  received  the  surrender  of 
Manila.  He  was  appointed  Governor- 
General  of  the  Islands. 

MERRY,  The  Rev.  William  "Walter, 
D.D.,  Rector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
son  of  the  late  Walter  Merry,  Esq.,  and 
grandson  of  William  Merry,  Esq.,  for  many 
years  Deputy-Secretary  for  War,  and  of 
his  wife  Elizabeth  Mary  Byrch,  was  born 
in  1835,  and  educated  at  Cheltenham 
College,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Oxford, 
as  a  Scholar  of  Balliol,  in  1853.  Dr.  Merry 
was  placed  in  the  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1854,  and  in  the  second 
class  in  Lit.  Humaniores  in  1856.  He 
gained  the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  the  Latin 
Essay  in  1858  ;  and  in  the  next  year  he 
was  elected  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Lincoln 
College,  an  appointment  which  he  held 
till  his  election  in  1884  to  the  place  of 
Rector  of  that  society,  in  succession  to 
the  late  Mark  Pattison.  In  1861  he  was 
presented  to  the  Vicarage  of  All  Saints, 
in  the  City  of  Oxford,  in  the  patronage 
of  his  college.  In  1880  Dr.  Merry  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  Public  Orator 
in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Select  Preachers, 
1878-79,  1889-90 ;  and  in  1883-84  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Bishop  of  London  as 
one  of  the  preachers  in  the  Chapel  Royal, 
Whitehall.  Dr.  Merry  has  taken  a  pro- 
minent part  in  teaching  and  examining 
in  the  University,  having  frequently  filled 


the  post  of  Classical  Moderator.  The 
editions  of  classical  authors  which  he 
has  undertaken  for  the  Clarendon  Press 
are  well  known  and  widely  circulated ; 
the  principal  ones  are  "Homer,  Odyssey." 
i.-xii.,  2nd  edit.,  1886;  the  same  for 
Schools,  50th  thousand  ;  and  a  series  of 
the  plays  of  Aristophanes.  In  1891  he 
published  "Selected  Fragments  of  Early 
Roman  Poetry."  In  1862  he  married  Alice 
Elizabeth,  only  daughter  of  the  late 
Joseph  Collings,  Jurat  at  the  Royal  Court 
of  Guernsey.  Address  :  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford. 

METEINER,  Oscar,  French  jour- 
nalist, was  born  at  Sancoins,  Jan.  17,  1859. 
He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  and  at 
eighteen  entered  the  Artillery.  After  his 
term  of  service  had  expired  he  became 
Secretary  to  one  of  the  Commissaires  de 
Police  in  Paris,  where  for  six  years  he 
collected  valuable  materials  for  his  sub- 
sequent tales  and  articles.  He  retired 
from  this  in  1889,  and  took  up  journalism, 
becoming  'a  contributor  to  the  Gil  Bias, 
the  Journal,  and  other  popular  Parisian 
prints.  He  has  published  several  of  his 
short  stories  in  volume  form,  and  has 
written  a  biography  of  the  singer  Aristide 
Bruant  (q.v.).  His  Paris  . address  is  55 
Avenue  de  Neuilly. 

■METHTJEN,  Lord,  Lieut. -General 
Paul  Sanford  Methuen,  K.C.V.O.,  C.B., 
C.M.G.,  J.P.,  3rd  Baron,  son  of  the  2nd 
Baron  and  of  Anna,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  John  Sanford,  was  born  at  Corsham 
Court  on  Sept.  1,  1845.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  in  1862  was  ap- 
pointed Cornet  in  the  Wilts  Yeomanry 
Cavalry.  He  entered  the  army  as  a 
Lieutenant  in  the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards 
in  1864,  becoming  Captain  in  1867  and 
Adjutant  to  his  regiment,  and  in  1881  he 
was  promoted  Colonel.  In  1873  he  was 
sent  on  special  service  to  the  Gold  Coast, 
and  the  following  year  was  appointed 
Brigade-Major  of  the  Home  District.  Lord 
Methuen  served  in  the  second  phase  of 
the  Ashanti  War  of  1874,  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Amoaful,  being  awarded 
a  medal  with  clasp.  In  1877  he  was 
appointed  Military  Secretary  to  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  Ireland,  and  during 
the  same  year  was  chosen  to  be  Military 
Attache  at  Berlin.  He  held  that  office 
until  1881,  when  he  returned  to  England, 
and  became  Assistant-Adjutant-General 
of  the  Home  District.  In  the  Egyptian 
War  his  Lordship  served  on  the  staff, 
and  was  also  Commandant  of  the  Troops 
at  Headquarters.  He  was  present  at 
the  engagements  of  Tel-el-Mahuta  and 
Kassassin,  and  in  the  battle  of  Tel-el- 
Kebir.    He  was  mentioned  in  despatches 


750 


METSCHNIKOFF  —  MEYER 


and  was  awarded  a  C.B.  and  the  Osmanieh 
of  the  third  class.  In  1884  he  served  with 
the  Bechuanaland  Field  Force  under  Sir 
Charles  Warren,  in  command  of  Methuen's 
Horse,  obtaining  a  C.M.G.  and  mention 
in  despatches.  For  several  years  after 
he  was  Adjutant-General  in  South  Africa. 
He  was  promoted  Major-General,  1890, 
and  held  the  command  of  the  Home  Dis- 
trict until  1897.  In  1897  he  accompanied 
the  Tirah  Expedition  on  the  Indian  Frontier 
as  Press  Censor,  and  was  present  at  the 
actions  against  the  Afridis  and  Orakzais. 
General  Lord  Methuen  succeeded  to  the 
title  and  estates  in  1891.  He  is  the  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  Third  Battalion  of  the 
Duke  of  Edinburgh's  Wiltshire  Eegiment, 
and  J.P.  for  Wilts.  Lord  Methuen  is 
co-heir  to  the  Earldom  of  Scarsdale. 
He  married,  in  1884,  Mary,  daughter  of 
William  A.  Sanford,  Esq.,  of  Nynehead 
Court,  Somserset,  and  has  issue,  his  heir 
being  the  Hon.  Paul  Sanford,  born  Sep- 
tember 1886.  Addresses :  32  Cadpgan 
Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Corsham  Court,  Chip- 
penham. 

METSCHNIKOFF,  Elias,  F.R.S., 
Russian  zoologist  and  embryologist,  was 
born  in  the  province  of  Kharkoff,  May 
15,  1845.  He  -was  educated  at  Kharkoff, 
Giessen,  and  Munich,  and  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Zoology  at  Odessa  in  1870. 
He  resigned  this  post  in  1882,  in  order  to 
devote  himself  to  private  researches  into 
the  anatomy  of  the  invertebrates.  His 
chief  studies  have  been  published  either  in 
the  Bulletins  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, or  in  German  scientific  journals. 
His  chief  books  are:  "  Embryologische 
Studien  an  Insecten,"  1866;  "Uber  die 
Metamorphosen  einiger  Seethiere,"  1869  ; 
"Zur  Entwichelungsgeschichte  der  Kalk- 
schwamme,"  1874;  "Embryologie  der 
Doppeltfiissigen  Myriapoden,"  1875.  Ad- 
dress :  Institut  Pasteur,  Paris. 

MEXJRICE,  Franqois  Paul,  French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  and  brother  of  the 
famous  jeweller,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
February  1820.  He  had  a  brilliant  career 
at  the  College  Charlemagne,  and  one  of  its 
most  momentous  episodes  was  a  resolve  to 
play  Victor  Hugo's  then  new  drama,  "  Her- 
naiii,"  at  the  annual  school  festival.  The 
late  Auguste  Vacquerie  and  himself  went 
as  delegates  to  the  poet  to  beg  for  permis- 
sion to  play  his  drama.  The  interview 
made  such  an  impression  on  Meurice  that 
ever  afterwards  he  remained  the  fidus 
Achates  of  the  great  man,  and  more  or  less 
sacrificed  his  future  to  serve  him.  In 
1842  his  first  play,  "Falstaff,"  in  collabora- 
tion with  Gautier  and  Vacquerie,  was 
represented  at  the  Theatre  Fran9ais,  and 
in   1843,   a  one-act    piece,   equally    from 


Shakespeare,  entitled  "  Le  Capitaine 
Paroles,"  and  an  imitation  of  the  "  Anti- 
gone "  of  Sophocles.  His  best  -  known 
collaboration,  however,  is  that  with  Dumas 
of  a  translation  of  "  Hamlet,"  which  is 
still  the  best  acting  version  of  that  play 
in  French.  In  1848  he  became  editor  of 
the  Evinement,  Hugo's  democratic  journal, 
and  in  1851  he  was  imprisoned  for  nine 
months  for  a  famous  article  by  Charles 
Victor  Hugo  on  the  death  penalty,  which 
appeared  in  that  journal.  In  1869  he 
founded,  with  others,  the  Rappel,  equally 
a  journal  of  the  Hugo  family,  and  in  it 
he  contributed  chiefly  the  literary  and 
dramatic  criticisms.  To  him,  also,  Victor 
Hugo  intrusted  the  publication  of  the 
definitive  edition  of  his  works,  which 
appeared  from  1880  to  1885,  in  46  volumes. 
In  addition  to  the  plays  named  above,  he 
has  written,  "Fanfan  la  Tulip,"  "Les 
Beaux  Messieurs  de  Bois-DoreV'  "Cadio 
La  Br&ilienne,"  "  Quatre  Vingt  Treize," 
1881;  "Le  Songe  d'une  Nuit  d'BteV' 
after  Shakespeare,  which  was  represented 
at  the  Odeon  in  1886.  In  October  1898 
M.  Meurice  achieved  a  great  success  by 
producing  at  the  Theatre  Francais  a  drama 
called  "  Struens^e,"  which  was  the  first 
unaided  composition  of  his  played  at  that 
theatre,  although  he  was  nearly  eighty  at 
the  time.  His  Paris  address  is  24  Rue 
Fortuny. 

MEXICO,  President  of  trie  Re- 
public of.  See  Diaz,  General  Poefieio. 

MEXICO,  Ex-Empress  of.  See  Char- 
lotte. 

MEYER,  Dr.  Hans,  African  traveller, 
was  born  March  22,  1858,  at  Hildburg- 
hausen,  and  studied  at  Leipzig,  Berlin,  and 
Strasburg,  where  he  prepared  a  great 
work  on  "  The  Strasburg  Guild  of  Gold- 
smiths, from  its  Origin  until  1681."  In 
1884  he  entered  his  father's  publishing 
business  in  Leipzig  as  partner.  Previously 
he  had  travelled  for  two  years  in  India, 
the  Sunda  Archipelago,  Eastern  Asia,  and 
America,  and  had  especially  remained 
some  time  on  the  Philippine  Islands,  to 
undertake  some  ethnological  researches 
on  the  Igorrotes,  the  results  of  which  he 
made  known  in  the  illustrated  work 
"  Eine  Weltreise,"  1884.  In  December 
1886  he  went  to  South  Africa,  travelled 
through  Cape  Colony,  Transvaal,  and 
Natal  ;  and  in  the  summer  of  1887, 
through  the  territory  of  the  German  East 
African  Company.  From  Mombassa  Dr. 
Meyer  travelled  through  the  district  of 
Teita,  as  far  as  the  Kilima  Ndscharo,  he 
being  the  first  to  ascend  the  same,  almost 
to  the  summit  of  the  ice-covered  Kibo, 
5700  metres ;  then  he  travelled  through 


MEYNELL  —  MEYEICK 


751 


the  Savannes,  to  the  south  of  the  Kilima 
Ndscharo,  as  far  as  the  Pagani  River,  and 
along  this  stream  to  the  coast.  Later  on 
he  travelled  through  the  Valley  of  the 
Kingani  and  the  District  of  Usaranno. 
In  1888  Meyer,  accompanied  by  the  Afri- 
can traveller,  0.  Baumann,  undertook 
the  new  well-organised  expedition  to  the 
Kilima  Ndscharo,  which  was  stopped  by 
the  insurrection  that  had  taken  place  in 
the  meantime  in  the  district  of  the  German 
East  Africa  Company,  and  could  penetrate 
only  a  short  distance  into  the  country. 
Meyer  himself,  as  well  as  Baumann,  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Arab  leader  Bushiri, 
robbed  of  all  his  property,  and  could  be 
released  only  by  the  payment  of  a  large 
ransom ;  this  having  been  done,  he  returned 
to  Europe,  and  published  the  splendid 
work,  "Zum  Schneedom  des  Kilima 
Ndscharo,"  1888,  with  forty  photographs. 
This  failure  did  not  discourage  Meyer,  and 
a  new  expedition  was  organised.  It  was 
accompanied  by  the  Austrian  mountaineer, 
Purtscheller ;  and  in  September  1889  the 
march  was  commenced  at  Mombassa 
through  English  East  African  territory. 
This  time  the  goal  was  reached,  the  Kibo 
was  scaled,  the  highest  peak  of  which  was 
named  the  Emperor  William's  Peak,  and 
was  estimated  to  be  about  6000  metres' 
elevation.  At  the  same  time  a  large 
crater  was  discovered  on  the  Kibo,  and  on 
its  side  the  first  glacier  ever  discovered 
in  Africa.  The  ascent  of  the  smaller 
Marvensi  Peak  proved  to  be  impracticable. 

MEYNELL,  Alice,  essayist,  is  a 
younger  daughter  of  Mr.  T.  J.  Thompson, 
one  of  Mr.  Charles  Dickens's  most  intimate 
friends.  Devoted  to  literature  from  her 
girlhood,  Miss  Alice  Thompson's  first 
volume,  "Preludes,"  was  illustrated  by 
her  sister,  Lady  Butler,  the  painter  of 
"  The  Roll  Call."  These  early  poems  won 
the  warm  praise  of  Mr.  Ruskin  and 
Dante  Rossetti ;  and,  with  a  few  additions 
of  later  date,  they  were  republished  in 
1892,  and  have  run  through  several  edi- 
tions. At  the  same  date  was  published 
a  companion  volume  of  prose,  "  The 
Rhythm  of  Life,"  and  other  essays,  which 
Mr.  Coventry  Patmore  welcomed  in  the 
Fortnightly  Review  as  "classical  work," 
placing  the  author  "in  the  very  front  rank  of 
living  writers  in  prose."  This  was  followed 
in  1896  by  "  The  Colour  of  Life  and  other 
Essays,"  upon  which  Mr.  George  Meredith 
wrote  a  paper  in  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
and  by  "The  Children,"  1896;  "The 
Flower  of  the  Mind,"  an  anthology, 
1897;  and  "The  Spirit  of  Place,"  1898. 
Miss  Alice  Thompson,  who  married  in 
1877  Mr.  Wilfrid  Meynell,  has  been  a 
constant  contributor  to  the  National  Ob- 
server   (under    Mr.    Henley's    editorship), 


the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  the  Daily  Chronicle 
the  Saturday  Review,  the  Tablet,  and  the 
art  magazines.  Address  :  47  Palace 
Court,  W. 

MEYNELL;  Wilfrid,  born  in  1852, 
belongs  to  a  family  long  settled  in  York- 
shire, and  on  his  mother's  side  is  the 
great-great-grandson  of  William  Tuke,  of 
York,  to  whom,  as  to  Pinel  in  France, 
England  is  indebted  for  the  adoption  of 
humane  methods  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane.  In  1881  Mr.  Meynell  became,  at 
the  request  of  Cardinal  Manning,  the 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Weekly  Register, 
and  a  little  later  he  founded  the  Roman 
Catholic  magazine,  Merry  England.  Mr. 
Meynell  (sometimes  using  the  nom  de  plume 
"John  Oldcastle")  is  the  author  of  "Jour- 
nals and  Journalism  :  a  Guide  for  Literary 
Beginners,"  and  of  biographies  of  Cardinal 
Manning,  Cardinal  Newman,  and  Pope 
Leo  XIII.,  all  of  which  have  passed 
through  several  editions  ;  also  of  many 
contributions  to  the  Contemporary  Review, 
the  Art  Journal,  the  Magazine  of  Art,  the 
Athenceum,  the  Saturday  Review,  the  Pall 
Mall  Budget,  the  Illustrated  London  News, 
and  the  Daily  Chronicle.  Address  :  Palace 
Court  House,  W. 

MEYRICK,  Canon  Frederick,  M.A., 
born  at  Ramsbury  Vicarage,  Wilts,  on 
Jan.  28,  1827,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the 
Rev.  Edward  Graves  Meyrick,  D.D.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  successively  Scholar, 
Fellow,  and  Tutor  ;  graduated  B.A.  in 
honours  in  1847,  and  afterwards  held  the 
University  offices  of  Select  Preacher  and 
Public  Examiner.  He  was  appointed  one 
of  Her  Majesty's  Whitehall  Preachers  in 
1856,  Inspector  of  Schools  in  1859,  and 
became  Rector  of  Blickling  and  Erping- 
ham,  in  Norfolk,  in  1868 ;  in  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  Examining  Chaplain 
to  the  late  Bishop  Christopher  Words- 
worth, and  Non-Residentiary  Canon  of 
Lincoln  in  1869.  He  was  the  chief  agent 
in  establishing  the  Anglo  -  Continental 
Society,  for  making  known  in  foreign 
countries  the  principles  of  the  English 
Church,  and  with  that  object  in  view  has 
edited  many  dogmatic  and  controversial 
treatises  in  Latin,  Italian,  Spanish,  &c. 
He  has  written  "  Practical  Working  of  the 
Church  in  Spain,"  published  in  1851 ; 
"The  Moral  Theology  of  the  Church  of 
Rome,"  in  1857;  "The  Outcast  and  Poor 
of  London,"  in  1858;  "The  Wisdom  of 
Piety,"  in  1859  ;  "  But  isn't  Kingsley  right 
after  all  ? "  ;  "  On  Dr.  Newman's  Rejection 
of  Liguori's  Doctrine  of  Equivocation,"  in 
1864;  "Baptism,  Conversion,  Regenera- 
tion," in  1882;  "The  Doctrine  of  the 
Church  of  England  on  the  Holy  Commu- 


752 


MEZIEKES  —  MICHEL 


nion  re-stated,"  1885;  "Justin  Martyr," 
1896.  He  has  contributed  to  Dr.  Smith's 
Dictionaries  of  the  Bible  and  of  Anti- 
quities ;  to  the  Speaker's  Commentary  on 
the  Bible  edited  by  Canon  Cook  (Joel, 
Obadiah,  Ephesians),  to  the  Pulpit  Com- 
mentary (Leviticus),  to  Hodder  and 
Stoughton's  Theological  Library  ("Is 
Dogma  a  Necessity?"  1883),  to  the  National 
Churches  series  ("History  of  the  Church 
in  Spain,"  1892),  and  has  been  editor  for 
twenty-one  years  of  the  Foreign  Church 
Chronicle  and  Review.  During  the  year 
1886-87  he  was  Principal  of  Codrington 
College,  Barbados.  He  married  Marion, 
daughter  of  G.  Danvers,  in  1859.  Address  : 
Blickling  Rectory,  Aylsham,  Norfolk. 

MEZIERES,  Alfred  Jean  Francois, 

French  writer  and  politician,  was  born  at 
Rehon,  in  the  department  of  the  Moselle, 
Nov.  19,  1826,  and  is  the  son  of  Professor 
Louis  M&ieres,  who  died  in  1872.  He 
was  educated  at  the  College  _of  Metz,  and 
at  Sainte  Barbe,  at  Paris,  and  entered  the 
Ecole  Normale  in  1845.  In  1850  he  went 
to  Athens,  and  on  his  return  became  a 
Professor  in  the  Lyci^e  of  Toulouse  in 
1853,  in  which  year  he  took  his  degree 
of  Docteur  es  lettres.  In  1854  he  became 
Professor  of  Foreign  Literature  at  Nancy, 
from  which  he  was  promoted  to  a  similar 
post  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1861.  He  repre- 
sented the  University  of  France  at  the 
Jubilee  of  Shakespeare  in  1864,  and  of 
that  of  Dante  in  the  next  year.  During 
the  Revolution  of  1845  he  had  taken  part 
in  the  repression  of  the  rebels,  and  had 
been  aide-de-camp  to  General  Brea ;  and 
in  the  Franco-Prussian  "War  he  served  in 
a  marching  regiment.  In  1874  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy, 
in  succession  to  Saint  Marc  Girardin.  In 
1881  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  for  the  department  of  the 
Meurthe-et-Moselle.  As  a  politician,  his 
chief  work  was  to  advise  the  Government 
concerning  International  Conventions  on 
Literary  and  Artistic  property.  His  chief 
works  are  :  "Etude  sur  les  QEuvres  Politi- 
ques  de  Paul  Paruta,"  1853  ;  "  Shakespeare, 
ses  CEuvres  et  ses  Critiques,"  1861,  which 
was  crowned  by  the  French  Academy ; 
"  Predecesseurs  et  Contemporains  de 
Shakespeare,"  1864;  "Dante  et  l'ltalie 
Nouvelle,"  1865 ;  "  Pdtrarque,"  1867 ; 
"  Goethe,  les  (Euvres  expliquees  par  la 
Vie,"  1872-73;  and  "Vie  de  Mirabeau," 
1891.  He  is  also  a  collaborator  of  the 
Temps  and  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. 
He  was  promoted  an  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1877.  His  Paris  address  is 
4  Rue  Cambon. 

MIALL,  Louis  C,  F.R.S.,  Professor 
of  Biology  in  the  Yorkshire  College,  was 


born  at  Bradford  in  1842,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  J.  G.  Miall,  who  died  in  1896, 
and  was  one  of  the  oldest  Nonconformist 
ministers  in  England.  He  was  appointed 
in  1871  Curator  and  Secretary  to  the  Leeds 
Philosophical  and  Literary  Society,  and  in 
1876  became  Professor  of  Biology  in  the 
Yorkshire  College.  He  has  written  many 
memoirs  and  papers  on  Anatomy  and 
Palaeontology  ;  among  others  :  "  Reports 
on  Labyrinthodonts "  (British  Assoc. ), 
1873-74,  "Anatomy  of  the  Elephant," 
with  F.  Greenwood,  1878;  "Anatomy, 
&c,  of  the  Cockroach,"  with  Prof.  Denny, 
1886.  He  has  also  published  many  papers 
on  Insect  Anatomy,  and  is  author  of  "  Ob- 
ject Lessons  from  Nature,"  "Natural 
History  of  Aquatic  Insects,"  "  Round  the 
Year,"  "Thirty  Years  of  Teaching,"  and 
various  educational  articles  dealing  espe- 
cially with  elementary  science.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Royal  Society  in  1892,  and 
is  Examiner  in  Biology  and  Zoology  to  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  In  1897  be 
was  President  of  the  Zoological  Section  of 
the  British  Association  at  Toronto.  He  is 
married  to  Emily,  daughter  of  John 
Pearce.  Address  :  Crag  Foot,  Ben  Rhyd- 
ding,  Leeds. 

MICHAEL,  Grand-Duke  Nicolaie- 

vitoh,  brother  of  the  late  Alexander  II., 
Emperor  of  Russia,  and  fourth  son  of  the 
late  Czar  Nicholas  I.,  was  born  Oct.  13 
(25),  1832.  He  is  a  General  and  Grand- 
Master  of  Artillery,  General  Aide-de-Camp 
to  the  Czar,  Governor-General  of  the 
Caucasus,  and  head  of  several  regiments 
of  artillery,  cavalry,  and  infantry.  In 
the  war  between  Russia  and  Turkey  the 
Grand-Duke  Michael  had  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army  of  the  Caucasus.  Alex- 
ander III.  afterwards  appointed  him  Pre- 
sident of  the  Council  of  State.  He 
married,  in  August  1857,  Olga-Feodorovna 
(formerly  Cecilia  Augusta),  daughter  of 
the  late  Leopold,  Grand-Duke  of  Baden. 
She  died  in  April  1891.  The  eldest  of  his 
children  is  the  Grand-Duke  Nicholas,  who 
was  born  in  1859. 

MICHEL,  Louise,  a  French  revolu- 
tionary leader,  was  born  at  Vroncourt  in 
1830,  and  first  distinguished  herself  by  her 
poetical  and  musical  talents,  which  were 
recognised  and  encouraged  by  Victor 
Hugo.  In  1860  she  opened  a  school  in 
the  Quartier  Montmartre,  Paris  ;  and  in 
1870  took  an  active  part  with  the  revolu- 
tionary Commune,  and  was  made  prisoner  ; 
and  though  she  eloquently  defended  her- 
self before  the  judges,  she  was  sentenced 
to  transportation  for  life.  On  the  amnesty 
to  political  prisoners  in  1880  she  returned 
to  Paris ;  and,  continuing  to  take  part  in 
Communist  assemblies,  she  was  re-impris- 


MICKLETHWAITE  —  MILAN 


753 


oned  in  1883,  and  again  in  1886.  She 
has  resided  in  London  for  some  years, 
speaking  regularly  in  Hyde  Park  and  at 
the  Anarchist  Club  off  Tottenham  Court 
Eoad,  where  she  can  always  be  heard. 
She  is  regarded  now  as  the  leader  of  the 
small  party  of  English  Anarchists,  and 
invariably  uses  opportunities  of  preaching 
her  gospel  on  the  occasion  of  any  public 
demonstration  in  the  Parks  or  Trafalgar 
Square.  A  forcible,  eloquent,  and  striking- 
speaker,  she  has  also  published  her 
"  Memoirs,"  and  written  a  novel  with  the 
essentially  characteristic  title  of  "  The 
Microbes  of  Society." 

MICKLETHWAITE,  T.,  born  at 
Wakefield  in  1843,  of  an  old  Yorkshire 
family  long  settled  at  Hopton,  near  Mir- 
field,  was  educated  privately  and  at  King's 
College,  London.  He  was  articled  to  the 
late  Sir  Gilbert  Scott  in  1862,  and  com- 
menced practice  in  1869  with  Mr.  James 
Clarke,  a  fellow-pupil,  and  since  then  he 
has  been  largely  employed,  chiefly  upon 
church  work  and  on  private  houses.  In 
1898  he  was  appointed  Architect  to  West- 
minster Abbey.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1870, 
served  on  the  Council  first  in  1880,  and 
is  now  Vice-President.  He  is  author 
of  "Modern  Parish  Churches,  their  Plan, 
Design,  and  Furniture,"  1874 ;  and  of 
many  papers  on  archaeological  and  anti- 
quarian subjects  printed  in  Archceologia, 
the  Archceological  Journal,  and  elsewhere. 
Address  :  15  Dean's  Yard,  Westminster, 
S.W. 

MIDLETON,  Viscount,  William 
Brodrick,  D.L.,  J.  P.,  eldest  son  of  the 
Rev.  William  John  Brodrick,  Dean  of 
Exeter,  and  afterwards  7th  Viscount 
Midleton,  and  his  second  wife  Harriet, 
daughter  of  the  fourth  Viscount  Midleton, 
was  born  at  Castle  Rising,  Norfolk,  Jan. 
6,  1830,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
B.A.  degree  in  1851,  and  M.A.  1857.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1855,  and  was  re- 
turned as  member  for  Mid-Surrey  in  1868. 
He  was  High  Steward  of  Kingston-on- 
Thames,  1874-93,  and  is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for 
Surrey,  and  J.P.  for  Cork.  In  1876  he 
served  on  the  Royal  Commission  to  inquire 
into  Noxious  Gases,  and  in  1878  on  the 
Commission  of  the  Sale  and  Exchange  of 
Livings.  Lord  Midleton  has  for  many 
years  been  known  as  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Conservative  party  in  the  House  of 
Lords  and  was  appointed  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  Surrey  in  1896.  He  married,  in  1853, 
Augusta,  third  daughter  of  the  1st  Baron 
Cottesloe  in  1853.  Addresses  :  Peper 
Harow,  Godalming  ;  18  Eaton  Square, 
S.W. ;  The  Grange,  Midleton,  Ireland. 


MIEBS,  Henry  Alexander,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S.,  Waynflete  Pro- 
fessor of  Mineralogy  in  the  University  of 
Oxford,  was  born  May  25,  1858,  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  being  the  son  of  Francis  Charles 
Miers,  C.E.,  and  Susan  Mary,  nee.  Fry. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  College,  where 
he  was  a  King's  Scholar  from  1872  to  1877, 
and  Geographical  Society's  Gold  Medal- 
list in  1875  ;  and  at  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford, of  which  foundation  he  was  a 
Classical  Scholar  from  1877  to  1881. 
After  serving  as  a  first-class  assistant  in 
the  Mineral  Department  of  the  British 
Museum  from  1882  to  1895  ;  and  as  In- 
structor in  Crystallography  in  the  Central 
Technical  College,  S.  Kensington,  1886- 
95  ;  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Minera- 
logy in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and 
Fellow  of  Magdalen  College  in  December 
1895.  He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1896  ;  he  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Mineralogical  Society,  of  the  Society 
of  Arts,  of  the  Mineralogical  Society  of 
France,  and  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
Sweden.  He  is  editor  of  the  Mineralogical 
Magazine  ;  Recorder  of  the  Geological  Sec- 
tion of  the  British  Association  ;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Council  of  the  Geological  Society. 
He  has  published  numerous  memoirs  and 
articles  on  mineralogical  subjects,  and, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  R.  Crosskey,  a 
small  book  on  "  The  Soil  in  Relation  to 
Health."  Address  :  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford. 

MILAN  (OBRENOVITCH)  I.,  ex- 
King  of  Servia,  grandson  of  Ephraim 
Obrenovitch,  brother  of  Milos,  and  conse- 
quently second  cousin  of  Prince  Michael, 
who  is  noticed  in  previous  editions  of  this 
work,  was  born  Aug.  10,  1854,  at  Jassy,  of 
a  Moldavian  mother,  who  had  married  the 
only  son  of  Prince  Ephraim.  He  was 
adopted  by  Prince  Michael,  who  had  no 
children  by  his  marriage  with  Julia 
Hunyadi,  and  was  sent  by  him,  in  1864,  to 
Paris  to  be  educated  at  the  Lycee  Louis- 
le-Grand.  The  youth's  studies  were  in- 
terrupted by  the  events  of  1868,  and  the 
assassination  of  Michael  Obrenovitch. 
Hastening  to  Servia,  he  was  proclaimed 
Prince  in  July  of  that  year,  the  govern- 
ment of  the  country  being  entrusted, 
during  his  minority,  to  a  Council  of 
Regency,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Blaznavatz, 
Ristics,  and  Garrilovics,  three  able  and 
patriotic  men,  who  continued  the  liberal 
and  reforming  policy  begun  by  Michael 
III.  Their  regency  terminated  with  the 
coronation  of  Prince  Milan  IV.  ;  but  M. 
Ristics  continued  to  possess  the  confidence 
of  the  Prince,  who  was  only  eighteen  years 
of  age  when  he  was  crowned  in  Belgrade 
cathedral,  Aug.  22,  1872.  On  Jan.  12, 
1876,  Prince  Milan  issued  a  proclamation 

3b 


754 


MILES 


stating  that  "  the  insurrection  in  the 
Turkish  provinces  has  found  its  way  to 
the  frontiers  of  Servia,  enclosing  the  whole 
Principality  by  an  iron  band,"  which  had 
compelled  him  "  to  place  his  people  under 
arms."  Shortly  afterwards  (June  22)  he 
sent  what  may  be  called  a  threatening 
letter  to  the  Grand  Vizier,  and  then  he 
formally  proclaimed  (June  30)  that  he 
intended  to  join  his  arms  to  those  of 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  in  order  to  secure 
the  liberation  of  the  Slavonic  Christians 
from  the  yoke  of  the  Porte.  On  July  2,  a 
joint  declaration  of  war  was  sent  by  the 
Prince  of  Servia  and  the  Hospodar  of 
Montenegro  to  the  Turkish  Government, 
their  troops  crossing  the  frontier  at  the 
same  time.  The  Prince  departed  from 
Belgrade  (July  21)  to  assume  the  command 
of  the  Servian  troops  in  the  field  ;  but  he 
soon  returned  to  his  capital  (August 
12),  and  appointed  the  Russian  general, 
Tchernayeff,  to  the  command  of  the 
Servian  forces.  On  September  1,  an  im- 
portant battle  under  the  walls  of  Alexinatz 
resulted  in  the  complete  defeat  of  the 
Servian  army.  The  Great  Powers  then 
interposed,  but  the  negotiations  for  the 
suspension  of  hostilities  were  delayed  by 
an  ill-advised  step  which  Prince  Milan,  at 
the  instigation  of  General  Tchernayeff, 
was  induced  to  take.  On  September  16  he 
was  proclaimed  King  of  Servia  at  Deligrad, 
although  upon  the  general  expression  of 
disapproval  which  followed,  his  Highness 
appeared  disposed  to  disclaim  any  active 
share  in  the  performance.  War  broke  out 
again,  and  the  Servian  army,  though 
largely  reinforced  by  Russian  volunteers — 
men  as  well  as  officers — was  ignominiously 
beaten.  On  Oct.  31,  the  Turks  captured 
the  town  of  Alexinatz,  and  on  the  follow- 
ing day  Deligrad  was  captured,  thus 
leaving  the  road  to  Belgrade  completely 
open.  A  peace  was  then  concluded  be- 
tween Turkey  and  Servia  on  favourable 
terms  to  the  latter.  When,  however, 
Russia  made  war  upon  Turkey,  Prince 
Milan  saw  an  opportunity  of  gaining  com- 
plete independence,  and  a  proclamation  of 
the  Servian  Government,  dated  Dec.  14, 
1877,  made  known  that  the  Servian  army 
was  immediately  to  cross  the  Turkish 
frontier,  which  they  did  on  the  following 
day,  under  the  command  of  Generals 
Lesjanin  and  Benitzki.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  the  independence  of  Servia  was 
recognised,  and  its  boundaries  defined  by 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin  (July  13,  1878). 
Prince  Milan  married,  Oct.  17,  1875, 
Natalie,  daughter  of  the  late  Russian 
Colonel-  Keschko,  by  his  wife  Pulcheria, 
Princess  of  Stourdza.  Servia  was  pro- 
claimed a  kingdom  under  King  Milan  I., 
on  March  6,  1882.  On  October  23,  in  that 
year,  as  the  King  and  Queen  were  entering 


the  cathedral  of  Belgrade,  Madame  Marko- 
vitch,  widow  of  Lieut. -colonel  Markovitch, 
who  had  been  shot  for  a  dynastic  con- 
spiracy five  years  previously,  fired  at  his 
Majesty,  missing  him  and  wounding  in 
the  thigh  a  woman  who  was  looking  on. 
The  attempted  assassination  took  place 
just  after  the  King's  return  from  Rustchuk, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  visit  Prince  Alex- 
ander of  Bulgaria.  Unfortunately  this 
friendly  intercourse  did  not,  in  1885,  pre- 
vent King  Milan  declaring  war  upon 
Prince  Alexander,  on  the  ground  of  the 
unlawful  union  of  Bulgaria  and  Eastern 
Roumelia.  His  army  had  some  success  at 
first,  but  within  a  fortnight  was  driven 
back,  defeated  and  crushed,  within  the 
Servian  frontier.  Prince  Alexander  be- 
haved like  a  hero  ;  but  it  is  not  known 
that  King  Milan  ever  exposed  himself 
under  fire.  King  Milan  has  a  son,  the 
Crown  Prince  Alexander,  born  Oct.  14, 
1876,  in  whose  favour  he  abdicated  on 
March  6,  1889,  in  consequence  of  the 
troubles  arising  out  of  his  quarrel  with  his 
Queen  Natalie.  In  January  1893  the  news 
that  he  had  become  reconciled  to  Queen 
Natalie  caused  much  rejoicing  in  Servia. 
The  young  King  of  Servia  recalled  ex-King 
Milan  to  Belgrade  in  January  1894,  to  aid 
him  govern  his  subjects,  who,  during  the 
whole  of  that  year,  were  torn  by  political 
dissensions.  Milan,  despite  his  promises 
to  the  contrary,  arrived  at  Belgrade  on 
January  21.  In  March  the  decree  of 
divorce  between  the  ex-King  and  Queen 
was  annulled,  and  in  April  Alexander  re- 
stored his  father  and  mother,  by  royal 
ukase,  to  their  constitutional  rights  as 
members  of  the  royal  house.  The  Court 
of  Cassation,  on  May  17,  declared  this 
ukase  null  and  void,  but  on  May  21  the 
Court  itself  was  done  away  with,  and  the 
Constitution  of  1888  suspended  in  favour 
of  that  of  1869. 

MILES,  Major-General  Nelson 
Appleton,  American  soldier,  was  born  at 
Westminster,  Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1839.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic  education,  and  was 
engaged  in  business  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out.  Entering  the  army  as  a 
lieutenant  of  volunteers,  he  rose  to  the 
full  rank  of  Major-General  of  Volunteers 
during  its  progress,  and  at  its  close  was 
made  a  Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  1866. 
In  1867  he  was  breveted  Brigadier- 
General  and  Major-General  for  gallantry 
shown  on  battle-fields  during  the  war. 
Since  the  close  of  the  war  he  has  been 
stationed  chiefly  in  the  West,  where  he 
has  been  engaged  in  a  number  of  conflicts 
with  the  Indians.  He  received  the  full 
rank  of  Brigadier-General  in  1880,  and 
on  the  death  of  General  Crook  in  1890, 
was  made  a  Major-General  in  the  regular 


MILLER  — MILLS 


755 


army,  now  the  highest  grade  in  the  Ameri- 
can service.  He  is  at  present  (1898)  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Army  of  the  United 
States,  and  accompanied  the  forces  which 
invaded  the  island  of  Porto  Eico  in  the 
war  with  Spain  in  the  summer  of  1S98. 

MILLER,  "  Joaquin,"  a  Scottish- 
American  poet,  whose  real  name  is  Cin- 
cinnatus  Heine  Miller,  was  born  in 
Indiana,  Nov.  10,  1842.  When  he  was 
ten  years  old  his  father  emigrated  to 
Oregon,  whence  the  boy  went  three  years 
later  to  try  his  fortune  in  California. 
After  a  wandering  life  of  seven  years,  he 
returned  home  and  entered  a  lawyer's 
office  at  Eugene,  Oregon,  having  been 
twice  severely  wounded  in  the  Indian 
wars.  The  next  year  he  was  an  express 
messenger  in  the  gold-mining  districts  of 
Idaho,  which  he  left  to  take  charge  of  the 
Democratic  Register,  a  weekly  newspaper 
at  Eugene.  In  1863  he  opened  a  law  office 
in  Canon  City,  Oregon.  Hostile  Indians 
invested  the  new  city,  and  he  led  an  ex- 
pedition against  them  into  their  own 
country ;  but  after  a  long  and  bloody 
campaign,  he  was  finally  beaten  back, 
leaving  his  dead  on  the  field.  From  1860 
to  1870  he  served  as  county  judge  of 
Grant  County,  and  during  this  time  began 
to  write  his  poems.  He  published  first  a 
collection  in  paper  covers  called  "Speci- 
mens," and  next  a  volume  with  the  title 
"Joaquin  et  al."  In  1870  he  went  to 
London,  where  he  published  in  the  follow- 
ing year  his  "  Songs  of  the  Sierras,"  and 
"  Pacific  Poems."  In  1873  appeared 
"  Songs  of  the  Sun  Lands,"  and  a  prose 
volume  entitled  "  Life  among  the  Modocs  : 
Unwritten  History."  His  later  works  are 
"The  Ship  in  the  Desert,"  1875:  "First 
Fam'Iies  in  the  Sierras,"  1875  (republished 
in  1881  under  the  title  of  "  The  Danites  in 
the  Sierras  ")  ;  "  The  One  Fair  Woman," 
1876;  "Baroness  of  N.Y.,"  1877  ;  "Songs 
of  Far-Away  Lands,"  1878  ;  "  Songs 
of  Italy,"  1878;  "Shadows  of  Shasta," 
1881;  "Memorie  and  Rime,"  1884;  and 
"  Forty-Nine."  He  is  the  author  of  several 
plays,  mostly  dramatisations  of  his  own 
works ;  among  which  "  The  Danites," 
"The  Silent  Man,"  "  Mexico,"  "  '49,"  and 
"Tally  Ho!"  are  more  or  less  popular. 
He  went  to  Klondyke  in  1897,  and  has 
established  a  Utopian  social  community 
on  his  estate. 

MILLEVOYE,  Lucien,  French 
journalist  and  politician,  was  born  at 
Grenoble  in  1850.  His  grandfather  was 
the  author  of  the  "Chute  des  Feuilles," 
and  his  father  was  a  legal  luminary  of 
Lyons.  He  was  educated  for  the  Law,  and 
served  in  the  magistrature  from  1877  to 
1880.     He  then  took  to  journalism,  making 


foreign  politics  his  speciality  ;  but  it  was 
not  till  the  rise  of  Boulangism  that  he 
became  at  all  well  known.  He  became 
one  of  General  Boulanger's  most  devoted 
adherents,  speaking  and  writing  with  equal 
vigour  on  his  side.  In  the  1889  election 
at  Amiens  he  defeated  the  ex-Premier,  M. 
Goblet,  and  remained  a  Boulangist  after 
the  death  of  his  chief.  He  is  well  known 
in  the  Chamber  as  one  of  the  most  vigor- 
ous movers  of  "  interpellations  "  against 
whatever  Government  happens  to  be  in 
power.  During  the  Panama  scandals  he 
was  specially  violent  against  the  directors. 
He  is  particularly  hostile  to  Great  Britain 
in  all  his  political  articles,  which  are  of 
an  extreme  Chauvinistic  tone,  and  were 
noticeable  during  the  Fashoda  imbroglio 
of  1898.  His  Paris  address  is  10  Avenue 
Bugeaud. 

MILLS,  Professor  Edmund  James, 

D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,son  of  Charles 
Frederick  and  Mary  Anne  Mills,  and  a 
lineal  descendant  of  the  Osmonds  of  Low- 
mandale  (Uplowman,  Devonshire),  was 
born  in  London,  on  Dec.  8,  1840.  When 
he  was  a  year  old  his  parents  removed  to 
Cheltenham,  and  it  was  at  the  ancient 
Grammar  School  of  that  town  that  he  re- 
ceived his  early  education,  which  was 
partly  classical  and  partly  scientific  in 
character.  It  was  doubtless  at  this  school 
that  he  imbibed  his  strong  predilection  for 
ehemistry.  In  1858  he  was  elected  to  a 
provincial  scholarship  at  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines,  London,  where  he  studied  his 
favourite  science  under  the  late  Prof.  A. 
W.  von  Hofmann.  In  due  course  (1861) 
he  took  the  Technical  Diploma  of  the 
School.  In  the  same  year  he  became 
assistant  to  the  late  Dr.  John  Stenhouse, 
F.R.S.,  for  whom  he  conducted  various  in- 
vestigations in  connection  with  organic 
chemistry.  He  was  appointed  in  the 
following  year  to  the  newly-established 
chemical  tutorship  at  Glasgow  University, 
and  remained  there  about  three  years, 
teaching  and  investigating.  On  his  return 
to  London  he  held  an  assistantship  in  the 
Laboratory  of  University  College,  1866. 
He  next  accepted,  1867,  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  private  laboratory  of  the 
late  Sir  Charles  Taylor,  Bart.,  where  he 
remained  seven  years,  busy  with  prepara- 
tions and  original  investigations.  In  1875 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Technical 
Chemistry  founded  in  connection  with  the 
then  Anderson's  University,  Glasgow,  by 
the  late  Mr.  James  Young,  F.R.S.,  of 
Kelly  ;  this  position  he  still  retains.  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.Sc.  (first  division) 
Lond.  in  1863,  and  D.Sc.  in  1865.  At  one 
time  he  held  the  post  of  Assistant  Chemi- 
cal Examiner  in  the  London  University. 
He  was  elected  F.C.S.  in  1862  ;  F.R.S.  in 


756 


MILNE 


1874 ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Chemistry  and  of  the  Physical 
Society  of  London  ;  and  is  a  Member  of 
the  Athenaeum  Club.  Dr.  Mills  is  the 
author  of  a  long  series  of  original  memoirs, 
the  first  of  which  was  published  in  1860. 
Their  general  drift  has  been  towards  the 
dynamical,  rather  than  the  material,  aspect 
of  chemistry  ;  and  in  putting  to  one  side 
the  atomic  theory,  he  has  deliberately 
adopted  a  position  among  the  minority  of 
living  scientists.  Of  his  leading  memoirs 
may  be  mentioned  a  group  upon  Nitror 
compounds,  and  another  relating  to  Statical 
and  Dynamical  Ideas  in  Chemistry ;  an 
investigation  of  Electrostrictionand  Chemi- 
cal Repulsion,  of  the  fundamental  pheno- 
mena of  which  he  has  been  the  discoverer  ; 
a  theory  of  boiling-point  and  melting-point 
which  has  led  to  very  simple  and  accurate 
mathematical  expressions  connecting  these 
phenomena  with  chemical  composition ; 
and  a  theory,  equally  simple  in  character, 
of  the  formation  and  numerics  of  the  ele- 
mentary bodies.  As  a  chemical  technolo- 
gist he  has  also  published  a  variety  of 
researches  clearing  up  doubtful  issues, 
adducing  new  points  of  view,  and,  in 
general,  demonstrating  that  chemical 
technology  is  a  science  of  measurement. 
"Destructive  Distillation,"  a  little  book 
first  published  in  1877,  is  now,  in  its  fourth 
edition;  "Fuel  and  its  Applications"  (of 
which  Mr.  F.  J.  Rowan  is  joint-author),  a 
very  exhaustive  and  copious  work,  ap- 
peared in  1889.  In  1867  Dr.  Mills  married 
Amelia,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Burnett,  of  London,  by  whom  he  had  sole 
issue  in  1869,  Edith  Mary,  who  died  in 
1884.  A  volume  of  poems  in  his  child's 
memory  appeared  in  1895.  Permanent 
address:  60  John  Street,  Glasgow;  and 
Athenaeum. 

MILNE,  John,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  Hon. 
Fellow  of  King's  College,  London,  Order 
of  the  Rising  Sun,  Japan,  &c,  was  born  in 
Liverpool  on  Dec.  30,  1850,  his  father 
being  John  Milne,  of  Milnrow,  and  his 
mother  Emma  Twycross,  daughter  of  James 
Twycross,  of  Wokingham.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Rochdale  ;  at  the  Collegiate  Col- 
lege, Liverpool ;  King's  College,  London  ; 
and  at  the  School  of  Mines.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Geological,  Geographical, 
Physical,  and  other  learned  societies  in 
England,  and  an  Honorary  or  Correspond- 
ing Member  of  several  Societies  in  Europe, 
and  in  1877  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  For  services  rendered  to 
the  Japanese  Government  in  1895  he  re- 
ceived the  Third  Class  Order  of  the  Rising 
Sun.  After  working  with  mining  en- 
gineers in  Cornwall  and  Lancashire,  Mr. 
Milne  spent  a  short  time  at  the  Mining 
•School  in  Freiberg,  from  which  he  visited 


mining  districts  in  Central  Europe.  On 
behalf  of  Cyrus  Field,  Sir  James  Anderson, 
and  others,  two  summers  were  occupied 
in  collecting  information  respecting  the 
mineral  resources  in  Newfoundland.  Lab- 
rador was  visited,  and  at  Funk  Island  Mr. 
Milne  was  successful  in  finding  and  bring- 
ing to  this  country  one  of  the  largest  collec- 
tions of  skeletons  of  the  Great  Auk  which 
have  hitherto  been  made.  In  1874  he  joined 
Dr.  Beke's  expedition  to  North-West 
Arabia,  the  objects  of  which  were  the  recti- 
fication of  certain  points  in  Biblical  geo- 
graphy, and  to  determine  the  site  of 
Mount  Sinai.  In  1875  he  was  engaged  as 
mining  engineer  and  geologist  by  the 
Japanese  Government.  After  travelling 
slowly  across  Russian  Siberia,  Mongolia, 
and  some  1000  miles  of  China,  visiting 
mines  and  other  objects  of  interest  on  the 
journey,  he  reached  Japan  in  1876.  He 
has  given  much  attention  to  the  study  of 
earthquakes  and  volcanoes,  the  outcomes 
from  which  have  been  numerous.  In 
Japan  a  Seismological  Society  was  estab- 
lished which  issued  20  volumes  in  English. 
A  chair  of  Seismology  was  founded  at  the 
Imperial  University  of  that  country,  a 
bureau  to  control  some  968  earthquake- 
observing  stations,  and  a  Government 
Committee  for  the  investigation  of  earth- 
quake and  volcanic  phenomena.  One 
practical  result  of  this  work  has  been  to 
establish  rules  and  formulae  in  connection 
with  construction,  the  objects  of  which 
are  to  mitigate  the  effects  of  earthquakes, 
and  it  is  satisfactory  to  note  that  these 
have  been  adopted  in  Japan  and  other 
countries.  It  having  been  established  that 
the  vibrations  resulting  from  a  large  earth- 
quake originating  in  any  one  portion  of 
our  globe  can  be  recorded  at  any  other 
portion  of  the  same,  Mr.  Milne,  as  a  Secre- 
tary of  a  British  Association  Committee, 
is  now  engaged  in  establishing  around  our 
globe  the  necessary  instruments  for  these 
observations.  In  the  Isle  of  Wight  he  re- 
cords about  seventy  earthquakes  per  year, 
some  of  which  have  occurred  near  Japan. 
This  novel  departure  in  seismological 
investigation  is  already  throwing  light  upon 
the  physical  character  of  the  interior  of 
our  globe.  By  it  the  foci  of  submarine  dis- 
turbances which  sometimes  interfere  with 
telegraph  cables,  are  being  located,  and 
generally  it  promises  to  add  greatly  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  globe  we  live  on.  He 
has  published :  "  Earthquakes,"  1883 ; 
"Seismology,"  1888  ;  "  The  Miner's  Hand- 
book," 1894;  "Crystallography,"  and 
about  150  papers  on  Seismology,  Geology, 
Mineralogy,  Mining  (Transactions  of  the 
Seismological  Society,  British,  Association 
Reports,  Transactions  of  the  Royal- Society). 
In  addition  to  the  countries  mentioned, 
Mr.  Milne  has  visited  Iceland,  South  of 


MILNER  —  MILVAIN 


757 


China,  the  Kuriel  Islands,  North  Corea, 
Manila,  Borneo,  the  Australian  Colonies, 
Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  and  various  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Ad- 
dress :  Shide  Hill  House,  Newport,  Isle  of 
Wight. 

MILNER,  Sir  Alfred,  G.C.M.G., 
K.C.B.,  Governor  of  Cape  Colony  and  High 
Commissioner  for  South  Africa,  is  the  only 
son  of  Charles  Milner,  M.D.,  of  Giessen, 
Germany,  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Major- 
General  Ready,  Governor  of  the  Isle  of 
Man.  He  was  born  in  1854,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  Germany,  at  King's  College, 
London,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  matriculated  in  February  1873. 
He  had  a  distinguished  scholastic  career, 
becoming  Jenkyns  Exhibitioner  in  1875, 
and  was  successively  Hertford,  Craven, 
Eldon  and  Derby  scholar.  He  obtained  a 
first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  when  he  took  his 
B.A.  degree  in  1877.  He  was  also  elected 
to  a  Fellowship  at  New  College.  After  his 
admission  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1881,  he  was  for  some  years  engaged  in 
journalistic  work,  chiefly  as  a  member 
of  the  staff  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette.  In 
1885  he  unsuccessfully  contested  the 
Harrow  Division  in  the  Liberal  interest. 
Mr.  Milner  was  appointed  Private  Secretary 
to  Mr.  Goschen,  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer in  1887,  but  relinquished  that 
appointment  in  1889  to  become  Under- 
Secretary  of  Finance  in  Egypt  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  Elwin  Palmer  who  had  been 
promoted  Financial  Adviser  to  the  Khedive 
in  the  place  of  Sir  Edgar  Vincent,  re- 
signed. Under  Lord  Cromer  he  had  oppor- 
tunity during  the  four  years  that  he  held 
the  appointment  in  Egypt  to  study  the 
methods  by  which  English  influence  has 
been  established  in  that  portion  of  Africa. 
In  1892  he  resigned  his  post  in  the  Egyp- 
tian Service,  and  upon  his  return  to 
England  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Inland  Revenue.  In  the  year 
1892  he  published  his  great  work,  "Eng- 
land in  Egypt,"  which  much  increased  his 
reputation,  and  is  admittedly  the  best  con- 
temporary book  upon  the  subject.  In 
February  1897  Sir  Alfred  Milner  was 
chosen  to  succeed  Lord  Rosmead  as 
Governor  of  the  Cape,  and  at  the  same 
time  was  created  a  G.  CM.  G.  The  appoint- 
ment was  received  with  universal  satisfac- 
tion, and  it  was  felt  that  the  judgment  and 
ability  which  Sir  Alfred  had  shown  in  the 
several  official  positions  he  had  occupied 
marked  him  as  a  man  likely  to  deal  with 
the  intricate  questions  of  South  Africa 
with  impartiality  and  success.  He  arrived 
in  Cape  Town  in  May  and  was  very  cor- 
dially received,  and  in  the  following 
August  he  made  a  Colonial  tour.  At  the 
beginning  of  June  1899  he  met  President 


Kruger  in  conference  at  Bloemfontein,  the 
chief  subjects  of  discussion  being  the  posi- 
tion of  the  Transvaal  Uitlanders. 

MILTON,  Viscount,  William 
Charles  de  Mure  "Wentworth  Fitz- 
william.  J.P.,  M.P.,  was  born  in  Canada 
in  1872,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Viscount  Milton,  M.P.,  and  Laura, 
daughter  of  the  late  Lord  Charles  Beau- 
clerk.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Subse- 
quently he  became  a  Lieutenant,  and  is 
now  Captain  in  the  4th  Battalion  of  the 
Oxfordshire  Militia  Light  Infantry.  He 
was  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Marquis  of 
Lansdowne,  Viceroy  of  India,  from  1892  to 
1 893,  and  has  travelled  extensively  in  India 
He  was  returned  as  Liberal  Unionist 
member  for  Wakefield  in  1895,  and  is  the 
youngest  member  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons then  elected.  He  hunts  his  own 
pack  of  hounds,  is  a  trustee  of  the  Ascot 
Grand  Stand  Fund,  and  takes  considerable 
interest  in  mining  engineering.  He  is 
J. P.  for  West  Yorkshire  and  co.  Wicklow, 
Lord  Milton  is  next  heir  to  Earl  Fitz- 
william.  He  married,  in  1896,  Maud 
Dundas,  daughter  of  the  Marquis  of  Zet- 
land. Addresses  :  46  Eaton  Square,  S.W.  ; 
Carnew  Castle,  Wicklow. 

MILVAIN,  Thomas,  Q.C.,  LL.M., 
Chancellor  of  the  County  Palatine  of 
Durham  and  Sudbury,  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Milvain,  North  Elswick  Hall, 
Northumberland,  was  born  on  May  4, 
1844,  and  educated  at  Durham  School  and 
at  Trinitv  Hall,  Cambridge.  He  took  his 
degree  of  LL.B.  in  1866,  and  of  LL.M.  in 
1873,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  June 

1869.  He  joined  the  Northern  Circuit  in 

1870,  and  when  that  was  divided  in  1876, 
elected  to  go  the  North -Eastern  Circuit, 
of  which  he  is  now  one  of  the  leaders. 
He  was  made  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1888. 
At  the  General  Election  of  1885  he  suc- 
ceeded in  gaining  the  representation  of 
the  City  of  Durham  in  the  Conservative 
interest,  and  was  till  the  next  General 
Election  the  only  Conservative  representa- 
tive of  the  county  in  Parliament.  He 
again  sat  for  the  same  constituency  from 
1886  till  1892,  when  he  was  defeated.  In 
1892  he  was  appointed  Recorder  of  Brad- 
ford, and  also  Chancellor  of  the  County 
Palatine  of  Durham  and  Sudbury.  While 
in  Parliament  in  1889  lie  introduced  the 
Corporal  Punishment  Bill,  which  passed 
its  second  reading  by  a  majority  of  194 
against  126,  but  owing  to  the  pressure  of 
other  business  could  not  be  further  pro- 
ceeded with.  He  was  afterwards  more 
successful  with  a  Bill  for  remedying  the 
grave  injustice  of  the  law  of  slander  in 
reference  to  imputations  on  the  chastity 


758 


MLNTO  —  MITCHELL 


of  women,  when  he  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing the  passing  of  the  Slander  of  Women 
Act,  1881.  He  seconded  the  Address  to 
the  Throne  in  1892.  He  unsuccessfully 
contested  Cockermouth  in  1895.  He  mar- 
ried Mary,  third  daughter  of  John  Hen- 
derson, Durham.  Addresses  :  3  Plowden 
Buildings,  Temple,  E.C.  ;  17  Rutland 
Gate,  S.W. ;  and  East  Bolton,  Alnwick. 

MINTO,  Earl  of,  Gilbert  John  Mur- 
ray Kynynmond  Elliot,  G.C.M.G, 
D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  July  9, 1845,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  3rd  Earl,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1891,  and  Emma,  daughter  of  General 
Sir  Thomas  Hislop,  Bart.,  G.C.B.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A. ),  and  entered  the  Scots  Guards  in 
1867,  retiring  in  1870  with  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant.  He  was  for  ten  years  Briga- 
dier-General in  command  of  the  South  of 
Scotland  Infantry  (1888-98),  and  has  had 
a  varied  and  distinguished  military 
career,  having  served  with  the  Turkish 
army  in  1877,  and  in  the  Afghan  war  in 
1879.  In  1881  he  was  Private  Secretary  to 
General  Lord  Roberts  at  the  Cape,  and 
from  1883  to  1885  Military  Secretary  to 
the  Governor-General  of  Canada,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Lansdowne.  In  the  North-West 
Canadian  Rebellion  of  1885  he  was  Chief 
of  Staff.  In  August  1898  he  was  appointed 
to  succeed  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  as 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  and  started 
to  take  up  his  new  duties  in  Novem- 
ber 1898,  when  also  he  was  created 
K.C.M.G.,  and  later  G.M.C.G.  In  April 
1899  he  received  the  honour  of  the  Hon. 
LL.D.  of  Queen's  University,  Kingston. 
He  married,  in  1883,  Mary,  daughter  of 
General  the  Hon.  Charles  Grey.  Home 
addresses  :  6  Audley  Square,  S.W.,  and 
Minto  Castle,  Hawick. 

MIRANDA,  Countess  de,  nie 
Christina  Nilsson,  is  the  daughter  of 
a  labouring  man,  and  was  born  at 
Wedersloff,  near  Wexio,  in  Sweden,  Aug. 
3,  1843.  At  an  early  age  she  evinced 
great  taste  for  music.  She  became  quite 
proficient  on  the  violin,  learned  the 
flute,  and  attended  fairs  and  other  places 
of  public  resort,  at  which  she  sang,  accom- 
panying herself  on  the  violin.  While  per- 
forming in  this  manner  at  a  fair  at 
Ljungby,  in  June  1857,  her  extraordinary 
powers  attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  P. 
G.  Tornerhjelm,  a  gentleman  of  influence, 
who  rescued  her  from  her  vagrant  life, 
and  placed  her  at  school  first  at  Halm- 
stad,  and  afterwards  at  Stockholm,  where 
she  was  instructed  by  M.  Franz  Berwald. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  at  Stock- 
holm in  1860,  went  to  Paris,  continued  her 
musical  education  under  Masset  and 
Wurtel,   and    came    out    at  the   Theatre 


Lyrique,  October  27,  as  Violetta  in  the 
"Traviata,"  with  such  success  that  she 
was  engaged  for  three  years.  She  made 
her  first  appearance  in  London  at  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre  in  1867,  proved  the 
great  operatic  attraction  at  that  estab- 
lishment during  the  season,  and  has 
since  performed  here  with  constantly  in- 
creasing success.  She  paid  a  visit  to 
the  United  States  (1870),  where,  within 
less  than  a  year,  she  is  said  to  have 
cleared  £30,000.  After  a  Transatlantic 
trip  of  two  years  she  reappeared  at  Drury 
Lane  Theatre,  May  28,  1872,  in  "  La 
Traviata."  After  this  date  she  still  occa- 
sionally made  her  appearance  for  short 
periods  at  Brussels  and  St.  Petersburg. 
She  was  married  at  Westminster  Abbey, 
Aug.  27,  1872,  to  M.  Auguste  Rouzau'd, 
the  son  of  an  eminent  French  merchant. 
He  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1882  ;  and  in 
1887  she  married,  in  Paris,  Count  A.  de 
Miranda. 

MIRBEATJ,  Octave,  French  novelist, 
was  born  at  Trevireres,  February  16,  1850, 
and  early  in  life  took  to  journalism,  be- 
coming in  1874  the  dramatic  critic  of 
L'Ordre.  After  a  short  experience  in 
administrative  life  he  returned  to  jour- 
nalism in  1877,  writing  for  the  Gaulois 
and  the  Figaro.  A  letter  that  he  wrote  to 
the  latter  in  1882,  violently  opposing  the 
decoration  of  actors,  gave  rise  to  much 
heated  discussion.  Soon  after  he  founded 
two  short-lived  newspapers,  Paris  Midi 
and  Les  Grimaces,  in  which  he  opposed  the 
Republic  with  much  violence,  imitating 
the  methods  of  Rochefort  during  the  Em- 
pire. This  led  to  his  fighting  several 
duels.  He  has  been  a  contributor  to 
nearly  all  the  higher- class  newspapers 
of  Paris,  to  which  he  contributes 
short  stories  and  artistic  criticism.  His 
letters  on  the  decoration  of  actors,  with 
M.  Coquelin's  reply,  have  been  collected 
under  the  title  of  "  Le  Comedian,"  1882. 
Other  works  of  his  are :  "  Lettres  de  ma 
Chaumiere,"  1886  ;  "  Le  Calvaire,"  1886  ; 
and  "  Sebastien  Roch,"  1890. 

MITCHELL,   Sir    Charles    Bullen 

Hugh,  G.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  the  Straits 
Settlements,  High  Commissioner  of  Borneo 
and  the  Malay  Peninsula,  was  born  in 
1836,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Colonel 
Hugh  Mitchell.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Naval  School,  and  entered  the  Royal 
Marines  in  1852.  During  the  Crimean 
war  he  was  attached  to  the  Baltic  Fleet, 
and  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  having 
commanded  the  rocket  detachment  at  the 
bombardment  of  Sveaborg.  He  became 
Colonial  Secretary  of  British  Honduras  in 
1868  ;  Colonial  Secretary  of  Natal  in  1877, 
acting  as  Colonial  Commandant  at  Maritz- 


MITCHELL  —  MITCHINSON 


759 


burg  during  the  Zulu  War ;  Governor  of  Fiji 
in  1886 ;  Governor  of  Natal  in  1889  ;  and 
was  appointed  to  his  present  post  in  1893. 
Address  :  Government  House,  Singapore. 

MITCHELL,  Donald  Grant,  LL.D., 

was  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  in 
April  1822.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1841,  travelled  in  Europe,  and  in  1847 
published  "  Fresh  Gleanings,  or  a  New- 
Sheaf  from  the  Old  Fields  of  Continental 
Europe,"  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Ik 
Marvel."  In  1848  he  was  again  in  Europe, 
and  wrote,  under  his  former  pseudonym, 
'•The  Battle  Summer,"  1849.  Eeturning 
to  New  York,  he  published,  anonymously, 
"The  Lorgnette,"  a  series  of  satirical 
sketches  of  society,  1850.  In  the  same 
year  appeared  "The  Reveries  of  a  Bache- 
lor," followed  in  1851  by  "Dream  Life." 
In  1853  he  was  appointed  United  States 
Consul  at  Venice.  Returning  to  America 
in  1855,  he  purchased  a  farm,  known  as 
Edgewood,  near  Newhaven,  Connecticut, 
where  he  now  resides.  In  1873  he  was 
United  States  Commissioner  at  the  Paris 
Exposition.  He  has  published  :  "My  Farm 
of  Edgewood,"  1863  ;  "Wet  Days  at  Edge- 
wood,"  1864;  "Seven  Stories  with  Base- 
ment and  Attic,"  1864;  "Dr.  Johns," 
1866  ;  "  Rural  Studies,"  1867  (subsequently 
issued  under  the  title  of  "Out  of  Town 
Places");  "About  old  Story -Tellers," 
1878;  "Bound  Together,"  1885;  and  in 
1889-90  two  volumes  of  "English  Lands, 
Letters,  and  Kings."  In  1895  a  third 
volume  was  published,  and  in  1897  a  fourth 
on  the  same  lines  and  under  the  same 
title.  He  has  also  edited  (1883)  an  ela- 
borate genealogical  "Woodbridge  Record." 
He  has  been  one  of  the  Council  of  the 
Yale  School  of  Fine  Arts  since  1865, 
and  has  lectured  there  and  elsewhere  on 
literary  and  art  topics.  With  strong  rural 
tastes  (illustrated  by  many  of  his  books), 
he  has  been  associated  in  an  advisory  way 
with  the  laying  out  of  many  public  parks 
and  grounds  in  Newhaven  and  other  places. 

MITCHELL,  The  Hon.  Peter,  Ca- 
nadian statesman,  was  born  Jan.  4,  1824, 
at  Newcastle,  New  Brunswick,  and  was 
educated  at  the  same  place.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in  1848,  and  in  1856  was 
elected  a  representative  for  his  native 
county  to  serve  in  the  Provincial  Parlia- 
ment. After  serving  for  five  years  he  was 
appointed  Life  Member  of  the  Legislative 
Council,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Government  of  New  Brunswick  from 
1858  till  1865,  when  his  Government  was 
defeated  on  the  question  of  the  confedera- 
tion of  the  British  American  provinces. 
He  was  three  times  appointed  delegate  to 
Canada  and  England,  with  the  view  of 
obtaining  the  construction  of   the  inter- 


colonial railway  from  Halifax  to  Quebec, 
and  the  confederation  of  the  provinces. 
In  1865  he  formed,  in  connection  with  the 
Hon.  R.  D.  Wilmot,  an  administration  to 
test  the  province  on  confederation,  and 
was  appointed  President  of  the  Executive 
Committee.  Having  dissolved,  they  were 
sustained  by  a  majority  of  thirty-three 
to  eight,  and  confederation  was  carried. 
Mr.  Mitchell,  who  was  an  ardent  advocate 
of  union,  did  much  by  his  writings  and 
speeches  in  and  out  of  Parliament  to  pro- 
mote British  connection.  On  the  organi- 
sation of  the  Dominion  Government  in 
July  1S67,  Mr.  Mitchell  was  called  to  the 
Cabinet  as  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries, which  post  he  held  until  the  resig- 
nation of  the  Macdonald  administration 
in  1873.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
settlement  of  the  Fisheries  dispute  be- 
tween the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  in  1878, 
and,  later,  gave  important  aid  in  opera- 
tions connected  with  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway.  From  1882  to  1891  he  was  a 
representative  in  the  Dominion  Parliament 
for  Northumberland  County,  New  Bruns- 
wick. In  1897  he  was  appointed  Inspector 
of  Fisheries  for  the  Atlantic  Provinces. 
He  bought  the  Montreal  Herald  in  1885, 
and  is  now  President  of  the  Herald  Pub- 
lishing Company.  In  1870  he  published 
"A  Review  of  President  Grant's  Message 
to  the  United  States  Congress  relative  to 
the  Canadian  Fisheries." 

MITCHINSON,  The  Right  Rev. 
John,  D.C.L.,  Master  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  son  of  the  late  John  Mitchinson, 
a  master-mariner  trading  with  the  East 
Indies,  and  Louisa,  his  wife  (who  died 
in  1896,  in  her  97th  year),  was  born 
Sept.  23,  1833,  and  was  educated  at  Dur- 
ham School,  whence,  in  December  1850, 
he  was  elected  to  a  scholarship  at  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford.  There  he  obtained 
a  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations  in 
1853,  a  first  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1854,  and  a 
first  in  Natural  Science  in  1855,  when  he 
graduated  B.A.,  proceeding  in  due  course 
to  M.A.,  which  he  commuted  for  B.C. L. , 
and  proceeded  D.C.L.  in  1864.  On  gradu- 
ating B.A.  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  his 
College,  and  held  the  fellowship  till  he 
was  presented  in  1881  to  the  Rectory  of 
Sibstone,  in  Leicestershire  ;  he  was  made 
an  Honorary  Fellow  in  1883.  After  resid- 
ing as  I'ellow  for  a  short  time  he  became 
an  assistant-master  in  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  and  was  in  1858  ordained  deacon 
by  Bishop  Tait  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
and  licensed  to  the  curacy  of  St.  Philip's, 
Clerkenwell.  In  1859  he  was  appointed 
head-master  of  the  King's  School,  Canter- 
bury, and  was  ordained  priest  by  the 
Archbishop    (Sumner)    of    Canterbury  in 


760 


MITTAG-LEFFLER  —  MIVART 


1860.  While  thus  employed,  he  was  called 
up  to  take  occasional  sermons  in  his  uni- 
versity, was  select  preacher  in  1872,  and 
again  in  1892-93  (this  course  of  sermons 
being  published) ;  he  preached  the  Rams- 
den  Sermon  at  Cambridge  in  1883.  Also 
while  head-master  of  Canterbury  he  acted 
twice  as  Examiner  in  Arts  at  Durham 
University,  and  subsequently  in  1888  ex- 
amined for  the  L.Th.  He  was  appointed 
an  Hon.  Canon  of  Canterbury  by  Arch- 
bishop Tait  in  1871,  and  still  holds  his 
stall  there.  In  1873  he  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Barbados,  and  subsequently  the 
Windward  Islands  were  grouped  into  a 
diocese  under  his  care  ;  also  from  1879  to 
1882  he  was  coadjutor  to  the  aged  Bishop 
of  Antigua,  so  that  he  had  the  whole  of 
the  Lesser  Antilles  under  his  episcopal 
charge.  Hence  he  was  recalled  to  England 
to  be  Rector  of  Sibstone,  and  assistant  to 
Bishop  Magee  of  Peterborough,  and  in  this 
capacity  he  acted  under  his  successors. 
He  is  also  Archdeacon  of  Leicester,  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  College  of  SS.  Mary  and 
John  of  Lichfield.  He  was  elected  Master 
of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  in  February 
1899.  Bishop  Mitehinson  has  written  a 
good  deal  of  simple  congregational  music 
for  village  churches.  Address  :  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford. 

MITTAG-LEFFLER,  Magnus  Gus- 

taf,  F.R.S.,  Swedish  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Stockholm,  March  16,  1846,  and 
studied  at  Upsala  from  1865  to  1871 ;  at 
Paris,  under  Charles  Hermite,  1873-74 ; 
at  Gbttingen,  under  Schering,  1874-75  ; 
and  at  Berlin,  under  Weierstrass,  1875-76. 
In  1872  he  passed  his  examination  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  at  Upsala.  He  is 
also  an  Honorary  Doctor  of  Mathematics 
of  Bologna  (1888),  and  an  Honorary  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  (1894).  He  now  holds  the  posi- 
tion of  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the 
University  of  Stockholm,  and  is  the  editor- 
in-chief  of  the  Acta  Mathematica.  This 
post  he  has  held  since  1S81 ;  previously 
he  was  teacher  of  mathematics  at  Upsala, 
1872 ;  and  professor  at  Helsingfors,  1877. 
He  has  written  a  quantity  of  mathematical 
dissertations,  most  of  which  have  been 
printed  in  the  Swedish,  German,  or  French 
mathematical  journals.  He  is  a  member  of 
nearly  all  the  learned  societies  of  Europe, 
including  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Cambridge,  1884  ;  the  London  Mathemati- 
cal Society,  1892 ;  British  Association, 
1894;  Royal  Society,  1896;  and  Socie'tc 
Math(5matique  de  France,  1873.  He  came 
to  England  in  May  1899  to  attend  the 
centenary  meeting  of  the  Royal  Institution. 
Address:  Djursholm,  Stockholm. 

MIVART,    Professor    St.    George, 
Ph.D.    Rome,   M.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at 


61  (then  39)  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square,  London,  Nov.  30,  1827,  and  edu- 
cated at  Clapham  Grammar  School,  Har- 
row School,  King's  College,  London,  and 
finally  at  St.  Mary's  College,  Oscott,  being 
prevented  from  going  to  Oxford  (as  in- 
tended) through  having  joined  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  in  1844.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1851 ;  ap- 
pointed Lecturer  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital 
Medical  School  in  1862  ;  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1867;  Vice-Pre- 
sident of  the  Zoological  Society  in  1869 
and  1882 ;  Secretary  of  the  Linnean 
Society  in  1874-80;  and  Vice-President, 
1880  and  1892;  Professor  of  Biology  at 
University  College  in  1874 ;  created  a 
Ph.D.  Rome  in  1876,  and  M.D.  Lou- 
vain  in  1884.  Mr.  St.  George  Mivart 
is  the  author  of  various  papers  in  the  pub- 
lications of  the  Royal,  the  Linnean,  and 
the  Zoological  Societies  from  1864 :  eg., 
"  On  the  Zoology,  Anatomy,  and  Classifica- 
tion of  Apes  and  Lemurs,  especially  on  the 
Osteology  of  the  Limbs  compared  with  the 
Limbs  of  Man"  (Phil.  Trans.);  "The  My- 
ology of  the  Echidna,  Agouti,  Hyrax, 
Iguana,  and  certain  Tailed  Batrachians  " ; 
"The  Osteology  of  Birds";  "The  Sciatic 
Plexus  of  Reptiles" ;  "The  Structure  of  the 
Fins  of  Fishes,  and  the  Nature  and  Gen- 
esis of  the  Limbs  and  Limb-Girdles  of 
Vertebrate  Animals  generally " ;  "A 
Memoir  of  the  Insectivora,"  published  in 
the  Cambridge  Journal  of  Anatomy  and 
Physiology,  and  translated  in  the  Annates 
des  Sciences  Naturelles;  sundry  papers  in 
the  Popular  Science  Renew,  and  articles  in 
the  Quarterly,  Fortnightly,  Dublin,  and  Con- 
temporary, and  Nineteenth  Century  Reviews 
from  1870.  He  has  also  published  the 
following  books :  "  Genesis  of  Species," 
1871  (two  editions) )  "Lessons  in  Elemen- 
tary Anatomy,"  1872;  "Man  and  Apes," 
1873;  "Lessons  from  Nature"  and  "  Con- 
temporary Evolution,"  1876  ;  "Address  to 
the  Biological  Section  of  the  British  As- 
sociation," 1879;  "The  Cat"  (an  intro- 
duction to  the  study  of  backboned  ani- 
mals), 1881;  "Nature  and  Thought"  (an 
introduction  to  a  natural  philosophy), 
1883;  "On  Truth:  a  Systematic  Inquiry," 
and  "The  Origin  of  Human  Reason," 
1889;  "A  Monograph  of  the  Canidse," 
1890;  "Birds:  an  Introduction  to  Orni- 
thology," 1892;  "Types  of  Animal  Life," 
1893;  and  "An  Introduction  to  the  Ele- 
ments of  Science,"  from  Mathematics  to 
Metaphysics,  1894.  Mr.  St.  George  Mivart 
also  wrote  the  articles  "Apes,"  "Reptilia, 
(Anatomy),"  and  "Skeleton,"  in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica"; 
a  "  Defence  of  Freedom  and  Liberty  of 
Conscience";  and  "Examination  of  Mr. 
Herbert  Spencer's  Psychology,"  in  the 
Dublin  Review.     He  has  delivered  lectures 


MOD  JESKA  —  MOHAMED 


761 


at  the  Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's  Park, 
at  the  London  Institution,  at  Leeds,  Bir- 
mingham, Hull,  Bradford,  Bristol,  Halifax, 
Leicester,  Cardiff,  Edinburgh,  Dundee,  and 
elsewhere.  He  is  known  through  the 
"Genesis  of  Species"  as,  to  a  certain 
extent,  Mr.  Darwin's  opponent  — an  op- 
ponent who,  while  fully  asserting  evolution 
generally,  denies  that  it  is  applicable  to 
the  human  intellect,  as  also  that  "  natural 
selection  "  is  in  any  instance  its  true  cause. 
He  represents  the  formation  of  new  spe- 
cies as  mainly  due  to  one  mode  of  action 
of  that  plastic  innate  power  manifest  on 
all  hands  in  nature,  as  evidenced  by  the 
many  instances  referred  to  by  him.  The 
author  brings  strongly  forward  the  inde- 
pendent origin  of  several  structures,  in- 
sistence upon  which  is  perhaps  his  principal 
contribution  to  physical  philosophy.  In 
his  "  Origin  of  Human  Reason "  he  has 
pointed  out  the  fundamental  distinction 
between  men  and  animals,  distinctly  de- 
fining wherein  the  human  intellect  differs 
from  the  highest  psychical  actions  of 
brutes.  In  his  work  "On  Truth"  he  has 
demonstrated  what  are  the  ultimate  prin- 
ciples upon  which  all  science  must  repose. 
To  these  expositions  no  reply  has  as  yet 
been  made.  Dr.  St.  George  Mivart,  at  the 
invitation  of  the  Belgian  Episcopate,  has 
accepted  the  post  of  Professor  of  the  Philo- 
sophy of  Natural  History  in  the  University 
of  Louvain.  Address  :  77  Inverness  Ter- 
race, W. 

MODJESKA,  Helena,  actress,  was 
born  at  Cracow,  Poland,  Oct.  12,  1844,  and 
is  the  daughter  of  Michael  Opido,  a  music- 
master  of  that  town.  She  early  mani- 
fested a  desire  for  the  stage,  and  after 
her  marriage,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
with  her  guardian,  M.  Modrzejewski 
(which  she  abbreviated  on  the  playbills 
to  Modjeska),  a  beginning  was  made  with 
a  company  of  strolling  players,  in  Sep- 
tember 1861,  in  a  little  town  of  Austrian 
Poland  named  Bochnia.  She  then  played 
throughout  the  towns  of  Galicia,  and  in 
1862  was  engaged  at  Lemberg  and  later 
at  Czernowitz.  It  was  not,  however,  until 
after  her  husband's  death  in  1865,  and  her 
marriage  three  years  later  to  Count  Bozenta 
Chlapowski,  a  Polish  patriot  and  journal- 
ist, that  she  became  the  theatrical  star 
and  favourite  of  Warsaw.  During  this 
time  Alexandre  Dumas  fils  invited  her 
to  come  to  Paris  and  play  in  his  "Dame 
aux  Camelias."  About  1876,  failing  health 
and  the  Russian  censorship  induced  her 
to  leave  the  stage  and  accompany  her 
husband  to  the  United  States,  where  she 
settled  on  a  ranch  near  Los  Angeles, 
California,  hoping  to  found  there  a  colony 
for  oppressed  Poles,  one  of  whom  after- 
wards became  the  famous  novelist,  Sinkie- 


witz  (q.v.).  This  did  not  prove  so  profitable 
as  was  expected,  and  in  1877,  after  only  four 
months'  study  of  English,  she  made  her 
appearance  in  an  English  version  of  "  Ad- 
rienne  Lecouvreur"  at  a  theatre  in  San 
Francisco.  She  won  the  American  public 
immediately,  and  her  record  since  has 
been  one  of  continued  triumph.  She  has 
made  a  number  of  tours  through  the 
country,  lias  acted  several  seasons  in 
London  and  the  British  provinces,  and 
has  thrice  visited  Poland  professionally. 
Madame  Bozenta  has  appeared  in  about 
twenty-five  parts  in  America,  principally 
in  the  Shakespearian  roles  of  Beatrice, 
Imogen,  Juliet,  and  Rosalind,  and  also  as 
Mary  Stuart  and  Camille.  She  has  also 
made  adaptations  for  the  Polish  stage 
of  "As  You  Like  It"  and  "Twelfth 
Night."  Latterly,  however,  she  has  not 
been  seen  in  England. 

MOENS,    "William    John    Charles, 

the  son  of  Jacob  Bernelot  Moens,  Esq. 
(d.  1856),  of  Upper  Clapton,  Middlesex, 
was  born  Aug.  12,  1833.  He  is  a  County 
Councillor  for  Hampshire,  Lymington 
Rural  East  Division,  1889-1901,  J.P.,  and 
Commissioner  of  Income  and  Land  Taxes. 
He  is  the  author  of  "English  Travellers 
and  Italian  Brigands,"  2  vols.,  1866  ; 
"  Through  France  and  Belgium  by  River 
and  Canal  in  the  Steam  Yacht  Ytene, 
R.V.Y.C,"  1876  ;  "  Registers  of  the  Dutch 
Church,  Austin  Friars,  London,  with 
History  of  the  Strangers  in  England," 
1884,  privately  printed  ;  "  The  Walloons 
and  their  Church  at  Norwich,  their  His- 
tory and  Registers,  1565-1832,"  publica- 
tion of  the  Huguenot  Society  of  London, 
1887-88  ;  "  Hampshire  Allegations  for 
Marriage  Licences,  granted  by  the  Bishop 
of  Winchester,"  1689-1837,  2  vols.,  publica- 
tion of  the  Harleian  Society,  1893,  &c. 
Mr.  Moens  is  a  Fellow,  and  Local  Secre- 
tary for  Hampshire,  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  London  ;  Vice-President 
of  the  Huguenot  Society  of  London ; 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Harleian 
Society,  and  of  British  Record  Society  ; 
Hon.  Member  of  the  Maatschappij  der 
Nederlandsche  Letterkunde  te  Leiden  ; 
Corresponding  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Commission  pour  l'Histoire  des  Eglises 
Wallonnes  de  Hollande,  &c.  Address  : 
Tweed,  near  Lymington. 

MOHAMED  ALI  KHAN,  His  Ex- 
cellency General  Alia  -  us  -  Saltaneh, 

the  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  from  the  Shah  of  Persia, 
has  had  serious  and  valuable  diplomatic 
experience.  He  was  for  about  seven  years 
Persian  Consul-General  in  India,  and  then 
afterwards  in  the  same  capacity  for  some 
time  at  Baghdad,  whence  he  became  Gov- 


762 


MOLESWOETH 


ernor  of  Resht ;  for  the  eight  years 
previous  to  1890  he  was  Persian  Consul- 
General  at  Tiflis  (Caucasus),  the  Shah  hav- 
ing, on  this  promotion,  raised  him  to  the 
highest  rank  in  the  empire  —  namely, 
" Alla-us-Saltaneh."  Address:  30  Ennis- 
more  Gardens,  S.W. 

MOLES  WORTH,  Sir  Guildford 
Lindsey,  K.C.I.E.,  Consulting  Engineer 
to  the  Government  of  India  for  State  Hail- 
ways,  Fellow  of  the  University  of  Calcutta, 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  is  the  son  of  the 
Eev.  John  Edward  Nassau  Moleswortb, 
D.D.,  vicar  of  Rochdale,  and  was  born 
at  Millbrook,  Hants,  on  May  3,  1828.  He 
was  educated  at  King's  School,  Canter- 
bury, and  at  the  College  of  Civil  Engineers, 
Putney  ;  afterwards  he  served  an  appren- 
ticeship to  civil  engineering  under  Mr. 
Dockray  on  the  London  and  North- 
Western  Railway,  and  also  in  mechanical 
engineering  under  Sir  William  Fairbairn 
at  Manchester.  Subsequently  he  was 
employed  in  various  railway  and  other 
engineering  works  in  connection  with 
ironworks  in  South  Wales.  In  1852  he 
was  chief  assistant-engineer  on  the  Lon- 
don, Brighton,  and  South  Coast  Railway, 
which  he  left  in  order  to  superintend  the 
construction  of  buildings  and  machinery 
in  the  Royal  Arsenal  at  Woolwich  during 
the  Crimean  war.  Afterwards  he  prac- 
tised as  a  Consulting  Engineer  in  London 
for  some  years.  In  1858  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers  awarded  to  him  the 
Watt  Medal  and  the  Manby  premium, 
for  a  paper  read  before  the  Insti- 
tution on  the  subject  of  "  Conversion  of 
Wood  by  Machinery."  In  1859  he  went 
out  to  the  Ceylon  Railway  as  Mechanical 
and  Locomotive  Engineer,  and  he  was 
appointed  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Ceylon 
Government  Railway  in  1862  ;  Director- 
General  of  the  railway  in  1865  ;  Director 
of  Public  Works  in  1867  ;  and  Consulting 
Engineer  to  the  Government  of  India  in 
1871.  His  "  Pocket-Book  of  Engineering 
Formulae "  passed  through  six  editions 
in  the  first  year,  and  is  now  a  standard 
work  in  the  profession.  He  originated 
and  was  mainly  instrumental  in  intro- 
ducing the  system  of  Decimal  Coinage 
adopted  in  Ceylon.  His  services  in  the 
enemy's  country  with  the  army  in  the 
field  in  time  of  war  gained  for  him  the 
Afghan  War  Medal,  as  well  as  the  Burma 
War  Medal  and  clasp,  and  in  1881  he 
received  the  thanks  of  her  Majesty  for 
excellent  services  rendered  during  the 
Afghan  War.  He  retired  from  the  service 
of  the  Indian  Government  in  1889,  and 
represented  the  Government  of  India  as 
their  delegate  in  the  International  Mone- 


tary Conference  at  Brussels.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  publications,  amongst 
which  may  be  named  :  "Proposals  for  the 
Establishment  of  a  Decimal  Coinage  in 
Ceylon,"  1868  ;  and  in  India,  1871  ;  "  Re- 
ports on  Public  Works  in  Ceylon,"  1869  ; 
"  Light  Railways  in  Ceylon,"  1870  ;  "  Fes- 
tiniog  Railway,"  1871  ;  "  State  Railways 
in  India,"  1872;  "Gauge  of  Railways  in 
India,"  1873  ;  "  Graphic  Diagrams,"  1877  ; 
"  Metrical  Tables,"  1879  ;  "  Masonry 
Dams,"  1883;  "Madras  Harbour,"  and 
"  Iron  Manufacture  in  India,"  1884  ;  "Es- 
tablishment of  an  Engineer  Volunteer 
Corps  in  India,"  and  "Imperialism  for 
India,"  1885  ;  "  Text-book  of  Bimetallism," 
"Land  as  Property,"  "Bimetallic  Cur- 
rency," "The  Silver  Question,"  "The 
'  Abt '  System,"  and  "  Instinct  and  Reason 
in  Ants,"  1886  ;  "  Silver  and  Gold"  (Prize 
Essay),  1891  ;  and  "  Indian  Currency," 
1894.  He  was  made  Companion  of  the 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire  in  1879  ;  and 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  in  1888. 
Sir  G.  L.  Molesworth  married,  in  1854, 
Maria  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  J.  T.  Bridges. 
Esq.,  of  St.  Nicholas  Court,  Thanet,  and 
granddaughter  of  Sir  Robert  Affleck,  Bart, 
Address :  The  Manor  House,  Bexley,  Kent. 

MOLESWORTH,  Mrs.  Mary 
Louisa,  nie  Stewart,  is  of  Scottish 
parentage,  and  was  born  in  Holland  on 
May  29,  1839,  and  partly  educated  abroad. 
Her  father,  of  whom  she  was  the  eldest 
child,  was  Major-General  Stewart,  of 
Strath,  Scotland,  and  her  mother  was 
Agnes  Janet,  daughter  of  John  Wilson, 
of  Transy,  Fife.  She  has  lived  several 
years  in  France  and  Germany,  and  began 
to  write  very  young.  Her  first  works  of 
any  importance  were  four  novels  published 
under  the  name  of  Ennis  Graham.  These 
were:  "Lover  and  Husband,"  "She  was 
Young  and  He  was  Old,"  "  Cicely,"  and 
"  Not  without  Thorns."  In  1875  she  pub- 
lished her  first  book  for  children,  "  Tell 
me  a  Story."  This  was  succeeded  by 
"Carrots,"  which  attained  great  popu- 
larity, and  by  other  similar  volumes  yearly. 
Mrs.  Molesworth  has  also  published :  "Sum- 
mer Stories  for  Boys  and  Girls,"  "Four 
Ghost  Stories,"  and  "French  Life  in 
Letters."  Mrs.  Molesworth  has  also  con- 
tributed to  many  of  the  best  serials,  and 
some  of  her  serial  stories  have  since 
appeared  as  volumes,  e.g.  "  Hermy," 
"Hoodie,"  "The  Boys  and  I,"  "The 
Palace  in  the  Garden,"  "  Neighbours," 
"  Silverthorns,"  and  "  The  Third  Miss  St. 
Quentin."  The  following  novels  are  by 
Mrs.  Molesworth  :  "  Marrying  and  Giving 
in  Marriage,"  "That  Girl  in  Black,"  and 
"  Hathercourt  Rectory. "  Mrs.  Molesworth 
has  contributed  every  month  since  its  first 
appearance   to  the    Child's   Pictorial,    for 


MOLONEY  —  MONCKTON 


763 


very  little  children,  and  some  of  these 
stories  are  now  published  as  books  :  "  Five 
Minutes'  Stories,"  and  "  Twelve  Tiny 
Tales";  also  "Lettioe,"  "The  Abbey  by 
the  Sea,"  "The  Little  Old  Portrait,"  a 
story  of  the  Great  French  Revolution, 
"A  Charge  Fulfilled,"  &c.  The  chief  of 
Mrs.  Molesworth's  latest  publications 
since  1890  are:  "Mother  Bunch,"  "The 
Story  of  a  Spring  Morning,"  "  Family 
Troubles,"  "Stories  of  the  Saints  for 
Children,"  and  "An  Enchanted  Garden  " 
(fairy  stories),  1892  ;  "  Blanche  :  a  Story 
for  Girls,"  1894  ;  "  Havercourt  Rectory," 
,:TheRed  Grange,"  "Neighbours,"  "Stories 
for  Children  in  Illustration  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer,"  "  Meg  Langholme,"  "Miss  Mouse 
and  her  Boys,"  1897  ;  "  The  Laurel  Walk  " 
and  "The  Magic  Nuts,"  1898,  besides  many 
other  works  for  the  young.  Addresses  : 
Oldway  House,  Paignton,  S.  Devon  ;  and 
19  Sumner  Place,  Onslow  Square,  S.W 

MOLONEY,  Sir  Cornelius  Alfred, 

K.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  the  Windward 
Isles,  was  born  1S48,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Captain  P.  Moloney,  of  Limerick. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  and  entered  the  army 
in  1867.  He  has  held  several  colonial 
posts  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
Secretaryship  to  the  Governor  of  the 
Bahamas  (1871-73).  In  the  latter  year 
he  served  through  the  Ashanti  Cam- 
paign, afterwards  becoming  Private  Sec- 
retary to  the  Governor  of  the  Gold  Coast, 
and  holding  other  appointments  in  that 
Colony  until  1879.  He  then  acted  as 
Governor  of  Lagos,  and  from  1884  to  1886 
was  Administrator  of  the  Gambia  Settle- 
ment, afterwards  returning  to  Lagos  till 
1890.  In  1891  he  became  Governor  of 
British  Honduras,  exchanging  for  his 
present  post  in  1897.  He  has  written  a 
work  on  the  forestry  of  West  Africa. 

MOMMSEN,  Professor  Theodor, 
the  eminent  German  jurist  and  historian, 
was  born  at  Garding,  in  Schleswig,  Nov. 
30,  1817,  and  is  the  son  of  a  pastor.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Kiel,  and 
travelled  from  1844  till  1847,  examining 
Roman  inscriptions  in  France  and  Italy 
for  the  Berlin  Academy.  On  his  return 
he  wrote  numerous  articles  for  the 
Schleswig -Holstein  Journal,  which  he  con- 
ducted, and  was  made  Professor  of  Law 
at  Leipzig.  Having  been  dismissed  on 
account  of  the  part  he  took  in  political 
affairs,  he  was  made  Titular  Professor  of 
Law  at  Zurich  in  1852,  at  Breslau  in  1854, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1858.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Jurisprudence  in 
the  University  of  Leipzig.  On  June  15, 
1882,  he  was  tried  at  Berlin  for  having 
in   an    election   speech   slandered   Prince 


Bismarck,  but  was  acquitted.  The  deci- 
sion was  appealed  against,  and  on  April 
7,  1883,  the  Imperial  High  Court  of  Ap- 
peal at  Leipzig  finally  acquitted  Professor 
Mommsen  of  the  charge.  He  has  written 
numerous  learned  works,  has  edited  a 
magnificent  work  on  Latin  inscriptions, 
published  by  the  Prussian  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  a  work  on  Roman  Coins, 
and  is  best  known  in  England  by  his 
"  Earliest  Inhabitants  of  Italy,"  of  which 
a  translation  by  Robertson  appeared  in 
London  in  1858,  and  "History  of  Rome," 
translated  by  W.  P.  Dickson,  and  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1862-63.  In  1878  the 
King  of  Italy  conferred  on  him  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Maurice  and 
Lazarus.  In  1880  Professor  Mommsen's 
library  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  and  a  num- 
ber of  his  English  admirers  had  the  happy 
idea  of  presenting  him  with  a  selection  of 
classical  and  historical  books,  printed  in 
England,  to  compensate  him  for  some 
portion  of  his  loss.  On  the  occasion  of 
his  seventieth  birthday,  in  November 
1887,  a  congratulatory  address,  signed  by 
sixty-two  Dons,  was  sent  to  him  by  mem- 
bers of  the  University  of  Oxford.  Other 
works  of  his  are  :  "  The  Oscan  and  other 
Italic  Dialects,"  1845;  "Roman  Coins," 
1850 ;  "  Roman  Constitutional  Law," 
1871  ;  and  an  edition  of  Justinian's  "  Pan- 
dects," 1866-70.  In  1895  he  resigned  his 
position  as  Perpetual  Secretary  of  the 
Berlin  Academy.  Address:  Charlottenburg. 

MONACO,    Albert   Prince    of,    was 

born  in  Paris,  Nov.  13, 1848,  and  succeeded 
his  father  in  1889.  He  married  (1)  Lady 
Mary  Douglas-Hamilton  in  1869  (this  mar- 
riage was  annulled  in  1880),  and  (2)  Alice, 
Dowager-Duchesse  de  Richelieu,  in  1889. 
His  heir  is  Prince  Louis,  who  was  born  in 
1870,  and  who  is  serving  in  the  French 
army.  The  Principality  consists  mainly 
of  the  towns  of  Monaco,  Monte  Carlo,  and 
Condamine  ;  is  Italian  in  language,  but  is 
under  the  control  of  France.  The  sum  of 
£60,000  is  paid  annually  to  Prince  Albert 
for  the  concession  to  "play  "  in  the  Casino ; 
and  in  March  1896  the  Prince  granted  a 
fresh  concession  for  fifty  years  on  condi- 
tion that  his  annuity  should  be  raised  to 
£80,000.  Prince  Albert  is  interested  in 
scientific  questions,  and  has  done  some 
useful  work  in  the  way  of  deep-sea  dredg- 
ing, to  effect  which  he  has  taken  several 
long  cruises  in  his  steam  yacht. 

MONCKTON,  Sir   John  Braddick, 

F.SA.,  Town-Clerk  of  the  City  of  London, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Monckton, 
of  Maidstone,  and  was  born  in  1832.  He 
received  his  education  at  Rugby,  and  was 
afterwards  admitted  a  solicitor.  He  prac- 
tised the  law  for  a  number  of  years,  and  in 


764 


MONCKTON  —  MONCRIEFF 


1873  was  elected  Town-Clerk  of  the  City. 
He  has  been  annually  reappointed  ever 
since.  He  has  been  one  of  her  Majesty's 
Lieutenants  for  the  City  of  London,  a 
Grand  Warden  of  Freemasons  of  England, 
and  Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy  for 
London.  He  has  been  the  recipient  of 
various  foreign  decorations,  such  as  the 
Belgian  Order  of  Leopold,  the  Saviour  of 
Greece,  the  Lion  and  Sun  of  Persia,  and 
the  Golden  Lion  of  Nassau.  He  married, 
in  1858,  Maria,  daughter  of  P.  B.  Long 
(see  Monckton,  Lady).  Address :  The 
Guildhall,  E.C. 

MONCKTON,  Lady,  wife  of  Sir  John 
Braddick  Monckton,  nie  Maria  Louisa  Long, 
is  the  second  daughter  of  Peter  Bartholo- 
mew Long,  of  Ipswich,  and  Hannah  Justina, 
daughter  of  Admiral  Richard  Falkland. 
She  was  educated  at  home  and  in  Brussels 
under  Mme.  Becker,  wife  of  the  Protestant 
German  Chaplain  of  Leopold  I.  She  early 
showed  promise  as  an  amateur  actress,  and 
in  1866  appeared  on  the  stage  at  the  Hay- 
market  in  "Jim  the  Penman."  She  created 
the  part  of  Jim  the  Penman's  wife,  and 
became  famous  in  the  rflle.  Subsequently 
Lady  Monckton  played  in  "The  Red 
Lamp,"  "Captain  Swift,"  "The Crusaders," 
"  The  Idler,"  and  other  dramas.  She  was 
married  to  Sir  John  Monckton  in  1858. 
Address :  28  Montpelier  Square,  Knights- 
bridge,  S.W. 

MONCRIEFF,  Colonel  Sir  Alex- 
ander, K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  J.P.,  born  in  Scot- 
land on  April  17,  1829,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Captain  Matthew  Moncrieff  of  Cul- 
fargie,  Perthshire,  of  the  Madras  Cavalry. 
He  was  educated  at  the  High  School  and 
at  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and 
Aberdeen  ;  be  entered  the  office  of  Messrs. 
Miller  &  Grainger,  Civil  Engineers,  in 
Edinburgh,  where  he  served  his  time  as  a 
Civil  Engineer.  Colonel  Moncrieff  did  not 
follow  the  profession,  but  obtained  a  com- 
mission in  the  Forfarshire  Artillery  Militia, 
and  afterwards  in  the  Edinburgh  or  3rd 
Brigade  Scotch  Division  Royal  Artillery, 
of  which  he  rose  to  be  Colonel  Commandant. 
He  travelled  extensively  in  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  North  America,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  her  Majesty's  Government 
for  topographical  information  given  to  the 
Colonial  Office  in  London  at  the  particular 
request  of  the  Governor-General  of  Canada. 
During  the  Crimean  War  Sir  Alexander 
Moncrieff,  then  a  lieutenant  in  the  Forfar- 
shire Militia,  went  to  the  seat  of  war,  and 
received  the  permission  of  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  to  visit  the  siege  works,  and  to 
be  present  at  the  operations  as  a  Militia 
officer  during  the  first  and  second  bom- 
bardments of  Sebastopol.  It  was  then 
that  the  idea  of  the  invention  with  which 


his  name  is  associated  occurred  to  his 
mind  ;  but  it  was  some  years  before  it  was 
matured  into  a  practical  form.  It  was 
first  submitted  by  Captain  Moncrieff  to 
General  Sir  Richard  Dacres,  Commanding 
the  Royal  Artillery  in  Ireland,  at  Dublin 
in  1857,  and  it  was  some  years  more  before 
the  authorities  were  induced  to  give  it  a 
trial,  after  which  Captain  Moncrieff  was 
engaged  for  eight  years  in  the  Royal 
Arsenal  attached  to  the  Department  of 
the  Director  of  Artillery.  The  Moncrieff 
System  of  Mounting  Artillery,  or  the  pro- 
tected barbette  system,  is  sometimes  called 
the  Disappearing  System,  because  upon 
firing  the  gun  recoils  into  shelter,  out  of 
sight  of  the  enemy,  and  the  energy  of  the 
recoil  is  stored  up  so  as  to  raise  the  gun 
into  the  firing  position  when  loaded.  In 
the  first  instance  this  was  effected  by 
means  of  a  counterweight ;  and  the  inter- 
position of  a  moving  fulcrum  (then  for  the 
first  time  employed  in  practical  mechanics) 
enabled  the  sudden  impetus  of  the  dis- 
charge to  be  utilised  without  danger  to  the 
carriage.  Another  method  by  which  the 
same  end  is  accomplished,  and  which  is 
applicable  to  sea  service  and  to  many  cases 
in  which  the  direct  force  of  gravity  would 
be  unwieldy  or  unsuitable  for  application, 
is  Moncrieff's  Hydro-pneumatic  System. 
In  this  case  the  recoil  of  the  gun  drives 
down  a  piston,  which  forces  water  into  a 
vessel  of  compressed  air,  and  the  further 
compression  of  the  air  stores  up  the 
energy  of  the  recoil  to  raise  the  gun  to 
the  firing  position  when  required.  His 
system  is  now  largely  and  increasingly 
used  in  the  British  Service,  both  by  land 
and  sea ;  and  it  is  used  also  by  foreign 
Governments.  Sir  A.  Moncrieff  is  the 
author  of  a  series  of  papers,  extending 
over  twenty  years,  illustrating  and  advo- 
cating the  importance  of  invisibility, 
dispersion  of  heavy  guns,  and  the  use  of 
parapets  with  their  superior  slope  formed 
en  glacis,  which  are  the  chief  character- 
istics of  his  system,  and  which  may  be 
said  to  be  the  converse  of  the  old  system 
previously  universal,  in  which  the  guns  or 
their  embrasures  were  visible,  and  the 
works  in  which  they  stood  were  conspicu- 
ous. Sir  A.  Moncrieff  is  a  J.P.  for  Perth- 
shire, a  Member  of  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
was  created  a  C.B.  in  1880,  and  a  K.C.B. 
in  1890,  and  is  a  Knight  of  the  Imperial 
Order  of  the  Rose  of  Brazil,  which  order 
was  given  to  him  by  the  Emperor  when, 
in  one  of  his  journeys  in  search  of  scientific 
information,  he  was  made  acquainted  with 
Sir  A.  Moncrieff's  invention,  and  recog- 
nised its  originality  and  importance.  He 
married  Harriet,  only  daughter  of  James 
Rimington  Wilson,  of  Broomhead  Hall, 
Yorkshire.     Addresses  :  15  Vicarage  Gate, 


MOND 


765 


Kensington,  W. ;    Bandirran,  Perthshire  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

MOND,  Ludwig,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S., 
born  March  7,  1839,  at  Hessen-Cassel  in 
Germany,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  M. 
B.  Mond,  a  merchant  of  that  town,  and 
his  wife,  Henriette,  nie  Levinsohn,  a 
lady  of  rare  attainments,  who  greatly 
influenced  her  son's  career.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Real-School,  and  subse- 
quently at  the  Polytechnic  School  of 
his  native  town,  and  thence  proceeded 
to  Marburg,  where  he  studied  Chemistry 
under  Hermann  Kolbe,  and  afterwards  to 
Heidelberg,  where  he  became  the  pupil  of 
the  renowned  Robert  Bunseu.  After  leav- 
ing this  University  he  held  several  appoint- 
ments in  chemical  works  in  Germany. 
He  first  came  to  England  in  1862  with 
the  object  of  introducing  his  well-known 
process  for  the  recovery  of  sulphur  from 
alkali  waste,  and  became  connected  with 
Mr.  John  Hutchinson  of  Widnes,  at  whose 
works  he  worked  out  and  perfected  his 
process.  In  1864  he  returned  to  the 
Continent  to  undertake  the  erection  and 
management  of  a  Leblanc  Alkali  Works  at 
Utrecht  in  Holland.  In  1867,  shortly  after 
his  marriage  with  his  cousin,  Miss  Prida 
Loewenthal,  he  settled  definitely  in  this 
country,  and  installed  his  sulphur  recovery 
process  in  a  number  of  British  and  Foreign 
Alkali  Works.  In  the  course  of  his  travels 
he  met  early  in  1872  Mr.  Ernest  Solvay  of 
Brussels,  who  had  carried  out  successfully, 
at  Couillet  near  Charleroi,  a  new  process  of 
his  invention  for  the  manufacture  of  soda 
by  the  intervention  of  ammonia,  which 
has  since  become  famous  as  the  Solvay 
Process.  Mr.  Solvay  gave  him  the  fullest 
opportunity  to  examine  his  process,  and  Mr. 
Mond  was  so  struck  with  its  prospects, 
that  he  at  once  entered  into  an  agreement 
with  Mr.  Solvay  for  its  introduction  into 
the  United  Kingdom,  although  the  process 
was  then  only  in  its  infancy,  working  on 
a  small  scale  and  requiring  many  improve- 
ments before  it  could  be  expected  to 
supplant  the  old-established  process  of 
Leblanc.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  now 
Sir  John  T.  Brunner,  he  established  in 
1873  the  firm  of  Brunner,  Mond,  h  Co., 
and  erected  works  at  Winnington,  near 
Northwich,  in  Cheshire,  for  carrying  out 
the  Solvay  process,  which  have  grown 
until  they  have  become  the  largest  alkali 
works  in  the  world.  In  1881  this  firm  was 
converted  into  a  Limited  Liability  Co. 
of  which  Mr.  Mond  is  still  a  Managing 
Director.  The  best  years  of  his  life  he 
has  devoted  to  improving  and  perfecting 
the  process  he  had  taken  in  hand,  and  the 
amount  of  thought  and  energy  he  has 
spent  in  this  task  are  evidenced  by  the 
numerous  patents  he  has  taken  out  in  con- 


nection with  the  ammonia  soda  manufac- 
ture, and  its  by-products,  among  which 
his  process  for  the  production  of  chlorine 
from  ammonium  chloride  requires  special 
notice,  as  it  converts  the  ammonia  soda 
process  into  a  complete  cycle,  leaving  no 
waste  product  of  any  kind.  But  the 
fertility  of  his  inventive  faculty  has  been 
by  no  means  exhausted  by  his  work  in 
this  direction.  He  has  made  and  patented 
many  inventions  of  great  scientific  and 
commercial  importance  in  allied  and  other 
branches  of  applied  Chemistry.  From  ;in 
early  date  in  his  technical  career,  Mr. 
Mond's  attention  has  been  called  to  the 
great  problems  of  the  economical  con- 
sumption of  coal,  and  also  of  the  recovery 
of  ammonia  from  nitrogenous  substances. 
Since  1883  he  has  taken  out  a  number  of 
patents  for  methods  and  appliances,  which 
combine  these  two  problems  by  utilising 
the  coal  in  the  form  of  gas,  and  recovering 
at  the  same  time  the  nitrogen  contained 
in  it  in  the  form  of  ammonia.  The  results 
of  his  work  in  this  direction  formed  the 
subject  in  the  year  1889  of  his  presidential 
address  to  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry, 
which  aroused  considerable  public  interest 
at  the  time.  Since  then  Mr.  Mond  has 
effected  further  important  improvements 
in  the  solution  of  these  problems,  and  has 
given  particular  attention  to  the  use  of 
the  gas  produced  by  his  methods  for  the 
direct  production  of  power  by  means  of 
gas-engines,  and  to  the  utilisation  of  the 
large  amount  of  heat  up  to  now  lost  in  hot 
exhaust  gases  from  such  engines,  with  the 
result,  that  he  has  succeeded  in  obtaining 
fully  double  the  amount  of  power  from  a 
given  quantity  of  coal  (and  that  of  the  very 
commonest  and  cheapest)  than  it  can  yield 
by  the  use  of  the  very  best  steam-engines. 
With  the  view  of  utilising  the  gas  obtained 
by  him  from  coal  for  the  direct  production 
of  electricity,  Mr.  Mond  worked  out  in 
conjunction  with  his  assistant,  Dr.  Carl 
Langer,  a  new  form  of  gas  battery,  which 
he  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  in 
1889,  and  which  is  still  the  most  perfect 
appliance  for  solving  this  highly  important 
problem.  In  the  course  of  their  investiga- 
tions of  this  subject  Mr.  Mond  and  his 
assistants,  Dr.  Langer  and  Dr.  Quincke, 
discovered  a  new  series  of  chemical  com- 
pounds of  very  peculiar  properties  com- 
posed of  metals  and  carbon  monoxide,  now 
known  as  metallic  carbonyls,  the  chemical 
and  physical  properties  of  which  they 
submitted  to  very  full  investigations,  and 
their  results,  which  excited  great  interest 
in  scientific  circles,  were  communicated 
in  several  papers  to  the  Royal  Society, 
and  the  Chemical  Society,  and  formed  the 
subject  of  a  lecture  given  by  Mr.  Mond 
at  the  Royal  Institution  in  June  1892. 
The  further  study  of  one  of  these  com- 


766 


MONK  — MONRO 


pounds,  the  nickel-carbonyl,  has  led  Mr. 
Mond  to  devise  and  work  oat  an  entirely 
new  process  for  obtaining  nickel  from  its 
ores,  which  promises  to  revolutionise  the 
metallurgy  of  that  metal.  Mr.  Mond  is  a 
member  of  many  learned  and  scientific 
societies,  he  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  a  Vice-President  of  the  Eoyal 
Institution  and  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
Past  President  of  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry,  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry,  Member  of  the  Physical  Society, 
the  German  Chemical  Society,  &c.  He  is 
also  on  the  Council  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, and  the  British  Institute  of  Preventive 
Medicine.  The  Universities  of  Heidelberg 
and  Padua  have  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  honoris  causd.  Mr.  Mond, 
who  is  a  naturalised  British  subject,  has 
always  taken  the  warmest  interest  in  all 
efforts  for  the  advancement  of  science 
in  this  country.  To  promote  this  object 
he  has  founded,  endowed,  and  given  to 
the  Eoyal  Institution,  the  Davy  Faraday 
Research  Laboratory  in  Albemarle  Street, 
opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  Dec. 
22,  1,396,  which  is  devoted  to  scientific 
research  in  pure  and  physical  chemistry, 
and  provides  all  the  facilities  required  for 
investigations  in  these  branches  of  science 
by  a  number  of  independent  investigators. 
Mr.  Ludwig  Mond  was  elected  to  the 
Athenaeum  under  Rule  2  in  1898.  Ad- 
dresses :  The  Poplars,  20  Avenue  Road, 
Regent's  Park,  N.W.  ;  Winnington  Hall, 
near  Northwich  ;  Palazzo  Zuccari,  Rome  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

MONK,  Charles  r James,  J. P.,  D.L., 
M.P.,  was  born  on  Nov.  30,  1824,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Bishop  of  Gloucester 
and  Bristol.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  University  he  is  M.A.,  having  gradu- 
ated B.A.  with  honours  in  1847.  In  1845 
he  gained  Sir  William  Browne's  medal, 
and  was  Members'  Prizeman  for  Under- 
graduates in  1846,  and  for  B.A.s  the  year 
following.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1850,  and  was  Chancellor 
of  Bristol,  1855-85,  and  of  Gloucester, 
1859-85.  From  1881  to  1884  he  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Association  of  Chambers  of 
Commerce  of  the  United  Kingdom,  was 
appointed  a  director  of  the  Suez  Canal 
Company  in  1884,  and  is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for 
Gloucestershire.  He  stood  for  Cricklade 
in  1857,  was  returned  as  Liberal  member 
for  Gloucester  in  April  1859,  and  sat  until 
August,  when  he  was  unseated  on  petition. 
He  was  re-elected  for  Gloucester  in  1865, 
and  at  successive  Parliamentary  elections 
until  1880,  and  retired  in  1885.  He  again 
contested  Gloucester  in  1892,  and  was 
elected  for  that  borough  as  a  Liberal 
Unionist  in   1895.     It  is  to  him  that  we 


owe  the  Revenue  Officers'  Disabilities  Re- 
moval Act  of  1868,  which  gave  votes  to 
civil  servants  in  the  Post  Office,  Customs, 
and  Excise.  Addresses  :  Bedwell  Park, 
Hatfield,  Herts  ;  and  5  Buckingham  Gate, 
S.W. 

MONKS-WELL,  Lord,  Robert 
Collier,  eldest  son  of  Robert  Porrett  Col- 
lier, 1st  Baron,  who  was  Solicitor-General, 
1863-66,  Attorney-General,  1868-71,  and 
from  1871  to  his  death  in  1886  a  paid 
member  of  the  Judicial  Committee  of 
the  Privy  Council,  by  Isabella,  daughter 
of  William  Rose  of  Wolston  Heath, 
near  Rugby,  was  born  in  1845.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  where  he  obtained  a 
junior  mathematical  prize,  and  was  placed 
in  the  select  for  the  school  prize.  Pro- 
ceeding to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he 
graduated  in  1866  in  the  first  class  of  the 
Law  Tripos,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1869.  In  1871  he  was 
appointed  Conveyancing  Counsel  to  the 
Treasury ;  and  in  1885  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  official  examiners  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  an  office  he  vacated  on 
his  accession  to  the  peerage  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  Lork  Monkswell  is  a  Home 
Rule  Liberal,  and  he  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested Launceston  against  the  Earl  of 
Halsbury  in  1877  and  1880,  and  Chatham 
in  1885,  against  Sir  John  Gorst.  In  Mr. 
Gladstone's  administration  he  was  a  Lord- 
in-Waiting  to  the  Queen  from  1892  to 
1894,  and  was  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  War  in  that  of  Lord  Rosebery  from 
January  to  June  1895.  He  has  sat  in  the 
London  County  Council  from  its  establish- 
ment in  1889  as  a  Progressive  for  the  Hag- 
gerston  Division  of  Shoreditch.  He  served 
on  Lord  Dunraven's  Committee  on  the 
Sweating  System,  on  Lord  Sandhurst's 
Committee  on  Metropolitan  Hospitals,  and 
on  Lord  Hobhouse's  Committee  on  the 
Law  of  Copyhold.  He  has  passed  through 
the  House  of  Lords  a  Bill  to  amend  the 
law  of  libel  and  the  Public  Libraries  Act ; 
while  in  1891  he  carried  through  the 
second  reading  a  Bill  to  consolidate  and 
amend  the  Law  of  Copyright,  and  in  1897 
he  passed  through  the  Lords  a  short  Copy- 
right Bill,  and  took  the  chair  of  a  Select 
Committee  to  which  it  was  referred.  For 
some  years  he  was  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Management  of  the  Feltham 
Industrial  School.  He  is  married  to  Mary, 
third  daughter  of  J.  A.  Ha.rdcastle,  M.P. 
Address  :  Monkswell  House,  Chelsea  Em- 
bankment, S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MONRO,  David  Binning,  M.A., 
Hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow,  Hon.  D.Litt.  of 
Dublin,  Provost  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  16,  1836, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  A.  Binning  Monro, 


MONEO  —  MONSON 


767 


of  Auchenbowie,  Stirlingshire.  He  was 
educated  at  Glasgow  University,  and,  at 
the  age  of  seventeen,  matriculated  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  where  he  had 
gained  a  scholarship.  Shortly  afterwards 
he  became  a  Scholar  of  Balliol  (1854-59). 
He  was  in  the  first  class  in  Classical  and 
in  Mathematical  Moderations  in  1856, 
gained  the  Ireland  Scholarship  in  1858, 
and  obtained  a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  and 
a  second  class  in  the  Final  School  of 
Mathematics  in  1858.  In  1859  he  won  the 
Latin  Essay  (B.A.  1858,  M.A.  1862).  He 
was  Fellow  of  Oriel  from  1859  to  1882, 
Tutor  from  1863  to  1873,  Vice-Provost 
from  1874  to  1882,  Classical  Moderator  in 
1866  and  1876,  and  Classical  Examiner  in 
1869  and  1871.  In  1882  he  became  Pro- 
vost of  Oriel,  and  is  besides  Delegate  of 
the  Press  and  of  the  University  Museum 
and  Perpetual  Delegate  of  Privileges.  He 
entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  and  is 
Hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow  (1883),  and  Hon. 
D.Litt.  of  Dublin  (1892).  Addresses  : 
Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MONRO,  James,  C.B.,  son  of  the  late 
George  Monro,  Esq.,  S.S.C.,  Edinburgh, 
was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  25,  1838,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Royal  High  School, 
Edinburgh  University,  and  Berlin  Univer- 
sity. He  entered  her  Majesty's  Bengal 
Civil  Service  in  1857,  being  third  on  the 
list  of  competitors  ;  and  held  in  Bengal 
the  appointments  of  Magistrate,  District 
and  Sessions  Judge,  Secretary  to  Board  of 
Revenue,  Commissioner  of  the  Presidency 
Division,  and  Inspector-General  of  Police. 
On  several  occasions  Mr.  Monro  received 
the  thanks  of  the  Bengal  Government  for 
his  services.  He  retired  from  the  Bengal 
Civil  Service  in  1884,  and  in  that  year  was 
appointed  Assistant-Commissioner  of  the 
Metropolitan  Police  in  charge  of  the 
Criminal  Investigation  Department.  In 
1888  he  was  appointed  Commissioner  of 
Metropolitan  Police,  and  retired  from  the 
office  which  he  had  filled  with  so  much 
efficiency  in  1890.  He  was  created  C.B. 
in  1888. 

MONROE,  The  Right  Hon.  John, 
LL.D.,  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice 
(Chancery  Division),  Ireland,  was  born  in 
1839.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
John  Monroe,  Esq.,  of  Hunter's  Hall, 
Moira,  by  Jane,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
James  Harvey,  of  Armagh.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  the  Rev.  James  Mulligan  of 
Moira,  and  entered  Queen's  College,  Gal- 
way,  in  1854.  He  took  the  degrees  of 
B.A.,  M.A.,  and  LL.B.  in  the  Queen's 
University  in  Ireland,  obtaining  gold 
medals  with  each.  The  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1880. 
He  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1863, 


and  went  the  North-East  Circuit.  He 
took  silk  in  1877.  He  was  Law  Adviser 
to  the  Irish  Government  in  1878-80; 
became  a  Bencher  of  the  King's  Inns, 
1884  ;  Solicitor-General,  1884-85  ;  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  Chancery 
Division,  1885  ;  and  was  created  a  Privy 
Councillor  in  1886.  He  married,  in  1867, 
Lizzie,  daughter  of  J.  W.  Moule,  Esq.,  of 
Elmley-Lovel,  Worcestershire.  Address  : 
Bartra,  Dalkey,  co.  Dublin. 

MONSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Edmund  John,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  D.C.L., 
M.A.,  British  Ambassador  in  Paris,  is 
the  third  son  of  the  6th  Baron  Monson, 
by  Eliza,  daughter  of  Edmund  Larken. 
He  was  born  at  Chart  Lodge,  Kent, 
on  Oct.  6,  1834,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
and  obtained  a  first  class  in  Law  and 
Modern  History  in  1855  (M.A.).  In 
1858  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  All 
Souls,  and  in  1868  became  Examiner  in 
modern  languages  for  the  Taylorian 
Scholarships.  On  Mar.  26,  1856,  he  was 
nominated  Attache^  passed  an  examination 
in  June,  and  was  appointed  to  Paris. 
After  two  years  in  the  French  capital  he 
was  transferred  to  Florence,  and  in 
December  1858  went  to  Washington. 
From  that  date  he  was  private  secretary 
to  the  late  Lord  Lyons  until  August  1863, 
when  he  became  Attache  at  Hanover.  He 
passed  the  second  examination  for  the 
diplomatic  service  in  1863,  was  promoted 
to  be  third  secretary,  was  transferred  to 
Brussels,  but  resigned  in  1865.  In  July  of 
1865  he  unsuccessfully  contested  Reigate. 
In  May  1869  he  was  appointed  Consul  in 
the  Azores,  to  reside  at  St.  Michael's  ;  and 
in  December  of  1872  was  promoted  to  the 
post  of  Consul-General  for  the  Kingdom 
of  Hungary,  to  reside  at  Pest.  He  was 
employed  on  special  service  in  Dalmatia 
and  Montenegro  from  February  1876  to  May 

1877.  He  received  the   C.B.  in  January 

1878.  On  June  21,  1879,  he  was  appointed 
Minister  Resident  and  Consul-General  to 
Uruguay,  and  in  January  1884  became 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  the  Argentine,  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  Paraguay.  At  the  close 
of  1884  he  was  chosen  for  the  post  of 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  the  King  of  Denmark,  and 
in  February  1888  to  the  King  of  the 
Hellenes.  In  1886  the  honour  of  K.C.M.G. 
was  conferred  upon  him.  Under  the  Con- 
vention of  Dec.  6,  1888,  he  acted  as 
Arbitrator  between  Denmark  and  the 
United  States  in  the  matter  of  the 
"Butterfield  Claim,"  and  gave  his  award 
on  Jan.  22,  1890.  In  January  1892  he 
was  appointed  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of 


768 


MONTAGU  —  MONTALBA 


the  Belgians,  and  in  July  1893  became 
Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Pleni- 
potentiary to  the  Emperor  of  Austria.  On 
August  18,  1896,  he  was  appointed  H.M. 
Ambassador  at  Paris  on  the  retirement  of 
the  Marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava,  K.P. 
His  speech  at  the  dinner  of  the  English 
Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris  in  Decem- 
ber 1898  contained  a  statement  of  the 
recent  disagreements  between  England 
and  France  over  Fashoda,  &c.,  and  caused 
great  offence  in  many  quarters  in  Paris. 
Some  journals  went  so  far  as  to  urge  his 
recall.  Sir  Edward  Monson's  diplomacy  has, 
however,  been  conciliatory  on  the  whole, 
and  that  during  a  most  trying  period  in 
the  relations  of  the  two  countries.  He 
was  made  a  G.C.M.G.  in  August  1892,  and 
was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in  July 
1893.  He  married,  in  1881,  Eleanor 
Catherine  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late 
Major  Munro,  H.M.  Consul-General  at 
Montevideo.  Address:  British  Embassy, 
Paris. 

MONTAGU,  The  Right  Eon.  Lord 
Robert,  second  son  of  the  6th  Duke 
of  Manchester,  born  Jan.  24,  1825,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1848,  was 
returned  in  April  1859  one  of  the 
members,  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
for  Huntingdonshire,  which  county  he 
represented  till  February  1874,  when  he 
was  returned  for  the  county  of  West- 
meath,  as  a  "Conservative,  but  in  favour 
of  Home  Rule."  The  Home  Rule  he  pro- 
fessed was,  however,  essentially  different 
from  that  of  the  Irish  Party.  He  with- 
drew from  the  Home  Rule  organisa- 
tion in  June  1877  ;  and  ceased  to  be  a 
member  of  Parliament  in  March  1880. 
He  was  appointed  Vice-President  of  the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education, 
sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  and  nominated 
First  Charity  Commissioner  in  March  1867, 
and  held  these  offices  till  December  1868, 
He  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
1870,  and  renounced  it  on  June  11,  1882. 
Lord  Robert  Montagu  has  written  "Naval 
Architecture  and  Treatise  on  Shipbuild- 
ing," 1852;  "Mirror  in  America,"  1861; 
"Words  on  Garibaldi,"  1861 ;  "Four  Ex- 
periments in  Church  and  State,  and  the 
Conflict  of  Churches,"  1864  ;  "  Sewage 
Utilisation,"  1866  ;  "  What  is  Educa- 
tion?" 1869;  a  "Lecture  to  Working- 
men,"  1870  ;  "Arbitration  instead  of 
War,  and  a  Defence  of  the  Commune," 
1872;  "Register,  Register,  Register,"  in 
1873  ;  "  Some  popular  Errors  concerning 
Politics  and  Religion,"  1874,  forming  vol. 
i.  of  St.  Joseph's  Theological  Library ; 
"  Expostulation  in  Extremis :  Remarks  on 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Political  Expostulation  on 
the  Vatican  Decrees  in  their  bearing  on 


Civil  Allegiance,"  1874;  " Foreign  Policy  : 
England  and  the  Eastern  Question,"  1877; 
"Our  Sunday  Fireside,"  1878;  "Reasons 
for  leaving  the  Roman  Church,"  1882 ; 
"Address  on  the  Time  of  the  Stuarts,  or 
Home  Rule  in  158S,  1688,  1788,  and  1888," 
1886;  "Home  Rule,  Rome  Rule,"  1886; 
"Recent  Events,  with  a  Clue  to  their 
Solution,  1st  and  2nd  edits.,  1886;  3rd 
edit.,  1888;  "Scylla  or  Charybdis  :  Salis- 
bury or  Gladstone — which  7 "  "  The  Sower 
and  the  Virgin,"  "Whither  are  we  drift- 
ing?" 1887  ;  "  The  Pope,  the  Government, 
and  the  Plan  of  Campaign,"  1888  ;  "  Ter- 
centenary of  the  Defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,"  1888  ;  "Defeat  of  the  Armada," 
1888  ;  "  The  Lambeth  Judgment,  or  Masks 
of  Sacerdotalism,"  1891.  Addresses :  91 
Queen's  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MONTAGU,    Sir    Samuel.      See 

Samuel-Montagu,  Sie  Montagu. 

MONTALBA,  Clara,  the  painter  of 
Venice,  is  the  eldest  of  four  sisters,  of 
whom  the  three  younger  have  also  won 
high  distinction  in  art.  Her  sisters  were 
for  a  time  students  in  the  Kensington  and 
Slade  Schools,  but  Miss  Clara  Montalba 
received  no  special  training,  and,  to  use 
her  own  words,  "  drifted  into  "  the  artistic 
career.  While  still  a  girl  her  parents,  at 
that  time  resident  in  London,  took  her 
during  several  summers  to  Dieppe,  where 
from  time  to  time  she  was  privileged  to 
submit  her  studies  and  sketches  from 
nature  to  Isabey,  the  famous  French  im- 
pressionist marine  painter.  He  recognised 
Miss  Montalba's  promise  of  genius,  and 
taught  her  the  rules  of  his  art.  Water- 
colour  was  her  earliest  medium,  and  her 
large  and  luminous  effects  soon  attracted 
attention.  In  1876  she  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Water  -  Colour 
Society,  being  one  of  the  first  women 
admitted  thereto.  A  few  years  after- 
wards she  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Water-Colour  Society  of  the  Hague,  then 
of  the  Royal  Water  -  Colour  Society  of 
Brussels,  and  subsequently  of  that  of 
Rome.  She  enjoys  the  signal  honour 
of  having  been  asked  to  send  her  own 
portrait,  painted  by  herself,  to  the  TJffizzi. 
Among  her  most  famous  pictures  are  her 
"Festival  of  St.  John"  and  her  "Welcome 
to  the  German  Emperor,"  both  Venetian 
scenes.  She  has  also  painted  many  views 
in  Holland  and  on  the  Thames.  In  recent 
years  she  has  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  "  Salt  -  boats,  Venice,"  1895. 
Miss  Hilda  Montalba  is  best  known  for 
her  figure  paintings,  the  subjects  of  which 
are  Venetian.  She  sees  Venice  in  a  more 
tranquil  light  than  her  eldest  sister,  a 
grey  light  which  lovers  of  Venice  cannot 
fail  to  recognise.     Miss  Helen  Montalba 


MONTEAGLE  —  MOODY 


769 


paints  the  charm  of  girlhood  admirably. 
Miss  Henriette  Montalba,  whose  death  the 
world  of  art  had  cause  to  mourn  some 
years  ago,  was  a  sculptor  of  great  promise. 
She  will  be  remembered  for  her  busts  of 
Robert  Browning,  and  the  Marquis  of 
Lome  in  Canadian  headgear.  The  work 
of  the  Montalbas  filled  a  room  at  the 
Victorian  Era  Exhibition.  "Here,"  says 
Miss  Alice  Corkran,  writing  in  the  Lady's 
Realm  for  February  1899,  "their  different 
styles  were  represented.  Clara  appeared 
the  painter  of  light ;  Hilda  of  delicate  and 
fleeting  eflects  against  which  the  figures 
of  her  Venetian  folk  stood  out  strongly ; 
Ellen's  feminine  touch  in  art,  and  her 
charming  representations  of  girlhood,  con- 
trasted with  her  sisters'  work.  A  melan- 
choly interest  attached  to  the  busts  and 
statue  signed  by  Henriette."  The  sisters, 
who  have  studied  and  painted  emulously 
ever  since  the  summer  visits  to  Dieppe, 
have  latterly  resided  in  Venice  in  studios 
overlooking  the  Giudecca,  the  picturesque 
business  quarter  of  the  city.  They  only 
pay  occasional  visits  to  London.  Address 
in  London  :  The  Studio,  Campden-House- 
Road-Mews,  W. 

MONTEAGLE     OF      BBAKTDON, 
Lord,  Thomas  Spring-Rice,  K.P.,  D.L., 

was  born  on  May  31,  1849,  and  is  the  son 
of  the  Hon.  Stephen  Edmund  Spring-Rice 
and  a  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Serjeant 
Frere.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  honours  as 
a  senior  optime  in  1872.  In  1866  he  suc- 
ceeded his  grandfather,  the  first  Lord, 
who,  before  being  raised  to  the  peerage, 
was  a  distinguished  minister,  the  Hon. 
S.  E.  Spring-Rice.  In  1875  he  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Bishop  Butcher. 
Addresses  :  21  Carlyle  Mansions,  Cheyne 
Walk,  S.W.  ;  and  Mount  Trenchard, 
Foynes,  co.  Limerick. 

MONTEFIORE,  Sir  Joseph  Sebag. 

See  SebAG-Montefioee,  Sie  Joseph. 

MONTEPIN,    Xavier   Aymon    de, 

French  writer,  was  born  at  Apremont, 
March  18,  1824,  made  himself  conspicuous 
as  an  anti-revolutionary  journalist  in  1848, 
editing  Le  Canard,  Le  Pamphlet,  and  Le 
Lampion,  and  since  then  has  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  His  novels  and  plays, 
mostly  of  a  sensational  and  melodramatic 
kind,  are  exceedingly  numerous.  Amongst 
the  best-known  novels  are  "Les  Chevaliers 
du  Lansquenet,"  1847  ;  "  Confessions  d'un 
Boheme,"  1849;  "Les  Viveurs  de  Paris," 
1852-56;  "Les  Marionnettes  du  Diable," 
1860;  "Les  Tragedies  de  Paris,"  1874; 
"Les  Drames  du  Mariage,"  1878;  "Le 
M^decin  des  Folles,"  1879.  Of  his  plays 
may  be  mentioned :  "Pauline,"  1850;  "La 


Sirene  de  Paris,"  1860;  "  Le  Mddecin  des 
Pauvres,"  1865;  "Les  Enfers  de  Paris," 
1865;  "La  Fille  du  Meurtrier,"  1866; 
"La  Femme  de  Paillasse,"  1874,  &c,  &c. 
Among  his  most  recent  works  are:  "La 
Tireuse  de  Cartes"  and  "La  Fille  du 
Fou,"  1890;  and  "La  Dame  aux  Erne- 
raudes"  and  "La  Perle  du  Palais-Royal," 
1891. 

MONTGOMERY,  Florence,  author- 
ess, was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  daughter 
of  Sir  Alexander  Montgomery,  Bart.  At  the 
age  of  twenty  she  brought  out  her  first 
story  by  the  advice  of  Whyte-Melville,  the 
novelist.  Her  works  are  as  follows:  "A 
Very  Simple  Story,"  1867;  "Misunder- 
stood," 1869;  "Thrown  Together,"  1872; 
"Thwarted,  or  Duck's  Eggs  in  a  Hen's 
Nest,"  1874 ;  "  Wild  Mike  and  his  Victim," 
1875;  "Seaforth,"  1878;  "Peggy,  and 
other  Tales,"  1880;  "The  Blue  Veil," 
1883,  and  "Transformed,"  1886;  "The 
Fisherman's  Daughter,"  1888;  "Colonel," 
1895;  "Tony,"  1897.  Address:  8  New 
Burlington  Street,  W. 

MONTREAL,  Bishop  of.  See  Bond, 
The  Right  Rev.  William  Bennett. 

MONTRESOR,  Miss  F.  F.,  novelist, 
is  the  fourth  daughter  of  Admiral  F.  B. 
Montresor.  Her  first  book,  "Into  the 
Highways  and  Hedges,"  brought  her  fame 
in  1895,  since  which  she  has  published 
"The  One  who  Looked  On,"  1895; 
"Worth  While,"  and  "False  Coin  or 
True,"  1896;  and  "At  the  Cross  Roads," 
1897.     Address  :  15  Elvaston  Place,  S.W. 

MONTROSE,  Duke  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Douglas  Beresford  Malise 
Ronald    Graham,    K.T.,    A.D.C.,    was 

born  on  Nov.  7,  1852,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
4th  Duke,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1874. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  joined  the  Cold- 
stream Guards  in  1872,  was  transferred  to 
the  5th  Lancers  in  1874,  and  retired  as 
Lieutenant  in  1878.  He  is  Hon.  Colonel 
commanding  the  3rd  Argyll  and  Sutherland 
Highlanders,  Hereditary  Sheriff  of  Dumbar- 
tonshire, was  appointed  Lord  Clerk  Register 
of  Scotland  in  1890,  and  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen  in  1897.  He  is  a  very  large  land- 
owner, and  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Stirling- 
shire. Created  K.T.  in  1879.  In  1876  he 
married  Violet  Hermione,  daughter  of  Sir 
Frederick  U.  Graham,  3rd  Bart.  Ad- 
dresses :  27  Pont  Street,  S.W. ;  and 
Buchanan  Castle,  Glasgow, 

MOODY,  Dwight  Lyman,  American 
evangelist,  was  born  at  Northfleld,  Massa- 
chusetts, Feb.  5,  1837.  He  worked  on  a 
farm  until  the  age  of  seventeen,  when  he 
became  a  clerk  in  a  shoe-store  in  Boston. 

3o 


770 


MOOR  —  MOOEE 


In  1856  he  went  to  Chicago,  and  while 
engaged  there  in  active  business  entered 
zealously  into  missionary  work  among  the 
poorer  classes.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  in  the  service  of  the  Christian  Com- 
mission, and  afterwards  became  a  lay 
missionary  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  of  Chicago.  In  1873,  accom- 
panied by  Mr.  Sankey,  an  effective  singer, 
he  went  to  England,  and  the  two  insti- 
tuted a  series  of  week-day  religions  ser- 
vices, which  attracted  large  and  enthusi- 
astic audiences.  They  returned  to  America 
in  1875,  where  they  organised  similar 
meetings  all  over  the  country.  They  again 
visited  England  in  1883.  In  addition  to 
the  many  printed  accounts  of  his  meetings 
and  reports  of  his  addresses,  Mr.  Moody 
has  published  "Heaven,"  1880;  "Secret 
Power,"  1881 ;  "Way  to  God,  and  How  to 
Find  It,"  1884  ;  "Notes  from  my  Bible," 
and  "  Pleasure  and  Profit  in  Bible  Study," 

1895  ;  "  Sowing  and  Reaping,"  1896  ;  and 
"The  Overcoming  Life,  and  other  Ser- 
mons," 1897.  His  home  is  still  at  North- 
field,  Mass. 

MO  OK,  Sir  Ralph  Dinham  Ray- 
ment,  K.C.M.G.,  Commissioner  of  the 
Niger  Coast,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Moor, 
of  Brentingford,  and  was  born  about  1856. 
In  1881  he  became  an  officer  of  the  Boyal 
Irish  Constabulary,  and  after  ten  years' 
service  went  out  as  Vice-Consul  to  the 
Niger  Coast,  then  called  the  Oil  Rivers 
Protectorate.  From  1893  he  was  Acting- 
Commissioner  and  Consul-General,  and  in 

1896  attained  bis  present  post. 

MOORE,  Frank  Frankfort,  novelist 
and  dramatist,  born  in  Limerick,  May  15, 
1855,  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Academi- 
cal Institution,  Belfast,  and  by  private 
tuition.  He  published  in  1874  a  volume  of 
verses  entitled  "Flying  from  a  Shadow," 
and  subsequently  the  following  novels  and 
books  of  adventure :  "  Sojourners  To- 
gether," "Where  the  Rail  Runs,"  "Told 
by  the  Sea,"  "Daireen,"  "Mate  of  the 
Jessica,"  "  The  Fate  of  the  Black  Swan," 
"The  Mutiny  on  the  Albatross,"  "Will's 
Voyages,"  "  The  Great  Orion,"  "  Under 
Hatches,"  "  Highways  and  High  Seas," 
"Slaver  of  Zanzibar,"  "Fireflies  and 
Mosquitoes,"  "Coral  and  Cocoa-nut,"  "Sail- 
ing and  Sealing,"  "  The  Ice  Prison,"  "  From 
the  Bush  to  the  Breakers,"  "  The  Two 
Clippers,"  "Tre,  Pol,  and  Pen,"  "I  Forbid 
the  Banns,"  "A  Gray  Eye  or  So,"  "A 
Journalist's  Notebook,"  "  One  Fair  Daugh- 
ter," "They  Call  It  Love,"  "  The  Secret  of 
the  Court,"  "The  Sale  of  a  Soul,"  "Dr. 
Koomadhi  of  Ashantee,"  "Phyllis  of 
Philistia,"  "Two  in  the  Bush,"  "In  our 
Hours  of  Ease,"  "  The  Impudent  Come- 
dian," "The  Jessamy  Bride,"  "The  Mil- 


lionaires," "The  Beautiful  Sisters."  His 
plays  are:  "A  March  Hare,"  "Broken 
Fetters,"  "Moth  and  Flame,"  "Forgot- 
ten," "  The  Queen's  Room,"  "  Oliver  Gold- 
smith," "The  Mayflower,"  "  Kitty  Clive," 
"Nell  Gwyn,"  "The  Fatal  Gift,"  1899. 
He  has  travelled  in  South  Africa,  India, 
and  Burma.  He  married  Grace,  daughter 
of  Colonel  Balcombe.  Address  :  17  Pem- 
broke Road,  Kensington,  W. 

MOORE,  George,  novelist,  is  an  Irish- 
man of  Norman  descent,  and  was  educated 
in  Paris,  where  he  imbibed  his  admiration 
for  French  art  and  its  ideals.  In  England 
his  discipleship  of  Flaubert  and  Maupas- 
sant has  not  been  understood,  his  realism 
having  constantly  been  misinterpreted  by 
the  leading  booksellers  who  control  the 
taste  of  the  public.  Of  late  years  Mr. 
George  Moore  has  been  the  consistent 
champion  of  what  might  be  called  the 
freedom  of  fiction.  He  has  published : 
"Flowers  of  Passion,"  1877;  "Pagan 
Poems,"  1881  ;  "A  Modern  Lover,"  1883; 
"A  Mummer's  Wife,"  1884;  "Literature 
at  Nurse,"  1885;  "A  Drama  in  Muslin," 
1886 ;  "  Parnell  and  his  Island,"  and 
"  Mere  Accident,"  1887  ;  "  The  Confes- 
sions of  a  Young  Man,"  and  "Spring 
Days,"  1888;  "Miss  Fletcher,"  1889; 
"Impressions  and  Opinions,"  and  "Vain 
Fortune,"  1890  ;  "Modern  Painting,"  and 
"  The  Strike  at  Arlingford,"  a  play,  1893  ; 
"Esther  Waters"  (with  the  "Mummer's 
Wife,"  his  best-known  book),  1894  ;  and 
"  Celibates,"  1895.  His  last  novel  is 
"Evelyn  Innes,"  1898.  Mr.  Moore  is  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  journals  of  the 
day,  his  article  usually  dealing  with  some 
phase  of  his  controversy  with  the  book- 
sellers. 

MOORE,  Sir  John  Voce,  Lord  Mayor 
of  London  for  1898-99,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  James  Moore,  merchant,  of  Stock- 
port, Leicester,  and  Loughborough,  and 
was  born  at  Stockport  in  1826.  He  is  the 
head  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Moore  Brothers, 
tea  merchants,  and  entered  the  Corpora- 
tion as  a  member  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Council  for  Candlewick  Ward  in  1870, 
serving  subsequently  in  the  Chair  of  most 
of  the  important  Committees,  including 
the  City  Commission  of  Sewers.  In  1885 
he  contested  a  seat  in  the  Court  of  Alder- 
men for  Bridge  Ward  with  Sir  Stuart 
Knill,  but  was  defeated.  In  1889,  on  the 
death  of  Sir  Thomas  Dakin,  he  was  una- 
nimously elected  Alderman  of  Candlewick 
Ward.  He  served  the  office  of  Sheriff  in 
1894,  and  with  his  colleague,  Sir  Joseph 
Dimsdale,  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood in  joint  celebration  of  the  opening  of 
the  Tower  Bridge  and  the  birth  of  an  heir 
to  the  Throne  in  the  direct  line  in  the 


MOORE  — MOREAS 


771 


person  of  Prince  Edward  of  York.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Loriners'  Company,  a 
Churchman,  and  a  Conservative.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1847,  Eliza,  daughter  of  Mr.  Philip 
Willsea,  of  Norwich,  but  was  left  a  widower 
some  years  ago.  His  only  daughter,  Mrs. 
John  King-Farlow,  is  the  Lady  Mayoress. 
Private  address  :   28  Russell  Square,  W.C. 

MOORE,  Mary,  actress,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Charles  Moore,  Parlia- 
mentary agent,  was  born  in  London,  and 
early  evinced  a  taste  for  the  stage.  She 
was  educated  at  Warwick  Hall,  Maida 
Hill,  and  gained  prizes  for  acting  in 
German  and  English  plays.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  she  was  married  to  Mr.  James 
Albery,  the  playwright,  through  whom 
she  made  the  acquaintance  of  London 
managers.  None  of  them,  however,  would 
encourage  her  aspirations  towards  the 
actress's  career.  At  length  Mr.  Wyndham 
was  persuaded  by  Mrs.  Bronson  Howard  to 
give  Miss  Moore  a  place  as  understudy  in 
the  first  "Candidate"  Company.  Her 
chance  soon  came,  and  she  played  her 
superior's  Lady  Dorothy  so  well  that  she 
was  eventually  cast  for  the  part  and  for 
that  of  Lady  Oldacre.  Subsequently  Miss 
Moore  played  Lady  Oldacre  to  Mr.  Wynd- 
ham himself,  and  in  October  1885  began 
her  long  career  in  that  part  and  others  as 
leading  actress  at  the  Criterion  Theatre. 
Two  of  Miss  Moore's  great  successes  have 
been  her  Quakeress  Lady  Amaranth  in 
O'Eeefe's  "  Wild  Oats,"  1886,  and  her  Ada 
Ingot  in  "  David  Garrick,"  in  which,  with 
Mr.  Wyndham  in  the  title  role,  she  won 
unprecedented  applause  both  here  and  in 
the  German  form  of  the  play.  Latterly 
Miss  Moore  has  played  as  Mrs.  Mildmay 
in  "  Still  Waters  run  Deep,"  as  Lotty  in  a 
revival  of  her  husband's  "  Two  Roses,"  in 
"The  Bauble  Shop,"  1893;  "Rebellious 
Susan,"  1894;  "Home  Secretary,"  1895; 
"The  Squire  of  Dames,"  and  as  Dorothy 
Cruickshank  in  "  Rosemary,"  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  8  Ulster  Terrace,  Regent's  Park. 

MOORHOUSE,  The  Right  Rev. 
James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Manchester,  son 
of  Mr.  James  Moorhouse,  a  merchant  of 
Sheffield,  was  born  in  that  town  in  1826. 
He  received  his  education  at  St.  John's 
College;  Cambridge  (B.A.  1853,  M.A.  1860, 
D.D.,  jure  dignitatis,  1876).  He  became 
Vicar  of  St.  John's,  Fitzroy  Square,  in 
1862  ;  Hulsean  Lecturer  at  Cambridge  in 
1865  ;  Vicar  of  Paddington  and  Rural 
Dean  in  1868  ;  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to 
the  Queen  in  1874 ;  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  and  Warburtonian  Lecturer  in  1875. 
In  May  1876  he  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Melbourne,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Perry, 
resigned.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Eraser,  in 
1885,  he  was  appointed  by  Lord  Salisbury 


to  the  Bishopric  of  Manchester.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Nature  and  Revelation,"  four 
sermons  preached  before  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  1861  ;  "  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
the  Subject  of  Growth  in  Wisdom,"  being 
the  Hulsean  Lectures  for  1865  ;  "Jacob," 
three  sermons  before  the  University  of 
Cambridge  ;  Charge  at  Primary  Visitation, 
July  1889  ;  "  Christ  and  his  Surround- 
ings," October  1889  ;  various  single  ser- 
mons; "Dangers  of  the  Apostolic  Age," 
1890  ;  and  "  The  Teaching  of  Christ,  1891. 
He  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  Canon  Sale, 
Vicar  of  Sheffield.  Addresses  :  Bishop's 
Court,  Manchester,  and  Athenseum. 

MORAN,  His  Eminence  Cardinal 
Patrick  Francis,  D.D.,  Cardinal  Arch- 
bishop of  Sydney,  born  at  Leghlinbridge, 
co.  Carlow,  Ireland,  Sept.  16,  1830,  was 
educated  at  the  Irish  College  of  St. 
Agatha,  Rome.  He  is  a  nephew  of  another 
well-known  Irish  ecclesiastic,  Cardinal 
Cullen.  He  was  appointed  Vice-President 
of  the  College  in  1856,  and  Professor  of 
Hebrew  in  the  College  of  Propaganda, 
Rome.  Returning  to  Ireland  in  1866,  he 
was  Private  Secretary  to  his  Eminence 
Cardinal  Cullen,  Archbishop  of  Dublin ;  was 
consecrated  Coadjutor  Bishop  of  Ossory 
on  March  5,  1872,  and  succeeded,  a  few 
months  later,  to  that  See.  He  was  trans- 
lated to  the  Archiepiscopal  See  of  Sydney 
in  Australia  on  March  21,  1884  ;  and  was 
made  Cardinal,  July  27,  1885.  Besides 
publishing  many  pastoral  letters,  ad- 
dressed to  the  clergy  and  laity  of  his 
diocese,  he  has  laboured  a  great  deal  to 
promote  the  study  of  Irish  history  and 
antiquities.  Among  other  works  he  has 
published  :  "  Memoir  of  the  Most  Rev. 
Oliver  Plunkett,"  1861 ;  "  Essays  on  the 
Origin,  &c,  of  the  Early  Irish  Church," 
and  "  History  of  the  Catholic  Archbishops 
of  Dublin,"  1864;  "Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Persecutions,  &c,  under  Cromwell  and 
the  Puritans,"  1865;  "Acta  S.  Brendani," 
1872;  "Monasticon  Hibernicum,"  1873; 
"Spicilegium  Ossoriense,  being  a  Collec- 
tion of  Documents  to  illustrate  the  His- 
tory of  the  Irish  Church  from  the  Re- 
formation to  the  year  1800,"  3  vols.,  4to, 
1874  ;  "  Irish  Saints  in  Great  Britain," 
Dublin,  1879;  and  "Letters  on  the 
Anglican  Reformation,"  and  "Occasional 
Papers,"  1890  ;  &c.     Address  :  Sydney. 

MORAY  AND   ROSS,    Bishop    of. 

See  Kelly,  The  Right  Rev.  James 
Butlek  Knill. 

MOREAS,  Jean,  French  poet,  was 
born  at  Athens,  April  15,  1856,  and  early 
in  life  settled  at  Marseille,  where  he  spent 
several  years,  and  after  travelling  in  Italy, 
Germany,  and  Greece  he  finally  settled  in 


772 


MORGAN  —  MORLEY 


Paris  towards  1880.  He  is  known  as  the 
leader  of  the  Decadent  School,  whose  Pope 
was  the  late  M.  Stephane  Mallarme\  and 
he  has  edited  several  of  the  newspapers  of 
this  cult,  such  as  Le  Decadent  and  La 
Vogue.  His  verse  is  distinguished  for  its 
systematic  disregard  of  prosody,  and  his 
prose  for  its  obscurity,  resulting  from 
the  use  of  the  strangest  neologisms, 
and  from  the  piling  up  of  words  for 
the  mere  pleasure  of  sound.  He  is  one  of 
the  inventors  of  the  word  "symbolism," 
used  in  its  literary  sense,  of  which  doctrine 
he  was  the  high-priest,  until  he  suddenly 
abjured  it  to  take  up  Romanism,  by  which 
he  understands  a  return  to  the  versifica- 
tion of  the  French  poets  of  the  close  of 
the  Middle  Ages.  His  chief  works  are  : 
"Les  Syrtes,"  1885;  "Les  Cantilenes," 
1886;  and  "Le  Pelerin  passionne","  1890, 
in  which  he  is  the  complete  symbolist. 
He  has  also  published  a  novel  of  Parisian 
life,  "  Les  Damoiselles  Goubert."  His 
Paris  address  is  35  Rue  des  Dames. 

MORGAN,  John  T.,  American  states- 
man, was  born  at  Athens,  Tennessee,  June 
20,  1824.  He  was  removed  to  Alabama 
when  nine  years  old,  and  receiving  an 
academic  education  he  studied  law,  and 
was  admitteed  to  the  Bar  there  in  1845. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Convention 
which  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession 
in  1861,  and  joined  the  Confederate  Army 
as  a  private  in  May  of  that  year.  He  was 
promoted  to  be  major,  and  later  lieut. - 
colonel  of  his  regiment,  and  in  1862  he 
raised  the  51st  Regiment  of  Alabama 
Infantry,  and  was  made  its  colonel, 
and  in  1863  became  Brigadier-General. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  between  the  States 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Selma,  Ala.,  and  became  interested  in 
politics  ;  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  in  1876,  and  re-elected  in  1882, 
1888,  and  in  1894.  On  the  acquisition  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  by  the  United  States 
in  1898  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  visit  that  locality,  and  re- 
commend what  legislation  would  be  re- 
quired for  the  government  of  the  islands. 

MORLEY,  Earl  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
Albert  Edmund  Parker,  only  son  of 
the  2nd  Earl,  was  born  at  Kent  House, 
Knightsbridge,  June  11,  1843,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  first  class  in 
classics  in  1865.  He  succeeded  to  the 
title  in  1864,  and  was  Lord-in-Waiting  to 
the  Queen  from  1868  to  1874.  He  was 
Under  Secretary  of  State  for  War  in  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Government  from  1880  to  1885, 
Privy  Councillor,  1886  ;  and  on  the  forma- 
tion of  the  new  cabinet  in  February  1886 
became  First  Commissioner  of  Works,  but 


resigned  in  April  through  disagreement 
with  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Rule  Bill. 
He  was  elected  Chairman  of  Committees 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  was  Deputy 
Speaker  of  the  same  in  1889.  In  1876  he 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Robert 
Staynor  Holford,  Esq.,  of  Westonbirt, 
Gloucestershire,  and  Dorchester  House. 
Addresses  :  Saltram,  Plympton,  Devon ; 
and  31  Prince's  Gardens,  S.W. 

MORLEY,    Right    Hon.    Arnold, 

fourth  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Morley, 
was  born  in  1849,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  honours 
in  the  Math.  Tripos,  and  rowed  in  the  1st 
Trinity  boat  when  it  was  head  of  the 
river.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1873,  joined  the  Mid- 
land Circuit,  and  first  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1880,  as  Member  for  Notting- 
ham. He  represented  that  borough  until 
1885,  when  he  was  returned  for  its  Eastern 
Division.  He  is  Vice-President  of  the 
"Eighty  Club,"  and  was  one  of  the  party 
who  accompanied  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the 
Sunbeam  to  Norway.  He  has  several  times 
represented  the  Home  Office  at  inquiries 
relating  to  accidents  in  mines.  In  Mr. 
Gladstone's  administration  of  1886  Mr. 
Arnold  Morley  held  the  office  of  Patronage 
Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  and  First  Whip, 
and  in  1892  was  appointed  Postmaster- 
General  as  a  member  of  the  Cabinet.  At 
the  General  Post  Office  he  has  introduced 
several  important  reforms,  and  one  of  his 
last  administrative  acts  was  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  "Tweedmouth  Committee" 
to  consider  and  report  upon  all  complaints 
made  by  any  class  of  post-office  officials. 
He  has  travelled  considerably,  having  been 
three  times  in  America,  and  having  spent 
the  winter  of  1896-97  in  India,  when  he 
made  the  tour  of  the  world,  and  visited 
China  and  Japan.  He  is  no  longer  in 
Parliament,  having  been  defeated  in  the 
general  election  of  1895.  Addresses :  7 
Stratton  Street,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

MORLEY,  The  Right  Hon.  John, 

D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  M.P.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Jonathan  Morley, 
surgeon,  of  Blackburn,  Lancashire,  where 
he  was  born  in  Dec.  24,  1838.  He  was 
educated  at  Cheltenham  College,  and  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1859,  and  M.A.  in  1874 ;  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1859,  of  which  Society  he  was  made  a 
Bencher  in  1893.  He  was  for  some  years 
editor  of  the  Literai-y  Gazette,  the  title  of 
which  was  subsequently  altered  to  the 
Parthenon.  Mr.  Morley  was  editor  of  the 
Fortnightly  Review,  from  1867  to  October 
1882.  He  was  also  editor  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette  from   May  1880  till  August   1883, 


MOEEIS 


773 


and  of  Macmillan's  Magazine  from  1883  to 
1885.      He    unsuccessfully  contested  the 
borough    of    Blackburn    in    1869,   in    the 
Liberal   interest,   and   the   city   of   West- 
minster in  1880  ;  but  in  February  1883,  at 
a    by-election,    he    was    returned    as    an 
advanced  Liberal  by  the  borough  of  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne, defeating  his  Conserva- 
tive opponent,  Mr.  Gainsford  Bruce,  by  a 
majority  of  2256  (9443  votes  against  7187). 
Mr.  Morley  presided  over  the  great  Confer- 
ence of  Liberals  held  at  Leeds  in  October 
1883.     On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
"Home   Rule"   Cabinet,    February   1886, 
Mr.  Morley  was  appointed  Chief  Secretary 
for  Ireland  ;    and  throughout  the  debate 
on  the  Bill  (for  which  he  was  in  a  great 
measure  responsible),   he  was   the   Prime 
Minister's  right-hand  man.     As  almost  the 
only   cabinet    minister   who    had   been   a 
consistent   Home   Ruler   for   many   years, 
Mr.   Morley   was    regarded    with    respect 
even  by  his  most  thoroughgoing  opponents. 
He  is  one  of  the  five  Liberals  who  met  in 
January  1887  for  the  purpose  of  discover- 
ing a  modus  vivendi  for  the  re-union  of  the 
Liberal  party.      He  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  the  poll  for  Newcastle,  July  1886, 
and  by  a  narrow  majority,  July  1892,  and 
was  appointed  Irish  Secretary  in  August, 
when  he  again  fought  the  seat,  the  contest 
arousing  great  interest.      His   antagonist 
was  Mr.  Ralli,   who  was  supported  by  a 
section  of  the  Labour  Party,  headed  by 
Messrs.  Champion  and  Keir  Hardie,  M.P. 
Mr.  Ralli  gave  a  qualified  adherence  to  an 
Eight  Hours  Bill,  and  thus  won  the  suf- 
frages   of    the    working-men,    while    Mr. 
Morley   entirely    refused    to    support    it. 
Polling   took  place   on  August  25,   1892, 
and  Mr.  Morley  was  returned  by  a  majority 
of  1739.     At  the  general  election  of  1895 
he  was  defeated,  although  his  Irish  ad- 
ministration   had    been    most   successful. 
He  had  held  the  Newcastle  seat  for  twelve 
years.      In  the   same   year  he   became   a 
candidate  for  the  Montrose  Burghs,  and 
was   returned   in   1896.      His  works  are  : 
"Edmund   Burke,   an    Historical    Study," 
1867;    "Critical  Miscellanies,"  1871,  2nd 
series,  1877;  "Voltaire,"  1872;  "On  Com- 
promise," 1874;  "Rousseau,"  1876;  "Dide- 
rot and  the  Encyclopaedists,"  2  vols.,  1878  ; 
"Life  of  Richard  Cobden,"  1881;  "Wal- 
pole,"  1889,  in  the  Twelve  English  States- 
men Series;  "Studies in  Literature,"  1891  ; 
"The    Study   of    Literature,"    1894,    and 
several  recent  speeches  which  have  been 
reprinted.     He  is  the  editor  of  the  English 
Men  of  Letters  series.     Mr.  Morley  is  an 
Honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  LL.D.  of  Cam- 
bridge and  Glasgow,   and  a  Trustee    of 
the  British  Museum.      He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Athenaeum  Club  in  1874. 
Addresses :   57  Elm  Park  Gardens,  S.W. ; 
and  Athenaeum. 


MORRIS,  Henry,  F.R.C.S.,  M.A.,  &c., 
received  his  medical  education  at  Guy's, 
and  afterwards  graduated  M.A.  in  1870  at 
the  University  of  London,  obtaining  high 
distinction  in  philosophy.  He  had  pre- 
viously taken  the  M.B.  degree  in  1867.  He 
became  F.R.C.S.  in  1873,  and  is  a  Member 
of  Council  and  Member  of  the  Court  of 
Examiners  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England.  He  is  Surgeon  and 
Lecturer  on  Surgery  and  Anatomy  at  the 
Middlesex  Hospital,  Examiner  in  Anatomy 
at  the  University  of  London,  and  is  or  has 
been  an  Examiner  in  Anatomy  at  the  Col- 
leges of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  at 
Durham  University.  He  delivered  the 
"Cavendish  Lecture"  in  1893,  and  has 
contributed  important  articles  to  Holmes's 
"  System  of  Surgery,"  Ashurst's  "Encyclo- 
paedia of  Surgery,"  and  to  the  leading 
medical  journals.  He  is  editor  of  "Mor- 
ris's System  of  Anatomy,"  a  work  to  which 
a  number  of  experts  contributed,  and 
author  of  "The  Anatomy  of  the  Joints  of 
Man,"  ' '  Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Kidneys," 
&c.     Address  :  8  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

MORRIS,  Sir  Lewis,  J.P.,  was  born 
in  Carmarthen  in  January  1833,  being  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  L.  E.  Williams 
Morris,  of  Carmarthen,  formerly  of  Blan- 
nant,  Breconshire,  by  Sophia,  daughter  of 
the  late  John  Hughes,  of  Carmarthen.  He 
was  educated  at  Cowbridge,  and  Sherborne 
Schools  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  in  1855  as  first  class  in 
Classics  and  Chancellor's  Prizeman  ;  M.A. 
1858  ;  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  November  1861,  when  he  obtained  a 
Certificate  of  Honour  of  the  first  class  ; 
practised  chiefly  as  a  conveyancing  counsel 
until  1880  ;  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow 
of  Jesus  College  in  1877.  In  1879  he  was 
appointed  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the 
Saviour  (of  Greece).  In  the  same  year  he 
accepted  the  office  of  Honorary  Secretary 
of  the  University  College  of  Wales,  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  treasurer.  In 
1880  he  was  appointed  on  the  Depart- 
mental Committee  charged  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  inquire  into  Intermediate  and 
Higher  Education  in  Wales,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  made  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Carmarthenshire.  He  was 
appointed  Vice-Chairman  of  the  Poli- 
tical Committee  of  the  Reform  Club,  in 
the  place  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  P.  Adam, 
M.P. ;  and  was  a  candidate,  in  December 
1881,  for  the  Carmarthen  burghs,  but 
retired  ;  in  1886  he  was  Gladstonian  candi- 
date for  Pembroke  and  Haverfordwest, 
but  was  defeated.  In  1891,  on  the  retire- 
ment of  Sir  C.  P.  Stepney,  he  was  again  a 
candidate  for  his  native  borough,  but 
retired  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  in 
order  not  to  endanger  the  seat.      It   is 


774 


MORKIS 


understood  that  he  has  now  renounced 
all  connection  with  politics.  Sir  Lewis 
Morris  is  the  author  of  numerous  addresses 
and  papers  on  educational  subjects,  espe- 
cially on  the  now  established  University 
of  Wales,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
earliest  advocates.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
governing  bodies  of  the  three  Welsh  col- 
leges, but  he  is  perhaps  best  known  for  his 
contributions  to  the  poetical  literature  of 
the  time.  In  1871-74-75  appeared  the  3 
vols,  of  "  Songs  of  Two  Worlds,"  since 
collected,  23rd  edition.  In  1876  appeared 
Bookii.,  and  in  1877  Books  i.  anct  iii.,  of 
"The  Epic  of  Hades,"  now  in  a  37th 
edition.  In  December  1878  appeared 
"  Gwen,  a  Drama,  in  Monologue,"  in 
March  1880,  "The  Ode  of  Life,"  both 
which  are  since  in  a  17th  edition ;  and  in 
October  1883,  "  Songs  Unsung,"  since  in  a 
15th  edition.  In  1886  appeared  a  tragedy 
"Gycia,"  written  for  the  stage,  but  not 
yet  represented,  now  in  a  14th  edition  ; 
and  in  1887,  "Songs  of  Britain,"  now  in  a 
12th  edition,  embodying  several  beautiful 
Welsh  legends,  and  containing  also  the 
Odes  on  the  Queen's  Jubilee,  and  on  the 
foundation  of  the  Imperial  Institute  (the 
latter  written  by  request,  owing  to  the  ill- 
ness of  the  Laureate),  for  which  Mr.  Morris 
received  the  Jubilee  Medal  from  the  Queen. 
The  above  works  are  now  collected,  and 
were  published  under  the  author's  name, 
in  a  popular  edition  of  one  volume,  in 
the  spring  of  1890,  which  volume  has 
passed  into  a  9th  edition.  In  October 
1890  Mr.  Morris  published  his  poem,  "  A 
Vision  of  Saints,"  which,  proceeding  after 
the  manner  of  Dante,  attempts  for  the 
Christian  ideal  what  "  The  Epic  of  Hades  " 
did  for  that  of  the  Pagan  world.  This 
poem  is  now  in  the  4th  edition.  Mr. 
Morris  wrote  in  1892  another  tragedy  from 
Byzantine  history.  In  1894  appeared 
"Songs  without  Notes,"  and  in  1896, 
"Idylls  and  Lyrics."  The  Odes  on  the 
Death  of  the  Duke  o£  Clarence,  on  the  open- 
ing of  the  Imperial  Institute,  and  on  the 
Marriage  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
York,  are  from  his  pen,  and  the  last  two 
were  written  by  desire.  Mr.  Morris  is  the 
great-grandson  of  the  well-known  Welsh 
antiquary  and  poet,  Lewis  Morris,  of  Pen- 
bryn.  Addresses :  Penbryn  House,  Car- 
marthen ;  42  Portsdown  Road,  W. ;  and 
Athenpeum. 

MORRIS,  Malcolm  A.,  F.R.C.S. 
Edin.,  received  his  medical  education  at 
St.  Mary's  Hospital,  London,  and  in  Berlin 
and  Vienna.  He  is  at  the  head  of  the 
Surgical  Skin  Department  and  Lecturer  on 
Dermatology  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  and 
has  been  Clinical  Assistant  at  the  Hospital 
for  Diseases  of  the  Skin.  He  was  appointed 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales  as  the  representa- 


tive of  the  National  Association  for  the 
Prevention  of  Consumption  and  other 
Forms  of  Tuberculosis  at  the  Berlin  Con- 
gress for  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis, 
which  sat  in  May  1899.  He  has  been 
President  of  the  Harveian  Society,  is  Fel- 
low of  the  Boyal  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and 
member  of  many  medical  societies,  besides 
being  Corresponding  Member  to  several 
foreign  learned  bodies.  He  is  editor  of 
the  Practitioner  and  of  the  Book  of  Health, 
and  author  of  "  Skin  Diseases  :  an  Outline 
of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Dermato- 
logy," 1894.  To  the  Pathological  Society's 
Transactions,  the  British  Journal  of  Derma- 
tology, Heath's  "Dictionary  of  Surgery,"  and 
the  leading  medical  journals,  he  has  con- 
tributed many  papers  on  lupus,  the  hair, 
the  skin,  &c,  Address  :  8  Harley  Street, 
Cavendish  Square,  W. 

MORRIS,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Michael,  Bart.,  LL.D.  Dublin,  Lord  of 
Appeal  in  Ordinary,  eldest  son  of  Martin 
Morris,  J.P.,  of  Spiddal,  co.  Galway,  by  Julia, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Charles  Blake,  of  Galway, 
was  born  at  the  latter  place  on  Nov.  14, 
1827.  He  received  his  education  at  Eras- 
mus Smith's  College,  Galway,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1847,  First  Senior  Moderator  and 
Gold  Medallist.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  Ireland  in  June  1849,  and  made  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  February  1863,  and  a  Bencher 
of  King's  Inn  in  1866.  Mr.  Morris,  who 
was  High  Sheriff  in  1849-50,  held  the 
office  of  Recorder  of  Galway  from  1857  to 
1865.  The  representative  of  one  of  the 
old  families  known  as  the  "  Tribes  of  Gal- 
way," he  was  first  elected  as  one  of  the 
members  in  Parliament  of  the  borough  of 
Galway,  on  Independent  principles,  in 
July  1865  having  polled  90  per  cent,  of 
the  electors  ;  was  subsequently  twice  re- 
elected without  opposition,  on  his  appoint- 
ment as  Solicitor-General  for  Ireland  (July 
1866),  and  as  Attorney  -  General  (Nov. 
1866)  in  Lord  Derby's  Government  ;  and 
retained  the  seat  until  he  was  raised  to 
the  Bench,  as  one  of  the  Judges  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  Ireland,  in  1867,  when 
he  was  succeeded  in  the  representation  of 
Galway  by  his  brother,  Sir  George  Morris, 
K.C.B.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  to  inquire  into  Primary 
Education  in  Ireland  in  1868,  1869,  and 
1870 ;  and  became  a  Commissioner  of 
National  Education  in  1868,  and  a  member 
of  the  Senate  of  the  Royal  University  ; 
was  appointed  Royal  Chief -Justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  1876,  and  in  1887  was 
appointed  Lord  Chief-Justice  of  Ireland. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  in  August  1885. 
In  1889  he  was  made  a  Lord  of  Appeal  in 
Ordinary,  and  created  a  Peer  for  life  under 
the  name,  style,  and  title  of  Baron  Morris 


MORRIS  —  MORRISON 


775 


of  Spiddal,  co.  Galway ;  and  was  made  a 
Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  Lord  Morris  is 
a  member  of  the  Privy  Council  for  Ireland 
since  1866,  and  in  1889  he  was  sworn  a 
member  of  the  Privy  Council  in  England. 
The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Dublin  in  1887.  Lord  Morris  married,  in 
1860,  Anna,  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  H. 
G.  Hughes,  Baron  of  the  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer in  Ireland.  Permanent  address  : 
Spiddal,  co.  Galway  ;  and  Athenseum. 

MORRIS,  Mowbray  "Walter,  editor 
of  Macmillcm's  Magazine,  second  son  of 
Mowbray  Morris,  of  London,  was  born  in 
1847,  and  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford.  He  has  published  "  The 
First, Afghan  War,"  1878;  "Essays  in 
Theatrical  Criticism,"  and  "  Poet's  Walk," 
1882;  "Hunting"  in  the  Badminton 
Library,  in  conjunction  with  the  Duke 
of  Beaufort,  1885 ;  and  works  on  Claver- 
house  and  Montrose.  Club  :  United  Uni- 
versity. 

MORRIS,  Philip  Richard,  A.E.A., 
was  born  at  Devonport,  Dec.  4,  1833. 
The  son  of  an  engineer  and  ironfounder, 
he  pursued  his  early  artistic  studies  in  the 
hours  won  with  some  difficulty  from  the 
working  day.  He  owed  his  first  encourage- 
ment to  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  and  by  the 
advice  of  that  eminent  artist,  studied  the 
Elgin  Marbles  in  the  British  Museum. 
He  next  entered  the  schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  where  his  first  success  was 
made  by  gaining  the  Silver  Medal  for 
the  best  drawing  from  the  life.  In  the 
following  year  he  achieved  double  honours 
by  obtaining  the  Silver  Medal  for  the 
best  painting  from  the  nude  figure,  and  a 
second  similar  prize  for  the  best  painting 
from  the  draped  figure.  In  1858  he  won 
the  Gold  Medal  for  the  best  historical 
picture,  the  subject  being  "The  Good 
Samaritan,"  and  subsequently  competed 
successfully  for  the  Travelling  Student- 
ship, which  enabled  him  to  prosecute  his 
studies  in  France  and  Italy.  While  he 
was  yet  a  student  in  the  schools  of  the 
Royal  Academy  his  first  publicly  exhibited 
picture  appeared  on  its  walls  under  the 
title  of  "Peaceful  Days;"  since  which  time 
Mr.  Morris  has  constantly  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  the  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
and  elsewhere.  Among  his  best-known 
pictures  are  "The  Shepherd  of  Jerusalem," 
"The  Mowers,"  "Sailor's  Wedding,  "The 
Fete  Dieu  at  Dieppe,"  "Sons  of  the 
Brave,"  "Circling  Hours,"  "The  Builder's 
Daughter,"  1897;  "The  Return  of  the 
Dove,"  1898;  "Purity,"  1899,  and  numerous 
portraits  of  children  and  distinguished  men 
and  women  of  which,  one  of  the  most  re- 
cent, in  1898,  was  a  portrait  of  Mr.  Picker- 


ing Pick,  F.R.C.S.  Mr.  Morris  was  elected 
A.R.A.  on  June  18, 1877.  He  is  married  to  a 
daughter  of  J.  Evans  of  Elangollen.  Ad- 
dress :  33  St.  John's  Wood  Road,  N.W. 

MORRISON,  Arthur,  novelist,  was 
born  in  Kent  on  Nov.  1,  1863.  He  was 
educated  at  various  private  schools,  and 
was  a  clerk  in  a  public  office  in  1883.  A 
few  years  later  he  resigned,  and  took  a 
secretaryship.  At  this  time  he  was  a 
zealous  cyclist,  and  was  well  known  among 
the  comparative  few  who  then  practised 
the  sport.  For  his  amusement  he  contrib- 
uted many  facetious  verses  and  articles 
to  the  cycling  press  of  that  time,  and 
afterward  began  in  the  same  way  to 
make  contributions  to  newspapers  and 
magazines  of  the  ordinary  and  more 
important  sort.  This  led  to  the  resigna- 
tion of  his  secretaryship  in  1890,  in  order 
to  join  the  staff  of  a  daily  paper,  and 
soon  he  became  a  contributor  to  many 
periodicals.  In  particular  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  National  Observer,  at  that 
time  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  W.  E. 
Henley.  Before  he  became  a  journalist 
the  business  of  his  secretaryship  and  other 
matters  had  called  him  much  into  the  East 
End  of  London,  and  he  made  himself  inti- 
mate with  the  various  aspects  of  life  in  that 
part.  He  had  published  several  studies 
and  sketches  of  that  life  before  his  con- 
nection with  the  National  Observer,  notably 
the  sketch  "A  Street"  which  forms  the 
introduction  to  "Tales  of  Mean  Streets." 
The  suggestions  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Henley,  how- 
ever, confirmed  him  in  an  intention,  already 
formed,  to  write  a  complete  series  of  stories 
of  East  End  life,  and  in  consequence  the 
greater  part  of  the  numbers  afterwards 
printed  in  his  first  book  appeared  in  the 
National  Observer  during  the  years  1892, 
1893,  and  1894.  Gathered  in  a  volume,  and 
published  in  November  1894,  with  the  title 
"Tales  of  Mean  Streets,"  they  attracted 
instant  attention,  and  made  a  notable 
success.  In  the  meantime  Mr.  Morrison 
had  entered  into  a  contract  to  produce 
four  volumes  of  detective  stories,  one  a 
year,  for  serial  as  well  as  for  ordinary 
publication,  and  the  first  of  these  volumes 
appeared  at  about  the  same  time  as  the 
"Tales,"  the  remainder  following  at  the 
agreed  intervals.  In  the  autumn  of  1896 
his  first  novel,  "A  Child  of  the  Jago," 
appeared,  with  even  more  success  than 
had  attended  "Tales  of  Mean  Streets."  An 
essay  on  these  two  books  is  included  in  the 
second  volume  of  "  Ecrivains  Etrangers," 
by  M.  Teodor  de  Wyzewa,  the  eminent 
French  critic.  Mr.  Morrison  is  also  known 
for  his  large  collection  of  prints  and 
drawings  by  the  old  Japanese  masters. 
His  published  works  in  their  order  are  : 
"Tales  of  Mean  Streets,"  1894;  "Martin 


776 


MORRISON  —  MOSTYN 


Hewitt,  Investigator,"  1894  ;  "  Chronicles 
of  Martin  Hewitt,"  1895;  "Adventures  of 
Martin  Hewitt,"  1896;  "A  Child  of  the 
Jago,"  1896;  "  The  Dorrington  Deed-Box," 
1897 ;  and  "  To  London  Town,"  1898. 
Address  :  Savage  Club,  Adelphi  Terrace, 
London. 

MORRISON,  George  Ernest,  M.D., 
F.R.G.S.,  Times  Correspondent  at  Peking, 
was  born  at  Geelong,  Victoria,  on  Feb.  4, 
1862.  He  was  educated  at  Geelong  College 
and  Edinburgh  University,  and  graduated 
M.D.  of  the  latter  in  18y5  (M.S.  in  1887). 
His  travels  have  been  numerous  and 
daring.  He  walked  across  Australia  from 
the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  to  Melbourne  in 
1882-83.  In  October  1883  he  was  speared 
by  the  natives  in  New  Guinea,  and  for 
nearly  a  year  carried  the  spear-head  in  his 
body  until  it  was  extracted  in  Edinburgh. 
In  1894  he  crossed  overland  from  Shanghai 
to  Rangoon.  As  Special  Correspondent  for 
the  Times  he  has  undertaken  some  import- 
ant travels  in  China  and  Siberia  (1896-97), 
and  during  the  recent  period  of  diplomatic 
tension  in  China  (1898)  has  frequently 
sent  home  messages  to  his  paper  from 
which  even  the  Government  have  been 
glad  to  draw  their  information.  His  over- 
land journey  of  1894  has  been  described 
by  him  in  his  volume  "An  Australian 
in  China."     Address  :  Peking. 

MOBTEN,  Miss  Honnor,  Member 
for  City  Division  of  the  London  School 
Board  since  1897,  born  at  Cheam  in  1863, 
is  a  daughter  of  a  solicitor,  and  niece  of 
William  Black.  She  was  educated  at  Bed- 
ford College  for  Women,  and  was  for  many 
years  engaged  in  nursing  and  journalism, 
and  helped  to  found  the  Nurses'  Co-opera- 
tion and  the  Association  of  Asylum 
Workers.  She  lectured  on  health  and 
nursing  subjects  under  the  Home  Office, 
the  Technical  Education  Board,  and  other 
bodies,  and  is  at  present  Lecturer  on  Sick- 
Nursing  at  the  Borough  Polytechnic.  She 
is  Warden  of  the  Hoxton  Settlement,  and 
represents  Hackney  on  the  London  School 
Board.  She  published  "  Sketches  of  Hos- 
pital) Life,"  "The  Nurse's  Dictionary," 
' '  How  to  become  a  Nurse, "  "  How  to  Treat 
Accidents  and  Illnesses,"  and  has  edited 
"The  Complete  System  of  Nursing,"  1898. 
Addresses :  Ivy  Hall,  Richmond,  Surrey  ; 
and  280  Blegton  Buildings,  Nile  Street, 
Hoxton,  N. 

MORTON,  The  Hon.  Levi  Parsons, 
LL.  D.,  American  banker  and  statesman, 
was  born  at  Shoreham,  Vermont,  May  16, 
1824.  He  entered  mercantile  life  at  an 
early  age,  and  soon  showed  a  remarkable 
aptitude  for  business.     In  1850  he  became 


a  partner  in  a  Boston  firm  of  merchants, 
and  in  1854  removed  to  New  York,  where 
he  established  the  firm  of  Morton  &  Grin- 
nell.  He  founded,  in  1863,  the  banking 
houses  of  Morton,  Bliss,  &  Co.  at  New 
York,  and  Morton,  Rose,  &  Co.  in  London, 
the  latter  serving  as  fiscal  agents  of  the 
U.S.  Government  from  1873  to  1884. 
Both  these  houses  were  active  in  the 
syndicates  that  negotiated  U.S.  bonds, 
and  in  the  payments  of  the  Geneva  award 
of  115,500,000  and  the  Halifax  fisheries 
award  of  $5,500,000.  Mr.  Morton  was 
an  Honorary  Commissioner  to  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1878,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  elected  a  Republican  Member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1880.  He  declined  a  nomina- 
tion for  the  Vice-Presidency  in  1880,  but 
accepted  the  mission  to  France  when  it 
was  tendered  him  by  Presidenf  Garfield. 
During  his  occupancy  of  that  post,  1881-85, 
he  secured  the  removal  of  the  restrictions 
upon  the  importation  of  American  pork, 
and  obtained  a  legal  status  for  American 
corporations  in  France.  In  1888  he  ac- 
cepted the  nomination  for  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency again  offered  him  by  the  Republican 
party,  and  was  duly  elected  in  November 
of  that  year  for  the  term  expiring  March 
4,  1893.  In  1894,  he  was  elected  Governor 
of  the  State  of  New  York.  The  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1881. 

MOSS,  The  Rev.  Henry  Whitehead, 

M.A.,  Head-master  of  Shrewsbury  School, 
was  born  in  Lincoln  on  June  23,  1841,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Henry  Moss, 
of  Lincoln.  He  was  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury School,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  thrice  succes- 
sively Porson  Prizeman,  Craven  University 
Scholar  in  1862,  Browne's  Medallist  in  1863, 
and  Senior  Classic  in  1864.  In  that  year 
he  was  appointed  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of 
St.  John's  College,  and  in  1866  to  his 
present  head-mastership.  He  has  been 
frequently  on  the  Committee  of  the  Head- 
master's Conference,  and  was  a  selected 
Speaker  at  Church  Congresses  in  1875  and 
1896.  He  is  married  to  Mary,  the  only 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  W.  A.  Beaufort. 
Address  :  The  Schools,  Shrewsbury. 

MOSTTN,  The  Right  Rev.  Francis, 
D.D.,  is  Vicar  Apostolic  of  Wales,  the 
Vicariate  having  been  erected  by  Pope  Leo 
XIII.  on  Mar.  4,  1895.  He  was  born  at 
Talacre  in  Flintshire,  on  Aug.  6,  1860,  and 
is  of  the  family  of  Sir  Puers  Mostyn,  Bart. 
He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Ascalon,  by 
Cardinal  Vaughan,  in  September  1895. 
Address :  Richmond  Villa,  Grosvenor 
Road,  Wrexham. 


MOTT  —  MOTTKHTAR-PACHA 


777 


MOTT,  Frederick  Walker,  F.R.S., 
M.D.,  B.Sc.  Lond.  ;  F.R.C.P.  ;  physician 
to  out-patients,  Charing  Cross  Hospital ; 
pathologist  to  the  London  County  Asylums ; 
was  born  at  Brighton,  and  is  the  son  of 
Henry  Mott.  He  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College  and  Hospital,  London,  and 
was  University  Scholar  and  Gold  Medallist. 
He  was  at  one  time  Lecturer  in  Physiology 
at  Charing  Cross  Hospital  Medical  School, 
and  is  now  engaged  in  investigating  the 
Neuro-Pathology  of  Insanity.  He  is  author 
of  numerous  contributions  in  medical 
journals  and  recent  text-books  of  medi- 
cine, of  several  original  papers  relating  to 
neurology  in  the  Proceedings  and  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  "Brain."  He  married  Georgiana, 
daughter  of  the  late  G.  T.  Soley.  Ad- 
dresses :  25  Nottingham  Place,  W. ;  and 
Chesham  Bois,  Bucks. 

MOTTL,  Herr  Felix,  was  born  at 
Vienna  in  1856,  and  studied  at  Lemberg 
and  the  Vienna  Conservatorium.  He  first 
attracted  notice  as  conductor  of  the  con- 
certs given  by  the  Richard  Wagner  Verein, 
and  in  1876  he  was  stage  conductor  under 
Richter  (q.v. )  of  the  Bayreuth  performance 
of  the  Nibelungen  tetralogy.  Subse- 
quently he  became  conductor  of  the  Grand- 
Ducal  Opera  House  at  Carlsruhe,  and  in 
1886  he  conducted  "Tristan  und  Isolde" 
at  Bayreuth.  He  first  appeared  in  London 
in  1894,  and  lovers  of  good  music  now  look 
forward  to  his  concerts  as  one  of  the 
regular  features  of  the  musical  season. 
His  opera,  "Agnes  Bernauer,"  was  pro- 
duced at  Weimar  in  1880. 

MOUKHTAR-PACHA,      Gh.azi 

Ahmed,  springs  direct  from  a  family  of 
silk  merchants  of  Broussa  in  Asia  Minor. 
His  father,  Hadji  Halil  Agha,  died  young, 
and  Ahmed  Moukhtar,  who  was  born  Oct. 
31,  1839,  was  brought  up  by  his  grand- 
father, who  sent  him,  in  1851,  to  the  pre- 
paratory military  school  of  his  native  city. 
He  manifested  a  remarkable  aptitude  for 
military  studies,  and  at  the  expiration  of 
five  years  he  passed  from  the  school  first  of 
his  class.  Entering  the  Military  Academy 
at  Constantinople,  he  remained  four  years 
as  pupil,  when,  in  consequence  of  his  pro- 
gress, he  was,  while  still  pursuing  his 
studies,  promoted  to  the  grade  of  lieu- 
tenant. When  he  left,  as  a  further  reward 
of  merit,  he  was  made  captain  on  the  staff, 
and  in  that  capacity  he  in  1860  joined  the 
head-quarters  of  the  Serder  Ekrem  Omar 
Pacha,  in  Montenegro,  where,  with  a  mere 
handful  of  troops,  he  dashed  at  an  almost 
impregnable  pass,  and  rendered  such  ser- 
vice that  he  was  decorated  on  the  spot 
with  the  Medjidieh  of  the  fifth  class.  After 
a  time  Ahmed  Moukhtar  returned  to  the 


Military  Academy,  where  he  was  appointed 
to  the  post  of  Professor  of  Astronomy, 
Military  Tactics,  and  Fortifications.  In 
this  somewhat  mixed  capacity  he  remained 
until  1863,  when  he  was  sent  as  binbashi, 
or  major  and  chief  of  the  staff  of  the  divi- 
sion of  Islaheye — a  division  of  organisa- 
tion— at  Alexandretta,  under  the  command 
of  Dervish  Pacha,  now  mushir  at  Batoum. 
At  the  end  of  1864  the  young  soldier  was 
appointed  caimakam,  or  lieut. -colonel, 
and  tutor  to  Prince  Youssouf  Issedin,  the 
eldest  son  of  Sultan  Abdul  Aziz.  In  this 
capacity  he  travelled  over  the  greater  part 
of  Europe,  and  received  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  the  Red  Eagle,  and  the  Crown  of 
Iron  among  other  decorations,  and  in  1867 
returned  to  Constantinople.  At  that  time 
Prince  Youssouf  became  Colonel  of  the  Im- 
perial Guard,  and  Ahmed  Moukhtar  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
regulating  the  frontier  of  Montenegro,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  until  1869,  by 
his  policy  saving  to  Turkey  the  strategical 
point  of  Veli  Malou  Berdu,  between  Spitz 
and  Podgoritza,  while  as  the  ex-Professor 
of  Fortifications  he  made  the  tete  clu  pont 
of  Vezir  Keupri.  For  these  services  he 
was  promoted  to  the  third  class  of  the 
Medjidieh,  and  returning  to  Stamboul  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Council  of  War. 
Three  months  later  he  was  nominated 
General  of  Brigade,  under  Redif  Pacha, 
then  commanding  the  Yemen  expedition 
against  the  Arabs,  20,000  of  whom  were 
in  insurrection.  Soon  after  Moukhtar's 
arrival  Redif  fell  ill,  and  the  command  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  young  liwa,  or 
Major-General.  He  took  the  city  of  Yedy, 
and  was  promoted  for  that  achievement  to 
the  grade  of  ferik,  or  General  of  division, 
and  chief  of  all  the  corps  in  Yemen,  Redif 
becoming  Governor,  until  he  was  super- 
seded, on  the  ground  of  illness,  by  Essad 
Pacha.  When  Ali  Pacha,  the  Minister  of 
War,  died,  Essad  Pacha  became  seraskier, 
and  Moukhtar  was  promoted  to  mushir,  or 
full  General,  and  the  Governorship  of 
Yemen,  in  1871,  at  the  age  of  thirty-three. 
He  also  received  the  Osmanli  of  the  first 
class  in  brilliants.  After  the  taking  of 
Sana  he  was  further  decorated  with  the 
first  class  of  the  Medjidieh.  In  1873  he 
returned  to  Stamboul,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed Minister  of  Public  Works,  but  he 
did  not  take  up  the  post,  as  a  few  days 
afterwards  he  was  named  Governor  of 
Crete.  He  was  not  destined,  however,  to 
occupy  the  post,  for  the  command  of  the 
Shumla  army  corps  fell  vacant,  and  it  was 
conferred  on  the  young  mushir.  He  re- 
mained at  Shumla  for  13J  months,  during 
which  time  he  constructed  the  existing 
fortifications.  Next,  appointed  Governor 
and  Military  Commandant  at  Erzeroum, 
he  served  in  the  Armenian  capital   for 


778 


MOULTON 


another  13J  months,  when,  for  yet  a  third 
period  of  13J  months,  he  took  the   com- 
mand   of    Bosnia    and   Herzegovina   and 
Montenegro,   where   his    friends    claimed 
for  him  that  he  had  gained  twenty  battles 
and  lost  only  one.     Now  named  Governor 
of  Candia,  he  was  at  the  end  of  ten  days 
about   to   leave  Constantinople  when  the 
Government    detained    him   to   have    his 
advice  on  the   questions   affecting  Mon- 
tenegro, giving  him  the  nominal  command 
of  the  4th  or  Erzeroum  army  corps.     On 
Mar.  25,  1877,  while  in  his  bureau  at  Stam- 
boul,  he  learned  that  for  the  first  time  the 
prospects  of  peace  were  judged  hopeless 
by  Turkish  statemen,  and  making  an  im- 
mediate application  for  a  ship  he  left  in  a 
man-of-war   on   the   26th   for   Trebizond, 
where  he  arrived  on  the  30th,  proceeding, 
after  three  days'  hard  work  in  the  organisa- 
tion  of  land  transport,  &c,  to  Erzeroum 
and  Ears.     He  had  only  three  weeks  to 
provide  for  the  defence  of  Armenia  when 
the  war  broke  out,  and  in  less  than  a  week 
from  his  arrival  in  Ears  that  fortress  was 
invested,   and  Moukhtar    retired  on  the 
Soghanly  Dagh.     His  gallant  conduct  has 
become  a  matter  of  history.     On  the  even- 
ing of  Oct.  1,  1877,  he  received  the  news 
that  the  Sultan  had  conferred  on  him  the 
title  of  Ghazi,  one  of  the  greatest  honours 
that  can  be  given  to  an  Ottoman.     The 
word  originally  means  fanatic,  but  in  its 
modern  acceptation  it  is  both  Defender  of 
the   Faith   and  Conqueror.     Besides   this 
title,  the  first  class   of   the  Medjidieh  in 
diamonds,   two   fine  Arab   horses,  and   a 
sword  in  brilliants,  marked  his   Ottoman 
Majesty's  sense  of  Ahmed  Moukhtar's  ser- 
vices.    In   April   1878   he  was   appointed 
Grand-Master  of  Artillery,  and  in  Novem- 
ber  of  the   same   year,    Commandant    of 
Janina.     In  September  1883  he  was  chosen 
to  proceed  to  Berlin  to  attend  the  German 
autumn  military  manoeuvres.     He  also  had 
several  interviews  with  Prince  Bismarck 
with  reference  to  the  entrance  of  Turkey 
into  the  Austro-German  alliance.     In  1885 
he  was  sent  to  Egypt  as  High  Commis- 
sioner   from    the     Turkish     Government. 
Here  he  had  long  conferences  with  Sir 
Henry  Drummond  Wolff,  who  represented 
Great   Britain.      Moukhtar  Pacha's  influ- 
ence on  Turkish  policy  is  described  as  still 
considerable,  and,  during  these  negotia- 
tions, he  used  it  against  England  and  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  failure  of  our  plans 
in  Egypt.     He  still  resides  in  that  country. 
His  Excellency  is  the  author  of  an  astro- 
nomical work  called  "Fenni  Bassite,  ou  la 
Science  du  Quadrant  Solairepourle  Temps 
Turque  "  ;  the  hours  in  Turkey  depending 
upon  the  moment  of  sunset,  and  conse- 
quently varying  from  day  to  day.     Moukh- 
tar-Pacha  has  retained  his  early  interest 
in   mathematics  and  astronomy,  and  has 


written  an  important  work  on  the  forms  of 
calculation  adopted  before  the  logarithms, 
on  the  astrolabe,  and  on  a  reform  in  the 
calendar,  whereby  the  annual  error  is  re- 
duced to  two  seconds  ;  so  that,  for  30,000 
years,  the  equinox  would  always  fall  on 
the  true  day. 

MOULTON,   John   Fletcher,    M.A., 
M.P.,  Q.C.,  F.K.S.,  &c,  the  third  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  James  Egan  Moulton,  was  born  at 
Madeley,  in  Shropshire,  on  Nov.  lg,  1844. 
He  received  the  elements  of  his  education 
at  the  New  Kingswood  School,  near  Bath  ; 
and  subsequently  proceeded  to  St.  John's 
College,    Cambridge,    where    he    became 
a    pupil    of    the    celebrated    Dr.   Routh. 
Throughout   his  school  and  college  days- 
young  Moulton  displayed  an  extraordinary 
faculty  for  mastering  any  subject  which 
he  attacked  ;  so  much  so  as  hardly  ever  to 
fail   of   securing  the   first    place    in   any 
examination    for    which    he    sat.      His 
favourite  subject  was  mathematics.  During 
his  undergraduate  course  at  Cambridge, 
he  was  a  competitor   for    mathematical 
honours  at  the  London  University,  and  he 
succeeded  in  carrying  off  in  succession  a 
mathematical  scholarship  at  the  matricu- 
lation   examination,   and   again    another 
mathematical  scholarship  at  the  first  B.A. 
examination.     In  the  next  year  he  became 
University    Scholar ;    and,    in    1868,    he 
graduated  M.A.   and   obtained   the   Gold 
Medal  for  mathematics.     Meanwhile  he 
was   equally   carrying    everything   before 
him  at  Cambridge,  where  he  won  the  first 
mathematical    scholarship   at    St.  John's 
College ;  and,  subsequently,  in  the  same 
year  in  which  he  took  the  Gold  Medal  at 
the    London    University,   became  Senior 
Wrangler  and  first  Smith's  Prizeman.     On 
this  occasion  his  score  of  marks  was  so 
extraordinary  that  his  excess  of  marks  over 
what  would  have  sufficed  to  secure  the 
Senior  Wranglership    would    alone    have 
entitled  him  to  a  high  place  among  the 
wranglers.     As  was  natural  in  the  circum- 
stances, Mr.  Moulton,  when  the  choice  of 
a  profession  presented  itself  to  his  mind, 
at  first  inclined    to   adopt  an  academic 
career,  and  he  became  a  Fellow,  afterwards 
a  Lecturer  of  Christ's  College,  and  subse- 
quently a  Lecturer  at  Jesus  College.    The 
attractions  of  a  larger  sphere,  however, 
prevailed,  and   in   1873   he  resigned  his 
Fellowship  and  came  to  London,  receiving 
in  the  next  year  a  call  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple.     He  took  silk  in  1885,  and 
is  still  in  leading  practice  at  the  Bar.     In 
politics  Mr.  Moulton  has  always  been  an 
advanced    thinker.     He    was    a    Radical 
member  of  the  Union  Debating  Society  at 
Cambridge,  over  which  he  for  a  time  pre- 
sided, and  sat  for  a  short  while  in  the 
S  Parliament    of    1885-86    as    the    Liberal 


MOUNET  —  MOUNTFORD 


779 


representative  of  Clapham.  He  became 
the  designated  Liberal  candidate  for  the 
representation  of  Nottingham,  but  was 
defeated  by  a  majority  of  83  in  the  election 
of  1892.  In  March  1894,  however,  he  was 
returned  to  Parliament,  after  a  close  con- 
test, as  member  for  South  Hackney,  from 
the  representation  of  which  Lord  (then 
Sir  C. )  Russell  had  just  retired.  In  1898  he 
was  returned  as  a  Liberal  member  for  the 
Launceston  Division  of  Cornwall.  He  was 
elected  an  Alderman  by  the  London 
County  Council  in  1893.  In  the  discussion 
of  the  conditions  under  which  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  should  be  reorganised 
upon  a  new  footing,  a  discussion  which  is 
proceeding  actively  at  the  present  time, 
Mr.  Moulton  has  taken  a  leading  part  as 
the  champion  of  the  cause  of  non-resident 
students.  Notwithstanding  professional 
and  political  preoccupations,  Mr.  Moulton 
has  from  time  to  time  made  contributions 
to  current  scientific  discussion,  and  in 
particular  during  the  year  1879  he  wrote, 
in  collaboration  with  the  late  Dr.  William 
Spottiswoode,  at  that  time  President  of 
the  Royal  Society,  two  elaborate  papers 
upon  the  discharge  of  Electricity  through 
rarefied  gases,  or,  to  speak  more  popularly, 
in  vacuum  tubes.  The  merit  of  these 
contributions  was  at  once  recognised  in 
scientific  circles,  and  Mr.  Moulton  was,  in 
June  1880,  elected  to  the  Fellowship  of 
the  Royal  Society.  Again,  in  1881,  he 
assisted  at  the  Congress  of  Electricians, 
which  met  during  that  year  in  Paris,  and 
on  that  occasion  was  decorated  with  the 
Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1875,  Clara,  the  widow  of  the  late 
R.  W.  Thompson  of  Edinburgh  ;  she  died 
in  1889.  Addresses :  57  Onslow  Square, 
S.W.  ;  and  11  King's  Bench  Walk. 

MOTJNET,  Jean  Sully,  known  to  the 
theatrical  world  of  France  as  Mounet- 
Sully,  the  tragedian,  was  born  at  Bergerac, 
Dordogne,  on  Feb.  27,  1841.  He  showed 
a  precocious  love  of  the  drama,  and  the 
actor's  career,  and  met  with  opposition 
from  his  family.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one,  however,  he  undertook  his  own 
dramatic  education,  entered  the  Conserva- 
toire, and  was  praised  by  Bressant.  In 
1868  he  won  a  first  prize  for  tragic  acting, 
and  made  a  modest  debut  at  the  Odeon  in 
Paris.  During  the  war  of  1870  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  a  company  of  mobiles  ;  and  for  a 
time,  in  1 871,  thought  of  giving  up  the  stage, 
but  in  July  1872  he  was  at  length  given  the 
part  of  Oreste  at  the  Theatre  Franoais.  In 
this  role  he  won  his  laurels,  and  in  eighteen 
months  his  services  as  a  tragedian  won 
him  his  election  as  sociitaire  to  the  first 
theatre  in  the  world.  He  has  remained 
there  ever  since,  and  has  become  famous 
for  the  power  and  nervous  intensity  of  his 


acting  and  the  beauty  of  his  voice.  His 
most  celebrated  parts  are  Achilles  in 
"  Iphigenie,"  Xiphares  in  "  Mithridate, " 
Hyppolytus  in  "Phedre,"and  Orosmanes 
in  "  Zaire."  In  1888  he  surpassed  himself 
as  CEdipus  Rex  in  the  Sophoclean  tragedy 
of  that  name,  which  was  acted  amid  the 
ruins  of  the  Roman  theatre  at  Orange. 
He  is  also  famous  for  his  impersonation  of 
Hamlet,  and  of  various  modern  roles  such 
as  the  King  in  "  Le  Roi  s'Amuse,"  Fabrice 
in  "L'Aventuriere,"  and  Saint  Megrin  in 
"Henri  III.  et  sa  Cour."  He  was  elected 
a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1889. 
He  has  himself  written  a  drama  in  five 
acts,  "La  Buveuse  de  Larmes."  When 
the  Comeclie  Francaise  visited  London  in 
1894  Mounet-Sully  was  one  of  the  chief 
attractions.  His  Hamlet  especially  was 
contrasted  with  that  of  Sir  H.  Irving  and 
that  of  Mr.  Tree.  He  may  be  described  as 
a  fine  French  classical  actor  of  the  old 
school.  His  brother,  Jean  Paul  Mounet, 
is  also  an  actor  of  some  eminence.  He 
was  born  in  1847,  and  in  1889  entered  the 
Theatre  Francais. 

MOTJNT-EDGCUMBE,  Earl  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  William  Henry  Edg- 
cumbe,  D.C.L.,  D.L.,  was  born  on 
Nov.  5,  1832,  and  is  the  son  of  the  3rd 
Earl,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1861,  and 
Caroline,  daughter  of  Rear-Admiral 
Charles  Fielding.  He  was  educated  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
honours  in  the  final  Mathematical  School 
in  1853  (M.A.).  In  1858  he  was  appointed 
Equerry  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and,  as 
Viscount  Valletort,  represented  Plymouth 
in  Parliament  from  1859  till  1861.  From 
1862  to  1866  he  was  Lord  of  the  Bed- 
chamber to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  from 
1879  to  1880  Lord  Chamberlain  of  the 
Queen's  Household,  and  from  1885  to  1886 
and  1886  to  1892  Lord  Steward.  He  was 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen  from  1881  to  1897, 
has  been  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Cornwall 
from  1877  onwards,  and  in  1889  was  ap- 
pointed Hon.  Colonel  of  the  2nd  Volunteer 
Battalion  of  the  Devonshire  Regiment. 
He  married,  in  1858,  Katherine,  daughter 
of  the  1st  Duke  of  Abercorn,  KG.  She 
died  in  1874.  Addresses :  5  Victoria 
Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Mount-Edgcumbe 
House,  Plymouth,  &c. 

MOUNTFORD,  Edward  William, 

is  the  son  of  Edward  Mountford,  and  was 
born  at  Shipston-on-Stour,  Worcestershire, 
on  Sept.  22,  1855.  Educated  privately, 
he  was  articled  in  1872  to  Messrs.  Haber- 
shon  &  Pite,  architects,  and  began  to 
practise  as  an  architect  in  1881.  Amongst 
the  various  buildings,  which  have  been 
erected  from  his  designs,  there  may  be 
mentioned  :    The    Sheffield    Town    Hall, 


780 


MOUNT-STEPHEN  —  MTJIR 


1890 ;  Battersea  Town  Hall,  Battersea 
Polytechnic,  St.  Olave's  Grammar  School, 
Southwark  ;  Northampton  Institute, 
Clerkenwell ;  Museum  and  Technical 
School  at  Liverpool.  Mr.  Mountford  is  a 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  and  he  was  President 
of  the  Architectural  Association  from  1893 
to  1895.  Address  :  17  Buckingham  Street, 
Strand,  W.C. 

MOUNT-STEPHEN,  Lord,  George 

Stephen,  Bart.,  was  born  at  Duff- 
town, Scotland,  on  June  5,  1829.  He 
emigrated  to  Canada  in  1850  and  became  a 
merchant  in  Montreal.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal, 
of  which  he  was  made  President  in  1878. 
In  1879  he  became  President  of  the  St. 
Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Manitoba  Railway 
Company,  and  in  1881  President  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company.  In 
1887  as  a  memorial  of  Her  Majesty's 
Jubilee,  he  and  Sir  Donald  Smith  (now 
Lord  Strathcarron)  gave  £200,000  to 
found  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital  in 
Montreal,  and  in  1896  they  gave  £200,000 
more  to  provide  a  permanent  endowment 
fund.  In  1886  he  was  created  a  Baronet 
for  his  public  services  in  connection  with 
the  completion  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway,  and  in  1891  was  raised  to  the 
Peerage  under  the  title  of  Lord  Mount- 
Stephen.  He  married  (1)  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Kane  (died  1896), 
and  (2),  in  1897,  Gian,  daughter  of  the  late 
Commander  Robert  George  Tufnell.  Ad- 
dresses :  Brocket  Hall,  Hatfield  ;  16  James 
Street,  Buckingham  Street,  S.W. ;  and 
Grand  Metis,  Quebec. 

MOW  AT,    The    Hon.    Sir    Oliver, 

G.C.M.G.,Q.C.,LL.D.,  Canadian  statesman, 
was  born  at  Kingston,  July  22,  1820,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  John  Mowat,  of 
Canisby,  Caithness.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  of  Upper  Canada  in  November  1841, 
and  was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1856,  and  a  Bencher  of  the  Law  Society 
for  the  Province  in  the  same  year.  From 
1856  to  1857  he  was  a  Commissioner  for 
consolidating  the  Public  General  Statutes 
of  Canada  and  Upper  Canada.  He  entered 
political  life  in  1857,  as  representative  of 
South  Ontario,  and  was  Provincial  Secre- 
tary in  the  following  year  in  the  Brown- 
Dorion  Government,  which,  however, 
lasted  but  a  few  days.  He  was  Postmaster- 
General  in  1863-64  ;  and  from  November 
1864  until  October  1872  was  one  of  the 
Vice-Chancellors  of  Ontario.  He  left  the 
Bench  at  the  latter  period  to  form  a  new 
administration  in  Ontario,  and  became 
Premier  and  Attorney-General  for  the 
Province,  and  representative  of  North  Ox- 
ford in  the  Legislature,  positions  which  he 


held  till  his  resignation,  in  July  1896,  to 
enter  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  Cabinet  as 
Minister  of  Justice.  He  was  appointed 
Lieut.-Governor  of  Ontario,  Nov.  18,  1897. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  important  legis- 
lative measures  in  the  Provincial  Parlia- 
ment, and  is  a  Liberal  in  politics.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Queen's  College,  Kingston,  in  1872,  and 
by  the  University  of  Toronto  in  1889.  In 
1892  he  was  made  K.C.M.G.,  and  in  1897 
he  was  promoted  to  be  a  Knight  Grand 
Cross  of  the  same  order.  He  married 
Jane,  second  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Ewart,  of  Toronto,  in  1846.  She  died  in 
1893.     Address :  Toronto. 

MTJDFORD,  William  H.,  the  life 
editor  of  the  Standard,  was  born  in  1839, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  proprietor  of  the 
Kentish  Observer  and  the  Canterbury  Jour- 
nal. He  became  manager  of  the  Standard 
in  1873,  and  editor  in  1876.  It  is  said  that 
the  success  of  that  important  paper  is 
mainly  due  to  the  ability  and  moderation 
of  its  present  editor,  who  nightly  com- 
municates with  his  staff  by  telephone  from 
his  house  at  Sandgate,  Kent.  Address  : 
63  Cornhill,  E.C. 

MTJIR,  Matthew  Moncrieff  Patti- 
son,  was  born  at  Glasgow  on  Nov.  1,  1848, 
and  educated  at  the  High  School  of  Glas- 
gow and  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He 
studied  chemistry  under  the  late  Dr. 
Penny  at  Anderson's  College,  Glasgow, 
and  under  Professor  Fittig  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Tubingen.  He  was  Demonstrator 
in  Chemistry  in  Anderson's  College,  1871- 
74 ;  Assistant  Lecturer  and  Demonstrator 
in  Chemistry  in  the  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester, 1874-77  ;  and  was  appointed  Prse- 
lector  in  Chemistry  at  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  1877.  He  took  the 
degree  of  M.A.,  honoris  causd,  given  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1880  ;  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  1881.  He  was  Examiner  in 
Chemistry  in  the  Natural  Sciences  Tripos 
(Cambridge)  1884  and  1885,  and  is  the 
author  of  "Qualitative  Analysis  and 
Laboratory  Practice,"  with  T.  E.  Thorpe, 
1874  (several  editions  published  since) ; 
"  Chemistry  for  Medical  Students,"  1878  ; 
"  Chemists "  in  "  Heroes  of  Science  " 
series,  1883;  "A  Treatise  on  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Chemistry,"  1884  ;  2nd  edit., 
1889  ;  "  Elements  of"  Thermal  Chemistry," 
1885  ;  "Elementary  Chemistry,"  (with 
Chas.  Slater),  1887  ;  "Practical Chemistry" 
(with  D.  J.  Carnegie)  1887  ;  joint-editor 
of  a  new  edition  of  Watts's  Dictionary  of 
Chemistry,"  1888 ;  and  author  of  "  The 
Chemistry  of  Fire,"  1893  ;  "  The  Alchemi- 
cal Essence  and  the  Chemical  Element," 
1894;   "The  Story  of  the  Chemical  Ele- 


MUIR— MULLINGER 


781 


ments,"  1896  ;  and  "  A  Course  of  Practical 
Chemistry,"  1897.  Address:  Caius College, 
Cambridge. 

MUIR,  Sir  William,  K.C.S.I.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,   Ph.D.,  Principal    and  Vice-Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  son 
of  Mr.  William  Muir,  of  Glasgow,  was  born 
in  1819.     He  was  educated  at  the  Univer- 
sities of  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  and  at 
Haileybury  College ;    entered  the  Bengal 
Civil  Service  in  1837 ;  has  been  Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  India  in  the  foreign 
department ;    was  appointed   Provisional 
Member  of  the  Governor-General's  Coun- 
cil in  India  in  December  1867,  and  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  North-West  Pro- 
vinces in  1868 ;    was  invested  with  the 
Order    of   the    Star    of    India    in   1867 ; 
appointed  Financial  Member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Governor-General  of  India  in 
1874 ;  and  retired  in  1876  ;  Member  of  the 
Council  of  India,  1876  to  1885  ;  Principal 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,   1885,   in 
succession  to  the  late  Sir  Alexander  Grant. 
He  is  LL.D.  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh ; 
was  created   an  honorary  D.C.L.   of  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1882  ;  and  Ph.D. 
of  Bologna  in  1888.     His  works  are  :  "  The 
Life  of  Mahomet  and  History  of  Islam, 
to  the  Era  of  the  Hegira,"  4  vols.,  Lond., 
1858-61  (3rd  edit.,  1  vol.,  1894) ;  Annals  of 
the  Early  Caliphate,"  1883;    "The  Cali- 
phate," 2nd  edit.,  1893  ;  "  The  Coran,  its 
Composition  and  Teaching,  and  the  Testi- 
mony it  bears  to   the   Holy  Scriptures," 
1878;    "Extracts   from   the   Coran,   with 
English  rendering,"  1880  ;   "  The  Apology 
of  Al-Kindy,"  1881  and  1887  ;  "The  Early 
Caliphate  and  Kise  of  Islam,"  being  the 
Rede  Lecture  for  1881,   delivered  before 
the   University   of    Cambridge;    "Sweet 
First-Fruits"  and  "Beacon    of   Truth"; 
"  The  Mameluke  Dynasty  "  ;  "  The  Moham- 
medan  Controversy,"    1897 ;    "  Cyprian," 
&c.       He    married,    in    1840,    Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  Wemyss,  B.C.S.     She 
died  in  October   1897.      Address :    Dean 
Park  House,  Edinburgh. 

MULHALL,  Michael  G.,  born  1836, 
is  third  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Mulhall, 
lawyer,  St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Irish  College,  Borne. 
In  1861  he  founded  the  Buenos  Ayres 
Standard,  the  first  English  daily  paper 
printed  in  S.  America.  Since  1880  he  has 
been  a  constant  contributor  to  the  Con- 
temporary Review  and  to  Section  F.  of  the 
British  Association.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Committee  of  the  Association  in  1884, 
and  attended  the  Anglo-American  Scien- 
tific Congress,  held  that  year  at  Phila- 
delphia. His  principal  works  are  ;  "  The 
Progress  of  the  World,"  1880  ;  the  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Statistics,"  1886,  of  which  the 


fourth  edition  has  appeared  ;  and  the 
"  Industries  and  Wealth  of  Nations," 
1896.  His  wife,  Mrs  Marion  Mulhall, 
published,  in  1883,  a  book  of  travels 
"Between  the  Amazon  and  the  Andes," 
and  received  a  complimentary  letter  from 
the  Royal  Italian  Geographical  Society. 
In  1896-97  she  contributed  some  historical 
essays  to  the  Dublin  Review,  besides  an 
article  in  the  Contemporary  Review  on 
Technical  Schools  for  Girls.  Permanent 
address  ;  Killiney  Park,  co.  Dublin. 

MULLEB,  Max.     See  Max-Mtjlleh, 
The  Right  Hon.  Professor  Feiedrich. 


MULLINGER,  James  Bass,  M.A., 
was  born  at  Bishop  Stortford,  Herts,  being 
the  second  son  of  John  Morse  Mullinger, 
and  Mary,  second-  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
James  Bass,  of  Halstead,  Essex.  He 
studied  at  University  College,  London,  in 
the  classes  of  the  late  Professors  De  Mor- 
gan and  Maiden.  In  1862  he  entered  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1866  in  double  honours,  third 
class  in  Classics,  and  second  class  in 
Moral  Sciences,  and  was  Le  Bas,  Hulsean, 
and  Kaye  University  Prizeman.  He  was 
for  two  years  Lecturer  on  History  at  Bed- 
ford College,  London,  and  is  at  the  present 
time  Cambridge  University  Lecturer  on 
History  and  Lecturer  and  Librarian  to  St. 
John's  College.  He  was  Birkbeck  Lec- 
turer on  Ecclesiastical  History  to  Trinity 
College,  1890-94,  and  Lecturer  on  History 
of  Education  to  Teachers'  Training  Syndi- 
cate at  Cambridge  from  1885  to  1895.  He 
was  President  of  the  Cambridge  Anti- 
quarian Society  for  the  year  1896-97.  Mr. 
Mullinger  is  the  author  of  "Cambridge 
Characteristics  in  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury," 1867 ;  "  The  Ancient  African 
Church,"  1869;  "The  New  Reformation," 
a  narrative  of  the  Old  Catholic  movement, 
published  under  the  nom  de  guerre  of 
"Theodoras,"  1875;  "The  University  of 
Cambridge,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to 
the  Accession  of  Charles  I.,"  2  vols., 
1873-84  (on  the  third  volume  of  which  he 
is  at  the  present  time  engaged);  "The 
Schools  of  Charles  the  Great,"  1877  ;  and 
joint-author,  with  Dr.  S.  R.  Gardiner,  of 
"An  Introduction  to  English  History," 
which  has  gone  through  several  editions. 
He  has  written  also  various  historical 
articles  in  the  "  Dictionary  of  Christian 
Antiquities  "  ;  and  is  the  author  of  those 
on  "The  Popedom,"  "The  Reformation," 
and  "Universities"  in  the  "Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  He  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Academy,  the  Revue  His- 
torique,  the  Contemporary  Review,  and  the 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography."  Ad- 
dress :  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 


782 


MUN  —  MUNRO 


MOMS',  Adrien  Albert  Marie,  Comte 
de,  French  politician  and  philosopher,  was 
born  at  Lumigny,  Feb.  23,  1841,  and  is  the 
great-grandson  of  the  celebrated  materi- 
alist philosopher,  Helvetius.  Before  tak- 
ing to  politics,  he  was  in  the  army,  and 
rose  to  be  a  Captain  of  Cuirassiers.  How- 
ever, he  left  the  service  in  1875,  owing  to 
his  devotion  to  the  cause  of  Roman 
Catholicism,  which  he  furthered  by  found- 
ing workmen's  clubs  throughout  France. 
In  1876  he  was  elected  Deputy  for  Pon- 
tivy,  once  a  centre  of  the  Breton  Chouans, 
and  sat  among  the  Extreme  Eight  in  the 
Chamber,  where  he  rendered  himself 
famous  by  his  clerical  and  anti-Republican 
motions.  Daring  the  Boulanger  agitation 
he  kept  outside  all  strife,  and  in  1892, 
when  Leo  XIII.  invited  the  French 
monarchists  to  give  in  their  adhesion  to 
the  Republic,  the  Comte  de  Mun  formally 
renounced  politics,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  task  of  reconciling  Church  and 
State.  In  1897  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy  to  the  seat  lately 
occupied  by  Jules  Simon,  and  formerly  by 
Massillon.  His  speech  at  his  election  in 
praise  of  his  predecessor  was  greatly 
admired,  for  he  is  in  the  front  rank  of 
French  orators.  His  Paris  address  is  5 
Avenue  de  l'Alnia. 

MTJNKACSY,  Michael  von,  or 
Michael  Lieb,  Hungarian  painter,  was 
born  near  Munkacs,  Oct.  10,  1846.  His 
parents  were  poor,  and  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  carpenter,  but  his  genius  for  painting 
soon  manifested  itself,  and  he  left  the 
bench  for  the  easel,  gaining  a  prize  of 
eighty  florins  from  the  Pesth  Art  Union, 
which  enabled  him  to  study  in  the  Vienna 
Art  Galleries  and  afterwards  at  Munich 
and  Diisseldorf.  His  picture,  "  The  Last 
Day  of  a  Condemned  Prisoner,"  was  ex- 
hibited in  the  Paris  Salon  in  1870,  and  at 
once  established  his  reputation.  This  was 
followed  by  "An  Episode  of  the  Hungarian 
War  of  1849,"  ''The  Night  Prowlers," 
"The  Studio,"  "The  Two  Families," 
' '  Milton  Dictating  '  Paradise  Lost '  to  his 
Daughters,"  1878  ;  "  Christ  before  Pilate," 
1882;  "Christ  on  Calvary,"  1884;  "The 
Last  Moments  of  Mozart, "1886 ;  "Allegory 
of  the  Italian  Renaissance,"  a  fresco,  1890  ; 
"The  Favourite  Air,"  1891;  and  three 
portraits  of  ladies,  1890-92.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  be  a  Commander  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1890,  and  has  obtained  medals 
at  successive  Exhibitions  in  Paris,  and  a 
grand  prize  in  1889.  He  is  famous  for  his 
fine  colouring,  surprising  effects  of  light 
and  air,  and  daring  originality,  but  his 
canvases  are  occasionally  too  crowded 
with  figures.  In  1896  he  returned  to  Hun- 
gary permanently  from  Paris,  where  he 
had  lived  since  the  early  seventies,  but  in 


1897  he  developed  symptoms  of  insanity, 
and  he  has  lived  in  seclusion  ever  since. 

MUNEO,E,obert,M.A.,M.D.,F.R.S.E., 
Secretary  to  Lord  Rosebery  when  Foreign 
Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland,  was  born  in  Ross-shire,  July 
21,  1835,  and  married  8th  Sept.  1875. 
Dr.  Munro  received  his  early  education  in 
the  parish  of  Kiltearn,  Ross-shire,  whence 
he  was  sent  for  a  couple  of  years  to  Tain 
Royal  Academy  preparatory  to  entering 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  After  com- 
pleting his  studies  at  that  University, 
graduating  both  in  Arts  and  Medicine,  he 
settled  as  a  medical  practitioner  in  the 
town  of  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  had  an  opportunity  of  grati- 
fying an  early  acquired  taste  for  foreign 
travel  by  making  a  tour  through  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  During  his  residence  at 
Kilmarnock  some  remarkable  discoveries 
of  Lake  Dwellings  were  made  in  the  West 
of  Scotland  in  which  he  became  greatly 
interested,  and  these  ultimately  supplied 
him  with  materials  for  his  work  "  On  the 
Ancient  Scottish  Lake  Dwellings,"  1882. 
In  1885  he  was  President  of  the  Glasgow 
and  West  of  Scotland  Branch  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  when  he  delivered  an 
address  on  "  The  Scientific  Basis  of  Medi- 
cine." Retiring  from  the  medical  profes- 
sion in  1886,  he  has  since  devoted  his  time 
to  anthropological  and  archaeological  pur- 
suits. In  1888  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Council  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland  Rhind-Lecturer  in  Archaeology 
for  that  year,  the  subject  assigned  to  him 
being  "The  Lake  Dwellings  of  Europe." 
These  lectures  formed  the  nucleus  of  his 
exhaustive  work  on  that  subject  which 
appeared  in  1890.  In  1893  he  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Anthropological  Section  of  the 
British  Association  Meeting  held  at  Not- 
tingham. He  was  invited  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  Bosnia-Herzegovina  to  attend  a 
special  Congress  held  at  Sarajevo  (August 
1894)  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  some 
very  remarkable  discoveries  recently  made 
in  that  country.  The  outcome  of  that 
journey  was  the  publication  in  1895  of 
"  Rambles  and  Studies  in  Bosnia-Herzego- 
vina and  Dalmatia,"  the  only  work  in  the 
English  language  which  gives  an  account 
of  the  great  neolithic  station  at  Butmir 
and  of  the  early  Iron-Age  Cemeteries  of 
Giasinac  and  Tezerine.  In  June  1896  Dr. 
Munro  delivered  a  course  of  two  lectures 
on  "Lake  Dwellings"  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution of  Great  Britain.  His  latest  work, 
"Prehistoric  Problems,"  1897,  contains 
among  other  subjects  his  much  discussed 
essay  on  the  influence  of  the  erect  posture 
on  the  intellectual  development  of  the 
brain.  Dr.  Munro  has  also  contributed 
largely  to  the  journals  of  Scientific,  Medi- 


MUNRO-FERGUSON  —  MURRAY 


783 


cal,  and  Archaeological  Societies.  He  is 
{causd  honoris)  Member  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  Fellow  of  the  R.  Soc.  of  Antiq. 
of  Ireland,  Member  of  the  R.  Society  of 
Northern  Antiquaries,  Corr.  Member  of 
the  Anthropological  Societies  of  Berlin 
and  Vienna,  &c.  During  his  travels  he 
has  visited  North  America,  China  and 
Japan,  India,  Egypt,  and  all  the  principal 
archaeological  centres  in  Europe.  His 
residence  is  48  Manor  Place,  Edinburgh. 

MUNRO-FERGUSON,  Ronald 
Craufurd,  M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Colonel  R.  Munro-Ferguson, 
of  Raith,  M.P.  He  was  born  in  1860,  and 
was  educated  at  Sandhurst.  He  was  for  a 
time  Lieutenant  in  the  Grenadier  Guards. 
He  was  Liberal  representative  in  the  House 
of  Commons  of  Ross  and  Cromarty  from 
1884  to  1885,  and  since  1886  has  repre- 
sented the  Leith  Burghs.  In  1894  he  was 
appointed  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  going  out 
of  office  in  June  1895.  He  was  Private 
Secretary  in  1886  and  again  in  1892-94.  He 
is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Fifeshire,  D.L.  for 
Ross-shire,  and  in  1885  became  Captain  of 
the  1st  Fife  Light  Horse  Rifle  Volunteers. 
In  1889  he  married  Helen,  daughter  of  the 
Marquis  of  Dufferin.  Addresses :  Raith 
House,  Kirkcaldy,  &c.  ;  and  46  Cadogan 
Square,  S.W. 

MUNSTER-LEDENBURG,  Georg 
Herbert,  Count,  German  Diplomatist  and 
Ambassador  in  Paris,  was  born  in  London, 
Dec.  23, 1820,  and  is  the  son  of  the  famous 
Hanoverian  statesman.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Universities  of  Bonn,  Heidelberg, 
and  Gottingen,  and  sat  by  hereditary  right 
in  the  Hanoverian  Upper  House.  From 
1856  to  1864  he  was  on  an  Extraordinary 
Mission  to  St.  Petersburg  ;  on  the  annexa- 
tion of  Hanover  he  became  a  Member  of 
the  Upper  House  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards of  the  North  German  Confederation, 
and  finally  of  the  Imperial  Reichstag.  He 
was  appointed  Ambassador  to  England  in 
1873,  and  to  Paris  in  1885.  His  services 
were  rewarded  by  the  Order  of  the  Black 
Eagle  in  1889,  and  in  1898  he  celebrated 
his  twenty-fifth  year  of  ambassadorial 
rank.  The  German  Embassy  is  situate  at 
78  Rue  de  Lille,  Paris. 

MURAVIEFF,  Count,  Russian 
Foreign  Minister,  was  born  in  1845  of  a 
distinguished  Russian  family.  He  was 
educated  at  Poltava  and  Heidelberg,  and 
entered  the  Russian  Diplomatic  Service. 
In  1864  he  was  attached  to  the  Russian 
Embassy  at  Berlin,  and  was  afterwards  at 
Stockholm  and  Stuttgart.  In  1874  he  be- 
came Secretary  at  the  Hague,  and  from 
1880  to  1884  he  was  at  Paris.  In  1893  he 
was  promoted  to  be  Minister  to  Denmark, 


where  he  created  a  favourable  impression 
on  the  Dowager-Empress,  who  is  a  daughter 
of  the  King.  Probably  this  led  to  his  being 
chosen  to  succeed  Prince  Lobanoff  as  the 
Czar's  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
January  1897.  This  post  he  has  held  with 
conspicuous  success  ever  since,  and  in 
August  1898  he  was  the  channel  through 
which  the  Czar's  wishes  for  a  Peace 
Congress  were  made  known  to  the  Great 
Powers. 

MURRAY,  Alexander  Stuart,  LL.D., 
F.S.A.,  Keeper  of  Greek  and  Roman  An- 
tiquities in  the.  British  Museum,  was  born 
near  Arbroath,  Jan.  8,  1841,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  George  Murray.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Royal  High  School,  Edin- 
burgh, the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
the  University  of  Berlin.  He  was  appointed 
Assistant  in  the  British  Museum  in  1867, 
and  Keeper  in  1886,  in  succession  to  Sir 
C.  T.  Newton,  K.C.B.,  retired.  He  is  best 
known  by  a  work  on  the  History  of  Greek 
Sculpture,  2  vols.,  1880  and  1883  ;  and  a 
Handbook  of  Greek  Archteology,  1892.  He 
has  also  contributed  numerous  articles  to 
the  Nineteenth  Century,  Contemporary  Review, 
Revue  ArclUologique,  and  Journal  of  Hellenic 
Studies,  &c.  He  is  an  active  and  prominent 
member  of  the  Hellenic  Society.  Ad- 
dresses :  British  Museum,  and  Athenaeum. 

MURRAY,  Alrna,  actress,  was  born 
in  London,  and  is  a  daughter  of  Leigh 
Murray,  the  actor.  She  was  educated 
privately,  and  first  appeared  on  the  stage 
at  the  Olympic  whilst  still  a  little  girl. 
Since  1879  she  has  played  at  the  Lyceum, 
and  all  the  principal  London  theatres. 
In  1897  she  played  Rosalind,  her  first 
appearance  in  the  part,  at  the  Metropole 
Theatre,  Camberwell.  The  Shelley  and 
the  Browning  Societies  have  chosen  her 
as  the  interpreter  of  the  chief  female 
characters  in  their  arduous  revivals. 
Thus  in  the  daring  revival  by  the  Shelley 
Society  of  "The  Cenci,"  she  took  the 
part  of  Beatrice.  She  is  well-known  for 
her  recitations.  Her  husband  is  Mr. 
Alfred  Forman,  the  Wagnerian.  Address  : 
49  Comeragh  Road,  West  Kensington,  W. 

MURRAY,  The  Right  Hon. 
Andrew  Graham,  Q.C.,  MP.,  Lord 
Advocate  of  Scotland,  was  born  in  Edin- 
burgh on  Nov.  21,  1849,  and  is  the  only 
child  of  the  late  T.  Graham  Murray,  W.S", 
of  Stenton.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  was  a  scholar  (M.A.  1875).  He  was 
called  to  the  Scottish  Bar  in  1874  ;  was 
Advocate  Depute  from  1888  to  1890 ; 
Sheriff  of  Perthshire  from  1890  to  1891  ; 
Solicitor-General  for  Scotland  for  two 
periods,  viz.,  from  1891  to  1892,  and  1895- 


784 


MURRAY 


96,  and  in  1896  was  appointed  Lord 
Advocate.  Since  1891  he  has  been  Con- 
servative member  for  Bute.  He  became 
Q.  C.  in  1891,  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1896.  London  address  :  Ken- 
sington Palace  Mansions,  SW. 

MURRAY,  David,  A.R.A.,  A.R.S.A., 
A.R.W.S.,  R.S.W.,  was  born  in  Glasgow 
on  Jan.  29,  1849,  and  is  the  eldest  son 
of  James  Murray  of  that  city.  He  was 
educated  at  Glasgow,  entered  upon  a  com- 
mercial career,  and  after  more  than  ten 
years  chose  the  profession  of  art.  He 
lived  for  a  time  in  a  hut  in  Skye,  studying 
landscape.  His  landscapes  include  High- 
land views,  a  series  of  pictures  of  Picardy 
and  of  Hampstead  Heath,  and  views  on 
the  Kennet  and  Avon,  &c.  Since  1875  he 
has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  in  the  Royal 
Academy.  Address  :  1  Langham  Cham- 
bers, Portland  Place,  W. 

MURRAY,    David.    Christie,    was 

born  at  West  Bromwich,  Staffordshire, 
April  13,  1847,  and  educated  at  a  private 
school  there.  He  began  press  life  as  a 
reporter  on  the  Birmingham  Morning  News, 
under  the  editorship  of  his  friend  George 
Dawson  ;  came  to  London  in  1873,  served 
on  the  Daily  News,  and  was  on  the  staff 
of  the  World.  He  acted  as  special  corre- 
spondent of  the  Scotsman  and  the  Times  in 
the  Russo-Turkish  War.  On  his  return  he 
abandoned  journalism  for  fiction.  In  1879 
he  published  his  first  long  work  of  fiction 
in  Chambers's  Journal — "A  Life's  Atone- 
ment." "Joseph's  Coat"  appeared  in 
1880;  "Val  Strange"  and  "Coals  of 
Fire,"  "  A  Collection  of  Short  Stories,"  in 
1881  ;  "  Hearts  "  and  "By  the  Gate  of  the 
Sea,"  in  1882,  the  latter  being  the  latest 
serial  published  in  the  original  series  of 
the  Comhill  Magazine.  In  1883  Mr.  Murray 
published  "  The  Way  of  the  World,"  and 
in  1886  "  Aunt  Rachel,"  which  appeared 
first  in  the  English  Illustrated  Magazine ; 
"  Old  Blazer's  Hero,"  1887  ;  "  A  Danger- 
ous Catspaw  "  (written  in  connection  with 
Mr.  Henry  Murray) ;  and  "  Wild  Darrie," 
1889;  "Bob  Martin's  Little  Girl,"  1892; 
"A  Wasted  Crime,"  1893;  "In  Direst 
Peril,"  "  The  Great  War  of  189-  "  (in  con- 
junction with  P.  Colomb),  "The  Making 
of  a  Novelist,"  "  Mount  Despair,"  and 
"  A  Gospel  o'  Nails,"  1894 ;  "  The  Bishop's 
Amazement,"  and  "  A  Rogue's  Con- 
science," 1896  ;  "  This  Little  World,"  and 
"My  Contemporaries  in  Fiction,"  189  7; 
"Tales  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  "The  Cock- 
ney Columbus,"  and  "  A  Race  for  Millions," 
1898  ;  and  in  collaboration  with  the  late 
Henry  Herman,  "  Our  Travellers  Re- 
turned," "  The  Bishop's  Bible,"  and  "  Paul 
Jones's  Alias."  During  the  earlier  part  of 
the  year  1898  Mr.  Christie  Murray  was  in 


Paris,  where  he  had  constant  interviews 
with  M.  Zola,  and  warmly  espoused  his 
cause.  He  delivered  lectures  on  the  cele- 
brated Dreyfus  imbroglio,  employing  the 
aid  of  the  magic  lantern  to  demonstrate 
the  merits  of  the  famous  "  bordereau." 
Address :  Clan  y  don,  Pensarn,  near 
Abergele. 

MURRAY,  Professor  George  Gil- 
bert Aime,  was  born  in  Sydney,  Jan.  2, 
1866,  and  is  the  third  son  of  the  late 
T.  A.  Murray,  who  was  the  first  Speaker 
in  the  Legislative  Council  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  for  ten  years  its  President. 
G.  G.  A.  Murray  was  educated  at  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  and  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  where,  in  his  first  year, 
he  carried  off  the  Hertford  and  Ireland 
Scholarships,  and  subsequently  every  open 
scholarship  and  prize  of  the  University, 
and  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  New 
College.  In  1889,  at  the  age  of  only 
twenty-three,  he  became  Professor  of 
Greek  at  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He 
published  in  1890,  "Gobi  or  Shamo :  a 
Story  of  Three  Songs";  "History  of 
Ancient  Greek  Literature,"  1897,  and 
has  written  much  on  Hellenic  subjects 
in  the  Speaker,  the  Journal  of  Education, 
and  the  Oottigen  Philologus.  In  November 
1889  he  married  the  Hon.  Lady  Mary 
Howard,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle.  Address  :  5  The  College,  Glas- 
gow. 

MURRAY,  The  Hon.  George 
Henry,  Q.C.,  Premier  and  Provincial 
Secretary  of  Nova  Scotia,  was  born  at 
Grand  Narrows,  N.S.,  June  7,  1861.  He 
was  educated  at  Boston  University,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1883,  and  prac- 
tised at  North  Sydney,  He  was  appointed 
to  the  Legislative  Council  of  Nova  Scotia 
in  1889,  and  in  1896  unsuccessfully  fought 
Sir  Charles  Tupper  (q.v.)  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  Cape  Breton.  In  July  of  the 
same  year  he  succeeded  Mr.  Fielding  as 
Premier  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  August 
was  returned  to  the  Dominion  Assembly 
for  Victoria.  He  was  made  a  Q.C.  in  1895 
by  Lord  Aberdeen.  Address  :  Halifax, 
N.S. 

MURRAY,   Sir  George  Herbert, 

K.C.B.,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  G.  E. 
Murray,  late  Rector  of  South  Fleet,  was 
born  in  1849.  He  began  his  career  in  1873 
as  a  clerk  in  the  Foreign  Office,  and  in  1877 
acted  as  Secretary  to  the  Commission  for 
negotiating  a  new  commercial  treaty  with 
France.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  transferred  to  a  clerkship 
in  the  Treasury,  where  he  remained  up  to 
the  beginning  of   1897,  being  latterly  a 


MURRAY 


785 


principal  clerk.  He  was  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Trade  in  1885,  and 
was  Private  Secretary  to  Mr.  Gladstone 
during  his  last  ministry  in  1892-94,  and  to 
Lord  Rosebery  during  his  tenure  of  office. 
He  was  made  a  C.B.  in  1894.  In  February 
1897  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir 
Alfred  Milner  as  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Inland  Revenue,  and  in  January  1899  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  General  Post 
Office  in  succession  to  the  popular  and 
successful  Sir  Spencer  Walpole,  K.  C.B. 
He  accepted  this  post  in  deference  to  the 
special  request  of  the  Government.  He 
was  created  K.C.B.  in  June  1899.  He 
is  married  to  a  daughter  of  the  late  Lord 
Dunleath. 

MURRAY,  George  Robert  Milne, 
F.R.SS.  Lond.  and  Edin.,  F.L.S.,  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  New  York  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences,  &c,  Keeper  of  Botany, 
British  Museum,  since  1895,  was  born  at 
Arbroath,  N.B.,  on  Nov.  11,  1858.  He  was 
educated  at  Arbroath  High  School  and 
Strassburg  University.  He  was  Lecturer 
in  Botany  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  1882- 
86,  and  at  the  Royal  Veterinary  College, 
1890-95.  His  publications  are  :  An  "  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  Seaweeds,"  1895 ; 
"  Hand-book  of  Cryptogamic  Botany,"  in 
which  he  was  joint-author,  1889  ;  "  Phyco- 
logical  Memoirs,"  1892-95  ;  and  botanical 
papers  from  1877  onwards.  He  married 
Helen,  daughter  of  the  late  William  Welsh, 
of  Walker's  Barns,  Brechin,  in  1884.  Ad- 
dress :  British  Museum  (Natural  History), 
Cromwell  Road,  S.W. 

MURRAY,  Sir  Herbert  Harley, 
K.C.B. ,  late  Governor  of  Newfoundland, 
was  born  in  1829,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Dr.  Murray,  Bishop  of  Rochester, 
and  Sarah,  daughter  of  the  9th  Earl  of 
Kinnoul.  He  was  educated  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  and  entered  the  Civil  Ser- 
vice. He  was  Deputy-Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Customs  (1887-90),  and  Chairman 
(1890-94).  In  September  1895  he  was 
appointed  to  his  late  post,  and  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Bath.  He  was 
Governor  of  Newfoundland  until  1898. 
Address  :  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 

MURRAY,  James  Augustus 
Henry,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  Ph.D.,  editor 
of  the  "  Oxford  Dictionary,"  was  born  at 
Denholm,  near  Hawick,  Roxburghshire, 
in  1837,  and  was  educated  at  Cavers, 
Minto,  Hawick,  Edinburgh,  taking  the  Lon- 
don B.A.,  and  becoming  M.A.  of  Oxford 
(Balliol)  in  1885.  He  began  life  as  a 
schoolmaster,  and  was  engaged  in  teaching 
from  1855  to  1885,  becoming  successively 
Assistant  Master  of  Hawick  Grammar 
School,  and  Master  of  Hawick  Academy, 


and  Master  at  Mill  Hill  School.  From 
1875  to  1879  he  was  Assistant  Examiner  in 
English  at  the  University  of  London.  He 
was  President  of  the  Philological  Society 
of  London  for  two  periods,  from  1878  to 
1880  and  from  1882  to  1884,  and  in  1879 
undertook  for  this  body  and  for  the  Claren- 
don Press,  Oxford,  the  gigantic  work  of  his 
life,  the  editorship  of  "  The  New  English 
Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles."  This 
colossal  work,  which,  at  the  present  rate 
of  progress,  will  not  be  finished  till  1910,  is 
based  upon  the  collections  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society.  These  consisted  of  a  store 
of  some  two  million  quotations  accumu- 
lated by  many  hundreds  of  readers.  The 
quotations  illustrate  the  history  of  every 
word  in  the  English  language,  including 
slang,  the  canting  languages,  technologi- 
cal phraseology,  &c,  and  all  existing  com- 
binations of  words  for  seven  hundred  years 
past.  Dr.  Murray  and  his  assistants,  who 
labour  in  a  special  scriptorium  at  Oxford, 
have  found  it  necessary  to  restrict  them- 
selves exclusively  to  the  linguistic  side  of 
their  work,  avoiding  the  tendency  to  be 
encyclopaedic  which  Dr.  Johnson  of  old 
was  compelled  to  repress.  The  Dictionary 
had  been  brought  down  to  the  word 
"  Hod"  in  the  year  1899.  Dr.  Murray  has 
been  editor  of  every  volume  up  to  the 
present,  except  E.,  which  has  been  in  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Henry  Bradley.  To  com- 
memorate the  progress  of  the  Dictionary 
Dr.  MacGrath,  then  Vice-Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  entertained  all  con- 
cerned in  its  production  at  a  public  dinner 
in  October  1897.  Dr.  Murray  has  also 
written  voluminously  on  Archaeology, 
Natural  History,  History,  Dialect,  &c. , 
and  has  contributed  especially  to  the 
Transactions  of  the  Philological  Society. 
Among  volumes  and  editions  published  by 
him  are  :  "  A  Week  among  the  Antiquities 
of  Orkney,"  1861;  "The  Dialect  of  the 
Southern  Counties  of  Scotland,"  1873 ; 
"Synopsis  of  Paley's  '.Horas  Paulinas,'" 
1872-79  ;  "  The  Minor  Poems  of  Sir  D. 
Lyndesay,"  1871  ;  "  The  Complaynt  of 
Scotland,"  1874  ;  "  The  Romance  and 
Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Erceldoune," 
1875  ;  and  the  article  on  the  English  Lan- 
guage in  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica." 
Dr.  Murray  married  Ada  Agnes,  eldest 
daughter  of  George  Ruthven,  of  Kendal, 
in  1867.  Address  :  Sunnyside,  Banbury 
Road,  Oxford. 

MURRAY,  John,  J.P.,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
F.R.G.S.,  was  born  in  London  in  1851,  and 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.  He  is  the  head  of  the 
publishing  house  of  John  Murray,  which 
was  founded  in  1768,  and  he  has  in 
1898  become  President  of  the  Publishers' 
Association.     He  is  also  a  Fellow  of  the 

3d 


786 


MURRAY  —  M  URP1I Y 


Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society.  He  has  edited 
Gibbon's  "Autobiography,"  and  other 
works.  Mr.  Murray  is  married  to  the 
daughter  of  William  Leslie  of  Wasthill, 
Aberdeenshire.  Address  :  50  Albemarle 
Street,  W.  ;  and  Athemeum. 

MURRAY,  Sir  John,  KC.B.,  F.R.SS. 
London  and  Edinburgh,  D.Sc.  Camb. ,  LL.  D. 
Edin.,  Ph.D.  Jena,  Knight  of  the  Royal 
Prussian  Order  pour  le  Merite,  Scientific 
Member  of  the  Fishery  Board  for  Scot- 
land, one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  Editor  and  Direc- 
tor of  the  "  Challenger  Expedition  "  publi- 
cations, was  born  at  Coburg,  Ontario, 
Canada,  on  March  3,  1841,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Robert  Murray, 
accountant.  He  received  his  early  educa- 
tion at  the  Public  School  and  Professor 
McAuley's  Educational  Establishment, 
London,  Ontario,  and  at  Victoria  College, 
Coburg,  Ontario.  He  removed  to  Bridge 
of  Allan,  Scotland,  in  1858,  where  his 
education  was  continued  under  private 
tuition,  and  at  the  High  School,  Stirling, 
and  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
studied  also  in  France,  Germany,  and 
Belgium.  For  several  years  he  assisted 
his  relative,  the  late  John  Macfarlane, 
Esq.,  of  Coney  Hill,  in  the  formation  of  a 
large  Natural  History  Museum  at  Bridge 
of  Allan.  In  1868  he  visited  Spitzbergen 
and  the  Arctic  regions  as  naturalist  on 
board  a  whaler.  In  1872  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  naturalists  of  H.M.S. 
Challenger,  during  her  circumnavigating 
voyage  for  the  exploration  of  the  physical 
and  biological  conditions  of  the  great 
ocean  basins,  1872-76.  In  1876  he  became 
first  assistant  on  the  staff  appointed  by 
the  Government  to  undertake  the  publica- 
tion of  the  scientific  results  of  the  Challen- 
ger Expedition,  and  on  the  death  of  Sir 
Wyville  Thomson,  in  1882,  became  editor 
and  director  of  the  Challenger  publications. 
In  1880  and  in  1882  he  took  part  in  the 
Knight  Errant  and  Triton  expedition  for 
the  exploration  of  the  Faroe  Channel.  In 
1883  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  pro- 
curing funds  for  the  establishment  of  a 
permanent  meteorological  observatory  on 
the  top  of  Ben  Nevis,  and  has  ever  since 
been  one  of  the  directors  of  that  institu- 
tion. Between  1882  and  1894  he  con- 
ducted many  observations  in  his  steam 
yacht  Medusa  on  the  physical  and  bio- 
logical conditions  of  the  lochs  and  seas  of 
Scotland,  and  founded  and  maintained 
marine  stations  for  scientific  research  at 
Granton,  near  Edinburgh,  and  at  Millport, 
on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland.  He  has 
travelled  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  Reports  on  the  Scientific  Results  of 
the    Cliallenger  Expedition,    published   by 


Her  Majesty's  Stationery  Office  in  fifty 
royal  quarto  volumes,  were  completed  in 
1896,  and  form  the  most  extensive  work 
of  the  kind  ever  issued  from  the  press. 
These  reports  consist  of  3  volumes  of  a 
Narrative  of  the  Cruise,  2  of  Physics  and 
Chemistry,  1  of  Deep-Sea  Deposits,  2  of 
Botany,  40  of  Zoology,  and  2  of  a  Summary 
of  Results.  Besides  editing  these  Reports 
he  wrote  the  "  Summary  of  Results,"  and 
was  joint-author  of  the  "Narrative  of  the 
Cruise  "  and  of  the  "Report  on  Deep-Sea 
Deposits."  He  has  thus  been  engaged  in 
the  work  of  the  Challenger  Expedition  for 
over  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  latterly 
he  bore  a  considerable  part  of  the  expense 
connected  with  the  completion  of  these 
Government  publications.  He  has  pub- 
lished papers  on  the  "  Structure  and 
Origin  of  Coral  Reefs  and  Islands "  ;  on 
"Marine  Deposits  from  many  parts  of  the 
World";  on  the  "Height  of  the  Land 
and  Depth  of  the  Ocean  ";  on  the  "  Total 
Annual  Rainfall  on  the  Land  of  the 
Globe "  ;  on  the  "  Exploration  of  the 
Antarctic  Regions " ;  on  the  "  Marine 
Fauna  of  the  Kerguelen  Region  of  the 
Southern  Ocean  "  ;  on  the  "  Manganese 
Oxides  and  Manganese  Nodules  in  Marine 
Deposits  "  ;  on  the  "  Geology  of  Malta  "  ; 
on  the  "Discovery  of  America";  on  the 
"  Effects  of  Winds  on  the  Distribution  of 
Temperature  in  the  Sea  and  Fresh-Water 
Lochs  of  the  West  of  Scotland " ;  on 
"  Bipolarity  in  the  Distribution  of  Marine 
Organisms  "  ;  and  on  many  other  subjects 
connected  with  geography,  oceanography, 
and  marine  biology.  In  recognition  of  his 
scientific  work  he  has  been  elected  Corre- 
sponding Member  and  Honorary  Member  of 
a  large  number  of  British  and  Foreign  Aca- 
demies and  Scientific  Societies,  and  has 
been  awarded  the  Cuvier  Prize  and  Medal  of 
the  Institut  de  France  ;  the  Humboldt 
Medal  of  the  Gesellschaft  fur  Erdkund« 
zu  Berlin  ;  the  Royal  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  the  Founders'  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  ;  the  Neill  and  Mac- 
dougall-Brisbane  Medals  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  created 
K.C.B.  in  1898.  He  married,  in  1889, 
Isabel,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas 
Henderson,  Esq.,  shipowner,  Glasgow. 
Addresses  :  Challenger  Lodge,  Wardie, 
Edinburgh  ;  and  Athenasum. 

MURPHY,  The  Right  Hon.  James, 
B.A.,  LL.D.  Dublin,  is  the  fourth  son  of  the 
late  Jeremiah  Murphy,  of  Limerick,  and  was 
born  in  1826.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  was  called  to  the  Irish 
Bar  in  1849.  He  became  a  Q.C.  in  1866,  and 
was  in  1883  appointed  an  Exchequer  Judge 
in  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in  Ireland.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  sworn  a  member 
of  the  Irish  Privy  Council.     He  was  mar- 


MUTSU  HITO  — NANSKN 


787 


ried,  in  1864,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  the 
late  Eight  Hon.  W.  M.  Keogh.  Addresses  : 
Glencairn,  Sandyford,  co.  Dublin ;  and 
Athenseum. 

MUTSU    HITO,    The    Mikado,    or 

Emperor  of  Japan,  was  born  Nov.  3,  1852, 
or  according  to  the  Japanese  calendar  in 
2512,  and  ascended  the  throne  Feb.  3, 
1867,  succeeding  his  father  Osa-hito.  He 
began  his  reign  by  great  reforms  conceived 
in  a  liberal  spirit,  resulting  in  abolishing 
the  feudal  system  which  has  impeded  the 
general  progress  of  the  country.  He  has 
given  the  Japanese  a  Parliamentary  Con- 
stitution based  on  the  example  of  Euro- 
pean nations.  He  has  in  fact  inaugurated 
the  new  era  in  Japan,  which,  during  his 
reign,  has  become  unprecedentedly  pros- 
perous. During  the  recent  Chino-Japanese 
war  he  has  shown  himself  a  true  leader  of 
his  people,  making  many  public  appear- 
ances, and  controlling  and  rewarding  his 
generals  after  the  fashion  of  an  "  en- 
lightened despot "  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury in  Europe.  Unlike  most  Oriental 
despots,  he  is  not  self-indulgent,  but 
spares  no  trouble  to  improve  his  mind. 
He  presides  himself  at  the  meetings  of 
his  Privy  Council,  and  has  surrounded 
himself  by  statesmen  who  have  raised 
Japan  to  its  present  prosperous  and  ad- 
vanced civilisation.  The  Prince  Imperial 
is  Yoshi  Hito,  born  Aug.  31,  1879. 

MUZAFFER  -  ED  -  DIN,    Shah    of 

Persia,  is  a  son  of  Nasr-ed-Din,  the  late 
Shah,  and  was  born  March  20,  1853,  his 
mother  being  the  "Royal  Wife."  His 
father,  using  his  prescriptive  right  to 
appoint  a  successor,  nominated  him  as  his 
heir,  although  he  was  only  the  second 
son,  and  one  of  at  least  five  sons  and 
fifteen  daughters.  He  was  Governor- 
General  of  the  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
whilst  his  elder  brother,  a  dangerous 
rival,  was  Governor  of  Ispahan.  On  May 
1,  1896,  the  late  Shah  was  assassinated, 
and  Muzaffer-ed-Din  came  to  the  throne. 
He  was  invested  with  sovereign  power  at 
Teheran  on  June  8,  1896.  Viscount  Curzon 
has  pronounced  him  a  prince  of  good 
intelligence  and  amiable  intentions. 

MYERS,  Frederic  W.  H.,  was  born 
Feb.  6,  1843,  at  Keswick,  Cumberland, 
being  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Frederic 
Myers,  Incumbent  of  St.  John's,  Keswick. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1864; 
Fellow  of  Trinity,  1865,  and  was  appointed 
one  of  H.M.  Inspectors  of  Schools  in  1872. 
He  published  in  1867  :  "  St.  Paul "  (poem) ; 
in  1881  and  later,  "Essays,  Classical  and 
Modern";   "Science  and  a  Future   Life, 


and  other  Essays,"  "Life  of  Wordsworth" 
in  English  Men  of  Letters  Series,  &c. ; 
"The  Renewal  of  Youth"  (poems).  He 
collaborated  with  Edmund  Gurney  and 
Frank  Podmore  in  "Phantasms  of  the 
Living "  (1886),  and  has  written  much 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  for  Psychi- 
cal Research,  1882-99,  of  which  society  he 
is  Hon.  Secretary.  He  married,  in  1880, 
Eveleen,  youngest  daughter  of  Charles 
Tennant,  Esq.,  of  Cadoxton.  Address  : 
Leckhampton  House,  Cambridge. 

MYLNE,  The  Right  Rev.  Louis 
George,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bombay,  son  of 
Major  Charles  David  Mylne,  H.E.I.C.S., 
was  born  in  Paris  in  1843,  and  educated  at 
Merchiston  Castle  School,  Edinburgh,  at 
the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  and  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  (BA.  first 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.,  1866  ;  MA.  1870  ;  D.D. 
1876).  He  was  curate  of  North  Moreton, 
Berkshire,  from  1867  to  1870,  and  senior 
tutor  of  Keble  College  from  1870  to  1876  ; 
was  appointed  Bishop  of  Bombay  in  suc- 
cession to  the  late  Dr.  Douglas,  and  was 
consecrated  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London, 
by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  May  1, 
1876.  He  resigned  the  See  of  Bombay  in 
1897,  and  was  appointed  Vicar  of  St. 
Mary's,  Marlborough,  in  the  same  year. 
He  is  author  of  several  Charges  to  the 
Church  in  India,  and  of  two  volumes  of 
sermons,  one  of  which  was  published  in 
India.  The  titles  of  his  works  are  as 
follows  :  "English  Church  Life  in  India," 
1884;  "Corporate  Life  of  the  Church  in 
India,"  1888;  "Counsels  and  Principles 
of  the  Lambeth  Conference  of  1888"; 
"Churchmen  and  the  Higher  Criticism," 
1893.  Dr.  Mylne  married,  in  1879,  Amy 
Frederica,  daughter  of  D.  W.  Moultrie, 
Esq. ,  and  has  six  children.  Address  :  c/o 
Messrs.  Grindlay  &  Co.,  55  Parliament 
Street,  S.W. 


N 


NANSEN,  Fridtjof,  Sc.D.,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.  ,D.C.L.,  was  born  near  Christiania  on 
Oct.  10,  1861.  He  went  to  the  University  of 
Christiania  in  1880,  and  decided  upon  study- 
ing zoology  ;  therefore,  to  study  animal  lite 
in  high  latitudes  he,  in  March  1882,  went 
out  in  a  Norwegian  sealing  ship  to  the  Jan 
MayenandSpitzbergen  seas, and  afterwards 
to  the  sea  between  Iceland  and  Greenland. 
He  returned  from  this  expedition  in  July 
1882,  and  later  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  curator  in  the  Natural  History 
Museum  at  Bergen  (Norway).  In  1888  he 
took  his  degree  as  Doctor  of  Philosophy, 
and  in  May  of  that  year  started  on  his 


788 


NANSEN" 


memorable  journey  to  Greenland,  which 
continent  he  crossed,  returning  in  May 
1889,  after  which  he  was  appointed,  by 
the  Government,  curator  of  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Anatomy  at  the  Chris- 
tiania  University.  He  has  written  various 
papers  upon  anatomical  subjects  ;  and  the 
account  of  one  of  his  expeditions  "Across 
Greenland  "  was  published  in  1890.  The 
Norwegian  Storthing,  or  National  As- 
sembly, some  years  ago  voted  a  grant  of 
200,000  kroner  for  a  fresh  expedition  to 
the  North  Pole.  The  charge  of  the  ex- 
pedition was  entrusted  to  M.  Fridtjof 
Nansen,  and  there  are  several  features  of 
special  interest  in  connection  with  the 
inception  of  this  further  effort  to  reach 
the  .North  Pole  that  call  for  notice. 
Hitherto,  with  one  possible  exception,  all 
attempts  to  reach  the  North  Pole  have 
been  made  in  defiance  of  the  obstacles  of 
nature.  Now  an  attempt  was  to  be  made 
to  ascertain  whether  nature  herself  had 
not  supplied  a  means  of  solving  the  diffi- 
culty, and  whether  there  was  not,  after  all, 
a  possibility  of  reaching  the  North  Pole 
by  utilising  certain  natural  facilities  in 
these  frozen  seas  of  which  all  early  ex- 
plorers were  ignorant.  The  circumstances 
upon  which  these  new  hopes  were  based 
may  be  thus  summarised.  The  Jeannette 
expedition  of  1879-81  and  the  loss  of  that 
vessel  seemed  to  sound  the  knell  of  all 
expeditions  to  reach  the  Pole  by  Behring 
Strait,  but  in  June  1884,  exactly  three 
years  after  the  Jeannette  sank,  there  were 
found  near  Julianshaab,  in  Greenland, 
several  articles  which  had  belonged  to  the 
Jeannette,  and  been  abandoned  by  the  crew 
at  the  time  of  its  wreck,  and  which  had. 
been  carried  to  the  coast  of  Greenland, 
from  the  opposite  side  of  the  Polar  Sea, 
on  a  piece  of  ice.  This  fact  at  once 
aroused  curiosity  as  to  how  it  accom- 
plished that  mysterious  journey  across  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  as  to  what  unknown 
current  had  borne  that  significant  and  in- 
forming message  from  Behring  Strait  to 
Greenland  ;  and  it  was  thought  highly  pro- 
bable that  there  was  a  comparatively  short 
and  direct  route  across  the  Arctic  Ocean 
by  way  of  the  North  Pole,  and  that  nature 
herself  had  supplied  a  means  of  communi- 
cation, however  uncertain,  across  it.  Dr. 
Nansen's  expedition  endeavoured  to  real- 
ise these  hopes  of  a  direct  route  across 
the  apex  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  In  1892 
Dr.  Nansen  completed  a  polar  ship,  the 
Fram  (Onward),  which  was  rigged  as  a  three- 
masted  schooner,  and  had  an  engine  of  160 
horse-power  and  a  displacement  of  800 
tons.  The  sides  were  so  constructed  as  to 
force  all  ice  meeting  the  vessel  underneath 
her,  so  that  the  hull  escaped  being  nipped 
or  "screwed."  Dr.  Nansen,  with  a  crew  of 
twelve  men,  set  out  from  Norway  on  July 


21,  1893,  taking  on  board  thirty-four  dogs 
at  Khabarova  on  Yugor  Strait.  The  navi- 
gation of  the  north  coast  of  Asia  was 
accomplished  with  considerable  difficulty 
on  account  of  the  inaccuracy  of  the  exist- 
ing maps.  Cape  Chelyuskin  was  rounded 
on  September  10,  and  deciding  not  to 
carry  out  his  original  intention  of  calling 
at  Olenek  for  more  dogs,  Dr.  Nansen 
pushed  on  towards  the  New  Siberian 
Islands.  At  this  point  the  Fram  was 
turned  due  north  on  September  18,  and, 
four  days  later,  a  mooring  was  made  to  an 
ice-floe,  north  of  Sannikof  Island,  in  about 
78^°  N.  Here  the  good  Fram  stuck,  and 
the  ice  held  her  fast  for  three  years,  when 
she  broke  a  way  out  on  the  north  of  Spitz- 
bergen.  However,  when  it  became  evident 
that  the  Fram  was  fixed,  the  men  relieved 
the  monotony  by  games  and  other  cheering 
pursuits.  The  great  floe  in  which  the  Fram 
was  frozen  began  to  drift  over  a  degree  to 
the  N.W.,  but  came  back  to  her  starting- 
point  in  November.  The  course  of  the 
floe  was  uneven,  passing  the  80th  degree 
in  April  1894,  moving  to  the  82nd  by  the 
middle  of  June,  but  on  August  28  coming 
back  to  81°  again.  Still,  subsequent  pro- 
gress was  slow  but  sure,  and  by  March 
1895  another  three  degrees  had  been 
traversed,  and  the  Fram  was  84°  N., 
and  about  103°  E.  On  March  14, 1895, 
Nansen  and  his  alter  ego,  Johansen,  at 
84°  N.  lat.,  started  on  their  famous  journey 
polewards.  The  route  was  at  first  due 
north,  and,  despite  almost  insuperable 
difficulties,  in  three  weeks  140  statute 
miles  were  covered.  Changing  his  route 
to  N.W.  Nansen  reached  (April  7,  1895) 
lat.  86°  13'  6"  N.  in  long.  95°  E.,  and  push- 
ing on  alone  for  a  few  miles,  the  explorer 
attained  86°  14'.  This  stupendous  fact  in 
Arctic  explorations  means  that  Nansen  and 
Johansen,  in  the  space  of  twenty-four  days, 
travelled  150  miles  in  a  region  "  far  beyond 
the  farthest  point  ever  reached  by  man 
before."  The  Fram  itself  in  December 
1894  passed  the  highest  record  previously 
attained — 83°  24' — "  so  that  in  something 
like  four  months  close  on  three  degrees 
of  northing  had  been  made — a  feat  unpre- 
cedented since  the  days  of  Baffin.  Nansen 
recognising  only  too  well  the  danger  of 
pursuing  a  northern  course — winter  would 
have  overtaken  him  had  he  done  so — 
prudently  resolved  to  veer  and  make  for 
Spitzbergen  or  Franz  Josef  Land.  The 
story  of  the  journey  south  has  been  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  most  exciting  in 
the  literature  of  exploration.  The  dogs 
became  weaker  and  weaker,  and,  as  they 
died  off,  were  given  to  the  remainder  for 
food,  and,  on  one  occasion,  Nansen  and 
Johansen  had  to  be  content  with  a  meal 
of  dog's  blood.  At  last,  in  the  beginning 
of  August  1895,  land  was  reached,  but 


NAOROJI 


789 


before  they  could  proceed  farther  the  sea 
got  blocked  up,  and  another  winter  in 
the  darkness  became  inevitable.  Quarters 
were  taken  up  on  an  island  about  the 
middle  of  the  Franz  Josef  Land  group, 
and  there  the  winter  was  passed  mainly 
in  sleep.  In  May  1896  the  dreary  winter- 
ing came  to  an  end,  and  the  journey  south 
and  west  to  Spitzbergen  was  resumed. 
The  historic  meeting  with  Mr.  Jackson, 
the  explorer,  was  made  on  this  southern 
course,  and  at  last,  "after  fifteen  months' 
solitary  struggling  with  ice,  and  water, 
and  darkness,  and  cold,  begrimed  with  a 
year's  dirt,"  the  two  weary  but  uncomplain- 
ing travellers  plunged  into  civilisation  and 
comfort.  The  scientific  results  of  Dr. 
Nansen's  expedition  are  of  considerable 
value.  Briefly  put,  his  achievements  are 
as  follows  :  (1)  he  has  succeeded  in  getting 
within  250  statute  miles  of  the  North 
Pole,  some  200  miles  nearer  than  the 
highest  previous  attainment ;  (2)  he  has 
established  the  essential  truth  of  the  theory 
as  to  polar  currents  ;  and  (3)  he  has  ac- 
cumulated a  mass  of  evidence  bearing  on 
polar  navigation  of  the  highest  scientific 
importance.  On  Feb.  8,  1897,  Dr.  Nansen 
delivered  a  lecture  on  "  Some  Results  of 
the  Norwegian  Arctic  Expedition  "  before 
a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  at  the  Albert  Hall,  Kensington. 
The  President  of  the  Society  (Sir  Clements 
Markham)  occupied  the  chair,  and  was 
supported  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  York,  the  audience 
including  many  persons  of  distinction.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  lecture  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  presented 
Dr.  Nansen  with  a  medal  specially  struck 
in  his  honour.  During  the  same  month 
(February  1897)  Dr.  Nansen's  great  work, 
"Farthest  North,"  was  published.  The 
full  title  of  this  book,  which,  in  importance, 
takes  high  rank  in  the  scientific  literature 
of  the  century,  is:  "  Fridtjof  Nansen's 
'Farthest  North,'  being  the  Narrative  of 
the  Voyage  and  Exploration  of  the  Fram, 
1893-96,  and  the  Fifteen  Months'  Sledge 
Expedition.  By  Dr.  Nansen  and  Lieu- 
tenant Johansen,  with  an  Appendix  by 
Otto  Sverdrup."  After  a  short  rest  of  a 
few  months  in  his  native  land,  Dr.  Nansen 
started  on  a  lecturing  tour  through  Europe. 
He  married,  in  September  1889,  Mdlle. 
Eva  Sars,  an  eminent  singer,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  M.  Sars,  Professor  of 
Zoology  in  Christiania  University.  Ad- 
dress :  Lysaker,  near  Christiania. 

NAOROJI,  Dadabhai,  late  M.P.  for 
Central  Finsbury,  is  the  first  native  of 
India  who  has  represented  a  British  con- 
stituency in  Parliament.  He  is  the  son  of 
a  Parsee  priest,  and  was  born  in  Bombay 
on  Sept.  4,   1825.     When  only  four  years 


old  he  lost  his  father,  his  early  education 
thus  devolving  on  his  mother,  who  brought 
him  up  with  great  diligence  and  care.     In 
India   the   opportunities   of   receiving   an 
English  education  could  hardly  be  said  to 
have  existed   in   the  thirties,   and  young 
Naoroji   was   put  into   the   only   Govern- 
ment school  that  Bombay  could  boast  at 
the  time,   being-  a  seminary    which  ulti- 
mately  developed    into    the   Elphinstone 
Institution.     Here  his  career  was  one  of 
uniform  success.    From  the  first  he  showed 
an  unusual  predilection  for  mathematics, 
and  carried  away  almost  all  the  prizes  and 
exhibitions  for  proficiency  in  his  favourite 
study,  as  well  as  for  political  economy  and 
natural  philosophy.     His  highest  academi- 
cal reward  came  when  he  was  elected  to 
the   Chair    of   Mathematics   and   Natural 
Philosophy  in  his  own    college,  the  first 
Professorship   ever  held  by  an  Indian  in 
any    prominent    college    in   his   country. 
Mr.  Naoroji  became  famous  as  a  reformer. 
Whatever  could  conducetotheregeneration 
of  his  countrymen,  politically,  socially,  and 
morally,  whether  it  was  the  abolition  of 
child  marriage  and  re-marriage  of  widows, 
whether  the  educating  and  cultivating  of 
public  opinion  in  the  community,  the  in- 
stitution of  schools,  libraries,  and  gymna- 
siums,  Mr.  Naoroji  was  in  the  centre  of 
each  movement.     Such  institutions  as  the 
Students'  Literary  and  Scientific  Society, 
the  Dryan  Prasarak  Society,  the  Rahnu- 
maya  Mazdyasna  Sabha,  the  Iranee  Fund, 
the    Bombay    Gymnasium,    the    Framjee 
Cowasjee   Institute,    the    Native   General 
Library,  the   Victoria  Museum,  the   East 
Goftai  newspaper,   an  independent  organ 
of  native  opinion,  all  owe  their  existence 
to  his  initiative  or  co-operation.     He  first 
left   Bombay  for   England   in   1855   as   a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Cama  and 
Co.,  the  first  Indian  house  established  in 
London   and   Liverpool,   and   has  resided 
here,   off  and   on,  since  then.     After  his 
arrival  he  lost  no  time  in  rousing  a  deep 
sympathy   for   his   country    and    a    high 
regard  for  his  integrity  and  ability  in  such 
noted  friends  of  India  as  the  late  John 
Bright  and  Henry  Fawcett,  and  succeeded 
in  furnishing  most  of  them  with  effective 
briefs  for  fighting  the  battles  of  India  in 
England.     The  question  of  holding  exami- 
nations simultaneously  in  India  and  Eng- 
land  for   admission    to   the   Indian   Civil 
Service  was  then  present  in  his  mind,  and 
he  succeeded,  through  the  kindness  of  the 
late   Sir   Erskine  Perry,  an   early   friend 
and    patron,  in   unearthing  a   minute   of 
a  Committee  of  the  Council  of  the  Secre- 
tary of    State   for   India   which,  so  long 
ago    as   1860,    had   recommended   a   step 
which  only  the  other   day  found  a  con- 
firmation  in   a  resolution  of  the  present 
House  of  Commons,  viz.  to  hold  examina- 


790 


NAPIER 


tions  simultaneously  in  England  and  India 
for  all  the  Civil  Services.  Returning  to 
India  in  1864,  he  offered  to  pay  50,000 
rupees  (a  very  large  slice  out  of  his  hard- 
earned  money)  to  found  a  scholarship  in 
Bombay  in  honour  of  Lord  Canning,  if 
others  should  adequately  supplement  it ; 
but  on  account  of  the  financial  crisis  of 
that  period,  in  which  Mr.  Naoroji  and 
others  suffered,  the  proposition  fell 
through.  Back  again  in  London  in  1S67, 
he,  with  other  friends,  established  the 
East  India  Association,  and  induced  the 
princes  and  chiefs  of  India  to  endow  it 
handsomely.  From  1868  he  carried  on  a 
correspondence  with  Lord  Iddesleigh  (then 
Sir  Stafford  Northcote)  and  Mr.  Grant 
Duff,  which,  with  the  help  of  a  memorial 
proposed  by  him  in  the  East  India  Asso- 
ciation, resulted  in  the  addition  of  a 
clause  in  the  Government  of  India  Act  of 
1870  opening  the  Civil  Service  to  a  limited 
number  of  native  Indians.  In  1869  the 
residents  of  Bombay  held  a  public  meeting, 
and  decided  to  present  Mr.  Naoroji  with 
his  portrait  and  a  purse.  Mr.  Naoroji  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  appointment  of 
the  Select  Committee  to  inquire  into  the 
finances  of  India  (1873).  His  appoint- 
ment, in  1874,  as  Prime  Minister  of  the 
Prince  of  Baroda  called  forth  his  highest 
faculties  as  a  statesman ;  and  Sir  Lewis 
Pelly,  the  British  Resident  at  the  Court, 
stated  in  recognition  of  his  services,  "that 
until  purged  by  Mr.  Dadabhai,  the  crimi- 
nal and  civil  administration  of  justice 
was  notoriously  venal  and  corrupt."  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Corporation  and 
Municipal  Council  of  Bombay  ;  as  such 
he  discovered  the  inaccuracy  that  had 
crept  into  the  mode  of  calculating  the 
instalment  of  principal  and  interest  pay- 
able on  account  of  the  Vehar  Waterworks, 
which  had  caused  a  loss  to  the  Municipal 
Treasury  to  the  extent  of  over  £600,000 
sterling.  About  this  time  came  out  his 
treatise,  called  the  "Poverty  of  India," 
containing  conclusions  in  which  Major 
Baring  (now  Lord  Cromer)  subsequently 
concurred.  Other  works  of  Mr.  Naoroji 
are:  "England's  Duties  to  India,"  and 
"Mysore,"  1867;  "The  Expenses  of 
the  Abyssinian  War,"  "Reply  to  Lord 
William  Hay  on  the  Mysore  Succession," 
and  the  "Duties  of  the  Local  Indian  Asso- 
ciations," 1868;  "On  the  Indian  Civil 
Service  Clause  in  the  Governor-General  of 
India's  Bill,"  "On  the  Admission  of  Edu- 
cated Natives  into  the  Indian  Civil  Ser- 
vice," and  on  "The  Bombay  Act  of  1869," 

1869  ;  "The  Wants  and  Means  of  India," 

1870  ;  "  The  Commerce  of  India,"  "  Cotton 
Frauds,"  and  "  Financial  Administration 
of  India,"  1871;  "Correspondence  with 
the  Secretary  of  State  on  the  Condition  of 
India,"  1880;  a  "Note  on  General  Educa- 


tion," a  "Minute  on  Technical  Education," 
and  several  other  pamphlets.  In  1885  Mr. 
Naoroji  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  Bombay.  In  1886 
he  unsuccessfully  contested  the  Holborn 
Parliamentary  Division  in  London.  In 
1892  he  was  returned  as  a  Liberal  member 
by  Central  Finsbury,  his  majority  being 
phenomenally  small.  When  he  visited* 
India  in  December  1893,  Indians  of  all 
classes  and  creeds  joined  in  enthusiastic 
and  vast  demonstrations  of  welcome.  Mr. 
Naoroji  presided  in  1886  over  the  Second 
Session  at  Calcutta  of  the  Indian  National 
Congress,  and  over  the  Ninth  Session  at 
Lahore,  in  the  Punjab,  in  December  1893. 
He  sat  as  a  Gladstonian  in  Parliament, 
and  on  other  than  Indian  topics  is  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal.  He  is  President  of  the 
London  Indian  Society.  As  head  of  this 
Society  he  presided  over  a  Conference  in 
December  1897,  and  moved  a  very  long 
resolution  condemning  the  policy  of  the 
Government  in  India.  In  August  1894 
Mr.  Naoroji  moved  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons for  an  inquiry  into  Indian  affairs, 
and,  on  the  occasion  in  question,  achieved 
the  distinction  of  making  the  longest 
speech — nearly  two  hours — of  the  session. 
Mr.  Naoroji's  perseverance  was  finally  re- 
warded, by  the  appointment  in  1895,  after 
a  second  motion  on  his  part,  as  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Address,  of  a  Royal  Commis- 
sion, and  Mr.  Naoroji  was  invited  to 
join  it.  Mr.  Naoroji  submitted  to  his 
colleagues  on  that  body  several  further 
statements,  expanding  his  case  as  argued 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  voluntarily 
presented  himself  as  a  witness  before  the 
Inquiry.  He  is  intending,  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  great  task  to  which  the  Com- 
mission is  devoting  itself,  to  again  seek 
the  suffrages  of  the  electors,  in  order  that 
he  may  have  an  opportunity  from  his  seat 
in  Parliament  of  carrying  to  a  beneficent 
issue  those  suggested  Indian  reforms  which 
he  has  largely  been  instrumental  in  ini- 
tiating. 

NAPIER,  Thomas  Bateman,  LL.D., 

is  the  son  of  Richard  Clay  Napier,  of 
Knutsford,  Cheshire,  and  was  born  on 
July  11,  1854.  He  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  London,  where  he  took  first- 
class  honours  in  Common  Law  and  Equity  ; 
and  he  was  also  First  Prizeman  and  Scholar 
of  the  Incorporated  Law  Society  in  1876, 
gaining  as  well  the  Gold  Medal  for  Con- 
veyancing. Subsequently  he  became  a 
student  of  the  Inner  Temple,  gained  the 
First  Senior  Studentship  in  Roman  Law 
and  Jurisprudence  in  1882,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  the  following  year.  Mr. 
Napier  is  the  author  of  "Leading  Deci- 
sions and  Principal  Statutes,"  1881-84. 
Address:  3  New  Square,  W.C. 


NAPOLEON  —  NAKES 


791 


NAPOLEON,  Victor  Jerome  Fred- 
erick, son  of  Prince  Napoleon  and  the 
Princess  Clotilde,  was  born  July  18, 
1862.  On  the  death  of  the  Prince  Im- 
perial in  1879,  when  his  father  held  the 
position  of  head  of  the  House  of  Bona- 
parte, the  claim  was  disputed  by  M.  Paul 
de  Cassagnac  and  several  other  Imperial- 
ists, who  put  forward  the  young  Prince 
Victor  as  his  father's  rival.  But  this  move 
was  not  encouraged  by  the  son,  though  the 
latter,  it  is  understood,  was  nominated  in 
the  Prince  Imperial's  will  as  his  successor. 
During  the  last  years  of  his  father's  life- 
time he  was  put  forward  by  ardent  fol- 
lowers as  head  of  the  "  Victoriens,"  who 
at  one  time  were  fiercely  opposed  to  the 
"  Jeromistes,"  but  Prince  Victor  is  said 
to  ;have  denied  that  he  was  in  any  way 
opposed  to  his  father's  policy,  and  even 
accompanied  him  on  a  visit  to  the  ex- 
Empress  in  England  in  1883.  In  1884, 
however,  he  put  himself  at  the  head  of 
a  new  Bonapartist  faction,  and  left  his 
father's  house,  having  been  urged  to  this 
step  by  the  Bonaparte  paper  Le  Pays.  At 
the  same  time  a  revenue  of  40,000  francs 
a  year  was  left  him,  which  further  accen- 
tuated his  independence.  When  the  Ex- 
pulsion Bill  of  1886  became  law  the  Prince 
and  his  father  were  exiled  from  France, 
but  while  the  latter  took  up  his  abode  in 
Switzerland,  the  son  went  to  Brussels. 
Nor  did  he  again  see  his  father  till  the 
latter  lay  dying  in  Rome,  in  March  1891. 
In  1889  he  issued  a  manifesto  previous  to 
the  general  election  of  that  year.  He  is 
now  bead  of  the  French  Bonapartist  party, 
and  has  made  several  ineffectual  attempts 
to  stir  up  French  opinion  in  his  favour. 
In  1898  there  was  a  rumour  that  the  small 
remnant  of  French  Bonapartists  were  dis- 
satisfied at  his  lack  of  initiative,  and  that, 
in  consequence,  he  had  resigned  his  titular 
leadership  to  his  younger  brother,  Prince 
Louis  Napoleon,  who  is  a  Colonel  in  the 
Russian  cavalry,  and  reported  to  be  made 
of  far  sterner  stuff  than  his  elder  brother. 

NARES,  Vice -Admiral  Sir  George 
Strong,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  is  a  son  of  thelate 
Captain  William  Henry  Nares,  R.N.,  of 
Danestown,  Aberdeen,  by  his  marriage 
with  a  daughter  of  Mr.  E.  G.  Dodd,  and  a 
great-grandson  of  Sir  George  Nares,  for- 
merly one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  He  was  born  in  1831,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
New  Cross,  where  he  gained  the  naval 
cadetship  which  is  given  annually  to  the 
most  promising  pupil  by  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiralty.  He  saw  some  service  in  H.M.S. 
Canopus  forming  part  of  the  Channel 
Squadron,  and  afterwards  in  H.M.S. 
Savannah  on  the  Australian  station.  He 
was  a  mate  on  board  the  Resolute  in  the 


Arctic  Expedition  of  1852-54,  when  he 
took  an  active  share  in  the  winter  amuse- 
ments, and  did  his  part  manfully  as  a 
sledge-traveller.  He  acted  in  the  theatri- 
cals, and  gave  a  series  of  lectures  to  the 
men  on  winds  and  on  the  laws  of  me- 
chanics. In  the  spring  of  1853  he  was 
auxiliary  to  Lieut.  Mecham,  and  travelled 
over  665  miles  in  sixty-nine  days.  In  1854 
he  started  in  the  intense  cold  of  March, 
and  went  over  586  miles  in  fifty-six  days. 
On  the  return  of  this  Arctic  Expedition  he 
served  in  H.M.S.  Glatton  during  the  last 
year  of  the  Crimean  war ;  afterwards  in 
H.M.S.  Conqueror  on  the  Mediterranean 
station.  On  the  inauguration  of  the  pre- 
sent system  of  training  for  naval  cadets, 
he  served  as  Lieutenant  in  charge  of  cadets 
under  the  late  Captain  Robert  Harris,  in 
H.M.  ships  Illustrious  and  Britannia.  In 
1854  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Com- 
mander, being  attached  also  to  the  train- 
ing-ship Boscawen.  In  1866-67  we  find  him 
employed  at  the  Antipodes  in  command  of 
the  Salamander,  engaged  in  supporting  the 
original  settlement  of  Royal  Marines  at 
Somerset,  Torres  Strait,  North  Australia, 
and  in  surveying  the  eastern  and  north- 
eastern coasts  of  Australia.  In  1869  he 
was  sent  in  H.M.S.  Shearwater  to  survey 
and  report  upon  the  Gulf  of  Suez.  From 
1872  down  to  the  end  of  1874  Captain 
Nares  was  in  command  of  H.M.S.  Chal- 
lenger, employed  in  deep-sea  exploration 
round  the  world.  He  was  then  ordered 
home,  and  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Arctic  Expedition.  The  two  ships  com- 
posing the  expedition,  H.M.S.  Alert  and 
H.M.S.  Discovery,  commanded  respectively 
by  Captains  Nares  and  Stephenson,  left 
England  in  May  1875,  with  the  hope  of 
reaching  the  North  Pole  vid  Smith's  Sound. 
The  expedition  reached  the  mouth  of  Lady 
Franklin  Bay  on  August  27.  Here  Captain 
Nares  left  the  Discovery  to  take  up  her 
quarters  for  the  winter,  while  the  Alert 
continued  her  course  along  the  western 
shore  of  Robeson  Channel.  This  course 
she  held  until,  on  September  1,  the  Alert 
herself  attained  the  then  highest  latitude, 
and  was  made  fast  to  some  grounded  bergs 
of  ice,  within  100  yards  of  a  tolerably  level 
beach  in  lat.  82°  27'  and  long.  61°  22'. 
Lieut.  Rawson,  of  the  Discovery,  with  his 
sledge-crew  of  eight  men,  had  accompanied 
the  advance  ship  with  the  object  of  return- 
ing to  the  Discovery  during  the  autumn 
with  news  of  the  Alert's  progress.  This 
journey,  however,  he  was  never  able  to 
accomplish,  the  snow  being  too  deep,  and 
the  ice  too  treacherous  and  too  frequently 
in  motion,  to  render  sledge-travelling  pos- 
sible for  a  distance  of  seventy  to  eighty 
miles  at  so  late  a  period  of  the  year.  The 
Discovery  therefore  knew  nothing  of  her 
consort's  position  until  the  ensuing  spring. 


792 


NASI  —  NATALIE 


On  Oct.  12  the  sun  finally  disappeared, 
leaving  the  Alert  in  total  or  partial  dark- 
ness for  142  days,  and  the  Discovery  for 
almost  the  same  period.  After  the  return 
of  daylight,  sledge  expeditions  were 
arranged.  A  party,  numbering  in  the 
aggregate  fifty-three  persons,  led  by  Com- 
mander Markham  and  Lieut.  Parr,  made  a 
very  gallant  attempt  to  reach  the  Pole. 
They  were  absent  seventy-two  days  from 
the  ship,  and  on  May  12  succeeded  in 
planting  the  British  flag  in  lat.  83°  10'  26" 
N.  From  this  position  there  was  no  ap- 
pearance of  land  to  the  northward,  but 
curiously  enough,  the  depth  of  water  was 
found  to  be  only  72  fathoms.  The  men 
suffered  intensely  from  the  extreme  cold, 
many  were  attacked  by  scurvy,  and  it  was 
with  great  difficulty  that  the  sledging 
party  made  their  way  back  to  the  ship. 
Captain  Nares  now  resolved  to  return 
home,  as  with  the  whole  resources  of  the 
expedition  he  could  not  hope  to  advance 
more  than  about  50  miles  beyond  the  posi- 
tions already  attained.  The  expedition 
arrived  at  Valentia,  Oct.  27,  1876.  In  re- 
ward for  his  services  Captain  Nares  was 
appointed  a  K.C.B.,  December  1.  He  was 
afterwards  again  placed  in  command  of 
the  Alert,  which  sailed  from  Portsmouth, 
Sept.  24,  1878,  to  survey  Magellan  Strait, 
South  America.  From  1879  to  1897  he 
was  engaged  at  the  Board  of  Trade  as 
Professional  Officer  of  the  Harbour  De- 
partment, and  is  now  Acting  Conservator 
of  the  river  Mersey.  He  retired  from  the 
navy  in  1886,  and  was  made  a  Vice-Ad- 
miral in  March  1892.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  The  Naval  Cadet's  Guide,  or  Seaman's 
Companion  ;  containing  complete  Illustra- 
tions of  all  the  Standing  Riggings,  the 
Knots  in  Use,  &c,"  1860,  afterwards  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Seamanship," 
2nd  edit.,  1862  ;  3rd  edit.,  1865  ;  4th  edit., 
1868  ;  "  Reports  on  Ocean  Soundings  and 
Temperature"  (in  the  Challenger),  printed 
by  direction  of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty, 
6  parts,  1874-75  ;  "The  Official  Report  of 
the  Arctic  Expedition,"  1876  ;  and  "Nar- 
rative of  a  Voyage  to  the  Polar  Sea  during 
1875-76  in  H.M.  ships  Alert  and  Discovery," 
2  vols.,  1878.  He  married,  in  1858,  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  G.  Grant,  of 
Portsmouth.  Address  :  Claremont  Road, 
Surbiton. 

NAST,  Thomas,  American  illustrator, 
was  born  at  Landau  in  Bavaria,  on  Sept. 
27,  1840.  He  went  to  America  with  his 
parents  in  1846,  his  father,  a  musician  in 
the  Bavarian  army,  being  advised  to  leave 
Germany,  as  his  opinions  were  too  Radical 
for  the  times.  Young  Thomas  soon  ex- 
hibited a  preference  for  an  artistic  career, 
and  at  an  early  age,  with  very  little  in- 
struction, began   to  furnish  sketches  for 


Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper,  and 
other  periodicals.  He  was  sent  to  England 
in  1860,  to  make  illustrations  of  the  prize- 
fight between  Heenan  and  Sayers,  for  the 
New  York  Illustrated  News.  That  finished, 
he  joined  General  Medici  in  the  campaign 
in  which  Garibaldi  freed  Sicily  and  Naples, 
and  created  the  united  kingdom  of  Italy. 
While  in  Italy  he  furnished  sketches  for 
various  English,  French,  and  American 
papers.  Returning  to  America  in  February 
1861,  just  before  the  breaking-out  of  the 
Civil  War,  he  found  the  material  which 
made  his  reputation  as  the  patriotic  artist 
of  the  war,  and  he  produced  from  week  to 
week  those  powerful  pictures  which  roused 
the  citizen  and  cheered  the  soldier.  During 
the  period  of  corruption  which  followed 
the  war,  he  made  his  best-remembered 
hits  against. the  Tammany  Ring  in  New 
York  City.  He  is  regarded  as  the  father 
of  American  caricature,  and  it  is  generally 
conceded  that  to  him  is  largely  due  the 
development  of  this  branch  of  art  there. 
He  has  also  found  time  to  illustrate  a 
number  of  books  and  make  designs  for 
panoramas,  as  well  as  to  paint  one  com- 
pletely. In  1873  he  made  his  first  appear- 
ance as  a  lecturer,  illustrating  in  the 
presence  of  the  audience.  He  began  with 
crayon  sketches  and  advanced  by  degrees 
to  oil  paintings,  possessing  wonderful  dex- 
terity of  execution.  He  has  since  lectured 
in  1885  and  1888.  He  has  also  executed  a 
number  of  oil  paintings,  the  largest  of 
which  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
7th  Regiment  of  New  York,  and  hangs 
in  the  Colonel's  room,  in  their  armoury. 
It  represents  the  departure  of  the  regiment 
for  the  war,  April  19,  1861.  He  is  a 
veteran  member  of  the  New  York  7th 
Regiment,  and  served  with  his  company 
during  the  riot  of  July  12, 1871.  His  home 
is  at  Morristown,  N.J. 

NATALIE,  Queen  of  Servia,  is  the 

daughter  of  Pierre  Ivanovitch  Kechko, 
and  was  born  May  2,  1859,  and  married 
at  Belgrade  to  Milan  I„  ex-King  of  Servia, 
Oct.  17,  1875  ;  and  was  divorced  from  him 
in  October  1888.  Her  son,  Alexander  I., 
who  was  born  at  Belgrade,  Aug.  14,  1876, 
is  now  king.  The  validity  of  the  divorce 
of  the  Queen,  as  conducted  by  the  aged 
Metropolitan  Theodosius  alone,  at  the 
request  of  the  king,  was  disputed  by  her 
Majesty  ;  and  in  reply  to  a  letter  ad- 
dressed by  her  to  the  Metropolitan 
Michael,  she  received  a  letter  signed,  not 
only  by  him,  but  also  by  two  members  of 
the  Synod,  stating  that  the  decree  of  the 
Metropolitan  Theodosius  is  null  and  void, 
having  been  granted  without  consultation 
with  the  Synod,  and  without  the  Queen 
having  been  heard  in  her?own  defence. 
Therefore  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 


NAUTICUS  —  NEILSON 


793 


Queen's  divorce  was  illegal.  It  was  granted 
by  an  aged  prelate  who  was  almost  in  his 
dotage,  as  it  has  since  transpired,  and  who 
has  since  retired  into  a  monastery.  It  was 
contrary  to  the  ecclesiastical  law  of  the 
land,  which  alone  has  jurisdiction  in 
Servia  over  divorce  cases,  and  it  was 
declared  invalid  by  the  Holy  Synod.  In 
April  1891  King  Milan  engaged  to  absent 
bimself  from  Servia  till  his  son's  coming 
of  age,  on  condition  that  the  Queen  should 
not  be  allowed  to  reside  in  the  country. 
Accordingly,  on  May  18,  1891,  Queen 
Natalie  was  expelled  from  the  private 
house  in  Belgrade  where  she  had  resided 
since  her  divorce,  but  in  January  1893  she 
was  reconciled  to  the  ex-king. 


NAUTICTJS. 

Laird. 


See  Clowes,  William 


NAUTICTJS.     See  Seaman,  Owen. 

NAVARRO,  Madame  Antonio,  nee 
Mary  Antoinette  Anderson,  an  Ameri- 
can actress,  was  born  at  Sacramento, 
California,  July  28,  1859.  Her  parents 
moved  to  Kentucky  when  she  was  only 
six  months  old,  and  her  home  was  at 
Louisville  in  that  State  until  she  went  on 
the  stage  in  her  seventeenth  year.  Her 
first  representation  was  as  Juliet,  Nov. 
27,  1875,  which  met  with  a  marked  suc- 
cess. After  travelling  for  a  few  years  in 
the  south  and  west,  she  made  her  appear- 
ance before  eastern  audiences  in  the  large 
seaboard  cities  in  1880,  where  she  was  as 
warmly  received  as  she  had  previously 
been  in  smaller  places.  Her  career  from 
the  first  was  one  of  unchecked  prosperity, 
and  few  actresses  have  met  with  more 
popular  favour  than  has  Miss  Anderson. 
Her  first  visit  to  England  (1879)  was  for 
pleasure  only,  but  on  her  return  (1884-85) 
she  played  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  during 
Mr.  Irving's  absence  in  America.  It  was 
during  this  second  visit  that  the  Memorial 
Theatre  at  Stratford-on-Avon  was  opened 
by  Miss  Anderson  as  Rosalind  in  "As  You 
Like  It,"  and  her  portrait  in  that  character 
forms  one  of  the  panels  in  the  theatre. 
Her  principal  parts  have  been  Juliet, 
Bianca  in  "Fazio,"  Julia  in  "The  Hunch- 
back," Evadne,  Meg  Merrilies,  Pauline  in 
"  The  Lady  of  Lyons,"  Galatea,  Clarice  in 
"Comedy  and  Tragedy,"  Parthenia,  and 
Rosamond.  From  1885  to  1889  she  had 
many  engagements  both  in  Great  Britain 
and  in  America,  but  a  prolonged  illness 
during  1889  compelled  a  temporary  retire- 
ment from  the  stage,  and  early  in  1890 
she  announced  her  withdrawal  from  the 
dramatic  profession  ;  shortly  afterwards 
she  was  married  in  London  to  M.  Antonio 
Navarro  _de  Viana,  a  citizen  of  New  York. 


Address  :    The   Court    Farm,    Broadway, 
Worcestershire. 

NEILSON,  Julia  (Mrs.  Fred  Terry), 

was  born  in  London  in  1868,  and  spent 
the  first  twelve  years  of  her  life  there, 
when  with  her  family  she  went  to  live  in 
Wiesbaden.  Here  she  developed  a  musical 
talent,  and  in  1883,  on  the  return  of  her 
family  to  London,  was  entered  as  a  student 
at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  and  from 
the  age  of  sixteen  onwards  studied  her 
art,  chiefly  under  Mr.  Randegger,  winning 
such  academic  distinctions  as  the  Llewel- 
lyn-Thomas Gold  Medal  for  declamatory 
singing  (1885),  the  Sainton-Dolby  Prize, 
and  the  Westmoreland  Scholarship.  Dur- 
ing her  three  years  at  the  college  she  also 
took  lessons  in  elocution  from  Mr.  Walter 
Lacy,  and  sang  several  times  in  public  at 
the  Royal  Albert  Hall  and  at  other  con- 
certs, winning  the  suffrages  of  critics  and 
public  alike.  In  the  autumn  of  1S87  she 
acted  in  some  amateur  dramatic  perform- 
ances, ending  by  an  appearance  in  W.  S. 
Gilbert's  "Pygmalion  and  Galatea  "  at  St. 
George's  Hall,  Langham  Place,  which 
made  so  marked  an  impression  on  her 
audience  that  Mr.  Randegger  and  Sir 
Joseph  Barnby,  who  were  present,  urged 
her  to  take  up  the  dramatic,  as  opposed 
to  the  purely  musical,  career.  Mr.  Barnby 
introduced  her  to  Mr.  Gilbert,  who  soon 
perceived  her  true  dramatic  gift.  At  a 
Lyceum  matinfe,  in  March  1888,  Miss 
Julia  Neilson  made  her  de'but  profession- 
ally as  Cynisca  in  "  Pygmalion  and  Gala- 
tea." Miss  Mary  Anderson  acted  Galatea, 
and  the  audience  was  considerable  and 
cultivated.  Soon  after  this,  her  first 
success,  she  appeared  at  a  Savoy  ma- 
tinee as  Galatea.  Her  next  part  was 
Lady  Hilda  in  Gilbert's  "Broken  Heart," 
and  in  "  The  Wicked  World,"  revived  for 
her  benefit,  she  played  Selene  with  in- 
creasing acceptance.  Mr.  Rutland  Bar- 
rington  was  thus  led  to  offer  her  the 
post  of  leading  lady  at  the  St.  James's, 
where  she  appeared  with  him  in  "  Bran- 
tinghame  Hall,"  which  was  especially 
written  for  her  by  W.  S.  Gilbert.  After- 
wards she  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Tree  to 
play  Stella  Darbyshire,  Mrs.  Tree's  part, 
in  "  Captain  Swift."  She  toured  for  some 
months  in  this  part,  steadily  improving 
her  talent,  and  returning  to  the  Hay- 
market,  played  "Julie  de  Noirville"  in 
"A  Man's  Shadow,"  and  the  title-roles 
in  "  The  Dancing  Girl  "  and  "  Hypatia," 
two  parts  for  which  her  statuesque  pres- 
ence eminently  fitted  her.  Her  last  notable 
appearance  was  as  Rosalind,  at  the  St. 
James's,  when  "  As  You  Like  It  "  had  the 
longest  recorded  run  in  London.  In  1898 
Miss  Julia  Neilson  played  the  Gipsy  heroine 
in  the  "  Gipsy  Earl  "  at  the  Adelphi.     She 


794 


NELSON  —  NEWBOLT 


is  married  to  Mr.  Fred  Terry.     Address  : 
27  Elm  Park  Gardens,  Kensington. 

NELSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Hugh  Muir,  K.C.M.G.,  Premier  o£ 
Queensland,  was  born  at  Kilmarnock, 
Dec.  31,  1835,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Kev. 
W.  L.  Nelson,  LL.D.  He  was  educated 
at  the  High  School,  Edinburgh,  and  the 
Edinburgh  University,  and  before  he  was 
twenty  emigrated  to  Queensland.  It  was 
not  until  1883  that  he  entered  public  life, 
being  elected  member  for  Northern  Downs 
in  the  Assembly.  In  1888  he  was  returned 
for  Murilla,  and  became  Secretary  for 
Railways  in  the  M'llwraith  ministry  of 
June  of  the  same  year.  In  1892  he  was 
Colonial  Treasurer,  and  in  the  next  year 
he  became  Premier,  which  post  he  has 
held  ever  since.  In  1896  he  was  created 
a  Knight,  and  came  to  England  for  the 
Diamond  Jubilee,  with  the  other  Colonial 
Premiers,  in  1897,  on  which  occasion  he 
was  made  a  Privy  Councillor.  Address  : 
Gabbinbar,  Too  Woomba,  Queensland. 

NiSRTJDA,  Madame  Norman.  See 
HalliS,  Lady. 

NESTOR..    See  Fotjquier,  J.  F.  H. 

NETHERLANDS,  Queen  Regent 

of.    See  Emma,  Queen  Regent  op  the 
Netherlands. 

NETHERLANDS,  Queen  of.      See 

WlLHELMINA,   QUEEN   OP   THE   NETHER- 
LANDS. 

NETTLESHIP,  Edward,  F.R.C.S., 
received  his  medical  education  at  King's 
College,  the  London  Hospital,  and  the 
Royal  Veterinary  College.  He  has  been 
Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  the  Hospital  for 
Sick  Children,  and  is  now  Consulting  Oph- 
thalmic Surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
and  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  London  Ophthal- 
mic Hospital,  where  he  is  also  Curator  of 
the  Museum.  It  will  be  remembered  that, 
in  May  1894,  Mr.  Nettleship,  together  with 
Dr.  Habershon  and  Dr.  J.  B.  Lawford, 
operated  on  Mr.  Gladstone  for  cataract 
in  the  right  eye.  In  1875  he  reported  to 
Government  on  Ophthalmia  in  Pauper 
Schools,  a  subject  that  now  commands 
the  attention  of  persons  interested  in 
Board  Schools,  and  has  published  several 
works  on  the  eye,  including  a  "  Student's 
Guide  to  Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  6th  edit., 
1897,  and  contributions  to  various  trans- 
actions and  learned  periodicals.  Address  : 
5  Wimpole  Street,  W. 

NEVARES,  Celso,  Consul-General  of 
Ecuador  in  London,  was  born  in  Ecuador 


on  June  13,  1850,  and  belongs  to  a  high 
family  of  that  country.  He  has  resided 
in  this  country  for  the  past  twenty-six 
years,  is  married  to  an  English  lady,  and 
three  years  ago  was  promoted  by  his 
Government  from  the  position  of  Consul 
to  that  of  Consnl-General.  On  the  occa- 
sion of  the  Diamond  Jubilee  celebration 
in  1897,  he  represented  his  country, 
and  was  presented  by  the  Queen  with  the 
Commemoration  Jubilee  medal.  Sefior 
Nevares  has  done  very  much  to  assist  the 
commercial  houses  of  this  country  in 
bringing  their  specialities  before  the  notice 
of  the  people  of  Ecuador.  Senor  Nevares  is 
deeply  interested  in  every  movement  iden- 
tified with  the  well-being  of  the  Spanish- 
American  states,  and  he  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  promoting  the  philanthropic  objects 
of  the  Ibero-American  Benevolent  Society, 
of  whose  Executive  Committee  he  is  a 
member.  He  also  belongs  to  the  Associa- 
tion of  Foreign  Consuls.  Address :  Con- 
sulate of  the  Republic  of  Ecuador,  3  Copt- 
hall  Buildings,  Copthall  Avenue. 

NEVILLE,  Hon.  and  Rev.  Latimer, 

M.A.,  the  fourth  son  of  Richard  Neville, 
3rd  Baron  Braybrooke,  and  Lady  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  2nd  Marquis  Cornwallis, 
was  born  at  Andley  End,  Essex,  on  April 
22,  1827.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  a  second  class  in  the  Classical 
Tripos.  After  being  a  Fellow  of  his 
College,  he  became  Master  in  1853,  and 
served  the  office  of  Vice-Chancellor  in 
1860  and  1861.  He  has  been  Rector  of 
Heydon,  Essex,  since  1851 ;  was  made 
an  Hon.  Canon  of  Rochester,  and  sub- 
sequently of  St.  Albans  in  1873 ;  was 
appointed  Rural  Dean  of  Saffron  Walden 
in  1875  ;  and  was  Proctor  in  Convocation 
for  the  Diocese  of  St.  Albans  from  1877  to 
1885.  He  has  published  a  few  hymns, 
one  in  particular  entitled  "Royalty," 
dedicated  on  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilees 
in  1887  and  1897  to  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales.  Address  :  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge. 

NEWBOLT,  Rev.  William  Charles 
Edmund,  M.A.,  Canon  of  St.  Paul's  in 
succession  to  the  late  Dr.  Liddon,  youngest 
son  of  W.  R.  Newbolt  and  Ann  Frances, 
daughter  of  T.  Domen  Magens,  was  born 
at  Somerton,  Somerset,  on  Aug.  14,  1844, 
and  educated  at  Uppingham  and  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  of  which  college  he 
was  a  scholar.  He  took  his  degree  with 
honours  in  classics  in  the  year  1867,  and 
was  ordained  the  next  year.  After  hold- 
ing for  two  years  a  curacy  at  Wantage, 
he  was  vicar  of  Dymock,  Gloucestershire, 
from  1870  to  1887,  when  he  was  trans- 


NEWCASTLE  —  NEWDIGATE-NEWDEGATE 


795 


ferred  to  Malvern  Link.  In  1887  he  was 
appointed  Principal  of  Ely  Theological 
College,  and  at  the  same  time  Honorary 
Canon  of  the  diocese.  He  retired  from  Ely 
College  in  1890,  when  he  was  appointed 
Canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and  afterwards  Chan- 
cellor. In  1892  he  became  Examining 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Ely.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Counsels  of  Faith  and 
Practice,"  1883;  "The  Man  of  God,"  1887; 
"Penitence  and  Peace,"  1892;  "Speculum 
Sacerdotum,"  1894;  "Priestly  Ideals," 
1898.  He  was  Boyle  Lecturer,  1895-96, 
and  in  the  same  year  published  "The 
Gospel  of  Experience."  He  married,  in 
1870,  Fanny  Charlotte,  fourth  daughter  of 
W.  Wren,  Esq.  Address  :  3  Amen  Court, 
St.  Paul's,  E.C. 

NEWCASTLE,  Duke  of,  Henry 
Pelham  Archibald  Douglas  Pelham- 
Clinton,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  Sept. 
28,  1864,  and  is  the  son  of  the  6th 
Duke,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1879,  and 
of  Adela,  daughter  of  the  late  Henry 
T.  Hope,  of  Deepdene,  Surrey.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  is  Lord  High  Steward 
of  Retford,  Master  Forester  of  Dartmoor, 
Keeper  of  St.  Briavel's  Castle,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  London  School  Board 
from  1894  to  1897.  He  married  Kathleen, 
daughter  of  Major  and  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Candy.  Addresses  :  11  Hill  Street,  W.  ; 
and  Clumber  Park,  Worksop. 

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE,  Bishop 
of.   See  Jacobs,  Thb  Right  Rev.  Edgar. 

NEWCOMB,  Simon,  LL.D.,  Ph.D., 
was  born  at  Wallace,  Nova  Scotia,  March 
12,  1835.  While  a  youth  he  went  to  the 
United  States,  and  was  for'  several  years 
engaged  as  a  teacher.  In  1857  he  was 
employed  on  the  computations  for  the 
"American  Nautical  Almanac."  In  1858 
he  began  original  investigations  in  astron- 
omy, and  in  1861  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Mathematics  in  the  United  States  Navy, 
and  stationed  at  the  Naval  Observatory. 
He  negotiated  the  contract  for  the  great 
26-inch  telescope  and  supervised  its  con- 
struction. He  was  made  Secretary  of  the 
Commission  created  by  Congress  in  1871 
to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  (Dec.  9, 
1874).  In  1872  he  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society, 
and  in  1874  received  its  Gold  Medal  for 
his  tables  of  Neptune  and  Uranus.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  chosen  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Institute  of  France  ;  and 
in  1875  he  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Mathematics  and  Physics 
from  the  University  of  Leyden.  In  1874 
Columbia    University,   Washington,    con- 


ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  ;  a 
similar  honour  came  from  Yale  in  1875, 
in  1884  from  Harvard,  and  in  1887  from 
Columbia  (New  York).  In  1886  he  received 
from  Heidelberg  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  In 
1878  the  Haarlem  Society  of  Sciences 
awarded  the  Huyghens  medal  to  Dr.  New- 
comb,  and  in  1890  he  received  the  Copley 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  went  to 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  on  Dec.  6,  1882.  Since 
1877  he  has  been  Superintendent  of  the 
"Nautical  Almanac,"  and  in  that  capacity 
has  instituted  a  series  of  researches  on 
the  motions  of  the  planets  which  are  pub- 
lished from  time  to  time  as  "Astronomical 
Papers  of  the  American  Ephemeris." 
These  researches  are  to  form  the  basis 
of  new  tables  of  the  eight  major  planets. 
Among  his  other  published  works  are : 
"On  the  Secular  Variations,  &c,  of  the 
Asteroids,"  1860  ;  "  Investigation  of  the 
Distance  of  the  Sun,"  1867;  "On  the 
Action  of  the  Planets  on  the  Moon,"  1871 ; 
"Tables  of  the  Planet  Neptune,"  1865; 
"  Tables  of  Uranus,"  1873;  "Integrals  of 
Planetary  Motion,"  1874  ;  "  Researches  on 
the  Motion  of  the  Moon,"  1878  ;  "Popular 
Astronomy,"  1878;  "A  Course  of  Mathe- 
matics for  Schools  and  Colleges,"  1881-87  ; 
and  "Principles  of  Political  Economy," 
1886. 


NEWDIGATE-NEWDEGATE, 

Lieut. -General  Sir  Edward,  K.C.B., 
was  born  June  15,  1825,  at  Astley  Castle, 
Warwickshire,  and  is  the  son  of  Francis 
Newdigate,  Esq.,  and  Lady  Barbara, 
daughter  of  the  3rd  Earl  of  Dartmouth, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst.  He  held  a  commission 
as  second  Lieutenant  in  the  Rifle  Brigade, 
May  29,  1842 ;  Lieutenant,  April  14,  1846 
Captain,  April  30,  1852;  Brevet-Major 
Nov.  2,  1855  ;  Major  R.  B.,  Sept.  1,  1857 
Lieut. -Colonel,  April  30,  1861;  Colonel 
Oct,  23,  1867;  Major-General,  Oct,  1,  1877 
Lieut. -General,  April  15,  1887.  His  prin- 
cipal appointments  having  been  :  Brigade- 
Major,  Aldershot,  Aug.  11, 1856,  to  July  31, 
1857  ;  Particular  Service,  Canada,  Dec.  13, 
1861,  to  June  29, 1862 ;  A.  A.  G.,  Aldershot, 
Sept.  1,  1865,  to  Sept.  30,  1870  ;  Brigadier- 
General,  Chatham,  Jan.  21,  1878,  to  Feb. 
17,  1879 ;  Major-General,  South  Africa, 
Aprils,  1879,  to  Sept.  1879;  Major-General, 
S.  E.  District,  April  1,  1880,  to  March  31, 
1885  ;  Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Bermudas,  Oct.  29,  1888.  He  has 
the  following  war  services  :  Crimean  Cam- 
paign, 1854-55,  including  battles  of  Alma 
and  Inkerman  (wounded),  and  Siege  of 
Sebastopol  (Medal  with  three  clasps,  Brevet 
of  Major,  and  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  fifth  class  of  the  Medjidieh,  and 
Turkish  Medal)  ;  Zulu  War,  1879  ;  Battle 


796 


NEWNES  —  NEWTON 


of  Ulundi  (Medal  with  clasp,  and  C.B.). 
He  was  placed  on  the  Retired  List  in  June 
1892,  was  made  a  K.C.B.  in  May  1894,  and 
appointed  to  the  Colonelcy  of  the  Devon- 
shire Regiment,  May  24, 1897.  He  married, 
in  1858,  Anne  Emily,  second  daughter  of 
the  Very  Rev.  Thomas  Gamier,  Dean  of 
Lincoln,  and  Lady  Caroline,  daughter  of 
4th  Earl  of  Albemarle,  and  succeeded  to 
the  Arbury  and  Astley  estates  in  Warwick- 
shire, and  Harefield  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
death  of  his  cousin,  the  Right  Hon. 
Charles  Newdigate-Newdegate  in  April 
1887.  In  accordance  with  the  will  of 
the  above  he  took  the  additional  surname 
of  Newdegate  by  royal  license  in  1888. 
Lieut.  -General  Newdigate-Newdegate  is 
a  J.P.  for  Warwickshire.  Address  :  Stoke, 
Coventry. 

NEWNES,  Sir  George,  Bart.,  J.P., 
was  born  on  March  13,  1851,  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  T.  M.  Newnes,  late  of  Matlock, 
and  was  educated  at  Silwates,  Yorkshire, 
and  at  the  City  of  London  School.  From 
what  are  understood  to  have  been  small 
beginnings  financially,  an  old  Fleet  Street 
rumour  being  to  the  effect  that  the  now 
famous  Tit-Bits  was  started  on  a  tiny 
capital,  he  has  risen  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  successful  newspaper 
proprietors  in  the  world.  Sir  George 
Newnes  makes  his  especial  appeal  to  that 
huge  and  increasing  class  which,  educated 
since  1870  in  primary  schools,  is  gradually 
awakening  to  an  intelligent  interest  in 
popular  literature.  He  is  founder  of  George 
Newnes  &  Co. ,  Limited,  a  company  own- 
ing Tit-Bits,  the  Strand  Magazine,  the  Wide 
World,  an  illustrated  monthly  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  and  other 
papers.  He  and  his  company  are  also 
proprietors  of  the  Westminster  Gazette. 
From  1885  to  1895  he  represented  the 
Newmarket  Division  of  Cambridgeshire  in 
Parliament.  In  politics  he  is  a  Liberal. 
He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1895.  As  a 
public  man  he  is  interested  in  many 
objects,  and  has  been  a  benefactor  of 
Lynton  and  Lynmouth,  North  Devon.  He 
married,  in  1875,  Priscilla,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  J.  Hillyard,  of  Leicester.  Ad- 
dress :  Wildcroft,  Putney  Heath,  S.W.,  &c. 

NEWPORT,  Bishop  of  (R.C.).  See 
Hedlet,  Rlght  Rev.  J.  C. 

NEWTON,  Professor  Alfred,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  born  at  Geneva,  June  11,  1829,  is 
the  fifth  son  of  William  Newton,  of 
Elveden  (formerly  M.P.  for  Ipswich,  and 
Lieut.-Colonel  of  West  Suffolk  Militia),  by 
Elizabeth,  a  daughter  of  Richard  Slater 
Milnes,  of  Fryston  (formerly  M.P.  for 
York).      He   entered   Magdalene  College, 


Cambridge,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1852, 
being  afterwards  chosen  Travelling  Fellow 
of  that  College,  in  which  capacity  he 
visited  Lapland,  Iceland,  the  West  Indies, 
North  America,  and  other  countries.  In 
1864  he  accompanied  Sir  Edward  Birkbeck 
to  Spitzbergen,  and  was  elected  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  to  the  Professor- 
ship of  Zoology  and  Comparative  Anatomy 
on  its  establishment  in  1866.  In  1877  he 
was  re-elected  Fellow  of  Magdalene  Col- 
lege. Prof.  Newton  has  published  "The 
Zoology  of  Ancient  Europe,"  1862 ; 
"Ootheca  Wolleyana,"  1864;  and  edited 
"The  Ibis,"  second  series;  "Zoological 
Record,"  1871-73;  and  the  4th  edit,  of 
Yarrell's  "British  Birds."  He  is  the 
author  of  "Zoology,"  published  by  the 
S.P.C.K.,  of  "A  Dictionary  of  Birds" 
(1896),  of  numerous  papers  in  publications 
of  the  Zoological,  Linnean,  Royal,  and 
other  learned  societies,  as  also  of  many 
contributions  to  scientific  journals,  and  to 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  9th  edit. 
He  was  President  in  1888,  and  has  been 
many  times  Vice-President  of  Section  D. 
of  the  British  Association,  of  the  Royal 
and  Zoological  Societies,  and  of  the  Marine 
Biological  Association,  and  is  Honorary  or 
Corresponding  Member  of  various  foreign 
and  colonial  societies.  He  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  all  questions  relating  to  the 
legislative  protection  of  birds.  Address  : 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  • 

NEWTON,  Ernest,  born  in  London 
on  Sept.  12,  1856,  was  educated  at  Black- 
heath,  and  at  Uppingham  School,  and  was 
articled  to  Mr.  R.  Norman  Shaw,  the  well- 
known  architect,  in  1873.  Elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  in  1890,  he  resigned  this 
position  in  1892.  He  published  a  "Book 
of  Country  Houses  "  in  1882;  and  another 
"Book  of  Houses"  in  1890,  and  he  con- 
tributed in  1892  one  of  a  number  of  essays 
in  the  volume  entitled  "Architecture,  a 
Profession  or  an  Art,"  edited  by  R.  Norman 
Shaw,  R.A.,  and  J.  G.  Jackson,  R.A.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Art  Workers'  Guild,  is 
President  of  the  Raymond  Art  Society, 
and  has  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
since  1881.  Amongst  his  chief  archi- 
tectural works  there  may  be  mentioned  : 
The  Sisterhood  and  Chapel  buildings, 
Lloyd  Square,  Clerkenwell  ;  Redcourt, 
Bullerswood ;  Glebelands,  Haslemere ; 
Broome  Hall,  Wokingham ;  St.  Swithin's 
Church,  Lewisham ;  about  100  houses  in 
different  parts  of  England  have  moreover 
been  designed  by  him.  He  is  now  bringing 
out  a  series  of  illustrated  articles  on 
"Modern  English  Domestic  Architecture" 
in  Kunsl  and  Kumthandwerk,  an  Austrian 
art  magazine  published  in  Vienna.  Mr. 
Newton,    in     1881,     married    Antoinette 


NEWTON  _  NICHOLAS 


797 


Johanna  Hoyack,  of  Rotterdam,  grand- 
daughter of  Sir  James  Turing,  Bart., 
H.B.M.  Consul.  Address :  4  Raymond 
Buildings,  Gray's  Inn,  W.C. ;  and  13  Earl's 
Terrace,  Kensington,  W. 

NEWTON,  Robert  Milnes,  M.A., 
J. P.,  late  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate, 
was  born  in  London,  July  2,  1821,  being 
the  second  son  of  William  Newton,  Esq., 
of  Elveden,  Suffolk,  by  Elizabeth,  the 
daughter  of  Richard  Slater  Milnes,  Esq., 
of  Fryston,  Yorkshire.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1867.  After 
studying  law,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  in  May  1847.  He  was 
Recorder  of  Cambridge  from  1858  to  1866, 
and  was  appointed  a  Commissioner  to 
inquire  into  the  Lancaster  Election 
Petition  of  1866.  In  November  of  that 
year  he  became  a  Metropolitan  Police 
Magistrate  at  Great  Marlborough  Street, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  December  1896. 
Address  :  18  Seymour  Street,  W. 

NICHOLAS  I.,  the  Hospodar  of 
Montenegro,  was  born  Oct.  7,  1841 ;  was 
educated  at  Trieste  and  in  Paris  ;  and 
succeeded  his  uncle,  who  had  been 
assassinated,  Aug.  25, 1860.  He  is  Colonel 
of  a  Russian  infantry  regiment.  In  1890 
the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  his  accession 
to  the  throne  was  celebrated,  and  during 

1896  the  bi-centenary  of  his  dynasty.     In 

1897  the  Queen  of  England  decorated  him 
with  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Royal 
Victorian  Order.  In  1860  he  married 
Milena  or  Milona,  daughter  of  Voywode 
Peter  Vucotitch,  and  has  nine  children. 
His  heir,  Prince  Danilo-Alexander,  was 
born  at  Cettinge^  on  June  29,  1871.  His 
daughter,  Princess  Helen,  is  married  to 
the  Prince  of  Naples,  the  Italian  heir- 
apparent,  and  Princess  Anne,  another 
daughter,  is  the  wife  of  Prince  Francis 
Joseph  of  Battenberg. 

NICHOLAS  II. ,  Czar  of  all  the  Russias, 
was  born  at  St.  Petersburg  on  May  18, 
1868,  his  father  being  the  late  Czar  Alex- 
ander III.,  and  his  mother,  the  Princess 
Dagmar,  a  daughter  of  the  King  of  Den- 
mark and  a  sister  of  the  Princess  of  Wales. 
His  education  was  conducted  on  modern 
lines,  at  the  express  wish  of  the  late  Czar, 
and  he  was  instructed  in  modern  languages 
and  history,  in  constitutional  history,  eco- 
nomics, and  the  law  and  administration 
of  Russia.  He  is  a  fluent  linguist,  and  can 
speak  French,  German,  Italian,  and  Eng- 
lish, and  is  familiar  with  our  literature 
and  manners.  He  has  travelled  in  the 
East  and  visited  India.  While  in  Japan  a 
savage  attack  was  made  on  his  life  by  a 


fanatical  policeman,  and  on  that  occasion 
he  displayed  personal  courage  of  a  high 
order.  During  the  Russian  famine  of  1891 
he  asked  to  be  made  President  of  the 
Committee  of  Succour,  and  as  such  dis- 
played great  energy.  He  succeeded  his 
father  Alexander  III.  on  Nov.  1,  1894,  and 
on  the  26th  of  the  same  month  was  married, 
in  accordance  with  the  late  Czar's  dying 
wish,  to  Princess  Alix  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
daughter  of  the  late  Princess  Alice.  Pre- 
viously to  the  Czar's  death  this  Princess 
had  been  summoned  to  the  sick  man's 
bedside  at  Livadia,  and  for  some  time  it 
was  supposed  that  the  marriage  would  be 
solemnised  during  his  lifetime.  In  a 
manifesto  issued  on  the  occasion  of  his 
marriage,  Nicholas  II.  said,  "  Solicitous 
for  the  destinies  of  our  new  reign,  we  have 
deemed  it  well  not  to  delay  the  fulfilment 
of  our  heart's  wish,  the  legacy,  so  sacred 
to  us,  of  our  father,  now  resting  in  God  ; 
nor  to  defer  the  realisation  of  the  joyful 
expectation  of  our  whole  people  that  our 
marriage,  hallowed  by  the  benediction  of 
our  parents,  should  be  blessed  by  the 
Sacrament  of  our  Holy  Church."  The 
Imperial  Manifesto  proper  announced  the 
granting  of  certain  pecuniary  alleviations 
to  the  classes  connected  with  agriculture, 
and  contained  the  following  notable 
passage  :  "We,  in  this  sad  but  solemn 
hour,  when  ascending  the  ancestral  throne 
of  the  Russian  Empire  and  of  the  Czardom 
of  Poland  and  the  Grand-Duchy  of 
Finland,  indissolubly  connected  with  it, 
remember  the  legacy  left  to  us  by  our 
departed  father,  and  inspired  by  it,  we,  in 
the  presence  of  the  Most  High,  record  the 
solemn  vow  always  to  make  our  sole  aim 
the  peaceful  development  of  the  power 
and  glory  of  our  beloved  Russia  and  the 
happiness  of  all  our  faithful  subjects." 
The  new  Emperor  has  also  proved  himself 
favourable  to  the  principle  of  religious 
toleration,  and  of  the  freedom,  to  a  limited 
extent,  of  the  press,  so  far  as  it  concerns 
the  censorship  of  foreign  newspapers  im- 
ported into  Russia.  But  though  he  was 
known  to  be  an  amiable  and  not  unen- 
lightened Prince,  Europe  was  not  prepared 
to  find  in  him  an  idealism  worthy  of 
Tolstoi  himself.  In  the  summer  of  1898 
(August  24),  when  the  German  Emperor 
was  on  the  eve  of  his  pilgrimage  to  the 
Holy  Land,  the  Czar  startled  Europe  by 
issuing,  through  Count  Muravieff,  the  now 
famous  rescript  or  circular  which  proposed 
a  conference  of  the  Powers  for  the  pre- 
servation of  the  general  peace  by  dis- 
armament. The  rescript  called  forth 
universal  expressions  of  admiration,  and 
many  sympathetic  replies  from  official 
quarters  have  been  sent  to  Russia.  Be- 
fore he  came .  to  the  throne,  Czar 
Nicholas   II.   held  several  military  com- 


798 


NICHOLLS  —  NICHOLSON 


mands,  and  was  Colonel  of  the  Preobrajen- 
sky  Regiment.  In  1893  the  Order  of  the 
Garter  was  conferred  upon  him.  In 
November  1895  the  Czarina  gave  birth  to 
a  daughter,  the  Princess  Olga,  and  in  June 
1897  a  second  daughter  wa-i  born  to  the 
Imperial  couple.  His  coronation  was  cele- 
brated with  all  the  grandeur  and  pomp  of 
the  Orthodox  Church,  at  Moscow,  in  May 
1896.  In  the  following  August  he  set  out 
on  a  series  of  important  visits  to  the  Em- 
perors of  Germany  and  Austria,  the  King 
of  Denmark,  and  Queen  Victoria.  He  was 
entertained  by  the  latter  at  Balmoral,  and 
on  the  conclusion  of  his  visit  he  crossed 
the  Channel  to  Cherbourg,  where  he  was 
received  with  great  honours  by  the  Pre- 
sident of  the  French  Republic.  His  stay 
in  Paris  was  marked  by  many  brilliant 
displays  and  ceremonies,  and  was  regarded 
by  the  French  people  as  accentuating  the 
entente  cordiale,  or  alliance,  as  we  may  now 
call  it,  between  France  and  Russia.  In 
the  summer  of  1897  President  Faure  paid 
a  visit  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  it  was  on 
this  occasion  that  the  alliance  was 
definitely  announced. 

NICHOLLS,  Harry,  comedian,  was 
born  in  London  in  1852,  and  educated  at 
the  City  of  London  School.  Primarily 
intended,  like  Horace  of  old,  for  the  voca- 
tion of  an  auctioneer,  he  chose  the  dramatic 
calling,  and  made  his  first  appearance  at 
the  Theatre  Royal,  Windsor,  played  largely 
in  every  kind  of  part  in  the  provinces,  and 
in  1874  was  engaged  by  Mr.  William  Hol- 
land at  the  Surrey,  and  then  played  at  the 
Grecian.  For  fourteen  years,  from  July 
1880,  he  was  the  popular  and  vivacious 
low  comedian,  both  in  drama  and  panto- 
mime, at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  and  during 
the  last  five  years  has  acted  comic  parts 
at  the  Adelphi.  He  has  written  a  number 
of  pantomimes,  some  of  which  have  been 
acted  at  Drury  Lane,  and  is  part  author  of 
"  Jane,"  "  A  Runaway  Girl,"  &c.  Address  : 
Rupert  Cottage,  Bedford  Park,  W. 

NICHOLLS,  Henry  Alfred  Alford, 

C.M.G.,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  was  born  in  London 
on  Sept.  27,  1 851,  and  studied  medicine  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated 
with  honours  as  Master  in  Surgery,  and 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  in  1873.  In  the 
same  year  he  gained  the  membership  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land, since  which  time  he  has  resided  in 
Dominica,  W.I.,  as  Government  Medical 
Officer.  Here  Dr.  Nicholls  has  for  a 
number  of  years  carried  on  investigations 
into  the  nature  of  the  disease  known  as 
Yaws.  His  articles  on  this  malady  in  the 
Medical  Times  and  Gazette,  and  his  Official 
Reports  as  the  Medical  Superintendent  of 


the  Dominica  Yaws  Hospitals,  have  made 
him  the  chief  authority  on  the  subject. 
He  has  established  a  reputation  as  a 
naturalist,  and  has  published  some  treatises 
on  tropical  agriculture.  In  1888  he  gained 
the  premium  of  £100  offered  by  the 
Government  of  Jamaica  for  the  best  text- 
book on  tropical  agriculture,  for  the  use 
of  the  schools  and  colleges  of  that  colony. 
In  1891  he  was  appointed  Special  Commis- 
sioner, by  the  Home  Government,  to  in- 
quire into  the  various  matters  relating  to 
the  spread  of  Yaws  in  the  colonies  of 
Tobago,  Grenada,  St.  Vincent,  St.  Lucia, 
and  the  Leeward  Islands.  His  report  on 
the  mission,  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies,  has  been  published 
as  a  blue-book  under  the  title  of  "  Report 
on  Yaws  in  Tobago,  Grenada,  &c,"  1892. 
He  has  contributed  numerous  papers  on 
Yaws  and  other  tropical  diseases  to  the 
leading  medical  journals,  and  papers  on 
natural  history  to  the  Kew  Bulletin,  Nature, 
&c.  He  edited  vols.  i.  and  ii.  of  The 
Leeward  Islands  Medical  Journal.  He  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society,  a  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences,  of  the  Jamaica 
Institute,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Agricul- 
ture of  the  French  colony  of  Guadeloupe, 
and  he  is  also  an  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  British 
Guiana.  He  has  been  decorated  for  his 
services  in  Dominica,  W.I.  Address  : 
Roseau,  Dominica,  West  Indies. 

NICHOLSON,  Sir  Charles,  Bart., 
J.P.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  born  Nov.  23,  1808,  was 
educated  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  gradu- 
ated M.D.  1833.  He  became  a  resident  in 
New  South  Wales  in  1834,  and  was  one  of 
the  original  representative  members  for 
Port  Phillip  (now  the  Colony  of  Victoria) 
in  the  first  Legislative  Council  established 
in  New  South  Wales  in  1843,  of  which 
body  he  became  Chairman  of  Committees, 
and  subsequently  Speaker  from  1846  to 
1856.  He  filled  the  post  of  Vice-Provost 
and  subsequently  that  of  Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Sydney,  and  received  the 
honour  of  Knighthood  in  1852,  and  that  of 
Baronet  in  1859.  He  received  also  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  official  papers  and 
reports  connected  with  Colonial,  Economic, 
and  Educational  affairs,  and  has  also  writ- 
ten articles  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Literature  (of  which  he  is  Vice- 
President),  containing  an  account  of  ex- 
ploration in  Upper  Egypt,  and  at  Memphis, 
with  descriptions  of  remains  of  "  Disk 
Worshippers,"  now  deposited  in  the 
Museum  of  the  University  of  Sydney.    He 


NICHOLSON  —  NICOLL 


799 


married,  in  1865,  Sarah,  daughter  of 
Archibald  Keightley.  Addresses :  The 
Grange,  Totteridge,  Herts;  and  Athenaeum. 

NICHOLSON,  Edward  "Williams 
Byron,  Bodley's  Librarian,  Oxford,  was 
born  March  16,  1849,  at  St.  Helier,  Jersey. 
He  is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Edward 
Nicholson,  R.N.,  and  Emily  Hamilton 
Wall.  He  was  educated  at  Llanrwst 
Grammar  School,  Liverpool  College,  Ton- 
bridge  School,  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford 
(Scholar,  first  class  Classical  Moderations, 
Gaisford  Greek  Verse  Prize,  Hall-Hough- 
ton Junior  New  Testament  Prize  ;  M.A. ). 
His  career  in  librarianship  began  when  he 
was  still  an  undergraduate.  He  was 
Librarian  (Hon.)  of  Oxford  Union  Society 
in  1872,  and  held  office  for  a  year.  On 
leaving  Oxford  he  was  for  nearly  ten  years 
Principal  Librarian  of  the  London  Institu- 
tion (1873-82).  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
Librarian  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  Ox- 
ford. He  was  Joint-Secretary  of  the  In- 
ternational Conference  of  Librarians,  1877, 
and  of  the  Library  Association,  1877-78; 
and  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Library  Association. 
His  publications  are  :  "  The  Christ  Child 
and  other  Poems,"  1876  ;  "  The  Rights  of 
an  Animal,"  1877;  "  The  Gospel  accord- 
ing to  the  Hebrews,"  1879;  "A  New 
Commentary  on  the  Gospel  according  to 
Matthew,"  1881;  "Our  new  New  Testa- 
ment," 1881 ;  "  New  Homeric  Researches," 
1882;  "Jim  Lord,  a  Poem,"  1882 ;  "The 
Bodleian  Library  in  1882-87,"  1888  ;  "The 
Pedigree  of  'Jack,'"  1892;  "The  Ver- 
nacular Inscriptions  of  the  Ancient  King- 
dom of  Alban,"  1896;  "Golspie,"  1897. 
He  has  also  published  original  melodies 
with  words:  "Four  Melodies,"  1896; 
"Waiting  for  You,"  1897;  "The  Red 
Dragon,"  1898,  &c.  He  played  chess  for 
Oxford  against  Cambridge  in  1871-73.  Ad- 
dresses :  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford ;  and 
2  Canterbury  Road,  Oxford. 

NICOL,  Erskine,  A.R.A.,  R.S.A.,  eldest 
son  of  James  Main  Nicol,  was  born  at 
Leith,  Scotland,  on  July  3,  1825,  and  re- 
ceived his  art  education  in  the  Trustees' 
Academy,  Edinburgh,  under  Sir  William 
Allan  and  Mr.  Thomas  Duncan.  In  1846 
he  went  to  reside  in  Ireland,  where  he 
remained  three  or  four  years.  It  was  this 
residence  in  the  sister  isle  which  decided 
the  painter's  choice  of  his  peculiar  field  of 
representation,  for  most  of  his  subsequent 
pictures  have  been  Irish  in  subject.  From 
Ireland  he  returned  to  Edinburgh,  and 
after  exhibiting  for  some  time,  he  was 
ultimately  elected  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy.  In  1862  he  settled  in 
London,  and  after  that  date  contributed 
regularly  to  the  exhibitions  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  of  which  body  he  was  elected 


an  Associate  in  June  1866.  His  principal 
pictures  are:  "Notice  to  Quit,"  1862; 
"Renewal  of  the  Lease  Refused,"  1863; 
"Among  the  Old  Masters,"  and  "Waiting 
for  the  Train,"  1864;  "A  Deputation," 
1865;  "Both  Puzzled,"  "Paying  the 
Rent,"  and  "Missed  It,"  1866;  "A 
"Country  Booking-Office,"  and  "Kiss  an' 
make  it  up,"  1867  ;  "A  China  Merchant," 
and  "Waiting  at  the  Cross-roads,"  1868  ; 
"  A  Disputed  Boundary,"  1869  ;  "  How  it 
was  she  was  delayed,"  "On  the  Look- 
Out,"  "The  Fisher's  Knot,"  and  "The 
Children's  Fairing,"  1871 ;  "His Bit-bees," 
"  The  Play  Hour,"  and  "Bothered,"  1872  ; 
"Pro  Bono  Publico,"  "Steady,  Johnnie," 
and  "  Past  Work,"  1873  ;  "  A  Dander  after 
the  Rain,"  and  "  When  there's  nothing 
else  to  do,"  1874;  "The  New  Vintage," 
"  Always  Tell  the  Truth,"  and  "  The  Sab- 
bath Day,"  1875  ;  "A  Storm  at  Sea,"  and 
"Looking  Out  for  a  Safe  Investment," 
1876;  "His  Legal  Adviser,"  and  "Un- 
willingly to  School,"  1877;  "A  Colorado 
Beetle,"  "  The  Lonely  Tenant  of  the  Glen," 
"Under  a  Cloud,"  and  "The  Missing 
Boat,"  1878;  and  "Interviewing  their 
Member,"  1879.  Mr.  Nicol  entered  on  the 
Retired  List  of  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1885,  on  account  of  ill-health.  Address  : 
The  Well,  Feltham,  Middlesex. 

NICOLL,  William  Robertson,  LL.D., 
was  born  at  the  Free  Church  Manse, 
Auchindoir,  Aberdeenshire,  on  Oct.  10, 
1851.  He  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated  as  M.A. 
in  1870,  and  at  the  Free  Church  College, 
Aberdeen,  where  he  stayed  till  1874.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  ordained  minister 
of  the  Free  Church  at  Dufftown,  and  in 
1877  was  transferred  to  the  Free  Church 
at  Kelso.  In  1884  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Samuel  Cox  as  editor  of  the  Expositor,  and 
in  1886  he  came  to  London  and  started 
the  British  Weekly.  In  October  1891  he 
started  the  Bookman,  a  monthly  literary 
journal,  and  in  1893  the  Woman  at  Home 
was  largely  founded  by  him.  Dr.  Nicoll 
is  the  author  of  many  theological  works, 
as  well  as  of  a  "  Life  of  James  Macdonald 
of  the  Times,"  1889,  and  a  "Memoir  of 
Professor  Elmslie."  In  1897  he  published 
several  theological  works.  He  is  joint- 
editor  of  "  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"of  which  two  volumes 
were  published  in  1895-96.  He  has  been 
for  long  engaged  on  "  The  Victorian  Era 
of  English  Literature  :  a  Biographical  and 
Critical  History,"  and  has  originated  and 
edited  the  "Expositor's  Bible,"  "The 
Clerical  Library,"  "  The  Theological  Edu- 
cator," and  "  The  Household  Library  of 
Exposition."  In  1890  Aberdeen  Univer- 
sity conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.      In    1897    he    married    (2)    Miss 


800 


NICOLSON  —  NIGHTINGALE 


Katherine  Pollard.  Address  :  Bay  Tree 
Lodge,  Hampstead,  N.W.,  &c. 

NICOLSON,    Sir   Arthur,    K.C.I.E., 

C.M.G.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  Morocco,  was  born  Sept. 
19,  1849,  and  is  the  only  surviving  son  of 
Admiral  Sir  Frederick  W.  E.  Nicolson, 
10th  Baronet.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Brazenose  College,  Oxford,  and  was 
appointed  to  a  clerkship  in  the  Foreign 
Office,  Aug.  23,  1870.  He  was  Assistant 
Private  Secretary  to  the  late  Earl  Gran- 
ville from  1872  to  1874  ;  and  having  held 
posts  at  Berlin,  Pekin,  and  Constantinople, 
he  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  Stu- 
dent Interpreters  in  Turkey  in  1879.  In 
1882  he  accompanied  the  Marquis  of 
Dufferin  to  Egypt,  and  then  became 
Charge-d'Affaires  at  Athens  in  1884.  In 
1888  he  was  Consul-General  for  Hungary, 
and  in  1894  British  Agent  in  Bulgaria, 
whence  he  exchanged  for  his  present  post 
in  the  next  year.  He  married,  in  1882, 
Mary,  daughter  of  A.  Rowan  Hamilton, 
Esq.,  of  Killyheagh  Castle,  co.  Down. 
Address  :  British  Legation,  Tangiers. 

NIETZSCHE,   Friedrich  Wilhelm, 

philosopher,  is  by  descent  a  Pole,  and 
was  born  Oct.  15,  1844,  at  Rocken,  near 
Lentzen,  in  Saxony.  As  a  child  he  was 
obstinate  and  passionate,  but  at  an  early 
age  he  acquired  strong  self-control,  and 
even,  it  is  said,  on  one  occasion,  delibe- 
rately burnt  his  hand  to  show  that  Mucius 
Scsevola's  act  was  but  a  trifling  matter. 
At  school  he  had  little  to  do  with  his 
fellows,  although  he  is  represented  to  have 
been  a  well-developed,  vigorous  boy,  who 
loved  games  of  various  kinds,  especially 
those  of  his  own  invention.  He  was  after- 
wards sent  to  a  school  where  the  discip- 
line was  of  military  strictness,  and  while 
there,  first  became  acquainted  with  the 
music  of  Wagner,  which  not  only  stimu- 
lated his  artistic  instincts,  but  influenced 
his  moral  and  intellectual  life.  He  left 
Bonn  and  Leipzig  Universities  a  man  of 
extraordinary  width  of  knowledge,  and  at 
the  early  age  of  twenty-six  was  appointed 
a  Professor  of  Philology  at  Basle.  While 
at  Basle  he  became  intimately  acquainted 
with  Wagner,  on  whose  music  Nietzsche 
founded  his  scheme  of  philosophy.  The 
Wagnerian,  however,  was  but  a  passing 
phase.  In  1876,  while  attending  the  Bay- 
reuth  Festival,  an  entire  change  came 
over  his  views  with  regard  to  Wagner, 
and  it  has  been  thought  that  at  this  point 
Nietzsche's  tragic  mental  malady  first  re- 
vealed itself.  His  favourite  sister,  how- 
ever, thought  that  the  disease  began  in 
the  terrible  year  of  1870.  "  He  had  six 
wounded  young  soldiers  to  look  after,  and 
the  strain  produced  in  him  some  depress- 


ing physical  symptoms — dyspepsia,  in- 
somnia, and  then  came  the  facile  but 
perilous  remedy  of  drugs."  In  1880  so 
bad  did  his  physical  condition  become 
that  the  professorship  had  to  be  aban- 
doned. For  nine  troubled  years  the 
stricken  philosopher  wandered  through 
Europe,  visiting  various  health  resorts, 
and  fighting  desperately  against  the  onset 
of  mental  disease.  Meanwhile  his  lite- 
rary output  was  abundant,  and  his  egoism 
increased  in  each  succeeding  work.  On 
the  publication  of  "  Thus  spake  Zara- 
thustra  "  he  exclaimed  :  "I  have  given  to 
men  the  deepest  book  they  possess."  In 
1889  the  end  came,  and  he  fell  into  the 
"  outer  darkness  "  of  hopeless  insanity  ;  to 
this  day  he  has  given  no  sign  of  dawning 
reason.  His  works  expound  a  revolution- 
ary philosophy,  denouncing  all  religion, 
and  treating  all  moral  laws  as  a  remnant 
of  Christian  superstition.  His  ideal  is  to 
be  developed  by  giving  unbridled  freedom 
to  the  struggle  for  existence ;  seeking 
pleasure  only  and  despising  pity.  A 
translation  of  his  works  into  English  by 
Tille  began  in  1896,  but  met  with  few  fol- 
lowers. Nordau  (q.v.)  has  a  special  dis- 
taste for  him,  and  the  literary  skirmishes 
of  the  two  philosophers  have  entertained 
Europe. 

NIGHTINGALE,  Florence,  a  lady 
whose  name  has  been  rendered  illustrious 
by  her  philanthropic  efforts  to  alleviate  the 
sufferings  of  our  wounded  soldiers  in  the 
Crimean  War,  is  younger  daughter  of  Mr. 
William  E.  Nightingale,  of  Embley  Park, 
Hampshire, and  Lea  Hurst,  Derbyshire,  and 
was  born  at  Florence  on  May  15,  1820. 
She  enjoyed  all  the  advantages  which  fall 
to  the  lot  of  the  children  of  the  affluent 
and  refined,  and  her  command  of  different 
languages  and  other  branches  of  a  truly 
"liberal  education"  stood  her  in  good 
stead  in  her  after  career.  It  was  not  long 
before  her  philanthropic  instincts,  exer- 
cised among  the  poorer  neighbours  of  her 
English  home,  led  her  to  the  systematic 
study  of  the  ameliorative  treatment  of 
physical  and  moral  distress.  Not  satisfied 
with  studying  the  working  of  English 
schools,  hospitals,  and  reformatory  insti- 
tutions, she  examined  similar  institutions 
abroad  in  the  same  spirit,  and  in  1851 
spent  some  months  in  an  institution  of 
Protestant  Sisters  of  Mercy  at  Kaiserswerth 
on  the  Rhine.  Before  long  an  opportunity 
presented  itself  for  applying  the  practical 
lessons  she  there  learned,  for  having  heard 
that  the  Governesses'  Sanitarium  in  Harley 
Street  languished  for  the  want  of  super- 
vision and  support,  she  generously  devoted 
both  her  personal  energies  and  private 
means  to  its  restoration  and  thorough  or- 
ganisation.    This  work  had  scarcely  been 


NIGEA  —  NOBLE 


801 


accomplished  when,  before  Miss  Nightin- 
gale had  time  to  recover  her  overtaxed 
strength,  new  demands  were  made  upon 
her  spirit  of  self-sacrifice.   The  inefficiency 
and  mismanagement  of  our  military  hos- 
pitals in  the  Crimea  led  to  an  outburst  of 
public  feeling.   Various  plans  of  help  were 
suggested,  the  most  popular  of  which  was 
the  sending  forth  a  select  band  of  ladies. 
At  the  request  of  the  late  Lord  Herbert, 
then  Secretary  of  War  (whose  letter  crossed 
one  from  Miss  Nightingale  offering  to  go), 
she  undertook  the  organisation  and  conduct 
of  this  body.     No  eulogy  can  do  justice  to 
the  talent,  energy,  and  devotion  she  con- 
stantly displayed  in  her  self-imposed  task. 
By  instituting  order  where  confusion  had 
before  reigned,  and  by  affording  care  and 
consolation,  she  alleviated  the  sufferings 
of  all,  saved  the  lives  of  many,  and  earned 
the  blessings  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  as 
well  as  the  gratitude  of  her  country.     A 
testimonial   fund   amounting  to  £50,000, 
subscribed   by  the   public   in  recognition 
of  her  noble  services,  was  at  her  special 
request  devoted  to  the  formation  of   an 
institution  for  the  training  of  nurses,  now 
carried  out  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,   in 
the   "Nightingale  Home."     Her  writings 
are    intended     to    disseminate     practical 
knowledge  on  the  subject  in  which  she  is 
so  well  versed.     "Notes  on  Hospitals,"  a 
valuable   work   which   had    a   very  large 
circulation,  appeared  in  1859  ;  "  Notes  on 
Nursing,"    of    which    nearly    a    hundred 
thousand  copies  have  been  sold,  was  pub- 
lished in  1860;  and  "Observations  on  the 
Sanitary  State  of  the  Army  in  India,"  in 
1863.    It  is  understood  that,  at  the  request 
of   the  War   Office,   she  drew  up  a  very 
voluminous    confidential     report    on    the 
working  of  the  Army  Medical  Department 
in  the  Crimea,  and  she  has  a  further  claim 
on  the  gratitude  of  her  countrymen  for 
the  active  interest  she  has  displayed  in  the 
Volunteer  movement.     Although  confined 
to   her   house  by  constant  ill-health,  she 
has  been  ceaselessly  at  work  for  the  wel- 
fare of  our  fellow-subjects  in  India  in  all 
matters  affecting  the  improvement  of  their 
health,  education,  and  social  benefit.     The 
regulations   of    hospitals    and    supply   of 
nurses   in   different   parts   of   the   world, 
sanitary  measures,   and  nursing  arrange- 
ments for  the  army  at  home  and  abroad, 
occupy  her  thoughts  and  time.   During  the 
Civil  War  in  America  she  was  frequently 
consulted  in  questions  affecting  the  health 
of  the  army  and  assistance  for  the  wounded 
in  the  field.     During  the  Franco-German 
War  she  was    similarly  appealed   to   by 
the  German  authorities.     Her  name  is  as 
well  known  in  America  as  in  England,  in- 
deed, it  is  a  household  word  all  the  world 
over.      Address:    10  South  Street,  Park 
Lane,  W. 


NIGRA,    Count     Constantino,    an 

Italian  diplomatist,  born  at  Castellemonte, 
June  12,  1827,  studied  law  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Turin,  and  took  part  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  war  against  Austria  in  1848.  Being 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Rivoli 
he  abandoned  the  military  career,  entered 
the  Diplomatic  Service,  and  acted  as  Sec- 
retary to  Count  Cavour  at  the  Congress  of 
Paris  in  1856.  He  took  part  in  the  nego- 
tiations between  Piedmont  and  France 
which  preceded  the  war  of  1859,  at  which 
he  was  present  with  the  general  staff  of 
Napoleon  III.  He  was  Secretary  to  the 
Italian  Plenipotentiaries  at  the  Zurich 
Congress,  after  which  he  was  nominated, 
on  Cavour's  recommendation,  Minister 
Plenipotentiary,  first  of  Sardinia,  and 
afterwards  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in 
Paris.  On  the  war  of  1870  breaking  out 
he  was  among  those  who  made  real  efforts 
to  prevent  it,  and  then  showed  himself  to 
the  end,  at  least  personally,  devoted  to  the 
Emperor  and  Empress.  He  was  one  of 
the  few  persons  who,  on  Sept.  4,  were  by 
the  side  of  the  menaced  and  fugitive  sove- 
reigns. After  having  represented  Italy  in 
Paris  for  fifteen  years  as  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary, he  was  in  May  1876  appointed  to 
fill  the  same  post  at  St.  Petersburg.  He 
was  nominated  Italian  Ambassador  in 
London  in  November  1882,  on  which  occa- 
sion King  Humbert  conferred  upon  him 
the  title  of  Count,  in  attestation  of  his 
Majesty's  recognition  of  the  eminent  ser- 
vices he  had  rendered  to  his  country. 
Count  Nigra  has  published  several  works 
on  the  dialects  and  popular  poetry  of  Italy. 
In  1885  he  resigned  the  embassy  in  London, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Count  Corti.  He 
was  afterwards  sent  as  Italian  Ambassador 
to  Vienna.  He  is  a  Grand  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour. 

NILSSON,  Christina.  See  Miranda, 
Countess  of. 

NOBLE,  Captain  Sir  Andrew,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,  D.L.,  was  born  in  Scotland  on  Sept. 
13,  1832,  and  is  the  son  of  G.  Noble,  of  the 
Royal  Navy.  He  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh Academy  and  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich,  after  which  he  en- 
tered the  Royal  Artillery  and  rose  to  be 
Captain.  He  was  appointed  Secretary  to 
the  Committee  on  Rifled  Cannon  in  1858, 
and  to  that  on  Plates  and  Guns  in  1859. 
He  was  Assistant-Inspector  of  Artillery  in 
the  same  year,  in  1860  was  a  Member  of 
the  Ordnance  Select  Committee,  and  was 
a  Member  of  the  Committee  of  Explosives 
throughout  its  sittings.  He  is  now  Vice- 
Chairman  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong  &  Co., 
Ltd.,  which  he  joined  as  long  ago  as  1860. 
He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1870,  and  was 

3b 


802 


NOBLE  —  NOEBURY 


awarded  its  Royal  Medal  in  1880.  He 
was  created  C.B.  in  1881,  K.C.B.  in  1893, 
and  was  High-Sheriff  of  Northumberland 
in  1896.  His  publications  include  various 
papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  on  explosives  and  gunnery.  Lady 
Noble  was  a  daughter  of  Mr.  A.  Campbell, 
of  Quebec.  Addresses  :  14  Pall  Mall,  S.W.; 
Jesmond  Dene  House,  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
&c. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

NOBLE,  Captain  "William,  F.R.A.S., 
F.R.M.S.,  was  born  in  1828,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Noble,  Esq., 
of  Berwick.  He  was  Captain  in  the  Rifle 
Brigade,  and  has  long  devoted  great  at- 
tention to  astronomy,  and  much  good 
work  has  emanated  from  the  private  ob- 
servatory which  he  erected  in  the  grounds 
of  his  residence.  Captain  Noble  has  sat 
for  many  years  on  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  ;  was  the  first 
President,  and  is  now  Vice-President,  of 
the  British  Astronomical  Association,  and 
is  a  County  Magistrate.  He  is  the  author 
of  many  contributions  to  scientific  perio- 
dicals. Captain  Noble  married,  in  1851, 
Emily  Charlotte,  only  child  of  Edward 
Irving,  Esq.,  of  H.M.  61st  Regiment,  and 
of  the  Baroness  Hadriana  Cornelia  van 
Lijnden.  Address  :  Forest  Lodge,  Mares- 
field,  Sussex. 

NOEL,  The  Right  Hon.  Gerard,  J.P., 
D.L.,  second  son  of  the  1st  Earl  of  Gains- 
borough, was  born  in  1823.  He  entered 
the  army  as  a  Cornet  in  the  11th  Hussars 
in  1842,  and  retired  in  1851.  He  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Rutland  in  1847  as  a 
Conservative,  and  sat  for  that  constituency 
until  1884.  He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury 
from  July  1866  to  October  1868;  Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Treasury  from 
the  latter  date  to  the  December  following, 
and  First  Commissioner  of  Works  from 
1876  to  1880.  He  married,  in  1863,  Lady 
Augusta  Lowther,  sister  of  Henry,  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  Address :  Catmose,  Oakham, 
Rutland. 

NOEL,  Bear- Admiral  Sir  Gerard 
Henry  Uctred,  K.C.M.G.,  second  in 
command  in  the  Mediterranean  Fleet, 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Augustus  W.  Noel, 
Rector  of  Stanhoe,  Norfolk,  was  born 
March  5th,  1845.  He  entered  the  navy  in 
December  1858,  and  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant in  April  1866,  Commander  in  1874, 
and  Captain  from  the  Royal  Yacht  in 
January  1881.  He  was  in  command  of 
the  naval  guard  to  Lord  Wolseley  at  Cape 
Coast  Castle  in  the  Ashanti  War  of  1873, 
and  was  awarded  the  medal  with  Kumasi 
clasp.  In  1875  he  gained  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Royal  United  Service  Institution. 


In  1893  he  was  appointed  Director  of 
Naval  Intelligence,  and  in  the  same  year 
became  a  Lord  Commissioner  of  the  Ad- 
miralty. For  three  years  Captain  Noel 
was  a  naval  AD.C.  to  the  Queen,  and  in 
May  1S96  he  attained  Flag  rank.  In  Feb- 
ruary 1898  he  hoisted  his  flag  in  H.M.S. 
Revenge  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  took 
charge  of  the  English  squadron  in  Cretan 
waters.  The  discontent  amongst  the 
Mahomedans  in  Candia  broke  out  in  open 
violence  in  September  1898,  the  collection 
of  a  tithe  being  the  cause  of  the  actual 
outbreak,  in  which  nearly  a  hundred 
British  soldiers  were  killed,  and  about 
a  thousand  Christians  massacred.  The 
Turkish  troops  did  nothing  to  aid  the 
British,  but  assisted  the  Mahomedans 
against  them,  and  joined  in  pillaging  the 
town.  Admiral  Noel  then  ordered  a  bom- 
bardment of  the  place,  and  afterwards 
presented  an  ultimatum  to  Edhem  Pasha, 
commanding  the  Turkish  troops,  and  de- 
manded the  delivery  of  the  ringleaders  in 
the  outbreak,  within  forty-eight  hours,  the 
transmission  of  the  tithes  collected  since 
September  3rd,  and  the  surrender  of  the 
forts  and  ramparts  commanding  the  town. 
The  ringleaders  were  given  up,  and  the 
other  terms  were  ultimately  complied 
with,  owing  to  the  uncompromising  atti- 
tude of  Admiral  Noel,  whose  firmness  on 
that  occasion  went  far  towards  a  pacifica- 
tion of  the  islanders,  and  a  settlement  of 
the  Cretan  question.  He  received  a 
K.C.M.G.  for  his  services.  Sir  Gerard 
Noel  is  the  author  of  "  Gun,  Ram,  and 
Torpedo,"  and  an  "Essay  on  Naval  Tac- 
tics." He  is  a  J.P.  for  Norfolk,  and 
married,  in  1875,  Charlotte,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  F.  Cresswell,  Esq. 

NORBTJRY,  Sir  Henry  Frederick, 

K.C.B.,  M.D.,  Director-General  of  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  Navy,  was 
born  in  1839  and  educated  at  Oundle 
School  and  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital. 
He  became  a  Member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  England  in  1860,  and  joined 
the  Navy  as  Surgeon  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  promoted  Staff  Surgeon  in  Decem- 
ber 1872,  Fleet  Surgeon  in  July  1879,  and 
Inspector-General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets 
in  November  1894.  His  experience  of 
active  service  has  lain  chiefly  in  South 
Africa,  where  he  had  medical  charge  of 
the  naval  brigade  landed  from  H.M.S. 
Active  during  the  Kaffir  War  of  1877-78, 
when  he  was  mentioned  in  despatches  and 
strongly  recommended  for  promotion.  He 
also  served  in  the  Transkei  as  Senior 
Medical  Officer  of  six  different  columns  of 
troops,  was  present  in  numerous  skirmishes, 
in  the  action  at  the  Quorra  River,  and  at 
the  battle  of  Quintana.  Subsequently  he 
was  principal  Medical  Officer  of  Colonel 


NORDAU  —  NORDENSKIOLD 


803 


Pearson's  column,  and  present  at  the 
battle  of  Inzezane  and  the  relief  of  the 
garrison  of  Ekowe.  Sir  Henry  was  after- 
wards attached  to  General  Crealook's 
column,  and  had  medical  charge  of  the 
entire  Naval  Brigade,  and  took  part  in 
the  advance  on  Port  Durnford.  He  was 
several  times  mentioned  in  despatches 
and  promoted,  receiving  also  a  C.B.  and 
the  Zulu  medal  with  three  clasps.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  thanked  by  the 
Cape  Government.  In  1879  he  was  awarded 
the  Gilbert  Blane  Gold  Medal.  He  was 
appointed  in  charge  of  Plymouth  Hospital 
in  April  1895,  and  promoted  to  a  K.C.B. 
in  June  1897.  Sir  Henry  Norbury  is  also 
a  Knight  of  Grace  of  the  Order  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem  and  M.D.  of  Malta  and  the 
University  at  the  Cape.  He  married,  in 
1868,  Nina  Legge,  daughter  of  the  late 
E.  G.  Wade-Brown,  Esq.  He  is  the  author 
of  "The  Naval  Brigade  in  South  Africa  " 
Address  :  Royal  Naval  Hospital,  Plymouth. 

NORDATJ,  Maximilian  Simon,  M.D., 
was  born  of  a  Jewish  family  at  Budapest 
on  July  29,  1849.  He  was  a  boy  of  great 
promise,  and  while  attending  the  Gymna- 
sium and  University  of  his  native  town, 
he  contributed  to  several  newspapers.  He 
studied  medicine,  and  in  1878  established 
himself  as  a  physician  in  Budapest.  His 
nationality  and  creed,  however,  drove  him 
from  Hungary,  and  in  1886  he  settled  in 
Paris.  His  name,  however,  has  been 
made  by  works  with  a  deeply  partisan 
feeling  on  current  ethical,  political,  and 
literary  subjects.  His  first  work  was 
"  Studien  und  Bilder  aus  dem  Wahren 
Miliardenlande,"  which  attracted  imme- 
diate attention  in  Germany,  and  was 
translated  into  five  foreign  languages. 
After  several  other  volumes  of  romances 
and  travels,  came  his  "  Conventional  Lies 
of  Society,"  1883,  which  was  trans- 
lated into  English  in  1895,  after  the  suc- 
cess of  "Degeneration."  In  1886  he 
published  "  Paradoxes,"  and  in  1893  the 
work  by  which  he  is  best  known,  "De- 
generation." Therein  he  maintains,  on 
strictly  psycho-physiological  grounds,  that 
all  modern  tendencies  in  art,  literature, 
and  life  are  undeniable  proofs  of  physical, 
mental,  and  moral  degeneration.  As  a 
novelist  and  playwright  he  has  been  less 
successful.  His  chief  novel  is  "Gefiihls- 
komodie,"  1892.  He  is  the  Paris  corre- 
spondent of  the  Vossische  Zeitung.  Address  : 
34  Avenue  de  Villiers. 

NORDENSKIOLD,  Baron  Adolf 
Erik,  a  Swedish  naturalist  and  explorer, 
was  born  in  Helsingfors,  the  capital  of 
Finland,  Nov.  18,  1832.  Descended  from 
a  Swedish  family  long  eminent  in  scientific 


pursuits,  he  had  his  inherent  tastes  de- 
veloped alike  by  his  surroundings  at  his 
home  at  Frugard,  which  contained  an 
extensive  mineral  and  natural  history  col- 
lection, and  by  his  journeys  with  his 
father,  Nils  Gustaf,  who  was  chief  of  the 
Finland  Mining  Department.  Thus  the 
lad  cared  more  for  practical  than  for 
theoretical  learning  when  he  first  went  to 
the  Gymnasium  at  Borgo,  and  on  entering 
the  University  of  Helsingfors  in  1849  de- 
voted himself  almost  entirely  to  scientific 
studies,  spending  his  vacations  in  excur- 
sions to  the  rich  mineral  localities  of 
Finland.  He  soon  became  eminent  in  this 
particular  branch  of  science,  and  was 
nominated  to  several  appointments,  but 
he  unluckily  incurred  the  suspicion  of 
the  Russian  authorities  by  participation 
in  various  students'  meetings,  and  time 
after  time  lost  his  appointments,  and  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  country.  Indeed,  at 
last,  for  some  years  he  was  unable  to  obtain 
a  passport  to  return  to  Finland.  He 
therefore  settled  in  Sweden,  and  in  1858 
first  entered  on  his  Arctic  travels  by  ac- 
companying Torell  to  Spitzbergen.  On 
his  return  to  Stockholm,  Nordenskiold 
was  nominated  Director  of  the  Mineralo- 
gical  Department  of  the  various  geo- 
graphical and  scientific  researches,  and 
for  making  a  preliminary  reconnoitring 
for  the  measurement  of  an  arc  of  the 
meridian.  The  work  was  not  then  finished, 
and  accordingly,  three  years  later,  Nor- 
denskiold headed  an  expedition  which 
successfully  completed  the  reconnoitring, 
and  marked  the  southern  part  of  Spitz- 
bergen. The  explorers,  however,  met 
with  some  shipwrecked  walrus  -  hunters, 
and  were  obliged  to  return,  their  provi- 
sions being  inadequate  to  maintain  so 
large  an  addition  to  the  party.  Thus  dis- 
appointed, Nordenskiold  now  endeavoured 
to  organise  a  fresh  expedition,  and  he 
eventually  started  in  1868  in  the  Govern- 
ment steamer  Sofia,  which  managed  to 
attain  the  high  latitude  of  81°  42' — a  lati- 
tude exceeded  only  by  Hall's  American 
and  Parry's  and  Nares's  British  Arctic 
Expeditions,  and  never  exceeded  by  a  sail- 
ing vessel  in  the  old  hemisphere.  This 
success  convinced  Nordenskiold  that  he 
could  reach  a  much  higher  latitude  by 
wintering  in  Spitzbergen  and  utilising 
sledges.  Accordingly,  after  an  interval — 
during  which  he  sat  in  the  Swedish  Diet, 
and  travelled  in  Greenland  to  ascertain 
the  respective  value  of  dogs  and  reindeer 
as  beasts  of  burden  for  sledge  journeys — 
Nordenskiold  sailed  in  1872  to  Spitzbergen 
in  the  Polhem,  accompanied  by  two  ten- 
ders. He  made  during  this  voyage  the 
first  serious  attempt  to  penetrate  on  the 
inland  ice  in  the  interior,  and  discovered 
at  Ovifak  the  largest  known  blocks    of 


804 


NORDICA  —  NORMAN 


native  iron,  and  brought  home  collections 
of  fossil  plants  of  great  importance  to  the 
history  of  climatology  during  former  geo- 
logical epochs.  The  winter  was  unusually 
early,  and  the  ice  shut  in  the  tenders, 
which  were  to  have  returned  home,  there- 
by straitening  the  provisions  through  extra 
mouths  ;  the  reindeer  were  lost,  and  the 
men  suffered  greatly  from  scurvy.  Never- 
theless Nordenskiold  and  Lieutenant 
Palender  successfully  surveyed  part  of 
North-East  Land,  and  in  the  following 
July  the  vessels  were  extricated  from  their 
winter  quarters,  Mussel  Bay,  on  the  north 
coast  of  Spitzbergen,  and  returned  home 
richly  laden  with  important  scientific  col- 
lections. Nordenskiold  now  turned  his 
attention  to  Siberian  exploration,  and  in 
1875  sailed  through  the  Kara  Sea  to  the 
Yenissei,  and  ascended  the  river  in  a  small 
boat,  returning  home  overland.  It  was 
the  first  time  that  any  ship  had  succeeded 
in  penetrating  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
great  Siberian  rivers.  He  introduced  in 
the  following  year,  after  a  flying  visit  to 
the  Philadelphia  Exhibition,  the  first  mer- 
chandises by  sea  to  Siberia,  returning  in 
the  autumn  with  his  steamer  via  Kara  Sea 
and  Matotschkim  Sound.  These  experi- 
ences gave  Nordenskiold  a  reasonable 
hope  of  accomplishing  the  North-East 
Passage.  The  King  of  Sweden,  Mr.  Oscar 
Dickson,  and  Mr.  Sibiriakoff  at  once  lent 
their  aid  to  the  project,  and  in  July  1878 
Professor  Nordenskiold  started  in  the 
Vega.  She  was  the  first  vessel  to  double 
the  most  northern  point  of  the  Old  World, 
Cape  Tchelyuskin  ;  she  wintered  near 
Behring's  Strait ;  and  once  more  free  in 
July  1879,  reached  Japan  on  Sept.  2.  On 
his  arrival  in  Europe  Nordenskiold  was 
enthusiastically  welcomed  and  laden  with 
honours.  He  was  created  a  Baron  (April 
1880),  and  appointed  a  Commander  of  the 
"  Nordstjerne  Order"  (Order  of  North 
Star).  In  1883  Nordenskiold  made  his 
second  voyage  to  the  interior  of  Green- 
land, and  succeeded  in  penetrating  with  a 
ship  through  the  dangerous  ice-barrier 
along  the  east  coast  of  that  country  south 
of  the  polar  circle,  a  feat  in  vain  attempted 
during  300  years  by  different  Arctic  ex- 
peditions. He  has  also  busied  himself 
with  a  project  for  an  expedition  to  the 
South  Pole.  He  has  written  minerological 
memoirs:  "The  Voyage  of  the  Vega 
round  Asia,"  1881  ;  "  The  Second  Swedish 
Expedition  to  Greenland,"  1885;  "Fac- 
simile Atlas  to  the  Early  History  of  Carto- 
graphy," 1889;  and  "Periplus,"  1897. 
His  letters,  written  during  some  of  his 
earlier  explorations,  have  been  translated 
into  French  (1880). 

NORDICA,  Madame.     See  Doehme, 
Madame. 


NORFOLK,  Duke  of,  His  Grace 
the  Most  Noble  Henry  Fitzalan 
Howard,P.C,  K.G..J.P.,  Earl  of  Arundel, 
Surrey,  and  Norfolk,  and  Baron  Fitzalan, 
Clun,  Oswaldestre,  and  Maltravers,  Premier 
Duke  and  Earl,  Knight  of  the  Garter, 
Hereditary  Earl-Marshal,  and  Chief  Butler 
of  England,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  14th 
Duke,  by  his  wife  Augusta  Mary  Minna 
Catharine,  second  daughter  of  Edmund, 
1st  Lord  Lyons.  He  was  born  in  Carlton 
Terrace,  London,  Dec.  27,  1847,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  peerage  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  Nov.  25,  1860.  His  Grace,  who  is 
a  Roman  Catholic,  takes  great  interest  in 
all  matters  relating  to  his  Church.  He  is 
President  of  the  Catholic  Union  of  Great 
Britain.  It  was  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
that  Dr.  Newman  addressed  in  1875  his 
reply  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  "  Political  Ex- 
postulation." The  Duke  of  Norfolk  took 
a  prominent  part,  about  the  time  of  the 
general  election  of  1886,  in  the  Unionist 
opposition  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Eule 
measure,  thus  bringing  himself  into  colli- 
sion with  the  Irish  hierarchy.  In  1887  the 
Duke  was  Her  Majesty's  Special  Envoy 
with  presents  and  congratulations  to  the 
Pope  on  his  jubilee,  and  in  1893  he  headed 
a  special  band  of  English  pilgrims,  who 
were  present  at  the  state  celebration  at  St. 
Peter's.  From  1892  to  1895  he  represented 
the  City  of  London  on  the  London  County 
Council.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  Post- 
master-General, and  has  organised  the  Im- 
perial Penny  Postage  in  the  face  of  many 
difficulties.  From  1895  to  1897  he  was 
Mayor  of  Sheffield,  and  from  the  Jubilee 
(1897)  onwards  has  been  first  Lord  Mayor 
of  Sheffield.  He  takes  great  interest 
in  the  Volunteer  movement,  and  since 
1864  has  been  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  4th 
West  Riding  (Yorks.)  Volunteers,  and  since 
1891  Major,  with  the  rank  of  Lieut.- 
Colonel,  in  the  2nd  Volunteer  Batt.  of  the 
Royal  Sussex  Regiment.  He  married,  at 
the  Oratory,  Brompton,  on  Nov.  21,  1877, 
Lady  Flora  Hastings,  eldest  daughter  of 
Charles  Frederick  Abney  Hastings,  1st 
Lord  Donnington,  of  Donnington  Park, 
Leicestershire,  and  the  late  Countess  of 
Loudon.  Her  Grace  died  on  April  11, 
1887.  Their  son,  Philip,  the  Earl  of 
Arundel  and  Surrey,  was  born  in  1879. 
Addresses :  Norfolk  House,  St.  James's 
Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Arundel  Castle,  Sus- 
sex, &c. 

NORMAN,    Canon    Alfred   Merle, 

M.A.  Oxon.,  D.C.L.  Hon.,  Durham,  Hon. 
LL.D.  St.  Andrews,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  John  Norman,  D.L.  of  the 
county  of  Somerset,  of  Iwood,  Congres- 
bury,  and  Claverham  House,  Yatton,  in 
that  county.  He  was  born  at  Exeter, 
where  his  father  was  at  that  time  residing, 


NOEMAN 


805 


Aug.  29,  1831.  As  soon  as  he  could  walk 
he  was  interested  in  botany  by  his  eldest 
brother,  the  Hon.  John  Paxton  Norman, 
who  was  afterwards  Officiating  Chief- 
Justice  of  Bengal,  and  was  assassinated 
by  a  fanatic  when  entering,  in  his  robes, 
the  High  Court  of  Justice  at  Calcutta,  in 
September  1871.  When  about  ten  years 
old  he  was  sent  to  the  Grammar  School  at 
Ilminster,  and  during  the  four  years  he 
was  there  made  a  collection  of  the  fossils 
of  the  lias  of  that  neighbourhood.  In 
1844  he  entered  Winchester  College,  and 
while  a  scholar  there  took  up  the  study  of 
entomology.  In  1848  he  matriculated  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  taking  the  B.A. 
degree  in  1852,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1859. 
While  at  the  University  he  studied  and 
published  on  the  inland  mollusca  of  Ox- 
fordshire, and  also  collected  the  fossils  of 
the  Stonesfield  strata.  In  1854-55  he  was 
private  tutor  in  the  family  of  the  Dowager 
Countess  of  Glasgow,  at  Cumbrae,  on  the 
Firth  of  Clyde.  Here,  with  every  facility 
as  regards  coast  and  boats,  he  commenced 
the  investigation  of  the  marine  fauna  of 
the  Firth  of  Clyde,  and  to  this  branch  of 
science  he  has  from  that  period  chiefly 
devoted  his  spare  time.  In  1855-56  he 
was  at  Wells  Theological  College  read- 
ing for  Holy  Orders.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  ordained  Deacon  by  the  Bishop  of 
Peterborough,  and  Priest  in  1857,  being  at 
this  time  Curate  of  Kibworth,  Leicester- 
shire. In  1858  he  accepted  the  curacy  of 
Sedgefield,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  and 
in  1864  that  of  Houghton-le-Spring.  In 
1866  he  was  presented  by  the  Crown  to 
the  living  of  the  newly  formed  parish  of 
Burnmoor,  near  Fence  Houses,  co.  Dur- 
ham ;  and  in  1895,  on  the  presentation  of 
the  Bishop  of  Durham,  became  Rector  of 
Houghton-le-Spring,  which  living  he  re- 
signed in  1898.  From  1867  to  1879  he  was 
Honorary  Chaplain  to  the  late  Earl  of  Dur- 
ham. In  1885  he  was  made  Honorary  Canon 
of  Durham  Cathedral.  For  twenty  years 
he  was  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Durham 
Training  College  for  Schoolmasters,  and 
for  twelve  years  Honorary  Secretary  of 
the  Durham  Diocesan  Conference.  He 
was  elected  F.L.S.  in  1880,  and  F.R.S.  in 
1890.  Dr.  Norman  has  received  the  medal 
of  the  Institute  of  France,  conferred  upon 
him  in  recognition  of  the  part  he  took  in 
1880,  when,  by  special  invitation  of  the 
French  Government,  he  was  associated 
with  the  Commission  of  French  Savants  in 
the  exploration  of  the  great  depths  of  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  in  the  surveying  steamer 
Le  Travailleur.  In  1883  he  was  Chairman 
of  the  Jury  on  Natural  History  at  the 
International  Fisheries  Exhibition,  Lon- 
don. He  is  Vice-President  of  the  Marine 
Biological  Society  of  Great  Britain,  of  the 
Tyneside  Naturalists'   Field   Club   (Presi- 


dent in  1865  and  1880),  and  of  the  Con- 
chological  Society  of  Great  Britain  (Presi- 
dent, 1892)  ;  President  of  the  Museums 
Association  in  1895  ;  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society,  and 
of  many  of  the  leading  Natural  History 
Societies  of  the  kingdom.  His  collection 
of  the  invertebrate  fauna  of  the  North 
Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans  is  probably 
the  most  extensive  in  the  world,  embrac- 
ing not  only  the  products  of  his  own 
dredgings,  carried  on  during  his  summer 
holidays  of  almost  every  year  since  1854, 
on  all  parts  of  the  British  coast,  as  well 
as  during  five  summers  in  Norway  and 
Finmark  and  others  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  Madeira,  but  also  all  such  specimens 
as  could  be  purchased,  and  the  contribu- 
tions both  of  private  friends  and  from  the 
spolia  of  almost  all  the  Government  deep- 
sea  dredging  expeditions  which  have  been 
sent  out  from  the  countries  of  Europe,  as 
well  as  by  the  United  States.  A  catalogue 
of  the  collection  is  in  course  of  publica- 
tion, under  the  title  "  Museum  Norman- 
ianum."  An  arrangement  has  been  made 
with  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum, 
by  which  a  portion  of  Dr.  Norman's  collec- 
tions has  already  found  a  place  in  that 
institution,  and  the  remainder  will  become 
the  property  of  the  nation  at  his  death. 
As  a  boy  and  young  man  Dr.  Norman 
used  to  contribate  to  the  Zoologist.  He  is 
the  author  of  numerous  memoirs  and 
papers,  chiefly  on  Marine  Zoology,  in  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc. ;  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin ;  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  Dublin;  Trans.  Linn.  Soc;  and 
other  learned  periodicals.  He  was  editor 
and  part  author  of  Bowerbank's  "  Mono- 
graph on  British  Spongiadffl,"  vol.  iv. 
(Roy.  Soc). 

NORMAN,  Henry,  author,  journalist, 
and  traveller,  was  born  at  Leicester  on 
Sept.  19,  1858,  and  is  the  son  of  Henry 
and  Sarah  Norman.  He  received  his 
education  privately  in  France,  and  after- 
wards at  Harvard  University,  of  which  he 
is  B.A.,  and  at  Leipzig  University.  After 
graduating,  he  inaugurated  the  public 
agitation  for  the  national  preservation  of 
the  Niagara  Falls,  which  resulted  in  their 
subsequent  purchase  by  the  State  of  New 
York.  He  contributed  to  the  Fortnightly 
Review  and  the  Spectator,  and  in  1886 
joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  for  which  journal  he  made  a  tour 
of  the  world,  1889-92.  He  has  visited  the 
whole  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
and  travelled  and  explored  in  Japan, 
Siberia,  Korea,  China,  Siam,  the  Malay 
Peninsula  (in  which  he  went  through  a 
tract  of  country  hitherto  unexplored), 
and  Egypt.  In  1892  he  joined  the  Daily 
Chronicle,  and  became  literary  editor,  the 
famous    "  literary  page "   of  that   journal 


806 


NORMAN  — NORRIS 


being  under  his  management.  For  the 
Chronicle,  of  which  he  was  appointed 
assistant  -  editor  in  1895,  Mr.  Norman 
travelled  in  the  Balkans  in  1895,  inter- 
viewing the  Prince  of  Montenegro,  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Bulgaria,  and  other  high 
personages.  At  the  beginning  of  1896  he 
was  sent  to  Washington  during  the  Anglo- 
American  dispute  concerning  the  Vene- 
zuela Boundary.  His  labours  in  the  cause 
of  arbitration  were  recognised  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland's  personal  thanks.  His 
despatches  from  Athens  in  1897,  where  he 
represented  his  journal  during  the  negotia- 
tions preceding  the  Turco-Greek  War, 
again  attracted  much  attention  in  Eng- 
land, and  the  King  of  Greece  conferred 
on  him  the  Order  of  the  Saviour.  In  Feb. 
1899  it  was  announced  that  Mr.  Henry 
Norman  had  severed  his  connection  with 
the  Daily  Chronicle  in  order  to  devote  him- 
self to  literary  work.  He  contributes  fre- 
quently to  the  Contemporary  and  regularly 
to  Cosmopolis,  is  a  member  of  the  Council 
and  Management  Committee  of  the  Society 
of  Authors,  and  President  of  the  Omar 
Khayyam  Club,  1898,  His  publications 
are  :  "  The  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls," 
1881;  "Bodyke:  a  Chapter  in  the  His- 
tory of  Irish  Landlordism,"  1887;  "The 
Real  Japan,"  1892  ;  "Peoples  and  Politics 
of  the  Far  East,"  1895;  and  "The  Near 
East,"  1898.  He  married  Menie  Muriel 
Dowie  [see  Noeman,  Mrs.  Henry),  author 
of  "A  Girl  in  the  Karpathians,"  &c,  in 
1891.    Address  :  The  Savile  Club,  London. 

NORMAN,  Mrs.  Henry,  nie  Menie 
Muriel  Dowie,  was  born  in  Liverpool 
on  July  15,  1867,  and  is  the  second 
daughter  of  Muir  Dowie,  and  of  a  daughter 
of  the  well-known  Robert  Chambers  of 
Edinburgh.  She  was  educated  in  Liver- 
pool, and  in  Stuttgart  and  France,  and 
acquired  her  love  of  open-air  life  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  where  her  father 
hired  shootings  at  different  times.  She 
first  made  her  mark  as  a  reciter,  and  in 
1890  travelled  and  sojourned  in  the  Kar- 
pathian  Mountains,  where  she  lived,  a 
solitary  English  girl,  protected  in  her 
walks  only  by  a  peasant  attendant.  Her 
twenty-third  birthday,  she  tells  us,  found 
her  engaged  in  revolver  practice,  for  she 
was  in  a  land  where  wild  cats,  bears,  and 
wolves  might  be  encountered  at  any 
moment.  She  conformed  to  the  simple 
habits  of  the  people,  eating  no  meat  and 
drinking  neither  wine  nor  beer.  Her 
costume  consisted  of  knickerbockers  and 
leggings  worn  beneath  a  lady's  ordinary 
skirt.  The  latter  was  so  contrived  as  to 
be  easily  detached  to  permit  of  Miss  Dowie 
riding  en  cavalier  when  it  was  necessary  to 
go  long  distances.  A  full  account  of  the 
journey,  with  all  its  picturesque  and  enter- 


taining adventures,  appeared  afterwards  in 
the  Fortnightly  Review  under  the  title  of 
"In  Ruthenia,"  and  was  subsequently  em- 
bodied in  her  now  famous  book,  "  A  Girl 
in  the  Karpathians,"  1891,  which  created 
a  considerable  stir  at  the  time  of  its  pub- 
lication. Other  works  from  Mrs.  Norman's 
pen  are  a  novel,  "Gallia,"  1895;  "Some 
Whims  of  Fate,"  1896;  and  "The  Crook  of 
the  Bough,"  1898,  besides  which  she  has 
written  much  in  her  husband's  newspaper 
and  elsewhere  on  social  and  domestic 
matters,  particularly  as  they  affect  women. 

NORMAN,  General  Sir  Henry 
Wylie,  G.C.B.  (Military  Division), 
G.C.M.G.,  .C.S.I.,  is  the  son  of  James 
Norman,  Esq.,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  Dec.  2,  1826.  He  entered  the  Bengal 
Army  in  March  1844  ;  has  been  Adjutant, 
Brigade-Major,  Assistant  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral, Deputy  Adjutant-General,  Acting 
Adjutant-General  in  India,  Assistant  Mili- 
tary Secretary  at  the  Horse  Guards,  Aide- 
de-camp  to  the  Queen,  Military  Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  India,  and  for 
seven  years  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Viceroy  of  India,  twice  acting 
for  several  weeks  as  President  of  the 
Council  during  the  absence  of  the  Vice- 
roy. He  has  been  a  Member  of  the 
Council  of  India  in  London  ;  was  for  five 
years  Captain-General  and  Governor-in- 
Chief  of  Jamaica,  and  was  for  six  and  a 
half  years  Governor  of  Queensland.  He 
served  throughout  the  Punjab  Campaign, 
including  the  action  of  Sodoolapore, 
battles  of  Chilianwallah  and  Goojerat,  and 
pursuit,  of  the  Sikhs  and  Afghans.  He 
was  present  in  numerous  affairs  during 
six  years'  service  on  the  Peshawur  fron- 
tier ;  served,  throughout  the  Mutiny  cam- 
paigns, including  the  siege  of  Delhi,  the 
relief  and  capture  of  Lucknow,  and  many 
minor  actions  and  services  ;  also  in 
Southal  campaign.  He  has  received  three 
war  medals  and  six  clasps.  In  1893  he 
was  offered  and  accepted  the  appointment 
of  Viceroy  of  India,  but  withdrew  his 
acceptance  before  the  office  became  vacant. 
In  1897  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  a 
Royal  Commission  to  report  on  the  condi- 
tion and  prospects  of  the  British  West 
Indian  Colonies.  Addresses  :  85  Onslow 
Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaium. 

NORMAN-NERTJDA.  See  HalliS, 
Lady. 

NORRIS,    William    Edward,    the 

novelist,  son  of  the  late  Sir  W.  Norris,  late 
Chief -Justice  of  Ceylon,  was  born  on  Nov. 
18,  1847.  He  was  educated  at  Eton.  As  a 
novelist  he  is  noted  for  the  delicacy  of  his 
dialogue  and  for  his  well-bred  descriptions 
of  aristocratic  society.     His  first   novel, 


NORTH  —  NORTON 


807 


"  Heaps  of  Money,"  appeared  in  1877,  and 
has  been  followed  by  "Mademoiselle 
Mersao,"  "Matrimony,"""  No  New  Thing," 
"His  Grace,"  "A  Deplorable  Affair," 
"The  Countess  Radna,"  1893,  &c.  ;  "The 
Dancer  in  Yellow,"  1896;  "Clarissa 
Furiosa,"  and  "Marietta's  Marriage," 
1897;  "The  Widower,"  1898;  &c.  Mr. 
Norris  married  Frances  Isobel,  daughter 
of  the  late  J.  Ballenden,  Esq.,  in  1871. 
She  died  in  1881.  Address  :  Underbank, 
Torquay. 

NORTH,  The  Hon.  Sir  Ford,  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  Mr.  John  North,  of  Liverpool,  and 
Ellen,  third  daughter  of  Jonathan  Haworth, 
and  was  born  there,  Jan.  10,  1830.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  School,  and 
at  University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  as  B.A.  in  1852,  taking  a  second 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1856,  and  ob- 
tained a  large  practice  in  the  Equity 
Courts,  and  at  the  Lancaster  Chancery 
Palatine  Court.  He  was  appointed  a 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1877,  and  a  Judge  of 
the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  in  1881,  on  the  removal  of 
Mr.  Justice  Lindley  to  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peal ;  and  was  transferred  to  the  Chancery 
Division  of  the  same  Court  in  18S3.  He 
married,  in  1857,  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter 
of  William  Mann.  Addresses  :  76  Queens- 
borough  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

NORTH,  John  W.,  A.R.A.,  landscape 
painter,  was  elected  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1893,  where  of  late  years  he 
has  exhibited  "  Fruition  :  England,"  1895  ; 
"Late  Summer  in  England:  Afternoon" 
1896;  "An  English  Western  Valley," 
"  The  Old  Abbey  Fishponds  :  Morning  in 
March,"  "The  Promise  of  May,"  1897; 
"The  Morning  Moon,"  1898;  "Among 
the  Galtees,"  1899.  Address  :  Washford, 
Somerset. 

NORTHBROOK,  Earl  of,  The  Right 
Hon.  Thomas  George  Baring,  Bart., 
D.  C.  L. ,  LL.D.,  eldest  son  of  the  first  baron, 
who  was  long  known  as  Sir  Francis  Baring, 
was  born  in  1826,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  second  class  in  Classics  in  1846. 
He  was  successively  Private  Secretary  to 
Mr.  Labouchere  at  the  Board  of  Trade,  to 
Sir  George  Grey  at  the  Home  Office,  to  Sir 
Charles  Wood  at  the  India  Board,  and  at 
the  Admiralty  till  1857,  when  he  was  re- 
turned to  the  House  of  Commons  for  Pen- 
ryn  and  Falmouth,  which  constituency  he 
continued  to  represent  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest till  he  became  a  peer  on  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1866.     He  was  a  Lord  of 


the  Admiralty  from  May  1857  to  February 
1858  ;  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  India 
from  June  1859  to  January  1864;  and 
Under  Home  Secretary  from  1864  to  1866. 
On  the  accession  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power 
in  December  1868,  Lord  Northbrook  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  for  War  ;  and 
after  the  assassination  of  the  Earl  of  Mayo 
he  was  appointed  to  succeed  that  noble- 
man as  Viceroy  and  Governor-General  of 
India,  in  February  1872.  He  resigned  in 
February  1876,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lord 
Lytton.  In  recognition  of  his  distinguished 
services  he  was  created  Viscount  Baring, 
of  Lee,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  and  Earl  of 
Northbrook,  in  the  county  of  Southampton. 
From  1880  to  1885  he  was  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty.  In  1884  he  was  sent  to  Egypt 
as  Lord  High  Commissioner  to  inquire  into 
its  finances  and  condition,  the  result  being 
a  loan  of  nine  millions.  In  1886  he  was 
one  of  those  who  opposed  the  Home  Rule 
policy  of  the  Premier.  In  1890  he  was  ap- 
pointed Lord-Lieutenant  in  the  county  of 
Southampton.  He  married,  in  1848,  the 
thircPdaughter  of  Henry  Charles  Sturt,  of 
Crichel,  Dorset.  She  died  in  1867.  Ad- 
dresses :  4  Hamilton  Place,  Piccadilly  ; 
Stratton,  Micheldever,  Hants. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,   Duke    of, 
The  Most  Noble  Henry  George  Percy, 

K.G.,  P.C.,  V.D.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen,  born  May  29,  1846,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  sixth  Duke  of  Northumberland 
and  Louisa,  daughter  of  Henry  Drummond, 
of  Albury  Park,  Surrey.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  and  from  1867  to  1895  was 
Colonel  of  the  2nd  Northumberland  Artil- 
lery Volunteers,  and  from  1866  to  1895 
Colonel  commanding  the  3rd  Battalion  of 
the  Northumberland  Fusiliers.  From  1868 
to  1885  he  represented  N.  Northumberland 
as  a  Conservative  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1874, 
was  Treasurer  of  the  Household  from  1874 
to  1875,  and  President  of  the  Archaeologi- 
cal Institute  from  1884  to  1892.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen.  He  is  chairman  of  the  Northum- 
berland County  Council.  In  1887  he 
entered  the  House  of  Peers  as  Lord 
Lovaine,  in  a  Barony  of  his  father's,  and 
in  1899  succeeded  to  the  Dukedom  on  the 
death  of  the  sixth  Duke  on  January  2nd 
of  that  year.  He  was  created  KG.  in 
succession  to  the  Duke  of  Beaufort  in 
1899.  In  1868  he  married  Lady  Edith 
Campbell,  daughter  of  the  8th  Duke  of 
Argyll,  K.G.  Seat :  Alnwick  Castle,  North- 
umberland ;  and  London  address,  28  Gros- 
venor  Square,  W. 

NORTON,    Arthur    Trehern,   C.B., 

F.R.C.S.,  received  his  medical  education 
at  St.  Mary's,  London,  and  in  Paris  and 


808 


NORTON  —  NORWICH 


Berlin.  He  is  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Sur- 
gery and  Consulting  Surgeon  to  St.  Mary's, 
and  Examiner  in  Surgery  to  the  Society  of 
Apothecaries,  London.  He  was  formerly 
Examiner  in  Surgery  at  the  University  of 
Durham.  He  is  Surgeon  Lieut.-Colonel  of 
the  Volunteer  Medical  Staff  Corps,  has  the 
Volunteer  Decoration,  is  an  Associate  of 
the  Order  of  St.  John,  and  was  decorated 
with  the  gold  war  medal  by  the  French  for 
services  rendered  by  him  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war.  In  1897  he  received  the 
honour  of  the  C.B.  He  is  author  of  "Os- 
teology for  Students,"  two  editions  ;  "Af- 
fections of  the  Throat  and  Larynx,"  two 
editions  ;  and  has  translated  and  edited 
Bernard  and  Huette's  "Operative  Surgery 
and  Surgical  Anatomy,"  two  editions,  be- 
sides contributing  papers  on  the  eye  to  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  to 
"Walton  on  the  Eye."  He  married,  in  1898, 
a  daughter  of  E.  Meredith  Crosse,  D.L. 
Address  :  Leyfields  Wood,  Ashampstead, 
Berks. 

NORTON,  Lord,  The  Wight 
Hon.  Charles  Bowyer  Adderley, 
K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Charles  Clement  Adderley,  Esq.,  of  Hams 
Hall,  Warwickshire,  and  Norton,  Stafford- 
shire, by  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  the  late 
Sir  Edmund  Cradock-Hartopp,  was  born 
on  Aug.  2,  1814,  and  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  a  gentle- 
man commoner,  and  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1835.  He  was  elected  in  the  Con- 
servative interest  in  1841,  to  represent  the 
northern  division  of  Staffordshire,  which 
seat  he  retained  for  37  years.  Mr.  Adder- 
ley  was  President  of  the  Board  of  Health, 
and  Vice-President  of  the  Committee  of 
the  Privy  Council  on  Education  under 
Lord  Derby's  second  administration  of 
1858-59,  and  Under-Secretary  for  the 
Colonies  under  Lord  Derby's  third  admin- 
istration (July  1866  to  December  1868).  He 
is  a  Trustee  and  Governor  of  Rugby 
School,  and  was  the  Chairman  of  the 
Royal  Sanitary  Commission.  In  1869  he 
was  made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George.  On 
the  return  of  the  Conservatives  to  power  in 
February  1874,  he  was  appointed  President 
of  the  Board  of  Trade.  Sir  Charles  Adderley 
took  an  active  part  in  the  establishment 
of  Colonial  self-government  and  in  the 
introduction  of  reformatory  institutions, 
and  is  the  author  of  pamphlets  on  educa- 
tion and  penal  discipline,  and  of  works  on 
other  subjects  connected  with  Colonial 
policy.  He  resigned  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade  in  April  1878, 
when  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  of  the 
United  Kingdom  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Norton,  of  Norton-on-the-Moors,  in  the 
county  of  Stafford.     He  was  then  sent  to 


represent  her  Majesty  at  the  funeral  of 
Queen  Mercedes  at  Madrid.  His  lordship 
presided  at  the  meeting  of  the  Social 
Science  Association  held  at  Cheltenham  in 
October  1878.  He  was  one  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Reformatory  Schools,  and 
of  another  on  Education,  1883-84.  He  has 
published  works  on  "Revival  of  Constitu- 
tional Colonial  Policy"  and  on  "  Prison  Dis- 
cipline," and  in  1896  on  "  Socialism."  He 
married,  in  1842,  Julia  Anne  Eliza  Leigh, 
eldest  daughter  of  Chandos,  Lord  Leigh. 
She  died  in  1887.  Addresses:  35  Eaton 
Place,  S.W.  ;  and  Hams,  Warwickshire. 

NORTON,  Charles  Eliot,  veteran 
American  author,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  16,  1827,  and  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1846.  Soon  after  graduating 
he  entered  a  Boston  counting-house,  and 
in  1849  he  went  as  supercargo  of  a  ship 
bound  for  India,  in  which  country  he 
travelled  extensively.  In  1855  he  assisted 
Prof.  Ezra  Abbot  in  editing  the  writings 
of  his  father,  and  soon  thereafter  he  spent 
a  year  or  two  in  European  travel.  During 
the  war  between  the  States  he  was  editor 
of  the  Loyal  Publication  Society's  papers, 
and  in  1864  to  1868  was  joint-editor,  with 
James  Russell  Lowell,  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Review.  After  five  years'  sojourn  in 
Europe  he  returned  to  America,  and  in 
1875  was  appointed  Professor  of  the  His- 
tory of  Art  in  Harvard  University,  which 
position  he  held  until  1897,  when  he  re- 
signed. Harvard  awarded  him  the  degree 
of  A.M.  in  course,  and  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1887.  He  also  received  the 
degree  of  Litt.D.  from  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, England,  in  1884,  and  L.H.D.  from 
Columbia,  New  York,  in  1888.  Among  his 
published  works  are  :  "  Considerations  on 
some  Recent  Social  Theories,"  1853  ;  "The 
New  Life  of  Dante,"  1859;  "Notes  of 
Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,"  1860  ;  "A  Re- 
view of  a  Translation  into  Italian  of  the 
Commentary  by  Benvenuto  da  Imola  on 
the 'DivinaComedia,'"  1861 ;  "The  Soldier 
of  the  Good  Cause,"  1861  :  "  William 
Blake's  Illustrations  of  the  Book  of  Job," 
1875;  "List  of  Principal  Books  relating 
to  the  Life  and  Works  of  Michael  Angelo," 
1879  ;  and  "Historical  Studies  of  Church- 
Building  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  1880  ;  be- 
sides which  he  has  edited  the  "Corre- 
spondence of  Carlyle  and  Emerson,"  1883  ; 
Carlyle's  "Letters  and  Reminiscences," 
and  "  Letters  of  James  Russell  Lowell,"  &c. 
He  is  generally  regarded  by  competent 
judges  in  England  as  the  eldest  surviving 
representative  of  the  grand  age  of  Emer- 
son, Hawthorne,  Longfellow,  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  Shady  Hill,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

NORWICH,  Bishop  of.  See  Sheep- 
shanks, The  Right  Rev.  John. 


NOSZKOWSKI  —  NOVIKOFF 


809 


NOSZKOWSKI,    Sigismund,    a 

Russian  composer  and  pianist  of  high 
merit,  was  born  at  Warsaw  in  1846.  He 
studied  music  at  the  Warsaw  Musical 
Institute,  and  in  1873  was  sent  by  the 
Musical  Society  to  Berlin,  where  he  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Kiel  and  of  Oscar  Raif. 
At  the  present  time  he  is  Director  of  the 
Philharmonic  Society,  and  Professor  at 
the  Conservatoire  of  his  native  city.  His 
compositions  are  able  and  rather  nume- 
rous, including  symphonies,  songs,  and 
various  works  for  chamber  use.  In  May 
1898  his  Humoreske,  Op.  41,  was  first 
performed  in  England  at  the  St.  James's 
Hall  by  his  friend  Georg  Liebling,  to 
whom  the  composer  dedicated  the  work. 


NOVELLO,   Clara. 

Countess  of. 


See   Gigliucci, 


NOVIKOFF,  Madame  Olga  ("O.K.") 
ne'e  Kireeff,  journalist  and  foreign  cor- 
respondent, was  born  in  Russia  in  1841, 
and  is  a  god-daughter  of  the  late  Emperor 
Nicholas.  The  only  daughter  of  a  Russian 
family  of  high  rank,  her  girlhood  was 
spent  uneventfully,  being  lived  chiefly  in 
the  daily  round  of  Moscow  society.  She 
was  devoted  to  her  two  brothers,  Alexan- 
der and  Nicholas  Kireeff,  and  on  their 
entering  upon  active  service  in  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war,  Olga  first  gave  her  attention 
to  the  course  of  public  events.  In  the 
early  days  of  the  war,  the  marvellous 
exploits  of  a  young  unknown  volunteer, 
called  Hadgi  Girey,  created  widespread 
interest,  and  Olga  Kireeff  pressed  her 
brothers  for  news  of  this  mysterious  chief- 
tain. A  few  days  later,  the  18th  July 
1876,  the  death  of  Hadgi  Girey  was  an- 
nounced, and  the  young  admirer  learned 
that  the  brave  volunteer  was  none  other 
than  her  beloved  brother  Nicholas.  This 
sad  end  to  a  brilliant  career  supplied  to 
"  O.  K.,"  as  she  afterwards  came  to  be 
known,  her  life-motive,  and,  convinced 
that  had  Russia  and  England  been  on 
friendly  terms  no  volunteers  such  as  her 
late  brothers  would  have  been  needed  in 
the  Balkans,  she  determined  to  devote 
her  life  to  the  bringing  about  of  an  entente 
cordiale  between  this  country  and  her 
native  land.  She  had  previously  married 
a  distinguished  Russian  soldier  and  scholar, 
Lieut.-General  Novikoff,  whose  brother 
was  the  then  Russian  Ambassador  at 
Vienna.  She  first  appealed  to  her  coun- 
trymen through  the  columns  of  the  Mos- 
cow Gazette,  and  the  Slavophile  organ, 
Russia.  Having  already  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Mr.  Gladstone  on  a  previous 
visit  to  England,  she  wrote  to  him  and 
to  Sir  William  Harcourt,  and  other  men 
of  affairs,  telling  them  of  her  brother's 
death,  and  reiterating  that  the  sacrifice 


of  his  life  would  never  have  been  made 
had  Mr.  Gladstone  held  the  reins  of  power. 
The  days  which  followed  immediately 
upon  the  despatch  of  her  letter  to  Hawar- 
den — Mr.  Gladstone  had  temporarily  re- 
tired from  public  life — brought  many 
hours  of  poignant  sorrow,  relieved  by  ex- 
pectancy, and,  on  receiving  no  reply  from 
the  statesman,  letter  after  letter,  "en- 
treaties, adjurations,  and  remonstrances," 
as  they  have  been  termed,  "rained  on 
Hawarden."  The  last  of  these,  the  bitter 
cry  of  a  sister  for  a  martyred  brother's 
cause,  brought  a  few  words  of  sympathy 
from  Mrs.  Gladstone,  ending  mysteriously, 
"Mr.  Gladstone  will  send  an  answer  next 
week."  A  few  days  after  she  received  in 
Italy,  whither  she  had  gone  with  her 
mother,  a  missive  from  England — her 
answer.  It  was  Gladstone's  famous  pam- 
phlet, "The  Bulgarian  Horrors."  The 
encouragement  of  Gladstone's  personal 
appeal  to  Europe  made  Madame  Novikoff 
redouble  her  efforts.  She  commenced  to 
contribute  to  the  Northern  Star,  then 
edited  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Stead,  a  series  of 
articles  on  the  Bulgarian  Question.  These 
communications  were  signed  "0.  K. ,"  the 
initials  of  her  maiden  name,  so  as  not  to 
throw  suspicion  on  her  husband's  brother, 
who,  it  has  been  said,  was  Russian  Am- 
bassador at  Vienna.  Carlyle  thought 
much  of  these  early  labours,  and  sug- 
gested their  republication  in  volume  form. 
Indeed,  he  offered  to  write  the  preface  him- 
self, "and  then,  with  a  kind  of  despair, 
holding  out  his  trembling  hands,  he  said, 
'  No,  I  cannot  do  so,  my  writing  days  are 
over  ;  but  here,'  he  added,  pointing  to 
Froude,  '  here  is  a  young  man  who  will 
be  glad  to  do  it  for  you.'"  In  this  scene 
was  born  that  famous  volume,  "  Is  Russia 
Wrong  ?  "  which  was  followed  by  "  Russia 
and  England,"  reviewed  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone himself  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
"  0.  K.,"  notwithstanding  her  isolation  in 
London,  made  many  friends,  and  those, 
too,  of  distinction,  numbering  Carlyle, 
Froude,  Gladstone,  Kinglake,  Lord  Hough- 
ton, and  others.  She  introduced,  in  the 
seventies,  Ivan  Aksakoff,  the  Russian  ora- 
tor and  reformer,  to  the  English  people, 
and  played  a  great  part  in  the  subsequent 
agitations  which  clamoured  for  the  libera- 
tion of  Bulgaria.  She  followed  up  her 
lead  in  England  by  writings  in  the  Russian 
press,  and  became  of  considerable  influ- 
ence in  political  and  diplomatic  circles. 
"Friends  or  Foes  ?"  and  "  Skobeleff  and 
the  Slavonic  Cause,"  were  published  in 
quick  succession,  and  a  career  of  literary 
activity  commenced  which  has  kept  its 
course  since  for  twenty  years.  She  has 
made  frequent  contributions  of  political 
articles  to  the  Times,  Nouvelle  Revue,  Nine- 
teenth Century,   Contemporary  Review,  Pall 


810 


NUNEZ  DE  AKCE  — OAKELEY 


Mall  Gazette,  Daily  Netvs,  Westminster 
Gazette,  and  other  prints.  She  has  now 
long  been  regarded  by  some  people 
as  the  Russian  Government's  agent 
in  London.  This  last  suspicion  has 
caused  her  considerable  amusement,  which 
would  appear  to  be  justified  some- 
what by  the  presence  in  London  of  a 
Russian  Embassy.  Undoubtedly,  Madame 
Novikoff  is  one  of  the  few  remarkable 
women  of  our  time,  although  her  energies 
have  been  exerted  mainly  in  the  previous 
generation.  Her  rooms  in  Claridge's 
Hotel  became  historic  many  years  ago, 
and  crowds  of  statesmen  and  notabilities 
have  been  visitors  there.  She  gave  the 
rooms  up  in  1896,  and  now  resides,  when 
in  London,  at  No.  4  Portman  Mansions, 
W.  Since  the  death  of  her  husband, 
General  Novikoff,  "0.  K."  has  spent 
much  of  her  time  in  Eussia,  on  her  son's 
estates  near  Tamboff. 

NUNEZ  DE  ARCE,  Don  Gaspar, 

was  born  at  Valladolid,  August  4,  1834. 
He  studied  at  Toledo,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy.  He  has 
written,  among  other  works,  "Como  se 
empefie  un  Marido,"  a  comedy  in  one  act, 
and  in  verse,  186U ;  "Ni  tanto  ni  tan 
poco,"  a  comedy  in  three  acts,  1865 ; 
"  Discursos  leidos  ante  la  Real  Academia 
Espanola,"  1876;  "El  Laz  de  Lena,"  a 
drama  in  five  acts,  1882  ;  "  Las  Mujeres 
del  Evangelio,"  1884.  His  lyric  poems 
have  gained  him  the  name  of  "  The 
Tennyson  of  Spain."  He  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Cortes  since  1865,  and  was 
Colonial  Minister  in  the  Sagasta  Cabinet, 
1883-84,  and  in  1888  became  President  of 
the  Section  of  Commerce,  Agriculture,  and 
the  Interior  in  the  Council  of  State. 

NUTTALL,  The  Most  Reverend 
Enos,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  the  West 
Indies,  was  born  about  1840,  became 
Bishop  of  Jamaica  in  1880,  and  attained 
his  present  post  in  1897.  He  has  written 
"  The  Churchman's  Manual."  Address  : 
Kingstown,  Jamaica. 


o 


OAKELEY,  Emeritus  Professor  Sir 
Herbert  Stanley,  Mus.D.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 

second  son  of  the  late  Sir  Herbert  Oakeley, 
Bart.,  was  born  at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  on 
July  22,  1830.  His  mother,  Atholl  Murray, 
the  third  Lady  Oakeley,  was  daughter  of 
the  Eight  Hon.  Lord  Charles  Murray, 
youngest  son  of  John,  third  Duke  of 
Atholl.  He  was  educated  at  Eugby 
School,  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford 
(B.A.  1853,  M.A.  1855),  and,   after  having 


graduated,  went  abroad  to  complete  his 
studies    in    music,   for  which  art,   from 
earliest  childhood,  he  had  shown  a  marked 
predilection,  and  an  accuracy  of  ear  in 
naming   any  note   struck  without   seeing 
the    keyboard.      At  Leipzig    he    studied 
pianoforte-playing        under        Professors 
Moscheles    and    Plaidy,    and     at     Bonn, 
organ-playing     under     Dr.    Breidenstein, 
Professor  of  Music  in  that  University,  and 
later  under  the  great  organist  Dr.  Johann 
Schneider  of  Dresden.     He  acted  for  ten 
years  as  musical  critic  to  a  well-known 
London   periodical,    and  still   contributes 
occasional  notices  of  musical  festivals  at 
home  and  abroad.     In   1864  he  was   en- 
rolled, in  Eome,  as  member  of  a  Society  of 
"Quirites."      In    1865,   on   the   death    of 
Professor  Donaldson,  he  was  elected  Pro- 
fessor of  Music  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  in  1871  he  received  from  the 
Primate  his  earliest  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Music.     In  recognition  of  musical  services 
for   Scotland,   the  honour  of  knighthood 
was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Queen  at 
Holyrood   in   August   1876.     In   1879   his 
own    University,    Oxford,   gave   him    the 
degree  of  Mus.  Doc,  honoris  causd  ;  and  in 
1881  that  of  LL.D.  was  presented  to  him 
by  the  University  of  Aberdeen.     In   the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  Composer  to 
her   Majesty   in    Scotland.       In    1886   he 
received   from   Trinity   College,    Toronto, 
the  degree  of  D.C.L. ;  and  in  the  following 
year   Mus.  Doc.   from   the   University   of 
Dublin,  and  Mus.  Doc.  from  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews.     On  his  retirement  from 
the  Edinburgh  Chair  of  Music  in  1892,  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by 
that  University,  as  "  Emeritus"  Professor, 
and  in  1896  that  of  Mus.  Doc,  Adelaide 
University.     He   has   composed   some   20 
anthems,  a  full  "service, "and,  for  orches- 
tra,   organ,    or    pianoforte,    a     "Jubilee 
Lyric"  (1887),  and  an  Album  of  26  Songs, 
dedicated  to  H.M.  the  Queen,  and  for  1897 
"A   Golden   Reign,"    "Dawn   and   Even- 
tide (1837-1897),"  and  various  other  vocal 
and  instrumental  works.     To  Sir  Herbert 
Oakeley's  influence  may  be  in  great  mea- 
sure attributed  the  increase  in  appreciation 
of  the  organ  and  of  the  orchestra  which 
has  taken  place    in    Scotland    since  his 
appointment  at  Edinburgh  ;  and  also  the 
foundation  of  a  Students'  Choral  Associa- 
tion  at   each   of  the   four   Scottish   Uni- 
versities.    He  is  or  was  Hon.  President  of 
the    University    Musical    Society    of    St. 
Andrews,  and  Vice-President  of  that  of 
Edinburgh  and  Aberdeen,   and   of  Dover 
Choral    Union  ;     Hon.    Visitor    Lichfield 
Diocesan   Choral  Association,  Hon.   Pre- 
sident of  Cheltenham  Festival    Society, 
Member  of  London  Philharmonic  Society, 
V.P.  and  Hon.  Licentiate  and  Examiner  in 
Music  at  Trinity  College,  London  ;  Member 


OAKLEY  —  O'BRIEN 


811 


of  the  Accademia  Filarmonioa,  Bologna, 
"Socio  distinto"  of  the  Sta.  Cecilia  Acca- 
demia, Rome,  and  (1894)  Hon.  Member  of 
the  Eeale  Filarmonioa  Societa  Romana, 
and  of  two  societies  at  Naples.  Address  : 
Dover. 

OAKLEY,  Sir  Henry,  V.D.,  A.M. 
Inst.  C.E.,  General  Manager  of  the 
Central  London  Railway  since  1898,  and 
late  General  Manager  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railway,  was  born  in  1823.  He 
is  Colonel  of  Railway  Volunteers.  In  1891 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
He  married,  in  1850,  Fanny,  rule  Thompson. 
Address :  37  Chester  Terrace,  Regent's 
Park,  N.W. 

O'BRIEN,  Sir  George  Thomas 
Michael,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1844,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Bishop  O'Brien.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  became  a  writer 
in  the  Ceylon  Civil  Service.  In  1867  he 
was  appointed  Additional  Police  Magistrate 
at  Kurunegalla  and  afterwards  at  Harris- 
pattu  and  Colombo.  After  holding  several 
other  appointments,  he  became  Treasurer 
in  1886  and  Auditor-General  in  1890.  He 
was  transferred  as  Colonial  Secretary  to 
Cyprus  in  1891,  and  from  1892  to  1895 
held  the  same  post  at  Hong  Kong.  In 
1897  he  was  Governor  of  the  Fiji  Islands, 
which  post  he  still  holds. 

O'BRIEN,  Sir  John  Terence 
Nicolls,  K.C.M.G.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Major-General  Terence  O'Brien,  Com- 
mander of  the  Forces,  and  for  some  time 
Acting  Governor  of  Ceylon.  He  was  born 
April  23,  1830,  at  Manchester ;  educated 
at  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst, 
from  which  he  obtained  his  commission 
without  purchase  in  the  67th  Regiment  in 
September  1847  ;  was  transferred  to  the 
70th  Regiment,  1848 ;  Lieutenant  70th 
Regiment,  1850 ;  Captain  5th  Fusiliers, 
1858  ;  transferred  to  20th  Regiment,  1858  ; 
Brevet-Major,  1859 ;  Major,  unattached, 
1868;  and  Brevet-Lieut. -Colonel,  1870. 
He  served  uninterruptedly  in  India  and 
Ceylon  from  1849  to  1867  ;  passed  in  the 
native  languages,  and  as  Surveyor  and 
Civil  Engineer ;  was  Staff  Officer  of  the 
Darjeeling  Depot,  Regimental  Interpreter, 
Assistant  in  the  Revenue  Survey,  Assistant 
and  subsequently  Executive  Engineer  in 
the  Public  Works  Department ;  Deputy- 
Assistant  Quarter-Master-General  to  a 
column  in  the  field  during  the  whole  of 
the  Mutiny  ;  Military  Secretary  in  Ceylon, 
and  Brigade-Major,  Gwalior  District, 
Bengal  Army  ;  served  on  the  North-west 
Frontier  (medal  and  clasp),  and  through- 
out the  Mutiny  (mentioned  in  despatches, 
Brevet-Major,   and  medal) ;  was   in   1867 


appointed  Inspector-General  of  Police, 
Mauritius  ;  Poor-Law  Commissioner  and 
Governor  of  Orphan  Asylum,  1870 ;  and 
was  Equerry  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Edinburgh  during  his  visit  to  the  Colony 
in  1870.  He  was  nominated  Governor  of 
Heligoland,  1881 ;  and  of  Newfoundland, 
1888.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in  1887. 
He  married,  in  1853,  the  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Captain  Eastgate,  H.E.I.C.S. ; 
she  died  in  1867 ;  and  he  married, 
secondly,  in  1880,  the  widow  of  Colonel  J. 
W.  Fane,  late  M.P.,  Oxon.  He  is  a  Past 
Officer  of  the  Grand  Lodge  and  of  the 
Supreme  Grand  Chapter  of  England.  Ad- 
dress :  88  Eccleston  Square,  S.W. 

O'BRIEN,  Lucius  Richard,  first  Pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Canadian  Academy  of 
Arts,  was  born  at  the  family  residence  on 
Lake  Simcoe,  Ontario,  Canada,  in  1832, 
and  educated  at  Upper  Canada  College, 
Toronto.  At  an  early  age  he  developed  a 
taste  for  art.  In  1872  he  took  an  active 
part  in  founding  the  Art  School  of  the 
Ontario  Society  of  Artists,  and  for  six 
years  he  held  the  Vice-Presidency  of  that 
Institution.  In  1880  the  Royal  Canadian 
Academy  of  Arts  was  founded,  and  Mr. 
O'Brien  was  elected  its  President,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  for  ten  years,  retiring 
in  1890  ;  he  has  been  a  constant  contri- 
butor to  its  exhibitions.  He  superintended 
the  illustration  of  "Picturesque  Canada," 
2  vols.,  Toronto,  1884,  for  which  he  sup- 
plied a  large  number  of  the  drawings.  He 
is  represented  in  the  Royal  Collections  at 
Windsor  and  Osborne,  and  has  frequently 
contributed  to  the  English  Water-Colour 
Exhibitions.  Seven  of  his  pictures  were 
exhibited  in  the  Art  Gallery  of  the  World's 
Fair  in  Chicago,  1893.  In  1895  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  newly  formed 
Provincial  Guild  of  Sculpture  at  Toronto.  • 
In  1897  he  disposed  by  auction  of  his 
whole  collection  of  water-colour  drawings 
and  pictures.  His  diploma  picture,  "  Sun- 
rise on  the  Saguenay,"  is  in  the  art  gallery 
at  Ottawa.  He  painted  two  pictures  of 
Quebec  by  command  of  her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  and  he  has  likewise  executed 
several  commissions  for  the  Marquis  of 
Lome  and  Princess  Louise. 

O'BRIEN,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Peter,  Bart.,  Lord  Chief -Justice  of  Ire- 
land, LL.D.  Hon.  Dublin,  son  of  the  late 
John  O'Brien,  Esq.,  of  Elm  Vale  and  Ballima- 
lackin,  co.  Clare,  was  born  June  29,  1841. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
King's  Inn,  Dublin,  in  1865,  took  silk  in 
1880,  and  became  a  Bencher  in  1884.  He 
was  appointed  Senior  Crown  Prosecutor 
for  Dublin  in  1883,  and  third  Sergeant-at- 
Law  in  1884.     He  was  Solicitor-General 


812 


O'BRIEN  —  O'CONNOR 


for  Ireland  from  1887  to  1888,  and  At- 
torney-General from  1888  to  1889,  when 
he  was  appointed  Lord  Chief-Justice  of 
Ireland.  He  was  created  a  Baronet  in 
1891.  In  1867  he  married  Annie,  daughter 
of  Robert  Clarke,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Bansha,  co. 
Tipperary.  Addresses  :  41  Merrion  Square 
East,  Dublin  ;  and  Athenaeum . 

O'BRIEN,  Richard  Barry,  barrister- 
at-law,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Patrick 
Barry  O'Brien,  was  born  in  Kilrush,  in  the 
co.  Clare,  Ireland,  in  1847.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  private  tutors,  and  at  the 
Catholic  University,  Dublin.  In  Michael- 
mas Term  1874  he  was  called  to  the  Irish 
Bar,  and  in  January  1875  to  the  English 
Bar.  After  practising  for  some  years  at 
the  English  Bar,  he  gradually  glided  into 
literature  and  politics,  devoting  himself 
mainly  to  Irish  historical  and  political 
subjects.  Among  the  books  he  has  pub- 
lished are  the  following :  "  The  Parlia- 
mentary History  of  the  Irish  Land 
Question,"  1880 ;  "  The  Irish  Land 
Question  and  English  Public  Opinion," 
1881;  "Fifty  Years  of  Concessions  to 
Ireland,  1831-1881,"  2  vols.  1883-1885; 
"Irish  Wrongs  and  English  Remedies," 
1887;  "Thomas  Drummond,  Life  and 
Letters,"  1889  ;  and  "  The  Home  Ruler's 
Manual,"  1890.  He  has  also  edited  a  new 
edition  of  the  "Autobiography  of  Theobald 
Wolfe  Tone,"  1893 ;  and  has  written  a 
short  "  History  of  Ireland,"  1897.  He  is 
Assistant-Editor  of  the  New  Irish  Library, 
of  which  Sir  C.  Gavan  Duffy  is  editor. 
Address :  100  Sinclair  Road,  West  Ken- 
sington Park,  W. 

O'BRIEN,  William,  ex-M.P.,  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  James  O'Brien,  of  Mallow,  and 
of  Kate,  daughter  of  James  Nagh,  was  born 
•  Oct.  2,  1852,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Cloyne  Diocesan  College  and  the  Queen's 
College,  Cork.  He  represented  Mallow 
from  January  1883  until  its  extinction  as 
a  borough  under  the  Redistribution  Act, 
1885,  and  in  the  Parliament  of  1885 
was  Member  for  South  Tyrone,  defeating 
Captain  the  Hon.  Somerset  Maxwell,  Con- 
servative, by  a  majority  of  55.  At  the 
general  election  of  1886  he  was  defeated 
by  Mr.  T.  W.  Russell,  Unionist  Liberal, 
who  gained  the  seat  by  a  majority  of  99, 
but  he  was  returned  for  North-East  Cork 
unopposed.  In  1892  he  was  returned  for 
Cork  City,  and  was  also  elected  for  North- 
East  Cork.  Mr.  O'Brien  is  one  of  the  fore- 
most members  of  the  Nationalist  party, 
and  was  the  founder  and  editor  of  United 
Ireland  until  the  Parnellite  disruption  of 
1890.  He  was  a  "suspect"  under  Mr. 
Forster's  Coercion  Act,  and  has  been  a 
leader  in  the  councils  of  the  National 
League.     He  was  a  delegate  of  this  body 


to  the  Chicago  Convention,  in  August 
1886.  In  Parliament  he  was  a  bitter  and 
incisive  speaker,  and  has  once  been  "sus- 
pended" for  a  breach  of  the  rules  of 
the  House.  He  has  been  four  times  im- 
prisoned under  the  Coercion  Act,  for  what 
he  regards  as  protests  against  the  curtail- 
ment of  public  liberty,  and  claims  to  have 
effected  the  abandonment  of  the  prison 
rules  in  so  far  as  they  sought  to  confound 
political  offenders  with  criminal  prisoners. 
He  is  the  author  of  "When  we  were  Boys," 
written  in  prison,  and  of  the  historical 
romance,  "A  Queen  of  Men,"  1898.  Mr. 
O'BrieD,  in  company  with  Mr.  Dillon,  M.P., 
having  been  liberated  on  bail,  pending  a 
political  trial,  in  November  1890,  forfeited 
the  bail,  and  escaped  to  the  United  States, 
to  raise  funds  for  the  Irish  evicted  tenants. 
On  his  return,  he  was  arrested  in  Ireland 
and  again  sent  to  prison.  He  and  Mr. 
Dillon  met  Mr.  Parnell,  M.P.,  in  Paris  in 
January  1891,  for  a  friendly  consultation 
about  his  retirement  from  the  leadership 
of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  Party.  Mr. 
O'Brien  subsequently  stood  for  Parliament 
on  the  platform  of  the  majority  of  the 
Irish  Party,  and  was  elected  for  Cork  City 
and  for  the  North-East  Division  of  Cork. 
In  1895  he  retired  from  Parliament  in 
consequence  of  internal  dissensions  in  the 
Irish  Party,  and  has  since  lived  at  Mallow 
Cottage,  Westport,  co.  Mayo,  but  still 
takes  an  active  part  in  the  Nationalist 
movement.  He  married,  in  1890,  Sophie, 
daughter  of  Harmann  Raffalovich,  of  Paris. 
Address :  Mallow  Cottage,  Westport,  co. 
Mayo. 

O'BRIEN,  The  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam, is  the  son  of  John  O'Brien,  of 
Bloomfield,  co.  Cork,  and  was  born  in 
1832.  He  was  educated  at  Midleton 
School,  and  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in 
1855.  He  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1872, 
and  in  1883  he  became  a  Judge  of  the 
Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice  in  Ireland.  Address :  79  Mer- 
rion Square,  Dublin. 

O'CONNOR,  Arthur,  M.P.,  was  born 
on  Oct.  1,  1844,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
William  O'Connor,  M.D.,  of  Kerry  and 
London.  He  was  educated  at  Ushaw. 
Elected  Nationalist  member  for  Queen's 
County  in  1880,  he  represented  that  con- 
stituency until  1885.  He  was  returned 
for  East  Donegal  in  1885,  and  continues 
to  represent  it.  He  was  at  one  time  a 
clerk  in  the  War  Office,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1883,  and 
went  on  the  South-Eastern  Circuit.  Un- 
like most  Irish  Nationalist  members,  he 
has  frequently  held  responsible  positions 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  is  a  Public 
Works  Loan  Commissioner  (since   1890), 


O'CONNOR  —  O'CONOR  DON 


813 


one  of  the  Deputy  Chairmen  of  Commit- 
tees of  the  House,  and  one  of  the  panel 
of  Chairmen  of  Standing  Committees.  In 
1895, 1896,  1897,  and  1898  he  was  Chairman 
of  the  Public  Accounts  Committee.  He  has 
also  served  on  the  Royal  Commissions  on 
Trade  Depression,  that  on  Civil  Service 
Establishments,  and  that  on  the  Incidence 
of  Local  Taxation,  and  others.  Addresses  : 
Rowan  Road,  Hammersmith  ;  and  5  Essex 
Court,  Temple,  E.C. 

O'CONNOR,  Thomas  Power,  M.P., 
born  at  Athlone,  co.  Roscommon,  on  Oct. 
5,  1848,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas 
O'Connor  and  Theresa  Power.  He  was 
educated  first  at  the  College  of  the  Im- 
maculate Conception,  Athlone,  and  after- 
wards at  the  Queen's  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and 
M.A.  He  adopted  journalism  as  a  profes- 
sion, and  after  three  years'  connection 
with  the  Dublin  press,  came  to  London  in 
1870.  He  first  obtained  an  engagement 
on  the  Daily  Telegraph,  and  was  after- 
wards employed  on  several  other  London 
journals.  He  published  in  1876  the  first 
volume  of  a  biography  of  the  late  Lord 
Beaconsfield,  under  the  title  of  "  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beaconsfield,"  but  after- 
wards, changing  the  method,  brought  out 
a  complete  Life  of  the  then  Premier,  in  a 
single  volume,  entitled  ' '  Lord  Beacons- 
field, a  Biography."  The  work  received 
general  praise  for  its  literary  merits  and 
research,  but,  as  it  took  a  very  unfavour- 
able view  of  the  Conservative  leader,  its 
conclusions  met  with  a  widely  different 
reception  from  Liberal  and  Conservative 
critics.  Mr.  O'Connor  was  elected  member 
for  the  town  of  Galway  at  the  general 
election  of  1880,  and  soon  became  one  of 
the  most  active  and  prominent  members  of 
the  party  led  by  Mr.  Parnell.  He  was  one 
of  the  Executive  of  the  Land  League,  both 
in  England  and  Ireland.  In  October  1881 
he  set  out  for  the  United  States,  and 
lectured  on  the  Irish  cause  to  large  gather- 
ings in  nearly  all  the  great  cities,  during  a 
tour  which  extended  over  seven  months, 
and  raised  a  large  sum  of  money.  In 
1883  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
"Irish  National  League  of  Great  Britain," 
and  has  been  re-elected  to  the  position 
every  year  for  several  years  in  succession 
In  1885  he  stood  for  the  Scotland  division 
of  Liverpool  and  defeated  Mr.  Woodward, 
the  Liberal  candidate,  by  a  majority  of 
1350.  He  was  returned  at  the  same  time 
for  Galway,  but  elected  to  take  the  seat 
at  Liverpool.  In  1886  he  defeated  Mr. 
Earle,  a  Unionist  Liberal,  by  1480,  and 
has  since  represented  the  division  in  Par- 
liament. He  has  edited  a  "  Cabinet  of 
Irish  Literature,"  and  has  written  a  large 
number   of   tales,    essays,   and    magazine 


articles.  In  1885  he  published  what  is, 
till  now,  his  principal  work,  "  The  Parnell 
Movement."  Other  works  from  his  pen 
are:  "Gladstone's  House  of  Commons," 
"  Some  Old  Love  Stories,"  and  "  Napoleon." 
In  1887  he  started  the  Star  newspaper, 
but  resigned  his  interest  in  it  in  July  1890. 
He  has  since  founded  the  Sun  and  the 
Weekly  Sun,  of  both  of  which  journals  he 
is  editor.  His  full-page  article  on  a  "  Book 
of  the  Week  "  in  the  Weekly  Sun  is  one  of 
the  features  of  modern  English  journalism. 
His  latest  journalistic  venture,  a  gossip- 
ing biographical  record  of  the  sayings 
and  doings  of  contemporaries,  is  called 
M.A.P.  ("Mainly  about  People,"  the  title 
of  the  personal  column  originally  edited 
by  him  in  the  Star).  Address  :  Oakley 
Lodge,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

O'CONOR,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Nicholas  Roderick,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G., 
Ambassador  to  Constantinople,  was  born 
in  Ireland,  July  3,  1843,  and  is  the 
son  of  P.  H.  O'Conor,  of  Dundermott, 
and  Jane,  daughter  of  C.  French,  of 
Frenchlawn.  He  was  educated  at  Stony- 
hurst,  and  entered  the  Diplomatic  Service 
in  1866.  After  serving  in  the  junior 
brandies  at  Berlin,  Washington,  Mad- 
rid, and  Paris,  he  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  Legation  at  Pekin  in  1883.  On 
the  death  of  Sir  Harry  Parkes,  he  was  for 
nearly  eighteen  months  Chargd-d'Affaires, 
during  which  period  he  settled  the  frontier 
questions  of  Upper  Burma  and  Thibet.  In 
1886  he  became  Diplomatic  Agent  at  Sofia, 
until  1892,  when  he  returned  to  Pekin  as 
Minister.  For  three  years  he  exercised 
great  control  at  the  Chinese  Court,  but 
could  not  induce  it  to  institute  those 
reforms  which  would  have  rendered  the 
Japanese  war  less  humiliating.  As  a  re- 
ward for  his  unremitting  perseverance  in 
furthering  the  legitimate  development  of 
British  trade  and  enterprise,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  St.  Petersburg  in  1895,  and 
created  K.C.B.  He  was  present  at  the 
marriage  of  the  Czar  in  1896,  in  which 
year  he  became  a  G.C.M.G.  In  189$  he 
was  transferred  to  his  present  post. 

O'CONOR  DON,  The  Right  Hon. 
Charles  Owen  O'Conor,  LL.D.,  known 
.as  "The  O'Conor  Don,"  in  virtue  of  his 
being  an  "Ancient  Knight,"  was  born  on 
May  7,  1838,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Denis  O'Conor  Don  and  Mary,  daughter 
of  Major  Blake,  of  Towerhill.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Gregory's  College,  Down- 
side, and  has  a  London  University  degree. 
In  1860  he  was  elected  to  represent  co. 
Roscommon  in  the  House  of  Commons 
in  the  Liberal  interest,  and  represented 
that  constituency  for  twenty  years,  during 
which   he   was    mainly    instrumental    in 


814 


ODGERS  —  O'DONOVAN 


passing  the  Irish  Industrial  Schools  Act 
in  1868,  and  the  Irish  Sunday  Closing 
Act  in  1879.  He  has  been  a  member  of 
many  important  commissions,  including 
the  Factories  and  Workshops  Commission 
in  1875,  and  the  Land  Law  (Bessborough) 
Commission  in  1880.  In  1896  he  was  ap- 
pointed Chairman  of  the  Financial  Rela- 
tions Commission.  He  is  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  co.  Roscommon,  of  which  he  was  High 
Sheriff  in  1884.  He  was  sworn  of  the 
Irish  Privy  Council  in  1881.  He  has 
published  works  on  the  O'Conors  of  Con- 
naught,  and  on  Irish  questions.  In  1879 
he  married  (2)  Ellen,  daughter  of  John 
More  O'Ferrall,  of  Lisard.  Addresses  : 
Clonalis,  Castlerea,  co.  Roscommon,  &c.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

ODGERS,  "William  Blake,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  Q.C.,  was  born  at  Plymouth  on  May 
15,  1849,  and  is  the  third  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  William  James  Odgers.  He  received 
his  education  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Bath,  at  University  College,  London,  and 
at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  latter 
College  he  was  successively  Exhibitioner, 
Scholar,  and  Law  Student.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  in  1871,  having  obtained  a 
place  among  the  Wranglers,  and  also  in 
Classical  Honours.  In  the  same  year  he 
won  the  Member's  Prize.  He  became  a 
B.A.  of  London  in  1871.  In  1873  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  joined  the  Western  Circuit.  He  be- 
came LL.D.  of  Cambridge  in  1879,  and  be- 
tween the  years  1881  and  1883  was  Exam- 
iner for  the  Law  Tripos  of  that  University. 
From  1892  to  1897  he  was  Examiner  in 
Common  Law  at  the  University  of  London. 
He  now  examines  for  the  Inns  of  Court  in 
the  Bar  examination.  He  was  made  a 
Queen's  Counsel,  July  14,  1893.-  He  was 
appointed  Recorder  of  Winchester,  July 
6,  1897.  He  is  author  of  two  standard 
works,  "A  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Libel  and 
Slander,"  and  "The  Principles  of  Plead- 
ing," both  of  which  are  in  their  third 
editions.  In  1885  Dr.  Blake  Odgers  un- 
successfully contested  Brixton  at  the 
general  election.  He  married,  in  1877, 
Frances,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Charles  Hudson,  formerly  Coroner  of 
Stockport,  and  has  five  children.  Ad- 
dresses :  4  Elm  Court,  Temple,  E.C. ;  and 
the  Garth,  Woodside  Park,  North  Finch- 
ley,  N.W. 

ODLING,  Professor  William,  M.B., 
F.R.S.,  born  Sept.  5,  1829,  in  Southwark, 
was  educated  at  private  schools,  and  for 
the  medical  profession  at  Guy's  Hospital. 
He  graduated  M.B.  of  the  University  of 
London  in  1851 ;  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  in  1859  ;   and 


President  of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1873. 
He  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Chem- 
istry at  Guy's  Hospital  in  1850 ;  Lecturer 
on  Chemistry  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospi- 
tal in  1863  ;  Fullerian  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry at  the  Royal  Institution  in  1868 ; 
Waynflete  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  June  17,  1872 ;  and 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Worcester  College  on 
the  following  day.  Dr.  Odling,  who  is 
highly  distinguished  as  a  scientific  chemist, 
is  the  author  of  a  "  Manual  of  Chemistry," 
1861 ;  "  Lectures  on  Animal  Chemistry," 
1866;  "Course  of  Practical  Chemistry," 
1876  ;  "  Chemistry,"  a  Science  Primer, 
1882  ;  "  Laurent's  Chemical  Method  ;  "  and 
of  various  scientific  memoirs,  especially 
on  chemical  theory.  The  University  of 
Leyden  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Mathematics  and 
Physics  in  February  1875.  He  was  British 
Judge  of  Awards  for  Chemical  Manufac- 
tures of  the  Philadelphia  International 
Exhibition  of  1876,  and  is  one  of  the 
analysts  employed  to  test  the  water  sup- 
plied to  London.  Addresses :  The  New 
Museum  ;  and  15  Norham  Gardens,  Ox- 
ford. 

O'DONOVAN,  Denis,  C.M.G., 
F.R.S.L.,  &c,  was  born  at  Kinsale,  Ire- 
land, Aug.  23,  1846,  and  was  educated  in 
Ireland  and  France.  He  arrived  in  Queens- 
land in  1874,  and  was  appointed  Parlia- 
mentary Librarian.  Mr.  O'Donovan  had 
previously  filled  the  positions  of  Professor 
of  Modern  Languages  in  the  College  des 
Hautes  Etudes,  afterwards  the  Catholic 
University  of  Paris,  and  of  Lecturer  in  one 
of  the  colleges  of  the  University  of  France. 
At  this  time  he  acquired  considerable  dis- 
tinction as  a  Hellenist.  He  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Ami  de  la  Religion,  and  is 
the  author  of  "Memories  of  Rome,"  and 
some  minor  works.  He  is  well  known  in 
Melbourne  as  a  writer  on  literary  and 
artistic  subjects.  Some  of  his  lectures  on 
art  and  architecture,  delivered  at  the 
Public  Library  in  that  city,  were  pub- 
lished by  the  Technological  Commission 
of  Victoria.  He  was  a  warm  advocate  of 
the  establishment  of  schools  of  design  in 
that  colony,  giving  them  considerable  sup- 
port in  the  press  and  on  the  platform. 
His  latest  work  is  his  Analytical  Catalogue 
of  the  Queensland  Parliamentary  Library. 
It  is  the  fruit  of  many  years'  labour  in  the 
colony,  and  of  a  deep  study  of  biblio- 
graphy, to  which  he  devoted  himself  dur- 
ing his  long  residence  in  the  principal 
countries  of  Europe,  where  he  became 
intimately  acquainted  with  the  manage- 
ment of  all  the  great  libraries  of  the  Old 
World.  He  has  received  from  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Queensland  special  and  substan- 
tial grants  in  recognition  of  the  thought 


OGILVY  —  OHRWALDER 


815 


and  labour  bestowed  on  the  compilation 
of  the  Catalogue  of  the  Parliamentary 
Library.  Mr.  O'Donovan  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  of  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Authors,  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  of  the  Library 
Association  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Cor- 
responding Member  honoris  causd  of  the 
Socie'te'  de  Geographic  Commerciale  of 
Paris  and  Havre,  and  honorary  member  of 
the  Socie'te  d'Anthropologie  of  Paris.  He 
was  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  In- 
ternational Library  Conference  held  in 
London  in  1897.  He  has  also  been  created 
a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George  (1893),  an  Officier  de  l'ln- 
struction  Publique  (1896),  and  a  Knight  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  (1897). 

OGILVY,  Gavin.     See  Baekib,  J.  M. 

OGLE,  William,  M.A.  andM.D.  Oxon., 
F.R.C.P.  London,  was  born  in  1827  at 
Oxford,  his  father  being  the  Regius  Pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  in  that  University.  He 
was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  of  which  latter  he  after- 
wards became  a  Fellow.  He  graduated  in 
classical  honours,  and  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  and  M.D.  at  Oxford.  His  medical 
education  was  received  at  St.  George's 
Hospital,  where  he  became  Lecturer  on 
Physiology  and  Assistant-Physician.  After 
practising  for  a  few  years  in  London,  he 
accepted  the  office  of  Medical  Officer  of 
Health  for  East  Hertfordshire  ;  and  held 
this  post  until,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
Farr,  he  was  appointed  Superintendent  of 
Statistics  in  the  General  Register  Office, 
from  which  post  he  has  now  retired. 
Among  other  offices  which  he  has  held 
are  those  of  Examiner  in  Physical  Science 
and  in  Public  Health  in  the  University  of 
Oxford.  He  was  one  of  the  Royal  Com- 
missioners who  inquired  in  1892  into  the 
London  water  supply.  He  is  the  author 
of  numerous  papers  on  physiological  and 
medical  subjects  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Medico-Chiruryical  Society,  and  on 
statistical  subjects  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Statistical  Society,  and  in  the  official  re- 
ports issued  by  the  General  Register  Office. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  translation, 
with  notes  and  essays,  of  the  treatises  of 
Aristotle  on  the  Parts  of  Animals,  on  Life 
and  Death,  and  on  Respiration,  and  of 
Kerner's  "Flowers  and  their  Unbidden 
Guests,"  and  has  published  various  articles 
on  the  "  Fertilisation  of  Flowers."  Ad- 
dresses :  10  Gordon  Street,  Gordon  Square, 
W.C. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

OHNET,  Georges,  French  novelist 
and  dramatist,  was  born  in  Paris  on  April 


3,  1848.  His  father,  an  architect,  intended 
him  to  become  a  barrister,  but  after  the 
war  of  1870,  Georges  Ohnet  took  to  politi- 
cal journalism,  and  was  successively  on 
the  staff  of  the  Pays  and  the  Constitution- 
nel,  where  the  vivacity  of  his  style  gained 
him  a  measure  of  celebrity.  In  1875  his 
first  play,  written  in  conjunction  with  M. 
Denayrouze,  was  produced  at  the  Theatre 
Historique  under  the  title  of  "Regina 
Sarpi."  It  had  a  brilliant  success,  and 
was  followed  in  1877  by  "Marthe  "  at  the 
Gymnase.  At  about  this  time  M.  Ohnet 
began  publishing,  under  the  general  title 
of  "  Battles  of  Life,"  that  highly  idealistic 
series  of  romances  with  which  his  name 
is  connected.  In  1881  appeared  "Serge 
Panine,"  a  work  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy  ;  in  1882  the  famous  "  Le  Maitre 
de  Forges,"  dramatised  by  the  author, 
and  acted  at  the  Gymnase  in  December 
1883,  which  was  one  of  the  most  successful 
novels  of  the  time,  being  translated  into 
almost  every  European  language  ;  in  1883, 
"La  Comtesse  Sarah";  in  1884,  "  Lise 
Fleuron  ; "  in  1885,  "  La  Grande  Man- 
iere,"  which  suggests  strongly  the  man- 
ner of  Georges  Sand,  M.  Ohnet's  model ; 
in  1886,  "Les  Dames  de  Croix- Mort"  ;  in 
1888,  "Volonte,"  an  attack  on  pessimism  ; 
in  1889,  "  Le  Docteur  Rameau  "  and  "  Der- 
nier Amour  "  ;  in  1891,  "  Dette  de  Haine  "  ; 
in  1893,  "Nimrod  et  Cie."  ;  and  in  1895, 
"La  Femme  en  Gris."  M.  Ohnet  has 
dramatised  with  great  success  some  half- 
dozen  of  his  principal  novels.  He  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
July  1885.  The  enormous  circulation  of 
his  works  rivals  those  of  Miss  Corelli 
and  Mr.  Caine.  His  Paris  address  is  :  14 
Avenue  Trudaine. 

OHRWALDER,  Father,  late  priest 
of  the  Austrian  Mission  Station  at  Delen, 
in  Kordofan,  was  born  about  1855,  and  in 
early  life  became  a  missionary.  He  left 
Cairo,  Dec.  28,  1880,  as  he  says,  "as  full 
of  bright  hopes  for  a  happy  future  as 
any  young  man  could  wish  to  be."  The 
missionary  party  whom  he  accompanied 
reached  Khartoum  early  in  February  1881, 
and  ultimately  founded  a  mission  station 
at  Delen  in  Kordofan, in  the  Nubar  country. 
The  course  of  the  settlement  was  a  smooth 
one  until  April  of  the  following  year 
(1882),  when  the  first  signs  of  a  great 
uprising  of  the  Soudanese  became  apparent. 
On  Sept.  15,  1882,  Mek  Omar,  a  lieutenant 
of  the  Mahdi's,  sacked  their  little  church, 
and  captured  the  members  of  the  Mission. 
After  a  time,  they  received  a  command 
by  special  messenger  to  move  on  to  the 
Mahdi's  camp,  "  as  it  was  his  gracious 
intention  to  permit  us  to  look  upon  his 
face."  On  the  way,  the  party  were  attacked 
by  robbers,  and  stripped  of  their  clothes, 


816 


0.  K.  — O'KELLY 


and  Ohrwalder  was  compelled  to  appear 
before  the  Mahdi  in  a  shirt  and  drawers. 
Ohrwalder  has  given  us  a  dramatic  account 
of  his  famous  meeting  with  the  Mahdi, 
who  sought  to  persuade  them  to  embrace 
the  Moslem  faith,  but  all  to  no  avail. 
Accordingly,  on  Sept.  28, 1882,  the  prisoners 
were  led  out  to  execution,  but  owing  to 
the  appearance  of  a  comet  on  the  preced- 
ing night,  the  Dervish  leaders,  a  supersti- 
tious race,  postponed  the  event.  All  efforts 
to  compel  the  acceptance  of  the  new  faith 
proving  useless,  the  Mahdi,  averse,  as  he 
said,  to  killing  priests,  promised  to  release 
them  conditionally  upon  the  surrender  of 
El  Obeid.  This  took  place  on  Jan.  19,  1883, 
and  most  horrible  tortures  ensued.  Then 
followed  the  reign  of  bloodshed  and 
cruelty,  which  is  without  parallel  in  his- 
tory. The  Mahdi  died  on  June  22,  1885, 
of  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart.  The 
effect  of  his  death  stunned  the  Dervishes 
for  a  time,  but  they  soon  gathered  under 
the  flag  of  Abdullah,  who,  not  long  after, 
was  beheaded  suddenly  by  the  enraged 
Dervishes  in  the  presence  of  Ohrwalder. 
The  Father  was  again  captured  and  forced 
to  march  with  the  victorious  Dervishes, 
who  came  to  Omdurman  on  April  26,  1886. 
Ohrwalder  passed  through  a  terrible  time 
on  the  accession  of  the  Khalifa  Abdullah, 
and  daily  witnessed  scenes  of  the  utmost 
cruelty,  himself  suffering  all  manner  of 
indignities  and  privations.  During  these 
unhappy  days,  naturally  that  which  lay 
nearest  the  heart  of  Ohrwalder  was  the 
hope  of  escape.  One  brother  of  the 
Mission  succeeded  in  gaining  freedom, 
and  the  news  coming  to  the  ears  of  the 
Khalifa,  he  ordered  the  rest  to  be  brought 
before  him,  and  after  haranguing  them 
for  upwards  of  half-an-hour,  he  threatened 
either  to  throw  them  into  the  river  or  to 
cut  off  their  hands.  Abdullah  accordingly 
exerted  a  still  keener  surveillance  over  the 
little  band  of  Europeans,  and  Ohrwalder, 
giving  up  for  the  time  being  all  idea  of 
escape,  settled  down  to  earning  a  precarious 
living  by  soap-making.  His  partner  in 
this  plan  dying  a  few  months  after,  he 
decided  to  learn  how  to  make  ribbon,  a 
form  of  finery  much  in  vogue  amongst  the 
women,  and  acquired  a  small  and  simple 
loom.  With  wonderful  industry,  the  good 
Father,  on  the  ribbon-makers,  fearful  of 
competition,  declining  to  teach  him  the 
trade  except  on  impossible  terms,  un- 
ravelled a  piece  of  ribbon  and  thus  studied 
the  mode  of  manufacture  with  the  closest 
attention.  The  work  at  first  was  very 
trying  and  almost  unremunerative,  but 
at  the  end  of  a  month  he  succeeded  in 
turning  out  sixteen  yards  a  day.  On  the 
night  of  Oct.  28,  1891,  Ahmed  Hassan, 
the  last  messenger  of  Archbishop  Sogaro, 
who  had  for  years  been  endeavouring  to 


bring  about  the  deliverance  of  his  im- 
prisoned mission,  suddenly  appeared,  and 
Orndurman  was  quitted  on  Nov.  29,  1891, 
in  the  dead  of  night.  A  terrible  ride 
was  undergone  across  the  great  Nubian 
desert,  and  in  seven  days'  time,  Murat, 
the  most  advanced  Egyptian  outpost,  was 
sighted,  this  being  at  a  distance  of  500 
miles  from  Omdurman.  After  resting  at 
the  station  for  two  days  the  journey  was 
resumed,  and  Cairo  regained  on  Dec.  21, 
1891.  The  thrilling  story  of  the  return 
of  Father  Ohrwalder  and  two  nuns  has 
been  told  by  the  Father  himself  in  his 
book,  "  Ten  Years'  Captivity  in  the  Mahdi's 
Camp."  Ohrwalder's  manuscript,  written 
in  German,  was  roughly  translated  into 
English  by  Yusef  Effendi  Cudzi,  a  Syrian. 
It  was  afterwards  entirely  re-written  in 
narrative  form  by  Sir  Fred.  Wingate,  E.A., 
then  Director  of  Military  Intelligence, 
Egyptian  Army,  and  Author  of  "  Mahdism 
and  the  Egyptian  Soudan."  During  1898, 
a  popular  edition  (price  6d.)  was  published 
of  Father  Ohrwalder's  account  of  his 
terrible  imprisonment. 

"  O.  K."    See  Novikoff,  Mmb.  Olga. 

O'KELLY,  James,  M.P.,  son  of  the 
late  John  O'Kelly,  of  Roscommon,  was 
born  in  Dublin  in  1845.  He  was  educated 
at  Dublin  University  and  at  the  Sorbonne, 
Paris,  and  served,  for  some  time  as  an 
officer  in  the  French  army  during  the 
Franco-German  war.  He  left  France  after 
the  fall  of  Paris  and  went  to  New  York, 
where  he  worked  for  some  time  as  a 
journalist  for  the  New  York  Herald.  As 
a  correspondent  for  the  same  paper  he 
went  to  Cuba  at  the  time  of  the  insur- 
rection, but  joining  the  rebels,  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  confined  for  some  time  in 
a  dungeon,  whence  at  last  he  contrived 
to  escape.  After  various  adventures  in 
America,  Algiers,  and  elsewhere,  he  went 
to  the  Soudan  for  the  purpose  of  joining 
the  Mahdi's  troops  ;  he  was  lost  for  some 
months  in  the  desert,  and  at  last  appeared 
on  the  Nile,  not  far  from  Khartoum. 
After  writing  a  series  of  lively  letters  to 
the  Daily  News  he  returned  to  England, 
and  once  more  represented  the  consti- 
tuency of  Roscommon  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  At  the  general  election  of 
1885  he  and  Mr.  Mullany  were  returned 
by  an  immense  Parnellite  majority  for 
the  new  division  of  North  Roscommon, 
and  in  1886  he  was  returned  unopposed. 
In  1892  he  stood  as  a  Parnellite  for  the 
old  constituency,  but  was  beaten  by  a 
small  majority  by  Mr.  Bodkin,  an  Anti- 
Parnellite.  Mr.  O'Kelly  was  a  "  suspect," 
and  was  imprisoned  at  Kilmainham  in 
1881-82.  In  the  House  of  Commons  he  was 
at  one  time  frequently  "suspended."    In 


OKUMA  —  OLDENBURG 


817 


1895  he  was  returned  as  Nationalist  M.P. 
for  Roscommon.  He  is  London  corre- 
spondent of  the  Irish.  Daily  Independent. 

OKUMA,  Count,  son  of  the  com- 
mander of  the  garrison  at  Nagasaki,  a 
poor  Samurai,  or  knight,  was  about  fifteen 
years  old  when  Commodore  Perry  insisted 
on  opening  Japan  to  foreign  trade.  He 
studied  foreign  books,  and  was  there- 
fore chosen  for  office  after  the  Imperial 
Restoration  of  1868.  He  opposed  the 
feudal  system,  and  supported  the  Anglicis- 
ing of  education  and  the  introduction  of 
railways  and  telegraphs.  In  1873  he  was 
appointed  Minister  of  Finance,  a  post 
which  he  held  with  conspicuous  ability 
until  1881,  when  he  resigned  owing  to  a 
disagreement  with  the  Premier,  Marquis 
Ito.  The  chief  power  in  the  state  was  at 
that  time  wielded  by  men  of  the  Satsuma 
and  Choshin  class,  who  had  brought  about 
the  revolution.  Okuma  saw  the  need  of  a 
Diet  to  check  the  power  of  these  classes, 
but  meeting  with  opposition,  resigned. 
Until  the  Diet  was  formed  in  1890,  he 
organised  a  party  to  oppose  the  privileged 
classes.  This  Progressive  party  is  known 
as  the  Kaishinto.  In  1888  Count  Okuma 
became  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  but 
his  tenure  of  office  was  shortlived.  He  was 
compelled  to  resign  owing  to  the  unpopu- 
larity entailed  upon  him  by  his  efforts 
to  promote  the  revision  of  treaties  with 
foreign  powers.  A  bomb  was  thrown  at 
Count  Okuma  in  1890  by  a  fanatical 
adherent  of  the  old  regime.  The  steadily 
increasing  power  of  the  Kaishinto  carried 
the  Count  into  power  in  1896,  when  he 
was  appointed  Foreign  Minister,  but  he 
was  compelled  to  resign  in  1897.  In 
1898  Party  Government  was  established  in 
Japan.  The  two  parties,  the  Liberals  and 
Progressives,  united  to  form  what  they 
call  the  Constitutional  Party,  and  Marquis 
Ito,  seeing  that  the  time  had  come  to 
try  the  experiment,  resigned,  and  Count 
Okuma  became  Prime  Minister.  The  gene- 
ral election  gave  him  a  large  majority, 
but  dissensions  in  the  Cabinet  caused  his 
resignation  later  in  the  year. 

OLCOTT,  Colonel  Henry  Steel, 
theosophist,  and  President  of  the  Theo- 
sophical  Society,  had  made  his  mark  as  an 
American  reformer  and  man  of  affairs  be- 
fore the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  North 
and  South.  By  1 856  he  had  founded  the  first 
scientific  agricultural  school  on  the  Swiss 
model  in  the  United  States,  and  had  writ- 
ten three  works  on  agriculture,  one  of 
which  went  into  seven  editions.  He  had 
by  invitation  addressed  three  State  Legis- 
latures on  the  subject  of  a  new  sugar- 
plant,  which  is  now  generally  cultivated, 


and  had  been  offered  by  his  own  Govern- 
ment a  botanical  mission  to  Caffraria,  and 
later  the  Chief  Commissionership  of  Agri- 
culture, and,  by  the  Greek  Government, 
the  Professorship  of  Agriculture  at  the 
University  of  Athens.  He  was  at  one 
time  agricultural  editor  of  Horace  Gree- 
ley's paper  the  New  York  Tribune,  and  also 
American  correspondent  for  the  Mark  Lane 
Express,  and  his  services  to  the  cause  of 
American  agricultural  reform  were  such 
that  the  National  Agricultural  Society 
voted  him  two  medals  of  honour,  while 
the  American  Institute  presented  him  with 
a  silver  goblet.  When  the  Civil  War 
broke  out  he  threw  up  the  profession  of 
the  law,  in  which  he  had  been  chiefly 
engaged  hitherto,  and  joined  the  North- 
erners. He  saw  service  in  four  battles, 
and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Fort 
Macon,  but  was  subsequently  invalided  on 
account  of  dysentery  contracted  in  the 
field.  On  his  recovery  the  authorities 
determined  to  keep  so  useful  a  man  from 
returning  to  the  front,  and  therefore 
appointed  him  to  the  highly  responsible 
position  of  Special  Commissioner  of  the 
War  Department.  As  such  his  chief  duty 
was  to  punish  dishonest  Government  con- 
tractors. For  two  years  he  is  said  to  have 
been  in  constant  danger  of  assassination 
owing  to  his  unsparing  severity  towards 
the  rings  of  wealthy  swindlers  who  made 
their  fortunes  at  the  expense  of  the 
Executive.  A  sum  amounting  to  $200,000 
is  reported  to  have  been  collected  by  the 
fraudulent  contractors,  who  hoped  there- 
with to  bribe  him  into  silence,  but  none 
of  them  ventured  to  approach  him  with 
the  money.  At  the  end  of  two  years,  at 
the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
he  was  also  ordered  on  special  naval  duty, 
instituted  drastic  reforms  in  the  dock- 
yards, and  introduced  a  new  system  of 
accounts  at  Boston  and  Philadelphia.  The 
war  being  over,  Colonel  Olcott  retired 
into  private  life,  and  during  the  last 
fifteen  years  has  been  prominent  as  a 
student  and  teacher  of  Theosophy  and 
neo-Buddhism. 


OLDCASTLE,  John. 

WlLFBID. 


See  Meynbll, 


OLDENBURG,  Grand  -  Duke  of, 
Nicholas  Frederick  Peter,  son  of  the 
Grand-Duke  Paul  Frederick  Augustus  and 
the  Princess  Ida  of  Anbalt-Bernberg,  born 
July  8,  1827,  succeeded  his  father,  Feb.  27, 
1853.  The  population  of  the  Duchy  over 
which  he  reigns  is  about  300,000.  He  pro- 
mulgated a  liberal  constitution  in  February 
1849,  modified  it  in  1852,  and  during  the 
war  between  Russia,  Turkey,  and  the 
Allied  Powers,  he  adhered  to  the  policy  of 

3p 


818 


OLLIVIER 


Prussia.  After  the  conquest  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  by  Prussia  and  Austria,  the 
Grand-Duke  claimed  a  portion  of  these 
duchies,  which  claim  he  endeavoured  to 
support  by  some  "  Memoirs"  addressed  to 
the  diplomatists  of  Europe.  He  married, 
Feb.  10, 1852,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Prince 
Joseph  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  by  whom  he  has 
two  sons. 

OLLIVIER,  Olivier  E^mile,  a  French 
statesman,  born  at  Marseilles,  July  2, 1825  ; 
became  a  member  of  the  Paris  Bar  in 
1847 ;  and  in  1848  was  Commissary- 
General  of  the  Republic  at  Marseilles ; 
was  Prefet  at  Chaumont,  and  returned  to 
the  Bar  in  1849.  Elected  as  Opposition 
candidate  for  the  third  circonscription  of 
the  Seine  in  1857,  he  took  part  in  several 
important  discussions ;  amongst  which 
may  be  mentioned  those  relating  to  the 
laws  respecting  public  safety,  the  expedi- 
tion to  Italy,  and  the  regulation  of  the 
Press.  During  the  session  of  1860  he  was 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  members 
of  a  small  group  of  Opposition  Deputies, 
known  by  the  name  of  "The  Five."  In 
the  meantime  he  undertook  the  defence 
of  M.  Vacherot,  indicted  for  his  work 
entitled  "La  De"mocratie, "  and  in  conse- 
sequence  of  the  style  he  adopted  in  plead- 
ing, was  suspended  for  three  months,  an 
appeal  against  this  judgment  failing.  In 
1863  he  was  re-elected  for  Paris.  During 
the  session  of  1865  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council-General  of  the  Var.  In 
July  of  the  same  year  he  received  the 
appointment  of  Judicial  Counsel  and 
Commissary-General  of  the  Viceroy  of 
Egypt  in  Paris,  and  retired  from  the  Paris 
Bar.  M.  Emile  Ollivier  was  chosen  by  the 
Emperor  as  arbitrator  of  the  difficulties 
which  arose  relative  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Suez,  and  it  was  upon  his  report  that  the 
final  decision  was  founded.  The  session 
of  1866-67  witnessed  the  complete  separa- 
tion of  M.  Ollivier  from  his  former  politi- 
cal associates  of  the  Left.  At  the  General 
Elections  of  1869  he  was  returned  by  an 
enormous  majority  for  the  first  circon- 
scription of  the  Var.  On  December  27  M. 
Ollivier,  who  had  been  for  some  time  the 
centre  of  the  movements  for  uniting  the 
fractions  of  the  late  majority  with  the 
new  Liberal  Tiers  Parti,  received  from  the 
Emperor  a  letter  inviting  him  to  form  a 
Ministry  which  should  enjoy  the  con- 
fidence of  the  Legislative  body,  and  which 
could  carry  out  the  Senatus-Consultum  in 
letter  and  spirit.  This  onerous  task  he 
undertook,  and  the  names  of  the  new 
ministers  were  published  in  the  Journal 
Officid  on  Jan.  3,  1870.  M.  Ollivier  him- 
self took  the  portfolio  of  Justice.  Among 
the  first-fruits  of  the  new  administration 
was  the  granting  of  an  amnesty  in  favour 


of  M.  Ledru-Rollin,  the  convocation  of  the 
High   Court   of  Justice   at   Tours   to   try 
Prince  Pierre  Bonaparte,  the  maintenance 
of  order  without  shedding  of  blood  during 
the    popular   excitement  caused   by  the 
assassination  of  Victor  Moir,  the  prosecu- 
tion of  Henry  Rochefort,  and  the  dismissal 
of  M.  Haussmann.     Several  administrative 
reforms  also  were  introduced,  and  it  was 
thought  by  many  that  an  era  of  constitu- 
tional liberty  had  begun  for  France.    These 
hopes  were  soon  rudely  dispelled.      The 
declaration  of  war  against  Germany,  and 
its  disastrous  results,  led  to  the  overthrow 
of   the   Ollivier    Government   on   Aug.    9, 
1870.     M.  Ollivier,  who,  it  should  be  men- 
tioned, had  been  elected  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy  in  April  1870,  deemed  it 
prudent  after  the  fall  of  the  Empire  to 
retire  to  Biella,  in  Piedmont,  where  he 
resided  for  a  considerable  time  with  his 
wife    and    child,    devoting    his    time    to 
literary   pursuits.       He   returned    to    his 
house  at  Passy  at  the  close  of  the  year 
1872,   and  his  reception    at    the  French 
Academy  took   place   Feb.   25,    1874.     In 
1876  he  twice  stood  for  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  but  was  unsuccessful.     In  1880 
M.  Ollivier  again  became  a  figure  in  politics 
on  the  occasion  of  Prince  Napoleon's  letter 
touching  the  decrees  about  religious  con- 
gregations.    In  the  columns  of  the  Esta- 
fette  he  called  upon  enlightened  priests  to 
conform  to  the  decrees,  but  his  appeal  led 
to  a  violent  and  prolonged  press  quarrel 
with  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac.     Since  1880 
he   has   scarcely  mixed   in   contemporary 
politics  except  as  a  correspondent  to  news- 
papers.    He  accepts  the  Republic,  but  in 
1885,  when  again  standing  unsuccessfully 
for  the  Chamber,  declared  that,  it  should 
be  resolutely  anti-Radical.     M.  Emile  Olli- 
vier   has    published    numerous    juridical 
works,  which  have  appeared  in  the  Revue 
de  Droit  Pratique,  which   he   founded  in 
1856,  in   conjunction  with   MM.  Mourlon, 
Demangeat,  and  Ballot.     He  is  the  author, 
with  M.   Mourlon,  of  "  Commentaire   sur 
les  Saisies  Immobilieres  et  Ordres,"  1859  ; 
and   of  "  Commissaire   de   la   Loi   du   25 
Mars    1864,    sur    les     Coalitions,"    1864 ; 
"  Une  Visite  a  la  Chapelle  des  Me'dicis : 
Dialogue  entre  Michel  Ange  et  Raphael," 
1872;     "Principes     et    Conduit,"    1875; 
"  l'Eglise  et  l'Etat  an  Concile  du  Vatican," 
2  vols.,  1879  ;  "  M.  Thiers  a  l'Academie  et 
dans  i'Histoire,"    1880;    "Le   Concordat, 
est   il   respects?  "1883;    "Droit  Eccl&i- 
astique   Fran^ais,"  1885 ;    and    "  1789    et 
1889,"    1890.      In    1894    he    published  a 
defence   of   his   policy  in   seven  volumes, 
entitled  "  L'Empire  Liberal."  M.  Ollivier's 
first  wife,  who   died  at  Saint  Tropez,  in 
1862,  was  a  daughter  of  Liszt,  the  famous 
pianist,     and     composer ;      he     married, 
secondly,     in     September    1869,     Mdlle. 


OLMSTED  —  OMMANNEY 


819 


Gravier,  the  daughter  of  a  merchant  of 
Marseilles.  His  Paris  address  is  17  Rue 
Desburdes-Valmore. 

OLMSTED,  Frederick  Law,  land- 
scape gardener,  was  born  at  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  April  25,  1822.  He  studied 
at  Yale  College,  devoting  special  attention 
to  engineering  and  the  sciences  connected 
with  agriculture.  In  1848  he  purchased 
a  farm  on  Staten  Island,  and  while  manag- 
ing it,  studied  landscape  gardening.  In 
1850  he  made  a  pedestrian  tour  through 
England  and  portions  of  the  Continent, 
an  account  of  which  was  given  in  his 
"  Walks  and  Talks  of  an  American  Farmer 
in  England,"  1852.  In  1852-53,  as  cor- 
respondent of  the  New  York  Times,  he 
travelled  through  the  South  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  the  economical  effects  of 
slavery.  The  results  of  this  and  of  a  sub- 
sequent journey  were  afterwards  published 
in  separate  works  :  "  A  Journey  in  the 
Seaboard  Slave  States,"  1856;  "A  Jour- 
ney through  Texas,"  1857;  "A  Journey 
in  the  Black  Country,"  1860;  and  "The 
Cotton  Kingdom,"  1861.  In  the  mean- 
while, in  1855,  he  made  a  tour  through 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  observing  parks  and  rural  grounds. 
In  1857,  in  connection  with  Calvert  Vaux, 
he  secured  the  prize  for  the  best  plan  of 
laying  out  the  New  York  Central  Park, 
and  was  appointed  architect-in -chief  of 
the  work.  He  continued  in  charge  of  the 
Park  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
(1861),  when  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
and  Executive  Officer  of  the  Sanitary 
Commission.  From  1863  to  1865  he  spent 
in  California,  when  he  was  made  one  of 
the  Commissioners  of  the  Yosemite  Reser- 
vation. He  returned  to  New  York  in 
1865,  and  had  charge  of  the  laying-out 
of  the  Brooklyn  Prospect  Park.  He  has 
since  designed  parks  and  other  public 
works  at  Washington,  Chicago,  Rochester, 
Louisville,  Milwaukee,  Buffalo,  Montreal, 
and  other  cities.  He  resides  at  Brook- 
line,  Massachusetts. 

OLNEY,  Hon.  Richard,  Attorney- 
General  of  the  United  States,  was  born  at 
Oxford,  Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1835,  and  was 
graduated  from  Brown  University,  Pro- 
vidence, R.I.,  in  1856.  He  attended  the 
Harvard  Law  School  from  1856  to  1859, 
when  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Boston,  where  he  has  since  resided.  He 
served  as  a  Member  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives  in  1874,  but  held 
no  other  public  office  until  his  appoint- 
ment by  President  Cleveland  in  March 
1893,  as  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States.  In  May  1895  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  by 


President  Cleveland,  and  served  until  the 
close  of  that  Administration  in  1897. 

O'MALLET,  Sir  Edward  Lough- 
lin,  J.P.,  son  of  the  late  Peter  Frederick 
O'Malley,  Q.C.,  was  born  in  1842,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
B.A.  1864,  M.A.  1868.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar,  Middle  Temple,  in  1866,  and  went 
on  the  Norfolk  and  South-Eastern  Circuits. 
He  was  made  Attorney-General  for  Jamaica 
in  1876  ;  Attorney-General  for  Hong  Kong 
in  1879  ;  and  Chief-Justice  of  the  Straits 
Settlements  in  1889.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed Attorney-General  of  Jamaica  and 
Hong  Kong,  in  1895  Chief -Justice  of  British 
Guiana,  and  in  1898  Judge  of  H.B.M.'s 
Supreme  Consular  Court,  Constantinople. 
He  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in 
1891.  He  married,  in  1869,  Winifred, 
daughter  of  J.  A.  Hardcastle,  M.P.  Ad- 
dresses :  Denton  House,  Cuddesdon,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  Athenaeum. 

OMMANNEY,  Admiral  Sir  Eras- 
mus, C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S..F.R.A.S.,  Knight 
Grand  Commander  of  the  Royal  Order  of 
the  Saviour  (Greece),  is  the  seventh  son  of 
the  late  Sir  Francis  Molyneux  Omnianney, 
the  well-known  navy  agent,  and  sometime 
M.P.  for  Barnstaple,  and  nephew  of  the 
late  Admiral  Sir  John  A.  Ommanney, 
K.C.B.  He  was  born  in  London  in  1814, 
and  entered  the  navy  in  1826.  As  mid- 
shipman, he  assisted  at  the  landing  of  the 
British  army  at  Lisbon  in  1827,  and  was 
at  the  battle  of  Navarino  on  board  the 
Albion,  which  was  in  the  thick  of  the 
fight,  and  for  three  hours  was  hotly  en- 
gaged, firing  on  both  sides  at  once.  He 
acted  as  A.D.C.  to  the  captain  throughout 
the  action.  He  served  in  H.M.  ships 
Revenge  and  Undaunted,  and  saw  much 
service  in  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa, 
and  the  East  Indian  stations.  He  served 
as  mate  in  the  royal  yacht  Royal  George, 
in  the  summer  of  1834,  and  was  employed 
in  conveying  her  Majesty  Queen  Adelaide 
from  Woolwich  to  Holland  and  back  again, 
and  was  afterwards  usefully  employed  in 
the  Packet  Service  on  board  a  ten-gun 
brig,  the  Pantaloon,  carrying  the  mails 
between  Falmouth  and  Lisbon.  He  was 
promoted  to  Lieutenant  in  1835,  and  im- 
mediately volunteered  to  serve  with  Capt. 
James  Ross  in  an  expedition  to  relieve  the 
whaling  vessels  beset  in  the  ice  of  Baffin's 
Bay  ;  this  expedition  was  carried  out  in 
mid-winter  under  extreme  hardships  and 
difficulties,  and  for  his  services  Lieut. 
Ommanney  received  the  commendation 
of  the  Admiralty.  After  this  he  served 
in  H.M.S.  Pique,  and  was  then  appointed 
Flag-Lieutenant  to  Sir  John  Ommanney 
in  the  Tagus,  which  caused  his  promotion 


820 


OMMANNEY  —  ONSLOW 


to  the  rank  of  Commander  in  October 
1840.  At  Glasgow  he  studied  the  prin- 
ciples and  construction  of  marine  engines, 
in  order  to  fit  himself  to  command  steam- 
vessels,  which  were  then  being  introduced 
into  the  navy.  With  the  Vesuvius  he  was 
actively  employed  in  all  parts  of  the 
Mediterranean  for  three  years,  being 
present  at  the  bombardment  of  Tangier 
by  the  French.  He  then  returned  to 
England,  and,  unable  to  get  active  em- 
ployment, studied  at  the  Portsmouth 
Naval  College.  After  being  promoted 
Captain  in  1846,  he  was  employed  by  the 
Government  to  help  in  carrying  out  the 
relief  measures  during  the  Irish  Famine, 
and  in  February  1850  was  selected  to  be 
second  in  command  of  the  Arctic  Expedi- 
tion, under  Captain  Austin,  to  search  after 
the  Franklin  Expedition,  and  was  the 
first  to  discover  traces  of  the  missing 
ships.  After  travelling  over  500  miles  on 
the  ice  in  sledges,  Capt.  Ommanney 
returned  to  the  ship,  and  though  no 
further  traces  of  Franklin  were  found, 
a  great  deal  of  new  land  was  discovered. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  was  appointed 
Deputy  Controller- General  of  the  Coast- 
guard, which  he  left  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  against  Russia  in  1854,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  command  the  White  Sea 
Expedition,  with  his  pennant  in  H.M.S. 
Eurydice.  Every  part  of  the  White  Sea 
was  searched,  government  stores  were 
destroyed,  and  various  towns  bombarded. 
Upon  his  return  to  England,  Captain  Om- 
manney was  appointed  to  H.M.S.  Hawke 
for  service  in  the  Baltic  Fleet,  where  he 
was  selected  to  be  the  Senior  Officer  in 
the  Gulf  of  Kiga,  with  four  ships  under 
his  orders.  In  November  1857  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  West  Indies  and  took  com- 
mand of  H.M.S.  Brunswick,  and  was  kept 
as  Senior  Officer  on  the  Coast  of  Central 
America,  where  he  co-operated  with  the 
United  States  Commodore  in  preventing  a 
filibustering  invasion  of  Nicaragua.  He 
was  afterwards  recalled  to  England,  and 
served  in  the  Channel  Fleet,  and  after 
wintering  at  Berehaven  the  Brunswick 
was  despatched  to  the  Mediterranean. 
Captain  Ommanney  was  lastly  employed 
as  Senior  Officer  in  charge  of  the  Naval 
establishments  at  the  Rock  of  Gibraltar 
for  nearly  three  years,  a  post  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  on  being  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Rear-Admiral  in  November 
1864.  He  was  afterwards  knighted  in 
recognition  of  his  Arctic  services,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  for 
his  scientific  observations  and  for  bis 
geographical  discoveries  made  in  the 
Arctic  regions.  Since  being  retired  by 
compulsion,  he  has  served  on  the  Thames 
Conservancy,  nominated  by  the  Admiralty, 
and   devoted   himself   to  the  interests  of 


learned  societies.  He  has  been  a  frequent 
attendant  at  the  meetings  of  the  British 
Association,  and  served  on  the  Council. 
He  accompanied  the  Society  to  the  meet- 
ing in  Canada  in  1884  in  the  capacity  of 
its  treasurer,  on  which  occasion  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  the  University  of  Montreal.  He  read  a 
paper  at  the  Aberdeen  meeting  in  1885  on 
the  desirability  of  renewing  the  explora- 
tion and  research  into  the  unknown  Ant- 
arctic regions.  In  company  with  a  well- 
known  Berlin  Professor  and  a  Russian 
Astronomer,  he  proceeded  to  Luxor,  in 
Upper  Egypt,  and  assisted  in  observing 
the  transit  of  Venus.  He  also  accom- 
panied the  Expedition  which  went  to 
Oran,  in  Algeria,  for  observing  the  total 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  but  the  observers, 
unfortunately,  were  unsuccessful  owing  to 
the  obscurity  of  the  weather.  He  is  one 
of  the  oldest  Fellows  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  and  has  taken  a  constant 
interest  in  their  proceedings,  having  served 
on  the  Council  and  been  their,  delegate  to 
congresses  on  the  Continent  at  Antwerp, 
Berne,  and  Nantes.  He  is  a  Vice-President 
of  the  Royal  United  Service  Institution, 
and  attended  the  Council  for  twenty-seven 
years.  During  a  residence  of  ten  years  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  he  discharged  all  the 
duties  of  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and 
undertook  the  work  of  an  independent 
visitor  under  the  Home  Office  of  the  Con- 
vict Prison,  for  which  the  thanks  of  the 
Home  Secretary  were  accorded  him.  As 
a  survivor  of  the  eventful  and  sanguinary 
battle  at  Navarino,  and  for  other  services 
in  Greek  waters,  King  George  of  Greece 
has  been  pleased  to  confer  upon  him  the 
Cross  of  a  Grand  Commander  of  the  Royal 
Order  of  the  Saviour.  Admiral  Sir  Eras- 
mus Ommanney  married,  in  1862,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Thomas  A.  Stone,  Esq.,  of 
Curzon  Street,  London.  Address :  29 
Connaught  Square,  W. 

OMMANNEY,  Sir  Montagu  Frede- 
rick, K.C.M.G.,  Crown  Agent  for  the 
Colonies,  was  born  in  1846,  and  was 
educated  at  Cheltenham,  whence  he 
passed  into  Woolwich.  In  1864  he  en- 
tered the  Royal  Engineers,  and  retired 
with  the  rank  of  Captain  in  1878,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  his  present  position. 
From  1874  to  1877  he  was  Private  Secre- 
tary to  the  Secretary  for  the  Colonies. 
He  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1890. 
Address  :  Manaton,  East  Sheen. 

ONSLOW,  Earl  of,  "William  Hil- 
lier,  Bart.,  G.C.M.G.,  was  born  on  March 
7,  1853,  and  is  the  only  son  of  the 
late  George  Augustus  Cranley  Onslow, 
and  Mary,  daughter  of  Lieut. -General 
William    Fraser    Bentinck    Loftus.      He 


OPPERT  —  ORCHARDSON 


821 


was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  and  succeeded  his  grand- 
uncle  as  4th  Earl  in  1870.  He  was  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  1887- 
88 ;  and  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  from  February  to  Novem- 
ber 1888,  when  he  became  Governor  of 
New  Zealand  in  succession  to  Sir  W.  D. 
Jervois.  He  was  appointed  Under-Secre- 
tary for  India  in  1895.  The  Earl  was 
Lord-in-Waiting  to  her  Majesty  in  1880 
and  in  1886-87,  is  High  Steward  of  Guild- 
ford, and  from  1895  to  1898  was  Alderman 
of  the  London  County  Council.  During 
these  years  (1895-98),  he  was  also  leader 
of  the  Moderate  Party  in  the  London 
County  Council.  At  the  election  in  March 
1898  he  retired  from  the  leadership  owing 
to  the  multiplicity  of  his  engagements, 
and  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to 
him  at  a  meeting  of  the  Moderate  Party 
for  his  great  services  to  the  party  during 
his  three  years'  tenure  of  the  position. 
In  1875  he  married  Florence,  daughter  of 
the  3rd  Lord  Gardner.  Addresses  :  7 
Richmond  Terrace,  S.W.  ;  and  Clandor 
Park,  Guildford. 

OPPERT,  Julius,  a  French  Oriental- 
ist, was  born  in  Hamburg,  of  Jewish 
parents,  July  9,  1825.  He  studied  law  at 
Heidelberg,  and  Sanskrit  and  Arabic  at 
Bonn.  He  next  studied  the  Zend  and  the 
ancient  Persian,  and  published  a  treatise 
at  Berlin  on  the  vocal  system  of  the  latter 
language.  As  his  religion  prevented  him 
from  holding  a  professorship  in  a  German 
University,  he  went  to  France  in  1847, 
obtained  the  professorship  of  German  at 
the  Lyc^es  of  Laval  and  Rheims,  and  was 
appointed  on  the  scientific  expedition  sent 
by  the  Government  to  Mesopotamia.  After 
his  return  in  1854,  he  submitted  to  the 
Institute  a  new  system  of  interpreting 
inscriptions.  For  nearly  thirty  years  he 
has  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  deci- 
phering of  cuneiform  inscriptions.  In 
1857  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Sans- 
krit in  the  School  of  Languages  attached 
to  the  Imperial  Library.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Les  Inscriptions  des  Arch£- 
menides,"  1852  ;  "  Etudes  Assyriennes  ; 
L'Expddition  scientifique  de  France  en 
Mesopotamie,"  1854-64  ;  "  Grammaire 
Sanscrite,"  1859  ;  "  Grande  Inscription 
du  Palais  de  Khorsabad,"  1864  ;  "Histoire 
des  Empires  de  Chaldee  et  d'Assyrie, 
d'apres  les  monuments,"  1866;  "L'lmmor- 
talite'  de  l'ame  chez  les  Chaldeens,  suivie 
d'nne  traduction  de  la  descente  aux  enf ers 
deladeesselstarAstartey  1875;  "L'Ambre 
jaune  chez  les  Assyriens,"  1880  ;  "Frag- 
ments Mythologiques  relatifs  a  la  Mytho- 
logie  Assyrienne,"  1882  ;  "  Deux  Textes 
tresanciensdelaChaldeV'  1883  ;  Chrono- 
logie  de  la  Genese,"  1877 ;  "  Documents 


juridiques  de  la  Chald<5e  et  de  l'Assyrie," 
1878;  "  Le  Peuple  et  la  Langue  des  Medes," 
1879.  He  has  written  many  papers  on  the 
Laws  of  Assyria  and  Babylon,  such  as 
"Etat  des  Esclaves  a  Babylone,"  &c.  His 
Paris  address  is  :  2  Rue  de  Sfax. 

ORCHARDSON,  William  Quiller, 

R.A.,  D.C.L.  Oxford,  born  in  Edinburgh 
in  1835,  entered  at  the  age  of  fifteen  the 
Trustees'  Academy  of  his  native  city.    The 
first  pictures  he  submitted  to  public  in- 
spection were  shown  in  the    exhibitions 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy.     Encour- 
aged by  their  reception,  Mr.    Orchardson 
came   to  London  in  1863,  and   the  same 
year    exhibited    at    the   Royal   Academy 
for    the    first    time.       His    contributions 
were   entitled   "An  Old   English   Song," 
and  "Portraits,"  the  latter  a  life-size  full- 
length  portrait  composition  of  three  young 
ladies.     In  the  following  year  he  exhibited 
at   the    British    Institution    a    figure    of 
"Peggy"    from  Allan  Ramsay's  "Gentle 
Shepherd,"   and   at   the   Royal   Academy 
another  Scottish  subject  entitled  "  Flowers 
o'  the  Forest."     The  following  year  there 
appeared  at  the  Royal  Academy  "Hamlet 
and  Ophelia,"  and  in  the  winter  exhibition 
at  the   French   Gallery,  Pall   Mall,    "The 
Challenge,"  which  won   a  prize   of   £100 
given  by  Mr.  Wallace.   In  1866  came  "  The 
Story  of  a  Life  "  at  the  Academy — an  aged 
nun  relating  her  life  experience  to  a  group 
of  novices  ;  and  "  Christopher  Sly,"  in  Mr. 
Wallis's  winter  exhibition  at  the  Suffolk 
Street  Galleries.      In    1867   the  Academy 
pictures  were  "Talbot  and  the  Countess 
of  Auvergne,"   and   "Miss   Pettie";   and 
another  was  shown  at  the  French  Gallery 
winter   exhibition,  entitled    "Choosing  a 
Weapon."   In  January  1868  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  only 
four  years  after  he  had  come  to  London. 
He  exhibited  that  year  at  the  Academy, 
besides  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Birket  Foster, 
a    subject    from    Shakespeare — "Prince 
Henry,    Poins,    and     Falstaff."     In    1870 
three  pictures  by  him  were  exhibited   at 
the  Royal  Academy,  viz.,  "Day  Dreams," 
"The   Market-Girl   from  the  Lido,"  and 
"Toilers   of   the  Sea."      Mr.   Orchardson 
achieved  a  great  success  at  the  Paris  Uni- 
versal Exhibition,  where  his  "  Challenge  " 
and     "  Christopher    Sly "     were     greatly 
admired   by  French  critics,  and  won  for 
the  painter  one  of  the  very  few  medals 
awarded  to  English  artists.     His  more  re- 
cent   pictures   are  :    "  A   Hundred   Years 
Ago,"  "On  the  Grand  Canal,  Venice,"  and 
"In  St.  Mark's,  Venice,"  exhibited  at  the 
Academy,  1871 ;  "Casus  Belli,"  and  "The 
Forest     Pet,"    1872;     "The     Protector," 
"  Oscar  and  Brin,"  and  "  Cinderella,"  1873  ; 
"Hamlet  and  the  King,"  "Ophelia,"  "A 
Venetian     Fruitseller,"    and    "Escaped," 


822 


ORD  —  ORLEANS 


1374 ;  "  Too  Good  to  be  True,"  and 
"Moonlight  on  the  Lagoons,"  1875; 
"Flotsam  and  Jetsam,"  "The  Bill  of 
Sale,"  and  "  The  Old  Soldier,"  1876  ;  "  The 
Queen  of  the  Swords,"  and  "Jessica" 
(Merchant  of  Venice),  1877  ;  "  Condi- 
tional Neutrality,"  "A  Social  Eddy  left  by 
the  Tide,"  and  "Autumn,"  1878;  "Hard 
Hit,"  a  scene  at  the  gaming  table,  1879  ; 
"  Napoleon  I,  on  board  H.M.S.  Bellero- 
pkon,"  1880,  purchased  by  the  Council  of 
the  Royal  Academy  under  the  terms  of  the 
Chantrey  bequest  ;  "Housekeeping  in  the 
Honeymoon,"  1882.  These  were  followed 
by  "Voltaire,"  1883;  "  Un  Marriage  de 
Convenance,"  1884  ;  "The  Salon  of  Mme. 
Recamier,"  1885  ;  "  Un  Mariage  de  Con- 
venance—After,"  1886  ;  "The  Rift  within 
the  Lute,"  1887;  and  "The  Young  Duke," 
1889.  Besides  portraits  of  Lord  Rook- 
wood,  Prof.  Dewar,  David  Stewart,  Lord 
Provost  of  Aberdeen,  the  Bishop  of  St. 
Asaph's,  the  Provost  of  Oriel,  Viscount 
Peel,  and  several  ladies,  he  has  of  late 
years  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
"A  Flower,"  1895;  "Reflections,"  1896; 
"Rivalry,"  1897;  "Trouble,"  1898;  and 
portraits  of  Lord  Kelvin,  of  Peter  Russell, 
Esq.,  of  the  Earl  of  Crawford  (presenta- 
tion portrait),  and  of  Edmund  Davis,  Esq., 
1899.  Mr.  Orchardson  was  elected  a  Royal 
Academician,  Dec.  13,  1877  ;  and  a  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  in  1890.  Address  :  13  Portland 
Place,  W. 

ORD,  William  Miller,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
received  his  medical  education  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  where  he  was  succes- 
sively House  Surgeon,  Surgical  Registrar, 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  Lecturer  on 
Physiology  and  on  Comparative  Anatomy, 
and  where  he  is  now  Physician  and  Lec- 
turer on  Medicine.  He  obtained  his  M.  D. 
of  London  in  1877,  having  become  a  Fellow 
of  the  R.C.P.,  London,  two  years  pre- 
viously. He  is  Treasurer  of  the  Clinical 
Society,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Medico-Chir- 
urgical  Society,  and  Fellow  or  Member 
of  other  leading  Medical  Societies.  In 
1879  he  published  "Influence  of  Colloids 
upon  Crystalline  Forms,"  and  has  contri- 
buted many  papers  on  Uric  Acid,  &c,  to 
the  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  Reports,  the 
Med.  Chir.  Trans.,  &c.  In  1881  he  edited 
the  works  of  Francis  Gibson,  and  in  1885 
delivered  the  Presidential  Address  at  the 
Medical  Society  of  London  on  Hyper- 
pyrexia. Address  :  37  Upper  Brook  Street, 
Grosvenor  Square,  W. 

Q'RELL,  Max.     See  Blouet,  Paul. 

ORLEANS,    Prince  Henri   d',  was 

born  at  Ham,  near  Richmond,  Oct.  16, 
1867,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Due  de 


Chartres.  When  he  was  about  to  enter 
St.  Cyr  in  1887,  the  law  was  passed  for- 
bidding princes  of  Royal  blood  from  serv- 
ing their  country  in  any  capacity.  He 
therefore  started  on  a  voyage  round  the 
world,  which  lasted  twelve  months,  six 
of  which  he  spent  in  India  shooting  with 
his  cousin,  the  Due  d'Orleans.  On  his  re- 
turn he  published  "Six  Mois  aux  Indes, 
chasses  au  tigre,"  1889.  In  the  same  year 
he  started  with  the  explorer,  Gabriel 
Bonvalot,  on  an  exploration  of  Tibet. 
Starting  from  Russia,  they  crossed  Siberia 
and  traversed  Tibet,  coming  out  in  Ton- 
quin  after  a  terribly  arduous  journey.  On 
his  return  he  was  awarded,  with  his  two 
companions  Bonvalot  and  Dedecken,  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Geographical  Society  of 
France,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  those 
of  London,  Rome,  Vienna,  and  Berne.  In 
collaboration  with  M.  Bonvalot  he  pub- 
lished "  De  Paris  au  Tonkin  a  travers  le 
Tibet  inconnu,"  1891.  He  then  started  for 
Central  Africa  ;  disembarking  in  the  Gulf 
of  Aden  he  went  inland  as  far  as  Harrar 
and  Mill-Mill,  and  laid  down  the  first  map 
of  the  country,  1892.  In  1894  he  spent 
some  months  in  Madagascar  before  the 
French  occupation,  and  then  returned  to 
Tonkin  and  discovered  the  sources  of  the 
Irrawaddy  on  his  way  from  China  to  India. 
Since  then  he  has  headed  a  mission  to  the 
Negus  of  Abyssinia. 

ORLEANS,  Due  d',  Prince  Louis 
Philippe  Robert,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Comte  de  Paris,  was  born  Feb.  6,  1869. 
On  attaining  his  majority,  Feb.  6,  1890, 
he  entered  Paris,  and  proceeding  to  the 
Mairie,  expressed  his  desire  as  a  French- 
man to  perform  his  military  service ; 
whereupon  he  was  arrested  in  conformity 
with  the  Expulsion  Bill  of  1886,  which 
forbids  the  soil  of  France  to  the  direct 
heirs  of  the  families  which  have  reigned 
there.  He  was  liberated  by  President 
Carnot  after  a  few  months'  nominal  im- 
prisonment, and  conducted  to  the  Swiss 
frontier.  This  escapade  won  him  the 
title  of  the  "Premier  Conscrit."  During 
the  last  illness  of  his  father  in  August  and 
September  1894,  he  was  constantly  at  the 
bedside  of  the  illustrious  patient,  with 
whom  he  is  reported  to  have  had  many 
private  conversations  on  his  duties  as  the 
future  representative  of  the  family  tradi- 
tion. After  the  Comte  de  Paris's  funeral, 
he  received  his  adherents,  and  is  now  chiefly 
in  Brussels,  which  will  in  future  be  his  head- 
quarters, Stowe  House  being,  in  his  opinion, 
too  distant  from  Orleanist  circles  in  France, 
especially  from  those  older  members  of  the 
party  who  cannot  undertake  a  sea  voyage. 
In  1896  he  married  Marie  Dorothea,  Arch- 
duchess of  Austria.  His  periodical  pro- 
clamations have  little  effect  in  France  now. 


ORMEROD  —  ORMONDE 


823 


He   has    recently   (1898)   fitted  up  York 
House,  Twickenham,  as  a  residence. 

OEMEEOD,  Miss  Eleanor  A., 
F.R.  Met.  S.,  F.E.S.,  &c,  was  born  at 
Redbury  Park,  near  Chepstow,  and  is 
the  youngest  daughter  of  Geo.  Ormerod, 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  of  Sedbury  Park,  Glou- 
cestershire, and  of  Tyldesley,  Lancashire, 
who  was  well  known  as  the  "  Historian  of 
Cheshire."  From  her  earliest  childhood 
Miss  Ormerod  was  excessively  fond  of 
observing  plant  and  animal  life.  To  a 
judicious  early  training  under  her  mother 
Miss  Ormerod  attributes  the  success  which 
has  attended  her  studies  as  a  specialist. 
In  early  life  successive  illness  occasioned 
periods  of  enforced  leisure,  which  Miss 
Ormerod  occupied  in  natural  history 
studies  out  of  doors,  together  with  the 
correlated  subjects  of  Botany,  Horticul- 
ture, and  Agricultural  Chemistry.  She 
has  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Latin,  French, 
Italian,  and  several  other  of  the  less 
commonly  studied  Continental  languages, 
which  greatly  helped  her  in  later  work, 
and  she  began  early  to  sketch  from  nature 
in  pencil  and  water  colours.  About  the 
year  1853  she  took  up  the  scientific  study 
of  entomology.  The  real  work  of  her  life 
began  in  1868,  when  the  formation  of  the 
collection  of  Economic  Entomology  was 
set  on  foot "  by  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  and  the  South  Kensington  Depart- 
ment. At  this  time,  Mr.  Andrew  Murray, 
the  curator  of  the  Museum,  was  in  con- 
stant communication  with  Miss  Ormerod, 
suggesting  special  investigations  and  re- 
ports ;  and,  in  response,  she  contributed 
specimens,  drawings,  and  models  illus- 
trative of  insect  depredations,  in  recogni- 
tion of  which  many  services  the  "  Silver 
Floral  Medal"  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  was  awarded  to  her.  In  the  year 
1872  Miss  Ormerod  was  chosen  to  repre- 
sent British  natural  history  modelling  from 
life  at  the  International  Polytechnic  Ex- 
hibition held  in  Moscow,  and  sent  over  a 
large  collection  of  plaster-of-Paris  models, 
taken  by  her  in  exact  facsimile  by  a 
process  of  her  own  invention  and  coloured 
by  herself.  These  specimens  represented 
a  large  number  of  garden  plants  and  hot- 
house fruits.  She  also  sent  groups  of 
electro-types  from  nature,  representing 
leaves  and  reptiles.  For  these  she  received 
the  Silver  Medal,  the  Great  Silver  Medal, 
and  also  the  Gold  Medal  of  Honour  from 
the  University  of  Moscow.  In  1878  Miss 
Ormerod  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Meteorological  Society,  being  the  first  lady 
ever  admitted  to  Fellowship.  She  arranged 
and  edited  for  the  Society  a  large  mass  of 
observations  relating  to  coincident  condi- 
tions of  weather  and  plant  life.  This  was 
published  in  a  royal  8vo  vol.  under  the 


name  of  the  "  Cobham  Journals."  In  1881 
she  published  her  "Manual  of  Injurious 
Insects,  with  Methods  of  Prevention  and 
Remedy  for  their  Attacks  on  Food-Crops, 
&c.,"  and  in  1884  her  "  Guide  to  Insect 
Life,"  being  a  series  of  ten  lectures  on  the 
same  class  of  subjects  delivered  by  her  in 
the  Lecture  Theatre  at  South  Kensington 
Museum.  Both  works  have  been  repub- 
lished in  much  enlarged  form,  and  were 
followed,  in  1889,  by  a  small  vol.  on  some 
of  the  injurious  insects  of  South  Africa. 
But  Miss  Ormerod's  chief  publication  has 
been  her  "  Annual  Reports  of  Observations 
on  Injurious  Farm  Insects,"  which  were 
begun  in  1877,  and  continued  yearly  up 
to  the  present  date,  thus  forming  a  con- 
tinuous record  of  the  presence  and  habits 
of  insects  injurious  to  field  and  orchard 
crops,  and  the  means  found  really  service- 
able for  checking  their  ravages,  over  a 
period  of  twenty-one  years.  In  1881  she 
accepted  the  post  of  Special  Lecturer  on 
Economic  Entomology  at  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural College,  but  after  a  few  years  she 
resigned  this  office.  She  was  unanimously 
elected  Consulting  Entomologist  to  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England  by 
the  Council,  on  May  2,  1882.  To  the 
duties  of  this  post  she  devoted  her  best 
attention  for  about  ten  years.  But  in  the 
course  of  1892,  she  retired  from  the 
office.  Miss  Ormerod  is  a  member  of  many 
scientific  societies.  She  is  Hon.  Member 
of  the  Farmers'  Club,  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Meteorological  Society,  and  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  London, 
and  of  Stockholm,  also  a  Member  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Washington,  and 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Interna- 
tional Association  of  Official  Entomologists 
of  Washington.  Miss  Ormerod  is  also  an 
additional  examiner  in  Agricultural  En- 
tomology in  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
Her  membership  with  societies  in  Can- 
ada, Australia,  and  South  Africa  affords 
the  opportunities  of  giving  and  receiving 
communications  aiding  in  her  special 
work,  which  continues  to  increase  in  scope 
and  importance.  Besides  the  heavy  home 
correspondence  which  she  conducts,  especi- 
ally in  reply  to  inquiries  from  British 
agriculturists,  Miss  Ormerod  receives 
numerous  applications  from  foreign 
countries  and  the  colonies,  and  is  like- 
wise a  frequent  contributor  to  the  agri- 
cultural journals,  regarding  prevention  of 
farm  and  fruit  insect  attacks.  Address  : 
Torrington  House,  St.  Albans. 

ORMONDE,  Marquis  of,  James 
Edward  William  Theobald  Butler, 
K.P.,  Hereditary  Chief  Butler  of  Ire- 
land and  Vice  -  Admiral  of  Leinster, 
was  born  at  Kilkenny  Castle  on  Oct.  5, 
1844,    and    succeeded    his    father,    the 


824 


OSCAR  — OSMAN  ALI 


2nd  Marquis,  in  1854.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  and  entered  the  1st 
Life  Guards,  retiring  with  the  rank  of 
Captain  in  1873.  He  is  Hon.  Colonel  of 
5th  Batt.  of  the  Royal  Irish  Regiment, 
and  for  some  ten  years  commanded  the 
Royal  East  Kent  Yeomanry.  In  1888  he 
was  made  a  Knight  of  St.  Patrick.  He 
has  been  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Kilkenny 
since  1878.  He  married,  in  1876,  Lady 
Elizabeth  Harriet  Grosvenor,  daughter  of 
the  1st  Duke  of  Westminster.  Addresses  : 
32  Upper  Brook  Street,  W. ;  Kilkenny 
Castle,  &c. 

OSCAR  II.,  King  of  Sweden  and 
Norway,  is  the  great-grandson  of  Napo- 
leon's famous  general  Bernadotte,  and  was 
born  Jan.  21,  1829.  Before  he  ascended 
the  throne  he  held  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
General  in  the  army.  On  the  death  of 
the  King's  brother,  Charles  XV.,  Sept.  18, 
1872,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne.  In 
1878  the  Frankfort  Academy  of  Sciences 
elected  the  King  of  Sweden  a  correspond- 
ing member  in  recognition  of  his  poetical 
translation  of  Goethe's  "Faust"  into 
Swedish.  His  Majesty  is  also  the  author 
of  "A  Memoir  of  Charles XII."  (translated 
into  English  in  1879) ;  and  of  "Poems  and 
Leaflets  from  my  Journal,"  1880,  under 
the  nam  de  plume  of  "Oscar  Frederik." 
He  married,  in  June  1857,  the  Princess 
Sophia  of  Nassau,  daughter  of  the  late 
Duke  Wilhelm  of  Nassau,  who  was  born 
in  July  1836.  From  this  union  there  are 
four  sons  —  namely,  Gustaf,  Duke  of 
Wermland,  born  in  June  1858,  now  heir- 
apparent  to  the  throne  ;  Oscar,  Duke  of 
Gotland,  born  in  November  1859,  and  who 
married  Miss  Ebba  Munck,  daughter  of 
Col.  Munck ;  Carl,  Duke  of  Westergot- 
land,  born  in  February  1861 ;  and  Eugene, 
Duke  of  Nerike,  born  in  August  1865.  The 
.  coronation  of  King  Oscar  and  Queen 
Sophia  took  place  July  18,  1873,  at  the 
Cathedral  of  Drontheim  in  Norway.  In 
1892  and  1893  King  Oscar  opposed  him- 
self resolutely  to  the  desire  of  the 
Norwegian  Parliament  for  a  foreign  and 
consular  service  which  should  be  inde- 
pendent of  Sweden.  On  Sept.  18,  1897, 
he  celebrated  the  25th  anniversary  of  his 
accession  amidst  the  great  rejoicings  of 
his  people.  In  the  same  year  his  son, 
Prince  Carl,  was  married  to  the  Princess 
Ingeborg  of  Denmark. 

OSCAR  FREDERICK.  See  Oscar  II. 

OSLER,  William,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
F.R.S.  Lond.,  Professor  of  Medicine  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  was  born  at 
Bend  Head,  Canada,  on  July  12,  1849,  and_ 
is  the  sixth  son  of  the  late  Rev.  F.  L.  Osier. 
He  was  educated  at  Toronto  University, 


M'Gill  University,  University  College, 
London,  Berlin  and  Vienna,  &c.  He  was 
Professor  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  at 
M'Gill  University  from  1874  to  1884, 
Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  from  1884  to  1889, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  his  present 
post,  and  Gulstonian  Lecturer  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London,  in  1885. 
In  1898  he  was  elected  F.R.S.  His  most 
important  standard  work  is  "The  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  Medicine,"  3rd  edit., 
1898.     Address :  Baltimore. 

OSMAN  ALI  (called  Osman  Digna, 
or  "the  bearded  one,"  from  dikn,  the 
beard)  was  born  at  Suakim  about  1836. 
He  is  not  of  pure  Arab  descent  ;  his  grand- 
father was  a  Turkish  slave-dealer  who 
married  a  woman  of  the  Hadendowa  tribe  ; 
and  Osman,  like  his  father  and  grand- 
father before  him,  was  a  dealer  in  slaves, 
and  had  connections  in  Khartoum  and 
Berber ;  and  during  later  years,  before  he 
appeared  as  the  ambassador  of  the  Mahdi, 
he  stayed  more  frequently  at  Berber  than 
at  Suakim.  There  he  entered  into  com- 
munication with  the  Mahdi,  Mohammed 
Ahmed,  and  matured  his  plans  for  in- 
ducing the  tribes  round  Suakim  to  rebel 
against  the  oppression  of  their  Egyptian 
rulers.  Osman  Digna  was  not,  however, 
the  first  and  original  leader  of  the  rebel- 
lion. Sheik  Tahher,  of  Suakim,  who  en- 
joyed the  repute  of  especial  holiness 
amongst  the  superstitious  nomads  of  those 
parts,  was  the  real  messenger  of  the 
Mahdi,  and  the  channel  of  communica- 
tion in  the  negotiations  with  the  rebellious 
tribes,  while  Osman  Digna  was  more  the 
military  commander,  and  had  to  base  his 
operations  upon  the  spiritual  authority  of 
Sheik  Tahher,  a  relation  which  existed 
till  within  recent  years.  It  is  well  known 
with  what  skill  Osman  Digna  filled  his 
position,  extended  his  influence  over  the 
rebellious  tribes,  and  rose  in  the  estima- 
tion of  the  authorities  at  Khartoum.  The 
rebellion  of  the  False  Prophet  on  the 
White  Nile  broke  out  in  December  1881  ; 
and  in  August  3,  1883,  Osman  Digna 
appeared  before  Suakim,  on  which  day 
the  first  encounter  took  place  at  Sinkat 
with  Tewfik  Bey,  Osman  being  beaten  and 
wounded,  and  losing  three  members  of  his 
family.  In  September  1885  an  Abyssinian 
expedition  under  Ras  Alula,  which  had 
been  sent  to  the  relief  of  Kassala  by  King 
Johannes,  encountered  Osman  Digna  at 
Kafeil,  and  utterly  defeated  him.  He 
again  threatened  Suakim  in  1888,  whence 
he  was  repulsed  by  General  Grenfell  on 
December  21  of  that  year.  He  has  been 
^reported  as  slain  more  frequently  than 
any  other  warrior.  However,  his  natural 
astuteness  did  not  desert   him  after  the 


OSMAN  DIGNA  — OWEN 


825 


fatal  battle  of  Omdurman,  for  he  was  one 
of  the  few  Emirs  who  escaped  the  terrible 
slaughter.  Late  in  1898  he  was  reported 
to  be  a  fugitive  in  the  less  accessible  por- 
tions of  the  Soudan. 

OSMAN  DIGNA.     See  Osman  All 

OSSORY,    Ferns,    and    Leighlin. 

See  Crozibe,  The  Right  Rev.  John 
Baptist. 

OTTO,  King  of  Bavaria,  was  born 
April  27,  1848  ;  succeeded  to  the  throne 
June  13,  1866 ;  but  owing  to  his  being 
mentally  afflicted  the  government  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Regent,  Prince  Luit- 
pold,  on  June  10,  1886. 

OTWAY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Arthur  John,  Bart.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born 
in  Edinburgh  on  Aug.  8,  1822,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  brother,  the  2nd  Baronet, 
in  1881.  He  was  educated  at  Sandhurst 
and  in  Germany,  and  entered  the  51st 
Regiment  in  1839,  retiring  in  1846.  He 
went  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1850,  and  subsequently  entered  upon  a 
long  Parliamentary  career,  being  returned 
as  Liberal  member  for  Stafford  in  1852, 
and  representing  that  constituency  until 
1857,  after  which  he  sat  for  Chatham  and 
then  for  Rochester.  While  representing 
Chatham  he  was  Under  -  Secretary  for 
Foreign  Affairs  from  1868-71.  He  was 
Chairman  of  Ways  and  Means,  and  Deputy 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  from 
1883  to  1885.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1885.  He  married,  in  1851, 
Henrietta,  daughter  of  Sir  James  Lang- 
ham,  10th  Baronet.  Addresses  :  34  Eaton 
Square,  S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

OTJTDA.    See  La  RamiSe,  Louise  de. 

OXJIiESS,  "Walter  William,  R.A.,  was 

born  at  St.  Heliers,  Jersey,  Sept.  21,  1848, 
and  educated  at  Victoria  College  in  that 
island.  He  came  to  London  in  1864,  and 
was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  the  following  year.  While 
there  he  took  a  silver  medal  in  the  Antique 
School,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  competi- 
tor for  the  Historical  Gold  Medal.  Mr. 
Ouless  has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  at 
Burlington  House  since  1869,  and  his  first 
works  were  subject  pictures,  the  principal 
being  "Home  Again,"  and  "An  Incident 
in  the  French  Revolution."  In  1872,  act- 
ing on  the  advice  of  Mr.  Millais,  he  took 
to  portrait-painting,  and  has  since  devoted 
himself  almost  exclusively  to  that  branch 
of  the  profession.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  Jan.  24, 
1877,  and  a  Royal  Academician,  May  5, 
1881.      He   obtained  the  medal    of    the 


second  class  at  the  Paris  International 
Exhibition  of  1878.  Among  the  portraits 
painted  and  exhibited  by  Mr.  Ouless  may 
be  mentioned  those  of  Lord  Selborne ; 
Mr.  Charles  Darwin,  F.R.S.  ;  the  late 
Bishop  of  London  ;  Admiral  Sir  Alexander 
Milne,  G.C.B.;  Miss  Ruth  Bouverie,  1877; 
the  late  Mr.  Russell  Gurney,  M.P., 
Recorder  of  London,  1877  ;  Lieut-Colonel 
Loyd  Lindsay,  1878  ;  Mr.  John  Bright, 
M.P.  ;  Sir  Thomas  Gladstone  ;  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Ridding,  head-master  of  Winchester 
College  ;  and  Mr.  Edmund  Yates,  1879  ; 
His  Eminence  Cardinal  Newman  ;  Mr. 
Justice  Manisty,  1880  ;  Mrs.  Butterworth, 
1881 ;  General  Sir  F.  Roberts,  1882  ;  the 
late  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  and  the  Bishop 
of  Norwich,  1883 ;  Mr.  G.  Scharf,  1886 ; 
His  Eminence  Cardinal  Manning,  1888  ; 
Sir  William  Bowman,  F.R.S.  ;  Lady 
Manisty;  T.  Sidney  Cooper,  R.A.,  1889; 
the  Bishop  of  St.  Albans  and  the  Bishop 
of  Chichester,  1890  ;'  Sir  Charles  Tennant, 
Bart.,  1893  ;  Major-General  Sir  F.  Gren- 
fell  ;  Sir  William  Savory,  Bart. ;  Sir  John 
Gladstone,  Bart.,  1894;  His  Honour  Judge 
Sir  Horatio  Lloyd ;  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge,  1895  ;  Frederic  J.  Harrison  ; 
Dr.  Dobie,  of  Chester;  the  Dean  of  Llan- 
daff, 1896;  the  Hon.  W.  F.  D.  Smith, 
M.P. ;  Lord  Lister  (presentation  portrait) ; 
Sir  Charles  Seely,  Bart,  (presentation  por- 
trait) ;  Justice  Lindley ;  Sir  Spencer 
Ponsonby  Fane,  K.C.B.,  1897;  John 
Maundsell  Richardson,  D.L.  (presentation 
portrait),  and  Edward  Wood  (presentation 
portrait),  1898;  the  Hon.  Lucius  O'Brien, 
Lord  Leigh,  and  the  Bishops  of  Truro  and 
Lincoln,  1899.  Mr.  Ouless  was  one  of  the 
two  English  recipients  of  the  grand  Gold 
Medal  for  Art  at  the  Berlin  International 
Exhibition,  1886  ;  and  was  made  a  Cheva- 
lier de  la  Legion  d'Honneur  after  the  Paris 
Universal  Exhibition  of  1889.  Mr.  Ouless 
is  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Artists'  General 
Benevolent  Institution.  He  married  Lucy, 
daughter  of  the  late  E.  K.  Chambers, 
M.D.,  in  1868.  Addresses  :  12  Bryanston 
Square,  W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

OWEN,  Edmund,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S., 
received  his  medical  education  at  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  London,  and  in  Paris. 
He  was  at  one  time  Lecturer  on  Anatomy, 
and  is  now  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Surgery 
at  St.  Mary's  Hospital  Medical  School. 
He  is  Senior  Surgeon  at  St.  Mary's,  and  at 
the  Hospital  for  Children  in  Great  Ormond 
Street,  besides  being  Consulting  Surgeon 
to  a  number  of  other  hospitals.  He  is  a 
member  of  Council  and  of  the  Court  of 
Examiners  at  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons, is  ex-President  of  the  Harveian 
Society,  Orator  and  Trustee  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  London,  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Medical  Chirurgical   Society,  Hon.  Asso- 


826 


OWEN  —  PADEREWSKI 


ciate  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, &c.  He  has  been  Examiner  in 
Surgery  at  the  University  of  Durham. 
His  works  include  "Surgical  Diseases  of 
Children,"  3rd  edit.,  1897;  Harveian  and 
Lettsomian  Lectures,  both  on  the  Surgery 
of  Childhood,  articles  in  Heath's  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Surgery,"  and  contributions  to 
the  medical  journals  and  to  various  learned 
Transactions.  Address  :  64  Great  Cum- 
berland Place,  W. 

OWEN,  Sir  Hugh,  G.C.B.,  late  Per- 
manent Under-Secretary  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  was  born  in  1835,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Owen,  Kt., 
the  Welsh  educationist.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple,  was 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  from  1876  to  1882,  and  became 
Permanent  Under-Secretary  in  1882.  He 
received  the  honour  of  the  Knighthood  of 
the  Bath  in  1887,  and  was  created  G.C.B. 
at  New  Year  1899.  In  December  1898  his 
retirement  was  announced.  The  Times 
stated  at  that  date  that  "  during  his 
tenure  of  this  office  many  important 
measures  affecting  local  government  have 
been  passed,  and  successive  Presidents  of 
the  Board  have  acknowledged  the  valuable 
assistance  they  have  received  from  Sir 
Hugh  in  the  preparation  and  carrying  of 
their  several  measures.  In  1897  a  depart- 
mental committee  on  Local  Government 
Board  organisation  stated  in  their  report 
that  they  could  not  'pass  by  without  com- 
ment the  able  and  devoted  manner  in 
which  Sir  Hugh  Owen  has  administered 
the  trying  and  ever-increasing  work  of 
his  department  for  a  period  of  fifteen 
years,'  and  declared  that  '  few  men  could 
have  borne  the  incessant  strain  as  he  has 
done.'  By  his  retirement  the  State  loses  a 
valuable  public  servant.  His  ability  and 
unfailing  courtesy  will  cause  the  announce- 
ment that  he  has  ceased  to  hold  office  to 
be  received  with  much  regret  by  all  who 
are  interested  in  local  government."  He 
has  published  various  legal  works  on 
municipal  and  local  authorities  and 
matters,  including  "  The  Education  Acts 
Manual,"  and  "The  Municipal  Corporation 
Act,"  1882.  He  married,  in  1865,  Charlotte 
Elizabeth,  nie  Burt.  Address  :  Belmont, 
Crouch  End  Hill,  N. 

OWEN,  The  Bight  Rev.  John,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  St.  Davids,  late  Dean  of  St. 
Asaph,  was  born  at  Llanengan,  Carnar- 
vonshire, on  Aug.  24,  1854,  and  is  the  son 
of  Mr.  Griffith  Owen,  Yoguborwen,  Den. 
He  was  educated  at  Bottwnog  Grammar 
School  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  gained  a  scholarship  at  entrance  in 
1872.  He  obtained  a  second  class  Honour 
in    Classical    Moderations,    1873 ;   and   a 


second  class  in  Mathematical  Moderations, 
1874 ;  and  graduated  with  second  class 
Honour  in  Mathematical  Finals,  1876 ; 
proceeding  to  the  M.A.  degree  in  1879. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1879,  and 
Priest  in  1880,  by  the  Bishop  of  St.  Davids. 
He  was  elected  Professor  and  Lecturer  in 
Classics  and  Theology  at  St.  David's  Col- 
lege, Lampeter,  1879-85 ;  Head-Master 
and  Warden  of  Llandovery  College,  1885- 
89  ;  and  was  appointed  Dean  of  St.  Asaph 
in  1889.  He  retired  from  the  Deanery  in 
1892.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
a  Canon  of  St.  Asaph,  and  Principal  of  St. 
David's  College,  Lampeter.  He  was  con- 
secrated Lord  Bishop  of  St.  Davids  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  on  May  1,  1897.  He 
speaks  Welsh  fluently,  and  was  active  in 
the  movement  for  the  defence  of  the 
Established  Church  in  Wales.  He  mar- 
ried Amelia,  daughter  of  J.  Longstaff,  of 
Appleby.  Addresses :  Abergwili  Palace, 
Carmarthen  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

OXFORD,  Bishop  of.      See  Stubbs, 
The  Eight  Eev.  William. 


PACHMANN,  Vladimir  de,  Russian 
pianist,  was  born  at  Odessa  about  1848. 
He  was  educated  at  Vienna  rmder  Dachs, 
and  gained  the  gold  medal.  In  1869  he 
returned  to  Eussia,  and  not  being  favour- 
ably received  at  first,  he  studied  for  two 
more  years.  He  then  met  with  much 
success  in  Germany,  at  Vienna,  and  Paris. 
His  first  appearance  in  London  was  in 
1882  at  one  of  Wilhelm  Ganz's  concerts ; 
and  since  then  rarely  has  a  musical  season 
passed  without  his  giving  a  series  of  con- 
certs, generally  at  St.  James's  Hall.  Liszt 
called  him  "the  Poet  of  the  Piano,"  and 
he  is  famous  for  his  interpretations  of 
Chopin.  He  married,  in  1884,  Miss  Oakey, 
the  pianist.    . 

PADEREWSKI,  Ignace  Jan,  was 

born  in  1860,  in  Podolia,  Poland.  In 
spite  of  unsympathetic  surroundings  his 
natural  genius  for  music  showed  itself 
when  he  was  still  quite  young.  Before 
he  was  twenty  he  had  decided  to  devote 
himself  to  composition,  and  on  reaching 
that  age  he  proceeded  to  Berlin  in  order 
to  study  harmony,  &c.  A  few  years  later 
he  resolved  to  become  a  pianist,  and 
accordingly  studied  during  three  years 
under  the  tuition  of  Leschetitsky,  husband 
of  the  well-known  performer,  Madame 
Essipoff.  He  advanced  rapidly  in  his  art, 
and  his  de'but  was  a  complete  success. 
He  is  now  one  of  the  first  of  living 
pianists,  as  well  as  a  brilliant  composer. 


PAGE  — PAGET 


827 


He  owes  much  of  his  success  to  intense 
and  incessant  practice,  which  has  given 
him  his  marvellous  ease  of  execution. 
Early  in  1893  M.  Paderewski  made  an 
American  tour  and  gained  thereby  some 
£32,000.  A  new  fantasia  by  him  was 
produced  at  the  Norwich  Festival  in  1893. 
In  January  1895  an  unusual  incident 
occurred  at  Torquay,  Paderewski,  it  was 
said,  refusing  to  play  before  people  who 
paid  only  five  shillings  to  hear  him.  His 
manager  afterwards  corrected  this  state- 
ment, affirming  that  the  reason  of  Pader- 
ewski's  conduct  was  that  he  resented  the 
lowering  of  prices — from  ten  shillings  on 
his  previous  visit  to  five  shillings — without 
his  consent.  However,  in  the  following 
month,  the  artist  displayed  again  his  well- 
known  kindliness  of  heart  in  giving  a 
recital  at  Hanley  in  behalf  of  the  Audley 
Distress  Fund.  As  a  result  of  this  per- 
formance, the  substantial  sum  of  £160 
was  handed  over  to  the  Mayor  of  Hanley 
as  a  contribution  to  the  Fund.  In  April 
1897,  a  "Paderewski  Orchestral  Concert" 
was  given  at  the  Queen's  Hall,  London, 
when  M.  Paderewski,  accompanied  by  Mr. 
Henry  Wood's  orchestra,  gave  a  special 
performance  of  two  concertos,  Schumann's 
in  A  minor  and  Liszt's  in  E  flat.  It  was 
widely  remarked  at  the  time  that  the 
pianist,  spite  of  his  unrivalled  eminence, 
showed  a  considerable  increase  in  dignity, 
repose,  and  true  virtuosity,  and  the  whole 
exquisite  rendering  added  largely  to  M. 
Paderewski's  reputation.  In  the  following 
June  (1897)  the  artist  repeated  his  orches- 
tral combination,  and  was  declared  to  have 
never  been  heard  to  greater  advantage. 
Since  that  time,  M.  Paderewski  has  been 
touring  abroad,  making  one  or  two  fugitive 
appearances  in  England,  notably  at  the 
Crystal  Palace  at  the  Saturday  Afternoon 
Concerts. 

PAGE,  Herbert  William,  M.A.,  M.B., 
F.R.C.S.,  was  educated  at  the  Universities 
of  Edinburgh  and  Cambridge,  at  the 
London  Hospital,  and  in  Vienna.  He  is 
Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery  at  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  has  been  Examiner  in' 
Surgery  at  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
and  is  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Eng. 
In  1870-71  he  was  Assistant-Surgeon  to 
the  Hessian  Division  of  the  German  Army, 
and  at  present  holds  various  appointments 
as  Surgeon  to  the  Railway  Passengers 
Assurance  Co.,  &c.  He  has  published 
"Injuries  to  the  Back  in  their  Surgical 
and  Medico-Legal  Aspects,"  being  the 
Boylston  Prize  Essay,  Harvard,  1881 ; 
"Injuries  of  the  Spine  and  Spinal  Cord, 
and  Nervous  Shock,"  2nd  edit.,  1885; 
"Railway  Injuries,"  1891,  translated  into 
German  ;    ' '  Clinical  Papers   on    Surgical 


Subjects,"  1897,  besides  articles  on  the 
Spine,  &c,  in  Heath's  "Dictionary  of 
Surgery,"  and  Treves's  "Manual  and 
System  of  Surgery,"  and  the  Royal  Med. 
Chir.  and  Clin.  Society  Transactions,  &c. 
Address  :  146  Harley  Street,  W. 

PAGE,  Thomas  Nelson,  D.L.,  Ameri- 
can writer,  was  born  at  Oakland,  Hanover 
Co.,  Virginia,  April  23,  1853.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
and  received  the  degree  of  LL.B.  from 
the  University  of  Virginia  in  1874.  He 
has  since  practised  his  profession  at 
Richmond.  The  degree  of  D.L.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Washington  and  Lee 
University  in  1887.  Mr.  Page's  first  pub- 
lication was  a  rhyme  entitled  "Uncle 
Gabe's  White  Folks,"  which  appeared  in 
Scribner's  Monthly  (now  the  Century)  in 
1877.  In  1884  was  issued,  in  the  Century, 
"Marse  Chan,"  a  negro  dialect  story  of 
the  Civil  War,  and  this  made  the  writer's 
reputation.  Others  in  the  same  vein 
followed,  and  in  1887  they  were  collected 
and  published  together  in  a  book  under 
the  title  of  "  In  Ole  Virginia."  This  was 
followed  by  "Befo'  de  War:  Echoes  in 
Negro  Dialect,"  1888;  "Two  Little  Con- 
federates," 1888;  "Elsket  and  Other 
Stories,"  1890;  "On  Newfound  River," 
1891;  "Among  the  Camps,"  1891;  "The 
Old  South  Essays,"  1892 ;  "  The  Burial  of 
the  Guns,"  1894;  "Pastime  Stories,"  1894  ; 
"Polly,"  1894;  "The  Old  Gentleman  of 
the  Black  Stock,"  1897  ;  and  "Social  Life 
in  Old  Virginia  before  the  War,"  1897. 
Address  :  Washington. 

PAGET,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Clarence  Edward,  K.C.B.,  son  of  the 
1st  Marquis  of  Anglesey,  KG.,  by  his 
second  marriage,  born  Jane  17,  1811, 
entered  the  navy  at  an  early  age.  and 
saw  some  active  service  in  the  Baltic 
during  the  Crimean  War.  He  was  for 
some  time  secretary  to  his  father  when 
Master-General  of  the  Ordnance,  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  Admiralty  in 
Lord  Palmerston's  second  Administration 
in  1859,  and  retired  in  May  1866,  in  order 
to  take  the  command  of  the  Mediterranean 
squadron.  He  attained  flag  rank  in  1858, 
and  was  made  Vice-Admiral,  April  24, 1865. 
He  was  returned  as  one  of  the  members 
in  the  Liberal  interest  for  Sandwich  in 
August  1847,  did  not  present  himself  for 
re-election  in  July  1852,  was  re-elected 
for  that  borough'  in  March  1857,  and 
resigned  his  seat  on  taking  the  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  squadron  in  May 
1866.  He  retired  from  the  command  of 
the  Mediterranean  fleet  in  May  1869. 

PAGET,  The  Very  Eev.  Francis, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  was 


828 


PAGET 


born  in  London  on  March  20,  1851,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  Sir  James  Paget,  Bart., 
D.C.L.  He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
School,  and  at  Christ  Church,  of  which  he 
■was  Junior  Student  from  1869  to  1873, 
and  Senior  Student  1873-83.  In  1871  he 
gained  the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  Latin 
verse,  became  Hertford  Scholar,  and  took 
a  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations.  In 
1873  he  was  in  the  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum. 
(B.A.  1873  ;  M.A.  1876;  D.D.  by  decree, 
1885).  From  1883  to  1885  he  was  Vicar 
of  Bromsgrove,  having  previously  been 
tutor  of  his  college  from  1875  to  1882. 
He  was  Oxford  Preacher  at  Whitehall 
from  1881  to  1883.  From  1885  to  1892 
he  was  Regius  Professor  of  Pastoral 
Theology  and  Canon  of  Christ  Church, 
and  in  the  latter  year  became  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  having  previously 
been  Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop 
of  Ely.  In  January  1892  he  was  appointed 
Dean  of  Christ  Church  in  succession  to 
the  late  Dean  Liddell,  who  had  then 
retired.  His  works  include:  "Concern- 
ing Spiritual  Gifts,"  "  The  Redemption 
of  Work,"  and  "  The  Hallowing  of  Work," 
"  Faculties  and  Difficulties  for  Belief  and 
Disbelief,"  the  essay  on  "Sacraments" 
in  "Lux  Mundi,"  "The  Spirit  of  Dis- 
cipline," and  "Studies  in  the  Christian 
Character."  He  married,  in  1883,  Helen 
Beatrice,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Dean 
Church.    Address  :  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

PAGET,  Sir  George  Ernest,  Bart., 
D.L.,  only  son  of  George  Byng  Paget,  was 
born  in  Nov.  1841,  and  was  educated  at 
Harrow.  Joining  the  7th  Hussars  in  1860, 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Royal  Horse 
Guards  in  1861,  and  retired  as  Lieutenant 
in  1867.  He  is  Lieutenant-Colonel  (retired) 
of  the  Leicestershire  Yeomanry,  and  since 
1890  has  been  Chairman  of  the  Midland 
Railway.  He  was  created  a  Baronet  in 
1897.  He  married,  in  1864,  Sophia,  n(e 
Holden.  Address :  Sutton,  Bonnington, 
Loughborough. 

PAGET,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  F.R.S., 
LL.D.  Cantab.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  F.R.C.S.,  &c, 
ex-President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England,  M.D.  Dublin,  Bonn, 
and  Wiirzburg,  Hon.  F.RC.S.  Dublin  and 
Edinburgh,  son  of  Samuel  Paget,  Esq., 
merchant,  was  born  at  Great  Yarmouth, 
Jan.  11,  1814,  became  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1836,  and 
an  Honorary  Fellow  in  1843.  He  is  Ser- 
geant-Surgeon to  the  Queen,  Surgeon  to 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  Consulting 
Surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital. 
Sir  James  Paget,  who  was  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  London  from  1884  to 
1895,  and  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Institute  of  France  (Academy  of  Sciences), 


is  the  author  of  the  "  Pathological  Cata- 
logue of  the  Museum  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons,"  "Report  on  the  Results  of  the 
Use  of  the  Microscope,"  published  in  1842; 
and  "  Lectures  on  Surgical  Pathology,"  in 
1853,  1863,  and  1868  ;  and  has  been  an 
extensive  contributor  to  the  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  and  other  learned  societies. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  in  August  1871. 
He  was  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion appointed  in  1881  to  inquire  into  the 
condition  of  the  London  Hospitals  for 
smallpox  and  fever  cases,  and  into  the 
means  of  preventing  the  spread  of  infec- 
tion. Sir  James  Paget  was  one  of  the 
scientific  celebrities  who  received  an  hono- 
rary degree  at  the  Jubilee  (1882)  in  com- 
memoration of  the  300th  anniversary  of 
the  founding  of  the  University  of  Wiirz- 
burg. He  married,  in  1844,  Lydia,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  North,  Domestic 
Chaplain  to  H.R.H.  the  late  Duke  of  Kent. 
Address  :  5  Park  Square  West,  N.W. 

PAGET,  The  Rig-ht  Hon.  Sir 
Richard  Horner,  Bart.,  was  born  in 
Somerset  on  March  14,  1832,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  John  Moore  Paget, 
of  Cranmore  Hall,  Somerset.  He  was 
educated  at  the  R.M.A.,  Sandhurst,  and 
served  abroad  in  the  66th  Berkshire  Regi- 
ment from  1848  to  1863.  He  sat  as  Con- 
servative M.P.  for  East  Somerset  from 
1865  to  1868,  for  Mid-Somerset  from  1868 
to  1885,  and  for  the  Wells  Division  of 
Somerset  from  1885  to  1895.  He  is  Chair- 
man of  Quarter  Sessions  and  of  the  County 
Council,  Somerset,  Hon.  Lieut. -Col.  of 
the  3rd  Batt.  Somerset  Light  Infantry, 
and  has  been  Captain  of  the  North  Somer- 
set Yeomanry.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
in  1886,  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil in  1895.  He  married,  in  1866,  Caroline, 
second  daughter  of  H.  E.  Surtees,  M.P. 
Addresses  :  58  Queen  Anne  Street,  W. ; 
and  Cranmore  Hall,  Shepton  Mallet. 

PAGET,  Stephen,  F.R.C.S.,  fourth 
son  of  Sir  James  Paget,  Bart.,  was  born 
in  1855,  and  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury, 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.A.  He  pursued  his  medi- 
cal studies  at  Oxford,  and  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  holds  the  ap- 
pointments of  Surgeon  to  the  West  London 
Hospital,  and  Surgeon  to  the  throat  and 
ear  department  at  the  Middlesex  Hospital. 
He  was  formerly  Surgeon  to  the  Metro- 
politan Hospital.  Mr.  Paget  belongs  to 
various  medical  societies,  and  is  the  author 
of  :  "  The  Surgery  of  the  Chest,"  1896 ; 
"John  Hunter"  (1st  vol.  of  the  Masters 
of  Medicine  Series),  1897  ;  "  Ambroise 
Pare  and  his  Times,"  1897  ;  and  of  nume- 
rous lectures  and  papers  on  surgical  sub- 


PAGET  —  PALGKAVE 


829 


jects.  In  1885  he  married  Eleanor  Mary, 
second  daughter  of  Edward  Burd,  M.D.,  of 
Shrewsbury.  Address :  70  Harley  Street,  W. 

PAGET,  Violet,  who,  under  the  name 
of  Vernon  Lee,  contributes  philosophical 
and  sesthetic  criticism  to  the  principal 
English  reviews,  was  born  in  1856,  and 
has  lived  in  Italy  for  many  years.  In  1880 
she  published  "  Studies  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century  in  Italy."  In  1882  appeared 
"  Belcaro,"  being  essays  on  sundry  aes- 
thetical  questions  ;  "  The  Prince  of  a 
Hundred  Soups"  (a  fairy  tale),  1883; 
"  Ottilie,  an  Eighteenth-Century  Idyl  "  ; 
"  Euphorion,"  a  collection  of  Essays  ; 
"  The  Countess  of  Albany,"  a  biography  ; 
"Miss  Brown,"  a  novel,"  1884;  "Haunt- 
ings,"  1890  ;  "  Vanitas,"  1893,  collections 
of  stories;  "Baldwin,"  1886;  "  Althea," 

1894  ;  "  Renaissance  Fancies  and  Studies," 

1895  ;  "  Limbo,"  1897.  She  is  interested 
in  the  preservation  of  parts  of  old  Flo- 
rence, now  threatened  by  the  Munici- 
pality, and  by  an  exhaustive  letter  to  the 
Times  in  1898,  in  which  she  dealt  with 
the  proposed  demolitions,  she  succeeded 
in  arousing  considerable  public  interest 
in  the  matter  among  artists  and  others 
in  this  country.  Address  :  II  Palmerino, 
Maiano,  Florence. 

PAIN,  Barry,  author  and  editor, 
began  to  write  when  an  undergraduate 
at  Cambridge,  contributing  to  the  Granta 
the  sketches  and  stories  which  were  after- 
wards published  under  the  title  of  "In  a 
Canadian  Canoe,"  a  work  which  originated 
the  "  New  Humour."  He  became  an  army 
tutor  at  Guildford,  and  it  was  during  this 
period  of  his  career  that  the  late  Mr. 
James  Payn  published  his  story  of  "  The 
Hundred  Gates"  in  Cornhill,  in  1889. 
Early  in  the  following  year  he  was  offered 
work  on  Punch  and  the  Speaker,  and  he 
thereupon  came  to  London.  Since  that 
date  he  has  been  on  the  staff  of  Punch,  and 
has  contributed  "  In  the  Smoking-Koom  " 
weekly  to  Black  and  White.  Since  1897  he 
has  been  editor  of  To-Day,  in  succession 
to  Mr.  Jerome  K.  Jerome.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  "In  a  Canadian  Canoe,"  1891; 
"  Playthings  and  Parodies,"  and  "  Stories 
and  Interludes,"  1892  ;  "  Graeme  and 
Cyril,"  a  boy's  book,  1893  ;  "  Kindness  of 
the  Celestial,"  1894  ;  "  The  Octave  of 
Claudius,"  1897;  "  Wilmay,  and  other 
Stories  of  Women,"  1898,  &c.  He  married 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Rudolf  Lehmann,  the 
famous  portrait-painter.  Address  :  Cuckoo 
Hill,  Pinner,  N.W. 

PAKENHAM,  The  Hon.  Sir 
Francis  John,  K.C.M.G.,  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  Sweden  and  Norway, 
was  born    in   1832,   and   is  the   seventh 


son  of  the  2nd  Earl  of  Longford.  He 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1852, 
and  much  of  his  life  has  been  spent  in 
the  South  American  Republics.  In  1871 
he  was  at  Washington  ;  in  1874  at  Copen- 
hagen ;  and  in  1878  he  was  promoted  to 
be  Minister  to  Chili,  serving  as  Commis- 
sioner under  the  Convention  for  settling 
the  claims  arising  out  of  the  Chili-Peruvian 
War.  In  1885  he  became  Minister  to  the 
Argentine  Republic  in  Paraguay,  which  he 
left  for  his  present  post  in  1896.  In  1879 
he  married  Caroline,  daughter  of  Rev. 
the  Hon.  H.  Ward.  Address  :  British 
Legation,  Stockholm. 

PALGRAVE,  Sir  Reginald  F.  D., 

K. C.B.,  fourth  son  of  the  late  Sir  Francis 
Palgrave,  by  his  wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Dawson  Turner,  of  Great  Yarmouth, 
banker,  was  born  in  London,  June  28,  1829. 
He  was  placed,  through  the  intervention 
of  Sir  R.  H.  Inglis,  by  Sir  D.  Le  Marchant, 
Clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  the 
Committee  Office,  1853  ;  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  Sir  T.  Erskine  May,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Speaker,  Mr.  Evelyn 
Denison,  Examiner  of  Petitions  for  Private 
Bills  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  1866, 
and  Second  Clerk  Assistant  and  Clerk 
Assistant  to  the  House  of  Commons,  1868 
and  1886.  In  1886,  on  the  death  of  Sir 
Thomas  Erskine  May,  he  was  appointed 
Clerk  to  the  House  of  Commons.  He  pub- 
lished (1869)  "The  House  of  Commons; 
Illustrations  of  its  History  and  Practice," 
1877  ;  "  The  Chairman's  Handbook,"  1890  ; 
"Oliver  Cromwell,  the  Protector,  an  Ap- 
preciation "  ;  editing  also  Books  I.  and  II. 
of  Sir  T.  E.  May's  "Treatise  on  the  Law, 
&c,  of  Parliament,"  1893.  He  has  con- 
tributed to  the  Quarterly  Review  articles 
on  "  Pym  and  Shaftesbury,  Two  Popish 
Plots"  (vol.  147),  "The  Fall  of  the  Mon- 
archy of  Charles  I."  (vol.  154),  and  "  Crom- 
well," April  1886.  He  married,  in  1857, 
Grace,  daughter  of  Richard  Battley,  of 
Reigate,  Esq.,  and  was  created  C.B.  1887  ; 
K.C.B.  1892.  Address:  Speaker's  Court, 
Westminster,  S.W. 

PALGRAVE,  Robert  Harry 
Inglis,  F.R.S.,  F.S.S.,  third  son  of  the  late 
Sir  Francis  Palgrave,  Knight  of  Hanover, 
Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Rolls,  was  born  in 
Westminster  on  June  11,  1827  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Charterhouse,  and  entered 
early  the  banking-house  of  Gurneys  &  Co., 
of  Yarmouth  (now  Barclay  &  Co.,  Ltd.),  of 
which  his  grandfather,  Mr.  Dawson  Turner, 
F.R.S.,  and  Mr.  John  Brightwen,  were 
partners.  He  married,  in  1859,  S.  Maria 
Brightwen,  the  niece  of  the  last-named  ; 
she  died  April  11,  1898.  Mr.  Palgrave  has 
occupied  himself  largely  and  with  much 
success  in  the  study  of  economic,  statisti- 


830 


PALISA  — PALMEE 


cal,  and  banking  questions.  In  1870  he 
wrote  a  Prize  Essay,  printed  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society,  upon  the 
"Local  Taxation  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland."  Since  that  date  he  has  con- 
tributed many  papers  on  banking  and 
currency  questions  to  the  'Transactions  of 
the  above  society,  to  those  of  the  Bankers' 
Institute,  and  also  to  the  reports  of  the 
British  Association,  to  the  Bankers'  Maga- 
zine, the  Bankers'  Almanac,  &c,  and  for 
six  years,  dating  from  1877,  he  edited,  in 
part  at  first,  afterwards  solely,  the  Econo- 
mist newspaper.  He  is  the  editor  of  the 
"  Dictionary  of  Political  Economy,"  the 
first  vol.  of  which  was  published  in  1893, 
the  second  in  1896.  In  1882  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  ;  in  1885 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Royal  Com- 
missioners on  the  depression  of  Trade 
and  Industry.  Mr.  Palgrave  has  also 
taken  a  leading  part,  as  president,  or 
otherwise,  in  the  meetings  of  the  section 
of  Economic  Science  and  Statistics  of 
the  British  Association,  and  in  the  very 
important  inquiries  into  the  gold  and 
paper  currency  questions,  which  have 
been  undertaken,  based  partly  on  his  in- 
vestigations, and  with  the  advantage  of 
his  combined  practical  and  scientific 
knowledge,  by  the  Bankers'  Institute, 
and  the  Committee  of  the  Association 
of  English  Country  Bankers.  In  common 
with  his  brothers,  Mr.  R.  H.  Inglis  Pal- 
grave owes  much  to  the  training  he  re- 
ceived from  his  parents,  his  mother, 
Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Dawson 
Turner,  mentioned  above,  being  a  lady  of 
great  accomplishments  and  much  ability. 
His  only  daughter,  Elizabeth,  is  married  to 
the  Rev.  Rowland  V.  Barker.  Addresses  : 
Belton,  near  Great  Yarmouth  ;  and  Athe- 


PAIiISA,  Dr.  J.,  was  born  on  Dec. 
6,  1848,  at  Troppau,  in  Silesia,  and  was 
educated  first  in  his  native  town,  and 
afterwards  at  Vienna  University,  where  he 
devoted  his  attention  to  Mathematics  and 
Physics,  and  was,  in  1870,  appointed  As- 
sistant-Observer at  the  Vienna  Observa- 
tory ;  thence  in  1871  he  went  to  the 
Observatory  at  Geneva,  and  in  1872  he  was 
appointed  Director  of  the  Observatory  at 
Pola,  where  he  had  a  six-inch  meridian 
circle  by  Troughton  &  Simms,  and  a  six- 
inch  refractor  with  which  he  discovered 
no  fewer  than  twenty-eight  minor  planets. 
In  1880  he  left  the  Pola  Observatory, 
and  was  appointed  the  First  Assistant 
at  the  Imperial  Observatory  at  Vienna, 
where  he  has  discovered  fifty-four  more 
minor  planets,  making  the  very  large 
total  of  eighty-two.  Dr.  Palisa,  in  1873, 
married  Friiulein  Florentine  Wlaka,  of 
Troppau. 


PALLES,  The  Right  Hon.  Chris- 
topher, LL.D.,  J.P.,  a  member  of  an  old 
Roman  Catholic  family,  which  has  been 
settled  in  Ireland  since  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, is  the  second  son  of  Mr.  Andrew 
Christopher  Palles,  of  Mount  Palles,  co. 
Cavan,  by  Eleanor,  eldest  daughter  of  Mr. 
Matthew  James  Plunkett,  of  St.  Margaret's, 
co.  Dublin,  and  was  born  in  1831.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  took  his  Bachelor's  degree  in  1852,  and 
was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
at  Dublin  in  1865,  and  was  appointed 
Solicitor-General  for  Ireland  under  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Administration  on  the  promo- 
tion of  Mr.  Dowse  to  the  Attorney-General- 
ship for  Ireland.  On  Mr.  Dowse  being 
elevated  to  the  judicial  bench  in  Nov.  1872, 
Dr.  Palles  succeeded  to  the  latter  office, 
which  he  held  until  the  defeat  of  the 
Liberal  party  at  the  general  election  of 
1874.  Just  before  Mr.  Gladstone's  resig- 
nation, Dr.  Palles  was  appointed  Lord 
Chief  Baron  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer  in 
Ireland,  Feb.  16,  1874.  He  was  a  Joint 
Commissioner  of  the  Great  Seal  from  Sep- 
tember to  December  1883,  and  was  sworn 
of  the  English  Privy  Council  in  1892, 
having  been  made  an  Irish  Privy  Councillor 
in  1872.  He  is  a  J.P.  for  County  Meath, 
Senator  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland, 
Vice-Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Inter- 
mediate Education,  Ireland,  and  a  Com- 
missioner of  National  Education,  Ireland. 
Addresses  :  28  Fitzwilliam  Place,  Dublin, 
&c. ;  and  Athenseum. 

PALMA,  Tomas  Estrada,  Cuban 
Ambassador  to  the  United  States,  was 
born  at  Bayamo,  Cuba,  in  1835.  He  was 
educated  at  Havana  and  Seville.  In  1868 
he  was  nominated  a  member  of  the  Con- 
gress of  the  inchoate  Republic,  and  in 
1875  President  of  the  Provisional  Govern- 
ment. He  is  the  director  of  a  school  for 
the  sons  of  wealthy  Cubans  at  Centre 
Valley,  N.Y. 

PALMER,  Major-General  Sir 
Arthur  Power,  K.C.B.,  Commander  of 
the  Punjab  Frontier  Force,  was  born  in 
1840,  and  was  educated  at  Cheltenham. 
He  entered  the  Indian  army  in  1857,  and 
served  through  the  Indian  Mutiny,  raising 
a  regiment  of  Sikhs  for  service  in  Oudh. 
He  joined  Hodson's  Horse  in  June  1858, 
and  served  with  it  until  the  conclusion  of 
the  Oudh  Campaign.  In  1863  he  was  en- 
gaged on  theN.W.  Frontier,  being  present 
at  the  battle  of  Shubkudder.  He  served 
with  the  10th  Bengal  Lancers  in  the 
Abyssinian  war,  and  was  especially  men- 
tioned by  Lord  Napier  ;  he  was  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  General  Stafford  in-  the  Duffla 
Expedition  of  1874.     He  went  through  the 


PALMER 


831 


Afghan  war,  1878-80,  for  which  he  became 
a  brevet  Lieut. -Colonel,  and  also  through 
the  Soudan  campaign  of  1885,  in  command 
of  the  9th  Bengal  Cavalry,  for  which  he 
received  a  C.B.  He  commanded  the  Chin 
Hills  Expedition  in  1892-93,  and  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  He  married,  in  1867, 
Helen,  daughter  of  Aylmer  Harris,  Esq. 

PALMER,  The  Rev.  Charles 
Ferrers  (Raymond),  second  son  of 
Shirley  Palmer,  M.D.  (well  known  as  a 
medical  writer),  was  born  at  Tamworth, 
Staffordshire,  in  1819,  and  educated  at  the 
Free  Grammar  School  of  that  town,  and  at 
the  Queen's  College  of  Medicine,  Birming- 
ham. He  practised  as  a  surgeon  in  his 
native  town  for  some  years,  and  in  1853, 
joining  the  Dominican  order,  took  orders 
in  1859  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
which  he  had  entered  in  1842.  Father 
Raymund  Palmer  is  employed  in  anti- 
quarian researches,  chiefly  relating  to  the 
history  of  his  order  in  England,  now  being 
published  in  antiquarian  journals.  He  has 
published  "  The  History  of  the  Town  and 
Castle  of  Tamworth,  in  the  Counties  of 
Stafford  and  Warwick,"  in  1845  ;  "  Life  of 
Beato  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  of  the  Order  of 
Friar  Preachers,"  a  translation  from  the 
French  of  E.  Cartier,  with  notes,  in  1865  ; 
"The  Dominican  Tertiary's  Guide,"  to 
which  Fr.  R.  Rodolph  Suffield  also  attached 
his  name,  1866  (2nd  edit.  1868);  "The 
Life  of  Philip  Thomas  Howard,  O.P.,  Car- 
dinal of  Norfolk,  Grand  Almoner  to 
Catherine  of  Braganza,  Queen-Consort  of 
King  Charles  II.,  &c,  with  a  Sketch  of 
the  Rise,  Mission,  and  Influence  of  the 
Dominican  Order,  and  of  its  Early  History 
in  England,"  in  1867;  "The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Collegiate  Church  of 
Tamworth,  in  the  County  of  Stafford,"  in 
1871;  "The  History  of  the  Baronial 
Family  of  Marmion,"  in  1875;  "Obituary 
Notices  of  Dominicans  from  1650,"  1884  ; 
"The  Catholic  Registers  of  Woburn  Lodge 
and  Weybridge,  and  of  Upton  Court,"  pri- 
vately printed  in  1888  and  1889  ;  and  con- 
tributions to  various  periodicals,  chiefly 
on  antiquarian  and  historical  subjects, 
several  of  which  have  been  separately  re- 
printed. His  manuscript  collection  of 
documents  concerning  Tamworth,  in  4 
vols.,  is  now  in  the  British  Museum ; 
where  also  are  reported  the  results  of 
his  Roman  researches  in  1881-82  in  the 
archives  of  the  Master-General  of  the 
Dominican  Order  as  far  as  England  is 
concerned. 

PALMER,  Sir  Charles  Mark,  Bart., 
M.P.,  D.L.,  J. P.,  coal-owner  and  ship- 
builder, born  at  South  Shields,  on  Nov.  3, 
1822,  is  the  son  of  Mr.  George  Palmer, 
a  shipowner  and  merchant  of  Newcastle, 


and  was  educated  in  the  school  of  Dr. 
Bruce,  the  historian  of  the  "  Roman  Wall." 
After  preparing  for  a  commercial  career 
in  France,  he  became  a  partner,  first  with 
his  father,  and  shortly  afterwards,  in  1845, 
with  Mr.  John  Bowes,  M.P.,  Mr.  (after- 
wards Sir  William)  Hutt,  M.P.,  and  Mr. 
Nicholas  Wood  (all  since  deceased), 
in  coal  -  mining  and  coke-making,  and 
extended  their  colliery  operations  from 
a  small  beginning  up  to  a  production 
of  2J  million  tons  per  annum.  In  the 
year  1851  Mr.  Palmer  conceived  the 
idea  of  cheapening  the  transit  of  coal  to 
London  and  other  ports  by  the  employ- 
ment of  steam  collier  vessels,  which  have 
since  completely  superseded  the  old  sailing 
brigs  of  the  north  of  England.  He  estab- 
lished the  shipbuilding  yard  at  Jarrow  on 
the  Tyne,  where  the  first  screw  collier,  the 
John  Bowes,  was  launched  in  1852.  He 
has  since  developed  the  Jarrow  works 
into  the  gigantic  concern,  now  Palmer's 
Shipbuilding  and  Iron  Company,  Ltd., 
which  constructs  an  ocean  steamer  from 
the  iron  ore  of  its  own  Yorkshire  mines, 
through  all  its  processes  into  a  complete 
ship.  From  these  works  the  populous 
modern  town  of  Jarrow  originated.  It 
obtained  a  charter  of  incorporation  in  1875, 
Mr.  Palmer  being  its  first  mayor.  The 
Jarrow  works  have  produced  armour-plated 
and  other  vessels  for  H.  M.  navy,  and  Mr. 
Palmer  was  the  first  to  introduce  rolled 
armour-plates  for  men-of-war.  Sir  C. 
Palmer  is  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieu- 
tenant of  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
and  of  the  county  of  Durham,  is  an  Alder- 
man and  Magistrate  of  the  borough  of 
Jarrow,  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  1st  Newcastle 
and  Durham  Engineer  Volunteers,  and  was 
until  lately  President  of  the  Newcastle 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  At  the  general 
election  of  1874  he  was  returned  M.P.  in 
the  Liberal  interest  for  the  Northern  divi- 
sion of  the  county  of  Durham,  which  he 
continued  to  represent  till  the  Reform  Act 
of  1885,  when  on  the  redistribution  of 
seats  he  was  elected  for  the  Jarrow  divi- 
sion of  the  same  county.  After  the  dis- 
solution of  1886  he  was  re-elected  without 
opposition,  and  was  again  returned  in 
1892  and  1895.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
in  1886.  He  married  (3),  in  1877,  Gertrude, 
daughter  of  James  Montgomery,  D.L.,  J.P., 
of  Cranford.  Address  :  37  Curzon  Street, 
W.,  &c. 


PALMER, 

K.C.M.G.,  K.C.B, 
the  second  son 
was  educated  at 
and  appointed 
cial  Department 
to  Egypt  from 
appointment   of 


Sir    Elwin    Mitford, 

,  born  March  3,  1852,  is 
of  Edward  Palmer,  and 
Lancing  College,  Sussex, 
to  the  Indian  Finan- 
in  1871.  He  proceeded 
India  to  take  up  the 
Director-General  of  Ac- 


832 


PARIS  — PAEKER 


counts  in  1885  ;  and  was  appointed  Finan- 
cial Adviser  to  H.H.  the  Khedive  in  1889. 
Since  1898  he  has  been  Governor  of  the 
National  Bank  of  Egypt.  He  was  created 
C.M.G.  in  1887,  K.C.M.G.  in  1892,  K.C.B. 
in  1897.  He  has  also  the  Grand  Cordons 
of  the  Osmanieh  and  Medjidieh.  Address  : 
Cairo. 

PARIS,  Gaston,  French  philologist, 
the  son  of  Paulin  Paris,  was  born  at 
Avenay,  Marne,  Aug.  9,  1839.  He  was 
educated  at  Rollin  College,  and  at  the 
Universities  of  Bonn  and  Gottingen,  and 
studied  the  Romance  languages  with  Pro- 
fessor Diez.  ,0n  his  return  to  France  he 
entered  the  Ecole  des  Chartes,  pursuing 
at  the  same  time  the  study  of  law,  and 
took  the  degree  of  Docteur-es-lettres  in 
1865.  On  May  12,  1876,  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions 
in  the  place  of  Guigniaut.  Among  other 
interesting  and  curious  works  he  has 
published  "Etude  sur  le  role  de  1'Accent 
latin  dans  la  Langue  frangaise,"  1862  ;  "De 
pseudo-Turpino,"  1865;  "Histoire  poe"tique 
de  Charlemagne,"  1866  ;  "Le  Petit  Poucet 
et  la  Grande  Ourse,"  1875  ;  "La  Poesie  du 
moyen  age,  lecons  et  lectures,"  1888  (2nd 
edit.,  1889);  "La  Literature  frangaise  du 
moyen  age,"  xi.-xiv.,  1888  (2nd  edit., 
1890.  He  has  given  editions  of  several 
old  French  works :  "  La  Vie  de  Saint 
Alexis,"  1872  and  1889  ;  "  Les  Miracles 
de  notre  Dame  par  personnages,"  1877  ; 
"Deux  redactions  du  Roman  des  sept 
Sages  de  Rome,"  1879  ;  "La  Vie  de  Saint 
Gilles,"  1881;  ".Merlin,"  1886;  "  Trois 
redactions  de  l'Evangile  de  Nicodeme," 
1889.  He  has  founded,  together  with 
Paul  Meyer,  the  Revue  Critique,  1866,  the 
Romania,  1872,  and  the  Revue  Historique. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  academies 
of  Munich,  Rome,  Vienna,  Turin,  Berlin, 
&c.  He  was  promoted  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  1886.  His  chief  work 
has  been  the  study  of  the  romances  con- 
nected with  the  name  of  Charlemagne,  in 
which  he  has  combined  accurate  learning 
with  the  power  of  making  dry  bones  live 
again.  In  1896  he  was  elected  to  the 
French  Academy,  and  was  offered  a  medal, 
as  a  memorial  of  his  election,  by  pro- 
fessors and  students  of  Old  French  all 
over  the  world  —  a  school  that  he  has 
practically  founded  single-handed.  He 
is  the  Administrator  of  the  College  de 
France  and  the  Director  of  the  Ecole  des 
Hautes  Etudes.  His  Paris  address  is 
College  de  France. 

PARK,     Edwards     Amasa,     D.D., 

LL.D.,  was  born  at  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  Dec.  29,  1808.  He  graduated  at 
Brown  University  in  1826,  and  at  Andover 
Theological  Seminary  in   1831,   and  was 


pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at 
Braintree,  Massachusetts,  1831-34,  when 
he  became  Professor  of  Mental  and  Moral 
Philosophy  and  of  Hebrew  Literature  at 
Amherst  College.  In  1836  he  became 
Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  at  the  An- 
dover Theological  Seminary.  In  1847  he 
exchanged  this  chair  for  that  of  Christian 
Theology,  and  in  1881  was  retired  as 
Emeritus  Professor.  The  degree  of  D.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Harvard  in 
1844,  and  by  Brown  University  in  1846. 
Dr.  Park  has  for  many  years  been  regarded 
as  a  representative  of  what  is  styled  "  New 
England  Theology."  He  has  been  one  of 
the  editors  of  Bibliotheea  Sacra  from  its 
establishment  in  1844.  Besides  numerous 
review  articles,  pamphlets,  memoirs,  and 
contributions  to  biblical  and  theological 
lexicons  and  cyclopedias,  he  has  published: 
"  Selections  from  German  Literature," 
1839;  "Writings  of  Rev.  William  B. 
Homer,"  1842;  "The  Theology  of  the 
Intellect  and  of  the  Feelings,"  1850; 
"The  Rise  of  the  Edwardean  Theory  of 
the  Atonement,"  1859;  "Life  of  Leonard 
Woods,"  1880  ;  and  "  Discourses  on  some 
Theological  Doctrines  as  related  to  the 
Religious  Character,"  1885 ;  and  in  con- 
junction with  others,  "  The  Sabbath  Hymn- 
Book,"  1858  ;  "  Hymns  and  Choirs,"  1861. 
His  most  elaborate  contribution  to  the 
press  has  been  his  explanation  of  the 
Andover  Theological  Creed.  The  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Har- 
vard University  in  1886. 

PARKER,  Gilbert,  novelist  and  play- 
wright, was  born  in  Canada  on  Nov.  23, 
1862,  and  is  the  second  son  of  Captain 
Joseph  Parker,  R.A.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Toronto,  of  which  he 
is  M.A.  For  some  time  he  was  a  Pro- 
fessor in  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institute, 
Belleville,  Canada.  He  was  ordained  a 
deacon  in  the  Church  of  England,  and 
became  a  lecturer  in  English  Literature  in 
Trinity  College,  Toronto.  In  1886  he  went 
to  Australia  in  search  of  health,  withdrew 
from  the  ministry,  and  became  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Sydney  Morning  Herald. 
At  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  Sydney,  he  pro- 
duced an  adaptation  of  Goethe's  "  Faust" 
in  April  1888.  Afterwards  he  produced 
"  The  Vendetta  "  and  "  No  Defence,"  the 
plays  proving  successful.  He  has  travelled 
extensively  in  Canada  and  in  the  South 
Sea  Islands,  and  now  resides  in  London, 
where  he  is  one  of  the  literary  corre- 
spondents of  the  Sydney  Morning  Herald. 
In  1892  he  published  "Round  the  Com- 
pass in  Australia,"  and  in  the  same  year 
sprang  into  fame  with  his  volume  of 
French-Canadian  stories,  "Pierre  and  his 
People."  His  other  works  include  :  "  Mrs. 
Falchion"  and  "The  Trespasser,"  1893; 


PARKEE  — PARE 


833 


"The  Translation  of  a  Savage,"  1894; 
"When  Valmond  came  to  Pontiac,"  1895  ; 
"The  Seats  of  the  Mighty,"  1896  ;  "The 
Pomp  of  the  Lavillettes,"  1897;  "The 
Battle  of  the  Strong,"  1898.  He  has 
dramatised  "The  Seats  of  the  Mighty," 
which  was  produced  in  America,  and 
chosen  by  Mr.  Tree  as  the  opening  play 
at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre.  Address :  7 
Park  Place,  St.  James's,  S.W. 

PARKER,,  Joseph.,  D.D.,  a  popular 
Congregational  preacher  and  minister  of 
the  City  Temple,  born  April  9,  1830,  at 
Hexham-on-Tyne,  was  educated  at  private 
seminaries  and  University  College,  London. 
He  was  pastor  at  Banbury,  1853-58 ;  at 
Manchester,  1858-69  ;  and  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1869.  He  built  the  City  Temple  at 
a  cost  of  £70,000.  He  has  been  Chairman 
of  the  Lancashire  Congregational  Union  ; 
Chairman  of  the  Manchester  Congrega- 
tional Board ;  twice  Chairman  of  the 
London  Congregational  Board;  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Congregational  Union  of 
England  and  Wales.  Dr.  Parker  is  the 
author  of  "The  People's  Bible"  (25  vols.)  ; 
"  The  Paraclete  "  ;  "  Ecce  Deus  "  ;  "Ad 
Clerum";  "Weaver  Stephen";  "Spring- 
dale  Abbey  "  ;  "  Studies  in  Texts  "  ;  and 
many  other  works.  In  November  1894  he 
wrote  to  the  Times  to  point  out  that  the 
custom  of.  reporting  and  publishing  ser- 
mons is  a  form  of  literary  piracy  against 
which  preachers  should  protect  themselves. 
The  Honorary  Degree  of  D.D.  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  University  of  Chicago. 
In  1898  he  celebrated  his  jubilee  as  a 
preacher.  Mrs.  Parker,  a  lady  of  many 
accomplishments,  and  for  many  years  his 
devoted  helper,  died  on  Jan.  26,  1898. 
Address :  14  Lyndhurst  Gardens,  South 
Hampstead,  N.W. 

PARKER,  Louis  N.,  Fellow  of  the 
Boyal  Academy  of  Music,  was  born  in 
Calvados,  France,  on  Oct.  21,  1852,  and 
is  the  only  son  of  Charles  Albert  Parker. 
He  was  educated  at  Freiburg  in  Germany. 
He  became  a  pupil  of  Sir  Sterndale  Ben- 
nett, &c,  at  the  Boyal  Academy  of  Music, 
of  which  institution  he  was  elected  As- 
sociate in  1874,  and  Fellow  in  1898.  He 
was  Director  of  the  Music  in  Sherborne 
School  from  1872  to  1892,  during  which 
period  the  following  musical  compositions 
were  published  :  "  Silvia,"  "  The  23rd 
Psalm,"  "The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus," 
"Young  Tamlane,"  "Ball  Margaret,"  all 
cantatas  for  solo,  chorus,  and  orchestra, 
besides  songs,  part-songs,  and  instrumental 
music.  In  1892  his  increasing  interest  in 
the  drama  brought  him  to  London,  where 
he  has  produced  the  following  plays,  either 
alone  or  in  collaboration:  "A  Buried 
Talent,"  "Taunton  Vale,"  "Chris,"  "The 


Sequel,"  "The  Love-knot,"  "The  Ordeal," 
"Love  in  a  Mist,"  "The  Bohemians," 
"David,"  "Gudgeons,"  "The  Blue  Boar," 
"Rosemary,"  "Change  Alley,"  "There's 
no  Jesting  with  Some "  (the  last  six  in 
collaboration  with  Mr.  Murray  Carson), 
"Once  Upon  a  Time"  (Fulda),  "Rosmers- 
holm"  (Ibsen),  "Love  in  Idleness"  (Good- 
win), "Magda"  (Sudernumn),  "The  May 
Flower,"  "The  Man  in  the  Street,"  "The 
Vagabond  King,"  "  The  Happy  Life," 
"Bagged  Robin"  (liichepin),  "The  Trea- 
sure-Hunters," "The  Swashbuckler,"  and 
"Lancelot  of  the  Lake."  In  1878  he 
married  Georgiana,  eldest  daughter  of 
Charles  Calder,  of  Sherborne.  Permanent 
address  :  75  Gunterstone  Road,  West  Ken- 
sington, W. 

PARKINSON,  Joseph  Charles,  born 
in  London  in  1833,  obtained  an  appoint- 
ment in  Somerset  House  (Inland  Revenue 
Department)  in  1855,  after  the  Civil 
Service  Commission  had  been  established 
by  Order  in  Council.  He  published  in  1859 
"Under  Government,"  the  first  complete 
guide  to  the  various  departments  of  the 
Civil  Service.  This  work,  which  ran 
through  many  editions,  was  followed  in 
1860  by  a  handbook  of  "  Government  Exa- 
minations." In  1864  Mr.  Parkinson's 
abilities  as  a  journalist  were  recognised 
by  the  Daily  News,  and  for  the  next  ten 
years  he  was  one  of  the  steadiest  and  most 
esteemed  contributors  to  that  journal, 
mainly  on  the  abolition  of  public  execu- 
tions, poor-law  reform,  and  the  preserva- 
tion of  commons.  In  conjunction  with 
the  Duke  of  Westminster,  the  late  Arch- 
bishop of  York,  the  late  Dr.  Anstie,  and 
others,  Mr.  Parkinson  worked  by  pen  and 
speech  to  promote  that  reform  in  work- 
house infirmaries  which  culminated  in  Mr. 
Gathorne  Hardy's  measure.  In  1869  he 
visited  Egypt  as  the  guest  of  the  Viceroy, 
and  described  for  the  Daily  News  the 
opening  of  the  Suez  Canal.  He  next 
visited  India  on  a  special  mission  for  the 
telegraphic  authorities,  and  published  an 
account  of  his  visit,  "  The  Ocean  Telegraph 
to  India."  Mr.  Parkinson  has  of  late  years 
retired  from  journalism,  and  occupies  him- 
self in  the  direction  of  several  well-known 
industrial  and  scientific  enterprises. 

PARR,  Mrs.  Louisa,  only  child  of 
Matthew  Taylor,  R.M.,  was  born  in  London, 
but  spent  the  years  of  her  early  life  in 
Devonshire.  Her  first  venture  into  print 
was  made  in  1868,  when  a  short  story 
appeared  under  her  name  in  Good  Words, 
entitled,  "  How  it  all  Happened."  It  was 
a  slight  story,  but  most  gracefully  told, 
and  it  at  once  attracted  so  much  atten- 
tion, that  versions  of  it  were  published  in 
several  foreign  languages,  and  it  was  re- 

3g 


834 


PAERY  — PARSONS 


produced  in  the  Journal  des  Ddbats,  not- 
withstanding the  editor's  general  rule 
against  the  acceptance  of  translations. 
Upon  her  marriage  with  a  gentleman  in 
the  medical  profession,  which  took  place 
in  1869,  Mrs.  Parr  came  to  live  in  London, 
and  the  scene  of  her  principal  literary 
labours  has  been  the  house  in  Kensington, 
where  she  has  ever  since  resided.  "Doro- 
thy Fox,"  Mrs.  Parr's  first  three-volume 
novel,  was  published  in  1870.  This  book 
dealt  withQuaker  life,  and  at  once  delighted 
the  public.  In  the  United  States  it  was  as 
well  received  as  in  England,  in  proof 
of  which  it  may  be  mentioned  that  an 
American  publisher  paid  £300  for  the  ad- 
vance sheets  of  her  next  story,  "The 
Prescotts."  A  first  collection  of  short 
stories  was  published  in  1871,  bearing  the 
title  of  her  first  sketch,  "How  it  all 
Happened "  ;  this  was  followed  in  1874 
by  another  series  in  two  volumes  called 
"The  Gosau  Smithy."  "Adam  and  Eve," 
which  came  out  at  first  as  a  serial,  and 
was  published  in  book  form  in  1880, 
marked  an  important  advance  on  all  pre- 
vious efforts.  A  comparison  between  this 
work  and  "Dorothy  Fox,"  its  predecessor 
by  ten  years,  shows  at  once  how  greatly 
Mrs.  Parr's  skill  had  ripened  and  matured 
in  the  interval.  In  "  Adam  and  Eve  "  all 
trace  of  amateurishness  had  disappeared, 
and  Mrs.  Parr  had  become  thoroughly 
mistress  of  her  art.  "  Robin  "  appeared 
in  1882,  and  "Loyalty  George,"  her  master- 
piece, in  1888.  In  1892  she  published 
"The  Squire,"  and  in  1893,  "Can  this  be 
Love  ? "  "  The  Follies  of  Fashion,"  which 
since  1893  have  been  such  an  attractive 
feature  of  the  Pall  Mall  Magazine,  are  by 
Mrs.  Parr.  The  illustrations  are  taken 
from  Dr.  Parr's  valuable  collection  of  old 
prints.  Address :  18  Upper  Phillimore 
Place,  Kensington,  W. 

PAEEJ,  Sir  Charles  Hubert  Hast- 
ings, Hon.  D.C.L.  Durham,  M.A.,  Mus. 
Doc.  Oxford,  Honorary  Mus.  Doc.  Cam- 
bridge and  Dublin,  Director  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Music  (1895),  Choragus  of  Ox- 
ford University  (1884),  Hon.  Fellow  of 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  is  the  son  of  T. 
Gambier  Parry,  of  Highnam  Court,  in 
Gloucestershire,  and  was  born  at  Bourne- 
mouth, Feb.  27,  1848.  He  went  to  Eton 
in  1861,  working  at  harmony,  &c,  with 
Sir  George  Elvey,  organist  at  Windsor, 
and  made  sufficient  progress  to  pass  the 
examination  for  the  musical  bachelor's 
degree  at  Oxford  before  leaving  the  school. 
He  proceeded  to  Oxford  in  1866,  and  in 
1870  took  a  second  class  in  Law  and 
History.  At  intervals  he  worked  at  music, 
with  Sir  William  Sterndale  Bennett  first, 
then  with  Sir  G.  A.  Macfarren,  and  Mr.  E. 
Dannreuther,  and  began  to  contribute  to 


Sir  George  Grove's  "  Dictionary  of  Music." 
In  1873  he  gave  up  business  in  the  City 
and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  music. 
Amongst  Mr.  Parry's  compositions  are: 
"  Duo,"  in  E  minor,  for  two  pianofortes  ; 
Fantasia-Sonata  for  pianoforte  and  violin  ; 
Sonata  in  A  for  pianoforte  and  violoncello ; 
Trios  for  pianoforte  and  strings  ;  Quartet 
for  same  ;  String  Quartet  in  G,  and  String 
Quintet  in  E  flat ;  Pianoforte  Concerto ; 
Variations  on  an  original  theme  for  piano- 
forte; Overtures,  "Guillem  de  Cabestanb," 
and  "An  Unwritten  Tragedy";  Four 
Symphonies,  and  a  Symphonic  Suite ; 
"  Scenes  from  Shelley's  Prometheus  Un- 
bound," Gloucester  Festival,  1880  ;  "Music 
to  the  'Birds'  of  Aristophanes,"  Cam- 
bridge, 1884;  "Music  to  the  'Frogs'  of 
Aristophanes,"  Oxford,  1893 ;  Music  to 
Hypatia ;  Ode  for  chorus  and  orchestra, 
"  The  Glories  of  our  Blood  and  State  "  ;  an 
opera,  "  Lancelot  and  Guinevere  "  ;  Ode 
for  eight-part  chorus  and  orchestra,  "  Blest 
Pair  of  Sirens  "  ;  Oratorio,  "Judith,"  Bir- 
mingham Festival,  1888  ;  "  Ode  for  St. 
Cecilia's  Day,"  Leeds  Festival,  1889 ; 
"L'Allegro  ed  II  Penseroso,"  a  cantata, 
Norwich  Festival,  1890;  a  fine  setting  of 
"  De  Profundis,"  Hereford  Festival,  1891. 
Since  then  he  has  produced  his  greatest 
oratorio,  "Job."  At  the  Birmingham 
Festival  in  1894  he  produced  "King 
Saul,"  another  oratorio.  To  these  may  be 
added  "The  Invocation  to  Music,"  Leeds, 
1895;  "Magnificat,"  Hereford,  1897; 
"Symphonic  Variations,"  Philharmonic, 
1897  ;  also  "  Studies  of  Great  Composers  "  ; 
a  "  Summary  of  the  History  of  Music " 
(Novello);  "The  Evolution  of  the  Art  of 
Music"  (Kegan  Paul).  The  honour  of 
knighthood  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
June  1898.  In  1872  he  married  Lady 
Maude  Herbert,  with  whose  family  he  had 
been  intimate  since  boyhood.  Addresses : 
Highnam  Court,  Gloucester;  17  Kensington 
Square,  W.,  &c. 

PARSONS,  Alfred  "William,  A.R.A., 
R.I.,  landscape  painter,  son  of  Joshua 
Parsons,  M.R.C.S.,  was  born  at  Becking- 
ton,  in  Somersetshire,  Dec.  2,  1847,  and 
educated  at  private  schools.  In  1865  he 
became  a  clerk  in  the  Savings  Bank  De- 
partment of  the  General  Post  Office, 
drawing  in  the  evening  at  Heatherley's 
and  the  South  Kensington  Art  Schools. 
In  1867  he  left  the  Civil  Service,  and  re- 
turned to  Somersetshire  and  studied 
painting,  working  from  nature,  without 
masters.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
committee  of  the  General  Exhibition  of 
Water-Colour  Drawings  in  1879.  On  the 
dissolution  of  that  Society,  he,  with  the 
other  members  of  the  committee,  joined 
the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours.      His  first   picture   exhibited  in 


PAKTEIDGE  —  PATERSON 


835 


the  Royal  Academy  was  in  1871 ;  his 
principal  exhibited  works  since  then  have 
been  "Fallen,"  Royal  Academy,  1878; 
"  The  Ending  of  Summer,"  Royal  Academy, 
1879;  "The  Gathering  Swallows,"  Gros- 
venor Gallerv,  1880;  "The  Road  to  the 
Farm,"  Royai  Academy,  1881  ;  "The  First 
Frost,"  Royal  Academy,  1883,  which 
afterwards  obtained  a  mention  honorable 
in  the  Paris  Salon  ;  "  The  Gladness  of  the 
May,"  Grosvenor  Gallery,  1883;  "After 
Work,"  Royal  Academy,  1884  ;  "  Meadows 
by  the  Avon,"  Grosvenor  Gallery,  1884 ; 
"  In  a  Cider  Country,"  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
1886  (engraved  in  mezzotint  by  F.  Short), 
and  a  series  of  water-colour  drawings 
illustrating  the  scenery  of  the  Warwick- 
shire Avon,  which  were  exhibited  by  the 
Fine  Art  Society  in  the  spring  of  1885 ; 
"When  Nature  painted  all  Things  Gay," 
exhibited  in  the  Royal  Academy,  1887,  and 
purchased  by  the  Council  under  the  terms 
of  the  Chantrey  bequest.  In  recent  Royal 
Academies  he  has  exhibited  "  The  Thorn," 
1895  ;  "A  Mid  May  Morning,"  and  "The 
Rain  is  over  and  gone,"  1896  ;  "  The  Star 
that  bids  the  Shepherd  fold,"  a  "  Japanese 
Iris,  and  Daffodils,"  1897;  "Near  the 
Keepers,"  "The  Mooters,  Bishops  wood, 
Herefordshire,"  and  "  Megeve,  Savoy," 
1898  ;  "  The  Village  by  the  Links," 
and  two  water-colours,  1899.  Mr.  Par- 
sons received  a  Gold  Medal  for  Water- 
Colour,  and  Silver  Medal  for  Oil  Paint- 
ing, awarded  to  pictures  exhibited  at 
the  Universal  Exhibition,  Paris,  1889, 
two  medals  for  Oil  and  Water-Colour 
Painting  at  the  International  Exhibition 
at  Chicago,  1893,  and  a  Gold  Medal  (second 
class)  at  the  International  Exhibition  of 
pictures  at  Munich  in  the  same  year.  In 
1892  he  went  to  Japan,  and  the  results  of 
his  stay  of  nine  months  in  that  country 
were  exhibited  at  the  galleries  of  the 
American  Art  Association  in  New  York,  at 
the  St.  Botolph  Club  in  Boston,  U.S.A., 
and  at  the  Fine  Art  Society  in  London. 
Mr.  Parsons  has  also  worked  in  black  and 
white.  His  principal  illustrations  have 
been  done  for  "Old  Songs"  and  "The 
Quiet  Life"  (in  conjunction  with  Mr.  E.  A. 
Abbey),  and  for  "The  Warwickshire 
Avon,"  "Wordsworth's  Sonnets,"  and 
"The  Danube,  from  the  Black  Forest  to 
the  Black  Sea,"  a  journey  made  with  Mr. 
F.  D.  Millet  in  1891.  Address  :  54  Bed- 
ford Gardens,  Kensington,  W. 

PARTRIDGE,  Bernard,  R.I.,  born 
in  London,  October  11,  1861,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Richard  Partridge, 
President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  F.R.S.,  M.R.C.S.,  &c.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  to  the  Royal  Academy. 
Educated  at  Stonyhurst  College,  Lanca- 
shire,  he   then   worked    at   stained-glass 


designing  with  Messrs.  Lewes,  Barrand,  and 
Westlake,  and  afterwards  at  stained-glass 
and  church  decoration  with  the  late  Mr. 
Philip  Westlake,  from  1879  to  1883.  He 
next  took  up  drawing  for  the  press, 
worked  chiefly  on  Judy,  Lady's  Pictorial, 
and  Illustrated  London  News,  and  joined 
the  staff  of  Punch  in  1891.  He  has  illus- 
trated several  books,  including  "Stage- 
land,"  by  J.  K.  Jerome,  and  "The 
Travelling  Companions,"  "Voces  Populi," 
"Pocket  Ibsen,"  "Man  from  Blankley's," 
and  "Under  the  Rose,"  by  F.  Anstey. 
His  water-colours  and  black-and-white 
drawings  have  been  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1896,  1897,  1898;  also  at 
the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours,  and  the  New  English  Art  Club,  of 
the  two  latter  of  which  he  is  a  member. 
Mr.  Partridge  has  adopted  the  stage  name 
of  Bernard  Gould,  and  has  played  in 
various  London  productions  since  1886, 
including  "The  Hobbyhorse,"  "The 
Pointsman,"  "Sweet  Lavender,"  "Wood- 
barrow  Farm,"  "New  Lamps  for  Old," 
"Arms  and  the  Man,"  "Under  the  Red 
Robe,"  "Hamlet,"  &c.  He  married  Lydia 
F.  Harvey  in  1897.  Address :  Garrick 
Club,  W.C. 

PATERSON,    William    Romaine, 

"Benjamin  Swift,"  was  born  in  Glasgow, 
July  29,  1871,  in  the  house  which  is  now 
occupied  by  the  Art  Club.  His  father, 
the  late  Robert  Paterson,  M.D.,  who  was  a 
successful  and  widely  known  physician 
and  a  man  of  acute  intellect,  died  while 
the  author  was  only  two  years  old.  His 
upbringing,  which  was  extremely  religious, 
was  thus  left  in  the  hands  of  his  mother, 
who  comes  of  a  race  of  Scotch  bankers. 
At  the  age  of  seven  the  author  was  put  to 
school  in  Glasgow  at  the  Albany  Academy. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  sent  to  a 
boarding  school  in  Lausanne  (La  Villa, 
Onchy)  for  the  purpose  of  learning  French. 
He  remained  a  year,  and  on  his  return 
entered  Glasgow  University.  Owing  to 
ill  health  his  course  was  irregular  and 
retarded,  but  in  the  department  of  Philo- 
sophy and  Literature  he  was  awarded  a 
high  place.  He  won  the  prize  of  the  Lord 
Rector  (Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour)  for  an  Essay  on 
Progress  which  was  open  to  the  University. 
In  1894-95  he  graduated  M.A.  with  first- 
class  Honours  in  Philosophy,  and  was 
awarded  a  Fellowship.  Thereafter  he 
travelled  extensively  in  Europe,  especially 
in  Austria,  France,  and  Italy,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  German,  French,  and 
Italian.  He  learned  Italian  in  the  monas- 
tery of  Monte  Oliveto  near  Siena.  On  his 
return  from  Italy  in  the  summer  of  1896 
he  published  his  first  work  "Nancy 
Noon "  (London  :  T.  Fisher  Unwin).  A 
second    edition    was    called    for    shortly 


836 


PATON  — PATTI 


after.  In  October  1897  appeared  "  The 
Tormentor"  (London:  T.  Fisher  Unwin) ; 
in  April  1898  "The  Destroyer"  (London  : 
T.  Fisher  Unwin),  2nd  edit.,  May  1898. 
Cosmopolis  for  December  1897  contains  an 
article  on  the  "  Functions  of  Art,"  by  "  Ben- 
jamin Swift."  In  the  Glasgow  Herald, 
January  1898,  he  wrote  an  article  on  "  Legal 
Infanticide  in  Italy."  Address :  5  Cornwall 
Mansions,  Cornwall  Gardens,  S.W. 

PATON,  Sir  Joseph  Noel,  E.S.A., 
LL.D.,  D.L.,  the  Queen's  Limner  for  Scot- 
land, born  at  Dunfermline,  Fifeshire,  in 
1821,  was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  London  in  1843,  and  first  be- 
came known  to  the  public  by  his  outline 
etchings  illustrative  of  Shakespeare  and 
Shelley.  His  cartoon  of  the  "  Spirit  of 
Religion "  gained  one  of  the  three  pre- 
miums awarded  at  the  Westminster  Hall 
competition  of  1845,  and  his  oil  pictures 
of  "Christ  Bearing  the  Cross"  and  "Re- 
conciliation of  Oberon  and  Titania  " — the 
former  of  colossal  size,  the  latter  small — 
jointly  gained  a  prize,  in  the  second  class, 
of  £300,  in  1847.  The  latter  picture, 
prior  to  its  exhibition  in  London,  was 
bought  by  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
for  the  Scottish  National  Gallery,  and 
"The  Quarrel  of  Oberon  and  Titania," 
painted  in  1849,  and  purchased  for  £700, 
also  for  the  Scottish  National  Gallery,  by 
the  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  the 
Fine  Arts  in  Scotland,  was  exhibited  in 
the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855,  where  it 
received  honourable  mention.  Amongst 
his  numerous  pictures  and  sketches  from 
the  works  of  the  poets  may  be  mentioned 
"  Dante  Meditating  the  Episode  of  Fran- 
cesca,"  1852  ;  and  "The Dead  Lady,"  1854 
(engraved).  Other  pictures  are :  Large 
allegory,  since  engraved,  "The  Pursuit 
of  Pleasure,"  1855  ;  "  Home,"  which  has 
been  engraved,  and  of  which  a  replica 
was  executed  by  command  of  her  Ma- 
jesty, which  was  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy Exhibition  in  1856;  "Hesperus," 
1857  (engraved) ;  "In  Memoriam,"  which 
has  been  engraved,  and  of  which  a  photo- 
graph was  executed  for  the  Queen,  1858  ; 
and  "  Dawn  :  Luther  at  Erfurt,"  considered 
by  many  his  finest  work,  1861;  "Fact 
and  Fancy,"  1864  (engraved);  "Nicker 
the  Soulless,"  1869.  Mr.  Noel  Paton  exe- 
cuted, in  the  spring  of  1860,  a  series  of 
six  pictures  illustrative  of  the  old  Border 
ballad,  "The  Dowie  Dens  of  Yarrow," 
painted  for  the  Association  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  the  Fine  Arts  in  Scotland.  It 
was  engraved  by  that  body  for  their  sub- 
scribers. In  1863  he  executed  illustrations 
of  "The  Ancient  Mariner"  for  the  Art 
Union  of  London  ;  and  in  1866  painted 
"Mors  Janua  Vitas"  (engraved).  He  was 
appointed  the  Queen's  Limner  for  Scot- 


land in  1865,  and  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  April  12,  1867.  In  the  latter 
year  appeared  "A  Fairy  Raid,"  and  in 
1868  "Caliban  Listening  to  the  Music." 
Of  his  subsequent  pictures  the  more  im- 
portant are,  "Faith  and  Reason,"  1871 
(engraved) ;  "  Christ  and  Mary  at  the 
Sepulchre,"  and  "Oskold  and  the  Elle- 
Maids,"  1873  ;  "  Satan  Watching  the  Sleep 
of  Christ,"  1874  (engraved) ;  "  The  Man  of 
Sorrows,"  1875  (engraved);  "The  Spirit 
of  Twilight "  and  "  Christ  the  Great  Shep- 
herd," 1876  (engraved);  and  "The  Man 
with  the  Muck  Rake,"  1877  (engraved). 
Subsequently  to  1877  he  painted  "Thy 
Will  be  Done,"  1878  (engraved);  "A 
Dream  of  Latmos,"  "Sir  Galahad  and 
the  Vision  of  the  Sangreal,"  and  "Lux 
in  Tenebris,"  1879  (engraved);  "In  Die 
Malo"  (engraved),  and  designs  for  large 
stained  -  glass  window  in  Dunfermline 
Abbey  Church,  1882  ;  "  Vigilate  et  Orate," 
painted  for  the  Queen,  1885  (engraved) ; 
"The  Choice,"  1886  (engraved);  "St. 
Margaret  Reading  the  Gospels  to  Malcolm 
Caenmore,"  1887  ;  "  Vade,  Satana!  "  1888 
(engraved);  "Beati  Mundo  Corde,"  1890 
(engraved);  "Ezekiel's  Vision  of  Dry 
Bones,"  1891;  "De  Profundis,"  1892  (en- 
graved) ;  "The  Prayer  on  Hermon,"  1895. 
His  sculptures  include :  Group  of  Lion 
and  Typhon,  designed  for  the  Wallace 
Monument  on  the  Abbey  Craig,  Stirling, 
1859;  and  "The  Parting  of  the  Ways," 
alto-relievo  in  bronze  for  the  Coats  Free 
Library,  Paisley,  1881.  He  is  the  author 
of  two  volumes  of  poems,  and  in  1876 
received  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  In 
1858  he  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Alexander  Ferrier  of  Bloomhill.  His  per- 
manent address  is:  33  George  Square, 
Edinburgh. 

PATTERSON,  The  Eight  Rev. 
James  Laird,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Emmaus, 
born  in  London,  Nov.  16,  1822,  was  edu- 
cated in  Germany  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  (M.A.  1846).  From  1845  to  1849 
he  was  Curate  of  St.  Thomas's,  Oxford, 
but  in  1850  he  entered  the  Catholic  Church, 
and  for  eleven  years  was  attached  to  St. 
Mary's,  Moorfields.  In  1865  he  was  ap- 
pointed Honorary  Chamberlain  to  the 
Pope,  and  Domestic  Prelate  in  1872.  In 
1880  he  was  consecrated  Titular  Bishop  of 
Emmaus,  and  was  given  the  rectorship  of 
St.  Mary's,  Chelsea,  in  1881.  Mgr.  Patter- 
son is  the  author  of  a  "  Tour  in  Palestine," 
published  in  1852,  &c.  Address :  St. 
Mary's,  Cadogan  Street,  S.W. 

PATTI,  Adelina,  nie  Adelina 
Maria  Clorinda  Patti,  Baroness 
Cederstrom,  prima  donna,  daughter  of 
Salvatori  Patti,  is   of  Italian  extraction, 


PATTON 


837 


and  was  born  in  Madrid,  Feb.  19,  1843. 
After  a  course  of   professional   training 
under  her  brother-in-law,  Maurice  Stra- 
kosch,  she  appeared  at  New  York,  Not.  21, 
1859,  and  reports  of   her  fame  reached 
these  shores,  where  a  much  more  brilliant 
success  awaited  her.     She  made  her  first 
appearance  in  London  at  the  Italian  Opera 
House,   Covent  Garden,   in   the    part   of 
Amina,    in    "  La   Somnambula,"   May   14, 
1861,  and  so  favourable  was  the  impression 
created  that  she  became  at  once  the  prime 
favourite  of  the  day.    To  Amina  succeeded 
her    equally    successful    performance    of 
Lucia,  in  Donizetti's  opera,  but  she  gave 
still  greater  reason  for  approbation  by  her 
representation  of  Violetta  in  "  La  Traviata," 
to  which  she  imparted  a  purity  with  which 
the  part  had  never  before  been  invested. 
Her  Zerlina  was  also  much  admired,  while 
in  Martha  she  displayed  so  original  a  vein 
of  arch  comedy  as  to  give  an  unwonted 
interest  to  the  performance.    Mdlle.  Patti, 
with    laudable    ambition,    attempted,    in 
the  summer  of  1863,  the  difficult  part  of 
Ninetta,  in  "  La  Gazza  Ladra,"  and  her 
spirited  rendering  of  the  character  fully 
sustained    her   high   reputation,    both   as 
Norina,  in  "Don  Pasquale,"  and  as  Adina, 
in  "L'Elisire  d'Amore."      Undaunted   by 
the  success  of   rival  celebrities  who   had 
preceded  her,  she  in  1864  took  the  part 
of  Margherita,  in  Gounod's  "Faust,"  and 
her  performance  was  pronounced  by  some 
critics   to   be   superior   to   that   of    every 
other  representative  of  the  character.   She 
achieved  a  fresh  success   in  the   part   of 
Juliet,  in  Gounod's  "  Romeo  and  Juliet," 
which  proved  the  great  attraction  of  the 
operatic  season  of  1867.     Mdlle.  Patti  has 
been  equally  successful  on  the  Continent 
of  Europe.     In  the  early  part  of  1870  she 
visited   Russia,  where   she   met   with   an 
enthusiastic  welcome,  receiving  from  the 
Emperor  Alexander  the  Order  of   Merit, 
and  the  appointment  of  First  Singer  at 
the  Imperial  Court.      Early  in  1888   Ma- 
dame  Patti   accepted   an   engagement  to 
sing  in  the  Argentine  Republic.     Her  tour 
through  that  State  was  the  most  successful 
she  had  ever  made.     She  was  paid  £1200 
a  night,  and   gave   thirty-three   perform- 
ances.    She  returned  there  the  following 
year,  when  she  had  even  a  greater  success. 
In   May   1868   she   was   married,    at    the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  Clapham,  to  M. 
Louis  S^bastien   Henri   de  Roger  de  Ca- 
huzac,  Marquis  de  Caux,  from  whom  she 
was   afterwards   divorced.      In    1886   she 
was  married,  in  Wales,  to  Signor  Nicolini, 
the  tenor   singer,    who   died    in  January 
1898,  and  her  marriage  to  Baron  Ceder- 
strom  took  place  in  January  1899.      The 
wedding  was  an  exceptional  social  event, 
and  on  the  wedding  day  the  popular  com- 
plimentary demonstrations  along  the  line 


of  route  from  the  great  diva's  Welsh 
home  to  London  marked  the  extreme  hold 
she  has  taken  on  the  hearts  of  her  innu- 
merable admirers.  Baron  Olof  Rudolph 
Cederstrom  became  a  naturalised  British 
subject  in  February  1899.  She  now  re- 
sides chiefly  at  Craig-y-nos,  her  Welsh 
country  seat,  where  in  1891  she  opened  a 
private  theatre.  In  October  1893  she 
started  for  her  farewell  tour  in  the  United 
States.  Madame  Patti  still  sings  at  Albert 
Hall  concerts  in  London,  which  are  known 
as  "Patti  Concerts."  Address:  Craig-y- 
nos  Castle,  Wales. 

PATTON,  Francis  Landey,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Warwick,  Bermuda, 
Jan.  22,  1843.  His  family  removed  to 
Canada  while  he  was  a  boy,  and  he  was 
educated  at  University  College,  Toronto  ; 
studying  theology  later  at  Knox  College, 
Toronto,  and  at  the  Princeton  (New  York) 
Theological  Seminary,  from  the  latter  of 
which  he  graduated  in  1865.  From  1865 
to  1867  he  was  pastor  of  the  Eighty-fourth 
Street  Church  in  New  York  ;  1867-71,  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Nyack,  New 
York  ;  1871-72,  of  the  South  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Brooklyn,  New  York ;  and 
1874-81,  of  the  Jefferson  Park  Presby- 
terian Church  in  Chicago.  He  edited  the 
Interior,  a  denominational  Chicago  paper, 
from  1873  to  1876,  and  was  Professor  of 
Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology  in  the 
Presbvterian  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
North-west,  Chicago,  1871-1881.  While 
at  Chicago  his  successful  prosecution  of 
Professor  David  Swing  for  heterodoxy 
brought  him  into  general  prominence  as  a 
theological  writer  and  speaker,  and  pro- 
cured him  the  appointment  in  1881  to 
the  Stuart  Professorship  of  the  Relation 
of  Philosophy  and  Science  to  the  Christian 
Religion,  a  chair  especially  founded  for 
him  at  the  Princeton  Seminary.  In  ad- 
dition to  filling  the  duties  of  that  depart- 
ment, he  also  lectured  on  ethics  before 
the  College  of  New  Jersey  (to  which  the 
Seminary  is  attached),  and  in  1885  was 
made  a  Professor  of  the  College  on  that 
subject.  On  the  resignation  of  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  College  by  Dr.  McCosh,  Dr. 
Patton  was  chosen  to  succeed  him,  and  he 
assumed  the  office  in  June  1888.  The 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Hanover  College,  Indiana,  in  1872,  and 
that  of  LL.D.  by  Wooster  University, 
Ohio,  in  1878,  and  by  Harvard  University 
in  1889.  Besides  his  work  on  the  Interior, 
he  was  for  a  number  of  years  associate 
editor  of  both  the  Presbyterian  Review  and 
the  New  Princeton  Review,  and  he  has  been 
a  voluminous  contributor  to  magazines 
and  papers.  His  published  works  in- 
clude "  The  Inspiration  of  the  Scriptures," 
1865 ;  "A  Summary  of  Christian  Doctrine," 


838 


PAUNCEFOTE  —  PAYNE 


1874;  and  "The  Doctrine  of  a  Future 
Retribution." 

PAUNCEFOTE,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Julian,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  third  son 
of  the  late  Robert  Pauncefote,  Esq.,  of 
Preston  Court,  Gloucestershire,  was  born 
at  Munich,  Sept.  13,  1828,  and  educated 
in  Paris,  Geneva,  and  at  Marlborough  Col- 
lege. He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1852,  and  joined  the 
Oxford  Circuit.  He  was  appointed  Attor- 
ney-General of  Hong-Kong  in  May  1865, 
and  acted  as  Chief -Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1869,  and  again  in  1872.  He 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Executive  and 
Legislative  Councils  of  Hong-Kong  for  his 
services  to  the  colony,  and  in  1874  was 
knighted  by  patent.  He  was  appointed 
Chief-Justice  of  the  Leeward  Islands  in 
1873,  and  in  1874  Legal  Assistant  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies.  In 
1876  he  was  appointed  Assistant  (Legal) 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Af- 
fairs. He  was  created  a  C.B.  and  a 
K.C.M.G.  in  1880,  and  in  1882  he  suc- 
ceeded the  late  Lord  Tenterden  as  Per- 
manent Under  -  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs.  In  1885  he  received  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George.  In  1888  Sir  Julian  suc- 
ceeded Lord  Sackville  as  British  Minister 
at  Washington.  In  1892  he  received  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath  for  his  diplomatic 
services,  and  in  1893  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States.  On 
Nov.  21,  1894,  during  a  visit  home,  Sir 
Julian  Pauncefote  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council.  His  action  at  Washington  has 
done  much  to  bring  together  the  two 
branches  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  and  he 
possesses  the  confidence  of  the  leading 
men  of  both  nations,  especially  of  his  old 
chief,  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury.  He  was 
one  of  the  delegates  from  Great  Britain  at 
the  Peace  Conference  held  at  the  Hague 
in  1899. 

PAVY,  Frederick  "WiUiam,  LL.D. 

Glasgow,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  F.R.S.,  was  for- 
merly Lecturer  on  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,  on  Physiology,  and 
on  Comparative  Anatomy  at  Guy's  Hospi- 
tal. He  is  now  Consulting  Physician  to 
Guy's.  He  became  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  in  1860,  and  was 
twice  Censor,  viz.  in  1883-84  and  1891-92. 
He  delivered  the  Harveian  Oration  in 
1886,  and  has  been  Lettsomian,  Gulstonian, 
and  Croonian  Lecturer.  He  is  President 
of  the  Pathological  Society,  and  Fellow 
or  member  of  many  learned  societies.  In 
1863  he  became  F.R.S.  Dr.  Pavy  has 
written  several  volumes  on  food,  dietetics, 
&c,  and  has  communicated  many  papers 


on  the  physiology  of  sugar,  &c,  to  the 
Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society.  His  Lettsomian  lectures  (1860) 
were  upon  the  subject  of  Diabetes.  Ad- 
dress :  35  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

PAYNE,  Edward  John,  born  July 
22,  1844,  is  the  son  of  Edward  William 
Payne,  of  High  Wycombe,  Bucks,  and 
was  educated  at  High  Wycombe  Grammar 
School,  and  at  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  his  College  in  1872.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1874, 
and  was  appointed  Recorder  of  Chipping 
Wycombe  in  1883.  He  is  the  author  of  : 
"  Select  Works  of  Edmund  Burke,"  with 
notes,  3  vols.,  1874,  &c. ;  "History  of 
European  Colonies,"  1877;  "Voyages  of 
the  Elizabethan  Seamen  to  America," 
1880  ;  "  History  of  the  New  World  called 
America,"  1892,  in  which  work  Mr.  Payne 
has  critically  investigated  the  origins  of 
history  in  the  New  World,  its  rudimentary 
civilisation,  sociology,  languages,  and  arts, 
and  the  causes  and  circumstances  of  its 
discovery  by  Europeans.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  a 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Hakluyt  Society. 
Address :  2  Stone  Buildings,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  London. 

PAYNE,  George,  F.L.S.,  F.S.A.,  was 
born  at  Sittingbourne,  in  Kent,  in  1848, 
and  was  educated  at  Elm  House  Academy 
near  that  town.  He  formed  between  1865 
and  1883  an  extensive  local  collection  of 
geological  and  British,  Roman,  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  remains.  These  he  offered  to  his 
native  town  as  a  gift  in  1883,  on  condition 
that  a  suitable  building  be  provided  for 
their  reception.  The  offer  was  declined, 
and  the  British  Museum  subsequently  ac- 
quired the  greater  portion  of  the  collec- 
tion, while  the  remainder  went  to  the 
Maidstone  Museum.  Since  1870  he  has 
been  accustomed  to  give  lectures  annually 
in  various  parts  of  Kent  on  archaeological 
matters,  with  a  view  to  encourage  the  study 
and  preservation  of  antiquities.  He  is 
author  of  a  "  Catalogue  of  his  Museum  of 
Local  Antiquities,"  1883,  printed  for  private 
circulation  ;  a  "  Catalogue  of  the  Museum 
of  Local  Antiquities  collected  by  Mr. 
Henry  Durden  at  Blandford,  Dorset," 
1892,  printed  for  private  circulation  ;  a 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Kent  Archaeological 
Society's  Collections,"  1892,  printed  by  the 
Society;  "An  Archaeological  Survey  of 
the  County  of  Kent,"  1889,  printed  by  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  adopted  by 
that  body  as  a  model  for  the  archaeological 
survey  of  Great  Britain ;  "  Collectanea 
Cantiana,"  1893,  being  an  account  of  the 
author's  archaeological  researches  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Sittingbourne  and  other 


PAYNE  — PEACOCK 


839 


parts  of  Kent ;  and  numerous  papers  in 
"  Archasologia  Cantiana,"  Proceedings  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Journal  of  the 
British  Archaiological  Association,  the  Anti- 
quary, and  various  periodicals,  &o.  He 
was  appointed  Local  Secretary  for  Kent 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  London, 
1877;  elected  a  Fellow  of  that  Society, 
1880 ;  and  subsequently  elected  twice  on 
the  Council;  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Lin- 
nean  Society,  1878  ;  became  a  member  of 
the  Kent  Archaeological  Society  in  1870, 
was  for  several  years  a  member  of  the 
Council,  and  was  elected  Hon.  Secretary 
and  Chief  Curator  of  the  Society  in  1889  ; 
appointed  one  of  the  delegates  on  behalf 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on  the  Ethno- 
graphical Survey  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
1892 ;  is  member  of  the  Standing  Com- 
mittee of  the  Ethnographical  Survey,  the 
Archseological  Survey  of  Great  Britain, 
and  the  Congress  of  Archaeological  Socie- 
ties. He  is  honorary  correspondent  of  the 
British  Archaeological  Association,  and  the 
Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient 
Buildings.  During  the  last  ten  years  he 
has  resided  at  Bochester,  where  he  has 
been  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the 
reparation  of  the  famous  castle  there,  and 
has  assisted  the  Corporation  by  superin- 
tending the  work.  He  has  also  taken  active 
measures  towards  founding  the  museum 
in  that  city,  in  which  undertaking  he  has 
been  loyally  supported  by  the  Corporation 
and  the  citizens.  The  most  important  dis- 
coveries he  has  made  outside  his  re- 
searches at  Sittingbourne  are  the  identi- 
fication of  the  Roman  walls  of  Rochester  ; 
laying  bare  the  extensive  remains  of  a 
Roman  establishment  at  Darenth,  near 
Dartford  ;  and  discovering  a  large  portion 
of  the  Norman  Church  at  Boxley  Abbey, 
near  Maidstone.  Throughout  his  life 
he  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  the 
various  literary  and  scientific  societies  in 
the  county  of  Kent,  having  rendered  them 
valuable  assistance  both  in  the  field  and 
at  their  winter  meetings.  Address :  The 
Precincts,  Rochester. 

PAYNE,  Joseph  Frank,  F.R.C.P., 
was  born  Jan.  10,  1840,  at  Camberwell, 
Surrey,  and  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Payne, 
the  first  Professor  of  Education  at  the 
College  of  Preceptors.  He  was  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  and  pro- 
ceeded as  Demy  to  Magdalen'  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  First 
class,  Natural  Science,  1862;  M.B.  1867; 
M.D.  1880.  He  obtained  a  Fellowship  at 
Magdalen,  theBurdett-Coutts  Scholarship 
in  Geology,  and  the  Radcliffe  Travelling 
Fellowship  in  Medicine.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London, 
and  also,  as  Radcliffe  Fellow,  at  Paris, 
Berlin,  and  Vienna.     He  became  member 


of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1868, 
Fellow  in  1873,  was  Censor  from  1896  to 
1898,  and  delivered  the  Harveian  Oration 
in  1896.  He  is  now  Senior  Physician  to 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  President  of 
the  Pathological  Society  of  London  and  of 
the  Dermatological  Society  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  was  formerly  President 
of  the  Epidemiological  Society  of  London. 
He  has  been  Examiner  in  the  Universities 
of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  London,  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  the  Victoria  University. 
In  1879  he  was  appointed,  with  the  late 
Surgeon-Major  Colville,  British  Medical 
Commissioner,  to  investigate  the  outbreak 
of  Plague  in  the  Russian  province  of  Astra- 
chan.  In  1890  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Tuberculosis,  pre- 
sided over  successively  by  Lord  Basing 
and  Sir  George  Buchanan.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  "Manual  of  General  Patho- 
logy," 1888;  "Observations  on  Rare  Dis- 
eases of  the  Skin,"  1889 ;  Introduction  to 
a  reproduction  (Cambridge,  1881)  of  Lin- 
acre's  Translation  of  Galen's  "De  Tem- 
peramentis,"  first  printed  at  Cambridge, 
1521  ;  the  Harveian  Oration  for  1896  on 
"Harvey  and  Galen."  He  has  written 
articles  on  "  History  of  Medicine "  and 
"Plague"  in  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,"  and  biographies  of  physicians  in  the 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  with 
numerous  papers  and  lectures  in  "St. 
Thomas's  Hospital  Reports,"  Transactions 
of  Medical  Societies,  &c.  He  is  the  editor 
of  "  The  Works  of  Joseph  Payne,"  2  vols., 
1880-1892;  and  of  the  "Nomenclature  of 
Diseases,"  published  by  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1896.  Besides  the  subjects 
of  general  medicine  and  pathology,  he  has 
paid  special  attention  to  the  history  of 
medicine  and  of  epidemic  diseases,  and 
has  published  several  ancient  documents 
bearing  on  these  subjects,  the  value  of 
which  has  been  widely  recognised  in  Con- 
tinental as  well  as  in  English  publications. 
Address :  78  Wimpole  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  W. 

PEACOCK,  Edward,  F.S.A.,  of  Bot- 
tesford  Manor,  near  Brigg,  and  of  Dunstan 
House,  Kirton-in-Lindsey,  Lincolnshire, 
born  at  Hemsworth,  in  Yorkshire,  Dec. 
22,  1831,  was  educated  by  private  tutors. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  in  1857,  and  appointed  a  Jus- 
tice of  Peace  for  the  Parts  of  Lindsey,  in 
the  county  of  Lincoln,  in  1869.  Mr.  Pea- 
cock is  the  author  of  "Ralph  Skirlaugh," 
3  vols.,  1870;  "Mabel  Heron,"  3  vols., 
1872  ;  "John  Markenfield,"  3  vols.,  1874  ; 
"  Narcissa  Brendon,"  2  vols.,  1891 ;  editor 
of  "Army  List  of  Roundheads  and  Cava- 
liers," 1863  (second  edition,  enlarged, 
1874)  ;  "  English  Church  Furniture  at  the 
Period  of  the  Reformation  :  a  list  of  goods 


840 


PEACOCKE  —  PEARSON 


destroyed  in  Lincolnshire  Churches,"  1866 
"  Instructions  for  Parish  Priests,  by  John 
Myrc"  (Early  English  Text  Soc),  1868 
"A  List  of  the  Eoman  Catholics  in  the 
County  of  York  in  1604,"  1872  ;  "  France 
the  Empire  and  Civilisation,"  1873,  pub 
lished  without  the  author's  name  ;  "  A 
Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  Wapen 
takes  of  Manley  and  Corringham,  Lin 
colnshire"  (English  Dialect  Soc),  1877 
(2nd  edit.,  much  enlarged,  2  vols.,  1889) 
"Index  to  English  -  Speaking  Students 
who  have  Graduated  at  Leyden  Univer- 
sity" (Index  Soc),  1883  ;  "  The  Monckton 
Papers"  (Philobiblion  Soc),  1885;  and 
many  papers  in  the  A  rehwologia,  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute, and  the  Dublin  Review. 

PEACOCKE,  The  Most  Rev.  Joseph 
Ferguson,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Dublin 
and  Primate  of  Ireland,  was  born  in 
Queen's  County  on  Nov.  5,  1835,  and  is 
the  youngest  son  of  the  late  George  Pea- 
cocke,  M.D.,  of  Longford.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
his  career  was  distinguished.  He  was  first 
Senior  Moderator  in  History  and  English 
Literature,  and  first  Divinity  Prizeman  in 
1858,  &c  In  1858  he  was  ordained,  and 
was  successively  Rector  of  St.  George's, 
Dublin,  and  of  Monkstone.  In  1893  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Pastoral  Theo- 
logy in  Dublin  University.  Appointed 
Bishop  of  Meath  in  1894,  he  was  conse- 
crated Archbishop  in  1897.  Address  :  The 
Palace,  St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 

PEARD,  Frances  Mary,  daughter  of 
Commander  George  Shuldham  Peard,  R.N., 
born  at  Exminster,  Devon,  writer  of  novels 
and  stories,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
brief  list:  "One  Year,"  1868;  "Un- 
awares," 1870;  "The  Rose  Garden"; 
"Cartouche";  "Mother  Molly";  "Con- 
tradictions "  ;  " Near  Neighbours "  ;  "The 
Crooked  Desk,"  illustrated,  1890;  "Made- 
moiselle," 1890  (new  edit.,  1892);  "Ab- 
bots' Bridge,"  1891;  "The  Baroness:  a 
Dutch  Story,"  1892;  "Paul's  Sister"; 
"The  Swing  of  the  Pendulum,"  1893; 
"  The  Country  Cousin "  ;  "  Madame's 
Granddaughter"  ;  "  Catherine,"  and  "  The 
Interloper,"  1894  ;  "  Jacob  and  the  Raven  : 
stories,"  1896;  and  "The  Career  of  Claudia," 
1897. 

PEARS,  Edwin,  was  born  in  1835, 
at  York.  He  graduated  in  the  University 
of  London,  being  first  in  honours,  Roman 
Law,  and  Jurisprudence,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1870. 
He  was  General  Secretary  of  the  Social 
Science  Association  from  1868  to  1873, 
and  Secretary  to  the  International  Prison 
Congress  of  1872.     In  the  Transactions  of 


the  former  Society  he  published  "  Prisons 
and  Reformatories  at  Home  and  Abroad." 
Mr.  Pears  is  now  the  most  prominent 
practitioner  at  the  English  Bar  in  Con- 
stantinople, whence,  as  correspondent  of 
the  Daily  News,  he  sent  the  letters  which 
first  called  the  attention  of  Europe  to  the 
Moslem  atrocities  committed  in  Bulgaria  in 
May  1876.  The  first  two  of  these  letters, 
having  attracted  attention  in  Parliament, 
and  their  statements  being  disputed  by 
Mr.  Disraeli,  were  published  in  the  first 
important  Blue-book  on  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion. Mr.  Pears  is  the  first  newspaper  cor- 
respondent who  took  up  the  ground  that 
the  interest  of  England  in  the  Ottoman 
Empire  will  be  best  forwarded  by  helping 
the  Christian  races  as  representing  the 
progressive  element  of  the  empire,  rather 
than  the  Turks,  whom  he.  regards  as 
doomed,  from  natural  causes,  to  disappear 
as  a  ruling  race,  and  as  being  able  to 
contribute  nothing  of  value  towards  Euro- 
pean civilisation. 

PEARSE,    The    Rev.    Mark    Guy, 

Wesleyan  minister  and  author,  was  born 
at  Camborne  in  1842,  and  is  the  only  son 
of  Mark  Guy  Pearse,  of  Sandown,  Isle  of ' 
Wight.  His  early  life  was  spent  in  Corn- 
wall. In  1861  he  became  a  student  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  but  subsequently 
entered  the  Wesleyan  ministry,  and  was 
stationed  at  Leeds,  Brixton,  Ipswich,  Bed- 
ford, Highbury,  Westminster,  and  is  now, 
jointly  with  the  Rev.  Hugh  Price  Hughes, 
conducting  the  London  Wesleyan  Mission 
at  St.  James's  Hall.  As  a  preacher  and 
lecturer  he  has  few  equals  ;  and  for  quiet 
humour,  deep  insight  into  character,  and  a 
certain  homely  sympathy  with  the  religious 
poor,  his  little  book,  "  Dan'l  Quorm  and 
his  Religious  Notions,"  has  never  been 
surpassed.  It  was  published  in  1874, 
and  has  passed  through  many  editions. 
Among  his  many  other  religious  publica- 
tions should  be  mentioned  "The  Gentle- 
ness of  Jesus,"  1898.  Address:  11  Bed- 
ford Place,  Russell  Square,  W.C. 

PEARSON,   The   Right   Hon.  Sir 
Charles  John.    See  Pearson,  Loed. 

PEARSON,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Charles  John  Pearson,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  D.L., 

a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Scotland, 
is  the  second  son  of  Charles  Pearson,  C.A., 
of  Edinburgh,  by  Margaret,  daughter  of 
John  Dalziel,  of  Earlston,  N.B.,  and  was 
born  in  Midlothian  on  Nov.  6,  1843.  He 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy,  St. 
Andrews  University,  and  Corpus  College, 
Oxon.,  and  took  his  B.A.  (first-class)  in 
1865,  and  his  M.A.  degree  in  1868.  At  the 
University  he  gained,  in  1862,  the  Gais- 
ford  Prize  for  Greek  Prose,  and  in  1863, 


PEARSON— PEARY 


841 


the  Gaisford  Prize  for  Greek  Verse.  He 
is  a  Member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  in 
Edinburgh ;  was  called  to  the  Bar  (Inner 
Temple)  in  1870  ;  was  Sheriff  of  Chancery 
in  Scotland  in  1885-88;  Procurator  for 
the  Church  of  Scotland,  1886-90 ;  Sheriff 
of  Renfrew  and  Bute,  1888;  Sheriff  of 
Perthshire  in  1889 ;  Solicitor-General  for 
Scotland  ;  M.P.  for  the  Universities  of 
Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews,  1890-96 ; 
sworn  Privy  Councillor,  1891;  Lord  Advo- 
cate of  Scotland,  1891,  and  again  in 
1895-96  ;  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates, 
1892-95  ;  and  was  appointed  a  Senator  of 
the  College  of  Justice  in  Scotland  in  1896. 
He  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in 
1887 ;  and  married,  in  1873,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  M.  G.  Hewat,  Esq.,  of  Nor- 
wood. Permanent  address  :  7  Drumsheugh 
Gardens,  Edinburgh. 

PEARSON,  Professor  Karl,  M.A., 
LL.B.,F.  R.  S. ,  Professor  of  Mathematics  and 
Mechanics  in  University  College,  London, 
was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1896,  and  has  pub- 
lished "  Socialism  in  Theory  and  Practice," 
1885  ;  "The  Ethic  of  Freethought,"  1888  ; 
"Grammar  and  Science,"  and  "New  Uni- 
versity for  London,"  1892.  He  has  long 
written  as  a  philosopher  and  a  relentless 
logician.  One  of  his  most  interesting 
investigations  is  into  the  so-called  "Doc- 
trine of  Chances."  Address :  7  Well 
Road,  Hampstead,  N. 

PEARY,  Lieutenant  Robert  Ed- 
ward, Arctic  explorer,  man  of  science, 
and  civil  engineer  of  the  United  States 
Navy,  was  born  at  Cresson,  Pa.,  May  6, 
1856,  and  was  educated  at  Bowdoin 
College,  Maine,  graduating  in  1877.  He 
entered  the  U.S.  Navy  as  civil  engineer 
with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  in  1881,  and 
in  1884  was  appointed  Assistant-Engineer 
of  the  Survey  for  the  Nicaragua  Ship 
Canal.  Lieutenant  Peary  began  his  im- 
portant work  on  the  ice-cap  of  Northern 
Greenland  in  1886.  The  only  assistance 
in  these  investigations  which  he  received 
from  the  American  Government  was  a 
formal  leave  of  absence  from  his  duties  as 
a  civil  engineer  in  the  Navy.  He  had  to 
depend  entirely  on  the  help  of  his  friends, 
the  proceeds  of  his  own  lectures,  and  his 
wife's  publications,  which  have  been  o 
material  value.  All  his  expeditions  have 
been  small,  but  nevertheless  his  work  has 
been  invaluable  to  the  cause  of  Arctic 
exploration.  His  first  expedition,  that  of 
1886,  when  his  ship  was  the  Eagle,  brought 
him  nearly  100  miles  over  the  inland  ice 
and  much  further  north  than  the  route  of 
Nansen  (q.v. ).  Peary,  as  a  result,  laid  a 
great  scheme  for  crossing  the  ice  from  one 
coast  to  the  other,  and  completing,  if 
possible,   the    exploration   of   the   North 


Greenland  coast,  and  then  making  for  the 
pole  itself.  In  1891  he  resumed  his  work, 
and  accompanied  by  his  young  wife  and  a 
carefully  selected  crew,  ultimately  landed 
on  the  shores  of  M'Cormick  Inlet,  to  the 
north  of  Inglefleld  Gulf  (77°  40'  N.). 
Peary  unfortunately  broke  both  his  ankles 
just  after  the  start,  but  preparations  were 
at  once  made  for  sledge-parties  over  the  ice. 
Scientific  observation  and  research  occupied 
the  staff  through  the  winter,  and  in  the 
following  spring  (1892)  began  the  famous 
"  White  march  "  over  the  inland  ice  to  the 
northern  shores  of  Greenland.  The  whole 
party  moved  forward  on  the  first  stage  of 
the  journey,  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
course  mapped  out  (500  miles)  was  accom- 
plished by  Peary  and  a  companion,  Eivind 
Astrup,  since  dead.  After  a  series  of 
exciting  adventures,  the  two  explorers 
made  their  way  out  to  the  Northern  Arctic 
Coast  in  81°  40'  N.  and  34°  5'  W.,  reaching 
a  point  east  further  than  any  predecessor. 
The  information  concerning  Greenland 
and  the  ice-locked  north,  which  Peary  was 
able  to  bring  back,  is  scientifically  of  the 
utmost  importance,  and  generally  most 
fascinating.  The  return  journey  was  even 
more  trying  than  the  outward,  and  was 
rendered  considerably  more  difficult,  owing 
to  the  necessity  of  making  large  detours  in 
consequence  of  the  inaccuracies  of  the 
existing  maps.  In  the  spring  and  summer 
of  1895  Peary  again  traversed  his  old 
routes  and  corrected  his  observations  on 
the  regions  crossed.  He  subsequently 
paid  two  more  visits  to  North-East  Green- 
land with  a  view  to  removing  the  great 
meteorite  of  ninety  tons,  which  has  been 
known  since  Ross's  time.  Peary  succeeded 
in  bringing  this  vast  mass  to  America, 
thus  making  another  valuable  contribution 
to  scientific  knowledge.  He  published,  in 
1898,  the  records  of  all  his  expeditions  in 
a  volume  entitled  "Northward  over  the 
'  Great  Ice ' :  A  Narrative  of  Life  and 
Work  along  the  Shores  and  upon  the  In- 
terior Ice-Cap  of  Northern  Greenland  in 
the  years  1886  and  1897."  His  wife,  as 
before  mentioned,  wrote  some  years 
ago  a  small  volume  containing  a  brief 
account  of  one  of  his  earlier  expe  ".itions. 
The  work  so  far  accomplished  by  Lieu- 
tenant Peary  and  dealt  with  in  these 
volumes  comprises  : — (1)  A  summer  voyage 
and  reconnaissance  of  the  Greenland  ice, 
1886  ;  (2)  a  thirteen  months'  sojourn  in 
Northern  Greenland,  including  a  1200  mile 
sledge  journey  across  the  ice-cap,  and  the 
determination  of  the  insularity  of  Green- 
land, 1891-92 ;  (3)  a  twenty-five  months' 
stay  in  North  Greenland,  including  a 
second  1200  mile  sledge  journey  across 
the  ice-cap,  the  completion  of  the  study 
of  the  Whale  Sound  natives,  a  detailed 
survey  of  that  region,  and  the  discovery  of 


842 


PEASE  — PEEL 


the  Great  Cape  York  meteorites,  1893-95  ; 
(4)  summer  voyages  in  1896  and  1897,  in- 
cluding the  securing  of  the  last  and  the 
largest  of  the  great  Cape  York  meteorites, 
a  90-ton  mass.  Although  the  foregoing 
is  a  considerable  record  of  achievement, 
Peary  is  said  to  regard  his  accomplished 
work  as  only  part  of  a  great  scheme  which 
still  remains  uncompleted.  He  is  hoping 
to  receive  large  assistance  from  his  country, 
and  having  in  view  the  distinction  which 
Peary  has  brought  to  her  rolls,  the  expecta- 
tion deserves  a  worthy  fulfilment.  Lieu- 
tenant Peary  is  a  man  of  untiring  energy, 
and  shows  in  his  work,  and  no  less  in  his 
two  volumes  of  travels,  an  intensity  which 
he  has  often  visibly  to  restrain.  In 
January  1897  Lieutenant  Peary  received 
the  Cuflum  Gold  Medal  from  the  American 
Geographical  Society.  After  a  preliminary 
voyage  in  the  summer  of  1897  he  started 
in  1898  on  another  expedition  to  the  Arctic, 
with  the  hope  of  being  able  to  reach  the 
Pole. 

PEASE,  Sir  Joseph  Whitwell,  Bart., 
M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  son  of  the  late  Joseph 
Pease,  a  well-known  coal  and  ironstone 
mine-owner  of  Darlington,  by  Emma, 
daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Gurney  of 
Norwich,  was  born  in  1828,  and  privately 
educated.  In  1865  he  was  elected  in  the 
Liberal  interest  for  South  Durham,  which 
constituency  he  represented  until  1885, 
when  he  was  elected  for  the  Barnard 
Castle  Division  of  the  county.  In  1886 
he  was  re-elected  without  a  contest,  and 
in  1892  and  in  1895  he  was  again  returned 
at  the  head  of  the  poll.  He  is  a  D.L. 
and  J.  P.  for  the  County  of  Durham,  and 
D.L.  and  J. P.  for  the  North  Riding  of 
Yorkshire ;  Chairman  of  the  North-Eastern 
Railway,  and  the  owner  of  coal  and  iron- 
stone mines  in  Durham  and  Yorkshire. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  in  1882.  Sir 
Joseph  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  and  President  of  the  Peace  and 
Anti-Opium  Societies.  In  Parliament  he 
has  rendered  valuable  services  in  all 
questions  connected  with  trade  and  com- 
merce, and  especially  with  the  coal  and 
iron  industries  of  the  North  of  England. 
Though  a  follower  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  he 
spoke  against  the  Berber-Suakin  Railway 
scheme  ;  and  in  a  very  short  time  facts 
gave  a  melancholy  justification  of  his 
common-sense  prophecies.  In  1854  he 
married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  Alfred 
Fox,  Esq.,  of  Falmouth,  who  died  in  1892. 
His  eldest  son,  Mr.  Alfred  E.  Pease,  was 
Liberal  member  for  the  city  of  York 
from  1885  to  1892,  and  was  elected 
for  the  Cleveland  Division  of  Yorkshire 
in  1897.  Addresses  :  44  Grosvenor  Gar- 
dens, S.W.  ;  Hatton  Hall,  Guisborough, 
Yorks.,  &c. 


PEDLER,  Alexander,  I.R.S.,  F.C.S., 
F.I.C.,  Principal  of  the  Presidency  Col- 
lege, Calcutta,  was  born  about  1850,  and 
was  educated  at  the  City  of  London 
School  and  the  Royal  College  of  Science. 
He  made  chemistry  his  special  study,  and 
wrote  several  monographs  in  the  journals 
of  the  Chemical  and  other  societies.  Ad- 
dress :  Presidency  College,  Calcutta. 

PEEL,  Viscount,  The  Right  Hon. 
Arthur  Wellesley  Peel,  D.C.L.,  D.L., 
J. P.,  late  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Right  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  Julia, 
daughter  of  Lieut-General  Sir  John  Floyd, 
and  was  born  on  Aug.  3,  1829.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1865  first  entered  Parliament 
for  Warwick,  which  he  has  continued  to 
represent  till  1885,  when  he  was  elected  for 
Warwick  and  Leamington.  He  was  Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Poor-Law  Board 
from  December  1868  to  January  1871  ;  Sec- 
retary to  the  Board  of  Trade  from  1871  to 
1873  ;  Patronage  Secretary  to  the  Treasury, 
1873-74 ;  and  Under-Secretary  to  the 
Home  Department  for  nine  months  in 
1880.  On  the  retirement  of  Sir  Henry 
Brand  in  1884  Mr.  Peel  was  elected 
Speaker,  and  continued  to  hold  the  post 
amid  general  expressions  of  good-will 
from  all  parties.  After  the  dissolution  of 
1886  he  was  proposed  as  Speaker  by  Lord 
R.  Churchill,  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, and  in  1892  was  again  elected  to 
that  post.  He  was  made  D.C.L.  of  Oxford 
on  June  22,  1887.  The  moment  of  his  re- 
tirement from  the  Speakership  in  April 
1895  was  one  of  the  memorable  occasions 
of  Parliamentary  history.  In  compliance 
with  an  address  from  the  House,  the 
thanks  of  the  Commons  were  unanimously 
voted  him  for  his  eminent  services  as  their 
representative.  He  was  raised  to  the 
Peerage  as  Viscount  Peel,  and  was  granted 
a  pension  of  £4000  per  annum.  In  July 
the  Freedom  of  the  City  was  presented  to 
him.  In  1896  he  was  appointed  Chairman 
of  the  Liquor  Licensing  Laws  Commission. 
He  was  appointed  Trustee  of  the  British 
Museum  in  the  room  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Spencer  Walpole  in  1898.  In  1862  he 
married  Adelaide,  daughter  of  William 
Stratford  Dugdale,  of  Merevale  and  Blyth 
Halls,  Warwickshire.  Address :  The 
Lodge,  Sandy,  Beds.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

PEEL,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Frede- 
rick, K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  second  son  of  the 
late  Sir  Robert  Peel,  born  in  London,  Oct. 
26,  1823,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
a  first  class  in  Classics,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1849,  and 
returned  as  one  of  the  members  in  the 


PEILE  —  PELLOUX 


843 


Liberal  interest  for  Leominster  in  February 
1849  ;  was  elected  for  Bnry  in  July  1852, 
and  having  been  defeated  at  the  General 
Election  in  March  1857,  was  again  returned 
by  this  constituency  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion in  April  1859,  but  was  defeated  at 
the  General  Election  in  July  1865.  He 
was  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies  from  November  1851  till  March 
1852,  in  Lord  Eussell's  first  Administra- 
tion ;  held  the  same  post  in  the  coalition 
Administration  under  Lord  Aberdeen  ;  was 
Under-Secretary  for  War  in  Lord  Palmer- 
ston's  first  Administration  in  1855,  and 
resigned  in  1857  ;  and  was  Secretary  to 
the  Treasury  from  1860  till  1865.  He  is  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Warwickshire  ;  was 
sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  in  1857  ;  and 
nominated  a  Knight-Commander  of  the 
Order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George  in  1869. 
He  was  appointed  President  of  the  Rail- 
way Commission  in  1873.  Addresses  :  The 
Manor,  Hampton-in-Arden,  Warwickshire ; 
and  32  Chesham  Place,  S.W. 

PEILE,  John,  Litt.D.,  Hon.  Litt.D. 
Dublin,  was  born  April  24,  1838,  at  White- 
haven, in  Cumberland,  and  is  the  son  of 
Williamson  Peile,  F.G.S.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Repton  and  at  St.  Bees  Grammar 
School.  He  entered  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  October  1856,  and  was 
elected  a  Scholar  in  1857.  He  obtained 
the  Craven  University  Scholarship  in 
1859 ;  was  bracketed  Senior  Classic  in 
1860,  and  also  Chancellor's  Medallist. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  and  to  a  College  Lectureship  ; 
in  the  following  year  he  became  Assistant- 
Tutor.  He  was  appointed  Teacher  in 
Sanskrit  in  the  University  in  1865  ;  this 
office  was  abolished  in  1867  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Professorship,  for  which  Mr. 
Peile  was  not  a  candidate.  In  1866  he 
vacated  his  Fellowship  by  marriage,  but 
was  re-elected  in  1867  under  a  special 
statute  for  the  election  of  viri  insignes, 
although  disqualified  by  marriage  to  hold 
an  ordinary  Fellowship.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Tutor,  which  office  he  held  till 
1884,  when  he  was  appointed  Reader  in 
Comparative  Philology.  In  1887  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Swainson  in  the  Mastership 
of  Christ's  College.  He  was  B.A.  in  1860 ; 
M.A.  1863,  Litt.D.  1864  ;  and  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Letters 
from  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1892. 
In  1869  he  published  an  "  Introduction  to 
Greek  and  Latin  Etymology,"  which  went 
through  three  editions,  and  had  a  large 
sale  in  England  and  America  ;  it  has  long 
been  out  of  print.  In  1875  he  brought  out 
a  "  Primer  of  Philology,"  which  has  also 
been  much  used  ;  and  in  1881,  "  Notes  to 
the  Story  of  Nala  "  (Sanskrit).  He  has 
also  contributed  to  different  periodicals. 


He  has  taken  a  large  share  in  University- 
business.  He  was  elected  to  the  Council 
of  the  Senate  in  1874,  and,  except  during 
two  years  (1878-80),  he  has  served  on  it 
ever  since  ;  in  this  capacity  he  took  part  in 
the  alteration  of  the  University  statutes  of 
1882.  He  was  appointed  Vice-Chancellor 
in  1891,  and  was  re-appointed  in  1892.  In 
this  capacity  he  endeavoured  to  bring 
about  a  better  relation  between  the  Uni- 
versity and  the  town  of  Cambridge,  by 
seeking  some  modification  of  exceptional 
powers  possessed  by  the  University.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  numerous  syndi- 
cates ;  among  these  may  be  mentioned 
that  which  remodelled  the  Classical  Tripos 
in  1872  ;  and  also  that  which  again  recon- 
structed it  in  1881 ;  also  two  which  dealt 
with  the  course  for  the  ordinary  B.A. 
degree.  He  has  also  served  on  the 
General  Board  of  Studies,  the  Financial 
Board,  the  Board  for  Classics,  the  Board 
for  Modern  Medical  Studies,  the  Local 
Examinations  and  Lectures  Syndicate,  and 
several  others.  He  was  for  two  years 
President  of  the  Philological  Society  of 
London.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  pro- 
moters of  Women's  Education  at  Cambridge, 
and  is  President  of  the  Council  of  Newnham 
College.  He  is  a  Governor  of  Repton  School. 
He  married  in  1866  Annette,  daughter  of 
W.  Cripps  Kitchener.  Address :  The  Lodge, 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 

PELHAM,  Henry  Francis,  M.A., 
President  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  born 
at  Berg  Apton,  Norfolk,  on  Sept.  19,  1846, 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Hon.  and  Right 
Rev.  John  Thomas  Pelham,  Bishop  of 
Norwich.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
row, and  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
and  obtained  a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum., 
and  a  Fellowship  at  Exeter  College,  in  the 
year  1869,  and  the  Chancellor's  Prize  for 
an  English  Essay  in  1870.  He  was  elected 
Proctor  in  1879,  Reader  in  Ancient  His- 
tory in  1877,  Camden  Professor  of  Ancient 
History  in  1889,  and  President  of  Trinity 
College  in  1897.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  a  Member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Hellenic  Society,  and  one 
of  the  Governors  of  Harrow  School.  He 
is  the  author  of  numerous  articles  in  the 
"Encyclopedia  Britannica,"  Smith's  "Dic- 
tionary of  Antiquities,"  the  Journal  of 
Philology  and  the  Classical  Review.  In  1890 
he  published  "  The  Imperial  Domains  and 
the  Colonate " ;  in  1893,  "Outlines  of 
Roman  History";  in  1895,  "The  Roman 
Frontier  System."  He  married  Laura, 
daughter  of  Sir  E.  U.  Buxton,  Bart.,  M.P., 
in  1873.  Addresses  :  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  Athenaeum. 

PELLOUX,  General  Luigi,  Prime 
Minister  of  Italy,  is  the  descendant  of  an 


844 


PENLEY  —  PENNYCUICK 


old  French  family,  and  was  born  at  Roche- 
sur-Furon,  now  in  the  French  Department 
of  Haute-Savoie,  in  1830.  At  the  time  of 
the  annexation  of  this  province  to  France, 
some  of  his  family  co-opted  for  France, 
while  he  and  others  remained  Italian 
citizens.  He  entered  the  Italian  army  in 
1848  as  a  sub-lieutenant  of  cavalry ;  in 
the  campaigns  of  1859  and  1860  he  was 
promoted  to  be  Major  and  was  mentioned 
in  despatches.  In  1866,  at  Custozza,  he 
was  granted  the  Order  of  Savoy  on  the 
field  of  battle  for  a  daring  piece  of  work. 
He  became  a  Major-General  in  1877,  with 
the  command  of  a  brigade,  and  a  Lieuten- 
ant-General  six  years  later.  In  1888  he 
commanded  the  expeditionary  force  sent 
to  Massowa,  and  on  his  return  to  Italy,  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  an  army  corps. 
The  Marquis  di  Rudini  {q.v.)  appointed 
him  Minister  of  War  in  1891,  which  post 
he  filled  in  the  second  Rudini  Cabinet  of 
1897.  On  the  fall  of  this  ministry,  he 
undertook  the  formation  of  its  successor, 
and  his  chief  duty  has  been  to  calm  the 
disquieting  symptoms  of  discontent  shown 
at  Milan  and  elsewhere,  and  to  deal  vigor- 
ously with  the  latent  spirit  of  anarchy. 

PENLEY,  William  Sydney,  theat- 
rical manager  and  actor,  was  born  at  St. 
Peter's,  Margate,  and  was  educated  at  a 
private  school  kept  by  his  father,  in 
Charles  Street,  Westminster.  His  most 
famous  impersonation  has  been  as  Char- 
ley's Aunt,  in  the  play  of  that  name,  which 
enjoyed  an  unprecedentedly  long  run  in 
London.  Address  :  The  Vines,  St.  John's, 
Woking. 

PENNELL,  Henry  Cholmondeley, 

eldest  son  of  Sir  Charles  Henry  Pennell, 
and  of  a  granddaughter  of  Sir  Philip 
Francis,  was  born  in  London  in  1837.  He 
entered  the  public  service  about  1853,  and 
after  serving  in  various  departments  of 
the  Admiralty,  Whitehall,  was  appointed 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Inspectors  of  Fisheries 
in  1866.  In  January  1875  he  was  selected 
by  the  English  Government,  at  the  request 
of  the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  to  initiate  and 
assist  in  carrying  out  various  important 
commercial  reforms,  and  was  afterwards 
nominated  Director-General  of  Commerce 
for  the  Interior.  Mr.  Pennell  made  his 
first  mark  in  literature  in  "  Puck  on  Pega- 
sus," 1861 — a  book  which  attracted  con- 
siderable notice,  and  has  since  gone 
through  many  editions.  His  other  poeti- 
cal works  are  "  Crescent,"  1866  ;  "  Modern 
Babylon,"  1873  ;  "  The  Muses  of  Mayfair," 
1874;  "Pegasus  Re-Saddled,"  1877  (the 
two  last  named  subsequently  formed  two 
of  the  volumes  of  "  The  Mayfair  Library  "); 
and  "  From  Grave  to  Gay,"  1885.  During 
1864-65  he  edited  the  Fisherman's  Magazine 


and  Review,  and  afterwards  the  angling 
department  of  the  Sporting  Gazette,  whilst 
contributing  to  the  literature  of  angling 
and  ichthyology  a  number  of  very  success- 
ful works,  of  which  the  most  important 
are  :  "  The  Angler-Naturalist,"  1864  (2 
editions) ;  "  The  Book  of  the  Pike,"  1866 
(4  editions) ;  the  "Modern  Practical  An- 
gler," 1873  (5  editions) ;  "  The  Badminton 
Library  of  Sport,"  1885  ;  "  Salmon  and 
Trout"  (6  editions);  "Pike  and  other 
Coarse  Fish  "  (5  editions) ;  "The  Sporting 
Fish  of  Great  Britain,"  1886;  "Modern 
Improvements  in  Fishing  Tackle  and  Fish- 
hooks," 1887.  Of  this  author's  less  known 
contributions  to  angling  and  ichthyology, 
may  be  instanced :  "  How  to  Spin  for 
Pike,"  1862 ;  "  Fishing  Gossip,"  1867  ; 
"  Oyster  Legislation,"  1868  ;  "  The  Oyster 
and  Mussel  Fisheries  of  France,"  1868; 
"Oyster  Fisheries  and  Legislation,  a  re- 
print of  Letters  to  the  Times,"  1875  ;  also, 
in  1875,  a  series  of  angling  manuals  in  a 
popular  form,  viz.  :  "  Fly-fishing  and 
Worm-fishing  for  Salmon,  Trout,  and 
Grayling,"  "Float  Fishing,"  "Trolling 
for  Pike,  Salmon,  and  Trout."  These  have 
since  passed  through  numerous  editions. 
Mr.  Pennell  has  contributed  to  Punch,  the 
Athenceum,  the  Field,  Fishing  Gazette,  &c, 
and  more  recently  to  Temple  Bar,  Long- 
man's Magazine,  and  other  periodicals. 
Address :  Palace  Mansions,  Kensington, 
W. 

PENNELL,  Joseph,  etcher,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  U.S.A.,  on  July  4, 
1860.  He  has  published  the  following 
works:  "A  Canterbury  Pilgrimage,"  1886; 
"Two  Pilgrims'  Progress,"  1887;  "Our 
Sentimental  Journey  through  France  and 
Italy,"  1888 ;  "  Pen  Drawing  and  Pen 
Draughtsmen,"  and  "  Our  Journey  to  the 
Hebrides,"  1889;  "The  Stream  of  Plea- 
sure," 1891  ;  "  The  Jew  at  Home,"  and 
"Play  in  Provence,"  1892;  "To  Gipsy- 
land,"  1893  ;  "  Modern  Illustration," 
1895  ;  "  The  Illustration  of  Books,"  1896  ; 
"The  Alhambra,"  1896;  "The  Work  of 
Charles  Keene,"  1897.  Recently  he  and 
Mrs.  Pennell  (nei  Elizabeth  Robins)  have 
toured  through  Switzerland  on  their  bi- 
cycles, a  feat  afterwards  described  by 
them  in  illustrations  and  print  ("Over 
the  Alps  on  a  Bicycle,"  1898).  He  is 
well  known  for  the  beauty  of  his  occa- 
sional illustrations  in  newspapers  such  as 
the  Daily  Chronicle.  The  latest  joint  pro- 
duction of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pennell  is  an 
important  illustrated  work  on  "Litho- 
graphy and  Lithographers,"  1898.  Ad- 
dress :  c/o  J.  S.  Morgan  &  Co.,  bankers, 
22  Old  Broad  Street,  London,  E.C. 

PENNYCUICK,  Colonel  John,  R.E., 
OS. I.,  son  of  the  late  Brigadier-General 


PENROSE  —  PENZANCE 


845 


Pennycuick,  C.B.,  K.H.,  killed  at  Chilian- 
wala,  January  1849,  was  bom  on  the  15th 
January  1841,  and  educated  at  Cheltenham 
College  and  the  H.E.I.C.  Military  College, 
Addiscombe.  He  was  appointed  Lieuten- 
ant in  the  Royal  Engineers  in  December 
1858,  Captain  in  November  1870,  Major  in 
December  1876,  Lieut.-Colonel  in  Decem- 
ber 1883,  Colonel  in  December  1887.  He 
retired  in  January  1896.  He  served  in  the 
Abyssinian  Campaign,  1867-68,  and  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  and  awarded 
medal.  He  was  in  the  Public  Works  De- 
partment in  Madras,  with  short  intervals 
from  April  1862  to  January  1896,  and  has 
designed  and  carried  out  various  import- 
ant engineering  works  in  Southern  India, 
including  the  great  Pesig  or  dam,  com- 
pleted in  1896.  This  is  the  highest  dam, 
and  forms  the  largest  artificial  lake  in  the 
world.  He  was  sometime  Chief  Engineer 
and  Secretary  to  the  Government  of  Mad- 
ras in  the  Public  Works  and  Marine  Depart- 
ments (1890-96)  ;  President  of  the  Sanitary 
Board  (1894-96) ;  Member  of  the  Legisla- 
tive Council  of  Madras  (1890-96) ;  was  ap- 
pointed Fellow  of  the  Madras  University 
(1890);  and  was  President  of  the  Faculty  of 
Engineering  in  the  same  (1893-96).  He  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Royal  Indian 
Engineering  College,  Cooper's  Hill,  in 
September  1896  ;  created  C.S.I,  in  1895  ; 
and  received  the  Telford  Medal  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  in  1897. 
He  married,  in  December  1879,  Grace, 
daughter  of  Lieut. -General  S.  Chamien, 
C.B.,  R.A.  Address  :  Cooper's  Hill,  Engle- 
field  Green,  Surrey. 

PENROSE,  Emily,  born  in  London, 
Sept.  8,  1858,  is  the  eldest  daughter  of 
F.  C.  Penrose,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.I.B.A., 
architect,  and  late  Surveyor  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  She  was  educated  at  Wim- 
bledon, Versailles,  Dresden,  and  Somer- 
ville  College,  Oxford.  After  taking  a  first 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  at  Oxford  in  1892,  she 
gained  a  Travelling  Fellowship,  and  pur- 
sued her  studies,  mainly  in  archreology,  at 
Paris,  Berlin,  Dresden,  and  also  in  Italy 
and  Greece.  She  was  appointed  Principal 
of  Bedford  College,  London,  and  Professor 
of  Ancient  History  in  1893,  and  about  that 
time  she  lectured  at  the  British  Museum, 
and  at  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 
In  1898  Miss  Penrose  became  Principal 
of  the  Royal  Holloway  College  at  Egham. 
Address :  Royal  Holloway  College,  Egham, 
Surrey. 

PENROSE,  Francis  Cranmer, 
M.A.,  Litt.D.  Cantab.,  D.C.L.  Oxon., 
F.R.S.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  F.R.A.S.,  was  born  at 
Bracebridge  Vicarage,  near  Lincoln,  in 
October  1817.  His  father  was  the  Rev. 
John  Penrose,  formerly  of  Corpus  Christi 


College,  Oxford,  and  his  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Edmund  Cartwright, 
D.D.,  F.R.S.  After  four  years  at  Bedford 
Grammar  School,  he  entered  the  founda- 
tion at  Winchester  College.  On  leaving 
Winchester,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Edward 
Blore,  architect ;  and  afterwards  entered 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  During 
his  residence  there  he  rowed  three  times 
in  the  University  crew  against  Oxford. 
He  graduated  in  1842.  For  three  years 
he  held  the  appointment  of  Travelling 
Bachelor  to  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
In  1851  he  brought  out,  for  the  Society  of 
Dilettanti,  a  work  entitled  "  The  Principles 
of  Athenian  Architecture,"  of  which  a 
second  edition  has  been  published.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
Surveyor  of  the  Fabric  to  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  a  post  which  he  held  till  mid- 
summer, 1897.  Mr.  Penrose  published  in 
1869  a  work  named  "  A  Method  of  Pre- 
dicting Occultations  of  Stars  and  Solar 
Eclipses  by  Graphical  Construction."  The 
Royal  Gold  Medal  of  the  Institute  of 
British  Architects  was  presented  to  him 
in  1883.  In  1885  he  was  elected  an  Honor- 
ary Fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1886  was  appointed  Director 
of  the  British  Archaeological  School  at 
Athens.  During  1893  he  contributed  to 
the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  a 
paper  on  certain  astronomical  facts  con- 
nected with  the  orientation  of  Greek 
temples,  which  was  followed  by  a  supple- 
ment on  the  same  subject  in  1897.  He 
was  elected  Honorary  Antiquary  to  the 
Royal  Academy,  as  successor  to  Sir  A.  W. 
Franks,  in  the  year  1898.  In  1856  he 
married  Harriette,  daughter  of  the  late 
Francis  Gibbes,  surgeon,  of  Harewood,  in 
Yorkshire.  Addresses  :  Coleby  Field, 
Wimbledon  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

PENZANCE,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  James  Plaisted  "Wilde,  Dean  of 
Arches  and  Chancellor  of  York,  born  in 
London,  July  12,  1816,  is  the  fourth  son 
of  the  late  Edward  Archer  Wilde,  Esq., 
and  nephew  of  the  late  Lord  Truro.  He 
received  his  education  at  Winchester  Col- 
lege, and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1838,  and  M.A. 
in  1842.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1839,  and  devoted  his 
attention  to  mercantile  and  marine  law, 
and  went  the  Northern  Circuit.  He  was 
appointed  Junior  Counsel  to  the  Excise 
and  Customs  in  1840,  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1855,  Counsel  to  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster 
in  1859,  and  a  Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in 
April  1860,  when  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  In  1863  he  succeeded  Sir 
Cresswell  Cresswell  as  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Probate,  and  Judge  Ordinary  of  the 
Divorce    Court,   appointments    which  he 


846 


PEPPERCORN  —  PERKIN 


retained  until  1872,  when  he  resigned 
owing  to  ill-health.  He  was  sworn  a  Privy 
Councillor  in  July  1864,  and  created  a  peer 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  April  6,  1869, 
since  which  time  he  has  sat  as  a  member 
of  the  Final  Court  of  Appeal  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  In  June  1875  he  was  appointed 
Judge  under  the  Public  Worship  Regula- 
tion Act  (Dean  of  Arches),  and  Judge  of 
the  Provincial  Courts  of  Canterbury  and 
York.  He  unsuccessfully  contested  Lei- 
cester in  the  Liberal  interest  in  1852,  and 
Peterborough  in  1857.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Commission  appointed  to  consider 
the  feasibility  of  forming  a  digest  of  the 
Common  Law,  which  he  had  shortly  be- 
fore advocated  in  an  address  delivered  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Social  Science  Congress 
at  York.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mission of  the  Marriage  Laws  ;  a  Member 
of  the  Judicature  Commission  ;  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  opposing  the  changes  which 
aimed  at  a  fusion  of  law  and  equity,  and 
which  were  afterwards  carried  out  in  the 
destruction  of  the  old  Common  Law 
Courts.  He  was  also  a  Member  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Courts  Commission.  Upon 
the  abolition  of  Purchase  in  the  Army,  he 
was  a  Member  of  the  Commission  appointed 
to  consider  the  claims  of  certain  of  the 
Purchase  Officers,  and  shortly  afterwards 
he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Retirement  and  Promotion  in 
the  Army,  and  prepared  the  report  which 
was  afterwards  in  part  carried  out  by 
Royal  Warrant.  He  was  Chairman  of  the 
Commission  appointed  to  report  on  the 
condition  of  Wellington  College.  He  was 
also  Chairman  and  drew  up  the  Report  of 
theCommission  which  sat  to  inquire  into  the 
practices  of  the  Stock  Exchange.  When 
Mr.  Peel  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons  he  took  his  place  as  Chairman 
of  a  Departmental  Committee  appointed 
by  the  War  Office  to  consider  the  position 
of  Engineer  Officers  in  India.  He  took  a 
leading  part,  in  conjunction  with  the  late 
Lord  Redesdale,  in  opposing  the  abolition 
of  the  judicial  functions  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  an  opposition  which  resulted  in 
Lord  Cairns  withdrawing  the  Bill  brought 
into  the  House  of  Lords  for  that  purpose. 
He  married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Radnor,  in  1860.  Address  :  Eashing  Park, 
Godalming. 

PEPPERCORN,  A.  D.,  landscapist, 
was  born  in  London,  and  received  his 
artistic  training  in  Gerome's  Studio  and 
at  the  Beaux  Arts,  Paris.  His  art  is 
singularly  suggestive  of  that  of  the  Bar- 
bizon  school,  and  he  has  been  likened  to 
Corot.  He  lives  on  the  edge  of  those 
exquisite  beech  woods  which  extend  from 
Horsley  to  Shere  in  Surrey,  and  are  perhaps 
the  only   extensive  and  romantic  wood- 


lands east  of  the  New  Forest.  He  has 
held  two  oil  and  one  water-colour  exhibi- 
tion at  Goupils'  Gallery,  is  prominent  in 
all  the  principal  annual  exhibitions  in 
London,  having  latterly  exhibited  at  the 
small  and  choice  exhibitions  at  the  Dudley 
Gallery,  and  was  an  honoured  member  of 
the  late  Grosvenor  Gallery  Pastel  Society. 
In  the  esteem  of  those  who  really  under- 
stand art  he  holds  a  very  high  place.  Ad- 
dresses :  32  Shaftesbury  Avenue,  W. ;  and 
West  Horsley,  Leatherhead. 

PERCIVAL,  The  Right  Rev.  John, 
D.D.,  Hon.LL.D.,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  born 
Sept.  27,  1834,  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  was  Scholar  of  Queen's  College 
from  1854  to  1858,  and  Fellow  of  the  same 
College  from  1858  to  1862.  From  1860  to 
1862  he  was  a  Master  at  Rugby  School, 
and  was  then  appointed  first  Head-master 
of  Clifton  College,  a  post  which  he  most 
successfully  filled  until  1878,  when  he  was 
elected  President  of  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford. A  few  years  later  he  was  made  a 
Canon  of  Bristol.  He  has  published 
"Some  Helps  for  School  Life,"  sermons 
preached  in  Clifton  College  Chapel,  and 
"The  Connection  of  the  Universities  with 
the  Great  Towns."  He  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  University  College, 
Bristol ;  and  is  known  throughout  the 
country,  and  especially  in  the  west,  for 
his  exertions  for  the  spread  of  university 
education  among  the  middle  classes.  In 
1887  Dr.  Percival  was  appointed  Head- 
master of  Rugby  School,  in  succession 
to  Dr.  Jex-Blake,  and  resigned  the  Presi- 
dency of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and 
also  the '  Canonry  at  Bristol.  He  was 
nominated  Bishop  of  Hereford  in  February 
1895.  Dr.  Percival  married,  in  1862, 
Louisa,  daughter  of  James  Holland.  She 
died  in  June  1896.  In  January  1899  he 
married  (2)  Miss  Mary  Georgina  Symonds, 
second  daughter  of  the  late  Frederick 
Symonds,  of  Oxford.  Addresses :  The 
Palace,  Hereford  ;  and  Athenseum. 

PERKIN,  William  Henry,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  F.R.S. ,  was  born  in  London  on 
March  12,  1838.  As  a  chemist  and  in- 
ventor he  has  long  been  noted  in  scientific 
circles  ;  but  to  the  world  at  large  his  title 
to  enduring  fame  is  based  on  his  greatest 
and  earliest  achievement,  the  discovery  of 
the  first  aniline  colour.  He  was  educated 
at  the  City  of  London  School,  the  only 
school  in  England  at  that  date  where 
scientific  subjects  were  taught.  He 
studied  chemistry  systematically  under 
Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann,  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Chemistry.  This  was  in  1853,  when  he 
was  only  fifteen  years  of  age.  Two  years 
afterwards  he  acted  as  Assistant  to  Dr. 
Hofmann  in  his  research  laboratory,  and 


PERKIN 


847 


in  the  following  March  he  read  an  account 
of  his  first  research  before  the  Chemical 
Society.  Daring  the  Easter  vacation  of 
that  year,  1856,  whilst  conducting  an  in- 
vestigation at  home,  which  had  for  its 
object  the  artificial  formation  of  quinine, 
he  obtained  results  which  led  him  to  the 
discovery  of  the  "aniline  purple,"  or 
"mauve,"  a  discovery  which  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  industry  of  the  coal-tar 
colours,  which  has  now  assumed  such 
remarkable  dimensions.  After  experi- 
menting with  this  colouring  matter  in 
Messrs.  Pullar's  dye  works  at  Perth,  and 
being  encouraged  by  them  to  follow  up 
its  manufacture,  Perkin  left  the  College  of 
Chemistry  in  order  to  devote  himself  to 
the  development  of  his  new  discovery, 
which  was  patented  in  1856,  he  being  then 
not  more  than  eighteen  years  of  age.  The 
manufacture  of  mauve  being  an  entirely 
new  industry,  naturally  presented  many 
difficulties,  as  most  of  the  substances 
required  for  its  production  were  at  that 
date  known  in  only  a  few  scientific  labora- 
tories, and  none  of  the  plant  in  ordinary 
use  in  chemical  works  was  suitable  for 
their  production.  But  owing  to  Perkin's 
scientific  knowledge  and  practical  turn  of 
mind  these  difficulties  were  overcome.  In 
this  undertaking  he  was  associated  with 
his  father  and  brother,  and  the  firm  was 
known  as  Perkin  &  Sons.  The  works  were 
erected  on  the  Grand  Junction  Canal  at 
Greenford  Green,  Middlesex.  The  new  dye 
was  successfully  made  in  the  course  of  the 
year  1857,  and  supplied  first  to  the  silk 
dyers  in  London,  and  then  at  Maccles- 
field, and  some  time  afterwards  to  calico 
printers  in  Scotland  and  elsewhere.  In 
1859  the  Sociefe  Industrielle  of  Mulhouse 
awarded  Perkin  a  silver  medal,  and  some 
time  afterwards  a  gold  medal  for  his  dis- 
covery of  the  mauve.  Besides  the  mauve, 
he  discovered  also  several  other  coal-tar 
colouring  matters  ;  and  after  Graebe  and 
Liehermann  had  made  their  celebrated 
discovery  of  the  formation  of  alizarine 
from  anthracene  in  1868,  he  found  two 
new  processes  by  which  this  was  rendered 
of  practical  value  ;  and  alizarine  was  first 
manufactured  commercially  at  Greenford 
Green  in  1869.  Perkin  also  discovered 
that  with  artificial  alizarine  another  colour- 
ing matter  was  associated,  viz.,  anthra- 
purpurine,  which  has  proved  to  be  of  great 
value,  as  it  produces  colours  of  a  more 
scarlet  shade  than  pure  alizarine,  and  when 
mixed  with  the  latter  renders  its  shades 
more  brilliant.  At  the  end  of  the  year 
1873,  Perkin  retired  from  technical  work. 
During  the  entire  period  in  which  he  was 
occupied  in  carrying  on  the  manufacture 
of  coal-tar  colours  he  was  actively  engaged 
in  scientific  research,  not  only  in  reference 
to  this  industry,  but  also  in  pure  chemistry. 


Out  of  his  very  numerous  papers  the  fol- 
lowing, relating  to  pure  chemistry,  may 
be  referred  to,  viz.,  those  on  the  halogen 
derivatives  of  acetic  and  succinic  acids, 
which  resulted,  among  other  things,  in  the 
artificial  formation  of  glycocine,  a  deriva- 
tive of  gelatine  (1859),  and  tartaric  acid 
(1861).  These  were  carried  out  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  late  Mr.  B.  F.  Duppa,  and 
were  of  special  interest  at  that  date,  when 
but  few  bodies  of  animal  or  vegetable 
origin  had  been  produced  artificially.  In 
1867  he  published  his  first  papers  on  sali- 
cylic aldehyde,  showing  that  this  substance 
is  not  only  an  aldehyde  but  also  a  phenol. 
This  was  the  commencement  of  a  series  of 
researches,  which  resulted  in  the  artifi- 
cial formation  of  coumarin  (the  odorous 
principle  of  the  Tonka  bean,  sweet-scented 
vernal  grass,  &c),  and  the  discovery  of 
several  new  bodies  of  this  class,  showing 
the  existence  of  a  whole  series  of  these 
odoriferous  substances.  The  further  pro- 
secution of  this  line  of  research  led  to 
the  discovery  of  a  new  reaction,  by  which 
cinnamic  acid  could  be  easily  obtained 
from  benzaldhyde,  by  heating  it  with 
acetic  anhydride  and  a  'salt  of  a  fatty 
acid,  and  moreover,  by  substituting  other 
aromatic  aldehydes,  and  also  varying  the 
anhydride,  a  large  number  of  new  acids 
of  this  class  were  obtained.  By  modify- 
ing this  reaction,  which  is  now  known  as 
"Perkin's  Reaction,"  Dr.  Caro  succeeded 
in  producing  cinnamic  acid  technically  (at 
the  Badische  Anilin  und  Soda  Fabrik), 
for  the  artificial  production  of  indigo  by 
the  method  discovered  by  Bayer.  Perkin's 
later  work  has  been  on  the  remarkable 
property  of  substances  to  rotate  the  plane 
of  polarisation  when  placed  in  the  field  of 
a  magnet  (discovered  by  Faraday),  and  he 
has  shown  that  this  rotation  varies  with 
bodies  of  the  homologous  series  in  a  de- 
finite manner  for  each  addition  of  CH2, 
and  moreover  it  exhibits  distinct  differ- 
ences between  normal  and  isomeric  com- 
pounds, and  is  therefore  likely  to  be  of 
value  in  determining  the  constitution  of 
bodies.  By  this  property  it  appears  also 
to  be  possible  to  distinguish  between 
bodies  which,  when  hydrated,  form  definite 
chemical  products  and  those  which  only 
form  molecular  compounds.  Dr.  Perkin 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society  in  1856,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1866,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight.  In  1869  he  became  one  of  the 
honorary  secretaries  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  a  post  which  he  held  until  elected 
President  of  that  Society  in  1883  ;  he  was 
also  President  of  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry  in  1884^85.  In  1882  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  Ph.D.  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wiirzburg,  and  in  1884  he  was 
made  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  German 


848 


PEEKIN  —  PEEOWNE 


Chemical  Society.  In  1879  the  Royal 
medal,  and  in  1889  the  Davy  medal,  were 
awarded  to  hira  by  the  Royal  Society  ;  and 
in  1888  he  received  the  Longstaff  medal  of 
the  Chemical  Society,  the  latter  two  being 
given  in  recognition  of  his  researches  on 
the  magnetic  rotation  of  bodies  ;  and  in 
1890  the  Albert  medal  from  the  Society  of 
Arts  was  awarded  him  for  his  discoveries 
in  colouring  matters.  In  1891  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  and  in  1892 
was  awarded  the  Birmingham  medal  of 
the  Gas  Institute,  on  account  of  the  influ- 
ence of  his  discoveries  on  the  Coal- Gas 
Industry.  Address  :  The  Chesnuts,  Sud- 
bury, Harrow. 

PEBKIN,  William  Henry,  junior, 
Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Organic 
Chemistry  at  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
was  born  at  Sudbury  on  June  17,  1860, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  W.  H.  Perkin, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c.  He  was  educated  at 
the  City  of  London  School,  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Science,  South  Kensington,  and 
at  the  Universities  of  Wiirzburg  and 
Munich.  He  was  a  Privat  Docent  at 
Munich  for  three  years,  in  1887  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the 
Heriot-Watt  College,  Edinburgh,  and  in 
1892  proceeded  to  his  present  post.  He 
has  published  well-known  text-books  of 
Chemistry  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  Kip- 
ping and  Lean,  and  has  contributed  many 
papers  on  Chemistry  to  the  scientific 
journals.  Address  :  Fairview,  Fallow- 
field,  Manchester. 

PEBOSI,  Father  Lorenzo,  Italian 
composer,  was  born  at  Tortona  in  1872. 
His  love  for  music  showed  itself  from  his 
earliest  years,  and  having  sprung  from  a 
musical  family  he  received  his  first  lessons 
from  his  father,  himself  an  organist  of 
some  renown.  Young  Perosi's  talent  was 
so  pronounced  that  he  was  sent  to  the  St. 
Cecilia  Institute  of  Rome,  and  afterwards 
to  Ratisbon.  His  first  appointment  was 
at  the  Conservatoire  of  Parma,  but  his 
ideas  always  having  been  of  an  ecclesi- 
astical nature,  he  took  up  the  clerical 
profession  at  Venice.  In  this  he  composed 
a  great  number  of  masses  and  other  church 
compositions  ;  these  were  followed  by 
oratorios,  which  quickly  gained  for  him 
a  larger  circle  of  admirers.  In  1897  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  a  series  of  twelve 
oratorios  to  illustrate  the  life  of  Christ. 
The  first  of  these  was  "La  Passione  di 
Cristo  "  ;  then  "  La  Transfigurazione  di 
Cristo  "  ;  and  "La  Risurrezione  di  Laz- 
zaro."  The  last  of  the  series  is  "La 
Risurrezione  di  Cristo,"  which  was  given 
in  1899  at  the  ancient  church  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, in  Milan. 


PEBOWNE,  The  Bev.  Edward 
Henry,  D.D.,  Master  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  was  born  circa  1827, 
and  was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  Fellow 
and  Tutor  from  1858  to  1879.  His  aca- 
demic career  was  brilliant ;  he  won  the 
Porson  Prize  in  1848,  and  was  Senior 
Classic  in  1850.  Ordained  in  1850,  he 
was  appointed  Hon.  Canon  of  Worcester 
in  1894.  He  was  Lady  Margaret  Preacher 
at  the  University  in  1877,  Vice-Chancellor 
from  1879  to  1881,  and  was  appointed 
Master  of  Corpus  in  1879.  He  has  written 
a  commentary  on  Galatians,  several  works 
of  a  devotional  order,  and  in  1866  de- 
livered the  Hulsean  Lectures  on  "The 
Godhead  of  Jesus."  Address  :  Master's 
Lodge,  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge. 

PEBOWNE,  The  Bight  Bev.  John 
James  Stewart,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, was  born  March  13,  1824,  at  Burd- 
wan,  Bengal,  of  a  family  of  French 
(Huguenot)  extraction,  that  came  over 
to  this  country  at  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes.  He  was  educated  at 
Norwich  Grammar  School,  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge  ;  was  ap- 
pointed Bell's  University  Scholar  in  1842, 
Crosse  (Theological)  Scholar  in  1845,  Tyrr- 
whitt's  (Hebrew)  Scholar  in  1848,  and 
Member's  Prizeman  (Latin  Essay)  in  1844, 
1846,  and  1847.  Dr.  Perowne  took  his 
B.A.  degree  in  1845,  and  that  of  M.A.  in 
1848,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  his 
College  in  1849.  He  was  Examiner  for 
the  Classical  Tripos  in  1850  and  1851. 
He  was  Select  Preacher  at  the  University 
Church  in  1853,  1861,  and  1872,  and  fre- 
quently since  ;  Hulsean  Lecturer  in  1868, 
and  Lady  Margaret's  Preacher  in  1874. 
For  several  years  he  held  a  Lectureship 
and  Professorship  in  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, and  was  Assistant-Preacher  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  and  Examining  Chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Norwich.  From  1862  to 
1872  he  was  Vice-Principal  of  St.  David's 
College,  Lampeter,  and  whilst  there  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  for  the  College  a 
Charter  empowering  it  to  confer  the 
degree  of  B.A.  He  was  in  1872  appointed 
Pr£elector  in  Theology,  and  in  1873  elected 
a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College  ;  from  1874  to 
1876  he  was  Cambridge  Preacher  at  the 
Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall.  He  was  Canon 
Residentiary  of  Llandaff  from  1869  to 
1878,  and  Hulsean  Professor  of  Divinity 
at  Cambridge,  having  been  elected  to  this 
office,  June  17,  1875  ;  he  was  also  Exami- 
ner in  the  Text  of  Scripture,  &c,  in  the 
University  of  London.  He  was  appointed 
an  honorary  chaplain  to  the  Queen,  May 
13,  1875.  In  August  1878  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  Crown,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  to  the  Deanery 


PERRIN— PERRY 


849 


of  Peterborough,  vacated  by  the  death  of 
Dr.  Saunders  ;  and  in  1890  was  nominated 
Bishop  of  Worcester,  in  succession  to  Dr. 
Philpott,  who  resigned.  Dr.  Perownewas 
succeeded  in  the  Deanery  of  Peterborough 
by  Canon  Marsham  Argles.  Dr.  Perowne 
was  made  an  hon.  D.D.  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  at  the  Tercentenary  of  the 
University  in  1884,  and  was  Select  Preacher 
at  Oxford  in  1888-89.  In  1888  he  was 
made  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
Borough  and  Liberty  of  Peterborough, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  the  First 
Hon.  Fellow  of  his  old  College,  Corpus 
Christi,  Cambridge.  Dr.  Perowne  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Book  of  Psalms,  a  new 
Translation,  with  Notes,  Critical  and 
Exegetical,"  2  vols.,  7th  edit.  ;  Hulsean 
Lectures  on  "  Immortality"  ;  a  volume  of 
sermons  ;  occasional  sermons  ;  "  The 
Athanasian  Creed  "  ;  "  Confession  in  the 
Church  of  England"  ;  "The  Church,  the 
Ministry,  the  Sacraments";  "Disestab- 
lishment and  Disendowment  "  ;  "  The 
Interest  of  the  People  of  England  in  the 
Maintenance  of  the  National  Church  "  ; 
articles  in  Dr.  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,"  Contemporary  Review,  Expositor, 
Sunday  Magazine,  Good  Words,  and  an 
essay  on  Welsh  Cathedrals.  He  is  also 
the  editor  of  Al  Adjrumiieh,  an  Arabic 
Grammar,  and  of  "  Rogers  on  the  Thirty- 
Nine  Articles,"  of  Bishop  Thirlwall's 
Charges  and  Literary  Remains,  and  of 
"The  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools,"  and 
"The  Cambridge  Greek  Testament  for 
Schools."  Dr.  Perowne  was  a  member  of 
the  company  engaged  on  the  revision  of 
the  Old  Testament,  and  also  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Ecclesiastical  Courts.  He 
married,  in  1862,  Anna  Maria,  third  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Humphry  William  Woolrych, 
Esq.,  Serjeant-at-Law,  of  Croxley,  Hert- 
fordshire. Addresses  :  Hartlebury  Castle, 
Kidderminster ;  and  Athenasum. 

PERRIN,  The  Rt.  Rev.  William 
Willcox,  D.D. ,  second  son  of  the  late 
Thomas  Perrin,  Esq.,  of  Westbury-on- 
Trym,  Gloucestershire,  was  born  Aug.  11, 
1848.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
London,  of  which  he  is  an  Associate,  and 
Trinity  College,  Oxford.  Graduated  B.A. 
1870;  M. A.  1873;  D.D.  1893.  Ordained 
1871  (Deacon)  ;  1872  (Priest)  ;  Curate  of 
St.  Mary's,  Southampton,  1871-81  ;  Vicar 
of  St.  Luke's,  Southampton,  1881-93  ; 
Surrogate  for  Diocese  of  Winchester. 
Consecrated  Bishop  of  British  Columbia, 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  March  25,  1893. 
Address  :  Bishop's  Close,  Victoria,  British 
Columbia. 

PERRY,  Professor  John,  M.E., 
D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  Assoc.  M.I.C.E.,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Physical  Society    and  Vice- 


President  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  was  born  at  Garvagh,  in  Ulster, 
on  Feb.  14,  1850.  His  father  was  Samuel 
Perry,  of  that  town.  Dr.  Perry  attended 
the  Model  School,  Belfast,  and  won  a  silver 
medal  in  Natural  Science.  He  graduated 
in  1870  as  Bachelor  of  Engineering,  in  the 
Queen's  University  of  Ireland,  with  first 
honours,  Gold  Medal  and  Peel  Prize  ;  and 
gained  a  Whitworth  Scholarship  in  that 
year.  The  honorary  degree  'of  Master  in 
Engineering  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
University  Senate  in  1882.  He  was  Lec- 
turer in  Physics  at  Clifton  College,  1870- 
74  ;  and  there  started  the  earliest  School 
Physical  Laboratory  and  Workshop,  still 
thriving  institutions.  He  published  "  A 
Treatise  on  Steam"  (Macmillan),  in  1873  ; 
was  a  secretary  of  the  A  Section,  British 
Association,  1874  ;  and  in  that  year  became 
Thomson  Scholar,  and  hon.  assistant  to  Sir 
William  Thomson  in  Glasgow.  He  wrote 
the  mathematical  and  physical  articles  in 
Blackie's  "  Cyclopedia."  His  first  scien- 
tific paper  was  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  early  in  1875,  on  "The 
Electric  Conductivity  of  Glass  as  Depend- 
ent on  Temperature."  In  partnership  with 
Sir  William  Thomson,  he  read  a  paper  on 
"  Capillary  Surfaces  of  Revolution,"  before 
the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.  Of  the 
papers  published  by  him  with  Prof.  Ayr- 
ton,  since  1876,  the  following  are  some  of 
the  most  important:  "The  Specific  In- 
ductive Capacity  of  Gases,"  "  On  Elec- 
trolytic Polarisation,"  "Resistance  of 
Galvometer  Coils,"  "  Ice  as  an  Electrolyte," 
"Heat  Conduction  in  Stone,"  "Contact 
Theory  of  Voltaic  Action,"  "Ratio  of 
Electric  Units,"  "On  Electromotors,  and 
their  Government,"  "  On  Electrical 
Measuring  Instruments,"  "On  the  Gas 
Engine,"  and  "Magnifying  Spring."  In 
1875  he  went  to  Japan  as  Joint-Professor 
(with  the  Principal)  of  Engineering  in  the 
Imperial  College  of  Engineering,  and 
returned  to  England  in11879.  He  gained 
the  Silver  Medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  1881  for  his  lecture  on  "The  Future 
Development  of  Electrical  Appliances," 
since  translated  into  German  by  Prof. 
Weinhold.  He  delivered  a  course  of  Can- 
tor lectures  on  hydraulic  machinery  in 
1882  ;  and  became  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Engineering  and  applied  Mathematics  at 
the  Finsbury  Technical  College.  He  is 
secretary  of  the  Physical  Society.  Pro- 
fessors Ayrton  and  Perry  were  appointed 
joint-engineers  to  the  Faure  Accumulator 
Company,  and  remained  in  that  capacity 
until  the  English  patents  were  disposed  of. 
Their  more  important  inventions  are  :  A 
dynamo  machine,  in  the  description  of 
which  in  1882  the  well-known  system  of 
multipolar  winding  is  first  described  ;  per- 
manent magnet  and  spring  ammeters  and 

3h 


850 


PERSIA  —  PERUGINI 


voltmeters,  with  and  without  commuta- 
tors ;  solenoid  and  shielded  ammeters  and 
voltmeters  ;  spring  balances  ;  resistances 
for  use  with  strong  currents  varied  by  foot 
and  hand  ;  ergmeters  ;  power  -  meter  ; 
ohmmeter ;  non-sparking  key ;  electro- 
motors ;  switches  for  use  with  accumu- 
lators, and  arrangements  for  lighting  rail- 
way trains  ;  photometers  ;  secohmeters  ; 
dynamometer  couplings  and  transmission 
and  absorption  dynamometers  ;  an  electric 
arc  lamp  ;  the  governing  of  motors  and 
dynamos  ;  an  electric  tricycle  ;  an  electric 
railway  system  with  friction  gearing,  con- 
tact boxes  and  locomotives,  forming  part 
of  the  general  system  belonging  to  the 
Telpherage  Company  (Limited).  Of  their 
inventions  which  are  not  commercially 
valuable  may  be  mentioned  their  ar- 
rangement for  "  Seeing  by  Electricity  "  ; 
their  multireflex  arrangement  exhibited 
in  Paris ;  their  ballistic  galvanometer, 
and  their  many  forms  of  apparatus 
employed  in  the  teaching  of  electricity, 
&c.  On  the  death  of  Prof.  Fleeming 
Jenkin,  Prof.  Perry  became  engineer  to  the 
Telpherage  Company,  and  from  July  to 
October  1885,  superintended  the  erection 
and  settling  to  work  of  the  Telpher  line  at 
Glynde  in  Sussex.  In  June  1885  Prof. 
Perry  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  of  the 
Royal  Society.  The  Eoyal  University  of 
Ireland  has  bestowed  on  him  its  highest 
scientific  degree,  that  of  Doctor  of  Science. 
He  delivered  the  "operatives"  lecture  of 
the  British  Association  meeting  of  1890 
on  "  Spinning  Tops."  He  is  now  utilising 
part  of  the  immense  water-power  of  Gal- 
way  (in  partnership  with  his  brother,  who 
is  County  Surveyor  there)  in  Electric 
Lighting  and  Transmission  of  Power.  The 
Ayrton  and  Perry  partnership  was  dis- 
solved in  1889.  Since  that  time  Prof. 
Perry  has  published  many  scientific  papers 
and  developed  several  instruments,  of 
which  his  Electric  Supply  Meter  for  the 
use  of  consumers  of  electric  energy  is  the 
one  most  valuable  commercially.  In  1896 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Mathe- 
matics and  Mechanics  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Science,  London.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Kew  Committee  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  advocates  many  reforms  in  the  teach- 
ing of  Mathematics  and  Mechanics,  which 
are  explained  in  his  recent  publications, 
"  The  Calculus  for  Engineers"  and  "Ap- 
plied Mechanics."  He  is  married  to  Miss 
Alice  Jowitt,  of  Sheffield.  Address : 
Royal  College  of  Science,  S.  Kensington. 

PERSIA,  Shah  of.     See  Muzafpeb- 
ed-Din,  Shah  of  Persia. 

PERTTGINI,  Charles  Edward,  was 

born  in  Naples  of  Italian  parentage,  on 
Sept.  1,  1839.      He  was  educated  in  Eng- 


land, and  first  began  his  art  studies  in 
Paris,  at  the  Pension  Colart.  Acting  upon 
the  advice  of  Horace  Vernet,  who  was 
much  interested  in  the  boy's  talent,  his 
parents  sent  him  to  Naples,  where  he 
studied  painting  under  Signor  Bonplis. 
He  then  went  to  Rome,  and  worked  in  the 
studio  of  Signor  Mancinelli,  eventually 
finishing  his  art  education  in  Paris  under 
the  personal  supervision  of  Ary  Scheffer. 
C.  E.  Perugini  first  exhibited  at  the 
French  Gallery,  and  at  the  Royal  British 
Artists  in  Pall  Mall ;  and  since  1860  has 
been  represented  each  successive  year  at 
the  Royal  Academy.  He  is  also  a  con- 
stant exhibitor  at  the  New  Gallery. 
Among  his  principal  works  are:  "The 
Cup  of  Tea,"  1874  ;  "A  Labour  of  Love," 
by  which  he  was  represented  at  the  Paris 
Universal  Exhibition  of  1878 ;  "  The 
Rivals,"  1876;  "Finishing Touches,"  1877; 
"Fresh  Lavender,"  1879;  "A  Siesta," 
1880;  "Dolce  Far  Niente,"  1882;  "Idle 
Moments,"  1884;  "Cup  and  Ball,"  1885  ; 
"A  Summer  Shower,"  1888;  "Leda," 
1893;  "The  High-Born  Lady,"  1895; 
"Weary  Waiting,"  1898;  "A  Fair 
Italian,"  1899  ;  and  many  others,  most 
of  which  have  been  reproduced,  either 
in  line  engraving,  wood,  mezzotint, 
or  photogravure.  He  has  also  painted 
many  portraits,  but  has  exhibited  only  a 
few  of  them ;  two  of  the  best  known 
being  "Countess  Granville  and  her 
daughters,"  and  the  portrait  of  his  wife, 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1875. 
Mr.  C.  E.  Perugini  was  naturalised  in 
1859,  and  joined  the  Artists'  Corps,  then 
the  38th  Middlesex  Royal  Volunteers  (now 
the  20th),  and  was  elected  to  a  commis- 
sion, which  he  held  until  1872.  Mr.  Peru- 
gini was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  at  the 
Melbourne  International  Exhibition  of 
1880,  and  received  other  medals  and 
diplomas  from  Philadelphia,  Sydney,  and 
Adelaide.  In  1874  he  married  Kate, 
daughter  of  Charles  Dickens.  Address : 
38a  Victoria  Road,  Kensington. 

PERUGINI,  Kate,  wife  of  C.  E. 
Perugini,  is  the  eldest  daughter  of  Charles 
Dickens,  the  novelist.  She  was  born  in 
London,  and  first  began  drawing  at  Bed- 
ford College,  Bedford  Square.  She  after- 
wards studied  art  in  London  and  Paris, 
among  her  teachers  being  the  late  C.  A.  Col- 
lins and  the  late  Frederick  Walker,  AR.  A 
Mrs.  Kate  Perugini  is  a  painter  of  children's 
portraits,  and  of  children's  subject  pic- 
tures. The  best  known  of  these  are :  "An 
Impartial  Audience,"  "A  Little  Woman," 
"Tomboy,"  "  A  Little  Coquette, "  "Brother 
and  Sister,"  "Happy  and  Careless,"  "The 
Rabbit  Hutch,"  "A  Doll's  Dressmaker," 
"Little  Nell,"  "A  Story  Book,"  "Sym- 
pathy,"   "A    Flower    Merchant,"    "The 


PETERBOKOUGH  —  PETRE 


851 


Flowers  that  Bloom  in  the  Spring,"  and 
"Butterflies,"  a  photogravure  of  which  was 
made  by  the  Berlin  Photographic  Com- 
pany. These  pictures,  and  a  great  number 
of  her  portraits  of  children,  have  been 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the 
New  Gallery.  Her  Academy  picture  in 
1899  was  "  The  Sister  of  the  Bride."  Mrs. 
Kate  Perugini  is  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Women  Artists. 

PETERBOROUGH,  Bishop  of.  See 
Glyn,  The  Hon.  and  Right  Rev.  Ed- 
ward Cakr. 

PETHERICK,  Edward  Augustus, 
eldest  son  of  Peter  John  Petherick,  and 
grandson  of  Edward  Jarman  Petherick, 
R.N. ,  of  Bridgwater,  was  born  March  6, 
1847,  at  Burnham,  Somerset,  where  his 
father  was  bookseller  and  librarian.  His 
parents  emigrating  to  Australia  in  1852, 
he  received  early  official  training  in  the 
municipal  offices,  Collingwood,  Victoria. 
From  1862  to  1888  he  was  connected  with 
the  bookselling  and  publishing  house 
of  Robertson,  of  Melbourne,  representing 
that  firm  in  London  from  1870  to  1888. 
In  connection  with  a  Colonial  Booksellers' 
Agency  (1887  to  1892)  he  edited  the  Torek 
and  Colonial  Booh  Circular,  a  guide  to  new 
books,  English  and  American,  including 
all  publications  relating  to  or  issued  in 
the  British  Colonies.  Among  much  other 
bibliographical  work  which  Mr.  Petherick 
has  done  may  be  mentioned  a  "Biblio- 
graphy of  Australasia  and  Polynesia,"  now 
in  course  of  publication,  and  a  "  Catalogue 
of  the  York  Gate  Library"  (S.  W.  Silver), 
1882,  extended  and  re-issued  in  1886  as 
"  An  Index  to  the  Literature  of  Geography 
and  Travel  in  all  Ages  and  Countries." 
He  contributed  to  the  Melbourne  Review 
(1883  to  1885)  a  series  of  papers  treating 
of  Discovery  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere, 
and  is  preparing  a  work  in  elucidation  of 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  voyages  in  the 
16th  century.  He  has  also  written  upon 
Australian  politics  and  finances,  his  latest 
publication  being  "Australia  in  1897." 
Mr.  Petherick  has  travelled  round  the 
world  three  times,  and  has  visited  the 
United  States  and  most  of  the  British 
Colonies.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  and  of  the  Linnean  Society ; 
hon.  member  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  of  Australasia  (Victorian  Branch), 
Member  of  the  Library  Association  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  kindred 
societies.  He  married,  in  1892,  Mary 
Agatha,  daughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Annear, 
Wesleyan  missionary,  and  widow  of  Charles 
Skeats,  Esq.,  of  Melbourne  and  Bourne- 
mouth. Address :  85  Hopton  Road,  Streat- 
ham,  London,  S.W. 


PETIT,  Hon.  Sir  Dinshaw  Manock- 
jee,  Bart.,  a  philanthropic  Parsee,  was 
born  June  30,  1823,  and  is  the  chief  re- 
presentative of  one  of  the  oldest  Parsee 
families,  which  obtained  its  surname  from 
the  French  sobriquet  of  Petit,  owing  to 
their  short  stature.  Sir  Dinshaw  acquired 
his  English  education  at  a  school  kept  by 
a  pensioned  sergeant  named  Sykes.  At 
seventeen  he  entered  an  English  firm  as 
clerk,  at  the  same  time  trading  on  his  own 
account  with  the  rest  of  India  and  with 
China.  Some  time  after  he  had  inherited 
about  twelve  lakhs  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1859,  he  took  full  advantage  of 
the  American  Civil  War  to  invest  all  his 
capital  in  the  extension  of  the  cotton 
industry,  and  such  were  his  energy  and 
prudence  that  he  not  only  increased  his 
fortune,  but  succeeded  in  preserving  it 
intact  during  the  worst  crisis  of  the  share 
mania.  He  deserves  all  the  credit  for 
having  acted  as  the  pioneer  of  that  milling 
industry  which  has  turned  Bombay  into 
an  Asiatic  Lancashire.  He  is  now  the 
chief  owner  of  seven  of  the  largest  mills 
in  his  Presidency,  and  is  considered  to  be 
one  of  the  wealthiest  men  in  India.  In 
1887  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's  Jubilee, 
and  in  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
member  of  the  Viceroy's  Judicial  Council 
— a  post  which  he  afterwards  resigned 
owing  to  the  pressure  of  his  other  engage- 
ments. .During  the  last  thirty  years  Sir 
Dinshaw  has  dispensed  large  sums  in 
public  and  private  charity,  principally  the 
latter,  and  the  amount  of  these  bene- 
factions is  stated  on  trustworthy  authority 
to  exceed  £200,000.  One  of  the  most 
notable  of  his  latest  gifts  was  to  present 
the  freehold  of  the  land  on  which  the 
Victoria  Jubilee  Technical  Institute  has 
been  erected.  He  has  given  a  lakh 
(100,000)  of  rupees  towards  the  founding 
of  a  leper  hospital  in  Bombay.  These  and 
other  benefactions  have  made  the  Parsee 
community  of  Western  India  famous 
throughout  the  world.  He  was  Sheriff  of 
Bombay  in  1887,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Chief  Parsee  Council.  In  1890  he  was 
created  a  baronet,  and  his  heir  is  his 
grandson,  who  was  born  in  1873.  Ad- 
dress :  Petit  Hill,  Bombay. 

PETIT  BOB.     See  Martel  de  Jan- 

VILLE,  COMTESSE  DE. 

PETRE,  Sir  George  Glynn,  C.B., 
K.C.M.G.,  was  born  on  Sept.  4,  1822,  and 
is  the  second  son  of  Henry  Petre,  of 
Dunkenhaigh,  Clayton-le-Moors,  Lanes.  ; 
he  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1846, 
and  was  attached  to  the  Legation  at 
Frankfort.  He  was  transferred  to  the 
Embassy  in  Paris,   March   1853,   and  in 


852 


PETRIE  —  PETTIGKEW 


1856  he  went  to  Naples,  and  acted  as 
Charge  d' Affaires  from  July  to  October, 
when,  in  conjunction  with  the  French 
Minister,  he  broke  oft  diplomatic  relations 
with  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and 
was  subsequently  re-appointed  to  the 
Embassy  of  Paris.  He  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  Legation  at  Hanover,  June  6, 
1859 ;  Charge'  d'Affaires  at  Copenhagen, 
December  1864 ;  and  assisted  at  the  in- 
vestiture of  his  Majesty  Christian  IX. 
with  the  Order  of  the  Garter,  as  a  bearer 
of  a  portion  of  the  insignia.  He  was 
transferred  to  Brussels  in  1866,  and  pro- 
moted to  be  Secretary  of  Embassy  in 
Berlin,  June  26,  1868.  Mr.  Petre  was 
accredited  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Argentine 
Republic,  April  1,  1881  ;  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  the  Republic  of  Paraguay, 
March  2,  1882  ;  and  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King 
of  Portugal,  Jan.  16,  1884.  In  1886  he 
was  made  a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  and 
in  1890  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George.  In 
January  1893  he  retired  on  a  pension. 
He  married,  in  1858,  Emma  Katherine, 
daughter  of  the  late  Major  Sneyd.  Ad- 
dress :  Hatchwoods,  Winchfield,  Hants. 

PETRIE,  Professor  William 
Matthew  Flinders,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  Egyptologist,  was  born  at  Charl- 
ton, on  June  3,  1853,  and  is  the 
grandson  through  his  mother  of  Captain 
Flinders,  discoverer  and  explorer  in 
Australia.  He  was  privately  educated. 
From  1875  to  1880  he  was  occupied  in 
surveying  British  earthworks,  &c.  ;  his 
plans  are  in  the  British  Museum.  In  1877 
he  wrote  "Inductive  Metrology,  or  the 
Recovery  of  Ancient  Measures  from  the 
Monuments  "  ;  1880,  "  Stonehenge  :  Plans, 
Description,  and  Theories."  In  1881-82 
he  surveyed  at  the  pyramids,  and  the 
results  appeared  in  "Pyramids  and 
Temples  of  Gizeh,"  assisted  by  a  grant 
from  the  Royal  Society.  In  1884-86  he 
excavated  for  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund 
at  Tanis  (Zoan),  Naukratis,  Am,  and 
Daphnae,  the  last  three  being  new  dis- 
coveries. The  results  appeared  in  "  Tanis 
I.,"  "Naukratis,"  "Tanis  II.,"  and  "Two 
Hieroglyphic  Papyri."  He  also  wrote  the 
articles  "Pyramid"  and  "Weights  and 
Measures,"  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,"  9th  edit.  In  1887  his  work  was  on 
rock  inscriptions  and  casts  of  sculpture, 
appearing  in  "A  Season  in  Egypt "  and 
"  Racial  Portraits.".  In  1888  and  onwards 
he  has  excavated  with  the  assistance  of 
private  friends,  working  from  1888  to  1890 
in  the  Fayum,  and  discovering  the  colossi 
of  Biahmu,  Roman  portraits  at  Hawara, 
early  towns  at  Kahun  and  Gurob,  and  the 


interior  of  the  pyramids  of  Hawara  and 
Illahun.  The  results  appeared  in  "  Ha- 
wara," "  Kahun,"  and  "Illahun."  A  work 
on  "  Historical  Scarabs  "  was  published  in 
1888.  In  1890  he  discovered  and  ex- 
cavated on  the  site  of  Lachish  for  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  the  account 
appearing  as  "  Tell  el  Hesy."  In  1891  he 
excavated  at  Medum,  finding  the  earliest 
known  temple,  and  published  it  in 
"Medum."  A  popular  summary  of  his 
Egyptian  work  was  then  issued,  in  "  Ten 
Years'  Diggings  in  Egypt."  In  1892  he 
excavated  the  palace  of  Akhenaten,  pub- 
lished in  "Tell  el  Amarna."  He  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  at  Oxford 
in  1893,  and  was  appointed  to  the  newly 
founded  Edwards  Professorship  of  Egypt- 
ology at  University  College,  London,  where 
he  organised  a  library  and  collection.  In 
1894  he  discovered  prehistoric  sculptures 
in  the  Temple  of  Koptos,  published  in 
"Koptos."  In  1895  he  discovered  the 
' '  New  Race  "  at  Nagada,  since  proved  to 
be  prehistoric  Egyptians,  published  in 
"Nagada  and  Ballas. "  In  the  same  year 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
at  Edinburgh.  In  1896  he  explored  the 
Temples  of  Thebes,  finding  the  Israel  in- 
scription, published  in  "Six  Temples  at 
Thebes."  In  1897  he  excavated  an  early 
cemetery,  published  in  "Deshasheh."  In 
1898  he  explored  the  early  cemetery  of 
Denderah.  In  May  1899  Prof.  Flinders 
Petrie  lectured  at  University  College  on 
the  discoveries  of  the  winter  of  1898-99. 
The  entirely  new  discovery  of  the,:  year 
was  the  traces  of  a  foreign  people  who 
entered  Egypt  about  the  twelfth  Dynasty. 
This  people  was  probably  Libyan.  The 
most  valuable  discovery  was  the  magni- 
ficent bronze  dagger  of  King  Suazenra, 
of  the  fourteenth  Dynasty.  He  has  also 
published  a  "History  of  Egypt,"  "Egyp- 
tian Tales,"  "Egyptian  Decorative  Art," 
"Religion  and  Conscience,"  "Syria  and 
Egypt,"  &c.  The  purpose  of  these  re- 
searches has  been  the  scientific  study 
of  Egyptian  civilisation,  recorded  by  full 
publication  of  drawings  and  descriptions. 
Permanent  address :  University  College, 
London. 

PETTIGREW,  James  Bell,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.C.P.,  Laureate  of  the 
Institute  of  France,  Professor  of  Medicine 
and  Anatomy,  and  Dean  of  the  Medical 
Faculty  in  the  University  of  St.  Andrews, 
was  born  in  1834,  and  is  a  native  of  Monk- 
land,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland.  He  is  related 
on  his  father's  side  to  the  late  well-known 
Dr.  Thomas  J.  Pettigrew,  F.R.C.S.,  author 
of  "Bibliotheca  Sussexiana,"  "Encyclo- 
paedia Egyptiaca,"  "Medical  Portrait 
Gallery,"  &c. ;  and  on  his  mother's  side 
(Mary  Bell)  to  the  famous  Henry  Bell,  the 


PETTIGEEW 


853 


designer  and  builder  of  the  original  Comet 
steamship,  and  the  founder  of  steam 
navigation  in  Europe.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Free  West  Academy  of  Airdrie, 
and  at  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow.  He  studied  Arts  at  Glasgow 
University  from  1850  to  1855,  and  Medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  University  from  1856 
to  1861.  He  graduated  in  Medicine  at 
Edinburgh  University  with  first  -  class 
honours  in  1861.  In  1858-59  he  was 
awarded  Professor  John  Goodsir's  Senior 
Anatomy  Gold  Medal  for  the  best  treatise 
"On  the  Arrangement  of  the  Muscular 
Fibres  in  the  Ventricles  of  the  Vertebrate 
Heart,"  Phil.  Trans.  1864.  This  treatise 
procured  for  him  the  appointment  of 
Croonian  Lecturer  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
London  for  1860.  He  carried  off  in  this 
same  year  (1860)  the  annual  Gold  Medal 
in  the  class  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  for 
an  essay  "  On  the  Presumption  of  Survi- 
vorship," Brit,  and  For.  Med.  Ohirurg. 
Revieio,  January  1865.  In  1860  also  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Eoyal  Medical 
Society,  an  honour  greatly  prized  by  all 
Edinburgh  alumni.  On  graduating  in 
medicine  in  1861,  he  selected  as  the  sub- 
ject of  his  inaugural  dissertation,  "The 
Ganglia  and  Nerves  of  the  Heart,  and  their 
connection  with  the  Cerebro -spinal  and 
Sympathetic  Systems  in  Mammalia,"  a 
very  involved  and  intricate  investigation. 
For  this  he  received  a  graduation  Gold 
Medal — the  highest  honour  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  confers,  Proe.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin. 
1865.  In  1861  he  became  house  surgeon 
to  the  famous  Professor  Syme  at  the  Royal 
Infirmary  of  Edinburgh.  In  1862  he  ob- 
tained the  post  of  Assistant  in  the  Hnn- 
terian  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England.  Here  he  remained 
for  five  years  (1862-67).  During  the  period 
in  question  he  added  about  600  finished 
dissections,  injections,  and  casts  to  this 
celebrated  collection.  In  addition  to 
museum  work  he  wrote  several  important 
memoirs,  each  memoir  being  profusely 
illustrated  by  dissections  and  drawings. 
The  following  may  be  mentioned  :  "  The 
Valves  of  the  Vascular  Systems  in  Verte- 
brata,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.  1864  ;  "  The 
Muscular  Arrangements  of  the  Bladder  and 
Prostate,"  Phil.  Trans.  1867;  "The  Me- 
chanical Appliances  by  which  Flight  is 
Attained  in  the  Animal  Kingdom,"  Trans, 
linn.  Soc.  1867.  In  1867  he  retired  from 
the  Hunterian  Museum,  and  spent  two 
years  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  where  be 
occupied  himself  in  extending  his  know- 
ledge of  the  flight  of  insects,  birds,  and 
bats.  He  also  experimented  largely  at 
this  period  on  the  subject  of  artificial 
flight.  In  1869  he  was  made  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  that-  year  he  returned  to  Edin- 


burgh, having  been  appointed  Curator  of 
the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  Edinburgh,  and  Pathologist  to 
the  Royal  Infirmary  of  Edinburgh.  There 
he  continued  his  anatomical,  physical,  and 
physiological  researches,  particularly  those 
of  flight,  and  in  1870  he  produced  a 
memoir,  "  On  the  Physiology  of  Wings, 
being  an  analysis  of  the  movements  by 
which  Flight  is  produced  in  the  Insect, 
Bird,  and  Bat,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin., 
vol.  xxvi.  pp.  321-446.  At  that  period  he 
added  numerous  specimens  to  the  Museum 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Edin- 
burgh ;  these,  with  the  other  specimens 
deposited  in  the  Hunterian  Museum  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England, 
and  the  Anatomical  Museum  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  amounted  to  con- 
siderably over  1000.  He  also  gave  daily 
demonstrations  in  morbid  anatomy  at  the 
Royal  Infirmary  of  Edinburgh  to  large 
classes  of  students.  In  1872  he  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  to  the  President  and 
Fellows  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  Edinburgh,  "On  the  Physiology  of  the 
Circulation  in  Plants,  in  the  Lower  Ani- 
mals, and  in  Man."  These  appeared  in 
the  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,  Lancet,  &c, 
as  delivered,  and  were  republished  by  Mac- 
millan  in  1874.  In  1872  he  was  made  a  Fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and 
a  member  of  the  Harveian,  Botanical, 
Medico-Chirurgical,  and  other  learned 
societies.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
of  Edinburgh,  and  appointed  Examiner  in 
Physiology  to  the  College.  He  also  (1873) 
became  Lecturer  in  Physiology  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh. 
On  assuming  the  duties  of  teacher  of 
Physiology,  he  chose  as  the  subject  of  his 
opening  address,  "  The  Relation  of  Plants 
and  Animals  to  Inorganic  Matter,  and  the 
Interaction  of  the  Vital  and  Physical 
Forces,"  La,ncet,  November  1873  ;  reprinted 
shortly  afterwards  by  Maclachlan  and 
Stewart,  of  Edinburgh.  In  that  year 
(1873)  he  published  his  work  on  "Animal 
Locomotion  ;  or  Walking,  Swimming,  and 
Flying,"  the  most  popular  and  best  known 
of  all  his  writings,  Anglo-American  Science 
Series,  vol.  vii.  This  volume  was  trans- 
lated, shortly  after  its  appearance,  into 
French,  German,  and  other  languages,  and 
has  passed  through  several  large  editions. 
In  1874  he  was  awarded  the  Godard  prize 
of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  for  his 
Anatomico-physiological  Researches,  and 
made  a  Laureate  of  the  Institute  of  France. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  Chandos  Pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  and  Anatomy  and  Dean 
of  the  Medical  Faculty  in  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews,  positions  which  he  still 
holds.  On  being  inducted  to  his  Chair,  he 
gave  as  his  introductory  lecture  "  Man  in 


854 


PEYTEAL  — PHEAE, 


his  Anatomical,  Physical,  and  Physiologi- 
cal Aspects,"  Lancet,  November  1875.  In 
1875-76-77  he  delivered  special  courses  of 
physiological  lectures  in  Dundee,  and  did 
much  to  foster  the  higher  learning  in  that 
important  commercial  centre.  To  his 
efforts,  and  those  of  his  colleagues,  Uni- 
versity College,  Dundee,  largely  owes  its 
origin.  In  1877  he  was  elected  by  the 
Universities  of  Glasgow  and  St.  Andrews 
as  their  representative  at  the  General 
Council  of  Medical  Education  and  Regis- 
tration of  the  United  Kingdom  (the  so- 
called  Medical  Parliament),  and  these 
Universities  he  represented  for  nine  years, 
viz.,  till  1886,  when  a  new  Medical  Bill 
was  passed  which  enabled  each  of  the 
.Scottish  Universities  to  return  its  own 
member.  Since  that  date  (1886)  he  has 
represented  his  own  University  —  St. 
Andrews.  In  1883  he  was  appointed 
Examiner  in  Anatomy  to  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  and  in  1886  he  had  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  of  that  University  con- 
ferred upon  him.  In  1889  he  was  made 
President  of  the  Harveian  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  and  gave  as  his  Harveian 
Oration,  "  The  Pioneers  in  Medicine  prior 
to  and  including  Harvey,"  Edin.  Med. 
Jour.  1889.  He  has  been  the  leading 
spirit  in  extending  the  medical  and  science 
teaching  at  St.  Andrews,  and  mainly 
through  his  efforts,  backed  up  by  the  un- 
stinted liberality  of  the  Lord  Rector — the 
scholarly  Marquis  of  Bute — a  new  medical 
school,  on  the  most  approved  modern  lines, 
has  been  erected  at  this  ancient  seat  of 
learning.  It  was  chiefly  through  Professor 
Pettigrew's  action  that  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity obtained  the  princely  gift  of 
£100,000  from  the  late  Mr.  David  Berry  of 
Coolangatta,  New  South  Wales.  He  was 
also  the  means  of  securing  from  his  friend, 
Dr.  John  Hay,  a  charming  official  residence 
for  the  Principal  of  the  University.  Pro- 
fessor Pettigrew  is  an  advanced  thinker 
and  takes  a  keen  interest  in  University 
extension  and  reform.  He  is  strongly  of 
opinion  that  the  scope  of  the  Master  of 
Arts  degree  of  the  Scottish  Universities 
should  be  widened  to  embrace  more  of 
Science,  Modern  Languages,  &c.  He  is 
an  original  investigator  in  Anatomy, 
Physiology,  and  Physics,  and  is  justly 
celebrated  in  these  departments  of  study 
at  home,  on  the  Continent,  and  in  America. 
He  was  the  first  to  untie  the  Gordian  knot 
of  Anatomy  by  unravelling  the  marvel- 
lously complicated,  interlacing  fibres  of 
the  vertebrate  heart.  He  is  also  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  figure  of  eight  movements 
made  by  the  wings  of  insects,  birds,  and 
bats  in  flying — by  the  fins,  flippers,  tails, 
bodies,  &c,  of  animals  in  swimming,  and 
by  the  extremities  of  bipeds  and  quad- 
rupeds  in   walking.     In   addition   to   the 


works  already  referred  to,  he  is  the  author 
of  articles  "  On  Flight,  Natural  and  Arti- 
ficial" ("Encyclopsedia  Britannica,"  9th 
edit.,  vol.  ix.,  1879,  and  Fraser's  Magazine 
for  February  1881);  "  The  Phonograph  or 
Speech  Recorder  in  its  Relation  to  the 
Human  Voice  and  Ear"  (Modern  Thought 
for  February  1882);  "  Creation— Man's 
place  in  Creation — his  Development  and 
Education  from  a  science  point  of  view  " 
[British  Medical  Journal  for  November 
1882,  and  Educational  Times  for  December 
1882);  "Civilisation  a  Result  of  Intel- 
lectual Progress "  ;  "  The  Brain  and  the 
Nervous  System  in  their  relation  to  Mind, 
or  the  Correlation  of  the  Physical  and 
Psychical  Forces,"  &c.  In  1890  he  mar- 
ried Elsie,  the  second  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Gray,  of  Greatham,  Durham. 
Address  :  The  Swallowgate,  St.  Andrews. 

PEYTEAL,  Paul  Louis,  French 
statesman,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  Jan.  20, 
1842,  and  first  entered  political  life  in 
1881,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies  as  a  Radical.  In  1885  he  was 
the  only  member  of  his  district  to  vote 
the  credits  for  Tonkin  and  Madagascar, 
and  in  the  next  year  he  became  Under- 
Secretary  to  the  Minister  of  Finance,  M. 
Carnot,  afterwards  President.  This  post 
he  retained  for  some  time  in  the  succeeding 
Goblet  Cabinet.  From  1888  to  1889  he 
was  Minister  of  Finance  in  the  Radical 
Cabinet  of  M.  Floquet,  and  introduced  a 
whole  series  of  Radical  reforms,  chief 
among  which  was  a  proposal  for  the 
income-tax.  In  the  Brisson  Cabinet  of 
1898,  he  filled  the  same  post.  He  is 
Senator  for  the  Bouches  du  Rhone,  and 
is  a  free-trader  in  principles.  In  October 
1898  he  retained  his  portfolio  of  Finance 
in  the  Dupuy  Cabinet,  and  has  again  roused 
French  ire  by  endeavouring  to  pass  his 
Income-Tax  Bill. 

PHEAR,  Trie  Rev.  Samuel  George, 
M.A.,  D.D.,  late  Master  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  third  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  John  and  Catherine  Phear,  was  born 
March  30,  1829,  at  Earl  Stonham  Rectory, 
Suffolk  ;  entered  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1848,  and  graduated  B.A.  as 
Fourth  Wrangler,  January  1852.  He  be- 
came Fellow  and  afterwards  Tutor  of  his 
College,  and  was  elected  Master,  Oct.  2, 
1871,  retaining  office  until  1895.  He  filled 
the  office  of  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity for  the  successive  years  1875-76. 
Dr.  Phear  for  many  years  took  an  active 
part  in  every  endeavour  to  extend  the 
teaching  and  influence  of  the  University; 
but  for  the  last  two  or  three  years  he 
has  been  invalided,  and  living  apart  from 
University  affairs.    Address :  Cambridge. 


PHELPS  —  PHILLIMORE 


855 


PHELPS,  Elizabeth  Stuart.  See 
Ward,  Mbs.  Herbert  D. 

PHILBKJCK,  His  Honour  Judge 
Frederick  Adolphus,  Q.  C. ,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  Frederick  B.  Philbrick,  of  Col- 
chester, and  was  born  in  1836.  He  was 
educated  at  the  London  University,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple 
in  1860.  He  became  a  Q.C.  in  1874,  and 
has  been  Recorder  of  Colchester  since 
1870.  He  was  appointed  in  1895  a  County 
Court  Judge.  Addresses :  Barwick  House, 
Yeovil ;  and  Lamb  Building,  Temple,  E.C. 

PHILIP,  John  "W.,  American  naval 
officer,  was  born  at  Kinderhook,  New  York, 
in  1840,  of  sturdy  Dutch  ancestry.  He 
entered  the  Naval  Academy  in  1856,  and 
graduated  in  1860 ;  he  served  in  the  navy 
throughout  the  war  between  the  States, 
and  afterwards  was  attached  to  the  Asiatic 
and  to  the  European  squadrons.  Later, 
on  leave  of  absence,  he  commanded  the 
Woodruff  Scientific  Expedition  round  the 
world.  In  1898,  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  with  Spain,  he  was  in  command  of 
the  battleship  Texas,  and  with  her  he 
acted  a  prominent  part  in  the  destruction 
of  the  Spanish  squadron  off  Santiago, 
Cuba,  July  3,  1898.  After  that  battle  he 
was  promoted  to  be  Commodore. 

PHILIPS,  Francis  Charles,  novelist 
and  dramatist,  comes  of  a  military  family, 
and  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  G.  W. 
Philips,  of  Ruxley  Park,  Surrey,  and  Wendy 
Vicarage,  Cambridgeshire,  who  lived  to 
a  great  age  and  was  godson  of  George 
Washington.  He  was  born  at  Brighton  in 
1849 ;  was  educated  at  Brighton  College, 
where  he  gained  a  prize  for  poetry,  and 
the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst, 
whence  he  entered  the  2nd  Queen's  Royal 
Regiment.  Leaving  the  army,  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  January  1884,  took  to 
literature,  and  leased  the  Globe  Theatre 
from  1874  to  1880.  His  principal  novels 
have  been  "  As  in  a  Looking-Glass,"  1885  ; 
"  A  Lucky  Young  Woman,"  1886  ;  "  Social 
Vicissitudes, "  a  collection  of  short  stories, 
1880;  "Jack  and  Three  Jills,"  1887  ;  "The 
Dean  and  His  Daughter,"  1887;  "The 
Strange  Adventures  of  Lucy  Smith,"  1888  ; 
"Little  Mrs.  Murray,"  1889;  "Young 
Mr.  Annesley's  Courtship,"  1890 ;  "  One 
Never  Knows,"  1892;  "Mrs.  Bouverie," 
1894,  fourth  edition  1898;  "A  Devil  in 
Nun's  Veiling,"  "A  Question  of  Colour," 
and  "Worst  Woman  in  London,"  1895; 
"An  Undeserving  Woman,"  "The  Luckiest 
of  Three,"  "My  Face  is  My  Fortune" 
(with  P.  Fendall),  "A  Full  Confession," 
"Poor  Little  Bella,"  "The  Dean  and  His 
Daughter"  (fifth  edition),  "The  Knight's 
Tale,"    and    "Men,    and    Women,     and 


Things,"  1898.  Besides  these  there  are 
"The  Fatal  Phryne,"  "The  Scuda- 
mores,"  "A  Maiden  Fair  to  See,"  and 
"Sybil  Ross's  Marriage,"  written  in  col- 
laboration with  Mr.  C.  J.  Wills ;  and 
"  A  Daughter's  Sacrifice  "  and  "  Margaret 
Byng,"  written  in  collaboration  with  Mr. 
Percy  Fendall.  Among  the  plays  that 
he  has  produced  in  London  are  "The 
Dean's  Daughter,"  founded  on  his  novel, 
"The  Dean  and  his  Daughter,"  written  in 
collaboration  with  Mr.  Sydney  Grundy, 
and  produced  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre  ; 
"  Husband  and  Wife,"  a  farcical  comedy, 
written  with  Mr.  Percy  Fendall,  and  pro- 
duced at  the  Comedy  Theatre  ;  "Godpapa," 
a  farcical  comedy,  written  in  collabora- 
tion with  Mr.  Charles  Brookfield,  and  pro- 
duced with  great  success  at  the  Comedy 
Theatre;  and  "The  Burglar  and  the 
Judge,"  written  with  Charles  Brookfield, 
and  produced  at  the  Haymarket,  Prince 
of  Wales's,  and  Court  Theatres.  The 
novel  "As  in  a  Looking-Glass"  has  been 
published  in  every  capital  in  Europe,  ran 
as  a  serial  in  Madame  Adam's  Nouvelle 
Revue,  and  was  afterwards  published  by 
her  under  the  title  of  "Comme  dans 
un  Miroir."  After  Mrs.  Bernard  Beere's 
success  at  the  Op£ra  Comique  in  the  play 
it  was  produced  at  the  Varietes  Theatre 
under  the  name  of  "Lena."  Mme.  Sarah 
Bernhardt  created  the  part,  playing  it  in 
Paris  and  London.  Mr.  Philips  served 
for  a  considerable  time  in  the  army,  and 
as  a  member  of  the  South  Wales  Circuit 
and  a  practising  London  barrister  has  been 
engaged  in  some  important  cases,  having 
appeared  in  Mrs.  Weldon  v.  Gounod,  and 
Publisher  of  Life  v.  Bird. 


PHILISTINE,  The. 
J.  Alfred. 


See  Spender, 


PHILLIMORE,  Sir  Walter  George 
Frank,  Bart.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  J.P.,  Judge  of 
the  Queen's  Bench  Division,  is  the  only  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Phillimore,  1st  Bart., 
a  Judge  of  the  old  Court  of  Admiralty. 
Born  on  Nov.  21,  1845,  he  succeeded  to 
the  baronetcy  in  1885.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  his  career  was  full  of  distinc- 
tion. He  obtained  first  classes  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1865,  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1866, 
and  in  Law  and  History  in  1867.  In  1868 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  All  Souls',  and 
became  Vinerian  Law  Scholar,  being  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  Nov- 
ember. He  is  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn,  had  a 
patent  of  precedence  conferred  upon  him 
in  1883,  and  holds  the  offices  of  Chancel- 
lor of  the  Diocese  of  Lincoln  and  Official 
of  the  Archdeanery  of  Colchester.  He  has 
also  been  Commissioner  of  Assize  on  the 
North-Eastern  Circuit,  on  his  return  from 


856 


PHILLIPS 


which  he  was  raised  to  the  Bench  in  Nov- 
ember 1897.  He  is  a  learned  lawyer,  and 
a  well-known  authority  on  Admiralty  and 
Ecclesiastical  Law.  He  has  published  the 
"Book  of  Church  Law";  "  Phillimore's 
Ecclesiastical  Law,"  2nd  edit.  ;  "  Philli- 
more's International  Law,"  vol.  iv.,  3rd 
edit.  As  a  Liberal  he  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  in 
1885,  and  as  a  Home  Ruler  failed  to  secure 
a  seat  in  South  Oxordshire  in  1886  and 
1892.  He  has  strong  ecclesiastical  sym- 
pathies, and  is  Vice-President  of  the  Eng- 
lish Church  Union.  In  June  1898  he  was 
presented  with  a  silver  model  of  a  three- 
masted  antique  galleon  by  past  and  present 
members  of  the  Admiralty  Bar  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  long  service  in  the  Admiralty 
Court.  He  married,  in  1870,  Agnes,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  C.  M.  Lushington, 
M.P.  Addresses  :  86  Eaton  Place,  S.W.  ; 
The  Coppice,  Henley-on-Thames,  &c. ;  and 
Athenasum. 

PHILLIPS,  Lawrence  Barnett, 
F.S.A.,  F.R.A.S.,  A.E.E.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Barnett  Phillips,  Esq.,  of  Bloomsbury 
Square,  was  born  Jan.  29,  1842,  and  edu- 
cated at  Dr.  Pinches'  school,  which  he  left 
at  the  age  of  fourteen,  to  study  mechanics 
and  watchmaking,  his  general  education 
being  continued  by  private  tutors  at  his 
father's  residence.  In  1861  he  commenced 
business  as  a  wholesale  chronometer  and 
watch  manufacturer,  having  already  in- 
vented the  rocking-bar  mechanism  for 
winding  watches,  which  did  much  towards 
their  general  introduction,  and  which  form 
of  keyless  work  has  now  been  universally 
adopted  by  the  English  manufacturers. 
He  has  designed  and  constructed  some  of 
the  most  complicated  and  highly-finished 
specimens  of  horological  art,  and  by  the 
invention  of  various  forms  of  mechanism 
succeeded  in  the  simplification  of  chrono- 
graphs and  the  improvement  of  calculating 
machines.  In  1866  he  published  the 
"Autographic  Album,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed in  1871  by  "Horological  Bating 
Tables,"  and  in  1873  by  "  The  Dictionary 
of  Biographical  Reference,"  an  original 
work,  giving  the  names  of  100,000  celebri- 
ties of  all  countries,  and  references  in  each 
instance  to  sources  of  further  information. 
In  November  1865  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  and  in 
March  1885  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries.  Since  1882,  when  he  retired 
from  business,  he  has  occupied  himself  as 
a  painter  and  etcher,  and  has  been  a  con- 
stant exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy  and 
most  of  the  leading  London  and  provincial 
exhibitions,  and  is  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painter  -  Etchers.  In 
1890  he  constructed  and  patented  an  im- 
proved sketching-box  and  palette,  which 


is  now  much  used  by  artists  for  out-door 
work.  Address :  Chesham  House,  134 
Sutherland  Avenue,  W. 

PHILLIPS,  Stephen,  poet,  was  born 
at  Somertown,  near  Oxford,  his  father 
being  the  Rev.  Stephen  Phillips,  at  one 
time  Reader  of  Gray's  Inn,  and  now  Canon 
of  Peterborough  Cathedral.  His  mother 
was  a  Miss  Dockray,  related  to  the  Lloyd 
and  Wordsworth  families,  so  that  he  has 
strong  affinities  by  blood  with  the  "Lake  " 
group  of  poets.  He  went  to  school  for  a 
time  at  Stony  Stratford,  and  afterwards  to 
the  College  School  at  Stratford-on-Avon, 
under  Dr.  Collis  ;  afterwards  to  the  Peter- 
borough Grammar  School.  He  went  up 
to  Cambridge,  but  almost  immediately 
joined  the  dramatic  company  of  his  cousin 
Mr.  Frank  Benson.  With  this  company  he 
travelled  for  six  years  in  all  parts  of  the 
country,  and  also  played  at  the  Globe 
Theatre  in  London  under  the  same  man- 
agement. Among  parts  played  by  him  at 
different  times  were  Iago,  the  Ghost  in 
"Hamlet,"  Prospero  in  "The  Tempest," 
Brutus  in  "Julius  Ca?sar,"  Sir  Andrew 
Aguecheek  in  "Twelfth-Night,"  and  Flute 
in  the  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream."  In 
the  part  of  the  Ghost  he  made  a  consider- 
able success  in  London,  being  called  before 
the  curtain,  a  fact  he  believes  unprece- 
dented. Some  little  while  before  this  he 
contributed  his  first  poems  to  the  little 
volume  "  Primavera. "  The  other  contribu- 
tors were  Laurence  Binyon  (q.v.),  Man- 
mohan  Ghose,  and  Arthur  Cripps.  Leav- 
ing the  stage,  he  became  a  Lecturer  on 
English  History  in  Messrs.  Wolffham  and 
Needham's  classes  for  army  candidates, 
and  remained  with  them  for  six  years. 
During  this  time  he  published  a  long 
poem,  "Eremus,"  which,  owing  greatly  to 
the  manner  of  publication,  fell  somewhat 
flat,  though  securing  high  praise  from  John 
Addington  Symonds,  Professor  Jowett, 
and  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke.  When  Mr. 
Elkin  Mathews'  Shilling  Garland  series 
appeared,  he  contributed  the  poem  "  Christ 
in  Hades,"  with  some  lyrics,  which  imme- 
diately attracted  attention,  and  is  now  in 
a  seventh  edition.  Turning  his  attention 
now  to  modern  life  as  a  vehicle  for  poetry, 
he  contributed  "The  Woman  with  the 
Dead  Soul"  to  the  Spectator,  though  part 
of  it  had  appeared  in  the  Sun.  In  the 
closing  days  of  the  year  1897  he  published, 
through  Mr.  John  Lane,  the  volume  of 
"Poems,"  which  was  crowned  by  the 
Academy  as  the  best  book  of  the  year, 
with  the  first  prize  of  100  guineas,  Mr. 
Henley's  "Burns"  securing  the  second. 
This  book  immediately  ran  through  four 
editions,  and  has  had  a  very  large  sale  in 
America.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was  com- 
missioned by   Mr.   George  Alexander  to 


PHILLPOTTS  —  PICKAKD-CAMBREDGE 


857 


write  a  verse  tragedy  for  the  St.  James' 
Theatre,  and  he  chose  the  subject  of  Paolo 
and  Francesca.  In  this  play  it  is  his 
object  to  try  and  bring  English  tragedy  back 
rather  to  the  severer  and  simpler  model  of 
the  Greeks,  than  to  the  luxuriance  of  the 
Elizabethan  drama.  His  next  book  will 
contain  a  somewhat  long  poem  dealing 
with  the  question  of  the  after-life,  a  sub- 
ject now  agitating  so  many  minds.  Mr. 
Phillips,  in  the  earlier  part  of  1898,  gave 
a  series  of  public  readings  from  the  older 
and  modern  poets  and  from  his  own  works. 
Address :  Woodthorpe  Road,  Ashford, 
Middlesex. 

PHILLPOTTS,  James  Surtees.Head- 
master  of  Bedford  Grammar  School,  is  the 
third  son  of  the  Rev.  William  John  Phill- 
potts,  of  Hallow,  Worcester,  and  was  born 
in  1840.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  at  New  College,  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  first  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions and  Lit.  Hum. ,  and  won  the  Stanhope 
Prize  Essay  in  1859  (B.C.L.,  M.A.).  He 
was  Fellow  of  his  College  from  1858  to 
1869.  He  was  an  Assistant  -  Master  at 
Rugby  from  1862  to  1874,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  post  in  1875.  He 
has  published  "King and  Commonwealth," 
has  edited  selections  from  Xenophon,  and, 
with  Mr.  Edward  E.  Morris  and  Mr.  C. 
Colbeck,  has  edited  the  well  -  known 
Epochs  of  Modern  History  series  for  the 
Longmans.  Address  :  School  House,  Bed- 
ford, &c. 

PHIPPS,  Edmund/I  Constantino 
Henry,  C.  B. ,  Minister  Plenipotentiary  in 
Brazil,  was  born  March  15,  1840,  and 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1858, 
having  been  educated  at  Harrow.  After 
having  filled  several  minor  appointments, 
he  became  Consul-General  at  Budapest  in 
1881 ;  Secretary  at  Vienna,  1895,  and 
Paris,  1892;  and  in  1893  was  a  British 
Delegate  on  the  West  African  Commis- 
sion. In  the  next  year  he  was  appointed 
to  his  present  post.  He  married  Maria, 
daughter  of  H.  M.  Mundy,  of  Shipley, 
Derbyshire.  Address  :  British  Legation, 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

PIATTI,  Alfredo,  violoncellist,  was 
born  at  Bergamo  in  1822,  and  studied  at 
the  Milan  Conservatoire  under  his  uncle 
Zanetti,  and  Merighi.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  in  London  in  1844,  when  he 
played  before  the  Philharmonic  Society. 
Since  1846  he  has  settled  in  London, 
and  has  chiefly  played  at  the  Saturday 
and  Monday  Popular  Concerts.  He  is 
likewise  a  composer,  and  has  written  a 
violoncello  obbligato  to  several  songs, 
besides  a  concertino  and  two  or  three 
concertos. 


PICK,  Thomas  Pickering,  F.R.C.S., 

received  his  medical  education  at  St. 
George's  Hospital,  where  he  is  now  Senior 
Surgeon.  He  has  been  Vice-President 
and  member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England, 
and  in  July  1898  was  again  re-elected  Vice- 
President.  He  has  been  Hunterian  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
and  delivered  the  Bradshaw  Lecture  in 
December  1898,  his  subject  being  "The 
Healing  of  Wounds."  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc.  and  Inspector  of 
Anatomy  for  England  and  Wales.  He  is 
editor  of  "  Gray's  Anatomy  "  and  of 
Holmes's  "  Surgery,"  and  has  contributed 
to  the  St.  George's  Hospital  Reports,  and 
to  the  leading  medical  journals.  Address  : 
18  Portman  Street,  Portman  Square,  W. 

PICKARD,  Benjamin,  M.P.,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  a  miner,  and  was  born  at 
Kippox,  near  Leeds,  on  Feb.  28,  1842.  He 
received  a  short  schooling  at  the  local 
Grammar  School,  and  began  to  work  in 
the  pit  at  the  tender  age  of  twelve.  At 
an  early  period  of  his  career  he  became 
known  as  a  labour  agitator,  has  been 
successively  Assistant-Secretary  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  West  Yorkshire  Miners'  Associa- 
tion, a  post  which  he  still  holds,  and  is 
now  President  of  the  Miners'  Federation 
of  Great  Britain.  Since  1885  he  has  been 
Liberal  member  for  the  Normanton  Divi- 
sion of  Yorkshire,  and  in  Parliament  has 
been  an  active  promoter  of  the  Eight 
Hours  Movement  as  applied  to  Mines,  and 
the  Employers'  Liability,  Truck,  and 
Mines  Acts.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Trades  Congress  Parliamentary  Committee 
during  a  year,  has  attended  nearly  twenty 
congresses  of  trades-unions,  and  has  organ- 
ised six  international  congresses  of  miners. 
He  is  also  a  worker  in  the  cause  of  the 
Peace  Society  and  the  Lord's  Rest-Day 
Association.  Among  other  works  he  has 
written  the  "  Miners'  Annual  Report  " 
during  sixteen  years.  Address  :  2  Hud- 
dersfield  Road,  Barnsley. 

PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE,  The 
Rev.  Octavius,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at 
Bloxworth  Rectory,  Dorsetshire,  on  Nov. 
3,  1828,  and  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
George  Pickard,  Rector  of  Warmwell,  and 
of  Bloxworth  (who,  with  his  children, 
assumed,  in  1847,  the  additional  surname 
of  Cambridge  under  the  will  of  his  first- 
cousin,  Charles  Owen  Cambridge,  Esq.,  of 
Whitminster,  co.  Gloucester),  and  Frances 
Amelia,  his  wife,  daughter  of  the  late 
Martin  Whish,  Esq.,  Commissioner  of 
Excise.  He  Was  educated  as  private  pupil 
of  the  late  Rev.  William  Barnes,  B.D.  (the 
Dorset  Poet),  Dorchester,  1844-45  ;  was 
Student  in  the  Middle   Temple,  London, 


858 


PICKERING 


1849-52  ;  was  at  University  College,  Dur- 
ham, 1855-58 ;  Licentiate  in  Theology, 
1857;  B.A.  1858,  M.A.  1859;  ordained 
Deacon,  1858,  and  Priest,  1859.  He  was 
Curate  of  Scarisbrick.  Lancashire,  1858- 
60 ;  Curate  of  Bloxworth  and  Winter- 
bourne  Tomson,  Dorsetshire,  1860-68  ; 
Eector  of  Bloxworth  and  Winterbourne 
Tomson,  1868  ;  Diocesan  Inspector  of 
Schools,  in  Religious  Knowledge,  for  the 
second  portion  of  the  Rural  Deanery  of 
Whitchurch,  1879-82  ;  elected  Clerical 
Member  of  the  Diocesan  Synod  of  Salis- 
bury, 1870-89;  Chaplain  to  the  High 
Sheriff  of  Dorset,  1889 ;  elected  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1887  ;  is  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  Lon- 
don ;  formerly  Member  of  the  Entomologi- 
cal Society  of  London ;  is  Honorary  Member 
of  the  New  Zealand  Institute  ;  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Trinity  Historical  Society, 
Dallas,  Texas  ;  Vice-President  and  Trea- 
surer of  the  Dorset  Natural  History  and 
Antiquarian  Field  Club  ;  Honorary  Mem- 
ber of  the  Hampshire  Field  Club  ;  and 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Arts  Society. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  papers  on 
Natural  History  in  the  proceedings  of 
various  learned  societies,  and  of  the  follow- 
ing works  :  "  Spiders  of  Dorset,"  2  vols., 
1879-81  ;  "  Araneidea,"  in  "  Scientific 
Results  of  the  Second  Yarkand  Mission," 
published  by  order  of  the  Government  of 
India,  1885;  "  Arachnida  of  Kerguelen 
Island,"  published  in  Report  of  the  Tran- 
sit of  Venus  Expedition — Zoology,  1877  ; 
article  "Arachnida"  in  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  ninth  ed.,  1875,  p.  271  ;  and 
"  Arachnida,  Araneidea  "  in  "  Biologia 
Centrali- Americana,"  edited  by  F.  D. 
Godman  and  Osbert  Salvin  (still  in  course 
of  publication).  He  married,  in  1866,  Rose, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  James  Lloyd  Wallace, 
of  Sevenoaks,  Kent.  Address  :  Bloxworth, 
Wareham,  Dorset. 

PICKERING,  Professor  Edward 
Charles,  American  astronomer,  was  born 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  July  19,  1846. 
He  graduated  in  Civil  Engineering  at  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Harvard,  in 
1865,  and  in  1866  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant-Instructor of  Physics  at  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Institute  of  Technology,  of 
which  he  held  the  full  Professorship  from 
1868  to  1877.  During  that  period  he  made 
many  researches  in  physics,  particularly 
investigating  the  polarisation  of  light  and 
the  laws  of  its  reflection  and  dispersion. 
He  also  described  a  new  form  of  spectrum 
telescope,  and  invented  (1870)  a  telephone 
receiver.  In  1870.  he  had  charge  of  the 
polariscope  in  the  United  States  Coast 
Survey  Expedition  sent  to  Spain  to  ob- 
serve the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun,  he 
having  previously  been  a  member  of  the 


party  sent  to  Iowa  by  the  United  States 
Nautical  Almanac  Office  to  witness  that  of 
1869.  Since  1876  he  has  been  Professor  of 
Astronomy  and  Geodesy,  and  Director  of 
the  Observatory  at  Harvard  University, 
which,  under  his  management,  has  become 
one  of  the  foremost  observatories  in 
America.  He  has  been  principally  en- 
gaged there  in  determining  the  relative 
brightness  of  stars  by  means  of  a  Meridian 
Photometer,  and  he  has  prepared  cata- 
logues giving  the  relative  brightness  of 
4000,  20,000,  8000,  and  6000  stars  respec- 
tively. He  has  also  made  photometric 
measurements  of  Jupiter's  Satellites  while 
they  were  undergoing  eclipse,  and  of  the 
Satellites  of  Mars,  and  of  other  very  faint 
objects.  Later  his  work  has  related 
largely  to  the  photography  of  the  stars 
and  of  their  spectra,  the  northern  stars 
being  photographed  at  Cambridge,  and 
the  southern  stars  at  an  auxiliary  station 
in  Peru.  Professor  Pickering  is  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of 
London,  and  was  awarded  its  Gold  Medal 
in  1886  for  photometric  researches.  In 
1873  he  became  a  Member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  and  in  1887  received 
its  Henry  Draper  Medal  for  his  work  on 
Astronomical  Physics.  He  was  elected,  in 
1876,  a  Vice-President  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  in  addition  belongs  to  a 
number  of  other  scientific  societies  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States.  More 
than  twenty  volumes  of  the  Annals  of  the 
Observatory  have  been  issued  under  his 
direction.  Besides  his  many  papers, 
which  number  above  a  hundred,  and  his 
annual  reports,  he  has  edited,  with  notes, 
"  The  Theory  of  Colour  in  its  relation  to 
Art  and  Art  Industry,"  by  Dr.  Wm.  von 
Bezold,  1876  ;  and  is  the  author  of  "  Ele- 
ments of  Physical  Manipulation,"  2  parts, 
1873-76. 

PICKERING,  Percival  Spencer 
Umfreville,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  born  March  6, 
1858,  at  6  Upper  Grosvenor  Street,  London, 
W.,  is  the  son  of  Percival  Andre'e  Pickering, 
Q.C.  (Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple,  Judge 
of  the  Passage  Court  at  Liverpool,  and  at 
one  time  Attorney-General  for  the  County 
Palatine),  and  of  (formerly)  Miss  Spencer 
Stanhope,  grand-daughter  of  Coke  of  Nor- 
folk, first  Earl  of  Leicester.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  from  which  he  obtained,  in 
1875,  an  Exhibition  in  Science  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  converted,  in  1876,  into 
a  Brackenbury  Scholarship,  the  first 
Science  Scholarship  ever  obtained  from 
Eton.  In  1880  he  took  first-class  Honours 
in  Natural  Science  at  Oxford.  From 
January  1881  to  July  1883  he  was  Modern 
Master  at  Highgate  School,  and  from 
October   1881  to  April   1889  Lecturer  in 


PICKEESGILL  —  PICQUAET 


859 


Chemistry  at  Bedford  College.  His  prin- 
cipal works  have  been  published  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  the  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,  the  Chemical  News,  and 
the  Zeit.  fiir  Physical.  Chemie.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  titles  of  some  of  his  works  : 
"  Action  of  Sulphuric  Acid  on  Copper," 
1888  ;  "  Action  of  Hydrochloric  Acid 
on  Manganese  Dioxide,"  1879;  "The 
Constitution  of  Molecular  Compounds," 
1883 ;  "  The  Molecular  Weights  of  Solids 
and  Liquids,"  1885  ;  "  Modifications  of 
Double  Sulphates,"  "  On  Delicate  Calori- 
metric  Thermometers,"  "  Water  of  Crys- 
tallisation,"   "  The    Nature  of    Solution," 

1886  ;  "The  Influence  of  Temperature 
on  the  Heat  of  Dissolution  of  Salts," 
"  Delicate  Thermometers,"  "  The  Thermal 
Phenomena  of  Neutralisation,  and  their 
Bearing  on  the  Nature  of  Solution,  and 
on    the    Theory    of     Residual    Affinity," 

1887  ;  "  Thermochemical  Constants," 
"  The  Heat  of  Dissolution  of  Substances 
in  Different  Liquids,  and  its  Bearing  on 
the  Explanation  of  the  Heat  of  Neutral- 
isation and  on  the  Theory  of  Residual 
Affinity,"  "  The  Principles  of  Thermo- 
chemistry," 1888;  "The  Neutralisation 
of  Sulphuric  Acid,"  1889  ;  "  A  New  Form 
of  Mixing  Calorimeter,"  "  The  Nature  of 
Solutions  as  Elucidated  by  a  Study  of 
the  Densities,  Electric  Conductivities, 
Heat  of  Dissolution  and  Expansion  by 
Heat  of  Sulphuric  Acid  Solutions,"  "The 
Nature  of  Solutions  as  Elucidated  by  the 
Freezing-Points  of  Sulphuric  Acid  Solu- 
tions," "  Law  of  the  Freezing-Points  of 
Solutions,"  "  The  Supposed  Hydrates  of 
Ethyl  Alcohol,"  "  The  Expansion  of  Water 
and  other  Liquids,"  "Determinations  of 
the  Heat  Capacity  and  Heat  of  Fusion 
of  some  Substances,"  1890;  "The  Cryo- 
scopic  Behaviour  of  Cane-Sugar  Solutions," 
"  The  Theory  of  Residual  Chemical  Affinity 
as  an  Explanation  of  the  Physical  Nature 
of  Solutions,"  1891  ;  "  The  Recognition  of 
Changes  of  Curvature  by  means  of  a 
Flexible  Lath,"  "  The  Cryoscopic  Be- 
haviour of  Weak  Solutions,"  "  The  Heat  of 
Dissolution  of  Gases  in  Liquids,"  1892  ; 
"  Some  Experiments  of  the  Diffusion  of 
Substances  in  Solution,"  "Some  Com- 
pounds of  the  Alkylamines  and  Ammonia 
with  Water,"  "The  Hydrates  of  Hydro- 
chloric Acid,"  "  Isolation  of  two  predicted 
Hydrates  of  Nitric  Acid,"  "The  Hydrates 
of  Sodium,  Potassium,  and  Lithium 
Hydroxides,"  "  The  Hydrates  of  Hydro- 
bromic  Acid,"  "  Study  of  some  Properties 
of  Strong  Solutions,"  "  Note  on  the  Stereo- 
chemistry of  Nitrogen  Compounds,"  "  The 
Hydrates  of  Hydriodic  Acid,"  1893  ;  "The 
Densities  of  Solutions  of  Soda  and  Potash," 
"  Examination  of  the  Properties  of  Cal- 
cium Chloride  Solutions,"  1894.  Mr. 
Pickering   was   elected  to  the   Chemical 


Society  in  1878,  the  Physical  Society  in 
1886,  the  Institute  of  Chemistry  in  1888, 
and  the  Royal  Society  in  1890.  Investiga- 
tions on  the  thermal  changes  accompany- 
ing the  hydrolysis  of  starch,  the  invention 
of  cane-sugar,  and  other  allied  reactions 
have  subsequently  been  published  by  Mr. 
Pickering  and  Mr.  Horace  Brown,  F.R.S. 
In  1894  Mr.  Pickering  initiated,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  an 
experimental  horticultural  station  at  Ridg- 
mont,  Beds.,  known  as  the  Woburn  Experi- 
mental Fruit  Farm,  and  of  this  station  Mr. 
Pickering  acts  as  director.  The  first  re- 
port on  the  results  obtained  there  was 
published  in  1897.  Address  :  The  Woburn 
Fruit  Farm,  Ridgmont,  Beds. 

PICKEBSGILL,      Edward     Hare, 

M.P.,  Gladstonian  Liberal,  was  born  in 
1850,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Pickersgill,  architect,  of  York,  and  was 
educated  at  York  Grammar  School,  and 
graduated  B.A.  at  London  University  in 
1872.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  18S4,  and  was  from  1868 
to  1885  a  Civil  Servant  in  the  G.P.O. 
Savings  Bank  Department.  Since  1885 
he  has  sat  in  Parliament  for  Bethnal 
Green,  South-West.  Address  :  238  Am- 
herst Road,  Hackney. 

PICKEBSGILL,  Frederick 
Bichard,  Hon.  R.A.,  nephew  of  the  late 
Henry  William  Pickersgill,  R.A.,  born  in 
London  in  1820,  studied  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  His  first  production,  "The 
Combat  between  Hercules  and  Achelous," 
an  oil  painting,  exhibited  in  1840,  was 
followed  by  a  prize  cartoon  of  "  The 
Death  of  King  Lear,"  exhibited  in  West- 
minster Hall  in  1843;  and  "The  Burial 
of  Harold,"  a  picture  for  which  he  re- 
ceived a  first-class  prize  in  1847,  and 
which  was  immediately  purchased  for  the 
new  Houses  of  Parliament.  Mr.  Pickers- 
gill was  for  many  years  a  regular  exhibitor. 
In  1847  he  was  elected  A.R.A.,  and  in 
1857  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Aca- 
demician. He  was  Keeper  of  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1873  to  1887,  and  retired 
a  few  years  ago.  Permanent  address  : 
The  Towers,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight. 

PICaXJAET,  Colonel  Georges,  was 
born  at  Strasbourg  in  1854,  and  is  a 
descendant  of  an  old  Lorraine  family  long 
settled  in  Alsace.  From  1872  to  1874  he 
studied  at  St.  Cyr,  and  in  the  latter  year 
entered  the  Staff  College,  leaving  it  in 
1876  with  a  brilliant  record.  He  served 
for  a  short  time  in  Algeria  with  the 
Zouaves,  and  afterwards  joined  the  in- 
fantry, being  gazetted  Captain  in  1880. 
In  1883  he  was  appointed  to  the  War 
Office  Staff,  and  in  1885  served  in  Tong- 


860 


PIEROLA 


king,  where  he  gained  the  Me'daille 
militaire.  He  returned  to  France  in  1888, 
and  was  promoted  to  be  major.  In  1890 
he  obtained  the  post  of  Professor  at  the 
Military  School,  filling  the  position  with 
much  distinction.  He  rejoined  the  War 
Office  in  1893,  and  two  years  later  (1895) 
succeeded  the  late  Colonel  Sandherr  as 
head  of  the  Intelligence  Department.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  in  1896,  having  previously,  from 
1890  to  1895,  served  on  General  de  Galli- 
fet's  staff.  At  the  beginning  of  May  1896 
the  fragments  of  a  telegram-card  ("petit 
bleu  ")  fell  into  his  hands,  as  head  of  the 
military  police,  which  proved  that  Com- 
mandant Esterhazy  was  on  suspicious 
terms  of  intimacy  with  the  writer.  This 
led  Colonel  Picquart  to  inquire  into  Ester- 
hazy's  life,  and  his  suspicions  deepened, 
and  he  was  forced  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  famous  bordereau  or  memorandum 
had  been  in  reality  written  by  Esterhazy, 
and  not  by  Dreyfus.  At  first  these  dis- 
coveries were  favoured  by  his  chiefs, 
Generals  de  Boisdeffre  and  Gonse,  but 
when  they  saw  that  a  revision  of  the 
Dreyfus  court-martial  would  expose  the 
illegal  manner  in  which  the  condemnation 
of  the  prisoner  had  been  secured,  he  was 
relieved  of  his  duties  as  head  of  the  In- 
telligence Department  of  the  War  Office, 
and  sent  on  a  mission  all  over  France  on 
Nov.  16,  1896  ;  and  in  January  1897  he 
was  sent  to  Tunis.  He  was  sent  with- 
out an  escort  to  a  dangerous  part  of 
the  Tripolitan  frontier,  where  the  Marquis 
de  Mores  had  been  killed  by  the  natives 
some  time  previously.  In  May  1897 
the  War  Office  officials  decided  to  accuse 
him  of  having  forged  the  "petit  bleu." 
At  that  time  he  was  attached  to  an 
Algerian  cavalry  regiment  as  colonel, 
and  in  June  he  came  to  Paris  and  con- 
sulted Maitre  Leblois,  an  old  friend  of 
his  family,  as  to  the  accusations  of  the 
War  Office.  The  lawyer  told  Picquart's 
tale  to  M.  Scheurer-Kestner,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate,  who  commenced  the 
agitation  for  a  revision  of  the  Dreyfus 
trial,  which  is  still  dividing  France  into 
two  opposite  camps.  In  November  1897 
he  was  recalled  suddenly  from  Algeria, 
and  was  examined  by  General  de  Pellieux, 
who  endeavoured  to  prove  that  the  Colonel 
had  forged  the  "petit  bleu "  incriminating 
Esterhazy.  He  was  questioned  in  camerd 
at  the  Esterhazy  bogus  court-martial  in 
January  1898,  when  the  Count  was  ac- 
quitted of  high  treason,  and  on  the  day 
of  his  acquittal  Colonel  Picquart  was 
arrested  by  the  military  authorities,  on 
the  frivolous  charge  of  having  communi- 
cated to  Maitre  Leblois,  his  counsel,  docu- 
ments concerning  the  national  defence. 
The    Minister    of    War    did    not    fix   his 


penalty  until  after  the  Zola  trial  of  Feb- 
ruary 1898,  at  which  Colonel  Picquart 
was  the  chief  witness  against  the  War 
Office.  In  consequence  of  his  outspoken- 
ness, he  was  expelled  from  the  French 
army.  After  M.  Cavaignac's  speech  of 
July  7,  1898,  Picquart  wrote  an  open 
letter  to  the  Premier,  M.  Brisson,  offer- 
ing to  prove  that  two  of  the  incriminating 
letters  in  the  so-called  secret  dossier  could 
not  refer  to  Dreyfus,  and  that  the  one 
that  named  him  was  a  forgery.  On  July 
13  he  was  re-arrested  on  the  old  charge 
of  communicating  documents,  for  which 
he  had  already  been  expelled  from  the 
army.  However,  on  August  30,  Colonel 
Henry  confessed  to  the  forgery  of  the 
third  letter,  and  Picquart's  words  were 
justified.  On  September  20 he  was  brought 
up  for  trial  by  the  civil  authorities,  but 
General  Zurlinden,  the  Military  Governor 
of  Paris,  claimed  him  as  a  military  prisoner 
for  having  forged  the  "  petit  bleu,"  and  the 
civil  trial  was  postponed  sine  die.  It  was 
on  this  occasion  that,  after  an  impassioned 
appeal  for  justice  from  his  counsel,  Maitre 
Labori  (q.v.),  who  had  replaced  the  dis- 
graced Leblois,  he  made  the  famous 
remark  that  if  he  were  found  dead  with 
the  razor  of  Henry  or  the  rope  of  Le- 
mercier-Picard  by  his  side,  the  world 
might  know  it  was  a  case  of  murder  and 
not  of  suicide,  as  he  had  no  intention  of 
taking  his  life.  He  was  transferred  from 
the  civil  prison  of  La  Sante  to  the  military 
prison  of  Cherche-Midi,  and  for  some 
months  was  kept  au  secret,  and  allowed 
to  see  no  one.  But  when  the  Dreyfus 
revision  was  undertaken  by  the  Court  of 
Cassation  he  was  allowed  to  consult 
Labori.  He  was  brought  to  the  Palais 
de  Justice,  and  allowed  to  have  some 
slight  refreshment  during  his  lengthy 
evidence,  which  led  to  the  dramatic 
resignation  of  M.  Quesnay  de  Beaurepaire 
{q.  v. ).  He  was  for  long  immured  in  Cherche- 
Midi,  there  being  a  deadlock  between  the 
military  and  civil  authorities  as  to  who 
should  release  him,  until  liberated  in  June 
1899,  when  it  had  been  decided  to  bring 
Dreyfus  back  for  a  second  trial. 

PIEROLA,   General  Nicholas  de, 

President  of  Peru,  was  born  at  Cumana, 
Peru,  Jan.  5,  1859.  He  was  educated  at 
the  College  of  Santo  Torobio,  in  Lima,  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1860,  and  founded 
a  review,  El  Progreso  Catdlico.  In  1864  he 
became  editor  of  El  Tiempo,  and  subse- 
quently, at  the  success  of  Prado's  revolu- 
tion, he  travelled  in  Europe,  but  in  1869 
was  appointed  Minister  of  Finance  by 
President  Balta.  At  the  end  of  his  ad- 
ministration he  was  impeached  for  mis- 
appropriation of  public  funds,  owing  to 
the  ruinous  loans  contracted  to  perform 


PIGOU  —  PILLSBUEY 


861 


great  public  works,  and  although  acquitted 
went  into  exile  in  the  United  States.  In 
1874  and  1877  he  organised  expeditions 
against  the  Peruvian  Government,  but  was 
unsuccessful.  The  second  time  he  sur- 
rendered, and  was  banished  to  Chili.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Chilian  war  he 
proffered  his  services  to  General  Prado, 
then  President  of  Peru,  but  they  were 
not  accepted.  In  1879,  however,  he  was 
allowed  to  return  to  Lima.  After  General 
Prado  went  away  General  Pierola  assumed 
the  charge  of  affairs,  and  continued  the 
fighting.  In  January  1881  he  abandoned 
Lima,  and  in  the  following  November 
resigned  the  Provisional  Presidency  (to 
which  he  had  been  elected  in  July  of  that 
year),  as  Chili  refused  to  treat  with  him. 
In  1882  he  visited  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  and  has  since  resided  in  Peru.  He 
was  a  candidate  for  President  in  1890, 
but  failed  to  secure  the  election.  For 
attempting  to  excite  a  riot  in  Lima  in 
connection  with  that  election  he  was, 
in  April  1890,  imprisoned  by  the  Peru- 
vian Government.  In  1895  he  was  re- 
elected President,  which  office  he  still 
holds.  He  married  a  granddaughter  of 
the  Emperor  Iturbide.'; 

PIGOU,    The  Very  Rev.    Francis, 

D.D. ,  Dean  of  Bristol,  was  born  at  Baden- 
Baden,  in  Germany,  in  the  year  1831.  His 
father  was  an  officer  in  the  Queen's  Bays, 
and  his  mother  was  the  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  G.  Smith,  for  many  years  rector  of 
Marston,  in  Yorkshire.  His  earliest  edu- 
cation was  received  at  Neuwied,  on  the 
Rhine  ;  afterwards  he  was  at  the  Grammar 
School  at  Ripon,  and  at  Cheltenham  Col- 
lege. On  leaving  Cheltenham  he  was 
placed  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  where 
he  was  under  the  late  Archdeacon 
Williams,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hannah. 
From  Edinburgh  his  next  step  was  to 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  passed 
through  the  Divinity  course,,  and  took  his 
degree  in  1853.  In  the  year  1855  he  was 
ordained  Deacon  by  the  late  Bishop 
Wilberforce,  at  Cuddesdon,  and  became 
Curate  of  Stoke  Talmage,  in  Oxfordshire. 
Shortly  after  he  had  taken  Priest's  orders 
in  1856,  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
Chaplaincy  of  the  Marboeuf  Chapel  in 
Paris,  and  he  ministered  there  for  three 
years.  He  subsequently  accepted  the 
Curacy  of  Vere  Street  Chapel,  London. 
Very  shortly  afterwards  he  accepted  a 
Curacy  at  Kensington  Parish  Church, 
under  Archdeacon  Sinclair.  Two  years 
later,  on  the  death  of  Canon  Repton 
in  1860,  he  was  presented  by  Mr.  Kempe, 
Rector  of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  to 
the  Incumbency  of  St.  Philip's,  Regent 
Street.  There  he  continued  for  the  period 
of    eleven    years ;    and    then,   upon    Dr. 


Vaughan  accepting  the  Mastership  of  the 
Temple  in  1869,  he  was  presented  to  the 
important  Vicarage  of  Doncaster,  by  the 
late  Archbishop  of  York,  who,  when  in 
town,  had  been  one  of  his  congregation. 
The  charactor  of  his  labours,  as  Vicar 
and  Rural  Dean  of  Doncaster,  was  so 
apparent,  that,  when  the  still  more  impor- 
tant Vicarage  of  Halifax  became  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Archdeacon  Musgrave  in 
1875,  he  was  selected  by  the  Crown  to  fill 
the  post.  The  income  of  the  Vicarage  of 
Halifax  is  £2000  a  year,  and  there  are  no 
fewer  than  thirty-two  livings  in  the  gift 
of  the  Vicar,  whose  position  is  thus  semi- 
episcopal.  He  is  also  the  Rural  Dean  of 
Halifax.  During  the  last  four  years  of 
his  ministry  there,  the  Vicar's  rate  question 
was  settled,  £13,000  having  been  raised  by 
the  churchmen  of  the  parish  to  redeem  it, 
thus  securing  to  the  Church  what  was  at 
one  time  seriously  threatened.  When 
this  was  accomplished  Dr.  Pigou  next  set 
to  work  to  get  the  parish  church  restored. 
He  found  it  in  a  dilapidated  condition, 
and,  seconded  by  Sir  Henry  Edwards, 
Bart.,  he  raised  £20,000  ;  so  that  now  the 
Halifax  parish  church  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  kingdom.  In  1888  Dr,  Pigou  was 
appointed  to  the  Deanery  of  Chichester, 
where  he  remained  till  1891,  when  he 
became  Dean  of  Bristol.  At  Bristol  he 
has  recently  been  intent  on  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Cathedral,  after  plans  by  the 
late  Mr.  Pearse,  and  at  a  cost  of  about 
£15,000.  In  the  year  1871  Dr.  Pigou  was 
appointed  Honorary  Chaplain  to  the 
Queen  ;  and  in  1874  Chaplain-in-Ordinary. 
In  1878  his  University  conferred  on  him 
the  two  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D.,  a  rare 
distinction.  He  has  published  a  small 
volume  of  "Addresses  at  Holy  Com- 
munion," "A  Manual  of  Confirmation," 
"Faith  and  Practice"  (a  volume  of  ser- 
mons), "Two  Sermons  Preached  before 
the  Queen,  on  Unostentatious  Piety  and 
Private  Prayer,"  and  various  addresses. 
Address  :  The  Deanery,  Bristol. 

PILLSBTJRY,  H.  W\,  American 
chess-player,  was  born  at  Somerville,  near 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  December  1872.  His 
first  knowledge  of  the  game  with  which 
his  name  has  become  associated  was 
obtained  in  1891  in  Boston,  and  such  was 
the  rapidity  with  which  he  mastered  its 
intricacies  that  within  two  years  from  his 
first  move  he  was  rated  a  first-class  player 
at  the  Boston  Chess  Club,  where  he  con- 
stantly attended.  In  the  winter  of  1892- 
93  he  met  Mr.  Nalbrodt,  and  won  from 
him  in  brilliant  style.  His  first  attempt 
at  tournament  play  was  at  the  Columbian 
Chess  Congress  held  in  New  York  in  1893, 
and  although  he  was  not  among  the  prize- 
winners he  established  a  reputation   for 


862 


PINERO  —  PIRBRIGHT 


rare  originality.  In  the  meantime  he 
had  removed  to  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  which 
has  since  been  his  home.  In  1895  he  won 
first  place  in  the  tournament  at  Hastings 
(England),  where  he  met  all  the  great 
chess  -  masters  of  the  world.  In  the 
tourney  at  Vienna,  in  1898,  he  tied  the 
score  with  Tarrasch,  but  in  the  deciding 
game  he  lost,  and  so  took  second  place. 

PINERO,  Arthur  Wing-,  born  in 
London  on  May  24,  1855,  is  the  son  of 
John  Daniel  Pinero,  a  solicitor,  and  was 
educated  with  the  view  of  following  his 
father's  profession.  Having  no  particular 
liking  for  the  law,  however,  he  ultimately 
prepared  for  the  stage,  and  made  his 
debut  at  Edinburgh  in  June  1874.  The 
following  year  he  joined  the  Lyceum 
company,  and  played  Claudius  to  Mr. 
Irving  during  his  first  "  Hamlet  "  tour  at 
all  the  principal  theatres  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  Subsequently  Mr.  Pinero 
played  Lord  Stanley  in  the  Lyceum  re- 
vival of  "  Richard  III.,"  the  Marquis  of 
Huntly  in  "  Charles  I.,"  and  Alderman 
Jorgens  in  "  Vanderdecken."  He  is  the 
author  of  several  very  successful  plays, 
among  which  are  "£200  a  Year,"  1877; 
"The  Money-Spinner, "  1880;  and  "The 
Squire,"  1881;  "Lords  and  Commons" 
and  "  The  Rocket,"  1883  ;  "  Low  Water," 
1884  ;  "  The  Magistrate,"  1885  ;  "  The 
Schoolmistress,"  "The  Hobby  -  Horse," 
1886;  "Sweet  Lavender,"  1888  ;"  The 
Profligate,"  1889;  "In  Chancery,"  "Lady 
Bountiful,"  "The  Times,"  and  "The 
Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray."  The  last  play, 
which  in  the  opinion  of  many  is  his  best, 
was  produced  at  the  St.  James's  in  May 
1893.  "The  Notorious  Mrs.  Ebbsmith  " 
came  next,  being  produced  at  the  Garrick 
on  March  13,  1895.  This  was  followed  by 
"The  Benefit  of  the  Doubt,"  at  the 
Comedy,  in  October  1895,  and  "The  Prin- 
cess and  the  Butterfly,"  at  the  St.  James's, 
in  March  1897.  His  latest  play,  "  Tre- 
lawny  of  the  '  Wells,'  "  was  acted  for  the 
first  time  at  the  Court  on  Jan.  20,  1898. 
Address  :  63  Hamilton  Terrace,  N.W. 

PINTO,  Alexandre  Alberto  da 
Rocha  Serpa,  was  born  April  30,  1846, 
at  the  Tendaes  in  the  province  of  Douro, 
Portugal,  and  educated  at  the  Royal 
Military  College,  Lisbon.  He  entered  the 
7th  Infantry  Regiment,  Aug.  13,  1863; 
became  Ensign,  July  14,  1864  ;  Lieutenant 
in  the  12th  Rifles,  Nov.  20,  1868  ;  Captain, 
Oct.  10,  1874;  Major,  April  17,  1877  ;  and 
Aide-de-Camp  of  the  King  of  Portugal, 
March  10,  1880.  In  1869  he  was  in  the 
Zambesi  war,  and  in  the  battle  of  Nov. 
23  at  Massangano  he  succeeded  in  saving 
the  regiment  of  India.  He  was  then  in 
command   of   the  African    native  troops. 


During  1877-79  he  crossed  Africa  from 
Benguela  to  Durban,  and  he  has  ad- 
mirably described  the  journey  in  a  work 
entitled  "  How  I  Crossed  Africa  "  (Lond. 
1881).  These  geographical  tasks  obtained 
for  him  the  Gold  Medals  (first  class)  of 
the  Geographical  Societies  of  London, 
Paris,  Antwerp,  Rome,  and  Marseilles. 
He  was  also  elected  a  Fellow  of  all 
the  most  important  geographical  societies 
in  the  world,  and  of  many  scientific 
associations.  Major  Serpa  Pinto  is  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  St. 
James  of  Portugal,  a  Knight  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  of  Leopold  of 
Belgium,  and  has  received  many  other 
foreign  Orders. 

PIRBRIGHT,  Lord,  Trie  Right 
Hon.  Baron  Henry  de  Worms,  late  M.P. 
for  East  Toxteth  Division  of  Liverpool, 
F.R.S.,  J.P.  for  Surrey,  and  J.P.  and  D.L. 
for  Middlesex  County  of  London  and  West- 
minster, Commissioner  for  the  Patriotic 
Fund,  third  son  of  the  late  Baron  de 
Worms,  Hereditary  Baron  of  the  Austrian 
Empire,  of  Park  Crescent,  W.,  and  Henri- 
etta, daughter  of  Samuel  Moses  Samuel, 
was  born  in  London,  Oct.  20,  1840,  and 
educated  in  Paris  and  at  King's  College, 
London,  of  which  he  is  a  Fellow.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
June  1863,  and  practised  as  a  barrister  for 
about  three  years.  In  1880  he  became 
Member  for  Greenwich,  and  from  that 
time  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  debates 
in  the  House,  especially  those  relating  to 
foreign  affairs.  He  directed  attention  to 
the  then  imperfect  administration  of  the 
Royal  Patriotic  Fund,  and  made  certain 
recommendations  which  were  afterwards 
embodied  in  an  Act  of  Parliament.  Mr. 
Gladstone,  in  acknowledgment  of  the 
services  thus  rendered,  made  the  Baron 
a  Royal  Commissioner  of  the  Patriotic 
Fund.  At  the  general  election  of  1885, 
consequent  upon  alterations  caused  by  the 
Redistribution  Bill,  he  withdrew  from 
Greenwich,  and  successfully  contested 
East  Toxteth,  for  which  constituency  he 
was  returned  unopposed  in  1886,  and 
was  again  elected  in  1892.  In  two  of 
Lord  Salisbury's  Governments  he  has  held 
the  office  of  Parliamentary  Secretary  to 
the  Board  of  Trade.  He  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies 
in  January  1888  (to  1892)  ;  President  of 
the  International  Conference  on  Sugar 
Bounties  in  1887-88  ;  and  British  Pleni- 
potentiary, in  which  capacity  he  signed 
the  Treaty  on  behalf  of  Great  Britain  for 
the  abolition  of  the  Bounties.  In  January 
1889  he  became  a  Member  of  the  Privy 
Council,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Earth  and  its  Mechanism," 


PITMAN  —  PITT-RIVERS 


863 


"  England's  Policy  in  the  East,"  and  "  The 
Austro  -  Hungarian  Empire,"  the  latter 
being  an  exposition  of  Count  Beust's 
policy,  and  edited  the  "  Memoirs  of  Count 
Beust,"  to  which  he  wrote  the  preface. 
He  married  (2),  in  1887,  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Sir  Benjamin  Samuel  Phillips.  He  was 
created  a  Peer  under  the  title  of  Lord 
Pirbright  in  1895.  Addresses :  42  Gros- 
venor  Place,  S.W. ;  and  Henley  Park, 
Guildford. 

PITMAN,  Mrs.  E.  B.,  writer  of  works 
of  fiction,  biography,  and  missionary  in- 
formation, was  born,  in  1841,  at  Milborne 
Port,  Somersetshire.  While  in  her  teens 
she  gained  several  prizes  for  essays  on 
various  subjects,  and  became  a  contributor 
to  the  Sunday  at  Home,  Old  Jonathan,  and 
other  periodicals.  When  about  seventeen 
years  of  age  she  planned  and  wrote  her 
first  book,  entitled  "The  Power  of  Little 
Things."  For  several  years  after  this  she 
was  known  as  a  contributor  to  religious, 
temperance,  and  Sunday-school  journals  ; 
but  during  recent  years  her  works  have 
been  mainly  issued  in  volumes.  Of  these, 
her  principal  productions  are  "Vestina's 
Martyrdom  ;  a  Story  of  the  Catacombs," 
1869 ;  "Earnest  Christianity,"  1872  ;  "Mar- 
garet Mervyn's  Cross,"  1878  ;  "Profit  and 
Loss,"  1879 ;  "  Heroines  of  the  Mission 
Field,"  1880;  "Mission  Life  in  Greece 
and  Palestine,"  1881 ;  "Garnered  Sheaves," 
"Florence  Godfrey's  Faith,"  "Life's  Daily 
Ministry,"  and  "  My  Governess  Life,"  1882 ; 
"Central  Africa,  Japan,  and  Fiji,"  1883; 
"  Elizabeth  Fry  "  (Eminent  Women  Series), 
1884  ;  "  George  Muller  and  Andrew  Reed  " 
(World's  Workers  Series),  1885  ;  "  Lady 
Missionaries  in  Foreign  Lands,"  1889 ; 
"  Lady  Hymn  Writers,"  1891  ;  "  Oliver 
Chauncey's  Trust,"  1892  ;  and  "Missionary 
Heroines  in  Foreign  Lands,"  1895.  In  1866 
she  was  married  to  Mr.  Edwin  Pitman, 
and  of  the  four  children  born  of  the  mar- 
riage three  are  in  H.M.'s  Civil  Service. 

PITT-LEWIS,  George,  Q.C.,  Re- 
corder of  Poole,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  George  T.  Lewis,  formerly 
Head -Master  of  Honiton  Grammar 
School,  and  was  born  on  Dec.  13, 
1845.  He  was  educated  privately,  and 
entered  as  a  student  at  the  Middle  Temple 
in  1868,  where  he  obtained  a  certificate  of 
honour,  first  class,  in  1869,  an  "Inns  of 
Court "  studentship  in  the  same  year,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  the  following 
year.  He  is  on  the  Western  Circuit,  and 
was  appointed  Recorder  of  Poole,  and  a 
Q.C.,  in  1885.  He  sat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  Liberal  Member  for  N.W. 
Devonshire  from  1885  to  1886,  and  as 
Member  for  the  same  constituency  in  the 
Liberal-Unionist  interest  from  1886  to  1892. 


Mr.  Pitt-Lewis  is  the  author  of  "A  Com- 
plete County  Court  Practice";  is  the  editor 
of  "Taylor  on  Evidence"  (9th  edit.),  1895; 
and  has  published  also  "  The  Insane  and 
the  Law,"  1897;  "The  Yearly  County 
Court  Practice,"  1896;  "The  Coal  Mines 
Regulation  Acts,"  1877-96.  Address  :  4 
Paper  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 

PITT -RIVERS,  Lieut.  -Gen.  Au- 
gustus Henry  Lane-Fox,  E\R.S.,  J.P., 
D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  was  born  in  1820,  and  is 
the  sole  surviving  son  of  W.  A.  Lane-Fox, 
of  Hope  Hall,  and  a  daughter  of  the  18th 
Earl  of  Morton.  He  was  educated  at  the 
R.M.A.,  Sandhurst,  and  became  an  officer 
in  the  Grenadier  Guards,  and  was  after- 
wards on  the  staff.  He  served  in  the 
Crimea,  and  was  at  Alma  and  Sebastopol, 
being  mentioned  in  despatches,  London 
Gazette  of  Oct.  10,  1854,  and  obtaining  a 
medal  with  two  clasps,  the  Turkish  medal, 
and  brevet  of  major.  Since  1893  he  has 
been  Colonel  of  the  South  Lancashire  Regi- 
ment. He  is  Vice-President  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  and  President  of  the  An- 
thropological Institute,  and  it  is  as  an 
anthropologist  that  he  will  be  remembered 
by  posterity.  The  magnificent  Pitt-Rivers 
collection,  illustrative  of  savage  life  and 
embryo  civilisation,  has  been  presented 
to  the  New  Museum  at  Oxford,  and  is  to 
it  very  much  what  the  original  Hunterian 
collections  are  to  the  Museum  of  the  Roy. 
Coll.  of  Surgeons,  Eng.  The  manner  of 
its  formation  was  described  by  Lieut.  - 
General  Pitt-Rivers,  then  Col.  Lane-Fox, 
as  long  ago  as  1874-75,  at  a  time  when  it 
was  being  exhibited  in  the  Bethnal  Green 
Museum.  Since  the  year  1852  he  had  been 
in  the  habit  of  selecting  from  among  the 
commoner  class  of  objects  relating  to 
savage  life  which  reached  England,  those 
which  appeared  to  show  connection  of 
form.  Connection  of  form  is  therefore 
the  guiding  principle  of  the  collection, 
which  serves  to  illustrate  the  development 
of  specific  ideas  and  their  transmission 
from  one  people  to  another.  In  1880  the 
subject  of  our  memoir  inherited  the  Rivers 
estates,  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  his 
great-uncle,  the  second  Lord  Rivers.  The 
will  was  excessively  binding,  and  provided 
inter  alia  that  he  should  assume  the  name 
and  arms  of  Pitt-Rivers  within  a  year  of 
his  inheriting  the  property.  The  Rivers 
estates  are,  indeed,  unique,  having  been 
forest-land,  swarmed  over  by  an  immense 
herd  of  fallow-deer,  until  the  present 
century.  They  lie  in  that  part  of  Wilt- 
shire, near  Dorsetshire,  where  the  Romano- 
British  bordered  for  some  time  on  the 
territories  of  the  conquering  West  Saxons, 
and  having  been  protected  by  the  deer 
from  the  inroads  of  cultivation  for  many 
centuries,  afford  a  field  of  operations  for 


864 


PLANgON  —  PLOWDEN 


the  excavator  hardly  to  be  equalled  in  any 
other  part  of  Western  Europe.  Lieut. - 
General  Pitt-Rivers  has  conducted  exten- 
sive excavations  in  the  burrows,  &c,  on 
his  estates  round  Rushmore,  and  has 
published  the  results  in  four  sumptu- 
ously printed  and  illustrated  volumes,  of 
which  the  last  appeared  in  December  1898. 
They  are  cited  by  the  general  title  of 
"Rushmore  Excavations."  He  has  pub- 
lished much  in  the  British  Association  Re- 
ports, and  in  the  Journal  of  the  Anthropo- 
logical Institute,  on  the  affinities  of  weapons, 
on  excavations,  &c.  He  married,  in  1853, 
Alice,  daughter  of  the  2nd  Lord  Stanley 
of  Alderley,  and  in  1880  assumed  the 
name  of  Pitt-Rivers,  under  the  will  of  his 
great-uncle,  the  2nd  Baron  Rivers.  Ad- 
dresses :  4  Grosvenor  Gardens,  S.W. ;  Rush- 
more,  Salisbury ;  and  Athenaeum. 

PLANCON,  Pol,  bas'so  singer  of  grand 
opera,  was  born  in  the  Ardennes  in  1855. 
His  parents  were  fond  of  music,  but  only 
as  a  recreation,  and  it  was  decided  that  he 
should  follow  a  commercial  career,  and  he 
was  sent  to  Paris  in  1871.  He  chanced  to 
meet  Theodore  Ritter,  who  induced  him 
to  devote  his  time  to  music,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  the  famous  tenor  Dupre", 
under  whose  guidance  he  worked  for  two 
years.  He  started  his  musical  career  at 
Lyons,  in  the  role  of  Count  St.  Bris  in 
"  The  Huguenots."  There  he  remained  for 
two  years,  when  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
sang  for  Samoureux.  In  1S83  he  was  en- 
gaged at  a  grand  opera  to  sing  Mephisto- 
pheles,  in  which  he  scored  an  immediate 
success,  and  he  has  been  constantly  heard 
in  that  part  since.  In  1893  he  went  to 
America,  and  on  returning  was  engaged 
by  Sir  Augustus  Harris  to  sing  at  Covent 
Garden,  where  he  has  been  a  regular  per- 
former ever  since.  His  chief  parts  are  : 
Francis  1.  in  Saint-Saens'  "  Ascanio,"  Don 
Gormaz  in  Massenet's  "Cid,"  Pittacus  in 
Gounod's  "Sappho,"  the  Landgrave  in 
"Tannhauser,"  Pogner  in  "Die  Meister- 
singer,"  Brother  Lawrence  in  "Romeo 
and  Juliet,"  Jupiter  in  "  Philemon  and 
Baucis,"  and  the  General  in  "  La  Navar- 
raise."  Paris  address :  16  Rue  de  Marignan. 

PLANQUETTE,  Robert,  a  musician, 
was  born  in  Paris,  July  21,  1850,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Conservatoire  there,  where  he 
was  a  pupil  of  Duprato.  He  is  the  com- 
poser of  the  popular  operetta  ' '  Les  Cloches 
de  Corneville,"  which  was  played  at  the 
Folies  Dramatiques  in  1877,  and  had  im- 
mense success  in  France  and  in  England. 
In  1882  he  produced  "  Rip  Van  Winkle"  ; 
in  1887,  "The  Old  Guard"  ;  and  in  1889, 
"Paul  Jones."  One  of  his  last  produc- 
tions in  France  was  "Le  Talisman,"  which 
was  produced  at  the   Gaite  in   January 


1893.  He  has  also  published  a  volume  of 
military  songs  under  the  title  of  "Refrains 
du  Regiment."  In  1897  his  "Mamzelle- 
Quat-Sous "  was  produced  at  the  Gaite". 
Paris  address  :  11  Rue  de  Calais. 

PLAYFAIE,  "William  Smoult, 
M.D.,   LL.D.,   F.R.C.P.,   F.R.C.S.E.,   is  a 

younger  son  of  the  late  George  Playfair, 
Esq.,  Inspector-General  of  Hospitals,  Ben- 
gal, and  a  brother  of  Lord  Playfair,  G.C.B., 
and  of  Sir  Lambert  Playfair,  K.C.M.G. 
Dr.  Playfair  was  born  in  1836,  and  was 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh, 
and  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  the  latter 
University  in  1856.  He  then  entered  the 
Bengal  Medical  Service,  and  served  in 
Oude  during  the  Mutiny,  and  also  offici- 
ated as  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Medi- 
cal College  at  Calcutta.  Having  to  leave 
India  on  account  of  ill-health,  he  com- 
menced practice  in  London  as  an  obstetric 
physician  in  1863,  and  was  attached  to 
King's  College  Hospital.  For  twenty-five 
years  he  was  Professor  of  Obstetric  Medi- 
cine in  King's  College,  from  which  office 
he  retired  early  in  1898,  and  is  now 
Emeritus  Professor  and  Consulting  Phy- 
sician to  King's  College  Hospital.  He  is 
also  Consulting  Physician  to  the  General 
Lying-in  Hospital,  andto  the  EvelinaHospi- 
tal  for  Children.  Dr.  Playfair  is  the  author 
of  many  works  and  papers  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  gynaecology  and  obstetrics, 
chiefly  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Science  and 
Practice  of  Midwifery,"  which  has  passed 
through  nine  editions,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  many  foreign  languages  ;  a  book 
on  "Nerve  Prostration  and  Hysteria"; 
and  a  "System  of  Gynaecology,  by  many 
Authors,"  edited  conjointly  with  Professor 
Clifford  Allbutt.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London, 
and  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
Edinburgh,  and  an  honorary  LL.D.  of  St. 
Andrews.  He  has  also  been  President  of 
the  Obstetrical  Society  of  London,  and 
Examiner  in  Midwifery  to  the  Universities 
of  Cambridge  and  London.  Dr.  Playfair 
is  Physician -Accoucheur  to  the  Duchess  of 
Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  (Duchess  of  Edin- 
burgh), the  Duchess  of  Connaught,  and 
the  Crown-Princess  of  Roumania.  From 
the  King  of  Roumania  he  has  received  the 
insignia  of  a  Grand  Officer  of  the  Crown 
of  Roumania,  He  married,  in  1864,  Emily, 
daughter  of  James  Kitson,  Esq.,  Elmet 
Hall,  Leeds,  by  whom  he  has  one  son  and 
three  daughters.  Addresses  :  38  Grosvenor 
Street ;  Hook  House,  Winchfield,  Hants  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

PLOWDEN,  Alfred  Chicb.ele,  eldest 
son  of  Trevor  Chichele  Plowden,  B.C.S., 
was  born  at  Meerut,  India,  on  Oct.  21, 
1844.     He  was  educated  at  Westminster, 


PLO  WDEN  —  PLUNKETT 


865 


and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1865.  After  serving  as 
Private  Secretary  to  Sir  John  Peter  Grant, 
K.C.B.,  Governor  of  Jamaica  from  1866  to 
1868,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  January  1870,  and  went 
the  Oxford  Circuit.  He  was  appointed 
Recorder  of  Wenlock  in  1878  ;  Revising 
Barrister  for  Oxfordshire  in  1883 ;  and  a 
Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate  in  June 
1888.  In  1883  he  married  Evelyn,  youngest 
daughter  of  General  Sir  Charles  Foster, 
KC.B.  Addresses :  Marylebone  Police 
Court ;  and  31  Brunswick  Square, 
Brighton. 

PLOWDEN,  Trevor  John  Chichele, 
OS. I.,  Resident  at  Haiderabad,  was  born 
in  1849,  and  entered  the  Bengal  Civil  Ser- 
vice in  1868.  He  has  held  offices  as 
Under  -  Secretary  of  Bengal,  Inspector- 
General  of  Police,  and  in  1877  was  Sec- 
retary to  the  Prisons  Conference.  In  1879 
he  was  Political  Agent  in  Turkish  Arabia, 
and  Consul-General  at  Baghdad  in  1880. 
He  became  Commissioner  of  Ajmir  in  1885, 
and  was  promoted  to  his  present  post  in 
1893.  Address  :  The  Residency,  Haidera- 
bad. 

PLUMMEB,  William  E.,  Hon.  M.A. 
Oxford,  youngest  son  of  John  Plummer, 
was  born  at  Deptford,  in  Kent,  March  26, 
1849,  and  was  privately  educated  there. 
Having  early  developed  a  taste  for  astro- 
nomy, he  entered  the  Royal  Observatory, 
Greenwich,  and  there  acquired  a  certain 
aptitude  for  the  practical  details  of  that 
science.  In  1870  he  became  attached  to 
Mr.  Bishop's  observatory  at  Twickenham, 
then  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Hind,  the 
late  superintendent  of  the  "Nautical 
Almanac"  office.  That  observatory  was 
then  engaged  in  the  formation  of  charts 
of  the  stars  situated  near  the  Ecliptic,  to 
facilitate  the  discovery  of  minor  planets. 
In  preparation  of  the  charts  for  hours 
eight  and  twenty-three  Mr.  Plummer  took 
a  part,  as  well  as  in  the  observation  of 
comets,  and  the  subsequent  determination 
of  their  orbits.  The  establishment  of  the 
Oxford  University  Observatory  in  1874  led 
to  Mr.  Plummer's  appointment  as  senior 
assistant  to  that  institution,  in  which 
capacity  he  has  taken  a  considerable 
share  in  the  photometric  and  extra-meri- 
dional observations  carried  on  in  that 
observatory.  Later,  when  the  Oxford  Ob- 
servatory took  part  in  the  formation  of 
the  astro  -  photographic  chart  of  the 
heavens,  Mr.  Plummer  gave  much  atten- 
tion to  the  preliminary  arrangements,  but 
took  little  part  in  the  actual  observations, 
owing  to  his  withdrawal  from  Oxford.  In 
1892  he  was  appointed  Astronomer  to  the 
Mersey  Docks  and  Harbour  Board,   and 


Director  of  the  Liverpool  Observatory. 
Here  he  has  introduced  a  method  for  the 
systematic  observation  of  earth  tremors, 
carried  out  under  the  auspices  of  the 
British  Association.  He  has  also  been 
appointed  Examiner  in  Astronomy  to  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  Mr.  Plummer 
in  1879  entered  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  ;  in  1888  was  elected  to  a  seat  on 
the  Council,  and  in  the  following  year  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  M.A.  from 
the  University  of  Oxford.  He  is  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  periodical  scientific 
literature,  and  has  written  on  "  The  Motion 
of  the  Solar  System  in  Space,"  "  The  Side- 
real System,"  and  on  cometary  astronomy 
generally,  besides  issuing  Annual  Reports 
from  his  Observatory.  Address :  Liver- 
pool Observatory,  Bidston,  Birkenhead. 

FLTJNKET,  Right  Hon.  D.  R.     See 

Rathmoke,  Lord. 

PLTJNKETT,  Hon.  Sir  Francis 
Richard,  G.C.M.G.,  H.M.  Minister  at 
Brussels,  was  born  at  Corbalton  Hall,  co. 
Meath,  in  1835,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  9th  Earl  of  Fingal.  He  accompanied 
his  parents  abroad  at  a  very  early  age. 
They  first  lived  at  Brussels  in  1841,  and 
then  at  Rome,  where  they  met  Pope 
Gregory  XVI.  and  Cardinal  Mezzofanti, 
who  spoke  to  them  in  ancient  Irish.  In 
1850  he  went  to  Oscott  College,  and  five 
years  later  entered  the  Foreign  Office. 
He  commenced  his  diplomatic  career  at 
Naples,  and  in  1859  became  Second  Secre- 
tary at  St.  Petersburg.  In  1863  he  was 
transferred  to  Copenhagen,  and  later  to 
Vienna.  In  1870  he  married  May,  daughter 
of  C.  W.  Morgan,  of  Philadelphia,  at 
Florence,  and  in  1873  he  became  First 
Secretary  at  Yeddo,  and  three  years  later 
at  Washington.  In  1883  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Minister  to  Japan ;  in  1888  to 
Sweden  ;  and  in  1893  to  his  present  post. 
Address  :  British  Legation,  Brussels. 

PLUNKETT,  The  Right  Hon. 
Horace  Curzon,  M.P.,  D.L.,  third  son  of 
Edward,  16th  Baron  Dunsany  and  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  2nd  Baron  Sherborne, 
born  at  Sherborne  House,  Gloucestershire, 
on  Oct.  24,  1854,  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Oxford,  and  took  a  B.A.  Degree  in 
1877,  obtaining  Second  Class  Honours  in 
the  School  of  Modern  History.  In  1879 
he  became  a  ranchman  in  Wyoming  and 
Montana,  U.S.A.,  and  still  retains  a  busi- 
ness connection  with  the  Western  States 
of  America,  where  he  spends  a  few  weeks 
of  every  year  looking  after  his  affairs. 
Since  1889  he  has  spent  most  of  his  time 
in  Ireland,  where  he  has  been  constantly 
engaged  promoting  various  schemes  for 

3  I 


866 


POBYEDONOSTSEFF  —  POLNCABE 


the  agricultural  and  industrial  develop- 
ment of  the  country.  In  1891  he  was 
•  appointed  a  Commissioner  of  the  newly 
constituted  Congested  Districts  Board,  of 
which  he  has  since  been  an  active  member. 
Mr.  Plunkett  was  the  originator  of  agri- 
cultural co-operation  in  Ireland.  In  con- 
junction with  a  few  friends  he  first 
organised  several  farmers'  societies,  mostly 
for  the  erection  of  co-operative  creameries, 
in  the  years  1889  to  1894.  In  the  latter 
year  he  founded  the  Irish  Agricultural 
Organisation  Society,  of  which  he  has 
since  been  president,  to  take  over  the  work 
of  promoting  a  movement  then  becoming 
too  widespread  to  be  controlled  by  himself 
and  his  friends.  The  programme  of  this 
Society,  which  embraces  every  branch  of 
farming,  and  which  is  the  adaptation  of 
analogous  movements  in  other  European 
countries,  is  rapidly  being  adopted  by 
the  farming  classes  throughout  Ireland. 
At  the  General  Election  of  1892  Mr. 
Plunkett  successfully  contested  South 
County  Dublin,  then  represented  by  Sir 
Thomas  Esmonde.  He  stood  as  a  Con- 
servative, declaring  that  his  main  object 
in  seeking  Parliamentary  honours  was  to 
advocate  any  measures  calculated  to 
advance  the  economic  and  social  condition 
of  the  people,  believing  as  he  did  that 
the  political  question  would  then  be  easily 
solved.  He  was  returned  again  in  1895 
with  a  greatly  increased  majority.  When 
the  General  Election  of  1895  had  tem- 
porarily, at  any  rate,  placed  the  Home 
Bule  question  in  a  subordinate  position, 
Mr.  Plunkett  invited  representative  Irish- 
men of  all  parties,  more  especially  those 
who  were  most  prominent  in  industrial 
and  commercial  undertakings,  to  form  a 
committee  to  discuss  and  report  upon  the 
material  condition  of  the  country,  and 
measures  needed  for  its  improvement. 
The  Recess  Committee,  thus  formed  was 
thoroughly  representative  of  all  the  indus- 
trial and  commercial  interests  of  the 
country,  and  of  all  political  parties,  the 
main  objection  to  the  project  and  refusal 
to  support  it  coming  from  the  Nationalist 
Members  of  Parliament.  The  Report  of 
the  Recess  Committee,  which  appeared  in 
the  summer  of  1896,  met  with  general 
approval,  and  its  main  recommendation, 
the  establishment  of  a  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  Industries  for  Ireland, 
was  substantially  adopted  by  the  Govern- 
ment in  1897,  and  only  postponed  to  make 
way  for  the  Local  Government  policy  of 
1898.  Mr.  Plunkett  is  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  for  the  Paris  Exhibition, 
1900.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
County  Meath,  Ireland,  and  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  Radnorshire.  Mr.  Plunkett 
was  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  (Ireland)  in 
1897.     Address  :  104  B.  Mount  Street,  W. 


POBYEDONOSTSEFF,  Oonstan- 
tine,  Procurator  of  the  Holy  Synod  of 
Russia,  was  born  at  Moscow  in  1827,  and 
in  1841  entered  the  Higher  Law  School  of 
Russia,  and  in  1846  became  an  official  of 
the  Senate.  From  1859  to  1865  he  was 
Professor  of  Civil  Law  at  Moscow,  and 
was  tutor  to  the  Czar  Alexander  III.  In 
1868  he  was  created  a  Senator,  and  in 
1872  a  member  of  the  Imperial  Council ; 
while  in  1881  he  was  appointed  to  his 
present  post.  After  the  accession  of 
Alexander  III.,  his  influence  naturally 
increased,  and  with  the  late  M.  Katkoff 
he  became  the  most  intimate  adviser  of  his 
Imperial  master.  Opposed  to  all  Liberal 
reforms,  he  endeavoured  to  strengthen 
the  influence  of  Greek  Orthodoxy  in  the 
Russian  policy.  In  1868  he  published 
"  Cours  de  Droit  Civil,"  and  "Manuel 
de  la  Procedure  Civile."  He  has  also 
translated  "  The  Imitation  of  Christ,"  from 
the  Latin  of  Thomas  a  Kempis.  In  the 
autumn  of  1898  a  volume  of  essays  from 
bis  pen  was  translated  into  German, 
French,  and  English,  and  published  in 
England  under  the  title  of  "Reflections 
of  a  Russian  Statesman."  This  literary 
excursion  at  once  showed  its  author  to 
have  lost  none  of  his  old  intolerance  and 
fanaticism.  The  general  thesis  of  the 
work  was  that  since  men  want  to  be 
governed,  autocracy  is  the  only  real  poli 
tical  form.  In  the  writer's  opinion,  the 
great  mistake  of  the  age  has  been  the 
practical  supersession  of  the  old  mediaeval 
ideas.  Faith  in  the  unseen  being  the  one 
thing  which  preserves  morality  and  keeps 
men's  minds  sound  and  healthy,  therefore 
the  Church  should  be  omnipotent,  inter- 
fering and  advising  in  every  concern  of 
life.  He  declared  that  "  among  the  falsest 
of  political  principles  is  the  principle  of 
the  sovereignty  of  the  people,  the  principle 
that  all  power  issues  from  the  people.  .  .  , 
Thence  proceeds  the  theory  of  parlia- 
mentarism, which  has  up  to  the  present 
day  deluded  much  of  the  so-called  intel- 
ligence, and  unhappily  infatuated  certain 
foolish  Russians.  .  .  .  Parliamentarism  is 
the  triumph  of  egoism,  its  highest  ex- 
pression." 

POEL,  William.    See  Pole,  William 

(JUNIOE). 

POINCAE.E,  Jules  Henri,  Foreign 
F.R.S.  (elected  1894),  the  son  of  M. 
Leon  Poincare',  a  Professor  of  the  Faculty 
of  Medicine  at  Nancy,  was  born  at  that 
place  on  April  29,  1854.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Lyce'e  in  his  native  town, 
entered  the  Polytechnic  School  in  1873, 
and  the  School  of  Mines  in  1875,  becoming 
a  Mining  Engineer  at  Vesoul  in  1879. 
Taking  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Science  in 


POIRE  —  POLAND 


867 


1879,  he  held  the  position  of  Assistant- 
Professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Science  at 
Caen  from  1880  to  1881,  becoming  a  lec- 
turer in  the  Faculty  of  Science  at  Paris 
in  1881,  Assistant-Professor  of  Mechanical 
Physics  in  the  same  faculty  in  1885,  and 
Professor  of  Mathematical  Physics  in  1886. 
He  has  acted  as  an  Examiner  at  the  Poly- 
technic School  from  1883  to  1897.  M. 
Poincare'  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Science  on  Jan.  31,  1887,  and 
a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
England  on  May  1 1, 1894.  He  is  the  author 
of  the  following  papers  and  works  :  "  Les 
Fonctions  Fuchsiennes,"  Acta  Mathematica, 
tome  1,  Stockholm;  "Les  Equations  de 
laDynamique  et  le  Probleme  des  3  Corps," 
Acta  Mathemat.,  13;  "Electricity  et  Op- 
tique,"  Paris,  1889-91;  "Les  M(5thodes 
Nouvelles  de  la  Me'canique  Celeste,"  Paris, 
1890,  1893,  1898.  Address:  Ecole  Poly- 
technique,  Paris. 

POIRE,  Emanuel,  whose  nom  de 
plume,  or  rather,  nom  de  crayon,  of  "  Caran 
dAche  "  (Russian  for  lead-pencil)  is  known 
wherever  art  and  humour  are  appreciated, 
was  born  at  Moscow,  and  educated  at  his 
native  town.  His  grandfather  was  one 
of  Napoleon's  officers,  who,  during  the 
campaign  of  Russia,  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  He  married  and  settled 
in  Russia,  but  his  grandson  determined  to 
return  to  France.  He  became  connected 
with  the  Cabaret  du  Chat  Noir  in  the  Rue 
Victor  Masse,  for  which  he  did  a  splendid 
series  of  Napoleonic  "  Ombres  Chinoises." 
His  "Carnet  de  Cheques"  issued  during 
the  Panama  Scandal,  has  become  a  classic 
of  caricature.  Most  of  his  best  work  has 
been  done  for  the  Figaro,  and  his  cartoons 
are  as  eagerly  looked  for  as  those  of  Sir 
John  Tenniel  in  England.  His  Paris 
address  is  41  Rue  de  la  Faisanderie. 

POLAND,  Sir  Harry  Bodkin,  Q.C., 
J. P.,  D.L.,  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  late 
Peter  Poland,  of  London,  and  was 
born  on  July  9,  1829,  in  London.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1851,  becoming  a  Bencher  of 
his  Inn  in  1879.  He  has  practised  on 
the  South-Eastern  Circuit,  was  for  many 
years  Counsel  to  the  Treasury  and  Home 
Office,  and  was  in  1874  appointed  Re- 
corder of  Dover.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Law  of  Trade-marks,"  and  has  written 
various  articles  on  the  reform  of  the  law. 
He  became  a  Q.C.  in  1888,  and  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1895.  Sir 
Harry  Poland  is  an  Alderman  of  the 
London  County  Council,  and  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant,  and  a  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
Address  :  5  Paper  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 


POLE,  William,  Senior,  F.R.S.,  civil 
engineer,  was  born  in  Birmingham  in  1814. 
After  serving  an  apprenticeship  to  an 
engineer  in  the  Midland  Counties,  he  fol- 
lowed the  profession  in  London  for  some 
years,  and  in  1844  he  was  appointed  by 
the  East  India  Company  Professor  of 
Civil  Engineering  in  Elphinstone  College, 
Bombay.  In  1847  he  returned  to  Lon- 
don, devoting  his  chief  attention  to  the 
mechanical  branch  of  engineering.  From 
1871  to  1883  he  was  Consulting  Engineer  for 
the  Imperial  Railways  of  Japan,  and  on  his 
retirement  the  Mikado  honoured  him  with 
the  decoration  of  the  Third  Degree  (Knight 
Commander)  of  the  Imperial  Order  of  the 
Rising  Sun.  Between  1859  and  1867  he 
was  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering  at  the 
University  College,  London,  and  Lecturer 
at  the  Royal  Engineer  Establishment, 
Chatham.  He  has  done  much  work  for 
Government  at  various  times  and  in  various 
ways.  From  1861  to  1864  he  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Committee  on  Iron  Armour, 
and  from  1863  to  1865  as  a  member  of  the 
Committee  on  the  comparative  merits  of 
the  Whitworth  and  Armstrong  systems  of 
artillery.  In  1870  he  was  employed  by 
the  Home  Office  to  investigate  the  ques- 
tion of  the  introduction  into  the  Metro- 
polis of  the  Constant  Service  System  of 
Water  Supply,  and  he  took  an  important 
part  in  the  subsequent  proceedings  for 
carrying  it  into  effect.  In  1871  he  was 
commissioned  by  the  War  Office  to  report 
on  the  Martini-Henry  breech-loading  rifles. 
In  1870  he  was  appointed  by  the  Board 
of  Trade  as  one  of  the  Metropolitan  Gas 
Referees,  which  office  he  still  holds.  He 
has  acted  as  Secretary  (in  two  instances 
under  a  special  appointment  by  the  Queen) 
to  four  Government  Commissions  of  In- 
quiry, namely,  from  1865  to  1867  to 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Railways  ;  from 
1867  to  1869  to  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Water  Supply  ;  from  1882  to  1884  to  the 
Royal  Commission  for  inquiring  into  the 
Pollution  of  the  Thames  ;  and  in  1885  to  a 
Committee  on  the  Science  Museums  at 
South  Kensington.  He  has  also  done 
much  private  work,  chiefly  connected  with 
mechanical  matters,  the  steam  -  engine, 
railway  bridges,  plant,  stock,  and  iron- 
work, as  well  as  in  subjects  connected 
with  water  supply.  He  is  one  of  the 
oldest  Members  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  having  been  elected  in  1840. 
He  served  on  the  Council  from  1871  to 
1885,  and  was  Honorary  Secretary  from 
1885  to  1896,  in  which  year  he  was  made 
an  Honorary  Member.  He  has  also  some 
distinction  in  science.  In  June  1861  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London ;  he  has  served  six  years  on 
the  council,  and  was  Vice-President  in 
1876  and  1889.    He  was  elected  into  the 


868 


POLE  — POLLARD 


Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1877,  and 
into  the  Athenaeum  Club  without  ballot 
(as  a  scientific  distinction)  in  1864.  He 
has  done  much  literary  work ;  he  pub- 
lished in  1844  a  quarto  Treatise  on  the 
Steam-Engine ;  in  1848  a  translation  of  a 
German  work  on  the  same  subject ;  in 
1851  elaborate  calculations  on  the  con- 
struction of  Iron  Bridges ;  in  1864  and 
1870  Scientific  Chapters  in  the  Lives  of 
Robert  Stephenson  and  I.  K.  Brunei ;  in 
1872  a  Treatise  on  "Iron;  in  1877  "The 
Life  of  Sir  William  Fairbairn,  Bart.  "  ;  and 
in  1888  "  The  Life  of  Sir  William  Siemens." 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  well-known 
scientific  work  on  the  game  of  Whist ; 
has  written  a  great  number  of  papers  for 
scientific  journals  and  periodicals  ;  and  is 
a  contributor  to  the  Quarterly  Review.  He 
has  likewise  studied  music  :  he  took  in 
1860  the  Oxford  degree  of  Bachelor,  and 
in  1867  that  of  Doctor  of  Music,  and  re- 
mains a  member  of  St.  John's  College  in 
that  University.  He  was  the  Chief  Ad- 
viser of  the  University  of  London  in  their 
establishment  of  musical  degrees  in  1877, 
and  afterwards  held  for  twelve  years  the 
office  there  of  Musical  Examiner.  He  has 
been  an  organ-player,  and  was  elected  in 
1889  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Koyal 
College  of  Organists.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "Treatise  on  the  Musical  Instruments 
in  the  Exhibition  of  1851";  of  "The 
Story  of  Mozart's  Requiem,"  1879 ;  and 
"The  Philosophy  of  Music,"  1879.  He  is 
the  composer  of  a  well-known  eight-part 
motet  on  "The  Hundredth  Psalm."  Per- 
manent address  :  9  Stanhope  Place,  Hyde 
Park,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

POLE,  "William  (known  under  his 
stage  name  of  William  Poel),  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  in  July  1852,  and  in  1876 
adopted  the  profession  of  an  actor,  and 
made  his  first  appearance  on  the  stage  in 
the  stock  company  at  the  Royal,  Bristol. 
During  a  seven  years'  apprenticeship  on 
the  stage,  Mr.  William  Poel  devoted  much 
study  to  the  subject  of  Shakespearian 
texts  and  representations,  and  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  Shakespeare  deserves 
the  same  classic  and  historic  reverence 
on  our  own  stage  as  Moliere  enjoys  in 
France.  In  1880  the  first  quarto  of 
"  Hamlet  "  was  reproduced  in  photolitho- 
graphy, and  the  great  value  of  this  earliest 
version,  as  showing  Shakespeare's  original 
drift  and  intention,  caused  Mr.  Poel,  with 
the  assistance  of  Dr.  Furnivall,  to  repro- 
duce it  at  St.  George's  Hall,  where,  in  the 
spring  of  1881,  the  play  was  acted  in 
Elizabethan  costume  and  without  scenery. 
In  1887  the  London  Shakespeare  Reading 
Society  requested  Mr.  Poel  to  become 
their  instructor,  and  under  his  assiduous 
and    careful    training    they    have    given 


recitals  of  many  of  Shakespeare's  plays. 
In  the  autumn  of  1893  Mr.  Poel,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Arthur  Dillon,  who  had 
previously  assisted  him  in  the  reproduc- 
tion of  Webster's  "  Duchess  of  Malfy," 
carried  out  his  long-cherished  scheme  of 
building  a  stage  after  the  Elizabethan 
model,  and  accordingly  converted  the 
stage  of  the  Royalty  into  a  close  imitation 
of  the  old  "  Fortune  "  play-house.  The 
play,  produced  by  the  Shakespeare  Read- 
ing Society,  was  "Measure  for  Measure," 
and  during  the  performance  the  audience 
on  the  stage  and  in  balconies  behind 
it  appeared  clad  as  Elizabethan  gallants 
or  ladies.  In  the  success  of  this  perform- 
ance originated  the  Elizabethan  Stage 
Society,  formed  in  1895  for  reviving  plays 
after  the  manner  of  the  16th  century,  with 
Mr.  Poel  as  director.  The  Society's  re- 
vivals have  been  "  The  Comedy  of  Errors," 
given  in  the  dining-hall  of  Gray's  Inn, 
where  the  play  was  last  acted  in  1594  ; 
Marlowe's  "Doctor  Faustus,"  for  which 
Mr.  Swinburne  wrote  a  prologue  ;  "  The 
Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,"  given  at 
the  Merchant  Taylors'  Hall,  and  re- 
peated afterwards  at  the  Charterhouse 
in  February  1897;  "Twelfth  Night" 
in  the  Middle  Temple  Hall,  where  it 
was  last  revived  in  1602;  "Arden  of 
Feversham";  part  of  "Edward  III."; 
"  The  Tempest,"  given  at  the  Mansion 
House  ;  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  comedy, 
"  The  Coxcomb,"  in  the  Hall  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  of  which  Inn  Beaumont  had  been 
a  member;  "The  Spanish  Gipsy,"  for 
which  Mr.  Swinburne  wrote  a  prologue  ; 
"  The  Broken  Heart,"  acted  before  the 
members  of  the  London  University  Ex- 
tension Society  ;  and  Ben  Jonson's  frag- 
ment, "The  Sad  Shepherd,"  July  1898. 
In  1899  his  society  acted,  amongst  other 
pieces,  Fitzgerald's  version  of  Calderon's 
"  Life's  a  Dream,"  Swinburne's  tragedy  of 
"Locrine,"  and  a  version  of  Kalidasa's 
"  Sakoontala,"  or  "The  Magic  Ring,"  an 
ancient  Sanscrit  play.  Besides  this  Shake- 
spearian work,  Mr.  Poel  has  dramatised 
Mr.  Baring-Gould's  "  Mehalah  "  and  Mr. 
Howells's  "Foregone  Conclusion,"  which 
forms  part,  under  the  title  of  "  Priest 
and  Painter,"  of  Mr.  F.  R.  Benson's  re- 
pertory. Address  :  Heatherwood,  Putney 
Heath,  S.W. 

POLLARD,  Arthur  Tempest,  M.A., 
Head-Master  City  of  London  School,  is  the 
son  of  Tempest  Pollard,  M.R.C.S.,  and  was 
born  at  Rastrick,  Yorkshire,  in  1854.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Rastrick  Grammar 
School,  at  Victoria  College,  Jersey,  and  for 
six  years  at  St.  Peter's  School,  York. 
He  obtained  the  First  Classical  Scholar- 
ship at  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  in  1872. 
He  is  an  M.A.  of  the  University  of  Oxford, 


POLLEN  —  POLLOCK 


869 


and  was  placed  iu  the  first  class  in  the 
School  of  Literse  Humaniores  in  1876. 
He  was  a  temporary  Master  at  the  Man- 
chester Grammar  School  in  1877 ;  an 
Assistant-Master  at  Brighton  College  in 
1878  ;  Composition  and  Assistant-Master 
at  Dulwich  College  from  1878  to  1881,  and 
during  the  year  1888-89.  He  was  Head- 
Master  of  the  Oxford  High  School,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  Head-Master,  from 
1881  to  1888,  and  Second  Master  of  the 
Manchester  Grammar  School  in  1889.  In 
1889  he  was  elected  to  the  Head-Master- 
ship of  the  City  of  London  School  in  suc- 
cession to  Dr.  Edwin  A.  Abbott.  For  a 
time  he  took  work  at  his  College  at  Ox- 
ford as  an  Assistant-Lecturer.  He  was 
President  for  the  year  1898  of  the  Modern 
Language  Association,  and  is  a  member  of 
several  Boards  and  Committees  dealing 
with  education.  He  contributed  an  article 
to  "  Thirteen  Essays  on  Education,"  edited 
by  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Canon  E.  Lyttelton, 
and  an  article  to  ' '  Teaching  and  Organisa- 
tion," edited  by  Mr.  P.  A.  Barnett.  Ad- 
dress :  24  Harley  Street,  W. 

POLLEN,  John  Hungerford,  M.A., 
son  of  Bichard  Pollen  of  Rodbourne,  Wilts, 
born  1820,  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Merton,  where  he  painted 
the  College  Chapel.  He  studied  painting 
in  Rome,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Fine 
Arts  by  Cardinal  Newman,  in  the  Catholic 
University  of  Dublin  ;  built  and  painted 
the  Church  in  St.  Stephen's  Green,  was 
appointed  Official  Editor  of  the  Museum 
at  South  Kensington,  and  was  inter  alia 
Editor  of  the  Universal  Catalogue  of  Books 
on  Art.  He  acts  as  Examiner  for  the  De- 
partment, and  is  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Selection  in  reference  to  pur- 
chases. He  is  the  author  of  "  Ancient  and 
Modern  Furniture  and  Woodwork,"  "An- 
cient and  Modern  Gold  and  Silver  Smith's 
Work,"  "  The  Trajan  Column,"  and  other 
publications  ;  and  has  contributed  to  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  Art  Journal, 
Magazine  of  Art,  and  several  periodicals  on 
subjects  connected  with  the  fine  arts,  and 
was  Cantor  Lecturer  of  the  Society  of 
Arts  in  1885.  He  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Marquis  of  Ripon  in  1876. 
He  has  executed  several  paintings — designs 
for  glass,  mosaic,  carving,  &c. — in  the 
Oratory,  London  ;  at  Lyndhurst,  Hants  ; 
Alton  Towers  (wars  of  the  famous  John 
Talbot),  Blickling  Hall,  Kilkenny  Castle, 
Wilton  House,  Heythrop  House,  Ingestre 
Hall,  the  new  portions  of  Reigate  Priory, 
golf  clubhouse,  and  other  houses  in 
Reigate,  and  many  other  places,  both  in 
this  country  and  in  India.  Mr.  Pollen  is 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Madrid,  the  Archaeological  Society 


of  Belgium,  and  other  learned  bodies. 
Address  :  11  Pembridge  Crescent,  W. 

POLLOCK,  The  Rev.  Bertram,  was 

born  on  Dec.  6,  1863.  He  is  the  youngest 
son  of  G.  F.  Pollock,  Esq.,  Senior  Master 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  and 
Queen's  Remembrancer,  and  is  the  grand- 
son of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  Frederick 
Pollock,  Bart.,  Lord  Chief  Baron.  He  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse  (Scholar  and 
Gold  Medallist),  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  a  Scholar. 
He  was  in  the  first  class  in  the  Classical 
Tripos  (B.A.  1886,  M.A.  1890).  From  1886 
to  1893  he  was  Assistant-Master  at  Marl- 
borough College,  was  ordained  in  1890, 
and  appointed  Master  of  Wellington  Col- 
lege in  1893.  Address  :  The  Lodge,  Wel- 
lington College,  Berks. 

POLLOCK,  Professor  Sir  Frederick, 

Bart.,  eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Frederick 
Pollock,  Bart.,  and  grandson  of  the  late 
Sir  F.  Pollock,  Chief  Baron  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, was  born  Dec.  10,  1845,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  a  Fellow  in 
1868.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn  in  1871,  and  was  examiner  in 
law  at  Cambridge,  1879-81.  In  1882-83 
he  was  Professor  of  Jurisprudence  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London  ;  in  1883  was  ap- 
pointed Corpus  Professor  of  Jurisprudence 
at  Oxford  (which  office  he  still  holds  by 
re-election),  and  was  Professor  of  Common 
Law  in  the  Inns  of  Court,  1884-90.  He 
is  also  editor  of  the  Law  Quarterly  Review, 
and  was  for  some  time  Hon.  Librarian 
of  the  Alpine  Club.  He  has  published 
"Principles  of  Contract,"  1876;  "Digest 
of  the  Law  of  Partnership,"  1877  ;  "  The 
Law  of  Torts,"  1887  ;  "  The  Land  Laws  " 
(in  English  Citizen  Series),  1883  (all  the 
foregoing  have  been  revised  in  later  edi- 
tions); "Spinoza,  his  Life  and  Philosophy," 
1880,  2nd  edit.,  1899  ;  "  Essays  in  Juris- 
prudence and  Ethics,"  1882  ;  "History  of 
English  Law  before  Edward  I."  (with  Prof. 
Maitland),  1895  ;  "  A  First  Book  of  Juris- 
prudence," 1896  ;  and  other  works,  besides 
articles  in  various  periodicals.  In  the 
summer  of  1892  he  went  to  Trinidad  as  a 
member  of  the  Judicial  Inquiry  Com- 
mission held  in  that  colony,  and  in  the 
winter  of  1893-94  he  delivered  the  Tagore 
Law  Lectures  in  Calcutta.  He  became 
editor  of  the  "  Law  Reports  "  in  January 
1895.  In  1873  he  married  Georgina, 
daughter  of  John  Defell,  of  Calcutta. 
Addresses  :  48  Great  Cumberland  Place, 
W.;  13  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

POLLOCK,  James  Edward,  F.R.C.P., 
Physician   Extraordinary   to   the    Queen, 


870 


POLLOCK  —  POOEE 


received  his  medical  education  at  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated 
M.D.  in  1850.  He  was  elected  F.R.C.P.  in 
1864,  and  was  Pro-President  and  Senior 
Censor  of  the  College  in  1893.  He  is 
Consulting  Physician  to  the  Brompton 
Hospital  for  Consumption,  Vice-President 
of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc.  and  of  the 
Pathological  Society,  in  1880-81  was  Presi- 
dent and  Lecturer  of  the  Harveian  Society, 
is  Socio  dell'  Accademia  dei  Quiriti,  Rome, 
and  Member  of  Council  and  Examiner  in 
Medicine  at  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians, London.  In  1883  he  was  Croonian 
Lecturer,  and  in  1893  Harveian  Orator. 
He  was  appointed  Physician  Extraordi- 
nary to  the  Queen,  in  room  of  the  late  Sir 
Richard  Quain,  in  January  1899.  His 
works  include  :  "  Medical  Handbook  of 
Life  Assurance,"  1889;  "Elements  of 
Prognosis  in  Consumption,"  1865  ;  besides 
contributions  on  Phthisis,  the  Climate  of 
Italy,  &c,  to  the  medical  journals.  Ad- 
dress :  52  Upper  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square,  W. 

POLLOCK,  Walter  Herries,  younger 
son  of  Sir  W.  F.  Pollock,  was  born  in 
London  in  1850,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  (Classical  Tripos)  in  1871,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1874.  Mr.  Pollock  has  delivered  lec- 
tures at  the  Royal  Institution  on  historical 
and  literary  subjects,  such  as  Richelieu, 
Colbert,  Victor  Hugo,  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
The'ophile  Gautier,  the  Drama,  &c,  and 
is  the  author  of  "Lectures  on  French 
Poets";  "The  Paradox  of  Acting,"  a 
commented  translation  of  Diderot's  "Para- 
doxe  sur  le  Come'dien  "  ;  "  The  Picture's 
Secret,"  a  novel ;  "  Songs  and  Rhymes, 
English  and  French";  "Verse  of  Two 
Tongues  "  ;  "  The  Poet  and  the  Muse," 
translated  with  introduction  in  original 
verse,  from  Alfred  de  Musset's  "  Nuits  "  ; 
"Old  and  New,"  a  collection  of  verse; 
"A  Nine  Men's  Morrice  "  ;  "King  Zub," 
two  volumes  of  fantastic  stories ;  and 
"  Me~moires  Inedits  du  Marquis  de  — "  (in 
French).  In  collaboration  with  Sir  Walter 
Besant  he  wrote  "  TheBallad-Monger,"  an 
adaptation  of  Banville's  "  Gringoire,"  pro- 
duced at  the  Haymarket  Theatre  by  Mr. 
Tree ;  and  also  in  collaboration  with  Sir 
Walter  Besant  he  wrote  "The  Charm, 
and  other  Drawing-Room  Plays."  He 
revised  for  Sir  Henry  Irving  "The  Dead 
Heart,"  by  the  late  Watts  Phillips.  In 
1884  Mr.  Pollock  became  editor  of  the 
Saturday  Review,  of  which  he  had  long 
acted  as  assistant-editor.  His  editorial 
connection  with  this  journal  was  severed 
in  1894.  Mr.  Pollock  is  also  author, 
in  collaboration  with  the  late  A.  J. 
Duffield,  of  "Marston,"  a  novel  in  two 


volumes ;  in  collaboration  with  Miss  Lilian 
Moubrey,  of  "  King  and  Artist,"  a  ro- 
mantic play  in  five  acts ;  and  of  the 
"  Were -Wolf,"  a  romantic  play  in  one 
act.  He  edited  and  was  part  author 
of  "  Fencing  "  in  the  Badminton  Series. 
He  married,  in  1876,  Emma  Jane,  daugh- 
ter of  Colonel  Pipon,  of  Jersey.  Ad- 
dresses :  Chawton  Lodge,  Alton,  Hants ; 
and  AthenEeum. 

POLTIMORE,  Lord,  The  Eight 
Hon.  Augustus  Frederick  G-eorge 
Warwick  Bamfylde,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Bart., 
was  born  in  London  on  April  12,  1837, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  first  Baron  and 
his  second  wife,  a  daughter  of  Gen.  F.  W. 
Buller.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  1858, 
and  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  He  was  Treasurer  to  the 
Household  from  1872  to  1874,  and  in  1895 
became  Chancellor  of  the  Primrose  League. 
He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in 
1872,  and  has  been  co.  Alderman  for 
Devon,  and  a  Major  of  the  Devon  Yeo- 
manry. He  married,  in  1858,  Florence  S. 
W.,  daughter  of  Richard  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan, M.P.  Address:  Poltimore  Park, 
Exeter,  &c. 

PONSONBY-FANE,  The  Hon.  Sir 
Spencer  Cecil  Brabazon,  G.C.B.,  was 
born  in  Cavendish  Square,  London,  on 
March  14,  1824,  and  is  the  sixth  son  of  the 
fourth  Earl  of  Bessborough,  and  Maria 
Fane,  daughter  of  the  10th  Earl  of  West- 
moreland. He  was  educated  at  home,  and 
entered  the  Foreign  Office  in  1840.  He 
was  Attache'  to  the  British  Embassy  at 
Washington  for  a  short  time,  and  then 
became  Private  Secretary  successively  to 
three  Foreign  Secretaries,  viz.,  Lords 
Palmerston,  Clarendon,  and  Granville.  He 
is  Gentleman  Usher  Daily  Waiter  to  the 
Queen,  and  was  appointed  to  his  present 
position  of  Comptroller  of  Accounts  to  the 
Lord  Chamberlain's  Department  in  1857. 
He  assumed  his  mother's  name  in  addition 
to  his  own  in  1875  for  himself  and  his 
wife  only.  He  was  created  G.C.B.  in  1897. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  the  13th  Viscount 
Dillon  in  1847.  Official  address :  Lord 
Chamberlain's  Office,  Stable  Yard,  St. 
James's  Palace. 

POORE,   George  Vivian,    P.R.C.P., 

M.D.,  received  his  medical  education  at 
University  College,  London,  of  which  he 
was  Atkinson-Morley  Surgical  Scholar,  and 
is  now  Fellow.  During  his  M.D.,  London, 
course,  he  won  the  University  Scholarship 
in  Medicine  in  1868.  He  is  Professor  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Clinical  Medi- 
cine at  University  College,  and  Physician 
at  University  College  Hospital,  as  well  as 


POPE  — PORTAL 


871 


Consulting  Physician  to  the  Royal  Hospital 
for  Children  and  Women,  &o.  He  was 
medical  attendant  to  the  late  Prince  Leo- 
pold, and  is  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Dannebrog,  Fell,  of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir. 
Soc,  &c.  He  is  also  member  or  hon. 
member  of  a  number  of  foreign  health 
societies.  He  reports  the  Vivisection  Re- 
turns annually  for  Government.  Among 
his  works  may  be  mentioned  "  The 
Physical  Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the 
Throat,  Mouth,  and  Nose,"  1881;  "The 
Dwelling-House,"  1897  ;  a  translation  and 
edition  of  Duchenne's  Works  for  the  New 
Sydenham  Society  ;  "  Nervous  Affections 
of  the  Hand,"  1897;  &c.  He  has  delivered 
the  Bradshawe  and  the  Cantor  Lectures, 
and  has  contributed  various  papers  to  the 
leading  medical  journals,  &c.  Address  : 
32  Wimpole  Street,  W. 

POPE,  His  Holiness  the.  See  Leo 
the  Thirteenth. 

POPE,  Samuel,  Q.C.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was 
born  on  Dec.  11,  1826,  at  Manchester,  and 
is  the  son  of  Samuel  Pope,  merchant,  of 
London,  and  Phebe,  daughter  of  William 
Rushton,  merchant,  of  Liverpool.  He  was 
educated  privately,  and  at  the  University 
of  London.  Occupied  at  first  in  business 
at  Manchester,  he  subsequently  studied 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1858. 
He  practised  for  some  years  in  Manchester, 
and  came  to  London  in  18C5.  He  was 
appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1869,  Recorder  of  Bol- 
ton in  1869,  a  J.P.  for  Merionethshire  in 
1877,  a  D.L.  in  1879,  and  a  Bencher  of  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1870.  Mr.  Pope  now 
holds  the  position  of  senior  practising 
member  of  the  Bar.  He  married,  in  1848, 
Hannah,  daughter  of  Thomas  Bury,  Tim- 
perley,  Cheshire  (she  died  in  1880).  Ad- 
dress :  74  Ashley  Gardens,  Victoria  Street, 
S.W.,  &c. 


POREIi,     Madame. 

Madame. 


See     Rejane, 


POETAL,  V/yndham  Spencer,  D.L., 
J.P.,  late  chairman  of  the  London  and 
South- Western  Railway  Company,  was 
born  on  July  22,  1822.  He  is  the  third 
son  of  the  late  John  Portal,  Esq.,  of  Free- 
folk  Priors  and  Laverstoke  Park,  Hants. 
The  Portal  family  has  for  several  genera- 
tions made  Hampshire  its  home,  and  ranks 
among  the  best  known  of  its  worthies. 
The  founder  was  Henri  Portal,  a  descend- 
ant of  some  French  Huguenots  who  were 
naturalised  in  1711  at  Winchester.  Forced 
by  circumstances  to  adopt  a  means  of 
livelihood,  he  built  a  mill  for  the  manu- 
facture of  paper  on  the  river  Test  at 
Laverstoke.     So  excellent  was  the  produc- 


tion of  the  mill  that  the  Bank  of  England 
granted  him  the  privilege  of  making  their 
bank-note  paper,  which  has  ever  since  been 
continued  in  the  family.  Mr  W.  S.  Portal 
was  educated  at  Harrow  and  at  the  Royal 
Military  College,  Sandhurst.  He  joined 
the  North  Hampshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry 
as  Cornet  in  1842,  and  was  promoted  Cap- 
tain in  1853,  retiring  from  the  service  in 
1865.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
business  of  the  manufacture  of  the  bank- 
note paper  in  1848.  Mr.  Portal  has  always 
taken  a  great  interest  in  the  poorer 
classes,  especially  with  a  view  to  their 
improvement  socially  and  intellectually. 
His  first  efforts  in  that  direction  were 
begun  in  1843,  when  he  rented  land  and 
let  it  out  in  allotments  to  labourers  and 
others.  He  took  up  poor  law,  and  was 
elected  Chairman  of  Whitchurch  Union, 
Hants,  in  1847,  and  some  years  later  was 
chosen  Chairman  of  the  Basingstoke 
Union.  While  thus  engaged  he  became 
much  impressed  by  the  evils  of  public- 
house  benefit  clubs.  This  led  him  to 
devote  his  energies  to  the  development  of 
the  Hampshire  Friendly  Society,  of  which 
he  is  President.  Mr.  Portal  is  one  of  the 
original  founders  of  the  Hampshire  Re- 
formatory School,  and  of  the  Southern 
Counties'  Adult  Education  Society.  He 
contested  the  city  of  Winchester  for  a 
seat  in  Parliament  in  the  Liberal  interest 
in  1857  ;  also  the  borough  of  Portsmouth 
in  1874.  For  several  years  he  was  one  of 
the  Visiting  Justices  of  the  Winchester 
Prison,  and  became  convinced  that  drink 
is  the  principal  source  of  crime.  This  led 
him  to  espouse  the  temperance  cause, 
and  he  never  loses  an  opportunity  of 
spreading  temperance  principles  among 
railway  men  and  labourers.  Mr.  Portal 
takes  an  active  interest  in  international 
exhibitions,  and  received  a  medal  "  for 
services  rendered"  from  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Exhibition  of  1851.  He 
was  also  much  engaged  in  the  subsequent 
International  Exhibitions  of  Paris  of  1855 
and  1867,  and  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  in  connection  with 
the  Chicago  Exhibition  of  1893.  He  has 
been  deputed  to  act  in  a  similar  capacity 
at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1900.  Mr. 
Portal  was  presented  with  the  honorary 
freedom  of  Southampton  in  1895,  and  is 
the  owner  of  Malsbanger,  a  fine  country 
seat  at  Basingstoke.  From  1892  until 
his  retirement  recently  he  was  chairman 
of  the  London  and  South-Western  Rail- 
way Company,  and  in  March  1899  he  was 
presented  by  the  Queen  with  a  framed 
likeness  of  herself,  accompanied  by  a 
letter  referring  to  the  many  occasions  on 
which  he  had  travelled  with  the  Royal 
train.  He  married  in  1849  the  elder 
daughter    of    Colonel    W.     Hicks-Beach, 


872 


PORTER  — POTTEE 


M.P.,  of  Oakley  Hall,  Hants.  Address: 
Malshanger,  Basingstoke. 

PORTER,  The  Right  Hon.  Andrew 
Marshall,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  Ireland, 
was  born  in  1837,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  Scott  Porter,  of  Belfast.  He 
was  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Belfast, 
and  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  King's  Inns 
in  1860,  becoming  Q.C.  in  1872.  He  re- 
presented co.  Londonderry  in  the  House 
of  Commons  in  1881-83,  was  Solicitor- 
General  for  Ireland  in  1881-82,  and  Attor- 
ney-General in  1882-83,  in  the  Gladstone 
Administration  of  that  time.  He  was 
appointed  Master  of  the  Rolls  in  1883. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  the  late  Colonel 
Horsburgh,  of  Peeblesshire.  Address  :  8 
Merrion  Square  East,  Dublin. 

PORTER,  General  Horace,  American 
soldier,  speaker,  and  writer,  was  born  at 
Huntington,  Pennsylvania,  in  1837,  his 
father  soon  afterwards  becoming  Gover- 
nor of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
received  his  education  at  Harrisburg  and 
at  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point, 
where  he  graduated  in  1860.  After  a  brief 
time  as  Instructor  in  Artillery  at  West 
Point  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
army,  and  soon  became  a  First  Lieutenant. 
In  1863  he  was  breveted  Captain  for  gal- 
lant services ;  in  1864  he  was  breveted 
Major,  and  in  1865  was  breveted  Lieut.  - 
Colonel  and  Brigadier-General.  While  on 
the  staff  of  General  Thomas  at  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  he  became  acquainted  with 
General  Grant,  and  was  afterwards  an 
Aide  on  his  staff,  and  was  with  him  in  the 
field  during  most  of  the  remainder  of  the 
war  between  the  States.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  entered  on  a  business  career, 
and  has  been  connected  with  many  impor- 
tant railroad,  banking,  and  other  enter- 
prises. He  is  widely  known  as  an  after- 
dinner  speaker  and  as  a  writer,  having 
contributed  to  the  magazines,  and  in  1897 
having  published  "  Campaigning  with 
Grant."  He  has  for  several  years  been 
President  of  the  Union  League  Club,  and 
a  member  of  the  Authors'  Club,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  American  Geo- 
graphical Society,  and  many  other  organi- 
sations. He  was  appointed  Ambassador 
to  France  in  March  1897. 

PORTER,  The  Rev.  James,  D.D., 

Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  the 
oldest  collegiate  foundation  at  Cambridge, 
was  ordained  Deacon  in  1853,  and  priest 
in  1856.  He  was  Vicar  of  Cherry-Hinton 
from  1880  to  1882,  has  been  Fellow  and 
Tutor  of  his  College,  was  appointed 
Master  in  1876,  and  was  Vice-Chancellor 
from  1881  to  1884.  Address  :  St.  Peter's 
College,  Cambridge. 


PORTLAND,  Duke  of,  The  Most 
Hon.  William  John  Arthur  Charles 
James  Cavendish-Bentinck,  D.L.,  J.P., 
P.C.,  Master  of  the  Horse,  was  born  on 
Dec.  28,  1857,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Lieut.  -  General  Arthur  Cavendish  -  Ben- 
tinck,  a  great-grandson  of  the  3rd  Duke, 
the  Prime  Minister,  and  of  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Sir  St.  Vincent  Whitshed, 
Bart.  He  succeeded  his  cousin  in  1879. 
He  was  formerly  in  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  and  was  at  one  time  Lieut.  - 
Colonel  in  the  Hon.  Artillery  Company. 
He  was  Master  of  the  Horse  from  1886 
to  1892,  and  was  reappointed  in  1895. 
Since  1889  he  has  been  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  Caithness,  and  in  1898  was  appointed 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Notts  in  succession  to 
the  late  Duke  of  St.  Albans.  He  is  a  very 
extensive  landowner.  In  1889  he  married 
Miss  Dallas-Yorke.  Addresses  :  3  Gros- 
venor  Square,  S.W. ;  Welbeck  Abbey,  &c. 

PORTUGAL,  King  of.  See  Caelos 
I.,  Dom,  King  op  Poktugal. 

POTT,  The  Ven.  Alfred,  B.D.,  son  of 

Charles  Pott,  of  Freelands,  Kent,  and 
Anna,  daughter  of  S.  C.  Cox,  Master  in 
Chancery,  born  at  Norwood,  Surrey,  Sept. 
30,  1822,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 
Balliol  and  Magdalen  Colleges,  Oxford. 
He  was  appointed  Vicar  of  Cuddesdon  in 
1852 ;  first  Principal  of  the  Theological 
College  there  in  1853  ;  Rector  of  East 
Hendred,  Berks,  in  1858  ;  Vicar  of  Abing- 
don and  Honorary  Canon  of  Christ  Church 
in  1868 ;  Archdeacon  of  Berkshire,  and 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  in  1873  ; 
Vicar  of  Clifton  Hampden,  Oxfordshire,  in 
1874  ;  and  Vicar  of  Sonning,  Berks,  in 
1882.  Archdeacon  Pott  is  the  author  of 
"  Confirmation  Lectures,"  1850;  "Village 
Sermons,"  1867  ;  and  several  "Charges," 
sermons,  and  tracts.  He  married  Emily 
Harriet,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Gibbs,  Vicar  of  Clifton,  Hampden,  Oxon. 
Address  :  Sonning  Vicarage,  Berks. 

POTTER,  The  Right  Rev.  Henry 
Oodman,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  late 
Bishop  of  Pennsylvania,  and  nephew  of 
the  late  Bishop  of  New  York,  was  born  at 
Schenectady,  New  York,  May  25,  1835. 
He  graduated  from  Union  College,  Sche- 
nectady, and  from  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  Alexandria,  Virginia,  1857.  His 
first  Rectorship  was  in  Greensburgh  in 
Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  went  to  St. 
John's  Church,  Troy,  New  York,  and  after- 
wards to  Trinity  Church,  Boston.  In  1868 
he  became  Rector  of  Grace  Church,  New 
York,  where  he  remained  until  1883,  when 
he  was  consecrated  Assistant-Bishop  of 
New  York,  with  the  right  of  succession. 
He    became    Bishop    of    New    York    on 


POUBELLE  —  POULTON 


873 


the  death  of  his  uncle,  in  January  1887, 
He  has  published  "  Sisterhoods  and  Deacon 
esses,"  1872;  "The  Gates  of  the  East,' 
1876;  "Sermons  of  the  City,"  1880, 
"  Waymarks,"  1891,  besides  a  number  of 
sermons  and  discourses,  and  "  The  Scholar 
and  the  State,"  and  other  orations  and  ad- 
dresses, 1897.  In  1888  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  Eng.  ;  in  1892  the  degree  of 
D.D.  by  the  University  of  Oxford,  Eng.  ; 
and  in  1890  the  same  degree  by  Harvard 
University. 

• 
POUBELLE,  Eugene  Bene,  French 
Ambassador  to  the  Vatican,  was  born  at 
Caen,  April  15,  1831,  of  an  ancient  Norman 
family.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  of 
his  native  town,  and  having  passed  through 
the  Law  School,  became  an  Assistant-Pro- 
fessor there.  He  afterwards  held  posts 
at  Grenoble  and  Toulouse.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  he  enlisted  as 
an  artilleryman,  and  gained  the  military 
medal  for  his  gallantry  at  the  sorties  from 
Paris.  He  was  appointed  Preset  of  the 
Charente  by  M.  Thiers,  in  April  1871,  and 
afterwards  went  in  the  same  capacity  to 
Corsica.  On  the  fall  of  M.  Thiers  in  1873 
he  resigned,  and  again  became  Professor 
of  Law  at  Toulouse.  However,  in  1878 
M.  GreVy  appointed  him  Preset  of  the 
Doubs,  and  in  1879  he  was  promoted  to  the 
Bouches  du  Rhone.  Four  years  later  he 
was  called  to  the  most  important  post  of 
Pre"fet  of  the  Seine,  which  he  held  with 
conspicuous  success  for  thirteen  years.  In 
the  midst  of  a  municipal  council,  more  and 
more  eager  to  become  a  political  body,  he 
struggled  against  pretensions  which  would 
have  placed  them  in  opposition  to  the 
executive.  Amidst  tumultuous  scenes  and 
personal  attacks  he  preserved  an  impas- 
sible coolness  and  patience,  that  tired  out 
the  unruly  members  and  prevented  civil  dis- 
turbances. Thanks  to  him  these  struggles 
have  not  prevented  the  carrying  out  of 
great  municipal  works.  His  ssdileship  was 
celebrated  by  the  construction  of  sewers, 
of  new  broad  arteries  for  traffic,  the  creation 
of  new  districts,  the  building  of  the  Gene- 
ral Post  Office,  the  Bourse  du  Commerce, 
and  the  new  Sorbonne,  and  the  improve- 
ment of  public  education  and  out-door 
relief.  In  1889  he  was  sent  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic  to  Magdeburg,  to  be 
present  at  the  exhumation  of  the  remains 
of  Lazare  Carnot,  and  to  bring  them  back 
to  France.  In  1896  he  was  appointed  to 
his  present  post,  and  was  succeeded  by  M. 
de  Selves  (q.v.).  He  is  a  Grand  Officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  of  several  other 
foreign  Orders. 

POTJLTON,  Edward  BagnaU,  F.R.S., 
F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.Z.S.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Prince- 


ton, of  Wykeham  House,  Oxford,  Hope 
Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  University  of 
Oxford,  was  born  at  Reading,  Jan.  27, 
1856,  and  is  the  only  son  of  William  Ford 
Poulton,  architect.  He  was  educated  at 
the  private  school  of  the  late  W.  Watson, 
B.A.,  London,  at  Reading,  and  in  1873  he 
worked  in  the  Biological  Laboratory  at  the 
University  Museum,  Oxford,  and  obtained 
an  open  scholarship  in  Natural  Science  at 
Jesus  College.  In  1876  he  obtained  a  first 
class  in  the  Final  Honour  School  of  Natural 
Science.  From  1877  to  1879  he  was  De- 
monstrator of  Biology  under  the  late  Prof. 
G.  Rolleston.  In  1878  he  obtained  the 
Burdett-Coutts  University  Scholarship  in 
Geology ;  and  from  1877  to  1878  he  was 
Librarian  of  the  Oxford  Union  Society, 
and  in  1879  (Lent  Term)  its  President. 
From  1880  to  1889  he  was  Lecturer  in 
Natural  Science,  and  then  Tutor  of  Keble 
College,  Oxford;  1881  to  1889,  Lec- 
turer in  Natural  Science,  Jesus  College, 
Oxford;  1886  to  1887,  Lecturer  in  Zoology 
and  Comparative  Anatomy  at  St.  Mary's 
Hospital,  Paddington.  In  1889  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and 
in  June  1893  was  elected  Hope  Professor 
of  Zoology  at  Oxford  in  succession  to  the 
late  Prof.  Westwood.  He  has  published 
the  following  works:  "On  Mammalian 
Remains  and  Tree  Trunks  in  Quartern 
Sands  at  Reading,"  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc, 
May  1880  ;  "  Account  of  Working  of  Dow- 
kerbottom  Cave,  Yorkshire,"  Geol.  and 
Polytechnic  Soc,  W.  Siding  of  Yorks.,  1881, 
p.  351 ;  "On  the  Minute  Structure  of  the 
Tongues  of  Marsupialia and  Monotremata," 
Quart.  Journ.  Micro.  Soc. ,  January  and  July 
1883;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  December  1883; 
"  Ovary  of  Marsupialia  and  Monotremata," 
Quart.  Journ.  Micro.  Soc,  January  1884  ; 
"The  True  Teeth  of  Ornithorhynchus," 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  1888,  and  Quart.  Journ. 
Micro.  Soc,  July  1888  ;  "  On  the  Colours 
and  Markings  of  Lepidopterous  Larva?  and 
Pupae,  &c,"  published  in  the  Trans.  Ent. 
Soc,  1884-88,  and  in  1893,  and  in  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc,  1878  and  1891  ;  "  On  the  Rela- 
tion between  the  Colours  of  Lepidopterous 
Larvae  and  Pupa?  and  those  of  their  sur- 
roundings," Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  1885-87,  and 
1893,  and  Phil.  Trans.,  1887,  and  Trans. 
Ent.  Soc,  1892;  "On  the  External  Mor- 
phology of  the  Lepidopterous  Pupae,  &c," 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  1890  and  1891.  He  is 
also  one  of  the  editors  of  the  translation  of 
Prof.  Weismann's  "Essays  on  Heredity 
and  Kindred  Biological  Problems,"  Claren- 
don Press,  1889,  vol.  ii.  1892;  and  is  the 
author  of  "The  Colours  of  Animals,  their 
Meaning  and  Use,  especially  considered  in 
the  case  of  Insects,"  1890,  International 
Scientific  Series.  In  1896  he  published 
"Charles  Darwin  and  the  Theory  of  Natural 
Selection,"  and  in  1899  presented  to  the 


874 


POWELL 


University  of  Oxford  a  statue  of  Charles 
Darwin,  which  was  unveiled  by  Sir  Joseph 
Hooker  in  June  of  that  year.  At  the 
1890  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
held  at  Leeds,  Prof.  Poulton  delivered  one 
of  the  evening  addresses,  choosing  for 
his  subject  "Mimicry  in  the  Animal  King- 
dom." In  January  and  February  1894  he 
delivered  one  of  the  courses  of  Lowell 
Lectures  in  Boston,  Mass.,  upon  "The 
Meaning  and  Use  of  the  Colours  of 
Animals."  In  1881  he  married  Emily, 
eldest  daughter  of  G-eorge  Palmer,  ex- 
M.P.,  of  Beading. 

POWELL,  Professor  P.  York,  M.A., 
Begius  Professor  of  Modern  History,  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  is  the  only  son  of  the 
late  F.  Powell  and  Mary  York.  He  was 
educated  at  Bugby,  and  entered  Oxford  as 
a  non-Collegiate  Student,  as  many  other 
distinguished  men  have  done  before  and 
since.  He  joined  Christ  Church,  of  which 
he  became  a  student,  and  graduated  with 
a  first  class  in  Law  and  Modern  History. 
In  1870  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple.  He  has  been  Tutor  and 
Law  Lecturer  at  Christ  Church,  and  His- 
tory Lecturer  at  Trinity  College,  and  was 
appointed  Begius  Professor  of  Modern 
History,  in  succession  to  the  late  Prof. 
Freeman,  in  1894.  He  is  editor  of  "Eng- 
lish History  from  Contemporary  Writers," 
author  of  "  Early  England  up  to  the  Nor- 
man Conquest,"  in  Epochs  of  English 
History,  "Old  Stories  from  British  His- 
tory," "History  of  England  to  1509,"  &o. 
With  the  late  Georg  Vigfusson  he  has 
edited  the  "  Corpus  Poeticum  Boreale," 
and  with  him  is  co-author  of  the  "  Grimm 
Centenary  Papers,"  &c.  He  has  besides 
contributed  many  important  papers  on  his- 
torical and  literary  subjects  to  the  English 
Historical  Review,  the  National  Observer, 
&c.  Addresses  :  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
and  Bedford  Park,  W. 

POWELL,  Major  John  Wesley, 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  American  geologist,  was 
born  at  Mount  Morris,  New  York,  March 
24,  1834.  His  early  life  was  passed  at 
various  places  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Wis- 
consin, and  he  studied  at  Illinois  College 
and  at  Wheaton  College,  finally  taking  a 
special  course  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  teaching 
in  the  public  schools  at  intervals  in  the 
meanwhile.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  pri- 
vate, and  by  its  close  had  gained  the  rank 
of  Lieut. -Colonel,  having  lost  his  right 
arm  during  its  progress.  He  had,  prior 
to  the  war,  attained  prominence  as  a  scien- 
tist, and  in  1865  was  made  Professor  of 
Geology  and  Curator  of  the  Museum  in 
the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  but  he 
soon   resigned   this   position  to   accept  a 


similar  one  in  the  Illinois  Normal  Uni- 
versity. In  1868  he  organised  and  con- 
ducted an  expedition  to  explore  the  canon 
of  the  Colorado,  which  was  so  successful 
that  Congress  established,  in  1870,  a  Topo- 
graphical and  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Colorado  Biver  of  the  West,  and  placed  it 
in  his  charge.  The  results  of  the  thorough 
exploration  made  by  him  of  the  physical 
features  of  this  region  (covering  about 
100,000  square  miles),  and  of  other  surveys 
instituted  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment in  the  Bocky  Mountain  country 
proved  so  important*  that  Congress,  in 
1879,  consolidated  them  under  the  per- 
manent and  independent  organisation  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  of 
which  Major  Powell,  in  1881,  succeeded 
Clarence  King  as  the  Director.  In  the  mean- 
time Major  Powell  had  devoted  consider- 
able attention  to  ethnology,  and  had  issued 
through  the  Smithsonian  Institution  three. 
vols,  of  "  Contributions  to  North  American 
Ethnology."  To  ensure  the  continuance  of 
this  work  a  special  Bureau  of  Ethnology 
was  established  by  Congress  and  he  was 
placed  at  its  head,  a  position  he  continued 
to  hold,  in  addition  to  the  direction  of  the 
Survey,  until  1894,  when  he  was  compelled 
to  resign  them  both  on  account  of  ill- 
health.  Major  Powell  received  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  from  the  University  of  Heidel- 
berg in  1886,  and  in  the  same  year  that  of 
LLD.  from  Harvard.  In  1880  he  became 
a  Member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  from  1879  to  1888  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Anthropological  Society  of 
Washington.  He  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  in  1875,  its  Vice-President  in 
1879,  and  President  in  1887.  In  addition 
to  these  he  is  a  member  of  a  number  of 
other  learned  and  scientific  societies.  His 
publications  embrace  many  scientific 
papers  and  addresses  and  numerous 
Government  volumes,  including  reports  of 
various  surveys  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethno- 
logy and  of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey. 
The  special  volumes  which  bear  his  own 
name  are:  "Explorations  of  the  Colorado 
Biver  of  the  West  and  its  Tributaries," 
1875 ;  "  Beport  on  the  Geology  of  the 
Eastern  Portion  of  the  Uinta  Mountains," 
1876  ;  "Beport  on  the  Lands  of  the  Arid 
Eegion  of  the  United  States,"  1879  ;  and 
"  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Indian 
Languages,"  1880.  In  1890  he  published  a 
series  of  papers  on  irrigation  in  The  Century 


POWELL,   Sir  Richard   Douglas, 

Bart.,  M.D.,  F.B.C.P.,  Physician  in  Ordi- 
nary to  theQueen,  is  the  second  and  sole  sur- 
viving son  of  the  late  Captain  Scott  Powell. 
He  was  educated  at  University  College, 
London,  and  graduated  M.D.  with  honours 


POWER  —  POWERSCOURT 


875 


at  the  University  of  London  in  1866.  He 
became  F.R.C.P.  in  1873,  having  been  ad- 
mitted in  1867.  He  is  Physician  to  the 
Middlesex  Hospital  and  Consulting  Pby- 
Mcian  to  the  Ventnor  and  Brompton  Hos- 
pitals for  Consumption,  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  &c, 
and  was  at  one  time  President  of  the 
Medical  Society.  In  May  1898  he  was 
created  a  Knight  of  Grace  of  the  Order  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  In  January  1899, 
having  previously  been  Physician  Extra- 
ordinary to  the  Queen,  he  was.  appointed 
Physician  in  Ordinary  in  succession  to 
the  late  Sir  William  Jenner.  He  was 
created  a  baron  in  1897.  His  works  in- 
clude: "Diseases  of  the  Lungs  and  Pleura," 
3rd  edit.,  1893;  "On  the  Principles  of 
Treatment  of  Diseases  and  Disorders  of 
the  Heart,"  being  the  Lumleian  Lectures 
for  1898;  and  contributions,  mostly  on 
the  lungs,  to  Quain's  "Dictionary  of 
Medicine,"  1882  and  1894;  Reynolds's 
"  System  "  ;  and  to  various  medical  trans- 
actions and  journals.  He  married,  in 
1873,  Juliet,  second  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Bennett.    Address  :  62  Wimpole  Street,  W. 

POWER,  D'Arcy,  born  Nov.  11,  1855, 
at  3  Grosvenor  Terrace  (now  56  Belgrave 
Eoad),  London,  S.W.,  eldest  son  of  Henry 
Power,  F.R.C.S.,  surgeon  (q.v.),  and  Ann 
his  wife,  was  educated  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  which  he  entered  in  1870, 
after  a  preliminary  training  at  the  St. 
Marylebone  and  All  Souls' Grammar  School. 
At  Oxford  he  matriculated  in  October 
1874  as  a  Commoner  of  New  College,  but 
he  migrated  to  Exeter  College,  when  he 
obtained  an  open  Exhibition  in  October 
1876.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  June  1878 
after  he  had  been  placed  in  the  first  class 
of  the  Honour  School  of  Natural  Science. 
He  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1881,  and 
was  admitted  M.B.  in  June  1882.  During 
the  session  1878-79  he  acted  as  Demon- 
strator of  Comparative  Anatomy  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  in  October 
1878  he  began  his  professional  education 
as  a  medical  student  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  Here  he  was  appointed  a  De- 
monstrator of  Physiology  in  1878,  and  be 
has  held  in  succession  the  posts  of  House 
Surgeon,  Curator  of  the  Museum,  Teacher 
of  Surgery  and  Assistant-Surgeon.  At 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England 
he  was  admitted  a  Fellow  in  1883,  and 
has  acted  as  Examiner,  and  has  filled  the 
office  of  Hunterian  Professor  of  Surgery 
and  Pathology.  For  five  years  he  was  a 
Member  of  the  Conjoint  Examining  Board 
of  the  Royal  Colleges  of  Physicians  of 
London  and  of  Surgeons  of  England,  and 
he  has  been  an  Examiner  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Durham.  He  is  Surgeon  to  the 
Victoria  Hospital  for  Children,  Chelsea ; 


Visiting  Surgeon  to  the  Metropolitan  Dis- 
pensary, and  an  Assistant  Professor  at 
the  Royal  Veterinary  College.  He  has 
served  many  offices  in  the  British  Medical 
Association,  is  Senior  Secretary  of  the 
Pathological  Society  of  London,  and  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Harveian  Society. 
In  1897  he  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  His  published 
work  divides  itself  into  General,  Scientific, 
and  Professional.  His  general  work  con- 
sists of  "Memorials  of  the  Craft  of  Sur- 
gery," 1886  ;  a  "  Life  of  William  Harvey," 
1897 ;  various  works  upon  antiquarian 
medical  subjects,  and  the  lives  of  eminent 
surgeons  in  the  "  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography."  The  scientific  writings  are 
chiefly  connected  with  an  attempt  to  dis- 
cover the  cause  of  cancer,  1893-95,  and 
of  certain  forms  of  intestinal  obstruc- 
tion, 1897-1898.  The  purely  professional 
work  comprises  a  book  on  the  "  Surgical 
Diseases  of  Children"  (1895),  and  numer- 
ous papers  upon  points  of  surgical  interest 
published  in  the  various  medical  periodi- 
cals, 1878-98.  In  the  spring  of  1898  he 
was  appointed  Assistant-Surgeon  at  St. 
Bartholomew's.  Address  :  10a  Chandos 
Street,  Cavendish  Square,  London,  W. 

POWER,  Henry,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  re- 
ceived  his  medical  education  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital,  and,  in  studying  for 
his  London  degree,  obtained  the  Exhibi- 
tion in  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the 
University  of  London  in  1852.  He  is 
Consulting  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  and  of  the  West- 
minster Ophthalmic  Hospital,  as  well  as 
to  the  Artists'  Benevolent  Society.  He 
is  Professor  of  Physiology  at  the  Royal 
Veterinary  College,  and  has  been  Professor 
of  Surgery  and  Arris  and  Gale  Lecturer  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  England. 
He  is  author  of  "  Elements  of  Human 
Physiology,"  "Illustrations  of  the  Princi- 
pal Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  1869  ;  has  trans- 
lated Strieker's  "Manual  of  Human  and 
Comparative  Histology "  for  the  New 
Sydenham  Society  in  1870,  and  Erb  "On 
the  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System  "  for 
Ziemssen's  "  Cyclopaedia, "  and,  with  Dr. 
Sedgwick,  is  editor  of  Mayne's  "Exposi- 
tory Lexicon."  Addresses  :  37A  Great 
Cumberland  Place,  W. ;  and  Bagdale  Hall, 
Whitby. 

POWERSCOURT,  Viscount,  The 
Right  Hon.  Mervyn  Edward  Wing- 
field,  K.P.,  M.R.I.A.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was 
born  at  Powerscourt  on  Oct.  13,  1836, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  6th  Viscount, 
and  succeeded  his  father  in  1844.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  joined  the  1st 
Life  Guards,  of  which  he  was  a  Lieu- 
tenant.     He    is   an  Irish  representative 


876 


POYNTER  —  POYNTING 


peer,  sitting  as  Baron  Powerscourt,  Past 
President  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
was  made  K.P.  in  1871,  and  sworn  of  the 
Irish  Privy  Council  in  1897.  He  married, 
in  1864,  Lady  Julia  Coke,  daughter  of  the 
2nd  Earl  of  Leicester,  K.  G.  Addresses : 
51  Portland  Place,  W.  ;  and  Powerscourt, 
co.  Wicklow. 

POYNTER,  Sir  Edward  John, 
P.R.A.,  was  born  in  Paris,  March  20,  1836, 
being  the  son  of  Mr.  Ambrose  Poynter, 
architect.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School  and  at  Ipswich  Grammar 
School ;  afterwards  he  studied  art  in 
English  schools  from  1854  to  1856,  and 
under  Gleyre  in  Paris  from  1856  to  1859. 
He  was  made  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  January  1869,  a  member  of 
the  Belgian  Water-Colour  Society  in  1871, 
and  was  appointed  Slade  Professor  of  Art 
at  University  College,  Gower  Street,  Lon- 
don, in  May  1871,  the  appointment  being 
renewed  in  1873  for  four  years.  He  was 
elected  a  Royal  Academican,  June  29,  1876, 
and  in  November  1896  was  raised  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  Royal  Academy.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  at  the 
same  time.  He  has  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  "Israel  in  Egypt,"  1867;  "The 
Catapult,"  1868;  "Perseus  and  Andro- 
meda," 1872;  "More  of  More  Hall  and 
the  Dragon,"  1873;  "Rhodope,"  1874; 
"The  Festival"  and  "The  Golden  Age," 
1875;  "Atalanta's  Race,"  1876;  "The 
Fortune-Teller,"  his  diploma  picture,  1877; 
"Zenobia  Captive,"  1878;  and  "  Diadu- 
mene,"  1885.  This  picture  was  one  of 
those  offering  a  test  to  the  memorable 
discussion  upon  the  morality  of  the  nude 
in  art  which  enlivened  the  season  of  1885. 
Mr.  Poynter  also  painted  cartoons  for  the 
mosaic  of  St.  George  in  the  Westminster 
Palace,  1869  ;  designed  the  architectural 
and  tile  decorations  for  the  grill-room  at 
South  Kensington,  1868-70 ;  painted  a 
fresco  at  St.  Stephen's  Church,  Dulwich, 
1872-73  ;  and  has  exhibited  many  other 
smaller  works  in  the  Academy  and  Dudley 
Water-Colour  Exhibitions,  and  at  the  Royal 
Water-Colour  Society,  of  which  he  is  a 
member.  At  the  Royal  Academy  in  1889 
he  exhibited  "On  the  Terrace"  and  "A 
Corner  in  the  Villa";  in  1890  "Pea 
Blossom,"  "  On  the  Temple  Steps "  ;  in 
1891,  "The  Meeting  of  Solomon  and  the 
Queen  of  Sheba  "  ;  a  small  finished  study 
for  the  large  picture  of  the  same  subject, 
containing  more  than  sixty  figures,  ex- 
hibited at  Mr.  M'Lean's  Gallery  in  1890, 
and  since  sold  to  the  National  Gallery  at 
Sydney  in  New  South  Wales;  in  1892, 
"  When  the  World  was  Young,"  and  two 
portraits;  in  1893,  "  Chloe,"  and  the  design 
for  the  border  of  the  Queen's  letter  to  the 
Nation  after  the  death  of  the  Duke  of  Clar- 


ence ;  in  1894,  "Horse  Serena?,"  "Idle 
Fears,"  and  two  sets  of  designs  for  the  new 
coinage.  In  1895  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy's  Exhibition  "  The  Ionian  Dance  " ; 
in  1896,  "Neobule"  and  "An  Oread"  ;  in 
1897,  "Phyllis,"  "The  Message,"  and  a 
portrait  of  Mr.  Sidney  Colvin,  painted  for 
the  Society  of  Dilettanti ;  and  in  1898,  a 
portrait  of  the  Duchess  of  Somerset  in 
a  dress  as  Lady  Jane  Seymour,  "  The 
Skirt  Dance"  (a  large  painting),  "Duart 
Castle,"  and  the  frontispiece  of  the  Royal 
Academy's  Address  to  the  Queen  on  the 
occasion  of  the  completion  of  the  sixtieth 
year  of  her  reign.  In  1899  he  exhibited 
a  portrait  of  the  Hon.  Violet  Monck- 
ton.  Other  pictures  and  water-colour 
drawings  have  been  exhibited  from  time  to 
time  at  the  Grosvenor  and  New  Galleries. 
In  April  1894  he  was  appointed  Director 
of  the  National  Gallery  in  succession  to 
Sir  F.  Burton.  For  several  years  he  was 
Director  for  Art  and  Principal  of  the 
National  Art  Training  School  at  South 
Kensington,  but  he  resigned  that  office  in 
July  1881,  though  he  consented  to  con- 
tinue his  connection  with  the  Department 
as  Visitor  of  the  Training  School.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Ten  Lectures  on  Art," 
1879.  He  married,  in  1866,  Agnes,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Macdonald.  Ad- 
dresses :  28  Albert  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

POYNTING,  Professor  John 
Henry,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  was  born  on  Sept. 
9,  1852,  at  Monton,  near  Manchester,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  T.  Elford 
Poynting,  Unitarian  Minister  of  Monton. 
He  was  educated  first  at  a  private  school 
conducted  by  the  Rev.  T.  E.  Poynting, 
afterwards  at  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  gradu- 
ating in  Mathematical  Tripos  in  1876 ; 
late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
D.Sc,  Cambridge;  B.Sc,  London  and 
Victoria;  F.R.S.  ;  Demonstrator  in  the 
Physical  Laboratory,  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester, under  the  late  Professor  Balfour 
Stewart,  1876-79 ;  and  Professor  of  Physics 
at  Mason  College,  Birmingham,  1880.  He 
has  written  the  following  papers  :  "  On  a 
Method  of  Employing  the  Balance  with 
great  delicacy,  and  on  its  Employment  to 
determine  the  Mean  Density  of  the  Earth," 
Prqc.  Soy.  Soe.,  1878  ;  "On  the  Transfer  of 
Energy  in  the  Electromagnetic  Field," 
Phil.  Trans.,  1884  ;  "  On  the  Connection 
between  the  Electric  Current  and  the 
Electric  and  Magnetic  Induction  in  the 
Surrounding  Field,"  Phil.  Trans.,  1885; 
"  On  the  Fluctuations  in  the  Price  of 
Wheat,"  Proc.  of  the  Stat.  Soe.,  1884  ;  "  On 
a  Determination  of  the  Mean  Density  of 
the  Earth  and  the  Gravitation  Constant 
by  means  of  the  Common  Balance,"  Phil. 


PRAED  — PRAGA 


877 


Trans.,  1891 ;  and  other  physical  papers. 
The  Adams  Prize  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge was  awarded  to  him  in  1893  for  an 
essay  on  the  Mean  Density  of  the  Earth, 
since  published.  In  1880  he  married 
Maria  Adney,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J. 
Cropper,  late  of  Stand,  near  Manchester. 
Address  :  Mason  University  College,  Bir- 
mingham. 

PEAED,  Mrs.  Campbell  Mack- 
worth,  nei  Rosa  Caroline  Murray-Prior, 
was  born  March  27,  1852,  in  Queensland, 
Australia.  On  her  father's  side  she  is  of 
Irish  descent.  Her  grandfather,  Colonel 
Murray-Prior,  fought  in  the  18th  Hussars 
at  Waterloo.  Her  father,  a  squatter  in 
Australia,  took  an  active  part  in  Australian 
political  life,  and  held  office  as  Postmaster- 
General  in  several  Queensland  Ministries. 
Mrs.  Praed  grew  up  between  bush  life  and 
the  life  of  the  rising  capital  of  the  colony, 
Brisbane.  In  1872  she  married  Mr.  Camp- 
bell Mackworth  Praed,  nephew  of  the  poet 
Praed.  The  first  years  of  her  married  life 
were  passed  on  an  island  off  the  Queens- 
land coast,  bought  by  her  husband  as  a 
cattle  station.  In  1876  she  came,  for  the 
first  time,  with  him  to  England.  "An 
Australian  Heroine,"  her  first  novel,  was 
published  in  1880;  "Policy  and  Passion," 
1881;  "  Nadine,"  1882  ;  "Moloch,"  1883; 
"Zero,"  1884;  "Affinities,"  "Sketches  of 
Australian  Life,"  and  "  The  Head  Station," 
1885  ;  "The  Brother  of  the  Shadow,"  and 
"Miss  Jacobsen's  Chance,"  1886;  "The 
Bond  of  Wedlock,"  1887,  also  dramatised 
by  Mrs.  Praed,  and  produced  by  Mrs. 
Bernard-Beere,  under  the  title  of  "  Ariane," 
in  the  same  year;  "The  Romance  of 
a  Station,"  published  in  1890.  She  has 
also  written,  in  collaboration  with  Mr. 
Justin  McCarthy,  "The  Right  Honour- 
able," published  in  1886;  "The  Rival 
Princesses,"  first  published  anonymously 
as  " The  Rebel  Rose,"  1888  ;  "The  Ladies' 
Gallery"  and  "The  Grey  River,"  in  col- 
laboration with  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy  and 
Mr.  Mortimer  Menpes,  by  whom  the  work 
was  illustrated,  1889 ;  "  Soul  of  Countess 
Adrian,"  1891;  "Romance  of  a  Chalet," 
1892;  "Outlaw  and  Lawmaker,"  1893; 
and  "  Christina  Chard,"  1894.  Since  1894 
Mrs.  Praed  has  travelled  to  a  large  extent, 
and  has  revisited  Australia.  Her  most 
recent  publications  are  three  books :  "  Mrs. 
Tregaskiss  "  and  "  Nulina,"  both  novels  of 
Australian  life ;  and  in  1898,  "  The  Scourge- 
stick."  Permanent  address  :  75  Elm  Park 
Gardens,  S.W. 

PRAGA,  Alfred,  was  born  at  Liver- 
pool in  1861.  He  studied  art  firstly  at  a 
local  art  school  in  connection  with  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  of  South 
Kensington,  where  he  obtained  a  National 


award  for  drawing  from  the  antique,  and 
other  prizes,  and  afterwards  principally 
at  Heatherley's  Art  School  in  Newman 
Street,  and  at  different  periods  also  at 
Antwerp  and  Paris.  He  exhibited  first, 
about  1885,  at  the  Royal  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water-Colours,  subsequently 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  Royal  Society  of 
British  Artists,  the  Dudley  and  New 
Galleries,  and  at  Liverpool,  Manchester, 
Leeds,  &c.  He  is  occupied  chiefly  with 
portraiture,  but  has  also  exhibited  several 
subject  pictures  both  in  oil  and  water- 
colours,  notably  :  "  Father,  I  have  Sinned," 
1893,  and  "The  Heiress,"  exhibited  in 
1895  at  the  Walker  Art  Gallery,  Liver- 
pool ;  "A  Favourite  of  the  Sultan,"  Royal 
Academy,  1894  ;  "  Sorrow  and  Sin,"  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil,  1894 ;  a  por- 
trait of  "  Mdme.  Sarah  Grand "  shown 
at  the  Society  of  Portrait-Painters'  Exhibi- 
tion at  the  Grafton  Gallery  in  1896,  and 
another  of  J.  Lumsden  Propert,  Esq. ,  the 
well-known  authority  and  writer  on  minia- 
ture art,  at  the  same  Society's  exhibition 
in  1897.  He  painted  during  1898  a  life- 
size  presentation  portrait  of  Li  Hung 
Chang,  a  commission  from  a  merchant  in 
China  as  a  gift  to  the  venerable  statesman. 
Turning  his  attention  latterly  to  the  some- 
what neglected  art  of  miniature  painting, 
he  founded  in  1895  the  Society  of  Minia- 
turists, of  which  he  has  been  the  Vice- 
President,  Lord  Ronald  Gower  being  the 
first  President,  and  in  1899  became  Pre- 
sident. The  Society  grew  rapidly,  and 
held  an  important  and  highly  successful 
inaugural  exhibition  at  the  Grafton  Gallery 
in  the  autumn  of  1896,  which  was  com- 
posed not  only  of  the  works  of  members, 
but  included  what  was  perhaps  the  most 
important  and  representative  collection  of 
the  works  of  the  old  masters  in  miniature 
art  ever  before  brought  together.  This 
exhibition  has  since  been  followed  by 
others  of  equal  interest  at  the  same 
Gallery.  Amongst  miniatures  by  Mr. 
Praga  that  have  been  shown  both  at  the 
Society's  exhibitions  and  at  the  Royal 
Academy  were  portraits  of  the  late  Lady 
Glenesk,  Princess  Henry  of  Pless,  the  Earl 
and  Countess  of  Egmont,  Sir  Henry  Irving, 
the  late  General  Alec  Fraser,  C.B.,  and 
the  infant  son  of  the  Hon.  E.  Johnstone. 
A  miniature  also  of  Dr.  Lumsden  Propert, 
in  Georgian  court  dress,  was  shown  at  a 
recent  exhibition  at  the  New  Gallery,  and 
this  was  referred  to  in  the  course  of  a 
review  in  Literature  as  being  "  fine  enough 
to  have  belonged  to  an  earlier  age. "  Mr. 
Praga  contributed  an  article  entitled  "  The 
Renaissance  of  Miniature  Painting"  to  the 
Magazine  of  Art  for  December  1896,  which 
was  illustrated  by  a  miniature  of  the 
author's,  entitled  "Isabel."  This  was  sub- 
sequently exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy. 


PREECE  —  PRENDERGAST 


The  article  dealt  chiefly  with  the  revival 
and  the  technique  of  miniature  art,  and 
illustrated  three  different  stages  of  a 
miniature  painted  from  life.  Mr.  Praga 
is  married  to  a  lady  well  known  in  jour- 
nalistic circles  as  a  member  of  the  Daily 
Telegraph  staff.  Address :  The  Grey  House, 
Kensington. 

PREECE,     Sir     William     Henry, 

K.C.B.,  F.E.S.,  V.P.I.C.E.,  &c,  Consulting 
Engineer  to  the  General  Post  Office,  was 
born  in  Carnarvon  on  Feb.  15,  1834,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  E.  M.  Preece,  Bryn  Helen, 
Carnarvon.  He  was  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  passing  through  the 
School  and  College.  He  first  entered  the 
engineering  office  of  Mr.  Edwin  Clark  in 
1852,  passing  the  next  year  into  the 
Electric  and  International  Telegraph  Com- 
pany, and  became,  three  years  later,  super- 
intendent of  their  southern  district.  In 
185S  he  was  appointed  engineer  to  the 
Channel  Islands  Telegraph  Company,  and 
in  1860  superintendent  of  telegraphs  to 
the  London  and  South-Western  Company. 
On  the  transfer  of  the  telegraphs  to  the 
State,  he  became  a  Divisional  Engineer, 
in  1877  was  promoted  to  the  post  of  Chief 
Electrician,  and  in  1892  to  that  of  Engineer 
in  Chief,  which  he  held  until  his  retire- 
ment, on  his  sixty-fifth  birthday,  in  Feb. 
1899.  His  researches  for  the  advancement 
of  electricity,  his  practical  inventions,  and 
his  repute  as  a  speaker  and  lecturer  have 
made  his  name  familiar  to  many  outside 
the  scientific  world.  He  is  a  prominent 
member  of  many  of  the  learned  societies, 
including  the  Eoyal  Society,  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  the  Electrical 
Engineers  (of  which  he  is  a  past  Pre- 
sident), the  Physical  Society,  the  Eoyal 
Institution,  the  British  Association,  and 
the  Society  of  Arts.  He  is  Consulting 
Engineer  to  the  Colonies.  He  was  made 
Officier  do  la  Legion  d'Honneurin  1889,  and 
in  1894  was  created  a  Companion  of  the 
Order  of  the  Bath,  and  a  K.C.B.  at  the 
Birthday,  1899.  Sir  William  Preece  has 
patented  many  inventions,  though  of  late 
years  his  work  is  lost  in  that  of  his  de- 
partment at  the  General  Post  Office. 
These  include  a  new  method  of  duplex 
telegraphy,  1855;  a  new  mode  of  "termi- 
nating "  wires,  1858  ;  working  miniature 
signals  by  electricity  to  assimilate  electric 
signals  with  outdoor  signals  on  railways, 
1862 ;  the  application  of  electricity  to 
domestic  telegraph  purposes,  1864  ;  the 
application  of  electricity  for  signalling 
between  different  parts  of  a  train  in 
motion,  1861  ;  locking  signals  on  railways 
by  means  of  electricity,  1865  ;  a  new  tele- 
phone, 1878,  &c.  He  introduced  both  the 
telephone  and  the  phonograph  into  Eng- 
land.   Sir  William  has  written,  in  conjunc- 


tion with  Mr.  Sivewright,  a  "  Text-book  of 
Telegraphy,"  which  is  in  general  use ; 
with  Dr.  Julius  Maier,  "  The  Telephone  "  ; 
and  with  Mr.  Stubbs,  a  "Manual  of  Tele- 
phony." He  has  edited  several  works,  and 
read,  at  various  scientific  meetings,  nume- 
rous papers  on  telegraphy,  lightning  con- 
ductors, the  telephone,  the  phonograph, 
electric  lighting,  and  various  aspects  of 
electricity,  too  numerous  to  mention.  Ad- 
dress :  Gothic  Lodge,  Wimbledon,  &o. 

PEENDEKGAST,  General  Sir 
Harry  North  Dalrymple,  E.E.,  t.ffi., 
K.C.B.,  born  Oct.  15,  1834,  in  India,  is  the 
son  of  Thomas  Prendergast,  Madras  Civil 
Service,  late  of  Meldon  Lodge,  Chelten- 
ham, and  was  educated  at  Cheam  School, 
Brighton  College,  and  Addiscombe.  He 
served  with  the  sappers  and  miners  in 
Persia  in  1857,  and  was  present  at  the 
bombardment  of  Mohumrah,  and  served 
with  the  Malwa  Field  Force.  He  gained 
the  Victoria  Cross  for  conspicuous  bravery 
on  Sept.  23,  1857,  at  Mundisore,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded  ;  he  served  through- 
out the  Central  India  Campaign  under  Sir 
Hugh  Eose,  and  was  severely  wounded  at 
Jhansi.  In  the  Abyssinian  war  he  com- 
manded the  detachment  of  three  com- 
panies of  Madras  Sappers  and  Miners. 
He  was  Field  Engineer  during  the  ad- 
vance, and  was  present  at  the  action 
before  Magdala.  During  Lord  Eipon's 
Viceroyalty  he  was  appointed  an  honorary 
Aide-de-Camp,  and  has  since  held  many 
military  commands  in  Madras.  When 
the  ultimatum  was  despatched  to  King 
Theebaw,  and  it  was  seen  that  war  with 
Upper  Burma  was  inevitable,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  ex- 
peditionary force,  and  lost  no  time  in 
despatching  his  troops  to  the  frontier. 
On  the  king's  refusal  of  the  terms  pro- 
posed, General  Prendergast  issued  a  pro- 
clamation declaring  that  as  no  improve- 
ment could  be  hoped  for  in  the  "condition 
of  affairs  in  Upper  Burma,  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  had  decided  that  his  Majesty 
should  cease  to  reign."  The  expedition 
proceeded  up  the  river  Irrawady,  and  the 
troops  were  engaged  at  Nyaungben  Maw, 
Guegyaun  Kamyo,  Minhla,  Nyaungoo, 
Pakoko,  and  Myingyan.  He  reached 
Mandalay  on  Nov.  28,  1885,  and  with  his 
troops  surrounded  the  city  and  palace. 
The  next  day  the  king  surrendered,  and 
thus  in  less  than  a  fortnight  the  General 
conquered  the  kingdom  of  Burma,  and 
overthrew  the  dynasty  of  Alompra.  Burma, 
of  which  the  area  was  nearly  equal  to  that 
of  Spain,  was  annexed  to  the  British 
Empire,  and  1860  pieces  of  ordnance 
were  taken.  General  Prendergast  was 
created  a  C.B.  in  May  1875,  and  K.C.B. 
in  December  1885.     Sir  Harry  Prendergast 


PEESSENSE  —  PEIESTLEY 


879 


afterwards  commanded  all  the  forces  in 
Burma,  and  was  employed  as  President 
at  Travancore  and  at  Mysore,  and  as 
Governor-General's  Agent  in  Baluchistan 
and  at  Baroda,  between  1887  and  1892. 
Permanent  address  :  2  Heron  Court, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

PRESSENSE\  Francois  Dehault 
de,  is  the  son  of  Edmond  Dehault  de 
Pressense',  a  famous  French  Protestant 
preacher  and  writer,  and  was  born  in 
Paris  in  1853.  Having  obtained  the 
degree  of  Licentiate  of  Letters,  he  entered 
the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  1879, 
and  in  1880  became  Secretary  of  the 
Embassy  at  Constantinople.  Subsequently 
he  deserted  diplomacy  for  journalism,  and 
became  one  of  the  staff  of  the  Temps,  of 
which  he  is  now  the  foreign  editor.  His 
utterances  in  this  post  are  studied  through- 
out Europe,  being  distinguished  for  a 
breadth  of  view  and  moderation  rarely 
found  among  his  countrymen.  In  England 
he  is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  an 
exhaustive  review  of  the  relations  between 
England  and  Ireland  from  the  Act  of 
Union  in  1800  until  1888.  In  1897,  during 
the  troublous  times  of  the  Dreyfus  and 
Zola  trials,  he  honourably  distinguished 
himself  by  resigning  his  decoration  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  as  a  protest  against 
the  intrigues  of  the  ultra-Catholic  party. 
He  has  also  published,  in  1896,  a  sketch 
of  Cardinal  Manning.  His  Paris  address 
is  :  85  Boulevard  de  Port-Royal. 

PREVOST,  Marcel,  French  novelist, 
was  born  at  Paris,  May  1,  1862,  and  after 
a  brilliant  college  career  with  the  Jesuits 
at  Bordeaux  and  Paris,  he  entered  the 
Ecole  Polytechnique  in  1882,  and  on  the 
completion  of  his  term  became  a  civil 
engineer,  serving  in  the  tobacco  manu- 
factories of  Gros  Caillou,  at  Paris,  and  of 
those  of  several  provincial  towns  ;  but  he 
renounced  a  brilliant  career  for  literature, 
to  which  he  had  been  attracted  from  his 
earliest  years.  His  first  short  story, 
"  Conscrard  Chanbergeot,"  was  published 
in  the  Clairon  in  1881  under  the  nom  de 
plume  of  Schlem,  and  was  followed  by 
several  others.  His  first  novel,  "  Le 
Scorpion,"  was  published  serially  by  Le 
Matin,  and  appeared  in  volume  form  in 
1887.  His  work  is  especially  noteworthy 
for  the  delicacy  and  subtlety  of  its  psycho- 
logical analysis,  and  by  the  sober  elegance 
of  its  style.  His  knowledge  of  the  inner 
workings  of  the  female  mind  is  extensive 
and  remarkable,  no  doubt  a  result  of  his 
priestly  upbringing.  His  masterpiece  is 
undoubtedly  "  Les  Demi-Vierges,"  1894,  a 
scathing  picture  of  the  demoralising  effect 
of  modern  Parisian  life  on  young  girls  and 
unmarried  women.      Other  works  of  his 


are  :  "  Chonchette,"  1888  ;  "  La  Confes- 
sion d'un  Amant,"  1891  ;  "  Lettres  de 
Femmes, "  1892;  "  L'Automne  d'une 
Femme,"  1893.  He  has  written  a  play 
for  the  Theatre  Libre,  "  L'Abbe'  Pierre," 
and  in  1895  he  dramatised  "Les  Demi- 
Vierges  "  for  the  Gymnase.  He  is  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and 
his  Paris  address  is  49  Rue  Vineuse. 

PRIESTLEY,  Sir  William 
Overend,  M.P.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  LL.D., 
born  near  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  June  24,  1829, 
is  the  son  of  Joseph  Priestley,  Esq.,  of 
Morley  Hall,  near  Leeds,  grand-nephew 
of  the  celebrated  chemist,  Joseph  Priestley, 
LL.D.  He  was  educated  in  London,  Paris, 
and  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1853.  The 
hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  in  1884.  Besides  other  academic 
distinctions,  he  was  Senate  Gold  Medal- 
list at  his  graduation,  this  being  the 
highest  honour  of  the  University,  and 
awarded  only  for  original  researches. 
Settling  in  London  as  a  physician  in 
1856,  he  became  one  of  the  lecturers  at 
the  Grosvenor  Place  School  of  Medicine. 
Somewhat  later  he  was  appointed  Lec- 
turer on  Midwifery  at  the  Middlesex  Hos- 
pital, and  in  1862  Professor  of  Obstetric 
Medicine  in  King's  College,  London,  and 
Physician  to  King's  College  Hospital.  He  is 
now  Consulting  Physician  to  King's  College 
Hospital.  Sir  William  Priestley  is  a  member 
of  the  Royal  CollegeofSurgeonsof  England; 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
both  in  London  and  in  Edinburgh,  a  Fel- 
low of  the  Linnean  Society,  a  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  King's  College,  and  member  of  various 
learned  societies.  He  has  held  the  office 
of  Examiner  for  the  prescribed  term  of 
years  in  the  University  of  London,  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  and  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  the  University 
of  Cambridge  and  the  Victoria  University. 
In  1875  and  1876  he  was  President  of 
the  Obstetrical  Society  of  London.  Sir 
William  Priestley  is  the  author  of  works 
"On  the  Development  of  the  Gravid 
Uterus,"  "On  the  Pathology  of  Intra- 
uterine Death,"  and  joint-editor  of  Sir 
J.  Y.  Simpson's  "  Obstetric  Works  "  ;  and 
has  written  various  papers  on  natural 
history  and  medicine.  He  was  one  of  the 
Physicians-Accoucheurs  of  H.R.H.  the  late 
Princess  Louis  of  Hesse  (Alice  of  Great 
Britain),  having  been  commissioned  by 
the  Queen  to  attend  her  daughter  at  Darm- 
stadt. He  is  also  one  of  the  Physicians- 
Accoucheurs  of  H.R.  H.  the  Princess 
Christian  of  Schleswig  -  Holstein.  He 
was  knighted  by  the  Queen  in  1893  in 
recognition  of  his  professional  eminence. 
He    was    elected    M.P.    without    contest 


880 


PRINSEP  —  PROBYN 


for  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and 
St.  Andrews,  May  12,  1896,  in  succession 
to  Sir  Charles  Pearson,  promoted  to  the 
Judicial  Bench  in  Scotland.  In  1856  he 
married  Eliza,  daughter  of  Robert  Cham- 
bers, LL.D.,  of  Edinburgh.  Addresses  :  17 
Hertford  Street,  Mayfair;  and  Athenaeum. 

PRINSEP,     Valentine     Cameron, 

R.A.  (1894),  known  generally  as  Val  Prin- 
sep,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Thoby  Prinsep, 
member  of  the  Council  of  India,  and  was 
born  on  Valentine's  Day,  Feb.  14,  1838,  in 
Calcutta.  He  was  educated  at  home  in 
England,  having  left  India  at  an  early  age, 
and  only  returning  thither  to  paint  his 
celebrated  "Declaration  of  the  Queen  as 
Empress"  in  1876,  at  Lord  Lytton's  great 
Durbar  at  Delhi.  This  picture  was  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1880.  He  was  at 
first  intended  for  the  Civil  Service,  and 
studied  at  Haileybury,  but  early  showed 
an  inclination  for  the  artistic  career.  His 
masters  were  Mr.  Watts  and  Gleyre,  at 
whose  studio  he  had  for  fellow-pupils  Mr. 
Whistler  and  Mr.  Poynter.  His  first  Royal 
Academy  picture,  "  Bianca  Capella,"  was 
exhibited  in  1862.  He  has  since  been  a 
constant  exhibitor.  His  more  recent 
pictures  are:  "The  Fisherman  and  the 
Jin,"  and  "A  Family  Portrait,"  1895; 
"  La  Revolution,"  diploma  work,  1896 ; 
"  At  the  First  Touch  of  Winter,  Summer 
Fades  away,"  1897;  "Waiting  for  the 
Sands,"  "A  Dutch  Girl,"  and  "  A  Student 
of  Necromancy,"  1898 ;  and  a  portrnit 
of  Signor  Carlo  Albanesi  and  "  Cin- 
derella," 1899.  Mr.  Val  Prinsep  is 
also  an  author,  and  has  published : 
"Imperial  India:  an  Artist's  Journal," 
1879;  "  Virginie,"  a  novel,  &c,  and  two 
plays,  one  of  which,  "Cousin  Dick,"  was 
produced  by  Mr.  Hare  at  the  Court.  Mrs. 
Val  Prinsep  is  a  daughter  of  the  famous 
picture  collector,  Mr.  Leyland.  Addresses  : 
1  Holland  Park  Road,  Kensington  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

PRIOR,  Melton,  war  correspondent 
and  special  war  artist  to  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  was  born  in  London,  and  is 
the  son  of  William  Henry  Prior,  an  artist 
in  black  and  white  and  landscapist.  He 
was  educated  in  Boulogne  and  London, 
and  since  the  first  Ashantee  War,  when  he 
marched  with  Wolseley'smen  to  Coomassie, 
has  represented  his  famous  weekly  in  more 
than  twenty  campaigns.  After  the  Ash- 
antee war,  he  was  in  Spain  during  the 
Carlist  insurrection  of  1874,  then  in  the 
Herzegovina  rising,  when  he  accompanied 
the  patriot  chief  Peco  Paolovitch,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Morartovitza.  He 
was  in  the  Servian  and  Russo-Turkish 
wars,  and  from  1876  to  1881  was  with  the 
British  in  the  Zulu  and  Boer  campaigns. 


After  a  short  leave  of  absence  in  England, 
he  was  present  when  the  English  army 
entered  Cairo.  The  year  1883  was  the 
only  period  for  many  years  that  he  saw  no 
active  service,  but  at  the  beginning  of 
1884  he  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  de- 
struction of  Baker  Pasha's  army  at  El 
Teb,  and  was  soon  after  with  Sir  Gerald 
Graham's  army  at  El  Teb  and  Tamai. 
He  accompanied  Wolseley's  relief  expe- 
dition up  the  Nile  and  over  the  Bayada 
desert,  and  since  then  has  been  through 
the  Burmese  war,  for  which  he  started  im- 
mediately after  the  Soudan  operations ; 
the  disturbance  in  South  Africa  in  1896  ; 
the  Greek  and  Turkish  war ;  and  the 
Tuchim  rising,  1897.  Mr.  Melton  Prior 
has  been  twice  round  the  world,  and  in 
nearly  every  part  of  America ;  accom- 
panied the  Prince  of  Wales's  suite  to 
Athens  in  1875  ;  formed  one  of  the  King 
of  Denmark's  expedition  through  Iceland  ; 
accompanied  the  Marquis  and  Marchioness 
of  Lome  on  their  first  visit  to  Canada ; 
and  was  at  the  Berlin  Conference,  and, 
when  possible,  at  every  other  important 
State  ceremony.  In  1873  he  married  Miss 
Greeves,  the  daughter  of  a  surgeon.  Ad- 
dress :  Millington,  Newstead  Road,  Lee. 

PROBYN,  Sir  Dighton  Mac- 
naghten,  G.C.V.O.,  K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I., 
W.C,  Private  Secretary  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  was  born  in  1833,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Captain  G.  Probyn  and  Alicia, 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  F.  Workman- 
Macnaghten,  1st  Bart.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1849,  and  has  seen  very  distin- 
guished military  service.  Serving  on  the 
Trans-Indus  frontier  from  1852  to  1857,  he 
was  present  at  the  operations  in  the  Bozdar 
Hills  in  March  1857,  and  received  medal 
with  clasp.  In  the  Indian  Mutiny  cam- 
paign he  was  present  at  the  whole  of  the 
siege  of  Delhi,  with  its  concomitant  en- 
gagements, and  commanded  the  2nd  Pun- 
jab Cavalry  at  the  assault  and  capture  of 
the  town.  For  this  service  he  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches.  In  the  same  com- 
mand he  served  with  the  Flying  Column 
under  Colonel  Greathead,  was  present  at 
the  actions  of  Bolundshur,  Allyghur,  and 
Agra,  was  four  times  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches, and  was  decorated  with  the 
©.<£.  for  his  bravery  in  hand-to-hand 
fights  with  sepoys  and  for  capturing  a 
standard  in  the  last  battle.  "  These  are 
only  a  few  of  the  gallant  deeds  of  this 
brave  young  officer,"  said  Major-General 
Sir  James  Hope  Grant,  K.C.B.,  referring 
to  the  above-mentioned  exploits  in  the 
despatches  of  Jan.  10,  1858.  He  also  took 
part  in  the  action  of  Kanouje,  the  relief  of 
Lucknow  by  Lord  Clyde  (when  he  was 
twice  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
thanked    by  the   Governor-General),  the 


PROCTOR  —  PULLEINE 


881 


battle  of  Cawnpore,  and  the  defeat  of  the 
Gwalior  contingent,  the  action  of  the 
Kale  Nuddee,  and  the  storm  and  capture 
of  Lucknow.  For  his  unexampled  prowess 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  C.B.,  the  brevet 
of  Major,  medal  with  three  clasps,  and  a 
year's  service.  During  his  leave  he  was 
permitted  to  retain  command  of  the  1st 
Sikh  Irregular  Cavalry,  this  being  regarded 
as  a  special  reward  for  his  services.  He 
commanded  this  regiment  during  the 
China  campaign  of  1860,  was  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  obtained  brevet  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  together  with  medal 
with  two  clasps.  In  1863  he  commanded 
the  cavalry  in  the  Umbeyla  campaign  on 
the  North-West  Frontier.  In  1877  he 
became  Comptroller  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  household.  He  rose  to 
be  General  in  1888,  and  was  created 
K.C.B.  in  1887.  He  married,  in  1872, 
Letitia  Maria,  ne'e  Thellusson.  Addresses  : 
Park  House,  Sandringham  ;  and  1  Buck- 
ingham Gate,  S.W. 

PR  OCT  OK,  Redfield,  American 
soldier  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Proc- 
torsville,  Vermont,  June  1,  1831,  was  edu- 
cated at  Dartmouth  College,  and  later 
studied  law.  He  entered  the  army  during 
the  war  between  the  States  as  a  Lieuten- 
ant, and  was  promoted,  until  he  became 
Colonel  of  the  15th  Vermont  Regiment. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Lower  House  of 
the  Vermont  Legislature  in  1867,  1868, 
and  1888  ;  was  in  the  State  Senate  in 
1874^75  ;  was  Lieut. -Governor  of  the  State 
from  1876  to  1878,  and  Governor  from  1878 
to  1880  ;  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War 
by  President  Harrison  in  March  1889,  but 
resigned  from  the  Cabinet  in  1891  to  enter 
the  United  States  Senate,  where  he  is  at 
present  (1899).  Previous  to  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  with  Spain  he  visited  Cuba, 
and,  on  his  return,  a  speech  by  him  in 
Congress  gave  in  cool,  dispassionate  words 
such  a  report  of  what  had  fallen  under  his 
observation  there,  that  both  his  colleagues 
and  the  people  of  the  country  gave  their 
unhesitating  support  to  the  policy  of  in- 
tervention by  the  United  States. 

PROTHERO,  George  Walter,  Litt.D., 
editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review,  was  born  in 
Wiltshire  on  Oct.  14,  1848,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Canon  Prothero,  of 
Whippingbam,  Isle  of  Wight,  and  Emma, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  Money-Kyrle. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  a 
Scholar,  and  at  the  University  of  Bonn. 
He  obtained  the  Bell  Scholarship  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1869,  and  was  in  the  first  class 
in  the  Classical  Tripos  in  1872.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  became  Lecturer  in  History 


and  Tutor  of  his  College,  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Extension  Lecturer,  and  Assistant- 
Master  at  Eton.  He  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  History  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  in  1894,  and  succeeded  his 
brother,  Rowland  Edmund  Prothero,  as 
editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review  in  1898. 
His  publications  are  chiefly  historical.  In 
1889  he  published  a  "Memoir  of  Henry 
Bradley,"  the  famous  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity librarian.  He  is  editor  of  the 
Camb.  Historical  Series.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Athenseum  under  Rule  2  in  April 
1899.  He  married  Mary  Frances  Butler, 
daughter  of  the  late  Bishop  of  Meath,  in 
1882.  Address:  2  Eton  Terrace,  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  Athenseum. 

PROTHERO,    Rowland    Edmund, 

was  born  at  Clifton-on-Teme  on  Sept.  6, 
1852,  and  is  the  third  son  of  the  late  Canon 
Prothero,  well  known  as  Rector  of  Whip- 
pingham  in  the  days  when  the  Queen  fre- 
quently visited  that  parish.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Marlborough  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  placed  in  the  second 
class  in  Classical  Moderations  (1873),  and 
in  the  first  class  in  Modern  History  in 
1875.  He  was  Fellow  of  All  Souls  from 
1875  to  1891,  was  Proctor  in  1883-84, 
and  in  1897  was  awarded  the  Jubilee 
Medal.  For  many  years  (to  1898)  he 
was  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Jicview.  His 
works,  which,  like  his  brother's,  are 
numerous,  include  "Life  and  Correspond- 
ence of  Dean  Stanley,"  1893;  "Letters 
and  Verses  of  Dean  Stanley,"  1895 ; 
"  Letters  of  Edward  Gibbon,"  1896  ;  a 
privately  circulated  memoir  of  the  late 
Prince  Henry  of  Battenberg;  and  "Let- 
ters and  Journals  of  Lord  Byron,"  vols.  i. 
and  ii.,  1898.  He  married,  in  1891,  Mary 
Beatrice,  daughter  of  John  Bailward,  of 
Horsington  Manor,  Somerset.  Addresses  : 
3  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenseum. 

PUCCINI,  Giacomo,  Italian  composer, 
was  born  at  Lucca  in  1858,  and  comes  of 
a  family  of  musicians,  his  grandfather 
being  celebrated  for  his  church  music. 
He  was  educated  under  Ponchielli  at 
Milan,  where  Mascagni  was  a  fellow- 
student.  In  1884  he  composed  a  short 
opera,  "Le  Villi,"  and  in  1889  his  "Ed- 
gar" was  produced  at  La  Scala.  He 
acquired  fame  by  his  "  Manon  Lescaut," 
which  was  produced  at  the  Regio  at  Turin 
in  February  1893,  and  was  heard  at  Covent 
Garden  in  the  next  year.  This  he  followed 
up  in  1896  with  "  La  Boheme,"  which  was 
founded  on  Henri  Murger's  novel. 

PULLEINE,  The  Right  Rev.  John 
James,  D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Rich- 
mond, son  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Pulleine, 

3k 


882 


PURDIE  — PYNE 


Rector  of  Kirkby  Wiske,  Yorks.,  was  born 
Sept.  10,  1841,  at  Spennithorne  in 
Wensleydale.  He  was  educated  at  Marl- 
borough, and  afterwards  became  Scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  B.A. 
(2nd  class  Classical  Tripos)  1865.  He  was 
Assistant-Master  to  Dr.  Bradley- at  Marl- 
borough, 1865  to  1867  ;  served  as  Curate 
of  St.  Giles  in  the  Fields,  1868  ;  and  dur- 
ing his  tenure  of  the  Rectory  of  Kirkby 
Wiske,  1868  to  1888,  was  chaplain  succes- 
sively to  Bishops  Bickersteth  and  Car- 
penter. In  1888  he  was  appointed  Suffragan 
to  the  Bishop  of  Ripon,  and  Rector  of 
Stanhope  in  Weardale.  The  title  of 
Bishop  of  Penrith,  which  he  received  at 
his  consecration,  was  afterwards  changed 
by  Royal  Warrant  to  Bishop  of  Richmond 
under  the  Bishops-Suffragan  Nomination 
Act,  1889.  He  married  (1),  in  1869,  Eliza- 
beth, eldest  daughter  of  T.  C.  Hinks,  of 
Breakenbrough,  Yorks.;  and  (2)  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Canon  Worsley  of  Ripon.  Ad- 
dress :  Stanhope  Rectory,  R. S.O.,  Durham. 

P UK, DIE,  Thomas,  B.Sc.  Lond., 
Ph.D.  Wurzburg,  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  F.R.S., 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  United 
College,  University  of  St.  Andrews,  was 
born  at  Biggar,  Lanarkshire,  on  Jan.  27, 
1843,  and  received  his  education  at  the 
Grammar  School,  Lanark,  at  Edinburgh 
Academy,  and  at  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines,  London,  afterwards  studying  at  the 
Universities  of  St.  Andrews  and  Wurzburg. 
He  is  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines,  and  in  1875  was  appointed  its  De- 
monstrator in  Chemistry.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  Science  Master  at  the  High 
School,  Newcastle,  Staffs.,  and  in  1884  to 
his  present  post.  He  is  author  of  a 
series  of  papers  on  researches  in  Organic 
Chemistry,  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society  between  1881  and  1898. 
Address  :  14  South  Street,  St.  Andrews. 

PUREYCUST,  The  Very  Rev. 
Arthur  Percival,  D.D.,  F.SA.,  J.P., 
Dean  of  York,  is  the  only  surviving  son  of 
the  late  Hon.  William  Oust,  by  Sophia, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Newn- 
ham,  of  Southborough,  Kent,  and  grandson 
of  the  first  Lord  Brownlow.  He  was  born 
in  February  1828,  and  was  educated  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor's  degree  in  Easter  Term, 
1850,  and  was  afterwards  Fellow  of  All 
Souls,  where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1854. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  by  tfee  Bishop  of 
Oxford  (Dr.  Wilberforce)  in  1851,  and  was 
admitted  into  Priest's  orders  by  the  Bishop 
of  Rochester  (Dr.  Murray)  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  was  successively  Curate  of 
Northchurch,  Hertfordshire,  and  Rector  of 
Cheddington,  Buckinghamshire,  from  1853 
to  1862,  when  he  was  appointed  Vicar  of 


St.  Mary's,  Reading.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  Rural  Dean  of  Reading,  and 
succeeded  the  Ven.  Edward  Bickersteth  in 
the  vicarage  of  Aylesbury  in  1875,  but 
resigned  that  living  in  the  following  year, 
on  being  made  Archdeacon  of  Buckingham, 
He  was  also  appointed  an  Honorary  Canon 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1874.  In 
February  1880  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Crown,  on  the  recommendation  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield,  to  the  Deanery  of  York, 
vacant  by  the  death  of  the  Hon.  Augustus 
Duncombe.  He  has  published,  besides 
numerous  magazine  articles,  &c,  "The 
Heraldry  of  York  Minster,"  1st  series, 
1890,  2nd  series,  1896;  "Picturesque  Old 
York,"  and  "York  Minster,"  1897.  He 
married,  in  1854,  Lady  Emma  Bess  Bligh, 
younger  daughter  of  the  late,  and  sister  of 
the  present,  Earl  of  Darnley.  Address : 
The  Deanery,  York. 

PYE-SMITH,  Philip  Henry,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  Ebenezer  Pye- 
Smith,  and  grandson  of  John  Pye-Smith, 
D.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  educated  at  Mill  Hill 
School,  Guy's  Hospital,  and  Continental 
schools,  and  graduated  B.A.  (Honours)  and 
M.D.  (Gold  Medal)  of  London  University, 
He  was  formerly  Lecturer  on  Physiology 
at  Guy's,  and  is  now  Physician  and  Lec- 
turer on  Medicine  at  that  Hospital.  He 
became  F.R.S.  in  1886,  served  on  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1891-92,  is 
member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of 
London,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Med.  Chir. 
Soc,  Ex-President  of  the  Dermatological 
Society,  &c.  He  has  published  the  "De- 
scriptive Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  at  Guy's  Hospital," 
1874  ;  " Medical.Education  and  University 
Degrees,"  1880 ;  a  reprint  of  his  Address 
to  the  Department  of  Anatomy  and  Phy- 
siology of  the  British  Association,  1879;  a 
reprint  of  his  Address  to  the  Section  of 
Medicine  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion, 1891  ;  "  Harvey"  in  9th  edit,  of  the 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica";  reprints  of  the 
Lumleian  Lectures  on  iEtiology  and  the 
Harveian  Oration,  1895,  and  numerous 
contributions  to  the  medical  transactions 
and  journals.  He  was  joint-author  of  the 
well-known  text-book,  Fagge's  "  Medi- 
cine," 4th  edit.,  1898.  Addresses  :  48  Brook 
Street,  Grosvenor  Square  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

PYNE,  James  Kendrick,  authority 
on  organs  and  organ  music,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  Mr.  Pyne,  who  was  for  53  years 
organist  of  Bath  Abbey,  and  the  grandson 
of  a  celebrated  tenor  singer.  He  showed 
signs  of  musical  talent  at  an  early  age, 
and  when  only  eleven  years  old  was 
organist  at  All  Saints'  Church,  Bath.  At 
the  age  of  twelve  he  was  articled  as  pupil 
to  Dr.  S.  S.  Wesley,  whom  he  followed  to 


PYNE  — QUINCKE 


883 


Winchester  and  Gloucester  Cathedrals, 
where  he  acted  as  assistant  organist  and 
master  of  the  boys.  At  Gloucester  he  was 
also  successively  organist  of  Christ  Church, 
St.  Mark's,  St.  Mary-le-Crypt,  and  St. 
James's,  Cheltenham.  In  addition  to  this 
he  was  Chorus  Master  of  the  Festival 
Society,  and  conductor  to  the  Oratorio 
Society.  After  serving  his  apprenticeship, 
he  was  made  organist  of  Aylesbury  Parish 
Church,  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  F.  Gore 
Ouseley,  and  organising  conductor  to  the 
Buckingham  Diocesan  Choral  Association. 
He  was  then  for  a  short  time  at  Christ 
Church,  Clifton.  In  1874  he  was  appointed 
organist  of  Chichester  Cathedral,  and  in 

1875  became  organist  of  St.  Mark's,  Phila- 
delphia, U.S.A.,  where  he  arranged  a 
service  on  English   cathedral  lines.      In 

1876  he  returned  to  England  and  succeeded 
Dr.  Bridge  as  organist  of  Manchester 
Cathedral.  Here  he  has  won  celebrity  as 
a  trainer  of  choristers  and  as  an  authority 
on  church  music  and  antique  instruments. 
He  has  strong  sympathies  with  French 
music,  and  as  organist  to  the  Corporation 
of  Manchester,  to  which  post  he  was  ap- 
pointed in  1877,  performs  on  a  magnificent 
French  instrument  by  Cavaille'-Coll,  which 
he  values  for  its  "absolute  refinement" 
and  "character  of  tone."  During  the 
winter  he  gives  organ  recitals  in  Man- 
chester Town  Hall.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  the  Organ,  and  member  of  the 
Board  of  Professors  in  the  Royal  Man- 
chester College  of  Music,  when  it  was 
founded  in  1893.  He  is  the  author  of 
some  cathedral,  organ,  piano,  and  vocal 
music.  Mr.  Pyne  is  an  Hon.  Fellow  of 
the  College  of  Organists,  Hon.  Licentiate 
of  Trinity  College,  and  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Guild  of  Organists.  Address :  Cray- 
ford,  Victoria  Park,  Manchester. 

PYNE,    Mrs.    Louisa.      See  Bodda- 
PrNB,  Louisa. 


Q 

Q.E.D.    See  Campbell,  Lady  Colin. 

QTJESNAY  DE  BEAtTREPAIRE, 

Jules,  French  magistrate,  was  born  at 
Saumur,  July  2,  1838,  and  entered  the  legal 
profession  under  the  Empire.  In  1862  he 
was  a  substitute  at  La  Fleche,  and  in  1867 
Procureur  at  Mamers.  On  the  fall  of  the 
Empire  he  became  a  volunteer  in  the  war, 
took  part  in  the  defence  of  Paris,  and,  on 
the  declaration  of  peace,  became  editor 
of  L'Avenir  de  la  Sarthe.  In  1877  he  at- 
tempted to  enter  Parliament,  but  was 
defeated  by  the  Due  de  la  Eochefoucauld, 
and  subsequently  re-entered  the  law.     In 


1879  he  became  substitute  at  the  Tribunal 
of  the  Seine,  Procureur-General  at  Rennes 
in  1881,  and  Avocat-General  at  Paris  in 
1883.  In  this  last-named  post  he  had  to 
prosecute  Louise  Michel  for  urging  the 
people  to  loot  the  bakehouses.  M.  de 
Beaurepaire  first  came  prominently  into 
public  notice  during  the  Boulangist  agita- 
tion of  1889.  In  that  year  M.  Bouchez, 
the  Procureur-General,  refused  to  prose- 
cute the  General,  and  resigned  his  post. 
M.  de  Beaurepaire  was  nominated  to  it  on 
the  1st  of  April  in  that  year,  and  under- 
took the  prosecution  of  the  General  and 
of  M.  Rochefort  before  the  Senate  in 
August,  when  they  were  condemned  to 
imprisonment  for  life.  He  became  the 
object  of  the  most  outrageous  attacks 
from  the  Boulangist  press,  such  as  La 
Cocarde  and  L' Intransige'ant,  against  which 
he  brought  suits  for  damages,  which  were 
dismissed  on  appeal.  In  1890  he  prose- 
cuted Eyraud  and  Gabrielle  Bompard  for 
the  murder  of  Gouffe,  and  in  1892  the 
anarchist  Ravachol.  In  December  of  that 
year  he  was  promoted  to  the  Presidency 
of  the  Cour  de  Cassation,  which  he  re- 
signed in  January  1899  somewhat  melo- 
dramatically, giving  as  his  reasons  the 
partiality  of  the  judges  of  the  Court  in 
their  investigation  of  the  Dreyfus  im- 
broglio. His  "Revelations"  in  the  Echo 
de  Paris  fell  somewhat  fiat.  M.  de  Beaure- 
paire is  also  known  as  an  author  of  moral 
novels,  which  he  has  written  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Jules  de  Glouvet.  Of  these 
the  chief  are:  "Le  Forestier,"  1880;  "  Le 
Berger,"  1882;  "I/Ideal,"  1883;  "La 
Famille  Bourgeoise,"  1883;  "  Le  Pere," 
1886;  "Marie  Fougere,"  1889;  and  ex- 
tracts from  his  uncle's  papers,  which  he 
called  "  Histoire  du  Vieux  Temps,"  1865  ; 
3rd  edit.,  1888.  He  was  created  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1890, 
and  his  Paris  address  is  4  Place  Possoz. 

QUILTER,  Sir  W.  Cuthbert,  Bart., 
M.P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  W. 
Quilter,  of  Norfolk  Street,  Park  Lane,  W., 
and  was  born  in  1841.  He  was  educated 
privately.  He  is  head  of  the  firm  of 
Quilter,  Balfour  &  Co.,  and  Director  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  National  Tele- 
phone Company,  Alderman  of  the  West 
Suffolk  County  Council,  a  leading  East 
Anglian  agriculturist,  D.L.  and  J.P.  for  his 
county,  &c.  He  was  created  a  Baronet  in 
1897,  and  has  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
for  the  Sudbury  Division  since  1885.  He 
married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Wheeley  Revington,  in  1867.  Addresses  : 
74  South  Audley  Street,  W.,  and  Bawdsey 
Manor,  Suffolk. 

QUINCKE,  Professor  Georg,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.RS.E.,  was  born  at  Frankfurt- 


884 


EADNOB  — EAGONA 


an-der-Oder,  Prussia,  on  Nov.  19,  1834, 
and  studied  in  Berlin,  Koenigsberg,  and 
Heidelberg  ;  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Philosophy  in  Berlin  in  1858,  and  has 
since  been  Professor  of  Physics  in  Berlin, 
Wurzburg,  and  Heidelberg.  He  has  pub- 
lished numerous  papers  on  electricity, 
capillarity  and  molecular  forces,  acoustics, 
and  optics,  in  Poggendorff's  Annalen,  Pfiu- 
ger's  Archiv,  &c.  Professor  Quincke  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  of  Edinburgh. 


R 


RADNOR,  Earl  of,  The  Right  Hon. 
William  Pleydell  -  Bouverie,  Bart., 
D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  June  19,  1841, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  4th  Earl,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1889,  and  Mary,  daughter  of 
the  1st  Earl  of  Verulam.  He  was  educated 
at  Harrow  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  represented  South  Wilts  in 
the  House  of  Commons  from  1874  to  1885, 
and  the  Enfield  Division  from  1885  to  1889. 
He  was  Treasurer  of  the  Household  in 
1885-86  and  1886-89,  and  is  Prov.  Grand 
Master  of  Mark  Masons  for  Wiltshire. 
He  married,  in  1866,  Helen,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  Henry  Chaplin,  son  of  the 
Right  Hon.  Henry  Chaplin.  Addresses  : 
12  Upper  Brook  Street,  W. ;  and  Longford 
Castle,  Salisbury,  &c. 

EAGONA,  Professor  Domenico, 
Director  of  the  Royal  Observatory  in 
Modena,  was  born  in  Palermo  on  Jan.  20, 
1820,  and  studied  in  that  Royal  University. 
He  derived  very  great  advantage  from  the 
private  instruction  of  his  maternal  uncle 
Domenico  Scina,  a  celebrated  Sicilian 
scientist.  Whilst  still  very  young,  after 
the  death  of  Scina,  he  competed  for  and 
obtained  the  post  of  demonstrator  and 
Assistant -Professor  of  Physics  at  the 
University  of  Palermo.  Afterwards  he 
was  appointed  assistant  at  the  Royal 
Observatory  of  Palermo.  In  1851,  after 
having  carried  out  long  and  arduous 
astronomical  and  geodesical  observations 
with  regard  to  the  triangulation  of  the 
province  of  Palermo,  he  was  sent,  at  the 
expense  of  the  government,  to  Germany 
for  some  years,  in  order  to  perfect  him- 
self in  the  science  of  astronomy.  He  had 
excellent  theoretical  and  practical  instruc- 
tion in  Berlin  from  Professor  Encke,  and 
in  Bonn  from  Argelander.  In  Berlin  he 
had  the  honour  of  enjoying  the  friendship 
of  Baron  A.  von  Humboldt,  through  whose 
powerful  influence  Ragona  obtained  a 
Merz's  refractor  of  great  dimensions,  and 
one  of  Pistor  and  Martin's  meridian-circles, 
instruments  which  now  adorn  the  Obser- 


vatory of  Palermo.  On  his  return  after 
his  long  travels,  and  after  having  visited 
the  principal  observatories  of  Europe,  he 
was  appointed  director  of  the  Observatory 
of  Palermo  and  Professor  of  Astronomy. 
He  held  that  post  up  to  1860,  and  then 
was  transferred  to  the  Observatory  of 
Modena,  where  he  is  still.  As  regards  the 
astronomical  works  of  Professor  Ragona, 
it  is  sufficient  to  mention  the  observa- 
tions carried  on  in  Berlin,  and  published 
in  the  Transactions  of  that  observatory ; 
the  numerous  determinations  of  fixed 
stars,  and  principally  of  30  fundamental 
or  principal  stars  ;  the  observations  of  a 
great  number  of  planets  and  comets,  pub- 
lished in  the  Bulletin  International  of  Le 
Verrier  and  in  the  Astro-Meteorological 
Journal  of  Palermo;  the  invention  of  two 
new  "micrometers  ;  the  measurements  of 
the  diameters  of  various  planets,  pub- 
lished in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Society  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Cherbourg,  &c. ;  the 
Ephemerides  of  Vesta  for  1855,  published 
in  the  Berlin  Annals ;  the  calculations  of 
the  orbits  of  planets  and  comets,  printed 
separately,  and  in  the  above-mentioned 
Astro-Meteorological  Journal;  the  treatise 
on  the  theory  of  the  equatorial ;  and  the 
new  formulae  for  the  calculations  of  the 
parahax.  Among  his  works  with  regard 
to  Physics  may  be  mentioned  the  notes  on 
the  phenomena  of  deflection  causing  the 
longitudinal  lines  or  bands  of  the  spectrum, 
published  in  Poggendorff's  Annalen,  and 
reproduced  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine ; 
and  the  observations  on  some  new  sub- 
jective coloration  discovered  by  Ragona, 
which  observations  were  printed  in  many 
scientific  journals  of  Europe,  and  men- 
tioned by  Helmholz  in  his  classical  work, 
"  Physiological  Optics."  Professor  Ragona 
has  published  numerous  papers  on  meteor- 
ology. They  contain  many  new  and  funda- 
mental laws  in  meteorology,  especially  his 
annual  and  diurnal  periods  of  meteoro- 
logical elements  ;  on  the  daily  oscillations 
in  the  declination  of  the  magnetic  needle ; 
on  the  velocity  of  the  wind ;  on  nebulosity, 
&c,  as  also  on  the  relation  of  meteor- 
ology to  terrestrial  magnetism.  Professor 
Ragona  has  not  only  published  many 
dissertations  on  various  subjects  relating 
to  meteorology  and  magnetism,  but  what 
is  much  more,  has  also  enriched  these 
branches  with  many  new  instruments. 
Ragona  founded  the  Italian  Meteorological 
Society,  and  presided  over  it  for  the  first 
three  years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Father  Denza.  Professor  Ragona  also 
translated  from  German  into  Italian  the 
classical  treatise  on  meteorology  by  Pro- 
fessor Mohn.  Professor  Ragona  founded, 
in  1870,  a  network  of  meteorological 
field-stations  in  the  province  of  Modena, 
the  first  in  Italy  provided  with  that  useful 


RAILTON  —  EAMS  AY 


885 


arrangement.  Professor  Giintker,  in  his 
account  of  the  present  state  of  practical 
meteorology,  and  Professor  Kuhn,  in  his 
report  to  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Bavaria  on  some  works  of  Eagona, 
count  him  among  the  most  illustrious 
meteorologists  of  our  time. 

RAILTON,  Herbert,  etcher,  was  born 
at  Pleasington,  Lanes.,  on  Nov.  21,  1857, 
and  educated  at  Mechlin,  and  at  Ample- 
forth  College,  Yorkshire.  He  is  well 
known  as  a  black-and-white  artist,  and 
has,  besides  contributing  numberless  draw- 
ings of  architectural  and  other  subjects  to 
the  Ulustrated  press,  been  the  illustrator 
of  a  work  on  Westminster  Abbey,  of  a 
jubilee  edition  of  Pickwick  (1887),  and  of 
"Coaching  Days  and  Coaching  Ways,"  in 
1888,  a  work  in  which  he  collaborated  with 
Mr.  Hugh  Thomson.  Address  :  27  Chan- 
cery Lane,  E.C. 

RAIMOND,  Mrs.  C.  E.  See  Robins, 
Elizabeth. 

EAMBAUD,  Alfred,  ex-Minister  of 
Public  Instruction,  was  born  at  Besanjon, 
July  2,  1842.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Ecole  Normale,  and  became  Doctor  of  Let- 
ters in  1870.  He  was  Professor  of  History 
at  Caen  in  1871,  and  at  Nancy,  1875.  In 
1879,  Jules  Perry  made  him  his  secretary 
at  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction, 
when  he  delivered  a  most  brilliant  address 
on  the  life  and  writings  of  Victor  Hugo, 
at  the  commemoration  of  his  birth  at 
Besancon  in  1880.  After  the  fall  of  the 
Ferry  Cabinet,  he  became  Professor  of 
History  in  Paris,  and  in  1895  he  was 
elected  Senator  for  the  Doubs.  He  is  an 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Moral  Sciences. 
In  1896  he  became  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  in  the  Meline  Cabinet,  until 
its  fall  in  1898.  His  chief  works  are 
"La  Russie  Epique,"  1876;  "Histoire  de 
la  Russie,"  1878  ;  "La  France  Coloniale," 
1886;  "Histoire  de  la  Civilisation  Fran- 
eaise,"  1887 ;  and  with  M.  Lavisse  he 
edits  a  general  history  of  France  from 
the  fourth  century  up  to  the  present  day. 
His  Paris  address  is  76  Rue  d'Assas.j 

RAMPOLLA,  Cardinal  Mariano, 
Marquis  del  Tindaro,  Papal  Foreign 
Secretary  of  State,  was  born  at  Polizzi,  in 
Sicily,  Aug.  17,  1843,  and  was  educated  at 
Rome,  firstly  at  the  College  Campranica, 
then  at  the  Jesuit  Roman  College,  and 
lastly  at  the  Ecclesiastical  Academy.  In 
1869  he  entered  the  Papal  service,  and 
until  1875  he  served  his  apprenticeship 
at  Rome.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed 
Counsellor  of  the  Papal  Embassy  at 
Madrid.     When  he  returned  to  Rome  he 


became  Secretary  of  the  Congregation  of 
the  Propaganda,  being  especially  charged 
with  the  affairs  of  the  Greek  Church. 
From  1880  to  1882  he  was  Secretary  of 
Ecclesiastical  Affairs,  and  in  the  latter 
year  became  Papal  Nuncio  at  Madrid. 
When  the  dispute  as  to  the  Caroline 
Islands,  between  Spain  and  Germany, 
broke  out  in  1885,  Monsignor  Rampolla 
suggested  the  choice  of  the  Pope  as 
arbitrator.  He  was  created  a  Cardinal 
Priest  in  1887,  and  in  May  of  the  same 
year  became  Under-Secretary  of  State.  In 
this  post  it  has  been  his  duty  to  conduct 
the  delicate  negotiations  between  the 
Quirinal  and  the  Vatican,  especially  with 
regard  to  the  Penal  Laws  directed  against 
the  clergy  by  the  Crispi  Cabinet.  He  is 
now  the  chief  adviser  of  the  venerable 
Pontiff,  and  as  the  introducer  of  foreigners, 
has  earned  a  very  favourable  fame.  Among 
the  Papabili,  or  probable  successors  to  the 
present  Pope,  he  is  regarded  as  the  most 
eligible  candidate,  his  supporters  being  the 
prelates  of  the  Latin  races  as  opposed  to 
the  Austrian  and  German  dignitaries,  who 
do  not  favour  him  owing  to  his  opposition 
to  the  Triple  Alliance. 

RAMSAY,  Professor  "William, 
LL.D.,  D.Sc,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at 
Glasgow,  Oct.  2,  1852  ;  his  father,  of  the 
same  name,  was  a  civil  engineer,  and  sub- 
sequently Secretary  to  the  Scottish  Union 
and  National  Insurance  Office ;  he  was 
brother  to  Sir  Andrew  Ramsay,  the  geo- 
logist ;  his  mother,  Catherine  Robertson, 
was  the  daughter  of  Archibald  Robert- 
son, M.D.,  who  practised  in  Edinburgh. 
William  Ramsay  was  educated  at  the  Glas- 
gow Academy  up  till  his  fifteenth  year,  and 
subsequently  at  Glasgow  University.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  to  Tubingen 
to  study  chemistry  under  Professor  Fittig, 
now  at  Strasburg,  and  graduated  Ph.D. 
in  1872.  From  1872  to  1874  he  acted  as 
Chief  Assistant  to  the  "Young"  Chair 
of  Technical  Chemistry  in  Anderson's 
College,  Glasgow  ;  and  from  1874  to  1880 
as  "  Tutorial  "  Assistant  to  the  Chemical 
Professor  in  Glasgow  University.  He 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
University  College,  Bristol,  in  1880 ; 
Principal  of  that  College  in  1881 ;  was 
President  of  the  Bristol  Naturalists' 
Society  from  1884  to  1887  ;  was  appointed 
to  the  Chemical  Chair  at  University 
College,  London,  in  1887,  which  appoint- 
ment he  now  holds.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  German  Chemical  Society  in 
1872  ;  of  the  Chemical  Society  of  London 
in  1874  ;  and  is  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry,  and  of 
the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Physical 
Society  in  1886,  and  of  the  Royal  Society 


886 


BAMS  AY  —  EANDALL 


of  London  in  1888  ;  and  has  served  on  the 
Councils  of  all  these  societies.  He  is  an 
Hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow,  and  Hon.  D.Sc.  of 
Dublin  (1897);  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  France  (1895),  and 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Academies  of 
Berlin,  Holland,  Bohemia,  Turin,  Stock- 
holm, and  Geneva;  and  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy.  He  is  the  author  of  many 
papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  the  Philosophical  Magazine,  the 
Proceedings  and  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  in  many  foreign  journals; 
these  papers  treat  of  organic  chemistry 
(orthototnic  acids,  picoline  and  its  deriva- 
tives) ;  physical  chemistry  (molecular 
volumes,  thermal  behaviour  of  gases  and 
liquids,  surface  energy  of  liquids).  In 
1894,  in  conjunction  with  Lord  Rayleigh, 
Professor  Ramsay  announced  the  discovery 
of  a  new  element  in  the  atmosphere,  which 
they  named  "Argon."  This  discovery  was 
followed  up,  in  1895,  by  the  discovery  of 
Helium,  an  elementary  gas  emitting  a 
brilliant  spectrum,  under  the  influence  of 
the  electric  discharges.  One  of  the  char- 
acteristic lines  of  this  spectrum  was  first 
observed  during  the  eclipse  of  1868,  in  the 
solar  chromosphere  by  Janssen,  and  at- 
tributed to  the  presence  of  an  unknown 
element  in  the  sun.  Professor  Ramsay 
found  that  certain  rare  minerals  contain 
this  gas  in  a  state  of  combination,  and 
was  successful  in  isolating  it.  For  their 
researches  on  Argon  Lord  Rayleigh  and 
Prof.  Ramsay  were  awarded  the  Hodg- 
kins  Prize,  the  Lecompte  Prize,  and  the 
Barnard  Medal ;  and  for  his  work  on 
Helium  Prof.  Ramsay  was  awarded  the 
Davy  Medal,  the  Longstaff  Medal,  and  the 
Le  Blanc  Medal.  In  June  1898  Prof. 
Ramsay  announced,  through  Prof.  Berthe- 
lot,  at  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris, 
that  he  had  discovered  a  new  gas  which 
he  proposed  to  call  "Crypton."  The 
presence  of  Crypton  was  first  detected  by 
the  existence  in  the  spectrum  of  a  green 
line.  It  belongs,  not  to  the  Crypton,  but 
to  the  Helium  family,  and  its  density  is 
somewhat  more  than  that  of  oxygen.  To 
all  appearances  it  is  a  simple  monatomic 
body.  Prof.  Ramsay  is  also  the  author  of 
several  text-books  of  chemistry,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  his  "  System  of 
Inorganic  Chemistry,"  and  his  "Gases  of 
the  Atmosphere."  Address :  University 
College,  Gower  Street,  W.C. 

RAMSAY,  William  Mitchell,  D.C.L. 
Oxon.,  LL.D.  St.  Andrews,  born  at  Glasgow 
on  March  15,  1851,  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Ramsay,  of  Alloa,  and  Jane  Mitchell,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Gymnasium,  Old 
Aberdeen,  and  at  the  Universities  of 
Aberdeen,    Gottingen,    and    Oxford.      He 


received  the  Hon.  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in 
1894;  the  Hon.  LL.D.  of  St.  Andrews  in 
1895  ;  became  Fellow  of  Exeter  in  1882, 
and  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  in  1885. 
He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Classical 
Archaeology  at  Oxford  in  1885  ;  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Humanity  at  Aberdeen  in  1886. 
Dr.  Ramsay  has  travelled  widely  in  Asiatic 
Turkey,  and  in  1895  was  made  an  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Athenian  Archaeological 
Society.  His  principal  works  are  :  "His- 
torical Geography  of  Asia  Minor,"  1890; 
"  The  Church  in  the  Roman  Empire  before 
A.D.  170,"  1893;  "  St.  Paul  the  Traveller 
and  the  Roman  Citizen,"  1895;  "The 
Cities  and  Bishoprics  of  Phrygia,"  vol.  i., 
1895  ;  vol.  ii.,  1897  ;  "Impressions  of  Tur- 
key during  Twelve  Tears'  Wanderings," 
1897,  and  numerous  articles  in  German, 
French,  American,  and  English  literary 
and  archaeological  magazines.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1878,  Agnes,  granddaughter  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Andrew  Marshall,  of  Kirkintilloch, 
authoress  of  "  Every-day  Life  in  Turkey," 
1897.  Addresses:  11  College  Bounds,  Old 
Aberdeen ;  and  Athenaeum. 

KANAVALO  MANJAEA  III.,late 
Queen  of  Madagascar,  was  born  in 
1861,  and  succeeded  Ranavalona  II.  in 
1883.  The  power  was,  however,  really 
in  the  hands  of  the  Prime  Minister, 
Rainilaiarivony,  who,  in  accordance  with 
Madagascar  custom,  had  married  her. 
In  1895  he  was  deposed,  and  he  died  in 
1896.  .  The  Queen  was  a  woman  of  mean 
and  secluded  habits,  although  during  the 
latter  years  of  her  reign  she  made  more 
than  one  effort  to  assert  her  power  as 
against  her  Ministerial  consort.  The 
country  had  hitherto  been  a  French  Pro- 
tectorate, but  in  1895-96,  owing  to  differ- 
ences between  the  Government  and  the 
French  authorities,  France  sent  an  expedi- 
tion to  the  island,  seized  the  kingdom  and 
capital,  and  converted  the  country  into  a 
French  colony.  In  January  1897,  as  a 
consequence  of  sundry  insurrections,  it 
was  deemed  necessary  to  exile  the  Queen 
to  Reunion,  her  name  being  used,  so  the 
French  Governor  asserted,  to  foment 
popular  risings. 

RANDALL,  Right  Rev.  James 
Leslie,  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Reading, 
received  his  education  at  New  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  as.  B.A.  in 
1852  (M.A.  1855,  Hon.  D.D.  1889).  He 
was  for  some  time  a  Fellow  of  his  College, 
and  from  1852  to  1857  was  curate  of 
Warfield,  Berks.  From  1857  to  1878  he 
was  Rector  of  Newbury,  and  Rural  Dean 
of  the  same  from  1867  to  1878.  From 
1878  to  1880,  when  he  became  Hon.  Canon 
of  Christ  Church,  he  was  Rector  of  Sand- 
hurst, and  from  1882  to  1885  Rector  of 


RANDALL  —  RANSOME 


887 


Mixbury,  Oxon.  He  was  appointed  Arch- 
deacon of  Buckingham  in  1880,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  position  until  1895.  On 
Nov.  1,  1889,  he  was  consecrated  Bishop 
Suffragan  of  Reading  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  Since  1895  he  has  been  Arch- 
deacon of  Oxford  and  Canon  of  Christ 
Church.  Mrs.  Randall,  ne'e  Bruxner,  died 
in  April  1899.  Address  :  Christ  Church, 
Oxford. 

RANDALL,  The  Very  Rev.  Richard 
William,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Chichester,  was 
born  in  London  on  April  13,  1824,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Archdeacon 
Randall.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was 
ordained  in  1847,  and  was  Rector  of  Lav- 
ington,  Sussex,  and  as  such  succeeded 
Archdeacon,  afterwards  Cardinal,  Manning 
from  1851  to  1868,  when  he  was  appointed 
Vicar  of  All  Saints,  Clifton.  In  1892  he 
became  Dean  of  Chichester.  He  was 
Select  Preacher  to  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford in  1891-92.  He  has  published  several 
volumes  of  sermons,  "  Life  in  the  Catholic 
Church,"  "  Retreat  Meditations  and  Ad- 
dresses," &c.  Address :  The  Deanery, 
Chichester. 

RANDEGGER,  Cavaliere  Alberto, 

composer,  conductor,  and  singing-master, 
was  born  at  Trieste,  April  13,  1832.  He 
began  the  study  of  music  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  under  Lafont  for  the  pianoforte 
and  L.  Ricci  for  composition  ;  and  soon 
began  to  write,  and,  by  the  year  1852,  was 
known  as  the  composer  of  several  masses 
and  smaller  pieces  of  church  music,  and 
two  ballets,  "  La  Fidanzata  di  Castella- 
mare,"  and  "  La  Sposa  d'Appenzello/'both 
produced  at  the  Teatro  Grande  of  his 
native  town.  In  the  latter  year  he  joined 
three  other  of  Ricci's  pupils  in  the  com- 
position of  a  buffo  opera  to  a  libretto  by 
Gaetano  Rossi,  entitled  "II  Lazzarone," 
which  had  much  success,  first  at  the  Teatro 
Mauroner  at  Trieste,  and  then  elsewhere. 
The  next  two  years  were  occupied  as 
musical  director  of  theatres  at  Fiume, 
Zara,  Sinigaglia,  Brescia,  and  Venice.  In 
the  winter  of  1854  he  brought  out  a  tragic 
opera  in  four  acts,  called  "Bianca  Capello," 
at  the  chief  theatre  at  Brescia.  At  that 
time  Signor  Randegger  was  induced  to 
come  to  London.  He  gradually  took  a 
high  position  there,  and  has  become 
widely  known  as  a  teacher  of  singing,  con- 
ductor, and  composer,  and  an  enthusiastic 
lover  of  good  music,  of  whatever  school  or 
country.  In  1864  he  produced  at  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Leeds,  "  The  Rival 
Beauties,"  a  comic  opera  in  two  acts. 
In  1868  he  became  Professor  of  Singing  at 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  and  has 
since  been  a  Director  of  that  Institution, 


and  a  Member  of  the  Committee  of  Man- 
agement. In  the  autumn  of  1857  he  con- 
ducted a  series  of  Italian  operas  at  St. 
James's  Theatre  ;  and  in  1879-80  the  Carl 
Rosa  Company  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre. 
He  has  since  been  appointed  Conductor  of 
the  Norwich  Festival,  vice  Sir  Julius  Bene- 
dict, resigned.  For  the  last  ten  years  he 
has  conducted  Italian  opera  at  Covent 
Garden,  and  he  is  Conductor  of  the 
Queen's  Hall  Sunday  Orchestral  Concerts 
and  the  Queen's  Hall  Choral  Society.     In 

1892  Signor  Randegger  was  made  a  Knight 
of  the  Crown  of  Italy.  Signor  Ran- 
degger's  published  works  are  numerous 
and  important.  Address  :  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  Hanover  Square,  W. 

RANDOLPH,  The  Rev.  Francis 
Charles  Hingeston.  See  Hingeston- 
Randolph,  The  Rev.  F.  C. 

RANFXIRLY,  Earl  of,  Uchter  John 
Mark  Knox,  K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Gover- 
nor of  New  Zealand,  was  born  Aug.  14, 1856, 
and  is  the  younger  son  of  the  3rd  Earl,  and 
Mary,  daughter  of  James  Rimington,  Esq. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  serving  for  some  time 
in  the  Royal  Navy.  On  the  death  of  his 
elder  brother  in  1875  he  succeeded  to  the 
title.  In  1880  he  married  the  Hon.  Con- 
stance Elizabeth  Caulfield,  daughter  of  the 
7th  Viscount  Charlemont,  and  has  one 
son,  Viscount  Northland,  born  in  1882. 
On  Lord  Salisbury  taking  office  in  1895, 
he  was  appointed  a  Lord-in-Waiting  to  the 
Queen,  a  position  which  he  held  until  he 
accepted  his  present  post,  Mar.  27,  1897. 
He  is  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem.  Address  :  Government  House, 
Wellington,  N.Z. 

RANJITSINGHI,  Prince  Kumar 
Shri,  Indian  cricketer,  was  born  at  Saro- 
dar  on  Sept.  10,  1872.  He  first  played  his 
favourite  pastime  at  the  Rajkumar  Col- 
lege, Rajkoti,  and  directly  on  his  arrival 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1889, 
began  a  scientific  study  of  the  game.     In 

1893  he  played  for  the  University,  and  in 
1895  he  qualified  for  Sussex,  when  he 
finished  the  season  as  third  in  the  list  of 
averages.  In  1896  he  became  champion 
batsman  of  all  England,  with  an  average 
of  nearly  sixty.  During  the  winter  of 
1897  he  was  with  Stoddart's  eleven  in 
Australia,  and  stopped  in  India  on  his 
way  back  to  regain  some  of  his  paternal 
estates.  He  has  published  the  "Jubilee 
Book  of  Cricket,"  1897,  and  is  a  great 
favourite  with  the  London  cricket  world, 
who  style  him  "Ranji." 

RANSOME,  Arthur,  M.A.  Cantab., 
M.D.,  M.R.C.P.,  F.R.S.,  the  son  of  the  late 


EANSOME 


Joseph  A.  Eansome,  twenty  years'  surgeon 
to  the  Manchester  Boyal  Infirmary,  and  of 
Eliza,  third  daughter  of  Joseph  Brook- 
house,  of  Derby,  was  born  at  Manchester 
on  Feb.  11,  1834,  and  was  educated  at 
Manchester,  Dublin,  Cambridge,  London, 
and  Paris.  He  took  diploma  as  licentiate 
in  midwifery,  Dublin,  1853;  M.B.C.S. 
1855;  L.S.A.  1856;  M.B.  Cambridge, 
1858 ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1869 ;  and  was 
elected  F.E.S.  in  1885;  and  Hon.  Fellow 
of  Caius  College  in  1892.  When  at  Cam- 
bridge, at  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  he 
was  Caian  Scholar  in  Anatomy  and 
Physiology,  and  Mecklenburg  Scholar  in 
Chemistry.  He  obtained  honours  in 
Mathematics  in  the  second  class  (Senior 
Optimes)  in  1856  ;  and  first  class  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos.  He  was  Hono- 
rary Secretary  and  Lecturer  in  Physio- 
logy to  the  Working-Men's  College,  Man- 
chester, from  1857  to  1860.  He  joined  the 
Committee  of  the  Manchester  and  Sal- 
ford  Sanitary  Association  in  1857 ;  was 
Honorary  Secretary  in  1861  and  1862 ; 
Deputy-Chairman  from  1874-80  ;  and  was 
Chairman  from  1880  to  1894.  During  that 
period  he  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
assisting  the  Association  in  the  formation 
of  the  following  institutions  :  The  Nurse 
Training,  the  North  -  Western  Associa- 
tion for  Medical  Officers  of  Health, 
Noxious  Vapours  Prevention  Associa- 
tion, the  Day  Nursery  Association,  and 
the  Children's  Country  Holiday  Fund. 
He  was  instrumental  in  promoting  weekly 
returns  of  sickness,  which  were  for  twenty 
years  published  by  the  Association.  The 
success  of  the  undertaking  and  Dr. 
Bansome's  efforts,  first  as  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, and  afterwards  as  Chairman  of  the 
Begistration  of  Disease  Committee,  have 
materially  forwarded  the  notification  of 
infectious  sickness  throughout  the  country. 
In  connection  with  this  subject  he  wrote 
pamphlets  on  "Numerical  Tests  of  the 
Health  of  Towns,"  "  Epidemics  Studied  by 
Means  of  Statistics  of  Disease,"  "Disease 
in  St.  Marylebone  and  Manchester,"  "Ten 
Tears  of  Disease,  between  1861  and  1870, 
in  Manchester  and  Salford."  To  the  Man- 
chester Literary  and  Philosophical  Society 
he  has  contributed  papers  on  the  "  Influ- 
ence of  Atmospheric  Changes  on  Disease," 
"Atmospheric  Pressure  and  its  Eelations 
to  Disease,  especially  Haemorrhages,"  "  The 
Germination  and  Early  Growth  of  Seeds," 
"On  the  Organic  Matter  of  the  Breath," 
"  On  Epidemic  Cycles,"  and  "  On  the 
Graphical  Bepresentation  of  Chest  Move- 
ments." In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  he  has  published  papers  on  the 
"Movements  of  the  Chest,"  and  on  the 
"Discovery  of  the  Tubercle  Bacillus  in  the 
Aqueous  Vapour  of  the  Breath."  To  the 
Epidemiological   Society  he  has  commu- 


nicated papers  published  in  their  Transac- 
tions, "On  the  Form  of  the  Epidemic 
Wave,"  and  "  On  Tubercular  Infective 
Areas  "  ;  to  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society 
"  On  Bespiratory  Movements  of  Man,"  and 
"Observations  on  the  Value  of  Stetho- 
metry  in  the  Prognosis  of  Chest  Diseases  "; 
to  the  British  Medical  Association,  and 
published  in  their  journal,  "  On  the  Need 
of  Combined  Medical  Observation,"  "On 
the  Physiological  Eelations  of  Colloid 
Substances,"  and  numerous  other  papers, 
also  papers  in  the  Lancet  and  Medical 
Chronicle.  To  the  Health  Journal  he  has 
contributed  papers  "  On  the  Distribution 
of  Death  and  Disease,"  and  the  "Causes 
of  Consumption."  He  has  published  five 
larger  works  on  "  Stethometry,"  on  "Prog- 
nosis in  Lung  Disease,"  "On  the  Cause  and 
Prevention  of  Phthisis,"  "  On  the  Treat- 
ment of  Phthisis,"  and  the  Weber-Parkes 
Prize  Essay  for  1897,  "Eesearches  on 
Tuberculosis"  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.).  As 
President  of  the  Health  Section  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  and  in  other 
capacities,  he  has  delivered  several  ad- 
dresses relating  to  "  State  Medicine,"  and 
before  the  Sanitary  Institute  he  has  lec- 
tured on  the  "  Success  of  Sanitary  Effort," 
and  "  On  the  Prevention  of  Phthisis."  He 
was  instrumental  in  organising  the  Collec- 
tive Investigation  of  Disease  by  the  British 
Medical  Association ;  and  in  1875  his 
suggestions  for  an  examination  in  Sanitary 
Science  were  adopted  by  the  University 
of  Cambridge  ;  the  result  of  which  has 
ultimately  been  the  issue  of  Diplomas  in 
Public  Health  by  all  the  universities  of 
the  kingdom.  He  holds  an  appointment 
as  Honorary  Consulting  Physician  to  the 
Manchester  Hospital  for  Consumption  and 
Diseases  of  the  Throat ;  and  in  connection 
with  this  work  has  published  papers  "  On 
the  Influence  of  Iodoform  upon  the  Body- 
weight  in  Phthisis,"  "On  the  Value  of 
the  Bacillus  Search,"  "On  the  Use  of 
Ozone  in  Phthisis,"  "On  Intrapulmonary 
Injections."  He  was  for  two  years  Exa- 
miner for  the  second  M.B.  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge,  and  for  seven  years  for 
the  Diploma  in  Public  Health  of  the  same 
University.  He  was  until  1895  Examiner 
in  Hygiene  and  Public  Health  to  the  Vic- 
toria University,  and  Professor  on  these 
subjects  to  the  Owens  College.  He  was 
again  appointed  Examiner  in  Public 
Health  at  Cambridge  in  1893,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Milroy  Lecturer  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  for  the  year  1890,  his  subject 
for  four  lectures  being  "  The  Etiology 
and  Prevention  of  Phthisis,"  afterwards 
published  in  book  form  by  Smith,  Elder 
and  Co.  He  has  contributed  an  article 
on  Vital  Statistics  to  a  "  Treatise  on 
Hygiene  and  Public  Health,"  published  by 
Messrs.  Churchill  &  Co.     He  is  also  the 


RASCH  — EASSAM 


889 


author  of  an  article  "  On  the  General 
Pathology  of  Respiratory  Diseases,"  in  Dr. 
Clifford  AUbutt's  "  System  of  Medicine." 
In  1862  he  married  Lucy  Elizabeth  Fullar- 
ton.    Address :  Sunnyhurst,  Bournemouth. 

RASCH,  Major  Frederic  Carne, 
M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was  born  in  1847,  and  is 
the  son  of  A.  F.  C.  Rasch,  of  Woodhill, 
Danbury,  Essex.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Cambridge  (B.A.),  served 
from  1867  to  1877  in  the  6th  Dragoon 
Guards,  and  subsequently  entered  the 
Essex  Regiment.  He  is  Major  of  the  4th 
Battalion  of  the  same.  He  has  sat  as  Con- 
servative Member  for  S.E.  Essex  from  1886 
onwards.  He  is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Essex. 
Address  :  Woodhill,  Danbury,  Essex. 

RASSAM,  Hormuzd,  was  born  in 
1826,  at  Mossul,  in  Northern  Mesopotamia, 
on  the  bank  of  the  Tigris,  opposite  the  site 
of  ancient  Nineveh.  In  1845  he  joined 
Mr.  Layard  to  assist  him  in  his  Assyrian 
researches,  and  lived  with  him  as  his 
friend  and  guest  for  more  than  two  years. 
When  Mr.  Layard  returned  to  England 
in  1847  Mr.  Rassam  came  with  him  to 
complete  his  studies  at  Oxford,  but  at  the 
end  of  1849  he  was  sent  out  by  the  Trus- 
tees of  the  British  Museum  to  assist  Mr. 
Layard  in  his  second  undertaking.  The 
history  of  this  mission  was  published  by 
Mr.  Layard  in  his  "Nineveh and  Babylon." 
The  Trustees  having  determined  to  carry 
on  further  researches,  they  commissioned 
Mr.  Rassam  to  succeed  him.  During  this 
expedition  Mr.  Rassam  discovered  in 
Nineveh  the  palace  of  Assur-Bani-Pal,  who 
is  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Sar- 
danapalus,  in  which  there  were  found  the 
beautiful  sculptures  representing  the  lion 
hunt,  now  in  the  British  Museum,  and  the 
legends  of  the  Creation  and  Deluge,  with 
many  other  remarkable  antiquities  relating 
to  the  history  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy. 
The  funds  available  for  the  researches 
having  come  to  an  end,  Mr.  Rassam  re- 
turned to  England  in  1854.  After  this  he 
held  a  political  appointment  at  Aden. 
When  the  quarrel  took  place  in  1861  be- 
tween the  Imam  of  Muscat  and  his  brother, 
the  Saltan  of  Zanzibar,  Mr.  Rassam  was 
chosen  by  Lord  Elphinstone,  the  Governor 
of  Bombay,  to  represent  the  British 
Government  at  Muscat  while  the  Governor- 
General  of  India  was  trying  to  act  as  a 
mediator  between  the  brothers.  He  also 
received  the  special  thanks  of  the  Supreme 
Government  of  India,  with  a  substantial 
present,  for  the  services  he  rendered  to  the 
State  during  the  Indian  Mutiny.  When 
the  news  reached  the  Foreign  Office  in 
1864  that  Consul  Cameron  and  other 
European  gentlemen  had  been  imprisoned 
and    ill-treated    by    Theodore,    King    of 


Abyssinia,  Mr.  Rassam  was  chosen  by  the 
Home  Government  to  proceed  to  the  court 
of  that  monarch  with  a  letter  from  the 
Queen  asking  for  the  release  of  the  cap- 
tives. He  accordingly  went  to  Massowah, 
the  port  of  Abyssinia,  whence  he  wrote  to 
Theodore  for  a  safe-conduct ;  and  after 
having  waited  there  more  than  a  year,  he 
was  invited  by  the  king  to  proceed  to  his 
court.  Mr.  Rassam  was  accompanied  by 
Lieutenant  Prideaux  and  Dr.  Blanc,  of  the 
Bombay  army,  and  they  were  received 
with  every  mark  of  distinction  and  honour. 
It  seemed  at  one  time  that  Mr.  Rassam's 
mission  would  be  crowned  with  success, 
but  through  Theodore's  eccentricity, 
coupled  with  intrigue  from  other  quarters, 
it  was  doomed  to  disappointment.  Hope- 
ful as  Mr.  Rassam  was  at  first  of  procuring 
the  liberation  of  Consul  Cameron  and  the 
other  captives,  he  was  himself  arrested 
with  his  suite,  and  the  three  were  sent  as 
prisoners  with  the  old  captives  to  Magdala, 
where  they  were  kept  in  chains  for  nearly 
two  years.  After  the  old  captives,  Consul 
Cameron  and  his  fellow  -  prisoners,  had 
undergone  about  four  years'  rigorous  con- 
finement, and  Mr.  Rassam  and  his  com- 
panions had  shared  their  fate  for  nearly 
two  years  and  a  half,  they  were  ultimately 
set  free  by  Theodore  on  the  Easter  Eve  of 
1868,  after  his  defeat  the  day  before  by 
the  British  force  under  the  command  of 
Sir  Robert  Napier,  at  Arogay,  below  Mag- 
dala. Mr.  Rassam  published  a  narrative 
of  the  "  British  Mission  to  Theodore,  King 
of  Abyssinia,  with  Notices  of  the  Country 
traversed  from  Massowah  through  the 
Soudan,  the  Amhara,  and  back  to  Annesly 
Bay  from  Magdala,"  2  vols.,  London,  1869. 
In  1876  he  was  selected  by  the  Trustees  of 
the  British  Museum  to  conduct  the  Assyrian 
Explorations  under  a  favourable  firman 
granted  to  him  by  the  Ottoman  Govern- 
ment, through  the  influence  of  Sir  Henry 
Layard,  who  was  then  acting  as  her 
Majesty's  Ambassador  at  Constantinople. 
From  that  time  until  July  1882,  he  con- 
ducted the  British  National  Archaeological 
researches  in  Assyria,  Armenia,  and  Baby- 
lonia ;  during  which  time  he  succeeded 
in  securing  for  the  British  Museum  im- 
portant relics  connected  with  the  history 
of  those  three  great  ancient  kingdoms, 
amongst  which  he  discovered,  in  a  small 
mound  called  "Baiawat,"  in  the  vicinity 
of  Nineveh,  a  magnificent  bronze  gate, 
twenty  feet  high,  forming  a  memorial  of 
the  wars  of  Shalmenesar  III.,  B.C.  850. 
The  rich  embossed  bronzes  are  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  He  also  discovered, 
amongst  other  sites,  the  great  Biblical  cities 
of  Sippara,  or  Sepharvaim,  and  Cuthah, 
situated  in  Southern  Mesopotamia.  During 
his  different  expeditions  to  Assyria  and 
Babylonia  he  acquired   for  the  National 


890 


EATHMOEE  —  EAWLINSON 


Institution  about  ten  thousand  whole,  and 
more  than  one  hundred  thousand  pieces 
of  terra-cotta  and  clay  inscribed  tablets, 
with  a  large  number  of  different-shaped 
terra-cotta  cylinders  and  marble  tablets 
recording  the  religious  and  general  history 
of  those  two  kingdoms.  During  the  Turko- 
Russian  war  of  1877  he  was  sent  by  the 
British  Foreign  Office  on  a  special  mission 
to  Asia  Minor,  Armenia,  and  Kurdistan,  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  different 
Christian  communities,  who  were  said  to 
be  maltreated  by  their  Moslem  fellow- 
countrymen.  Among  other  works  by  Mr. 
Rassam  mention  should  be  made  of 
"  Asshur  and  the  Land  of  Nimrod,"  "  The 
Garden  'of  Eden  and  Biblical  Sages,"  and 
"  Biblical  Lands."  Address :  7  Powis 
Square,  Brighton. 

KATHMOEK,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
David  Robert  Plunket,  Q.C.,  LL.D.,  is 
the  fourth  son  of  the  third  Lord  Plunket, 
and  of  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Chief-Justice  Bushe,  and  grand- 
son of  the  first  Lord  Plunket,  the  famous 
orator  and  lawyer,  who  held  the  Great 
Seal  in  Ireland  from  1830  to  1834,  and  for 
the  second  time  from  1835  to  1841.  Lord 
Rathmore,  who  was  born  Dec.  3,  1838, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  graduated  in  Honours  in  1859. 
He  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1862. 
Having  held  for  some  time  the  Professor- 
ship of  Constitutional  Law  at  the  King's 
Inns,  Dublin,  he  obtained  the  rank  of 
Q.C.  in  1868,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  Law  Adviser  to  the  Government 
in  Ireland.  Mr.  Plunket  unsuccessfully 
contested  Dublin  City  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion in  1868,  but  was  elected  M.P.  for  the 
University  of  Dublin  in  1870,  a  seat  which 
he  held  continuously  until  November  1895, 
when  he  was  raised  to  the  Peerage,  as 
Baron  Rathmore  of  Shanganagh,  Co.  Dub- 
lin. Whilst  in  the  House  of  Commons 
he  filled,  under  successive  Conservative 
Administrations,  the  offices  of  Solicitor- 
General  for  Ireland,  1875-77,  Pay- 
master-General, 1880  (when  he  was  made 
a  Privy  Councillor),  and  Her  Majesty's  First 
Commissioner  of  Works,  1885-86,  and 
1886-92.  Throughout  the  twenty  -  six 
years  during  which,  as  Mr.  David  Plunket, 
he  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons,  Lord 
Rathmore  was  the  foremost  champion  of 
the  Irish  Conservative  party.  When  in 
office,  he  was  not — apart  from  his  official 
utterances  —  a  frequent  Parliamentary 
speaker  ;  but  when  in  opposition,  both  in 
the  House  and  on  the  platform,  he  was  by 
far  the  most  eloquent  champion  of  the 
Irish  minority  in  their  resistance  to  Radi- 
cal policy,  on  the  questions  of  Irish  Uni- 
versity Reform,  Irish  Franchise,  Land 
Legislation  for  Ireland,  and  Home  Rule. 


The  series  of  brilliant  speeches  which  he 
delivered  on  these  questions,  not  only 
placed  him  in  the  foremost  rank  of  the 
orators  of  the  day,  but  also  had  no  little 
effect  on  the  electorate  as  well  as  upon 
public  opinion.  Addresses  :  The  Oaks, 
Wimbledon ;  and  Athenseum. 

RAVENSTEIN,     Ernest    George, 

geographer  and  statistician,  was  born  at 
Frankfort-on-Main,  Dec.  30,  1834  ;  and 
held  an  appointment  in  the  Topographical 
and  Statistical  Department  of  the  War 
Ofiice,  1855-74.  He  has  published  "The 
Russians  on  the  Amur,"  London,  1861 ; 
"  Geographie  und  Statistik  des  britischen 
Reiches,"  Leipzig,  1862  ;  "  London,"  one 
of  Meyer's  Handbooks  for  Travellers,  first 
edition,  1870;  "London  and  the  British 
Isles,  an  Itinerary  Guide,"  London,  1877 
"The  Laws  of  Migration,"  London,  1878 
"Englischer  Sprachfuhrer,"  Leipzig,  1884 
"  A  Journal  of  the  First  Voyage  of 
Vasco  da  Gama  "  (Hakluyt  Society) ;  and 
various  papers  in  the  Journals  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  and  Statistical  Socie- 
ties, &c.  He  is  likewise  the  compiler  of 
numerous  maps,  including  one  of  Eastern 
Equatorial  Africa,  in  twenty-five  sheets, 
published  by  the  Royal  Geographical  So- 
ciety ;  another  of  British  East  Africa, 
issued  by  authority  of  the  Imperial  British 
East  Africa  Company  ;  a  "  Systematic 
Atlas,"  London,  1894  ;  a  handy  Volume 
Atlas,  1895,  &c.  Mr.  Ravenstein  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  German  Gymnastic 
Society,  1861,  was  its  President  during  the 
first  ten  years  of  its  existence,  and  pub- 
lished a  "Handbook  of  Gymnastics  and 
Athletics,"  London,  1864.  He  is  Hono- 
rary Fellow  of  the  Geographical  Societies 
of  Amsterdam,Berlin, Lisbon, &c.  Address : 
2  York  Mansions,  Battersea  Park,  S.W. 


RAVOGLI,  Giulia,  was  born  in  Rome 
in  1866,  and  studied  with  her  distinguished 
elder  sister  Sophia,  under  Signor  Albadia, 
in  Rome.  Both  sisters  made  their  d^but 
in  Malta,  in  "Norma,"  afterwards  touring 
in  the  principal  Italian  cities,  and  in  Bar- 
celona and  Seville.  In  1889  they  appeared 
on  the  Roman  operatic  stage  in  Gliick's 
"Orfeo."  As  Orfeo,  Giulia  Ravogli  has 
made  her  great  mark,  singing  to  her 
sister's  Eurydice.  Her  beautifully  pic- 
turesque appearance  in  the  part  has  added 
not  a  little  to  her  success.  In  England 
the  two  sisters  have  been  admired  for 
their  impersonations  in  "  II  Trovatore," 
"A'ida,"  and  "Orfeo." 

RAWLINS  ON,  Canon  George, 
M.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  third  son  of  A.  T.  Raw- 
linson,  Esq. ,  of  Chadlington,  Oxon.,  brother 
of  Sir  H.  Rawlinson,  Bart.,  M.P.,  born 
Nov.   23,  1812,  was  educated  at  Swansea 


RAWSON 


891 


Grammar  School,  and  at  Ealing  School ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1834  ; 
took  a  first  class  in  Classics  in  1838  ;  and 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Exeter  College  in 
1840.  He  obtained  the  Denyer  prize  for 
a  Theological  Essay  in  1842,  and  again 
in  1843  ;  and  having  held  for  some  years 
a  Tutorship  in  his  College,  was  appointed 
Moderator  in  1852 ;  became  Public  Exa- 
miner in  1854,  and  again  in  1856,  1868, 
and  1874 ;  and  preached  the  Bampton 
Lecture  in  1859.  He  was  elected  without 
a  contest  to  the  Camden  Professorship  of 
Ancient  History  in  the  University  in  1861, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  agitation 
which  preceded  the  passing  of  the  Oxford 
University  Act,  in  favour  of  the  changes 
then  effected.  In  September  1872  he  was 
appointed  a  Canon  of  Canterbury  by  the 
Crown ;  and  in  1888  was  presented  by  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Canterbury  to  the 
Rectory  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard  Street, 
London.  He  has  written  (in  conjunction 
with  his  brother,  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson, 
and  Sir  G.  Wilkinson)  "The  History  of 
Herodotus,"  a  new  English  version,  with 
copious  notes,  1858-60 ;  and  also,  inde- 
pendently, "The  Historical  Evidences  of 
the  Truth  of  the  Scripture  Records,  in 
Eight  Lectures  delivered  in  the  Oxford 
University  Pulpit,  at  the  Bampton  Lecture 
for  1859,"  published  in  1860  ;  "  The  Con- 
trasts of  Christianity  with  Heathen  and 
Jewish  Systems,  in  Nine  Sermons  preached 
before  the  University  of  Oxford  on  various 
occasions,"  1861;  "The  Five  Great  Mon- 
archies of  the  Ancient  Eastern  World," 
4  vols.,  1862-67;  "A  Manual  of  Ancient 
History,"  1869  ;  "The  Sixth  Great  Orien- 
tal Monarchy  ;  or,  the  Geography,  History, 
and  Antiquities  of  Parthia,"  1873;  "The 
Seventh  Great  Oriental  Monarchy  ;  or, 
the  Geography,  History,  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Sassanian  or  New  Persian  Empire, 
collected  and  illustrated  from  Ancient 
and  Modern  Sources,"  in  1876  ;  a  "  His- 
tory of  Ancient  Egypt,"  2  vols.,  in  1881; 
a  "History  of  Phoenicia,"  in  1889;  and 
other  smaller  works.  Professor  Rawlinson 
contributed  an  essay,  the  subject  being 
"The  Genuineness  and  Authenticity  of 
the  Pentateuch,"  to  "Aids  to  Faith," 
edited  by  Dr.  Thomson,  in  reply  to  "  Essays 
and  Reviews  "  ;  and  was  a  large  contribu- 
tor to  Dr.  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible."  He  wrote  the  article  on  "Hero- 
dotus" in  the  ninth  edition  of  the  "En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica."  He  supplied  the 
comments  on  Kings,  Chronicles,  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  Esther,  and  the  two  Books 
of  Maccabees,  to  "  The  Speaker's  Com- 
mentary "  ;  that  on  Exodus  to  the  Bishop 
of  Gloucester's  "Commentary  on  the  Old 
Testament "  ;  and  those  on  Exodus,  II. 
Kings,  Ezra,  Nehemiah,  Esther,  and  Isaiah 
to  the  "  Homiletic  Commentary  "  of  Dean 


Spence  and  Mr.  Exell.  During  recent 
years  he  has  written  in  "Men  of  the  Bible  " 
on  the  lives  and  times  of  Isaac,  Jacob, 
Moses,  Ezra,  and  Nehemiah.  In  1893  he 
published  "Parthia"  in  "The  Story  of 
the  Nations,"  and  in  1898  he  published  a 
memoir  of  his  brother.  Sir  Henry  Rawlin- 
son, Bart.  He  held  the  office  of  Classical 
Examiner  under  the  Council  of  Military 
Education  from  1859  to  1870.  He  has 
been  Proctor  in  Convocation  for  the  Dean 
and  Chapter  of  Canterbury  since  1873. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Athe- 
naeum Club,  as  the  representative  of  lite- 
rature, in  1870,  and  is  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  at  Turin. 
In  1846  he  married  Louisa  W.,  second 
daughter  of  Sir  R.  A.  Chermside,  M.D., 
Physician  to  the  British  Embassy,  Paris. 
Addresses  :  All  Hallows  Church,  Lombard 
Street,  E.C  ;  The  Precincts,  Canterbury  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

KAWSON,  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Harry 
Holdswortb.,    K.C.B.,    Commander  -  in  - 
Chief  of  the  Channel   Squadron,    son    of 
Christopher  Rawson,  Esq.,  of  Petersfield, 
Surrey,  was  born  on  Nov.  5, 1843.    He  was 
educated   at    Marlborough    College,    and 
entered  the  Navy  in  1857.    He  went  almost 
immediately  to  ChinainH.M.S.  Calcutta,  and 
was  present  at  the  capture  ofthePeihoForts 
and  of  Pekin.     He  acted  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Captain  Dew  of  H.M.S.  Encounter  dur- 
ing the  whole  of  the  operations  with  the 
army  in  1860,  taking  part  in  all  the  en- 
gagements,   and     on    one    occasion    was 
severely  wounded.     He   was   twice  men- 
tioned in  despatches  for  meritorious  ser- 
vices, and  for  three  months  had  command 
of  1300  Chinese  troops  which  were  mobi- 
lised for  the  defence  of  Ningpo  against 
the    rebels.       He    received    the    Chinese 
medal   with   two   clasps.       During    1861, 
while  employed  in  the  Shangae  River,  he 
jumped  overboard  at  night  to  save  the  life 
of  a  marine,  and  received  the  thanks  of 
his  captain  on  the  quarter-deck.     He  was 
promoted  Lieutenant  in  1863,  and  in  that 
rank  served  in  H.M.S.  BeU.eroph.on  and  in 
the  royal  yacht.     As  Commander  he  had 
charge  of  H.M.S.  Hercules  in  the  Channel 
Squadron  from  1871  to  1874.     In  the  fol- 
lowing   year    Admiral    Rawson   was    ap- 
pointed to  the  flagship  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean fleet,  and  in  1878  issued  a  report  on 
the  capabilities   of   defence,    &c,   of   the 
Suez   Canal,    for  which   he   received   the 
thanks  of  the  Admiralty.    It  fell  to  him  to 
hoist  the  English  flag  at  Nicosia,  capital 
of  Cyprus,  where  he  was  for  one  month 
the  military  commandant.     As  Captain  he 
was  employed  as  principal  transit  officer 
during  the  Egyptian  war,  and  received  a 
C.B.  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the  third  class. 
He  has  also  served  as  a  member  of  the 


892 


EAWSON 


International  Code  of  Signals  Committee. 
He  had  the  honour  of  being  an  aide-de- 
camp to  the  Queen  from  August  1890  to 
January  1892,  when  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Rear-Admiral.  As  Com- 
mander-in-Chief he  went  to  the  Cape  and 
West  Coast  of  Africa  station  in  1895,  and 
in  August  of  the  same  year  he  landed  a 
naval  brigade,  assisted  by  sixty  Soudanese 
and  fifty  Zanzibar  Askaris  troops,  and 
attacked  and  captured  M'weli,  the  strong- 
hold of  a  rebellious  Arab  chief.  In  1896 
he  bombarded  the  palace  of  the  Sultan  of 
Zanzibar,  which  had  been  seized  by  a  pre- 
tender. The  Sultan  conferred  upon  him 
the  Brilliant  Star  of  Zanzibar  of  the  first 
class.  In  February  1897  Admiral  Rawson 
organised  and  commanded  a  punitive 
naval  expedition,  and  with  seamen  and 
marines  landed  from  his  squadron,  men 
sent  from  England,  together  with  a  force 
of  Housas,  he  proceeded  to  the  capture  of 
Benin  City,  to  avenge  the  massacre  of  a 
political  expedition  which  had  been  sent 
thither.  The  operations  were  perfectly 
successful,  and  he  received  the  well- 
merited  personal  recognition  of  the  Queen 
and  the  approval  of  the  Admiralty.  He 
was  promoted  to  a  K.C.B.  in  May  1897. 
In  May  1899  he  entertained  the  King  and 
Queen  of  Italy  on  board  his  flagship  H.M.S. 
Majestic,  when  the  Channel  Squadron  was 
visiting  Sardinia  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Admiral  Sir  Harry  Eawson  married,  in 
1871,  Florence  Alice,  daughter  of  John 
Shaw,  Esq.,  of  Arrowe  Park,  Cheshire.  Ad- 
dress :  United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

BAWSON,  Sir  Eawson  William, 
K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  eldest  son  of  the  cele- 
brated oculist,  Sir  William  Adams,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Rawson  (that  of  his 
wife)  in  1825,  was  born  in  London,  Sept.  8, 
1812  ;  was  educated  at  Sunbury,  Rotting- 
dean,  and  Eton,  1825-28  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Board  of  Trade  in  January 
1829,  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  In  1830  he 
became  Private  Secretary  to  the  Vice- 
President,  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson  ;  and  in 
1834  to  the  President,  Mr.  Alex.  Baring. 
Upon  the  creation  of  the  Statistical  De- 
partment in  the  Board  of  Trade,  he  was 
appointed  first  assistant  to  its  chief,  Mr. 
G.  R.  Porter,  which  office  he  continued  to 
hold  until  1842.  In  1835  he  became  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society  of 
London,  one  of  its  Honorary  Secretaries, 
and  first  editor  of  its  journal  ;  in  1838  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographi- 
cal Society,  and  in  1841  was  elected  a 
member  of  its  Council ;  in  1838  he  became 
a  member  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  in  the 
three  following  years  acted  as  one  of 
the  Secretaries  of  Section  F  (Statistical 
Science).    In  1841,  upon  the  Rt.  Hon.  W.  E. 


Gladstone's  appointment  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade,  he  selected 
Mr.  Rawson  to  be  his  Private  Secretary  ; 
but  in  July  1842  Mr.  Rawson  was  called 
away  to  Canada,  having  been  selected  by 
the  late  Lord  Derby,  then  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies,  for  the  office  of 
Chief,  or  Civil,  Secretary  in  that  colony. 
The  Colonial  Legislature  took  umbrage  at 
this  appointment,  which  they  considered 
inconsistent  with  the  principle  of  Respon- 
sible Government  lately  accorded  to  the 
colony,  and  they  presented  addresses  to 
the  Queen,  praying  that  the  office  might 
be  abolished.  The  Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Colonies  having  recommended  a  com- 
pliance with  this  request,  transferred  Mr. 
Rawson  to  the  Treasurership  of  Mauritius, 
to  which  island  he  proceeded  in  January 
1844.  There  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  business  of  the  Council,  as  President 
of  the  Finance  Committee.  He  conducted 
inquiries  concerning,  and  submitted  two 
important  reports  upon,  the  expediency 
of  continuing  the  Immigration  of  Indian 
Coolies  into  the  island,  and  upon  the  value 
of  the  Silver  Rupee.  He  also  conducted 
the  Census  of  the  island  in  1851.  In  1854  he 
was  promoted  to  the  Colonial  Secretary- 
ship of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  For  his 
services  in  the  first  session  of  the  newly 
constituted  representative  Parliament,  in 
the  double  capacity  of  Colonial  Secretary 
and  Financial  Minister,  having  a  seat  in 
both  Houses,  he  was  created  a  C.B.  in 
1858.  Here,  too,  he  directed  the  Census 
of  the  Colony  in  1861,  and  he  also  pub- 
lished, with  Dr.  Pappe,  a  "  Synopsis  of 
the  Ferns  of  South  Africa."  In  1864, 
during  the  Civil  War  in  the  United  States, 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  having  induced 
the  Legislature  of  the  Bahamas  to  in- 
crease the  salary  of  their  Governor  for 
six  years,  offered  the  post  to  Mr.  Rawson, 
which  he  accepted,  together  with  the 
dormant  commission  of  Acting  Governor 
of  Jamaica.  While  in  the  Bahamas,  Mr. 
Rawson,  in  his  first  annual  Blue-Book 
report,  made  the  first  correct  and  com- 
plete description  of  the  physical  and 
economical  condition  of  the  islands. 
This  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies  considered  of  sufficient  value 
and  usefulness  to  have  reprinted  in  a 
convenient  form  for  distribution  in  the 
schools  throughout  the  islands.  Mr.  Raw- 
son  also  gave  a  minute  description  of  the 
Hurricane  which  caused  so  great  a  de- 
struction of  shipping  and  property  through- 
out the  Archipelago  in  1866,  which  was 
printed  separately  with  a  chart  of  the 
track  of  the  storm.  In  1869  Mr.  Rawson 
was  promoted  to  the  post  of  Governor-in- 
Chief  of  the  Windward  Islands,  of  which 
Barbados  was  the  seat  of  Government, 
and  served  there  till  May  1875,  when  he 


EAYLEIGH  — EEAD 


893 


returned  to  England,  and  retired  from  the 
public  service  after  nearly  47   years    of 
continuous  employment.     In  Barbados  he 
reported  on  the  Census  in  1871,  and  upon 
the  rainfall  in  that  island  for  a  long  series 
of  years.     He  paid  a  visit  to  the  Governor 
of  the  neighbouring  French    Colony    of 
Martinique,  and  received  his  return  visit 
— the  first  interchange  of  such  courtesy 
that  had  ever  occurred  between  the  two 
islands,  although  they  are  so  closely  situ- 
ated.    On  his  retirement  Mr.  Rawson  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G.,  and  resumed  his  con- 
nection with  the  several  scientific  societies 
of  which  he  is  a  Fellow.     He  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  Councils  of  the   Royal 
Geographical    and    Statistical     Societies, 
and  in  1884-85  he  was  chosen  President 
of  the  latter.      He  joined  the   Colonial 
Institute  and  Imperial  Federation  League, 
and   was   a  member  of  the   Council  and 
Executive  Committee  of   the  latter  until 
its  dissolution.     In  1885,  on  the  creation 
of  the  International  Statistical  Institute, 
he  was  elected  its  first  President,  and  has 
been  continuously  re-elected  to  that  office, 
which  he  now  holds.      He  presided  at  the 
first  three  Congresses  of  the  Institute  in 
Rome,  Paris,  and  Vienna  in  1887,  1889,  and 
1891  ;  also  at  Bern  in  1895.      In  connec- 
tion with  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
Mr.  Rawson  had  the  rare   experience   of 
having  audited  the  accounts  of  the  Society 
in  1842,  with  Charles  Darwin,  then  in  his 
early  reputation,  and  with  his  son,  Major 
Leonard  Darwin,  in  1894 — an  interval  of 
more  than  half  a  century.     His  principal 
publications,  since   his   retirement,    have 
been   his    two    addresses    to    the    Royal 
Statistical  Society  on  "  British  and  Foreign 
Colonies,"  and  "  International  Vital  Statis- 
tics," 1884-85  ;  a  "  Synopsis  of  the  Tariffs 
and  Trade  of   the  British  Empire,"  in  2 
vols.,   1888-89  ;   two  contributions  to  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
on  the  "  Territorial  Partition  of  the  Coast 
of  Africa,"  1884;   and    "European  Terri- 
torial  Claims  on   the  Coasts  of  the  Red 
Sea,"  in  1885 ;  and  a  letter  to  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer   on   the   relative 
value  of  Gold,  Silver,  and  Commodities, 
1854-88.     He  is  also  the  author  of  "  Our 
Commercial  Barometer,"  in  the  journal  of 
the  Imperial   Federation  League;  and  of 
"  Ocean  Highways,  or  Approaches  to  the 
United  Kingdom,"  1894.     Sir  Rawson  is  a 
member  of   the    American    Philosophical 
Society,  of  the  Statistical  Society  of  Paris, 
of  the  Central  Statistical  Commission  of 
Belgium,   of   the  Geographical  and  Geo- 
logical Societies  of  Vienna,   and  of  the 
Imperial  Society,  "  Lihe  economieque,"  of 
Russia.     He  married,  in   1849,    Marianne 
Sophia,  third  daughter  of  the  Hon.  the 
Rev.  Henry  Ward.    Address  :  68  Cornwall 
Gardens,  S.  W. 


BAYLEIGH,  Lord,  John  William 
Strutt,     D.C.L.     Hon.     Oxon.,     LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  Sc.D.  Cambridge  and  Dublin,  Hon. 
C.E.,  Corresponding  Member  of  thePVench 
Institute,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Essex,  J.P., 
3rd  Baron,   was  born  Nov.   12,  1842,  and 
succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  of  whom  he  was  the  only  son,  in 
1873.     His  mother,  created  Baroness  Ray- 
leigh,  was  a  daughter  of  the  1st  Duke  of 
Leinster.      He  „was   educated   at   Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.,  Senior  Wrangler, 
and  first  Smith's  Prizeman,  1865  ;  Fellow 
of  his  College,  1866  ;  M.A.,  1868  ;  Honorary 
D.C.L.     Oxford,    1883;    Honorary   LL.D. 
McGill   University,    Montreal,    1884,    and 
Dublin  University,  1885) ;  has  been  since 
1892   Lord  Lieutenant   of  Essex,    and   is 
J.  P.  of  the  same  county  ;  and  a  Cambridge 
Commissioner  under  the  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge  Universities  Act,  1877.      He   was 
Professor  of  Experimental  Physics  in  the 
University   of   Cambridge   from   1879    to 
1884 ;    and   was   appointed    Professor    of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, 1887.     Since  1896  he  has  been  Scien- 
tific Adviser  to  the   Trinity  House,   and 
from  1887  to  1896  was  Secretary  of  the 
Royal   Society.      In   December   1898,    on 
the    occasion   of  the   Jubilee   of   the   St. 
Petersburg  Academy  of  Medicine,  he  was 
appointed   an   honorary    member   of   the 
Academy.       He    is    the    author     of    two 
volumes    on     "  The    Theory    of    Sound," 
1877-78   (2nd  edit.  1894)  ;    and  of   many 
memoirs  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
of  the   Royal  Society,   and  other  scientific 
publications.      He  has  also  edited  Clerk 
Maxwell's  "  Heat "  (1891  and  1894).     Pro- 
fessor Ramsay  divides  with  Lord  Rayleigh 
the  distinction  of  discovering  a  new  ele- 
ment— "Argon" — in  the  atmosphere,  the 
existence  of  which  was  announced  at  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Ox- 
ford in  August  1894.     Lord  Rayleigh  mar- 
ried,   in    1871,    Evelyn    Georgina   Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  James  Maitland  Bal- 
four, Esq. ,  of  Whittinghame,  Prestonkirk, 
and  has  three  sons.     Addresses  :  Terling 
Place,  Witharo,  Essex  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

BEAD,  Clare  Sewell,  J.P.,  a  distin- 
guished agriculturist,  born  at  Kettering- 
ham  in  1826,  is  the  eldest  son  of  George 
Read,  Esq.,  of  Barton  Bendish  Hall,  Nor- 
folk. He  entered  Parliament  in  1865  in  the 
Conservative  interest  as  a  member  for  East 
Norfolk,  and  was  one  of  the  most  pro- 
minent advocates  of  the  reduction  of  the 
Malt  Tax.  After  the  dissolution  in  1868 
he  was  returned  for  the  southern  section 
of  the  county,  and  continued  to  represent 
that  constituency  until  1880,  and  West 
Norfolk  until  1885.  In  1874  he  was  ap- 
pointed Parliamentary  Secretary  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  a  position  he  re- 


894 


READING  —  RECLUS 


taiued  until  January  1876,  when  he  resigned 
on  account  of  a  difference  of  opinion  upon 
the  question  of  Inspection  and  Restric- 
tions in  Ireland,  for  the  prevention  of  the 
spread  of  pleuro-pneumonia  and  foot-and- 
mouth  disease  among  cattle.  He  advo- 
cated uniformity  of  treatment  in  both 
countries,  and  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  services  the  farmers  of  England  pre- 
sented him  with  a  service  of  plate  and  a 
cheque  for  £5500.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Central  Chambers  of  Agri- 
culture, of  the  Smithfield  Club,  and  of  the 
Farmers'  Club,  and  also  of  all  the  local 
agricultural  societies  in  the  county  of 
Norfolk.  He  married  Sarah  Maria,  only 
daughter  of  J.  Watson,  in  1859.  Ad- 
dresses :  91  Kensington  Gardens  Square, 
W.  ;  Barton  Bendish,  Stoke  Ferry. 

READING,  Bishop   Suffragan   of. 

See  Randall,  The  Right  Rev.  Jambs 

Leslie. 

REANEY,  Mrs.  Isabel,  philanthro- 
pist, is  a  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert 
Edis,  of  Huntingdon,  and  a  sister  of 
Colonel  Edis.  She  is  well  known  for  her 
labours  in  the  cause  of  temperance,  and  is 
constantly  requested  to  address  meetings 
on  that  subject.  She  has  also  opened 
"homes"  for  various  forms  of  distress, 
notably  a  Convalescent  and  Holiday  Home 
at  Blackpool.  She  is  well  known  as  a 
writer  of  religious  stories  and  other  works, 
of  which  we  may  mention  "  Our  Brothers 
and  Sons,"  "  Our  Daughters,"  and  "Just 
in  Time."  Her  husband,  the  Rev.  G.  Sale 
Reaney,  is  a  well-known  Broad  Church 
clergyman  at  East  Greenwich,  who  earlier 
in  life  made  his  mark  as  a  preacher  among 
the  Congregationalists.  Address  :  Christ 
Church  Vicarage,  Greenwich,  S.E. 

REAY,  Lord,  Donald  James  Mac- 
kay,  Bart.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.,  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  in  Holland 
in  December  1839,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Baron  Mackay,  of  Ophemart,  Minister 
of  State,  by  the  daughter  of  Baron  Fagel, 
Privy  Councillor  of  the  Netherlands.  His 
ancestors  were  distinguished  Scottish 
Jacobites.  Lord  Reay  was  educated  at 
the  University  of  Leyden,  where  he  gradu- 
ated as  D.C.L,  in  1861.  He  joined  the 
Diplomatic  Service,  and  in  187i  was 
elected  Member  of  the  Second  Chamber 
of  the  States  General,  and  vacated  his  seat 
in  1877  on  becoming  a  British  subject. 
He  succeeded  to  his  father's  title  in  1876. 
In  1881  he  was  created  a  Peer  of  the 
United  Kingdom  ;  in  1884  elected  Rector 
of  St.  Andrews  University;  in  1885  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Bombay ;  in  1894 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  India.  He 
is  Chairman  of  the  London  School  Board 


(since  1897),  President  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society,  and  of  the  Council  of  University 
College  (London),  member  of  the  Institute 
of  International  Law,  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Roxburghshire,  and  LL.D.  of  the  Universi- 
ties of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews.  He 
married,  in  1877,  Fanny,  daughter  of  the 
late  Richard  Hasler,  of  Aldingbourne, 
Sussex.  Addresses :  6  Great  Stanhope 
Street,  W. ;  Carolside,  Earlston,  Berwick- 
shire ;  Ophemert,  Netherlands  ;  and  Athe- 
naeum. 

RECLUS,  Jean  Jacques  Elisee,  a 
French  geographical  writer,  the  son  of 
a  Protestant  minister,  was  born  at  Sainte- 
Foy-la-Grande,  Gironde,  March  15,  1830, 
and  from  1841  to  1844  educated  in  Rhenish 
Prussia.  He  studied  at  the  Protestant 
College  at  Montauban,  and  then  at  the 
University  of  Berlin,  where  he  was  a  pupil 
of  K.  Ritter's.  Holding  extreme  demo- 
cratic opinions,  he  left  France  after  the 
coup  d'itat  of  Dec.  2,  1851,  and  travelled 
from  1852  to  1857  in  England,  Ireland,  the 
United  States,  Central  America,  and  New 
Grenada,  where  he  stayed  several  years. 
On  his  return  to  Paris  he  communicated  to 
the  Revue  des  Deux  M<mdes,  the  Tour  du 
Monde,  and  other  periodicals,  the  results 
of  his  voyages  and  geographical  researches. 
M.  Reclus  is  the  author  of  "Guide  a 
Londres,"  1860;  "Voyage  a  la  Sierra 
Nevada  de  Saint-Marthe,"  1861;  "Les 
Villes  d'Hiver  de  la  Me'diterranee  et  les 
Alpes-Maritimes,"  1864 ;  and  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  eldest  brother,  Michel  Elie 
Reclus,  is  the  author  of  a  very  valuable 
introduction  to  the  "  Dictionnaire  des 
Communes  de  la  France,"  1864  (2nd  edit., 
1869)  ;  and  above  all,  "  La  Terre,"  a  mag- 
nificent work  on  physical  geography,  the 
English  edition  of  which,  entitled  "  The 
Earth,"  has  passed  through  two  editions, 
1871  and  1887.  M.  Reclus,  however, 
did  not  confine  himself  to  scientific 
studies,  but  wrote  also  in  various  Socialist 
organs.  When  the  insurrection  of  March 
18,  1871,  broke  out,  M.  Reclus,  after 
publishing  an  eloquent  appeal  to  his 
countrymen  in  favour  of  conciliation, 
flung  in  his  lot  with  the  Commune,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Versailles  troops 
as  early  as  April  5,  while  making  a  recon- 
naissance near  Chatillon.  At  his  trial 
evidence  was  given  in  his  favour  by  M.  E. 
Charton,  a  deputy  in  the  National  As- 
sembly, and  the  editor  of  several  works 
on  geography.  M.  Nadar,  the  well-known 
aeronaut,  under  whom  the  prisoner  had 
served  during  the  siege  of  Paris,  also 
spoke  as  to  his  high  character  and  great 
scientific  attainments.  But  M.  Reclus 
was  nevertheless  sentenced  to  transporta- 
tion for  life,  November  1 871.  His  sentence 
was,    however,    commuted    into    one    of 


REDLNGTON  —  REED 


895 


banishment  in  February  1872.  He  sub- 
sequently resided  at  Lugano,  in  Switzer- 
land. He  was  admitted  to  the  benefit  of 
the  amnesty  in  March  1879.  In  1882  he 
gained  fresh  notoriety  as  the  practical 
initiator  of  the  Anti-Marriage  Movement  ; 
and  his  two  daughters  were  actually 
"  married "  in  his  own  fashion  without 
any  religious  or  civil  ceremony.  Together 
with  Prince  Kropotkin  he  was  condemned 
at  Lyons  as  a  leader  and  organiser  of  the 
Anarchist  movement,  but  he  escaped  from 
the  clutches  of  the  French  law  in  Swit- 
zerland. In  September  1892  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Comparative  Geo- 
graphy at  the  University  of  Brussels. 
The  first  volume  of  his  "  Geographic 
Universelle "  was  published  in  1875,  the 
seventeenth  in  1891.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  original  of  Jean  Froment,  the 
philosophic  Anarchist,  in  Zola's  "Paris." 

REDINGTON,  The  Right  Hon. 
Christopher  Talbot,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was 
born  in  Dublin  on  Sept.  30,  1847,  being 
the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  N.  Kedington, 
K.C.B.,  the  Under-Secretary  for  Ireland, 
1846-52,  and  previously  M.P.  for  Dundalk, 
and  of  Anna-Eliza  Mary,  daughter  of  John 
H.  Talbot,  Esq.  of  Ballytrent  and  Talbot 
Hall,  County  Wexford.  He  was  educated 
at  Oscott  College,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  B.A.  degree 
with  first  -  class  Honours  in  Lit.  Hum. 
in  1869.  He  is  a  J.P.  and  D.L.  for 
County  Galway,  served  as  High  Sheriff 
in  1873,  and  was  sworn  a  member  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  Ireland  in  1893. 
He  served  on  the  Piers  and  Roads  Com- 
mission in  connection  with  the  distress 
in  Ireland  in  1885,  on  the  Poor  Eelief 
(Ireland)  Inquiry  Commission  in  1886,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
on  Mining  Royalties  in  1889-93,  and  of  the 
Evicted  Tenants  Commission  in  1892-93. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Univer- 
sity of  Ireland  in  1880  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Senate,  and  in  1894  was 
elected  Vice-Chancellor.  In  1886  he  was 
appointed  a  Commissioner  of  National 
Education,  and  in  1894  became  Resident 
Commissioner  in  succession  to  the  late  Sir 
P.  Keernan,  K.C.M.G.  He  was  one  of  the 
members  of  the  Manual  and  Practical 
Instruction  Commission.  Addresses  :  Kil- 
cornan,  Oranmore,  co.  Galway ;  Talbot 
Hall,  New  Ross,  co.  Wexford  ;  and  Athe- 
naeum. 

REDMOND,  John  Edward,  M.P., 
was  born  in  1851,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  W.  A.  Redmond,  M.P.,  of  Ballytrent, 
who  was  M.P.  for  Wexford  from  1872  to 
1880.  He  was  educated  at  Clongowes 
Wood  College,  Kildare,  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Gray's 


Inn  in  1886,  and  at  the  King's  Inns  in 
1887.  He  was  for  some  time  Clerk  in  the 
Vote  Office,  House  of  Commons.  He 
was  elected  for  New  Ross  in  1881,  for 
Wexford,  North,  in  1885,  for  Waterford  in 
1891,  and  for  Waterford  City  in  1892,  a 
constituency  which  he  still  represents.  He 
has  sat  in  Parliament  continuously  since 
1881,  and  since  the  Parnell  split  has  been 
a  leading  Parnellite.  Address  :  392  Clap- 
ham  Road,  S.W. 


REDSPINNER, 

William. 


See    Senior, 


REED,  Sir  Edward  James,   K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,    J.P.,    born    at    Sheerness,    Sept. 
20,   1830,  was  educated  at  the  School  of 
Mathematics     and     Naval     Construction, 
Portsmouth,     served     in     a     subordinate 
capacity  in  Sheerness  dockyard,  and  was 
afterwards  editor  of  the  Mechanics'  Maga- 
zine.    He   paid   great   attention   to   naval 
architecture,    on    which    he    became    an 
authority,  and  was  induced  to  accept  the 
Secretaryship  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects.      He  submitted  to  the  Admi- 
ralty proposals  to  reduce  the  dimensions, 
cost,   and  time  required  for  building  our 
iron-clads,  and  was  soon  after  appointed 
Chief  Constructor  of  the  Navy.     In  about 
three  years  he  designed  iron-clad  ships  for 
the  British  Navy,  amounting  to  an  aggre- 
gate  of    35,000    tons ;    a   large  iron-clad 
frigate   for   the   Turkish   Government  ;   a 
fleet   of  steam-transports  for   the   service 
of  our  Indian  Government,  consisting  of 
five   ships   of  4000   tons    each,   a   paddle 
despatch-steamer  of  war,   and   numerous 
tugs,  life-boats,  and  other  smaller  vessels. 
After   four   years   of    further    service    as 
Chief  Constructor,   Mr.   Reed,   whose  ob- 
jections to  rigged  sea-going   turret  ships 
were  well  known,  found  theBe  vessels  so 
much  in  favour  that  he  resigned  his  office 
in  July  1870.     His  resignation  was  made 
remarkable  by  the  capsizing  of  the  turret 
ship  Captain  a  few  weeks  afterwards.     Mr. 
Reid  was  afterwards  engaged  in  private 
pursuits,  visiting  occasionally  the  foreign 
dockyards  of  Europe.     He  was   returned 
to  Parliament  in  the  Liberal  interest  as 
member  for  the  Pembroke  boroughs  at  the 
general   election   of   February   1874.     He 
represented    that   constituency   till   April 
1880,   when  he  was  returned  for  Cardiff. 
He  was  re-elected  for  Cardiff  at  the  general 
election  in  November  1885,  and  again  in 
February  1886,  on  his  appointment  as  Lord 
of   the   Treasury   in   Mr.    Gladstone's  ad- 
ministration.   He  received  the  Companion- 
ship of  the  Bath  from  the  Queen  of  Eng- 
land ;  the  Star  of  the  Imperial  Order   of 
St.  Stanislas  (first  class)  from  the  Emperor 
of  Russia ;  the  Star  and  Ribbon  of  the 
Medjidieh  (second  class)  from  the  Sultan  of 


896 


EEED  — REEVES 


Turkey,  and  the  Knight  Commandership  of 
the  Imperial  Order  of  Joseph  from  the 
Emperor  of  Austria.  He  is  the  author  of 
works  on  Practical  Shipbuilding,  Iron- 
cased  Ships,  and  Coast  Defence.  In 
October  1878  he  started  on  a  visit  to 
Japan,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Imperial 
Government.  He  returned  to  this  country 
in  May  1879,  and  published  a  work  on 
"Japan:  its  Histories,  Traditions,  and 
Religions,"  2  vols.,  1880.  Other  works 
from  his  pen  are:  "The  Stability  of 
Ships,"  1884,  and  "Modern  Ships  of 
War  "  (with  Admiral  Simpson),  1888.  In 
August  1880  he  was  created  a  K.C.B,  In 
1883  Sir  Edward  Reed  was  appointed  by 
the  Government  to  inquire  into  the  cause 
of  the  capsizing  of  the  SS.  Daphne  during 
the  operation  of  launching  on  the  Clyde  ; 
and  in  1884  was  also  appointed  by  the 
Government  as  President  of  the  Load  Line 
Committee,  which  was  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  thoroughly  investigating  the 
question  of  a  proper  load-line  for  the  ships 
of  the  Mercantile  Marine.  Re-elected  for 
Cardiff  in  1892,  Sir  Edward  Reed  did  not 
take  office  under  the  new  Government,  and 
at  one  time  was  thought  to  be  on  the 
point  of  becoming  a  Unionist.  He  is 
Vice-President  of  the  Institute  of  Naval 
Architects,  and  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Inst,  of  Civil  Engineers.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1851,  Rosetta,  daughter  of  Nathl. 
Barnaby.  Address  :  112  Cromwell  Road, 
S.W. 

REED,  Edward  Tennyson,  of  Punch, 
was  born  in  London  on  March  27,  1860, 
and  is  the  only  son  of  Sir  Edward  James 
Reed,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  M.P.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  and  in  1880  travelled  in 
the  Far  East.  He  began  to  draw  for 
Punch  in  1889,  and  definitely  joined  the 
staff  in  1890.  He  is  justly  famous  for  his 
"Prehistoric  Peeps,"  which  are,  in  some 
sort,  a  reminiscence  of  the  sketches  and 
paintings,  by  which  Ernest  Griset  illus- 
trated the  savages  of  the  Quaternary 
Period.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Harry  Furniss 
as  Parliamentary  Artist  to  Punch  in  1894. 
His  most  memorable  sketch  in  this  con- 
nection is  "  The  House  of  Commons  in 
Lager  "  in  1894.  At  a  time  when  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of 
London  were  busily  engaged  in  a  search 
for  armorial  bearings  he  created  much 
mirth  with  his  series  of  "  Ready-Made 
Coats  of  Arms."  "Unrecorded  History" 
is  another  of  his  series  of  clever  sketches. 
"  Prehistoric  Peeps "  was  republished  in 
1896,  and  "  Mr.  Punch's  Animal  Land  "  in 
1898.  Address :  3  St.  Paul's  Studios, 
West  Kensington,  W. 

REED,  The  Hon.  Thomas  Brackett, 

American   statesman,   was  born  at   Port- 


land, Maine,  Oct.  18,  1839.  He  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  College  in  1860,  and  began 
the  study  of  law,  but  suspended  it  to 
enter  the  U.S.  Navy,  where  he  served  as 
Assistant-Paymaster  from  April  1864  to 
November  1865.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  the  same  year  he  left  the  Navy,  and 
began  practising  at  Portland.  In  1868-69 
he  was  a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of 
Maine  Legislature,  and  in  1870  of  the 
State  Senate.  From  1870  to  1873  he  was 
Attorney-General  of  Maine,  and  from  1874 
to  1877  was  City  Solicitor  of  Portland. 
In  1876  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  Con- 
gress, and  has  been  continuously  re-elected 
since  then.  He  is  a  Republican,  and  when 
his  party  regained  control  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1889,  he  was  elected  its 
Speaker.  This  position  he  retained  until 
the  House  again  became  Democratic  in 
1891  ;  and  when  his  friends  returned  to 
power  he  was  again  elected  Speaker,  Dec. 
2,  1895,  and  re-elected  March  15,  1898. 

REEVES,  Mrs  Henry,  nie  Helen 
Buckingham  Mathers,  novelist,  third 
daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Mathers,  and 
Maria  Buckingham,  was  born  on  Aug.  26, 
1852,  at  Crewkerne,  Somerset,  and  edu- 
cated at  Chantry,  near  Frome.  Her  first 
novel  was  "  Comin'  thro'  the  Rye,"  1875, 
which  immediately  became  immensely 
popular,  and  was  soon  translated  into 
several  languages,  and  is  now  reckoned 
one  of  the  standard  novels  of  the  English 
world.  "  The  Token  of  the  Silver  Lily,"  a 
poem,  was  published  in  1876 ;  "  Cherry 
Ripe,"  Miss  Mathers'  second  novel,  was 
published  in  1877,  and  followed  in  1878  by 
"  The  Land  o'  the  Leal,"  and  "  As  he 
Comes  up  the  Stair,"  which  are  novel- 
ettes. Her  third  novel,  "  My  Lady  Green 
Sleeves,"  appeared  in  1879,  and  was  fol- 
lowed in  1881  by  "The  Story  of  a  Sin." 
"  Sam's  Sweetheart,"  and  "  Eyre's  Acquit- 
tal," were  published  in  1883  and  1884,  and 
"  Found  Out,"  which  appeared  in  shilling 
form  in  1885,  was  rapidly  followed  by 
a  series  of  cheap  novels.  These  are 
as  follows:  "Murder  or  Manslaughter?" 
"The  Fashion  of  this  World,"  "My  Jo, 
John,"  "  What  the  Glass  Told,"  "  T'other 
dear  Charmer,"  "Blind  Justice,"  "A  Study 
of  a  Woman,"  and  were  all  published  at  one 
shilling.  "A  Man  of  To-Day, "  in  three 
volumes,  appeared  in  1894,  followed  in 
1895  bv  "  The  Lovely  Malincourt "  ;  by 
"The  Sin  of  Hagar "  in  1896;  "The 
Juggler  and  the  Soul,"  1897  ;  and  "  Bam 
Wildfire,"  1898.  In  1876  Miss  Mathers  was 
married  to  Mr.  Henry  Reeves,  F.R.C.S.E., 
a  well-known  surgeon  to  several  large  met- 
ropolitan hospitals,  and  author  of  "Human 
Morphology,"  and  of  "  Bodily  Deformities," 
in  which  subject  he  is  a  specialist.  Ad- 
dress :  7  Grosvenor  Square,  W. 


EEEVES  —  EEICHEL 


897 


BEEVES,  John  Sims,  tenor  singer, 
born  at  Shooter's  Hill,  Kent,  Oct.  21,  1822, 
was  first  instructed  by  his  father.  At  an 
early  age  he  held  the  appointment  of 
organist  and  director  of  the  choir  at  the 
church  of  North  Cray,  and  after  taking 
lessons  on  the  pianoforte  from  J.  B. 
Cramer,  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of 
T.  Cooke,  Hobbs,  and  other  distinguished 
Professors  of  singing.  In  December  1839, 
he  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  stage 
at  Newcastle,  at  which  time  he  was  sing- 
ing baritone  parts  ;  he  next  visited  the 
principal  provincial  towns,  and  went  to 
Paris  to  study  his  profession.  Not  long 
afterwards  he  made  his  first  appearance 
in  Italian  opera  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  in 
the  tenor  part  of  Edgardo,  in  "Lucia  di 
Lammermoor,"  and  came  out  in  the  same 
character  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  Dec. 
6,  1847,  then  under  the  management  of 
the  late  M.  Jullien.  His  first  original 
character  was  in  Balfe's  opera  of  the 
"  Maid  of  Honour,"  and  he  appeared  at 
Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  as  Carlo,  in  "  Linda 
di  Cbamouni,"  in  1848,  and  was  engaged 
at  the  Royal  Italian  Opera,  at  Covent 
Garden,  in  1849.  Since  that  time  Mr. 
Reeves  has  appeared  at  all  the  great 
performances  of  oratorios,  at  Exeter  Hal], 
the  provincial  festivals,  and  at  the  Crystal 
Palace.  One  of  his  best  original  parts 
was  in  Mr.  Macfarren's  opera  of  "Robin 
Hood,"  produced  at  the  performances  of 
English  opera  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre 
in  1860.  Mr.  Sims  Reeves  has  made 
strenuous  efforts  to  reduce  the  present 
high  pitch  to  that  of  the  Normal  Diapason. 
He  completed  his  Jubilee  in  1889,  and 
published  a  book  setting  forth  some 
interesting  events  in  his  long  and  success- 
ful career.  He  took  his  farewell  of  the 
public  at  the  Albert  Hall  on  May  11,  1891, 
when  Madame  Christine  Nilsson  came  over 
expressly  to  assist  on  this  memorable 
occasion,  but  he  did  not  finally  cease  ap- 
pearing in  public  for  some  years.  Mr. 
Sims  Reeves  married  Miss  Emma  Lu- 
combe,  a  soprano  singer,  who  died  June 
1895.  His  son  Herbert  is  a  tenor,  who 
evidently  has  been  well  taught  by  his 
father.  Address  :  56  Ridgmount  Gardens, 
W.C. 

REG-NAUXT,    Jeanne    Julia.     See 

Bartet,  Madame. 

B.EHAN,  Ada,  American  actress,  was 
born  at  Limerick,  Ireland,  April  22,  1859. 
At  an  early  age  she  went  to  America  and 
was  educated  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  She  first 
appeared  upon  the  stage  when  but  fifteen 
years  old,  but  did  not  adopt  acting  as  her 
profession  till  a  year  or  two  later.  For 
two  seasons  she  was  in  Mrs.  Drew's 
theatre    at    Philadelphia,    shortly    after 


which  she  joined  Mr.  Augustin  Daly's 
company,  with  which  she  has  been  since 
connected,  both  in  London  and  New 
York.  Her  special  role  is  light  comedy, 
and  perhaps  her  most  successful  imper- 
sonation has  been  Lady  Teazle  in  "The 
School  for  Scandal,"  though  her  Katherine 
in  "Taming  of  the  Shrew"  met  with 
nearly  equal  favour.  Among  the  other 
parts  in  which  she  has  appeared  are 
Valentine  Osprey,  in  "The  Railroad  of 
Love";  Jo,  in  "The  Lottery  of  Love"; 
Xantippe,  in  "The  Wife  of  Socrates"; 
Tilburnia,  in  "  Rehearsing  a  Tragedy  "  ; 
Phronie,  in  "  Dollars  and  Sense  "  ;  Oriana, 
in  "The  Inconstant";  Kate  Verity,  in 
"The  Squire";  Doris,  in  "An  Inter- 
national Match  "  ;  Audrey  Ollyphant,  in 
"Samson  and  Delilah";  Niobe,  in  "A 
Night  Off";  Flos,  in  "Seven-Twenty- 
Eight  "  ;  Tryphena  Magillicuddy,  in  "  The 
Golden  Widow";  Etna,  in  "The  Great 
Unknown";  Rosalind,  in  "As  You  Like 
it "  ;  Donna  Hypolita,  in  ' '  She  Would 
and  She  Wouldn't";  Peggy,  in  "The 
Country  Girl";  Dina  Faudelle,  in  "A  Price- 
less Paragon;"  Mile.  Rose,  in  "The 
Prayer";  Helena,  in  "A  Midsummer- 
Night's  Dream";  Miss  Hoyden,  in  "Miss 
Hoyden's  Husband "  ;  Nancy  Brasher,  in 
"Nancy  &  Co.  "  ;  Elvira  Honiton,  in  "New 
Lamps  for  Old " ;  Baroness  Vera  von 
Bouraneff,  in  "The  Last  Word"  ;  Pierrot, 
in  "The  Prodigal  Son";  the  Princess 
of  France,  in  "Love's  Labour's  Lost"; 
Aprilla  Dymond,  in  "  Love  in  Tandem  " ; 
Maid  Marian,  in  "  The  Foresters  "  ;  Rena 
Primrose,  in  "Little  Miss  Million"  ;  Juno 
Jessamine,  in  "  A  Test  Case " ;  Julia, 
in  "The  Hunchback";  Mockwood,  in 
"The  Knave";  Letitia  Hardy,  in  "The 
Belle's  Stratagem,"  and  Viola,  in  "  Twelfth 
Night."  As  a  recognition  of  her  services 
to  the  dramatic  art,  and  especially  to  the 
Memorial  Theatre  at  Stratford-on-Avon, 
she  was,  in  April  1898,  elected  a  per- 
manent governor  of  that  institution.  Ad- 
dress :  93rd  Street  West,  New  York. 

KEICHEL,  Henry  Kudolph,  M.A., 
born  October  11,  1856,  in  Belfast,  son  of 
the  Rev.  Charles  Parsons  Reichel,  D.D., 
Professor  of  Latin  in  Queen's  College, 
Belfast,  and  subsequently  Bishop  of  Meath 
(died  1894),  and  of  Mary  Brown  M'Cracken 
(died  1885),  was  educated  at  Christ's 
Hospital  (1865-75),  where  he  was  Head 
Grecian,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford 
(1875-80),  of  which  college  he  was  a 
Scholar.  He  gained  first-class  Honours 
in  Classical  Moderations,  1876;  Mathemati- 
cal Moderations,  1877  ;  Lit.  Hum.,  1879  ; 
Modern  History,  1880  ;  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  November 
1880,  and  re-elected  for  a  second  term  of 
seven  years  in  1889.     From  1881  to  1884 

3l 


898 


EEID 


he  acted  as  History  Tutor  for  University 
College  and  New  College.  In  1884  he  was 
appointed  first  Principal  and  Professor  of 
English  Literature  and  History  in  the 
University  College  of  North  Wales, 
Bangor,  then  incorporated  under  Royal 
Charter,  and  since  federated  with  the 
sister  Colleges  at  Aberystwyth  and  Cardiff 
into  the  University  of  Wales.  During  the 
session  1896-7  he  officiated  as  Vice-Chan- 
cellor of  this  University.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Welsh  intermediate  school  system,  the 
most  perfectly  organised  system  of  the 
kind  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  also  in 
the  establishment  of  the  University,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  University  and  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Central  Welsh  Board, 
the  body  which  controls  the  inspection 
and  examination  of  the  intermediate 
schools.  He  has  published  several  short 
papers  on  educational  subjects  and  has 
devoted  special  attention  to  the  position 
of  manual  training  in  the  ordinary  school 
curriculum.  He  married,  February  1, 
1894,  Charity  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of 
Henry  M.  Pilkington,  Q.C.,  of  Tore, 
Tyrrell's  Pass,  in  the  county  of  West- 
meath.  Address :  University  College  of 
North  Wales,  Bangor. 

REID,  Sir  George,  President  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  LL.D.,  D.L.,  was 
born  in  Aberdeen  on  Oct.  31,  1841,  and  is 
the  third  son  of  the  late  George  Reid  and 
Esther  Tait.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School,  Aberdeen,  and  early 
evinced  a  taste  for  art,  working  at  litho- 
graphy before  becoming  a  painter.  His 
earliest  contribution  to  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  was  a  small  landscape,  after 
which  time  he  painted  only  landscape 
for  some  years.  In  1867  began  his  career 
as  a  portrait-painter,  his  likeness  of 
George  Macdonald  winning  him  fame  in 
1868.  'His  success  was  now  assured,  and 
he  exhibited  from  time  to  time  his  well- 
known  portraits  of  Sir  John  Millais,  the 
Marchioness  of  Huntly,  Mr.  James  Anthony 
Froude,  and  others.  In  the  R.S.A.  Exhibi- 
tion of  February  1899  he  exhibited  a 
masterly  portrait  of  the  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale,  in  the  green  and  gold  uniform  of  the 
Royal  Archers,  painted  for  Yester  House 
as  a  pendant  to  the  portrait  of  Lady 
Tweeddale  by  the  late  Sir  John  Millais. 
Other  portraits  from  his  brush  in  this 
exhibition  were  a  full-length  of  Sir  William 
Henderson,  ex-Lord  Provost  of  Aberdeen, 
in  robes  of  office,  and  a  greatly  admired 
"Kit-kat"  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Robertson,  ex- 
Master  of  the  Merchant  Company  of  Edin- 
burgh. Sir  George  studied  the  modern 
movement  in  Dutch  art  under  Mollmger, 
but  he  is  opposed  to  Impressionism,  espe- 


cially to  that  of  the  young  Glasgow  school 
of  painters.  He  was  elected  Associate  in 
1870,  Member  in  1877,  and  President  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  on  the  refusal  of 
Sir  Noel  Paton  to  accept  that  office,  in  1891. 
He  was  knighted  in  the  same  year.  He 
is  a  Commissioner  of  the  Hon.  Board  of 
Manufactures  for  Scotland,  and  President 
of  the  Scottish  Artists'  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion. Sir  George  Reid  married,  in  1882, 
Margaret,  the  second  daughter  of  Thomas 
Best,  of  Aberdeen.  Address :  22  Royal 
Terrace,  Edinburgh,  &c. 

REID,  The  Right  Hon.  George 
Houston,  Premier  of  New  South  Wales, 
was  born  at  Johnstone,  Renfrewshire,  Feb. 
25,  1845,  and  is  the  son  of  a  Presbyterian 
minister.  He  emigrated  to  Australia  in 
1862,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  of  New 
South  Wales  in  1879.  In  1880  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly,  and 
in  1883  was  appointed  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion. From  1891  he  was  the  leader  of  the 
opposition,  and  at  the  overthrow  of  Sir 
George  Dibbs's  Ministry  in  1894,  he  became 
Premier  in  place  of  Sir  Henry  Parkes.  In 
1895  the  General  Election  gave  him  a  big 
majority  to  carry  out  his  Free-Trade  policy. 
He  came  to  this  country  for  the  Diamond 
Jubilee  of  1897,  and  with  his  fellow 
Premiers,  was  appointed  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor. In  the  General  Election  of  1898, 
he  fought  a  contest  on  a  platform  of 
Direct  Taxation  and  Confederation  of  the 
whole  of  Australia. 

REID,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,M.D., 
LL.D.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  James 
Reid,  M.D.,  of  Ellon,  Aberdeenshire,  and 
was  born  in  Scotland  on  Oct.  23,  1849. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  Grammar 
School  and  University,  where  he  graduated 
M.A.  with  Honours  in  Natural  Science,  at 
the  same  time  being  awarded  the  Gold 
Medal.  He  completed  his  education  in 
London  and  Vienna.  He  became  M.B. 
and  CM.  with  highest  honours  in  1872, 
M.D.  in  1875 ;  F.R.C.P.  in  1892.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and 
has  been  Resident  Physician  since  1881 
and  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen 
since  1899.  In  January  1899  he  was  also 
appointed  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  in  succession  to  Sir  William 
Jenner,  Bart.,  deceased.  Previous  to  his 
Court  appointment  as  Resident  Physician 
he  practised  for  some  years  in  London 
and  Scotland.  He  has  various  foreign 
orders,  and  has  published  papers  in  the 
medical  journals.  Non-official  address  : 
The  Chestnuts,  Ellon,  Aberdeenshire. 

REID,  Sir  John  Watt,  K.C.B.,  born 
May  10, 1823,  in  Edinburgh,  is  the  younger 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  John  Watt  Reid,  R.N., 


REID 


899 


and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy, 
and  Edinburgh  University  and  Extra- 
Mural  (Medical)  School;  M.D.  Aberdeen, 
LL.D.  Edinburgh.  He  entered  the  Royal 
Navy,  Feb.  6,  1845,  as  Assistant-Surgeon  ; 
was  promoted  to  Surgeon,  September 
1854  ;  to  Staff-Surgeon,  1866  ;  to  Deputy- 
Inspector -General,  1874;  to  Inspector  - 
General,  and  Medical  Director -General, 
1880  ;  served  in  the  Inflexible  and  London 
in  the  Black  Sea  until  the  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(Medal  and  Clasp) ;  in  Belleisle  hospital 
ship,  in  China  War,  1857-59  (Medal  and 
Clasp) ;  in  Nebraska  hospital  ship,  off  Cape 
Coast  Castle,  at  the  end  of  the  Ashanti 
Campaign,  1874  (mentioned  in  despatches, 
and  promoted  to  Deputy-Inspector-Gene- 
ral).  He  received  approval  of  the  Board 
of  Admiralty  for  services  in  the  R.N. 
Hospital,  Plymouth,  during  the  cholera 
epidemic  in  1849,  and  for  conduct  at 
Halifax  Sick  Quarters,  during  the  epi- 
demic of  yellow  fever  in  the  West  India 
Squadron  in  1861,  and  thanks  of  the 
Commander-in-Chief  in  the  Black  Sea 
for  services  to  the  sick  of  the  flagship 
Britannia,  when  stricken  with  cholera  in 
1854.  He  was  made  Hon.  Physician  to 
the  Queen,  1881  ;  and  K.C.B.,  1882.  On 
leaving  office,  in  1888,  the  Board  of 
Admiralty  were  pleased  to  record  that 
"the  able  and  zealous  manner  in  which 
he  had  conducted  the  duties  of  the  office 
had  been  most  marked,  and  their  Lord- 
ships and  the  Naval  Medical  Service 
viewed  his  retirement  with  equal  regret." 
He  received  a  Good  Service  Pension  in  1888, 
and  the  Jubilee  Medal,  1897.  He  married, 
in  1863,  Georgina,  voungest  daughter  of 
C.  J.  Hill,  Esq.,  Halifax,  N.S.  Address: 
10  St.  James's  Square,  Bath. 

REID,  Sir  Robert  Threshie,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  the  second  son  of  the  late  Sir  J.  J. 
Reid,  of  Mouswald  Place,  Dumfriesshire, 
was  educated  at  Cheltenham  College,  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  first  class  modera- 
tions, first  class  Literal  Humaniores,  Mag- 
dalen College  Demy,  Scholar  of  Balliol, 
Ireland  University  Scholar  ;  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1871  ;  appointed  Q.C.  in  1882, 
Bencher  in  1890;  M.P.  for  Hereford  in 
1880;  M.P.  for  Dumfries  since  1886.  In 
October  1894  Sir  Robert  Reid  became 
Attorney- General  in  succession  to  the 
present  Lord  Justice  Sir  John  Rigby, 
going  out  of  office  in  1895.  He  married 
Emily  Douglas,  daughter  of  Captain  Flem- 
ing. Address  :  1  Chapel  Place,  Delahay 
Street,  S.W.,  &c. 

REID,  Sir  (Thomas)  Wemyss,  was 

born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  1842,  being 
the  son  of  the  Rev.  Alexander  Reid.  He 
was  educated  by  Dr.  Collingwood  Bruce  at 
Newcastle ;  became  a  journalist  in  1861 ; 


in  1864  was  appointed  editor  of  the  Preston 
Quardian,  and  in  1870  to  1887  editor  of 
the  Leeds  Mercury.  Sir  Wemyss  Reid  has 
contributed  largely  to  the  leading  reviews 
and  magazines.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Charlotte  Bronte:  a  Monograph,"  a 
biographical  work  intended  to  supplement 
Mrs.  Gaskell's  well-known  Life  of  the 
author  of  "  Jane  Eyre."  This  work,  which 
was  published  in  1877,  has  gone  through 
several  editions  both  in  England  and  in 
the  United  States.  In  1883  Sir  Wemyss 
Reid  published  "Gladys  Fane,  a  Story  of 
Two  Lives."  It  passed  through  four 
editions  within  a  few  months  of  its  pub- 
lication. Two  years  later,  at  Christmas, 
1885,  appeared  "  Mauleverer's  Millions,"  a 
sensational  story,  the  scene  of  which  was 
laid  in  Yorkshire  ;  it  has  had  a  large  sale. 
In  1888  Sir  Wemyss  Reid  published  the 
"Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Korster," 
a  work  tracing  the  personal  history  of  the 
author  of  the  Education  Act,  and  throw- 
ing considerable  light  on  recent  political 
events.  Six  editions  of  the  Life  appeared 
within  twelve  months  from  its  publication. 
The  other  works  written  by  Sir  Wemyss 
Reid  are  "Cabinet  Portraits,"  sketches  of 
leading  statesmen  of  both  parties,  1872  ; 
"Politicians  of  To -Day,"  1879;  "The 
Land  of  the  Bey,"  1882,  a  narrative  of  a 
visit  to  Tunis  during  the  military  opera- 
tions of  France ;  and  the  "  Life  of  Lord 
Houghton,"  1890.  Sir  Wemyss  Reid  has 
also  contributed  to  the  Leeds  Mercury  an 
extensive  series  of  literary  and  social 
essays,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Rambling 
Philosopher,"  as  well-as  letters  descriptive 
of  travel  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  In 
1887  Sir  Wemyss  Reid  resigned  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Leeds  Mercury,  and  accepted 
the  post  of  manager  to  Messrs.  Cassell  and 
Company.  Since  the  beginning  of  1890  he 
has  been  editor  of  the  Speaker,  a  weekly 
political  and  literary  review,  his  resigna- 
tion from  which  was  announced  in  1899.  In 
1893  he  received  the  hon.  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  and 
in  1894  he  was  knighted  "in  consideration 
of  his  services  to  letters  and  to  politics." 
He  married  (2)  Louisa,  daughter  of  Ben- 
jamin Berry.  Address :  26  Bramham 
Gardens,  S.  Kensington,  S.W. 

REID,  The  Hon.  Whitelaw,  was 
born  near  Xenia,  Ohio,  Oct.  27,  1837.  He 
graduated  from  Miami  University,  Ox- 
ford, Ohio,  in  1856,  and  immediately  took 
up  journalism,  soon  becoming  editor  of  the 
Xenia  News.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  sent  into  the  field  as  corre- 
spondent of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  and 
served  for  a  while  as  volunteer  aide-de- 
camp to  General  Thos.  A.  Morris,  and 
afterwards  to  General  Rosecrans.  From 
1863  to  1866  he  was  librarian  of  the  House 


900 


EEINOLD  —  EE  JANE 


of  Representatives.  He  was  then  engaged 
for  a  short  time  in  cotton  planting  in 
Louisiana,  the  result  of  his  observations 
while  there  on  the  condition  of  the  South, 
"After  the  War,"  appearing  in  1866.  Re- 
turning to  Ohio  he  devoted  himself  for 
two  years  to  writing  a  complete  history  of 
"Ohio  in  the  War,"  which  was  published 
in  two  volumes  in  1868.  In  the  same  year 
he  joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Tri- 
bune, of  which,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Greeley 
in  1872,  he  became  the  editor-in-chief  and 
principal  owner.  He  was  chosen  a  regent 
(for  life)  of  the  University  of  the  State  of 
New  York  in  1878.  On  the  accession  to 
the  Presidency  of  Mr.  Harrison  in  1889  he 
accepted  an  appointment  as  American 
minister  to  France.  He  negotiated  a  new 
Extradition  Treaty  with  France  and  a 
limited  treaty  of  Reciprocity.  He  also 
began  the  negotiations  which  resulted  in 
the  withdrawal  by  half  the  nations  of 
Europe  of  the  prohibition,  which  they  had 
maintained  for  from  eight  to  twelve  years, 
against  the  importation  of  American  pork, 
and  conducted  these  negotiations  in 
France  to  a  successful  close.  On  the 
conclusion  of  these  different  tasks  he 
tendered  his  resignation  (1892).  A  few 
weeks  later  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention, after  renominating  President 
Harrison,  unanimously  nominated  Mr. 
Reid  as  its  candidate  for  tbe  Vice-Pre- 
sidency of  the  United  States.  During  the 
canvass  he  made  numerous  speeches  in 
Boston,  New  York,  Buffalo,  Indianapolis, 
and  elsewhere.  After  the  defeat  of  his 
party  in  November  he  visited  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  in  a  few  months  resumed  his 
editorship  of  the  New  York  Tribune.  He 
was  actively  connected  with  the  work  of 
sending  poor  children  from  New  York  to 
homes  in  the  West,  and  he  originated  and 
long  conducted  the  Tribune  Fresh  Air 
Fund,  which  was  the  pioneer  of  a  multi- 
tude of  similar  charities  now  existing  in 
both  America  and  England.  In  addition 
to  the  works  already  mentioned,  he  is  the 
author  of  "Schools  of  Journalism,"  1871 ; 
"The  Scholar  in  Politics,"  1873;  "Some 
Newspaper  Tendencies,"  1879;  "Town- 
Hall  Suggestions,"  1881,  and  a  great 
number  of  speeches  and  addresses  on 
political,  literary,   and   social   topics.     In 

1897  he  was  appointed  specially  to  repre- 
sent the  United  States  at  the  Jubilee  of 
Her  Majesty  in  June  of  that  year,  and  in 

1898  he  was  one  of  the  Commissioners  to 
arrange  terms  of  peace  with  Spain. 

BEINOLD,  Arnold  William,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Physics  in  the  Royal 
Naval  College,  Greenwich,  was  born  in  Hull, 
June  19,  1843.  His  father,  a  native  of 
Elberfeld,  settled  in  England  in  1836,  and 
carried  on  the  business  of  a  ship-broker. 


Professor  Reinold  was  educated  at  St. 
Peter's  School,  York  ;  whence,  having  ob- 
tained an  open  Mathematical  Scholarship 
at  Brasenose  College,  he  proceeded  to 
Oxford  in  1863.  At  Oxford  he  gained  a 
first  class  in  Mathematical  Moderations, 
and  in  the  final  Schools  of  Mathematics 
and  Natural  Science,  also  the  Junior  and 
Senior  University  Mathematical  Scholar- 
ships. He  took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1866, 
and  M.A.  in  1870 ;  and  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Merton  College  in  December 
1866,  which  he  resigned,  on  marrying,  in 
1869.  He  was  elected  Senior  Student  and 
Lee's  Reader  in  Physics,  at  Christ  Church, 
in  1870.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
Royal  Naval  College  at  Greenwich,  in 
1873,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Physics  ;  and  Examiner  in  Physics  in  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1871,  and  in  the 
University  of  London  in  1875  and  1882. 
He  is  Lecturer  in  Physics  at  Guy's 
Hospital.  He  is  joint  author  (with  Pro- 
fessor A.  W.  Rucker)  of  papers  dealing 
with  the  phenomena  of  "  Thin  Films," 
published  in  the  Proceedings  and  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society,  and  the  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,  and  was  elected  F.R.S. 
in  1883.  He  acted  as  Hon.  Sec.  of  the 
Physical  Society  from  its  foundation  in 
1874  up  to  1888,  when  he  succeeded  the 
late  Dr.  Balfour  Stewart  as  President. 
Address  :  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich. 

RlSJANE,  Madame,  the  nom-dc- 
thidtre  of  Gabrielle  Reju,  French  actress, 
who  was  born  in  Paris  in  1857.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  an  actor  and  stage-manager, 
and  the  niece  of  Madame  Arnault,  a 
member  of  the  Comedie  Fra^aise.  Al- 
though her  relations  were  opposed  to  her 
following  a  theatrical  career,  she  overcame 
their  opposition,  and  entered  the  Conser- 
vatoire, where  she  obtained  a  second  prize 
in  1874,  under  Regnier.  In  March  of  the 
next  year  she  was  engaged  at  the  Vaude- 
ville, her  first  appearance  being  in  the 
"Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  of  Clairville 
and  Dreyfus.  The  parts  she  undertook  at 
this  theatre  were  light  ones  of  the  Dejazet 
kind,  and  in  these  she  became  a  mistress 
in  the  art  of  sous-entendu.  She  played  in 
"Madame  Lili,"  "Les  Dominos  Roses," 
"Le  Mari  d'Ida,"  "Les  Tapageurs."  In 
1881  she  left  the  Vaudeville  and  played 
for  a  short  while  at  the  Varie'te's,  and  in 
the  next  year  played  with  Sarah  Bernhardt 
in  Riohepin's  "  La  Glu."  In  1883  she 
played  in  "Ma  Camarade"at  the  Palais 
Royal;  in  1888  she  was  in  "  Decor£,"  one 
of  the  successes  of  the  season,  and  in 
"Germinie  Lacerteux"  at  the  Odeon.  In 
1892  she  married  M.  Porel,  her  present 
manager.  However,  her  European  reputa- 
tion was  made  in  1893  by  her  impersona- 
tion of  "Madame  Sans-Gene,"  by  Sardou, 


EENALS  —  EENDEL 


901 


which  she  played  in  London  in  1894. 
Those  who  have  only  seen  the  English 
version  can  have  little  idea  of  the  devil- 
may-care  recklessness  and  good  nature 
that  Madame  Rejane  gave  to  this  part. 
Since  then  her  chief  success  has  been  in 
"  La  Douloureuse,"  by  Maurice  Donnay, 
which  she  played  at  the  Lyric  in  1897.  In 
1898  she  created  the  part  of  "  Zaza. "  Her 
Paris  address  is  25  Avenue  d'Antin. 

RENALS,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.,  Lord 
Mayor  of  London  for  1894-95,  was  born  at 
Nottingham  on  Feb.  21,  1843,  and  is  the 
son  of  William  Renals,  the  Park,  Notting- 
ham. His  business  career  has  been  chiefly 
in  London.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Civic  Corporation  in  1885,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Aldersgate  Ward  in  the 
Court  of  Common  Council.  He  attained 
Alderman's  rank  in  1888,  and  in  1893  was 
appointed  Senior  Sheriff,  and  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  at  the  same  time  on 
the  occasion  of  the  Duke  of  York's  mar- 
riage. During  the  autumn  of  1894  he  was 
elected  by  the  Livery  for  the  office  of 
Lord  Mayor,  and  was  finally  chosen  in 
opposition  to  Alderman  Faudel  Phillips, 
who  was  put  forward  by  a  determined 
body  of  supporters.  A  poll  was  demanded 
and  taken,  and  resulted  in  a  close  contest, 
1462  votes  being  given  to  the  successful 
candidate,  and  1360  to  Aid.  Phillips. 
Sir  Joseph  Kenals  is  a  member  of  the 
Spectacle-makers'  and  Fruiterers'  Com- 
panies. In  politics  he  is  a  Liberal,  and 
was  often  asked  to  contest  Nottingham  in 
that  interest,  but  preferred  to  take  his 
chance  of  the  Mayoralty.  He  is  a  partner 
in  the  firm  of  Renals  &  Co.,  is  Officier  of 
the  Legion  d'Honneur,  Lieutenant  for  the 
City  of  London,  and  was  created  a  Baronet 
in  1895.     Address :  108-9  Fore  Street,  E.C. 

KENDALL,  Gerald  Henry,  M.A., 
Litt.D.,  Head  -  Master  of  Charterhouse 
School,  was  born  in  1851,  at  Harrow,  and 
is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  F.  Rendall, 
Assistant-Master  at  Harrow.  He  was 
educated  at  Cheam,  Harrow,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  won  a 
Foundation  Scholarship  in  1872.  He 
obtained  the  University  Bell  Scholarship 
in  1871,  and  stood  fourth  in  the  Classical 
Tripos,  graduating  B.A.  in  1874.  He  be- 
came University  Lightfoot  Scholar  in 
1875,  was  Hulsean  Prize  Essayist  in  1876, 
has  been  Fellow,  Lecturer,  and  Assistant 
Tutor  at  Trinity  College.  He  was  Vice- 
Chancellor  of  Victoria  University  in  1890- 
92  and  1892-94,  was  member  of  the  abor- 
tive Gresham  University  Commission  in 
1892-93,  was  first  Principal  of  University 
College,  Liverpool,  was  Gladstone  Profes- 
sor of  Greek  from  1 880-97,  and  was  elected 
to  his  present  post  in  1897.     He  has  pub- 


lished various  works  on  classical  subjects, 
notably  his  Hulsean  Essay  on  the  Emperor 
Julian,  in  1879,  and  "The  Cradle  of  the 
Aryans,"  1889,  and  a  translation  of  Marcus 
Aurelius  in  1897.  Addresses  :  25  Falkner 
Square,  Liverpool ;  and  Athenpeum. 

RENDEL,  Sir  Alexander  Meadows, 
K.C.I.E.,  civil  engineer,  born  in  1829,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  James  Meadows  Rendel, 
civil  engineer,  and  was  educated  at 
King's  School,  Canterbury,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (Scholar  and  Wrang- 
ler) ;  studied  as  engineer  under  his  father, 
on  whose  death  in  1856  he  became  engi- 
neer to  the  then  London  Dock  Company, 
the  Leith  Harbour  and  Dock  Commis- 
sioners, the  East  Indian  Railway,  and  other 
companies.  He  visited  India  in  1857-58, 
and  at  various  other  times  ;  subsequently 
he  built  the  Shadwell  New  Basin,  the 
Royal  Albert  Dock,  and  other  works  on 
the  Thames,  the  Albert  and  Edinburgh 
Docks  at  Leith,  the  Workington  Dock  and 
Harbour,  and  other  kindred  work  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Commission  appointed  in 
1870  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 
to  determine  what  should  be  the  narrow 
gauge  for  India,  and  is  at  present  engi- 
neer in  England  (commonly  called  consult- 
ting  engineer)  to  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  India,  the  East  Indian,  the  Bombay 
and  Baroda,  the  South  Mahratta,  the 
Nizam's,  and  other  Indian  Railway  Com- 
panies engaged  in  the  construction  and 
working  of  about  9000  miles  of  railway. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers.  He  married  in  1853  Eliza, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Captain  Hob- 
son,  R.N.,  late  Governor  of  New  Zealand, 
and  was  created  K.  CLE.  on  the  formation 
of  the  order  in  1887.  Address  :  44  Lan- 
caster Gate,  W. 

RENDEL,    George    Whightwick, 

second  surviving  son  of  the  late  J.  M. 
Rendel,  F.R.S.,  the  eminent  civil  engineer, 
was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  as  a  civil 
engineer  in  his  father's  office,  where  he 
subsequently  took  an  important  part  in 
reference  to  some  of  the  later  engineering 
works  carried  out  by  Mr.  Rendel — notably 
the  superstructures  of  the  great  bridges 
on  the  East  Indian  Railway  crossing  the 
Ganges  and  the  Jumna  at  Allahabad. 
He  joined  Sir  William  Armstrong's  firm 
at  Elswick  in  1858  as  managing  partner 
of  the  new  Elswick  Ordnance  Works, 
which  he  continued  to  direct  during 
twenty-four  years  (in  conjunction  with 
Captain  Noble  from  1860).  During  that 
time  he  took  a  large  part  in  the  develop- 
ment of  guns,  ironclads,  and  ships  of  war. 
He  devised  and  carried  out  the  system  of 
hydraulic  machinery  for  mounting  and 
working  heavy  guns,  first  tried  in  H.M.  S. 


902 


KENDEL  —  EENTOUL 


Thunderer,  and  subsequently  adopted  in 
I  he  Dreadnought,  Inflexible,  Colossus,  and 
all  the  later  ironclads  of  the  British 
fleet,  as  well  as  in  the  Duilio,  Dandolo, 
Italia,  and  Lepanto  of  the  Italian  fleet. 
He  designed  and  directed  the  building  of 
the  Esmeralda  for  the  Chilian  Government, 
the  swiftest  and  most  powerful  unarmoured 
cruiser  of  her  time,  which  has  become  a 
type  of  unarmoured  cruisers,  as  also  the 
gunboat  Staunch  for  the  British  Govern- 
ment, and  the  numerous  gunboats,  develop- 
ments of  the  Staunch,  known  as  the 
"alphabetical  gunboats,"  and  built  on  the 
Tyne  for  the  Chinese  Government.  Mr. 
George  Rendel  was  a  member  of  the 
Committee  on  Designs  of  Ships  of  War, 
appointed  by  the  English  Government  in 
1871,  to  settle  the  types  of  English  iron- 
clads to  be  built ;  also  of  the  Committee 
appointed  by  the  Government  in  1877  to 
decide  upon  the  questions  raised  by  Sir 
E.  J.  Reed  in  reference  to  the  design 
of  the  Inflexible.  In  March  1882  he 
accepted  the  invitation  previously  made  to 
him  by  Mr.  Smith  under  the  Conservative 
Administration,  and  repeated  by  Lord 
Northbrook,  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Administration,  and 
became  professional  Civil  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  abandoning  for  the  purpose 
all  connection  with  the  Blswick  firm.  In 
June  1885,  on  the  fall  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Government,  he,  for  family  reasons,  re- 
signed his  position  at  the  Admiralty  and 
retired  to  Italy.  Address :  Posilippo, 
near  Naples. 

RENDEL,  Lord,  Stuart  Rendel,  J.P., 
third  surviving  son  of  James  Meadows 
Kendel,  F.R.S.,  the  engineer  of  the  Har- 
bours of  Refuge  of  Holyhead  and  Port- 
land, and  of  many  docks  and  railways  in 
Great  Britain  and  abroad,  and  brother  of 
the  two  preceding,  was  born  July  2,  1834; 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  an  Honorary 
Fourth  in  1856.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1861,  but  has  never  practised ;  was 
appointed  (on  behalf  of  Sir  William  Arm- 
strong) member  of  the  Armstrong  and 
Whitworth  Committee,  which  sat  from 
1861  to  1863,  and  carried  out  the  most 
exhaustive  known  series  of  artillery  ex- 
periments ;  became  a  member  of  Sir  Wm. 
Armstrong's  firm  in  February  1870,  and 
its  managing  partner  in  London ;  has 
been  closely  associated  with  the  growth 
of  the  great  works  at  Elswick,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  which  now  employ  24,000  men, 
and  form  a  second  arsenal  for  the  empire. 
He  is  an  Officer  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown 
of  Italy,  and  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of 
Charles  XII.  of  Spain.  In  1880  Mr.  Stuart 
Rendel  retired  from  the  Armstrong  firm, 
and  contested  and  won  the  representation 


in  Parliament  of  the  county  of  Mont- 
gomery as  a  Liberal.  This  seat  had  been 
held  by  the  Wynns,  of  Wynnstay,  ever 
since  1800.  In  recognition  of  this  re- 
markable victory  for  the  Liberal  cause, 
Mr.  Rendel  was  invited  by  Mr.  Gladstone 
to  move  the  Address  to  the  Crown  in  the 
Session  of  1881.  The  scheme  for  higher 
education  in  Wales  having  resulted  in 
the  creation  of  new  colleges  at  Cardiff  and 
Bangor,  each  endowed  by  Government 
with  £4000  a  year,  Mr.  Rendel  in  1884 
successfully  moved  a  resolution  in  the 
House  of  Commons  in  favour  of  the  old 
University  College  of  Wales  at  Aberyst- 
wyth, and  obtained  a  grant  for  it  of 
£2500  a  year  ;  and  later,  in  1885,  pro- 
cured the  increase  of  this  grant  to  £4000. 
Mr.  Rendel  became  more  and  more  identi- 
fied with  the  advocacy  of  Welsh  National 
causes,  as  well  in  relation  to  religious 
freedom  as  to  educational  progress.  In 
the  General  Election  of  July  1885,  he 
again  defeated  Mr.  Charles  Wynn,  by  an 
increased  majority,  and  in  that  of  Novem- 
ber 1885  he  won  the  county  seat  in  a  third 
contest.  In  December  1886  Mr.  Stuart 
Rendel  was  elected  First  President  of  the 
North  Wales  Liberal  Federation.  In  1887 
he  was  elected  First  President  in  the 
Welsh  National  Council,  and  to  these  two 
offices  he  has  been  since  annually  re- 
elected. In  1888  he  was  elected  by  the 
Liberal  M.P.s  of  Wales  and  Monmouth- 
shire as  chairman  of  their  party  in  Parlia- 
ment. In  1889  he  introduced  and  carried 
the  Intermediate  Education  Act  for  Wales, 
and  in  1890  he  recovered  £20,000,  part  of 
the  Meyricke  Endowment  (which  had 
lapsed  to  Jesus  College),  for  the  support 
of  such  education  in  Wales.  He  was  re- 
elected for  Montgomeryshire  in  1892.  On 
Mr.  Gladstone's  retirement  from  office  in 
the  spring  of  1894  he  was  created  Baron 
Rendel  of  Hatchlands,  in  Surrey.  He 
married,  in  1857,  Ellen,  second  daughter  of 
William  Egerton  Hubbard,  of  Leonardslee, 
Horsham,  brother  of  the  1st  Lord  Adding- 
ton.  Lord  Rendel's  second  daughter  is 
the  wife  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone's  third  son.  The  deceased 
statesman  made  several  stays  at  Lord 
Rendel's  seat,  the  Chateau  de  Thorenc, 
Cannes.  Addresses  :  Hatchlands,  Guild- 
ford ;  and  Athenaeum. 

RENTOUL,  James  Alexander, 
LL.D.,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
Alexander  Rentoul,  D.D.,  M.D.,  and  of 
Erminda,  eldest  daughter  of  James  Clut- 
tick,  Manor  Cunningham,  traces  direct 
descent  from  Henry  VII.,  through  the 
noble  families  Suffolk,  Cumberland,  Derby, 
Glencairn,  Colquhoun,  and  Audley,  as  set 
forth  in  the  family  book  "  Rentoul,"  in  the 
Guildhall  Library,  and  in  Burke's  Peerage. 


EENZIS  — RESZKE 


903 


He  was  born  at  his  father's  house  of  Manor 
Cunningham,     co.     Donegal,    where    his 
ancestors  had  owned  a  residence  and  the 
Manor    Cunningham,    and    several    other 
estates  in  East  Donegal  from  the  Planta- 
tion of  Ulster,  and  are  described  in  history 
as  having  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the 
defence  of  the  neighbouring  city  of  Derry 
during  the  famous  siege  by  James  II.  in 
the  Eevolution  of  1688,  members  of  the 
family  owning  at  that  time  much  property 
in  Derry,  in  which  city  they  several  times 
held  the  offices  of  Mayor  and  Sheriff  two 
centuries  ago.     He  was  educated  at  Magee 
College,  Derry  ;  Queen's  Colleges,  Galway 
and  Belfast ;  Queen's  University,  Ireland ; 
Brussels,    and   Berlin   University.      First 
Prizeman,    First   University  Exhibitioner, 
Senior  University  Scholar  in  Modern  Lan- 
guages and  Modern  History,  Law  Scholar, 
Senior  University  Scholar  in  Jurisprudence, 
Constitutional    and     International     Law, 
B.A.    Honours,    LL.B.    First    Exhibition, 
LL.D.  first  place,  President  of  the  Inter- 
nationale Gesellschaft,  Berlin  University ; 
Student   of   the   Inns   of   Court,   London, 
1881  ;  Inner  Temple  One  Hundred  Guinea 
Scholarship  in  Equity  ;  First  at  Bar  Final. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  November 
1884,  created   Q.C.  in   July   1895,   sat  as 
Member  for  Woolwich  on  the  first  London 
County  Council,  and  has  been  Member  of 
the    Westminster   Vestry  and    Board    of 
Works.     He  has  been  three  times  returned 
unopposed  for  co.  Down  (East),  in  which 
division     his     ancestors,     Thomas    Lord 
Audley,  Lord  Chancellor  of  England,  and 
the  other  Barons  of  Audley,  owned  Audley 
Castle,  and  large  estates  for  several  cen- 
turies  back.     He    is    a    Member    of    the 
Belfast  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  of  the 
Carlton  Club,  and  is  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  several  constitutional  clubs. 
He    married,   in    1882,    Florence    Isabel, 
youngest  daughter  of  D.  W.  Young,  Wal- 
lington  Lodge,  Surrey.   Addresses :  4  Paper 
Buildings,  Temple  ;  23  Old  Queen  Street, 
Westminster,  S.W.  ;  Manor  Cunningham, 
Ireland. 


BENZIS,   Baron. 

lombo,  Baron  de. 


See   San    Baeto- 


RESZKE,  Edouard  de,  operatic 
singer,  was  born  at  Warsaw  in  1854,  and  is 
of  good  family.  He  followed  the  operatic 
career  with  his  brother  Jean,  and  with  him 
was  engaged  in  1876  at  the  Theatre  Italien, 
in  Paris.  He  was  gifted  with  a  profoundly 
deep  bass  voice,  but  learnt,  during  his 
musical  training,  to  govern  it  artistically. 
He  has  sung  in  France,  England,  Italy, 
and  America  in  1891,  and  has  very  fre- 
quently appeared  with  his  brother.  His 
first  appearance  in  England  was  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1880,  when  as  Judra,  in  Mas- 


senet's "Roi  de  Lahore,"  he  created  a  very 
favourable  impression.  In  1887  Sir  A. 
Harris  engaged  him  at  Drury  Lane,  and  in 
subsequent  years  he  has  appeared  at  Covent 
Garden.  His  best  known  roles  are  Hans 
Sachs,  Ruy  Gomez,  Don  Basilio,  Leporello, 
Mephistopheles,  Friar  Lawrence,  Marcely, 
Wotan,  and  Merke.  Address  in  the  season : 
Royal  Palace  Hotel,  Westminster. 

RESZKE,  Jean  de,  M.V.O.,  operatic 
singer,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Warsaw  in  1850.   He  completed  his  studies 
in  law  at  the  University  of  his  native  city, 
but  being  drawn  by  an  irresistible  voca- 
tion, he  entered  upon  a  theatrical  career. 
After     studying     with     the     celebrated 
teachers   Ciaffei    and   Cotogni,    in    Italy, 
who  persisted  in  making  him  sing  baritone 
roles,  although  he  had  by  nature  a  tenor 
voice,  he  made  his  d^but  in  1874  in  Venice 
asAlfonsoin  "LaFavorita."  Hewasatonce 
engaged  in  London  at  Drury  Lane,  where 
he  sang  during  two  seasons  with  Titjiens, 
Nilsson,  &c,  the  parts  of  Don  Juan,  Figaro, 
Valentia,  Richard  I.  in  Balf  e's  "  Talismano," 
Nevers  and  Count  Almaviva  in  the  "Nozze." 
In  1876  he  sang  for  the  last  time  baritone 
roles  at  the  Opera  Italien  in  Paris.     Feel- 
ing that  it  would  be  pernicious  to  his  voice 
to  continue  singing  parts  which  were  too 
low  for  him,   with   the   help   of   Maestro 
Striglio  he  effected  the  transformation  of 
his  voice  from  baritone  to  tenor,   but  it 
was  not  until  1880  that  he  was  prevailed 
upon  to  appear   as   Robert   le   Diable   at 
Madrid.     After   this   promising  ddbut  he 
was  chosen  by  Massenet  to  create  the  part 
of  Jean  in  "  He'rodiade,"  at   the   Theatre 
Italien,  under  the  management  of  Maurel. 
The  great  success  he  obtained  resulted  in 
his   being   engaged   at  the  Grand  Opera, 
where    he    sang  from    1885    until    1890. 
During    these    five   years   he   interpreted 
"  Le  Cid,"  especially  composed  for  him  by 
Massenet,  "  Le  Prophete,"  "L'Africaine," 
"A'ida,"   "Faust,"  "Rome'o,"  "La  Dame 
de   Montsaurau,"  "Don   Juan,"  &c.     His 
Romeo,  when  Patti  sang  Juliet,  was  not 
eclipsed  by  the  great   cantatrice,  and  he 
became    the     greatest    favourite    of    the 
Parisian   public.      In   1887   Sir   Augustus 
Harris  engaged  him  for  Drury  Lane,  and 
he    immediately     scored     a    success    as 
Radames  in  "A'ida."     Since  that  time  he 
has  appeared  in  most  of  the  popular  operas 
in  London,  always  insisting  that  each  work 
should  be  sung  in  the  original  language  in 
which  it  was  composed.     From  1891  till 
1897  he  took  part  every  winter  in  a  long 
American  tour,  singing  all  Wagner's  works 
in  German, and  thereby  gaining  his  greatest 
triumphs  in  both  continents.    Josephine 
de  Reszke,  sister  of  the  foregoing  brothers, 
was  also  a  well-known  singer.     She  died 
in  1891  as  Baroness  de  Kronenberg.    M. 


904 


SEVILLE  —  KHODES 


Jean  de  Reszke  was  created  M.V.O.  in 
June  1899.  Address  in  the  season  :  Ken- 
sington Royal  Palace  Hotel,  W. 

REVILLE,  Albert,  pastor  and  French 
Protestant  writer,  was  born  at  Dieppe, 
Nov.  4,  1826.  He  contributed  to  the  most 
important  French  Protestant  organs,  and 
by  his  writings  took  a  prominent  posi- 
tion among  his  co-religionists.  For  some 
months  he  was  suffragan  at  Nimes,  then 
pastor  at  Luneray,  near  Dieppe,  and  in 
1851  he  was  called  to  Rotterdam  as  pastor 
of  the  Walloon  Church.  In  1862  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Doctor  ;  in  1880  he  was  ap- 
pointed Titular  Professor  of  Religious 
History  in  the  College  of  France,  and  in 
1886  he  accepted  the  Presidency  of  the 
Section  des  Sciences  Religieuses  at  the 
Sorbonne.  Among  his  works  are  :  "  Au- 
thenticity du  Nouveau  Testament,"  1851 ; 
"De  la  Redemption,"  1859,  translated  into 
English  in  1864 ;  "  Essais  de  la  Critique 
Religieuse,"  1860 ;  "  Manuel  d'Histoire 
comparee  de  la  Philosophic  et  de  la  Reli- 
gion," 1861 ;  "Etudes  critiques  sur  l'Evan- 
gile  selon  St.  Matthieu,"  1862;  "Theodore 
Parker,  sa  vie  etses  ceuvres,"  1865;  "L'En- 
seignement  de  J^sus  Christ,"  1870  ;  "  His- 
toire  du  Dogme  de  la  Divinity  d'Je'sus 
Christ,"  1876;  "  Prol(%omenes  de  l'His- 
toire  des  Religions,"  1881,  translated  in 
1885  ;  "  Histoire  des  Religions,"  tomes 
i.-iv.,  1883-88.  M.  Re^ille  is  one  of  the 
chief  leaders  of  the  Liberal  movement 
among  the  French  Protestants.  In  1884 
he  delivered  the  Hibbert  lectures  on  the 
native  religions  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  and 
in  1889  published  a  work  on  "  La  Religion 
Chinoise."  His  Paris  address  is  16  Avenue 
La  Bourdonnais. 

REYER,  Ernest,  whose  real  name  is 
Rey,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  Dec.  1,  1823. 
He  studied  solfeggio  at  the  Free  School  of 
Music  in  his  native  city,  and  became  a 
good  reader.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
went  to  Algiers  as  a  Government  official, 
continuing  his  pianoforte  practice,  and 
began  to  compose  without  having  pro- 
perly learned  harmony  and  counterpoint. 
His  compositions  became  popular,  and  in 
1848,  when  the  Revolution  deprived  him 
of  his  situation,  he  returned  to  Paris  and 
completed  his  musical  education  under  his 
aunt,  Madame  Louise  Farrene.  He  com- 
posed the  music  of  "  Le  Selam,"  an 
Oriental  symphony,  which  was  produced 
with  success,  April  5,  1850;  and  "Maitre 
Wolfram,"  a  one-act  opera,  which  also  was 
successful  at  the  Theatre  Lyrique,  May  20, 
1854  ;  "  La  Statue,"  produced  at  the  same 
theatre,  April  11,  1861,  showed  much 
facility  and  power.  His  other  works  in- 
clude "  Erostate,"  performed  at  Baden  in 


1862 ;  and  "  Victoire,"  a  cantata.  His  two 
latest  operas,  "  Sigurd"  and  "  Salammbd," 
are  composed  on  purely  Wagnerian  prin- 
ciples, and  gave  rise  to  much  discussion  in 
France.  "Sigurd  "  was  produced  in  Brussels 
in  1884,  and  in  Covent  Garden  in  the 
season  of  1885.  "  Salammbd  "  was  played 
first  in  Brussels,  and  then  (1892)  in  Paris. 
M.  Reyer  has  written  for  the  Presse,  the 
Revue  de  Paris  and  Courrier  de  Paris,  and, 
after  the  death  of  Berlioz,  he  became 
musical  critic  to  the  Journal  des  Dibats. 
In  all  these  papers  he  has  defended  his 
Wagnerian  attitude.  He  is  Librarian  to 
the  Opera,  and  succeeded  David  at  the  In- 
stitute of  France  in  1876.  He  was  made 
Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
December  1891. 

REYNOLDS,  Professor  James 
Emerson,  M.D.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
Jan.  8,  1844,  at  Bootentown,  co.  Dublin, 
where  his  father,  Dr.  James  Reynolds,  was 
for  many  years  a  medical  practitioner.  He 
is  M.D.  of  the  University  of  Dublin,  and 
Doctor  of  Science  ;  Member  of  the  College 
of  Physicians,  Dublin  and  Edinburgh. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  London ;  he  is  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society  of 
London ;  has  been  Examiner  in  Chemistry 
at  the  University  of  London  from  1883, 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Science  and  Art.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1867  Keeper  of  the  Mineral 
Department  in  the  National  Museum, 
Dublin  ;  in  1870  Professor  of  Analytical 
Chemistry  in  the  Royal  Dublin  Society ; 
in  1873  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  ;  and  in 
1875  to  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry 
and  Chemical  Philosophy  in  the  University 
of  Dublin.  He  has  published  "Six  Lec- 
tures on  Experimental  Chemistry,"  1874; 
"General  Experimental  Chemistry,"  4  vols., 
1880,  which  has  gone  through  many  edi- 
tions and  been  translated  into  German  ; 
and,  with  others,  "  The  Manual  of  Public 
Health  for  Ireland,"  1876.  He  is  the  dis- 
coverer of  a  large  number  of  compounds 
of  theoretical  importance,  including  thio- 
carbamide  and  numerous  derivatives,  a 
new  class  of  colloid  bodies,  and  several 
groups  of  silicon  compounds  of  new  types; 
these  and  others  are  described  in  the 
course  of  about  ninety  papers  published 
by  various  learned  societies.  He  married, 
in  1875,  Janet  Elizabeth,  the  only  child  of 
Canon  Finlayson,  of  Christ  Church  Cathe- 
dral, Dublin,  and  has  issue,  a  son  and 
a  daughter.  Address  :  Burleigh  House, 
Burlington  Road,  Dublin. 

RHODES,  The  Right  Hon.  Cecil 
John,  D.C.L.,  M.A.,  fourth  son  of  the  Rev. 
F.  Rhodes,  "Vicar  of  Bishop  Stortford,  Hert- 


RHODES 


905 


fordshire,  was  born  on  July  5,  1853.  The 
delicate  state  of  his  health  as  a  boy  in- 
duced his  friends  to  send  him  to  South 
Africa  for  its  improvement,  and  in  1871 
he  joined  his  elder  brother,  Herbert,  at 
Natal.  He  returned  to  England  in  the 
following  year,  and  matriculated  at  Oriel 
College,  Oxford  ;  but  his  course  of  study 
was  interrupted  by  his  continual  ill  health, 
his  lungs  having  become  affected  as  the 
result  of  a  chill,  and  he  again  returned  to 
South  Africa,  settling  with  his  brother  at 
Kimberley.  The  diamond  mines  had  been 
recently  opened  there,  and  they  both 
secured  claims,  and  soon  amassed  a  large 
fortune.  Herbert  Rhodes,  however,  left 
the  mines  to  enjoy  travelling  and  hunting, 
appointing  Cecil  in  charge  of  his  property. 
Mr.  Rhodes  persevered  in  his  work,  and 
became  very  rich.  At  Kimberley  he  met 
Dr.  Jameson  and  Mr.  C.  Rudd,  and  a  close 
friendship  was  formed  between  the  three 
men.  There  is  very  little  doubt  that  while 
at  work  in  the  mines  Mr.  Rhodes  was 
gradually  maturing  his  plans  for  the  ab- 
sorption of  the  whole  of  the  continent 
south  of  the  Zambesi.  He  had  frequently 
been  heard  to  say,  pointing  to  the  map 
of  Africa,  and  sweeping  his  hand  from  the 
Cape  to  the  Zambesi — "  That's  my  dream 
—all  English."  He  did  not  neglect  his 
studies,  however,  and  during  1876  he 
entered  the  Inner  Temple,  for  a  short 
period  becoming  a  law  student ;  he  also 
found  time  between  his  journeys  to  Africa 
to  complete  his  residential  terms  at  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and  M.A. 
in  1881.  He  did  not  confine  his  attention 
at  Kimberley  entirely  to  diamonds,  but 
financed  and  managed  many  undertakings 
for  the  improvement  of  the  condition  of 
life  and  the  means  of  transit  in  those 
pioneer  days.  He  never  cared  for  money 
for  itself,  the  one  dominant  idea  of  all  his 
financial  schemes  being  the  expansion  and 
consolidation  of  Great  Britain  in  South 
Africa.  Speaking  of  himself,  he  has  said, 
"  I  saw  that  expansion  was  everything, 
and  that  the  world's  surface  being  limited, 
the  great  object  of  present  humanity  should 
be  to  take  as  much  of  the  world  as  it  pos- 
sibly could."  Mr.  Rhodes,  in  the  early 
eighties,  entered  the  Cape  Parliament  for 
Barkly  West,  and  about  that  time  met 
General  Gordon.  They  were  thrown  much 
together,  and  many  interesting  anecdotes 
have  been  recorded  of  the  relations  of  these 
two  men.  Gordon  had  formed  a  very  high 
opinion  of  Rhodes,  and  when  he  decided 
to  go  to  Khartoum  he  telegraphed  to  him 
asking  him  to  join  his  expedition ;  but 
Rhodes  decided  to  remain  at  the  Cape. 
He  was  appointed  Treasurer-General  of 
the  Cape  in  the  Scanlan  Administration, 
but  in  the  Assembly  he  chiefly  devoted 
himself  to  his  schemes  of  expansion  to  the 


north,  receiving  very  little  encouragement. 
During  1883  Mr.  Rhodes  was  sent  by  the 
Cape  Government  to  deal  with  the  question 
of  the  delimitation  of  Griqualand  West, 
and  at  the  same  time  he  obtained  from 
Mankoroane,  the  ruling  chief,  a  cession  of 
a  large  portion  of  Bechuanaland,  which 
the  Cape  Colony  refused  to  take  over.  He 
thereupon  appliedto  the  Home  Government, 
asking  them  to  administer  the  country,  and 
in  1884  an  Imperial  Protectorate  was  estab- 
lished over  the  territory  in  question.  About 
that  time  the  London  Convention  with  Mr. 
Kriiger  was  drawn  up,  and  the  Boer  Pre- 
sident began  a  rival  competition  with  Mr. 
Rhodes  for  native  territories,  ultimately 
securing  a  large  part  of  Zululand,  Stella- 
land,  and  Goschen.  Mr.  Rhodes  was  then 
appointed  Deputy  Commissioner  for  Bechu- 
analand, and  by  a  firm  policy  was  enabled 
to  keep  the  Boers  out  of,  and  to  checkmate 
the  designs  of  Mr.  Kriiger  upon, that  portion 
of  South  Africa.  The  extraordinary  fer- 
tility of  the  diamond  mines  at  Kimberley 
led  to  a  great  influx  of  settlers  there, 
the  result  being  the  formation  of  a  large 
number  of  small  companies.  Mr.  Rhodes 
seeing  the  desirability  of  limiting  the 
supply  of  diamonds,  set  himself  the  task 
of  banding  together  a  number  of  the  com- 
panies into  one,  and  thus  the  De  Beers 
Consolidated  Mines  sprang  into  existence. 
In  that  company  all  the  important  pro- 
perties were  amalgamated.  During  1886 
gold  mines  were  discovered  in  the  Trans- 
vaal, and,  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Rudd,  he 
formed  the  company  known  as  the  Gold- 
Fields  of  South  Africa,  which  has  had  a 
most  prosperous  career.  As  time  went  on 
it  became  more  and  more  evident  to  Mr. 
Rhodes  that  neither  the  Home  nor  the 
Cape  Governments  had  grasped  the  situa- 
tion in  South  Africa,  and  to  prevent  the 
absorption  by  the  Boer  Republic  of  a  vast 
region,  which  he  hoped  to  see  under  British 
rule,  he  determined  to  form  a  company 
large  enough  to  be  able  to  administer  any 
amount  of  territory.  Both  Mr.  Beit  and 
Mr.  Rothschild  favoured  the  scheme,  and 
the  British  South  Africa  Company  was 
formed.  Mr.  Kriiger  now  became  alarmed, 
and  sent  emissaries  into  Matabeleland. 
When  this  was  known  to  Mr.  Rhodes,  he 
urged  upon  Sir  Hercules  Robinson  the 
necessity  of  obtaining  concessions  from 
Lobengula,  to  whom  a  mission  was  at  once 
despatched,  with  the  result  that  the  Moffat 
Treaty,  which  amounted  in  fact  to  a  right  of 
pre-emption  over  Matabeleland,  was  signed 
in  1888.  In  that  year  Mr.  Rhodes  came 
to  London  and  secured  large  interests  in 
the  African  Lake  Company,  which  enabled 
him  to  obtain  a  free  hand  in  the  matter  of 
expansion  north  of  the  Zambesi  River. 
He  also  brought  the  De  Beers  Company 
into  the  British  South  Africa  Company, 


906 


KHODES 


and  secured  a  Royal  Charter.    This  charter 
conferred  large  administrative  powers  upon 
the  company,  and  authorised  it  to  promote 
trade  and  commerce,  and  to  work  mineral 
and  other  concessions  in  the  region  north 
of  Cape  Colony.     The  total  area  adminis- 
tered by  the  company  embraces  nearly  a 
million  square  miles,  and  includes  Rhodesia 
(Mashonaland  and  Matabeleland),  Bechu- 
analand,  and  British  Central  Africa.     Ef- 
fective   occupation    was    first    begun    in 
Mashonaland  after  a  good  deal  of  trouble, 
as  Lobengula  at  first  strongly  objected  to 
the    pioneer   force    passing    through    his 
country.      However,   Dr.   Jameson  under- 
took a  mission  to  the  Matabele  king,  and 
stayed  three  months  in  his  kraal  at  Bulu- 
wayo.      All   difficulties    having    been    re- 
moved, Mr.  Selous  was  directed  to  make  a 
road  into  Mashonaland  in  advance  of  the 
expedition.     Dr.  Jameson  now  gave  up  his 
medical  practice  at  Kimberley,  and  settled 
at  Fort  Salisbury,  as  the  representative  of 
Mr.  Rhodes,  at  whose  instance,  in   1891, 
he   was   appointed   administrator    of    the 
company.     Upon  the  defeat  of  the  Sprigg 
Ministry    in    1890    Mr.    Rhodes    became 
Premier  of  the  Cape,  and  formed  an  alli- 
ance   with   Mr.    Hofmeyr   and   the   Afri- 
kander Bond,  thus  securing  a  solid  Dutch 
vote.      During   1891    he   gave  £10,000  in 
support  of  the  cause  of   Home  Rule  for 
Ireland.     For  two  or  three  years  the  de- 
velopment  of    the   Chartered    Company's 
territories   proceeded   very  satisfactorily, 
but    during    1893    the    Matabele    became 
troublesome,   and   constantly   raided   and 
massacred  the  Mashonas,  a  more  peace- 
able tribe.     Mr.  Rhodes,  though  directed 
to  avoid  aggression,  prepared  for  war,  and 
when,   in    September,    Lobengula    placed 
himself    at   the   head   of    his   army,    Mr. 
Rhodes  went  to  Fort  Salisbury  to  direct 
operations  against  him.      After  consider- 
able   fighting,    in    which    the    Matabele 
suffered  severely,  peace  was  restored,  and, 
upon  the  death  by  fever  of  Lobengula  in 
January  1894,  a  general  submission  by  the 
natives  was   made.      Upon  his  return  to 
Cape  Town  Mr.  Rhodes  was  entertained  at 
a  public  banquet,  and  great  satisfaction 
was    expressed  with   his  conduct.      In  a 
speech  at  the  time  he  outlined  his  policy 
with  regard  to  the  natives,  and  also  his 
plans  for  railway  communication,  tariffs, 
law,  and  coinage.      About   this   time   he 
sent  three  of   Lobengula's  sons  to   Cape 
Town  to  be  educated  at  his  own  expense. 
In  company  with  Dr.  Jameson  he  came  to 
England    in   November   1894,    and    made 
several  speeches  dealing  with  Cape  politics 
and  a  "  United  South  Africa  "  on  federal 
principles.      He  was  sworn  a  Member  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  February  1895.    Early 
in  the  following  year  Mr.  Rhodes  resigned 
the  Premiership  of  the  Cape,  and  also  his 


position  as  a  Director  of  the  British  South 
Africa  Company,  owing  to  his  alleged  com- 
plicity with  the  raid  into  the  Transvaal. 
He    was    chiefly    accused    of    directing 
Jameson  to  move  to  Johannesburg,  but 
this    was    emphatically    denied    by    Dr. 
Jameson  in  a  letter  to  the  Times  in  the 
following  May.     His  connection  with  the 
Reform  movement  and  agitation  amongst 
the  English  residents  at  Johannesburg  was 
freely  admitted  before  the   Select  Com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  House  of  Commons 
to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  the  incursion 
into   the   Transvaal.      One  of   the  conse- 
quences of  the  Jameson  raid,  mainly  owing 
to  a  loss  of  prestige,  was  a  second  revolt 
of  the  Matabele.    Many  of  the  native  police 
joined  the  rebels,  taking  their  rifles  with 
them,  and  a  general  massacre  of  white 
settlers  was  contemplated.    Mr.  Rhodes  at 
once  formed  a  fighting  column  at  Salis- 
bury,  and  afterwards  inflicted  a  severe 
defeat  upon  the  Matabele  [at  Gwelo,  thus 
breaking  the  back  of  the  insurrection.     In 
August  1896,  accompanied  by  Dr.  Sauer 
and  Mr.  J.  Colenbrander,  he  went  to  the 
Matoppo  Hills  to  meet  the  native  chiefs, 
and  entered  the  stronghold  of  the  Matabele 
alone   and    unarmed.      This    greatly  im- 
pressed them,    and   they  eventually  sur- 
rendered   unconditionally.       In    January 
1897  Mr.  Rhodes  came  to  England,  receiv- 
ing a  popular  ovation.    He  was  summoned 
to   appear   before   the   Select   Committee 
appointed    to   inquire    into   the   Jameson 
raid,  and  during  his  examination  he  ad- 
mitted that  he  had  assisted  the  movement 
in  Johannesburg  with  his  purse  and  influ- 
ence, as  he  believed  that  the  persistently 
unfriendly   attitude    of    the    Government 
of  the   South   African   Republic   towards 
Cape  Colony  was  the  great   obstacle  to 
common    action    for    practical    purposes 
among  the  various  States  of  South  Africa. 
With  reference  to  the  raid,  he  said  Dr. 
Jameson  went  in  without  his  authority. 
He  also  stated  that  in  all  his  actions  he 
was  greatly  influenced  by  the  belief  that 
the  policy  of  the  Transvaal  Government 
was  to  introduce  the  influence  of  another 
foreign  power  into  the  already  complicated 
system  of  South  Africa,  and  thereby  render 
more  difficult  the  closer  union  of  the  dif- 
ferent  States.      The  committee  in  their 
report  to  the  House  of  Commons  expressed 
their  strong  disapproval  of   Mr.   Rhodes' 
conduct  throughout  the  Transvaal  crisis, 
and  the  part  he  had  taken  in  furnishing 
aid  to  the  Reform  Committee  at  Johannes- 
burg, and  they  also  stated  that  his  policy 
had  involved  him  in   grave  breaches  of 
duty  to  those  to  whom  he  owed  allegiance. 
In  the  discussion  which  followed  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  report,  Mr.  Chamberlain 
said,   "Although  Mr.   Rhodes  had  com- 
mitted as  great  a  fault  as  a  statesman  or 


EHYS 


907 


a  politician  could  commit,  nothing  had 
been  proven,  and  there  existed  nothing 
against  his  personal  character  as  a  man  of 
honour."     In  June  1897  Mr.  Khodes  re- 
turned to  South  Africa,  and  in  company 
with    Earl    Grey    went   to   Buluwayo   to 
negotiate  with  some  native  chiefs,  in  order 
to  stop  the  fighting  which  was  still  going 
on  in  various  parts  of  Mashonaland.      In 
November  Sir  Alfred  Milner  opened  the 
railway  running  between  Kimberley  and 
Buluwayo,  and  at  the  banquet  which  fol- 
lowed he  paid  a  warm  tribute  to  the  energy 
and   foresight   of   Mr.   Rhodes,   who   had 
acted  as  managing  director  of  the  line, 
and  as  the  prime  mover  in  its  construc- 
tion.      The   election   for  the    Legislative 
Council  of  the  Cape  took  place  in  March 
1898,   and   was   won    by   the    Progressive 
party,  led  and  inspired  by  Mr.  Rhodes,  on 
a  policy  of  free  food  products,  compulsory 
education,  railway  development,  and  re- 
stricted  sale   of   liquor  to   natives,  as  to 
internal  affairs  ;   coupled  with  the  larger 
policy  of  the  federation  of  the  Cape,  Natal, 
and  Charterland  under  the   British  flag. 
The  elections  for  the  Assembly,  later  in 
the   year,  were   very  closely  fought,  and 
Mr.  Rhodes  was  returned  for  both  Barkly 
West  and  Namaqualand,  but  he  elected  to 
sit  for  the  former,  his  old  constituency. 
When  all  the  papers  were  collected,  it  was 
found  that  there  were  40  Bond  candidates 
and  39  Progressives.     Sir  Gordon  Sprigg, 
who   had   succeeded   Mr.   Rhodes   in   the 
Premiership,    thereupon    resigned.       Mr. 
Rhodes's  connection  with  the  Jameson  raid 
and  the  Outlander  agitation  had   shaken 
the   faith   of   a   large   number   of    Dutch 
voters,  hence  the  secession  of  many  of  his 
former  supporters.    In  April  1898  he  came 
to  London  to  confer  with  the  Directors  of 
the  Chartered  Company  respecting  the  re- 
constitution  of  the  Board   of  the  future 
administration  of  Rhodesia.     His  scheme 
for  an  increase  of  capital  by  one  and    a 
half   millions  was   approved,  and.  at   the 
same  time  he  was  unanimously  re-elected 
by  the  shareholders  as  a  director  of  the 
company.    Since  that  date  he  has  devoted 
himself  almost  entirely  to  the  development 
of  the  Chartered  territories,  but  early  in 
1899  he  again  visited  England  in  order  to 
secure  a  Government   guarantee  for   the 
section  of  the  railway  which  he  intends 
to  lay  between  Buluwayo  and  Lake  Tan- 
ganyika.    Perhaps  the  greatest  of  his  pro- 
jects is  the  scheme  for  the  connection  of 
Cape  Town  and  Cairo  by  a  railway  and  by 
telegraph.    He  went  to  Egypt  in  March  to 
confer  with  Lord    Kitchener   as   to   the 
section   of    the    railway   to    run   through 
Egypt  and  the  Soudan.    The  only  obstacle 
now  remaining  in  the  way  of  a  trans- 
African  railway  is  the  permission  to  take 
the    line    either    through    German    East 


Africa  or  the  Congo  Free  State.  But  as 
Mr.  Rhodes  has  been  honoured  by  two 
interviews  with  the  German  Emperor,  who 
has  a  great  admiration  for  Cecil  Rhodes 
and  his  projects,  it  is  almost  certain  that 
the  line  will  go  through  German  territory. 
The  German  Government  has  also  decided 
to  guarantee  the  interest  on  the  capital 
invested  in  it.  Mr.  Rhodes  firmly  believes 
there  are  gold-fields  in  Rhodesia,  and 
hopes  soon  to  erect  batteries  for  the  crush- 
ing of  ore.  His  chief  delight  is  in  farming, 
which  he  greatly  encourages  among  the 
settlers  ;  he  also  keeps  a  large  menagerie 
at  Table  Mountain,  and  he  allows  the 
zebras,  ostriches,  and  buck  of  all  kinds 
to  run  wild  in  huge  enclosed  tracts  on  the 
mountain  side.  He  is  famous  as  a  col- 
lector of  books,  curios,  &c,  and  has  caused 
many  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  classics  to 
be  specially  translated  for  his  perusal.  He 
received  the  D.C.L.  degree  at  the  Encosnia 
at  Oxford  in  June  1899,  and  was  most  en- 
thusiastically welcomed  on  that  occasion. 

RHYS,  Ernest,  was  born  in  London 
in  1859,  and  carried  the  same  year -to  Car- 
marthen, his  father's  native  place.  He 
was  educated  there,  and  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  and  Durham  ;  studied  mining  en- 
gineering at  Langley  Park,  co.  Durham, 
and  then  threw  up,  in  1885,  his  post,  after 
passing  the  usual  Government  examina- 
tions, in  favour  of  literature.  He  edited 
the  Camelot  Series,  leading  off,  in  1886, 
characteristically,  with  Malory's  "  Morte 
d' Arthur,"  which  won  an  extraordinary  suc- 
cess. The  series  ran  to  some  eighty 
volumes.  Mr.  Rhys  has  also  written  on 
Lord  Leighton,  and  edited,  in  other  series, 
the  plays  of  Thomas  Dekker,  and  the 
poems  of  Herrick,  Geo.  Herbert,  Clough, 
and  Walt  Whitman.  More  recently  he 
has  added  to  this  list  yet  another  series, 
"The  Lyric  Poets,"  whose  twelve  volumes 
include  Campion  and  Sidney.  Marrying 
in  1891  (vide  the  succeeding  notice), 
he  retreated  to  a  mountain  cottage  at 
Geinen  Hir,  in  the  Vale  of  Llangollen, 
and  took  up  more  deliberately  the  study 
of  Welsh  poetry.  The  result  may  be  seen 
in  his  book,  "A  London  Rose,  and  other 
Rhymes,"  whose  poems,  devoted  to  Welsh 
subjects,  won  the  praise  of  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson  ;  and  in  his  more  recent  volume 
of  "Welsh  Ballads,"  published  in  1897. 
Mr.  Rhys  has  interested  himself,  as  this 
book  shows,  in  the  revival  of  Welsh  print- 
ing ;  and  in  a  recent  lecture  on  "  Welsh 
Heroes,"  he  is  said  to  have  predicted  more 
than  a  merely  fanciful  resurrection  of  the 
sword  of  Owain  Glyndwr.  Mr.  Rhys  has 
been  duly  initiated  in  the  sacred  circle  of 
the  Welsh  bards  as  "  Rhys  Goch  o  Ddyfed," 
and  is  a  well-known  contributor  on  Celtic 
subjects  to  our  contemporaries,  Literature 


908 


KHYS  —  EIBBLESDALE 


and  the  Speaker.  He  has  written  a  novel, 
with  a  Welsh  heroine,  "  The  Fiddler  of 
Came."  He  is  an  active  member  of  the 
Cymmrodorion  Club.  Address  :  (Leigh) 
Hunt  Cottage,  72  Hampstead  Vale,  N.W. 

RHYS,  Grace,  was  born  at  Knockadow, 
Boyle,  co.  Roscommon,  Ireland,  July  12, 
1865.  She  is  the  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  J.  Bennet  Little,  Esq.,  of  Knocka- 
dow, Boyle,  J.P.,  B.A.,  T.C.D.,  and  of 
Emily  his  wife,  daughter  of  William  White, 
Esq.,  of  Shrubs,  co.  Dublin.  She  was 
educated  at  Alexandra  College,  Dublin, 
and  at  the  Ladies'  College,  Cheltenham, 
and  was  married,  in  January  1891,  to 
Ernest  Rhys.  She  edited,  in  1894,  "  Cradle 
Songs,"  in  the  Canterbury  Poets  Series,  and 
in  1895-96,  the  Banbury  Cross  Series  (J.  M. 
Dent  &  Co.).  She  published,  in  1898,  a 
first  novel,  "Mary  Dominic"  (J.  M.  Dent 
&  Co.),  which  is  a  sombre  and  powerful 
story  of  rural  life  in  Ireland. 

RHYS,  John,  M.A.,  LL.D.  Edin.  ; 
Principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford  ;  born 
June  21,  1840,  at  Abercaero,  near  Pon- 
terwyd,  Cardiganshire,  served  a  pupil- 
teacher's  apprenticeship  at  Penllwyn 
British  School,  near  Aberystwyth,  from 
August  1855  to  the  end  of  1859  ;  was 
trained  at  Bangor  Normal  College  to  be  a 
public  elementary  schoolmaster  in  1860 ; 
and  had  charge  of  a  school  in  Anglesey 
till  the  end  of  1865.  He  matriculated  as 
a  commoner  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  at 
Michaelmas,  1865  ;  and  at  the  end  of  1869 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford.  He  also  attended  lectures  at 
intervals  from  1868  to  1870  at  the  Sor- 
bonne,  the  College  de  France,  and  the 
University  of  Heidelberg.  In  1870  he 
matriculated  at  Leipzig,  and  in  1871  at 
Gottingen,  but  soon  afterwards  returned, 
having  been  appointed  her  Majesty's  In- 
spector of  Schools  for  the  counties  of 
Flint  and  Denbigh,  in  May  1871.  He 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Celtic  in  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  February  1877. 
In  that  year  he  published  his  "Lectures 
on  Welsh  Philology."  He  had  previously 
been  known  as  a  Celtic  scholar  by  his 
articles  in  Kuhn's  Bcitrage  zur  vergleichen- 
den  Sprachforschung,  the  Revue  Celtique, 
and  the  A  rchceologia  Cambrensis.  Mr.  Rhys 
was  elected  a  perpetual  Member .  of  the 
Society  Linguistique  de  Paris  in  1873 ; 
made  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Dorpat  Gelehrte  Ethnische  Gesellschaft  in 
1877  ;  and  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  Oct.  30,  1877.  He 
served  on  Lord  Aberdare's  Commission, 
appointed  in  August  1880,  to  inquire  into 
the  condition  of  Intermediate  and  Higher 
Education  in  Wales.  In  October  1881  he 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Jesus  Col- 


lege, and  in  1882  a  work  of  his  on  Celtic 
Britain  was  published  by  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge.  He  was 
the  Hibbert  Lecturer  for  the  year  1886, 
and  chose  for  his  subject  "Celtic  Heathen- 
dom," as  illustrating  the  origin  and  growth 
of  religion.  In  December  1889  he  de- 
livered, in  Edinburgh,  Rhind  Lectures  on 
Archaeology,  in  connection  with  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  They 
were  subsequently  published  in  the  Scottish 
Review.  He  issued  an  edition  of  "  Pen- 
nant" in  1883,  and  in  1887  began  to  edit, 
in  conjunction  with  J.  G.  Evans,  a  "Series 
of  Welsh  Texts."  In  1891  .he  published 
"  Studies  in  the  Arthurian  Legend,"  and 
in  1892  a  paper,  entitled  "Inscriptions  and 
Languages  of  the  Northern  Picts,"  which 
was  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  The 
following  year  saw  the  publication  of  the 
Book  of  Llan  Dav,  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Evans, 
with  Professor  Rhys's  co-operation,  who 
early  in  the  year  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
In  1894  his  treatise  on  the  "  Phonology  of 
Manx  Gaelic,"  was  published  by  the  Manx 
Society.  Early  in  the  year  1895  he  was 
elected  Principal  of  Jesus  College,  and  his 
energies  were  at  once  directed  to  the 
thwarting  of  a  scheme  before  Parliament 
to  alienate  from  the  College  a  sum  of 
£20,000  belonging  to  the  Meyrick  Endow- 
ment, administered  by  it,  and  to  the 
promoting  of  legislation  to  establish  a 
closer  connection  between  Jesus  College 
and  the  three  University  Colleges  of 
Wales,  together  with  St.  David's  College, 
Lampeter.  In  1896  the  Welsh  Land  Com- 
mission, of  which  Professor  Rhys  was  a 
member,  published  its  exhaustive  report, 
containing  two  chapters  contributed  by 
him,  entitled  "Racial  Conditions,"  and 
"  Linguistic  Conditions — Welsh  and  Eng- 
lish "  ;  also  the  one  on  the  general  con- 
dition, characteristics,  and  habits  of  the 
farming  population  of  Wales.  In  the 
course  of  the  year  1897  Professor  Rhys 
was,  in  company  with  Flinders  Petrie  and 
Montelius,  elected  by  the  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland  to  be  an  honorary  member  of 
their  Society  ;  and  he  had  the  pleasure  of 
seeing  the  legislation  as  to  Jesus  College 
brought  to  a  satisfactory  close,  both  as  to 
the  Meyrick  Endowment,  and  to  the  closer 
connection  of  the  College  with  the  four 
Welsh  Colleges.  Address  :  Jesus  College, 
Oxford. 

EIBBLESDALE,  Lord,  The  Bight 
Hon.  Thomas  Lister,  P.O.,  J.P.,  was  born 
in  London  on  Oct.  29,  1854,  and  is  the  son 
of  the  3rd  Baron,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1876,  and  of  Emma,  daughter  of  Colonel 
William  Mure  of  Caldwell,  Ayrshire.  He 
entered  the  Army  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the 


EIBOT 


909 


Kifle  Brigade  in  1874,  and  retired  with 
the  rank  of  Major  in  1886.  He  was  a  Lord- 
in-Waiting  from  1880  to  1885,  and  Master 
of  the  Buckhounds  from  1892  to  1895.  He 
married  Charlotte  Monokton,  daughter  of 
Sir  Charles  Tennant,  1st  Baronet,  in  1 877. 
In  1897  Lord  Ribblesdale  published  an 
interesting  book,  entitled  "  The  Queen's 
Hounds  and  Stag-Hunting  Recollections." 
Address  :  Gisburn  Park,  Clitheroe,  &c. 

RIBOT,  Alexandre  Felix  Joseph, 

French  ex-Premier,  was  born  at  St.  Omer 
on  Feb.  7,  1842.  In  1863  he  took  his 
degree  in  law  in  Paris,  and  in  1864  was 
given  the  diplomas  of  a  Doctor  of  Laws 
and  of  a  Licentiate  of  Letters.  He  joined 
the  Bar  in  Paris,  became  First  Secretary 
of  the  Bar  Society,  and  in  1870  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Com- 
parative Legislation.  In  March  1875  he 
was  summoned  by  M.  Dufaure  to  the 
Ministry  of  Justice,  and  was  appointed 
Director  of  Criminal  Affairs  and  Pardons, 
but  afterwards  became  General  Secretary 
at  the  Ministry.  In  1876  he  re-joined  the 
Paris  Bar  on  M.  Dufaure's  retirement.  In 
April  1878,  after  having  been  a  member  of 
the  Committee  of  Legal  Resistance,  he 
was  elected  to  represent  the  Second  Cir- 
cumscription of  Boulogne-sur-Mer  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies.  He  became  one  of 
the  most  prominent  members  of  the  Moder- 
ate Left,  and  was  re-elected  for  his  old  con- 
stituency in  1881.  He  now  became  one  of 
the  principal  orators  of  the  Conservative 
Republican  party.  He  spoke  as  a  jurist 
on  the  framing  of  various  laws,  notably 
that  of  divorce,  and  in  1883  opposed  the 
proposals  put  forward  for  reorganising  the 
magistracy.  In  1885  he  was  violently  op- 
posed to  the  Tonkin  policy  of  the  Ferry 
Cabinet.  In  1886  he  failed,  owing  to  his 
moderate  opinions,  to  obtain  re-election 
in  two  constituencies,  and  retired  from 
political  life  till  March  20,  1887,  when  he 
was  returned  in  the  Pas-de-Calais.  He 
was  a  staunch  opponent  of  Boulangism, 
and  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the  uni- 
nominal  system  of  voting  which  dealt  the 
death-blow  to  the  General's  cause.  In 
September  1889  he  was  returned  for  the 
First  Circumscription  of  St.  Omer.  In 
the  New  Chamber  he  pronounced  in  favour 
of  a  conciliatory  policy,  urged  the  Re- 
publican majority  to  close  up  its  ranks, 
and  proposed  that  important  and  progres- 
sive measures  should  take  precedence  of 
others.  In  the  Cabinet  formed  by  M.  de 
Freycinet  in  March  1890,  M.  Ribot  re- 
ceived the  portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  retained  it  when  the  Cabinet  under- 
went change  in  February  1892.  To  him 
is  greatly  owing  the  distinction  of  having 
brought  about  the  Franco-Russian  under- 
standing.    On  the  retirement  of  M.  Loubet 


owing  to  the  Panama  scandals,  M.  Ribot 
became  President  of  the  Cabinet  in  Janu- 
ary 1893,  and  exchanged  the  portfolio  of 
Foreign  Affairs  for  that  of  the  Interior. 
He  still  pursued  the  policy  of  Republican 
concentration,  but  on  February  8  his 
government  was  violently  attacked  by  M. 
Cavaignac,  who  declared  that  like  its  pre- 
decessors it  was  the  slave  of  the  Radicals. 
On  February  16,  the  Chamber  passed  a 
vote  of  confidence  in  the  Government, 
which  was  thus  able  to  last  a  few  weeks 
longer,  and  to  pass  a  law  making  the  cor- 
rectional tribunals  cognisant  of  libels  in 
the  press  against  foreign  governments  or 
their  representatives.  On  March  30  the 
Ribot  government  fell,  owing  to  a  dis- 
agreement about  the  budget  between  the 
Chamber  and  the  Senate.  In  January 
1895,  on  the  election  of  M.  Faure  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  Republic,  several  at- 
tempts were  made  to  form  ministries,  but 
without  success,  until  M.  Ribot  was  ap- 
pealed to  and  at  once  chose  a  Cabinet 
On  March  17,  1895,  the  Chamber  decided 
unanimously  that  M.  Ribot's  speech  on 
the  watchmakers'  strike,  which  was  then 
causing  serious  trouble,  should  be  pla- 
carded all  over  France.  This  unusual 
honour  was  certainly  deserved,  for  the 
speech  in  question  brought  about  the  ter- 
mination of  the  strike.  M.  Ribot's  state- 
ment was  referred  to  by  M.  Rivet,  who 
made  the  proposal  as  to  publication,  as  the 
speech  not  merely  of  an  honest  man,  but 
of  a  statesman,  and  as  a  model  for  the 
whole  country  in  the  pacification  of  social 
conflicts.  The  accuracy  of  this  estimate 
may  be  gauged  by  the  following  extract 
from  M.  Ribot's  speech  :  "  The  State 
ought  to  respect  the  dignity  of  workmen 
just  as  it  requires  them  to  respect  the 
principles  of  authority.  ...  In  view  of 
the  dispute  as  to  whether  wages  had 
decreased  or  not,  there  is  but  one  course 
to  take — namely,  a  joint  verification  of 
the  facts.  The  dictates  of  authority  must 
now  be  superseded  by  the  idea  of  contract 
and  the  fulfilment  of  engagements,  and 
when  we  have  implanted  this  idea  in  the 
heart  of  all,  we  shall  have  done  much  to 
dispel  misunderstandings.  We  are  about 
to  verify  the  disputed  point  with  the 
workmen.  Hear  them  patiently,  and  see 
whether  they  are  in  the  right.  Both  sides 
have  appointed  delegates,  and  if  they  can- 
not agree  I  shall  decide  the  question  im- 
partially. If  the  workmen  are  in  the 
right,  wages  will  be  increased.  This  is 
the  way  in  which  I  understand  the  rela- 
tions between  the  State  and  its  workmen, 
and  we  shall  thus  set  a  grand  example 
of  social  pacification."  This  eloquent 
appeal  was  naturally  interpreted  by  the 
Socialists  as  a  capitulation  to  their  own 
theories,  but  the  claim  passed  unnoticed. 


910 


EICHAEDS  —  EICHMOND 


However,  Mr.  Ribot's  administration  met 
with  much  adverse  criticism.  In  the  fol- 
lowing month,  Madame  Lambert,  sister  of 
M.  Ribot,  met  with  a  fatal  accident  at 
Calais,  being  run  over  in  the  street  by 
a  train.  In  October  1895  M.  Ribot  re- 
signed on  the  question  of  the  participa- 
tion of  members  of  his  Cabinet  in  the 
Financial  Syndicate  connected  with  the 
Southern  Railways,  and  he  was  succeeded 
by  the  Cabinet  of  M.  Bourgeois  [q.v.). 
Since  this  time  M.  Ribot  has  held  no 
office,  although  he  has  been  often  ap- 
proached when  Cabinets  have  been  in  the 
making.  His  Paris  address  is  6  Rue  de 
Tournon. 

RICHARDS,  Sir  Frederick  William, 

Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  G.C.B.,  F.R.G.S., 
First  Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  was  born 
in  November  1833,  and  entered  the  navy 
in  January  1848.  He  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant in  1855,  Commander  in  18G0,  and 
Captain  in  I860.  During  the  Zulu  and 
Boer  Wars,  he  was  Commodore  of  the 
British  fleet  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa. 
He  accompanied  the  Ekowe  Relief  Column, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Ginghi- 
lovo  in  April  1879,  and  was  awarded  the 
Zulu  medal  with  clasp.  He  received  the 
C.B.  in  November  of  the  same  year.  He 
took  part  in  the  action  of  Laing's  Nek  in 
January  1881,  and  was  shortly  afterwards 
created  a  K.C.B.  Sir  Frederick  was  an 
Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen  from  June 
1879  until  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  Rear-Admiral  in  June  1882  ;  the  fol- 
lowing month  he  became  a  Lord  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Admiralty.  He  hoisted  his 
flag  as  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  East 
Indian  Station  in  May  1885,  and  also 
commanded  the  naval  forces  which  were 
landed  during  the  Burma  Annexation 
war  of  1885-86.  He  rendered  valuable 
service  throughout  that  campaign,  and 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment "  for  the  very  complete  and  prompt 
manner  in  which  his  Excellency  placed 
the  whole  force  under  his  command  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Government  of  India,  and 
for  the  admirable  manner  in  which  the 
Naval  Brigade  was  organisedandequipped." 
In  1889  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  a 
Royal  Commission  under  the  chairmanship 
of  the  present  Duke  of  Devonshire,  upon 
Army  and  Navy  Administration.  In  the 
following  year  he  went  to  China  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief on  that  station.  In  1892 
Sir  Frederick  was'  selected  as  First  Sea 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  which  position  he 
now  holds,  and  by  virtue  of  this  appoint- 
ment he  is  practically  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Navy.  He  was  created  a  G.C.B.  in 
June  1895.  In  November  1898  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet,  in  recognition  of  his  distinguished 


services,  the  promotion  to  be  additional  to 
the  existing  numbers.  He  has  consented, 
at  the  request  of  the  First  Lord,  to  con- 
tinue at  the  Admiralty  as  First  Naval 
Lord  until  the  middle  of  1899.  Address  : 
121  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

RICHMOND,  Bishop  of.  See  Pul- 
lbinb,  The  Right  Rev.  John  James. 

RICHMOND,  Sir  William  Blake, 
K.C.B.,  R.A.,  son  of  George  Richmond, 
A. R.A.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  in  LondoD,  Nov. 
29,  1843.  As  a  student  at  the  Royal 
Academy  he  obtained  two  silver  medals 
in  1857  ;  in  1860  he  exhibited  a  portrait  of 
his  two  brothers.  In  1859  and  1860  he 
travelled  in  Italy,  working  at  several 
pictures  that  were  not  exhibited.  In 
1865  he  went  again  to  Italy,  and  studied 
in  Rome,  working  at  sculpture,  architec- 
ture, fresco,  and  tempera  painting.  Be- 
tween 1865  and  1868  he  painted  the 
"Procession  of  Bacchus."  In  1870  he 
settled  in  England,  and  painted  numerous 
portraits  and  other  pictures.  In  1873  he 
executed  for  J.  S.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  of 
Lythe  Hill,  Haslemere,  a  series  of  frescoes 
illustrating  "The  Life  of  Woman."  At 
the  same  time  he  painted  a  colossal  "Pro- 
metheus Bound,"  exhibited  at  the  Academy 
the  following  spring,  with  several  portraits. 
Since  that  time  Mr.  Richmond  has  exhibited 
at  the  Grosvenorand  the  Academy  :  "Ari- 
adne abandoned  by  Theseus,"  "Sarpedon 
carried  by  Night  and  Death,"  "Electra  at 
the  Tomb  of  Agamemnon,"  "Hercules  re- 
leasing Prometheus,"  "The  Ten  Virgins," 
"An  Audience  at  Athens,"  and  "  Hermes," 
besides  portraits  of  Holman  Hunt,  Darwin, 
the  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  Lord  Cranborne, 
Princess  Louise,  and  in  1899  Miss  Muriel 
Wilson  and  the  Dean  of  St.  Paul's.  Mr. 
Richmond  was  elected  Slade  Professor  at 
Oxford,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Ruskin,  in 
1878,  but  resigned  the  post  in  1883,  when 
Mr.  Ruskin  again  filled  it.  He  received 
an  honorary  M.A.  degree,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  He 
has  made  many  studies  all  over  Italy, 
Greece,  and  Egypt  during  several  succes- 
sive autumns.  He  has  developed  great 
interest  in  local  affairs,  from  a  desire  to 
combat  the  fog  and  smoke  nuisance  which 
makes  London  so  hard  a  place  to  paint  in. 
In  1891,  being  consulted  on  the  question 
of  the  decoration  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
he  submitted  designs  for  some  portions 
of  the  choir,  which  were  accepted. 
Mr.  Richmond  here  saw  his  opportunity, 
and  determined  to  employ  mosaic,  but 
mosaic  made  in  England  and  applied  by 
English  workmen.  Messrs.  Powell,  the 
old  and  respected  firm,  answered  to  his 
expectations,  and  supplied  him  with  glass 
mosaic,  and  with  one  or  two  men  who  had 


RICHMOND  AND  GORDON  —  RICHTER 


911 


worked  in  it,     Mr.  Richmond  trained  a 
staff  of  workers  under  his  own  personal 
supervision.     The  great  work  has   grown 
slowly  but  surely  ;    the  choir  is  finished, 
the  quarters,  domes,  and  quarter  galleries 
are  being  completed,   and    it    is    hoped 
money  will  be  forthcoming  to  finish  the 
entire  decoration  of  the  Cathedral.     Upon 
the  occasion  of  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee  he 
received  the  honour  of  K.C.B. ;  the  year 
before  the  University  of  Oxford  honoured 
him  with  the  degree  of  D.C.L.    Sir  William 
is  a  Royal  Academician,  and  Associate  of 
the   Royal  Society  of  Architects,  and  of 
other  societies.     He  is  Professor  of  Paint- 
ing to  the  Royal  Academy,  from  which 
chair  he  has  lectured  on  Michael  Angelo, 
Giotto,     the     Evolution     of     Sculpture, 
the    Survival    of    Greek    Influence,    and 
other   subjects.      Sir   William   Richmond 
has  painted  several  mural  works  at  Chel- 
tenham and  elsewhere,  and  has  recently 
been   engaged  on  the   restoration   of  the 
paintings   in   several   of   the   mosques  in 
Cairo    in    conjunction    with    the    highly 
esteemed   architect,    Herz   Bey,   and  Mr. 
Ernest     Richmond.      Addresses :    Beavor 
Lodge,    Hammersmith,    W. ;    Royal  Aca- 
demy ;  and  Athenseum. 

RICHMOND  AND  GORDON,  Duke 
of,  The  Most  Noble  Charles  Henry 
Gordon-Lennox,  K.G.,  P.C.,  D.L.,  J.P., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.  (Hon.  Camb.),  eldest  son  of 
the  5th  Duke  of  Richmond,  was  born  at 
Richmond  House,  Whitehall,  Feb.  27, 1818, 
and  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  became  a  captain  in 
the  army  in  1844  ;  was  aide-de-camp  to 
the  Duke  of  Wellington  from  1842  till  1852, 
and  to  Viscount  Hardinge  from  1852  till 
1854.  In  1860  he  succeeded  his  father  as 
Duke  of  Richmond,  to  which  dukedom  was 
added  in  1876  that  of  Gordon.  His  Grace 
was  appointed  President  of  the  Poor-Law 
Board,  and  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  in 
March  1859,  and  resigned  in  June,  on  the 
retirement  of  Lord  Derby  and  his  party ; 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Garter,  Feb.  6, 
and  was  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
from  March  8,  1867,  till  December  1868. 
He  represented  West  Sussex  in  the  Con- 
servative interest  from  July  1841  till  he 
succeeded  his  father  as  6th  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, Oct.  21,  1860.  His  Grace  was  the 
acknowledged  leader  of  the  Conservative 
party  in  the  House  of  Peers  from  Feb.  26, 
1870,  till  Mr.  Disraeli's  elevation  to  the 
peerage  as  Viscount  Beaconsfield.  When 
that  party  returned  to  office  in  February 
1874,  he  was  made  Lord  President  of  the 
Council,  and  he  retained  that  office  until 
the  defeat  of  the  Conservatives  in  April 
1880.  He  introduced  the  Bill  by  which 
Church  Patronage  was  abolished  in  Scot- 
land   (1874),    and    also  the  Agricultural 


Holdings  Bill  of  1875.  In  Lord  Salisbury's 
first  Ministry  the  Duke  of  Richmond  held 
the  post  of  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  from  January  to  August  1885,  and 
was  then  appointed  to  fill  the  new  post  of 
Secretary  for  Scotland  ;  but  he  held  no 
office  in  Lord  Salisbury's  second  Ministry. 
He  is  Hereditary  Constable  of  Inverness 
Castle,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Banffshire, 
Elder  Brother  of  the  Trinity  House,  and, 
since  1885,  has  been  an  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioner.  He  married,  in  1843, 
Frances,  daughter  of  Algernon  Frederick 
Greville.  This  lady  died  in  1887.  Ad- 
dresses :  40  Belgrave  Square,  S.W.  ; 
Gordon  Castle,  Banffshire,  &c. 

RICHTER,  Hans,  Mus.  Doc.  Oxon.,  a 
celebrated  conductor  of  orchestral  con- 
certs, was  born  April  4,  1843,  at  Raab,  in 
Hungary,  where  his  father  was  Capell- 
Meister  of  the  Cathedral.  In  1853  he 
entered  the  Lowenburg  School  in  Vienna. 
For  three  or  four  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Court  Chapel  Choir,  and  in  1859 
entered  the  Conservatorium,  studied  the 
horn  under  Kleinecke,  and  theory  under 
Sechter.  For  some  time  he  was  horn- 
player  in  the  orchestra  of  the  Karnth- 
nerthor  Opera.  Esser  brought  him  under 
the  notice  of  Wagner,  who  took  him  to 
Lucerne,  and  there  he  made  the  first  fair 
copy  of  the  score  of  the  "Meistersinger." 
In  1868  he  became  conductor  at  the  Hof 
and  National  Theatre,  Munich.  Early  in 
1871  he  went  to  Pesth  as  chief  conductor 
of  the  National  Theatre.  He  first  attracted 
general  attention  in  January  1875,  when 
he  conducted  a  grand  orchestral  concert 
in  Vienna,  and  was  invited  to  assume 
direction  of  the  Court  Opera  Theatre  on 
the  retirement  of  Herbeck  in  April  of  the 
same  year.  Previous  to  this  he  had  been 
conducting  the  rehearsal  of  the  "  Niebe- 
lungen  Ring"  at  Bayreutb,  and  in  1876 
he  directed  the  whole  of  the  rehearsals 
and  performances  of  the  Festival  there, 
and  received,  at  the  close  of  the  third  set 
of  performances,  the  Order  of  Maximilian 
from  the  King  of  Bavaria,  and  that  of  the 
Falcon  from  the  Grand-Duke  of  Weimar. 
In  1877  he  produced  the  "  Walkyrie  "  in 
Vienna,  and  followed  it  in  1878  by  other 
portions  of  the  tetralogy.  The  same  year 
he  was  made  Capell-Meister,  and  received 
the  Order  of  Franz  Joseph.  In  1879  he 
began  the  series  of  Orchestral  Concerts  in 
London,  which,  under  his  direction,  have 
been  annually  continued,  and  have  excited 
much  attention.  He  has  also  conducted 
many  performances  of  German  operas  in 
London,  notably  those  of  Wagner.  Dr. 
Richter  has  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
scores  of  Beethoven's  symphonies  and 
other  large  works,  and  conducts  them 
from   memory.      In   1885  he  was  chosen 


912 


RIDDELL  — RIDLEY 


Director  of  the  Birmingham  Festival,  and 
in  1893  he  received  a  handsome  offer  from 
Chicago,  but  was  prevented  from  going  to 
the  Exposition  by  the  Viennese  authori- 
ties. In  September  1898  he  resigned  his 
post  as  Conductor  of  the  Vienna  Philhar- 
monic Society,  having  suffered  from  rheu- 
matism in  his  right  arm,  and  being  only 
able  to  wield  the  baton  with  his  left.  His 
successor  is  Herr  Gustave  Mahler,  Director 
of  the  Opera  House. 

RIDDELL,  The  Right  Rev.  Arthur, 
Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Northampton, 
the  third  son  of  the  late  Edward  Riddell, 
of  Bootham  House,  York,  by  his  wife,  the 
Hon.  Catharine,  sister  of  the  8th  Baron 
Beaumont,  was  born  in  Paris  on  Sept.  15, 
1836,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Gregory's 
College,  Downside,  near  Bath,  and  at  St. 
Cuthbert's  College,  Ushaw,  near  Durham. 
He  was  ordained  priest  in  1859,  and  bis 
first  mission  was  that  of  St.  Charles's, 
Hull,  where  he  worked  for  fourteen  years. 
Upon  the  death  of  Canon  Walker  of  Scar- 
borough, in  1873,  he  was  appointed  to  that 
mission,  where  he  remained  until  his 
elevation  to  episcopal  dignity.  In  June 
1880  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  North- 
ampton, and  has  laboured  so  assiduously 
in  his  diocese,  that  the  number  of  his 
clergy  has  increased  from  34  to  71,  and 
that  of  the  laity  from  6000  to  about 
10,000.  Address :  Bishop's  House,  Mar- 
riott Street,  Northampton. 

RIDDELL,  Mrs.  Charlotte  Eliza 
Lawson,  is  the  youngest  child  of  James 
Cowan,  of  Carrickfergus,  formerly  High 
Sheriff  for  the  county  of  that  town.  She 
married  J.  H.  Riddell,  Esq.,  a  civil  engi- 
neer, by  whose  initials  she  is  generally 
known.  Mrs.  Riddell  is  the  author  of 
many  popular  novels,  including :  "  Too 
Much  Alone,"  "City  and  Suburb,"  "World 
in  the  Church,"  "George  Geith,"  "Max- 
well Drewitt,"  "  Phemie  Keller,"  "Race 
for  Wealth,"  "Far  above  Rubies,"  "First 
and  Last  Love,"  "Life  Assize,"  "Austin 
Friars,"  "Home,  Sweet  Home,"  "The 
Earl's  Promise,"  "  Mortomley's  Estate," 
"Above  Suspicion,"  "Her  Mother's  Dar- 
ling," "The  Mystery  in  Palace  Gardens," 
"  The  Senior  Partner,"  "  Daisies  and  But- 
tercups," "A  Struggle  for  Fame,"  "  Alaric 
Spenceley,"  "  Susan  Drummond,"  "  Berna 
Boyle,"  "Mitre  Court,"  "  Miss  Gascoigne," 
"The  Nun's  Curse,"  "Princess  Sunshine," 
"  A  Mad  Tour,"  "A  Silent  Tragedy,"  "  The 
Head  of  the  Firm,"  "The  Rusty  Sword," 
"Did  He  Deserve  It?"  "A  Rich  Man's 
Daughter."  The  last  two  appeared  in  1897. 
Address  :  3  Bulstrode  Road,  Hounslow,  W. 

RIDDELL,  Mrs.  J.  H.  See  Riddell, 
Mks.  Charlotte  E.  L. 


RIDDING,  The  Right  Rev.  George, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Southwell,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Charles  Ridding,  Vicar  of  An- 
dover,  by  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  late 
Ven.  Timothy  Stonhouse-Vigor,  third  son 
of  Sir  James  Stonhouse,  7th  Bart.,  was 
born  March  16,  1828  ;  educated  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  Winchester,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford  (Craven  Scholar,  B.A., 
first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.,  second  class  in 
Mathematics,  and  Fellow  of  Exeter  Col- 
lege, 1851,  Latin  Essay  and  M.A.  1853, 
D.D.  1869)  ;  ordained  Deacon  1854,  and 
Priest  1856  ;  was  a  Tutor  of  Exeter  Col- 
lege 1852-63,  Junior  Proctor  of  Oxford 
University  1861-62,  Select  Preacher  1862- 
64  and  1890-91,  Second  Master  of  Win- 
chester College  1863-66,  and  Head-Master 
of  Winchester  College  1867-84 ;  conse- 
crated first  Bishop  of  Southwell,  May 
1,  1884;  married,  (1)  1858,  Mary  Louisa, 
who  died  1859,  daughter  of  the  Right  Rev. 
George  Moberly,  D.C.L.,  92nd  Bishop  of 
Salisbury  ;  (2)  1876,  Lady  Laura  Elizabeth 
Palmer,  daughter  of  the  1st  Earl  of  Sel- 
borne.  Address  :  Thurgoldton  Priory, 
Southwell,  Notts. 

EIDGEWAT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Joseph  West,  K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  Governor 
of  Ceylon,  was  born  in  1844,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Joseph  Ridgeway,  of 
Tunbridge  Wells.  He  entered  the  Indian 
army  as  ensign  in  1861,  attaining  the 
rank  of  Colonel  in  1885.  He  served  in 
the  Afghan  War  in  1879,  his  services  being 
several  times  acknowledged  in  despatches. 
He  was  Under  Secretary  to  the  Government 
of  India,  1880-84,  in  which  latter  year  he 
was  appointed  Assistant-Commissioner  for 
the  Demarcation  of  the  NW.  Boundary  of 
Afghanistan,  for  which  he  received  the 
thanks  of  her  Majesty's  Government.  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  Commissioner  for 
the  Delimitation  of  the  Afghan  Frontier 
between  the  Heri  Rud  and  the  Oxus.  In 
1887  Sir  West  Ridgeway  filled  the  post  of 
Under  Secretary  at  Dublin  Castle,  and  in 
1892  was  sent  as  Envoy-Extraordinary  on 
a  special  mission  to  the  Sultan  of  Mo- 
rocco. From  1893  to  1895  he  was  Gover- 
nor of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  appointed  to  his  present  post. 
He  married  Lina,  daughter  of  R.  C. 
Bewick,  in  1881.  Address  :  Colombo, 
Ceylon. 

RIDLEY,  Sir  Edward,  Justice  of  the 
High  Court,  is  a  brother  of  Sir  Matthew 
White  Ridley,  and  was  born  at  Blagdon,  the 
family  seat  in  Northumberland.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a  first 
class  in  Classical  Moderations  in  1864,  and 
in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1866.  He  was  afterwards 
elected  a  Fellow  of  All  Souls.     He  was 


KIDLEY  —  KIGG 


913 


called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1868,  and  went  the  Northern  and  NE. 
Circuits.  From  1878  to  1880  he  sat  for  a 
short  time  in  the  House  of  Commons  as 
Conservative  member  for  South  Northum- 
berland. In  1886  he  was  appointed  to  the 
important  position  of  Official  Referee  of 
the  High  Court  of  Judicature,  and  took 
silk  in  1892.  In  April  1897  he  was  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  High  Court,  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Justice  Charles,  resigned,  and 
was  knighted  in  May.  He  is  favourably 
known  to  scholars  as  the  translator  of  the 
"Pharsalia."  He  married,  in  1882,  Alice, 
second  daughter  of  the  late  Colonel 
William  Bromley-Davenport,  M.P.  Ad- 
dresses :  48  Lennox  Gardens,  S.W. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

RIDLEY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Matthew  "White,  Bart.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  M.P., 
Home  Secretary,  was  born  at  Carlton 
House  Terrace  on  July  25,  1842,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Matthew  White 
Ridley,  5th  Baronet,  of  Blagdon,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1877.  He  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  a  scholar.  He  graduated 
B.A.,  after  being  placed  in  the  first  class 
in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1865,  and  was  a  Fellow  of 
All  Souls  from  1865  to  1873  (M.A.  1867). 
His  parliamentary  career  began  in  1868, 
when  he  was  elected  Conservative  member 
for  Northumberland  (North).  He  repre- 
sented this  constituency  until  1885.  In 
1886  he  was  returned  for  the  Blackpool 
Division  of  Lancashire,  which  he  now  re- 
presents. He  was  Under-Secretary  for  the 
Home  Department  from  1878  to  1880, 
Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury  in 
1885-86,  and  was  appointed  Secretary  for 
the  Home  Department  in  1895.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  an  Ecclesi- 
astical Commissioner.  He  was  mentioned 
as  a  possible  successor  to  Speaker  Peel. 
For  many  years  (1873-95)  he  was  Chair- 
man of  Quarter  Sessions  in  Northumber- 
land, is  Chairman  of  the  County  Council 
of  that  county,  and  was  at  one  time  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  Northumberland  Yeomanry. 
He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in 
1892.  He  is  a  Governor  of  Harrow.  He 
married,  in  1873,  Mary,  daughter  of  the 
1st  Lord  Tweedmouth.  She  died  on  Mar. 
14,  1899.  The  death  of  this  popular  lady 
is  a  loss  to  the  Conservative  party,  she 
having  been  one  of  the  few  hostesses 
accustomed  to  entertain  its  members. 
Addresses :  10  Carlton  House  Terrace, 
S.W.  ;  and  Athenaaum. 

RIGBY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John, 

Lord  Justice  of  Appeal,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Thomas  Rigby,  Esq.,  of  Halton, 
Cheshire,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Joseph  Kendal,    Esq.,   and  was   born    in 


1834.  He  received  his  education  at  Liver- 
pool College,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  was  the  second  Wrangler, 
and  Smith's  Prizeman  of  his  year  ;  M.A., 
1859.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  from 
1856  to  1866,  and  in  1860  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  1881  he  be- 
came a  Q.C.,  and  a  Bencher  in  1884.  He 
was  Junior  Counsel  to  the  Treasury  from 
1875  to  1881,  and  in  December  1885  entered 
Parliament  as  Liberal  Member  for  the 
North,  or  Wisbeach  Division  of  Cam- 
bridgeshire. He  sat  for  this  constituency 
till  June  1886.  On  July  11,  1892,  he  re- 
entered Parliament  as  Gladstonian  Liberal 
member  for  Forfarshire,  and  was  appointed 
Solicitor-General  in  August,  at  the  same 
time  receiving  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
In  1894  he  was  appointed  Attorney-Gene- 
ral, and  in  1894  was  raised  to  the  Bench 
as  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal.  Addresses  : 
11  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  and  Athe- 
naeum, &c. 

RIGG,  The  Rev.  James  Harrison, 

D.D.,  was  born  on  Jan.  16,  1821,  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  being  the  second  son  of 
the  Rev.  John  Rigg,  a  Wesleyan  minister 
who  was  eminent  in  his  day.  He  received 
his  education  at  Old  Kingswood  School, 
where  he  was  afterwards  a  teacher,  and  in 
1845  he  entered  the  Wesleyan  ministry. 
He  was  one  of  the  leading  writers  for  the 
Biblical  Review  (1846-49).  For  many  years 
the  Wesleyan  Conference  was  more  in- 
debted for  the  defence  and  exposition  of 
its  proceedings  and  principles  to  this 
young  minister  than  to  any  other  person. 
In  1865  he  was  elected  by  the  Conference 
to  be  Chairman  of  the  Kent  District,  and 
in  1866  a  member  of  the  "Hundred,"  or 
the  "  Legal  Conference."  In  1868  he  was 
elected  Principal  of  the  Wesleyan  Training 
College,  a  position  which  he  still  holds. 
In  1878  Dr.  Rigg  was  chosen  President  of 
the  Wesleyan  Conference.  His  name  is 
associated  with  the  admission  of  laymen 
in  the  Conference  that  year,  and  with  the 
Thanksgiving  Fund,  which  has  realised 
over  £300,000  for  Methodist  work.  In 
1892  he  received  the  rare  honour  of  a 
second  election  to  the  Presidency  of  the 
Conference.  For  many  years  (till  1896) 
Dr.  Rigg  was  Chairman  of  the  "  Second 
London  District  Synod  "  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Church.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  London  School 
Board,  on  which  he  represented  West- 
minster for  six  years.  In  1886,  1887,  and 
1888,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Elementary  Education.  He 
has  written  ' '  The  Principles  of  Wesleyan 
Methodism,"  1850  ;  "  Connexionalism  and 
Congregational  Independency,"  1851  ;  and 
"The  Connexional  Economy  of  Wesleyan 
Methodism,"   1879  ;    "  Modern    Anglican 

3  M 


914 


RILEY  —  RIPON 


Theology,"  1857  (3rd  edit.,  enlarged  1879)  ; 
"Essays  for  the  Times  on  Ecclesiastical 
and  Social  Subjects,"  1866  ;  "  The  Cburch- 
manship  of  John  Wesley,"  now  in  its  3rd 
edit.  :  "  The  Living  Wesley  as  he  was  in 
his  Youth  and  in  his  Prime,"  now  pub- 
lished in  an  enlarged  form  as  "  The  Cen- 
tenary Life  of  Wesley,"  1891  ;  "  National 
Education  in  its  Social  Conditions  and 
Aspects,  and  Public  Elementary  Schools, 
British  and  Foreign,"  1873  ;  "  Discourses 
and  Addresses  on  Leading  Truths  of 
Religion  and  Philosophy,"  1880;  "The 
Sabbath  and  the  Sabbath  Law  before  and 
after  Christ,"  1881  ;  "  Was  Wesley  a  High 
Churchman  ?  "  and  "  Is  Modern  Method- 
ism Wesleyan  Methodism  ?  or  Wesleyan 
Methodism  and  the  Church  of  England," 
and  "  Church  Organisation  :  Primitive  and 
Protestant,"  1887  (2nd  edit.,  much  en- 
larged, 1891  ;  3rd  edit.,  revised  and  again 
greatly  enlarged,  1897)  ;  "  Oxford  High 
Anglicanism  and  its  Chief  Leaders,"  1895. 
Dr.  Eigg  was  formerly  English  correspond- 
ent of  the  Nev)  Orleans  Christian  Advocate 
(1851),  and  of  the  New  York  Christian 
Advocate  (1858-76).  He  has  written  for 
the  Wesleyan  Magazine,  the  Quarterly,  Con- 
temporary, and  International  Reviews,  and 
has  contributed  articles  on  Methodism  to 
the  new  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  He  has  for  many  years  been 
the  editor  of  the  London  Quarterly  Review, 
which  is  the  quarterly  literary  organ  of 
the  Wesleyan  Methodists.  Throughout 
his  whole  course  he  has  held,  as  an  edu- 
cationist, a  position  opposed  to  secularism 
and  equally  opposed  to  sectarian  exclusive- 
ness.  Addresses :  Westminster  College, 
139  Horseferry  Road,  S.  ;  and  79  Brixton 
Hill,  S.W. 

RILEY,  John  Athelstan  Lawrie,  is 
the  only  son  of  John  Riley,  barrister,  of 
an  ancient  Yorkshire  stock,  the  De  Ryleys, 
and  was  born  in  London  on  Aug.  10,  1858. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  M.A. 
in  1884.  Not  being  called  upon  to  put  his 
hand  to  the  plough,  on  leaving  the  Uni- 
versity he  travelled  extensively  in  the 
East,  visiting  Turkey  and  Persia,  and 
especially  familiarising  himself  with  the 
wild  and  little-known  district  called  Kur- 
distan. Having  been  an  eye-witness  of 
the  sufferings  of  the  Christians  of  Eastern 
Turkey  at  the  hands  of  the  Kurds,  he  has 
more  than  once  assisted  in  exposing  the 
horrors  of  Turkish  misrule.  One  result  of 
his  travels  has  been  the  introduction 
amongst  the  Christian  population  of 
North-Westem  Persia  of  a  system  of  edu- 
cation which  has  been  very  successful, 
whilst  he  practically  laid  the  foundation 
of  what  is  now  known  as  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury's  Mission  to  the  Assyrian 


Christians.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society ;  a  member  of  the 
London  Diocesan  Conference,  and  of  the 
House  of  Laymen  of  the  province  of  Can- 
terbury ;  and  Honorary  Treasurer  of  the 
Church  Education  and  Voluntary  Schools 
Defence  Union  for  the  Metropolis,  in  the 
founding  of  which  he  took  a  leading  part. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  London  School 
Board  from  1891  to  1897,  when  he  retired. 
As  member  of  the  Board  he  was  the 
prominent  champion  of  Anglicanism.  He 
published  in  1897  "  Athos,  or  the  Moun- 
tain of  the  Monks,"  and  has  written  various 
pamphlets  and  many  articles  on  educa- 
tional subjects  and  on  the  Eastern  Chris- 
tians and  travel.  Some  of  these  articles 
have  appeared  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
In  1887  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Right  Hon.  and  Rev.  Viscount  Moles- 
worth.    Address  :  2  Kensington  Court,  W. 

RINGER,  Sidney,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1836,  his  father  being 
in  business  in  Norwich.  He  was  educated 
at  Dr.  Brewer's  School,  and  at  University 
College,  London,  where  he  has  been  Pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics, 
and  Professor  of  Medicine,  and  at  present 
holds  the  Chair  of  Clinical  Medicine.  He 
has  been  Assistant-Physician  at  Univer- 
sity College  Hospital,  and  is  now  Physician 
there  and  at  the  Children's  Hospital,  Great 
Ormond  Street.  He  has  been  Examiner  at 
the  University  of  London  and  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  of  London,  and  is 
Hon.  Member  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society  and  New  York  Medical  Society, 
and  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Medicine,  Paris.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Handbook  of  Therapeutics,"  13th 
edit. ;  "Temperature  in  Phthisis,"  2nd  edit. ; 
besides  contributing  numerous  papers  to 
the  Physiological  Journal  and  medical  jour- 
nals. Addresses:  15  Cavendish  Place,  W.; 
and  Leestingham,  Sinnington,  Yorks. 

RIPON,  Marquis  of,  The  Most 
Hon.  George  Frederick  Samuel  Rob- 
inson, P.O.,  KG.,  G.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  D.L..J.P., 
D.C.L.  (Hon.  Oxford),  Litt.D.  (Hon.  Vic- 
toria), F.R.S.,  Bart.,  long  known  as  Earl 
de  Grey  and  Ripon,  is  the  only  son  of 
Frederick  John,  1st  Earl  of  Ripon  (better 
known  by  his  original  title  of  Viscount 
Goderich,  which  he  bore  when  he  held  the 
post  of  Premier  for  a  few  months  in  1827), 
by  Lady  Sarah  Albina  Louisa  Hobart,  only 
child  of  Robert,  4th  Earl  of  Buckingham- 
shire. He  was  born  in  London,  Oct.  24, 
1827,  and  succeeded  to  his  father's  titles, 
Jan.  28,  1859,  and  to  those  of  his  uncle,  as 
3rd  Earl  de  Grey,  November  14,  in  the 
same  year.  He  began  his  political  life  as 
attache'  to  a  special  mission  to  Brussels  in 
1849.     At  the  General  Election  in  1852  he 


RIPON  —  RIPPMANN 


915 


was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  by 
his  courtesy  title  of  Viscount  Goderich  as 
member  for  Hull,  and  continued  to  sit  for 
that  borough  until  1853.  In  that  year  he 
was  elected  for  Hudderslield,  where  he 
succeeded  in  winning  the  seat  for  the 
Liberals  by  a  majority  of  eighty.  At  the 
General  Election  in  1857  he  was  returned 
for  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  without 
opposition.  In  June  1859,  the  year  in 
which  he  succeeded  to  the  Ujroer  House, 
Lprd  Herbert  selected  him  for  the  post  of 
Under-Secretary  for  War,  and  in  February 
1861,  upon  the  accession  of  Sir  George  C. 
Lewis,  he  was  made  Under-Secretary  for 
India.  Upon  the  death  of  Sir  G.  C. 
Lewis,  in  April  1863,  his  lordship,  who' 
had  shown  great  efficiency  in  his  subor- 
dinate office,  took  the  place  of  his  chief 
as  Secretary  for  War,  together  with  a 
seat  in  the  Cabinet.  He  remained  at  the 
War  Office  nearly  three  years,  and  in 
February  1866,  when  Sir  Charles  Wood, 
afterwards  Viscount  Halifax,  withdrew 
from  the  Ministry,  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India.  On  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's accession  to  office  in  December 
1868,  he  was  appointed  Lord  President  of 
the  Council,  but  he  resigned  that  office  in 
August  1873.  He  was  created  a  Knight  of 
the  Garter  in  1869.  In  1871  he  acted  as 
Chairman  of  the  High  Joint  Commission 
which  arranged  the  Treaty  of  Washing- 
ton ;  and  in  recognition  of  the  services  he 
rendered  in  that  capacity  he  was,  soon 
after  his  return  from  the  United  States, 
created  Marquis  of  Ripon.  His  lordship, 
who  is  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieu- 
tenant for  the  North  and  West  Ridings 
of  Yorkshire,  and  for  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  was  created  an  honorary  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  in  1870,  and  on  April  23  in  that 
year  was  installed  as  Grand  -  Master  of 
the  Freemasons  of  England,  in  succession 
to  Lord  Zetland.  In  the  autumn  of  1874 
the  Grand  Lodge  received  a  communica- 
tion to  the  effect  that  the  Marquis  of 
Ripon  had  resigned  the  post  of  Grand 
Master,  and  their  surprise  was  heightened 
to  dismay  by  the  circumstance  that  he 
did  so  without  assigning  any  reason  for 
the  step.  A  few  days  afterwards,  how- 
ever, it  transpired  that  his  lordship  had 
joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  which, 
as  is  well  known,  has  condemned  Free- 
masonry and  all  other  oath-bound  societies. 
The  reception  of  the  Marquis  into  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  took  place  at  the 
Oratory,  Brompton,  Sept.  7,  1874,  and  his 
conversion  gave  rise  to  much  comment  in 
the  public  journals,  both  here  and  on  the 
Continent.  On  the  return  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone to  power,  the  Marquis  of  Ripon  was 
appointed  Viceroy  of  India.  He  arrived  at 
Bombay,  May  29, 1880,  and  was  installed  in 
Simla,  June  8.  -  On  June  18  a  large  meeting 


was  held  in  Exeter  Hall  to  protest  against 
the  appointment  of  a  Roman  Catholic  to 
the  Viceroyalty  of  India.  As  Viceroy 
Lord  Ripon  excited  much  diversity  of 
opinion  by  his  policy,  which  was  directed 
towards  extending  the  rights  of  natives  of 
India,  and,  in  certain  directions,  towards 
limiting  the  privileges  of  Europeans.  The 
excitement  caused  by  the  famous  "Ilbert 
Bill  "  was  the  chief  instance  of  this  ;  and 
in  a  word  it  may  be  said  that  there  never 
was  a  Viceroy  so  unpopular  among  Anglo- 
Indians,  or  so  popular  among  natives. 
Lord  Ripon's  departure  was  the  occasion 
of  the  most  extraordinary  manifestations 
in  his  favour  on  the  part  of  the  Hindoo 
population  of  Bengal  and  Bombay.  In 
Mr.  Gladstone's  short  "  Home  Rule  " 
administration  Lord  Ripon  was  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  On  the  return  of 
his  party  to  power  in  1892  he  was 
appointed  Colonial  Secretary.  In  1895  he 
was  Mayor  of  Ripon.  The  Marquis  was 
elected  in  1882  President  of  the  Yorkshire 
College,  Leeds.  He  married,  in  April  1851, 
Henrietta  Anne  Theodosia,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  late  -Mr.  Henry  Vyner ;  she  has 
been  a  Lady  of  the  Bedchamber  to  the 
Princess  of  Wales.  He  has  surviving 
issue,  Frederick  Oliver,  born  Jan.  29,  1852, 
now  Earl  de  Grey,  heir  to  the  marquisate. 
Addresses:  9  Chelsea  Embankment,  S.W.; 
Studley  Royal,  Ripon  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

RIPON,  Assistant-Bishop  of.     See 

Hellmuth,  The  Right  Rev.  Isaac. 

RIPON,  Bishop  of.  See  Cakpenteb, 
The  Right  Rev.  William  Boyd. 

RIPPMANN,  Walter,  born  in  Lon- 
don on  January  22,  1869,  was  educated  in 
Germany,  1881-3,  and  at  Dulwich  College, 
1883-7.  Entrance  Scholarship  in  Modern 
Languages  at  Gonville  and  Caius  College, 
Cambridge,  1887;  London  B.A.,  Honours 
in  French  and  German,  1887  ;  second  class 
in  Classical  Tripos,  part  i.,  1889  ;  first  class 
in  Mediseval  and  Modern  Languages  Tripos, 
1890;  London  M.A.,  Modern  Languages, 
1890 ;  Classics,  1894 ;  second  class  in 
Classical  Tripos,  part  ii.,  1891,  and  in 
Indian  Languages  Tripos,  1892.  He  was 
Assistant- Lecturer  in  Modern  Languages 
at  Gonville  and  Caius,  1890-97  ;  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  German  Language 
and  Literature  at  Queen's  College,  Harley 
Street,  1896,  and  at  Bedford  College, 
1896-98  ;  Lecturer  at  Mr.  Wren's,  Powis 
Square,  1897.  He  is  editor  of  "Twenty 
Stories  from  Grimm,"  Pitt  Press,  1896  ;  of 
"  Eight  Stories  from  Andersen,"  Pitt  Press, 
1898;  of  Grillparser's  "Sappho,"  Mac- 
millans,  1898  ;  and  of  Dent's  Modern 
Language  Series.  Address  :  41  Westmore- 
land Road,  Bayswater,  W. 


916 


EISTICH  — RITCHIE 


RISTICH,  John,  a  Servian  statesman, 
born  at  Kragujevatz  in  1831,  began  his 
studies  in  Germany  and  continued  them  in 
Paris.  Under  the  government  of  Prince 
Karageorgevitch  he  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary and  afterwards  head  of  a  department 
in  the  office  of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior. 
Milosch  Obrenovitch  III.,  on  his  return  in 
1858,  appointed  M.  Ristich  secretary  to  a 
deputation  which  he  sent  to  Constanti- 
nople ;  and  at  a  later  period  the  same 
Prince  accredited  him  as  the  representa- 
tive of  Servia  at  the  Sublime  Porte. 
Scarcely  had  he  been  installed  in  his  post, 
however,  when  the  crisis  commenced 
which  culminated  in  the  bombardment  of 
Belgrade,  1862.  11.  Ristich  extricated 
himself  with  such  ability  from  the  diffi- 
culties which  ensued,  that  five  years  later 
(1867)  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  the 
evacuation  of  all  the  Servian  fortresses 
occupied  up  to  that  time  by  the  Turkish 
troops.  This  service  gained  for  him  the 
portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs,  but  he  soon 
resigned  it  in  consequence  of  his  inability 
to  agree  with  Prince  Michael  on  certain 
questions  of  detail.  He  wae  present  as 
the  representative  of  Prince  Michael  at 
the  baptism  of  Prince  Nicholas  of  Monte- 
negro. While  on  his  way  back  from 
Cettinje  he  learned  the  news  that  Prince 
Michael  had  been  assassinated  (July  10, 
1868),  and  had  been  succeeded  by  his 
grand-nephew,  Prince  Milan.  The  young 
Prince  was  then  pursuing  his  studies  in 
Paris,  and  the  provisional  government 
which  had  been  established  sent  M. 
Ristich  to  that  capital  to  escort  him  to 
Servia.  On  the  Prince's  arrival  at  Bel- 
grade the  Grand  National  Skuptschina 
was  convoked,  and  nominated  a  Council  of 
Regency,  composed  of  three  members,  to 
govern  the  country  during  the  Prince's 
minority.  M.  Blasnavatz,  M.  Ristich,  and 
M.  Gavrilovitch  formed  this  Council, 
which  discharged  its  functions  till  1872, 
when  the  Prince  attained  his  majority. 
This  Council  then  became  a  Ministry,  in 
which  M.  Ristich  held  the  portfolio  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  and  on  the  decease  of  his 
colleague,  Col.  Blasnavatz,  he  became 
President  of  the  Council.  He  afterwards 
withdrew  from  public  life  for  two  years, 
until  the  insurrection  occurred  in  Herze- 
govina, when  he  became  Minister  for 
Foreign  Affairs.  In  May  1876  he  and  his 
friends  returned  to  office,  which  they  had 
been  obliged  to  resign  eight  months  pre- 
viously, in  consequence  of  the  diplomatic 
pressure  of  the  Cabinets  of  Vienna,  Berlin, 
and  St.  Petersburg.  He  held  the  office  of 
Foreign  Minister  during  the  disastrous 
war  with  Turkey  (1877),  in  which  the 
Servians  were  thoroughly  defeated.  In 
1878  he  was  sent  to  the  Congress  of 
Berlin,  where  he  successfully  pleaded  the 


cause  of  Servia's  independence.  Since 
that  date  he  has  often  been  prominent  in 
Servian  affairs,  but  his  strong  pro-Russian 
leanings  long  prevented  his  holding  office 
since  Servia  began  to  incline  definitely 
towards  Austria  for  support.  However, 
in  1889,  on  the  abdication  of  King  Milan, 
he  became  head  of  the  Regency  during 
the  minority  of  King  Alexander.  When 
in  1893,  however,  the  young  king  suddenly 
took  the  reins  of  power  into  his  own 
hands,  he  was  dismissed,  and  ordered  to 
leave  Servia. 

RISTORI,  Adelaide.  See  Geillo, 
Marquise  del. 

RITCHIE,  Anne  Isabella,  wife  of 
Mr.  Richmond  Ritchie,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  was  born 
in  Albion  Street,  London.  Some  years  of 
her  childhood  were  spent  in  Paris,  but  she 
has  passed  the  greater  part  of  her  life  in 
Kensington.  Her  first  published  work 
was  "The  Story  of  Elizabeth,"  1863, 
which  was  at  once  successful ;  this  was 
followed  in  1865  by  "  The  Village  on  the 
Cliff  "  ;  "  To  Esther,  and  other  Sketches  "  ; 
"  Old  Kensington,"  the  work  by  which  she 
is  best  known;  "Blue  Beard's  Keys," 
"Toilers  and  Spinsters,"  "Miss  Angel," 
1875  ;  "Anne  Evans,"  1880;  "Madame  de 
SevigneV'  1881  ;  "A  Book  of  Sybils,"  1883  ; 
and  "  Mrs.  Dymond,"  1885.  In  recent  years 
she  has  written  introductions  to  editions 
of  "Cranford,"  "Our  Village,"  and  "The 
Fairy  Tales  of  Madame  d'Aulnoy."  Vari- 
ous articles  by  her,  on  Tennyson,  Ruskin, 
&c,  have  appeared  from  time  to  time  in 
the  American  magazines,  and  in  1892  she 
published  "Records  "  of  Tennyson,  Ruskin, 
and  the  Brownings.  She  has  just  finished 
editing  a  complete  edition  of  her  father's 
works,  and  has  until  recently  been  living  in 
his  old  house,  close  to  Kensington  Square, 
where  "Vanity  Fair"  was  written. 

RITCHIE,  The  Right  Hon.  Charles 
Thomson,  M.P.,  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Ritchie,  of  Rock  Hill,  Forfarshire,  was 
born  at  Dundee,  on  Nov.  19,  1838.  In 
1874  he  was  elected  as  Conservative  mem- 
ber for  the  Tower  Hamlets,  and  continued 
to  hold  the  seat  until  1885,  when  after  the 
Redistribution  Bill  he  was  returned  for 
the  St.  George's  Division  of  the  old 
borough.  In  Lord  Salisbury's  first  admin- 
istration, having  gained  a  considerable 
reputation  for  practical  ability  and  con- 
versance with  affairs,  he  was  made  Secre- 
tary to  the  Admiralty.  He  has  taken  a 
prominent  part  in  the  agitation  against 
foreign  bounties  on  sugar.  In  Lord  Salis- 
bury's second  administration  Mr.  Ritchie 
was  appointed    President  of    the    Local 


EITCHIE  —  RIVIERE 


917 


Government  Board.  During  the  session 
of  1888  he  gained  considerable  reputation 
by  his  Local  Government  Bill,  which  he 
successfully  carried  through  Parliament. 
The  Local  Government  Act  of  1888  in- 
augurated the  scheme  of  local  administra- 
tion, which  was  completed  by  the  passing 
of  the  Act  of  1894  in  the  March  of  that 
year.  In  October  1888  he  paid  a  visit  to 
his  native  town,  Dundee,  and  was  pre- 
sented with  the  freedom  of  the  borough. 
Mr.  Ritchie  failed  to  secure  re-election  in 
1892,  but  was  elected  for  Croydon,  1895. 
He  was  appointed  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  on  the  formation  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury's Government  in  that  year.  He 
married,  in  1858,  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Ower,  of  Perth.  Addresses  :  19A 
Wetherby  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  Welders,  Ger- 
rard's  Cross,  Bucks  ;  and  Athena;um. 

RITCHIE,  David  George,  MA. 
Edin.  and  Oxon. ;  LL.D.  Edin.,  1898  ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  was  born  in 
1853  at  Jedburgh,  and  is  the  only  son  of 
the  Rev.  George  Ritchie,  D.D.,  minister  of 
the  parish  of  Jedburgh.  He  was  educated 
at  Jedburgh  Academy,  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, 1869-74,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1874-78.  He  took  M.A.  degree  with  first- 
class  Honours  in  Classics  at  Edinburgh, 
1875 ;  first-class  in  Classical  Mods,  and 
Greats  at  Oxford,  B.A.  1878  ;  after  which 
he  was  elected  Fellow  of  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  November  1878  ;  and  was  Lecturer 
and  afterwards  Tutor  there  from  1879  to 

1894,  also  Lecturer  in  Philosophy  for  some 
time  at  Balliol  College,  1882-86.  His 
publications  are:  An  essay  on  "The 
Rationality  of  History "  in  "  Essays  in 
Philosophical  Criticism,"  edited  by  Seth 
and  Haldane,  Longmans,  1883  ;  a  trans- 
lation, in  collaboration  with  Richard  Lodge 
(now  Professor  of  History  in  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity) and  P.  E.  Matheson,  of  Bluntschli's 
"Theory  of  the  State,"  1885;  and  the 
following  works  published  by  Sonnen- 
schein :  "Darwinism  and  Politics,"  1st 
edit.,  1889  (now  in  3rd  edit.,  being  trans- 
lated into  German  and  Italian);  "Prin- 
ciples of  State  Interference,"  1891  ; 
"Darwin  and  Hegel,  with  other  Philoso- 
phical Studies,"  1893  ;   "Natural  Rights," 

1895.  He  edited  in  1889  "Early  Letters 
of  Jane  Welsh  Carlyle. "  He  has  also 
written  the  articles  "Aristotle,"  "Plato," 
"Socrates,"  "Sophists"  in  "Chambers's 
Encyclopaedia,"  new  edition  ;  and  the 
articles  "Aristotle,"  "Grotius,"  "Locke," 
"Jus-  Naturale,"  "Plato,"  in  Dr.  Inglis 
Palgrave's  "Diet,  of  Pol.  Econ." ;  also 
many  articles  in  Mind,  Philosophical  Review, 
International  Journal  of  Ethics,  Economic 
Review,  &c.  Address  :  The  University,  St. 
Andrews. 


RIVES,  Arnelie.    Sec  Chanlek,  Mbs. 
Amelie. 

RIVETT-CARNAC,  Colonel  John 
Henry,  C.I.E.,  V.D.,  F.S.A.,  A.D.C.  to 
the  Queen,  was  born  in  London  in  1839, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  the  late  Admiral 
Rivett-Carnac,  and  Maria,  daughter  of 
J.  S.  Davis,  R.E.,  F.R.S.  He  was  educated 
abroad,  and  at  the  East  India  College, 
Haileybury.  His  career  in  the  Bengal 
Civil  Service  was  long  and  distinguished, 
and  extended  from  1859  to  1894.  During 
this  period  he  was  Advising  Secretary  to 
Sir  Richard  Temple  in  the  Central  Pro- 
vinces, Commissioner  of  Cotton  and  Com- 
merce with  the  Government  of  India, 
Special  Commissioner  in  the  Bengal 
Famine  of  1874,  Opium  Agent,  and  raised 
and  commanded  the  Ghazipur  Light  Horse 
and  A^olunteer  Rifles.  He  was  made  CLE. 
in  1878.  He  has  written  various  import- 
ant reports  on  the  Indian  Cotton  Trade, 
Indian  Railways,  Antiquities,  &c,  especi- 
ally on  archaic  rock-markings.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  University  of  Bombay, 
F.S.A.,  and  Fellow  or  Hon.  Fellow  of 
various  antiquarian  societies,  and  is  a 
Knight  Grand  Commander  of  the  Austrian 
Order  of  Francis  Joseph,  and  North  Star 
of  Sweden.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
General  SirH.  M.  Durand,  R.E.  Address: 
40  Green  Street,  Park  Lane,  W.,  &c. 

RIVIERE,  Briton,  E.A.,  D.C.L., 
animal  painter,  was  born  in  London,  Aug. 
14,  1840,  being  the  youngest  son  of  Mr. 
W.  Rivi6re,  who  was  head  of  the  drawing- 
school  at  Cheltenham  College,  and  after- 
wards a  teacher  of  drawing  at  Oxford, 
and  Ann,  daughter  of  Joseph  Jarvis,  War- 
wickshire. He  found  in  his  father  an 
experienced  and  able  master,  under  whom 
he  studied  during  the  nine  years  he  was 
at  Cheltenham,  and  subsequently  at  Ox- 
ford. While  studying  art  at  the  latter 
place,  the  influences,  other  than  artistic, 
by  which  he  was  always  surrounded,  pre- 
vailed to  turn  his  attention  to  classical 
and  other  scholarly  matters  ;  he  entered 
the  University,  took  his  B.A.  degree  in 
1867,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1873.  The  first 
pictures  he  exhibited  were  home  rural 
scenes,  as  "Rest  from  Labour,"  and  "  Sheep 
on  the  Cotswold,"  in  the  Academy  Gallery 
in  1858  ;  and,  in  the  next  year,  "  On  the 
Road  to  Gloucester  Fair."  From  that 
date  till  1864  he  was  absent  from  the 
Academy  as  an  exhibitor,  but  in  the  last- 
mentioned  year  he  sent  "Iron  Bars"  and 
"Romeo  and  Juliet."  Among  his  subse- 
quent works  are  :  "The  Poacher's  Nurse," 
"Strayed  from  the  Flock,"  a  dead  lamb 
lying  in  the  snow,  and  "  The  Long  Sleep," 
1866  ;  "  Fox  and  Geese  "  (exhibited  in  the 
Exhibition  of  Water-colour  Painters  at  the 


918 


ROBERT  —  ROBERTS 


Dudley  Gallery  in  1868,  and  now  in  the 
collection  at  South  Kensington) ;  "  Prison- 
ers," 1869;  "A  Midsummer-Night's  Dream" 
and  "  Charity,"  1870  ;  "  Come  Back  !  "  and 
"Circe  and  the  Companions  of  Ulysses," 
1871;  "Daniel,"  1872;  "Argus"  and 
"  All  that  was  left  of  the  Homeward 
Bound,"  1873;  "Apollo"  and  "Genius 
Loci,"  1874;  "War  Time  "  and  "The 
Last  of  the  Garrison,"  1875;  "A  Stern 
Chase  is  always  a  Long  Chase,"  and 
"Pallas  Athene"  and  "The  Swineherd's 
Dogs,"  1876;  "A  Legend  of  St.  Patrick," 
and  "  Lazarus,"  1877;  "An  Anxious  Mo- 
ment," a  flock  of  geese  frightened  at  the 
sight  of  a  hat  on  the  ground;  "Sym- 
pathy," "Victims,"  and  "The  Kuins  of 
Persepolis,"1878;  "Inmanustuas,Domine," 
"  The  Poacher's  Widow,"  now  in  the  Pub- 
lic Library,  Birmingham,  and  "A  Winter's 
Tale,"  1879;  "The  Night  Watch,"  "The 
Last  Spoonful,"  and  "Endymion,"  1880; 
"  A  Roman  Holiday,"  "  Envy,  Hatred,  and 
Malice,"  "  Hope  Deferred,"  and  "  Let 
Sleeping  Dogs  Lie,"  1881;  "The  Magi- 
cian's Doorway,"  "Una,"  and  "Portrait 
of  Miss  Potter,"  1882;  "The  Unclean 
Spirits  Entering  into  the  Swine,"  "Old 
Playfellows,"  "  The  Last  of  the  Crew," 
and  "Giants  at  Play,"  1883;  "  Actseon," 
"  St.  Bartholomew's  Eve,"  "  The  King  and 
his  Satellites,"  "The  Enchanted  Castle," 
1884;  "The  Sheepstealer,"  "  Vse  Victis," 
"After  Naseby,"  "Stolen  Kisses,"  1885. 
Exhibited  in  the  Academy  in  1886  :  "Riz- 
pah,"  "Union  is  Strength,"  "The  Exile, 
1746,"  and  "  The  Welcome."  In  1887  : 
"An  Old  Wanderer"  and  "Jilted."  In 
1888:  "Requiescat"  and  "A  Cavatina." 
In  1889,  at  the  Academy:  "Pale 
Cynthia  "  and  "  Of  a  Fool  and  his  Folly 
there  is  no  End."  At  the  Grosvenor  : 
"Prometheus."  In  1890,  at  Academy: 
"  Rus  in  Urbe,"  and  exhibited  by 
Messrs.  Thomas  Agnew  &  Sons  :  "Daniel's 
Answer  to  the  King."  In  1891,  at  the 
Academy,  a  triptych  called  "A  Mighty 
Hunter  before  the  Lord  "  ;  in  1892,  "  Dead 
Hector,"  "A  Master  of  Kings,"  "The 
Haunted  Temple,"  and  "  A  Day  of  Morti- 
fication "  ;  and  in  1893,  "the  King's 
Libation."  In  1894,  "  Beyond  Man's 
Footstep "  (purchased  by  the  Chantrey 
Fund),  and  "  Ganymede  "  ;  in  1895,  "  Phoe- 
bus Apollo  "  (now  in  Birmingham  perma- 
nent Art  Gallery )  ;  in  1896,  "Portrait  of  J. 
F.  H.  Read,  Esq.,  and  Dogs,"  "Aggrava- 
tion," and  bronze  statuette  "The  Last 
Arrow " ;  in  1897,  "  Portrait  of  Lady 
Wantage  and  her  Egyptian  Donkey," 
"  Portrait  of  Mrs.  Methold  and  Deer- 
hounds,"  and  bronze  "  Anatomical  Lion  "; 
in  1898,  "  The  Temptation  in  the  Wilder- 
ness," a  return  to  the  religious  subjects  of 
his  early  period  ;  and,  in  1899,  "  Lady  Ten- 
nyson and  the  Poet's  Old  Wolf-Hound, 


Karenina."  Many  of  the  above  have 
been  engraved  on  steel  by  F.  Stacpoole, 
A.R.A.,  S.  Cousins,  R.A.,  andC.  J.  Lewis; 
and  other  works  have  been  etched  by 
various  hands.  Mr.  Riviere  was  elected 
A.R.A.  Jan.  16,  1878,  and  R.A.  May  5, 
1881,  and  made  Hon.  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in 
1891.  He  married,  in  1867,  Mary  Alice, 
daughter  of  John  Dobell,  of  Datmore, 
Gloucestershire,  and  granddaughter  of 
Sidney  Dobell,  the  poet.  Addresses  : 
Flaxley,  Finchley  Road,  N.W.  ;  and  Athe- 
naeum. 

ROBERT  I.,  Robert-Charles-Louis- 
Marie  de  Bourbon,  ex-Duke  of  Parma, 
Infant  of  Spain,  born  July  9,  1848,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Duke  Ferdinand  Charles 
III.,  March  27,  1854,  as  Robert  I.,  under 
the  regency  of  his  mother,  the  Dowager- 
Duchess  Louise-Marie-Therese  de  Bourbon, 
daughter  of  the  Duke  de  Berry.  Her  rule 
came  to  an  end  in  1859,  in  consequence  of 
the  revolution,  and  she,  with  her  son, 
sought  refuge  in  the  Helvetic  States.  The 
ex-Duke  Robert  married,  in  Rome,  April  5, 
1869,  the  Duchess  Marie  Pia  des  Graces, 
daughter  of  the  late  Ferdinand  II.,  King 
of  Naples.  She  died  Sept.. 29,  1882.  He 
married,  secondly,  on  Oct.  15,  1884,  Marie 
Antonia,  Princess  of  Bragance.  He  has 
nine  children  by  his  first  wife,  and  six  by 
his  second. 

ROBERTS,  The  Right  Rev.  E.  A. 
R.  Cramer.  See  Ckamek-Roberts,  The 
Right  Rev.  F.  a.  R. 

ROBERTS,  Lord,  Eield  -  Marshal 
Frederick   Sleigh,    @.€.,  K.P.,  G.C.B., 

G.C.S.I.,  &c,  son  of  the  late  General  Sir 
Abraham  Roberts,  G.C.B.,  and  Nora 
Henrietta,  daughter  of  Major  A.  Bun- 
bury  of  Kilfeacle,  co.  Tipperary,  was 
born  at  Cawnpore  on  Sept.  30,  1832, 
and  educated  at  Eton,  Sandhurst,  and 
Addiscombe.  He  received  his  first  con> 
mission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Bengal 
Artillery  in  1851,  and  after  passing  through 
the  various  other  grades,  was  promoted  to 
Lieutenant-General  in  1883.  He  served 
with  distinction  throughout  the  Indian 
Mutiny  campaign,  and  received  the  Vic- 
toria Cross  for  personal  bravery  in  the 
field  in  1858.  "  Lieutenant  Roberts's 
gallantry  has  on  every  occasion  been  most 
marked.  On  following  up  the  retreating 
enemy  on  Jan.  2,  1858,  at  Khodagunge, 
he  saw  in  the  distance  two  sepoys  going 
away  with  a  standard .  Lieutenant  Roberts 
put  spurs  to  his  horse,  and  overtook  them 
just  as  they  were  about  to  enter  a  village. 
They  immediately  turned  round  and  pre- 
sented their  muskets  at  him,  and  one  of 
the  men  pulled  the  trigger,  but  fortunately 
the  cap  snapped,  and  the  standard-bearer 


EOBERTS 


919 


was  cut  down  by  the  gallant  young  officer, 
and  the  standard  taken  possession  of  by 
him.  He  also,  on  the  same  day,  cut  down 
another  Sepoy  who  was  standing  at  bay, 
with  musket  and  bayonet,  keeping  off  a 
sowar.  Lieutenant  Roberts  rode  to  the 
assistance  of  the  horseman,  and  rushing 
at  the  sepoy,  with  one  blow  of  his  sword 
cut  him  across  the  face,  killing  him  on 
the  spot."  Throughout  the  Abyssinian 
campaign  of  1868  he  held  the  office  of 
Assistant  •  Quartermaster  -  General  ;  he 
superintended  the  re-embarkation  of  the 
whole  army,  and  was  selected  by  Sir 
Robert  Napier  as  the  bearer  of  his  final 
despatches.  He  also  acted  as  Assistant- 
Quartermaster-General  with  the  Cachar 
column  in  the  Looshai  Expeditionary 
Force  (1871-72 \  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Afghan  campaign  he  was  appointed  Com- 
mander of  the  Kuram  Field  Force,  and 
subsequently  he  had  the  chief  command 
of  the  army  in  Afghanistan,  where  he 
achieved  the  most  brilliant  triumphs. 
After  the  massacre  of  our  embassy,  Sir 
Frederick  Roberts  re-occupied  Cabul  at 
the  close  of  1879.  Towards  the  end  of 
July  1880  a  terrible  defeat  was  inflicted  by 
the  troops  of  Ayoob  Khan,  at  Maiwand, 
on  General  Burrows,  the  remnant  of  whose 
force  with  difficulty  joined  General  Prim- 
rose's garrison  at  Candahar.  An  attack 
on  that  city  seemed  imminent,  but  Ayoob 
hesitated,  and  lost  his  opportunity.  Mean- 
while, a  bold  resolution  was  taken  at 
Cabul.  Sir  Frederick  Roberts,  gathering 
a  force  of  over  9000  picked  men,  marched 
to  the  relief  of  Candahar,  allowing  Ab- 
durrahman Khan  to  occupy  Cabul,  and 
leaving  to  General  Stewart  the  duty  of 
leading  back  the  rest  of  the  British  troops 
by  the  Khyberto  the  Punjab.  Sir  Frede- 
rick Roberts,  cut  off  from  direct  communi- 
cation with  his  countrymen,  disappeared, 
as  it  were,  from  human  ken  for  three 
weeks,  during  which  time  the  national 
anxiety  was  extreme.  At  last  he  emerged 
victoriousfrom  the  trackless  region  between 
Cabul  and  Candahar.  Immediately  he 
grappled  with  Ayoob  Khan,  and  inflicted 
on  that  pretender  a  crushing  defeat.  On 
the  return  of  Sir  Frederick  Roberts  to 
England  he  was  loaded  with  honours  ;  he 
was  presented  with  the  freedom  of  the 
City  of  London,  received  the  thanks  of 
Parliament,  and  was  created  a  baronet. 
In  February  1881  he  was  appointed  to 
succeed  Sir  George  Colley  in  the  command 
of  the  troops  in  Natal  and  the  Transvaal, 
but  peace  was  concluded  with  the  Boers 
before  his  arrival  in  the  colony.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  Madras,  and  commanded  the 
troops  in  that  Presidency  from  1881  to 
1885,  and  since  then  has  been  Commander- 
in-Chief  in   India,   in   succession    to   Sir 


Donald  Stewart.  On  the  death  of  Sir  H. 
Macpherson  (October  1886),  Sir  F.  Roberts 
assumed  the  command  of  the  Burmese 
expedition.  He  had  been  twenty-three 
times  mentioned  in  despatches  before  the 
Afghan  war,  during  which  campaign  he 
was  eight  times  thanked  by  the  Viceroy 
and  Commander-in-Chief  in  India.  To 
the  Nineteenth  Century  for  November  1882 
he  contributed  an  article  on  the  "  Present 
State  of  the  Army,"  thus  supplying  the 
sequel  to  an  interesting  speech  which  he 
had  delivered  at  the  Mansion  House  about 
two  years  before.  He  was  created  a  peer 
in  January  1892,  under  the  title  of  Lord 
Roberts  of  Kandahar  and  Waterford.  In 
April  1893,  on  resigning  his  command,  he 
left  India  for  England,  and  was  given  a 
brilliant  farewell,  and  received  an  equally 
brilliant  reception  at  home.  Upon  his 
arrival,  a  G.C.S.I.  was  conferred  upon  him. 
During  1895  his  Lordship  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Field-Marshal,  and  suc- 
ceeded Viscount  Wolseley  as  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  Forces  in  Ireland.  He 
was  shortly  afterwards  admitted  to  the 
Privy  Council  in  Ireland,  and  also  received 
the  Order  of  St.  Patrick.  Lord  Roberts  is 
an  ardent  advocate  of  what  is  known  as 
the  "  Forward  Policy  "  in  Indian  affairs, 
and  in  March  of  1898  he  delivered  before 
the  House  of  Lords  a  very  able  speech  in 
support  of  his  views  with  regard  to  the 
pacification  of  the  various  frontier  tribes, 
and  also  the  prevention  of  encroachments 
by  Russia  in  Afghanistan  and  adjacent 
territories.  His  lordship  pointed  out 
that  the  "  Forward  Policy "  was  an  en- 
deavour to  extend  British  influence  over, 
and  establish  law  and  order  on,  that  part 
of  the  Indian  border  where  anarchy, 
murder,  and  robbery  reigned  supreme. 
Moreover,  it  was  necessary  to  secure  the 
allegiance  of  the  turbulent  tribes,  owing 
to  the  proximity  of  Russia,  who  would 
inevitably  invade  India,  if  Afghanistan 
ever  passed  into  her  possession.  It  was 
of  paramount  importance  to  obtain  com- 
plete control  of  the  Khyber  and  other 
passes,  so  as  to  be  in  a  position  to  check 
any  advance  over  the  great  Hindu  Kush 
barrier.  "That  barrier,"  said  his  lord- 
ship, "Russia  must  never  be  allowed  to 
cross."  The  speech  was  greatly  appre- 
ciated, as  it  was  felt  that  nobody  could 
speak  with  higher  authority  upon  the 
matter  than  Lord  Roberts.  He  published 
in  1895  "  The  Rise  of  Wellington,"  which 
was  followed  in  1897  by  "  Forty-one 
Years  in  India."  The  latter  work  ob- 
tained a  phenomenal  success,  and  passed 
through  many  editions  in  a  few  months. 
He  is  an  honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  and  Dublin.  Lord 
Roberts  married,  in  1859,  Nora  Henrietta, 
a  daughter  of  Captain  Bews,  and  his  son 


920 


ROBERTS 


and  heir,  the  Hon.  Frederick  H.  S.  Roberts, 
is  a  Lieutenant  of  the  King's  Royal  Rifle 
Corps.  Addresses  :  Royal  Hospital,  Dub- 
lin ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ROBERTS,      Frederick      Thomas, 

M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  obtained  his  medical  edu- 
cation at  University  College,  London, 
where  he  is  now  Professor  of  Medicine,  as 
well  as  being  Professor  of  Clinical  Medi- 
cine and  Physician  at  University  College 
Hospital.  He  obtained  the  Gold  Medal 
for  Anatomy  and  Physiology  at  the  first 
M.B.  Examination,  London,  in  1860.  He 
was  formerly  Physician  at  Liverpool 
Northern  Hospital,  and  Lecturer  at  Liver- 
pool School  of  Medicine,  and  now,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  posts  above  mentioned,  is 
Consulting  Physician  to  the  Brompton 
Hospital,  &c,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Medical 
Chirurgical  Society  and  Medical  Society 
of  London,  and  Member  of  other  Medical 
Societies.  He  was  Assistant-Editor  of 
Quain's  "Dictionary  of  Medicine,"  and 
has  contributed  largely  to  that  work,  to 
Reynolds's  "  System,"  and  to  the  medical 
journals.  His  best-known  work  is  "A 
Handbook  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  9th  edit.  Address  :  102  Harley 
Street,  W. 

ROBERTS,  Isaac,  D.Sc,  F.R.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  F.G.S.,  was  born  in  Denbigh- 
shire, North  Wales,  in  the  year  1829.  A 
large  part  of  his  life  has  been  devoted  to 
practical  investigations  in  Geology,  Micro- 
scopy, Spectrum  Analysis,  Astronomy,  and 
other  kindred  branches  of  science.  He  is 
the  author  of  several  papers  on  geological 
and  astronomical  subjects,  amongst  which 
are  investigations  of  the  physical  condi- 
tions affecting  the  circulation  of  the 
underground  water  and  the  filtering  and 
hygroscopic  properties  of  triassic  sand- 
stone. He  has  for  several  years  (by  the 
aid  of  self-recording  mechanical  contriv- 
ances designed  by  himself  for  tracing 
continuous  diagrammatic  curves)  studied 
the  movements  in  the  underground  water 
which  are  caused  by  capillarity,  by  rain- 
fall, by  variations  in  atmospheric  pressure, 
and  by  solar  and  lunar  attraction.  He  has 
made  exhaustive  experiments  by  means  of 
specially  designed  weighing  machines,  to 
determine  the  vertical  and  lateral  pressures 
of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  Indian  corn,  linseed, 
sand,  gravel,  and  gun  shot,  when  stored  in 
cells  up  to  eighty  feet  in  height.  Some  of 
the  results  of  these  investigations  are  pub- 
lished in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society.  For  several  years  he  has  been 
pursuing  stellar  photography  with  powerful 
instruments  specially  constructed  for  the 
purpose,  and  has  succeeded  in  adding  con- 
siderably to  the  knowledge  of  the  stars, 
clusters,   and  nebulae.     In  1885  he  com- 


menced to  chart  by  photography  the  stars 
in  the  northern  hemisphere  of  the  sky,  but 
ere  he  had  been  a  year  engaged  upon  this 
work,  the  French  astronomers  arranged 
that  the  charting  of  the  stars  should  be 
done  internationally  on  a  uniform  scale 
by  instruments  of  a  similar  construction. 
Mr.  Roberts  thereupon  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  special  researches  on  star  clusters 
and  nebulas,  with  long  exposures  of  the 
photographic  plates.  These  photographs 
have  been  regarded  with  the  highest  in- 
terest and  admiration  wherever  they  have 
been  exhibited.  He  has  devised  a  method 
and  a  machine  by  which  the  stars  that 
have  been  photographed  can  with  accuracy 
be  engraved  directly  with  the  negatives 
on  copper  plates  for  the  purpose  of  print- 
ing ;  the  machine  is  also  adapted  for 
measuring  the  positions  and  magnitudes 
of  the  stars.  In  1870  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society,  and  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1882. 
In  1890  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  1892  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Sciences  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Dublin.  In  1893 
he  published  a  volume  of  his  "  Selection 
of  Photographs  of  Stars,  Star  Clusters,  and 
Nebulse,"  which  is  a  reliable  record,  for  all 
time,  of  the  objects  as  they  actually  ap- 
peared in  the  sky  on  the  day  and  hour 
when  the  respective  photographs  were 
taken.  In  1895  he  was  awarded  the  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society, 
and  has  served  on  the  Council  of  the 
Society  for  several  years.  Address  :  Star- 
field,  Crowborough,  Sussex. 

ROBERTS,  Morley,  novelist,  was 
born  in  London  on  Dec.  29,  1857,  and  is 
the  son  of  W.  H.  Roberts,  late  superin- 
tending inspector  of  income-tax.  He  was 
educated  at  Bedford  Grammar  School  and 
Owens  College,  Manchester.  He  has  seen 
much  of  the  savage  side  of  Anglo-Saxon 
existence  before  the  mast  in  various  mer- 
chant ships,  in  the  Australian  bush,  the 
Western  States  of  America,  the  South  Sea 
Islands,  &c.  The  results  of  these  varying 
experiences,  which  always  involved  more 
or  less  manual  labour  and  often  extreme 
hardship,  he  has  embodied  in  his  vigorous 
and  virile  novels,  which  include  his  well- 
known  "Western  Avernus,"  1887;  "In 
Low  Relief,"  1890  ;  "  Land-travel  and 
Sea-faring,"  1891 ;  "  King  Billy  of  Ballarat," 
1891;  "The  Mate  of  the  Vancouver," 
1892 ;  "  The  Reputation  of  George  Saxon," 
1892  ;  "  The  Purification  of  Dolores  Silva," 
1894;  "Red  Earth,"  1894;  "A  Question 
of  Instinct,"  and  "The  Adventures  of  a 
Ship's  Doctor,"  1895  ;  that  very  interesting 
book  on  Eastern  life,  "  The  Circassian,"  in 
collaboration  with  Max  Montesole,  1896 ; 
"  Maurice  Quain,"  1897  ;  "  King  Billy  of 


ROBERTS  —  ROBERTSON 


921 


Ballarat,  and  other  Stories,"  1898;  "A 
Son  of  Empire,"  1899,  &c.  His  poems 
are  entitled  "Songs  of  Energy,"  1891. 
Address  :  Authors'  Club. 

ROBERTS,  Samuel,  F.R.S.,  mathe- 
matician, the  son  of  the  Rev.  Griffith 
Roberts,  for  many  years  minister  of  the 
English  Presbyterian  Chapel  at  Kirkstead, 
near  Horncastle,  Lincolnshire,  was  born 
at  Hackney  in  1827.  He  received  his 
school  education  at  Queen  Elizabeth's 
Grammar  School,  Horncastle,  and  subse- 
quently went  to  Manchester  New  College, 
then  located  in  Manchester.  In  1849  he 
took  the  Master  of  Arts  degree  of  London 
University  in  Mathematics  and  Natural 
Philosophy,  and  received  the  Gold  Medal. 
He  entered  the  legal  profession,  and  was 
admitted  as  Solicitor  in  1853.  After  an 
interval  of  some  years,  Mr.  Roberts  resumed 
his  mathematical  studies ;  and,  having 
removed  to  London,  became  in  1865  a 
member  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society,  established  in  the  same  year.  He 
was  for  several  years  Treasurer,  and  has 
also  filled  the  offices  of  Vice-President  and 
President,  1880-82,  of  that  Society.  In 
1878  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  Except  a  few  early  articles  of  an 
ephemeral  kind,  his  writings  have  related 
to  mathematical  subjects.  They  are  con- 
tained in  the  Proceedings  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Mathematics,  and  various  other  English 
and  foreign  mathematical  journals.  In 
recognition  of  services  to  mathematical 
science,  the  Council  of  the  London  Mathe- 
matical Society  awarded  to  Mr.  Roberts 
the  De  Morgan  Medal  in  1896.  Address  : 
55  Parliament  Hill,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

ROBERTS-AUSTEN,  Professor  Sir 
William  Chandler,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
the  Queen's  Assay-Master,  was  born  in 
1843,  and  is  the  son  of  George  and  Maria 
Louisa  Roberts.  His  father's  ancestry  were 
Welsh,  and  his  mother  belonged  to  the 
old  Kentish  family  of  Chandler,  which 
intermarried  with  the  Hulses  and  Austens, 
and  included  among  their  more  distin- 
guished members  the  learned  scholar, 
Isaac  Casaubon,  Canon  of  Canterbury.  In 
1885,  at  the  request  of  his  uncle,  the  late 
Major  Austen,  J.P.,  of  Haffenden  and 
Camborne  in  Kent,  Mr.  Roberts  obtained 
royal  license  to  take  the  name  of  Austen. 
Mr.  Roberts-Austen  (then  Mr.  Roberts), 
entered  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  in  1861, 
with  a  view  to  becoming  a  Mining  En- 
gineer ;  but  on  obtaining  the  Associate- 
ship  of  the  School,  the  late  Prof.  Graham, 
then  Master  of  the  Mint,  secured  his  ser- 
vices. With  him  he  conducted  a  remark- 
able series  of  researches,  and  on  Prof. 
Graham's  death    in    1869,   he  succeeded 


to  one  of  the  appointments  which  Prof. 
Graham  had  held — that  of  Assayer  to 
the  Mint — being  subsequently,  in  1882, 
entrusted  with  all  the  duties  of  the 
Queen's  Assay-Master.  In  1880,  on  the 
retirement  of  the  late  Dr.  Percy,  F.R.S., 
at  the  request  of  the  then  Lord  President 
of  the  Council,  Mr.  Roberts- Austen  was 
appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Metallurgy  at 
the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  a  post  which 
he  still  holds  in  addition  to  his  office  at 
the  Mint.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1875,  and  is  the  author  of 
several  papers,  mostly  relating  to  metals, 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
and  elsewhere.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Physical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, of  which  he  was  for  some  time  Secre- 
tary, and  afterwards  a  Vice-President. 
He  is  one  of  the  two  Honorary  General 
Secretaries  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute. 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales 
appointed  him  a  Member  of  the  Executive 
Council  of  the  Inventions  Exhibition, 
1885  ;  and  he  served  on  the  British  Exe- 
cutive Council  of  the  1889  Paris  Exhibition. 
He  was  chosen  Vice-President  of  the 
International  Mining  and  Metallurgical 
Congress  in  Paris  ;  and  received  from  the 
President  of  the  French  Republic  the 
Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  was  made  a  C.B.  in  1888, 
and  the  University  of  Durham  conferred 
upon  him  its  honorary  degree  of  D.C.  L.  in 
1897.  He  received  from  her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  in  the  same  year,  the  Jubilee 
medal.  He  was  created  K.  C.B.  at  the 
New  Year,  1899.  Addresses  :  Royal  Mint, 
Tower  Hill,  E.  ;  Blatchfeld,  Chilworth, 
Guildford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

ROBERTSON,  Rev.  Archibald, 
D.D.,  Principal  of  King's  College,  London, 
was  born  at  Sywell  Rectory,  Northampton, 
on  June  29,  1853,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  George  S.  Robertson,  M.A.,  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Archibald  Robertson,  F.R.S.,  of 
Northampton.  He  was  educated  at  Brad- 
field  College,  Berks,  and  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  (first  class  Lit.  Hum.  and  B.A. 
1876;  M.A.  1879;  D.D.  1898);  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  1876-86  (Dean,  1879-83) ; 
Principal  of  Bishop  Hatfield's  Hall,  Dur- 
ham, 1883-97  ;  Hon.  D.D.,  Durham,  1893. 
In  1897,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Wace, 
he  was  appointed  Principal  of  King's 
College,  London.  He  has  published  an 
edition  of  Athanasius's  "De  Incarnatione" 
(2nd  edit.,  1893) ;  a  translation  of  the  same 
(2nd  edit.,  1891);  "Prolegomena,"  &c,  to 
Athanasius  with  revised  translation  of 
principal  works,  1892  ;  and  is  a  contributor 
to  the  Classical  Review,  &c,  to  Smith's 
' '  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  2nd  edit.,  1893  ; 


922 


ROBERTSON 


Clark's  "Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  1898; 
and  editor  of  Methuen's  series  of  Hand- 
books of  Theology.  He  is  Examining  Chap- 
lain to  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Bristol,  and 
Vice-Chairman  of  King's  College  Hospital. 
In  1885  he  married  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Charles  Noel  Mann,  late  Rector  of 
Mawgan-in-Meneage,  &c,  Cornwall. 

ROBERTSON,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Donald,  C.S.I.,  President  of  Mysore  and 
Chief  Commissioner  of  Coorg,  was  born  in 
Ireland  on  June  24, 1847,  and  arrived  in  India 
as  Ensign  in  the  Scots  Fusiliers  in  1865. 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  an  Assistant- 
Commissioner  in  the  Central  Provinces, 
being  transferred  to  Rajputana  in  1872. 
He  was  Cantonment  Magistrate  at  Nasira- 
bad  in  May  1877,  and  after  holding  similar 
appointments  at  Ajmir,  Jhalawar,  and 
Indore,  he  became  Political  Agent  at 
Bhopawar  in  1885,  and  later  in  the  same 
year  he  was  transferred  to  Bundelkhand. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  Secretary  to 
the  Commissioner  of  Coorg,  and  Political 
Agent  in  Baghelkhand  in  1888.  He  was 
appointed  Resident  in  Gwalior  in  1894, 
and  transferred  to  his  present  post  in 
189G.  He  was  created  C.S.I,  at  the  New 
Year,  1899. 

ROBERTSON,  Edmund,  M.P.,  LL.D., 
Q.C.,  D.L.,  was  born  on  Oct.  28,  1845,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  Edmund  Robertson,  of 
Kinnaird,  Perthshire.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Andrews,  and  at  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  with  a  first 
class  in  Classical  Moderations  (1868),  and 
a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  (1870).  He  was 
elected  aFellowof  Corpus  afterbecoming  in 
1871  Vinerian  Scholar.  He  was  Examiner 
in  Jurisprudence  in  1877,  1878,  and  1879. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1871,  and  went  the  Northern  Circuit. 
Since  1885  he  has  represented  Dundee  as 
a  Liberal,  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
From  August  1892  to  1895  he  was  a  Civil 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  He  was  at  one 
time  Professor  of  Roman  Law  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  is  LL.D.  of 
St.  Andrews.  He  has  contributed  many 
articles  on  legal  and  constitutional  subjects 
to  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  9th 
edit.,  and  has  published  a  work  on 
"American  Home  Rule."  Address:  4 
Essex  Court,  Temple,  E.C. 

ROBERTSON,  Sir  George  Scott, 
K.C.S.I.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  British  Agent  at 
Gilgit,  Kashmir,  was  born  in  London  on 
Oct.  22,  1852,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
T«  J.  Robertson,  and  comes  of  an  Orkney 
family.  He  was  educated  at  the  West- 
minster Hospital  Medical  School,  and  has 
the  Edinburgh  qualification.  He  entered 
the  Indian  Medical  Service  in  1878,  and 


served  through  the  Afghan  Campaign  of 
1879-80.  He  was  promoted  to  Surgeon- 
Major  in  1890.  His  connection  with  the 
Gilgit  frontier  of  Kashmir  dates  from 
June  1880.  He  has  been  continually 
employed  there,  and  is  now  British  Agent 
at  Gilgit.  He  has  been  employed  on 
various  important  political  missions  among 
the  barbarous  tribesmen  of  the  Northern 
Frontier,  was  Chief  Political  Officer  during 
the  later  part  of  the  Hunza-Nagar  Expedi- 
tion ;  was  at  the  head  of  a  political  mission 
to  Chitral  in  1893,  and  was  besieged  in 
Chitral,  and  seriously  wounded  in  the 
spring  of  1895,  in  the  September  of  which 
year  he  installed  Shuja-al-Mulk  as  Mehtar 
of  Chitral.  His  work,  "  The  Kafirs  of  the 
Hindu-Kush,"  published  in  1896,  describes 
his  visit  to  Kafiristan  in  1890-91.  The 
Hindu-Kush  is  a  little  known  and  most 
difficult  hill-country  between  Afghanistan 
proper  and  Chitral.  Previous  to  Sir  George 
Scott  Robertson's  visit  in  1890,  the  country 
had  never  to  his  knowledge  been  entered 
by  any  European  except  for  a  very  short 
time.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of  the 
Kam  and  various  other  tribes,  not  then 
converted  to  Mohammedanism,  and  there- 
fore "Kafirs,"  and  he  travelled  with  no 
escort.  His  guide  was  for  some  time  a 
young  Kafir,  whom  he  had  first  of  all  to 
adopt  as  his  son.  He  ran  many  risks, 
had  several  hair-breadth  escapes,  and  was 
at  one  time  in  danger  of  being  held  to 
ransom  for  three  years  by  his  hosts,  who 
intended  to  force  the  Government  of  India 
to  pay  for  his  release.  During  the  last 
part  of  his  journey  he  was  accompanied 
by  Mr.  E.  F.  Knight,  author  of  "Where 
Three  Empires  Meet."  In  1898  Sir  G. 
Scott  Robertson  published  "  Chitral,  the 
Story  of  a  Minor  Siege."  He  has  been 
granted  three  war  medals  for  his  important 
services,  and  rose  to  be  K. C.S.I,  in  1895. 
He  married  (2)  Mary,  daughter  of  Samuel 
Lawrence,  the  painter.  Addresses :  British 
Agency,  Gilgit;  and  Athenaeum. 

ROBERTSON,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  James  Patrick  -  Bannerman 
Robertson,  M.A.,  ex-M.P.,  Q.C.,  LL.D., 
D.L.,  late  Lord  Advocate  for  Scotland, 
Lord  Justice  -  General  of  Scotland,  was 
born  at  Forteviot,  Perthshire,  in  1845, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  R. 
Robertson,  of  Forteviot,  by  Helen,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Rev.  J.  Bannerman,  of  Car- 
gill,  Perthshire.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Royal  High  School,  Edinburgh,  of 
which  he  was  Dux,  and  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  in  1864 ;  and  had  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  Edin.  conferred  on  him 
April  10,  1890.  He  was  called  to  the 
Scottish  Bar  in  1867  ;  made  Q.C.  in  1885, 
and  Solicitor-General  for  Scotland  in  the 


ROBINS  —  ROBINSON 


923 


same  year ;  re-appointed  to  the  latter 
post  in  August  1886,  and  appointed  Lord 
Advocate  for  Scotland,  October  1888,  on 
the  elevation  of  Lord  Advocate  Macdonald 
to  the  post  of  Lord  Justice-Clerk,  and 
sworn  in  as  a  Privy  Councillor  the  same 
year.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Buteshire 
in  1885.  He  is  a  distinguished  counsel 
and  statesman,  and  was  successful,  as 
the  responsible  Minister  of  the  Crown, 
in  passing  the  Local  Government  Act  for 
Scotland,  and  the  Universities  (Scotland) 
Act,  in  the  session  of  1889.  On  the  death 
of  Lord  Glencorse  he  was  appointed  Lord 
Justice-General  of  Scotland,  and  President 
of  the  Court  of  Session  (September  1891). 
He  has  been  Lord  Rector  of  Edinburgh 
University,  and  is  Deputy- Lieutenant  of  the 
County  of  the  City  of  Edinburgh  and  for 
Kincardineshire.  He  married,  in  1872, 
Philadelphia,  daughter  of  W.  N.  Fraser, 
of  Tornaveen,  Aberdeenshire.  Addresses  : 
19  Drumsheugh  Gardens,  Edinburgh ; 
Muchalls  Castle,  Kincardineshire ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

ROBINS,    Edward    Cookworthy, 

F.S.A.,  was  born  in  London  in  September 
1830,  and  was  educated  at  Esher,  Derby, 
and  London  schools.  He  early  applied 
himself  to  geometrical  drawing,  to  which 
his  taste  led  him,  and  was  eventually 
placed  with  the  late  Emile  de  Buck,  a 
Belgian  civil  engineer,  who  was  also  an 
artist.  In  1853  he  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate, and  in  1860  a  Fellow,  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects.  He  now 
occupies  a  seat  on  the  Council  of  that 
body.  In  1878  Mr.  Robins  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  on  the  Council  of 
the  London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological 
Society.  He  is  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  Institution  of  Surveyors,  and  in 
1882  was  elected  to  the  Council  of  the 
Sanitary  Institute,  whose  transactions  he 
has  edited  for  several  years  past.  In 
1887  he  was  chosen  on  the  Council  of 
the  Society  of  Arts.  Mr.  Robins  has  been 
the  architect  of  many  churches,  as  St. 
John's,  Wandsworth  ;  St.  jude's,  Brixton  ; 
St.  Saviour's.  Brixton  ;  Emmanuel  Church, 
Dulwich  ;  St.  Saviour's,  Battersea  Park  ; 
Wesley  Church,  Estex;  besides  many  Con- 
gregational churches,  as  at  Wandsworth, 
Clapham,  Streatbam  Hill,  Holloway,  East 
London,  &c.  He  gained  the  first  premium 
for  Mr.  Spurgeon's  tabernacle  in  1859, 
and  only  lost  the  competition  for  the 
London  Orphan  Asylum,  at  Watford,  by 
the  casting  vote  of  the  chairman.  He 
has  long  been  architect  to  the  London 
Missionary  Society,  and  enlarged  their 
premises  in  Bloomfield  Street.  He  de- 
signed the  four  memorial  churches  for 
Madagascar,   the  Theological  College  at 


Antananarivo,  and  at  Kuruman  in  South 
Africa. 

ROBINS,  Elizabeth  (Mrs.  C.  E. 
Raimond),  actress,  is  an  American  by 
birth,  and  has  made  her  name  as  an 
interpreter  of  Ibsen's  characters.  After 
making  her  early  appearances  on  the 
stage  in  the  United  States,  she  reached 
London  in  the  spring  of  1889.  Here 
she  played  the  part  of  Mrs.  Errol 
in  "Little  Lord  Fauntleroy"  (Opera  Co- 
mique,  March),  and  in  July  appeared  at 
the  same  theatre  as  Martha  Bernick  in 
"  The  Pillars  of  Society,"  by  Ibsen.  Sub- 
sequently she  played  Louisa  Brown  in 
"Dr.  Bill"  (Avenue,  1890),  and  in  January 
1891  returned  to  the  Ibsen  drama,  and 
appeared  at  Terry's  as  Mrs.  Linden  in  "  A 
Doll's  House."  She  now  courageously  ad- 
ventured upon  a  series  of  Ibsen  perform- 
ances in  conjunction  with  Miss  Lea  at  the 
Vaudeville.  Here  she  won  great  applause 
as  Mrs.  Hedda  Tesman  in  "  Hedda  Gabler.' 
After  playing  Constance  in  "The  Trumpet 
Call"  at  the  Adelphi,  she  again  charmed 
the  literary,  as  well  as  the  merely  Ibsenite 
public  as  Hilda  in  "The  Master  Builder," 
produced  at  the  Trafalgar  Square  Theatre, 
and  several  times  repeated  (1893).  Subse- 
quently she  appeared  as  Rebecca  West  in 
"  Rosmersholm "  at  the  Opera  Comique 
(May),  and  played  as  Agnes  in  "Brand" 
at  the  same  theatre  in  June.  These 
were  her  great  Ibsen  years,  and  she  has 
since  only  appeared  in  Norse  drama  in 
London  to  impersonate  Astra  in  "Little 
Eyolf  "  in  1896.  Other  parts  taken  by  her 
during  recent  years  have  been  in  "A 
Woman's  Revenge"  (Adelphi,  1893),  the 
Countess  Zicka  in  the  revival  of  "Diplo- 
macy "  (Garrick,  1893),  and  Mrs.  Lessing- 
ham  in  the  play  of  that  name  (Garrick, 
1894).  In  the  autumn  of  1894  she  took 
her  Ibsen  plays  on  tour.  In  1898  appeared 
her  novel,  "The  Open  Question,"  which 
was  published  anonymously,  and  created 
a  stir. 

ROBINSON,  Miss  A.  Mary  F.    See 

Daemestetee,  Mme. 

ROBINSON,  Sir  John  Charles,  born 
at  Nottingham  on  Dec.  16,  1824,  eldest 
son  of  Alfred  Robinson,  of  Nottingham, 
formerly  Art  Superintendent  of  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  at  present  holds  office 
in  her  Majesty's  household  as  Crown  Sur- 
veyor of  Pictures,  is  an  F.S.A.,  honorary 
member  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Luke  in 
Rome,  Florence,  Bologna,  Madrid,  Lisbon, 
&c,  and  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  Isabella  la  Catolica  and  of  San- 
tiago of  Spain  and  Portugal.  After  several 
years'  study  as  an  architect,  Mr.  Robinson 
proceeded  to  Paris  and  became  a  pupil  of 


924 


KOBHSTSON 


the  eminent  historical  painter,  Drolling. 
On  his  return  he  received  an  appointment 
in  the  Government  School  of  Design  as 
Master  of  the  School  of  Art  at  Hanley, 
Staffordshire  Potteries  (1847).  In  1852  he 
was  called  to  London  to  assist  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  newly-created  Science 
and  Art  Department,  founded  under  the 
auspices  .of  the  Prince  Consort,  and  in 
1853  the  organisation  of  the  Art  Museum 
at  Marlborough  House,  afterwards  trans- 
ferred to  South  Kensington,  was  entrusted 
to  him.  In  this  post  he  remained  till 
1869,  and  the  country  owes  to  him  the 
acquisition  of  an  immense  mass  of  varied 
art  treasures  gleaned  from  every  part  of 
Europe,  where,  especially  in  Italy  and  in 
the  Spanish  peninsula,  a  great  portion  of 
every  successive  year  was  spent  in  long 
expeditions,  during  which  the  remotest 
corners  of  these  countries  were  minutely 
explored.  The  system  of  circulating  ob- 
jects of  art  from  the  central  museum  to 
provincial  institutions  was,  moreover,  first 
suggested  and  carried  into  effect  by  Mr. 
Robinson  in  the  early  years  of  his  tenure 
of  office.  In  1862  he  suggested  and  car- 
ried out  the  special  loan  exhibition  of  art 
treasures  in  connection  with  the  General 
Industrial  Exhibition  of  that  year ;  an 
example  which  has  since  been  repeatedly 
followed,  but  perhaps  never  surpassed  in 
interest  or  importance,  in  France,  Ger- 
many, and  other  Continental  countries. 
In  association  with  the  Marquis  d'Azeglio, 
Italian  Minister  in  London,  and  the  late 
Baron  Marochetti,  he  founded,  and  for 
many  years  directed  as  honorary  secretary, 
the  well  -  known  Fine  Arts  Club,  now 
the  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club.  In  1869 
he  resigned  his  appointment  at  South 
Kensington  on  a  retiring  pension,  but  he 
has  not  ceased  to  render  from  year  to  year 
disinterested  services  to  that  institution, 
in  the  promotion  of  notable  acquisitions 
and  the  formation  of  special  loan  collec- 
tions, &c.  In  1881,  on  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Redgrave,  R.A.,  the  Queen  confided 
the  post  of  Crown  Surveyor  of  Pictures  to 
Mr.  Robinson,  the  office  being  that  of  art 
adviser  in  the  Lord  Chamberlain's  Depart- 
ment, and  comprising  the  supervision  and 
control  not  only  of  the  pictures,  but  of 
nearly  all  the  art  treasures  of  the  Crown, 
in  the  various  royal  palaces,  including  the 
Hampton  Court  Gallery.  Among  the 
great  number  of  his  published  works  in 
divers  branches  of  art  may  be  specified 
the  catalogue  of  the  Soulages  Collection, 
that  of  the  Art  Treasures  Exhibition  in 
1862,  and  of  the  Italian  Sculpture  collec- 
tions of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  all 
preceded  by  original  introductory  essays. 
In  1870,  at  the  request  of  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity authorities,  he  wrote  "A  Critical 
Account  of  the  Drawings  of  Michel  Angelo 


and  Raffaelle  in  the  University  Galleries," 
an  elaborate  work,  which  has  obtained 
general  recognition,  more  especially  on 
the  Continent.  An  essay  on  the  Early 
Portuguese  School  of  Painting,  under- 
taken on  the  head  of  extensive  original 
researches  in  the  country  by  desire  of  his 
Majesty  the  King  Regent  Don  Fernando, 
was  translated  into  Portuguese,  and  re- 
issued by  the  Lisbon  Academy,  and  it 
remains  one  of  the  most  important  con- 
tributions made  to  the  history  of  art  in 
Portugal.  Very  numerous  contributions 
in  the  shape  of  letters  and  essays  on  vari- 
ous branches  of  art  have  also  for  a  long 
series  of  years  been  contributed  by  Sir 
Charles  Robinson  to  the  columns  of  the 
Times,  the  Nineteenth  Century,  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and 
other  journals.  He  was  knighted  on  the 
occasion  of  her  Majesty's  Jubilee  in  1887. 
He  married,  in  1852,  Marian  Elizabeth, 
eldest  daughter  of  Edmund  Newton,  of 
Norwich.  Addresses  :  107  Harley  Street, 
W.  ;  Newton  Manor,  Swanage,  &c. 

ROBINSON,     Sir    John    Richard, 

manager  of  the  Daily  News,  born  at 
Witham,  Essex,  Nov.  2,  1828,  is  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  R.  Robinson,  and  became  con- 
nected at  an  early  age  with  provincial 
journalism.  On  coming  to  London  in 
1848  he  joined  the  paper  which  has  been 
known  as  Douglas  JerroloVs  Newspaper, 
and  soon  afterwards  undertook  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Evening  Express.  This  was  the 
property  of  the  Daily  News,  and  Mr. 
Robinson  soon  took  an  active  part  in  the 
conduct  of  the  morning  paper.  On  the 
change  of  proprietorship  in  1868,  when 
the  Daily  Neios  joined  the  ranks  of  the 
penny  papers,  he  was  appointed  sole 
manager.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco- 
German  war  in  1870  he  developed  an 
effective  system  of  special  correspondence, 
and  in  his  selection  of  writers,  as  well 
as  in  his  method  of  organisation,  was 
very  successful.  His  management  during 
the  campaign  of  Ashanti,  the  Zulu  war, 
and  the  Russo:Turkish  war,  was  distin- 
guished by  equal  initiative  faculty  and 
fertility  of  resource.  During  the  Franco- 
German  war  Mr.  Robinson  suggested  that 
a  fund  should  be  raised  for  the  relief  of 
the  French  peasants  in  the  occupied  dis- 
tricts of  the  north-west,  and  upwards  of 
£20,000  was  subscribed  under  his  auspices, 
the  whole  of  which  was  distributed  with- 
out one  shilling  being  taken  from  the 
fund  for  expenses.  For  many  years  Mr. 
Robinson  was  a  copious  contributor  to  the 
columns  of  the  American  press,  including 
the  Boston  Advertiser  and  the  Chicago 
Tribune.  He  has  also  edited  a  work  on 
shorthand.  In  June  1887  Mr.  Robinson 
became  editor  of  the  Daily  News,  continu- 


KOBLNSON  —  KOBSON 


925 


ing  to  fill  at  the  same  time  the  post  of 
manager  of  the  paper.  In  1893  Mr. 
Kobinson  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood from  the  Queen.  In  1896  he  relin- 
quished the  editorial  part  of  the  duties  to 
devote  himself  entirely  to  the  manage- 
ment. He  married,  in  1859,  Jane,  daugh- 
ter of  W.  Granger,  of  Wickham  Bishops. 
She  died  in  1876.  Address  :  4  Addison 
Crescent,  Kensington,  W. 

ROBINSON,  Philip  Stewart  (known 
as  Phil  Robinson),  son  of  Eev.  Julian 
Robinson,  was  born  at  Chunar  in  India, 
Oct.  13,  1849  ;  educated  at  Marlborough 
College,  joined  the  Pioneer  as  sub-editor 
to  his  father  in  1869  ;  contributing  to  that 
journal  (1870-71)  the  papers  afterwards 
republished  as  "  In  my  Indian  Garden." 
He  was  appointed  (1872)  editor  of  the 
Eevenue  archives  of  the  Benares  Province 
by  the  Government  of  the  N.W.  P.,  which 
published  his  compilations  (1876)  in  two 
vols.,  "  Records  of  the  Benares  Collector- 
ate."  Meanwhile  he  was  gazetted  Pro- 
fessor of  Literature  (1873),  and  exchanged 
(1875)  to  the  Chair  of  Logic  and  Meta- 
physics, and  held  simultaneously  the  ap- 
pointment to  the  Supreme  Government  of 
Censor  of  the  Vernacular  Press.  He  re- 
tired from  the  service,  1877  ;  joined  the 
Daily  Telegraph  in  the  same  year,  and 
served  as  one  of  the  war-correspondents 
of  that  journal  in  Afghanistan,  1878-79  ; 
Zululand,  1879  ;  Egypt,  1882  ;  Soudan, 
1885.  He  travelled  over  the  United  States 
as  Special  Commissioner  of  the  New  York 
World,  1881-82,  and  published  his  experi- 
ences, "  Sinners  and  Saints,"  1883.  His 
other  works  are,  "  Under  the  Punkah," 
1881  ;  "Noah's  Ark,  or  Mornings  in  the 
Zoo,  an  Essay  in  Un-Natural  History," 
1882,  and  "The  Poets  and  Nature,"  3 
vols.,  1884-86  ;  "  Chasing  a  Fortune," 
"  Tigers  at  Large,"  and  "  The  Poets' 
Beasts,"  1885  ;  "  The  Valley  of  Testation 
Trees,"  1886;  "Some  Country  Sights 
and  Sounds,"  1893  ;  and  "Birds  of  the 
Wave  and  Woodland,"  1894.  The  first 
"authorised"  edition  of  his  works  in 
America  appeared  in  1882,  as  "  Under  the 
Sun."  He  is  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
Contemporary  Review,  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, and  Harper's  Monthly. 

ROBINSON,  W.,  landscape-gardener 
and  editor  of  the  Garden  and  of  other 
journals  devoted  to  rural  life,  was  by  his 
own  wish  trained  to  horticulture  at  an 
early  age.  When  in  the  gardens  of  the 
Royal  Botanic  Society  in  the  Regent's 
Park  he  visited,  on  behalf  of  the  Society, 
all  the  botanical  gardens  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  commenced  as  a  writer  by 
giving  a  description  of  this  tour  in  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle.     He  went  to  Paris  at 


the  time  of  the  Exhibition  of  1867,  and 
studied  the  horticulture  of  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Paris,  in  public,  private,  and  com- 
mercial gardens,  writing  in  the  Times  an 
account  of  the  more  important  things  ob- 
served. He  travelled  in  Europe  and 
America,  always  in  the  interest  of  the 
same  subject,  and  collected  plants  in 
California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He 
has  founded  the  Garden,  vol.  Hi.,  1897  ; 
Gardening  Illustrated,  vol.  xix.,  1898  ;  Farm 
and  Home,  vol.  xvi.,  1898  ;  Woods  and 
Forests,  vol.  ii.,  1885;  Cottage  Gardening, 
vol.  xi.,  1898.  He  is  author  of  the 
"  English  Flower  Garden,"  6th  edit., 
1898;  the  "Wild  Garden,"  4th  edit., 
1894  ;  "  Parks  and  Gardens  of  Paris,"  2nd 
edit.,  1883;  "Hardy  Flowers,"  5th  edit., 
1892  ;  the  "  Sub-Tropical  Garden,"  2nd 
edit.  ;  "  Garden  Design  and  Architects' 
Gardens,"  1892  ;  and  "  God's  Acre  Beauti- 
ful." In  most  of  the  above  the  aim  has 
been  to  develop  more  artistic  work,  both 
in  the  design  and  planting  of  gardens,  and 
to  advocate  the  greatly  increased  culture 
of  many  plants  from  countries  like  our 
own  in  climate.  Mr.  Robinson  is  garden 
and  woodland  editor  of  the  Field.  Ad- 
dress :  63  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  W.C. 

ROBINSON,  Sir  William,  G.C.M.G., 
Governor  of  Hong-Kong,  was  born  in  1836, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  B.  Robin- 
son. In  1854  he  became  a  clerk  in  the 
Colonial  Office,  and  having  been  private 
secretary  to  Lord  Blackford  and  Mr.  Card- 
well,  he  was  appointed  to  represent  the 
Colonial  Office  on  the  East  African  Slave- 
Trade  Commission,  1869,  and  the  Vienna 
Exhibition,  1873.  He  was  Governor  of 
the  Bahama  Isles,  1874-80  ;  of  the  Wind- 
ward Isles,  1881-84  ;  of  Barbados,  1884  ; 
of  Trinidad,  1885 ;  and  of  Hong-Kong, 
1891-97.  In  1887  he  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Government  for  the  satisfactory 
settlement  of  the  Venezuelan  difficulty 
arising  out  of  the  Henrietta  and  Josephina 
cases. 

ROBSON,  Professor  A.  W.   Mayo, 

F.R.C.S.,  Professor  of  Surgery  at  the 
Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  University, 
was  born  at  Filey,  on  April  17,  1853,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  T.  Binnington 
Robson  of  Filey.  He  was  educated  at  a 
private  school,  and  at  the  Wesley  College, 
and  Yorkshire  College.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  Leeds,  where  he  is  now  Senior 
Surgeon  at  the  General  Infirmary,  and 
Lecturer  on  Practical  Surgery  and  Patho- 
logy at  the  Leeds  School  of  Medicine.  He 
holds  a  number  of  important  posts  in  his 
own  district,  and  in  London  is  Member 
of  Council,  and  has  been  Hunterian  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  and  Pathology  at  the 
Royal   Coll.  Surgeons,  Eng.      He   is   also 


926 


ROBSON  —  ROCHEFORT-LUQAY 


a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Med.  Chir.  Society, 
and  other  leading  societies,  and  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  British  Gynaecological  Society, 
and  of  various  Yorkshire  societies.  He 
has  been  Hon.  President  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Gynaecology.  His 
publications  include  "On  Gall-Stones  and 
their  Treatment,"  a  subject  on  which, 
amongst  others,  he  has  written  largely 
in  Clifford  Allbutt's  "System  of  Medi- 
cine," and  in  the  leading  reviews  and 
transactions,  &c.  Address  :  7  Park  Square, 
Leeds. 

ROBSON,  William  Snowdon,  Q.C., 

M.P.,  is  the  third  surviving  son  of  the  late 
Eobert  Robson,  J.P.  of  Newcastle,  and  was 
born  in  1852.  He  was  educated  at  Dr. 
Bruce's  School,  Newcastle,  and  at  Gonville 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge  (B.  A. ), 
graduating  in  the  Moral  Science  Tripos, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1S80.  He  joined  the  North- 
Eastern  Circuit,  and  took  silk  in  1892.  In 
1895  he  was  appointed  Recorder  of  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne. From  1885  to  1886  he  sat 
for  the  Bow  and  Bromley  Division  of  the 
Tower  Hamlets,  and  was  elected  for  South 
Shields  in  1895,  a  constituency  which  he 
represents  in  the  Liberal  interest.  Ad- 
dresses :  60  Chester  Square,  S.W.  ;  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne, &c. 

ROBY,  Henry  John,  M.P.,  J.P.,  LL.D. 

Edin.  and  Camb.,  is  a  native  of  Tarn  worth 
where  his  father  was  a  solicitor,  and  where 
he  was  boiu,  Aug.  12,  1830.  When  he  was 
twelve  years  of  age  his  family  removed  to 
Bridgnorth,  and  for  seven  years  he  was  a 
day-scholar  at  the  grammar  school  there. 
In  1849  he  went  up  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  was  elected  scholar  and 
exhibitioner  of  the  College,  graduating 
B.A.  in  1853,  being  first  in  the  first  class 
of  the  Classical  Tripos.  As  senior  classic 
he  was  elected  the  following  year  to  a 
Fellowship  at  St.  John's,  and  subsequently 
was  appointed  a  classical  lecturer.  He 
remained  at  Cambridge  until  1861,  filling, 
among  other  offices,  that  of  Secretary  to 
the  Committee  of  the  Cambridge  Local 
University  examinations,  and  that  of  one 
of  the  examiners  for  the  Law  Tripos,  the 
Classical  Tripos,  and  the  Moral  Science 
Tripos.  Mr.  Roby  took  an  active  part  in 
promoting  reform  in  his  college,  and  in 
the  university,  under  the  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Act,  and  published  a  pamphlet  on 
the  subject,  "  Remarks  on  College  Re- 
form," 1858.  Upon  leaving  Cambridge, 
he  became  an  under-master  at  Dulwich 
College,  and  while  there  (1861-65)  he  pub- 
lished his  Elementary  Latin  Grammar. 
From  1864  to  1868,  under  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  Crown,  he  was  successively 
Secretary  to  the  Schools  Inquiry  Commis- 


sion, and  in  1869  Secretary  to  the  Endowed 
Schools  Commission,  and  subsequently, 
1872,  Commissioner.  This  Commission 
expired  Dec.  31,  1874.  During  this  period 
he  was  for  two  years  Professor  of  Juris- 
prudence at  University  College,  London, 
where  he  lectured  on  Roman  Law.  Mr. 
Roby  assisted  the  Schools  Inquiry  Com- 
missioners in  preparing  their  Report 
(issued  March  1868)  and  in  compiling  and 
editing  the  twenty  volumes  appended 
thereto.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  a  life 
governor  and  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  Owens  College,  and  the  same  year  a 
governor  of  Manchester  Grammar  School, 
and  subsequently  one  of  the  governors  of 
Hulme's  Charity.  Between  1871  and  1874 
he  had  published  the  two  volumes  of  his 
larger  Latin  Grammar,  "  Grammar  of  the 
Latin  Language,  from  Plautus  to  Sue- 
tonius ;  "  in  1880  a  school  edition  of  the 
work  ;  and  in  1884  his  "  Introduction  to 
Justinian's  Digest  and  Commentary,"  in 
recognition  of  the  importance  of  which 
work  the  University  of  Edinburgh  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1887  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  has  been  Chairman 
of  the  Manchester  Liberal  Executive,  and 
filled  other  similar  offices.  He  was  M.P. 
for  Eccles,  a  seat  which  he  wrested  from 
the  Conservatives  at  the  bye-election  in 
Oct.  1890,  and  was  re-elected  for  the  same 
constituency  in  1892,  but  failed  in  1895  ; 
and  then,  ceasing  to  reside  in  Manchester, 
retired  from  political  work.  He  was,  in 
1892,  appointed  by  the  Speaker  one  of  the 
Deputy-Chairmen  of  Committees  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  1892  he  received 
from  Cambridge  University  their  hon. 
LL.D.  degree.  In  1861  Mr.  Roby  married 
Matilda,  elder  daughter  of  Peter  A.  Ermen, 
Esq.,  of  Dawlish,  who  died  1889.  Address  : 
Members'  Mansions,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

ROCHEFORT-LTJCAY,  Victor 
Henri,  Marquis  de,  commonly  known 
as  Henri  Rochefort,  a  French  journalist 
and  politician,  was  born  in  Paris  on  Jan. 
30,  1830,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Marquis 
Claude,  who,  under  the  name  of  Edmond 
Rochefort,  was  a  well-known  playwright. 
The  early  years  of  his  life,  as  he  says,  were 
spent  in  the  most  middle-class  fashion. 
Although  a  descendant  of  the  old  French 
aristocracy,  his  family  were  very  poor ; 
indeed,  it  has  been  wittily  said  that  he 
inherited  from  his  sires  nothing  but  a 
stock  of  anecdotes.  His  school-days  num- 
bered many  episodes  prophetic  of  his 
future  career,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  started  to  earn  a  living.  He  tried 
tutorship,  but  that  soon  disgusted  him. 
Then  he  essayed  play-writing,  but  with 
more  enthusiasm  than  success.  Finally, 
he  obtained  a  post  as  auxiliary  clerk  in 
the  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  thus  really  com- 


ROCHESTER  — EOD 


927 


menced    life    as   so   many  other  French 
litterateurs  have  done.      His  office  duties 
being  light,  he  employed  a  good  deal  of 
his  spare  time  in  doing  odd  jobs  for  the 
newspapers.     Slowly  he  crept  into  notice, 
with  the   considerable    assistance  of    an 
occasional   duel,   and    became   somewhat 
notorious  as  a  bold  writer,  even  daring  to 
attack   the   Emperor    himself.       He   was 
afterwards    one    of    the    writers    of    the 
Cltarivari,  and  his  articles  in  this  journal 
led  to  his  appointment  as  sub-inspector  of 
Fine  Arts  in  Paris,  a  post   he  resigned  in 
1861  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  journal- 
ism.   After  contributing  to  various  papers, 
he  joined  the  staff  of  the  Figaro  at    an 
annual  salary  of  30,000  francs  ;  but  in  1865 
he  retired  to  save  the  journal  from  prose- 
cution, and  established  the  Lanterne,  whose 
first  nine  weekly  issues  reached  a  circula- 
tion  of   over   1,150,000.     The  paper  was, 
however,  soon   suppressed  on  account  of 
its    violent    attacks    upon    the    Imperial 
family,  and  its  author  was  condemned  to 
a  year's  imprisonment,  and  to  pay  a  fine 
of  10,000  francs.       M.  Eochefort  fled  to 
Brussels    and    continued   to   publish   the 
Lanterne  till   August   1869,   when  on    his 
election  to  the   Legislative  body  he  was 
permitted    to    return   to   Paris.       In   the 
same  year  he  founded  the  Marseillaise,  in 
which  Victor   Noir    was    a    collaborator. 
The   attacks   in    this   journal    on   Prince 
Pierre  Bonaparte  led  to  the  assassination 
of  Victor  Noir  by  the  Prince  ;    the  paper 
was  seized,  and  M.  Rochefort  committed 
to  the  prison  of  Sainte  Pelagie.     On  the 
proclamation  of  the  Republic  in  Septem- 
ber 1870  he  was  released  by  the  mob,  and 
was  for  a  short  time  connected  with  the 
Government  of  National  Defence.    He  was 
President  of  the  Commission  of  Barricades 
during  the  siege  of  Paris,  and  in  Feb.  8, 
1871,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  representa- 
tives of  Paris  in  the  National  Assembly. 
During  that  time  he  was  the  editor  of  the 
Mot  d'Ordre,  in  the  columns  of  which  he 
justified   the   Commune,   and  vehemently 
assailed  the  Government  of  Versailles,  and 
M.  Thiers  personally.      On  May  19,  1871, 
while  endeavouring  to  escape  from  Paris, 
he  was  taken,  tried  by  court-martial,  and 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life.      In 
September   1872  he  was    temporarily  re- 
leased   to    enable   him    to  legitimise   his 
children  by  marrying  their   mother,  who 
was  dying.      Subsequently  M.  Rochefort 
was  transported  to   New  Caledonia,  but 
effected  his  escape  in  1874.      He  returned 
to  Europe  and  attempted   to   revive  the 
Lanterne    in    London    and    Geneva,    but 
without   success.      The   general  amnesty 
of  July  11,  1880,  permitted  M.  Rochefort 
to   return   to   Paris,    where   he   at   once 
assumed  the  direction  of  a  new  Radical 
paper,  L' Intransigent,   and   renewed  his 


attacks  upon  all  the  Governments  in  turn. 
He  has  since  been  elected  for  Paris,  but 
Parliament  was  irksome  to  him,  and  he 
resigned.       In  1886  he  proposed   to  take 
part    in    the  workmen's  riots  in  Belgium, 
but   the   Belgian    authorities    would    not 
permit  him  to  cross  the  frontier.     He  was 
a  staunch  partisan  of  General  Boulanger, 
and  came  to  England  with  him  in  1889, 
having    escaped    through    Belgium    from 
France.     Until  the  beginning  of  1895  he 
resided    in  London,  when  he  returned  to 
Paris  under  an  amnesty.     His  reception  in 
his  native  city  was  one  of  royal  character. 
He  was  welcomed  by  thousands,  and  re- 
ceived most  flattering  ovations.       During 
the  course  of  litigation  between  Rochefort, 
as  editor,  and  M.  Vaughan,  manager   of 
the   V Intransigent,  in   which   the   latter 
gained  the  day,  it  became  known  in  De- 
cember 1896  that  for  the  last  seven  years 
Rochefort    had    received     no     less    than 
700,000    francs    as    editor   and    1,700,000 
francs  in  dividends  on  his  shares,  or  alto- 
gether 342,000  francs  a  year.     Comment- 
ing on   this,  the  Dibats  observed:    "The 
war  against  capital  is  a  good  business,  but 
it  does  not  enrich  all  who  take  part  in  it. 
It  is  not  stated  that  M.  Rochefort  has  ever 
had  the  idea  of  admitting  his  compositors 
and  messengers  to  a  share  in  his  ample 
profits."     Always  eager  for  notoriety,  he 
violently  assailed  Dreyfus  and  those  who 
supported  him  in  his  desire  for  justice  ; 
by  the  praises  he  lavished  on  the  army,  one 
would  never  think  he  had  written  against 
it  just  as  heartily.      He  joined  the  anti- 
Jewish  party,  of  which  he  is  a  prominent 
supporter.     M.  Rochefort  is  a  great  con- 
noisseur of  all  the  arts,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  to  appreciate  Goya. 

ROCHESTER,  Bishop  of.  See  Tal- 
bot, The  Right  Rev.  Edward  Stuart. 

ROCHESTER,  Dean  of.     See  Hole, 

The  Veet  Rev.  Samuel  Reynolds. 

ROCHESTER,  Mark.  See  Kent, 
William  Charles  Mark. 

ROD,  Edouard,  Swiss  novelist  and 
critic,  was  born  at  Nyon  in  1857,  and  was 
educated  at  Berne  and  Berlin.  Early  in 
life  he  came  to  Paris,  and  first  took  up 
literary  criticism,  becoming  chief  editor 
of  La  Revue  Contcmporaine  in  1884.  In 
1887  he  was  named  Professor  of  Com- 
parative Literature  at  the  University  of 
Geneva.  His  miscellaneous  works  include 
"Apropos  de  l'Assommoir,"  1879;  "  Les 
Allemands  a  Paris,"  1880  ;  and  "  Giacomo 
Leopardi,"  1888.  But  he  is  chiefly  known 
as  a  novelist,  and  he  has  written  quite  a 
series  of  psychological  analyses  imbued 
with  the  pessimism  of  Schopenhauer,  the 


928 


ROD  AYS  —  RODIN 


realism  of  Zola,  and  the  musical  theories 
of  Wagner.  Among  these  may  be  named  : 
"  Palrnyre  Veulard,"  1881 ;  "La  Chute  de 
Miss  Topsy,"  1882;  "Tatiana  Leiloff, " 
1886;  "  Ne'vrosee,"  1888;  "  Nouvelles 
Romandes,"  1891 ;  and  studies  on  Dante 
and  Stendhal,  1891.  In  "Le  Sens  de  la 
Vie,"  which  is  a  sort  of  psychological 
autobiography,  he  depicts  the  worries  and 
griefs  of  domestic  life,  and  argues  that  the 
reason  of  these  is  the  sacrifice  of  the  indi- 
vidual to  the  family.  In  March  1898 
M.  Rod  came  to  London,  and  delivered  a 
lecture  on  contemporary  French  fiction, 
stating  that  the  novel  was  the  most  com- 
plete and  strongest  literary  expression  of 
French  genius.  He  is  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  his  Paris  address 
is  27  Rue  Erlanger. 

RODAYS,  Pierre  Fernand  de,  editor 
of  the  Paris  Figaro,  was  born  at  Mur-en- 
Sologne,  Oct.  19,  1845,  and  coming  to 
Paris  to  study  law,  took  to  journalism  in- 
stead. He  started  by  some  articles  in  the 
Vie  Parisienne,  and  edited  a  short-lived 
paper  called  Paris  -  Caprice,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Pierre  Jaff.  Subsequently 
he  edited  the  Courier  de  SaOne  et  Loire,  and 
during  the  last  days  of  the  Empire  he 
aided  in  the  direction  of  Le  Peuple  Fran- 
eais.  Under  the  Ollivier  Ministry  he  was 
sent  to  Brest,  where  he  founded  Le  Peuple 
Breton,  and  during  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  a  second  paper  called  La  Guerre. 
After  the  war  he  returned  to  Paris  and 
became  one  of  the  staff  of  the  Figaro, 
where  he  reviewed  books  and  edited  the 
law  reports.  In  the  next  year,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Louis  de  Coulanges,  he 
wrote  a  series  of  biographical  articles 
satirising  the  officials  of  the  new  Republic, 
which  were  united  in  a  volume,  under  the 
title  of  "  Les  Prefets  de  la  Republique." 
M.  de  Villemessant,  the  founder  of  the 
paper,  had  great  confidence  in  him,  and  at 
his  death  he  became  one  of  the  three 
administrators  of  the  paper,  with  MM. 
Magnard  and  P^rivier.  On  the  death  of 
the  former  he  became  editor-in-chief,  Nov. 
22,  1894.  During  1898  he  left  the  paper 
for  a  while,  owing  to  its  volte-face  on  the 
Dreyfus  affair.  Paris  address  :  103  Rue  St. 
Lazare. 

RODD,  Sir  James  Rennell,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  principal  secretary  to  the  British 
Agency  in  Egypt,  was  born  in  London,  Nov. 
9,  1858.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Major  J. 
R.  Rodd,  and  was  educated  at  Haileybury 
College,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  gained  the  Newdigate  Prize  for 
English  Verse  in  1880,  the  subject  being 
"Raleigh."  He  obtained  his  B.A.  degree 
in  the  following  year.  In  1883  he  joined 
the  Diplomatic  Service,  and  soon  after  be- 


came attache'  at  Berlin.  In  1888  he  was 
transferred  to  Athens,  and  in  1891  was 
appointed  second  Secretary  to  the  Hon. 
Sir  Edmund  Monson  at  Rome.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  went  to  Paris,  and  in  1893 
was  chosen  to  succeed  Sir  Gerald  Portal 
as  British  Agent  and  Consul-General  at 
Zanzibar,  where  he  performed  his  duties 
in  a  most  successful  manner  under  very 
difficult  conditions.  During  his  year  of 
office  the  Sultan,  Seyyid  Ali,  died,  and  Mr. 
Rodd  at  once  proclaimed  Hamed  ben 
Thwain,  a  great-nephew  of  Seyyid  Ali, 
Sultan  of  Zanzibar.  An  attempt  was  made 
by  Kalid  Barghash  to  obtain  possession  of 
the  throne,  and  skirmishes  took  place  at 
Pumwain  and  Jongein,  at  both  of  which 
Mr.  Rodd  was  present.  In  1894  he  was 
transferred  to  Egypt  as  second  Secretary 
at  the  British  Legation,  and  during  the 
temporary  absence  of  Lord  Cromer  he 
discharged  the  functions  of  Acting  Agent 
and  Consul-General.  During  1897  it  was 
decided  to  despatch  a  British  Mission  to 
Abyssinia,  and  Mr.  Rodd  was  selected  as 
special  Envoy.  He  was  accompanied  by 
a  number  of  English  officers,  the  average 
height  of  whom  was  over  six  feet.  Count 
Gleichen,  who  formed  one  of  the  party, 
afterwards  published  a  very  interesting 
account  of  the  Mission.  Mr.  Rodd  was 
received  with  much  ceremony,  and  after 
the  signing  of  a  treaty  he  invested  King 
Menelik  with  the  insignia  of  a  G.C.M.G. 
The  main  object  of  Mr.  Rodd's  mission 
was  the  establishment  of  friendly  and 
commercial  relations,  and  among  the  more 
important  items  of  the  treaty  may  be  men- 
tioned the  recognition  of  the  Somaliland 
frontiers ;  the  keeping  open  of  certain 
caravan  routes  ;  and  the  prevention  of  the 
transit  through  Abyssinia  of  arms  to  the 
Mahdists,  whom  Menelik  declared  to  be 
the  enemies  of  his  country.  The  success- 
ful issue  of  the  mission  gave  great  satis- 
faction, and  Mr.  Rodd  received  a  C.B.  In 
October  1898  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
to  Her  Majesty's  Agency  at  Cairo,  and 
received  the  K.C.M.G.  for  his  diplomatic 
services  at  the  Birthday,  1899.  Sir  Rennell 
Rodd  is  the  author  of  the  following  works 
in  prose  and  verse:  "Frederick,  Crown 
Prince  and  Emperor,"  1889 ;  "  Customs 
and  Lore  of  Modern  Greece,"  1891  ; 
"Songs  in  the  South,"  "Poems  in  Many 
Lands  "  (which  is  a  second  edition  of  the 
former  work) ;  "  The  Unknown  Madonna," 
"Feda  and  other  Poems,"  "The  Violet 
Crown  and  Songs  of  England,"  and  "  Bal- 
lads of  the  Fleet,"  1897.  Permanent  ad- 
dress :  17  Stratford  Place,  W.  ;  and 
Athenaium. 

RODIN,  August,  French  sculptor, 
was  born  in  Paris  in  1840,  and  when  quite 
young  became  a  pupil  of  Barye,  and  then, 


KOGERS  —  ROLLIT 


929 


from  1864  to  1870,  of  Carrier-Belleuse. 
For  the  next  seven  years  he  aided  Van 
Rasbourg  in  decorating  the  interior  of  the 
Bourse  at  Brussels.  He  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance at  the  Salon  in  1875  with  a  terra- 
cotta bust  of  Gamier.  In  1877  his  "Age 
d'Airain  "  created  a  deal  of  discussion, 
and  he  was  awarded  a  medal  of  the  third 
class.  His  "St.  John  the  Baptist"  was 
exhibited  in  1880,  and  was  acquired  by  the 
Luxembourg,  where  his  "Danaide  "  stands 
also.  His  other  works  include  :  "La 
Creation  de  l'Homrne,"  1880  ;  busts  of  J. 
P.  Laurens,  Victor  Hugo,  Antonin  Proust, 
1885  ;  and  Puvis  de  Chavannes,  1891.  M. 
Rodin  was  commissioned  by  the  State  to 
execute  in  marble  a  group  at  the  door  of 
the  Palais  des  Arts  Decoratifs,  represent- 
ing Francesca  da  Rimini  and  Paolo  Mala- 
testa.  In  1889  he  produced  "  Les  Bourgeois 
de  Calais,"  which  was  erected  in  that  town ; 
a  statue  of  Bastien  Lepage,  for  the  town  of 
Danvilliers  ;  another  of  Claude  Lorraine, 
for  the  town  of  Nancy ;  and  the  huge 
monument  of  Victor  Hugo,  for  the  Pan- 
theon. In  1898  this  artist  created  quite  a 
revolution  by  his  statue  of  Balzac,  which 
he  had  been  commissioned  to  execute  for 
the  Societe  des  Gens  de  Lettres.  It  was 
exhibited  in  the  Salon,  and  the  Society  re- 
fused to  accept  it,  declaring  it  to  be  with- 
out form,  and  void.  This  roused  the  ire 
of  true  art  lovers,  who  saw  in  it  the  ex- 
pression of  Balzac's  thought,  and  one  of 
them  purchased  it  for  the  price  of  the  com- 
mission. Several  characteristic  examples 
of  this  master's  art  were  to  be  seen  in 
London  in  1898  at  the  International  Art 
Exhibition.  He  was  decorated  with  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  1888. 

ROGERS,  The  Rev.  James  Guin- 
ness, D.D. ,  Congregational  minister  and 
writer,  was  born  at  Enniskillen  on  Dec.  29, 
1822,  and  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Rogers.  He  was  educated  at  Silcoates 
School,  Wakefield,  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  graduated  in  1843,  and 
afterwards  prepared  for  his  ministerial 
duties  by  study  at  Lancashire  Independent 
College.  He  has  been  successively  Con- 
gregational minister  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  Ashton-under-Lyne,  and  Clapham, 
where  he  has  officiated  since  1865.  He 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Congre- 
gational Union  of  England  and  Wales  in 
1875  ;  and  has  contributed  to  the  Oorujre- 
gationalist,  Contemporary,  British  Quarterly, 
and  the  Congregational  Review,  of  which  he 
is  editor.  Among  many  other  religious 
works  he  has  published  "  Present- Day  Re- 
ligion and  Theology,"  1887;  "Christ  for 
the  World,"  1895;  "The  Gospel  in  the 
Epistles,"  and  "  The  Christian  Ideal," 
1898.  Address  :  81  Clapham  Common, 
S.W. 


ROHLFS,  Mrs.  Charles,  nde  Anna 
Katharine  Green,  novelist,  daughter  of 
James  Wilson  Green,  a  lawyer,  who  has 
held  public  positions  in  New  York  and 
elsewhere,  was  born  at  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  and  educated  at  Ripley  College, 
Poultney,  Vermont.  She  has  published 
"The  Leavenworth  Case,"  1878;  "A 
Strange  Disappearance,"  1879  ;  "  The 
Swords  of  Damocles,"  1881;  "The  De- 
fence of  the  Bride,  and  other  Poems," 
1882;  "XY  Z,"  and  "Hand  and  Ring," 
1883;  "The  Mill  Mystery,"  and  "7  to 
12,"  1886  ;  "  Risifi's  Daughter,"  a  drama, 
1887;  "Behind  Closed  Doors,"  18S8  ; 
"The  Forsaken  Inn,"  1890;  "A  Matter 
of  Millions,"  1890  ;  "  The  Old  Stone 
House,"  1891  ;  "  Cynthia  Wakeham's 
Money,"  1892  ;  "Marked  Personal,"  1S93  ; 
"  That  Affair  next  Door,"  1897  ;  and 
"Lost  Man's  Lane,"  1898.  The  author 
has  dramatised  her  first  novel,  "  The 
Leavenworth  Case,"  and  it  was  pre- 
sented to  the  public  during  the  seasons  of 
1891, 1892,  1893.  Her  novels  are  published 
in  the  native  languages  of  Germany,  Italy, 
and  France,  and  have  been  widely  circu- 
lated in  England  and  the  British  posses- 
sions. On  Nov.  24,  1884,  Miss  A.  K. 
Green  was  married  to  Mr.  Charles  Rohlfs, 
and  now  resides  at  Buffalo,  New  York. 

ROLLINAT,  Maurice,  French  poet, 
was  born  at  Chateauroux  in  1853,  and  is 
the  son  of  Francois  Rollinat,  one  of  the 
representatives  in  the  National  Assembly 
of  1848.  His  family  were  intimate  friends 
of  George  Sand,  and  under  her  auspices 
he  took  to  a  literary  career.  His  first  pub- 
lished work  was  a  collection  of  poems  en- 
titled "  Dans  les  Brandes,"  which  aroused 
but  little  stir.  But  his  second  work,  pub- 
lished in  1883,  "Les  Nevroses,"  was  a 
most  realistic  collection  of  luxurious  and 
eccentric  poems,  and  made  him  one  of  the 
chiefs  of  that  school  of  young  poets  who 
unite  plain  speaking  with  sonorous  words. 
It  was  declared  to  be  a  work  surpassing 
those  of  Poe  and  Baudelaire,  and  was 
followed  by  two  other  volumes,  "  L'Abime," 
1886,  and  "  La  Nature,"  1892,  which, 
owing  to  their  saner  thoughts,  made  less 
noise.  He  also  published,  in  1893,  a  book 
of  poetry  for  children,  entitled  "  Le  Livre 
de  la  Nature." 

ROLLIT,  Sir  Albert  Kaye,  M.P., 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  D.L.,  was  born  in  1842,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  John  Rollit,  of  Hull. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, of  which  he  is  a  Fellow  and  Governor, 
and  was  Gold  Medallist  of  the  University 
of  London,  of  which  he  is  B.A.,  LL.D., 
Fellow,  and  Member  of  Senate.  He  became 
a  solicitor  in  1863,  and  was  Prizeman  of 
the   Incorporated    Law.  Society.      He    is 

3  N 


930 


ROME  — RONNER 


senior  partner  in  Rollit  &  Sons,  of  Lon- 
don and  Hull,  and  in  Bailey  &  Leetham, 
steamship  owners,  of  Hull,  London,  New- 
castle, and  Manchester  ;  Director  of  the 
National  Telephone  Co.  ;  Alderman  for 
Hull,  of  which  he  was  Mayor,  1883-85  ; 
J.P.  for  London  ;  D.L.  for  the  West 
Riding,  the  city  of  York,  and  the  Tower 
of  London  ;  Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy 
for  the  City  ;  President  of  the  Association 
of  Municipal  Corporations  ;  President  of 
the  Associated  Chambers  of  Commerce, 
and,  till  lately,  of  the  London  Chamber 
of  Commerce  ;  President  of  the  British 
Commission  of  the  Brussels  International 
Exhibition  in  1897 ;  Hon.  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  in  the  Engineer  Militia ;  Elder 
Brother  of  the  Trinity  House  since  1891  ; 
Hon.  Freeman  of  Hull  since  1890,  of 
Huddersfield  since  1894,  of  the  Carpenters' 
Company,  London  ;  and  Board  of  Trade 
Representative  on  the  Humber  Conser- 
vancy. On  the  occasion  of  his  retirement 
from  the  presidency  of  the  London 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  after  five  years' 
tenure  of  office,  he  was  presented  in  Decem- 
ber 1898  with  a  silver  casket  containing  a 
letter  of  thanks.  Among  other  foreign 
orders  he  has  the  Knight  Commandership 
of  the  Iron  Crown  of  Italy,  of  Leopold  of 
Belgium,  and  of  the  Double  Dragon  of 
China.  He  has  sat  for  Islington  South 
since  1886.  He  married  (2),  in  November 
1896,  Mary,  Duchess  of  Sutherland.  Ad- 
dresses :  30  Lowdnes  Square,  S.W. ;  and 
Crogan  House,  Hull,  &c. 

ROME,  Pope  of.    See  Leo  XIII. 

HOMER,    The   Hon.    Sir    Robert, 

Lord  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeal,  born 
in  London,  Dec.  23,  1840,  is  the  second  son 
of  the  late  Francis  Romer,  the  composer, 
and  was  educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bride  ;  Senior  Wrangler  and  Smith's  Prize- 
man, 1863  ;  Fellow  of  Trinity  Hall,  1867. 
From  1865  to  1866  he  was  Professor  of 
Mathematics  at  Queen's  College,  Cork. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1867  ;  was  Examiner  in  Civil  Law  at 
Cambridge,  1869-70 ;  was  made  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1881  ■;  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1884,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Justices  of  the  High  Court  (Chancery 
Division)  Nov.  17,  1890,  in  the  place  of  Sir 
Edward  Ebenezer  Kay,  created  a  Lord 
Justice  of  Appeal.  In  the  Chancery  Court 
he  was  noted  for  rapid  work  and  a  pro- 
found knowledge  of  the  Patent  Laws.  In 
February  1899  he  was  created  a  Lord 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  in  the  room 
of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  William 
Chitty  deceased.  He  married  Betty,  the 
daughter  of  the  late  Mark  Lemon,  editor 
of  Punek.  Addresses :  27  Harrington 
Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 


ROMERO,  Matias,  Mexican  states- 
man ,  was  born  in  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  Feb.  24, 
1837,  and  educated  at  the  Institute  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  in  his  native  town,  where  he 
studied  philosophy  and  then  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  the  city  of  Mexico 
in  1857.  In  the  revolution  of  that  year  he 
sided  with  the  Government,  and  in  De- 
cember 1859  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  the  Mexican  Legation  in  Washington, 
and  was  subsequently  Charged  d'Affaires 
until  April  1863.  He  returned  to  Mexico 
in  1863,  and  resigning  his  diplomatic  post 
was  appointed  Colonel  in  the  army,  and 
became  Chief-of-Staff  to  his  college  friend, 
General  Porfirio  Diaz.  He  was  employed 
on  several  military  missions  of  a  diplo- 
matic nature,  and  in  September  returned 
to  Washington  as  Minister  to  the  United 
States,  and  negotiated  several  important 
treaties  with  that  country  after  the  down- 
fall of  the  Emperor  in  Mexico.  In  1868 
he  accepted  the  Treasury  portfolio  in 
Juarez's  Cabinet,  and  for  five  years  ad- 
ministered the  finances  of  the  country 
with  skill.  In  1876  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Mexican  Senate,  and  on  the  election 
of  General  Diaz  as  President  he  returned 
to  the  Treasury,  which  he  retained  till 
April  1,  1879.  He  was  appointed  Post- 
master-General in  February  1880,  but  soon 
retired.  In  1881  the  boundary  question 
between  Mexico  and  the  United  States, 
and  also  that  between  Mexico  and  Guate- 
mala, were  adjusted  by  him,  and  he  has 
since  retained  the  post  of  Minister  to  the 
United  States.  He  has  published  "  Coffee 
Culture  on  the  Southern  Coast  of  Chiapas," 
1875  ;  "  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Annexa- 
tion of  Chiapas  and  Soconusco  to  Mexico," 
1877;  "The  State  of  Oaxaca,"  1886; 
besides  many  other  volumes,  chiefly  official 
reports. 

RONNER,  Mdme.  Henriette,  whose 
charming  pictures  of  cats  were,  in  1890,  on 
view  at  the  Fine  Art  Gallery  in  New  Bond 
Street,  was  born  in  Amsterdam  in  1821, 
and  was  educated  with  great  strictness 
for  the  profession  of  an  artist.  Her  first 
tutor  was  her  father,  Herr  Knip,  who 
kept  her  at  work  for  many  hours  daily, 
adopting  the  unusual  plan  of  shutting  her 
up  in  darkness  for  two  hours  in  the  mid- 
day, in  order  to  rest  her  eyes,  a  proceeding 
much  more  likely  to  be  injurious  than 
beneficial.  Forty  years  ago  she  married 
Fieco  Ronner,  since  which  time  she  has 
lived  in  Brussels,  and  devoted  her  atten- 
tion almost  solely  to  animal  portraiture. 
On  the  Continent  she  is  regarded  as  an 
animal-painter  of  the  highest  merit,  and 
receives  from  the  Brussels  National  Gal- 
lery, the  Luxembourg,  and  very  many  town 
and  corporation  museums,  commissions  to 
paint  portraits  of  favourite  dogs  and  cats. 


EONTGEN  —  KOPES 


931 


The  great  characteristic  of  her  work  is  her 
absolute  truthfulness.  Brussels  address  : 
57  Chaussee  de  Vieurgat. 

RONTGEN,  Conrad  "Wilhelm,  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  the  University  of 
Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  was  born  at  Lennep, 
in  Rhenish  Prussia,  in  1844.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Zurich,  where  he  became  a  Doctor 
of  Science  in  1869.  For  long  he  had  been 
a  distinguished  investigator  of  physical 
problems,  and  his  great  discovery  of  the 
X  or  Rontgen  Rays  was  made  on  Nov.  8, 
1895,  but  not  communicated  to  the  public 
till  the  beginning  of  January  1896.  The 
essential  part  of  this  experiment  is  a  small 
glass  tube,  into  each  end  of  which  is  fitted 
a  wire  from  some  electric  generating  ap- 
paratus ;  then,  the  tube  being  exhausted 
by  an  air-pump,  the  electric  circuit  is 
broken  by  the  vacuum  space  in  the  tube 
between  the  two  ends  of  the  wires.  If, 
when  an  electric  current  is  made  to  pass 
along  the  wires,  a  living  human  hand  be 
interposed  between  the  tube  and  a  pho- 
tographic plate,  a  photograph  can  be 
obtained  showing  all  the  outlines  of  the 
bones.  During  1897  a  Rontgen  Society 
was  formed  in  England,  of  which  the  first 
President  was  Professor  Sylvan  us  Thomp- 
son. 

ROOKWOOD,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  Henry  John  Selwin-Ibbetson, 
Bart.,  D.L.,  only  son  of  the  late  Sir 
John  Thomas  Ibbetson-Selwin,  the  6th 
baronet,  by  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  late 
General  John  Leveson-Gower,  was  born 
Sept.  26, 1826,  and  received  his  academical 
education  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge 
^(M.A.).  He  twice  contested  Ipswich,  in 
the  Conservative  interest,  before  being 
returned  for  South  Essex  in  July  1865  ; 
and  after  the  county  was  further  divided 
by  the  second  Reform  Act,  he  was  elected 
in  1868  for  the  western  division  of  it, 
which,  under  the  new  name  Epping  Divi- 
sion, he  represented  in  the  House  of 
Commons  till  1892,  when  he  was  made  a 
peer  under  the  title  of  Lord  Rookwood. 
He  brought  in,  and  passed,  the  Bills  deal- 
ing with  the  Licenses  for  the  Sale  of  Beer 
and  Wine  in  1869  and  1870.  Sir  H. 
Selwin-Ibbetson  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment on  Mr.  Disraeli  taking  office  in  the 
spring  of  1874.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
departmental  commission  appointed  in 
1877  to  inquire  into  the  detective  branch 
of  the  Metropolitan  Police.  In  April  1878 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  to  the  Trea- 
sury, and  he  held  that  office  until  the  resig- 
nation of  the  Conservative  Government  in 
April  1880.  He  was  appointed  Church 
Estate  Commissioner  in  1885.  He  assumed 
the  name  of   Ibbetson  (which  his  father 


had  formerly  borne)  in  addition  to  that 
of  Selwin  in  1867.  He  married  (1)  Sarah, 
daughter  of  the  1st  Lord  Lyndhurst,  and 
(2)  in  1867,  the  widow  of  Sir  Charles 
Henry  Ibbetson,  5th  Baronet.  Addresses  : 
62  Prince's  Gate,  S.W. ;  and  Down  Hall, 
Essex. 

ROOSEVELT,     Hon.     Theodore, 

American  statesman  and  writer,  was  born 
in  New  York  City,  Oct.  27,  1858,  and 
graduated    from    Harvard    University   in 

1880.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  New  York 
State  Legislature,  1882-84,  and  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  Mayor  of  New  York 
City  in  1886.  In  1889  he  was  appointed 
on  the  Civil  Service  Commission  by  Pre- 
sident Harrison.  In  1895  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Police  Commissioner  by  the 
Mayor  of  New  York,  and  in  1897  he  became 
Assistant-Secretary  of  the  United  States 
Navy.  He  resigned  this  position  soon 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Spain 
in  1898  to  become  lieut.-colonel  of  a  regi- 
ment of  picked  men  known  as  the  "  Rough 
Riders,"  recruited  largely  from  the  cattle- 
men of  the  western  plains.  With  this 
regiment  he  distinguished  himself  greatly 
by  his  bravery  in  the  actions  preceding 
the  capture  of  Santiago  in  Cuba,  and  was 
soon  made  colonel,  returning  with  his  men 
to  the  United  States  in  August  1898.  He 
has  published  "  The  Naval  War  of  1812," 
1882;  "Hunting  Trips  of  a  Ranchman," 
1885  ;  "  Life  of  Thomas  H.  Benton,"  1887  ; 
"  Life  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  "1888;  "Essays 
on  Practical  Politics."  1888;  "Ranch  Life 
and  the  Hunting  Trail,"  1888 ;  "  The 
Winning  of  the  West,"  1889  ;  "History  of 
New  York  City,"  1891  ;  "The  Wilderness 
Hunter,"  1892;  "The  Winning  of  the 
West,"  vol.  iii.,  1894;  vol.  iv.,  1896; 
"American  Ideals  and  other  Essays,"  1897. 
On  Nov.  8,  1898,  he  was  elected  Governor 
of  New  York  State. 

ROPES,  Arthur  Reed,  "Adrian  Ross," 
was  born  at  Lewisham  on  Dec.  23,  1859, 
and  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late  William 
Hooper  Ropes,  a  Russia  merchant.  He 
was  educated  at  Priory  House  School, 
Clapham,  at  Mill  Hill,  and  City  of  London 
Schools,  and  at  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  was  a  scholar.  He  gained  the 
Chancellor's  Medal  for  English  verse,  and 
the  Member's  Prize  for  English  Essay  in 

1881,  was  eleventh  Wrangler,  Senior  in 
Historical  Tripos,  Lightfoot  and  Whewell 
Scholar,  Fellow  of  King's  College,  1884-90, 
Lecturer  in  History.  Mr.  Ropes  is  an 
interesting  example  of  an  academic  poet 
turning  into  a  successful  modern  librettist. 
He  was  known  in  his  college  days  as  a 
poet  of  literary  subjects  and  singular 
literary  charm,  since  which  time  he  has 
either  written  or  collaborated  in  the  libretti 


932 


KOKKE  — ROSCOE 


of  such  musical  comic  operas  and  bur- 
lesques as  "Joan  of  Arc,"  "In  Town," 
"Morocco  Bound,"  "Don  Juan,"  "Go 
Bang,"  "My  Girl,"  "Ballet  Girl,"  &c.,  all 
of  which  have  been  popular  in  London,  as 
well  as  "The  Greek  Slave,"  1898  (Daly's). 
He  has  published  "Poems,"  1884,  and  has 
edited  various  French  books  for  the  Pitt 
Press,  &c.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Sketch  staff  from  the  beginning,  and  was 
under  Mr.  Zangwill  on  Ariel.  Address:  32 
Woolstone  Boad,  Forest  Hill,  S.E. 

RORKE,  Miss  Kate  (Mrs  James 
Gardner),  made  her  first  appearance  on 
the  stage  in  1878,  when  she  was  one  of 
the  school-girls  in  "  Olivia"  at  the  Court 
Theatre.  In  1880  she  appeared  at  the 
Haymarket  with  the  Bancrofts  in  "School." 
She  then  joined  the  Criterion  company, 
with  whom  she  played  for  several  years, 
appearing  in  "  Foggerty's  Fairy,"  "Four- 
teen Days,"  "Little  Miss  Muffit,"  and 
"The  Candidate."  In  1885  she  appeared 
in  the  "  Silver  Shield  "  at  the  Strand,  and 
then  went  to  the  Comedy.  At  the  Vaude- 
ville in  1886  she  appeared  in  a  succession 
of  pieces,  and  will  be  remembered  for  her 
charming  acting  in  "Joseph's  Sweetheart," 
Mr.  Buchanan's  spirited  adaptation  of 
Fielding's  "Joseph  Andrews."  In  1889 
she  appeared  at  the  Garrick  in  Mr.  Hare's 
important  plays,  "The  Profligate,"  "A 
Pair  of  Spectacles,"  "Lady  Bountiful," 
"School,"  "A  Fool's  Paradise,"  "Diplo- 
macy," "Caste,"  "Money,"  &c,  &c.  After 
this  she  toured  in  the  provinces,  and  in 
1896  played  with  Mr.  Beerbohm  Tree  in 
"The  Seats  of  the  Mighty."  Miss  Kate 
Eorke  is  now  one  of  the  leading  romantic 
actresses  of  the  day.  Address :  Park- 
hurst,  St.  John's  Wood  Park,  N.W. 

ROSCOE,  Professor  Sir  Henry  En- 
field, V.P.R.S.,  Ph.D.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Lon- 
don, born  Jan.  7,  1833,  in  London,  is  a 
grandson  of  William  Roscoe,  Esq.,  of 
Liverpool,  and  son  of  Henry  Roscoe,  Esq., 
barrister-at-law,  and  of  Maria,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Fletcher,  merchant,  of  Liver- 
pool. He  was  educated  at  Liverpool  High 
School,  University  College,  London,  and 
Heidelberg  (B.A.  London,  1852);  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  at 
Owens  College,  Victoria  University,  Man- 
chester, from  1858  to  1885 ;  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1863 ; 
and  received  the  Royal  Medal  of  that 
Society  in  1873,  "for  his  chemical  re- 
searches, more  especially  for  his  investiga- 
tions of  the  chemical  action  of  light,  and 
of  the  combinations  of  Vanadium."  Pro- 
fessor Roscoe  has  published  several  series 
of  investigations  on  the  Measurement  of 
the  Chemical  Action  of  Light  in  conjunc- 


tion with  Professor  Bunsen  of  Heidelberg, 
and  is  author  of  many  papers  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  and  scientific  journals 
on  other  subjects  ;  also  of  "  Lessons  in 
Elementary  Chemistry,"  since  translated 
into  German,  Russian,  Hungarian,  Italian, 
Urdoo,  and  Japanese,  and  republished  in 
America ;  "  Lectures  on  Spectrum  Ana- 
lysis," 1869  (4th  edit,,  1885);  and,  con- 
jointly with  Professor  Schorlemmer,  F.R.S., 
of  a  "Treatise  on  Chemistry,"  8  vols., 
1877-98,  in  which  the  facts  and  principles 
of  the  science  are  exhaustively  expounded. 
The  University  of  Dublin  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1878, 
that  of  Cambridge  in  1883,  and  that  of 
Montreal  in  1884,  and  he  received  the 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1887.  He  is  hono- 
rary member  of  the  German  Chemical 
Society,  and  of  many  foreign  academies. 
He  was  joint  editor  with  the  late  Pro- 
fessors Huxley  and  Balfour  Stewart  of 
Macmillan's  Science  Primer  Series,  and 
author  of  the  "Chemistry  Primer."  Other 
works  of  his  are  "John  Dalton  "  (editor  of 
the  Science  Century  Series),  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Harden,  "A  New  View 
of  the  Genesis  of  the  Atomic  Theory  of 
Chemistry."  He  acted  for  many  years  as 
Examiner  in  Chemistry  to  the  University 
of  London  and  to  the  Science  and  Art  De- 
partment. In  1880  he  was  President  of 
the  Chemical  Society  of  London  ;  in  1881 
President  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  In- 
dustry, of  which  he  is  one  of  the  founders ; 
and  in  1882  President  of  the  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester,  and 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Technical  Instruction,  1882-84 ;  in  the 
latter  year  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  for  his  services  on  that  com- 
mission. He  has  also  acted  on  the  Royal 
Commissions  on  Scottish  Universities  and 
Secondary  Education.  In  1887  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science  for 
the  Manchester  meeting  ;  in  1888  he  was 
appointed  consulting  chemist  to  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Works  ;  in  1889  he  re- 
ceived the  decoration  of  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  from  the  French  Govern- 
ment in  recognition  of  his  services  as  a 
sectional  Vice-President  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
position of  that  year,  and  was  elected  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  French  In- 
stitute, Academy  of  Sciences  ;  in  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  President  of  the- 
Midland  Institute,  Birmingham,  and  de- 
livered an  address  on  Pasteur's  discoveries. 
He  has  served  on  the  commission  appointed 
to  inquire  into  the  Pasteur  method  for  the 
treatment  of  hydrophobia.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  vacancy  in  the  Senate  of 
London  University  in  January  1894.  At 
the  general  election,  November  1885,  he 
won  the  seat  for  South  Manchester  for  the 


ROSE  —  ROSEBERY 


933 


Liberal  party,  of  which  he  is  a  staunch 
supporter.  In  1886  and  1892  he  was 
elected  again,  but  was  defeated  in  1895 
by  the  Marquis  of  Lome.  Since  1896  he 
has  been  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University 
of  London.  In  1863  he  married  Lucy, 
daughter  of  Edmund  Potter,  F.K.S.  Ad- 
dresses :  10  Bramhana  Gardens,  S.W.  ; 
Woodcote  Lodge,  West  Horsley,  Surrey  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

HOSE,  Edward,  dramatist,  was  born 
at  Swaffham,  in  Norfolk,  on  Aug.  7,  1849, 
is  the  son  of  Caleb  Rose,  M.R.C.P.,  and 
comes  of  a  long  line  of  clergymen  and 
doctors.  He  was  chiefly  educated  at 
Ipswich  Grammar  School,  where  Mr.  Rider 
Haggard  was  his  school-fellow.  He  was 
intended  for  the  law,  but,  after  passing 
the  intermediate  examination,  came  to 
London  and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
He  had  from  a  very  early  age  been  in- 
terested in  the  drama,  and  in  1873  pub- 
lished "Columbus,"  a  five-act  historical 
play.  His  first  acted  piece  of  any  im- 
portance was  "Our  Farm,"  produced  in 
1871  at  the  Queen's  Theatre,  Long  Acre. 
This  ran  107  nights  in  London  alone. 
Altogether  he  has  had  some  three  dozen 
pieces  acted  in  London  or  the  provinces, 
and  these  have  ranged  from  romantic 
drama  to  pantomime.  His  most  ambitious 
original  work  has  been  "Agatha  Tylden, 
Merchant  and  Shipowner,"  which  was 
brought  out  at  the  Haymarket  by  Mrs. 
I.angtry  in  the  autumn  of  1893,  and  the 
most  frequently  acted  of  his  plays  has 
been  an  adaptation  of  Mr.  Anstey's  "Vice 
Versa,"  in  which  he  himself  has  constantly 
appeared  as  a  delightful  Dick  Bultitude. 
His  comedietta,  "The  Marble  Arch,"  has 
been  acted  more  than  a  thousand  times. 
It  was  as  Dick  Bultitude  that  Mr.  Rose 
made  his  debut  as  a  professional  actor  in 
London,  having  previously  belonged  to  an 
amateur  company,  nearly  all  the  members 
of  which,  including  Mr.  Tree,  are  now  well 
known  on  the  stage.  In  1881  he  had 
gone  on  tour  with  Mr.  George  Rignold, 
and  had  acted  many  parts  in  "Henry  V." 
In  1882  he  acted  on  tour  the  comedy  part, 
the  Hon.  Jim  Gosling,  in  Herman  Meri- 
vale's  "Cynic."  Since  that  time  he  has 
played  in  London,  except  for  occasional 
weeks  in  the  country,  when  he  has  toured 
with  plays  of  his  own.  As  a  journalist 
he  has  done  much  good  work,  and  has 
been  associated  for  nearly  twenty  years 
with  the  Illustrated  London  News,  in  which 
his  chief  work  has  been  the  series  of 
English  Homes,  illustrated  by  M.  Mont- 
bard.  "V.  R.,"  a  story  in  Arrowsmith's 
Bristol  Library,  is  from  his  pen.  He  was 
dramatic  critic  to  the  Sunday  Times  in 
1894-96.  He  is  elaborating  a  new  system 
of  teaching  children  to  read.      His  most 


recent  adaptations  for  the  stage  are 
"  Under  the  Red  Robe  "  and  "  The  Prisoner 
of  Zenda"  ;  and  "  In  Days  of  Old,"  parti- 
ally adapted  from  the  French,  and  played 
at  the  St.  James's  in  1899.  Address:  36 
Upper  Addison  Gardens,  W. 

ROSEBERY,   Earl   of,   The   Right 
Hon.    Archibald     Philip     Primrose, 

K.G.,  K.T.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late 
Archibald,  Lord  Dalmeny,  by  Lady  Cathe- 
rine Lucy  Wilhelmina,  only  daughter  of 
the  4th  Earl  Stanhope,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don in  1847,  and  received  his  education 
at  Eton,  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  death  of 
his  grandfather,  the  4th  Earl  of  Rose- 
bery,  in  1868.  The  first  time  he  ever 
spoke  in  public  was  in  1871,  when,  at  the 
opening  of  Parliament,  he  was  selected 
by  the  Prime  Minister,  Mr  Gladstone,  to 
second  the  address  in  reply  to  the  speech 
from  the  throne.  He  soon  took  a  decided 
position  on  the  question  of  national  edu- 
cation, and  when  the  Government  Educa- 
tion Bill  for  Scotland  was  before  the 
House  of  Peers,  he  moved  an  amendment 
to  it  by  which  he  aimed  at  the  exclusion 
of  catechisms  from  public  schools.  He 
also  spoke  in  the  same  session  on  Lord 
Russell's  motion  regarding  the  Alabama 
Treaty ;  and  he  was  appointed  Commis- 
sioner to  inquire  into  Endowments  in 
Scotland.  In  the  session  of  1873  Lord 
Rosebery  was  much  engaged  in  an  en- 
deavour to  obtain  a  Committee  of  Inquiry 
on  the  supply  of  horses  in  this  country. 
He  moved  for,  and  obtained  the  Commit- 
tee, and  was  made  the  chairman  of  the 
same.  It  may  be  said  that  to  the  labours 
of  that  Committee  the  remission  of  the 
taxes  on  horses  is  fairly  due.  During  the 
session  of  1874  Lord  Rosebery  moved  for, 
and  was  made  the  chairman  of,  a  Com- 
mittee on  the  Scotch  and  Irish  representa- 
tive peerages.  He  was  President  of  the 
Social  Science  Congress  which  met  at 
Glasgow  Oct.  1,  1874.  On  Nov.  16,  1878, 
he  was  elected  Lord  Rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen  in  succession  to  Mr. 
W.  E.  Forster.  In  November  1880  he 
was  elected  Lord  Rector  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  but  he  did  not  deliver  his 
inaugural  address  until  Nov.  4,  1882.  He 
was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Home  Department  in  August  1881, 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Leonard  Courtney, 
who  was  transferred  to  the  Colonial  Office. 
His  lordship  resigned  the  Under-Secretary  - 
ship  in  June  1883,  and  in  November  1884 
became  First  Commissioner  of  Works  in 
succession  to  Mr.  Shaw-Lefevre,  who 
succeeded  Mr.  Fawcett  as  Postmaster- 
General.  In  Mr.  Gladstone's  next  Govern- 
ment (18S6)  Lord  Rosebery  was  appointed 
Secretary   of   State   for   Foreign   Affairs  ; 


934 


EOSEBERY 


and  won  general  approval,  at  home  and 
abroad,  for  the  firmness  with  which  he 
conducted  the  difficult  questions  arising 
out  of  the  Servo-Bulgarian  War  and  the 
Greek  desire  for  territorial  indemnity. 
When  Mr.  Gladstone  brought  forward  his 
first  Home  Rule  for  Ireland  Bill,  he  en- 
tirely approved  of  it,  and  became  one  of 
its  staunchest  supporters  in  the  Upper 
House.  In  1888  Lord  Rosebery  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  On  Jan.  17  he  was  elected, 
in  company  with  Sir  John  Lubbock, 
member  for  the  City  Division  of  the 
London  County  Council;  and  on  Feb.  12 
was  appointed  chairman,  but  resigned  in 
June  1890,  owing  to  the  pressure  of  his 
many  public  duties,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Sir  John  Lubbock.  He  married,  March  20, 
1878,  Hannah,  only  child  of  Baron  Meyer 
de  Rothschild.  She  died  Nov.  19,  1890. 
Owing  to  her  death,  Lord  Rosebery  ab- 
stained from  most  of  his  political  and 
social  labours  during  1891  ;  but  in  Novem- 
ber of  that  year  he  published  his  well- 
known  monograph  on  William  Pitt  the 
younger.  In  January  1892  he  was  again 
elected  chairman  of  the  London  County 
Council,  and  held  the  position  for  some 
months.  On  Mr.  Gladstone's  accession  to 
power,  Lord  Rosebery  was  appointed 
Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  in 
October  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Garter. 
As  a  Foreign  Minister  he  has  always  in- 
clined to  maintaining  firmly  the  interests 
of  Great  Britain  abroad,  and  as  such  has 
carried  on  Conservative  traditions.  He  is 
a  strong  advocate  of  Imperial  Federation, 
and  it  is  therefore  not  surprising  that 
when  Mr.  Gladstone  retired  in  March 
1894  and  the  Premiership  was  offered  to 
Lord  Rosebery  by  the  Queen,  a  group  of 
"  Little-Englanders  "  and  others,  headed 
by  Mr.  Labouchere,  should  for  a  time  have 
violently  resented  his  accession  to  power, 
especially  whilst  such  a  tried  Liberal 
leader  as  Sir  William  Harcourt  was  ap- 
parently passed  by.  Lord  Rosebery,  on 
his  acceptance  of  the  Premiership,  made 
some  necessary  changes  in  the  Cabinet. 
His  Premiership  was  marked  by  no  start- 
ling political  events,  but  he  had  to  carry 
on  the  work  of  Government  with  a  majority 
too  small  and  heterogeneous  to  allow  of  a 
very  dashing  policy  on  the  part  of  those  in 
power.  After  March  189f  he  made  several 
great  speeches  containing  some  notable 
remarks  on  the  relations  of  the  House  of 
Commons  and  House  of  Lords,  and  on  the 
question  of  Welsh  Disestablishment.  In 
the  summer  of  1894  Lord  Rosebery's  horse 
"  Ladas  "  won  the  Derby,  and  prolonged 
attacks  on  his  owner's  encouragement  of 
so-called  "  gambling "  were  the  result. 
During  1895  Lord  Rosebery's  Premiership 
came   to   an   end,    mainly   owing    to    the 


hostility  shown  to  his  leadership  by  a 
section  of  the  Radicals.  On  January  14 
the  Government  was  beaten  on  the  estimate 
for  the  Houses  of  Parliament  building  ;  on 
the  20th  they  were  in  a  majority  of  7  only 
on  an  amendment  to  the  Welsh  Church 
Bill ;  on  the  21st  they  were  defeated  on 
the  ammunition  question  in  committee  on 
the  Array  Estimates,  and  the  following 
day  Lord  Rosebery  placed  his  resignation 
in  the  hands  of  the  Queen,  by  whom  it  was 
accepted.  He  then  urged  upon  his  sup- 
porters that  the  general  election  should 
be  fought  upon  the  question  of  the  pre- 
dominance of  the  House  of  Lords.  In 
October  1896,  in  the  midst  of  the  agitation 
arising  out  of  the  Armenian  atrocities, 
Lord  Rosebery  wrote  to  the  chief  Liberal 
Whip  resigning  his  position  as  Leader  of 
the  Liberal  party,  as  he  found  himself  in 
apparent  difference  with  a  considerable 
mass  of  the  party,  and  in  almost  direct 
opposition  to  Mr.  Gladstone  on  the  Eastern 
Question.  Soon  after,  during  a  speech  at 
Edinburgh,  he  declared  his  strong  dis- 
approval of  any  policy  which  would  in- 
volve Great  Britain's  isolated  intervention 
in  regard  to  the  Armenian  Question,  since 
he  held  that  this  would  precipitate  a 
European  war.  Upon  the  death  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  in  May  1898,  he  paid  a  noble 
and  eloquent  tribute  to  the  life  and  public 
services  of  the  illustrious  Liberal  leader, 
in  a  speech  delivered  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  During  the  Fashoda  crisis  Lord 
Rosebery  uniformly  supported  the  policy 
of  Lord  Salisbury.  This  conduct  was 
consistent  with  the  attitude  he  took  up  in 
1896  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
French  in  Siam,  when  by  his  firm  policy 
he  obtained  a  treaty  limiting  the  French 
boundary  to  the  Mekong  River.  His  lord- 
ship has  the  character  of  being  a  man  of 
many  sympathies.  Besides  being  one  of 
the  first  of  English  Foreign  Ministers,  he 
has  for  many  years  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  the  welfare  of  the  masses.  He  has 
presented  a  fine  swimming-bath  to  the 
People's  Palace,  and  his  chairmanship  of 
the  London  County  Council  will  be  re- 
membered for  the  keen  sympathy  he 
displayed  during  his  tenure  of  it  in  all 
movements  tending  to  the  bettering  of 
the  condition  of  the  London  working 
classes.  His  interest  in  literature  is  very 
great,  and,  mutatis  mutandis,  he  may  be  said 
to  carry  on  the  Whig  tradition  of  culture 
in  high  places.  He  is  an  authority  on 
Robert  Burns,  and  has  frequently  delivered 
interesting  addresses  to  his  own  country- 
men and  to  Englishmen  on  the  life  and 
works  of  the  Scottish  national  poet.  His 
fame  as  a  speaker  stands  high,  and  his 
public  utterances  are  always  eagerly 
awaited  by  his  admirers  in  all  political 
parties.      Selections    from    his    speeches 


ROSE-I^NES  —  ROSSETTI 


935 


and  addresses  were  published  in  June 
1899.  Lord  Rosebery  has  issue,  two  sons 
and  two  daughters  ;  the  heir  to  the  titles 
and  estates,  Lord  Dalmeny,  was  born 
in  1882.  His  youngest  daughter,  Lady 
"  Peggy  "  Primrose,  was  married  in  April 
1899  to  the  Earl  of  Crewe,  who  was  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1892-95.  The  ser- 
vice was  held  in  Westminster  Abbey  in  the 
presence  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  a 
distinguished  company.  Lord  Rosebery 
is  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Linlithgow  and 
Midlothian,  a  Trustee  of  the  Imperial  In- 
stitute, and  hon.  colonel  of  the  8th  Batt. 
Royal  Scots.  Addresses  :  38  Berkeley 
Square  ;  the  Durdans,  Epsom,  &c. ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

ROSE-INNES,  Hon.  J.,  Q.C.,  is  the 
son  of  J.  Rose-Innes,  late  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  Native  Affairs,  and  is  nephew 
of  Sir  Gordon  Sprigg,  Premier  of  Cape 
Colony.  He  was  educated  at  Gill  College, 
Somerset  East,  and  at  the  Cape  University. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar,  and  was  in 
1884  returned  to  the  Cape  Parliament  as 
Member  for  Victoria  East.  He  became 
Member  for  the  Cape  division  in  1888. 
Mr.  Rose-Innes  was  Attorney-General  from 
1890  to  1893,  during  the  ministry  of  Mr. 
Cecil  Rhodes,  but  he  resigned  the  office  in 
the  last-mentioDed  year.  On  the  oocasion 
of  the  trial  of  the  Reform  prisoners  in  the 
Transvaal,  he  was  selected  by  the  High 
Commissioner  to  watch  matters  on  behalf 
of  the  British  Government.  He  has  been, 
until  recently,  the  leader  of  the  Opposition 
in  the  Cape  House  of  Assembly.  Address: 
Cape  Town. 

ROSENTHAL,  Btoritz,  pianist,  was 
born  at  Lemberg,  Dec.  18,  1862,  and  having 
studied  under  Mikuli,  gave  concerts  at 
Vienna,  and  was  appointed  pianist  to  the 
Roumanian  Court.  He  went  to  Weimar, 
and  was  introduced  to  Liszt ;  and  in  1878 
he  visited  Paris  and  St.  Petersburg,  where 
he  was  most  favourably  received.  His  re- 
appearance at  Vienna  in  1882  was  greeted 
with  enthusiasm,  and  henceforth  his  pro- 
gress in  popular  favour  was  most  marked. 
He  came  to  London  during  1895,  and  has 
paid  it  several  subsequent  visits. 

BOSS,  Adrian.  See  Ropes,  Arthur 
Reed. 

ROSS,  Hon.  John,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  Robert  Ross,  D.D.,  of  Lon- 
donderry, and  was  born  there  on  Dec.  11, 
1854.  He  was  educated  at  Foyle  College, 
Derry,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  was  First  Classical  Scholar  in  1876, 
President  of  the  University  Philosophical 
Society  in  the  same  year,  and  Auditor  of 
the  College  Historical  Society  in  1877.   He 


was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1879,  became 
a  Q.C.,  and  a  Bencher  of  the  King's  Inns 
in  1891,  and  was  appointed  in  1896  a 
Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  (Chan- 
cery division),  in  Ireland.  Mr.  Ross  sat  in 
the  House  of  Commons  as  Conservative 
member  for  Londonderry  city  from  1892 
to  1895.  He  is  married  to  Katharine, 
daughter  of  Col.  Deane  Mann,  of  Dun- 
moyle,  co.  Tyrone.  Address  :  66  Fitz- 
william  Square,  Dublin. 

ROSSE,  Earl  of,  Laurence  Parsons, 
Bart.,  K.P.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  a  Re- 
presentative Peer  for  Ireland,  son  of  the 
3rd  Earl,  who  was  President  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  built  the  famous  telescope 
at  Birr,  and  of  Mary,  daughter  of  John 
Wilmer  Field  of  Heaton  Hall,  Yorks.,  was 
born  at  Birr  Castle,  Parsonstown,  King's 
County,  Nov.  17,  1840 ;  succeeded  to  the 
title  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1867  ; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
LL.D.  1879  ;  and  Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1870  ;  is  Chancellor  of  Dublin  University  ; 
Lord-Lieutenant  since  1892  ;  Custos  Ro- 
tulorum,  and  J.P.  for  King's  County  ;  High 
Sheriff,  1867  ;  a  J.P.  for  co.  Tipperary, 
and  one  of  the  Senate  of  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland.  He  is  the  author  of 
various  scientific  papers  in  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  and  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Royal  Society,  London  ;  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  of  which  he  was  elected 
President  in  March,  1887  ;  the  Reports  of 
the  British  Association  (Montreal  meet- 
ing) ;  and  in  the  Monthly  Notices  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society.  Since  1896 
he  has  been  President  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy.  Lord  Rosse  married,  in  1870, 
Frances  Cassandra,  only  daughter  of  the 
fourth  Baron  Hawke,  and  has  two  sons 
and  one  daughter.  Addresses  :  Birr  Castle, 
Parsonstown,  King's  County  ;  Womersley 
Park,  Pontefract ;  and  Athenfeum. 

ROSSETTI,    William    Michael, 

brother  of  the  late  Dante  Gabriel  and 
Christina  Rossetti,  was  born  in  London, 
Sept.  25,  1829,  and  educated  at  King's 
College  School,  London,  where  his  father, 
Gabriele,  was  Professor  of  Itali?r1j<He  was 
appointed  in  February  1845  io;™ea  extra 
Clerkship  in  the  Excise  Office,-  London 
(now  the  Inland  Revenue  Office),  and  be- 
came in  July  1869  Assistant-Secretary  in 
the  same  office.  Under  the  rule  as  to  limit 
of  age,  he  retired  in  September  1894,  but 
continues  to  act  for  the  office  as  expert  in 
Paintings,  for  the  purposes  of  Estate-duty. 
Mr.  Rossetti  has  been  a  critic  of  fine  art 
and  literature  since  1850.  He  has  acted 
in  that  capacity  (principally  as  regards 
Fine  Art)  for  the  Critic,  Spectator,  Reader, 
Saturday  Review,  London  Review,  Chronicle 
(weekly),     Fraser's     Magazine,     Academy, 


936 


ROSTAND  —  ROTHSCHILD 


A  thenceum,  and ' '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica." 
He  was  much  concerned  (along  with  his 
brother,  Millais,  Holman  Hunt,  Woolner, 
and  two  others)  in  the  "  Pre-Eaphaelite  " 
movement  in  fine  art,  from  its  commence- 
ment in  1848  ;  and  he  edited  and  wrote  in 
the  Germ,  the  magazine  got  up  by  the 
Pre-Raphaelites  in  1850.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Dante's  Comedy,  the  Hell,"  trans- 
lated into  blank  verse,  1865;  "Fine  Art, 
chiefly  Contemporary,"  1867,  a  volume  of 
republished  criticisms ;  an  edition  of 
Shelley,  1870,  with  a  memoir,  and  a  large 
body  of  notes  ;  this  was  in  2  vols.,  and  was 
re-issued  in  3  vols.,  revised,  in  1878  ; 
"Lives  of  Famous  Poets,"  1878,  being 
brief  biographies  of  23  British  poets  from 
Chaucer  to  Longfellow,  some  of  them  re- 
produced from  the  series  named  Moxon's 
Popular  Poets,  with  others  added  ;  an 
edition,  with  preface  and  notes,  1887,  of 
the  "  Collected  Works  of  Dante  Gabriel 
Rossetti "  ;  a  "  Life  of  Keats,"  1887,  in  the 
series  named  Great  Writers  ;  a  volume, 
1889,  entitled  "  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti 
as  Designer  and  Writer,"  and  an  ample 
Memoir  of  D.  G.  Rossetti,  1895,  accom- 
panying the  Family  Letters  of  the  latter. 
In  1896  he  edited  the  ' '  New  Poems  "  of  his 
lately  deceased  sister,  Christina.  The 
series  above  named,  Moxon's  Popular 
Poets,  was  edited  by  Mr.  Rossetti  from 
1870  to  1S75,  including  2  vols,  of  American 
poems  and  humorous  poems,  selected.  He 
also  edited,  with  a  full  memoir,  Wm. 
Blake's  Poems,  in  the  Aldine  Series  ;  and  the 
annotated  edition  of  Shelley's  "Adonais" 
for  the  Clarendon  Press ;  and  issued  a 
selection,  in  1868,  of  the  Poems  of 
Walt  Whitman ;  likewise  works  of 
different  kinds,  published  by  the  Early- 
English  Text  Society,  and  the  Chaucer 
Society.  He  was  Permanent  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  the  Shelley  Society, 
1886-95,  and  he  read  to  this  body  papers 
on  Shelley's  "  Prometheus  Unbound,"  and 
on  several  other  matters.  Among  his 
other  works  are  a  poem  of  modern  life  in 
blank  verse,  entitled,  "  Mrs.  Holmes  Grey," 
published  in  the  Broadway  about  1869 ; 
and  a  "  Criticism  of  Swinburne's  Poems 
and  Baljfjfjs."  1866.  Mr.  Rossetti  delivered 
in  1875;,- i?  at  Birmingham,  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, and  elsewhere,  lectures  on  Shelley's 
Life  and  Poems,  on  "The  Wives  of  Poets," 
and  on  Leopardi.  In  March  1874  he  mar- 
ried Lucy,  the  elder  daughter  of  the  late 
Ford  Madox  Brown,  the  painter.  She  was 
an  artist  and  authoress,  and  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  and  elsewhere.  She 
died  on  April  12, 1894,  leaving  four  children. 
Address  :  3  St.  Edmund's  Terrace,  Regent's 
Park,  N.W. 

ROSTAND,  Edmond,  French  drama- 
tist, is  the  son  of  Joseph  Eugene  Hubert 


Rostand,  known  as  a  poet  of  Marseille. 
His  first  play,  "Les  Romanesques,"  was 
produced  at  the  Comedie  Francaise  in 
1894,  and  although  it  created  no  stir,  yet 
many  saw  great  promise  in  that  comedy  of 
playful  humour.  His  next  work,  "  La 
PrincesseLointaine,"  was  written  forMdme. 
Bernhardt,  who  played  it  at  the  Renais- 
sance, as  was  also  his  third,  "  La  Samari- 
taine,"  a  poetical  paraphrase  of  the  story 
of  Christ  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria.  But 
he  first  came  into  universal  notice  as  the 
author  of  "Cyrano  de  Bergerac,"  a  play 
that  brought  romantic  drama  into  fashion 
again,  after  the  problem  plays  of  previous 
years.  It  was  represented  at  the  Porte 
Saint  Martin  Theatre  in  Paris  for  the  first 
time  on  Dec.  28,  1897,  when  the  title  role 
was  played  by  the  elder  Coquelin  {g.v.). 
The  happy  combination  of  author  and 
actor  brought  about  an  immediate  and 
lasting  success.  It  was  played  in  Paris 
until  the  July  following,  when  M.  Coquelin 
brought  it  to  London  (Lyceum,  July  4, 
1898),  and  to  other  European  towns.  Re- 
turning to  Paris  in  October  189S,  he  re- 
assumed  the  part.  The  book  of  the  play 
ran  into  a  hundred  thousand  within  a 
year,  and  quite  a  flock  of  plays  of  the 
Dumas  school  were  produced  in  Paris  and 
London  soon  after.  His  definition  of  a 
"baiser"  was  quoted  in  almost  every 
paper.  He  is  also  the  author  of  two 
volumes  of  poetry,  "  Les  Musardises  "  and 
"Pour  la  Grece."  His  Paris  address  is: 
29  Rue  Alphonse  de  Neuville. 

ROTHSCHILD,  Alfred  Charles  de, 

second  son  of  the  late  Baron  Lionel  de 
Rothschild,  was  born  July  20,  1842,  and 
educated  at  King's  College  School,  London, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  N.  M.  Rothschild  and 
Sons,  and  Consul-General  for  the  Austro- 
Hungarian  Empire.  Like  almost  all  the 
members  of  his  family,  he  is  a  passionate 
collector  of  works  of  art ;  especially  of 
Dutch,  French,  and  old  English  pictures, 
Sevres  china,  Louis  XVI.  furniture  and 
bronzes,  and  Renaissance  enamels  and 
metal  work.  A  sumptuous  catalogue  of 
this  collection  was  privately  printed  in 
two  folio  volumes,  1885.  Among  Mr.  De 
Rothschild's  most  famous  pictures  may  be 
named  Greuze's  "  Le  Baiser  envoye "  ; 
Teniers'  "  The  Marriage  of  Teniers  "  ; 
Gainsborough's  "  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Villebois  "; 
and  Romney's  "Mrs.  Tickell."  Addresses  : 
1  Seamore  Place,  Mayfair ;  and  Halton 
House,  Tring,  Herts. 

ROTHSCHILD,    Lord    Nathan 

Mayer  de,  Bart.,  1st  Lord  Rothschild, 
eldest  son  of  Baron  Lionel  Nathan  de  Roths- 
child, was  born  in  London,  Nov.  8,  1840, 
and   educated  at   King's  College  School, 


ROUMANIA  —  ROUTH 


937 


London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  elected  as  Liberal  member  for 
Aylesbury,  1865,  and  retained  the  seat 
until  1885,  when  he  was  created  a  Peer. 
He  is  the  head  of  the  London  banking-  firm 
of  N.  M.  Eothschild  &  Sons.  At  Tring 
Park,  and  in  his  fine  house  in  Piccadilly, 
Lord  Eothschild  has  assembled  a  multi- 
tude of  treasures  of  art ;  among  which  it 
is  enough  to  mention  two  masterpieces 
of  Gainsborough,  "Mrs.  Sheridan,"  "Squire 
Hilyard  and  his  Wife,"  and  two  of  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  "  Garrick  between  Tra- 
gedy and  Comedy,"  and  "Mrs.  Lloyd." 
He  married  Emma,  daughter  of  Baron 
Charles  de  Rothschild,  of  Frankfort.  Ad- 
dresses :  148  Piccadilly,  W.  ;  Tring  Park, 
Herts,  &c. 

ROUMANIA,  King  of.  See  Chakles, 
King  of  Roumania. 

ROUMANIA,  Queen  of.  See  Eliza- 
beth, Queen  of  Roumania. 

ROUTH,  Edward  John,  M.A.,  D.Sc, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Quebec,  Canada, 
on  Jan.  20,  1831,  being  a  son  of  Sir  Ran- 
dolph Routh,  K.C.B.,  Commissary-General 
to  the  Forces.  He  is  also  a  nephew  of 
Cardinal  Taschereau,  late  Archbishop  of 
Quebec.  At  the  age  of  11  he  was  brought 
to  England,  and  subsequently  was  sent  to 
University  College  School,  where  he  stayed 
only  a  year  before  entering  University 
College.  Here,  under  Professor  De  Mor- 
gan, he  made  rapid  progress  in  mathemati- 
cal studies.  He  passed  through  the  higher 
classes,  gaining  the  mathematical  prizes 
at  the  yearly  examinations.  He  matri- 
culated in  the  University  of  London 
in  1847,  and  passed  the  B.A.  examina- 
tion in  1849,  gaining  the  Mathematical 
Scholarship  at  each.  He  received  also  the 
Gold  Medal  at  his  M.A.  examination  in 
1853.  In  October  1851  he  entered  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge.  He  studied  for  a  year 
under  Mr.  Todhunter,  of  St.  John's  College, 
and  for  the  remaining  two  years  and  a 
quarter  under  Mr.  Hopkins,  of  Peterhouse. 
In  1854  he  graduated  as  Senior  Wrangler, 
and  at  the  Smith's  Prize  examination  he 
was  bracketed  equal  with  Mr.  Clerk  Max- 
well, afterwards  Professor  of  Experimental 
Philosophy  at  Cambridge.  He  was  then 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Peterhouse,  and 
adopted  the  profession  of  teaching  as  his 
career  in  life.  From  1861  to  1885  (with 
the  single  exception  of  1883),  the  Senior 
Wrangler  has  every  year  been  his  pupil, 
besides  twice  before  that  date,  and  once 
since  ;  in  all  twenty-seven  times.  He  has 
also  had  amongst  his  pupils,  forty-one 
Smith's  Prizemen.  This  success  is  without 
precedent.  In  1855  Mr.  Routh  wrote  a  book 
in  conjunction  with  Lord  Brougham.     In 


1859  he  was  appointed  Examiner  in  Mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  London,  and 
after  the  necessary  interval  of  a  year,  he 
held  the  office  for  a  second  quinquennial 
period  (1865-70).  Soon  after  his  graduation 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society,  of  the  Geological 
Society,  and  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  ;  subsequently  he  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  is  also 
an  original  member  of  the  London  Mathe- 
matical Society,  having  been  one  of  those 
who  helped  to  establish  it.  In  1860  he 
was  a  Moderator,  and  in  1861  Examiner 
for  the  Mathematical  Tripos  at  Cambridge. 
In  1877  he  gained  the  Adams  Prize  for  his 
essay  on  the  Stability  of  Motion.  The 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  1879  by  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  In  1883  he  was  one  of  the  first 
to  take  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Science, 
then  established  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge for  those  who  had  "  given  proof  of 
distinction  by  some  original  contribution 
to  the  advancement  of  science."  He  was 
elected  Honorary  Fellow  of  Peterhouse  in 
the  same  year.  In  1884  Dr.  Routh  was 
appointed  by  the  Crown  a  Fellow  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  is  therefore 
now  a  member  of  the  governing  body  of 
that  University.  In  1886  Dr.  Routh  ceased 
taking  any  new  pupils,  and  during  the 
next  two  years  he  merely  conducted 
through  the  remainder  of  their  mathema- 
tical course  those  who  had  already  begun 
to  read  with  him.  In  the  thirty-one  years 
from  1857  to  1888  he  thus  "  coached " 
nearly  seven  hundred  pupils  through  the 
Mathematical  Tripos,  five  hundred  of  them 
becoming  wranglers.  In  1888  his  old 
pupils  presented  Mrs.  Routh  with  a  por- 
trait of  her  husband  painted  by  Herkomer 
as  a  memorial  of  their  attachment  to  him. 
The  presentation  took  place  in  Peterhouse, 
the  ceremony  being  described  at  some 
length  in  the  Times  of  Monday,  Nov.  5, 
1888.  In  this  year  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  and  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  Society.  At  the  celebration 
of  the  Tercentenary  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  June  1892,  he  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Science  in 
that  University.  In  1S88  he  was  an  exa- 
miner for  the  second  part  of  the  Cam- 
bridge Tripos,  and  in  1893  he  was  again 
Moderator.  He  is  also  on  the  governing 
bodies  of  Cavendish  College,  Dulwich 
College,  and  till  lately  of  the  schools  at 
Ipswich.  Dr.  Routh  has  written  a  book 
on  "Rigid  Dynamics,"  in  two  volumes, 
six  editions  of  which  have  been  published. 
A  translation  into  German  was  made 
under  the  auspices  of  Prof.  Klein  of 
Gottingen.     He  has  written  for  the  Syn- 


938 


EOU  VIEK  —  RO  WBOTHAM 


dies  of  the  University  Press  a  treatise 
on  "Statics,"  also  in  two  volumes.  He 
has  also  written  for  them  a  treatise  on  the 
"  Dynamics  of  a  Particle,"  which  appeared 
in  the  summer  of  1898.  Besides  these 
he  has  contributed  numerous  papers  on 
mathematical  subjects  to  the  Mathematical 
Messenger,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathe- 
matics, the  Transactions  and  Proceedings  of 
the.  Royal  Society,  and  the  volumes  of  the 
London  Mathematical  Society.  In  1864 
he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  G. 
B.  Airy,  K.C.B.,  the  late  Astronomer- 
Royal.     Address  :  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

ROTJVIEB,  Maurice,  French  politi- 
cian, was  born  at  Aix,  April  17,  1842,  and 
having  entered  the  legal  profession,  was 
a  well-known  opponent  of  the  Empire. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  July  1871  for 
Marseille,  and  sat  with  the  Extreme  Left. 
In  1877  be  was  one  of  the  363  members 
who  refused  a  vote  of  confidence  to  the 
Broglie  Cabinet,  and  it  was  then  that  he 
began  to  come  to  the  front  as  an  authority 
on  financial  matters.  Especially  did  he 
defend  the  interest  of  the  town  of  Mar- 
seille, and  in  Gambetta's  great  ministry 
of  1881  he  received  the  Portfolio  of  Com- 
merce. He  resigned  with  his  colleagues 
in  January  1882,  but  received  the  same 
Portfolio  in  the  Ferry  Cabinet  of  1884. 
In  1886  he  was  sent  to  Rorue  to  treat  with 
the  Italian  Government  as  to  a  new  Com- 
mercial Treaty,  and  on  the  30th  of  May  of 
the  next  year  he  was  asked  to  form  a 
Government  in  succession  to  that  of  M. 
Goblet.  In  this  he  took  the  Ministry  of 
Finances,  a  post  he  held  for  many  years 
in  successive  Cabinets.  On  entering  upon 
power,  he  had  the  courage  to  deprive 
General  Boulanger  of  his  post  as  Minister 
for  War,  by  which  act  he  brought  much 
abuse  upon  his  head.  Having  held  power 
in  the  Tirard,  Freycinet,  and  Loubet 
Cabinets,  he  had  to  resign  in  1892  on 
account  of  his  connection  with  the  Baron 
de  Reinach  and  the  Panama  scandals. 
He  was  accused  of  having  received  huge 
bribes  from  the  Panama  directors,  but  he 
declared  that  the  money  had  been  spent 
in  preserving  the  country  from  Boulang- 
ism.  However  this  may  be,  it  has  been 
up  to  now  the  drawback  to  M.  Rouvier's 
official  career,  and  although  he  is  always 
prominent  in  financial  debates,  he  has  not 
again  taken  office.  His  Paris  address  is  : 
8  Rue  de  Windsor. 

ROUX,  Dr.  Pierre  Paul  ISmile,  Di- 
rector of  the  Pasteur  Institute  in  Paris, 
was  born  in  1853  at  Confolens,  pursued 
his  classical  studies  at  the  College  of  Con- 
folens d'Aurillac,  and  afterwards  at  the 
Lycee  of  Puy,  and  from  1872  to  1874  was 
a  student  at  the  Medical  School  of  Cler- 


mont Ferrand.  At  Clermont  Ferrand  M. 
Roux  became  intimate  with  the  newly- 
appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Dr. 
Duclaux,  and  it  was  doubtless  under  his 
influence  that  he  wrote  his  first  work  on 
the  variations  of  "The  Quantity  of  Urine 
Excreted  with  a  Normal  Alimentation  in 
Drinking  Coffee  or  Tea"  (Oomptes  Rendus, 
Acad,  des  Sciences,  August  1873).  M. 
Roux  subsequently  entered  Val-de-Graee, 
but  found  the  military  life  interfere  with 
research  work.  He  therefore  left  it,  and 
from  1874  to  1878  was  attached  to  the 
Hotel-Dieu  as  Clinical  Assistant  to  the 
Faculty  of  Medicine.  M.  Duclaux  now 
came  to  Paris,  and  brought  Roux  under 
the  notice  of  his  great  master,  Pasteur, 
who  at  once  associated  M.  Roux  with  him- 
self and  MM.  Jouliet  and  Chamberland  in 
the  studies  he  was  about  to  undertake  on 
wool-sorters'  disease.  M.  Roux  accord- 
ingly became  priparateur  in  Pasteur's 
laboratory.  In  1883  he  took  his  doctorial 
degree  with  the  thesis,  "Nouvelles  Acqui- 
sitions sur  la  Rage."  The  thesis  deals  with 
the  anti-rabic  inoculations  performed  in 
the  Pasteur  laboratory  in  1881-83.  In  1888 
he  became  head  of  the  famous  Institut 
Pasteur,  and  in  1896  succeeded  his  illus- 
trious master  as  its  sole  Director.  The 
memorable  researches  on  charbon,  wool- 
sorters'  disease,  attenuation  of  virus,  vac- 
cination against  hydrophobia,  cholera, 
tuberculosis,  &c,  which  have  rendered  the 
French  Pasteur  Institute  famous,  were 
largely  shared  in  by  Dr.  Roux.  His  col- 
leagues under  Pasteur  were  MM.  Cham- 
berland and  Thuillier.  He  has  published 
notes  on  their  joint  researches,  and  in 
April  1898,  with  M.  Barree,  contributed  a 
paper  on  cerebral  tetanus  and  immunity 
from  tetanus  to  the  Congress  at  Madrid. 
M.  Roux  is  a  professor  of  great  talent,  and 
his  eloquent  expositions  of  Pasteurism, 
delivered  in  his  courses  of  biological 
lectures  to  French  and  foreign  medical 
men,  are  well  known.  His  great  activity 
in  microbiological  research  has  won  him 
frequent  rewards,  such  astheBreant  prize 
(1884),  and  the  Alberto  Levi  prize  (1896), 
of  the  Institut  Pasteur,  and  the  Mombrue 
prize  (1884),  and  St.  Paul  prize  of  the 
Academy  of  Medicine.  In  February  1899 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences. 

ROWEOTHAM,  John  Frederick,  is 

the  only  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Frederick 
Rowbotham,  Incumbent  of  St.  James's, 
Edinburgh.  He  was  born  in  1854,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and 
at  Rossall  School,  of  which  he  was  Captain. 
From  Rossall  he  proceeded  to  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  gained  the  Balliol 
Scholarship  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  He 
was    the    favourite     pupil     of    Professor 


ROWLAND  —  ROWTON 


939 


Jowett.  Among  other  distinctions  at  Ox- 
ford, he  took  a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  and 
the  Taylorian  University  Scholarship  for 
Italian.  After  leaving  college  he  travelled 
for  some  years  on  the  Continent,  in  order 
to  collect  materials  for  his  "History  of 
Music."  He  studied  at  the  libraries  of 
Madrid,  Paris,  Rome,  Florence,  Venice, 
and  Vienna  ;  and  even  visited  monasteries 
to  peruse  their  manuscripts.  The  "  History 
of  Music"  was  published  in  1885,  and  was 
at  once  acknowledged  by  the  entire  press, 
if  not  by  musicians  at  large,  to  be  the 
standard  work  on  the  subject.  After  com- 
pleting the  "  History  of  Music,"  Mr.  Row- 
botham  devoted  himself  to  epic  poetry. 
His  first  epic  poem,  "  The  Death  of 
Roland,"  was  published  in  1886.  "  The 
Human  Epic  "  appeared  in  1890.  In  1892 
appeared  "Private  Life  of  the  Great  Com- 
posers "  ;  in  1893,  a  new  edition  of  the 
"History  of  Music";  and  in  1894,  "A 
History  of  Rossall  School."  Among  those 
who  have  taken  a  deep  interest  in  Mr. 
Rowbotham's  writings  is  the  Queen  of 
Roumania. 

ROWLAND,  Rev.  Alfred,  LL.B., 
B.A.,  was  born  on  Jan.  17,  1840,  at  the 
Manse,  Henley-on-Thames.  His  father, 
the  Rev.  James  Rowland,  was  a  well- 
known  preacher  and  pastor,  exercising 
his  ministry  for  thirty-seven  years  in  the 
above  town.  His  second  son,  Alfred,  was 
educated  at  Cranford  College,  Maiden- 
head. After  four  years  spent  in  the  busi- 
ness house  of  J.  &  R.  Morley,  he  entered 
New  College,  London,  in  September  1859. 
Here  Mr.  Rowland  took  his  degrees 
at  the  London  University  in  Arts  and 
Laws.  In  1865  he  entered  on  his  first 
pastorate  at  Zion  Chapel,  Frome,  where 
his  work  was  successful.  In  1875  he 
received  a  call  to  Park  Chapel,  Crouch 
End.  This  church  was  at  the  time 
smaller  than  the  one  he  was  asked  to 
leave,  but  under  his  pastorate  it  has  grown 
considerably.  The  membership,  which 
then  numbered  262,  now  numbers  1037. 
The  church  has  been  enlarged  three  times, 
and  now  accommodates  nearly  1500  per- 
sons, every  seat  being  occupied  at  the 
Sunday  services.  During  Mr.  Rowland's 
pastorate  fine  mission  premises  have 
been  erected,  and  the  Carbin  Memorial 
Hall,  so  called  after  the  first  pastor.  Mr. 
Rowland  has  published  :  "  Half-Hours 
with  Teachers,"  "Paul's  First  Letter  to 
Timothy,"  and  "The  Burdens  of  Life,"  in 
the  new  series  of  sermons  issued  by  Horace 
Marshall  &  Co.,  besides  numerous  sermons 
and  addresses  in  the  "Homiletic  Com- 
mentary," and  elsewhere.  He  has  held 
office  as  one  of  the  "  Antient  Merchants 
Lecturers  "  since  1889  ;  was  Chairman  of 
the  London  Congregational  Union  in  1892  ; 


is  President  of  the  local  Free  Church 
Council,  Chairman  of  the  New  College 
Council,  and  for  the  year  1898  was 
Chairman  of  the  Congregational  Union  of 
England  and  Wales.  Mr.  Rowland  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Trewent,  Esq.,  J. P.,  of  Pembroke,  and  has 
a  large  family,  his  second  son,  Maynard, 
being  well  known  as  the  cyclist  who  carried 
despatches  through  the  Boer  army  from 
Johannesburg  to  Dr.  Jameson.  Address  : 
Selwood,  Crescent  Road,  Crouch  End,  N. 

ROWLANDS,  William  Bowen.Q.C, 

J. P.,  D.L.,  Leader  of  the  South  Wales  and 
Chester  Circuit,  and  Recorder  of  Swansea, 
was  born  in  South  Wales  in  1838,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Row- 
lands, J.P.,  of  Glenover,  Pembrokeshire, 
and  Anne,  daughter  of  John  Bowen,  of 
Dygoed,  in  the  same  county.  He  com- 
pleted his  education  at  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  University  he  is  M.A. 
In  1870  he  gained  a  first-class  certificate 
of  honour  at  the  General  Examination  for 
the  Bar,  and  was  called  at  Gray's  Inn  in 
1871.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  a  Queen's 
Counsel,  and  became  a  Bencher  of  Gray's 
Inn  in  the  same  year.  In  1889  he  was 
Treasurer  of  his  Inn.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  Legal  Education  and  of  the 
Board  of  Studies,  of  the  Bar  Library  Com- 
mittee, of  the  Committee  of  the  Four  Inns 
of  Court  on  the  Discipline  of  the  Bar, 
leader  of  the  South  Wales  and  Chester 
Circuits,  D.L.  for  Cardiganshire,  and  J.P. 
for  Pembrokeshire,  Cardiganshire,  and 
Haverfordwest.  In  1886,  and  again  in 
1892,  Mr.  Bowen  Rowlands  was  elected 
Member  of  Parliament  for  Cardiganshire. 
In  June  1893  he  was  appointed  Recorder 
of  Swansea,  when  he  vacated  his  seat,  and 
was  re-elected  without  opposition.  He 
did  not  seek  re-election  in  his  old  con- 
stituency in  1895.  He  married,  in  1864, 
Adeline  Wogan,  only  daughter  of  J.  D. 
Brown,  of  Kensington  House,  Haverford- 
west. Address  :  3  King's  Bench  Walk, 
Temple,   E.C. 

ROWTON,  Lord,  Montagu  William 
Lowry-Corry,  C.B.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  second 
son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Corry,  son  of 
the  2nd  Earl  of  Belmore,  and  of  Lady 
Harriet,  daughter  of  the  6th  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  was  born  in  London,  Oct.  8, 
1838.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking  his 
degree  in  1860.  Called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1863,  he  practised  for 
three  years  on  the  Oxford  Circuit,  and 
in  1866  was  officially  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  Mr.  Disraeli,  then  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer.  After  Mr.  Disraeli's 
defeat  in  1868  he  declined  offers  of  public 
appointments  which  were   made   to  him, 


940 


ROYSTON  —  EUCKER 


and  rendered  voluntary  service  to  that 
statesman  till  his  return  to  power  in  1874, 
subsequently  continuing  to  act  as  Lord 
Beaconsfield's  private  secretary  till  his 
death  in  1881.  He  accompanied  Lord 
Beaconsfield  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin, 
being  then  appointed  one  of  the  joint- 
secretaries  to  the  Special  Embassy  of 
Great  Britain,  and,  at  its  close,  received 
the  Companionship  of  the  Bath.  At  the 
termination  of  Lord  Beaconsfield's  Govern- 
ment in  1880,  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage, 
taking  his  title  from  his  estate  at  Rowton 
Castle  in  Shropshire.  Lord  Beaconsfield 
bequeathed  to  Lord  Rowton  the  whole  of 
his  letters,  papers,  documents,  and  manu- 
scripts, leaving  it  to  his  absolute  discre- 
tion to  destroy,  preserve,  or  publish  any  of 
them,  at  such  time  as,  in  his  uncontrolled 
judgment,  might  seem  fit.  It  was  at  first 
inferred  from  the  terms  of  the  bequest 
that  Lord  Beaconsfield  had  left  behind 
him  some  sort  of  diary  or  memoirs  for 
publication.  This,  unfortunately,  proved 
not  to  be  the  case,  and  it  became  evident 
that  the  only  manuscript,  the  publication 
of  which  was  distinctly  contemplated  by 
the  testator,  was  that  of  "Endymion." 
This  work  was  almost  completed  at  the 
date  of  the  signing  of  the  will,  and  was 
afterwards  published  during  the  lifetime 
of  the  writer.  Lord  Rowton  is  chairman 
of  the  Rowton  Houses  Company,  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  providing  large  and 
cheap  hotels  for  poor  single  men  of  all 
classes  in  London,  and  he  is  also  chairman 
of  the  Guinness  Trust.  Addresses  :  17 
Berkeley  Square,  W.  ;  and  Rowton  Castle, 
Shrewsbury. 

ROYSTON,  The  Right  Rev.  Peter 
Sorenson,  D.D.,  is  the  son  of  John  P.  Roy- 
ston,  of  the  Bank  of  England,  was  born  in 
London  on  June  6,  1830,  and  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  Ordained  in  1853,  he  was 
Resident  Tutor  at  the  Church  Missionary 
College,  London,  for  the  two  following 
years.  Prom  1855  to  1862,  and  from  1866 
to  1871,  he  was  incumbent  of  the  Church 
Missionary  Society's  chapel  at  Madras, 
and  also  acted  as  Corresponding  Secretary 
of  the  Society  for  South  India.  He  was  a 
Fellow  of  the  Madras  University  from  1858 
to  1872,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Bishopric  of  Mauritius, 
which  he  was,  however,  compelled  to 
resign,  through  ill-health,  in  1890.  On 
his  return  to  England,  he  was,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  appointed  Assistant-Bishop 
to  the  Bishop  of  Liverpool,  and  he  has 
held  also  the  Vicarage  of  Childwall  since 
1896.  He  was  editor  of  the  Madras  Church 
Missionary  Record  from  1856  to  1871.  He 
was  married,  in  1861,  to  Mary,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Clarke,  Madras  Civil  Service. 


Addresses:  Childwall  Vicarage,  Liverpool; 
and  Athenasum. 

ROZE,  Madame  Marie,  French 
soprano,  was  born  in  Paris  in  1848,  and 
entered  the  Conservatoire  at  the  age  of  16, 
studying  under  Auber  and  Molker.  In 
1865  she  took  a  first  prize  for  singing,  and 
the  gold  medal  in  the  next  year.  She 
made  her  debut  at  the  Opera  Comique, 
where  her  chief  parts  were  in  "Marie," 
"  La  Dame  Blanche,"  "  Fra  Diavolo,"  and 
Auber's  "LAmbassadrice."  She  remained 
in  Paris  during  the  siege  of  1870,  and  was 
presented  with  a  gold  medal  by  M.  Thiers 
for  her  gallant  conduct.  Her  first  appear- 
ance in  England  was  in  1872,  when  she 
made  a  great  success  in  "Faust."  She 
remained  in  this  country  until  1877,  when 
she  went  to  New  York,  and  stayed  two 
years  in  America.  Since  1883  she  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Com- 
pany. 

R  ij  C  K  E  R,  Professor  Arthur 
William,  M.A.  Oxon.,  D.Sc.  Vict., 
Sec.R.S.,  M.I.E.E.,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
D.  H.  Riicker,  of  Errington,  Clapham  Park, 
was  born  Oct.  23,  1848.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Clapham  Grammar  School,  and  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford.  After  a  dis- 
tinguished University  career,  he  was 
elected  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  his  Col- 
lege, and  Demonstrator  in  the  Clarendon 
Laboratory  of  the  University.  In  1874  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics 
and  Physics  in  the  newly  founded  York- 
shire College,  Leeds.  In  the  General 
Election  of  1885  Professor  Riicker  con- 
tested the  Northern  Division  of  Leeds  in 
the  Liberal  interest ;  and  in  1886  he  stood 
as  a  Unionist  Liberal  for  the  Pudsey  Divi- 
sion of  the  West  Riding.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Physics 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  South 
Kensington.  Professor  Riicker  is  the 
author  or  joint-author  of  many  papers 
on  scientific  subjects.  Together  with 
Prof.  Reinold,  F.R.S.,  he  has  published  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  1881, 
1883,  1886,  and  1893,  a  series  of  memoirs 
on  the  properties  of  liquid  films ;  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Prof.  Thorpe,  F.R.S., 
he  has  carried  out  the  magnetic  survey  of 
the  United  Kingdom  which  formed  the 
subject  of  the  Bakerian  Lecture  delivered 
before  the  Royal  Society  in  1889.  The 
final  results  of  this  investigation  were  pub- 
lished in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  in 
1896.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1884,  was  awarded  a 
Royal  Medal  in  1891,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  Secretary  to  the  Society  in 
1896 ;  he  has  served  as  Treasurer  and 
President  of  the  Physical  Society  of  Lon- 
don,   and    as    Treasurer    of    the    British 


RUDINI  —  RUDLER 


941 


Association  ;  he  is  an  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  and  a  Fellow 
of  the  University  of  London.  He  married 
(1),  in  1876,  Marian,  daughter  of  J.  D. 
Heaton,  F.R.C.P.,  of  Leeds,  and  (2) 
Thereza,  daughter  of  N.  Story-Maskeleyne, 
F.E.S.  Addresses  :  19  Gledhow  Gardens, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

RTJ-DINT,  Marquis  di,  Italian  states- 
man, was  born  in  1840,  and  when  hardly 
twenty,  became  Syndic  of  Palermo.  In 
1869  lie  was  for  a  short  time  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  but  did  not  attain  promi- 
nence until  1891,  when  he  succeeded 
Crispi  as  Premier,  with  a  programme  of 
retrenchment.  He  resigned  in  1892,  be- 
cause he  could  not  have  a  free  hand  ;  and 
was  succeeded  by  Signor  Giolitti  (q.v.). 
After  the  fall  of  the  second  Crispi  Cabinet 
in  1896,  owing  to  the  disasters  in  Erythrea, 
the  Marquis  di  Kudini  again  became 
Premier.  Replying  to  an  interpolation  by 
Signor  Imbriani  in  May  1896,  the  Marquis 
di  Rudini  strongly  supported  the  Triple 
Alliance,  warmly  eulogised  the  German 
Emperor,  and  referred  in  cordial  terms  to 
the  friendship  between  Italy  and  Great 
Britain  as  completing  the  system  of 
Italian  alliances.  In  the  following  month 
the  Government  carried  a  vote  closing  the 
debate  on  the  Budget  by  only  three  votes, 
but  a  semi-official  note  was  published 
denying  absolutely  current  reports  to  the 
effect  that  the  Marquis  di  Rudini  had 
tendered  his  resignation  to  the  King. 
Early  in  March  1897  the  Premier  issued 
his  election  manifesto,  which  set  forth  the 
programme  of  the  Cabinet.  The  elections 
held  at  the  end  of  the  same  month 
resulted  in  a  large  majority  for  the 
Government,  and,  speaking  soon  after, 
di  Rudini  expressed  confidence  in  his 
ability  to  retain  office  for  a  considerable 
time.  However,  it  soon  became  apparent 
that  it  was  a  complete  mistake  to  suppose 
that  the  elections  signified  public  approval 
of  the  Government.  Elections  in  Italy  are 
only  the  result,  it  is  said,  of  personal  pre- 
ferences at  best,  and  of  official  pressure  at 
the  worst.  Notwithstanding  the  re-elec- 
tion of  di  Rudini,  the  country  evinced  a 
deep  discontent  with  the  Government  as  a 
whole,  particularly  with  the  monarchy. 
The  disasters  in  Africa  were  popularly  sup- 
posed to  have  been  directly  caused  by  un- 
constitutional agencies  beyond  the  reach  of 
public  opinion.  Although  the  King  in  his 
speech  from  the  Throne  promised  to  intro- 
duce a  Bill  for  promoting  the  welfare  of 
workmen,  the  lower  classes  began  to  cla- 
mour for  reform.  The  reception  of  the  King 
by  the  populace  of  Rome  on  his  way  to 
open  Parliament  was  "frigid  beyond  prece- 
dent," and  occasional  cries  of  "Viva  la 
Republica  "  were  even  raised.    It  might  be 


noted  by  the  way  that  a  press  telegram  to 
England  referring  to  the  general  disfavour 
was  stopped  by  the  authorities  as  being 
untrue.  Popular  feeling  was  excited  by 
the  alleged  injustice  and  inequality  of  the 
revised  assessments,  and  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  Rome  organised  a  tremendous 
and  widely-adopted  protest,  afterwards  by 
deputation  interviewing  the  Premier,  who 
gave  unsatisfactory  replies  to  the  spokes- 
men of  the  demonstrators.  The  crowd 
outside,  becoming  irritated  by  the  delay  of 
di  Rudini's  answer,  began  stoning  the 
military  guard,  who  subsequently  fired 
on  the  people,  and  after  a  hand-to-hand 
fight  succeeded  in  clearing  the  streets. 
The  city  soon  assumed  its  usual  aspect, 
but  the  authorities  were  blamed  for  the 
disturbances.  However,  the  Government 
granted  the  desired  revision  of  assess- 
ments, and  matters  were  smoothed  over 
for  a  time.  In  December  1897  the 
Government  were  defeated  on  a  military 
bill,  and  the  Minister  of  War,  General 
Pelloux  (q.v.),  persisting  in  his  resigna- 
tion, the  Premier  also  gave  up  office.  The 
Marquis  di  Rudini,  having  overcome  the 
redoubtable  Zanardelli,  remodelled  his 
ministry,  but  its  life  was  uncertain  from 
its  birth.  The  pressing  need  of  the  hour 
was  social  reform,  which  di  Rudini  was 
too  conservative  to  undertake.  Hence  his 
failure  to  allay  popular  discontent. 

RXTDIiEB.,  Frederick  William,  was 

born  in  London,  July  8,  1840,  and  appointed 
an  assistant  in  the  Museum  of  Practical 
Geology  in  Jermyn  Street,  in  1861.  He 
was  Assistant-Secretary  of  the  Ethnologi- 
cal Society  in  1870  ;  and  for  some  time 
edited  its  Quarterly  Journal,  and  that  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute.  In  1876 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Natural 
Science  in  the  University  College  of 
Wales,  but  resigned  that  position  in  1879, 
to  take  the  Curatorship  of  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology.  He  also  held  the 
office  of  Registrar  of  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines  until  its  amalgamation  with  the 
Normal  School  of  Science.  For  many 
years  he  was  Honorary  Secretary  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute,  and  in 
1880  presided  over  the  Anthropological 
Department  of  the  British  Association. 
In  1887  and  1888  he  was  President  of  the 
Geologists'  Association,  and  in  1898  Presi- 
dent of  the  Anthropological  Institute.  In 
conjunction  with  the  late  Mr.  Robert 
Hunt  he  edited  the  seventh  edition  of 
Ure's  "  Dictionary  of  Arts,"  and,  jointly 
with  others,  was  author  of  the  volume  on 
Europe  in  Stanford's  "Compendium  of 
Geography."  Mr.  Rudler  was  a  contributor 
to  the  ninth  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  and  to  Longmans'  two  Dic- 
tionaries of  Chemistry.     He  is  a  copious 


S42 


RUMBOLD  —  RUSDEN 


writer  of  articles  and  reviews,  mostly 
anonymous,  in  various  scientific  journals, 
and  is  a  lecturer  in  connection  with  the 
London  Society  for  the  Extension  of  Uni- 
versity Teaching.  Address  :  Museum  of 
Practical  Geology,  Jermyn  Street,  S.W. 

RUMBOLD,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Horace,  Bart.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.B.,  Ambas- 
sador to  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  is  the 
fifth  son  of  Sir  William  Eumbold,  by 
Henrietta  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of 
the  1st  Lord  Radcliffe.  He  was  born  on 
July  22,  1829,  .and  succeeded  his  brother 
in  1877.  He  entered  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice, and  was  successively  Attache"  at 
Washington  in  1849,  and  from  1852  on- 
wards at  Florence,  Paris,  and  Frankfurt. 
On  Sept.  19,  1854,  he  was  appointed  paid 
Attache"  at  Stuttgart,  and,  in  November 
1856,  second  paid  Attache  at  Vienna.  In 
December  1858  he  was  selected  to  be 
Secretary  of  Legation  in  China,  and  pro- 
ceeded thither  with  Mr.,  afterwards  Sir 
Frederick  Bruce,  in  March  1859.  When 
Mr.  Bruce's  mission  was  prevented  from 
proceeding  to  Peking,  and  the  Taku 
forts  were  attacked,  June  25,  1859,  he 
was  sent  home  with  despatches,  and 
to  supply  the  Government  with  full  par- 
ticulars of  events  at  the  Peiho.  In 
September  1862  he  became  Secretary  of 
Legation  at  Athens,  and  in  July  1863  was 
sent,  in  company  with  the  French  and 
Russian  First  Secretaries,  his  colleagues, 
to  conclude  an  armistice  between  the  two 
military  factions  at  that  time  waging  civil 
war  in  Athens.  Transferred  to  Bern  on 
May  18,  1864,  he  nevertheless  remained 
in  charge  of  the  mission  at  Athens  until 
June  30,  during  which  time  he  accom- 
panied the  King  on  a  visit  to  the  Ionian 
Islands,  then  newly  annexed.  On  March 
7,  1868,  he  was  promoted  to  be  Secretary 
of  Embassy  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  was 
transferred  in  March  1871  to  Constan- 
tinople. In  October  1872  he  became 
Minister-Resident  and  Consul-General  in 
Chili,  and  at  the  beginning  of  1878  was 
appointed  Minister-Resident  at  Bern.  On 
Aug.  15,  1879,  he  was  made  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
the  Argentine  Republic,  and  was  trans- 
ferred in  that  capacity  to  the  King  of 
Norway  and  Sweden  on  April  1,  1881,  to 
the  King  of  the  Hellenes  on  Lee.  17,  1884, 
and  to  the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
also  to  his  Majesty  in  his  capacity  of 
Grand-Duke  of  Luxembourg,  on  Feb.  1, 
1888.  His  present  appointment  dates 
from  August  1896,  when  he  succeeded 
Sir  Edmund  Monson.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.M.G.  in  August  1886,  and  a  G.C.M.G. 
in  May  1892,  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  November  1896.  He  married 
i(l),  in  1867,  Caroline  Barney,  daughter  of 


Mr.  George  Harrington,  of  Washington ; 
and  (2),  in  1881,  Louisa  Ann,  only  daughter 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Russell  Crampton,  and 
widow  of  Captain  St.  George  F.  R.  Caul- 
field,  of  the  1st  Life  Guards.  London 
address  :  127  Sloane  Street,  S.W. 

EUNDLE,  Major  -  General  Sir 
Henry  Maoleod  Leslie,  K.C.B.,  C.M.G., 
D.S.O.,  was  born  in  January  1856,  and 
educated  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich.  He  entered  the  army  as 
Lieutenant  of  Royal  Artillery  in  August 
1876,  and  was  promoted  Captain  in 
March  1885,  Major  in  June  of  the  same 
year,  and  Colonel  in  January  1894.  He 
first  saw  active  service  in  the  Zulu  War 
of  1879  with  Sir  Evelyn  Wood's  Flying 
Column,  and  was  present  with  the  Gatling 
battery  in  the  engagement  at  Ulundi.  Dur- 
ing the  Boer  War  of  1882  he  served  with 
the  Field  Artillery,  and  took  part  in  the 
defence  of  Potchefstroom.  During  1882 
he  went  to  Egypt,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir.  General  Bundle 
became  attached  to  the  Egyptian  army 
in  1883,  since  which  time  he  has  been 
actively  employed  in  practically  all  the 
various  operations  that  have  taken  place 
in  Egypt.  During  the  Nile  Expedition  he 
was  employed  on  special  service  with  the 
Bedouin  tribes,  when  he  won  the  brevet 
of  Major  and  the  Medjidieh  of  the  third 
class.  In  1885  he  was  attached  to  the 
Frontier  Field  Force,  and  took  part  in 
the  action  at  Sarras,  being  in  command 
of  the  Mounted  Corps.  He  obtained  the 
D.S.O.  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the  third 
class.  He  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
Fort  Tokar,  and  at  the  action  at  Toski 
he  commanded  the  artillery.  In  1896  Col. 
Rundle  served  with  the  Dongola  Expedi- 
tionary Force  under  Lord  Kitchener  as 
Chief  of  the  Staff,  and,  beside  the  engage- 
ment at  Firket,  he  took  part  in  the 
operations  at  Hafir.  He  was  afterwards 
specially  promoted  to  Major-General  for 
distinguished  service  in  the  field.  He 
held  high  command  in  the  Soudan  Ex- 
pedition of  1898,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Atbara  and  the  taking  of  Khar- 
toum. Upon  returning  to  England  he  Was 
knighted,  and  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  South-Eastern  District.  Major- 
General  Rundle  is  a  Pacha  and  has  been 
Adjutant-General  of  the  Egyptian  army. 
Address  :  Dover. 

RTJSDEN,  George  "William,  was  in 

1849  appointed  agent  for  the  establishment 
of  national  schools  in  the  Port  Phillip  Dis- 
trict, now  "Victoria,  and  afterwards  agent 
and  inspector  of  schools  in  New  South 
Wales.  When  Victoria  was  separated  from 
New  South  Wales  in  1851  he  was  made 
Under-Secretary,   or  Chief  Clerk  in  the 


RUSKIN 


943 


Colonial  Secretary's  Office  ;  Clerk  of  the 
Executive  Council  in  1852  ;  and  in  1856 
was  attached  to  the  establishment  of  a  new 
constitution  with  the  Houses  of  Legisla- 
ture, as  Clerk  of  the  Legislative  Council, 
and  Clerk  of  the  Parliaments.  From  1853 
till  his  retirement  from  the  Civil  Service 
in  1882  he  served  as  a  Magistrate,  and  was 
for  some  time  a  Member  of  the  National 
Educational  Board  in  Victoria.  He  was  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  University 
of  Melbourne  from  its  foundation,  until 
absence  in  Europe  caused  him  to  resign, 
and  through  his  advocacy  a  Shakespeare 
scholarship  was  founded  in  the  University. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Moyarra:  an  Aus- 
tralian Legend  "  ;  "  National  Education  "  ; 
"Discovery,  Survey,  and  Settlement  of 
Port  Phillip";  "Curiosities  of  Colonisa- 
tion"; "History  of  New  Zealand";  a 
"  History  of  Australia,"  published  in  Lon- 
don in  1883;  and  of  "  Aureretanga :  The 
Great  Refusal,"  by  Vindex,  1890.  Mr. 
Rusden  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Society,  the  Royal  Historical 
Society,  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  and  a 
Member  of  the  Corporation  of  the  Royal 
Literary  Fund  in  England. 

BUSKIN,  John,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
son  of  a  London  merchant,  was  born  in 
Hunter  Street,  Brunswick  Square,  London, 
on  Feb.  8,  1819,  and  was  educated  pri- 
vately, and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  gained  the  Newdigate  Prize  in 
1839.  He  then  devoted  himself  to  painting, 
and  worked  under  Copley  Fielding  and 
J.  D.  Harding.  An  unpublished  paper  in 
defence  of  Turner  written  in  1836  was 
his  first  effort  in  the  cause  of  modern 
art,  and  it  was  enlarged  into  a  standard 
work,  entitled  "Modern  Painters,"  the  first 
volume  of  which  appeared  in  1843.  The 
author's  success  as  a  writer  on  art  was 
decided  by  the  warm  reception  accorded 
to  this  volume,  of  which  many  editions 
have  since  been  published.  Mr.  Ruskin's 
views,  however,  were  combated  with  bitter 
asperity  by  some  of  the  art  critics  of  the 
day,  who  resented  with  an  affectation  of 
contempt  his  free  expression  of  dissent 
from  the  trammels  of  their  school.  In 
his  second  volume  of  "  Modern  Painters," 
written  after  a  residence  in  Italy,  and 
published  in  1846,  he  took  a  much  wider 
survey  of  the  subject  originally  entered 
upon,  including  the  works  of  the  great 
Italian  painters,  and  discussed  at  length 
the  merits  of  their  respective  schools. 
This,  his  chief  work,  has  been  completed 
by  the  publication  of  three  additional 
volumes  containing  illustrations  by  him- 
self, the  last  of  which  was  published  in 
1860.  Mr.  Ruskin  as  an  undergraduate 
had  written  "  The  Poetry  of  Architecture  " 
in  a  series  of  papers  for  a  magazine  ;  ten 


years  later  he  wrote  "  The  Seven  Lamps 
of  Architecture,"   published  in  1849,  fol- 
lowed by  the  first  volume  of  "The  Stones 
of  Venice  "  in  1851,  the  second  and  third 
volumes  of  which  appeared  in  1853.     The 
illustrations   in    the    last-named    produc- 
tions,  which  excited    some   of   the   same 
professional  hostility  that  his  first  publica- 
tion evoked,  displayed  to  much  advantage 
his  artistic  powers.     Mr.   Ruskin  has   ex- 
pounded his  views  both  in  lectures  and  in 
newspapers    and   reviews,    having   contri- 
buted articles   to  the    Quarterly    on    Lord 
Lindsay's   "  Christian  Art,"  in   1847,   and 
on  Eastlake's  "History  of  Oil  Painting" 
in    1848.      In    1851    he    advocated     Pre- 
Raphaelitism  in  letters  to  the  Times  ;  and 
in    1853    he    lectured    in    Edinburgh    on 
Gothic  Architecture,  published  as  "Lec- 
tures on  Architecture  and  Painting,"  1854. 
In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  works, 
Mr.   Ruskin  has  written   "Notes   on   the 
Construction  of  Sheepfolds,"  "The  King 
of  the  Golden  River,"  a  story  for  children, 
illustrated  by  Doyle,  in  1851  ;  "Notes  to 
Pictures  in  the   Royal  Academy,   Nos.   1 
to  5,"  in  1854-59  ;  "Giotto  and  his  works 
in  Padua,"  written  for  the  Arundel  Society, 
of  which  he  was  a  member;   "Notes  on 
the   Turner   Collection,"   in    1857;    "The 
Elements   of    Drawing,"    and    "  Political 
Economy  of  Art,"  in  1857  ;  "  Elements  of 
Perspective,"  and   "The  Two  Paths,"   in 
1859;    "Unto   this   Last:    Four   Essays," 
republished  from  the   Comhill    Magazine, 
in  1862;  "Ethics  of  the  Dust,"  in  1866; 
"  Sesame  and  Lilies,"  in   1865  ;    "  Crown 
of  Wild  Olive,"  in  1866  ;  "Time  and  Tide," 
in   1867 ;    and    "  The   Queen   of   the   Air, 
being   a   Study   of    the   Greek   Myths   of 
Cloud  and  Storm."      To   the  Art   Journal 
he  contributed  "The   Cestus  of  Aglaia," 
and  he  has  written  for  various  periodicals. 
Mr.  Ruskin  was  appointed  Rede  Lecturer 
at    Cambridge    in    April    1867,    and    the 
Senate   conferred   the   degree    of    LL.D. 
upon  him,  May  15.     He  was  also  elected 
Slade  Professor  of   Fine  Art   at   Oxford, 
and  in  1870  published  "  Lectures  on  Art "  ; 
in  1872,  "  Aratra  Pentelici :  Six  Lectures  on 
the  Elements   of   Sculpture,  given  before 
the  University  of  Oxford  in  Michaelmas 
Term,    1870,"  followed  by   "The   Eagle's 
Nest,"  and  other  courses  of  lectures.     In 
1871  he  proposed  to  devote  £5000  for  the 
purpose  of  an  endowment  to  pay  a  master 
of  drawing  in  the  Taylor  Galleries,  Oxford, 
and  this  handsome  offer  was,  with  some 
modifications,  accepted  by  the  University 
in   January  1872.     He  was  re-elected  to 
the  Slade  Professorship  of  Fine  Art,  1876. 
From  1871  to   1884   he  published   the  96 
"Letters  to  the  Workmen  and  Labourers 
of   England"   under   the   title   of    "Fors 
Clavigera."     In  1883  he  was  again  elected 
Slade    Professor,    and    at    his    inaugural 


944 


KUSSELL 


lecture  was  received  with  unprecedented 
enthusiasm.  So  great  was  the  crowd  that 
thronged  to  hear  his  lectures  that  it  was 
impossible  to  accommodate  the  audience, 
and  Professor  Ruskin  undertook  to  deliver 
each  lecture  twice.  He  was  obliged  to 
resign  the  post  in  1884  on  account  of  failing 
health.  Other  works  of  his  later  period 
are  "Love's  Meinie  :  Lectures  on  Birds"  ; 
"Proserpina,"  on  Botany  ;  "Deucalion," 
on  Geology ;  "  St.  Mark's  Rest,"  on  the 
Art  and  Architecture  of  Venice;  "The 
Laws  of  Fesole,"  on  drawing  ;  "The  Bible 
of  Amiens,"  a  historical  study ;  and 
"Prsaterita,"  an  autobiography;  beside 
many  minor  lectures  and  articles.  He  has 
also  edited  various  works  on  Art  and  Social 
questions,  and,  amongst  other  books,  has 
published  for  Miss  Francesca  Alexander, 
an  American  lady,  "The  Story  of  Ida," 
"Christ's  Folk  in  the  Apennine,"  and 
"The  Roadside  Songs  of  Tuscany,"  the 
illustrations  to  which  he  eulogised  and 
exhibited  during  his  last  series  of  Slade 
lectures.  For  several  years  Mr.  Ruskin 
has  lived  in  tranquil  retirement  at  Brant- 
wood,  Coniston.  On  Feb.  8,  1899,  Mr. 
Ruskin  celebrated  his  eightieth  birthday, 
and  was  presented  with  a  national  address 
from  the  St.  George's  Guild  and  the 
Ruskin  societies,  which  ran  as  follows  : 
"Dear  Master  and  Friend, — The  eightieth 
anniversary  of  your  birthday  gives  us  the 
opportunity  of  offering  our  united  loving 
greetings.  As  the  representative  members 
of  the  St.  George's  Guild  and  the  Ruskin 
societies  of  the  country,  owing  so  much 
of  the  good  and  joy  of  life  to  your  words 
and  work,  we  feel  that  the  world  is  richer 
and  happier  for  that  which  you  have  been 
able  to  accomplish  year  by  year  in  ever- 
widening  extent.  There  is  an  increasing 
desire  to  realise  the  noble  ideals  you  have 
set  before  mankind  in  words  which  we 
feel  have  brought  nearer  to  our  hearts  the 
kingdom  of  God  upon  earth.  It  is  our 
hope  and  prayer  that  the  joy  and  peace 
you  have  brought  to  others  may  return  in 
fall  measure  to  your  own  heart,  filling  it 
with  the  peace  which  comes  from  the  love 
of  God  and  the  knowledge  of  the  love  of 
your  fellow-men.  We  have  the  further 
happiness  of  appending  to  this  address  of 
congratulation  the  names  of  friends  who 
are  associated  with  our  national  and  other 
institutions,  all  of  whom  have  intimated 
their  wishes  to  be  included  in  this  general 
expression  of  deepest  respect  and  sincerest 
affection."  The  signatories  included  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  trustees  of  the 
British  Museum,  and  representatives  of 
the  National  Gallery,  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water-Colours,  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, Whitelands  College  (with  all  the 
"May  Queens"),  Ancoats  Museum,  Man- 
chester, the  Art  for  Schools  Association, 


the  Royal  Academy,  St.  George's  Guild, 
and  the  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and  Birming- 
ham Ruskin  societies.  Among  other  signa- 
tures were  those  of  the  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury  and  York,  the  Marquis  of 
Lansdowne,  Sir  John  Lubbock,  and  Sir 
H.  W.  Acland.  Addresses :  Brantwood, 
Coniston  ;  and  Athenseum. 

RUSSELL,  General  Sir  Baker 
Creed,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born 
in  1837,  and  when  the  Indian  Mutiny 
broke  out  at  Meerut,  he  was  present  with 
the  Carabineers,  and  afterwards  with 
Seaton's  Movable  Column,  at  the  battle  of 
Gungaree,  where  he  was  left  in  command  of 
his  regiment.  In  1857  he  commanded  the 
cavalry  in  the  action  of  the  Puttialla,  and 
was  especially  mentioned  by  Sir  Thomas 
Seaton  in  his  despatches.  He  was  present 
at  the  relief  of  Bareilly,  and  through  all 
the  operations  in  Oude,  serving  as  well 
under  Brigadier  Showers  in  Central  India 
in  pursuit  of  Tantia  Topee.  In  1873  he 
accompanied  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  to  the 
Gold  Coast,  and  organised  a  native  regi- 
ment, which  he  commanded  throughout 
the  Ashanti  war,  forming  the  advance 
guard  of  the  army.  For  his  successful 
management  he  was  appointed  Lieut. - 
Colonel  and  C.B.  He  was  again  with  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley  in  South  Africa,  where 
he  commanded  the  forces  in  the  operations 
against  Sekukuni,  for  which  he  was  made 
a  K.C.M.G.,  and  an  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Queen.  He  commanded  a  brigade  of 
cavalry  in  the  Egyptian  war  of  1882,  and 
was  present  at  Kassassin,  Tel-el-Kebir,  and 
the  capture  of  Cairo,  for  which  he  received 
a  K.C.B.  and  the  second  class  of  the 
Medjidieh.  In  1886  he  was  Inspecting 
Officer  of  Auxiliary  Cavalry  ;  from  1886  to 

1889  Commander  at  Shorncliffe  ;  and  from 

1890  to  1895  he  commanded  the  cavalry 
brigade  at  Aldershot.  From  1895  to  1898 
he  was  in  command  of  the  North-West  Dis- 
trict, and  in  1898  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Southern  District.  Address  : 
Government  House,  Broughton,  Chester. 

RUSSELL,  Lord,  of  Killowen,  The 
Right  Hon.  Charles,  Lord  Chief-Justice 
of  England,  G.C.M.G.,  Q.C.,  LL.D.  of 
the  Universities  of  Dublin,  Edinburgh, 
and  Cambridge,  and  D.L.  for  Surrey, 
was  born  at  Newry  on  Nov.  10,  1832,  and 
is  the  son  of  Mr.  Arthur  Russell,  of  Newry, 
and  Seafield  House,  Rosstrevor.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Duhlin,  and 
began  his  professional  career  by  practising 
as  a  solicitor  in  Belfast ;  but,  coming  to 
England,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn  in  1859,  and  became  Q.C.,  and 
was  elected  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1872.  He  entered  Parliament  in  the 
Liberal  interest  as  member  for  Dundalk,. 


RUSSELL 


945 


which  he  represented  from  1880  till  1885  ; 
and  South  Hackney,  1885-86,  when  he  be- 
came Attorney-General  in  the  Gladstone 
Administration,  and  was  knighted.  His 
powerful  and  eloquent  speech  before  the 
Parnell  Commission  was  one  of  the  most 
masterly  orations  of  modern  times.  He 
was  again  appointed  Attorney-General  in 
1892.  On  taking  office  he  gave  up  the  old 
and  well-used  privilege  of  retaining  his  pri- 
vate practice,  which  had  been  a  very  large 
one,  and  had  latterly  brought  him  in  an 
income  of  upwards  of  twenty-five  thousand 
a  year.  In  1893  he  was  given  the  G.C.M.G. 
for  his  distinguished  services  as  English 
counsel  in  connection  with  the  United 
States  Fisheries  Arbitration  in  Paris.  Both 
during  this  arbitration  and  on  the  third 
reading  of  the  Home  Rule  Bill  in  the 
House  of  Commons  he  delivered  very 
eloquent  and  powerful  speeches  ;  but  he 
was  not,  on  the  whole,  so  successful  as  a 
Parliamentary  speaker  as  at  the  Bar, 
though  he  was  in  constant  request  as  an 
electioneering  orator.  On  the  death  of 
Lord  Bowen  in  1894  he  was  appointed  a 
Lord  of  Appeal  in  Ordinary,  and  a  life- 
peerage  was  conferred  on  him.  In  July 
1894  he  was  appointed  Lord  Chief-Justice 
of  England  in  succession  to  the  late  Lord 
Coleridge.  As  a  barrister  Lord  Russell 
was  long  without  a  rival  in  the  English 
Law  Courts.  He  was  a  sound  lawyer,  a 
masterly  and  often  terrible  cross-examiner, 
and  a  persuasive  and  weighty  pleader  be- 
fore juries,  especially  in  uphill  or  appar- 
ently hopeless  cases.  The  list  of  celebrated 
causes  in  which  he  has  been  engaged  is  a 
very  long  one  He  represented  Mr.  Cle- 
ment Scott  in  his  action  against  the  late 
Mr.  Sampson  of  the  Referee.  In  the  Cham- 
berlain v,  Barnwell  case  he  secured  enor- 
mous damages  for  the  plaintiff.  He 
appeared  for  the  plaintiff  also  in  Wilber- 
force  v.  Philips,  in  the  famous  Belt  case, 
and  in  the  once  famous  Convent  case, 
Saurin  v.  Starr.  In  the  Chetwynd  and 
Durham  Arbitration  case  he  was  one  of 
the  leading  counsel,  and  he  defended  Mrs. 
Maybrick  in  the  Maybrick  murder  case  of 
August  1889.  In  1889  he  made  his  greatest 
forensic  triumph  during  the  Parnell  Com- 
mission. Lord  Russell  is  well  known  on 
the  turf,  and  is  himself  an  accomplished 
horseman.  He  is  a  Member  of  the  Jockey 
Club.  He  married,  in  1858,  Ellen,  daughter 
of  Mr.  Joseph  Mulholland,  M.P.,  of  Belfast. 
Addresses  :  12  Cromwell  Houses,  S.W.  ; 
Tadworth  Court,  Tadworth,  Surrey  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 


RUSSELL,     Clark. 

William  Clark. 


See     Russell, 


RUSSELL,       George      William 
Erskine,  son  of  Lord  Charles  James  Fox 


Russell,  and  grandson  of  John,  6th  Duke 
of  Bedford,  was  born  Feb.  3,  1853,  at  16 
Mansfield  Street,  W.,  and  educated  at 
Harrow  and  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  Scholar  and  Prizeman.  He 
graduated  in  honours,  B.A.  1876,  M.A. 
1880.  He  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1875, 
and  was  elected  Liberal  Member  of  Par- 
liament for  Aylesbury,  1880,  and  for  North 
Beds.,  1892.  He  was  Parliamentary  Secre- 
tary to  the  Local  Government  Board, 
1883-85.  He  was  elected  an  Alderman  of 
the  county  of  London  for  six  years  in 
1889 ;  and  was  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  India  1892-94,  and  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Home  Department  1894-95. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "Life  of  the  Right 
Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,"  in  the  series  of 
the  Queen's  Prime  Ministers,  editor  of 
the  "Letters  of  Matthew  Arnold,"  and 
many  essays  and  lectures.  He  has  been 
known  in  recent  years  as  a  leader  of  a 
section  in  the  House  of  Commons  styling 
themselves  Liberal  Forwards.  Address  : 
18  Wilton  Street,  S.W. 

RUSSELL,    Henry  Chamberlaine, 

C.M.G.,  B.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  F.R.  Met. 
Soc,  Government  Astronomer  of  New 
South  Wales,  Vice-President  of  the  Board 
of  Technical  Education,  New  South  Wales, 
Fellow  of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of 
Sydney,  was  born  in  1836.  He  has  done 
much  for  the  promotion  and  study  of 
science  in  New  South  Wales.  He  has 
been  in  charge  of  the  Government  Observa- 
tory since  1862,  and  Government  Astro- 
nomer sincel863.  He  organised  and  led  the 
N.S.W.  Expedition  to  Cape  Sidmouth  in 
1871  ;  organised  and  sent  out  four  parties 
to  observe  the  Transit  of  Venus  in  1874, 
and  six  parties  in  1882,  also  three  parties 
for  the  Transit  of  Mercury  in  1881  ;  and 
he  originated  and  presided  over  the  first 
Australasian  Meteorological  Conference, 
1879.  In  1890  he  was  made  a  C.M.G.  He 
is  the  author  of  seventy-five  Reports  and 
Original  Papers  upon  Astronomical,  Me- 
teorological, and  Physical  matters,  pub- 
lished by  the  New  South  Wales  Govern- 
ment in  the  Memoirs  and  Notices  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  London,  and 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  New 
South  Wales.  He  is  the  designer  of  several 
improved  forms  of  self-recording  Baro- 
graphs, Thermographs,  Pluviometers,  Ane- 
mometers, Tide-gauges,  Actinometers,  &c. , 
for  use  in  his  observatory.  Amongst  the 
above  seventy-five  papers  are  "  Measures 
of  Double  Stars,  and  a  list  of  351  New 
Double  Stars  "  ;  "  Nebula  surrounding 
Eta  Argus";  "Measures  of  Coloured 
Clusters  about  Kappa  Crucis  "  ;  "  Measures 
of  Alpha  Centauri  "  ;  "The  Great  Southern 
Cross,"  1880;  "  Meteorology  and  Climate 
of  New  South  Wales  "  ;  "  Tropical  Rains  "  ; 

3  O 


946 


EUSSELL 


"Rain  Maps";  "Atmospheric  Lines  be- 
tween D  lines  at  Sydney,"  &c.  In  1891  he 
published  "Notes  on  the  Rate  of  Growth 
of  some  Australian  Trees."  He  married 
a  Sydney  lady,  a  daughter  of  Ambrose 
Foss,  in  1861.  Address  :  The  Observatory, 
Sydney. 

RUSSELL,  Earl,  John  Francis 
Stanley,  J.P.,  L.C.C.,  was  born  on 
Aug.  12,  1865,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Viscount  Amberley,  and  Katherine, 
daughter  of  the  2nd  Baron  Stanley  of 
Alderley.  He  succeeded  his  grandfather, 
the  illustrious  Lord  John  Russell,  in  1878. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  under  Dr.  Jowett. 
He  is  especially  interested  in  social 
questions,  and  is  a  Progressive  Alderman 
of  the  London  County  Council.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1890,  Mabel,  daughter  of  Sir 
Claude  Scott,  Bart.  Address  :  Amberley 
Cottage,  Maidenhead. 

RUSSELL,  Thomas  Wallace,  M.P. 
for  South  Tyrone,  was  born  at  Cupar-Fife, 
N.B.,  Feb.  28,  1841,  is  the  son  of  David 
Russell,  and  was  educated  at  the  Madras 
Academy,  Cupar-Fife.  He  unsuccessfully 
contested  Preston  as  a  Liberal  in  1885, 
but  was  elected  for  South  Tyrone  in  1886, 
1892,  and  1895  as  a  Liberal  Unionist.  His 
energies  were  strongly  directed,  both  in 
the  House  and  in  the  country,  against  the 
Home  Rule  movement.  He  was  appointed 
Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the  Local 
Government  Board  in  1895,  and  he  was 
largely  instrumental  in  forming  the  Land 
Acts  Committee  of  1894,  from  which  there 
followed  the  Land  Act  of  1896.  Mr. 
Russell  has  contributed  numerous  articles 
to  magazines  on  the  Irish  Question  and 
other  matters.  He  is  a  J. P.  for  the  county 
of  Dublin.  He  married  (2)  Martha, 
daughter  of  the  late  Lieut.-Colonel  Keown, 
of  the  15th  Hussars.  Address  :  99  Asthey 
Gardens,  8.W.  ;  and  102  and  103  St. 
Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 

RUSSELL,  William  Clark,  known 
under  his  author's  name  of  Clark  Russell, 
was  born  at  the  Carlton  House  Hotel, 
Broadway,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  on 
Feb.  24,  1844.  His  father  was  Mr.  Henry 
Russell,  the  composer  of  "Cheer,  Boys, 
Cheer,"  "There's  a  Good  Time  Coming, 
Boys,"  and  many  other  compositions  of  a 
like  kind.  Mr.  Clark  Russell's  mother  was, 
prior  to  her  marriage,  Miss  Lloyd,  a  con- 
nection of  the  poet  Wordsworth,  and  the 
associate  in  her  youth  of  Coleridge, 
Southey,  Lamb,  and  others  of  that  group. 
She  died  in  1887.  Mr.  Clark  Russell  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  in  France, 
and  went  to  sea  as  a  midshipman  in  the 


Merchant  Service  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
and  a  half.  He  made  several  voyages  to 
India,  Australia,  and  China,  but  abandoned 
the  sea  after  seven  or  eight  years.  He  wrote 
a  few  novels  under  a  nom-de-plume,  and 
contributed  to  a  few  London  periodicals. 
His  first  nautical  novel,  "John  Holds- 
worth,  Chief  Mate,"  was  published  in 
1874.  The  success  of  this  book  was  great 
and  immediate.  It  was  followed  by  "The 
Wreck  of  the  Grosvenor,"  which  appears 
to  have  proved  the  most  popular  of  his 
stories.  In  the  "  Grosvenor  "  he  antici- 
pated the  efforts  which  have  been  made 
by  Mr.  Samuel  Plimsoll  to  improve  the 
dietary  of  the  British  merchant-seaman. 
"The  Little  Loo"  followed  the  "Gros- 
venor," and  then  came  in  rapid  succession 
"A  Sailor's  Sweetheart,"  "  An  Ocean  Free- 
Lance,"  "A  Sea  Queen,"  and  "The  Lady 
Maud."  At  this  time  Mr.  Clark  Russeil 
was  associated  with  the  Newcastle  Daily 
Clironicle,  the  property  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Cowen,  then  the  senior  member  for  that 
city ;  but  being  asked  by  the  proprietors 
of  the  London  Daily  Telegraph  to  join  the 
staff  of  that  journal,  he  bade  his  friend 
Mr.  Joseph  Cowen  farewell  and  settled  in 
London.  There  he  wrote  "  Jack's  Court- 
ship" and  "A  Strange  Voyage,"  at  the 
same  time  contributing  stories  and  lead- 
ing articles  to  the  Daily  Telegraph.  His 
health  failed  him,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  take  up  his  residence  by  the  seaside. 
While  at  Ramsgate,  in  Kent,  he  continued 
to  write  for  the  Daily  Telegraph,  but  with 
growing  dislike  of  the  work,  as  the  exac- 
tions upon  his  time  and  imagination  grew 
heavier  and  heavier  in  proportion  as  his 
publishers  asked  for  fresh  novels.  At 
Ramsgate  he  wrote  "The  Golden  Hope," 
"The  Death  Ship,"  "A  Frozen  Pirate," 
and  "Marooned."  In  1887  his  connection 
with  the  Daily  Telegraph  ceased,  but  the 
greater  bulk  of  his  contributions  to  that 
paper  have  been  published  in  volumes  such 
as  "  Round  the  Galley  Fire,"  "  My  Watch 
Below,"  "  In  the  Middle  Watch,"  "On  the 
Fok'sle  Head,"  &c.  These  works  cover 
a  very  extensive  range  of  seafaring  in- 
terests. Since  1890  he  has  lived  at  Bath, 
where  he  has  written  "An  Ocean  Tragedy," 
"My  Shipmate  Louise,"  "Betwixt  the 
Forelands,"  "  The  Romance  of  Jenny  Har- 
lowe,"  and  other  works.  Among  later 
novels  are  :  "  The  Emigrant  Ship,"  1894  ; 
"List,  ye  Landsmen,"  "The  Convict 
Ship,"  and  "  What  Cheer  ? "  both  in  1895  ; 
"A Noble  Haul,"  "The  Last  Entry."  "The 
Two  Captains,"  and  "Nelson,"  1897; 
"The  Romance  of  a  Midshipman,"  1898, 
&c.     Address  :  9  Sydney  Place,  Bath. 

RUSSELL,  Sir  William  Howard, 
LL.D.,  D.L.,  was  born  March  28,  1821,  at 
Lilyvale,  co.  Dublin,  and  is  the  son  of  John 


RUSSIA,  -  RUTHERFORD 


947 


Russell,  of  Lilyvale,  and  Mary,  daughter 
of  Captain  John   Kelly,   of  Castle  Kelly, 
co.  Dublin.     He  was  educated  principally 
at   the   Rev.    Dr.    Geoghegan's    school    in 
Hume  Street,  Dublin,  and  entered  Trinity 
College  in  1838.     During  the  Repeal  agita- 
tion he  was  engaged  to  describe  the  monster 
meetings  for  the  Times,  and  shortly  after- 
wards accepted  an  engagement  on  the  staff 
of  that    paper.      In  1846   he  entered  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  as 
a  member  of  the  Inn  in  1850.     In  1850  he 
visited  Schleswig-Holstein  during  the  war, 
aud  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Idsted. 
In  February  1854  he  was  despatched   as 
Special  Correspondent  of  the  Times  with 
the     advance    guard    of   the    British    ex- 
pedition to  the  East,  on  the  declaration  of 
war  with  Russia,  and  from  Malta  he  pro- 
ceeded with  the  Light  Division  to  Gallipoli, 
thence  to  Scutari,  and  so  on  to  Bulgaria, 
drifting  finally  to   the  Crimea,  where  he 
remained  from  the  landing  at  Old  Fort  on 
Nov.  14,  1854,  till  the  final  armistice  and 
the  evacuation  of  the  Chersonese  by  the 
Allied  Armies  in  1856.     He  was  present  at 
the  battles  of  the  Alma,   Balaclava,  and 
Inkerman  ;  witnessed  the  bombardment  of 
Sebastopol  and  the    two   assaults  on  the 
Redan ;    accompanied  the   expeditions  to 
Kertch   and   to    Kinburn  ;     and    saw  the 
final  attack  on  Sept.  8, 1855,  and  the  fall  of 
Sebastopol.     The  privations  and  sufferings 
of  the  army  during  the  terrible  winter,  to 
which   the   troops  were   exposed  in  open 
trenches,  were  made  known  by  his  letters 
to  the  Times,  and  excited  such  indignation 
against  the  Ministry  that  they  were  turned 
out   of   office,   and  were   succeeded   by  a 
Government  pledged  to  reform  our  military 
organisation.     In  1856  he  went  to  Moscow 
to  attend  the  coronation  of  the  Czar,  and 
revisited    the   Crimea,    and,  in   the   year 
following,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  mutiny 
in  India,  he  set  out  for  Sir  Colin  Camp- 
bell's   head-quarters    at  Cawnpore ;    was 
present  at  the  taking   of   Lucknow,  and 
in  the  campaigns  in  Oudh,  Rohilkund,  &c., 
for  which    he    received    the    Indian  War 
Medal  with  the  Lucknow  Clasp.       In  1858 
he  returned  to  England  and   established 
the  Army  and  Navy  Gazette,  of  which  he 
is  now  editor  and  chief  proprietor,  having 
previously  remained  for  a  short  time  with 
the  French    army  in    Italy.      When  civil 
war   appeared    imminent    in    the   United 
States  in  1861  he  proceeded  to  Washing- 
ton, made  a  tour  in  the  South,  and  joined 
M'Dowell's  army  on  the  day  of  the  first 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  which  ended  in  the 
rout  of  the  Federals.     In  1862  he  returned 
to   England,    and,    after   an   unsuccessful 
attempt  to  reach   the  lines  at  Doppel  in 
1864,  he  remained  at  home  till  the  out- 
break  of   the  war   between   Prussia  and 
Austria  in  1866,  when  he  repaired  to  the 


headquarters  of  Von  Benedek,  and  wit- 
nessed the  disastrous  battle  of  Koniggratz. 
A  few  years  of  peaceful  life  and  of  travel 
on  the  Continent  and  in  the  East  followed  ; 
but  in  1870,  when  war  was  declared  by 
Napoleon  III.  against  the  King  of  Prussia 
and  his  allies,  Mr.  Russell  was  attached  to 
the  head-quarters  of  the  Crown  Prince, 
which  he  joined  at  Worth.  He  was  pre- 
sent at  the  battle  of  Sedan,  and  he  accom- 
panied the  German  army  on  their  march 
through  France,  remaining  with  the  head- 
quarters during  the  siege  till  the  capitula- 
tion of  Paris,  when  he  entered  the  city 
with  the  Crown  Prince's  staff.  In  1875  he 
was  named  Honorary  Private  Secretary  to 
the  frince  of  Wales  on  his  expedition  to 
India,  and  he  previously  accompanied  his 
Royal  Highness  during  his  visits  to  Egypt, 
Turkey,  the  Crimea,  &c.  When  the  Zulu 
troubles  were  at  their  height,  and  Lord 
Wolseley  was  sent  out  to  save  the  situa- 
tion, Sir  William  (then  Mr.) Russell  accom- 
panied him,  and  was  at  the  taking  of 
Sekukuni's  stronghold ;  and  he  subse- 
quently was  in  Egypt  during  the  opera- 
tions under  the  same  general,  which  led  to 
the  overthrow  of  Arabi,  to  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  the  Khedive  in  Cairo,  and  to 
the  British  occupation  of  Egypt.  He  has 
published  "Letters  from  the  Crimea," 
1855-56;  "The  British  Expedition  to  the 
Crimea,"  "Diary  in  India,"  "  The  Sepoy 
Mutiny,"  "My  Diary  North  and  South, 
during  the  Civil  War  in  America," 
"Canada:  its  Defences,"  "Rifle  Clubs 
and  Volunteer  Corps,"  "The  Adventures 
of  Dr.  Brady,"  "My  Diary  in  the  East 
with  the  Prince  of  Wales,"  "  Hesperothen  : 
or  Notes  from  the  West,"  1882,  &c.  He 
unsuccessfully  contested  Chelsea  in  the 
Conservative  interest  in  1869.  He  is  a 
Knight  of  the  Iron  Cross,  a  Commander  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  has  the  Turkish 
War  Medal  of  1854-56,  the  Indian  War 
Medal,  1857-58,  the  South  African  War 
Medal,  1879;  and  the  Medjidieh  (third 
and  fourth  class),  the  Osmanieh  (third  and 
fourth  class),  the  St.  Sauveur  of  Greece, 
Chevalier  of  Franz  Josef,  the  Redeemer 
of  Greece,  Portugal,  &c.  The  honour  of 
knighthood  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
1895.  He  married  (1),  in  1846,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Peter  Burrowes,  Esq.,  of 
Warren  House,  co.  Dublin ;  and  (2),  in 
1884,  the  Countess  A.  Malvezzi.  Address  : 
37  Queen's  Mansions,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

RUSSIA,  Emperor  of.  See  Nicholas 
II.,  Czar  of  all  the  Rtjssias. 

RUTHERFORD,  The  Rev.  William 
Gunion,  LL.D.,  Head-Master  of  West- 
minster School,  born  on  July  17,  1853,  is 
the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Ruther- 
ford,   Newlands,    Peeblesshire,    and    was 


948 


RUTLAND 


educated  at  St.  Andrews  University,  and 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated M.A.  in  1876.  He  also  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  St.  Andrews  in  1884. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  1883,  and  Priest 
by  the  Bishop  of  London  in  1885.  He  held 
a  Classical  Mastership  at  St.  Paul's  School 
from  1876  to  1883,  when  he  was  appointed, 
without  examination,  Fellow  and  Praslector 
of  University  College,  Oxford.  In  the 
same  year  he  became  Head-Master  of 
Westminster  School.  In  1881  he  published 
"  The  New  Phrynichus,  a  revised  Text  of 
the  Ecloga  of  the  Grammarian  Phrynichus, 
with  Introductions,  and  a  Commentary"  ; 
in  1883  an  edition  of  "  The  Fables  of 
Babrius,  with  Introductory  Dissertations, 
Critical  Notes,  Commentary,  and  Lexicon  " ; 
and  in  1889  "The  Fourth  Book  of  Thucy- 
dides,  a  revision  of  the  Text  illustrating 
the  Principal  Causes  of  Corruption  in  the 
manuscripts  of  this  author "  ;  "  Scholia 
Aristophanica," in  3  vols.,  vols.  i.  and ii. pub- 
lished in  1896.  The  introductory  chapters 
of  "The  New  Phrynichus  "have  been  trans- 
lated into  German  by  Dr.  A.  Funck,  at  the 
instance  of  the  late  Prof.  Georg  Curtius  of 
Leipzig,  under  the  title  of  "Zwei  Abhand- 
lungen  zur  Geschichte  des  Atticism  us," 
Leipzig,  1883,  and  into  French  by  Prof. 
Kehlhoff  with  the  title  "  Contribution  a 
1' etude  du  dialecte  attique."  Besides  these 
larger  works,  Mr.  Rutherford  has  published 
several  smaller  books,  of  which  the  most 
important  are  "A  First  Greek  Grammar," 
which  has  gone  through  many  editions  ; 
"  Lex  Rex,  or  Short  Digest  on  the  Prin- 
cipal Relations  between  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Anglo-Saxon  Sounds  "  ;  "  Herondas,  a 
first  Recension,"  published  in  1892.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Athenaeum  by  the  committee 
in  virtue  of  Rule  2.  He  married 
Constance,  youngest  daughter  of  J.  T. 
Renton,  of  Bradstone  Brook,  Shalford,  in 
1884.  Address:  19  Dean's  Yard,  S.W.  ; 
Little  Hallands,  Bishopstone,  Lewes ;  and 
Athenssum. 

RUTLAND,  Duke  of,  The  Most 
Noble  John  James  Robert  Manners, 
KG.,  G.C.B.,  P.O.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  second 
son  of  the  late  John  Henry,  5th  Duke  of 
Rutland,  by  the  Lady  Elizabeth  Howard, 
fifth  daughter  of  Frederick,  5th  Earl 
of  Carlisle,  born  at  Belvoir  Castle,  Leices- 
tershire, Dec.  13,  1818,  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1839.  In  June 
1841  he  was,  with  Mr.  Gladstone,  returned 
member  in  the  Conservative  interest  for 
the  borough  of  Newark,  but  he  did  not 
present  himself  again  to  that  constitu- 
ency at  the  general  election  in  August 
1847.     He  was  defeated  in  a  contest  for 


Liverpool  in  the  latter  year,  and  in  another 
contest  for  the  City  of  London  with  Baron 
Rothschild  in  June  1849  ;  but  he  was  re- 
turned for  Colchester  in  February  1850, 
and  continued  to  represent  that  borough 
till  March  1857,  when  he  was  elected  for 
North  Leicestershire.  He  made  his  maiden 
speech  in  February  1842,  when  he  opposed 
the  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  advocating, 
subsequently,  the  cultivation  of  diplomatic 
relations  with  the  See  of  Rome,  and  of  a 
better  understanding  with  the  Irish  priest- 
hood, a  relaxation  of  the  law  of  mortmain, 
and  the  passing  of  the  Ten  Hours  Factories 
Act,  and  in  many  other  matters  showing 
that  he  held  too  broad  opinions  to  act 
always  with  his  party,  though  he  opposed 
Sir  R.  Peel's  free-import  measures  in 
1845-46,  and  from  that  time  identified 
himself  completely  with  the  Tory  party. 
He  was  appointed  First  Commissioner  of 
the  Office  of  Works  with  a  seat  in  the 
Cabinet,  and  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  in 
Lord  Derby's  first  administration  in  1852, 
held  the  same  post  in  Lord  Derby's  second 
administration  in  1858-59,  and  was  re-ap- 
pointed in  Lord  Derby's  third  administra- 
tion, 1866-67.  On  the  return  of  the 
Conservatives  to  office  in  February  1874, 
he  was  appointed  Postmaster-General,  and 
he  held  that  post  until  the  Conservatives 
went  out  of  office  in  April  1880,  when  he 
was  created  a  G.C.B.  In  1885  he  was  re- 
turned for  the  new  Melton  Division  of 
Leicestershire,  and  was  Postmaster-Gen  eral 
in  Lord  Salisbury's  Government.  The 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
1876.  Previously,  in  1862,  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  University  was  con- 
ferred on  him.  His  Grace  is  a  staunch 
defender  of  the  rights  of  the  Church,  a 
supporter  of  the  agricultural  interest,  and 
acted  for  many  years  as  Chairman  of  the 
Tithe  Redemption  Trust.  His  first  literary 
performance  was  "England's  Trust;  and 
other  Poems,"  1841.  Appended  to  this 
volume  are  some  minor  pieces,  headed 
"Memorials  of  other  Lands,"  commemora- 
tive of  his  Grace's  excursion,  in  company 
with  his  elder  brother,  then  Marquis  of 
Gran  by  (the  late  Duke  of  Rutland),  through 
France,  Spain,  Switzerland,  and  Italy. 
His  other  works  are  :  "  A  Plea  for  National 
Holy-Days,"  1843 ;  ".Notes  of  an  Irish 
Tour,"  1849  ;  "Notes  of  a  Cruise  in  Scotch 
Waters  on  board  the  Duke  of  Rutland's 
Yacht,  Resolution,  in  1848,"  Lond.,  1850,  a 
handsome  folio  volume  embellished  with 
sketches  by  John  Christian  Schetky,  Esq.  ; 
"  English  Ballads  and  other  Poems,"  1850 ; 
"The  Factories  Bill,  a  Speech,"  1850; 
"  The  Church  of  England  in  the  Colonies," 
a  Lecture,  1851  ;  "  Speech  on  the  Abolition 
of  Church  Rates,"  1856.  In  1886  he  was 
appointed  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 


RYAN  — RYLE 


949 


•  caster  in  Lord  Salisbury's  second  adminis- 
tration. He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom 
on  the  death  of  his  brother,  Mar.  2,  1888. 
His  Grace  married  first,  in  1851,  Catharine 
Louisa  Georgiana,  daughter  of  the  late 
Colonel  Marlay,  C.B.  (she  died  April  7, 
1854) ;  and  secondly,  in  1862,  Janetta, 
eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Hughan,  Esq. 
of  Airds,  Galloway.  Addresses  :  Belvoir 
Castle  ;  3  Cambridge  Gate,  Regent's  Park, 
N.W.,  &c. 

BY  AN,  "W.  P.,  was  born  in  the  co. 
Tipperary,  Oct.  27,  1867  ;  trained  for  the 
teaching  profession,  but  left  it  for  jour- 
nalism as  a  step  towards  literature,  and 
came  to  London  in  1886.  He  was  on  the 
London  staff  of  the  National  Press;  was 
subsequently  sub-editor  of  the  Catholic 
Times ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Irish  Literary  Society  ;  and  assisted  Sir 
Charles  Gavan  Duffy  in  his  Irish  literary 
schemes.  He  joined  the  Sun  staff  under 
Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor  in  1894,  became  its 
literary  editor  in  1896,  and  still  holds  the 
position.  He  was  also  on  the  literary  staff 
of  the  Weekly  Sun  under  Mr.  O'Connor. 
He  has  published  "  The  Heart  of  Tippe- 
rary: a  Romance  of  the  Land  League," 
1893  ;  "  The  Irish  Literary  Revival,"  1894  ; 
"  Starlight  through  the  Thatch,"  a  novel 
over  the  pseudonym  of  "  Kevin  Kennedy," 
1895;  "Literary  London:  its  Lights  and 
Comedies,"  1898.  A  passage  in  the  last- 
mentioned  work  led  to  an  action  for  libel 
being  brought  against  him  by  Miss  Marie 
Corelli,  which  was  only  averted  on  Mr. 
Ryan's  apologising  for  his  critical  remarks. 
He  has  also  written  various  poems.  Ad- 
dresses :  Sun  Buildings,  Tudor  Street, 
London  ;  and  Irish  Literary  Society,  8 
Adelphi  Terrace,  Strand,  London. 

RYLE,  Rev.  Professor  Herbert 
Edward,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Onslow  Square, 
London,  May  25,  1856,  and  is  the  second 
son  of  the  Right  Rev.  John  Charles  Ryle, 
Lord  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  He  was  edu- 
cated under  the  Rev.  R.  Wace  (Wadhurst, 
Sussex),  1866-68,  and  at  Eton  (1868-75), 
being  elected  on  to  the  Foundation  of 
Eton  College  in  1869,  and  obtaining  the 
Newcastle  Scholarship  in  1875,  his  tutor 
being  E.  C.  Austen  Leigh,  Esq.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  a  Classical 
Scholarship  at  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
B.A.  in  1879  (obliged  to  take  an  cegrotat 
degree  in  consequence  of  an  accident  at 
football) ;  First  Class  in  the  Theological 
Tripos,  1881.  University  distinctions : 
Carus  Prizeman  (Undergraduates),  1875  ; 
(Bachelor),  1879 ;  Winchester  Reading 
Prize,  1878  ;  Crosse  Scholar,  1880  ;  Hebrew 
Evans  and  Scholefield  Prizes,  1881.  He 
was  elected  Fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1881 ;  took  his  M.A.  degree 


in  1882,  and  the  B.D.  in  1892.  He  was 
ordained  Deacon  in  1882 ;  Priest  in  1883. 
He  was  Divinity  Lecturer  at  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1881-84,  and  at  King's 
College,  1882-86.  In  1886  he  was  made 
Principal  of  St.  David's  College,  Lampeter, 
South  Wales,  where  he  remained  till  1888, 
having  been  elected  to  the  Hulsean  Pro- 
fessorship of  Divinity  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  in  November  1887,  which 
he  holds  at  the  present  time.  He  was 
elected  a  Professorial  Fellow  of  Kings 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1888.  He  was 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  late  Bishop 
of  St.  Asaph,  1887-89,  and  is  now  to  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  Ripon.  He  was  Examiner 
for  the  Cambridge  Theological  Tripos  in 
1884,  1886,  1887, 1889, 1892,  and  was  Select 
Preacher  before  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1889  and  1892.  In  1896  he 
became  President  of  Queen's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  is  an  Hon.  Chaplain  to 
the  Queen.  He  has  published  the  follow- 
ing works:  "The  Psalms  of  Solomon," 
edited  in  conjunction  with  M.  R.  James, 
Cambridge  University  Press,  1891;  "The 
Canon  of  the  Old  Testament,"  an  essay  on 
the  gradual  growth  and  formation  of  the 
Hebrew  Canon  of  Scripture,  1892;  "The 
Early  Narratives  of  Genesis."  1892 ;  and 
a  "Commentary  on  Ezra  and  Nehemiah," 
Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools  Series,  1893. 
He  is  also  a  contributor  to  Smith's  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible,"  2nd  edit.,  and  to  the 
"Cambridge  Companion  to  the  Bible," 
1893.  Professor  Ryle  was  married,  in  1883, 
to  Nea  Hewisb,  only  daughter  of  Major- 
Gen.  G.  Hewish-Adams  (late  Royal  Irish 
Rifles),  and  has  issue  living  Edward 
Hewish  and  Roger  John.  Address  :  The 
Lodge.  Queen's  College,  Cambridge. 

KYLE,  The  Right  Rev.  John 
Charles,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Liverpool,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  John  Ryle,  Esq.,  M.P.,  born 
near  Macclesfield  on  May  16,  1816,  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1836,  was 
Craven  University  Scholar,  and  took  a 
first  class  in  classical  honours.  Having 
been  admitted  into  orders  in  1841,  he  was 
curate  at  Exbury,  in  the  New  Forest ;  was 
appointed  Rector  of  St.  Thomas's,  Win- 
chester, in  1843;  Rector  of  Helmingham, 
Suffolk,  in  1844;  Vicar  of  Stradbroke, 
Suffolk,  in  1861  ;  Rural  Dean  of  Hoxne  in 
1869  ;  and  an  honorary  Canon  of  Norwich 
in  1871.  He  was  nominated  to  the  Deanery 
of  Salisbury  by  Lord  Beaconsfield  in  March 
1880,  and  soon  afterwards  the  same  states- 
man appointed  him  Bishop  of  Liverpool. 
He  was  consecrated  in  York  Minster, 
June  11,  1880.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Expository  Thoughts  on  the  Gospels," 
in  7  vols.,  published  in  1856-59  ;  of  "Plain 
Speaking,   First  and   Second  Series,"   of 


050 


SACHS  — SADLER 


"Hymns  for  the  Church  on  Earth,"  and 
"  Spiritual  Songs,  First  and  Second  Series," 
in  1861  ;  of  "Christian  Leaders  a  Hundred 
Years  Ago,"  ''Coming  Events  and  Present 
Duties,"  "Bishops  and  Clergy  of  other 
Days,"  in  1869;  of  "Church  Reform 
Papers."  in  1870;  "Principles  for  Church- 
men," &c. ,  and  of  above  two  hundred 
tracts  on  religious  subjects,  many  of  which 
have  been  reprinted  in  French,  German, 
Dutch, Portuguese,  Italian,  Russian,  Hindu- 
stani, Chinese,  Norwegian,  Swedish,  and 
Danish.  Dr.  Ryle  is  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Evangelical   School.      He  married 

(1)  a  daughter  of  J.   P.   Plumptre,   M.P.  ; 

(2)  a  daughter  of  J.  Walker,  of  Crawford- 
ton,  Dumfriesshire;  and  (3)  a  daughter 
of  Colonel  Clowes,  of  Broiighton  Hall, 
Manchester.  Addresses :  The  Palace, 
Liverpool ;  and  Athenaeum. 


s 


SACHS,  Dr.  Julius  von,  Privy  Coun- 
cillor, and  Austrian  Professor  in  Ordinary 
of  Botany,  was  born  at  Breslau,  Silesia, 
on  Oct.  2,  1832,  where  he  attended  the 
Elisabetbanum  Gymnasium.  In  1851  he 
went  to  Prague,  Bohemia,  as  private 
assistant  to  the  Physiologist  Purknyi  ; 
in  1857  he  was  private  lecturer  on  the 
Physiology  of  Plants  at  Prague  ;  in  1859 
at  the  Agricultural  Academy  at  Tharandt, 
near  Dresden  :  from  1861  to  1867  he  was 
Professor  of  Botany  at  the  Academy  of 
Poppelsdorf,  near  Bonn,  on  the  Rhine  ; 
from  1867  to  1868,  Professor  of  Botany 
at  Freiburg,  Baden  ;  from  1868  to  1890, 
Professor  of  Botany  at  Winzburg,  Bavaria. 
He  is  Knight  of  the  Royal  Order  of  Merit 
of  the  Bavarian  Crown  and  of  St.  Michael ; 
as  well  as  of  the  Royal  Bavarian  Order  of 
Maximilian  for  Science  and  Art ;  Member 
of  the  Royal  Academies  of  Sciences  in 
Munich,  Turin,  and  Amsterdam  ;  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London ;  and  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  at  Dublin  ;  of  the 
Silesian  Society  for  Home-culture  ;  of  the 
Senkenberg  Society  ;  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Philosophical  Society  of  Cambridge ; 
of  the  Botanical  Society  of  Edinburgh  ; 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences ;  of  the  Literary  and  Philoso- 
phical Society  of  Manchester ;  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain  ; 
of  the  Society  of  Natural  Philosophy  of 
Odessa  ;  Foreign  Member  of  the  Linnean 
Society  of  London  ;  of  the  Royal  Botanical 
Society  of  Brussels  ;  holder  of  the  Som- 
mering  Medal ;  Honorary  Doctor  of  the 
Medical  Faculty  of  Bonn,  and  of  the 
Faculty  of  Physical  Science  at  Bologna. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  following  scien- 
tific  works:     "Experimental    Physiology 


of  Plants,"  translated  into  Russian  and 
French,  in  1865;  "Compendium  of  Botany," 
4  editions,  translated  into  Russian,  French, 
and  English,  in  1868-74;  "History  of 
Botany,"  1875,  translated  into  English  in 
1890,  by  H.  E.  F.  Garnsey  ;  "  Lectures  on 
the  Physiology  of  Plants,"  1882  and  1887, 
translated  into  English  ;  and  "Gesammelte 
Abhandlungen  iiber  Pflanzen-Physiologie," 
with  illustrations. 

SACKVILLE,  Lord,  Lionel  Sack- 
ville  Sackville-West,  G.C.M.G.,  J.P., 
born  July  19,  1827,  at  Bourn  Hall,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, is  the  fourth  son  of  George 
John,  5th  Earl  De  La  Warr,  by  his  mar- 
riage with  Elizabeth  Sackville,  daughter 
of  John  Frederick,  3rd  Duke  of  Dorset. 
He  was  educated  at  home,  was  assistant 
precis  writer  to  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen, 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
1845  ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in 
1 847  ;  served  as  Attache  to  her  Majesty's 
Legations  in  Lisbon,  Naples,  Stuttgart, 
and  Berlin,  till  1858;  as  Secretary  of 
Legation  in  Turin,  Madrid,  and  Berlin ; 
and  Secretary  of  Embassy  in  Paris  till 
1872 ;  was  appointed  Envoy  Extraordi- 
nary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the 
Argentine  Republic,  1873  ;  transferred  to 
Madrid,  1878  ;  and  to  the  United  States, 
1881.  He  negotiated,  in  conjunction  with 
Sir  James  Hudson,  the  commercial  treaty 
with  Sardinia,  1863  ;  represented  H.M.'s 
Government  and  that  of  Denmark  at  the 
Conferences  of  Madrid  on  the  affairs  of 
Morocco,  1880  ;  was  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary at  the  Conference  in  Washington 
on  the  affairs  of  Samoa,  1887  ;  and  nego- 
tiated, in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Joseph 
Chamberlain  and  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  the 
Fisheries  Treaty  of  Washington,  1888.  Id 
the  same  year  he  succeeded  his  brother  in 
his  present  title.  He  received  his  pass- 
ports from  the  United  States  Government 
in  1889,  and  returned  to  England.  He 
now  resides  at  the  historic  Knole  House, 
which  he  has  again  opened  to  the  public 
on  certain  days,  and  where  he  entertained 
the  Prince  of  Wales  in  the  summer  of  1898. 
Address  :  Knole,  Sevenoaks,  Kent. 

SADLER,  Michael  Ernest,  Director 
of  Special  Inquiries  and  Reports  in  the 
Education  Department,  was  born  at  Barns- 
ley  on  July  3,  1861,  and  is  the  eldest  son 
of  M.  T.  Sadler,  M.D.  He  was  educated 
at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  sometime  Senior  Scholar. 
He  took  a  first  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions in  1862,  and  a  first  class  in  Lit. 
Hum.  in  1884,  and  was  a  well-known 
President  of  the  Oxford  Union  Society  in 
1882.  Becoming  interested  in  the.  then 
nascent  University  Extension  Movement, 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  to  the  Oxford 


SADLER  — SAG  AST  A 


951 


University  Extension  in  1885,  and  held 
that  post,  with  conspicuous  administrative 
ability,  for  ten  years.  From  188G  to  1895 
he  was  Steward  of  Christ  Church,  a  post 
at  one  time  held  by  the  Eight  Hon.  Arthur 
Acland ;  and  from  1890  to  1895  he  was 
Student  of  Christ  Church.  In  1893  he 
was  appointed  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Secondary  Education.  A 
few  years  ago  Government  instituted  a 
new  office,  the  Directorship  of  Special 
Inquiries  and  Reports  in  the  Education 
Department,  and  Mr.  Sadler  was  appointed 
thereto.  He  has  issued  three  volumes  of 
Special  Reports,  written  by  himself  and 
his  assistants,  which  together  will  pro- 
bably go  far  to  revolutionise  the  ideas  of 
intelligent  Englishmen  upon  education. 
The  first  volume,  issued  in  1897,  dealt, 
among  other  matters,  with  the  elementary 
educational  systems  of  Ireland,  Belgium, 
Denmark,  and  Prussia  ;  and  also  with  the 
Higher  Primary  Schools  of  France,  and 
the  Realschulen  of  Berlin.  He  is  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Education  sub-committee  of 
the  Royal  Commission  for  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition of  1900.  Jointly  with  an  old 
Oxford  friend,  Mr.  Mackinder,  of  Christ 
Church,  he  has  written  on  "University 
Extension"  in  all  its  bearings.  He  married, 
in  1885,  a  daughter  of  Charles  Harvey. 
Addresses  :  Eastwood,  Weybridge  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

SADLER,  "Walter  Dendy,  was  born 

at  Dorking,  on  May  12,  1854,  and  is  the 
fifth  son  of  John  Dendy  Sadler,  solicitor, 
of  Horsham.  He  was  educated  at  Hors- 
ham, and  studied  at  Heatherley's,  in 
London,  for  six  months  in  1871,  and  at 
Diisseldorf,  under  J.  M.  Burfield  and  Wil- 
liam Simmler.  He  returned  to  London  in 
1877,  and  has  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  since  1873.  His  subjects  are 
those  thoroughly  English  types — the  post- 
boys, squires,  farmers,  and  ruddy-cheeked 
country  tradesmen  of  the  beginning  of 
the  century — of  whom  quaint  survivals 
must  have  been  familiar  to  him  in  the 
Surrey  towns  and  villages  during  the 
seventies.  Among  his  principal  works  we 
may  mention  "  Friday,"  "  It's  always  the 
Largest  Fish  that  is  Lost,"  "  The  Old 
Squire  and  the  Young  Squire,"  "Old  and 
Crusted,"  "  Uninvited  Guests,"  "Dummy 
Whist ;  "  and  of  late  years,  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  "  Toddy  at  the  '  Cheshire 
Cheese,'"  and  "An  Offer  of  Marriage," 
1895;  "The  End  of  the  Skein,"  "Time 
and  the  Flowers,"  and  "  Married,"  1896  ; 
"  Nearly  Done,"  and  "  For  Weal  or  Woe," 
1897;  "TheYoungand  the  Old,"  and  "  A 
Little  Mortgage,"  1898;  "The  Christen- 
ing," and  "The  Plaintiff  and  the  De- 
fendant," 1899.  Address  :  Hemingford 
Grey,  St.  Ives,  Hants. 


SAGASTA,    Praxedes    Mateo,    a 

Spanish  statesman,  was  born  at  Torrecilla 
de  Cameras,  July  21,  1827.  He  studied 
in  the  School  of  Engineers  in  Madrid, 
practised  his  profession  at  Valladolid  and 
Zamora,  and  was  elected  by  the  latter 
town  to  the  Constituent  Cortes  of  1854. 
He  took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  1856, 
and  was  obliged  to  seek  refuge  in  France. 
On  the  amnesty  being  proclaimed  he  re- 
turned to  Spain,  and  became  a  Professor 
in  the  School  of  Engineers  in  Madrid.  He 
was  also  the  editor  of  La  Iberia,  the 
principal  organ  of  the  Progressist  party. 
After  the  unsuccessful  insurrection  of 
June  1856,  he  was  again  under  the  neces- 
sity of  seeking  an  asylum  in  France,  and 
he  did  not  return  to  Spain  until  after 
the  fall  of  Queen  Isabella  II.  Appointed 
Minister  of  the  Interior  in  the  first  Cabinet 
formed  by  General  Prim,  he  gradually 
adopted  more  and  more  the  views  of  that 
statesman  and  of  the  Conservative  party, 
and  completely  broke  off  his  relations  with 
his  old  friend  Zorilla.  He  was  conse- 
quently exposed  to  bitter  attacks  from  the 
Republican  minority  in  the  Cortes.  Ap- 
pointed Minister  of  State  in  January  1870, 
he  ordered  several  towns,  including  Barce- 
lona, to  be  placed  in  a  state  of  siege,  de- 
clared himself  in  favour  of  the  monarchy, 
and  proposed,  on  Dec.  17,  1870,  the  disso- 
lution of  the  Chamber,  after  the  king  had 
taken  the  oath.  He  continued  to  be 
Minister  of  State  and  Minister  of  the  In- 
terior in  the  first  Cabinet  of  King  Ama- 
dens,  and  during  that  monarch's  brief 
reign  he  took  part  in  several  ministerial 
combinations,  either  as  a  Member  or  as 
President  of  the  Council.  Under  the 
Presidency  of  Marshal  Serrano,  in  1874, 
he  was  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs  (Jan. 
4),  Minister  of  the  Interior  (May  13),  and 
President  of  the  Council  (Aug.  4).  After 
the  coup  aVttat  re-establishing  the  mon- 
archy, he  withdrew  for  a  time  from  public 
life.  In  June  1875  he  gave  in  his  adher- 
ence to  the  cause  of  Alfonso  XII.,  and 
endeavoured  to  form  a  Liberal  Constitu- 
tional party.  Subsequently  he  joined  the 
Opposition,  and  attacked  the  administra- 
tions formed  by  Martinez  Campos  and 
Canovas,  1877-79.  When  a  new  Liberal 
party  was  formed  in  1880  Sefior  Sagasta 
gave  in  his  adhesion  to  it.  The  Conserva- 
tive Cabinet  of  Sefior  Canovas  del  Castillo 
was  overthrown  early  in  the  year  1881, 
and  a  coalition  between  Sefior  Sagasta 
and  General  Martinez  Campos  came  into 
power.  Sagasta's  ministry  remained  in 
office  till  Oct.  1883,  when  it  was  super- 
seded by  a  Cabinet  formed  from  the 
Dynastic  Left.  This,  however,  was  short- 
lived, and  was  followed  by  a  return  of  the 
Conservatives  to  power.  On  the  death  of 
Alfonso  XII.,  Nov.  23,  1885,  Sefior  Sagasta, 


952 


ST.  ALBANS 


at  the  request  of  the  Queen  Kegent,  again 
became  the  head  of  the  Government ;  but, 
in  consequence  of  a  crisis,  he  re-formed 
the  Cabinet  in  1888,  and  gave  to  his  policy 
a  more  markedly  democratic  character. 
Among  the  acts  of  his  ministry  maj  be 
mentioned  the  passing  of  the  Anglo- 
Spanish  commercial  treaty.  After  fresh 
ministerial  crises,  Senor  Sagastawas  again 
commissioned  to  form  a  new  ministry  in 
January  1890,  but  in  the  July  following, 
after  violent  scenes  in  the  Chamber,  he 
was  obliged  to  retire,  and  was  replaced  by 
Canovas  del  Castillo,  whose  Cabinet  re- 
mained in  power  till  the  elections  of 
March  1893,  when  Sagasta  returned  to 
office  as  President  of  the  Council  and 
Foreign  Minister.  He  relinquished  the 
latter  post,  however,  on  the  assembling 
of  the  Cortes,  in  order  to  devote  himself 
entirely  to  a  general  supervision  of  affairs, 
5th  April  1893.  A  Cabinet  crisis  oc- 
curred on  March  8,  1894,  the  ministry 
resigned,  and  Senor  Sagasta  was  again 
requested  to  form  a  Cabinet,  which  came 
into  power,  met  with  constant  opposition, 
and  resigned  office  on  October  31.  A  new 
ministry  was  formed  a  few  days  after- 
wards, and  Senor  Sagasta  again  became 
Premier,  five  of  his  former  ministers 
resuming  office  under  him.  In  March 
1895  occurred  an  extraordinary  incident, 
which  resulted  in  the  resignation  of  Sa- 
gasta's  ministry.  A  number  of  army 
officers,  irritated  at  their  conduct  being 
criticised  in  certain  of  the  Madrid  papers, 
attacked  and  wrecked  the  offices  of  the 
Resumen  and  Globo.  The  editors  naturally 
claimed  the  protection  of  the  Government, 
which  was  granted,  and  the  officers  in 
question  were  strongly  guarded  by  the 
police.  When  the  subject  was  discussed 
in  the  Chamber  on  the  following  day 
(March  15,  1895),  the  reply  of  the  War 
Minister,  General  Lopez  Dominguez,  was 
regarded  as  practically  backing  up  the 
officers  in  their  illegal  conduct.  The  Press 
representatives  left  the  House  in  a  body, 
and  the  ministry  subsequently  resigned  on 
the  War  Minister  insisting  that  the  charge 
of  libel  against  the  two  newspapers  which 
had  attacked  the  officers  should  be  tried 
before  a  court-martial.  Previous  to  the 
resignation  of  the  Cabinet,  a  deputation 
of  officers  waited  upon  Senor  Sagasta  to 
require  the  suppression  of  the  Resumen, 
Sagasta  met  this  insolent  demand  with  a 
flat  refusal,  and  confined  to  barracks  all 
the  officers  concerned,  while  some  were 
court-martialled.  The  succeeding  Premier, 
the  ill-fated  Senor  Canovas  del  Castillo, 
on  assuming  office,  stated  that  the  new 
Government  had  effected  no  compromise 
with  the  military,  but  were  counting  on 
the  loyal  support  of  Sagasta  and  his  fol- 
lowers, in  order  to  legalise  the  strained 


situation.  In  July  1897  Sagasta  issued  a 
manifesto  to  the  natioD,  severely  criticising 
the  policy  of  the  Government  in  regard  to 
Cuba,  and  stated  that  the  Liberal  policy 
was  to  send  out  to  Cuba  a  capable  general, 
whose  mission  should  be  limited  to  sup- 
pressing the  insurrection,  while  a  civilian 
should  be  appointed  to  conciliate  the 
conflicting  elements  in  the  island.  In 
alluding  to  the  Philippines,  the  manifesto 
insisted  upon  the  necessity  of  breaking 
the  influence  of  the  monks  and  mission- 
aries, and  preventing  their  interference 
outside  the  sphere  of  their  religious  duties. 
In  the  previous  month,  owing  to  a  Parlia- 
mentary dead-lock,  the  Government  had 
tendered  their  resignations,  which  the 
Queen-Regent  {q.v.),  after  some  delay, 
refused  to  accept.  However,  the  ministry 
came  to  a  sudden  end  on  the  cruel  assassi- 
nation of  Senor  Canovas  by  an  anarchist, 
on  the  first  Sunday  in  August  1897.  The 
Premier  pro  tempore,  General  Azcarraga, 
resigned  in  the  following  month,  stunned 
by  the  receipt  of  the  famous  Woodford 
note,  and  Sagasta  was  sent  for  by  tele- 
graph. He  resumed  office  at  once,  and  at 
the  first  meeting  of  the  Cabinet  indicated, 
in  plain  terms,  his  dissatisfaction  at  the 
course  of  events  in  Cuba,  and  affirmed  the 
importance  of  a  report  on  the  financial 
position,  and  details  of  the  campaign 
which  General  Weyler  was  conducting. 
The  Premier  also  said  that  he  supposed 
Weyler  would  tender  his  resignation, 
"but,  if  he  did  not,  he  would  be  recalled." 
This  step  was  taken,  and  General  Weyler 
was  superseded  by  Marshal  Blanco.  Sa- 
gasta attempted  to  redeem  his  promise  of 
granting  autonomy  to  the  Cubans,  but 
their  leaders,  emboldened  doubtless  by  the 
critical  internal  state  of  Spain,  demanded 
complete  independence.  It  is  impossible 
to  enter  here  upon  the  long  history  of  the 
failure  of  Sagasta's  policy  of  moderation, 
and  the  consequent  imbroglio  with  the 
United  States.  Sagasta  came  to  his 
country's  aid  at  a  time  when  her  fortunes 
touched  their  lowest  point,  and  his  states- 
manship saved  a  nation.  He  averted 
crisis  after  crisis,  soothed  internal  dis- 
sensions, allayed  public  anxiety,  skilfully 
circumvented  a  hopeless  war,  organised  an 
almost  bankrupt  treasury,  and  restored,  in 
a  measure,  the  national  confidence.  He  is 
still  engaged  on  these  great  tasks. 

ST.  ALBANS,  Duke  of,  Charles 
Victor  Albert  Aubrey  de  Vere 
Beauclerk,  Hereditary  Grand  Falconer 
of  England,  and  Hereditary  Regis- 
trar of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  was  born 
on  March  26,  1870,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  10th  Duke,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1898,  and  Sybil  Mary,  daughter  of  Lieut.  - 
General  the  Hon.  Charles  Grey,  and  grand- 


ST.  ALBANS  — ST.  LEON 


953 


daughter  of  the  2nd  Earl  Grey.  He  was 
at  one  time  in  the  Lothian  Militia,  and,  on 
succeeding  to  his  dukedom,  was  a  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  Notts  Yeomanry.  Addresses  ; 
13  Grosvenor  Crescent,  S.W.  ;  and  Best- 
wood  Lodge,  Notts. 

ST.  ALBANS,  Bishop  of.  See  Fest- 
ing,  The  Right  Eev.  John  Wogan. 

ST.   ANDREWS,   Bishop    of.     ISee 

Wilkinson,  The  Eight  Rev.  George 
Howard. 

ST.     ASAPH,      Bishop     of.       See 

Edwards,  The  Right  Rev.  Alfred 
George. 

ST.  DAVID'S,  Bishop  of.  See  Owen, 
The  Right  Rev.  John. 

ST.  GATJDENS,  Augustus,  American 
sculptor,  was  born  in  Dublin,  March  1, 
1848.  At  the  age  of  six  months  he  was 
taken  to  New  York  City,  which  has  since 
been  his  home.  He  began  to  draw  at 
Cooper  Union  in  1861,  and  in  18G5-66  was 
a  student  at  the  National  Academy  of 
Design.  From  1867  to  1870  he  attended 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux  -  Arts  at  Paris. 
Thence  he  went  to  Rome,  where  in  1871 
he  produced  his  first  figure,  "Hiawatha." 
He  returned  to  New  York  in  1872,  and 
opened  a  studio.  His  most  important 
works  are:  "The  Puritan";  "Adoration 
of  the  Cross  by  Angels,"  a  bas-relief  in 
St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  York  ;  statues 
of  Admiral  Farragut  (1880)  in  New  York  ; 
Robert  R.  Randall  (1884)  at  Sailors'  Snug 
Harbour,  Staten  Island,  New  York  ;  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  (1887)  in  Chicago  ;  and  the 
Shaw  Memorial,  unveiled  in  Boston  in 
1897  ;  and  portrait  busts  of  W.  M.  Evarts 
(1872-73),  T.  D.  Woolsey  (1876),  the  late 
General  Sherman  (1888) ;  and  many  other 
busts  and  statues.  Early  in  1898  he 
removed  his  studio  to  Paris. 

ST.  JOHN,  Frederick  Robert,  British 
Minister  at  Bern,  is  the  fourth  son  of  the 
late  Hon.  Ferdinand  St.  John,  and  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  in  1855  as  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Marquis  of  Normanby  at 
Florence.  He  was  an  Attache  at  Pekin 
(1861),  the  Hague  (1865),  Constantinople 
(1866),  and  Vienna  (1868).  He  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Buenos  Ayres  (1872),  transferred  to  Rio 
de  Janeiro  (1877),  and  Constantinople  in 
1879.  In  1881  he  became  Minister  to  the 
Republics  of  Central  America,  in  1884  be 
was  transferred  to  Colombia,  and  later 
in  the  same  year  to  Venezuela,  which  he 
left  in  March  1887,  diplomatic  relations 
having  been  broken  off,  owing  to  the  dis- 
pute   with    British     Guiana    as    to     the 


boundary.  In  1888  he  was  promoted  to 
be  Minister  to  Servia,  and  whs  transferred 
to  his  present  post  in  1893. 

ST.  JOHN,  Sir  Spenser,  G.C.M.G., 
third  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James  Augustus 
St.  John,  was  born  in  London,  Dec.  22, 
1825.  After  receiving  a  careful  education, 
he  began  to  turn  his  attention  towards  the 
East,  and  having  applied  himself  diligently 
to  the  study  of  the  Malay  language,  was 
in  1848  appointed  secretary  to  Sir  James 
Brooke.  He  resided  in  Borneo  several 
years  as  H.M.  Consul-Genera],  and  re- 
ceived in  1861  the  appointment  of  Charge 
d' Affaires  to  the  Republic  of  Hayti.  On 
returning  to  this  country  in  1862,  he  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  Eastern  residence 
and  travels,  entitled  "  Life  in  the  Forests 
of  the  Far  East."  Early  in  1863  he  left 
England  for  the  West  Indies,  and  some 
years  later  was  promoted  to  the  post  of 
Minister  Resident  and  Consul-General  in 
Hayti.  About  the  same  time  he  was 
accredited  also  as  Charge  d' Affaires  to  the 
Dominican  Republic.  In  1874  he  was  ap- 
pointed Minister  Resident  and  Consul- 
General  at  Lima,  Peru,  and  in  1875  he 
proceeded  on  a  special  mission  to  Bolivia. 
He  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1881  for 
services  rendered  during  the  war  be- 
tween Peru  and  Chili,  and  a  G.C.M.G. 
in  1894.  In  May  1883  he  was  sent 
on  a  special  mission  to  Mexico,  to  nego- 
tiate for  the  resumption  of  diplomatic 
relations  with  that  country  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  at  Mexico,  Nov.  28,  1884, 
and  was  transferred  to  Stockholm,  July  1, 
1893.  Sir  Spenser  St.  John,  who  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
published  in  1879  "  The  Life  of  Sir  James 
Brooke,  Rajah  of  Sarawak,"  and  in  1885, 
"  The  Black  Republic,"  an  account  of 
Hayti.     Address :  Athenfeum. 

ST.     JOHN  -  BRENON,     Edward, 

F.S.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  journalist,  the  eldest  son 
of  the  Rev.  William  Brenon,  M.  A.,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  Feb.  21,  1847,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  High  School  and  Trinity 
College  in  that  city.  In  1866  he  published 
his  first  volume  of  poems,  entitled  "  Bianca, 
the  Flower-girl  of  Bologna."  In  1869  fol- 
lowed "  Ambrosia  Amoris,"  and  a  few  years 
afterwards,  in  rapid  succession,  "  Two 
Gallian  Laments,"  "The  Witch  of  Nemi," 
and  "The  Tribune  Reflects."  Mr.  St. 
John-Brenon  has  on  several  occasions 
essayed  unsuccessfully  to  enter  Parlia- 
ment. 

ST.  LEON,  Madame,  n(e  Cerito, 
Francesca,  called  Fanny,  a  celebrated 
dancer,  born  in  Naples,  March  11,  1821,  is 
the   daughter   of   an    old   soldier    of   the 


954 


SAINT-SAENS  —  SAINTSBTJRY 


Empire.  While  quite  a  child  she  was 
distinguished  for  great  natural  grace  and 
vivacity.  She  made  her  first  appearance 
in  1835  at  the  San  Carlo  Theatre,  in  a 
bailer,  called  "The  Horoscope,"  and 
created  great  enthusiasm,  and  afterwards 
danced  at  the  principal  theatres  of  Italy. 
She  was  in  Vienna  for  two  years,  and  was 
a  favourite  every  season  from  1S40  to 
1845,  in  London,  where  she  danced  the 
famous  pas  dc  rjuatre  with  Taglioni,  Car- 
lotta  Grisi,  and  Lucille  Grahn.  About  this 
time  she  was  married  to  a  distinguished 
dancer  and  violinist,  M.  A.  St.  Leon,  from 
whom  she  was  separated  in  1850.  Mdme. 
Cerito,  who  was  called  the  "Fourth  Grace," 
composed,  jointly  with  M.  Theophile  Gau- 
tier,  the  "Gipsy,"  "Gemma,''  and  other 
ballets.     She  is  now  residing  in  Paris. 

SAINT-SAENS,    Charles   Camille, 

musical  composer,  was  born  in  Paris,  Oct. 
9,  1835.  Having  lost  his  father,  he  was 
brought  up  by  his  mother  and  a  great- 
aunt,  who  taught  him  the  elements  of 
music.  At  seven  he  began  to  study  the 
piano  with  Stamaty,  and  afterwards  had 
lessons  in  harmony  from  Maleden.  In 
1847  he  entered  Benoist's  class  at  the 
Conservatoire,  obtained  the  second  organ 
prize  in  1849,  and  the  first  in  1851.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  composed  his  first 
symphony,  which  was  performed  with 
success  by  the  Socie'te'  de  Sainte  Cecile. 
In  1853  he  became  organist  of  the  church 
of  St.  Merri.  In  1858  he  was  appointed 
organist  at  the  Madeleine,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  much  by  his  talent  for 
improvisation  as  by  his  execution.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  occupied  the  post  of  Piano- 
forte Professor  at  Niedermeyer's  Ecole  de 
Musique  Religieuse.  For  his  cantata, 
"  Les  Noces  de  Promdthee,"  he  gained 
the  prize  awarded  by  the  International 
Exhibition  of  1867.  "LaPrincesse  Jaune" 
was  produced  at  the  Opera  Comique,  June 
12,  1872,  and  "  Le  Timbale  d 'Argent,"  at 
the  Theatre  Lyrique,  Feb.  23,  1877. 
Neither  of  these  operas  met  with  much 
success,  and  M.  Saint-Saens  produced  his 
next  work,  "  Samson  et  Delilah,"  a  sacred 
drama,  at  Weimar,  in  December  1877,  and 
"  Etienne  Marcel,"  an  opera,  at  Lyons, 
Feb.  8,  1879.  The  printed  catalogue  of 
his  works  includes  sixty-four  numbered, 
besides  many  unnumbered,  pieces.  He 
visited  England  in  1871,  and  played  at  the 
Musical  Union.  In  1874  and  1S79  he  took 
part  in  the  Philharmonic  Concerts,  and  on 
Dec.  6,  1879,  he  conducted  his  "Rouet 
d'Omphide"  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  He 
produced  at  the  great  DpeVa  of  Paris 
"  Henry  VIII."  in  1883,  and  "  Ascanio  "  in 
1890.  "Samson  et  Delilah  "  was  produced 
at  the  great  Ope>a  of  Paris,  Nov.  23,  1892, 
and  "  Phryne  "  at  the  Opera  Comique,  May 


1893.  M.  Saint-Saens  was  elected  an 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  University,  June 
1893.  "  Chceurs  d'Antigone "  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Comddie  Francaise,  Nov- 
ember 1893.  In  1886  he  conducted  his 
last  great  symphony  in  C  minor  in  the 
Philharmonic  Concerts  (first  performance). 
In  addition  to  his  other  claims  to  distinc- 
tion, M.  Saint-Saens  is  an  able  musical 
critic,  and  has  contributed  articles  to 
La  Kinnissance,  L'Estafelte,  Le  Voltaire, 
La  France,  La  Nouvelle  Revue,  and 
L'A rtiste.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Institute,  Feb.  19,  1881.  Saint- 
Saens  is  one  of  the  greatest  living  exe- 
cutants on  the  piano  and  organ.  His 
instrumental  works,  which  are  very  nume- 
rous, show  consummate  mastery,  if  not 
genius.  His  faults  are  chiefly  those  of 
inequality  and  occasional  eccentricity.  He 
lives  in  Paris  during  the  summer,  but  all 
the  winter  he  goes  on  prolonged  travels, 
no  one  knows  where  ;  and  he  has  several 
times  been  thought  to  be  dead.  His  Paris 
address  is  :  4  Place  de  la  Madeleine. 

SAINTSBTJRY,  George  Edward 
Bateman,  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and 
English  Literature  in  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, was  born  at  Southampton  on 
Oct.  23,  1845,  and  educated  at  King's 
College  School,  London.  In  1863  he  was 
elected  to  a  Post-Mastership  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  B.A.  in  1S68,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1873. 
After  holding  for  a  few  months  a  Master- 
ship in  the  Manchester  Grammar  School, 
he  became  Senior  Classical  Master  in 
Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey,  and  held 
that  post  from  1868  to  1874.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  Head- 
Mastership  of  the  Elgin  Educational  In- 
stitute, which  he  resigned  in  1876.  For 
the  following  period  of  ten  years  Mr. 
Saintsbury  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  London  periodical  press  on  literary 
and  political  subjects.  In  1895  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Eng- 
lish Literature  in  Edinburgh  University. 
He  has  also  published  "  A  Primer  of 
J'rench  Literature,"  1880  ;  "  Dryden,"  in 
the  series  of  English  Men  of  Letters, 
1881;  "French  Lyrics,"  and  "A  Short 
History  of  French  Literature,"  1882  ; 
"  Specimens  of  French  Literature,"  1883  ; 
"  Specimens  of  English  Prose  Style,"  and 
"  Marlborough,"  in  the  series  of  English 
Worthies,  1885  ;  besides  contributing  to 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  superin- 
tending a  revised  edition  of  Scott's  "  Dry- 
den," editing  several  volumes  of  "  Selec- 
tions from  French  Authors"  for  the 
Clarendon  Press,  and  furnishing  prefaces 
to  some  reprints  of  English  Classics.  He 
has  edited  Herrick  for  the  Aldine  Poets 
(1893),  and  Fielding.     He  is  editor  of  the 


SALAMAN  —  SALISBURY 


055 


works  of  Balzac,  and  has  published  a 
version  of  that  writer's  "  Chouans. "  Other 
works  of  his  are :  "  Essays  on  English 
Literature,  1780-1860,"  1890  ;  "  Essays  on 
French  Novelists,"  "Political  Verse,"  and 
"  Seventeenth  Century  Lyrics,"  1891  ;  an 
edition  of  Florio's  "Montaigne,"  1892  ;  a 
translation  of  the  "  Heptameron,"  1894. 
He  is  also  editor  of  the  "  Pocket  Library 
of  English  Literature."  Among  his  most 
recent  publications  are  :  "Corrected  Im- 
pressions, and  Essays  in  English  Litera- 
ture," second  series,  1895  ;  "  Nineteenth 
Century  Literature,"  1896  ;  "The  Flourish- 
ing of  Romance  and  the  Rise  of  Allegory," 
and  "Sir  Walter  Scott,"  1897;  and  "A 
Short  History  of  English  Literature," 
1898.  He  is  married  to  Emily,  daughter  of 
H.  W.  King.  Address  :  Murrayfield  House, 
Edinburgh. 

SALAMAN,    Charles   Kensington, 

composer  and  professor  of  music,  born  in 
London,  March  3,  1814,  was  educated  by 
private  tuition.  He  began  the  study  of 
music  at  a  very  early  age,  and  in  1824 
was  elected  by  competitive  examination  a 
student  of  the  newly-founded  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Music,  but,  instead  of  studying 
there,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Charles  Neate 
and  Dr.  Crotch  ;  made  his  first  appearance 
as  a  composer  and  pianist  in  1828,  and 
entered  the  musical  profession  in  1831. 
In  1830  he  composed  the  Jubilee  Ode  for 
i  he  great  Shakespearian  Jubilee  of  that 
year,  this  choral  and  orchestral  work  being 
performed  first  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  and 
subsequently  at  the  Old  King's  Theatre  on 
May  29,  1830.  Mr.  Salaman  began  an 
annual  series  of  grand  orchestral  concerts 
in  1833,  in  which  were  engaged  all  the 
famous  artists  of  the  day.  In  1835  he,  in 
conjunction  with  a  few  other  musicians, 
introduced  the  chamber  concert  under 
the  title  Concerti  da  Camera.  He  was 
elected  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Musicians  in  1837.  He  is  nowthe  "Father" 
of  the  Society.  Mr.  Salaman  has  acquired 
considerable  reputation  as  a  pianist  in 
England,  Germany,  and  Italy,  and  was 
elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  St.  Cecilia  in  Rome  in  1846,  and 
also  of  the  Philharmonic  Society  of  Rome. 
His  first  series  of  songs,  in  which  is  in- 
cluded Shelley's  celebrated  serenade,  "I 
arise  from  Dreams  of  Thee,"  was  composed 
in  1836,  and  published  in  1838.  He  has 
since  contributed  largely  to  the  repertory 
of  English,  Italian,  French,  and  German 
vocal  music,  and  to  chamber  pianoforte 
music.  Besides  about  100  musical  settings 
of  poems  by  the  most  eminent  lyric  poets 
of  this  country,  Mr.  Salaman  has  been  the 
first  composer  to  wed  music  to  the  odes  of 
Horace,  Catullus,  and  Anacreon  in  the 
original   texts.       He   has   also   composed 


part-songs,  and  anthems  for  the  English 
Church  service,  and  nearly  100  numbers 
of  sacred  part  music  in  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage, for  the  service  of  the  Synagogue. 
His  orchestral  compositions  have  been 
few,  the  most  recent  being  the  "  Grand 
Funeral  March  in  memory  of  Victor  Hugo," 
first  performed  at  the  Albert  Hall.  He 
has  also  won  reputation  as  a  writer  and 
lecturer  on  musical  subjects,  being  the 
first  to  trace  the  history  of  the  pianoforte 
and  its  precursors.  Mr.  Salaman,  who 
founded  the  first  amateur  choral  society 
in  London  in  1849,  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Musical  Society  of  London  in  1858, 
and  was  for  nearly  ten  years  its  honorary 
Secretary.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders 
in  1874  of  the  Musical  Association  for  the 
"  investigation  and  discussion  of  subjects 
connected  with  the  art  and  science  of 
music,"  and  he  performed  the  duties  of 
honorary  secretary  until  the  end  of  1877, 
when  he  retired  as  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Association.  In  1882  he  published  an 
important  volume  entitled  "Jews  as  they 
are,"  which  deals  with  the  modern  Jews 
from  a  social,  political,  and  religious  point 
of  view,  and  seeks  to  vindicate  the  Jewish 
character  from  reproach  and  prejudice. 
Mr.  Salaman  has  now  retired  from  profes- 
sional life,  but,  in  his  85th  year,  he  still 
continues  to  compose  music,  and  to  cele- 
brate each  birthday  by  the  publication  of 
new  songs,  his  latest  dating  exactly  seventy 
years  after  his  earliest.  Address  :  24 
Sutherland  Avenue,  W. 

SALISBURY,  Marquis  of,  The 
Most  Hon.  Robert  Arthur  Talbot 
Gascoigne-Cecil,  P.O.,  K.G.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Prime 
Minister  and  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  is  the  eldest  surviv- 
ing son  of  the  2nd  Marquis  of  Salis- 
bury, by  his  first  wife,  the  daughter 
and  heir  of  Bamber  Gascoigne,  Esq.,  born 
at  Hatfield  in  1830,  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
All  Souls'  College  (1853).  In  1853  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Stamford,  and  he  repre- 
sented that  borough  in  the  Conservative 
interest  until  his  succession  to  the  mar- 
quisate  on  the  death  of  his  father,  April 
12,  1868.  While  in  the  Lower  House  he 
was  known  as  Lord  Robert  Cecil,  until  the 
decease  of  his  elder  brother  on  June  14, 
1865,  when  he  assumed  the  courtesy  title 
of  Viscount  Cranborne.  His  lordship 
took  an  active  part  in  all  public  measures 
which  affected  the  interests  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church,  and  in  the  chief  political 
questions  of  the  day,  and  he  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  Quarterly  Review 
and  to  other  periodicals.  In  Lord  Derby's 
third  administration  he  was,  in  July  1866, 


956 


.SALISBURY 


appointed  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 
which  post  he  resigned  on  account  of  a 
difference  in  opinion  respecting  the  Reform 
Bill,  March  2,  1867,  when  two  other  Cabi- 
net ministers,  viz.,  General  Peel,  War 
Secretary,  and  Lord  Carnarvon,  Colonial 
Secretary,  also  gave  in  their  resignations. 
On  Nov.  12,  1869,  he  was  elected  Chancel- 
lor of  the  University  of  Oxford,  in  succes- 
sion to  the  late  Earl  of  Derby.  In  1871-72 
he  and  Lord  Cairns,  as  arbitrators,  con- 
ducted a  long  investigation  into  the  com- 
plicated affairs  of  the  London,  Chatham, 
and  Dover  Railway  Company.  His  lord- 
ship was  again  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  for  India  when  Mr.  Disraeli  returned 
to  office  in  February  1874.  When,  at  the 
close  of  the  war  between  Turkey  and 
Servia,  differences  arose  between  the 
former  Power  and  Russia,  the  Marquis 
of  Salisbury  was  sent  as  Special  Ambas- 
sador to  the  Sublime  Porte,  and  he  and 
Sir  Henry  Elliot  acted  as  joint  Minister 
Plenipotentiaries  of  Great  Britain  at  the 
Conference  of  Constantinople.  His  lord- 
ship left  England  Nov.  20,  1876,  and,  en 
route,  visited  Paris,  Berlin,  Vienna,  and 
Rome.  The  progress  towards  agreement 
made  at  the  preliminary  meetings  held 
at  the  Russian  Embassy  in  Constantinople 
were  so  satisfactory  that  the  formal  Con- 
ference, at  which  the  joint  proposals  of 
the  Powers  were  pressed  upon  the  Porte, 
was  opened  on  December  23.  At  the 
same  time  the  new  Constitution  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire  was  formally  promul- 
gated by  its  author,  Midhat  Pasha.  The 
Marquis  of  Salisbury  really  took  the  place 
of  leader  at  the  Conference,  which  held 
altogether  seven  plenary  meetings.  On 
Sunday,  Jan.  14,  1877,  he  had  an  audience 
of  the  Sultan,  at  which  Sir  Arnold  Kem- 
ball  acted  as  interpreter,  and  pressed  upon 
his  Majesty  the  two  points  on  which  the 
two  Powers  intended  to  insist, informing 
him  that  if  they  were  not  accepted  the 
Ambassadors  would  immediately  leave 
Constantinople.  These  two  proposals 
were,  that  there  should  be  a  mixed 
Turkish  and  International  Commission  of 
Supervision,  and  that  the  first  appoint- 
ment of  the  Governors  should  be  ratified 
by  the  Powers.  On  Jan.  18  a  special  meet- 
ing of  the  Ottoman  Grand  Council  was 
held,  and  about  140  Mussulmans  and 
about  sixty  leading  Christians  were  pre- 
sent. The  proceedings  lasted  two  hours, 
and  were  opened  by  Midhat  Pasha.  With 
one  dissentient  voice  the  Council  were 
unanimous  in  insisting  on  the  rejection  of 
the  proposals  of  the  Powers.  The  Con- 
ference held  its  last  sitting  on  January  20, 
and  immediately  afterwards  Lord  Salisbury 
left  for  England.  On  April  2,  1878,  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign   Affairs,  in  the  room  of  the  Earl 


of  Derby,  resigned,  and  he  at  once  wrote 
a  memorable  despatch,  in  which  he  clearly 
enunciated  the  policy  of  the  Government 
with  regard  to  the  Eastern  Question. 
He  and  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield  soon 
afterwards  were  the  representatives  of 
Great  Britain  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin, 
and  on  their  return  to  London  they  met 
with  the  most  enthusiastic  reception  at 
Charing  Cross,  July  16,  1878.  The  Queen 
invested  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  with 
the  Order  of  the  Garter,  July  30.  On 
August  3  he  and  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 
received  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  London, 
and  were  afterwards  entertained  at  a  grand 
banquet  at  the  Mansion  House.  He  went 
out  of  office  with  his  party  after  the  defeat 
they  sustained  at  the  general  election  of 
April  1880.  At  a  meeting  of  Conservative 
Peers  held  on  May  9,  1881,  after  the  death 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  the  Marquis  of  Salis- 
bury was  elected  to  lead  the  party  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  Since  then  his  career 
has  been  identified  with  that  of  the  Con- 
servative party.  He  opposed,  but  finally 
accepted,  the  Irish  Land  Act  of  1881  ;  he 
vigorously  criticised  Mr.  Gladstone's  Egyp- 
tian policy ;  he  carried  the  rejection  of 
the  County  Franchise  Bill  in  1884  ;  he 
represented  the  Conservatives  at  the 
memorable  conference  between  the  op- 
posing leaders,  which  led  to  the  framing 
of  the  Redistribution  Bill  of  1885.  On 
June  9  of  that  year  Mr.  Gladstone  was 
beaten  on  a  Budget  vote,  and  resigned, 
and  Lord  Salisbury  took  office  as  Premier. 
The  principal  events  of  his  short  tenure 
of  power  were  the  annexation  of  Burma, 
and  the  re-opening  of  the  Eastern  Question 
by  the  revolution  in  Eastern  Roumelia 
and  the  Servo-Bulgarian  war  ;  England 
supporting  Prince  Alexander  by  her 
"  friendly  "  neutrality.  After  the  general 
election  of  November  1885,  Lord  Salisbury 
was  turned  out  on  the  address  at  the  end 
of  January.  He  vigorously  opposed  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Home  Rule  policy,  and  after 
the  second  general  election  in  1886  he 
became  once  more  Prime  Minister.  When 
the  late  Lord  R.  Churchill's  resignation 
led  to  the  reconstruction  of  the  Cabinet, 
Lord  Salisbury  took  the  Foreign  Office,  in 
the  place  of  Lord  Iddesleigh,  resigned. 
In  May  1888  Lord  Salisbury  introduced  a 
Bill  into  the  House  of  Lords  for  the  reform 
of  that  assembly,  and  the  creation  of  life 
peers.  The  city  of  Glasgow  presented 
him  with  its  freedom  on  May  20,  1891, 
and  in  July  the  German  Emperor  and  the 
Prince  of  Naples  visited  him,  and  were 
entertained  at  Hatfield.  The  general 
election  of  1892  caused  Lord  Salisbury  to 
go  out  of  office,  though  his  government 
did  not  actually  resign  till  they  had 
suffered  defeat  in  the  Commons.  In 
February  1893  Lord  Salisbury  opened  the 


SALISBUEY 


957 


overhead  electrical  railway  at  Liverpool, 
and  in  the  course  of  a  speech  delivered 
on  the  occasion,  dwelt  on  the  marvellous 
future  of  electricity.  He  is  himself  an 
electrician,  and  has  applied  it  to  practical 
purposes  at  Hatfield  House  and  on  his 
estates.  He  is  also  much  interested  in 
chemistry  and  the  whole  range  of  experi- 
mental physics,  and  spends  much  of  his 
time  in  his  private  laboratory.  On  March 
2,  1893,  he  presided  at  Oxford,  as  Chan- 
cellor of  the  University,  over  a  meeting  in 
aid  of  the  building  fund  of  the  Radcliffe 
Infirmary,  and  spoke  on  that  occasion  on 
the  necessity  of  giving  increased  attention 
to  the  study  of  medicine.  In  April,  illness 
prevented  him  from  visiting  Belfast  to 
attend  great  Unionist  demonstrations,  but 
he  received  a  number  of  Ulster  delegates 
at  Hatfield,  and  himself  travelled  in  Ulster 
in  May.  In  August  1894  he  presided  over 
the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  at 
Oxford,  and  delivered  a  notable  inaugural 
address,  in  which  he  dwelt  on  the  neces- 
sary limitations  to  scientific  speculation. 
In  October  1895  the  Liberal  Government 
was  defeated  on  the  ammunition  question 
in  Committee  on  Army  Estimates,  and 
Lord  Rosebery  immediately  resigned. 
Lord  Salisbury  was  sent  for,  and  duly 
formed  an  administration.  His  Cabinet, 
as  ultimately  constituted,  consisted  of 
nineteen  members,  of  whom  four  were 
Liberal  Unionists.  The  general  election 
resulted  in  giving  the  Unionist  Coalition 
a  majority  of  150,  the  strongest  Govern- 
ment of  modern  times.  During  1896 
Lord  Salisbury  was  much  occupied  by 
the  conduct  of  our  relations  with  America 
in  regard  to  the  Venezuelan  Boundary 
dispute,  and  his  conciliatory  attitude  has 
since  been  much  appreciated  at  Washing- 
ton. Indeed,  the  present  cordial  under- 
standing between  the  two  branches  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race  is,  in  great  measure,  due 
to  Lord  Salisbury's  endeavours.  The  Ar- 
menian atrocities  added  very  much  to  the 
burden  of  office.  The  action  of  Mr. 
Gladstone  and  others,  who  on  every  oc- 
casion vehemently  denounced  the  Sultan, 
severely  handicapped  the  Government  in 
their  efforts  to  obtain  a  peaceful  solution 
of  the  problem.  Isolated  action  on  the 
part  of  England  was  strongly  advocated, 
especially  by  a  section  of  the  press,  but 
Lord  Salisbury  resolutely  pursued  a  policy 
which  enabled  him  to  act  in  concert  with 
the  European  Powers,  since  he  held  that 
a  European  war  would  follow  the  isolated 
intervention  of  Great  Britain.  During  the 
Cretan  crisis  a  similar  attitude  was  fol- 
lowed, and  Lord  Salisbury's  policy  was 
very  severely  criticised.  But  the  chaotic 
state  of  the  island  itself,  and  the  conflict- 
ing interests  of  the  Great  Powers,  rendered 
forcible  action  by  any  single  Power  very 


dillicult.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  a  conflict 
at  Candia,  in  which  British  soldiers  were 
killed  and  Christian  inhabitants  massacred, 
Admiral  Noel,  in  command  of  the  British 
squadron,  bombarded  the  town,  and  after- 
wards sent  an  ultimatum  to  the  Turkish 
Governor  demanding  the  ringleaders.  His 
request  was  speedily  complied  with,  and 
several  of  them  were  executed.  Later,  a 
collective  note  signed  by  Great  Britain, 
France,  Russia,  and  Italy,  demanding  the 
withdrawal  of  the  Turkish  troops  from 
the  island,  was  presented  to  the  Sultan, 
who  surrendered  unconditionally.  The 
evacuation  was  completed  in  November, 
when  Lord  Salisbury  urged  upon  the 
Russian  Minister  at  Constantinople  to 
formally  propose  Prince  George  of  Greece 
as  High  Commissioner  and  Governor  of 
Crete.  The  proposal  met  with  universal 
approbation,  and  was  ultimately  accepted 
by  the  Sultan.  Affairs  in  the  Far  East 
reached  an  acute  stage  during  1897-98. 
Li  Hung  Chang,  the  most  influential  per- 
sonage in  China,  had  been  sent  in  189G  to 
Europe  as  an  Envoy  Extraordinary,  and 
after  visiting  the  various  capitals,  came  to 
London  and  received  a  hearty  welcome. 
During  his  visit  to  this  country,  he  went 
to  Hatfield  as  the  guest  of  Lord  Salisbury, 
and  endeavoured,  in  vain,  to  get  his  lord- 
ship to  assent  to  an  increase  of  the  import 
duties  levied  upon  British  goods  entering 
China.  The  refusal  to  accede  to  the 
wishes  of  Li  Hung  Chang  was  probably 
the  cause  of  his  hostility  to  England 
throughout  the  Chinese  crisis,  which  was 
precipitated  by  the  act  of  Germany  in 
November  1897,  when  a  force  of  German 
marines  landed  at  Kiao  Chau  in  order  to 
exact  reparation  for  the  murder  of  two 
missionaries.  They  made  their  position 
secure,  and  shortly  afterwards  demanded, 
and  obtained,  the  port  and  the  territory 
around  it  on  a  lease  of  99  years.  Russia 
almost  immediately  after  occupied  Port 
Arthur  and  Talienwan  in  a  similar  man- 
ner, and  Lord  Salisbury  had  to  face  a 
considerable  alteration  in  the  balance  of 
power  in  the  Far  East.  As  a  set-off  against 
the  Russian  aggression,  Great  Britain  put 
forward  a  demand,  which  was  granted, 
for  the  cession  of  the  islands  and  waters 
of  Wei-hai-wei  for  the  same  number  of 
years  and  on  the  same  terms  as  Port 
Arthur  had  been  ceded  to  Russia.  Through- 
out the  Chinese  crisis  Lord  Salisbury  was 
subjected  to  a  good  deal  of  criticism  from 
both  sides  of  the  House,  and  also  in  the 
press,  for  not  pursuing- a  more  active 
policy.  But  the  lack  of  vigorous  action 
was  more  apparent  than  real,  as  among 
the  various  concessions  secured  by  his 
lordship  were  the  opening  of  all  inland 
waters  to  navigation  to  the  vessels  of  all- 
nations  ;    the   opening   of   various    treaty 


358 


SALISBURY  —  SALMON 


ports  ;  the  assurance  that  no  portion  of 
the  province  adjoining  the  Yangtse-Kiang 
Valley  should  be  alienated  to  any  other 
power.  The  Chinese  Government  also 
undertook  that  so  long  as  British  trade 
continued  to  exceed  that  of  any  other 
nation  the  Inspector-General  of  Maritime 
Customs  should  be  a  British  subject.  A 
convention  was  also  signed  by  which  the 
mainland  opposite  Hong  Kong,  and  the 
island  of  Lan-tao  and  Mirs  Bay,  were 
secured  to  Great  Britain,  the  area  thus 
acquired  covering  about  200  square  miles. 
The  consecutive  victories  in  the  Soudan, 
and  the  capture  of  Khartoum  by  Lord 
Kitchener  in  1898  brought  into  promi- 
nence our  relations  with  France  and  her 
interests  in  Egypt,  and  when  a  French 
force  was  discovered  posted  at  Fashoda 
a  serious  situation  was  created.  In  Sep- 
tember Lord  Salisbury  pointed  out  to  the 
French  Foreign  Office  that  all  the  terri- 
tories which  had  been  subject  to  the  Kha- 
lifa had  passed  by  right  of  conquest  to  the 
British  and  Egyptian  Governments,  and 
that  H.M.  Government  did  not  consider 
this  right  open  to  discussion.  Lord  Salis- 
bury also  insisted  upon  the  withdrawal  of 
the  French  force  as  a  condition  precedent 
to  negotiation  on  the  matter.  His  lord- 
ship had  the  unanimous  support  of  the 
country  on  the  question  of  the  evacuation 
of  Fashoda  by  the  French,  and  ultimately 
a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  difficulty  was 
arrived  at  by  which  the  French  Govern- 
ment relinquished  all  claims  to  the  Nile 
Valley  in  consideration  of  concessions 
made  to  them  in  the  Niger  Hinterland. 
During  1898  Lord  Salisbury  was  obliged 
for  some  weeks  to  give  up  his  duties  and 
go  abroad  on  account  of  his  health,  which 
•for  some  time  had  given  his  friends  much 
anxiety.  The  duties  of  the  Foreign  Office 
devolved  upon  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour  during 
his  absence.  The  Marquis  of  Salisbury  is 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  King's  College, 
London  ;  Lord  Warden  of  the  Cinque 
Ports,  and  Constable  of  Dover  Castle  ; 
High  Steward  of  Great  Yarmouth  ;  Elder 
Brother  of  Trinity  House,  and  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  4th  Batt.  of  the  Bedford- 
shire Regiment  and  of  the  Herts  Militia. 
For  many  years  he  was  Chairman  of  the 
Middlesex  Sessions.  Lord  Salisbury's 
tenure  of  office  during  the  Jubilee  year  of 
the  Queen's  reign  will  be  memorable  in 
his  lordship's  family  for  the  honour  which 
her  Majesty  paid  him  by  going  in  person 
to  visit  him  at  Hatfield.  In  1857  he 
married  Georgiana  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Sir  Edward  Hall  Alderson,  Baron  of  the 
Exchequer,  and  niece  of  the  celebrated 
Mrs.  Opie.  His  eldest  son  is  Viscount 
Cranborne  (born  1861),  M.P.  for  the  Dar- 
wen  Division  of  Lancashire  from  1885  to 
1892,  and  in  1893  returned  for  Rochester. 


SALISBURY,     Bishop    of.       See 

Wordsworth,  The  Right  Rev.  John. 

SALMON,  The  Kev.  George,  D.D. 

Dublin,  and  Hon.  Edin.,  D.C.L.  Oxon. , 
LL.D.  Cantab.,  F.R.S.,  born  in  Dublin 
in  1819,  was  educated  at  Cork,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  gradu- 
ated as  Senior  Moderator  in  Mathematics 
in  1839.  He  was  successively  Scholar  and 
Fellow  of  his  College,  and  was  elected 
Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  in  1866,  which  office  he 
held  until  his  appointment  as  Provost  of 
the  College  in  1888.  Besides  various  con- 
tributions to  theological  and  mathematical 
periodicals,  and  in  particular  to  Smith's 
"Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography,"  he 
is  the  author  of  treatises  on  "  Conic  Sec- 
tions," on  "The  Higher  Plane  Curves,"  on 
"  The  Geometry  of  Three  Dimensions,"  and 
on  "The  Modern  Higher  Algebra,"  which 
have  been  translated  into  the  principal 
European  languages,  and  which  have  been 
honoured  by  the  Royal  and  Copley  Medals 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  the  Conyngham 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  He 
has  published  four  volumes  of  sermons, 
besides  many  single  sermons.  He  has  also 
published  two  series  of  lectures  delivered 
in  the,  JGjivinity  School  of  the  University, 
one  foffuing  an  Introduction  to  the  New 
Testament,  and  the  other  treating  of  the 
Infallibility  of  the  Church.  His  most 
recent  publication  is  "Thoughts  on  Tex- 
tual Criticism  of  the  New  Testament," 
1897.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies 
of  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Institute  of 
France,  and  of  the  Royal  Academies  of 
Sciences  at  Gbttingen,  Berlin,  and  Copen- 
hagen, and  a  Fellow  of  the  Academy  dei 
Lincei,  Rome.  He  was  President  of  the 
Mathematical  and  Physical  Science  Sec- 
tion of  the  British  Association  at  the 
meeting  held  in  Dublin  in  August  1878. 
Address  :  Provost's  House,  Dublin. 

SALMON,  Admiral  Sir  Nowell, 
G.C.B.,  IT.fi.,  was  born  in  February  1835, 
and  educated  at  Marlborough  College.  He 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  H.  Salmon,  Rector 
of  Swarraton,  by  Emily,  a  daughter  of 
Admiral  Nowell.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  May  1847,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant 
in  January  1856.  While  holding  that  rank 
he  served  in  H.M.S.  James  Watt,  took  part 
in  the  Russian  war,  and  was  awarded  the 
Baltic  medal.  In  the  Indian  Mutiny  he 
gained  his  V.C.  while  attached  to  Captain 
Peel's  "  Shannon  Brigade."  At  the  second 
relief  of  Lucknow,  during  the  assault  of  a 
strongly  occupied  fort,  the  sailors  making 
the  attack  suffered  severely  from  the 
extraordinary  marksmanship  of  a  sepoy, 


SALMONE  —  SALOMONS 


959 


who  had  posted  himself  on  tlie  wall  well 
under  cover.  There  appeared  to  be  no 
means  of  checking  this  deadly  fire  except 
by  climbing  a  big  tree,  which  meant  almost 
certain  death  to  the  climber.  However, 
Lieutenant  Salmon  volunteered  the  at- 
tempt, and  although  his  binocular  glass 
(which  he  took  in  order  that  he  might 
make  sure  of  the  right  man)  was  shattered 
in  his  hand,  he  took  aim  and  shot  the 
sepoy  dead.  For  his  gallant  services 
during  the  Indian  Mutiny  Sir  Nowell  was 
specially  promoted  to  the  rank  of  com- 
mander, and  received  the  medal  with  the 
Lucknow  clasp.  He  was  promoted  Captain 
in  1863,  and  created  C.B.  in  1375,  being 
shortly  afterwards  appointed  aide-de-camp 
to  the  Queen.  Admiral  Salmon  was  suc- 
cessively Commander-in-Chief  at  the  Cape 
and  China  stations,  and  also  at  Portsmouth. 
He  hoisted  his  flag  in  H.M.S.  Renown  as 
senior  officer  at  the  naval  review  held  in 
June  1897.  On  that  occasion  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  in  expressing  his 
appreciation  of  the  arrangements  made  for 
the  assembling  of  so  vast  a  fleet,  said, 
"The  perfect  moorings  of  that  25  miles 
of  ships  reflected  the  greatest  credit  upon 
Sir  Nowell  Salmon  and  his  staff."  He  was 
created  K.C.B.  in  1887  and  G.C.B.  in  1897, 
and  is  the  senior  admiral  on  the  active 
list.  Address:  Curdridge  Grange,  Botten, 
Hants. 

SALMON^,  Professor  H.  Anthony, 

who  holds  the  Chair  of  Arabic  at  King's 
College,  London,  was  born  in  Beyrout, 
Syria,  on  Sept.  1,  1860.  He  is  of  Cretan 
parentage,  and  derives  his  family  name 
from  Mount  Salmon^  in  Crete,  which  is 
mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 
Our  subject  was  brought  to  England  when 
one  year  old,  and  later  was  sent  to  the 
Patriarchal  College,  Beyrout,  in  which  city 
he  afterwards  entered  St.  Joseph's  Uni- 
versity, where  he  completed  his  education, 
and  then  returned  to  England.  He  early 
devoted  his  whole  energy  to  philological 
and  literary  studies.  His  father,  who 
died  in  1894,  was  himself  an  accomplished 
linguist,  and  was  able  to  read,  write,  and 
converse  fluently  in  about  a  dozen  lan- 
guages. He  soon  found  a  number  of 
friends  amongst  the  most  distinguished 
Orientalists  and  scholars  in  this  country, 
and  in  1883  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society.  During  the  same 
year,  and  under  the  presidency  of  the  late 
Sir  Bartle  Frere,  he  delivered  an  address 
before  a  well-attended  meeting  of  the 
society,  "On  the  importance  to  Great 
Britain  of  the  study  of  Arabic."  In  1884 
Professor  Salmone'  was  appointed  lecturer 
on  Arabic  at  University  College,  London, 
when  he  began  to  devote  himself  to  the 
compilation    of    an    Arabic-English    and 


English-Arabic  lexicon,  which  was  dedi- 
cated by  special  permission  to  the  Queen. 
It   was   compiled   on   a   new   and    unique 
system,  comprising  about  120,000  Arabic 
words  in  vol.  i.  and  about  50,000  in  vol.  ii. ; 
this  important  work,  published  by  Triibner 
in  1890,  was  well  received  by  the  press  and 
by  Oriental  scholars  at  home  and  abroad. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Arabic  at  King's  College,  London. 
In  1891  he  went  on  an  extended  tour  in 
the    East,    visiting    among    other    places 
some  parts  of  India,  Persia,  Mesopotamia, 
Arabia,   Egypt,   Syria,  and   various   other 
places  in  Turkey.     His    reputation  as  an 
Arabic  scholar  secured  for  him  a  welcome 
reception  by  the  leading  native  scholars 
in  Syria,  Egypt,  and  Constantinople.     In 
1892  Professor  Salmone'  received  a  gratify- 
ing   acknowledgment    of    his    work,    the 
Sultan  of  Turkey  sending  him  the  Order 
of   the   Medjidieh   of   the   third   class,  in 
recognition  of  the  services  he  had  rendered 
to  Oriental  literature  by  the  publication  of 
his   Arabic-English    lexicon.      Soon    after 
starting  on  his  Eastern  travels  in  1891  he 
was  offered  the  post  of  special  correspond- 
ent to  the  Times  in  Egypt,   which,  how- 
ever, he  was  unable  to  accept.     After  his 
return  from  the  East  Professor  Salmone 
edited   and  conducted  for  nearly  a  year 
and  a  half  the  Eastern  and  Western  Review, 
a  monthly  periodical  intended  to  arouse 
public    interest    in    Imperial    affairs    and 
Oriental  subjects  generally.    After  the  dis- 
continuance   of    this    periodical    he   con- 
tributed various  miscellaneous  and  political 
articles  to  the  reviews  and  to  newspapers, 
including   the    Nineteenth    Century,    Black- 
wood, the  Times,  and  other  journals.      One 
of  his  most  interesting  works  is  "The  Fall 
and  Resurrection   of   Turkey "   (published 
in  1896  by  Messrs.  Methuen),  which  gives 
a  full  and  graphic  account  of  the  condition 
of  the  Turkish  Empire,  and  indicates  the 
reforms  which  ;ire  needed.      He  has  also 
devised   and   edited   an  interesting  work 
entitled    "The    Imperial    Souvenir"    (D. 
Nutt,  1897),  dedicated  by  special  permis- 
sion to  theQueen.   It  gives  a  metrical  trans- 
lation of  the  third  verse  of  the  National 
Anthem  in  fifty  languages  spoken  in  the 
British  Empire.     Professor   Salmone'  was 
employed  at  the  War  Office  during  1885 
and  1886  in  the  translation  of  important 
documents,  also  undertaking  similar  duties 
for  the  Admiralty.     He  has  always  been  an 
active  agitator  for  the  encouragement  of 
Oriental  studies  in  England,  and  recently 
delivered  an  address  "On  the  importance 
to  Great  Britain  of  establishing  an  Oriental 
School  in   London  "  at  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society.    Address :  39  Colville  Gardens,  W. 

SALOMONS,    Sir    David    Lionel, 
Bart.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  A.I.C.E.,  M.S.T.E.,  is  the 


960 


SAMAROW  —  SAMBOURNE 


son  of  the  late  Mr.  Philip  Salomons,  and 
was  born  on  June  28,  1851,  at  Brighton. 
Having  lost  both  his  parents  when  he 
was  very  young,  the  responsibility  of  his 
guardianship  was  undertaken  by  his  uncle, 
the  late  Sir  David  Salomons.  He  was 
educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  afterwards  pro- 
ceeding to  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
graduating  in  the  Natural  Science  Tripos, 
his  tastes  tending  rather  to  physical 
science  than  to  pure  mathematics.  The 
pursuit  of  scientific  attainments  has  been 
almost  the  exclusive  occupation  of  his  life. 
Not  content  with  mere  theoretical  know- 
ledge, he  was  in  the  habit  of  frequenting 
workshops,  working  with  the  men,  and 
thus  gaining  an  insight  into  the  practical 
work  ;  his  uncle,  moreover,  provided  him 
with  a  laboratory  where  he  could  devote 
his  attention  to  the  subjects  which  in- 
terested him  so  deeply.  When,  however, 
he  succeeded  to  his  uncle's  position  he 
was  not  neglectful  of  its  duties  and  re- 
sponsibilities. He  worked  assiduously  as 
a  county  magistrate,  being  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Kent,  Sussex,  Middlesex,  "West- 
minster, and  London,  and  he  is  also  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Kent.  In  1874  Sir 
David  Salomons  stood  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest for  Mid-Kent,  but  he  was  defeated  ; 
and  at  the  general  election  of  1880,  through 
holding  the  offices  of  sheriff  and  returning 
officer,  he  was  precluded  from  seeking 
election.  Since  that  period  he  had  re- 
linquished things  political,  until  1885, 
when  he  consented  to  contest  the  new 
borough  of  St.  George's-in-the-East.  Sir 
David  Salomons  is  a  member  of  several 
clubs,  including  the  Savage  Club  ;  a  County 
Councillor  for  Kent,  representing  one  of 
the  Tunbridge  Divisions ;  and  belongs  to 
many  societies,  being  an  Associate  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  of  the 
Physical  Society,  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
of  the  Geological  Society,  of  the  Eoyal 
Meteorological  Society,  and  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Microscopical  Society.  He  is  a 
Past  Vice-President  of  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers,  and  a  Past  Manager 
of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain. 
Sir  David  has  also  studied  drawing  and 
painting,  the  better  to  appreciate  art  and 
its  difficulties.  He  has  served  on  the 
Scientific  Committees  appointed  by  the 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  for  settling 
symbols,  fire  risks,  &c,  and  has  brought 
out  several  new  and  successful  inventions. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  several  scientific 
papers  read  before  many  scientific  societies : 
"  Electric  Light  Installations  and  Manage- 
ment of  Accumulators,"  7th  edit.,  in  3 
vols,  (the  8th  edition  will  shortly  appear), 
and  of  "Photographic  Notes  and  Formulae," 
&c.      Regarding  the   "Woman's   Rights" 


question,  Sir  David  Salomons  has  adopted 
a  distinct  attitude  by  his  "Address  to  the 
Ladies  of  England,"  which  opened  up 
several  new  fields  for  the  employment  of 
women.  He  is  Chairman  of  the  City  of 
London  Electric  Lighting  Company,  and 
a  Director  of  the  South-Eastern  Railway 
Company.  At  present  he  takes  no  active 
part  in  politics.  He  has  recently  been 
engaged  on  "  High  Frequency"  work,  and 
experiments  connected  with  vacuum  tubes. 
He  was  Master  of  the  Coopers'  Company, 
1893-94.  He  takes  a  great  interest  in  all 
educational  matters.  He  was  Mayor  of 
Tunbridge  Wells  in  1895,  and  alderman 
of  that  town  for  two  years  afterwards, 
when  he  retired.  He  took  a  ready  part  in 
the  promotion  of  the  Bill  and  in  obtaining 
the  Locomotive  on  Highways  (1896)  Act. 
Under  his  auspices  an  exhibition  of  motor- 
carriages  was  held  at  Tunbridge  Wells  in 
the  autumn  of  1895.  He  is  President  of 
the  Self  -  Propelled  Traffic  Association, 
Member  of  Committees  of  the  Automobile 
Club  de  France  and  Automobile  Club 
Beige.  In  1895  he  enlarged  his  laboratories 
and  built  a.  lecture  theatre.  These  labora- 
tories, with  the  various  rooms  adjoining, 
form  one  of  the  best  laboratories  in  England 
for  scientific  work.  He  married,  in  1882, 
the  daughter  of  Baron  de  Stern,  of  Hyde 
Park  Gate,  London,  by  whom  he  has  had 
issue  four  daughters  and  a  son  and  heir. 
Addresses  :  Broomhill,  Tunbridge  Wells  ; 
and  49  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

SAMAROW,  Gregor.    'See  Mbding, 
J.  V.  M.  0. 

SAMBOURNE,     Edward     Ianley, 

is  the  sole  surviving  child  of  Edward  Mott 
Saru bourne,  city  merchant ;  was  born  Jan. 
4,  1845,  and  was  educated  at  the  City  of 
London  School,  and  the  College,  Chester. 
He  was  intended  for  the  engineering  pro- 
fession, and  was  placed  at  John  Penn  and 
Son's  Works,  Greenwich,  1861-67,  but  in 
1867  he  was  introduced  to  Mark  Lemon, 
and  published  his  first  drawing  in  Punch, 
April  27,  1867.  Since  then  he  has  devoted 
himself  to  the  art  of  illustration.  His 
principal  works  are  the  illustrations  to 
"  New  History  of  Sandford  and  Merton," 
by  F.  C.  Burnand,  1872  ;  "  Military  Men  I 
have  Met,"  by  Captain  Dyne  Finton,  1872; 
"  Our  Autumn  Holiday  on  French  Rivers," 
by  L.  J.  Molloy,  1874 ;  "  Our  Holiday  in 
the  Scottish  Highlands,"  by  Arthur  a  Bec- 
kett, 1876  ;  "  Modern  Venice,"  1877  ;  "The 
Water  Babies,"  by  Charles  Kingsley,  1885  ; 
"  Hans  Andersen's  Fairy  Tales,"  1887. 
He  designed  the  Diploma  for  the  Great 
International  Fisheries  Exhibition,  1883, 
which  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1885  ;  and  more  recently  the  cover  of 
the  Sketch.    It  is,  however,  by  his  innumer- 


SAMPSON  —  SAMUEL-MONTAGU 


961 


able  drawings  for  Punch  that  he  is  best 
known.  It  is  singular  that  although  Mr. 
Sambourne  is  the  doyen  of  English  carica- 
turists, and  as  such  maintains  the  ancient 
and  highly  honourable  traditions  of  a 
typically  English  art,  he  has  never  re- 
ceived recognition  from  any  Academy. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Athenaeum  under 
Rule  2  in  April  1896.  He  is  married  to 
Marion,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Spen- 
cer Herapath,  E.RS.  Addresses:  18 
Stafford  Terrace,  Kensington,  W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

SAMPSON,     "William     Thomas, 

American  naval  officer,  was  born  at  Pal- 
myra, N.Y.,  Feb.  9,  1840,  and  graduated 
at  the  Naval  Academy  in  1861.  He  be- 
came a  Master  the  same  year,  and  a  Lieu- 
tenant in  July  1862  ;  was  stationed  at  the 
Naval  Academy  in  1864,  and  then  served 
in  the  monitor  Patapsco,  and  was  in  that 
vessel  when  she  was  destroyed  by  a  tor- 
pedo in  Charleston  Harbour  in  January 
1865.  He  was  in  the  European  squadron 
in  1865-67,  when  he  became  a  Lieut.-Com- 
mander,  and  in  August  1874  was  made  a 
Commander.  He  was  on  the  Asiatic 
station  in  command  of  the  Sioatara,  1879- 
82 ;  was  Assistant-Superintendent  of  the 
U.S.  Naval  Observatory,  Washington, 
1882-83,  and  Superintendent  of  the  Naval 
Academy,  1886-90,  becoming  a  Captain  in 
1889.  From  January  1892  till  1897  he  was 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  and 
from  June  1897  to  the  spring  of  1898  was 
in  command  of  the  battleship  Iowa.  Just 
before  the  war  with  Spain  broke  out  in 
April  1898  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  American  fleet  at  Key  West,  with  rank 
of  Acting  Rear-Admiral,  and  had  the 
direction  of  operations  in  West  Indian 
waters,  which  culminated  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Spanish  squadron  near  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  July  3,  1898.  He  was  appointed 
in  August  one  of  the  Commissioners  to 
concert  measures  with  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties for  the  evacuation  of  Cuba  by  Spain, 
having  previously  been  advanced  to  the 
full  grade  of  Rear-Admiral  for  his  ser- 
vices. 

SAMUEL,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Saul,  Bart.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  J.P.,  born 
Nov.  2,  1820,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Samp- 
son Samuel,  Esq.,  of  London.  He  sailed 
for  New  South  Wales  in  1832  ;  and,  after 
completing  his  education  at  the  Sydney 
College,  he  became  extensively  engaged 
in  squatting,  commercial,  mining,  and 
manufacturing  pursuits,  and  is  recog- 
nised as  the  pioneer  of  several  industries 
which  have  since  developed  into  import- 
ance. His  public  career  commenced  in 
1854,  two  years  before  responsible  govern- 
ment  was     inaugurated    in    New    South 


Wales  ;  he  was  then  elected  a  member  of 
the  Legislative  Council.  Soon  after  the 
promulgation  of  the  new  Constitution  in 
1856  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly ;  and,  in  1859,  first 
accepted  office  in  the  Forster  Administra- 
tion as  Colonial  Treasurer.  He  held  the 
same  portfolio  in  the  Cowper  Government 
of  1865,  the  Robertson  Ministry  in  1868, 
and  the  Cowper  Administration  of  1869. 
He  has  also  acted  as  Postmaster-General 
in  several  Governments,  and  successfully 
conducted  negotiations  with  the  United 
States  Government  for  a  Postal  Convention 
with  New  South  Wales,  which  resulted  in 
the  establishment  of  the  San  Francisco 
Mail  Service  with  Australia.  After  hold- 
ing high  office  under  every  Governor  of 
the  Colony  (except  Lord  Carrington)  since 
the  inauguration  of  responsible  govern- 
ment, he,  in  1880,  resigned  the  Postmaster- 
Generalship  in  the  Parkes  Administration, 
and  was  appointed  Agent-General  for  the 
Colony  in  London,  a  position  which  he 
continues  to  fill.  In  that  capacity  he  has 
conducted  diplomatic  and  financial  busi- 
ness of  the  highest  importance  with  uni- 
form success,  and  to  the  great  satisfac- 
tion of  successive  Governments.  He  was 
created  C.M.G.  in  1874  ;  K.C.M.G.  in  1882  ; 
and  C.B.  (Civil)  in  1886.  He  was  created 
a  Baronet  in  January  1898.  He  retired  in 
October  1898,  after  a  year's  leave,  and  was 
thanked  by  Mr.  Chamberlain  for  the  man- 
ner in  which  he  had  discharged  the  duties 
of  his  post.  He  has  been  twice  married 
(1),  in  1857,  to  Henrietta  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Goldsmid  Levien, 
Esq.,  of  Geelong,  Victoria ;  and  (2)  in 
1877,  to  Sara  Louise,  daughter  of  E.  Isaac, 
Esq.,  of  Auckland,  New  Zealand.  Ad- 
dress :  34  Nevern  Square,  S.W. 

SAMUEL-MONTAGTJ,  Sir  Mon- 
tagu, Bart,  (usually  called  Sir  Samuel 
Montagu),  M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  head  of  the 
banking  firm  of  Samuel  Montagu  &  Co., 
London,  was  born  at  Liverpool  on  Dec.  21, 
1832,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Louis 
Samuel,  of  Liverpool,  and  afterwards  of 
Bloomsbury,  a  watchmaker.  He  assumed 
the  name  of  Montagu  by  royal  license  in 
1894.  He  was  educated  at  Liverpool  In- 
stitute and  privately,  and  established  the 
banking-house,  of  which  he  is  now  head, 
in  1853.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Gold 
and  Silver  Commission  from  1887  to  1890. 
He  has  represented  the  Tower  Hamlets, 
Whitechapel  Division,  since  1885,  and  is  a 
Liberal  in  politics.  He  is  an  authority  on 
currency  and  a  leading  member  of  the 
Hebrew  community  in  London,  a  member 
of  the  Jewish  Board  of  Deputies,  President 
of  the  Jewish  Working-Men's  Club,  J.P. 
for  London,  D.L.  for  Tower  Hamlets.  He 
married  Ellen,  youngest  daughter  of  the 

3p 


962 


SAMUELSON 


late  Louis  Cohen,  of  the  London  Stock 
Exchange,  in  1862.  Addresses:  12 Palace 
Gardens,  Kensington,  W.  ;  and  South 
Stoneham  House,  Hants. 

SAMUELSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Bernhard,  Bart.,  F.R.S.,  M. Inst. C.E.,  was 
born  on  Nov.  22,  1820,  and  is  the  son  of  S. 
H.  Samuelson,  a  Liverpool  merchant.  He 
was  educated  privately,  and  was  for  some 
time  in  a  general  merchant's  office  in 
Liverpool,  until  in  1842  he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Continental  affairs  of  Sharp, 
Stewart  &  Co.,  engineers,  of  Manchester. 
Leaving  their  service  in  1845,  he  estab- 
lished railway  works  at  Tours  between 
1846-48.  In  1849  he  purchased  the  agri- 
cultural implement  works  at  Banbury,  and 
in  1854  erected  blast  furnaces  at  Middles- 
borough,  where  he  bought  collieries  and 
ironstone  mines  between  the  years  1872- 
80.  He  is  Chairman  of  Samuelson  &  Co., 
of  Banbury  and  Orleans.  He  represented 
Banbury  in  Parliament  in  1859,  and  sat  as 
Liberal  member  for  North  Oxfordshire 
from  1885  to  1895.  He  was  Chairman  of 
several  Royal  Commissions,  notably  that 
on  Technical  Education,  and  was  made  a 
Baronet  for  his  services  in  1884.  He  was 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Scientific  Instruction,  was  for  three  or 
four  years  Chairman  of  the  Association  of 
Chambers  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  has  been  President  of  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute,  is  J.P.  for  Oxfordshire, 
Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  &c.  He 
was  made  F.R.S.ln  1881,  and  P.C.  in  1895. 
His  publications  take  the  form  of  Reports 
to  the  House  of  Commons  on  Technical 
Education,  Patent  Laws,  Railway  Rates, 
and  Thames  Conservancy,  &c.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1889,  Mrs.  Denny,  a  daughter  of 
Chevalier  Leon  Serena,  and  widow  of 
William  Denny,  of  Dumbarton.  Addresses  : 
56  Prince's  Gate,  S.W. ;  and  Bodicote 
Grange,  Oxfordshire. 

SAMUELSON,  James,  is  the  eighth 
son  of  the  late  Samuel  H.  Samuelson, 
merchant,  of  Liverpool  and  Hull.  He  was 
born  in  the  latter  place  in  1829,  was  edu- 
cated in  Liverpool  by  the  Rev.  John  Brun- 
ner  (father  of  Sir  John  Brunner,  M.P.), 
and  studied  zoology  under  Dr.  Zaddach  at 
Konigsberg  University.  In  1867  he  passed 
the  General  Examination  of  the  Inns  of 
Court,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  of  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1870,  but  never  prac- 
tised. Mr.  Samuelson  has  all  his  life  been 
connected  with  manufacturing  industries, 
and  he  is  now  the  chief  proprietor  in  a 
limited  company  at  Birkenhead,  managed 
by  his  two  sons,  for  crushing  palm  kernels 
and  cocoa-nuts.  His  leisure  has  been  em- 
ployed in  literary  and  social  work,  the 
latter    including    the   foundation  of    the 


Liverpool  Science  and  Art  Classes,  of 
which  he  was  President,  and  which  are 
now  under  municipal  management.  He 
has  frequently  acted  as  an  intermediary  in 
the  settlement  of  trade  disputes,  and  not- 
ably in  conjunction  with  the  late  Earl  of 
Derby,  and  the  late  Mr.  R.  Lowndes,  as 
arbitrator  in  the  great  Dock  Strike  of 
1879.  Mr.  Samuelson's  earlier  works  were 
chiefly  of  a  popular  scientific  character. 
In  1860  he  published  two  works  called 
"  Humble  Creatures,"  dealing  with  the 
microscopic  anatomy  of  certain  insects. 
In  1862  he  founded,  and  for  a  short  time 
edited,  the  Popular  Science  Review,  and 
in  1864  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science. 
This  review  he  edited  for  eight  years,  with 
the  assistance  of  Mr.  W.  Crookes,  F.R.S., 
Sir  W.  Fairbairn,  Bart.,  F.R.S.,  and  other 
leading  scientists.  Amongst  his  works  on 
Social  Science  are  "  The  German  Working- 
Man,"  1869  ;  and  the  "History  of  Drink," 
1879.  He  has  travelled  over  a  great  part 
of  the  civilised  world,  east  and  west ;  and 
has  published  monographs  of  some  of  the 
countries  visited,  as  "  Roumania,  Past 
and  Present,"  1882  ;  the  only  work  of  the 
kind  in  the  English  language,  for  which 
he  received  from  the  King  the  Roumanian 
Cross,  and  was  made  Officer  of  the  Crown 
of  Roumania;  "Bulgaria,  Past  and  Pre- 
sent," 1887;  "India,  Past  and  Present," 
1889.  He  projected,  and  for  some  time 
edited  for  Messrs.  Routledge,  a  quarterly 
review  called  Subjects  of  the  Day,  the  dis- 
tinctive feature  of  which  was  that  each 
number  treated  exhaustively  of  one  cur- 
rent topic  of  interest,  and  was  composed 
so  as  to  form  a  text-book  of  permanent 
value,  to  which  a  bibliography  and  index 
were  attached.  The  magazine,  which  was 
discontinued  for  financial  reasons  only, 
reckoned  among  its  contributors  many 
leading  experts  and  officials  connected 
with  the  subjects  to  be  treated.  In  1893 
he  visited  Greece,  and  on  his  return  pub- 
lished a  treatise  on  the  financial  and  in- 
dustrial condition  of  that  country.  In  the 
same  year  he  founded  the  Liverpool  Board 
of  Conciliation,  and  was  mainly  instru- 
mental in  establishing  a  Labour  Registry 
in  that  city,  whilst  his  publications  on 
these  questions  stimulated  the  formation 
of  similar  institutions  in  other  towns.  In 
1896  he  edited  and  contributed  largely  to 
"The  Civilisation  of  our  Day,"  an  illus- 
trated composite  work  dealing  with  the 
progress  of  the  present  century.  In  this 
he  had  the  co-operation  of  many  leading 
writers,  notably  Dr.  Garnett,  C.B.,  on 
"  Free  Libraries  "  ;  Mr.  F.  E.  Baines,  C.B., 
on  "  Post  Telegraphs  and  Telephones "  ; 
Sir  Hugh  Gilzean-Reid,  "  The  Press  "  ; 
E.  W.  Maunder,  "  Our  Knowledge  of  the 
Universe  "  ;  Right  Hon.  Prof.  F.  Max-Mul- 
ler,  "  The  Dawn  of  Reason  in  Religion  "  (a 


SAN  BAKTOLOMEO  —  SANDEKSON 


963 


review  of  the  present  state  of  religious 
belief),  and  of  many  other  experts  in  their 
respective  departments.  Mr.  Samuelson 
has  always  been  an  advanced  Liberal,  and 
has  helped  to  foster  liberty  at  home  and 
abroad.  He  filled  the  chair  on  two  com- 
mittees, the  Liverpool  Cretan  and  the 
Liverpool  Greek  Committee,  both  of  which 
sent  considerable  sums  to  the  suffering 
Greeks.  He  has  three  times  unsuccess- 
fully contested  constituencies  ;  belongs  to 
the  Liverpool  Reform  Club,  and  is  an 
original  member  of  the  National  Liberal 
Club.  Address  :  42  Grosvenor  Road,  Bir- 
kenhead. 

SAN  BARTOLOMEO,  Francesco  de 
Renzis,  Baron  de,  Italian  Ambassador 
to  the  Court  of  St.  James,  was  born  in 
1836,  and  was  educated  at  the  military 
school  of  La  Nunzcatella,  at  Naples,  which 
he  left  in  1854  with  the  grade  of  Sub- 
Lieutenant  of  Engineers.  In  1860  he  left 
the  service  of  King  Francis  II.  of  Naples, 
and  entered  that  of  Victor  Emmanuel. 
He  was  at  the  siege  of  Gaeta,  and  his 
bravery  there  gained  for  him  the  Military 
Order  of  Savoy.  He  was  given  a  high 
post  in  the  Ordnance  Corps,  and  fought 
against  the  Austrians  in  1866.  He  is, 
however,  best  known  as  a  writer,  and  in 
1867  founded  La  Fanfulla  at  Florence, 
which  became  one  of  the  most  popular 
newspapers  in  Italy.  He  sold  his  share  on 
entering  Parliament  in  1874.  His  best- 
known  work  is  "Ananke,"  published  in 
1878.  He  was  appointed  to  his  present 
post  in  August  1898. 

SAND  AY,  The  Rev.  William,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  Lady  Margaret  Professor  of  Divinity 
and  Canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  was 
born  at  Holme  Pierrepont,  Nottingham, 
Aug.  1, 1843,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  William 
Sanday,  of  Holme  Pierrepont,  and  of  his 
wife,  Elizabeth  Mann,  of  Scawsby,  Don- 
caster.  He  was  educated  at  Repton 
School,  and  at  Balliol  and  Corpus  Christi 
Colleges,  Oxford,  being  elected  scholar  of 
the  latter  in  1863.  He  obtained  a  first 
class  in  1865,  and  was  ordained  Deacon  in 
1867,  Priest  in  1869,  taking  his  M.A.  de- 
gree in  1868.  He  held  a  fellowship  at 
Trinity  from  1866  to  1873.  Dr.  Sanday  has 
been  successively  Lecturer  of  St.  Nicholas, 
Abingdon,  1871  ;  Vicar  of  Great  Waltham, 
1872 ;  Rector  of  Barton-on-the-Heath, 
Warwick,  1873  ;  and  Principal  of  Bishop 
Hatfield's  Hall,  Durham,  1876.  In  1882 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Exegesis  at 
Oxford,  in  succession  to  the  late  Canon 
Liddon,  who  resigned  the  post  ;  and  in 
1895  he  was  elected  to  the  Lady  Margaret 
Professorship  of  Divinity  attached  to  a 
Canonry  at  Christ  Church,  which  he  now 
holds.      He   was  Whitehall  Preacher    in 


1889-90,  and  Select  Preacher  in  Cambridge 
University  between  1880  and  1892.  Dr. 
Sanday  has  published  "  Authorship  and 
Historical  Character  of  the  Fourth  Gospel," 
1873  ;  "  The  Gospels  in  the  Second  Cen- 
tury," 1876;  "Commentaries  on  Romans 
and  Galatians  for  English  Readers,"  1878  ; 
and  is  joint  editor  of  "Variorum  Bible," 
and  "  Studia  Biblica,"  and  of  a  larger 
"  Commentary  on  Romans,"  1895,  which 
is  now  in  a  third  edition.  In  1893  Dr. 
Sanday  delivered  the  Bampton  Lectures, 
his  subject  being  "Inspiration."  They 
were  published  later  in  the  year.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1877,  Marion,  daughter  of  W.  H. 
Woodman  Hastings,  J.  P. ,  of  the  family  of 
Warren  Hastings.  Address :  Christ  Church, 
Oxford. 

SANDEMAN,  Albert  George,  late 
Governor  of  the  Bank  of  England,  was 
born  on  Oct.  21,  1832,  and  is  the  son  of 
George  Glas  Sandeman,  Portuguese  mer- 
chant. He  is  senior  partner  in  George  G. 
Sandeman,  Sons  &  Co.,  of  London.  He 
was  High  Sheriff  of  Surrey  in  1872,  stood 
for  Reading  as  a  Conservative  in  1880,  was 
Chairman  of  the  London  Dock  Company 
when  the  working  agreement  with  the  East 
and  West  India  Dock  Company  was 
effected,  is  one  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Lieutenancy  and  Commissioner  of  Income 
Tax  for  the  City  of  London,  was  Governor 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  1895-97,  and  in 
July  1898  was  elected  President  of  the 
London  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Royal  Military  Order 
of  Our  Lady  of  the  Conception  of  Villa 
Vicosa.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the 
Portuguese  Ambassador  to  England,  Vis- 
count Moncorvo,  in  1856.  Address  :  Pres- 
dales,  Ware,  Herts. 

SANDERSON,  Professor  Sir 
John  Scott  Buidon,  Bart.,  M.A., 
M.D.,  D.Sc.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
D.C.L.  Durham,  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  Regius  Professor  of  Medi- 
cine, University  of  Oxford,  was  born 
at  Newcastle  -  on  -  Tyne,  in  December 
1828,  and  educated  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  He  was  Medical  Officer  of 
Health  for  Paddington,  1856-67  ;  has  been 
Physician  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital  and 
the  Hospital  for  Consumption,  Brompton. 
He  held  the  office  of  Jodrell  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  University  College  from  1874 
to  1882.  On  Nov.  29, 1882,  he  was  elected 
Waynflete  Professor  of  Physiology  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was  Professor  Superintendent 
of  the  Brown  Institution  from  1871  to  1878. 
Dr.  Sanderson  was  employed  by  the  Royal 
Commissioners  to  make  investigations  re- 
specting the  Cattle  Plague,  1865-66  ;  was 
sent  by  her  Majesty's  Government  to  North 
Germany  in  1865  to  inquire  into  an  Epi- 


964 


SANDFORD  —  SANDYS 


demio  of  Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis ;  and 
was  occupied  in  an  inquiry  for  a  Royal 
Commission  as  to  the  influence  of  extreme 
heat  on  the  health  of  workers  in  the  Corn- 
wall mines  in  1869.  In  1883  he  sat  on  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Hospitals  for  Infec- 
tious Diseases,  and  has  since  served  on 
two  other  Royal  Commissions,  viz.,  that 
on  the  consumption  of  tuberculous  meat 
and  milk,  1891,  and  that  on  the  University 
of  London,  1892.  He  is  the  author  of 
numerous  Reports  on  infectious  diseases 
and  other  subjects  connected  with  Public 
Health  in  the  Reports  of  the  Medical 
Officer  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1860  and 
for  several  succeeding  years ;  and  of 
papers  on  physiological  and  pathological 
subjects  read  before  the  Royal  Society, 
particularly  an  elaborate  series  of  re- 
searches on  the  Electrical  Properties  of 
the  Dionaaa  Muscipula,  as  well  as  on  the 
electrical  organs  of  the  skate  and  other 
electrical  fishes.  He  was  President  of  the 
Biological  Section  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion at  the  meeting  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
in  1889,  and  was  elected  President  of  the 
Association  at  Nottingham  in  1893.  He 
has  three  times  filled  the  office  of  Croonian 
Lecturer,  viz.,  in  1867  and  1877  at  the 
Royal  Society,  and  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians in  1891.  For  his  physiological  and 
pathological  researches  he  received  a  Royal 
Medal  in  1883,  and  the  Baly  Medal  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1880.  In 
1895  he  was  appointed  Regius  Professor  of 
Medicine  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  In 
recognition  of  his  services  to  science  he 
was  created  a  Baronet  at  the  Birthday, 
1899.     Address  :  Oxford. 

SANDFORD,  The  Bight  Rev. 
Charles  Waldegrave,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Gibraltar,  son  of  the  late  Archdeacon 
Sandford,  born  in  1828,  received  his 
academical  education  at  Oxford,  where  he 
was  a  student  of  Christ  Church,  and  ob- 
tained a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.,  was  for 
several  years  Tutor  and  Senior  Censor  of 
Christ  Church,  1855-1870,  became  Com- 
missary of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  1869,  and  Rector  of  Bishopsbourne, 
Kent,  in  1870.  On  the  resignation  of 
Bishop  Harris  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  to  the 
See  of  Gibraltar,  and  was  consecrated  at 
Oxford,  Feb.  1,  1874.  He  is  married  to 
Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  George  Baker,  Bart. 
Addresses :  4  Hyde  Park  Square,  W.  ; 
Cannes,  France  ;  and  Athenaeum, 

SANDFORD,  The  Right  Rev. 
Daniel  Fox,  D.D.  Hon.  Durham,  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  late  Bishop  of  Tasmania,  third 
son  of  the  late  Sir  Samuel  Keyte  Sandford, 
D.C.L.,  sometime  M.P.  for  Paisley,  and 
Professor  of  Greek  at  Glasgow,  was  born 


in  1831.  After  taking  orders  he  became 
Incumbent  of  St.  John's  and  Canon  of  St, 
Mary's  Cathedral,  Edinburgh  ;  and,  having 
been  elected  to  the  Bishopric  of  Tasmania, 
he  was  consecrated  by  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (Dr.  Benson),  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  April  25, 1883.  He  resigned  his 
bishopric  and  was  appointed  Rector  of 
Boldon,  and  Assistant  -  Bishop  in  the 
diocese  of  Durham,  1889.  Address  :  Boldon 
Rectory,  Durham. 

SANDHURST,    Lord,  William 

Mansfield,  G.C.I.  E.,  J.P.,  the  eldest  son  of 
General  Lord  Sandhurst,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I., 
the  victor  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,  was  born 
Aug.  21,  1855.  He  became  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  Coldstream  Guards  in  1873,  and 
three  years  later  succeeded  to  the  title  on 
the  death  of  his  father.  In  1879  he  re- 
tired from  the  army,  and  in  the  next  year 
became  a  Lord-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen. 
In  1886  he  was  Under-Secretary  for  War 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  short-lived  administra- 
tion, and  he  held  the  same  post  from  1892 
to  1894.  As  a  junior  member  of  the 
Government  he  had  few  opportunities  of 
showing  his  talents  of  organisation  and 
method,  and  he  accepted  his  present  post 
of  Governor  of  Bombay  in  1895.  In  May 
1898  he  was  created  Knight  of  Justice  in 
the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  His 
mother  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first 
London  County  Council  in  1888,  but  was 
disqualified  from  sitting  by  the  Queen's 
Bench.  She  died  in  1892.  His  great- 
grandfather was  the  famous  Chief-Justice 
Mansfield.  He  married,  in  1881,  Lady 
Victoria  Alexandrina,  daughter  of  the  4th 
Earl  Spencer.  Addresses :  Government 
House,  Bombay  ;  and  10  Cadogan  Gardens, 
S.W. 

SANDYS,  John  Edwin,  Litt.  D. 
Camb.,  Hon.  Litt.  D.  Dublin,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  T.  Sandys,  was  born  May  19, 
1844.  He  was  educated  at  Repton  School, 
and  entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
as  a  minor  scholar,  in  1863.  He  was 
elected  first  Bell's  Scholar  in  1864,  ob- 
tained the  Gold  Medal  for  a  Greek  Ode  on 
the  "Art  of  Phidias"  in  1865,  the  Porson 
Prize  for  Greek  Trochaics  in  1865,  and  for 
Greek  Iambics  in  1866,  and  was  twice 
awarded  the  Members'  Prize  for  Latin 
Prose  Composition.  In  1867  he  graduated 
as  Senior  Classic,  and  was  elected  Fellow 
and  Lecturer  of  St.  John's  College ;  and, 
on  taking  his  M.A.  degree  in  1870,  was 
appointed  Tutor  of  his  College,  an  office 
which  he  still  holds.  He  was  an  Examiner 
for  the  Classical  Tripos  on  five  occasions 
between  1871  and  1876,  and  was  principal 
Classical  Lecturer  of  Jesus  College  from 
1867  to  1877.  He  resigned  his  last  ap- 
pointment after  his  election,  Oct.  19, 1876, 


SANT  —  SANTLEY 


965 


to  the  office  of  Public  Orator  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  In  1868  he  edited 
the  Ad  Dcmonicum  and  Panegyricus  of 
Isocrates ;  in  1874,  the  second  part  of  the 
"  Select  Private  Orations  "  of  Demosthenes 
(3rd  edit.,  1896) ;  in  1880,  the  Bacchm  of 
Euripides,  with  illustrations  from  works 
of  ancient  art  (3rd  edit.,  1892) ;  in  1885, 
the  Orator  of  Cicero  ;  in  1890,  the  "  Speech 
of  Demosthenes  against  the  Law  of  Lep- 
tines";  in  1893,  Aristotle's  "Constitution 
of  Athens "  ;  in  1896,  a  "  First  Greek 
Reader  and  Writer " ;  and  in  1897,  the 
"First  Philippic  and  Olynthiacs"  of 
Demosthenes.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
Classical  Review  since  its  foundation  in 
1887,  and  has  written  articles  on  the  His- 
tory of  Scholarship  for  "  Social  England" 
in  1896-97.  He  has  also  edited  the  late 
Mr.  Cope's  Commentary  on  the  Rhetoric 
of  Aristotle,  1877 ;  and  (in  conjunction 
with  the  late  Professor  Nettleship)  has  re- 
vised and  enlarged  an  English  translation 
of  SeyfEert's  "  Dictionary  of  Classical  My- 
thology, Religion,  Literature,  Art,  and 
Antiquities,"  1891.  In  1887  he  published 
"  An  Easter  Vacation  in  Greece."  He  is 
one  of  the  Managing  Committee  of  the 
British  School  at  Athens,  a  Vice-President 
of  the  Hellenic  Society,  and  Examiner  in 
Greek  in  the  Victoria  University.  He  has 
been  President  of  the  Cambridge  Philo- 
logical Society,  and  Chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Classical  Studies.  In  1885  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Letters 
by  his  own  University,  in  1892  he  received 
an  honorary  degree  from  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  in  1891  he  was  specially 
elected  a  member  of  the  Athenteum  Club. 
Address  :  Merton  House,  Cambridge. 

SANT,  James,  R.A.,  was  born  at 
Croydon,  April  23,  1820,  and  received  his 
first  instructions  in  art  from  John  Varley, 
one  of  the  fathers  of  the  British  School  of 
painting  in  water-colours.  Later  on,  Sir 
Augustus  Calcott,  R.A.,  gave  him  some 
valuable  hints  and  instruction  in  oil  paint- 
ing. It  was  not,  however,  till  1842  that 
he  devoted  himself  to  painting  as  a  pro- 
fession by  becoming  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  where  he  studied  for  four  years. 
Shortly  after  leaving,  he  began  to  exhibit 
those  "subject  pictures,"  or  "fancy  sub- 
jects," of  single  figures  generally,  and 
these  frequently  children,  by  which  pic- 
tures he  is  probably  most  widely  known, 
many  of  them  having  been  engraved.  Of 
these  we  may  select  as  typical  examples 
the  "Infant  Samuel,"  the  "Infant  Timo- 
thy," "  Little  Red  Riding-Hood,"  and 
"Dick  Whittington."  Among  Mr.  Sant's 
numerous  other  works  of  this  description 
are  "The  Light  of  the  Cross,"  "Mother's 
Hope,"  "  Morning"  and  "Evening,"  "  She 
Never     Told     her     Love,"     "Harmony," 


"Young  Minstrel,"  "Retrospection," 
"Saxon  Women,"  "The  Boy  Shakespeare," 
"The  Walk  to  Emmaus,"  "The  Miller's 
Daughter,"  and  "Young  Steele."  After 
some  years,  however,  Mr.  Sant  began  to 
paint  portraits,  and  his  pretty  pictures  of 
ladies  and  children  became,  and  for  some 
time  continued  to  be,  the  fashion.  Since 
1895  he  has  continued  to  exhibit  largely  at 
the  Royal  Academy's  Exhibitions,  his  sub- 
jects being  chiefly  portraits.  In  1896  he 
exhibited  a  portrait  of  Miss  Dorothea 
Baird  as  "Trilby,"  and  in  1899  as  many 
as  five  portraits.  The  largest  collection 
of  Mr.  Sant's  works  was  at  Strawberry 
Hill.  For  Countess  Waldegrave  the  artist 
painted  no  fewer  than  22  members  of  her 
distinguished  circle,  including  the  Duchess 
of  Sutherland,  the  Marchioness  of  West- 
minster when  Lady  Constance  Grosvenor, 
the  Countess  of  Shaftesbury,  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  d'Aumale,  the  Duchess  of  Wel- 
lington when  Marchioness  of  Douro,  the 
Earl  and  Countess  of  Clarendon,  Lord 
Lyndhurst,  the  Marchioness  of  Clanricarde, 
M.  Van  de  Weyer,  the  Belgian  Minister, 
Viscount  Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  Countess 
Morley,  Earl  Grey,  Bishop  Wilberforce,  and 
Countess  Waldegrave  herself.  This  Straw- 
berry Hill  gallery  of  pictures  was  exhibited 
at  the  French  Gallery,  Pall  Mall,  in  1861. 
He  was  elected  A.R.A.  in  1861  ;  R.A.  in 
1870  ;  and  in  January  1871  was  appointed 
Principal  Painter  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen 
in  succession  to  the  late  Sir  George  Hayter, 
and  was  commissioned  to  paint  a  large 
picture  of  her  Majesty  and  her  Royal 
grand-children,  the  eldest  three  children 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  a  State  por- 
trait of  the  Queen  for  the  Turkish  Em- 
bassy. In  June  1877  Mr.  Sant  was  elected 
a  corresponding  member  of  the  Royal 
Accademia  Raffaello  in  Urbino.  Mr.  Sant 
married  a  daughter  of  R.  M.  M.  Thomson, 
staff-surgeon,  Bengal  Presidency.  Ad- 
dress :  43  Lancaster  Gate,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

SANTLEY,  Charles,  baritone  singer, 
was  born  at  Liverpool  in  1834,  and  after 
receiving  a  good  musical  and  general 
education  in  his  own  country,  proceeded 
to  Italy  to  complete  his  professional  train- 
ing. He  made  his  first  appearance  as  an 
operatic  singer  in  this  country  at  Covent 
Garden,  during  the  Pyne-Harrison  man- 
agement, and  achieved  his  first  great 
successes  in  the  part  of  Hoel  in  the  opera 
of  "Dinorah"  in  1859,  and  in  that  of 
Rhineberg,  in  Vincent  Wallace's  opera  of 
"Lurline,"  in  March  1860.  He  created  so 
favourable  an  impression  in  this  latter 
character  that  he  took  rank  as  one  of  the 
most  effective  baritones  of  the  day.  His 
career,  especially  since  he  attached  himself 
exclusively  to  the  Italian  operatic  stage, 
where   he   has    distinguished    himself    in 


966 


SARASATE  —  SARDOU 


most  of  the  great  capitals  of  Europe,  has 
been  very  successful.  His  voice  is  as  re- 
markable for  its  quality  as  for  the  extent 
of  its  register,  in  the  upper  part  of  which 
it  partakes  of  a  pure  tenore  robusto,  while  in 
the  lower  portion  it  displays  the  qualities 
of  the  basso  profondo.  In  Gounod's  opera 
of  "  Faust,"  Mr.  Santley  performed  in  the 
same  season  the  parts  of  Valentine  and 
Mephistopheles.  He  sang  in  Australia  in 
1889-90  and  at  the  Cape  in  1893.  He  has 
published  a  work  entitled  "Student  and 
Singer"  (1892).  Mr.  Santley  married,  in 
1859,  Gertrude  Kemble,  a  grand-daughter 
of  Charles  Kemble  ;  she  had  appeared  in 
public  as  a  soprano  singer,  but  gave  up  her 
professional  career  after  her  marriage. 
Address  :  67  Carlton  Hill,  N.W. 

SARASATE,  Pablo  Martin  Meliton, 

Spanish  violinist,  was  born  at  Pampeluna, 
March  10,  1841.  He  entered  the  Paris 
Conservatoire  in  January  1856,  became  the 
favourite  pupil  of  Alard,  and  gained  the 
first  prizes  for  solfeggio  and  violin.  He 
then  entered  Rebur's  harmony  class  and 
secured  a  premier  accessit  in  1859,  but 
afterwards  relinquished  the  study  of  com- 
position for  the  career  of  a  concert  player. 
His  performances  were  highly  successful. 
He  has  played  in  nearly  all  the  great  towns 
between  Naples  and  Norway,  and  Portugal 
and  Moscow,  and  has  visited  America, 
North  and  South.  His  first  appearance  in 
London  was  at  the  Philharmonic  Concert 
on  May  18,  1874.  He  again  appeared  at 
the  Musical  Union  of  June  9  of  the  same 
year.  In  1877  he  played  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  on  October  13  ;  on  March  28,  1878, 
at  the  Philharmonic ;  in  1885  he  gave 
several  violin  recitals  in  London,  with  very 
remarkable  success,  and  in  1886  a  series  of 
equally  successful  concerts.  Since  then 
the  "Sarasate  Concerts"  have  become  an 
annual  feature  of  the  St.  James's  Hall 
musical  season.  His  works,  which  amount 
to  over  thirty,  have  as  their  favourite  num- 
bers, "Souvenir  de  Domont,"  "  Spanische 
Tanze,"  and  "  Serenade  Andalose."  He  is 
unmarried,  a  fact  that  is  said  to  be  due  to 
advice  given  him  by  his  master,  Auber. 

SARAWAK,  Rajah  of.  See  Brooke, 
Sir  Charles. 

SARBOTJ,  Victorien,  French  dra- 
matist, is  the  son  of  M.  Leandre  Sardou, 
a  professor  in  Paris,  and  the  compiler 
of  several  publications.  He  was  born  in 
Paris,  Sept.  7,  1831.  At  first  he  studied 
medicine,  but  he  was  obliged,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  embarrassments  of  his 
family,  to  give  private  lessons  in  history, 
philosophy,  and  mathematics.  He  also 
made  attempts  in  literature,  writing 
articles  for  several  reviews,  for  the  minor 


journals,  and  for  the  "  Dictionnaire  de  la 
Conversation."      His    first   comedy,    "  La 
Taverne  des  Etudiants,"  was  brought  out 
at  the  Odeon,  April  1,  1854,  and  proved  a 
complete  failure.     In  the  year   1857  M. 
Sardou  was  in  a  state  of  abject  poverty 
and  extreme  distress.     He  was  living  in  a 
garret,  and  was  prostrated  by  an  attack  of 
typhoid  fever  ;  but  a  neighbour,  Mdlle.  de 
Brecourt,   nursed   him    with   tender   care 
during  his  illness,  from  which  he  slowly 
recovered.     He  married  this  friend  in  the 
following  year,  and  by  her  he  was  intro- 
duced  to   Mdlle.    Dejazet,   who   had  just 
established  the  theatre  which  was  named 
after  her.     M.  Sardou,  undeterred  by  his 
former  failure,  now  turned  his  attention 
again  to  dramatic  composition,  and  quickly 
built  up  for  himself  a  brilliant  reputation. 
Nine  years  later  he  was  in  possession  of  a 
handsome  fortune  and  a  European  renown, 
when  a  gloom  was  temporarily  cast  over 
his  career  by  the  death  of  his  devoted  wife 
(1867).     M.   Sardou's   earlier  pieces   were 
performed   at   the  Theatre   Dejazet,  viz. : 
"  Les  Premieres  Armes  de  Figaro,"  Sept. 
27,    1859;    "Monsieur    Garat,"   April   30, 
1860;     and     "Les     Pre's-Saint-Gervais," 
April   24,    1862.     "Monsieur   Garat"   was 
one  of  the  most   prolonged  successes  of 
the  little  theatre,   and  "Les  Pres-Saint- 
Gervais,"  transformed  into  an  opera-bouffe, 
was  afterwards  brought  out  at  the  Theatre 
des    Varietes,   and    also,    in    an    English 
version,  at  the  Criterion  Theatre,  London. 
Subjoined  is  a  list  of  his  other  works,  with 
the    dates    of  their   first   representation : 
"  Les  Gens  Nerveux,"  Palais  Royal,  Nov.  4, 
1859  ;  "  Les  Pattes  de  Mouche,"  Gymnase, 
May   15,    I860;    "Les   Femmes    Fortes," 
Vaudeville,   Dec.  31,  1860;   "  L'Ecureuil," 
under  the  pseudonym  of  Carle,  Vaudeville, 
Feb.  9,  1861  ;  "Piccolino,"  Gymnase,  July 
18,  1861  ;  "  Nos  Intimes,"  one  of  his  most 
brilliant   successes,   Vaudeville,    Nov.    16, 
1861;  "  La  Papillonne,"  Theatre  Franijais, 
April   11,    1862,   a  piece   which   was   un- 
favourably  received  ;    "  La   Perle   Noire," 
Gymnase,  April  12, 1862  ;  "  Les  Ganaches," 
same   theatre,    Oct,   29,    1862;  "Batailles 
d'Amour,"  a  comic  opera  in   three   acts, 
written  in  conjunction  with  M.   Daclin, 
Opera    Comique,    April    13,    1863;    "Les 
Diables  Noirs,"  Vaudeville,  1863,  a  drama 
in  four  acts,  which  after  being  interdicted 
by  the  censorship,  was  severely  criticised 
by  the  press;  "Le  Degel,"  Dejazet,  April 
12  ;  "Don  Quichotte,"  1864  ;  a  fairy  piece 
in   three   acts,  Gymnase,  June   25,   1864 ; 
"Les  Pommes  du  Voisin,"  Palais  Royal, 
Oct.  25,  1864 ;  "  Capitaine  Henriot,"  Opera 
Comique,    Dec.    26,    1864;    "Les    Vieux 
Garcons,"  Gymnase,  Jan.   21,  1865 ;  "  La 
Famille    Benoiton,"   Vaudeville,    Nov.    4, 
1855;   "Nos  bons  Villageois,"  Gymnase, 
Oct.   3,    1866;  "Maison  Neuve,"  Vaude- 


SARGENT 


967 


ville,  Dec.  4, 1866  ;  "  Seraphine,"  originally 
entitled  "  La  Devote,"  Gymnase,  Dec.  21, 
1868  ;  "  Patrie,"  Porte-Saint-Martin,  March 
18,  1869  ;  "  Fernande,"  Gymnase,  March  8, 
1870;  "Le  Koi   Carotte,"   Gaite,  Jan.   15, 
1872;     "Eabagas,"    Vaudeville,    January 
1872,  a  piece  which  was  supposed  to  have 
reference  to  M.  Gambetta  ;  "  Les  Merveil- 
leuses,"     Thdatre     des     Varie'te's,     1873; 
"  Andrea,"    Gymnase,    March    17,    1873 ; 
"  L'Oncle    Sam,"   a  satire    on   American 
society,     Vaudeville,     Nov.     1873;     "La 
Haine,"  a  tragedy  which  was  not  success- 
ful,  Gaite,   December,    1874  ;    "  Ferreol," 
Gymnase,     November,    1875;    "Dora,"   a 
comedy  in  five  acts,  which  is  known  in 
England  under  the  title  of  "Diplomacy," 
and  is  a  good  sample  of  M.  Sardou's  clever- 
ness    in    play    construction,    Vaudeville, 
January   1877 ;    and   "  Les    Bourgeois    de 
Pontarcy,"     Vaudeville,     1878;     "Daniel 
Kochat,"  a  five-act  comedy,  Theatre  Fran- 
cis, Feb.  16,   1880  ;    "  Odette,"  a  play  in 
four    acts,   Vaudeville,    November    1881  ; 
"Divorcons,"a  comedy  in  three  acts,  1881  ; 
"  Fe'dora,"  1883  ;  and  "  Theodora,"   1884  ; 
the   last   two   being  written  for  Madame 
Sarah  Bernhardt.      Since  then   his  best- 
known  plays  have  been  "  La  Tosca,"  also 
written  for  Sarah  Bernhardt,  and  brought 
out    by    her    at    the    Porte-Saint-Martin 
Theatre  in  1887;  a  comedy,  "Marquise," 
produced  at  the  Vaudeville,  1889  ;  "  Ther- 
midor,"  produced  in   January   1891,    and 
prohibited     by    the    French    government 
owing   to  the  political  demonstrations  it 
excited  ;  and   "  Gismonda,"   produced  by 
Madame    Bernhardt    at   the   Renaissance 
Theatre,    Paris,    on    Oct.    31,    1894,    and 
"  Spiritisme,"  produced  by  her  in  1897.    In 
the  same  year  appeared  one  of  his  most 
successful    plays    "Madame    Sans-Gene," 
written  expressly  for  Madame  Rejane  {q.v.), 
in    which   she    portrayed    the   outspoken 
good-hearted  wife  of  Marshal  Lefevre.     It 
was  translated  into  English,  and  Sir  Henry 
Irving  and  Miss  Terry  were  seen  in  it  at 
the  Lyceum.     In  ]  899  he  wrote  a  play  on 
the  subject  of  Robespierre  for  Sir  Henry 
Irving.     M.  Sardou  has  realised  a  princely 
fortune  by  his   writings,  and  has  built  a 
splendid    chateau   at    Marly-le-Roy.      He 
married,  secondly,  on  June  17, 1872,  Mdlle. 
Soulier,   daughter  of  the  Conservateur  of 
the  Museum  of  Versailles.     He  was  deco- 
rated with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1863, 
and  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  French 
Academy  in  June   1877,  in  succession  to 
M.  Joseph  Autran.     His  reception  into  the 
French  Academy  took  place,  May  23, 1878. 
An   English    monograph   was   written   on 
M.  Sardou  in  1892  by  Roosevelt.    His  Paris 
address  is  28  Rue  de  Madrid. 

SARGENT,  John  Singer,  R.A.,   is 
an  American  by  parentage,  and,  like  some 


other  masters  of  style  in  art,  is  the  son  of 
a  scientific  father  and  an  artistic  mother. 
He  was  born  in  Florence,  Italy,  in  1856, 
his  father,  who  had  come  to  live  there, 
being  Dr.  Fitz   Hugh   Sargent,  a  Boston 
physician,  and   his  mother,  a  Miss  New- 
bold,    of    the   Philadelphia   Newbolds,   a 
clever  water-colourist.     He    received    his 
education  partly  in  Italy,  partly  in  Ger- 
many, and  entered  the  Academy  Schools, 
where  he  had  completed  some  years   of 
diligent   study   before    he  was   eighteen. 
On  a  visit  to  the  Tyrol  with  his  mother,  he 
met  the  late  Lord  Leighton,  who  praised 
his  work.     This  encouraged  him  to  study, 
under  M.  Carolus-Duran.     In  1879  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  and  was  honourably 
mentioned,  and  in  1881  obtained  a  medal 
of  the  second  class.    He  has  won  his  Euro- 
pean reputation  as  a  peculiarly  masterly 
portrait-painter  andpainter  of  genre.  Some 
of  the  most  celebrated  portraits   in   the 
United  States  are  from  his  brush,  and  he 
is  represented  at  the  Luxembourg  by  his 
"  Carmencita,"    which   was    produced   in 
New   York,   and    first    exhibited    at    the 
Society  of  American  Artists.     In  1894  he 
painted  for  Sir  Henry  Irving  a  portrait  of 
Ellen  Terry,  and  during  the  last  twenty 
years  has  exhibited  the  following  principal 
works  :  "  Fishing  for  Oysters  at  Cancale," 
and   "  En   Route   pour   la  Peche,"   1878 ; 
"Neapolitan    Children    Bathing,"     1879; 
and  "El  Jaleso,"  1882,  and,  among  por- 
traits,   those    of   Carolus-Duran    and    of 
Pozzi,   the  gynaecologist,  as   well   as  the 
"Portrait    of    a   Young    Lady"    (Salon, 
1881);  group  of  four  young  girls,  "  Hall  of 
the  Four  Children,"  1882  ;  "  Madame  G." 
(Salon,    1884);    "Mrs.    Marquand "     and 
"Mrs.  Boit"  (Royal  Academy,  1888).     At 
the  latter's  exhibition  in  1895  he  exhibited 
portraits  of  Mrs.  Ernest  Hills,  Coventry 
Patmore,  W.  Graham  Robertson,  and  Mrs. 
Russell    Cooke ;    in    1896,   of   the  Right. 
Hon.  Joseph  Chamberlain,  M.P.,  Mrs.  Ian 
Hamilton,    Sir    George    Lewis,   and   Mrs. 
Colin  Hunter,  &c.  ;  in  1897,  of  Mrs.  Carl 
Meyer  and   her  children,  a  group  which 
made  a  profound  sensation  among   con- 
noisseurs ;  and  the  Hon.  Laura  Lister  ;  in 
1898,  of   Francis  Cranmer  Penrose  (Pre- 
sident,   R.I.B.A.,    1894-96),    Mrs.    Harold 
Wilson,  Johannes  Wolff,  Asher  Wertheimer 
(a  portrait  like  that  of  Mrs.  Carl  Meyer), 
Sir  Thomas  Sutherland,  G.C.M.G.,  M.P., 
the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Watson  (painted  for 
members  of  the  legal  profession  in  Scot- 
land), and  Mrs.  Wertheimer ;  in  1899,  of 
Mrs.  Charles  Hunter,  Miss  Octavia  Hill, 
Miss    Jane     Evans,    and     Lady     Faudel- 
Phillips,  the  last  three  presentation  por- 
traits.    Mr.  Sargent  became  an  A.R.A.  in 
1894,   R.A.  in  1897,  and,  with  Mr.  E.  A. 
Abbey,  another  American,  is  one  of  the 
most  famous  of   English  Academicians. 


968 


SAELE  —  SATJNDEESON 


He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum 
under  Rule  2  in  1898.  Address  :  33  Tite 
Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

SARLE,  Sir  Allen.  Lanyon,  J.P.,  Di- 
rector of  the  London,  Brighton,  and  South 
Coast  Railway,  was  born  at  Rousay,  Ork- 
ney, on  Nov.  14,  1828,  and  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Charles  Sarle,  at  one  time 
Stipendiary  Magistrate  at  Dominica.  He 
was  educated  at  Selkirk  Grammar  School, 
and  at  the  High  School,  Edinburgh,  and 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  London, 
Brighton,  and  South  Coast  Railway  in 
1849.  He  was  General  Manager  and  Sec- 
retary of  this  line  from  1886  to  1897.  He 
is  a  Lieut. -Colonel  of  Railway  Volunteers, 
and  was  knighted  in  1896.  He  married, 
in  1859,  Elizabeth  Ann,  nie,  Horn.  Ad- 
dress :  Greenhayes,  Banstead,  Surrey. 

SARRIEN,  Jean  Marie  Ferdinand, 

French  politician,  was  born  at  Bourbon- 
Lancy,  Sa6ne  et  Loire,  Oct.  13,  1840.  He 
was  brought  up  as  a  lawyer,  and  having 
become  Mayor  of  his  native  town,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in 
1876,  where  he  sat  among  the  Republican 
Left.  In  1884  he  replaced  M.  Rouvier 
(q.v.),  as  President  of  the  Budget  Com- 
mission, and  in  1885  became  Minister  of 
Posts  and  Telegraphs  in  the  Brisson 
Cabinet.  When  this  fell,  in  the  same 
year,  he  exchanged  the  portfolio  of  Posts 
for  that  of  the  Interior  in  the  De  Freycinet 
Cabinet,   which  was  formed   in   January 

1886.  In  the  Goblet  Ministry,  which  fol- 
lowed, he  held  the  Portfolio  of  Justice. 
In  the  second  Brisson  Cabinet  of  1898  he 
again  held  that  position,  and  distinguished 
himself  with  the  Premier  as  an  advocate 
of  the  revision  of  the  Dreyfus  trial.  His 
Paris  address  is  :  22  Avenue  de  la  Obser- 
vatoire. 

SASSOON,  Sir  Edward  Albert,  Bart., 
D.L.,  was  born  on  June  20,  1856,  and  is 
the  eldest  surviving  son  of  the  1st  baronet, 
Sir  Albert  A.  Sassoon,  of  Bombay.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  1896,  and  has  been 
a  Major  in  the  Middlesex  Yeomanry  (Duke 
of  Cambridge's  Hussars).     He  married,  in 

1887,  Aline  Caroline,  daughter  of  Baron 
Gustave  de  Rothschild.  Addresses  :  25 
Park  Lane,  W.  ;  1  Eastern  Terrace, 
Brighton  ;  Sans  Souci,  Bombay. 

SATOW,      Sir     Ernest     Mason, 

K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1843,  and  having 
been  educated  at  London  University,  be- 
came a  student  interpreter  in  1861.  He 
accompanied  Colonel  Neale,  the  Charge' 
d'Affaires,  to  Japan,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Kagosima,  in  September 
1863,  and  at  the  bombardment  of  Shimo- 
nosak.       In    1864   he  was  interpreter   to 


Admiral  Kuper.  In  1865  he  was  appointed 
an  interpreter  in  Japanese,  and  promoted 
to  be  Japanese  Secretary  in  1868,  and 
second  Secretary  of  Legation  in  1876.  In 
1883  he  was  made  a  C.M.G.,  and  promoted 
to  be  Agent  at  Bangkok,  1884.  He  was 
transferred  to  Monte  Video  in  1883,  and 
promoted  to  be  Minister  to  Morocco  in 
1893.  Two  years  later  he  returned  to 
Japan  as  Minister  Plenipotentiary.  Sir  E. 
M.  Satow  is  one  of  the  finest  of  Japanese 
scholars,  and  has  written  much  on  the 
affairs  of  the  country,  being  one  of  the 
authors  of  Murray's  Guide. 

SAUNDERS,  Sir  Edwin,  Knight, 
F.R.C.S.,  F.G.S.,  son  of  Mr.  Saunders, 
publisher  and  author,  of  the  firm  of 
Saunders  &  Ottley,  was  born  in  London, 
March  12,  1814,  and  has  become  distin- 
guished as  a  dental  surgeon.  From  1837 
to  1854  he  was  Surgeon-Dentist  and  Lec- 
turer on  the  Anatomy  and  Diseases  of  the 
Teeth  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  has 
been  Surgeon-Dentist  to  the  Queen  since 
1848.  He  is  also  Dentist  to  the  Prince 
and  Princess  of  Wales.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society, 
has  been  twice  President  of  the  Odonto- 
logical  Society,  was  President  of  the  Met. 
B.  of  the  British  Medical  Association,  and 
President  of  Section  XII.  of  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  of  1881,  and  is 
the  author  of  "  Advice  on  the  Care  of  the 
Teeth,"  and  "  Teeth  the  Test  of  Age,  con- 
sidered with  reference  to  the  Factory 
Act."  Sir  Edwin  Saunders  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  in  1883.  He  was 
for  many  years  a  Member  of  Council  of 
the  Royal  Botanic  Society,  Regent's  Park, 
London,  and  is  President  of  the  National 
Chrysanthemum  Society.  He  married,  in 
1848,  Marian,  daughter  of  G.  Burgess. 
Address  :  Fairlawn,  Wimbledon  Common, 
Surrey. 

SAUNDEKSON,  Colonel,  The 
Bight  Hon.  Edward  James,  M.P.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  was  born  in  1837,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Colonel  A.  Saunderson,  M.P.,  of 
Castle  Saunderson,  and  Sarah,  daughter 
of  the  6th  Lord  Farnham.  He  served  for 
some  time  in  the  Royal  Irish  Fusiliers, 
and  retired  with  the  rank  of  Major.  In 
1886  he  was  promoted  to  be  Hon.  Lieut.  - 
Colonel  of  the  4th  Battalion  (Militia)  of 
the  same  regiment.  He  sat  in  the  House 
of  Commons  as  Liberal  member  for  County 
Cavan  from  1865  to  1874.  Since  1885  he 
has  represented  Co.  Armagh  (North),  and 
as  a  Unionist  has  been  the  doughty  and 
constant  opponent  of  the  Home  Rulers. 
He  is  J.P.  and  D.  L.  for  Cavan,  and  in 
1859  was  High  Sheriff  for  the  county.  He 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Privy 
Council,  January   1879.     He  married,  in 


SAUSSIER  — SAVAGE 


969 


1865,  a  daughter  of  the  3rd  Lord  Ventry. 
Addresses :  5  Deanery  Street,  Park  Lane, 
W. ;  and  Castle  Saunderson,  Belturbet, 
Cavan. 

SATTSSIER,  Felix  Gustave,  French 
General,  was  born  at  Troyes,  Jan.  16, 
1S28,  and  left  the  military  school  of  St. 
Cyr  as  Second  Lieutenant  of  Infantry, 
Oct.  1,  1850.  He  became  a  Lieutenant  in 
1854,  a  Captain  in  1855,  a  Major  in  1863, 
and  a  Lieut.-Colonel  in  1867.  He  took 
part  in  the  wars  of  the  Crimea,  Italy,  and 
Mexico,  and  was  promoted  Colonel  in 
1869.  During  the  siege  of  Metz  he  com- 
manded the  41st  Regiment  of  Infantry, 
and  when  Marshal  Bazaine  surrendered 
the  fortress,  he  protested,  with  forty-two 
other  officers,  against  his  treachery.  He 
was  taken  to  Germany  as  a  prisoner,  but 
succeeded  in  making  his  escape,  crossed 
Austria  and  Italy,  and  rejoined  the  army 
of  the  Loire.  In  January  1871  he  was 
promoted  General  of  Brigade,  and  com- 
manded at  Algiers.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  for 
his  native  Department  of  the  Aube,  and 
being  relieved  of  his  command,  joined  the 
Left  Centre,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  discussions  on  army  re-organisation. 
He  refused  to  be  elected  to  the  Senate,  in 
order  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  his 
military  duties,  and  in  May  1876  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  58th 
Brigade  of  Infantry  at  Marseilles.  In 
July  1878  he  became  a  General  of  Division, 
and  commanded  Army  Corps  at  Nancy, 
Algiers,  and  Chalons.  When  the  occupa- 
tion of  Tunis  was  in  progress,  he  returned 
to  Algiers,  and  the  French  success  there 
was  greatly  aided  by  his  energy.  In  1884 
he  succeeded  General  Lecointe  as  Governor 
of  Paris,  and  during  his  long  tenure  of 
that  difficult  post,  he  succeeded  in  inspir- 
ing all  parties  with  confidence  in  his  abili- 
ties. During  1886,  when  General  Boulanger 
was  Minister  of  War,  he  protested  in  the 
press  against  the  attacks  of  that  Minister 
on  the  Paris  garrison.  On  being  repri- 
manded for  this,  he  sent  in  his  resignation, 
which  created  such  a  stir  in  high  military 
quarters  that  he  was  persuaded  to  with- 
draw it.  When  M.  Gre'vy  retired  from  the 
Presidency  in  1887,  he  took  measures  to 
repress  vigorously  any  disturbances  that 
might  arise  if  M.  Jules  Ferry  were  elected 
in  his  place.  During  the  great  manoeuvres 
of  1891  he  held  the  supreme  command,  and 
four  corps  d'armfe  obeyed  his  orders.  In 
1893  he  reached  the  limit  of  age,  but  was 
granted  a  special  dispensation,  under 
which  he  remained  at  his  post  until  recent 
years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Gene- 
ral Zurlinden.  He  became  a  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1881, 
and   was    awarded    the    military    medal 


in  1882.  Addresses  :  0  Place  Vend6me, 
Paris  ;  and  Chateau  de  Thimecourt,  Seine 
et  Oise. 

SAVAGE,  George  Henry,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  was  born  at  Brighton,  Nov.  12, 
1843,  and  is  the  second  son  of  William 
Dawson  Savage,  J.P.,  of  Brighton.  He  was 
educated  at  private  schools  at  Brighton, 
then  attended  classes  at  Brighton  College, 
and  was  pupil  at  the  Sussex  County  Hos- 
pital, under  Drs.  Ormerod,  Moon,  Blaker, 
Lowdell,  and  others.  He  entered  at  Guy's 
after  matriculating  at  the  London  Univer- 
sity, and  took  his  degree  at  that  University, 
obtaining  a  Gold  Medal  for  organic  che- 
mistry and  materia  medioa,  being  brack- 
eted with  scholar  in  medicine  at  the  final 
M.B.,  obtaining  honours  in  obstetric  medi- 
cine. He  received  the  treasurer's  Gold 
Medal  at  Guy's  for  clinical  medicine,  and 
held  all  the  appointments  open  to  students 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  including  the  House 
Surgeonship.  He  then  was  appointed 
medical  officer  of  the  London  Lead  Com- 
pany's mines  in  Nent-Head,  Cumberland, 
where  for  over  four  years  he  had  charge 
of  a  very  extensive  district.  He  left  the 
North  on  his  appointment  to  the  assistant 
medical  officership  to  Bethlehem  in  1872, 
in  succession  to  Dr.  Kayner,  who  was  ap- 
pointed to  Hanwell.  He  succeeded  Dr. 
Rhys  Williams  as  senior  physician  and 
superintendent  in  1878,  which  post  he 
held  till  1888.  He  is  now  Lecturer  on 
Mental  Diseases  at  Guy's  Hospital.  He 
has  been  co-editor  of  the  Journal  of  Mental 
Science,  the  organ  of  the  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association,  for  over  ten  years,  and 
has  written  a  manual  on  insanity,  besides 
many  papers  in  the  Guy's  Hospital  Gazette 
and  other  medical  papers.  He  has  been 
President  of  the  Medico-Psychological 
Association,  and  also  President  of  the 
Psychological  Branch  of  the  British 
Medical  Association.  He  is  ex-President 
of  the  Neurological  Society,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Alpine  Club,  and  sub-editor  of 
the  section  "Mental  Diseases  "  in  Clifford 
Allbutt's  "  System  of  Medicine."  He  was 
secretary  of  the  psychological  section  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress  held  in 
London.  He  married  (1)  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Jacob  Walton,  Esq.,  of  Greenends, 
Alston  Moor,  who  died  at  the  birth  of 
her  first  child.  He  married  (2),  the  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Sutton,  physician  to  the  Lon- 
don Hospital,  by  whom  he  has  one  son. 
Address  :  3  Henrietta  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  W. 

SAVAGE,  Bichard  Henry,  author, 
soldier,  diplomat,  traveller,  &c. ,  was  born 
in  1846  at  Utica,  New  York,  and  educated 
at  the  United  States  Military  Academy, 
West  Point.      He  is  descended  from  the 


970 


SAVAGE-AEMSTEONG 


Savages  of  Worcester  and  the  Ewarts  of 
Stirling.  His  boyhood  was  spent  in  Cali- 
fornia from  1851  to  1864  among  the  wild 
scenes  of  western  American  life.  Pro- 
moted as  an  honour  graduate  to  be  an 
officer  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  United 
States  Army,  he  served  upon  the  western 
frontiers  until  1871.  Transferred  to  the 
diplomatic  service,  he  filled  various  high 
positions  in  Europe  and  America  under 
General  Grant's  administration.  Selected 
by  General  Sherman,  he  served  as  Major 
and  Chief  of  Staff  to  Stone  Pasha  in  Egypt. 
For  some  years  he  was  identified  with  rail- 
road construction  and  practical  engineer- 
ing, but  since  1884  has  devoted  himself 
to  travel  and  literature.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  quelling  the  Kearny  riots  in 
San  Francisco  as  Colonel  of  the  National 
Guard,  and  afterwards  qualified  himself 
for  the  Bar,  being  admitted  to  practise  in 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
He  is  a  member  of  many  scientific  and 
literary  societies,  and  has  travelled  the 
whole  world  over,  making  special  explora- 
tions in  Siberia,  Corea,  Central  America, 
Africa,  and  Russia.  He  is  well  known  as 
a  public  speaker  and  lecturer  upon  graver 
matters,  but  has  latterly  gained  distinction 
as  a  poet  and  writer  of  romantic  fiction. 
In  1890  Colonel  Savage  selected  New  York 
City  as  a  residence,  and  definitely  devoted 
himself  to  literary  pursuits.  In  eight  years 
he  has  produced  twenty-four  volumes, 
novels,  poems,  and  stories.  His  first  novel, 
"My  Official  Wife,"  scored  a  wonderful 
success,  and  has  been  translated  into 
seventeen  languages,  as  well  as  extensively 
dramatised.  "Prince  Schamyl's  Wooing," 
"In  the  Old  Chateau,"  and  "Delilah  of 
Harlem "  have  been  also  notable  hits. 
The  works  of  this  writer  are  published  in 
the  United  States,  England,  and  Germany, 
and  have  been  translated  into  nearly  all  the 
Continental  languages.  Colonel  Savage 
enjoys  an  enormous  cosmopolitan  ac- 
quaintance, the  result  of  twenty-five  years 
of  travel  and  a  life  of  the  most  stirring 
adventure.  He  spends  a  large  portion  of 
his  time  in  Russia,  his  only  daughter 
being  married  to  a  Russian  noble  of  high 
rank. 

SAVAGE-ARMSTRONG,  George 
Francis,  M.A.,  D.Lit.,  poet,  born  in  the 
county  of  Dublin,  May  5, 1845,  is  the  third 
and  only  surviving  son  of  the  late  E.  J. 
Armstrong,  Esq.,  and  Jane,  daughter  and 
eventual  co-heiress  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry 
Savage,  of  Glastry,  J. P.,  Incumbent  of 
Arrlkeen,  co.  Down,  and  representative  of 
the  Glastry  branch  of  the  ancient  Anglo- 
Norman  family  of  Savage  of  the  Ards. 
He  received  his  early  education  partly  in 
Dublin  and  partly  in  Jersey.  In  1862  he 
made  a  long  pedestrian  tour  in   France 


with  his  elder  brother,  the  poet,  Edmund 
Armstrong.  In  the  same  year  he  obtained 
a  civil  appointment  in  Dublin,  and  matri- 
culated in  Dublin  University,  where  his 
career  was  most  brilliant.  In  1869  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  "Poems,  Lyrical  and 
Dramatic."  In  1870  appeared  "Ugone; 
a  Tragedy,"  written  for  the  most  part 
during  his  residence  in  Italy.  In  1871  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Crown  Professor  of 
History  and  English  Literature  in  Queen's 
College,  Cork,  and  a  Professor  of  the 
Queen's  University  in  Ireland ;  and  the 
next  year  he  was  presented  with  the 
degree  of  M.A.  by  the  Board  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  recognition  of  his 
"high  literary  character  and  attainments." 
In  1872  he  published  "King  Saul"  (the 
first  part  of  the  "Tragedy  of  Israel"), 
and  new  editions  of  "Poems,  Lyrical  and 
Dramatic,"  and  "Ugone."  In  1874  these 
were  followed  by  "King  David"  (the 
second  part  of  the  "Tragedy  of  Israel"), 
and  in  1876  by  "King  Solomon,"  which 
completed  the  Trilogy.  In  1877  he  pub- 
lished the  "Life  and  Letters"  of  his 
late  brother  Edmund,  together  with 
a  volume  of  his  "Essays,"  and  a  new 
and  enlarged  edition  of  his  "  Poeti- 
cal Works  "  (1st  edit.,  1865).  In  1882 
he  was  presented  with  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Literature,  honoris  causd,  by  the 
Queen's  University,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland  ; 
and  in  the  spring  of  the  same  year  he 
published  a  volume  of  poems  under  the 
title  of  "A  Garland  from  Greece,"  sug- 
gested by  travels  in  Greece  and  Turkey  a 
year  or  two  before.  In  1866  he  published 
a  new  volume  of  poems  entitled  "  Stories 
of  Wicklow";  in  1887,  "Victoria  Regina 
et  Imperatrix:  a  Jubilee-song  from  Ire- 
land"; and  in  1888,  "  Mephistopheles  in 
Broadcloth  :  a  Satire  in  Verse."  In  1892 
he  published  "One  in  the  Infinite,"  a 
philosophical  poem  in  three  parts,  and  a 
new  and  enlarged  edition  of  "Poems, 
Lyrical  and  Dramatic,"  and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  entrusted  by  the  Board  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  with  the  honour- 
able duty  of  writing  the  Ode  for  the  Ter- 
centenary Festival  of  Dublin  University, 
which  was  set  to  music  by  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Sir  Robert  Stewart,  Mus.  Doc,  and 
performed  with  great  (dot  on  the  opening 
night  of  the  Festival.  In  1897,  on  the 
occasion  of  her  Majesty's  Diamond  Ju- 
bilee, Mr.  Savage-Armstrong  published  an 
ode  in  celebration  of  the  event,  entitled, 
"  Queen-Empress  and  Empire,"  written  in 
the  old  Anglo-Saxon  alliterative  measure, 
for  which  he  was  honoured  by  a  gracious 
expression  of  her  Majesty's  thanks.  Mr. 
Savage-Armstrong  has  delivered  many 
public  lectures  on  literary  subjects  to 
crowded  audiences.     He  is  a  Vice-Presi- 


SAVORY  — SAXE-COBURG  AND  GOTHA 


971 


dent  of  the  National  Literary  Society  of 
Ireland,  a  Vice-President  of  the  Dublin 
University  Amateur  Dramatic  Club  (of 
which  Sir  Henry  Irving  is  President), 
President  of  the  Cork  Shakespearian  So- 
ciety, and  a  member  of  various  other 
learned  societies.  In  Ireland  he  is  known 
as  the  "  Poet  of  Wicklow."  In  1879  Mr. 
Savage-Armstrong  married  Marie  Eliza- 
beth, younger  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
John  Wrixon,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Malone,  co. 
Antrim.  In  1891,  consequent  upon  the 
death  of  a  maternal  uncle,  he  assumed  the 
additional  surname  of  Savage,  prefixed  to 
Armstrong,  as  representative  of  his  grand- 
father, the  late  Rev.  Henry  Savage,  of 
Glastry.  Address  :  Beech  Hurst,  Bray, 
co.  Wicklow. 

SAVORY,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.,  M.P., 
D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  July  23,  1843,  and 
is  the  son  of  Joseph  Savory.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow.  He  is  an  Alderman  of 
the  City  of  London,  was  Sheriff  in  1882-83, 
and  Lord  Mayor  in  1890-91.  The  German 
Emperor's  visit  to  the  city  occurring 
during  his  Lord  Mayoralty,  he  was  created 
a  baronet.  He  is  Chairman  of  Princess 
Helena  College,  and  Governor  of  the  Royal 
Holloway  College,  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
and  St.  Bartholomew's  and  St.  Thomas's 
Hospitals.  He  has  sat  as  Conservative 
member  of  Parliament  for  the  Appleby 
Division  of  Westmoreland  since  1892.  He 
is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Westmoreland  and 
Berks,  and  Lord  of  the  Manors  of  Wharton 
and  Nateby,  Westmoreland.  He  married, 
in  1888,  Helen  Pemberton,  daughter  of 
Lieut. -Col.  Sir  George  A.  Leach,  K.C.B. 
Addresses  :  33  Upper  Brook  Street,  W.  ; 
and  Buckhurst  Park,  Sunninghill,  Berks. 

SAWYER,  Sir  James,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
F.R.S.E.,  J.P.,  son  of  James  Sawyer,  of 
Carlisle,  was  born  at  Carlisle  in  1844,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Birmingham. 
He  became  M.B.  of  University  of  London 
in  1867,  taking  this  degree  with  first-class 
honours  in  Medicine  ;  M.D.  Lond.  1873  ; 
M.R.C.P.  1874.  He  was  chosen  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of 
London  in  1883,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1891.  He  is  in 
practice  as  a  consulting  physician.  He 
was  appointed  Resident  Physician  at  the 
Queen's  Hospital,  Birmingham,  in  1867, 
Honorary  Physician  in  1871,  Consulting 
Physician  in  1889.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Pathology  at  the  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Birmingham,  in  1875  ;  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  in  1878,  Co-Professor  of 
Medicine  in  1885.  He  has  also  been 
Honorary  Physician  to  the  Birmingham 
and  Midland  Hospital  for  Sick  Children, 
President  of  the  Birmingham  Clinical 
Board  (of  the  General  and  Queen's  Hos- 


pitals), President  of  the  Midland  Medical 
Society,  President  of  the  Birmingham  and 
Midland  Counties  Branch  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  Vice-President  of  the 
New  Sydenham  Society  (London),  Presi- 
dent of  the  Birmingham  Blue-Coat  School, 
editor  of  the  Birmingham  Medica1,  Re- 
view. He  was  knighted  in  1885,  in  re- 
cognition of  his  eminence  as  a  physician 
and  his  long  and  valuable  services  to  the 
Queen's  Hospital,  is  a  magistrate  for 
Birmingham,  and  author  of  "  Physical 
Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Lungs  and 
Heart,  &c,"  London,  1870,  pp.  251  ;  "  Con- 
tributions to  Practical  Medicine,"  1886, 
2nd  edition,  pp.  201,  1891  ;  "  Notes  on 
Medical  Education,"  pp.  113,  1889  ;  and 
has  published  essays  upon  ' '  Floating  Kid- 
ney," "  Clinical  Thermometry,"  "  Phthi- 
sical Laryngitis,"  "Treatment  of  Eczema," 
"Treatment  of  Gastralgia,"  "Application 
of  Sphygmograph,"  &c.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Birmingham  Conservative 
Association,  1886-89 ;  Chairman  of  the 
Midland  Union  of  Conservative  Associa- 
tions (ten  counties),  1886-90.  He  married 
Adelaide  Marv,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J. 
Hill,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  Rector  of  Cranoe, 
Leicestershire,  and  has  issue  two  sons  and 
two  daughters.  Addresses :  31  Temple 
Row,  Birmingham ;  and  Haseley  Hall, 
Warwick  ;  &c. 

SAXE-COBURG  and  GOTHA, 
Duke  of,  H.R.H.  Prince  Alfred  Alex- 
ander William  Ernest  Albert,  first 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  K.G.,  K.T.,  K.P., 
G.C.S.I.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  the  second  son 
of  her  Most  Gracious  Majesty  the  Queen  and 
his  Royal  Highness  the  late  Prince  Albert, 
was  born  at  Windsor  Castle,  Aug.  6,  1844. 
His  early  education  was  entrusted  to  the 
Rev.  H.  M.  Birch  ;  from  1852  to  F.  W. 
Gibbs,  Esq.,  C.B.  ;  and  in  1856  the  Prince 
was  placed  under  the  special  care  of  Major 
Cowell,  R.E.,  and  spent  the  winter  of 
1856-57  at  Geneva,  studying  modern 
languages.  Having  decided  upon  join- 
ing the  naval  service,  Prince  Alfred  was 
placed  under  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Jolly,  at 
Alverbank,  near  Gosport,  where  he  pur- 
sued the  preparatory  studies  for  his  pro- 
fession during  the  summer  of  1858.  He 
entered  the  service,  after  a  strict  and 
searching  examination,  Aug.  31,  1858, 
was  appointed  a  Naval  Cadet,  and  joined 
her  Majesty's  screw  steam  -  frigate 
Euryalus,  fifty-one  guns,  Captain  John 
Walter  Tarleton,  C.B.  After  a  leave  of 
absence  for  a  few  weeks,  Prince  Alfred 
joined  his  ship  for  active  sea-service,  Oct. 
27,  1858,  and  served  in  the  St.  George  on 
various  foreign  stations,  visited  many  of 
the  countries  on  the  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  extended  his  travels  to 
America  and  the  West  Indies.      In  Dec. 


972 


SAXE-COBURG  AND  GOTHA  —  S AXE-WEIMAR 


1862  Prince  Alfred  declined  the  offer  made 
to  him  of  the  throne  of  Greece.  In  Feb. 
1866  Parliament  granted  him  £15,000  a 
year,  payable  from  the  day  on  which  he 
attained  his  majority,  with  an  additional 
£10,000  on  his  marriage.  He  was  created 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  Earl  of  Kent,  and 
Earl  of  Ulster,  in  the  peerage  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  May  24,  1866,  and  took 
bis  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  June  8. 
His  Royal  Highness  was  sworn  in  Master 
of  the  Trinity  House,  March  21,  1866,  and 
received  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  Lon- 
don, June  8.  Early  in  1867  the  Duke  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  frigate 
Galatea,  which  sailed  from  Plymouth 
Sound,  Feb.  26.  Since  then  he  has  visited 
nearly  every  country  in  the  world,  pro- 
ceeding first  to  Australia,  where  he  met 
with  an  enthusiastic  reception  on  the  part 
of  the  inhabitants  ;  and  great  indignation 
was  felt  at  the  dastardly  attempt  of  an 
Irishman,  named  O'Farrell,  to  assassinate 
the  Prince  at  a  picnic  held  at  Clontarf ,  near 
Port  Jackson,  New  South  Wales,  on  March 
12,  1868.  The  Prince,  however,  was  only 
slightly  wounded  in  the  back  by  a  pistol- 
shot.  O'Farrell  was  tried  on  March  31, 
found  guilty,  and  executed  on  April  21. 
His  Royal  Highness  subsequently  visited 
Japan  (where  he  was  received  both 
publicly  and  privately  by  the  Mikado), 
China,  and  India.  In  1873  he  went  to 
Italy,  and  on  April  20  had  an  audience 
with  the  Pope  in  Rome.  On  Jan.  23,  1874, 
his  marriage  with  the  Grand-Duchess 
Marie  Alexandrovna,  only  daughter  of 
Alexander  II.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  was 
celebrated  with  great  pomp  at  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  and  on  March  12  the  Duke  and 
Duchess,  accompanied  by  her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  made  a  public  entry  into  London 
amid  much  popular  enthusiasm.  He  and 
the  Duchess  celebrated  their  silver  wed- 
ding at  Coburg  on  Jan.  23,  1899.  His 
Royal  Highness  is  Duke  of  Saxony  and 
Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  In  Nov. 
1882  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Vice- 
Admiral  in  her  Majesty's  fleet  ;  and  since 
that  time  he  has  held  various  important 
commands.  In  1888  his  Royal  Highness, 
in  command  of  the  Mediterranean  Squa- 
dron, visited  some  of  the  chief  conti- 
nental capitals,  and  on  the  occasion  of  his 
visit  to  Madrid  he  was  invested  with,  the 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece  by  the  Queen- 
Regent  of  Spain.  He  gave  up  his  com- 
mand in  1889.  On  the  death  of  H.R.H. 
the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha,  on 
Aug.  22,  1893,  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh 
succeeded  him  in  the  Duchy,  and  took  the 
oath  of  loyalty  to  the  constitution  in  the 
German  Emperor's  presence,  afterwards 
paying  him  a  state  visit  at  Potsdam.  He 
had  previously  (June  1888)  been  promoted 
to  the  rank    (honorary)   of    an    Infantry 


General  in  the  German  Army.  The  Prince 
of  Saxe-Coburg  resides  a  portion  of  every 
year  in  England,  and  keeps  up  an  estab- 
lishment at  Clarence  House.  He  thus 
retains  the  annuity  of  £10,000  given  him 
in  1873,  but  has  voluntarily  relinquished 
the  annuity  of  £15,000  conferred  on  him 
in  1866.  As  a  foreign  sovereign  he  has 
ceased  to  be  a  Privy  Councillor.  He  was 
created  G.C.V.O.,  at  the  Birthday  in  1899. 

SAXE-COBURG  AND  GOTHA, 
Duchess  of,  Her  Royal  Highness 
Marie  Alexandrovna,  Grand-Duchess 
of  Russia,  only  daughter  of  the  late  Em- 
peror of  Russia,  and  sister  of  the  present 
Emperor,  was  born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct. 
17,  1853,  and  was  married  at  St.  Peters- 
burg to  his  Royal  Highness  Prince  Alfred, 
Duke  of  Edinburgh.  On  Oct.  15,  1874,  the 
Duchess  gave  birth  at  Buckingham  Palace 
to  a  son,  who,  on  the  23rd  of  the  following 
month,  was  baptized  by  the  names  of 
Alfred  Alexander  William  Ernest  Albert, 
the  sponsors  being  Queen  Victoria,  the 
Emperor  of  Russia,  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Crown 
Princess  of  Germany,  and  the  Duke  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Prince  Alfred  died 
on  Feb.  6,  1899.  The  Duchess  of  Edin- 
burgh's other  children  are  the  Princess 
Marie  Alexandra  Victoria,  born  Oct.  29, 
1875  ;  the  Princess  Victoria  Melita,  born 
at  Malta,  Nov.  25,  1876  ;  the  Princess 
Alexandra  Louise  Olga  Victoria,  born  at 
Coburg,  Sept.  1,  1878  ;  and  the  Princess 
Beatrice  Leopoldine  Victoria,  born  April 
20,  1884.  Her  eldest  daughter,  the 
Princess  Marie,  was  married  at  Sigma- 
ringen,  on  Jan.  10,  1893,  to  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Roumania,  and  has  issue,  Prince 
Carol,  born  Oct.  15,  1893,  and  a  daughter, 
Princess  Elizabeth  ;  and  her  second  daugh- 
ter, Princess  Victoria  Melita,  was  married 
at  Coburg  to  the  Grand-Duke  of  Hesse  in 
April  1894,  and  has  issue,  a  girl.  Her 
third  daughter,  Alexandra,  was  married 
in  1896  to  Ernest,  Hereditary  Prince  of 
Hohenlohe-Langenburg,  and  has  issue, 
Prince  Godefroi. 

SAXE -WEIMAR,  H.H.  Field- 
Marshal  Prince  "William  Augustus 
Edward  of,  K.P.,  G.C.B.,  P.O.,  Colonel 
of  the  1st  Life  Guards,  was  born 
at  Bushey  Park  in  1823,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Duke  Bernard  of 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach  and  Princess  Ida, 
daughter  of  George,  Duke  of  Saxe-Meinin- 
gen.  He  entered  the  Grenadier  Guards  in 
1841,  and  served  through  the  Crimean 
campaign,  being  present  at  the  battles  of 
Alma,  Balaclava,  Inkerman,  and  Sebas- 
topol.  From  1870  to  1876  he  commanded 
the  Home  District,  and  from  1878  to  1883 
the  Southern  District,  while  from  1885  to 


SAXONY  —  SCH AFER 


973 


1890  he  was  in  command  of  the  Forces  in 
Ireland.  His  Highness  was  sworn  of  the 
Privy  Council  (Ireland)  in  1885,  and  was 
created  K.P.  in  1890,  G.O.B.  (Military)  in 
1887,  and  raised  to  the  rank  of  Field- 
Marshal  in  1897.  He  married,  in  1851, 
Lady  Augusta  Catherine  Gordon-Lennox 
daughter  of  the  5th  Duke  of  Richmond 
she  being  subsequently  granted  the  title 
of  Princess  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar  in 
England,  and  of  Countess  of  Dornburg,  in 
Germany.    Address:  16  Portland  Place,  W. 

SAXONY,   King  of.     See   Albert, 
King  of  Saxony. 

SAYCE,  The  Rev.  Archibald  Henry, 

M.A.,  LL.D.,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Assyriology 
at  Oxford,  born  at  Shirehampton,  near 
Bristol,  Sept.  25,  1846,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  H.  S.  Sayce,  Rector  of 
Caldicot,  and  was  educated  partly  at  home, 
and  partly  at  Grosvenor  College,  Bath. 
He  became  Scholar  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  in  1865,  was  first  class  in  Modera- 
tions in  1866,  first  class  in  the  Final 
Classical  Schools  in  1868,  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  1869,  Tutor  in 
1870.  He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1870, 
and  Priest  in  1871.  He  became  Deputy- 
Professor    of    Comparative    Philology   in 

1876  ;  was  appointed  Professor  of  Assyri- 
ology at  Oxford  University  in  1891,  and  is 
a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Madrid,  Honorary  Centenary  Member 
of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  Honorary 
Member  of  the  American  Anthropological 
Society,  the  Peking  Oriental  Society,  &c. 
He  is  President  of  the  Society  of  Biblical 
Archseology.  He  received  an  honorary 
LL.D.  degree  in  Dublin  in  1881,  and  an 
honorary  D.D.  degree  in  Edinburgh  in 
1889.  He  has  published:  "Outlines  of 
Accadian  Grammar,"  in  the  Journal  of 
Philology,  1870;  "An  Assyrian  Grammar 
for  Comparative  Purposes,"  1872  ;  "  The 
Principles  of  Comparative  Philology," 
1874  (2nd  edit.,  1875);  "The  Astronomy 
and  Astrology  of  the  Babylonians,"  1874 ; 
"An  Elementary  Assyrian  Grammar  and 
Reading  Book,"  1875  (2nd  edit.,  1877); 
"  Lectures  on  the  Assyrian  Syllabary  and 
Grammar,"  1877;  "Babylonian  Litera- 
ture," 1877;  "Critical  Examination  of 
Isaiah  xxxvi.-xxxix.,  the  Chaldean  Account 
of  the  Deluge,  and  the  Date  of  the  Ethno- 
logical Table  of  Genesis,"  in  the  Theological 
Review,  1873-74  ;  "  The  Jelly-Fish  Theory 
of  Language,"  in  the  Contemporary  Review, 
April  1876  ;  "  The  Karian  Inscriptions,"  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Biblical 
Arch.,  ix.  1;  "Accadian  Phonology"  in 
Transactions    of    the    Philological    Society, 

1877  ;  "  The  Tenses  of  the  Assyrian  Verb  " 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  R.S.A.,  1877  ; 
"  Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Language," 


2  vols.,  1880;  "The  Monuments  of  the 
Hittites,"  1881;  "The  Vannic  Inscrip- 
tions Deciphered  and  Translated,"  1882 ; 
"Herodotus,  i.-iii."  1883;  "  The  Ancient 
Empires  of  the  East,"  and  "Fresh  Light 
.from  the  Ancient  Monuments,"  1884; 
."Introduction  to  Ezra,  Nehemiah,  and 
Esther,"  and  "Assyria,"  and  decipherment 
of  "The  Inscriptions  of  Mai- Amir,"  1885; 
"Presidential  Address  to  the  Anthropo- 
logical Section  of  the  British  Association," 
1887;  "Life  and  Times  of  Isaiah,"  and 
"The  Hittites,"  1889.  Mr.  Sayce  has 
edited  the  late  George  Smith's  "History 
of  Babylonia,"  1877,  and  "  Sennacherib," 
1878  ;  and  "  Chaldfean  Genesis,"  1879,  and 
the  second  series  of  "  Records  of  the  Past," 
1888-90.  In  1891  he  wrote  largely  on 
Greek  papyri.  In  1893  appeared  his  edi- 
tion of  Vaux's  "Ancient  History  from 
the  Monuments,"  and  in  1894  "The 
Higher  Criticism  and  the  Verdict  of 
the  Monuments"  (C.K.S.).  In  the  same 
year  he  contributed  chapters  to  Flinders 
Petrie's  "Tell  El  Amarna."  His  most 
recent  publications  are :  "  Patriarchal 
Palestine,"  "  The  Egypt  of  the  Hebrews 
and  Herodotus,"  1895;  "Murray's  Hand- 
book to  Egypt,"  1896  ;  "  The  Early  History 
of  the  Hebrews,"  1898.  He  has  also  edited 
the  English  translations  of  Maspero's 
"  Dawn  of  Civilisation,"  and  "  Struggle  of 
the  Nations."  In  May  1898  he  had  in 
the  press  (1)  "Early  Israel  and  the  Sur- 
rounding Nations,"  and  (2)  "The  Life 
and  Customs  of  the  Babylonians  and 
Assyrians."  In  1887  he  delivered  the 
Hibbert  Lectures  on  "  The  Religion  of  the 
Ancient  Babylonians,"  and  presided  over 
the  Anthropological  Section  of  the  British 
Association.  Professor  Sayce  left  Oxford 
in  November  1890,  to  spend  the  winter  in 
Egypt,  and  since  that  time  has  spent  more 
than  half  the  year  on  the  Nile  in  his 
tahabia,  Jstar,  engaged  in  exploration 
and  literary  work.  Addresses  :  23  Chep- 
stow Villas,  W. ;  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ; 
Cairo ;  and  Athenseum. 

SCHAEEK,  Professor  Edward 
Albert,  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  M.R.C.S.,  F.R.S., 
was  born  in  Hornsey  in  June  1850,  and  is 
the  third  son  of  the  late  J.  W.  H.  Schafer, 
of  Highgate.  He  was  educated  at  Clewer 
House  School,  Windsor,  and  in  the  Medical 
School  of  University  College,  London, 
gaining  at  the  University  of  London  the 
scholarships  in  Zoology  and  in  Anatomy 
and  Physiology.  He  was  for  some  time 
assistant  to  Dr.  Burdon  Sanderson,  and 
is  famous  as  a  physiological  investigator, 
and  from  1883  to  1899  was  Jodrell  Professor 
of  Physiology  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, having  been  appointed  first  Sharpey 
Scholar  in  1873,  and  Assistant-Professor 
of  Physiology  in  1874.     Since  1895  he  has 


974 


SCHAELIEB  —  SCHLEY 


been  General  Secretary  of  the  British 
Association.  In  1878  he  was  elected  F.R.S., 
and  was  a  member  of  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society,  1890-92.  In  succession  to  the 
late  Professor  Rutherford  he  was  elected 
Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  in  1899.  He  is  well  known  for 
his  "Course  of  Practical  Histology," 
"Essentials  of  Histology,"  and  as  editor 
of  the  "Advanced  Text-Book  of  Physi- 
ology." "  Histology  "  and  "  Embryology  " 
inthe8th,9th,  and  10th  editions  of  Quain's 
"Anatomy"  are  from  his  pen;  he  has 
edited  ten  numbers  of  the  "Collected 
Papers  of  the  Physiological  Laboratory  of 
University  College,"  and  has  contributed 
many  papers  to  the  Transactions  and 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  other 
leading  scientific  periodicals.  Addresses  : 
Croxley  Green,  Rickmansworth ;  and 
Athenseum. 

SCHARLIEB,  Mary  Ann  Dacomb, 

M.D.  Lond.,  1888;  M.S.  1896,  &c.  &c,  is 
the  wife  of  Dr.  Herbert  Johann  Scharlieb, 
and  received  her  medical  training  at  the 
London  School  of  Medicine  for  Women, 
and  at  the  Madras  Medical  College  and 
the  University  of  Vienna.  She  obtained 
the  M.B.  and  B.Sc.  at  the  London  Uni- 
versity in  1882,  being  Scholar  and  Gold 
Medallist  and  gaining  other ^honours  in 
medical  subjects.  In  December  1889  she 
passed  the  M.D.,  London,  and  is  the  first 
lady  to  attain  to  that  distinction.  Mrs. 
Scharlieb  is  Senior  Surgeon  at  the  New 
Hospital  for  Women,  Lecturer  on  the 
Diseases  of  Women  at  the  London  School 
of  Medicine  for  Women,  Queen's  Lecturer 
on  Gynecology  to  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Nurses,  and  was  formerly  Superin- 
tendent at  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital, 
Madras,  Lecturer  at  the  Madras  Medical 
College,  and  Examiner  at  Madras  Univer- 
sity. In  1897  she  published  a  "  Review  of 
Surgery  at  the  New  Hospital  for  Women  " 
in  the  British  Medical  Journal.  Address  : 
149  Harley  Street,  W. 

SCHIAPARELLI,  Giovanni  Vir- 
ginio,  F.R.S.,  was  born  March  14,  1835, 
in  Savigliano,  Piedmont.  He  took  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Mathematics  in  the 
Royal  University,  Turin,  in  1854,  and  in 
1859  became  First  Assistant  in  the  Brera 
Observatory,  Milan.  In  1862  he  was  ap- 
pointed Director  of  the  same  institution. 
He  has  published  some  memoirs  on  shoot- 
ing stars,  on  double  stars,  on  Mars,  Mer- 
cury, and  Venus,  and  on  several  other 
astronomical  subjects.  Address  :  Royal 
Observatory,  Milan,  Italy. 

SCHILLER,  Madame  (formerly 
Mdlle.  Yvette  Guilbert),  French  singer,  first 
attracted  notice  at  the  Cafe's  Concerts  of 


Paris  by  her  extremely  artistic  rendering 
of  songs  dealing  with  exclusively  Paris 
subjects.  She  is  a  serious  artist,  and  be- 
lieves that  the  music-hall  singer  has  a  high 
dramatic  calling.  She  has  often  visited 
London  professionally,  as  well  as  America. 
In  1897  she  married  M.  Schiller.  Paris 
address  :  79  Avenue  de  Villers. 

SCHILLING,  Johann,  a  German 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Mittweida,  in 
Saxony,  June  23,  1828.  After  studying 
with  Rietschel  and  Hanel  he  made  his 
d^but  as  a  sculptor  in  1851  with  a  beauti- 
ful group,  "Amor  and  Psyche."  Working 
then  in  Berlin  with  Drake,  the  artist  of 
the  Victory  Column,  he  produced  a  pair 
of  relief  medallions — "  Jupiter  and  Venus," 
which  procured  him  a  travelling  scholar- 
ship ;  and  the  result  of' the  two  years' 
residence  in  Italy  which  he  was  thus 
enabled  to  spend  were  his  "Wounded 
Achilles  "  and  his  "  Centaur  and  Venus. " 
Returning  to  steady  industry  in  Dresden 
he  turned  out  in  rapid  succession  a  variety 
of  high  productions  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
Rietschel  undertook  the  execution  of  the 
city  of  Spires  figure  for  the  Luther 
monument  at  Worms.  Equal  admiration 
was  bestowed  on  his  "  Four  Seasons  "  on 
the  Briihl  Terrace  in  Dresden,  his  Schiller 
statue  in  Vienna,  his  Maximilian  statue 
in  Trieste,  and  his  War  Memorial  at 
Hamburg,  not  to  mention  other  creations, 
which  were  all  surpassed  and  crowned  by 
the  Grand  National  Monument,  on  the 
edge  of  the  Niederwald,  overlooking  the 
Rhine.  This  was  unveiled  by  the  Emperor 
William,  Sept.  28,  1883.  On  June  18, 
1889,  his  statue  of  King  Johann  was  un- 
veiled at  Dresden. 

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN,  H.S.H. 
Prince  Christian  Victor  Albert  Louis 
Ernest  Anton  of,  G.C.B.,  G.C.V.O.,  was 
born  on  April  14,  1867,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  their  Royal  Highnesses  Prince  and 
Princess  Christian.  He  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  joined  the 
King's  Royal  Rifle  Corps,  and  has  risen  to 
be  Major.  He  served  in  the  Ashanti  cam- 
paign of  1895-96,  and  at  the  battles  of  the 
Atbara  and  Khartoum,  1898.  In  December 
1898  he  was  created  G.C.V.O. 

SCHLEY,  Rear-Admiral  "Winfield 
Scott,  American  naval  officer,  was  born 
near  Frederick,  Maryland,  Oct.  9,  1839. 
Graduating  from  the  U.S.  Naval  Academy 
in  1860,  he  served  in  the  U.S.  frigate 
Niagara  in  Chinese  and  Japanese  waters, 
after  carrying  the  Japanese  Embassy  back 
to  their  own  country  in  1860  and  1861. 
He  was  promoted  to  Master  in  1861,  and 
ordered  to  the  U.S.  frigate  Potomac,  and 
while  serving  on  her  was  present  at  the 


SCHNADHORST  —  SCHOFIELD 


975 


occupation  of  Mexico  by  the  combined 
forces  of  England,  France,  and  Spain, 
early  in  1862.  He  was  commissioned 
Lieutenant  in  July  1862,  and  participated 
in  the  operations  which  led  to  the  capture 
of  Port  Hudson,  in  Louisiana,  in  1863. 
From  1864  to  1866  he  was  attached  to  the 
steam  gunboat  Wateree  in  the  Pacific 
squadron,  and  suppressed  an  insurrection 
among  the  Chinese  coolies  on  the  Chincha 
Islands  in  1864.  He  became  Lieut.-Com- 
mander  in  1866,  and  in  1871  participated 
in  the  attack  on  the  forts  on  the  Salee 
Kiver  in  Corea.  After  his  return  to  the 
U.S.  he  was  ordered  to  the  Naval  Aca- 
demy as  head  of  the  department  of 
modern  languages  in  1872.  He  became 
Commander  in  1874,  and  commanded  the 
Essex  in  1876.  He  commanded  the  Greely 
Relief  Expedition  in  1884,  and  on  June 
22  rescued  Lieutenant  Greely  and  six  sur- 
vivors at  Cape  Sabine.  In  1889  he  com- 
manded the  Baltimore  as  Captain,  and  was 
in  her  during  the  trouble  with  Chili  in 
1891.  He  became  Commodore  in  1898, 
and  on  the  breaking  out  of  war  with  Spain 
he  was  put  in  command  of  a  squadron  and 
went  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  was 
the  ranking  officer  actually  present  at  the 
destruction  of  the  Spanish  squadron  off 
the  coast  of  Cuba,  July  3,  1898.  After 
that  battle  he  was  made  a  Rear- Admiral 
and  received  the  thanks  of  Congress. 

SCHN  ADHORST,  Francis,  was  born 
at  Birmingham,  1840,  and  educated  at  King 
Edward  VI.  's  Grammar  School  of  that 
town.  In  1873  he  was  invited  by  the  lead- 
ing Liberals  of  Birmingham  to  reorganise 
the  party  in  the  city.  He  became  secre- 
tary of  the  Liberal  Association,  and  speedily 
made  for  it  a  considerable  reputation 
through  the  country.  His  services  were 
recognised  by  the  presentation  of  a  purse 
of  a  thousand  guineas  and  an  address  in 
the  Birmingham  Town  Hall  on  April  9, 
1877,  the  presentation  being  made  by  Mr. 
J.  Chamberlain,  M.P.  Under  Mr.  Schnad- 
horst's  organisation,  Liberal  associations 
upon  the  lines  of  the  Birmingham  organi- 
sation were  established  in  most  of  the 
English  constituencies  ;  and  in  1887  these 
associations  were  banded  together  in  the 
National  Liberal  Federation,  of  which 
body  Mr.  Schnadhorst  became  Secretary. 
The  inaugural  meetings  of  the  new 
national  organisation  were  attended  by 
Mr.  Gladstone.  In  1884  Mr.  Schnadhorst 
resigned  the  secretaryship  of  the  Birming- 
ham Association,  and  was  made  its  Chair- 
man of  Committee.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  appointed  President,  but  resigned 
that  post  on  leaving  Birmingham  to  take 
up  his  residence  in  London,  to  which  place 
the  headquarters  of  the  National  Liberal 
Federation  were  removed  after  the  split 


in  the  Liberal  party  upon  the  Irish  ques- 
tion. On  March  9,  1887,  Mr.  Schnadhorst 
was  entertained  at  a  banquet  at  the  Hotel 
Me"tropole,  and  was  there  presented  with  a 
national  testimonial  of  ten  thousand 
guineas  and  an  illuminated  address.  Lord 
Burton  presided  at  the  banquet,  and  Sir 
Wm.  Harcourt  was  the  chief  speaker.  A 
letter  was  read  from  Mr.  Gladstone  ex- 
pressing his  sense  of  the  services  which 
Mr.  Schnadhorst  had  rendered  to  the 
party.  On  coming  to  London  Mr.  Schnad- 
horst accepted  the  post  of  honorary  secre- 
tary to  the  Liberal  Central  Association, 
which  office  he  still  retains.  Ill-health 
has  compelled  Mr.  Schnadhorst  during 
recent  years  to  pay  lengthened  visits  to 
Australia,  Egypt,  and  to  South  Africa. 
On  his  return  from  Africa  in  1890,  Mr. 
Schnadhorst  addressed  himself  again  to 
the  organisation  of  the  Liberal  party,  and 
was  rewarded  by  its  triumph  at  the 
General  Election  in  1892.  In  1893  Mr. 
Schnadhorst  resigned  the  secretaryship  of 
the  Federation,  and  was  elected  Chairman 
of  its  Committee,  which  post  he  held  until 
his  retirement  in  the  autumn  of  1894, 
owing  to  ill-health.  Mr.  Schnadhorst  has 
been  frequently  invited  to  enter  Parlia- 
ment, but  has  hitherto  declined  all  re- 
quests.    Address  :  Woodford  Green. 

SCHNEIDER,  Hortense  Catherine, 

a  French  actress,  born  at  Bordeaux  about 
1835,  displayed  while  very  young  an  apti- 
tude for  the  stage,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
played  with  applause  in  "  Michel  et  Chris- 
tine "  at  the  Athe'nee  of  her  native  city.  An 
old  teacher  named  Schalfner  gave  her 
lessons  in  singing,  and  she  subsequently 
spent  three  years  at  Agen,  playing  second- 
ary parts.  Going  to  Paris,  she  obtained 
an  engagement  in  the  company  of  the 
BoufEes-Parisiens,  and  on  Sept.  19,  1853, 
made  her  d^but  in  "  Le  Chien  de  Garde  " 
at  the  Theatre  des  Varices.  Here  she 
met  with  considerable  success,  which  was 
increased  by  her  performances  at  the 
Theatre  du  Palais  Eoyal,  where  she  made 
her  first  appearance,  Aug.  5,  1858.  In  Dec. 
1864  Mdlle.  Schneider  returned  to  the 
Varie'te's,  and  elicited  great  applause  by 
her  acting  in  "  La  Belle  H&ene."  She 
achieved  a  success  even  more  signal  in 
"La  Grande  -  Duchesse  de  Ge'rolstein" 
during  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1867, 
and  appeared  in  the  same  part  in  London 
in  July  1868.  In  the  following  year  she 
returned  to  the  BoufEes-Parisiens.  On  her 
marriage,  in  1881,  she  retired  from  the 
stage. 

SCHOFIELD,  Alfred  Taylor,  born 
June  4,  1846,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Robert 
Schofield,  Esq.,  of  Heybrook,  Lancashire, 
and    Mary,    eldest    daughter    of    James 


976 


SCHOFIELD  —  SCHEEINEE 


Taylor,  Esq.,  of  Ravenswood,  Croydon.  He 
was  educated  by  private  tutors  in  Devon- 
shire, &c,  and  at  Elizabeth  College, 
Guernsey,  passing  the  Senior  Cambridge 
Local  Examination.  He  entered  the  Lon- 
don Hospital  in  1879,  whence  he  passed 
out  in  1883  First  Prizeman  in  Medicine 
and  Obstetrics,  and  second  in  Surgery. 
While  there  he  held  the  post  of  House 
Physician  to  Dr.  Langdon  Down.  He  took 
the  diplomas  of  both  Colleges,  M.R.C.S. 
Eng.  and  L.R.C.P.  Lond.,  and  in  1884 
passed  the  examination  for  M.D.  in  all  sub- 
jects in  honours  at  the  University  of  Brus- 
sels. The  same  year  he  commenced  general 
practice,  but  soon  turned  his  attention  to 
the  treatment  of  nervous  diseases,  in  which 
he  has  now  for  some  years  been  almost 
exclusively  engaged.  Struck  with  the  un- 
conscious mental  origin  of  most  of  these 
diseases,  he  studied  psychology,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Philosophic  Insti- 
tute. He  is  the  author  of  a  book  on  "  The 
Unconscious  Mind,"  dealing  in  extenso  with 
the  unconscious  psychic  forces  within, 
and  of  works  on  "  The  Formation  of  Habit 
in  Man,"  "Some  Relations  of  Mind  and 
Body,"  "The  Natural  and  the  Artificial," 
"  Nerves  in  Order  and  Disorder,"  "  Faith 
Healing,"  and  "  The  Fourth  Dimension," 
as  well  as  of  various  papers  in  the  Lancet, 
&c.  He  helped  to  found  the  Friedenheim 
Hospital  for  the  Dying,  of  which  he  is  a 
Trustee  and  Hon.  Physician.  He  holds 
the  latter  post  also  in  the  Homes  for 
Working-Girls,  the  Factory  Girls'  Union, 
the  Morley  Homes  for  Working-Men,  the 
Church  Army,  &c.  Dr.  Schofleld  is  also 
Member  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  Sanitary  Institute,  Member  of 
Council  Central  Hospital  Committee, 
Lebanon  Hospital  for  Insane,  District 
Nurses'  Association,  Royal  British  Nurses' 
Association,  Chairman  Parents'  National 
Educational  Union,  Member  of  Council 
and  Examiner  to  the  National  Health 
Society  and  the  British  College  of  Physi- 
cal Education,  Consulting  Physician  to 
Bishopstoke  Asylum,  Bedford.  Soon  after 
commencing  practice  Dr.  Schofield's  atten- 
tion was  drawn  to  the  deplorable  general 
ignorance  of  personal  and  domestic 
hygiene,  and  for  many  years  most  of  his 
leisure  time  has  been  absorbed  by  seeking 
to  make  this  an  integral  part  of  the  educa- 
tion of  every  woman.  In  this  cause  he 
enlisted  the  sympathy  and  active  co- 
operation of  hygienic  reformers,  and 
eventually  succeeded  in  1895  in  getting 
hygiene  added  to  the  subjects  for  the  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  Local  Examination. 
He  has  continued  actively  working  in  the 
cause,  and  has  written  and  spoken  much 
on  the  subject.  Among  his  works  are  two 
manuals  of  physiology,  "Personal  and 
Domestic     Hygiene,"     "How    to     Keep 


Healthy,"  "Health  at  Home  Tracts,"  as 
well  as  numerous  articles  in  the  periodicals 
and  reviews.  He  is  also  an  active 
religious  worker,  and  has  written  many 
religious  books.  Address :  141  West- 
bourne  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

SCHOFIELD,  General  John 
M'Allister,  was  born  in  Chautauqua 
County,  New  York,  Sept.  29,  1831.  He 
graduated  at  the  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point  in  1853,  and  served  two  years 
in  Florida  as  Lieutenant  of  the  1st  Artil- 
lery. From  1855  to  1860  he  served  at 
West  Point  as  Assistant  -  Professor  of 
Natural  and  Experimental  Philosophy,  and 
from  1860  to  1861  was  Professor  of  Physics 
at  Washington  University,  St.  Louis.  Soon 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was 
appointed  Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers, 
and  in  November  1862  Major-General  of 
Volunteers,  commanding  in  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  with  head-quarters  at  St.  Louis. 
In  February  1864  he  took  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Ohio,  and  joining  the  com- 
bined armies  under  General  Sherman  bore 
a  prominent  part  in  all  their  operations  to 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  appointed 
Brigadier-General  in  the  regular  army  in 
1864  and  Major-General  in  1869.  In  1867 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  First 
Military  District,' consisting  of  the  State 
of  Virginia.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  War,  but  resigned  in  1869, 
and  was  given  the  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Missouri,  and  in  1870  of 
the  Division  of  the  Pacific.  From  1876  to 
1881  he  was  Superintendent  of  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point.  In  1882  he  was 
again  given  the  command  of  the  Division 
of  the  Pacific ;  from  which  in  1883  he  was 
transferred  to  the  command  of  the  Divi- 
sion of  the  Missouri,  with  head-quarters  at 
Chicago ;  and  in  1886  to  the  Division  of 
the  Atlantic,  with  head-quarters  at  Gover- 
nor's Island,  New  York  City.  After  the 
death  of  General  Sheridan,  in  August  1888, 
he  was  in  command  of  the  army  with 
head-quarters  at  Washington,  until  re- 
tired because  of  the  age  limit,  Sept.  29, 
1895.  In  February  preceding  his  retire- 
ment he  had  received  promotion  to  be 
Lieut. -General  of  the  army.  In  1897  he 
published  "Forty-six  Years  in  the  Army." 

SCHREINER,  Olive  (Mrs.  Cron- 
wright),  a  South  African  authoress,  is 
the  second  daughter  of  a  Lutheran  clergy- 
man in  Cape  Town,  and  was  born  in  the 
early  sixties.  At  the  age  of  twenty  she 
came  to  England  with  the  manuscript  of 
her  best-known  work,  "  The  Story  of  an 
African  Farm."  She  was  anxious  to  de- 
vote herself  to  physiological  study,  but 
the  publication  of  her  book,  after  it  had 
been  submitted  to  Mr.  George  Meredith, 


SCHREINER  —  SCHUNCK 


977 


who  saw  in  it  great  promise,  led  her  to 
devote  herself  to  literature.  "  The  Story 
of  an  African  Farm,"  by  "Ralph  Iron," 
achieved  immense 'popularity,  and  in  1893 
had  run  through  many  editions.  A 
later  work  by  Olive  Schreiner  is  entitled 
"  Dreams,"  5th  edit.,  1893,  a  collection 
of  occasional  parables.  In  May  1893  she 
again  visited  England,  and  in  October 
she  published  a  little  African  story, 
'■Dream  Life  and  Real  Life,"  in  the 
Pseudonym  Library.  Her  most  not- 
able book  of  recent  years  has  been 
the  controversial  tale  "Trooper  Peter 
Halket  of  Mashonaland,"  1897.  Her  latest 
work  (July  1899)  is  "An  English  South 
African's  View  of  the  Situation,"  being  a 
critique  on  the  Transvaal  imbroglio  from  a 
philo-Boer  point  of  view.  In  February 
1894  Miss  Schreiner  married  a  young 
colonist,  Mr.  Cronwright.  She  is  the  sister 
of  the  Hon.  W.  P.  Schreiner,  Q.C.,  C.M.G. 

SCHREINER,  The  Hon.  "William 
Philip,  Q.C.,  C.M.G.,  Cape  Premier,  is 
the  son  of  a  German  missionary  to  South 
Africa  and  an  English  lady,  Miss  Tindell, 
who  still  lives  in  a  convent  at  Grahams- 
town.  He  was  born  in  1859.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Cape  University,  where 
he  carried  everything  before  him.  He 
then  came  to  England,  entered  Downing 
College,  Cambridge,  and  was  Senior  in 
the  Law  Tripos  in  1881,  obtaining  the 
Vice-Chancellor's  medal.  He  gained  an 
Inns  of  Court  studentship,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1882. 
Then  he  returned  to  the  Cape,  and  soon 
secured  a  good  practice  before  the  Su- 
preme Court,  and  was  appointed  Counsel 
to  the  High  Commissioner  of  South  Africa. 
When  Mr.  Rhodes  became  Prime  Minister 
in  1893,  Mr.  Schreiner  was  appointed 
Attorney-General,  and  on  President  Kriiger 
closing  the  Drifts  to  all  colonial  traffic 
in  1895,  he  advised  the  Government  that 
the  action  of  the  South  African  Republic 
was  entirely  opposed  to  the  terms  of  the 
London  Convention.  This  opinion  being 
supported  by  the  Imperial  Government, 
the  pressure  brought  to  bear  on  the  Trans- 
vaal nearly  resulted  in  war.  In  1897, 
however,  when  he  was  a  witness  before 
the  British  South  Africa  Committee  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  his  evidence  was 
that  arbitration  would  have  been  a  better 
solution  of  the  difficulty,  although  he  still 
maintained  that  the  London  Convention 
had  been  violated.  Mr.  Schreiner  was  a 
leading  witness  before  the  South  Africa 
Committee,  and  his  description  of  his  in- 
terview with  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes  on  the 
day  on  which  news  of  the  Jameson  Raid 
reached  Cape  Town,  and  of  Mr.  Rhodes's 
reiterated  exclamation,  "Jameson  has 
upset  my  apple-cart,"  formed  one  of  the 


sensational  incidents  of  the  inquiry.  Mr. 
Justice  Bigham,  as  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee, had  taken  a  view  strongly  in 
favour  of  the  Uitlanders,  and  he  subjected 
Mr.  Schreiner  to  a  very  searching  interro- 
gatory. The  struggle  was  an  intellectual 
one,  and  has  been  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  notable  displays  of  mental  power 
ever  witnessed  in  a  parliamentary  com- 
mittee room.  The  Government  of  Sir 
Gordon  Sprigg  (q.v.)  was  defeated  in  July 
1898,  on  a  motion  of  want  of  confidence 
moved  by  Mr.  Schreiner,  by  a  majority  of 
41  against  36.  Thereupon,  the  Govern- 
ment appealed  to  the  country,  and  the 
General  Election  of  September  1898  left 
them  in  a  minority  of  one,  which  the 
election  of  the  Speaker,  Dr.  Berry  (q.v.), 
increased  to  two.  Mr.  Schreiner  then 
brought  forward  another  vote  of  want  of 
confidence,  by  which  the  Government 
were  defeated  by  39  to  37.  He  accord- 
ingly was  called  upon  to  form  a  Ministry, 
and,  although  he  professes  steadfast 
loyalty  to  the  Imperial  crown,  it  is  felt 
that  Mr.  Hofmeyr  of  the  Africander  Bond 
really  directs  the  policy  of  the  new  com- 
bination. Holding  office  with  such  a 
small  majority,  he  had  to  consent  in  the 
early  days  of  his  administration  to  a  con- 
ference with  the  opposition  led  by  Mr. 
Rhodes,  on  the  subject  of  a  Redistribution 
Bill,  which,  if  carried,  will  be  the  knell  of 
his  party.  Mr.  Schreiner  is  the  brother 
of  Miss  Olive  Schreiner  ("Ralph  Iron  "). 
He  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Retz, 
for  many  years  the  President  of  the  Orange 
Free  State.  Address  :  Sweet  Repose,  Cape 
Town. 

SCHUNCK,  (Henry)  Edward,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  Manchester  on  Aug.  16, 
1820,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Martin  Schunck,  foreign  merchant.  On 
the  completion  of  his  school  education,  he 
was  sent  to  Germany  to  study  chemistry, 
as  it  was  intended  that  he  should  take  the 
direction  of  his  father's  large  print  and 
calico  works  in  Manchester.  At  Berlin, 
under  Rose  and  Magnus,  he  made  first- 
rate  progress,  and  under  Liebig,  at  Giessen, 
he  took  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  On  returning 
to  England,  Dr.  Schunck  engaged  for 
some  years  in  practical  work,  but  finding 
this  repugnant  to  his  tastes  and  inclina- 
tion, he  gave  it  up,  and  devoted  himself 
to  pure  science.  It  is  in  consequence, 
however,  of  his  early  connection  with 
print  and  dye  work,  that  his  attention 
was  directed  more  especially  to  the  che- 
mistry of  colouring  matters,  a  knowledge 
of  which  is  most  essential  to  the  proper 
understanding  of  dyeing  processes.  The 
research  which  Dr.  Schunck  conducted 
in  Germany  was  "  On  the  Action  of 
Nitric  Acid  on  Aloes."     The  chief  result 

3Q 


978 


SCHIOTCK 


of  this  investigation  was  the  discovery  of 
a  new  and  remarkable  nitro-acid  with 
curious  optical  properties,  called  "chry- 
sammic  acid."  The  acid  crystallises  in 
golden-yellow  laminae,  sparingly  soluble 
in  water,  and  it  reacts  like  a  strong  bibasic 
acid.  The  product  of  the  action  of  am- 
monia on  the  acid  belongs  to  the  class  of 
which  oxamic  acid  is  the  type,  but  it  was 
discovered  and  described  before  the  latter. 
By  the  action  of  reducing  agents  on 
"chrysammic  acid"  a  remarkable  sub- 
stance, resembling  indigo-blue,  is  pro- 
duced, "hydrochrysammide,"  which  crys- 
tallises in  blue  needles  with  a  coppery 
lustre.  This  body  has  formed  the  subject 
for  many  subsequent  investigations.  The 
next  subject  which  occupied  the  atten- 
tion of  Dr.  Schunck  was  the  class  of  sub- 
stances contained  in  various  species  of 
lichens.  Several  memoirs  resulted  from 
this  investigation,  notably  one  read  to  the 
Chemical  Society,  in  1842,  "  On  some  of 
the  Substances  contained  in  the  Lichens 
employed  for  the  preparation  of  Archil 
and  Cudbear."  Among  all  the  colouring 
matters  there  are  none  the  study  of  whose 
properties  and  reactions  is  calculated  to 
throw  more  light  on  the  whole  class  than 
those  which  are  prepared  by  an  artificial 
process  from  certain  kinds  of  lichens.  Dr. 
Schunck,  in  common  with  many  other 
philosophers,  was  surprised  that  lichens, 
a  class  of  plants  themselves  colourless, 
should  yield  colouring  matters  by  the 
combined  action  of  ammonia  and  oxygen. 
Another  paper  on  this  subject  appeared  in 
1846.  being  a  special  research  "On  the 
Substances  contained  in  the  Roccclla  tinc- 
toria,"  which  derives  its  interest  from  the 
fact  of  its  being  that  species  of  lichen 
from  which  the  finest  kind  of  archil  dye 
is  prepared.  From  1846  to  1855  Dr. 
Schunck  was  at  work  on  the  subject  of 
the  colouring  matters  of  madder,  then  one 
of  the  most  important  dye-stuffs  used  in 
calico-printing,  but  which  has  since  been 
replaced  by  artificial  alizarin.  Dr.  Schunck 
investigated  the  properties  of  "rubian" 
at  great  length,  and  read  several  memoirs 
on  the  subject  to  the  Royal  Society.  In 
1854  Dr.  Schunck  produced,  among  other 
papers,  one  "  On  the  Action  of  the  Fer- 
ment of  Madder  on  Sugar,"  being  one  of  a 
series  of  papers  on  various  ferments.  Dr. 
Schunck  discovered  a  very  interesting 
fact,  unique  in  the  history  of  fermenta- 
tion, viz.,  the  production  of  succinic  acid. 
That  important  subject,  the  formation  of 
indigo-blue,  next  occupied  Dr.  Schunck  ; 
and  in  1855  he  read  to  the  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester  a 
long  investigation  "On  the  Formation  of 
Indigo-blue."  An  investigation  by  Dr. 
Schunck,  "On  the  Occurrence  of  Indigo- 
blue  in  Urine,"  appeared  in  the  Philoso- 


phical Magazine  in  1857,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  one  "On  a  yellow  Colouring 
Matter  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  the 
Polygonum  fagopyrum,  or  Common  Buck- 
wheat," was  read  to  the  Manchester  So- 
ciety. On  the  discovery  of  the  artificial 
formation  of  alizarin  in  1867 — a  discovery 
by  which  the  names  of  Grsebe,  Lieber- 
mann,  and  Perkin  have  been  immortalised 
— Dr.  Schunck  undertook  an  investigation 
of  the  products  formed  at  the  same  time, 
and  discovered,  partly  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Rcemer,  three  new  bodies  isomeric 
with  alizarin,  viz.,  anthraflavic  acid,  iso- 
anthraflavic  acid,  anthrarufin,  which,  sin- 
gular to  say,  have  no  dyeing  properties 
whatever.  From  1868  to  1873  he  was 
engaged  on  investigations  of  anthraflavic 
acid,  a  yellow  colouring  matter  accom- 
panying artificial  alizarin.  In  1874  a 
paper  "  On  Methyl- Alizarin  and  Ethyl- 
Alizarin  "  appeared.  During  the  last  few 
years  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  study  of 
chlorophyll,  the  green  colouring  matter  of 
plants,  and  has  arrived  at  interesting  re- 
sults as  regards  the  chemical  nature  of 
that  substance,  one  of  the  most  important 
of  all  known  compounds,  its  presence 
being  essential  in  connection  with  the 
growth  of  most  plants.  An  investigation 
undertaken  by  him  in  connection  with  Mr. 
George  Brebner  has  led  to  the  conclusion 
— important  from  a  physiological  point  of 
view — that  the  green  cells  of  leaves  and 
other  vegetable  organs  contain  some  form 
of  active  oxygen.  One  of  his  most  pleas- 
ing and  interesting  researches  was  com- 
menced in  1879,  and  the  first  communi- 
cation on  the  subject  was  read  to  the 
Chemical  Society  of  London,  in  September 
of  that  year,  entitled,  "  On  the  Purple  of 
the  Ancients."  This  colour,  which  in 
ancient  times  was  extracted  from  various 
kinds  of  sea  shellfish  and  applied  to  the 
dyeing  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  has 
at  all  times  excited  the  interest  of  the 
curious,  and  has  been  made  the  subject  of 
numerous  learned  treatises.  Of  the  in- 
vestigations undertaken  by  Dr.  Schunck, 
one  may  be  mentioned  of  technical  rather 
than  of  purely  scientific  interest,  "On 
Some  Constituents  of  Cotton  Fibre,"  in 
which  it  is  shown  that  cotton  fibre  con- 
tains, in  addition  to  cellulose,  a  number 
of  other  substances,  some  of  which  may 
possibly  play  a  part  in  the  process  of  dye- 
ing cotton  fabrics.  Dr.  Schunck  has  been 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  since  1850, 
and  has  taken  much  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  the  Manchester  Literary  and  Philoso- 
phical Society,  in  which  he  has  held  the 
post  of  Secretary,  Vice-President,  and 
President ;  and  was  President  of  the  Che- 
mical Section  of  the  British  Association 
at  its  meeting  in  Manchester  in  1887.  .  In 
1896-97  he  held  the  office  of  President  of 


SCHURMAN  —  SCHUSTER 


979 


the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  and  at 
the  annual  general  meeting  of  the  Society 
at  Manchester  in  1897  delivered  an  ad- 
dress, which  was  published  in  extenso  in 
their  Journal.  In  March  1898  he  received 
from  the  Manchester  Literary  and  Philoso- 
phical Society  the  Society's  Dalton  Medal 
(bronze)  for  his  researches,  particularly 
those  on  colouring  matters.  In  1851  he 
married  Judith,  daughter  of  John  Brooke, 
of  Stockport.  Address  :  Kersal,  Man- 
chester. 

SCHURMAN,  Jacob  Gould,  Ameri- 
can educator,  was  born  at  Freetown,  P.E.I., 
May  22,  1854.  In  1870  he  won  a  Scholar- 
ship at  Prince  of  Wales  College,  Charlotte- 
town,  and  in  1875  he  won  the  Canadian 
Gilchrist  Scholarship  in  connection  with 
the  University  of  London,  and  two  years 
later  graduated  there  with  the  University 
Scholarship  in  Philosophy.  In  1877-78  he 
was  a  student  in  Paris  and  Edinburgh,  and 
in  June  1878  he  won  the  Hibbert  Travel- 
ling Fellowship,  spending  the  ensuing  two 
years  as  Hibbert  Fellow  at  Heidelberg, 
Berlin,  and  Gbttingen,  as  well  as  in  Italy. 
He  became  a  Professor  at  Acadia  College, 
N.S.,  in  1880,  and  in  1882-86  was  Professor 
of  Metaphysics  and  English  Literature  in 
Dalhousie  College,  Halifax.  From  that 
date  he  was  head  of  the  Philosophical  De- 
partment at  Cornell  University,  Ithaca, 
N.Y. ;  and  in  1892  became  President  of  the 
University,  a  position  which  he  still  (1898)0 
holds.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  in  1895.  He  has  published 
"Kantian  Ethics,"  1881;  "  Ethical  Im- 
port of  Darwinism,"  1887  ;  "  Belief  in  God," 
1890;  and  "Agnosticism  and  Religion," 
1896. 

SCHURZ,  Carl,  was  born  at  Liblar, 
near  Cologne,  Germany,  March  2,  1829. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Gymnasium  of 
that  city,  and  at  the  University  of  Bonn. 
In  1848  he  became  associated  with  Gott- 
fried Kinkel,  in  editing  a  revolutionary 
journal,  and  subsequently  he  participated 
in  the  insurrectionary  movement  in  South 
Germany.  At  the  surrender  of  the  fortress 
of  Eastadt,  he  escaped  into  Switzerland, 
whence  in  May  1850  he  returned  secretly 
to  Germany  and  rescued  Kinkel,  who  had 
been  sentenced  to  twenty  years'  imprison- 
ment in  the  fortress  of  Spandau.  The  two 
escaped  to  Leith,  Scotland.  Schurz  then 
went  to  Paris  as  a  newspaper  correspond- 
ent, but  a  year  later  returned  to  London 
as  a  teacher.  In  1852  he  went  to  the 
United  States,  remained  in  Philadelphia 
for  two  years,  and  then  settled  in  Wiscon- 
sin, and  became  prominent  as  a  political 
orator  in  the  German,  as  well  as  the  English 
language.      The    following  year    he  was 


nominated  by  the  Republicans  for  Lieut.  - 
Governor  of  the  State,  but  was  defeated. 
In  1861  he  was  appointed  Minister  to 
Spain,  where  he  remained  till  December 
1861.  Returning  to  the  United  States,  he 
resigned  his  office,  and  entered  the  army, 
and  in  the  May  following  was  appointed 
Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers.  He  took 
part  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major-General, 
and  commanded  a  division  in  the  battles 
of  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg.  In 
the  autumn  of  1863  he  went  to  Tennessee, 
and  took  part  in  several  battles,  but  re- 
signed after  the  close  of  the  war  in  1865. 
In  the  summer  of  1865  he  was  sent  by 
President  Johnson  on  a  confidential  mission 
into  the  Southern  States,  and  his  elaborate 
report  on  their  condition  was  published  by 
Congress.  In  1866  he  removed  to  Detroit, 
Michigan,  where  he  founded  and  edited 
for  some  time  the  Detroit  Post.  In  1868 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  1869  was 
elected  U.S.  Senator  from  Missouri.  He 
opposed  President  Grant's  San  Domingo 
policy,  and  in  several  speeches  advocated 
the  return  to  specie  payments.  In  the 
Presidential  canvass  of  1872  he  united 
with  that  portion  of  the  Republican  party 
known  as  Liberals,  who  nominated  Mr. 
Greeley  for  President,  in  opposition  to 
General  Grant ;  but  on  the  defeat  of  Mr. 
Greeley  he,  with  most  of  the  Liberals,  re- 
turned to  the  regular  Republican  party  ; 
and  in  1876  took  an  active  part  in  the 
canvass  for  Mr.  Hayes,  by  whom  he  was 
in  1877  appointed  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior. During  his  occupancy  of  that 
position  he  seconded  Mr.  Hayes's  efforts  at 
a  reform  of  the  civil  service  by  instituting 
competitive  examinations  for  appointments 
to  clerkships  in  his  department.  At  the 
expiration  of  his  term,  1881,  he  removed 
to  New  York,  and  was  the  editor  of  the 
Evening  Post  until  August  1883.  Since 
then  he  has  been  engaged  in  literary  pur- 
suits. In  1884  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  Independent  movement  in  the  Presi- 
dential campaign,  opposing  the  election  of 
James  G.  Blaine  and  advocating  that  of 
Grover  Cleveland.  He  published  a  "  Life 
of  Henry  Clay,"  in  2  vols.,  in  1887,  and  a 
biographical  sketch  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
in  1891.  In  1888  he  visited  Germany,  and 
was  received  with  distinction  by  Prince 
Bismarck,  the  present  Emperor  (then 
Crown  Prince),  and  many  of  the  prominent 
public  men  of  the  Empire.  In  the  same 
year  he  wrote  a  public  letter  in  favour  of 
the  re-election  of  President  Cleveland.  In 
1893  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Na- 
tional Civil  Service  Reform  League,  suc- 
ceeding George  William  Curtis,  deceased. 

SCHUSTER,   Professor  Arthur, 

Ph.D.,    F.R.S.,    son    of    Francis    Joseph 


980 


SCHWANN  —  SCLATER 


Schuster,  of  London,  was  born  in  Frank- 
fort-on-Main,  on  Sept.  12,  1851,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  Gymnasium  of  that  city,  until 
he  went  to  Geneva  in  his  eighteenth  year, 
where  he  attended  the  lectures  given  at 
the  academy.  His  parents  having  settled 
in  Manchester  in  1869,  he  joined  them  there 
in  the  following  year  and  entered  business 
in  his  father's  firm.  In  October  1871, 
however,  all  intentions  of  a  commercial 
career  were  relinquished,  and  he  pursued 
his  studies  first  at  the  Owens  College,  and 
then  at  the  University  of  Heidelberg, 
where  Kirchhoff  held  the  Cbairof  Physics. 
He  took  his  degree  of  Ph.D.  while  at 
Heidelberg.  During  the  session  1873-74, 
he  held  the  post  of  Honorary  Demon- 
strator in  the  Physical  Laboratory  of  the 
Owens  College.  After  having  spent  a  few 
months  in  Helmholtz's  Laboratory  in 
Berlin,  he  was  appointed,  early  in  the  year 
1875,  by  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Society, 
chief  of  the  Eclipse  expedition  which  was 
then  about  to  leave  England  for  Siam.  In 
1881  a  Professorship  of  Applied  Mathe- 
matics was  founded  at  the  Owens  College, 
and  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair,  which 
he  held  till  1888,  when  he  succeeded  Bal- 
four Stewart  as  Professor  of  Physics.  He 
took  part  on  four  different  occasions  in 
observations  of  total  solar  eclipses  : — the 
Siamese  eclipse,  which  has  already  been 
mentioned  ;  the  eclipse  in  Colorado,  which 
took  place  in  1878  ;  the  1882  eclipse  in 
Egypt,  in  which  he  photographed  for  the 
first  time,  on  plates  prepared  by  Captain 
Abney,  the  spectrum  of  the  solar  corona  ; 
and  finally  the  eclipse  of  1886,  in  the  West 
Indies.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1S79.  In  1892  he  was 
President  of  Section  A  of  the  British 
Association,  which  met  at  Edinburgh 
during  that  year.  He  was  appointed  by 
the  Council  of  the  Royal  Society  to  give 
the  Bakerian  Lecture  in  1884  and  1890,  on 
the  discharge  of  electricity  through  gases. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  and  Proceedings  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  the  Reports  of  the 
British  Association  ;  amongst  others  a 
paper,  published  by  the  Royal  Society  in 
1884,  in  which  the  experimental  proof  was 
first  given  that  the  apparent  repulsion 
observed  in  Crookes's  radiometer  is  due  to 
the  residual  gas  left  in  the  vacuum.  The 
Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  year  1889 
contain  a  full  discussion  of  the  diurnal 
variation  of  terrestrial  magnetism,  in 
which  it  is  proved  that  the  cause  of  varia- 
tion is  to  be  found  in  the  earth's  atmos- 
phere. A  number  of  his  papers  "  On  the 
present  state  of  Spectrum  Analysis,"  are 
published  in  the  Reports  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation. During  the  last  few  years  Prof. 
Schuster's  time  has  principally  been  given 
up     to    the     investigation     of    the     dis- 


charge of  electricity  through  gases.  At 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1893,  he  received  one  of  the  Royal 
Medals  for  his  spectroscopic  researches, 
and  for  his  investigations  concerning  the 
electric  discharge  in  gases  and  in  terres- 
trial magnetism.  He  is  married  to  the 
eldest  daughter  of  George  Loveday,  of 
Wardington,  Oxfordshire.  Addresses :  4 
Anson  Road,  Victoria  Park,  near  Man- 
chester ;  and  Athenaeum. 

SCHWANN,  Charles  Ernest,  M.P., 
was  born  on  Jan.  25,  1844,  and  is  the  fifth 
son  of  F.  Schwann,  of  London.  He  was 
educated  at  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
and  at  University  College,  London.  He  is 
a  prominent  Manchester  merchant,  and 
has  been  secretary,  treasurer,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Manchester  Liberal  Associa- 
tion. He  was  at  one  time  President  of 
the  Manchester  Reform  Club,  and  for  nine 
years  of  the  National  Reform  Union.  He 
has  been  a  Director  of  the  Manchester 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  Elected  to  Par- 
liament as  Liberal  member  for  North 
Manchester  in  1886,  he  is  at  present  the 
only  Liberal  M.P.  for  that  ancient  school 
of  his  party.  As  a  member  of  the  House 
of  Commons  he  has  interested  himself  in 
Indian  affairs,  and  was  instrumental  in 
abolishing  the  Paddy  Tax  in  Ceylon.  The 
Armenian  Question  has  also  commanded 
his  earnest  attention.  He  carried  the  bill 
for  granting  the  franchise  to  policemen  in 
municipal  and  School  Board  elections. 
Address  :  4  Prince's  Gardens,  S.W. 

SCLATER,  Philip  Lutley,  M.A., 
Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  of 
Odiham  Priory,  Winchfield,  Hants,  second 
son  of  the  late  W.  L.  Sclater,  Esq.,  of 
Hoddington  House,  Hants,  and  younger 
brother  of  the  Right  Hon.  George,  Lord 
Basing,  born  in  1829,  was  educated  at 
Winchester  School,  and  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen was  elected  Scholar  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in 
1849,  taking  a  first  class  in  mathematics. 
He  was  subsequently  a  Fellow  of  the  same 
College  until  1862,  and  in  1897  was  re- 
elected an  honorary  Fellow.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1855, 
and  went  the  Western  Circuit  for  several 
years  ;  became  secretary  to  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London  in  1859,  was  elected 
F.R.S.  in  1861,  and  was  made  Doctor 
Philosophise  by  the  University  of  Bonn 
{honoris  causa)  in  1860.  He  was  elected 
to  the  AthenEeum  under  Rule  II.  in  1896. 
He  is  editor  of  the  Ibis,  a  journal  of  orni- 
thology, and  is  author  of  a  "Monograph 
of  the  Tanagrine  Genus  Calliste,"  "  Mono- 
graph of  the  Jacamars  and  Puff-Birds," 
"Zoological  Sketches,"  "Catalogue  of  Ame- 
rican Birds,"  ' '  Guide  to  the  Gardens  of  the 


SCOBLE  —  SCOTT 


981 


Zoological  Society  of  London,"  of  three 
volumes  of  the  "  Catalogue  of  Birds  in  the 
British  Museum,"  and  of  upwards  of  800 
papers  and  memoirs  on  ornithology  and 
other  branches  of  natural  history  in  the 
Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society,  the  Journal  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  the  "Annals  of  Natural  History," 
and  in  the  Ibis,  the  Natural  History  Review, 
and  the  Journal  of  Science.  Of  his  nume- 
rous scientific  papers  a  catalogue  has  been 
prepared,  and  was  published  at  Washing- 
ton, U.S.A.,  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  1896,  under  the  title,  "Bibliography  of 
the  Published  Writings  of  P.  L.  Sclater." 
In  1875  Mr.  Sclater  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  his  brother,  then  the  Eight 
Hon.  G.  Sclater-Booth,  President  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  (afterwards  Lord 
Basing),  but  resigned  that  office  in  1877. 
In  the  same  year  he  became  one  of  the 
general  secretaries  to  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and 
continued  to  act  in  that  capacity  until 
1882.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  Mr. 
Sclater  married,  in  1862,  Jane  Anne  Eliza, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  David 
Hunter-Blair,  Bart.,  of  Blairquhan,  Ayr- 
shire, and  has  issue.  His  son,  Captain 
Sclater,  R.E.,  died  at  Zanzibar  in  July  1897. 
Addresses :  3  Hanover  Square,  W.,  &c. ; 
and  Athenasum. 

SCOBLE,  Sir  Andrew  Richard,  Q.C., 
K.C.S.I.,  M.P.,  was  born  in  London  on 
Sept.  25,  1831,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
John  Scoble,  of  Kingsbridge,  Devon,  at 
one  time  a  member  in  the  Parliaments 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  He  was 
educated  at  the  City  of  London  School, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1856.  From  1872  to  1877  he  was 
Advocate  -  General  and  member  of  the 
Legislative  Council,  Bombay,  and  from 
1886  to  1891  Legal  Member  of  Council  of 
Governor-General  of  India.  In  1899  he 
became  treasurer  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  In 
1892  he  was  returned  to  the  House  of 
Commons  as  Conservative  member  for 
Central  Hackney,  which  he  now  repre- 
sents. He  took  silk  in  1876,  became  a 
Bencher  in  1879,  a  C.S.I,  in  1889,  and 
K. C.S.I,  in  1890.  He  has  translated  his- 
torical works  by  Guizot  and  Mignet.  Ad- 
dresses :  Chivelston,  Wimbledon  Common  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

SCOTT,  Charles  Prestwich,  M.P., 
J.P.,  was  born  at  Bath,  Oct.  26,  1846,  and  is 
the  youngest  son  of  Mr.  Russell  Scott  and 
his  wife,  Isabella  Prestwich,  sister  of  the 
late  Prof.  Sir  Joseph  Prestwich,  F.R.S. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated M.A. ;  first  class  honours  Final  Classi- 


cal School,  1869.  In  1872  he  became 
editor  of  the  Manchester  Guardian,  and  in 
1874  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Taylor, 
Garnett  &  Co.,  proprietors  of  that  paper. 
He  unsuccessfully  contested  North-East 
Manchester  in  1886,  1891,  and  1892  against 
Sir  James  Fergusson.  He  was  selected  for 
the  Leigh  Division  of  Lancashire  in  1895. 
He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  political 
and  other  public  works  in  Manchester, 
is  President  of  the  Manchester  Liberal 
Union,  and  a  member  of  the  governing 
bodies  of  the  Victoria  University,  the 
Owens  College,  the  Manchester  Grammar 
School,  and  Hulme's  Trust.  In  1874  he 
married  Rachel,  youngest  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  John  Cook,  D.D.,  Professor  of 
Ecclesiastical  History  in  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity. Address  :  The  Firs,  Fallowfield, 
Manchester. 

SCOTT,    Eight.    Hon.   Sir   Charles 

Stewart,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.B.,  Ambassa- 
dor at  St.  Petersburg,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  March  17,  1838,  and  is  the 
fourth  son  of  the  late  Major  Thomas 
Scott,  of  Willsborough,  co.  London- 
derry. He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham 
and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  entered 
the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1858.  After 
seeing  service  at  many  capitals,  he  was 
appointed  Charge  d'Affaires  at  Coburg  in 
1879,  and  in  1886  Secretary  of  Embassy 
at  Berlin,  being  created  C.B.  in  the  same 
year.  In  1888  he  went  to  Switzerland  as 
Minister,  and  in  1889  he  was  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  Samoan  and  Labour  Confer- 
ences at  Berlin.  He  was  transferred  to 
Copenhagen  in  1893,  and  to  his  present 
post  in  June  1898,  in  succession  to  Sir 
Nicholas  O'Conor  (q.v.).  He  was  created 
G.C.M.G.  at  New  Year,  1899,  and  G.C.B. 
at  the  Birthday  in  the  same  year.  Ad- 
dress :  British  Embassy,  St.  Petersburg. 
Clubs  :  St.  James's,  and  Travellers'. 

SCOTT,  Clement  William,  son  of 
the  Rev.  William  Scott,  Vicar  of  St. 
Olave,  Old  Jewry,  London,  was  born  Oct. 
6,  1841,  at  Christ  Church  Parsonage, 
Hoxton,  London,  and  educated  at  Marl- 
borough College,  Wiltshire,  under  the  late 
Dr.  G.  E.  Cotton,  Bishop  of  Calcutta,  and 
Dr.  Bradley,  the  present  Dean  of  West- 
minster. He  was  appointed  to  a  clerkship 
in  the  War  Office  in  1860,  and  retired  on 
a  pension  in  May  1879.  He  then  joined 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  Daily  Telegraph,  to 
which  paper  he  had  contributed  dramatic 
criticisms  and  special  articles  since  1871. 
Previous  to  that  time,  Mr.  Scott  was  suc- 
cessively dramatic  critic  to  the  Sunday 
Times  (1863),  the  Weekly  Dispatch,  and  the 
Observer.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Lays  of  a 
Londoner,"  1882  ;  "  Poems  for  Recita- 
tions," 1884  ;  and  "Lays  and  Lyrics,"  all 


SCOTT 


books  of  lyrical  and  dramatic  poems, 
principally  contributed  to  Punch  after 
Mr.  Burnand  became  editor.  He  has  also 
written  "Round  about  the  Islands," 
"Poppy  Land  Papers,"  1886;  and  "Blos- 
som Land  (2nd  edit.),  1891,  being  collec- 
tions of  holiday  articles  contributed  to  the 
Daily  'Telegraph  and  other  papers,  and  was 
for  many  years  the  dramatic  critic  on  the 
staff  of  the  Illustrated  London  News.  In 
1891  he  edited  the  life  and  reminiscences 
of  E.  L.  Blanchard,  and  in  1892  was  part 
author  of  "The  Fate  of  Fenella."  Re- 
cently he  has  been  round  the  world,  and 
the  result  in  print  was  "Pictures  of  the 
World,"  2nd  edit.,  1894.  Among  many 
other  popular  books  written  by  Clement 
Scott  from  time  to  time  may  be  mentioned 
"  The  Wheel  of  Life,"  a  volume  of  literary, 
journalistic,  and  dramatic  recollections ; 
"From  'The  Bells'  to  '  King  Arthur,'"  a 
collection  of  criticisms  on  various  plays 
produced  by  Sir  Henry  Irving  at  the 
Lyceum  Theatre  ;  and  "  Among  the  Apple 
Orchards  "  and  "  Sisters  by  the  Sea,"  col- 
lections of  holiday  articles  and  essays. 
Among  the  successful  plays  of  which  Mr. 
Clement  Scott  has  been  author,  or  part 
author,  are  "Diplomacy,"  "Peril,"  "The 
Vicarage,"  "Off  the  Line,"  and  "The 
Cape  Mail."  Mr.  Scott  has  written  about 
plays  and  players  for  a  period  now  extend- 
ing to  nearly  forty  years,  and  is  the  doyen 
of  the  dramatic  critics  of  England.  Mr. 
Clement  Scott  married  (1)  Isabel  Busson 
du  Maurier,  sister  of  the  late  George  du 
Maurier ;  and  (2)  Constance  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Horatio  Brandon,  a  London 
solicitor.  Addresses  :  15  Woburn  Square, 
W.C.  ;  and  AthenEeum. 

SCOTT,  Dukinfield  Henry,  M.A., 
Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  youngest  son 
of  Sir  George  Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.,  archi- 
tect, and  great  -  grandson  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Scott,  author  of  a  "Commentary 
on  the  Bible,"  was  born  in  1854,  and  edu- 
cated privately,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  After  taking  his  degree  in  1876 
he  studied  botany  under  Professor  Sachs 
at  Wiirzburg,  where  he  obtained  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  in  1881.  He  was  Assistant-Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  at  University  College, 
London,  from  1882  to  1885,  and  Assistant- 
Professor,  with  sole  charge  of  botanical 
teaching,  at  the  Royal  College  of  Science, 
South  Kensington,  from  1885  to  1892.  He 
resigned  the  latter  post  in  order  to  carry 
on  botanical  investigations  at  Kew,  where 
he  is  now  Honorary  Keeper  of  the  Jodrell 
Laboratory  at  the  Royal  Gardens.  He 
is  joint-translator,  with  Professor  F.  0. 
Bower,  F.R.S.,  of  DeBary's  "Comparative 
Anatomy  of  the  Phanerogams  and  Ferns  " 
(1884),  joint-editor  with  Professor  Howes 
of  Huxley  and  Martin's  "  Elementary  Bio- 


logy "  (1888) ;  author  of  an  "Introduction 
to  Structural  Botany,"  and  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "Annals  of  Botany."  Nume- 
rous papers,  principally  referring  to  ana- 
tomical botany,  have  been  published  by 
him  in  the  scientific  journals,  and  he  is 
the  author  of  several  memoirs  on  the 
structure  of  fossil  plants  (partly  in  con- 
junction with  the  late  Professor  W.  C. 
Williamson,  F.R.S.),  published  in  the  Phil. 
Trans,  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  Pre- 
sident of  the  Botanical  Section  of  the 
British  Association,  Liverpool  Meeting, 
1896,  and  is  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Linnean  Society.  Addresses :  The  Old 
Palace,  Richmond,  Surrey ;  and  Jodrell 
Laboratory,  Kew  Gardens. 

SCOTT,  Major-General  Sir  Francis 
Cunningham,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  J.P., 
was  born  in  1834.  He  entered  the  Black 
Watch  in  1852,  and  in  1881  attained  the 
rank  of  colonel.  He  served  through  the 
Crimean  war,  the  Mutiny,  and  the  Ashanti 
war  of  1874.  In  1891  he  was  appointed 
Inspector-General  of  the  Gold  Coast  Con- 
stabulary, and  in  1895  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  second  Ashanti  expedition. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  in  that  year 
considerable  disagreement  arose  between 
the  British  authorities  and  the  King  of 
Kumasi,  who  in  1894  had  declared  him- 
self King  of  Ashanti,  a  state  which  lies 
inland  at  the  back  of  the  central  portion 
of  the  Gold  Coast  Colony.  An  ultimatum 
was  finally  despatched  to  the  king  requir- 
ing his  assent  to  the  establishment  of  a  Bri- 
tish protectorate  over  Ashanti,  and  to  the 
placing  of  a  British  commissioner  at 
Kumasi.  He  was  also  required  to  aban- 
don the  slave-trade,  foreign  conquest,  and 
the  system  of  human  sacrifices,  which, 
forming  part  of  the  ritual  of  his  particular 
kind  of  negro  fetish-worship,  had  made 
him  horribly  conspicuous  in  the  annals  of 
savagery.  The  king  took  no  notice  of  the 
ultimatum,  and  an  expedition  was  de- 
spatched against  him  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Francis  Scott,  which  easily  reduced 
him  to  submission.  His  country  was  placed 
under  British  protection,  and  a  Resident 
was  appointed  at  Kumasi.  The  English 
losses  in  this  expedition  resulted  chiefly 
from  fever,  and  the  most  melancholy  was 
that  of  the  late  Prince  Henry  of  Batten- 
berg.  Sir  Francis  Scott  was  created 
K.C.M.G.  in  1892,  and,  for  his  services 
in  the  Ashanti  campaign  of  1895,  K.C.B. 
(military)  in  1896.  He  is  one  of  the 
Queen's  Gentlemen-at-Arms.  He  married, 
in  1859,  Mary  Olivia,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  E.  J.  Ward.  Address  :  Accra,  Gold 
Coast. 

SCOTT,  Hugh  S.,  novelist,  writing  in 
the   name  of   "Henrv  Seton   Merriman," 


SCOTT  — SCUDDER 


983 


has  published  the  following  books  :  "  The 
Phantom  Future,"  1889;  "Suspense," 
1890;  "Prisoners  and  Captives,"  1891; 
"From  one  Generation  to  Another,"  and 
"The  Slave  of  the  Lamp,"  1892;  "With 
Edged  Tools,"  1894;  "The  Grev  Lady," 
1895  ;  "Flotsam,"  "Dross,"  "The  Money- 
Spinner,"  and  "From  Wisdom  Court  "(the 
latter  in  collaboration  with  S.  G.  Tallen- 
tyre),  1896.  His  best-known  book,  "  The 
Sowers,"  appeared  in  the  same  year,  and 
he  has  since  published  "In  Kedar's  Tents," 

1897  ;  and  "  Roden's  Corner,"  1898. 

SCOTT,  The  Hon.  Sir  John,  K.C.M.G., 
was  born  at  Wigan  in  1841,  and  is  the  son 
of  Edward  Scott,  solicitor,  of  that  town. 
He  was  educated  at  Bruce  Castle  School, 
Tottenham,  and  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford  (M.A.  1868).  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1865,  joined 
the  Northern  Circuit,  was  Judge,  and  after- 
wards Vice-President  of  the  International 
Court  of  Appeal  in  Egypt  from  1874  till 
1882,  and  from  the  latter  year  to  1890  was 
Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Bombay.  He 
was  Judicial  Adviser  to  the  Khedive  of 
Egypt  from  1890  to  1898,  and  in  October 

1898  became  Deputy  -  Judge  -  Advocate  - 
General.  Oxford  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  Hon.  D.C.L.  in  June  1898. 
He  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in  1894.  He 
married,  in  1867,  Leonora,  daughter  of 
Frederick  Hill,  one  of  the  Secretaries  of 
the  General  Post  Office.  Addresses :  Cairo, 
Egypt ;  Malabar  House,  St.  Albans. 

SCOTT,  Sir  John  Murray,  Bart., 
J.  P.,  was  born  at  Boulogne,  on  Feb.  23, 
1847,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
John  Scott,  M.D.  He  was  educated  at 
Marlborough  College,  at  the  University 
of  Paris,  and  in  Germany.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  1869,  and  was  private  sec- 
retary to  the  late  Sir  Richard  Wallace, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  from  1871  to  1890.  He  is  a 
Trustee  of  the  National  Gallery,  having 
been  appointed  to  a  newly-created  trus- 
teeship in  1897,  and  a  J.P.  for  co.  Antrim. 
He  was  created  a  Baronet  at  New  Year, 
1899.  Addresses  :  Hertford  House,  Man- 
chester Square ;  and  Castle  House,  Lisburn, 
co.  Antrim. 

SCOTT,  Robert  Henry,  M.A.,  D.Sc, 
F.E.S.,  youngest  son  of  James  Smyth  Scott, 
Q.C.,  and  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Charles  Brodrick,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of 
Cashel,  Secretary  of  the  Meteorological 
Council,  born  in  Dublin,  at  3  Merrion  Square 
South,  on  Jan.  28,  1833,  was  educated  at 
Eugby,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  graduated  as  First  Senior  Moderator  in 
Experimental  Physics  in  1855.  He  was 
appointed  Lecturer  in  Mineralogy  to  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society  in  1862,  and  Director 


of  the  Meteorological  Office  in  1867,  a  title 
changed  to  Secretary  of  the  Meteorological 
Council  in  1877.  Since  1874  he  has  been 
Secretary  of  the  International  Meteoro- 
logical Committee,  which  organises  occa- 
sional meetings  and  conferences  in  the 
various  capitals  of  Europe.  Mr.  Scott  is 
author  of  a  "Manual  of  "Volumetric  An- 
alysis," 1862;  "  Weather  Charts  and  Storm 
Warnings,"  1876;  "Elementary  Meteor- 
ology," 1883;  and  of  various  papers  on 
geology  and  meteorology  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  scientific  societies.  Mr.  Scott  is 
responsible  for  the  daily  weather  forecasts 
which  are  one  of  the  features  of  the  modern 
newspapers.  He  married,  in  1865,  Louisa, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  W.  Stewart,  Island 
Secretary,  Jamaica.  Addresses :  6  Elm 
Park  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenajum. 

SCOTTER,  Sir  Charles,  late  General 
Manager  of  the  London  and  South-Western 
Railway,  was  born  in  1835.  Originally 
connected  with  the  Manchester,  Sheffield, 
and  Lincolnshire  Railway,  he  was  knighted 
in  1895  for  his  long  services  to  the  public 
in  connection  with  the  now  greatly  pros- 
pering L.  and  S.  W.  R,  He  is  now  Director 
of  that  line,  and  Chairman  of  the  Great 
Northern  and  City  Railway.  In  February 
1899  he  was  elected  Deputy-Chairman  for 
the  ensuing  year  of  the  London  and  South 
Western  Railway,  the  new  Chairman  being 
the  Hon.  H.  W.  Campbell.  He  was  pre- 
sented with  his  portrait,  by  H.  J.  Wells, 
R.A.,  on  his  retirement  from  the  General 
Managership  of  the  L.  and  S.  W.  R.  The 
presentation  took  place  in  March  1899, 
and  represented  some  13,000  subscribers. 
He  is  a  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  Engineer 
and  Railway  Volunteers.  Address  :  Sur- 
biton  Hill  Park,  Surrey. 

SCRUTATOR.  See  Maccoll,  Canon 
Malcolm. 

SCUDDER,  Horace  Elisha,  Ameri- 
can writer,  was  born  at  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, Oct.  16,  1838.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  College  in  1858,  and  soon  after 
went  to  New  York,  where  he  taught  for 
three  years.  In  1862  his  first  book  "  Seven 
Little  People  and  their  Friends,"  appeared, 
and  for  a  time  his  principal  attention  was 
given  to  writing  for  the  young.  Returning 
to  Boston  he  edited  the  Riverside  Maga- 
zine from  1867  to  1870,  and  then  became 
associated  with  the  publishing  house  which 
now  bears  the  name  of  Houghton,  Mifflin 
and  Co.,  first  as  partner  and  afterwards 
as  editorial  adviser  and  manager.  In 
1890,  upon  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Aldrich, 
he  added  to  his  duties  the  editorship  of 
the  Atlantic  Monthly.  In  addition  to 
editorial  work  and  voluminous  periodical 
contributions,  Mr.  Scudder  has  published 


984 


SEALE-HAYNE  —  SEDDON 


"  Dream  Children,"  1863  ;  "  Life  and 
Letters  of  David  Coit  Scudder  "  (his 
brother),  1864  ;  "  Stories  from  my  Attic," 
1869;  "The  Bodley  Books,"  8  vols.  1875- 
87  ;  "  The  Dwellers  in  Five  Sisters'  Court," 
1876;  "Stories  and  Romances,"  1880; 
"  The  Children's  Book,"  and  "  Boston 
Town,"  1881;  "Noah  Webster,"  1882; 
"  History  of  the  United  States,"  1884  ; 
"George  Washington,"  1886  ;  "  The  Book 
of  Folk  Stories,"  and  "Men  and  Letters," 
1887 ;  and  "  Childhood  in  Literature  and 
Art,"  1894.  He  was  also  joint-author  with 
Mrs.  Taylor  of  the  "  Life  and  Letters  of 
Bayard  Taylor,"  1884;  was  one  of  the 
writers  of  Bryant  and  Gay's  "  History  of 
the  United  States,"  and  of  Justice  Win- 
sor's  "  Memorial  History  of  Boston," 
1880-81  ;  and  edited  the  series  of  "Ameri- 
can Commonwealth,"  and  also  "American 
Poems,"  1879;  and  "American  Prose," 
1880. 

SEALE-HAYNE,  The  Right  Hon. 
Charles,  J.P.,  M.P.,  born  in  1833,  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  is  the  son  of  Charles 
H.  Seale-Hayne,  of  Fuge,  Dartmouth.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1857.  He  has  sat  as  Liberal  member  for 
the  Ashburton  Division  of  Devonshire 
since  1885.  He  was  Paymaster-General 
of  the  Forces  from  August  1892  to  the 
dissolution  of  the  Gladstone  Government 
in  1895.  He  is  J.P.  for  Devon  and  Middle- 
sex, was  appointed  Hon.  Colonel  of  the 
3rd  Battalion  of  the  Devonshire  Regiment 
in  1895,  and  was  first  Chairman  of  the 
Dartmouth  Harbour  Commission.  He  was 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1892.  In 
February  1899  he  was  appointed  Treasurer 
of  the  Cobden  Club.  Addresses  :  6  Upper 
Belgrave  Street,  S.W. ;  and  Kingswear 
Castle,  Dartmouth. 

SEAMAN,  Owen,  member  of  the  staff 
of  Punch,  son  of  the  late  William  Mantle 
Seaman,  was  born  on  Sept.  18,  1861.  He 
was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School,  of 
which  he  was  captain  in  1880,  and  at 
Clare  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  a 
foundation  scholar  of  Clare  from  1881  to 
1884,  and  in  1882  winner  of  the  Porson 
University  Prize  for  Greek  Verse.  In 
1883  he  was  in  the  first  class  in  the  Classi- 
cal Tripos,  and  from  1884  to  1885  Master 
at  Rossall  School.  In  1888  he  became 
Lecturer  on  Literature  at  the  Durham 
College  of  Science,  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
and  in  1890  Professor  in  the  newly 
appointed  Chair  of  Literature  in  that 
College.  In  1888  he  became  Extension 
Lecturer  of  the  Syndicate  of  Cambridge 
University,  and  in  '93  Lecturer  to  the 
London  Society  for  the  Extension  of 
University  Teaching.  He  published  at 
Cambridge  "Paulopostprandials,"  in  1883; 


in  1888,  "With  Double  Life,"  and  "(Edi- 
pus  the  Wreck."  In  1894  he  began  to 
write  in  the  National  Observer,  also  for 
Punch  and  the  World  ("  Nauticus").  He 
published  in  1895  "Horace at  Cambridge," 
and  "  Tillers  of  the  Sand  :  a  Fitful  Record 
of  the  Rosebery  Administration  from  the 
Triumph  of  Ladas  to  the  Decline  and  Fall 
Off,"  also  wrote  "  Rossall,  an  Ode,"  which 
has  been  set  to  music.  In  1896  he  pub- 
lished "The  Battle  of  the  Bays,"  which 
has  gone  through  several  editions.  In 
1897  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  staff  of  Punch. 
Present  address  :  The  Tower  House,  Put- 
ney. 

SEARLE,    Rev.    Charles   Edward, 

D.D.,  Master  of  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, was  educated  at  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge,  and  stood  10th  Wrangler  in 
the  Mathematical  Tripos  (M.A.  1854). 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1854,  and 
Priest  in  1855.  He  was  Fellow  of  his 
College  from  1851  to  1880,  when  he  was 
appointed  Master.  He  was  Tutor  of  Pem- 
broke College  for  twenty  years  (1870-90), 
was  Lady  Margaret  Preacher  in  1871,  and 
Vice-Chancellor  in  1888-89.  He  has  pub- 
lished several  religious  works,  among  which 
we  may  mention  "  The  Clerical  Fellow's 
Stewardship,"  1878.  Address  :  Master's 
Lodge,  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge. 

SEBAG-MONTEFIORE,  Sir 
Joseph,  J.P.,  is  the  son  of  Solomon  Sebag, 
and  was  born  in  1822.  On  succeeding  in 
1885  to  the  estate  of  his  maternal  grand- 
father, Sir  Moses  Monteflore,  he  assumed 
the  additional  surname.  He  is  a  Lieu- 
tenant of  the  City  of  London,  and  was 
knighted  in  1896.  Addresses :  4  Hyde 
Park  Gardens,  W.  ;  and  East  Cliff  Lodge, 
Ramsgate. 

SEDBON,     John    Pollard,    son    of 

Thomas  Seddon,  was  born  Sept.  19,  1827, 
at  London  House,  Aldersgate  Street,  E.C., 
and  educated  at  Bedford  Grammar  School. 
He  was  articled  1848-51  to  Professor 
Donaldson,  architect,  and  from  1852  to 
1862  was  in  partnership  with  John  Prich- 
ard,  diocesan  architect,  at  Llandaff.  In 
1862  he  settled  in  London,  where  he  has 
since  practised.  His  principal  works  are 
the  restoration  of  Llandaff  Cathedral  in 
connection  with  Mr.  Prichard,  and  nume- 
rous churches,  parsonages,  and  schools  in 
Llandaff  Diocese  ;  Lambeth  Place  Chapel; 
St.  Nicholas  and  St.  James',  Great  Yar- 
mouth ;  St.  Barnabas',  near  Swindon  ;  St. 
James',  Redruth ;  St.  Peter's  Orphanage 
and  Sanitarium,  Thanet ;  University  Col- 
lege and  Llanbadern  Church,  Aberystwith; 
Hoarwithy  Church,  Herefordshire  ;  man- 


.     SEDDON  —  SEELEY 


985 


sions  at  Aberroaide,  Merionethshire  :  Ros- 
dohan,  County  Kerry  ;  Oxted,  Surrey  ; 
Roughwood,  Bucks,  &c.  ;  North  and  South 
Wales  Bank,  Birkenhead.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Progress  in  Art  and  Architecture," 
1852 ;  in  1859  "  Memoir  and  Letters  of  the 
late  Thomas  Seddon,  Artist,"  and  in  1868 
"  Rambles  in  the  Rhine  Provinces." 

SEDDON,  Right  Hon.  Richard 
John,  L.L.D.,  Premier  of  New  Zealand,  son 
of  Thos.  Seddon  and  Jane  Lindsay,  was  born 
at  Eccleston,  in  Lancashire,  in  1841,  and 
emigrating  to  Victoria  at  the  height  of  the 
gold  fever  in  1863,  as  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer, he  soon  grasped  the  possibilities 
of  colonial  life.  In  1867  he  married  Miss 
L.  J.  Spotswood  at  Williamstown,  and 
soon  after  removed  to  New  Zealand.  His 
first  public  office  was  as  Chairman  of  the 
Westland  Provincial  Council,  and  he  was 
the  first  Mayor  of  Kumara,  In  1879  he 
was  returned  to  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives as  member  for  Hokitika,  and  after- 
wards for  Kumara  (1881),  and  Westland 
(1890).  In  January  1891  he  accepted 
office  in  the  Ballance  Ministry  as  Minister 
of  Mines  ;  afterwards  he  was  Minister  of 
Public  Works,  and  in  1895  he  became 
Premier.  He  came  to  England  in  1897 
for  the  Jubilee,  when  he  was  made  a 
Privy  Councillor. 

SEDGWICK,  Adam,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  Reader  of  Animal  Morphology 
in  the  University,  was  born  in  Norwich 
on  Sept.  28,  1854,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Richard  Sedgwick,  Vicar  of  Dent,  Yorks. 
He  was  educated  at  Marlborough  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  ap- 
pointed F.R.S.  in  1886,  and  served  on  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1892-94. 
He  has  contributed  many  papers,  some- 
times written  in  collaboration  with  the  late 
Maitland  Balfour,  to  the  learned  Transac- 
tions, &c,  the  subject  in  very  many  cases 
being  the  anatomy  of  the  embryo  chick. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  Captain  Robin- 
son, of  Armagh,  in  1892.  Address:  White- 
field,  Great  Shelford,  Cambridge. 

SEELEY,  Professor  Harry  Govier, 

F.R.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  &c,  born 
in  London,  Feb.  18,  1839,  is  the  second 
son  of  Richard  Hovill  Seeley,  and  is  of 
Huguenot  descent  on  his  mother's  side 
through  the  Goviers  of  the  Vale  of  Taun- 
ton. He  was  educated  privately  ;  attended 
lectures  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  by- 
Sir  A.  Ramsay,  Edward  Forbes,  and  Sir  R. 
Owen  ;  and  afterwards  at  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge.  In  1859  the  late  Rev. 
Adam  Sedgwick,  F.R.S. ,  invited  him  to 
arrange  the  fossils  in  the  Woodwardian 
Museum,    and  this   work   continued    till 


1871,  with  teaching  of  Field  Geology  and 
Palaeontology  and  occasional  lectures  for 
the  Professor.  In  1876  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Geography  and  Lecturer  on 
Geology  in  King's  College  and  Queen's 
College,  London  ;  of  Queen's  College  he 
became  the  Dean  in  1881.  He  originated 
in  1885,  and  has  since  conducted,  the 
London  Geological  Field  class,  having 
published  in  1891  a  handbook  for  its  use. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in 
1861,  and  subsequently  Fellow  of  the  Geo- 
logical, Linnean,  Zoological,  and  Royal 
Geographical  Societies.  He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1879.  His 
original  writings,  about  120  in  number, 
relate  to  Palaeontology  and  other  depart- 
ments of  geology,  and  to  Comparative 
Anatomy.  He  has  published  a  "  Cata- 
logue of  Fossil  Reptiles  in  the  Wood- 
wardian Museum,"  1869;  the  "  Ornitho- 
sauria,"  1870 ;  "  Physical  Geology  and 
Palaeontology,"  1885,  issued  as  vol.  i.  of 
Phillips's  Geology  ;  "  The  Freshwater 
Fishes  of  Europe,"  1886  ;  and  "  Factors 
in  Life,"  1887;  "Fossil  Reptilia,"  1887  ; 
and  "Story  of  the  Earth  in  Past  Ages, " 
1895.  He  has  studied  the  Fossil  Reptilia 
in  the  public  museums  of  France,  Belgium, 
Holland,  North  and  South  Germany,  Aus- 
tria, Russia,  and  Cape  Colony,  from  which 
country  he  has  collected  several  new  types 
of  reptiles.  His  scientific  memoirs  are 
contained  in  the  publications  of  the  Geo- 
logical, Linnean,  and  Royal  Societies,  the 
Geological  Magazine,  and  Annals  of  Na- 
tural History.  Among  the  results  of  his 
researches  was  the  discovery  (1865)  that 
the  Fossil  Reptiles  named  Pterodactyles, 
are  more  nearly  related  to  birds  than  are 
living  reptiles  ;  this  was  made  out  by 
evidence  from  the  breathing  organs  and 
brain.  He  regarded  (1865)  the  succession 
of  geological  deposits  of  different  mineral 
character  as  evidence  of  changed  geogra- 
phical outlines  of  ancient  lands  ;  and  ex- 
plained the  changes  in  fossil  life  of  succes- 
sive deposits  as  results  of  migration  of 
faunas  consequent  on  geographical  changes. 
He  enunciated  the  mechanical  law  in  1S66, 
that  growth  is  in  proportion  to  work  done  ; 
and  regarded  it  as  explaining  the  different 
proportions  of  organs  and  of  animals.  In 
1869  he  founded  the  genus  Ornithopsis  on 
a  vertebra  in  the  British  Museum  which 
had  previously  been  regarded  as  part  of 
the  skull  of  Iguanodon,  indicated  it  as  a 
new  ordinal  group  of  reptiles,  which  have 
since  been  found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  and 
the  United  States.  He  discovered  that 
Ichthyosaurus  was  viviparous,  1880,  and 
that  some  Plesiosaurs  were  viviparous, 
1887.  In  a  Croonian  lecture  of  the  Royal 
Society,  1887,  the  Fossil  Reptilia  of  South 
Africa  were  found  to  be  a  link  between 


986 


SEFTON  — SELOUS 


the  existing  Amphibia  and  Mammalia. 
Professor  H.  G.  Seeley  received  from  the 
Geological  Society  the  Murchison  Fund, 
1876,  and  the  Lyell  Medal,  1885.  He  was 
made  a  Foreign  Correspondent  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  in 
1878 ;  Corresponding  Member  Kk.  Geo- 
logische  Eeichsanstalt,  Vienna,  in  1879  ; 
and  member  of  the  Imperial  Society  of 
Naturalists  of  Moscow  in  1889.  Address  : 
25  Palace  Gardens  Terrace,  Kensington,  W. 

SEETON,  Earl  of,  Charles  "William 
Hylton  Molyneux,  Bart.,  K.G.,  Knight 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Tower 
and  Sword,  was  born  on  June  25,  1867, 
and  succeeded  his  father,  the  4th  Earl,  in 
1897.  He  is  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Lanes. 
Hussars,  Yeomanry  Cavalry.  Addresses : 
37  Belgrave  Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Croxteth 
Hall,  Liverpool,  &c. 

SELBOBNE,  Earl  of,  William 
Waldegrave  Palmer,  J.P.,  Under-Secre- 
tary for  the  Colonies,  was  born  on  Oct. 
17,  1859,  and  is  the  son  of  the  1st  Earl, 
the  eminent  Lord  Chancellor  Selborne, 
and  Laura,  daughter  of  the  8th  Earl 
Waldegrave.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  1895.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
College,  and  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  first  class  in  the 
Modern  History  School.  He  was  Assis- 
tant Private  Secretary  to  the  Eight  Hon. 
H.  C.  E.  Childers,  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer,  from  1882  to  1885.  As  Vis- 
count Wolmer  he  was  Member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  East  Hampshire,  first  as  a  Liberal 
and  afterwards  as  a  Liberal  Unionist  from 
1885  to  1892,  when  he  was  returned  for 
West  Edinburgh.  He  represented  that 
constituency  until  1895,  when  he  entered 
the  Upper  House,  and  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  for  the  Colonies.  He  is 
a  Major  in  the  Hants  Militia,  and  co. 
Alderman.  He  married,  in  1883,  Lady 
Beatrix  Maud  Cecil,  daughter  of  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury.  Addresses  :  49 
Mount  Street,  W. ;  and  Blackmoor,  Peters- 
field,  Hants. 

SELLA,  Vittorio,  was  born  at  Biella, 
in  N.  Italy,  in  August  1859,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished as  a  mountaineer,  geographer, 
and  photographer.  Between  1881  and 
1890  he  received  many  medals  and  dip- 
lomas for  photography  in  London,  Turin, 
Vienna,  and  Florence  ;  and  in  the  last 
year  he  received  the  Murchison  award 
in  recognition  of  his  recent  journey  in  the 
Caucasus,  and  his  series  of  panoramic 
photographs  of  the  chain.  He  has  written 
many  memoirs,  the  last  being  "  Nel  Cau- 
caso  Centrale :  Excursioni  colla  camera 
oscura,"  and  he  is  well  known  as  having 
obtained   the   largest,    and   probably   the 


best,  views  of  the  Alps  ;  also  as  having 
made,  in  1882,  the  first  winter  ascent  of 
the  Matterhorn,  and  in  1884  of  Monte 
Rosa. 

SELOTJS,  Frederick  Courtenay,  ex- 
plorer,   naturalist,    and    sportsman,    was 
born  in   London   on  Dec.  31,  1851.     His 
father  was  of  Huguenot  extraction,  and 
on  his  mother's  side  he  is  descended  from 
the  Bruces  of  Clackmannan.    He  was  edu- 
cated at  Bruce  Castle  and  at  Eugby,  where 
he  was  famous  for  his  high  spirits,  his  love 
of  violent  mischief,  and  his  personal  cour- 
age.    His  schoolfellows  showed  their  ap- 
preciation of  his  character  by  converting 
his  name  of  Selous  into  "  Zealous,"  which 
became    his    nickname.      When    sixteen 
years  of  age  he  left  Rugby  and  spent  a 
couple  of  years  in  Switzerland  and  Ger- 
many, where  he  learnt  French  and  German, 
the  former,  as  he  thinks,  with  inherited 
facility.     Whilst  in  the  latter  country  he 
attracted  some  notice  in  the  local  papers 
by  jumping  into  the  Ehine  during  winter 
after  a  wild  duck  which  he  had  shot.     He 
had  on  a  greatcoat  and  top-boots  which 
filled  with  water,  and  though  a  splendid 
swimmer    he    found    great    difficulty    in 
getting  to  shore  with  the  game.    Whilst 
still  quite  a  youth  he  had  determined  to 
cast  his  lot  in  South  Africa.     At  nineteen 
he  sailed  from  England,  and  in  1871  first 
set  foot  upon  the  shores  of  Algoa  Bay.     In 
1881   he    published    his    first    work,    "A 
Hunter's   Wanderings    in   Africa."      This 
won   instant   recognition,  but    its   author 
received  more  credit  from  the  critics  and 
the     general    public    for    his    wonderful 
prowess  as  a  hunter  than  for  what  he  had 
done    as    a    naturalist   and   an    explorer. 
From  the    Eoyal    Geographical    Society, 
however,    he    received    successively    the 
Cuthbert  Peake  grant,  the  Back  premium, 
and  finally,  in  1893,  the  Founders'  Gold 
Medal,  the  highest  honour  which  it  is  in 
their  power  to  bestow.     Such  honours  are 
not   gained  by  hunting,  and  the  map  of 
Africa,  to  which  he  has  so  largely  contri- 
buted, will  show  how.  Mr.  Selous  won  them. 
His  services  to  natural  history  have  also 
received  recognition  from  the  Zoological 
Society,  who  have  made  him  one  of  their 
corresponding    members.      In    1893    Mr. 
Selous  published  his  second  and  now  well- 
known  work,  "Travel  and  Adventure  in 
South-East     Africa."       Amongst     other 
matter  of  varied  and  often  of  thrilling 
interest,   it  contains  an  account  of  the 
historic     pioneer    expedition    which    its 
author   so   successfully   led.      During  the 
first  Matabele  campaign  Mr.  Selous  fought 
with  great  gallantry  on  the  side  of  the 
colonists,  and  was  wounded  whilst  bravely 
protecting  some  waggons  which  had  been 
surprised  by  the  enemy.     On  his  return  to 


SELVES  —  SEMON 


987 


England  after  the  campaign,  he  character- 
istically defended  his  fellows-in-arms  from 
charges  of  bloodthirstiness  and  cruelty 
brought  against  them  by  Mr.  Labouchere. 
The  controversy  ran  for  some  months  in 
the  columns  of  the  Times  during  1894. 
Mr.  Selous  returned  to  Matabeleland  in 
1895,  raised  a  troop  when  the  native  re- 
bellion broke  out  in  March  1896,  and  served 
throughout  the  campaign  until  the  dis- 
handment  of  the  Buluwayo  Field  Force. 
Afterwards  he  wrote  an  account  of  the 
outbreak  of  the  rebellion  in  a  book  entitled 
"Sunshine  and  Storm  in  Rhodesia."  He 
came  home  to  England,  and  will  probably 
not  return  to  Africa  except  on  short  visits. 
He  has  been  again  involved  in  controversy, 
in  the  columns  of  the  Times,  this  time  with 
Mr.  White,  on  charges  similar  to  those 
previously  brought  against  his  friends  in 
South  Africa.  He  married  recently  Marie 
Katherine  Gladys,  daughter  of  Canon 
Maddy,  Down  Hatherley,  Gloucestershire. 
English  address  :  Alpine  Lodge,  Worples- 
don,  Surrey. 

SELVES,  M.  de,  Preset  of  the  Seine, 
was  born  at  Toulouse,  July  19,  1848. 
During  the  war  of  1870,  he  was  a  Captain 
of  Mobiles,  and  became  Batonnier,  or  Head 
of  the  Bar,  at  Montauban.  Before  occu- 
pying his  present  post,  he  governed  the 
Departments  of  the  Oise,  and  the  Meurthe 
et  Moselle,  and  had  been  the  Director  of 
the  General  Post  Office.  He  replaced  M. 
Poubelle  in  1896.  Address:  Hotel  de 
Ville,  Paris. 

SELWYN,  The  Rev.  Edward  Cams, 

head-master  of  Uppingham  School,  was 
born  Nov.  25,  1853,  at  Lee,  Kent.  His 
father  was  the  Rev.  E.  J.  Selwyn,  then 
head -master  of  Blackheath  Proprietary 
School,  and  latterly  (till  1893)  the  Rector 
of  Pluckley,  Kent.  The  family  includes 
many  names  of  scholars  and  divines,  not- 
ably the  late  Bishop  Selwyn  of  New  Zea- 
land and  Lichfield,  and  his  brothers,  Pro- 
fessor Selwyn  of  Cambridge,  and  Sir 
Charles  Jasper  Selwyn.  Mr.  Selwyn  was 
educated  at  Blackheath  Proprietary  School 
and  at  Eton  ;  whence,  after  obtaining  the 
Newcastle  scholarship,  he  proceeded,  in 
1872,  to  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  college  he  was  elected  a  scholar. 
As  an  undergraduate,  he  obtained  the 
Carus  Greek  Testament  Prize  in  1872  ;  was 
Bell's  Scholar  in  1873  ;  and  Browne's 
Medallist  1874  and  1875.  In  1876  he 
graduated  B.A.  as  7th  Classic;  was  very 
shortly  afterwards  elected  to  a  Fellowship ; 
and  from  1876  to  1878  was  Assistant 
Classical  Lecturer  at  King's  College.  He 
was  ordained  in  1879,  and  held,  for  some 
months,  a  curacy  at  St.  Paul's,  Jarrow-on- 
Tyne,  of  which  the  Rev.  Canon   Edward 


Liddell  was  rector.  He  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge in  1880,  as  Divinity  Lecturer  of 
Emmanuel  College,  and  Dean  and  Divinity 
Lecturer  of  King's  College.  On  the  retire- 
ment of  the  late  Canon  Butler  in  1882,  Mr. 
Selwyn  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
Principalship  of  Liverpool  College.  In 
1887  he  succeeded  Mr.  Turing  as  Head- 
Master  of  Uppingham  School,  the  position 
he  now  holds.  He  married  (1)  a  daughter 
of  Thomas  Arnold,  Esq.,  Professor  in  the 
Royal  Irish  University,  second  son  of  Dr. 
Arnold  of  Rugby  ;  and  (2)  Maud  Stuart 
Dunn,  first  cousin  of  his  first  wife.  Ad- 
dress :  Uppingham  School. 

SEMBRICH,  Marcella,  a  distin- 
guished vocalist,  was  born  at  Lemberg, 
Galicia,  Feb.  15,  1858,  and  for  some  years 
studied  the  piano  and  violin,  firstly  under 
her  father,  and  before  she  was  six  she 
appeared  on  the  concert  platform.  While 
receiving  piano  lessons  from  Liszt  in 
Vienna,  it  was  discovered  that  she  had  a 
splendid  voice,  and  she  was  at  once  sent  to 
Milan  to  study  singing  under  Lamperti. 
She  made  her  dcSbut  as  an  opera  singer  in 
Athens  in  "  I  Puritani,"  1877,  and  then 
returned  to  Vienna  for  further  study  ;  she 
subsequently  appeared  in  Dresden,  and 
remained  at  the  Royal  Opera  House  till 
1880.  She  soon  became  a  great  favourite 
in  the  characters  of  "  Zerlina,"  "  Susanna," 
"Constance,"  "Martha,"  "Lucia,"  &c. 
In  1880  she  made  her  first  appearance  in 
London.  Mdlle.  Sembrich  has  sung  in  all 
the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  and  has 
been  everywhere  received  with  the  greatest 
enthusiasm.  In  1883-84  she  was  a  member 
of  Mr.  Abbey's  Italian  Opera  Company  at 
New  York,  where  she  created  a  great 
sensation  by  the  compass  of  her  voice  and 
the  brilliance  of  her  execution. 

SEMON,  Sir  Felix,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P., 
was  born  at  Danzig,  in  Eastern  Prussia,  on 
Dec.  8,  1849.  His  father  was  the  late  Mr. 
S.  J.  Semon,  stockbroker,  of  Danzig,  later 
of  Berlin  ;  his  mother  the  eldest  daughter 
of  the  late  Alderman  S.  Aschenheim,  of 
Elbing.  He  received  his  education  at  one 
of  the  Berlin  High  Schools,  between  1856 
and  1868,  and  from  1868  to  1874  studied 
medicine  at  Heidelberg  and  Berlin.  His 
studies  were  interrupted  by  the  Franco- 
German  war,  through  which  he  served  as 
a  volunteer  in  the  2nd  Uhlans  of  the 
Guard  (medal  and  five  clasps).  In  1873 
he  passed  the  examination  for  the  M.D.  of 
Berlin  ;  in  1874  the  German  States  exa- 
mination. After  the  completion  of  his 
official  course  of  studies  he  went  to 
Vienna,  Paris,  and  London,  with  a  view 
of  seeing  practice  abroad.  Having  been 
appointed  Clinical  Assistant  at  the  Throat 
Hospital,    Golden    Square,    in     1875,    he 


SEND  ALL  —  SERGEANT 


determined  to  settle  in  London  and  to 
practise  as  a  specialist  for  diseases  of  the 
throat  and  nose.  In  1876  he  passed  his 
examination  for  the  Membership  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  in  1885.  In  1877  he  be- 
came Physician  to  the  Throat  Hospital, 
Golden  Square,  in  1 882  Assistant-Physician, 
and  some  years  later,  Physician  in  charge 
of  the  Throat  Department  of  St.  Thomas' 
Hospital,  and  in  1888  Laryngologist  to 
the  National  Hospital  for  Epilepsy  and 
Paralysis  in  Queen's  Square,  Bloomsbury  ; 
the  last  position  he  still  holds.  In  1888 
his  Majesty  the  German  Emperor  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  Order  of  the  Red 
Eagle  (third  class),  and  in  1894  the  title 
of  a  Royal  Prussian  Professor.  In  1897 
her  Majesty  the  Queen,  on  the  occasion  of 
her  Diamond  Jubilee,  conferred  upon  him 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  Sir  Felix 
Semon  is  a  Fellow  or  Member  of  many 
learned  societies  of  London,  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Laryngological  Societies  of 
Vienna  and  Italy,  and  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Society 
of  Physicians  of  Vienna,  and  of  the  Ameri- 
can Laryngological  Association,  He  has 
been  twice  President  of  the  Section  of 
Laryngology  at  the  meetings  of  the  British 
Medical  Association  (Glasgow  1888,  Lon- 
don 1895),  President  of  the  Larnygological 
Society  of  London,  which  he,  together 
with  some  other  throat  specialists,  founded 
in  1893,  and  Honorary  President  of  the 
Laryngological  Sections  of  several  of  the 
recent  International  and  Medical  Con- 
gresses (Copenhagen  1884,  Berlin  1890, 
Rome  1893).  His  contributions  to  medical 
literature  have  been  very  numerous.  He 
is  the  founder  (1884)  and  editor  of  the 
"  Internationales  Centralblatt  fur  Laryn- 
gologie  and  Rhinologie,"  an  analytical 
record  of  the  literature  of  his  specialty. 
He  has  contributed  articles  on  diseases  of 
the  throat,  nose,  and  thyroid  gland  to  Mr. 
Christopher  Heath's  ' '  Dictionary  of  Practi- 
cal Surgery,"  1886,  and  to  Prof.  Clifford 
Allbutt's  "System  of  Medicine,"  1897. 
Lectures,  introductory  addresses,  essays, 
and  papers  on  subjects  connected  with  his 
special  branch  of  practice  have  been  pub- 
lished by  him  in  the  Transactions  of 
various  London  Medical  Societies,  the 
Philosophical  Transactions  and  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Royal  Institution,  and  in  various  British 
and  foreign  Medical  Journals.  His  most 
important  original  work  has  been  in  con- 
nection with  the  diagnosis  and  treatment 
of  cancer  of  the  larynx,  and  with  the 
functions  and  diseases  (particularly  para- 
lysis) of  the  motor  nerves  of  the  larynx. 
Addresses  :  39  Wimpole  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  W. ;  and  "  Little  Dawley,"  Hayes, 
Middlesex. 


SENDALL,     Sir    "Walter     Joseph, 

G.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  British  Guiana,  was 
born  in  1832.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  S.  Sendall,  Vicar  of  Rillington,  York- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  1858,  First  Class  Classics;  Junior 
Dpt.,  Mathematics).  While  at  the  Uni- 
versity he  was  the  friend  of  the  poet  C. 
S.  Calverley,  whose  "Literary  Remains" 
he  edited  with  an  introductory  biography 
in  1885.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  Colonial 
Civil  Service,  Ceylon,  1860-73 ;  Inspector 
of  Schools,  1860-70;  Director  of  Public 
Instruction,  1870-73  ;  Assistant-Inspector 
Local  Government  Board,  1873-76; 
General  Inspector,  1876-78 ;  Assistant- 
Secretary,  1878-85.  He  was  Governor  and 
Commander  -  in  -  Chief  of  the  Windward 
Islands,  1885-89  ;  was  appointed  Gover- 
nor and  Commander-in-Chief  of  Barbados 
in  November  1889 ;  and  High  Commis- 
sioner of  Cyprus  in  1892.  He  was  created 
C.M.G.,  1887;  K.C.M.G.,  1889  ;  G.C.M.G., 
1899.  He  left  Cyprus  in  1898  to  take  up 
his  present  appointment. 

SENIOR,  William,  journalist  and 
author  ("Redspinner "),  is  the  angling 
editor  of  the  Field.  In  1873  he  published 
"  Notable  Shipwrecks,"  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  This  was  fol- 
lowed in  1875  by  "  Waterside  Sketches  "  ; 
in  1877  by  "  Stream  and  Sea"  ;  in  1878  by 
"Anderton's  Angling,"  a  novelette;  in 
1880  by  "  Travel  and  Trout  in  the  Anti- 
podes"; in  1883  by  "Angling  in  Great 
Britain,"  being  one  of  the  handbooks 
issued  in  connection  with  the  Great  Inter- 
national Fisheries  Exhibition  ;  in  1888  by 
"  Near  and  Far,"  a  book  of  sport  in 
Australasia  and  at  home  ;  in  1891  by  "  The 
Thames  from  Oxford  to  the  Tower,"  illus- 
trated by  F.  S.  Walker  ;  and  in  1895  by 
"A  Mixed  Bag."  Mr.  Senior  is  a  regular 
contributor  to  periodical  literature.  In 
1875  he  accepted  a  Government  appoint- 
ment as  editor  of  the  Queensland  "  Han- 
sard," and  proceeded  to  that  colony  to 
start  an  official  daily  report  of  the  Parlia- 
mentary debates.  This  publication,  the 
first  of  the  kind  ever  issued  in  the 
Colonies,  having  been  most  successfully 
established,  he  returned  to  England,  after 
five  years'  residence  in  Queensland,  and 
rejoined  the  special  correspondent  staff  of 
the  Daily  News.  Address  ;  Field  Office, 
Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

SERGEANT,  Emily  Frances  Ade- 
line, daughter  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Ser- 
geant (whose  wife,  ne'e  Jane  Hall,  was 
well  known  in  religious  circles  as  a  writer 
of  verse  and  short  stories  under  the  name 
of  "Adeline"),  was  born  at  Ashbourne, 
Derbyshire,  July  4,  1851.     Her  early  edu- 


SEEVEE  PACHA  —  SETH 


989 


cation     was    partly    conducted     by     her 
mother,    and    partly  in    private    schools. 
Frequent   changes   of   residence,    necessi- 
tated by  her  father's  profession,  took  her 
to   a   succession    of    places,    ending   with 
Rochester,  where  her  father's  death  broke 
up  the  household.      She    had,  for  some 
years  before   this  event,  been  a  pupil  at 
Miss  Pipe's  school  at  Clapham  and  Queen's 
College,  Harley  Street,  where  she  held  a 
scholarship.     Her  mother's  death  followed 
quickly  on  that  of  her  father,  and  for  some 
years  afterwards  Miss  Sergeant  occupied 
herself  in  teaching.     But  she  had  written 
prose  and  verse  since  she  was  eight  years 
old,  and  after  a  time  resolved  to  devote 
herself  more  fully  to  literature.      It  was 
not,  however,  until  the  winter  of  1881-82, 
that  a  novel  from  her  pen  found  accept- 
ance.    A  prize  of  £100,  offered  by  Messrs. 
John    Leng    &    Co.,    proprietors    of    the 
People's  Friend    in    Dundee,   was    gained 
by    Miss    Sergeant    for     a     story    called 
"Jacobi's  Wife"  ;  and  this  piece  of  suc- 
cess was   followed  up  by  the  publication 
by  Messrs.  Richard  Bentley  &   Son   of   a 
novel,  "Beyond  Recall,"  dealing  with  the 
events  of  the  Egyptian  outbreak  and  the 
bombardment   of   Alexandria,    where   the 
author    had    spent    the    winter.       Other 
novels   followed,   and   in    1885   Miss   Ser- 
geant accepted  a  post  on  the  staff  of  Sir 
John  Leng's  papers  in  Dundee,  where  she 
remained  for  more  than  two  years.     Since 
then  she  has  lived  chiefly  in  London,  with 
occasional   winters   abroad,   and    has    de- 
voted herself  to  writing.     "  The  Story  of  a 
Penitent  Soul "  is  generally  accounted  her 
best  book  ;   it  appeared  (anonymously  at 
first)   in  the  summer  of  1892.     Other  of 
her   works    are:    "No    Saint,"    "Esther 
Denison,"    "Caspar   Brooke's    Daughter," 
"  Sir  Anthony,"  "The  Surrender  of  Mar- 
garet   Bellarmine,"    "The    Idol -Maker," 
1896 ;     "  In     Vallombrosa,"    1897 ;      Miss 
Betty's  Mistake,"  and  "A  Valuable  Life," 
1898,  &c.     At  present  Miss  Sergeant  has 
written  more  than  thirty  novels  and  stories 
of  various  kinds.     She  is  deeply  interested 
in  philanthropic   matters,  and   especially 
concerns  herself  with  the  lives  and  welfare 
of  working-girls.        London   address  :    14 
Chenies  Street  Chambers,  W.C. 

SERVER  PACHA,  a  Turkish  states- 
man, commenced  his  official  career  in  the 
Imperial  Divan,  and  after  filling  the  post 
of  chief  of  the  correspondence  department 
in  the  Ministry  of  War,  was  appointed 
First  Secretary  of  the  Ottoman  Embassy 
in  Vienna ;  then  in  the  same  capacity 
in  Paris ;  and  when  the  Sultan  sent 
Mehemet  Kubrisli  Pacha  to  St.  Petersburg 
as  Ambassador  upon  the  coronation  of  the 
Emperor  Alexander,  Server  Effendi  was 
chosen  as  principal  secretary.      After  the 


return  of  the  Ambassador   to   Constanti- 
nople, Server  Effendi  remained  in  Russia 
as  Charge  d'Affaires,  and  by  his  ability 
and   tact   succeeded   in    establishing   the 
most  friendly  relations  between  the  Cabi- 
net of  St.  Petersburg  and  the   Sublime 
Porte.       On  his  return  to  Constantinople 
he  was  appointed  Secretary-General  of  the 
Ministry  for  Foreign  Affairs.      In  1859  he 
was   Imperial   Ottoman    Delegate   on  the 
Commission   for   settling   the   frontier   of 
Montenegro.     After   this    he  was   succes- 
sively appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State 
of  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  ;  then  Presi- 
dent of  the  Municipality  ;  Imperial  Com- 
missioner in  Egypt  in  reference  to  the  Suez 
Canal ;  and  Civil  Commissioner  in   Crete 
during    the    insurrection   of    1867.      The 
improvements  carried  out  by  him  during 
his  tenure  of  office  as  Mayor  of  Constan- 
tinople, 1868-70,  caused  him  to  be  styled 
the  "Haussmann  of  Stamboul."     On  Aug. 
31,  1870,  he  was  appointed  Musteschar  of 
the  Ministry  for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  dur- 
ing the  three  months'  illness  of  A'ali  Pacha 
was  Minister  ad  interim.     On  the  death  of 
A'ali  Pacha,  Sept.  6,  1871,  Server  Effendi 
was  created  a  Muchir  by  the  Sultan,  and 
definitely  appointed  Minister  for  Foreign 
Affairs.       Server   Pacha   possessed   in    an 
eminent  degree  all  the  qualifications  neces- 
sary for  this  high  post — experience  in  its 
special  duties,  a  very  conciliatory  manner, 
a   European   education,    and   great  popu- 
larity with  the  diplomatic  body.      Server 
Pacha  subsequently  became,  in  succession, 
Minister   of    Public  Works,    Commissary- 
General  for  carrying  out   the    reforms  in 
Bosnia,  Governor-General  of  Herzegovina, 
and  President  of  the  First  Ottoman  Senate. 
He  was  recalled  to  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs  in  the  place  of  Aarifi  Pacha,  July 
31,  1877.      He  resigned  in  Feb.  1878,  in 
consequence  of  the  publication  of  state- 
ments which  had  been  made  by  him  to  the 
correspondent   of    the    Daily    News,    and 
which  had  been  declared  by  Mr.  Layard, 
our  Ambassador  at  the   Porte,  to  be  in- 
jurious to  Great  Britain.      On  Aug.  4,  in 
the   same   year,   Server   Pacha   succeeded 
Mahmoud  Pacha  as  Minister  of  Justice. 

SERVIA,  King-  of.  See  Alexander  I. 

SERVIA,    ex-King  of.      See   Milan 

(Obeenovitch)  I. 

SERVIA,  Queen  of.    See  Natalie. 

SETH,  Professor  James,  M.A.,  is  a 
brother  of  the  present  occupant  of  the 
Chair  of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  in  Edin- 
burgh University,  and  was  born  in  1860. 
He  matriculated  in  Arts  in  Edinburgh  in 
1876,  and  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the 
study  of  philosophy,  gaining,  besides  other 


990 


SEWELL—  SEYMOUE 


distinctions,  the  Bruce  of  Grangehill  and 
Falkland  Prize  in  the  advanced  class  of 
Metaphysics.  He  graduated  as  Master  of 
Arts  with  first-class  honours  in  Philosophy 
in  1881,  and  was  afterwards  awarded  the 
John  EdwardBaxter  Philosophical  Scholar- 
ship and  the  Ferguson  Scholarship  in 
Mental  Philosophy — the  latter  open  to 
graduates  of  all  the  Scottish  Universities, 
He  continued  his  study  of  Philosophy  at 
Leipzig,  Jena,  and  Berlin,  with  a  view  to  a 
more  thorough  mastery  of  modern  German 
thought.  From  1883  to  1885  he  acted  as 
assistant  to  Professor  Campbell  Fraser  in 
the  class  of  Logic  and  Metaphysics,  and  in 
this  capacity  lectured  both  to  junior  and 
senior  students  ;  and  in  the  summer  of 
1885  he  organised  and  conducted  inde- 
pendent classes  in  Logic  and  Psychology 
and  in  the  History  of  Philosophy.  In  1886 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Professorship  of 
Philosophy  in  Dalhousie  College  and  Uni- 
versity, Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  In  1892  he 
was  called  to  the  Chair  of  Philosophy 
in  Brown  University,  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  and  four  years  later  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Sage  Professorship  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  Cornell  University,  Ithaca, 
New  York.  In  1897  he  succeeded  the  late 
Professor  Calderwood  in  the  Chair  of 
Moral  Philosophy  at  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity. He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  magazines  on  philosophical  subjects, 
and  he  assisted  the  late  Professor  Calder- 
wood in  the  revision  and  re-writing  of 
Fleming's  "  "Vocabulary  of  Philosophy." 
In  1891  he  published  an  essay,  entitled 
"  Freedom  of  the  Ethical  Postulate,"  and 
in  1894  completed  and  published  a  larger 
work,  entitled  "  A  Study  of  Ethical  Prin- 
ciples." While  at  Cornell  University  he 
acted  as  co-editor  of  the  Philosophical  Re- 
view.    Address  :  Edinburgh  University. 

SEWELL,  Elizabeth  Missing',  sister 
of  the  Rev.  William  Sewell,  was  born  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  in  1815.  She  became 
known  as  a  writer  of  High  Church  fiction 
by  her  "  Amy  Herbert,"  1844  This  was 
followed  by  "  Gertrude,"  "  Sketches,"  and 
^'Laneton  Parsonage,"  1847;  "Margaret 
Percival,"  "Child's  History  of  Rome," 
1849  ;  "  The  Earl's  Daughter,"  1850 ; 
"  Readings  for  Lent,  from  Bishop  Taylor," 
1851  ;  "Experience  of  Life,"  "  First  His- 
tory of  Greece,"  and  "  Journal  of  a 
Summer  Tour  on  the  Continent,"  1852  ; 
"Readings  for  a  Month,  Preparatory  to 
■Confirmation,"  1853  ;  "  Katherine  Ashton, 
a  Tale,"  1854  ;  "  Ivors,"  1856  ;  "Thoughts 
for  the  Holy  Week  for  Young  Persons," 
1857;  "Ursula,  a  Tale  of  Country  Life," 
"  Cleve  Hall,"  "  Self-Examination  before 
Confirmation,"  and  "  History  of  the  Early 
Church,"  1859 ;  "  Contes  Faciles  from 
Modern  French  Authors,"  1861  ;  "  Ancient 


History,"  1862;  "A  Glimpse  of  the 
World,"  1863;  "Dictation  Exercises," 
"Impressions  of  Rome,  Florence,  and 
Turin,"  and  "After  Life,"  1868;  "Passing 
Thoughts,"  and  "  Thoughts  for  the  Age," 
1870  ;  "  Grammar  made  Easy,"  1872  ;  and 
"  Catechism  of  Grecian  History,"  1874 ; 
"  Some  Questions  of  the  Day,"  1875 ; 
"Popular  History  of  France,  from  the 
Earliest  Period  to  the  Death  of  Louis 
XIV.,"  1876  ;  "  Private  Devotions  for 
Young  Persons,"  1881 ;  "  Letters  on  Daily 
Life,"  1885  ;  Home  and  After  Life,"  2nd 
edit.,  1891;  and  various  other  works.  Ad- 
dress :  Ashcliff,  Bonchurch,  Isle  of  Wight. 

'SEWELL,  Rev.  James  Edwards, 
D.D.,  Warden  of  New  College,  Oxford,  was 
born  on  Dec.  25,  1810,  and  is  the  sixth  son 
of  Thomas  Sewell,  a  solicitor  of  Newport, 
Isle  of  Wight.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester College,  of  which  he  was  a  Scholar, 
and  at  New  College,  where  he  matriculated 
as  long  ago  as  December  1826,  when  he 
was  only  sixteen.  He  was  Winchester 
Scholar  from  1827  to  1829,  Fellow  of  New 
College  from  1829  to  1860,  Tutor  from  1835 
to  1850  (M.A.  1835,  D.D.  1860),  and  from 
1874  to  1878  he  was  Vice-Chancellor  of  the 
University.  In  1860  he  became  Warden 
of  New  College,  and  is  the  doyen  of  Heads 
of  Colleges  at  Oxford.  Address  :  New 
College,  Oxford. 

SEYMOUR,  Vice-Admiral  Sir 
Edward  Hobart,  K.C.B.,  son  of  the  Rev. 
Richard  Seymour,  and  grandson  of  Ad- 
miral Sir  Michael  Seymour,  1st  Bart.,  was 
born  in  April  1840.  He  was  educated  at 
Radley,  and  entered  the  Navy  in  1852. 
He  served  as  a  midshipman  in  H.M.S. 
Terrible  throughout  the  Russian  war  in 
the  Black  Sea,  and  was  present  at  the 
bombardment  of  Odessa  and  of  Sebasto- 
pol,  besides  minor  engagements,  including 
the  capture  of  Kertch  and  Kinburn.  He 
received  the  Crimean  and  Turkish  medals. 
In  1857  he  went  to  China  in  H.M.S.  Cal- 
cutta, and  was  midshipman  of  a  launch 
which  was  sunk  at  the  destruction  of  the 
Chinese  flotilla  in  Fatshaw  Creek.  He 
was  also  engaged  at  the  capture  of  Canton 
in  1857  and  the  Peiho  Forts  in  1858.  He 
received  the  China  Medal  with-  three 
clasps.  He  was  promoted  Lieutenant  in 
1860,  and  served  in  H.M.S.  Chesapeake 
during  the  China  war  of  that  year.  In 
1862  he  commanded  a  small-arm  party  of 
H.M.S.  Impirieuse  at  the  relief  of  Sing-poo 
and  the  capture  of  Kah-ding.  As  Com- 
mander of  H.M.S.  Crowler  Sir  Edward 
rescued  an  English  vessel  from  pirates  in 
the  Congo  River  in  January  1870,  being 
severely  wounded  on  that  occasion,  but  he 
received  the  special  approval  of  the  Ad- 
miralty for  his  services.     He  was  promoted 


SEYMOUR  —  SHANNON 


991 


Captain  in  1873,  and  commanded  H.M.S. 
Iris  during  the  Egyptian  war,  taking  part 
in  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria.  He 
was  awarded  the  Medal,  Khedive's  Bronze 
Star,  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the  third  class. 
From  1887  to  1889  Sir  Edward  was  a  Naval 
Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  and  in  July 
of  the  latter  year  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Rear-Admiral.  He  hoisted  his 
flag  as  Second-in-Command  of  the  Channel 
Squadron  in  September  1892,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Admiral  Superintendent  of  Naval 
Reserves  in  1894,  and,  by  virtue  of  this 
appointment,  took  part  in  the  Naval 
Manoeuvres  for  five  years  in  succession. 
He  was  promoted  K.C.B.  in  June  1897, 
and  in  December  of  the  same  year  was 
selected  as  Commander-in-Chief  on  the 
China  Station.  This  appointment  he  now 
holds,  and  the  fleet  under  his  command  is, 
excepting  the  Mediterranean,  the  largest 
and  most  powerful  ever  commissioned  for 
a  foreign  station  in  time  of  peace.  Admiral 
Sir  Edward  Seymour  has  a  very  high 
reputation  as  a  tactician  and  strategist, 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  most  capable 
officers  in  the  Navy.  Address  :  9  Oving- 
ton  Square,  S.W. 

SEYMOUR,  Sir  Michael.  See  Culme- 
Seymour,  Admiral  Sir  Michael. 

SHAETER,  "William  R.,  American 
soldier,  was  born  in  1835  at  Galesburg, 
Michigan,  and  received  a  common-school 
education  in  his  native  place.  He  entered 
the  Army  in  1861  as  Lieutenant  in  the 
Seventh  Regiment  of  Michigan  Volunteers, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns 
under  M'Clellan  in  Virginia,  receiving  pro- 
motions to  be  Major,  and  later  Lieut.  - 
Colonel.  In  1864  he  organised  a  regiment 
of  coloured  troops  and  fought  them  brilli- 
antly. When  the  war  between  the  States 
closed  he  was  breveted  Brigadier-General 
for  distinguished  gallantry  in  action,  and 
after  the  Volunteer  Army  was  disbanded 
he  entered  the  Regular  Army  as  Lieut. - 
Colonel  of  the  41st  U.S.  Infantry.  He  was 
made  Colonel  in  1879,  Brigadier-General 
in  1897,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
with  Spain  he  was  made  Major-General  of 
Volunteers  and  put  in  command  of  the 
expedition  which  landed  in  Cuba  in  June 
1898.  Having  captured  Santiago  together 
with  all  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  and 
over  20,000  prisoners,  on  July  17th  of 
the  same  year,  he  greatly  influenced  Spain 
to  sue  for  peace,  the  proposal  for  which 
was  signed  Aug.  12,  1898. 

SHAH  OF  PERSIA.  See  Muzaffer- 
ed-Din. 

SHAND,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Alexander  Burns  Shand,  D.C.L.  Hon. 


Oxford,  LL.D.  Glasgow,  D.L.,  was  born 
Dec.  13,  1828,  and  is  the  son  of  Alex- 
ander Shand  of  Aberdeen,  and  Louisa, 
daughter  of  John  Whyte,  M.D.,  of  Banff. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of 
Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and  Heidelberg,  was 
called  to  the  Bar,  at  Edinburgh,  in  1853, 
and  was  Advocate-Depute  from  1860  to 
1862.  He  has  been  Sheriff  of  Kincardine- 
shire, Haddingtonshire,  and  Berwickshire. 
In  1872  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Session,  and  retired  in  1890, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  Member  of  the 
Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  a  Commissioner 
under  the  Educational  Endowments  Act. 
In  1892  he  was  made  Hon.  Bencher  of 
Gray's  Inn,  and  raised  to  the  Peerage  as 
Baron  Shand.  He  was  Chairman  of  the 
Coal  Owners'  and  Miners'  Conciliation 
Board  in  1894.  He  married  Emily  Mere- 
Una,  daughter  of  John  Clarke  Meymott, 
in  1857.  Addresses:  32  Bryanston  Square, 
W.,  and  Athenaeum. 

SHANNON,  James  Jebusa,  A.R.A., 

is  an  Irish  Canadian,  and  was  born  at 
Auburn,  in  New  York  State,  in  1862.  He 
came  to  England  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and 
was  for  three  years  a  student  at  South 
Kensington,  where  he  gained  the  gold 
medal  for  the  figure.  He  first  became 
known  as  an  admirable  portrait- painter  by 
his  likeness  of  the  Hon.  Horatia  Stopford, 
one  of  the  Queen's  maids  of  honour,  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1881,  and 
painted  for  her  Majesty.  In  1887  ap- 
peared his  full-length  portrait  of  Henry 
Vique,  Esq.,  a  picture  for  which  he  has 
been  awarded , first  -  class  medals  at  the 
Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna  Exhibitions. 
At  the  Chicago  Exhibition  he  gained  a 
medal  for  his  full-length  portrait  of  Mrs. 
Charlesworth.  His  noted  Academy  por- 
traits and  pictures  during  recent  years 
have  been — "  The  Marquis  of  Granby, 
M.P.,"  "Winifred,  daughter  of  G.  H. 
Pember,  Esq.,"  and  "The  Lady  Boston," 
1895  ;  "Mrs.  Baird,"  1896  ;  "  Clare  Sewell 
Read,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  Norfolk,  1865-85  " 
(presentation  portrait),  "  Mrs.  George 
Peck,"  "Jill,  the  daughter  of  G.  W. 
Rhodes,"  and  "The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John 
T.  Hibbert,  K.C.B.,"  1897;  "  The  White 
Mouse,"  "  Kathleen,  daughter  of  Hon. 
Mr.  Justice  Mathew,"  "Mrs.  Herbert 
Cohen,"  "  Sir  James  Smith  "  (presentation 
portrait),  and  "Sir  Thomas  Roe"  (pre- 
sentation portrait),  1898  ;  "  Babes  in  the 
Wood,"  and  portraits  of  Lady  Mathew, 
the  Lady  Ulrica  Duncombe,  and  Lord  Cran- 
worth,  1899.  Mr.  Shannon  was  for  some 
years  a  Member  of  the  New  English  Art 
Club,  of  which  he  was  an  original  member. 
With  Mr.  E.  A.  Abbey  and  Mr.  Sargent 
he  shares  the  distinction  of  being  one  of 


992 


SHARP  — SHAW 


the  few  Americans  who,  since  the  time  of 
West,  have  won  a  high  place  in  the  annals 
of  English  art.  In  1897  he  was  made 
A.R.A.  Address  :  3  Holland  Park  Road, 
Kensington,  W. 

SHARP,  William,  was  born  at  Pais- 
ley on  Sept.  12,  1856,  and  was  educated 
at  Glasgow  University.  He  spent  his 
boyhood  in  the  West  Highlands,  and  there 
probably  acquired  his  appreciation  of 
things  Celtic.  He  has  travelled  in  Aus- 
tralia, and  among  the  South  Sea  Islands  ; 
also  extensively  in  Europe,  Canada,  &c. 
In  1879  he  came  to  London,  and  was 
introduced  by  Philip  Bourke  Marston  to 
Rossetti,  of  whom  he  saw  much,  and 
whose  biography  he  wrote.  He  is  well 
known  as  a  critic  and  magazine-writer, 
and  as  general  editor  of  the  "  Canter- 
bury Poets,"  in  which  series  he  published 
"Sonnets  of  this  Century,"  which  has 
gone  into  nearly  twenty  editions,  and  as 
editor  of  "Lyra  Celtica,"  published  in 
collaboration  with  Mrs.  Sharp,  a  High- 
land relative  of  his,  who  is  herself  an 
author,  and  ardent  student  of  literature. 
"Lyra  Celtica  "  is  an  anthology  of  English 
poems,  written  by  authors  with  Celtic  blood 
in  their  veins.  The  above  are  only  a  few 
among  the  works  published  by  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  William  Sharp,  which  include  many 
volumes  of  verse,  novels,  anthologies, 
monographs  on  Philip  Bourke,  Marston, 
Brown,  &c.  Address  :  30  Greencroft  Gar- 
dens, Hampstead,  N.W, 

SHARPE,  Richard  Bowdler,  LL.D., 

was  born  Nov.  22, 1847,  at  1  Skinner  Street, 
Snow  Hill,  London,  where  his  father  was 
publisher  and  editor  of  Sharpe's  London 
Magazine,  a  famous  literary  journal  of  the 
time.  He  was  a  King's  Scholar  at  Peter- 
borough and  Loughborough  Grammar 
Schools,  of  both  of  which  successively  his 
cousin,  the  Rev.  James  Wallace,  was  head- 
master. At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was 
appointed  the  first  Librarian  of  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society  of  London,  a  post  which  he 
held  from  November  1866  to  February  1872. 
In  September  of  the  latter  year  he  received 
the  appointment  of  Senior  Assistant  in 
the  Zoological  Department  of  the  British 
Museum,  in  charge  of  the  collection  of 
birds,  which  post  he  still  holds.  In  1875 
he  received  the  Honorary  Fellowship  of 
the  Zoological  Society,  "  for  distinguished 
services  to  science."  He  is  also  an 
Honorary  Member  of  the  New  Zealand 
Institute,  a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences  of  Lisbon,  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  Amsterdam,  of  the 
Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists  of  Moscow, 
and  many  other  foreign  societies.  He  is 
also  LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
and   holds  the   Gold   Medal  for   Science 


from  H.I.M.  the  Emperor  of  Austria, 
bestowed  upon  him  after  the  second  Orni- 
thological Congress  at  Budapest  in  1891, 
when  he  was  President  of  the  Section  of 
Zoology  and  Comparative  Anatomy,  and 
delivered  an  address  on  the  "Classification 
of  Birds."  Dr.  Bowdler  Sharpe's  princi- 
pal works  are  :  "A  Monograph  of  the 
Akedinidas,  or  Family  of  Kingfishers," 
"  A  Monograph  of  the  Hirundinidse,  or 
Family  of  Swallows,"  a  2nd  edition  of 
Layard's  "Birds  of  South  Africa,"  and 
many  popular  books  on  Ornithology.  His 
greatest  work,  however,  is  the  "  Catalogue 
of  Birds  "  in  the  British  Museum,  a  mono- 
graphic record  of  all  the  birds  of  the 
world.  Of  the  twenty-three  volumes  of 
this  work  as  yet  published  he  has  written 
no  less  than  eleven  himself.  Dr.  Sharpe 
also  completed  several  of  the  folio  works 
of  the  late  John  Gould,  after  the  death  of 
the  latter,  such  as  "  The  Birds  of  Asia," 
"The  Birds  of  New  Guinea,"  and  others. 
The  donations  of  the  great  private  col- 
lections of  birds,  notably  those  of  Mr. 
Allan  Hume,  C.B.,  Mr.  F.  Du  Cane  God- 
man,  Mr.  Osbert  Salvin,  Major  Wardlaw 
Ramsay,  and  Mr.  Henry  Seebohm,  during 
Dr.  Sharpe's  curatorship  of  the  ornitho- 
logical collections  of  the  British  Museum, 
have  increased  the  series  of  specimens  to 
an  enormous  extent,  so  that  at  present 
the  series  amounts  to  about  300,000  speci- 
mens— more  than  four  times  the  number 
possessed  by  |any  other  museum  in  the 
world.  Address  :  Natural  History  Museum, 
Cromwell  Road,  S.W. 

SHAW,  Byam,  painter,  was  born  in 
Madras  on  November  13,  1872,  and  is  the 
son  of  John  Shaw  of  Ayr,  solicitor  and 
Registrar  of  the  High  Court,  Madras.  He 
was  educated  at  home,  and  studied  art  at 
St.  John's  Wood  Art  School  in  1888,  and 
at  the  Royal  Academy  Schools,  1890-95. 
In  November  1S98  he  was  elected  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  -  Colours,  and  in  January  1899  a 
Member  of  the  Society  of  Oil  Painters. 
He  is  a  brilliant  colourist,  and  a  most  in- 
teresting and  talented  disciple  of  the  now 
fast-vanishing  Pre  -  Raphaelites.  He  has 
exhibited  notable  pictures  at  the  Royal 
Academy  since  1893,  among  which  we 
may  mention  a  scene  illustrative  of  D.  G. 
Rossetti's  "  Blessed  Damozel,"  and  a  por- 
trait, 1895  ;  "  Whitner,"  "Jezebel,"  and  a 
portrait,  1896  ;  "  Love's  Baubles,"  and 
"  The  Comforter,"  two  very  daring,  ori- 
ginal, and  notable  paintings,  1897 ; 
"Truth,"  and  "The  Queen  of  Spades," 
1898;  and  "Love  the  Conqueror,"  1899. 
There  is  a  great  future  before  Mr. 
Byam  Shaw,  who  in  time  should  be  the 
accepted  successor  to  Sir  Edward  Burne- 
Jones,   Rossetti,   Madox-Brown,  and  Mr. 


SHAW 


993 


Holman  Hunt.     Home  address  :  12  Ken- 
sington Crescent,  W. 

SHAW,  Sir  EyreMassey,  K.C.B.,  D.L., 
late  chief  of  the  Metropolitan  Fire  Brigade, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Bernard  Robert  Shaw, 
Esq.,  of  Monkstown,  co.  Cork,  and  was 
born  in  1830,  and  educated  at  Dr.  Cogh- 
lan's  School,  Queenstown,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  he  took  his  B.A. 
and  M.A.  degrees.  He  entered  the  army, 
but  retired  in  1860,  and  became  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Borough  Forces  of  Belfast, 
including  Police  and  Fire  Brigade.  On 
the  death  of  Mr.  Braidwood,  in  1861,  he 
was  appointed  Chief  Officer  of  the  Metro- 
politan Fire  Brigade,  which,  from  being 
originally  supported  by  the  Insurance 
Companies,  was  taken  in  charge  by  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  and  under 
Captain  Shaw's  able  guidance  became  the 
most  efficient  brigade  in  the  world.  In 
1891  he  retired  on  a  pension  from  the 
captaincy  of  the  Fire  Brigade.  He  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood  at  the 
same  time  as  a  mark  of  her  Majesty's 
appreciation  of  his  long  and  valuable  ser- 
vices. He  has  published  various  books 
connected  with  Fires  and  Fire  Protection, 
besides  Annual  Reports  on  the  work  of  the 
Brigade.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
the  "  Complete  Manual  of  the  Organisa- 
tion, Machinery,  and  General  Working  of 
the  Fire  Brigade  of  London."  He  has 
been  twice  severely  wounded  at  fires.  Ad- 
dress :  48  Rutland  Gate,  S.W. 

SHAW,  Flora  L.,  who  is  at  the  head 
of  the  Colonial  Department  of  the  Times, 
has  been  sent  to  South  Africa  and  Aus- 
tralia by  her  paper.  Her  activity  at  the 
time  of  the  Jameson  Raid  brought  her 
prominently  before  the  public.  In  Aus- 
tralia she  investigated  the  question  of 
forced  labour  by  South  Sea  Islanders  on 
the  Queensland  sugar-plantations.  More 
recently  she  has  been  in  Canada,  her  series 
of  letters  to  the  Times  on  the  Dominion 
arousing  much  interest  in  1898.  She 
visited  Klondike  in  that  year,  and  re- 
counted her  experiences  in  a  lecture  at 
the  beginning  of  1899.  Her  account  of 
her  voyage  to  the  diggings  bore  eloquent 
witness  to  the  kindness,  not  to  say  chivalry, 
of  her  fellow-travellers,  who  were  all  men. 
At  Klondike  itself  she  was  chiefly  im- 
pressed by  the  honesty  which  reigns 
among  the  miners.  Gold  lies  about  openly 
in  the  shanties  of  the  diggers,  who 
never  apparently  think  of  locking  it  up. 
She  is  a  firm  believer  in  the  great  auri- 
ferous possibilities  of  British  Columbia, 
and  is  of  opinion  that  the  Klondike 
lodes  will  not  be  exhausted  for  some  fifty 
years. 


SHAW,  George  Bernard,  critic,  was 
born  in  Dublin  on  July  26,  1866.  His 
father,  George  Carr  Shaw,  was  an  ex-Civil 
servant,  who  capitalised  his  pension  and 
embarked  on  flour-milling,  failing  entirely 
in  this  new  business.  His  mother  was 
Lucinda  Elizabeth  Gurfy,  who  had  much 
talent  as  an  amateur  singer  and  teacher. 
The  only  education  George  Bernard  re- 
ceived was  at  the  Wesleyan  Connexional 
School  in  Dublin,  although  his  family  were 
not  Methodists,  and  this  ended  when  he 
was  fourteen.  He  came  to  London  in 
1876,  but  for  several  years  could  obtain  no 
literary  recognition.  Meantime,  he  flung 
himself  into  Socialism,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Fabian  Society.  For  four 
years,  from  1886  to  1890,  he  was  art  critic 
to  the  World,  and  for  one  year  (1891)  to 
Truth.  He  gained  his  reputation  as  a 
musical  critic  by  his  articles  in  the  Star, 
signed  "  Corno  di  Bassetto "  (1888-91). 
He  then  for  four  years  was  musical  critic 
of  the  World  (1890-94),  until  the  death  of 
Edmund  Yates.  From  1895  to  1898  he 
was  dramatic  critic  of  the  Saturday  Review, 
under  the  editorship  of  Frank  Harris,  and 
wrote  such  pertinent  accounts  of  new 
plays  that  he  reminded  old  readers  of  the 
palmy  days  of  the  "Saturday  Reviler. " 
In  1892  his  play,  "Widowers'  Houses," 
was  produced  by  the  Independent  Theatre 
Society,  creating  as  much  discussion  as 
did  bis  "  Arms  and  the  Man  "  at  the  Avenue 
Theatre  in  1894.  Other  plays  of  his  which 
have  been  performed  in  1897  are  :  "  Can- 
dida," "The  Man  of  Destiny,"  and  "The 
Devil's  Disciple."  His  literary  output  began 
with  four  novels  :  "The  Irrational  Knot," 
"Love  among  the  Artists,"  "  Cashel 
Byron's  Profession,"  and  "  An  Unsocial 
Socialist,"  which  were  published  between 
1880  and  1883.  In  1889  he  edited  a  volume 
of  Fabian  Essays,  to  which  he  contributed 
two  himself ;  and  he  has  written  other 
Socialist  pamphlets,  such  as  :  "  The  Im- 
possibilities of  Anarchism,"  and  "The 
Fabian  Society,  what  has  it  done  ?  "  He 
has  written  an  analysis  of  the  plays  of 
Henrik  Ibsen,  whom  he  regards  as  the 
greatest  living  dramatist.  In  1898  ap- 
peared his  "  Plays  Pleasant  and  Un- 
pleasant," in  two  volumes,  which  pro- 
voked as  much  discussion  as  Mr.  Shaw's 
works  are  accustomed  to  do  ;  and  in  the 
same  year  he  wrote  a  commentary  on 
Wagner's  "Der  Ring  der  Nibelungen " 
for  the  use  of  spectators  at  the  perform- 
ances at  Covent  Garden  in  that  year,  en- 
titled "Wagner's  Ring,  what  it  means." 
In  this  year  he  was  nursed  through  a 
serious  illness  by  Miss  Payne  Townshend, 
a  wealthy  supporter  of  Socialism,  who  had 
done  much  good  work  in  connection  with 
the  Fabian  Society  and  the  London  School 
of  Economics.      Mr.   Shaw  married  this 

3  R 


994 


SHAW  —  SHAW-LEFEVRE 


lady  on  June  1, 1898.    Address  :  29  Fitzroy 
Square,  W.C. 

SHAW,  Richard  Norman,  R.A., 
architect,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  on  May 
7,  1831.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh, 
studied  art  at  the  Academy  Schools  and 
won  the  Gold  Medal  for  architecture  at 
the  biennial  competition.  With  the  Gold 
Medal  goes  the  travelling  studentship, 
which  bore  fruit  in  a  book  of  architectural 
drawings.  This  aroused  considerable  in- 
terest among  architectural  students  of  that 
time.  The  work  of  Mr.  Norman  Shaw  in- 
cludes, besides  the  new  Scotland  Yard  on 
the  Thames  Embankment  in  London,  and 
a  number  of  churches  and  private  houses 
at  Bedford  Park  and  elsewhere :  Flete, 
Ivybridge,  Devon  ;  Dawpool,  near 
Birkenhead ;  Craigside,  for  Lord  Arm- 
strong ;  Lowther  Lodge,  Kensington,  and 
the  houses  of  several  artists  at  Hamp- 
stead.  Mr.  Norman  Shaw  was  elected  a 
Royal  Academician  in  1877.  In  March 
1898  the  First  Commissioner  of  Works 
and  Sir  William  Harcourt,  in  the  course  of 
a  Parliamentary  debate  on  some  proposed 
new  Government  buildings,  referred  dis- 
paragingly to  Mr.  Norman  Shaw's  New 
Scotland  Yard.  This  criticism  was  there- 
upon met  by  a  letter  to  the  Times,  signed 
by  thirty  leading  artists  and  architects, 
who  took  that  opportunity  to  place  on 
record  their  admiration  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
building,  and  their  opinion  that  it  is  the 
one  public  building,  erected  during  the 
century  by  Government  in  London,  "of 
which  London  may  be  most  justly  proud." 
Mr.  Norman  Shaw  published  in  1858 
"  Sketches  from  the  Continent,"  and  in 
1891  edited,  jointly  with  Mr.  T.  G.  Jack- 
son, A.K.A.,  "Architecture,  a  Profession 
or  an  Art."  Addresses  :  Hampstead,  N.  W. ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

SHAW,  Thomas,  LL.B.,  Q.C.,  M.P., 
D.L.,  was  born  at  Dunfermline  on  May  23, 
1850,  and  is  the  son  of  A.  Shaw  and  Isa- 
bella Wishart,  both  of  Dunfermline.  He 
was  educated  at  the  High  School  of  his 
native  town  and  at  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity (M.A.  1874;  LL.B.  1875).  He  was 
Hamilton  Fellow  in  Mental  Philosophy, 
and  Lord  Rector's  Historical  Prizeman  at 
the  University.  In  1875  he  became  an 
Advocate  ;  in  1886,  Advocate-Depute  for 
the  Western  Circuit,  and  was  Solicitor- 
General  for  Scotland  from  1894  to  1895. 
In  1892  he  was  returned  as  Liberal  mem- 
ber for  the  Hawick  Burghs,  which  he  now 
represents  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He 
has  contributed  to  the  "Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  Addresses:  17  Abercromby 
Place,  Edinburgh ;  and  Queen  Anne's 
Mansions,  S.W. 


SHAW,  William  Napier,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  on  March  4,  1854,  in 
Birmingham,  and  is  the  third  son  of 
Charles  Thomas  Shaw,  a  manufacturer. 
He  was  educated  at  King  Edward's  School 
in  that  town,  1862-72,  and  in  1870  was 
first  in  the  first  class  of  the  Oxford  Senior 
Local  Examination.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  to  an  open  scholarship  in  mathe- 
matics at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge. 
In  1876  he  was  bracketed  16th  wrangler, 
and  placed  in  Class  I.  of  the  Natural 
Sciences  Tripos  (with  distinction  in 
Physics).  He  studied  at  the  University 
of  Berlin  during  the  year  1879.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  Emmanuel  College  in 
1877,  and  two  years  later  was  appointed 
Lecturer  in  Natural  Science  at  that  Col- 
lege. From  1880  to  1887  he  was  Demon- 
strator in  Experimental  Physics  at  the 
Cavendish  Laboratory,  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  appointed  Lecturer  in  Physics  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  Since  1890 
Mr.  Shaw  has  been  Senior  Tutor  at  Em- 
manuel College.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in 
1891,  and  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Kew  Observatory  Committee  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1894,  and  of  the  Meteorological 
Council  in  1897.  He  is  author  of  a  "  Text 
Book  of  Practical  Physics  "  (jointly  with 
R.  T.  Glazebrook,  M.A.,  F.R.S.),  and  re- 
ports to  the  Meteorological  Office  upon 
Evaporimeters,  upon  Hygrometric  Methods 
(1888).  The  article  on  "  Ventilation  and 
Warming,"  in  Messrs.  Stevenson  and 
Murphy's  "Treatise  on  Hygiene"  (1892) 
is  from  his  pen.  In  1890  he  reported  to 
the  British  Association  on  "  The  Present 
State  of  our  Knowledge  in  Electrolysis 
and  Electro-Chemistry,  and  in  1897  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Local  Government 
Board  to  report  on  the  Ventilation  and 
Warming  of  Metropolitan  Poor  -  Law 
Schools.  He  has  written  the  articles 
"Electrolysis"  and  "Pyrometer"  in  the 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica"  (9th  edit.), 
besides  various  papers  on  physical  subjects 
in  the  scientific  journals.  In  July  1885  he 
married  Sarah  Jane  Dugdale,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  Harland,  of  Sal- 
ford.  Permanent  address :  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge. 

SHAW  -  LEFEVBE,  The  Bight 
Hon.  George  John,  L.C.C.,  son  of  Sir 
John  George  Shaw-Lefevre,  K.C.B. ,  by 
Rachel  Emily,  daughter  of  Mr.  Ichabod 
Wright,  of  Mapperley  Hall,  Nottingham, 
was  born  on  June  12,  1832,  and  received 
his  education  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1856.  In  1863 
he  was  first  elected  M.P.  for  Reading,  in 
the  Liberal  interest,  and  he  continued  to 
be  one  of  the  representatives  of  that 
borough  down  to  1885,  when  he  was  de- 


SHEA 


995 


feated  by  Mr.  Murdoch.  He  was  a  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty  from  May  to  July  1866  ; 
Secretary  to  the  Board  of  Trade  from 
December  1868  to  January  1871  ;  Secre- 
tary to  the  Admiralty  from  the  last  date 
to  February  1874,  and  again  from  April 
1880  to  the  following  November,  when  he 
was  appointed  First  Commissioner  of 
Works  and  Buildings  in  succession  to  Mr. 
Adam,  who  had  resigned  that  office  on 
being  appointed  Governor  of  Madras.  As 
First  Commissioner  Mr.  Shaw  -  Lefevre 
introduced  great  improvements  into  the 
streets  of  London,  notably  at  Westminster 
Hall,  the  Tower  of  London,  and  at  Hyde 
Park  Corner.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Faw- 
cett  he  was  appointed  Postmaster-General 
(November  1884),  and  his  tenure  of  this 
office  was  marked  by  the  introduction  of 
sixpenny  telegrams.  Mr.  Shaw  -  Lefevre 
was  elected  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple 
in  November  1882.  He  is  the  author  of 
an  important  article  on  "  Public  Works  in 
London,"  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  (Novem- 
ber 1882).  After  his  defeat  at  Beading  in 
November  1885,  he  was  without  a  seat 
until,  at  a  bye  election,  April  1886,  he 
successfully  stood  for  Bradford,  vacant 
by  the  death  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Forster.  During  1893  appeared  his  import- 
ant work  on  Agrarian  Tenure.  At  the  gene- 
ral elections  of  1886  and  1892  he  was 
again  elected  as  a  Gladstonian  Liberal. 
In  August  1892  he  was  appointed  First 
Commissioner  of  Works,  in  which  office  he 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Herbert  Gladstone 
in  March  1894.  He  succeeded  Mr.  H.  H. 
Fowler  at  the  latter  date  as  President  of 
the  Local  Government  Board.  At  the 
general  election  of  1895  he  was  defeated 
in  the  contest  for  Central  Bradford.  In 
1898,  after  a  severe  contest,  he  was  re- 
turned for  the  Haggerston  Division  of 
Shoreditch  as  member  of  the  London 
County  Council.  Mr.  Shaw- Lefevre  took 
the  leading  part  in  establishing  the  Com- 
mon Preservation  Society  in  1866,  and  has 
acted  as  Chairman  of  the  Society,  with 
some  brief  intervals,  ever  since.  At  his 
instance,  mainly,  a  number  of  suits  were 
instituted  against  Lords  of  Manors  who 
had  begun  to  enclose  the  commons  round 
London.  These  suits  were  in  all  cases 
successful,  and  were  the  means  of  saving 
the  London  commons.  In  1895  he  pub- 
lished a  work  on  "  English  Commons  and 
Forests,"  which  gave  a  history  of  the 
movement  for  the  Preservation  of  Com- 
mons. Among  other  works  which  he  has 
published  is  "Peel and O'Connell,"  a  com- 
parative criticism  of  the  Irish  policies  of 
these  statesmen.  His  sister,  Miss  Made- 
leine Shaw-Lefevre,  was  formerly  Princi- 
pal of  Somerville  Hall,  Oxford.  In  1873 
he  married  Lady  Constance  Emily  More- 
ton,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Ducie.     Ad- 


dresses :  18  Bryanston  Square,  W. ;  Oldbury 
Place,  Ightham,  &c. ;  and  Athenaaum. 

SHEA,  Sir  Ambrose,  K.C.M.G.,  was 
born  in  Newfoundland  in  1820,  received 
his  education  there,  and  for  over  thirty 
years  occupied  a  foremost  place  in  the 
public  affairs  of  that  Colony.  For  six 
years  he  was  Speaker  of  the  Assembly, 
and  subsequently  for  five  years  was  an 
unofficial  Member  of  the  Council  of 
Government.  He  was  one  of  the  two 
delegates  from  the  Colony  at  the  cele- 
brated Quebec  Conference  at  which  the 
Constitution  of  the  Canadian  Dominion 
was  framed.  In  1888  Sir  Ambrose  was 
delegated  to  London  to  urge  the  right 
of  the  Colony  to  enforce  restrictions  on 
French  fishing  operations  on  the  New- 
foundland coasts,  but  owing  to  some 
Imperial  Cabinet  difficulties  at  the  moment 
nothing  could  be  done.  The  Legislature  of 
the  Island,  however,  renewed  their  efforts, 
and  he  was  again  sent,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Premier,  Sir  Robert  Thorburn,  to 
press  the  question,  and  this  time  with 
success.  Soon  afterwards  Lord  Knutsford 
offered  Sir  Ambrose  the  Governorship  of 
the  Bahamas,  on  the  acceptance  of  which 
he  retired  from  commercial  pursuits.  This 
post  he  assumed  at  the  end  of  1887,  and  it 
would  be  difficult  to  parallel  the  record  he 
has  made  in  that  Colony  during  a  short 
period  of  years.  On  his  arrival  the  place 
was  in  a  state  of  impending  bankruptcy. 
The  precarious  resources,  fruit,  and  sponge- 
fishing,  were  declining,  and  those  having 
means  were  unwilling  to  invest  a  shilling 
in  any  untried  adventure.  The  popula- 
tion was  thinning  by  emigration  to  the 
Southern  States,  and  no  one  thought  of  the 
future  without  misgiving.  The  prospect 
for  a  new  Governor  was  cheerless  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  but  Sir  Ambrose  is  sanguine,  and 
he  betook  himself  at  once  to  an  examina- 
tion of  the  situation.  He  had  not  been  a 
month  in  his  position  before  he  felt  that 
he  had  lighted  on  a  solution  of  the  diffi- 
culties. His  attention  was  attracted  to  a 
bold-looking  plant  of  the  aloe  order,  and 
he  found  on  inspecting  it  that  it  held  a 
fibre  similar  to  manilla ;  and  his  experience 
enabled  him  to  see  that  this  had  a  stable 
commercial  value,  though  he  was  not  en- 
couraged when  he  explained  what  he 
thought  of  the  capabilities  of  this  plant. 
He  was  told  that  attempts  had  before  been 
made  in  the  direction  he  proposed,  but 
without  any  success,  and  that  the  plant 
was  now  universally  regarded  as  a  noxious 
weed,  which  defied  all  efforts  to  eradicate 
it.  This  was  the  prevailing  feeling ;  but 
Sir  Ambrose  had  formed  a  strong  opinion, 
and  gradually  he  gained  assent  to  his 
views.  The  growth  seems  to  set  all 
ordinary  adverse  or  disappointing  influ- 


996 


SHEEPSHANKS  —  SHERRINGTON 


ences  at  defiance  ;  and  the  product  is  all 
but,  if  not  quite,  equal  to  the  celebrated 
manilla-hemp.  The  exports  of  the  Colony 
have  hitherto  averaged  about  £125,000  a 
year,  but  no  one  on  the  spot,  who  knows 
on  what  grounds  the  calculations  rest,  has 
a  doubt  that  within  a  very  few  years  the 
value  of  the  exports  will  be  quadrupled, 
and  an  output  of  a  million  is  within  range 
of  the  most  reasonable  contemplation. 
Land  has  gone  up  to  four  times  its  former 
value,  and  already  the  revenue  responds  to 
the  industrial  activity  that  prevails.  These 
results  are  by  common  consent  due  solely 
to  the  ability  and  unflagging  energy  of  the 
Governor.  Sir  Ambrose  is  the  first  Colonist 
who  ever  held  the  post  of  Imperial 
Governor,  and  his  splendid  success  will  be 
hailed  with  great  satisfaction  by  Colonists 
everywhere,  for  there  are  few  to  whom  his 
name  as  a  prominent  Colonist  has  not 
been  long  familiar.  Sir  Ambrose  returned 
to  England  in  January  1895,  on  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  of  office. 

SHEEPSHANKS,  The  Big-lit  Rev. 
John,  D.D.,  was  born  in  1834,  and  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  a  scholar.  He  was  ordained, 
and  was  appointed  Rector  of  New  West- 
minster and  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Columbia  in  1859.  Returning  to  England 
in  1867,  he  became  Vicar  of  Bilton,  Yorks., 
in  1868,  and  in  1873  Vicar  of  St.  Margaret 
Anfield,  Walton-on-the-Hill,  Liverpool. 
In  1893  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Nor- 
wich.    Address  :  The  Palace,  Norwich. 

SHEKAED,    Robert    Harborough, 

man  of  letters,  born  in  London,  December 
3,  1861,  is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  BeD- 
net  Sherard-Kennedy,  of  Stapleford  Hall, 
Melton-Mowbray.  His  mother  is  a  grand- 
daughter of  William  Wordsworth,  the  poet. 
He  was  educated  at  Queen  Elizabeth's 
College,  Guernsey,  at  Oxford,  and  at  the 
Universities  of  Bonn  and  Paris.  In  1882  he 
dropped  the  affix  of  Kennedy.  Since  1883 
he  has  acted  as  special  correspondent  to 
leading  English  and  American  papers  and 
magazines  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 
He  has  written  poems,  biographies,  socio- 
logical works  and  novels,  inter  alia,  "  Emile 
Zola,"  1893;  "Alphonse  Daudet,"  1894; 
"A  Bartered  Honour,"  1884;  "Rogues," 
1889  ;  "By  Right,  not  Law,"  1891  ;  "Jacob 
Niemand,"  1895  ;  "  The  Iron  Cross,"  1897  ; 
translated  and  edited  "Meneval's  Me- 
moirs," collaborated  with  the  late  Alphonse 
Daudet  on  a  tale  called  "Premier  Voyage, 
Premier  Mensonge,"  1898.  He  has  written 
a  series  of  articles  on  certain  iniquities 
in  English  industries,  entitled  "The 
White  Slaves  of  England."  These  ap- 
peared in  serial  form  in  Pearson's  Maga- 
zine, and  were  republished  in  book  form 


(Bowden,  London,  1st  edit.,  1897 ;  2nd 
edit.,  1898).  They  attracted  great  atten- 
tion and  had  a  large  sale.  Mr.  Sherard's 
novels  formed  the  subject  of  an  important 
critical  study  in  La  Revue  de  Paris  ("TJn 
Romancier  Anglais,"  May  1896).  Address  ; 
Author's  Club,  3  Whitehall  Court,  S.W. 

SHERMAN,      The     Hon.      John, 

brother  of  the  late  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman, 
was  born  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  May  10,  1823. 
He  received  an  academic  education, 
studied  law,  and  began  its  practice  in 
1844.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Whig  Conventions  of  1848  and  1852  ;  and 
a  Member  of  Congress  from  1855  to  1861. 
He  entered  the  Republican  party  soon 
after  its  formation,  and  has  since  acted 
with  it.  In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the 
U.S.  Senate  and  re-elected  in  1866  and 
1872.  On  the  accession  to  the  presidency 
of  Mr.  Hayes,  in  1877,  Senator  Sherman 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
a  position  retained  by  him  until  the  close 
of  President  Hayes's  administration  in 
1881,  when  he  re-entered  the  Senate,  and 
remained  there  until  appointed  Secretary 
of  State  in  the  Cabinet  of  President 
M'Kinley,  March  4,  1897.  In  April  1898 
he  resigned  from  the  Cabinet  and  retired 
to  private  life.  It  was  due  to  his  manage- 
ment while  at  the  head  of  the  Treasury 
that  the  resumption  of  specie  payments 
(in  1879)  was  effected  without  disturbance 
to  the  financial  or  commercial  interests  of 
the  country.  Senator  Sherman  was  a 
prominent  candidate  for  the  Republican 
Presidential  nomination  in  1880  and  1888, 
and  was  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate, 
1885-87.  He  published  in  1879  a  volume 
of  his  "  Selected  Speeches  and  Reports  on 
Finance  and  Taxation,"  1859-78.  Ad- 
dress :  Washington. 

SHERRINGTON,  Professor 
Charles  Scott,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  was 
born  in  London  on  Nov.  29,  1859,  and  is 
the  son  of  J.  U.  Sherrington,  Esq.,  of 
Great  Yarmouth,  and  Anne  B.  Thurtell,  of 
Norwich.  He  was  educated  at  Queen 
Elizabeth's  School,  Ipswich ;  Caius 
College,  Cambridge ;  and  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital  (M.A.  and  M.D.  Cantab.).  In 
1884  he  was  appointed  George  Henry 
Lewes  Student  in  Physiological  Research, 
and  in  1887  Lecturer  in  Physiology  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  From  1889  to  1895  he 
was  Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Physiological  Society, 
from  1891  to  1895  Professor  Superinten- 
dent of  the  Brown  Institution,  University 
of  London,  and  in  1895  was  appointed  to 
the  Holt  Professorship  of  Physiology,  Uni- 
versity College,  Victoria  University,  Liver- 
pool. In  1892,  1895,  and  1898  he  was 
British  Secretary  for  the  Triennial  Inter- 
national Congresses  of  Physiology.     He 


SHERWOOD  —  SHOEE 


997 


became  F.R.S.  in  1893.  He  is  well  known 
in  the  world  of  science  for  the  importance 
of  his  research  work,  and  has  published 
various  papers  in  the  Royal  Society's  Trans- 
actions and  Proceedings,  the  Journals  of 
Physiology  and  Pathology,  Brain,  &c.  He 
is  also  the  author  of  a  "Report  on  the 
Epidemic  of  Asiatic  Cholera  in.  Spain, 
1885,"  and  of  a  "  Report  of  Investigations 
into  the  Pathology  of  Asiatic  Cholera  in 
Italy  in  1886."  Address  :  16  Grove  Park, 
Liverpool. 

SHERWOOD,  The  Rev.  William 
Edward,  Head-Master  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege School,  Oxford,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Sherwood,  of  Workington,  Cum- 
berland, and  was  born  in  April  1851.  He 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  College  School, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
was  Junior  Student  from  1870  to  1875,  and 
obtained  a  first  class  in  Mathematical 
Moderations  and  a  third  class  in  the  Final 
Honours  School  of  Mathematics.  In  1875 
he  was  appointed  a  Mathematical  Master 
at  Magdalen  College  School,  and  in  1878 
Vice-Principal  of  Sidney  College,  Bath, 
which  was  merged  in  Bath  College  during 
his  tenure  of  office.  He  was  appointed  to 
his  present  post  in  1888.  Address  :  Mag- 
dalen College  School,  Oxford. 

SHIELDS,  Frederic,  A.R.W.S.,  was 
born  at  Hartlepool,  and  educated  at  St. 
Clement's  Danes  National  School,  Stan- 
hope Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  He 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Dante  Rossetti, 
and,  as  a  painter,  has  been  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  Pre-Raphael- 
ites.  He  has  painted  many  domestic  and 
other  subjects  in  water-colours,  and  has 
illustrated  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress," 
Defoe's  "Plague  of  London,"  and  "The 
Rochdale  Felly."  He  has  decorated  the 
Duke  of  Westminster's  Chapel  at  Eaton 
Hall  with  stained  glass  and  mosaic,  and 
the  "  Chapel  of  the  Ascension,"  Marble 
Arch,  London.  Address  :  Morayfield, 
Merton,  Surrey. 

SHIPLEY,  Orby,  M.A.,  youngest  son 
of  Rev.  Charles  Shipley,  of  Twyford  House, 
in  the  county  of  Hants,  and  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  R.  Orby  Sloper,  Esq.,  of  East 
Woodhay,  Berks,  was  born  July  1,  1832. 
He  was  educated  at  a  private  school,  and 
took  his  degree  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge. For  twenty-three  years  he  worked 
as  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England, 
latterly  at  All  Saints',  Margaret  Street, 
Cavendish  Square  (under  Mr.  Upton 
Richards),  and  at  St.  Alban's,  Holborn, 
London  (under  Mr.  Mackonochie) ;  and 
on  Oct.  26,  1878,  being  unable  to  find  any 
sufficient  or  recognisable  authority  for 
faith  or  discipline  in  the  Anglican  Com- 


munion, was  received  into  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  by  Cardinal  Manning. 
Prior  to  1878  he  was  the  author  of  several 
works,  sermons,  liturgical  books,  essays 
and  pamphlets  in  support  of  Anglicanism  ; 
issued  from  the  press  many  ascetic  and 
devotional  books  translated  from  Catholic 
sources ;  and  edited  three  volumes  of 
religious  poetry  from  many  sources, 
"Lyra  Eucharistica,"  "Messianica,"  and 
"Mystica,"  1863-65,  as  well  as  several 
volumes  of  Essays  by  various  authors, 
"The  Church  and  the  World,"  three 
series,  1866-7-8;  "Tracts  for  the  Day," 
"Ecclesiastical  Reform,"  and  "Studies  in 
Modern  Problems."  Subsequently  to  his 
submission  to  the  Catholic  Church  he  has 
published  "Truthfulness  and  Ritualism," 
two  parts,  in  answer  to  Dr.  Littledale's 
strictures  on  the  Church ;  has  edited 
"Annus  Sanctus :  Hymns  of  the  Church 
for  the  Ecclesiastical  Year,"  and  old 
English  ascetical  books ;  and  for  some 
years  has  been  engaged  in  compiling  an 
Anthology  of  Sacred  Verse  in  honour  of 
or  in  relation  to  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary, 
"Carmina  Mariana,"  of  which  the  second 
edition  has  lately  been  published,  and  a 
second  series,  "Poemata  Mariana,"  is  in 
preparation.  The  range  of  poetical  sources 
for  these  Anthologies  includes  English, 
Irish,  and  American  poems  from  Chaucer 
to  Tennyson,  augmented  by  verse  trans- 
lated from  the  Greek,  Armenian,  Syriac, 
and  Latin,  the  German,  the  Italian,  the 
Spanish,  and  French,  together  with  Early 
English  and  old  Irish  poems,  MS.  poems 
of  old  Catholic  origin  from  the  British 
Museum,  the  Bodleian,  Oxford,  and  other 
public  and  private  libraries,  and  others 
from  Catholic  periodicals,  together  with  a 
few  original  contributions.  He  has  been 
and  is  an  occasional  contributor  to  periodi- 
cal literature,  amongst  other  papers  and 
reviews  to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Con- 
temporary, and  Fortnightly;  the  Month, 
Catholic  World  (U.S.A.),  the  American 
Ecclesiastical  Review  (U.S.A.),  and  Dublin 
Review;  the  older  Saturday  Review  and 
Guardian;  and  the  Weekly  Register  and 
Tablet.  His  last  Anglican  book,  which 
passed  through  the  press  at  the  time  of 
his  reception,  is  called  "Principles  of  the 
Faith  in  Relation  to  Sin."  It  contains  a 
brief  apology  for  his  conversion,  reprinted 
from  a  letter  in  the  Times  newspaper,  1878, 
and  a  complete  list  of  his  literary  work  in 
the  Church  of  England.  Addresses :  39 
Thurloe  Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Colway,  Lyme 
Regis,  Dorset. 

SHORE,  The  Rev.  Thomas  Teign- 

mouth,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Worcester,  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  T.  R.  Shore,  B.D.,  born  in 
Dublin,  Dec.  28,  1841,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,   Dublin,   where  he   gra- 


998 


SHOETEK  —  SHUTTLEWOETH 


duated  in  1861,  having  obtained  distin- 
guished honours  in  English  composition 
and  in  divinity.  He  afterwards  pro- 
ceeded to  the  degree  of  M.A.  (comitatis 
causd)  at  Oxford.  He  was  ordained  in 
1865  by  the  Bishop  of  London  (Dr.  Tait), 
and  having  held  successively  the  curacies 
of  Chelsea  and  of  Kensington,  and  of 
St.  Peter's,  Vere  Street,  under  Frederick 
Maurice,  and  been  for  two  years  incumbent 
of  St.  Mildred's,  Lee,  he  was  appointed 
in  1873  to  the  incumbency  of  Berkeley 
Chapel,  Mayfair.  He  has  published  two 
volumes,  entitled  "Some  Difficulties  of 
Belief,"  and  "The  Life  of  the  World  to 
Come,"  and  "St.  George  for  England,"  a 
volume  of  sermons  to  children  which  has 
been  translated  into  French,  German,  and 
Italian.  He  was  one  of  the  contributors 
selected  by  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and 
Bristol  for  his  lordship's  New  Testament 
Commentary.  He  has  also  edited  a  series 
of  volumes,  entitled  "Helps  to  Belief," 
and  has  written  the  one  on  "  Prayer  "  in 
that  series.  Mr.  Teignmouth  Shore  was 
appointed  one  of  her  Majesty's  chaplains  in 
July  1878,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Maclagan, 
now  Archbishop  of  York.  He  prepared 
the  daughters  of  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales  for  their  confirmation,  and 
officiated  at  the  marriage  of  the  Princess 
Louise  of  Wales  with  the  Duke  of  Fife  in 
1889 ;  and  was  made  Chaplain  of  the 
Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in  1889, 
and  Canon  of  Worcester  in  December  1890. 
Canon  Teignmouth  Shore  has  the  Jubilee 
Medal  with  a  clasp,  which  was  conferred 
on  him  by  the  Queen,  and  the  Order  of 
Princess  Alice  of  Hesse,  which  was  given 
him  by  the  Grand-Duke  of  Hesse,  as  well 
as  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 
He  is  married  to  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
J.  F.  Waller,  J. P.  Addresses:  College, 
Worcester ;  and  Athenaeum. 

SHORTER,  Clement  King,  editor 
of  the  Illustrated  London  News,  the  Sketch, 
and,  for  short  periods,  of  the  English 
Illustrated  Magazine  and  Pick-Me-Up,  is  de- 
scended from  Huntingdonshire  ancestry, 
and  was  born  in  London,  July  19,  1858, 
and  educated  at  Downham  Market,  Nor- 
folk. In  1877  he  entered  the  Exchequer 
and  Audit  Department  at  Somerset  House, 
and  twenty  years  later  retired  from  the 
Civil  Service  in  order  to  become  editor  of 
the  Illustrated  London  News.  Subsequently 
he  took  over  the  editorship  of  the  Sketch 
and  English  Illustrated.  Mr.  Clement 
Shorter  is  also  well  known  as  an  author, 
and  has  published  in  volume  form  :  "Char- 
lotte Bronte  and  her  Circle,"  1896,  and  a 
comprehensive  work  on  Victorian  Lite- 
rature, 1897.  He  has  edited  (1898)  the 
Temple  Edition  of  the  Waverley  Novels. 
He  has  also  edited  a   selection    of    the 


poems  of  Wordsworth.  He  married,  in 
1896,  Dora,  daughter  of  George  Sigerson, 
M.D.  {sec  Shorter,  Mrs.  Clement).  Ad- 
dress :  16  Marlborough  Place,  St.  John's 
Wood,  N.W. 

SHORTER,  Mrs.  Clement,  ne'e  Dora 
Sigerson,  under  which  name  she  is  well 
known  as  a  poetess,  is  the  daughter  of 
George  Sigerson,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Bio- 
logy in  the  Eoyal  University,  Dublin.  In 
July  1896  she  was  married  to  Mr.  Clement 
Shorter.  She  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
of  Irish  poetesses,  and  has  published 
"Verses  "  in  1894,  and  "  The  Fairy  Change- 
ling and  other  Poems"  in  1897,  "  My  Lady's 
Slipper  and  other  Poems,"  1898,  besides 
contributing  poems  to  the  Century  Magazine, 
the  Chap-Book,  &c.  One  of  her  most  re- 
markable long  poems  appeared  recently  in 
the  Daily  Chronicle.  It  was  entitled  "  The 
Woman  who  went  to  Hell,"  and  is  repub- 
lished in  a  volume  of  collected  poems, 
1899.  Address  :  16  Marlborough  Place, 
St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

SHORTHOTJSE,   Joseph  Henry, 

eldest  son  of  Joseph  Shorthouse.  chemical 
manufacturer,  of  Birmingham,  and  Mary 
Anne,  daughter  of  John  Hawker,  manu- 
facturer, of  the  same  town,  was  born  on 
Sept.  9,  1834,  in  Great  Charles  Street,  Bir- 
mingham, and  educated  at  private  schools. 
He  is  famous  as  the  author  of  the  romance 
"John  Inglesant,"  which  took  him  some 
twenty  years  to  think  out  and  write.  It 
was  first  privately  printed  and  afterwards 
published  in  1881,  and  excited  a  great 
amount  of  interest.  He  subsequently  pub- 
lished "The  Platonism  of  Wordsworth," 
1881 ;  the  Preface  to  George  Herbert's 
"Temple,"  1882;  a  preface  to  "The 
Spiritual  Guide  "  of  Miguel  Molinos,  1883  ; 
"  The  Little  Schoolmaster  Mark,  a  Spiritual 
Komance,"  1885;  "Sir  Percival,"  1886; 
"A  Teacher  of  the  Violin,  and  other 
Tales,"  "The  Countess  Eve,"  1888;  and 
"Blanche,  Lady  Falaise,"  1891 ;  and  articles 
on  George  Herbert,  Wordsworth,  and  F.  D. 
Maurice,  &c.  He  married,  in  1857,  Sarah, 
daughter  of  John  Scott,  of  Birmingham. 
Address  :  Lansdowne,  Edgbaston. 

SHREWSBURY,    Bishop    of.     See 

Stamer,   The  Right  Rev.   Sir  Love-- 
lace  T. 

SHTJTTLEWORTH,    Rev.    Henry 

Cary,  Rector  of  St.  Nicholas  Cole- 
Abbey,  City  of  London,  1884  ;  Professor  of 
Pastoral  and  Liturgical  Theology,  King's 
College,  London,  1890  ;  Lecturer  in  English 
Literature,  King's  College  (Ladies'  Depart- 
ment), Chaplain,  1st  Tower  Hamlets  R.V., 
was  born  at  Eglos-hayle,  Cornwall,  1850, 
and  is  the   eldest   son  of  the  late  Rev. 


SICKERT  —  SIENKIEWICZ 


999 


Canon  Shuttleworth,  and  Letitia,  second 
daughter  of  the  late  Captain  Cary,  R.N. 
He  was  educated  at  Forest  School,  Wal- 
thamstow,  under  the  late  Dr.  Guy,  and  at 
St.  Mary's  Hall  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  gained  various  scholarships  (such 
as  the  Duke)  and  prizes,  and  was  placed  in 
the  second  class  of  Final  Theological  School 
in  1873  (B.  A.  1873,  M.A.  1875).  Ordained  in 
1873  to  the  curacy  of  St.  Barnabas',  Oxford, 
and  Chaplain  of  Christ  Church,  1874,  he 
was  Minor  Canon  of  St.  Paul's,  1876-84, 
and  became  Lecturer  at  King's  College, 
London,  in  1883.  He  founded,  in  1889,  the 
Shuttleworth  Club  (formerly  St.  Nicholas 
Club)  for  men  and  women  employed  in 
the  City.  He  is  well  known  as  a  preacher, 
lecturer,  writer,  and  contributor  to  the 
Saturday  Review,  the  Outlook,  and  occa- 
sionally to  the  Times.  His  publications 
are  :  "  The  Place  of  Music  in  Public  Wor- 
ship" (Elliot  Stock),  1892  ;  "Some  Aspects 
of  Disestablishment"  (A.  D.  Innes),  1894; 
"Hymns for  Private  Use"  (Gay  and  Bird), 
1896  ;  "  St.  Nicholas  Manual  and  Hymnal 
Appendix "  (E.  Stock),  1897  ;  Addresses 
to  Lads  "  (S.P.C.K.,  3rd  edit.),  1897  ;  and 
various  sermons,  lectures,  articles.  He  is 
well  known  as  an  authority  on  Church 
Music,  and  as  a  leader  of  the  same,  and 
is  prominently  identified  with  Christian 
Socialism  and  other  advanced  movements. 
He  married,  in  1878,  Mary,  eldest  daughter 
of  Thomas  Fuller,  M.D., Brighton.  Address: 
St.  Nicholas  Rectory,  Lambeth  Hill,  E.C. 

SICKEB.T,  "Walter,  painter,  was  born 
on  May  31,  1860,  at  Munich,  and  is  the 
son  of  Oswald  Adalbert  Sickert,  and  grand- 
son of  Johannes  Sickert,  both  painters. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
and  at  first  thought  of  embracing  an 
actor's  career.  He  studied  art  at  the 
Slade  School,  and  has  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  the  Royal  Institutes  of 
Painters  in  Oil-Colours  and  Water-Colours, 
at  the  Royal  Societies  of  British  Artists 
and  Painter  Etchers,  and  at  the  New  Eng- 
lish Art  Club.  He  has  contributed  many 
papers  on  art  to  journals  and  magazines, 
writing  himself  down  "a  pupil  of  Whistler," 
of  whose  impressionism  or  method  he  is 
an  exponent.  Address  :  13  Robert  Street, 
Cumberland  Market. 

SIDGWICK,  Eleanor  Mildred,  was 

born  in  1845,  being  the  eldest  daughter  of 
James  Maitland  Balfour,  Esq.,  of  Whit- 
tinghame,  Prestonkirk,  father  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Arthur  James  Balfour.  She  was 
educated  at  home,  and  married  in  1876 
to  Mr.  Henry  Sidgwick,  now  Knightbridge 
Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  For  two  years, 
from  1880  to  1882,  she  held  the  position 
of  Vice-Principal   of    Newnham   College, 


Cambridge,  and  succeeded  Miss  A.  J. 
Clough  as  Principal  in  1892.  Mrs.  Sidg- 
wick has  published  ' '  Health  Statistics  of 
Women  Students  of  Cambridge  and  Ox- 
ford "  (1890),  and  various  papers  on  educa- 
tional and  other  subjects.  She  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Secondary  Education  of  1894.  Permanent 
address  :  Newnham  College,  Cambridge. 

SIDGWICK,  Professor  Henry,  M.A., 
Litt.D.,  born  at  Skipton,  Yorkshire,  May 
31,  1838,  was  educated  at  Rugby  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College  from  1859  to  1869,  and 
Lecturer  of  Trinity  College  from  1859  to 
1875,  when  he  was  appointed  Pralector  of 
Moral  and  Political  Philosophy.  He  was 
elected  an  honorary  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  April  16,  1881  ;  and  was  appointed 
Knightbridge  Professor  of  Moral  Philo- 
sophy in  1883.  Professor  Sidgwick  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Methods  of  Ethics,"  1874  ; 
"Outlines  of  the  History  of  Ethics,"  the 
"Principles  of  Political  Economy,"  1883  ; 
the  "  Elements  of  Politics,"  1891  ;  "  Practi- 
cal Ethics,"  1898  ;  and  of  several  articles 
on  philosophical  and  literary  subjects. 
He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  promo- 
tion of  the  higher  education  of  women  at 
Cambridge,  especially  in  the  foundation 
and  management  of  Newnham  College. 
Professor  Sidgwick  is  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh, 
Glasgow,  and  St.  Andrews,  and  was  made 
a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1890.  He  married 
Eleanor  Mildred,  daughter  of  the  late 
James  Maitland  Balfour,  in  1876.  Ad- 
dress :  Newnham  College,  Cambridge. 

SIENKIEWICZ,  Henryk,  Polish 
novelist,  was  born  at  Okreya,  in  Podlasia, 
on  an  estate  belonging  to  his  mother. 
His  family  was  originally  Lithuanian,  and 
removed  to  Poland  in  consequence  of  the 
Russian  war ;  his  grandfather  served 
under  Napoleon,  and  his  father  took  part 
in  the  revolutions  of  1830  and  1863.  Hav- 
ing been  educated  at  the  Warsaw  Gym- 
nasium and  the  University,  he  emigrated 
in  1876  to  California,  to  the  colony  that 
Madame  Modjeska  (q.v.)  intended  to  found 
there.  But  the  colony  was  a  failure,  and 
he  returned  to  his  own  country,  where  his 
first  literary  work,  the  recital  of  his  travels, 
was  published  in  the  Warsaw  reviews.  In 
1891  he  travelled  to  Central  Africa  with 
Count  Tyshkevich.  His  great  work  is  an 
early  Christian  story,  "Quo  Vadis,"  which 
he  finished  at  Nice  in  1896.  It  has  been 
translated  into  almost  every  European 
language,  and  has  given  him  a  world-wide 
reputation.  His  other  works  include  : 
"  Szkice  Weglem  "  (Sketches  in  Charcoal), 
1874;  "Ogniem  I  Mieczem"  (Fire  and 
Sword),  1885;  "Potop"  (The  Hood),  1886. 
Most  of  his  works  have  been  translated 


1000 


SIEVEKING  —  SIMMONS 


by  Mr.  Jeremiah  Curtin,  the  latest  being 
"  Hania,"  a  collection  of  short  stories, 
published  in  the  spring  of  1898.  His  next 
book  is  to  be  "  The  Knights  of  the  Cross." 

SIEVEKING,  Sir  Edward  Henry, 
M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  Physician  in 
Ordinary  to  H.M.  the  Queen  and  H.R.H. 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  was  born  in  London, 
within  the  sound  of  Bow  Bells,  on  Aug. 
24,  1816.  He  is  descended  from  an  old 
North  German  family,  still  nourishing  in 
Hamburg,  and  was  educated  partly  in 
England  and  partly  in  Germany.  He 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine  at 
the  universities  of  Berlin  and  Bonn,  and 
continued  it  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, and  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  in 
1841.  He  travelled  abroad,  studying  in 
Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin.  He  practised 
among  the  English  colony  at  Hamburg  for 
four  years,  and  while  there  contributed 
to  Oppcnheim's  Medical  Journal;  wrote  a 
treatise  on  Ventilation,  a  previously  un- 
considered subject  in  Germany,  and  built 
a  children's  hospital.  In  1847  he  returned 
to  London,  became  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  and  four  years  later 
Fellow.  After  serving  as  Physician  to  the 
Northern  Dispensary  he  was  appointed  in 
1851  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  with  which  he 
remained  actively  associated  for  thirty- 
five  years,  and  is  now  Consulting  Physician. 
He  has  been  President  of  the  Harveian, 
and  President  of  the  Royal  Medical  Chir- 
urgical  Society.  His  first  publication  in 
England  was  in  1849,  and  was  a  pamphlet 
on  nursing,  in  which  the  provision  of 
nurses  for  the  poor,  as  part  of  a  perfect 
system  of  state  sanitation,  was  strongly 
urged.  A  paper  on  the  same  subject  by 
Dr.  Sieveking  was  subsequently  read  before 
the  Epidemiological  Society,  and  this  led 
to  the  formation  of  a  committee,  which, 
for  a  series  of  years,  sought  to  carry  out 
the  views  advocated  by  him.  Lord  Shaftes- 
bury on  two  different  occasions  introduced 
the  committee  to  the  Poor-Law  Board, 
which  gave  its  official  support ;  but  nothing 
came  of  it.  The  present  appreciation  of 
nursing,  as  an  aid  to  curative  medicine, 
may,  in  a  great  measure,  be  attributed  to 
the  work  done  by  the  committee.  Dr. 
Sieveking  was  a  co-translator  of  Rokitan- 
sky's  great  work  on  Pathology  for  the 
Sydenham  Society,  and  subsequently  trans- 
lated from  the  German  for  the  same 
society  Romberg's  work  on  nervous 
diseases.  In  1854,  with  his  colleague  at 
St.  Mary's,  Dr.  Handfield  Jones,  he  pub- 
lished a  work  on  Pathological  Anatomy, 
of  which  a  second  edition  has  since  been 
edited  by  Dr.  Payne.  From  1855  to  1860 
Dr.  Sieveking  was  editor  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Medical  and  Ohirurgical  Review, 


founded,  and  long  carried  on,  by  his  friend 
Sir  John  Forbes.  In  1863,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Sir  J.  Clark,  the  position  of 
Physician  in  Ordinary  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
of  Wales  was  offered  to,  and  accepted 
by,  Dr.  Sieveking.  In  1873  he  was  made 
Physician  Extraordinary,  and  in  1888  Phy- 
sician in  Ordinary,  to  H.M.  the  Queen. 
He  was  knighted  in  1886 ;  made  Honorary 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  at  the  Tercentenary  of 
Edinburgh  University ;  wrote  a  work  on 
Epilepsy,  two  editions ;  a  work  on  Medical 
Advice  in  Life  Assurance ;  and  has  de- 
livered frequent  addresses  of  various  kinds. 
He  was  Croonian  Lecturer  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  ;  and  delivered  the 
Harveian  oration  there  in  1877,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  Colleges  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  materially  aided  Sir 
E.  H.  Sieveking  in  producing  an  autotype 
publication  of  the  MS.  of  W.  Harvey's 
original  Physiological  Lectures,  delivered 
in  1616  et  seq.  Sir  E.  H.  Sieveking  has 
filled  many  offices  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians.  He  was  the  Founder  of  the 
Edinburgh  University  Club,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Athenaeum.  He  married, 
in  1849,  Miss  Jane  Ray,  youngest  daughter 
of  John  Ray,  of  Finchley,  J.P.,  and  has 
five  sons  and  three  daughters.  Addresses : 
17  Manchester  Square,  W. ;  and  Atbenasum. 

SIGERSON,  Bora.  See  Shorter, 
Mrs.  Clement. 

SIMEON,  Sir  John  Stephen  Bar- 
rington,    Bart.,    M.P.,    J.P.,    D.L.,    was 

born  at  Swainston,  Isle  of  Wight,  on  Aug. 
31,  1850,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  3rd 
baronet,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1870,  and 
Jane,  daughter  of  Sir  Frederick  Baker, 
Bart.  He  served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Rifle  Brigade  from  1868  to  1871,  and  was 
Private  Secretary  to  the  Right  Hon.  John 
Bright,  M.P.,  from  1880  to  1883.  In  1895 
he  was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons 
as  Liberal  Unionist  member  for  Southamp- 
ton. He  is  a  Director  of  the  London  and 
South-Western  Railway,  a  J.P.  for  Hants, 
and  D.L.  and  County  Alderman  for  the  Isle 
of  Wight.  He  married  the  only  daughter 
of  the  Hon.  R.  H.  Dulton  in  1872.  Ad- 
dresses :  19  Wilton  Crescent,  S.W. ;  and 
Swainston,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight. 

SIMMONS,  Field-Marshal  Sir  John 
Lintorn  Arahin,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  son 
of  Captain  Thomas  Frederick  Simmons, 
R.A.,  was  born  at  Langford,  Somerset,  on 
Feb.  12,  1821,  and  educated  at  Elizabeth 
College,  Guernsey,  and  at  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary Academy,  Woolwich.  He  entered 
the  Royal  Engineers  in  1837,  and  after 
serving  for  several  years  in  North  America, 
was  appointed  Inspector  of  Railways, 
December  1846,  and  in  1850  Secretary  to 


SIMON 


1001 


the  Railway  Commissioners.  Upon  the 
dissolution  of  that  Commission  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Board  of  Trade  as 
Secretary  to  the  Eailway  Department. 
In  1853,  being  in  Turkey,  he  was  specially 
employed  by  the  late  Viscount  Stratford 
de  Redcliffe  on  several  important  missions, 
and  became  her  Majesty's  Commissioner 
with  the  Turkish  Army  under  the  command 
of  Omar  Pacha,  in  which  position  he  served 
on  the  Danube,  and  during  the  occupation 
of  Wallachia.  In  November  1854  he  went 
to  the  Crimea  to  concert  with  the  allied 
Commanders-in-Chief  as  to  the  employ- 
ment of  the  Turkish  army,  when  it  was 
decided  that  it  was  to  occupy  Eupatoria. 
He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Eupatoria, 
in  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  and  subse- 
quently in  the  Caucasus,  and  was  present 
at  the  forced  passage  of  the  Ingur,  where 
he  commanded  the  division  which  crossed 
the  river  and  turned  the  enemy's  position, 
capturing  his  works  and  guns.  He  was 
the  British  Commissioner  for  the  regula- 
tion of  the  Turco-Russian  Boundary  in 
Asia  in  1857  ;  Consul-General  at  Warsaw 
from  1858  to  1860  ;  commanding  Royal 
Engineers  at  Aldershot,  1860-65  ;  Director 
of  the  School  of  Military  Engineering  at 
Chatham,  1865-67  ;  appointed  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  March  18,  1869,  and  Governor 
the  succeeding  year,  which  appointment 
he  held  till  June  1875.  He  then  became 
Inspector-General  of  Fortifications,  which 
post  he  held  until  1880.  He  served  on 
Royal  Commissions  on  Accidents  on  Rail- 
ways, and  on  the  Defence  of  British  Pos- 
sessions and  Commerce  abroad.  He  was 
attached  to  the  special  Embassy  during 
the  Congress  in  Berlin,  and  was  appointed 
to  assist  Lord  Ampthill  at  the  Conference 
in  Berlin  on  the  Greek  Frontier  Question. 
He  has  received  the  Crimean  Medal  and 
clasp,  the  Turkish  Gold  Medal  for  the 
Danubian  Campaign,  a  Sword  of  Honour 
from  the  Turkish  Government,  the  Grand 
Cordon  of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh, 
and  the  fourth  class  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  was  made  C.B.  in  1855 ; 
K.C.B.  in  1869  ;  G.C.B.  in  1878  ;  G.C.M.G. 
in  1887.  He  was  Governor  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  Malta  from  June  1884 
to  Sept.  1888,  and  has  since  been  Envoy  Ex- 
traordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Pope  Leo  XIII.  In  1890  he  became  Field- 
Marshal.  He  married  (1)  Ellen,  daughter 
of  John  Lintorn  Simmons,  of  Keynoham, 
in  1846 ;  and  (2)  Blanche,  daughter  of 
the  late  Samuel  Charles  Weston,  in  1856. 
She  died  in  February  1898.  Addresses  : 
Hawley  House,  Blackwater,  Hants ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

SIMON,  Sir  John,   K.C.B.,   F.R.C.S., 
F.R.S.,   Hon.  M.D.   Dublin,  Hon.   D.C.L. 


Oxford,  Hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh  and  Cam- 
bridge, Consulting  Surgeon  St.  Thomas's, 
was  born  on  October  10,  1816,  and  is  the 
son  of  Louis  Michael  Simon,  for  thirty-one 
years  an  influential  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Stock  Exchange,  and  of  his 
wife,  nee  Nonnet.  By  both  grandfathers 
he  was  of  French  origin,  each  grand- 
father having  come  to  England  (where 
he  soon  married  an  English  wife)  at  about 
the  beginning  of  the  last  quarter  of  last 
century.  John  Simon  was  educated  chiefly 
at  the  Rev.  Dr.  Burney's  school  at  Green- 
wich, spent  a  year  in  the  family  of  a 
German  Pfarrer,  and  in  1833  began  the 
study  of  medicine  at  King's  College,  then 
of  new  establishment  in  the  Strand,  and 
St.  Thomas's,  under  the  famous  Joseph 
Henry  Green,  who  was  Professor  of  Sur- 
gery at  the  latter  institution.  During  the 
winter  of  1837-38  he  acted  as  Prosector 
to  Dr.  Todd  during  his  course  on  phy- 
siology. On  Aug.  24,  1838,  he  was  allowed 
by  Mr.  Green  to  go  up  for  examination  at 
the  College  of  Surgeons,  although  his 
hospital  apprenticeship  had  not  yet  ex- 
pired, in  order  to  be  ready  for  an  appoint- 
ment as  Joint-Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
at  King's  College,  London.  He  held  this 
Demonstratorship  for  nine  years,  his  col- 
league being  Dr.  (afterwards  Bishop) 
Macdougal.  In  1840,  on  the  foundation 
of  King's  College  Hospital,  the  subject  of 
our  memoir  was  at  once  appointed  Senior 
Assistant-Surgeon,  under  Partridge  and 
Fergusson,  his  colleague  being  Mr.  (after- 
wards Sir  William)  Bowman,  who  had 
become  second  to  him  in  the  Demonstra- 
torship. The  dissecting-room  at  King's 
College  was  not  in  those  days  one  of  the 
finest  in  London,  and  the  future  sanitary 
reformer's  health  suffered  from  constant 
confinement  there.  He  was  accordingly 
rescued  from  an  increasingly  difficult 
situation,  when,  in  1847,  he  received  the 
very  high  honour  of  appointment  as  Lec- 
turer in  Pathology,  and  virtually  as  Sur- 
geon, at  his  more  familiar  home,  St. 
Thomas's,  of  which  he  is  still  an  officer. 
At  King's  College  his  career  had  been 
practically  a  period  of  waiting  ;  he  had 
enjoyed  considerable  leisure  there,  and, 
in  accordance  with  the  honourable  tradi- 
tion of  the  medical  profession  in  old  days, 
had  devoted  much  time  to  cultivated  pur- 
suits, such  as  the  study  of  art,  metaphy- 
sical literature,  Oriental  languages,  which 
he  studied  in  the  Marsden  Library  at 
King's,  and  kindred  subjects.  These 
interests,  which  have  been  lifelong,  and 
have  left  their  impress  upon  his  polished 
literary  style,  led  him  at  different  times 
into  the  society  of  a  very  varied  and 
brilliant  circle,  including  such  names  as 
William  Wordsworth  (to  whom  he  was 
introduced  by  Green),  Tennyson,  Ruskin, 


1002 


SIMON 


Thackeray,  Jowett,  George  Henry  Lewes, 
Thomas  Woolner,  Buckle,  Renan,  Claude 
Bernard,  many  of  the  Saint-Simonians, 
Norton  the  American  author,  Ludwig, 
Tieck,  Retzch,  Schelling,  Sir  Edward 
Burne- Jones,  Canon  Kingsley,  and  a  host 
of  others  too  numerous  to  mention.  At 
St.  Thomas's,  however,  he  became  con- 
vinced of  the  necessity  of  concentration, 
and  found  the  work  of  his  post  a  keen 
stimulus  to  industry.  In  December  1847 
he  delivered  a  lecture  at  St.  Thomas's  on 
the  "Aims  and  Philosophic  Method  of 
Pathological  Research,"  and  followed  this 
up  with  courses  of  lectures  on  Diagnosis 
and  Therapeutics,  published  in  the  Lancet 
in  1850-52.  It  was  in  this  early  period, 
also,  that  he  began  that  work  of  sanitary 
reform  for  which  his  name  will  ever  be 
honoured  and  famous.  In  1848  the  City 
of  London  Officership  of  Health  was  in- 
stituted, and  he  was  appointed  thereto, 
remaining  in  it  until  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Government  as  Medical  Officer  to 
the  Local  Government  Board  seven  years 
later.  He  continued  in  the  service  of 
Government  until  1876.  The  lay  mind 
can  scarcely  estimate  the  stupendous  im- 
portance to  civilisation  and  humanity  of 
Simon's  pioneer  work.  The  wide-reaching 
sanitary  legislation  of  1848  might  have 
remained  a  dead-letter  but  for  the  practi- 
cal shape  into  which  he  of  all  others  put 
it.  It  may  be  briefly  stated  that  he  drained 
the  City,  and  rendered  it  healthy,  abolish- 
ing the  pernicious,  and  till  then  existent, 
system  of  central  cesspools  under  houses, 
abolishing  intra-mural  slaughter-houses 
and  other  malodorous  trade  establish- 
ments, and  actively  crusading  against 
smoke,  intra-mural  graveyards,  Thames 
pollution,  impure  water,  overcrowded 
dwellings,  and  a  number  of  other  similar 
nuisances.  The  reports  written  by  him 
at  this  time  to  the  City  Commissioners 
of  Sewers  bear  abundant  testimony  to  his 
activity.  Cholera  threatening  London  at  the 
time  of  his  appointment,  his  conduct  of 
this  novel  post  was  naturally  the  object  of 
public  scrutiny.  The  disease  visited  Eng- 
land in  1848-49,  and  in  his  report  for  that 
year  he  stated  the  facts  and  lessons  of  the 
visitation.  Again  in  1853  he  foretold  a 
return  of  the  epidemic,  and  in  1854  re- 
corded his  experience  of  its  severity.  In 
the  report  of  1853  he  laid  particular  stress 
on  the  fact  that  London  was  still  left  with- 
out comprehensive  sanitary  legislation. 
In  the  long  run  these  reports  led  to  much 
valuable  legislation,  and  to  a  healthy 
revolution  of  public  opinion,  hitherto  in- 
different to  hygienic  considerations,  espe- 
cially as  they  affected  the  poor  masses  of 
the  community.  The  Central  Medical 
Officership,  created  in  1855,  was  held 
by  the  subject  of  our  memoir  for  twenty- 


one  years.  From  1855  to  1858  the  office 
was  attached  to  the  General  Board  of 
Health,  which  was  superseded  by  the 
epoch-making  Public  Health  Act  of  1858. 
From  1858  to  1871  the  office  was  under 
the  Privy  Council,  and  from  1871  to  1876 
it  was  in  great  part  detached  from  the 
Privy  Council  and  under  the  Local  Gov- 
ernment Board  created  in  1871.  During 
this  latter  long  tenure  of  office,  Sir  John 
Simon's  work  was  of  the  most  important 
and  wide-reaching  nature.  His  "  Reports 
to  the  Privy  Council  "  are  its  best  monu- 
ment and  record.  They,  of  course,  deal 
with  a  variety  of  subjects,  more  especially 
with  vaccination.  The  report  of  1857 
treats  comprehensively  of  this  subject, 
and  is  a  defence  of  Jenner's  discovery, 
drawn  from  vast  stores  of  material.  It 
may  be  called  the  standard  defence  of 
vaccination,  and  formed  part  of  the 
counter-evidence  successfully  employed 
in  Mr.  Forster's  Select  Committee  of  1871, 
to  silence  the  anti-vaccinationists,  who, 
in  an  age  less  swayed  by  semi-educated 
people,  hysterical  persons,  and  fanatics 
than  the  present,  had  nevertheless  begun 
to  make  their  voices  heard.  To  enumer- 
ate the  full  details  of  Sir  John  Simon's 
official  career  would  be  to  write  a  history 
of  hygienic  reform  during  the  last  fifty 
years.  Some  idea,  however,  of  the  esteem 
in  which  a  grateful  nation  and  admiring 
circle  of  co-workers  and  contemporaries 
have  held  him  may  be  gained  from  a  per- 
usal of  his  list  of  honours.  In  1844  he  was 
made  an  Hon.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  Eng.,  his  name  occurring  in 
the  second  batch  of  Fellows,  appointed  by 
the  Council  in  accordance  with  their  then 
novel  powers.  He  is  therefore,  with  Sir 
James  Paget,  Mr.  Image  and  others,  one 
of  the  eight  surviving  Fellows  of  the  1843 
and  1844  appointments.  From  1868  to 
1880  he  was  a  member  of  Council,  was 
Vice-President  in  1876-78,  and  President 
in  1878-79.  Early  in  1845  he  was  elected 
F.R.S.,  and  in  1879-80  was  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  has 
been  Vice-President  of  the  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  and  Clinical  Societies,  and  President 
of  the  Medical  Teachers'  Association  and 
of  the  Pathological  Society.  He  is  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Pathological  and  Clinical 
Societies.  In  1868  Oxford  University  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  Hon.  D.C.L.  ;  in  1872 
he  was  made  an  Hon.  Med.  Chir.  Doctor 
of  the  University  of  Munich  ;  in  1880  an 
Hon.  LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge ;  in  1882  an  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1887  an 
Hon.  M.D.  of  the  University  of  Dublin. 
He  was  created  K.C.B.  in  1887,  at  the 
time  of  the  first  Jubilee.  He  has  sat  on 
many  Royal  Commissions,  and  has  attended 
many  congresses  at  home  and  abroad.    In 


SIMPSON 


1003 


1853-54  lie  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  of  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of 
Cholera  in  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Gateshead, 
and  Tynemouth  ;  in  1854-55  a  member  of 
Sir  Benjamin  Hall's  Medical  Council  ;  and 
in  1881  a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
to  inquire  into  the  constitution  of  the 
medical  profession.  Sir  John  Simon's 
works  include  "  Reports  on  the  Sanitary 
State  and  Requirements  of  the  City  of 
London,"  1848-55,  and  on  those  of  the 
"People  of  England,"  1855-77  ;  "Obser- 
vations on  Medical  Education,"  being  a 
letter  addressed  to  the  President  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1842  ;  "  Com- 
parative Anatomy  of  the  Thyroid  Gland," 
Phil.  Trans.,  1844;  "Physiological  Essay 
on  the  Thymus  Gland,"  1845  ;  "  Sub-acute 
Inflammation  of  the  Kidney,"  Med.  Chir. 
Trans.,  1847  ;  "  The  Aims  and  Philosophi- 
cal Method  of  Pathological  Research," 
1847  ;  "  General  Pathology,"  1850  ;  "  In- 
troduction to  Reprint  of  City  Sanitary 
Reports,"  1854;  "English  Sanitary  In- 
stitutions," 2nd  edit.,  1897.  He  has  also 
edited  (1865)  the  "Spiritual  Philosophy" 
of  his  old  master,  Joseph  Henry  Green. 
He  has  contributed  to  Holmes's  "  System 
of  Surgery  "the  article  on  "  Inflammation," 
and  to  Quain's  "  Dictionary  of  Medicine  " 
that  on  "Contagion."  In  the  "Life  of 
Lord  Sherbrooke,"  1893,  the  "  In  Memo- 
riam  "  is  from  his  pen,  as  also  is  an  article 
on  "Early  Self-Government  "  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  1894.  In  July  1848  be 
married  Jane,  daughter  of  Matthew  Dela- 
val  O'Meara,  who  had  served  with  distinc- 
tion as  Commissary-General  in  the  Penin- 
sular war,  and  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  John  Beamish,  Rector  of  Ross-Car- 
berry,  and  Castletown-Berehaven,  co.  Cork. 
Addresses  :  40  Kensington  Square,  W.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

SIMPSON,  Maxwell,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
Hon.  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  born  in  1815,  in  the 
city  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  is  the  youngest 
and  ninth  child  of  the  late  Thomas  Simp- 
son, Esq.,  of  Beechhill,  co.  Armagh,  and 
was  educated  at  Newry  School,  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  is  A.B.  and  M.B.  of 
Dublin  University.  The  degree  of  M.D. 
{honoris  causd)  was  conferred  on  him  by 
the  Dublin  University  in  1864 ;  and  that 
of  LL.D.  (honoris  causd)  in  1878  ;  and  the 
degree  of  Hon.  D.Sc.  by  the  Queen's  Uni- 
versity in  1880.  He  was  appointed  Exa- 
miner in  Materia  Medica  in  the  Queen's 
University  in  1869,  and  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry in  Queen's  College,  Cork,  in  1872. 
He  is  the  author  of  papers  on  several 
chemical  researches,  which  appeared  in 
the  Comptes  Rendus,  the  Annalen  dcr 
Chimie,  and  the  Proceedings  and  Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Society,  and  were  after- 
wards copied  into  most  of  the  scientific 


journals  in  Europe.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  some  of  the  most  important  of  the 
papers:  "On  Two  New  Methods  for  the 
Determination  of  Nitrogen  in  Organic  and 
Inorganic  Compounds,"  "  Sur  une  Base 
nouvelle  obtenue  par  Taction  de  l'Am- 
moniaque  sur  le  Tribromure  d'Allyle," 
"On  the  Action  of  Acids  on  Glycol,"  "On 
the  Synthesis  of  Succinic  and  Pyrotartaric 
Acids,"  "On  the  Action  of  Chloride  of 
Iodine  on  Iodide  of  Ethylene  and  Propy- 
lene Gas,"  "  On  the  Synthesis  of  Tribasic 
Acids."  Dr.  Maxwell  Simpson  became  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1862  ;  is 
Honorary  Fellow  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians  ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  and  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  Queen's  University  ;  and, 
on  its  extinction,  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  University  of  Ireland.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  in 
Dublin,  Dr.  Simpson  acted  as  President 
of  the  Chemical  Section.  In  the  year 
1845  he  married  Mary,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Samuel  Martin,  Esq.,  of  Long- 
borne,  co.  Down,  and  sister  of  the  late 
John  Martin,  member  for  co.  Meath.  Ad- 
dress :  9  Barton  Street,  West  Kensing- 
ton, W. 

SIMPSON,  William,  R.I.,  artist,  was 
born  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  28,  1823.  He  began 
life  as  an  architect,  and  turned  from  that 
to  art.  He  went  through  the  war  in  the 
Crimea  as  an  artist,  and  published  sketches 
in  two  volumes,  entitled  "Campaign  in 
the  East,"  1854-55.  Mr.  Simpson  travelled 
in  India,  including  the  Himalayas  and 
Tibet,  from  1859  to  1862.  The  result  was 
published  in  a  work  entitled  "  India, 
Ancient  and  Modern,"  1867.  Since  1866 
he  has  travelled  in  Russia,  Palestine, 
Abyssinia,  China,  Japan,  America,  India, 
Afghanistan,  and  Central  Asia,  the  last 
being  with  the  Afghan  Boundary  Com- 
mission, and  other  places  as  special  artist 
of  the  Illustrated  London  Netos,  which  he 
has  represented  as  special  artist  since 
1860.  In  addition  to  the  works  already 
mentioned,  he  has  published:  "Meeting 
the  Sun  ;  a  Journey  all  Round  the  World," 
1873;  "Shikare  and  Tamasha,"  1876; 
"Photographs  from  Drawings  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  Visit  to  India,"  "  Pic- 
turesque People,"  1876;  "The  Buddhist 
Praying  -  Wheel,"  1896  ;  and  numerous 
archaeological  papers  at  various  times. 
Mr.  Simpson  is  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours ; 
an  Hon.  Associate  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  ;  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society  ;  and  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  and  other  societies. 
Address  :  19  Church  Road,  Willesden, 
N.W. 


1004 


SIMS  —  SINCLAIE 


SIMS,  George  Robert,  was  born  in 
London,  Sept.  2,  1847,  and  educated  at 
Hanwell  College,  and  afterwards  at  Bonn. 
He  first  joined  the  staff  of  Fun  on  the 
death  of  Tom  Hood  the  younger  in  1874  ; 
and  the  Weekly  Dispatch  the  same  year. 
Since  1877  he  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  Referee  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Dagonet."  In  that  newspaper  his 
"  Dagonet  Ballads  "  first  appeared.  To 
the  Dispatch  Mr.  Sims  contributed  "  Social 
Kaleidoscope,"  "  Three  Brass  Balls,"  and 
"Theatre  of  Life."  These  have  been 
translated  into  German,  French,  and 
Danish.  He  edited  One  and  All  in  1879. 
He  produced  his  first  play,  "Crutch  and 
Toothpick,"  at  the  Royalty  Theatre  in 
April  1879  ;  "  Mother  -  in  -  Law,"  and 
"  Member  for  Slocum,"  1881.  These  were 
followed  by  "The  Gay  City,"  and  "Half- 
Way  House,"  "  The  Lights  o'  London," 
Princess's,  Sept.  10,  1881,  which  ran 
nearly  260  nights.  It  was  followed  by 
"The  Eomany  Rye,"  and  "The  Merry 
Duchess,"  a  comic  opera.  "  In  the 
Ranks "  (of  which  Mr.  Sims  was  part 
author)  was  produced  at  the  Adelphi  in 
1883,  and  ran  457  consecutive  nights. 
His  other  plays  are  :  "  The  Golden  Ring," 
1883  ;  and  "Jack  in  the  Box  "  and  "  The 
Harbour  Lights,"  written  in  collaboration, 
in  1885,  ran  for  513  consecutive  nights. 
Mr.  Sims  has  since  written  in  collabora- 
tion the  following  plays  :  "  The  Golden 
Ladder,"  produced  at  the  Globe  Theatre 
in  1887  ;  "  The  Silver  Falls  "  and  "  London 
Day  by  Day,"  at  the  Adelphi;  "Master 
and  Man,"  at  the  Princess's  ;  and  "Faust 
Up  to  Date,"  a  burlesque,  at  the  Gaiety. 
In  1893  he  brought  out,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Cecil  Raleigh,  "  Little  Christo- 
pher Columbus,"  a  burlesque  opera,  which 
has  had  a  long  run.  The  novels  he  has 
published  include  "Rogues  and  Vaga- 
bonds," "  The  Ring  o'  Bells,"  "  Memoirs 
of  Mary  Jane,"  "Mary  Jane  Married," 
"  Tales  of  To-day,"  "  Dramas  of  Life,"  and 
"The  Case  of  George  Candlemas"  ;  and 
his  revelations  of  the  condition  of  the  poor 
in  "How  the  Poor  Live,"  and  "Horrible 
London,"  a  series  of  letters  to  the  Daily 
News,  helped  to  focus  public  attention  on 
the  housing  of  the  working-classes,  and  to 
bring  about  the  Royal  Commission.  Among 
Mr.  Sims's  later  literary  works  may  be  men- 
tioned :  "  Dramas  of  Life,"  1890;  "Dago- 
net Ditties,"  and  "Tinkletop's  Crime,  and 
other  Tales,"  1891 ;  "In  the  Harbour"  (a 
poem),  1892  ;  "  My  Two  Wives,  and  other 
Stories,"  "Memoirs  of  a  Landlady,"  1894  ; 
"Scenes  from  the  Show,"  1895;  "The 
Ten  Commandments  "  ( Weekly  Dispatch), 
1896 ;  "  As  it  was  in  the  Beginning " 
( Weekly  Dispatch),  1897.  His  recent  drama- 
tic works  include  "  The  English  Rose," 
"The   Trumpet   Call,"    "The    Lights    of 


Home,"  and  "The  White  Rose,"  in  colla- 
boration with  Robert  Buchanan,  and  pro- 
duced at  the  Adelphi ;  "  The  Star  of 
India,"  and  "The  Two  Little  Vagabonds," 
at  the  Princess's  Theatre  in  1895  and 
1896-97  respectively;  and  "When  the 
Lamps  are  Lighted,"  1897.  His  comedies 
include :  "The  Grey  Mare,"  "  The  Guards- 
man," Court  Theatre,  1892;  and  "My 
Innocent  Boy,"  Royalty  Theatre,  May 
1898.  His  musical  pieces  include  "Car- 
men Up  to  Data,"  Gaiety,  1890;  "Blue- 
Eyed  Susan,"  Prince  of  Wales  Theatre, 
1892;  "Dandy  Dick  Whittington,"  1895; 
and  "The  Dandy  Fifth,"  Prince  of 
Wales  Theatre,  Birmingham,  April  11, 
1898;  "The  Gipsy  Earl,"  Adelphi,  1898, 
&c.  Address  :  Clarence  Terrace,  Regent's 
Park. 

SINCLAIR,  The  Venerable  "William 
Macdonald,  D.D.,  Archdeacon  of  London 
and  Canon  of  St.  Paul's,  eldest  surviving 
son  of  the  Rev.  William  Sinclair,  Pre- 
bendary of  Chichester  and  Rector  of  Pul- 
borough  (fifth  son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
John  Sinclair,  Bart.,  of  Thurso  Castle, 
Caithness),  was  born  June  3,  1850,  at 
Bellevue  House,  Leeds.  He  was  educated 
at  Repton  School,  obtained  a  scholarship 
at  Balliol  in  1868,  and  proceeded  to  the 
degrees  of  B.A.  in  1872,  M.A.  in  1873, 
B.D.  in  1888,  and  D.D.  in  1892.  In  1872 
he  was  also  President  of  the  Oxford  Union 
Society.  He  was  ordained  deacon  and 
priest  by  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and 
Bristol,  and  was  chaplain  and  secretary  to 
Bishop  Jackson  of  London  from  1877  to 
1880  ;  Vicar  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster, 
from  1880  to  1890  ;  member  of  the  London 
School  Board  from  1885  to  1888  ;  Examin- 
ing Chaplain  to  Bishop  Jackson,  Bishop 
Temple,  and  Bishop  Creighton  of  London  ; 
Hon.  Chaplain  to  the  Queen  in  1889, 
Chaplain-in-Ordinary  in  1895,  Archdeacon 
of  London  and  Canon  of  St.  Paul's  in 
1889.  The  Archdeaconry  of  London  com- 
prises the  City  and  the  districts  of  East 
and  North  London,  with  a  population  of 
1,442,779,  and  251  parishes.  Among  his 
theological  works  are  the  following  :  "  The 
Psalms  in  the  Original  Rhythm  "  (Hatch- 
ards) ;  ' '  Commentary  on  the  Epistles  of 
St.  John"  (Cassells)  ;  "Lessons  on  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John  "  (Sunday  School  Insti- 
tute) ;  "  The  Servant  of  Christ "  (Elliot 
Stock);  "The  Christian's  Influence" 
(Nisbet) ;  "  Words  to  the  Laity  "  (Nisbet)  ; 
"  Christ  and  our  Times  "  (Isbister) ;  "  Sim- 
plicity in  Christ"  (Constable)  ;  "The  New 
Law"  (Nisbet);  and  "Chapters  in  the 
Christian  Life."  He  has  also  published 
several  Charges  :  "  The  Condition  of  the 
People,"  "  The  Church,  Invisible,  Visible, 
Catholic,  National,"  "The  English  Church 
and    the    Canon    Law,"     "Higher    Reli- 


SKEAT 


1005 


gious   Education,"  "The  Ancient  British 
Churches,"    and   "The   Churches   of   the 
East."     He  declines   to   identify   himself 
with  any  party  in  the  Church,  while  believ- 
ing the  settlement  of  the  Reformation  to 
be  as  near  as  circumstances  would  admit 
to  the  standard  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  and 
the   Primitive   Church   of  the  first  three 
centuries  both  in  doctrine  and  practice. 
He  has  always  pursued  a  policy  of  concilia- 
tion both  within  and  without  the  Church 
of  England.    He  has  shown  that  he  thinks 
that  the  meeting  of  the  two  great  parties 
in    Church   congresses,    diocesan   confer- 
ences, and  clerical  meetings,  is  likely  to 
make  each  understand  the  other   better, 
and  do  more  justice  to  the  other's  motives. 
He  has  also  shown  that  he  thinks  it  pos- 
sible for  even  the  strictest  Churchman  to 
meet  on  friendly  and  courteous  terms  with 
Nonconformists  without  the  smallest  sac- 
rifice of  principle.     In  educational  matters 
he  has  always  desired  that  the  children  in 
Board  Schools  should  have  as  much  re- 
ligious instruction  and  training  as  the  law 
will  admit ;  but  this,  he  thinks,  is  more 
likely  to  be  secured  by  coming  to  an  under- 
standing with  the  vast  body  of  Noncon- 
formists than  by  triennial  contests  on  the 
subject.      He   thinks    that   if   the   clergy 
would  throw  themselves  heartily  and  sym- 
pathetically  into    School   Board  manage- 
ment, they  would  find  the  Nonconformists 
ready  to  co-operate  with  them.     He  is  at 
the  same  time  a  warm  and   steady  sup- 
porter of  the  voluntary  schools,  as  affording 
the  best  system  of  management,  and  main- 
taining the  highest  standard  and  security 
in    religious  teaching.      With   regard   to 
parliamentary  and  municipal  politics,  he 
is  understood  to  maintain  that  the  clergy 
act  most  wisely  in  keeping  out  of  all  party 
combinations  and  associations,  giving,  like 
the  Bishops  in  the  House  of  Lords,  a  general 
support,   where   possible,  to   the  Queen's 
Government.     He  has  always  shown  great 
interest  in  institutions  for  young  men,  and 
in  the  various  associations  of  Scotsmen  in 
London,  being  President   of   the  London 
Caithness    Association,    Chaplain   of   the 
Royal  Scottish  Corporation,  of  the  Royal 
Caledonian     Asylum,    of     the     Highland 
Society    of    London,    and   of    the    Gaelic 
Society.       He    also    believes    that    Free- 
masonry   is     thoroughly    in    accordance 
with  the  principles   of   Christianity,   and 
does  much  to  soften  party  and  class  dis- 
tinctions, and  he  is  a  Past  Grand  Chaplain 
of  England.     He  has  carried  out  the  tradi- 
tions of  his  family  in  joining  constantly  in 
philanthropic  and  social  work,   and  has 
desired  to  prove  his  sympathy  with  the 
working-classes  by  joining  the  Foresters, 
the   Oddfellows,   and    other    friendly   so- 
cieties.    Addresses  :  The  Chapter  House, 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  E.  C. ;  and  Athenajum. 


SKEAT,  Professor  the  Rev.  Walter 
William,  Litt.  D.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  Ph.D., 
born  in  London,  Nov.  21,   1835,  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  College  School  ;  at  Sir  R. 
Cholmeley's    School,    Highgate  ;    and    at 
Christ's    College,    Cambridge,    where    he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1858,  being  fourteenth 
Wrangler.     He  was  elected  Fellow  of  his 
College  in  July  1860  ;  became  Curate  of 
East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  in  December  1860 ; 
Curate  of  Godalming,  Surrey,  in  December 
1862 ;     and    Mathematical     Lecturer     at 
Christ's  College  in  October  1864.     He  was 
elected  to  the  recently  founded  Erlington 
and    Bosworth    Professorship    of   Anglo- 
Saxon  at  Cambridge,  May  15,  1878  ;  and 
re-elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Christ's  Col- 
lege in  January  1883.     Dr.  Skeat,  who  has 
chiefly    devoted    his    attention    to    early 
English  literature  and  English  etymology, 
has  published  "  The  Songs  and  Ballads  of 
Uhland,   translated    from    the    German," 
1864 ;    ':  A    Tale    of    Ludlow     Castle :    a 
Poem,"      1866  ;     and     "  A     Mceso-Gothic 
Glossary,"    printed    by    the    Philological 
Society,    1868.      For    the   Early   EDglish 
Text  Society  he  has  edited  "  Lancelot  of 
the   Laik  :  a  Scotch  Metrical   Romance," 
1865;    "Parallel   Extracts   from   twenty- 
nine  MSS.   of  Piers  the  Plowman,"  1866  ; 
"  The  Romans  of  Partenay  or  Lusignen  ; 
otherwise  known  as  the  Tales  of  Melusine," 
1866  ;   "  The  Vision  of  William  concerning 
Piers  the  Plowman,"  five  parts,  1867-84  ; 
"  Piers  the  Plowman's  Crede,"  1867  ;  "  The 
Romance    of     William     of    Palerne  ;     or 
William  and  the  Werwolf,"   1868;  "The 
Lay  of  Havelok  the  Dane,"  1868;  "The 
Bruce  ;   by  Master   John  Barbour,"   four 
parts,    1870-89  ;    "  Joseph  of  Arimathea  ; 
or  the  Romance  of  the  Saint  Graal,  or  Holy 
Grail ;    with    other    Lives    of  Joseph   of 
Arimathea,"    1871;    "Chaucer's   Treatise 
on  the  Astrolabe  "  ;  "  The  Wars  of  Alex- 
ander," 1886  ;  "iElfric's  Lives  of  Saints," 
four  parts,  1882-98  ;  &c.     In  a  new  edi- 
tion of  Chatterton's  Poems,  he  has  finally 
settled  the  question  of  the  authenticity  of 
the  so-called  Rowley  Poems,  by  showing 
the   precise   sources    whence    Chatterton 
obtained  the  old  words  which  abound  in 
them.      Dr.    Skeat    was   chosen    by    the 
Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University  Press 
to  continue  and  complete  the  work  of  the 
well-known  Anglo-Saxon  scholar,  the  late 
J.  M.  Kemble,  who  died  before  his  edition 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  was  finished. 
In  1873,  with  the  help  of  others,  Dr.  Skeat 
started  the  English  Dialect  Society,   for 
the  record  and  preservation  of  provincial 
English  words,   of  which  Society  he  was 
the  Director  for  four  years,  and  afterwards 
President.      In   the   course   of   1873    and 
1874  six  works   were   published   for  this 
Society,  five  of  which  were  edited  by  him. 
The  Society  lasted  for  twenty-four  years- 


1006 


SKRINE  — SLADEN 


(1873-96),  during  which  time  it  issued 
eighty  publications,  upon  which  the 
English  Dialect  Dictionary  is  mainly 
founded.  For  the  Oxford  Press  he  has 
edited  several  of  Chaucer's  Canterbury 
Tales,  a  portion  of  "  Piers  the  Plowman," 
and  two  volumes  of  Specimens  of  English 
Literature,  one  of  them  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Morris  ;  also,  for  the  same  press, 
the  "Gospel  of  St.  Mark  in  Gothic,"  an 
"Etymological  English  Dictionary"  (his 
■chief  work),  and  an  abridgment  of  the 
same,  entitled  a  "Concise  Etymological 
Dictionary "  ;  besides  two  vols,  on  the 
Principles  of  English  Etymology.  In  1886 
he  completed  a  two-volume  edition  of 
"Piers  the  Plowman,"  showing  all  three 
texts,  with  notes,  &c.  ;  and,  in  1897,  a 
new  edition  of  Chaucer's  Works  in  seven 
volumes.  A  Scottish  Text  Society  having 
been  founded  in  1883,  Dr.  Skeat  edited 
the  Society's  first  volume,  viz.,  an  edition 
■of  the  King's  Quair,  by  King  James  the 
First  of  Scotland ;  and,  subsequently,  a 
reprint  of  his  edition  of  Barbour's  Bruce. 
In  1895  he  edited  "  The  Student's  Chaucer," 
in  one  volume  ;  and  in  1896  reprinted 
numerous  short  articles  in  a  work  entitled 
"A  Student's  Pastime."  His  various  works 
have  greatly  contributed  to  the  increased 
interest  which  is  now  taken  in  the  intelli- 
gent study  of  our  older  literature.  Ad- 
dress :  2  Salisbury  Villas,  Cambridge. 

SKRINE,     Rev.     John    Huntley, 

M.A.,  Canon  of  St.  Ninian's,  Perth,  War- 
den of  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond,  was 
born  April  3,  1 848,  and  is  the  third  son  of 
H.  D.  Skrine  of  Warleigh  Manor,  Somerset. 
He  was  educated  at  Uppingham  and  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  a  Scholar  of  C.C.C. 
in  1867  ;  took  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Mods,  andin  "Greats,"  and  won  the  Newdi- 
gate  Prize  Poem,  "  Margaret  of  Anjou," 
in  1870.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Merton 
in  1871,  and  graduated  M.A.  in  1874.  He 
was  ordained  Deacon  in  1874  and  Priest  in 
1876  (Oxon.).  In  1873  he  became  Assistant- 
Master  at  Uppingham  under  his  old  Head- 
master, Edward  Thring,  with  whom  he 
shared  the  migration  of  the  school  to 
Borth,  N.  Wales,  in  1876-77.  of  which  he 
-wrote  the  story  "  Uppingham-by-the-Sea." 
He  left  Uppingham  at  the  end  of  1887,  on 
the  death  of  Edward  Thring,  and  became 
Warden  of  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond, 
Perthshire.  The  school  has  extended 
during  his  tenure,  rising  in  numbers  from 
60  to  150,  and  acquiring  further  buildings 
and  land.  On  Oct.  1,  1891,  he  celebrated 
the  jubilee  of  the  foundation,  at  which 
were  present,  by  an  interesting  conjunc- 
ture, the  survivor  of  the  founders,  William 
Ewart  Gladstone ;  the  first  Warden,  Dr. 
Wordsworth,  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  ;  and 
the  first  boy  who  had  entered  the  school, 


the  Marquis  of  Lothian.     In  1897  he  was 
appointed  Canon   of  St.   Columba  in  St. 
Ninian's,    Perth,   by    the    Bishop   of    St. 
Andrews.     His  published  works  are  :  "  A 
Memory      of     Edward     Thring,"      1889 
"  Columba,"    a     dramatic     poem,     1893 
"  Joan  the  Maid,''  a  dramatic  poem,  1895 
"Songs  of  the  Maid  and  other  Lyrics,' 
1896  ;  "A  Goodly  Heritage  "  (sermons  at 
Glenalmond),    1897,    with    some    smaller 
volumes.      In    1878     he    married    Mary, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  G.  M.  Tooke.     Ad- 
dress :      Trinity     College,     Glenalmond, 
Perth. 

SLADE,  "Wyndham,  J. P.,  is  the  sixth 
son  of  General  Sir  John  Slade,  Bart.,  of 
Montys  Court,  Somerset,  and  was  born  on 
Aug.  27,  1826.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1848.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in.  1850,  was 
Counsel  for  the  Post  Office  at  the  Central 
Criminal  Court,  and  acted  as  a  revising 
barrister  from  1865  to  1877.  Appointed 
Recorder  of  Penzance  in  1876,  he  became, 
in  the  following  year,  Police  Magistrate  at 
the  Greenwich  Court,  and  was  transferred 
to  the  Police  Court  at  Southwark  in  1879. 
Mr.  Slade  was  married  in  1863  to  Cicely, 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Digby  Neave,  Bart. 
Address  :  88  Chester  Square,  S.W. 

SLADEN,  Douglas  (Brooke  Wheel- 
ton),  B.A.,  LL.B.,  editor  of  "Who's  Who," 
born  at  29  Gloucester  Terrace,  Hyde  Park, 
W.,  Feb.  5,  1856,  is  elder  son  of  Douglas 
Brooke  Sladen  of  Phillimore  Lodge,  Ken- 
sington, W. ,  and  Mary,  daughter  of  John 
Wheelton,  of  59  Gloucester  Terrace, 
W.,  and  Meopham  Bank,  Kent,  who 
was  first  Chairman  of  the  London  and 
County  Bank,  and  Sheriff  of  London, 
1840.  Mr.  Wheelton  was  imprisoned  by 
the  House  of  Commons  for  levying  dis- 
tress in  the  famous  Stockdale  v.  Han- 
sard Case.  He  is  a  nephew  of  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Sladen,  K.C.M.G.,  for  many 
years  Leader  of  of  the  Conservative  party 
in  Victoria.  Mr.  Sladen  was  educated  at 
Temple  Grove,  East  Sheen ;  at  Cheltenham 
College  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  open  classical  Scholarships,  and 
the  University  of  Melbourne,  Australia ; 
is  B.A.  Oxford,  and  B.A.,  LL.D.  Mel- 
bourne ;  took  a  first  class  in  Modern 
History  at  Oxford,  and  was  the  first 
holder  of  the  Chair  of  History  in  the 
University  of  Sydney,  N.S.W.  He  is 
editor  of  "  Who's  Who  "  ;  principal  critic 
of  the  Queen ;  Hon.  Secretary  of  the 
Authors'  Club  ;  Joint  Hon.  Secretary  of 
the  New  Vagabond  Club.  He  is  author  of 
"Frithjof  and  Ingebjorg,"  1882;  "Aus- 
tralian Lyrics,"  1882  ;  "  A  Poetry  of 
Exiles,"  1883;    "A   Summer  Christmas," 


SLATIN  PACHA  — SMILES 


1007 


1884 ;  "  In  Cornwall  and  Across  the 
Sea,"  1885  ;  "  Edward  the  Black  Prince," 
1886  ;  "  The  Spanish  Armada,"  1888  ; 
"Lester  the  Loyalist,"  1890;  "The 
Japs  at  Home,"  1892  ;  "  On  the  Cars  and 
off,"  1895  ;  "  A  Japanese  Marriage,"  1895  ; 
"  Brittany  for  Britons,"  1896  ;  "  Trin- 
colox,"  and  "The  Admiral,"  1898,  the 
last-mentioned  a  work  in  defence  of 
Nelson  and  Lady  Hamilton.  He  has 
edited  "  Australian  Ballads  and  Rhymes," 
1888  ;  "  A  Century  of  Australian  Song," 
1888 ;  "Australian  Poets,"  1888  ;  "Younger 
American  Poets,"  1891;  "Who's  Who," 
1897-98-99.  He  won  the  Spencer  Cup  at 
Wimbledon  in  1874.  He  has  spent  much 
time  in  Italy,  Sicily,  Greece,  and  Japan, 
and  lived  four  years  in  Australia  and  two 
in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  Ad- 
dress :  32  and  34  Addison  Mansions, 
Kensington,  W. 

SLATIN  PACHA,   Sir  Rudolf  C, 

K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  M.V.O.,  was  born  in  Vienna 
in  1860,  and  having  entered  the  Austrian 
army,  visited  the  Soudan  in  1876.  He 
returned  to  take  part  in  the  war  against 
Turkey,  but  at  the  end  of  1878  General 
Gordon  offered  him  a  position  at  Khartoum. 
Soon  after  he  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Darfur,  and  tried  to  stem  the  tide  of 
Mahdism  which  had  arisen  in  Kordofan. 
He  fought  twenty-seven  battles,  and  lost 
the  greater  part  of  his  troops  and  ammuni- 
tion. Being  cut  off  from  all  communica- 
tion with  Khartoum  and  El  Obeid,  and 
his  men  being  disaffected,  he  was  forced 
to  surrender.  The  Mahdi  placed  him  in 
chains,  and  he  was  subjected  to  the 
greatest  privations  until,  after  the  fall  of 
Khartoum  and  the  death  of  the  Mahdi  in 
June  1885,  he  was  released  by  the  Khalifa, 
who  made  him  one  of  his  body-guard. 
Being  always  under  his  eye,  escape  was 
exceedingly  difficult,  and  he  failed  in  nine 
attempts.  But  in  1895,  through  the  efforts 
of  Sir  Francis  Wingate,  of  the  Egyptian 
Intelligence  Department,  he  succeeded  in 
eluding  his  janitors,  after  having  been 
eleven  years  in  close  captivity.  After  his 
escape  to  Egypt  he  returned  to  Europe, 
but  soon  went  back  as  one  of  the  chief 
officers  in  the  Egyptian  Intelligence  De- 
partment. As  a  Colonel  in  the  Egyptian 
army  he  accompanied  the  British  force 
through  the  successive  campaigns  of  Don- 
gola,  the  Atbara,  and  Omdurman,  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  Dervish  dispositions  was 
invaluable.  He  has  written  a  vivid  de- 
scription of  his  experiences,  entitled  "  Fire 
and  Sword  in  the  Soudan,"  which  was 
published  in  1896.  He  was  created  C.B. 
in  1895,  and  K.C.M.G.,  1898.  He  is  also 
M.V.O.  (1896).  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of 
Hitter  (1899). 


SMEATON,  Oliphant.    Sec  Smeaton, 
William  Henby  Oliphant. 


SMEATON,  William  Henry  Oli- 
phant, "Oliphant  Smeaton,"  joint-editor 
of  the  Famous  Scots  Series,  was  born 
at  Aberdeen,  on  Oct.  24,  1856,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Prof. 
Smeaton,  D.D. ,  and  great-grandnephew 
of  the  builder  of  the  Eddystone.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Royal  High  School,  Edin- 
burgh, and  at  Edinburgh  University.  He 
studied  for  the  Church,  but  did  not  enter 
it.  In  1878  he  went  out  to  New  Zealand, 
and  was  for  some  years  Principal  of 
Whangarei  High  School.  In  1883  he  be- 
came leader-writer  and  dramatic  critic  on 
the  Daily  Telegraph,  Melbourne,  and  from 
1888  to  1893  was  editor  of  the  Daily 
Northern  Argus,  Queensland.  In  1893  he 
returned  to  England,  where  he  has  been 
editor  of  the  Liberal,  and  has  written  con- 
stantly in  home,  colonial,  and  American 
journals.  His  works  include  :  "  By  Adverse 
Winds,"  1895;  "Allan  Ramsay,"  1896; 
"Smollett,"  1897;  "William  Dunbar  and 
His  Times,"  and  "Memorable  Edinburgh 
Houses,"  1898;  "A  Mystery  of  the  Paci- 
fic," "  English  Satires  and  Satirists"  (War- 
wick Library),  1899,  &c.  Address:  37 
Mansion-House  Road,  Edinburgh. 

SMILES,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  was  born  at 
Haddington,  Scotland,  on  Dec.  23,  1812. 
His  father  died  of  cholera  in  1830,  and  his 
mother  was  left  to  educate  eleven  chil- 
dren. He  was  educated  for  the  medical 
profession,  and  practised  for  some  time  as 
a  surgeon  at  Haddington  ;  but  abandoning 
medicine,  be  succeeded  the  late  Mr.  Robert 
Nicoll  as  editor  of  the  Leeds  Times.  He 
became,  in  1845,  secretary  of  the  Leeds 
and  Thirsk  Railway,  and  after  ten  years 
(on  the  amalgamation  of  the  railway  with 
the  North-Eastern)  he  transferred  his  ser- 
vices, at  the  end  of  1854,  to  the  South- 
Eastern  Railway,  from  which  he  retired  in 
1866.  The  University  of  Edinburgh  con- 
ferred on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1878.  He  has  written,  "  Physical 
Education  ;  or,  Nurture  and  Management 
of  Children,"  1838  ;  "  History  of  Ireland," 
published  while  he  was  at  Leeds  ;  "Rail- 
way Property,  its  Conditions  and  Pros- 
pects," 1849;  "Life  of  George  Stephen- 
son," 1857,  of  which  the  fifth  edition 
appeared  in  1858  ;  "  Self-Help  ;  with  Illus- 
trations of  Character  and  Conduct,"  1859  ; 
"  Workmen's  Earnings,  Strikes,  and 
Wages,"  and  "  Lives  of  Engineers,  with  an 
account  of  their  works,"  1861 ;  "  Industrial 
Biography,"  1863  ;  "  Lives  of  Boulton  and 
Watt,"  1865;  "The  Huguenots:  their 
Settlements,  Churches,  and  Industries  in 
England  and  Ireland,"   1868,   3rd    edit., 


1008 


SMITH 


1869  ;  "  Character,"  a  companion  volume 
to  "Self-Help,"  1871;  "The  Huguenots 
in  France  after  the  Revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes :  with  a  Visit  to  the 
Country  of  the  Vaudois,"  1874  ;  "Life  of  a 
Scotch  Naturalist,"  1876;  "George  Moore, 
Merchant  and  Philanthropist,"  1878  ;  "Life 
of  Robert  Dick  (Baker  of  Thurso),  Geolo- 
gist and  Botanist,"  1878  ;  "  Duty,  with 
illustrations  of  Courage,  Patience,  and  En- 
durance," 1880;  "Men  of  Invention  and 
Industry,"  1884;  "Life  and  Labour;  or 
Characteristics  of  Men  of  Industry,  Cul- 
ture, and  Genius";  "Jasmin:  Barber, 
Poet,  Philanthropist,"  1891;  "Life  of 
Josiah  Wedgwood";  "Life  of  George 
Moore."  He  also  edited  the  Autobiography 
of  Mr.  James  Nasmyth,  1883,  and  has  been  a 
constant  contributor  to  the  Quarterly  Re- 
view and  other  periodicals.  In  1897  the 
King  of  Servia  presented  him  with  the 
Knight  Commander's  Cross  of  the  Royal 
Order  of  St.  Sava  in  appreciation  of  his 
literary  work.  Address  :  8  Pembroke  Gar- 
dens, Kensington,  W. 

SMITH,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir  Archi- 
bald Levin,  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal,  was 
born  in  1836,  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1860.  He  was  Junior 
Counsel  of  the  Treasury  from  1863  to  1868, 
and  from  1879  to  1883,  when  he  was 
elevated  to  the  Bench  as  a  Judge  of 
the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice.  In  1888  he  was 
one  of  the  three  Judges  appointed  on  the 
Parnell  Commission.  In  1893  he  was 
appointed  a  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal.  In 
1867  he  married  Isabel,  a  daughter  of  J.  C. 
Fletcher.  Address  :  Salt  Hill,  Chichester  ; 
and  66  Cadogan  Square,  S.W. 

SMITH,  Benjamin  Leigh,  was  born 
March  12,  1828,  and  educated  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
as  a  Wrangler  in  1852.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  by  the  Inner  Temple  in  1856. 
Mr.  Smith  has  made  five  voyages  to  the 
Arctic  regions.  He  visited  them  first  in 
1871,  in  the  Samson,  when  he  sailed  to 
the  north-east  of  Spitsbergen ;  reached 
latitude  81°  24',  and  added  greatly  to  the 
knowledge  of  land  in  that  direction  ; 
secondly,  in  1872,  in  the  Samson,  to  the 
north  of  Spitsbergen  ;  thirdly,  in  1873, 
with  the  Diana  steamer  and  Samson, 
again  to  Spitzbergen,  when  he  relieved 
the  Swedish  Expedition,  for  which  he 
received  the  Order  of  the  North  Star 
from  the  King  of  Sweden.  In  these 
three  voyages  he  took  deep-sea  tempera- 
tures, which  added  much  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  established 
the  fact  of  warm  under-currents  flowing 


beneath  surface-water  of  a  much  lower 
temperature.  In  1880  he  built  the  steamer 
Eira,  and  again  went  north.  After  at- 
tempting to  reach  the  east  coast  of  Green- 
land, and  to  pass  to  the  north-east  of 
Spitzbergen,  he  returned  to  the  south  of 
Spitzbergen ;  and  steaming  east,  and  then 
north,  through  much  ice,  reached  Franz- 
Josef  Land,  on  August  14 ;  then,  going  to 
the  west,  he  discovered  many  islands,  and 
over  200  miles  of  new  coast-line.  In  1881 
he  again  started  in  the  Eira  for  Franz- 
Josef  Land,  which  he  reached  on  July  24, 
but  unfortunately  the  Eira  was  crushed 
in  the  ice  on  August  21,  and  sank  before 
many  stores  were  saved.  The  crew  built 
a  hut  of  turf  and  stones,  where  they  win- 
tered, living  mostly  on  bears  and  walrus. 
On  June  21,  1882,  they  left  in  four  boats, 
and  reached  Nova  Zembla  on  August  2. 
The  next  day  they  fell  in  with  the  WUlem 
Barents  and  the  Hope,  which  had  been  sent 
to  their  relief,  and  they  arrived  at  Aber- 
deen on  board  the  Hope  on  August  20. 
Mr.  Smith  received  a  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Paris  Geographical  Society  in  1880  ;  and  a 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  in  1881. 

SMITH,  Sir  Cecil  Clementi,  G.C.M.G., 
was  born  in  London,  Dec.  23,  1840,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Smith,  M.A., 
and  of  Cecilia,  daughter  of  the  celebrated, 
composer,  Muzio  Clementi.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.  1862, 
M.A.  1868.  He  entered  the  Colonial  Civil 
Service  on  appointment,  after  competitive 
examination,  as  a  Student  Interpreter,. 
Hong  Kong,  in  1862 ;  filled  the  office  of 
Police  Magistrate,  Registrar  -  General,. 
Treasurer,  and  Acting  Colonial  Secretary  in 
that  Colony.  In  1878  he  was  appointed 
Colonial  Secretary  of  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments. From  1884  to  1885  he  acted  as 
Governor,  and  was  appointed  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  Colonial  Secretary,  Ceylon, 
1885.  He  was  promoted  to  be  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Straits 
Settlements  in  1881.  He  was  also  Governor 
of  Christmas  Island,  and  Governor  of  the 
Cocos-Keeling  Islands,  and  was  appointed 
H.M.  High  Commissioner  and  Consul- 
General  for  Borneo,  1890.  He  was  created 
C.M.G.  1880,  K.C.M.G.  1886,  and  G.C.M.G. 
in  1892.  He  went  in  1878  on  a  special 
mission  to  the  Government  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  to  settle  certain  British 
marine  claims,  and  received  the  thanks  of 
H.M.  Government.  He  also  received  the 
thanks  of  H.M.  Government  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  "  Nisero "  case,  1884.  He 
retired  on  a  pension  in  1893.  He  married, 
in  1868,  Teresa,  daughter  of  A.  Newcomen, 
Kirkleatham  Hall,  Redcar.  Address  :  The-- 
Garden  House,  Wheathampstead,  Herts. 


SMITH 


1009 


SMITH,  Charles,  M.A.,  Master  of 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  was 
born  at  Huntingdon  on  May  11,  1844.  He 
was  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
and  in  1868  stood  third  Wrangler,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College,  of  which 
he  has  also  been  Tutor.  He  was  appointed 
Master  in  1890,  and  was  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  in  1895-96  and  1896-97. 
He  is  a  Governor  of  Eton  College.  His 
publications  include  the  popular  text-books 
"  Elementary  Algebra,"  1886,  and  "Trea- 
tise on  Algebra,"  1887,  which  are  to  the 
present  generation  of  schoolboys  what 
"  Todhunter"  was  to  their  predecessors  in 
the  seventies  and  eighties.  He  has  also 
published  text-books  on  Conies,  Solid 
Geometry,  Geometrical  Conies,  &c.  He 
married  Annie,  only  daughter  of  Lieut. 
E.  B.  Hopkins,  R.N.,  in  1882.  Address: 
The  Lodge,  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridge. 

SMITH,    Sir  Charles  Bean    Euan. 

See  Euan-Smith,  Sik  Charles  Bean. 

SMITH,  Charles  Emory,  American 
political  leader,  was  born  at  Mansfield, 
Connecticut,  Feb.  18,  1842,  and  received 
an  academic  education  at  Albany,  N.Y., 
where  his  parents  had  removed  early  in 
his  life.  He  was  graduated  from  Union 
College  in  1861,  and  the  same  year  was 
appointed  on  the  staff  of  General  Roth- 
bone,  where  he  spent  two  years  in  organis- 
ing volunteers  for  the  army.  In  1865  he 
became  editor  of  the  Albany  Express,  which 
position  he  held  for  five  years,  acting  for 
a  time  also  as  Private  Secretary  of  the 
Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York.  In 
1870  he  was  associate  editor  of  the  Albany 
Journal,  and  in  1876  its  editor-in-chief. 
In  1880  he  was  selected  as  editor-in-chief 
of  the  Philadelphia  Press.  He  was  chosen 
Trustee  of  Union  College  in  1871,  and  the 
Legislature  of  New  York  in  1879  elected 
him  a  Regent  of  the  University  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  He  was  appointed  Minister 
to  Russia  by  President  Harrison,  and  be- 
came Postmaster-General  of  the  United 
States,  April  21,  1898,  under  President 
M'Kinley. 

SMITH,  The  Rev.  Frederick  John. 

See  Jeevis-Smith,  The  Rev.  Fkedebick 
John. 

SMITH,  George  Barnett,  was  born 
at  Ovenden,  near  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  May 
17,  1841,  and  educated  at  the  British  Lan- 
castrian School,  Halifax.  In  March  1864 
he  came  to  London  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
suing a  journalistic  and  literary  career. 
He  was  first  engaged  on  the  staff  of  the 
Globe  newspaper,  and  afterwards  for  eight 


years  on  that  of  the  Echo.  He  contributed 
to  the  Edinburgh  Review  articles  on  "  The 
Works  of  Thackeray,"  "  Recent  Editions 
of  Moli5re,"  "English  Fugitive  Poetry," 
and  other  subjects.  Mr.  Smith  has  con- 
tributed a  great  number  of  literary,  critical, 
and  biographical  articles  to  the  Cornhill 
Magazine,  and  has  likewise  contributed  to 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  the  Fort- 
nightly and  British  Quarterly  Reviews,  and 
Eraser's  and  Macmittan's  Magazines.  He  is 
also  a  contributor  to  the  Times  and  the 
Saturday  Review,  and  has  written  many 
biographical  and  other  articles  for  the 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography, "  and 
the  new  edition  of  "Chambers's  Encyclo- 
pedia." His  first  published  work  was  a  vol- 
ume of  poems,  1869  ;  followed  by  "  Poets 
and  Novelists,"  a  series  of  literary  studies, 
1875;  and  "Shelley:  a  Critical  Bio- 
graphy," 1877.  In  1879  was  published 
his  "Life  of  Mr.  Gladstone."  Two  years 
afterwards  appeared  the  companion  work, 
"The  Life  of  Mr.  Bright."  Mr.  Barnett 
Smith  has  edited,  with  introductions  and 
notes,  a  work  entitled  "  Illustrated  British 
Ballads,"  in  two  volumes.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  "  The  Prime  Ministers  of  Queen 
Victoria,"  and  of  "The  Life  of  Queen 
Victoria"  ;  likewise  "Victor  Hugo;  His 
Life  and  Work"  ;  this  appeared  in  1885  ; 
and  his  "  William  I.  and  the  German  Em- 
pire "  in  1887.  Mr.  Barnett  Smith  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical,  Royal 
Historical,  and  other  societies.  In  1892 
his  most  important  work  was  published 
in  two  large  octavo  volumes,  "  History  of 
the  English  Parliament,  together  with  an 
Account  of  the  Parliaments  of  Scotland 
and  Ireland."  This  standard  work  occu- 
pied five  years  in  preparation.  Among  the 
writer's  most  recent  volumes  are  :  "  Emi- 
nent Christian  Workers,"  a  Biography  of 
Ferdinand  de  Lesseps,  and  a  volume  of 
Nineteenth  -  Century  Studies,  entitled 
"Women  of  Renown."  In  1896-97  he 
wrote  two  volumes  on  "The  United 
States,"  and  one  volume  on  "Canada," 
for  a  series  of  works  on  "The  Romance  of 
Colonisation,"  and  in  1898,  "The  Right 
Honourable  William  Ewart  Gladstone." 
Mr.  Barnett  Smith  is  known  as  an  artist, 
and  has  published  a  number  of  etchings. 
Owing  to  prolonged  ill-health  he  now  re- 
sides permanently  at  Argyle  Lodge,  Surrey 
Road,  Bournemouth. 

SMITH,  George  Vance,  B.A.,  Philos. 
and  Theol.  Doct.,  was  educated  for  the 
Nonconformist  ministry  at  Manchester 
College,  York,  and  was  afterwards  Pro- 
fessor of  Theology  in  the  same  College, 
established  of  late  years  at  Oxford.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  minister  of  St.  Saviour- 
gate  Chapel,  York,  and  later,  for  twelve 
years,   terminating   in   1888,  Principal  of 

3  S 


1010 


SMITH 


the  Presbyterian  College,  Carmarthen.  He 
is  the  author  of  various  works,  including 
"The  Prophecies  relating  to  Nineveh  and 
the  Assyrians,"  from  the  Hebrew,  with 
notes,  &c,  1857  ;  "  The  Prophets  and  their 
Interpreters,"  1878;  "Texts  and  Margins 
of  the  Eevised  New  Testament  affecting 
Theological  Doctrines,"  1881  ;  "Eternal 
Punishment,"  in  reply  to  Dr.  Pusey,  6th 
edit.,  1894;  "The  Bible,  and  its  Theo- 
logy," enlarged,  1892;  "The  Spirit  and 
the  Word  of  Christ,"  2nd  edit.,  1874  ; 
"Chapters  on  Job  for  Young.  Readers," 
1887;  is  also  joint-author  of  "The  Holy 
Scriptures  of  the  Old  Covenant,  in  a  Re- 
vised Translation,"  3  vols.,  8vo,  1864,  and 
is  the  writer  of  various  articles  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  and  other  periodicals. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  company  for  the 
revision  of  the  New  Testament  from  the 
formation  of  the  company  in  May  1870, 
till  the  conclusion  of  the  work.  Address  : 
Bath. 

SMITH,     Colonel     Sir      Gerard, 

K.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  West  Australia, 
son  of  M.  T.  Smith,  Esq.,  M.P.,  was  born 
in  1839,  in  London,  and  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  entered  the  army  as  ensign  of 
the  Scotch  Fusiliers.  He  served  in  Canada 
with  the  expedition  sent  out  in  conse- 
quence of  the  seizure  of  Mason  and  Slidell 
by  the  Americans.  He  retired  from  the 
army  with  the  rank  of  Lieut.-Colonel  in 
1874,  and  joined  his  father's  business,  of 
Smith  and  Wilberforce,  bankers,  of  Hull. 
In  1879  he  suggested  the  idea  of  the  Hull 
and  Barnsley  Railway  in  order  to  break 
down  the  North-Eastern  monopoly,  and 
became  its  first  Chairman.  He  entered 
political  life  in  1883  as  Liberal  member  for 
High  Wycombe,  but  with  the  introduction 
of  the  Home  Rule  Bill  he  became  a 
Unionist.  He  was  appointed  to  his  present 
post  in  1895.  He  married  Chatelaine, 
daughter  of  Canon  Hamilton,  in  1871.  Ad- 
dresses :  Tranby  Lodge,  Hull ;  Govern- 
ment House,  Perth,  W.  Australia. 

SMITH,  Professor  Gold-win,  D.C.L., 
LL.D. ,  eldest  son  of  Richard  Smith,  M.D., 
was  born  at  Reading,  Berkshire,  Aug.  13, 
1823,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford. 
He  gained  in  1842  the  Hertford  Scholar- 
ship, and  in  1845  that  founded  by  Dean 
Ireland.  In  the  latter  year  he  graduated 
B.A.  as  first  class  in  Classics,  and  subse- 
quently he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of 
M.A.  He  gained  the  Chancellor's  prizes 
for  Latin  Verse,  1845  ;  for  the  Latin  Essay, 
1846;  and  for  the  English  Essay,  1847. 
In  1847  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Uni- 
versity College  ;  and  in  the  same  year  he 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
but  he  has  never  practised  law.  He  is 
also  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  Oriel  College. 


In  1850  he  was  appointed  by  the  Govern- 
ment Assistant- Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  the  State  of  the  University 
of  Oxford.  He  was  also  Secretary  to  the 
second  Oxford  Commission,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Popular  Education  Com- 
mission appointed  in  1858.  The  same  year 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Regius  Professor- 
ship of  Modern  History  at  Oxford,  and  he 
held  that  chair  till  1866.  Prof.  Goldwin 
Smith  was  a  prominent  champion  of  the 
North  during  the  Civil  War,  when  he 
wrote  "Does  the  Bible  sanction  American 
Slavery  ? "  1863  ;  "  On  the  Morality  of  the 
Emancipation  Proclamation,"  1863 ;  and 
other  pamphlets  on  the  same  subject.  In 
1864  he  visited  the  United  States  on  a 
lecturing  tour.  He  met  with  an  enthu- 
siastic reception,  and  the  Brown  University 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  On  his  return  he  published 
"England  and  America,"  1865,  and  "The 
Civil  War  in  America,"  1866.  In  Novem- 
ber 1868,  having  resigned  his  chair  at  Ox- 
ford, he  settled  in  the  United  States  as 
Professor  of  English  and  Constitutional 
History  in  the  Cornell  University  at  Ithaca, 
New  York.  This  post  he  occupied  till  1871, 
when  he  removed  to  Canada,  where  he 
was  for  a  time  a  member  of  the  Senate  of 
the  University  of  Toronto.  He  was  editor 
of  the  Canadian  Monthly,  1872-74,  and  he 
subsequently  founded  the  Week  and  the 
Bystander ;  the  publication  of  the  latter 
was  discontinued  in  1890.  In  addition  to 
the  works  mentioned  above,  he  is  the 
author  of  "  Canada  and  the  Canadian 
Question,"  1891 ;  "  History  of  the  United 
States,"  1894;  "Irish  History  and  Irish 
Character,"  "Three  English  Statesmen," 
"The  Empire,"  "Lectures  on  the  Study  of 
History,"  "The  Reorganisation  of  the 
University  of  Orford,"  "  A  Plea  for  the 
Abolition  of  Tests,"  "Rational  Religion, 
and  Rationalistic  Objections,"  "Essays  on 
Questions  of  the  Day,"  "A  Trip  to  Eng- 
land," " Oxford  and  her  Colleges,"  "Wil- 
liam Lloyd  Garrison,"  and  a  number  of 
other  works  indicating  an  immense  range 
of  culture,  and  various  lectures  and  letters 
in  the  Daily  News,  and  letters  in  the  Times, 
some  of  the  most  recent  of  which  deal  at 
length  with  Cobdenism  (December  1898) 
and  Party  Government.  The  degree  of 
D.C.L.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Oxford 
in  1882.  He  married  Harriett  S.  M. 
Boulton,  whose  maiden  name  was  Dixon. 
Address  :  The  Grange,  Toronto. 

SMITH,  Lieut.-Colonel  Sir  Henry, 
K.C.B.,  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  George 
Smith,  D.D.,  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  born 
in  1835.  He  filled  the  office  of  Chief 
Superintendent  of  Police  in  the  City  of 
London  from  1885  to  1890,  and  in  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  Commissioner 


SMITH 


1011 


of  Police  in  the  City.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.B.  in  1897.  Addresses  :  26  Old  Jewry, 
E.C.  ;  and  42  Seymour  Street,  W. 

SMITH,  Horace,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Kobert  Smith,  of  London,  and  was 
born  in  London  on  Nov.  18,  1836.  He  was 
educated  privately,  at  Highgate  Grammar 
School,  King's  College,  London,  and  Tri- 
nity Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  with  Mathematical  Honours.  Called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1862, 
he  became  Counsel  to  the  Mint,  was  a 
revising  barrister  on  the  Midland  Circuit, 
and  acted  as  Secretary  to  the  Oxford 
Bribery  Commission.  In  1881  he  was  ap- 
pointed Recorder  of  Lincoln,  and  in  1888 
became  a  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate 
at  the  Clerkenwell  Court.  Mr.  Horace 
Smith  is  the  author  of  "A  Treatise  on 
Landlord  and  Tenant,  and  Negligence  "  ; 
he  has  edited  "Addison  on  Contracts," 
"Addison  on  Torts,"  "  Roscoe's  Criminal 
Evidence,"  "Russell  on  Crimes,"  and  he 
has  published:  A  volume  of  "Poems," 
1860;  "Poems,"  1890;  "Interludes," 
1892;  "Interludes"  (2nd  series),  1894; 
and  "Poems,"  1897.  Address:  Ivy  Bank, 
Beckenham. 

SMITH,  Hugh  Colin,  Governor  of 
the  Bank  of  England,  was  born  in  1836, 
and  is  the  third  son  of  John  Abel  Smith, 
M.P.,  of  Dale  Park,  Sussex.  He  became 
Governor  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  1897. 
He  married,  in  1865,  a  daughter  of  Henry 
J.  Acheane,  M.P.  Address  :  71  Prince's 
Gate,  S.W.  &c. 

SMITH,  The  Rev.  Isaac  Gregory, 

M.A.,  Hon.  LL.D.,  Rector  of  Great  Shef- 
ford,  Berks,  was  born  Nov.  21,  1826,  at 
Manchester,  being  the  fourth  son  of  the 
Rev.  Jeremiah  Smith,  D.D.,  High  Master 
of  the  Free  Grammar  School,  and  Rector 
of  St.  Anne's,  Manchester.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  was  elected  Hertford  University 
Scholar  in  1846,  Ireland  University  Scho- 
lar in  1847,  Fellow  of  Brasenose  College 
in  1848.  He  was  appointed  Rector  of 
Tedstone,  Delamere,  Herefordshire,  in 
1854  ;  Prebendary  of  Hereford  Cathedral 
in  1870;  Vicar  of  Great  Malvern  in  1872  ; 
Bampton  Lecturer  at  Oxford  in  1872  ;  Ex- 
amining Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  St. 
David's,  and  Rural  Dean  of  Powyke,  1882. 
In  1886  he  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  Edinburgh  University,  and 
was  made  Honorary  Canon  of  Worcester 
Cathedral.  He  became  Rector  of  Great 
Shefford,  Berks,  in  1896.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Faith  and  Philosophy  "  and 
"Epitome  of  the  Life  of  Our  Saviour," 
1867;  "The  Silver  Bells,"  1869;  "FraAn- 


gelico  and  other  Poems,"  1871  ;  "Prayer 
for  Every  Hour,"  1879;  "Thoughts  on 
Education,"  "Diocesan  History  of  Wor- 
cester," " Aristotelianism,"  and  "History 
of  Christian  Monasticism,"  "What  is  the 
Bible?"  "Life  of  Boniface."  Address: 
Great  Shefford  Rectory,  near  Lambourn, 
Berks. 

SMITH,  The  Hon.  Sir  John  Smal- 

man,  M.A.,  was  born  at  the  Chauntry, 
Shropshire,  on  Aug.  23,  1847,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  S.  Pouutney  Smith, 
J.P.  He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  MA.  degree.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar,  November  1872  ;  went 
the  Oxford  Circuit ;  was  appointed  Puisne 
Judge  in  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  1883 ; 
sole  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Colony  of  Lagos,  1886  ;  Chief-Justice  of 
the  Colony  of  Lagos,  1889-95.  He  re 
ceived  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1896. 
His  Honour  has  published  three  editions 
of  "  How  we  are  Governed,"  "  The  Modern 
County  Court,"  "County  Government," 
and  various  works  on  legal  subjects,  e.g., 
"The  Law  of  Support  in  relation  to  Land, 
Mines,  and  Buildings,"  "The  Law  of 
Fixtures  and  Dilapidations,"  &c.  Ad- 
dresses :  Courtfield,  Chiswick,  W.  ;  and 
8  King's  Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.C. 

SMITH,  His  Honour  Judge  Lum- 
ley,  Q.C.,  J.P.,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  a  Fellow 
of  his  College.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1860,  and  became 
a  Q.C.  in  1880.  He  was  Recorder  of  Sand- 
wich from  1883  to  1S94,  Judge  of  the 
Shoreditch  and  Bow  County  Courts  from 
1892  to  1893,  and,  in  the  latter  year, 
was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Westminster 
County  Court.  He  was  married,  in  1874, 
to  Jessie,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Gabriel, 
Bart.  She  died  in  1879.  Address:  25 
Cadogan  Square,  W. 

SMITH,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart.,  F.R.C.S., 
was  born  in  1833,  and  is  the  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Smith,  of  Great  Lodge,  Kent.  He 
was  educated  at  Tonbridge  School  and 
at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  of  which 
he  is  Surgeon.  In  1895  he  was  appointed 
Surgeon-Extraordinary  to  her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  and  was  created  a  Baronet  in 
Jubilee  year,  1897.  He  has  been  Vice- 
President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
England,  is  Examiner  in  Surgery  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London,  and 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Medical 
Chirurgical  Society.  He  is  Consulting 
Surgeon  to  the  Children's  Hospital,  Great 
Ormond  Street.  He  has  contributed 
largely  to  Holmes's  "System  of  Surgery," 


1012 


SMITH 


to  the  Royal  Medical  Chirurgical  Trans- 
actions, and  the  reports  of  his  own  hos- 
pital. Address:  5  Stratford  Place,  Ox- 
ford Street,  W. 

SMITH,  Thomas  Roger,  F.R.I.B.A., 

Professor  of  Architecture  at  University 
College,  London,  was  born  in  1830,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Smith,  of 
Sheffield,  a  well-known  scholar  and  elo- 
quent preacher.  His  mother  was  of 
Huguenot  family,  and  was  a  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Roubiliac  the  sculptor.  He  was 
articled  to  the  late  Samuel  Beazley  as  an 
architect,  and,  on  his  death,  to  Mr.  P.  C. 
Hardwick,  having  as  fellow-pupils  Mr. 
(now  Sir  Arthur)  Blomfield,  Mr.  Eastlake, 
and  the  late  Mr.  F.  P.  Cockerell.  He 
travelled  as  an  architectural  student  for 
about  a  year,  and  spent  some  time  under 
Sir  James  Pennethorne  before  starting  in 
practice  in  1855.  Since  that  time  he  has 
practised  his  profession  continuously,  and 
has  designed  and  erected  many  public  and 
private  buildings  of  importance  in  London 
and  the  provinces.  A  design  by  him  for 
the  European  Hospital,  Bombay,  was 
selected  by  the  Government  for  execu- 
tion. This  led  to  his  visiting  India  in 
1865,  and  subsequently  preparing,  in  co- 
operation with  the  architect  to  the  Bombay 
Government,  the  plans  from  which  several 
public  buildings  in  that  Presidency  were 
erected.  Among  these  were  the  Elphin- 
stone  College,  the  enlargement  of  the 
Cathedral,  and  (with  modifications  made 
on  the  spot)  the  Post  Office,  Bombay,  the 
Government  House  at  Gunnish  Khind,  and 
the  Engineering  College,  Poonah.  Pro- 
fessor Roger  Smith  is  an  Examiner  in 
Architecture  for  the  Science  and  Art  De- 
partment, an  Examiner  under  the  Metro- 
politan Building  Act  of  Candidates  for  the 
Office  of  District  Surveyor,  and  in  1879  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Architecture 
in  University  College,  London,  in  succes- 
sion to  Professor  T.  Hayter  Lewis  (re- 
signed). He  is  the  author  of  two  or  three 
manuals  on  subjects  connected  with  his 
profession,  and  of  many  papers  or  special 
lectures  delivered  before  the  various 
societies  which  deal  with  his  subjects  in 
London,  and  he  has  been  engaged,  both 
as  an  editor  and  a  writer,  on  the  profes- 
sional press.  Professor  Roger  Smith  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Architects,  and 
has  been  a  Member  of  the  Council.  He 
is  a  Past  President  of  the  Architectural 
Association,  and  belongs  to  other  societies. 
He  holds  one  or  two  professional  appoint- 
ments, including  that  of  Architect  to  the 
Carpenters'  Company  of  the  City  of  Lon- 
don, in  which  capacity  he  has  been  able 
to  assist  the  Court  of  that  Company  in 
organising  its  classes,  its  technical  library 
and  free  public  lectures,  its  examination 


for  skilled  artisans  in  carpentry  and 
joinery,  and,  more  recently,  its  Exhibi- 
tions and  School  of  Wood-Carving.  Ad- 
dress :  University  College,  Gower  Street, 
W.C. 

SMITH,  The  Hon.  "William  Frede- 
'rick  Danvers,  M.P.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  partner, 
since  1890,  in  W.  H.  Smith  &  Son,  book- 
sellers, librarians,  newsagents,  &c.,  is 
the  only  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon. 
William  Henry  Smith,  M.P.,  and  the  first 
Viscountess  Hambleden.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  New  College,  Oxford. 
He  has  sat  as  Conservative  member  for 
the  Strand  Division  since  1891.  He  is 
Treasurer  and  Member  of  Council  of  King's 
College,  London,  to  which  body,  in  pur- 
suance of  his  late  father's  wishes,  he  has 
been  a  munificent  benefactor.  In  1896 
he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Metro- 
politan Unionist  Members  in  succession 
to  Lord  Glenesk.  He  married,  in  1894, 
Lady  Esther  C.  G.  Gore,  daughter  of  the 
5th  Earl  of  Arran.  Addresses  :  3  Gros- 
venor  Place,  S.W. ;  Greenlands,  Henley- 
on-Thames,  &c.,  &c. 

SMITH,  Professor  William  Robert, 

M.D.Aberdeen;  D.Sc.  Edinburgh;  D.P.H. 
Cantab. ;  F.R.S.  Edin. ;  Barrister-at-Law, 
was  born  May  28, 1850,  at  Plumstead,  Kent, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Captain  R.  T. 
Smith,  Plumstead.  He  is  Professor  of 
Forensic  Medicine  and  Director  of  the 
Laboratories  of  State  Medicine  in  King's 
College,  London  ;  Medical  Officer  of  the 
School  Board  for  London  ;  and  Medical 
Officer  of  Health  and  Public  Analyst  for 
Woolwich.  For  many  years  he  has  taken 
a  prominent  and  important  part  in  all 
matters  concerning  the  public  health,  and 
to  his  exertions  it  is  mainly  due  that 
statutory  provision  exists  necessitating 
that  Medical  Officers  of  Health  should 
possess  a  qualification  in  Public  Health, 
and  that  before  obtaining  such,  candidates 
for  the  diploma  should  be  required  to 
undergo  a  thorough  and  prolonged  special 
training.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
British  Institute  of  Public  Health,  an 
Association  mainly  composed  of  Medical 
Officers  of  Health,  or  those  qualified  to  be 
such,  and  of  the  Medical  Officers  of  the 
Royal  Navy  and  of  the  Royal  Army  Medi- 
cal Corps.  For  the  past  five  years  he  has 
been  its  President,  and  as  such  presided 
over  the  largest  National  Health  Congress 
ever  held  in  London,  at  the  close  of  which 
he  was  the  recipient,  at  the  Mansion 
House,  at  the  hands  of  the  Lord  Mayor, 
of  an  address  and  an  international  pre- 
sentation of  plate.  Her  Majesty  the  Queen, 
in  1897,  to  mark  her  approval  of  the  great 
influence  for  good  exerted  by  the  Institute, 
commanded  that  it  should  be  called  the 


SMITH  — SMYTH 


1013 


Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health,  and 
became  its  patron.  He  organised  the 
Dublin  meeting  of  the  Institute  in  August 
1898.  He  has  also  done  much  for  the 
public  health  interests  of  London  as  one 
of  the  elected  Managers  of  the  Metro- 
politan Asylums  Board,  has  taken  the 
most  prominent  part  in  putting  all  ques- 
tions of  school  hygiene  on  a  proper  foot- 
ing, and  has  rendered  noteworthy  service 
in  connection  with  the  Special  Schools  for 
Feeble-Minded  Children,  being  one  of  the 
Departmental  Committee  of  the  Educa- 
tion Department  who  reported  on  this 
subject  in  1898.  He  has  taken  a  great 
interest  in  the  Volunteer  movement,  and 
holds  the  rank  of  Brigade  Surgeon-Lieu- 
tenant-Colouel,  East  London  Volunteer 
Brigade  and  to  the  London  Rifle  Brigade 
(1st  London),  and  was  one  of  the  Depart- 
mental Committee  of  the  War  Office  in 
1887,  which  drew  up  the  scheme  of  Volun- 
teer Medical  Organisation.  He  is  the 
author  of  "The  Laboratory  Text-Book  of 
Public  Health,"  and  editor  of  the  7th 
edition  of  "Guy  and  Eerrier's  Eorensic 
Medicine,"  and  has  contributed  extensively 
to  the  medical  and  scientific  press.  His 
classes  at  King's  College  have  been  largely 
attended,  and  many  of  those  occupying 
important  Public  Health  positions  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  have  received  their 
instruction  under  his  superintendence.  In 
January  1899  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Institution  of  Public  Health  appointed 
him  Harben  Lecturer  for  1899.  He  chose 
diphtheria  as  his  subject.  Addresses  :  74 
Great  Russell  Street.  Bloomsbury  Square, 
W.C. ;  and  Plumstead,  Kent. 

SMITH,  The  Most  Rev.  William 
Saumarez,  D.  D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Sydney, 
Metropolitan  of  New  South  Wales,  and 
Primate  of  Australia,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  his 
career  was  brilliant.  He  was  a  scholar 
of  his  College,  was  in  the  first  class  of  the 
Classical  Tripos,  and  in  the  first  class  of 
the  Theological  Tripos,  and  graduated  in 
1858.  He  won  several  University  prizes, 
and  in  1859  was  elected  Crosse  Theo- 
logical Scholar,  and  in  1860  Tyrwhitt's 
Hebrew  Scholar.  He  twice  won  the 
Seatonian  English  Verse  prize,  and  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  1862;  B.D.  1871  ;  D.D.  1889. 
In  1859  he  took  Holy  Orders,  and  was 
successively  Curateof  St.  Paul's,  Cambridge, 
1859-61 ;  Eellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1860-70;  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop 
of  Madras,  1861-65);  Curateof  Holy  Trinity, 
Cambridge,  1866  ;  Vicar  of  Trumpington, 
1867-69  ;  Principal  of  St.  Aidan's  College 
and  Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Norwich,  1869-90.  From  1880  to  1890  he 
was  Hon.  Canon  of  Chester,  and  on  June 
24,  1890    was  consecrated,  in  St.   Paul's 


Cathedral,  Lord  Bishop  of  Sydney,  Metro- 
politan of  New  South  Wales,  and  Primate 
of  Australia.  He  is  author  of  "Obstacles 
to  Missionary  Success "  (Maitland  Prize 
Essay),  1868;  "Christian  Faith,"  1869; 
"Lessons  on  the  Book  of  Genesis,"  1879  ; 
"The  Blood  of  the  New  Covenant,"  1889  ; 
and  articles  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica "  on  Corin- 
thians and  Colossians.  Address :  Bishops- 
court,  Randwick,  New  South  Wales. 

SMITH -WILLIAMS,  Mrs.,  nie 
McKenzie,  Marian,  A.R.A.M.,  con- 
tralto singer,  is  the  elder  daughter  of 
Captain  Joseph  McKenzie,  shipowner,  of 
Plymouth,  where  she  was  born.  She 
studied  singing  under  ]V{r.  Samuel  Weeks 
of  that  town,  and,  coming  to  London 
to  complete  her  education,  gained  the 
Parepa-Rosa  Scholarship  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music,  also  the  Westmoreland 
Scholarship,  and  the  bronze,  silver,  and 
gold  medals  of  the  Academy,  the  latter 
for  declamatory  singing.  She  was  a  pupil 
of  Signor  Randegger,  and  for  elocution,  of 
Mr.  Walter  Lacy.  She  has  also  studied 
oratorio  singing  with  Miss  Anna  Williams, 
and  has  an  extensive  repertoire  in  works 
of  the  classical  composers  from  Bach 
and  Handel  down  to  those  of  the  present 
day.  Among  the  latter  we  notice  repeated 
successes  in  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's  "Golden 
Legend,"  Dr.  Mackenzie's  "Rose  of  Sha- 
ron," Dvorak's  "  Stabat  Mater,"  and  Dr. 
Hubert  Parry's  "Judith."  Besides  having 
an  established  reputation  as  a  festival 
singer,  especially  as  principal  contralto  at 
the  Handel  and  Bach  festivals,  &c,  Miss 
McKenzie  has  achieved  distinction  in 
classic  and  ballad  concerts.  She  has  also 
sung  at  State  Concerts  and  at  Welsh  Eis- 
tedfodds.  With  a  voice  remarkable  for 
richness  and  sympathy,  she  is  perhaps  un- 
rivalled for  sweetness  and  distinctness  in 
the  use  of  the  mother  tongue.  She  is  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
and  of  the  Philharmonic  Society.  Miss 
Marian  McKenzie  married  Mr.  Smith- 
Williams,  the  brother  of  Miss  Anna 
Williams,  the  soprano.  Address  :  Prince's 
House,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

SMYTH,     Charles     Piazzi,     LL.D. 

Edin.,  F.R.A.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  for  a  time 
F.R.S.,  and  for  forty-three  years  Astrono- 
mer-Royal for  Scotland,  was  born  in  1819 
at  Naples,  and  is  the  second  of  three  sons 
of  the  late  Admiral  Smyth,  but  was  edu- 
cated in  England.  He  commenced  his 
astronomical  service  at  the  Royal  Observa- 
tory, Cape  of  Good  Hope,  under  Sir  T. 
Maclear,  in  1835,  and  subsequently  as- 
sisted in  the  re-measurement  of  La  Caille's 
South  African  Arc  of  the  Meridian.  He 
was  appointed,  in  1845,  to  succeed  Thomas 


1014 


SMYTHE  —  SNELUS 


Henderson,  First  Astronomer-Royal  for 
Scotland,  in  the  Royal  Observatory,  Edin- 
burgh. He  applied  himself,  on  arrival,  to 
clearing  off  five  years'  arrears  of  computa- 
tion and  printing,  and  next  to  continuing 
Meridian  star  observations,  besides  estab- 
lishing a  daily  time-ball,  and  afterwards 
an  electrically-fired  daily  time-gun  for  the 
service  of  the  city.  In  1858  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  for  Government  all  the 
meteorological  deductions  furnished  by  55 
observing  stations.  In  1856,  soon  after 
his  marriage  with  Jessie  Duncan,  he  spent 
several  months  in  testing,  with  her,  the 
qualities  of  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe  for  star 
observation  above  the  level  of  the  clouds. 
In  1859  he  visited  and  published  on  the 
Eussian  Observatories.  In  1864-65  he 
visited  (accompanied  again  by  his  wife), 
investigated,  and  published  on,  the  great 
pyramid  in  Egypt,  and  described  the  results 
in  various  works,  one  of  which  has  just 
reached  its  5th  edition.  In  1871  he  began 
to  compose  a  comprehensive  star-catalogue 
and  ephemeris  of  all  the  Edinburgh  and 
best  contemporary  observations  of  the 
same  stars,  of  which  new  kind  of  cata- 
logue the  first  four  hours  were  published 
in  1877  in  the  14th  volume  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Observatory's  publications,  and  the 
last  twenty  hours  were  published  in 
1886,  as  the  15th  volume.  Then,  with 
failing  instruments  and  insufficient  means 
for  rectifying  them,  he  applied  for  retire- 
ment, and  obtained  it  in  August  1888,  and 
was  awarded  a  small  pension.  He  and 
Mrs.  Piazzi  Smyth  have  since  resided  near 
Ripon,  where  he  has  devoted  himself  to 
solar  photographic  spectroscopy,  and  to 
watching  and  photographically  recording 
cloud-forms.     Address  :  Clova,  Ripon. 

SMYTHE,  Lionel  Percy,  painter  in 
oil  and  water-colours,  was  born  in  London 
in  1840,  of  English  parents,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  College  School.  He  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  Painters  in  Water-Colours  in  1880,but  re- 
tired in  1889.  Being  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Old  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours  in  1893,  he  became  a  full  member 
in  the  following  year,  and  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts 
in  1898.  Addresses  :  Chateau  d'Honvault, 
par  Wimilla,  Pas  de  Calais  ;  and  36  Glou- 
cester Crescent,  Regent's  Park,  London, 
N.W. 

SNELUS,  George  James,  F.R.S., 
F.C.S.,  Bessemer  Medallist,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  &c, 
an  iron-master,  was  born  June  25,  1837, 
at  Camden  Town,  London,  and  is  the  son  of 
James  Snelus,  a  builder,  who  died  when 
George  James  Snelus  was  seven  and  a  half 
years  of  age,  and  the  family  was  left  im- 


poverished by  a  long  and  heavy  lawsuit. 
Thanks,  however,  to  his  mother,  George 
James  Snelus  was  provided  with  a  good 
education.  He  was  originally  trained  as  a 
teacher  at  St.  John's  Cpllege,  Battersea  ; 
and  for  some  years  he  acted  in  that  capa- 
city with  great  success,  particularly  in 
the  conduct  of  Science  Classes  under  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  During 
that  time  he  also  attended  Owens  College, 
Manchester,  as  a  student  under  Professor 
Roscoe,  and  the  Physical  Classes  under 
Professor  Clifton.  In  the  May  examina- 
tions of  1864  he  obtained  the  first  of  the 
Royal  Albert  Scholarships  in  competition 
with  the  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
securing  the  Gold  Medal  for  Physical 
Geography,  Bronze  Medal  for  Chemistry, 
&c,  and  a  free  education  for  three  years 
at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines.  His  career 
there  was  eminently  successful,  as  he  ob- 
tained the  first  scholarship  in  the  first 
year,  second  scholarship  in  the  second 
year,  and  the  first  place  and  the  De  La 
Beche  medal  for  Mining  in  the  third  year, 
passing  out  as  an  Associate  of  the  School 
in  mining  and  metallurgy.  He  was  then 
nominated  by  Dr.  Percy  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  chief  chemist  to  the  Dowlais 
Works,  which  appointment  he  filled  for 
four  and  a  half  years,  to  the  great  satis- 
faction of  the  late  William  Menelaus,  who, 
in  1871,  recommended  him  for  the  post  of 
scientific  adviser  to  the  commission  then 
being  sent  out  by  the  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute to  the  United  States  to  investigate 
and  report  on  the  Danks  Rotatory  Pud- 
dling Process.  Mr.  Snelus  had  carefully 
studied  the  theory  of  all  the  processes  of 
making  steel  and  iron  when  at  Dowlais,  and 
he  had  at  this  time  formed  a  very  clear 
idea  of  the  action  of  phosphorus,  &c,  upon 
iron,  and  the  investigation  of  the  Danks 
process  enabled  him  to  point  out  to  Dr. 
Percy,  on  his  return  to  England  in  the 
spring  of  1872,  that  contrary  to  the  ideas 
entertained  up  to  that  date  by  all  metal- 
lurgists, and  in  opposition  to  the  teachings 
of  the  Doctor  himself  (who  held  that 
the  phosphorus  was  eliminated  in  the 
puddling  process  by  liquation  of  a  third 
phosphide  of  iron  from  the  pasty  puddled 
ball),  the  phosphorus  was  most  largely 
eliminated  in  the  early  stage  of  the  pro- 
cess, and  while  the  iron  was  perfectly 
fluid  and  contained  a  large  quantity  of 
carbon,  and  that  therefore  it  should  be 
possible  to  eliminate  the  phosphorus  dur- 
ing the  Bessemer  process  ;  and  further, 
that  he  believed  he  had  discovered  the 
secret  of  overcoming  the  difficulty  hitherto 
considered  insurmountable.  The  Doctor 
at  the  time  remarked  that  if  this  was  so, 
he  had  made  a  very  great  discovery.  For 
his  discovery  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute 
in  1883  awarded  Mr.  Snelus  the  Bessemer 


SODOE  AND  MAN  —  SOLLAS 


1015 


Gold  Medal  for  being  "  the  first  to  make 
pure  steel  from  impure  iron  in  a  Bessemer 
converter  lined  with  basic  materials." 
Over  ten  million  tons  of  steel  have  since 
been  made  from  phosphoric  iron,  pre- 
viously useless  for  steel-making.  This 
invention  has  to  a  large  extent  revolu- 
tionised steel-making,  and  no  country  has 
benefited  by  the  invention  so  much  as 
Germany,  while  owing  to  the  stringency 
of  the  Patent  Laws  of  that  country  in 
1872  Mr.  Snelus  was  unable  to  obtain  a 
patent  for  his  invention,  and  so  has  never 
reaped  the  slightest  reward  or  recognition 
from  Germany,  although  his  work  has 
brought  large  fortunes  to  those  who  have 
availed  themselves  of  the  process.  At 
the  Inventions  Exhibition  in  London  Mr. 
Snelus  exhibited  some  illustrations  of 
these  improvements,  together  with  the 
first  piece  of  dephosphorous  steel  made  by 
the  basic  process,  and  was  awarded  a  Gold 
Medal  for  discoveries  and  inventions.  At 
the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1878  Mr.  Snelus 
exhibited  an  elaborate  set  of  analysed 
samples  illustrating  the  manufacture  of 
iron  and  steel  in  various  countries,  for 
which  he  was  awarded  a  Gold  Medal.  The 
collection  was  subsequently  purchased  as 
an  educational  collection  for  the  Poly- 
technic School  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Mr. 
Snelus  is  an  original  member  of  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute,  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Council  since  1881,  and  in  1897  was 
elected  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  his  most  important 
contributions  to  the  "Iron  and  Steel  Pro- 
ceedings" :  "  On  the  Condition  of  Carbon 
and  Silicon  in  Iron  and  Steel,"  1870  ; 
"  Composition  of  Gases  evolved  from  the 
Bessemer  Converters  during  the  Blow," 
1871  ;  "Sherman  Process,"  1871  ;  "Scien- 
tific Features  of  the  Danks  Puddling 
Furnace,"  1872;  "Manufacture  and  Use 
of  Spiegeleisen,"  1874  ;  "  Fireclay  and 
other  Refractory  Materials,"  1875  ;  "  Use 
of  Molten  Iron  direct  from  the  Blast  Fur- 
nace for  Steel-making,"  1876  ;  "  Eemoval 
of  Phosphorus  and  Sulphur  during  the 
Bessemer  and  Siemens-Martin  Processes 
of  Steel  Manufacture,"  1879;  "Distribu- 
tion of  Elements  in  Steel  Ingots,"  1881  ; 
"  Chemical  Composition  and  Testing  Steel 
Rails,"  1882.  He  has  also  contributed  to 
the  literature  of  Iron  and  Steel  on  many 
other  occasions ;  his  principal  works  in 
this  direction  are  two  able  articles  on 
"  Iron  and  Steel  in  Chemistry,  as  applied 
to  the  Arts  and  Manufactures."  For  his 
work  generally,  and  his  discovery  of  the 
Basic  Process  in  particular,  the  Royal 
Society  elected  him  a  Fellow  in  1887.  He 
was  married  in  1867  to  Lavinia  Wood- 
ward, daughter  of  a  silk  manufacturer  of 
Macclesfield,  and  has  now  a  family  of 
three  sons  and    three    daughters.     Mrs. 


Snelus  died  in  1892.     Address  :  Ennerdale 
Hall,  Frizington,  Cumberland. 

SODOB,    AND    MAN,    Bishop    of. 

See  Steaton,    The  Rt.    Rev..  Nobman 
Dumenil  John. 

SOLLAS,  Professor  'William  John- 
son, M.A.,  D.Sc.  Cambridge,  LL.D.  Dub- 
lin, F.R.S..  M.R.I.A.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.G.S., 
Officier  d'Acad^mie,  Professor  of  Geology 
and  Mineralogy,  Oxford  ;  born  May  30, 
1849,  at  Birmingham,  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam Henry  Sollas,  was  educated  in  the 
City  of  London  School,  afterwards  in  the 
Royal  School  of  Mines,  and  next  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  in  1882.  He  took 
his  B.A.  degree  in  1873,  subsequently 
D.Sc,  and  was  made  an  honorary  LL.D. 
(Dublin)  in  1886.  In  1893  he  received  the 
Bigsby  Medal  of  the  Geological  Society. 
He  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Extension  in  1873,  and 
for  it  delivered  courses  of  lectures  on 
geology  in  most  of  the  large  towns  of 
England  and  Wales  ;  in  1880  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Geology  and  Zoology 
in  the  University  College,  Bristol  ;  in  1883 
he  was  elected  Professor  of  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  in  the  University  of  Dublin  ; 
and  in  1897  Professor  of  Geology  and 
Paleontology  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 
From  1895  to  1898  he  was  also  Petrologist 
to  the  Geological  Survey  of  Ireland.  He 
has  been  continuously  writing  memoirs 
on  scientific  subjects  since  1872.  Most  of 
these  have  appeared  in  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  the  Annals 
and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  Geological 
Magazine,  and  in  the  publications  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  and  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society.  These  have  for  subjects,  amongst 
others,  the  relations  of  fossil  to  recent 
sponges,  the  replacement  of  silica  (opal) 
by  carbonate  of  lime,  the  origin  of  flint, 
of  fresh-water  faunas,  the  estuary  of  the 
Severn,  the  characters  of  plesiosaurus, 
glacial  phenomena,  particularly  the  nature 
of  the  movement  of  glacier  ice  and  the 
origin  of  eskers,  the  structure  and  history 
of  granite  and  other  igneous  rocks,  and 
the  anatomy  of  living  sponges.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  article  "  Sponges  "  in  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  of  the 
twenty-fourth  volume  of  the  Reports  of 
the  Challenger  Expedition,  treating  of  the 
Tetractinellida,  1888.  He  has  paid  special 
attention  to  theories  of  coral  reefs,  and 
in  1896  conducted  an  expedition  sent  by 
the  Royal  Society  to  investigate  the  coral 
island  of  Funafuti.  He  has  travelled  over 
many  parts  of  Europe,  North  America, 
and  Australia,  and  has  visited  several 
islands  in  the  Pacific.  He  married  Helen, 
daughter  of  W.  J.   Coryn,  Weston-super- 


1016 


SOLOMON"  —  SOMEESET 


Mare.  Address  :  1(59  Woodstock  Road 
Oxford. 

SOLOMON,  Solomon  Joseph,  A.R.  A., 

artist,  was  born  in  Southwark,  Sept.  16, 
1860.  His  father  is  a  leather  manu- 
facturer, and  his  mother  a  native  of 
Prague  (Bohemia).  He  was  educated  at 
the  school  of  Mr.  Thomas  Whitford,  M.A., 
and  privately  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Singer. 
His  artistic  training  was  begun  in  1876,  at 
Heatherly's  School  of  Art  in  Newman 
Street,  and  the  next  year  he  entered  the 
Schools  of  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1879, 
through  the  kindness  of  H.I.H.  Prince 
Lucien  Bonaparte,  he  got  an  introduction 
to  Cabanel,  who  received  him  into  his 
studio  in  the  Beaux  Arts  in  Paris.  The 
following  year  found  him  in  Munich  :  but 
he  thought  little  of  the  German  training, 
and,  after  a  tour  round  Italy  and  Holland, 
he  returned  to  England,  and  exhibited  his 
first  picture  at  the  Royal  Academy  (a  por- 
trait of  a  gentleman).  With  his  friend  Mr. 
Hacker,  Mr.  Solomon  journeyed  through 
Spain,  resting  a  while  at  the  Shrine  of 
Velasquez  in  Madrid,  and  passed  the 
winter  working  in  Morocco,  where  it  was 
difficult  at  that  time  to  induce  the  Moors 
to  become  their  models.  He  again  sought 
his  master,  Cabanel,  and  remained  with 
him  for  about  nine  more  months,  having  a 
studio  of  his  own  in  Paris,  and  exhibiting 
at  the  Salon  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Stevens, 
and,  at  the  Royal  Academy,  a  small 
highly  -  finished  work,  "  Waiting."  His 
next  exhibit  was  "Ruth  and  Naomi,"  done 
in  his  garden  in  Tangier,  on  his  second 
visit  to  Morocco  ;  and  since  then,  every 
year,  he  has  shown  a  composition  anu  a 
portrait  at  the  Academy.  The  picture 
which  first  brought  him  any  reputation 
was  "Cassandra,"  now  in  Ballarat  ;  then 
"Samson,"  "Niobe"  following,  and  an 
allegorical  work,  "  Sacred  and  Profane 
Love,"  with  a  portrait  of  the  late  Sir 
John  Simon.  Mr.  Solomon  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  Institute  in  1887.  At  the 
Salon  of  1889  he  received  a  Medal  for 
"Niobe,"  and  in  1890,  at  the  Academy, 
he  exhibited  "Hippolyte,"  and  a  portrait 
of  "  Mrs.  George  Mosenthal,"  full  length. 
In  1893  he  exhibited,  at  the  Academy,  two 
portraits  and  "  Your  Health  I  "  and  in 
1894  "Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  as  Paula 
Tanqueray,"  and  a  likeness  of  Mr.  I. 
Zangwill.  In  1895  he  exhibited  a  portrait 
of  Mr.  Arthur  Hacker,  A.R.A.,  another  of 
Miss  Ingram,  and  "Echo  and  Narcissus"  ; 
in  1896  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Albert  H.  Jessel 
and  "  The  Birth  of  Love "  ;  in  1897 
portraits  of  George  Frampton,  A.R.A., 
Raphael  Tuck,  and  Mrs.  Adolph  Tuck  ; 
and  in  1898  portraits  of  Mrs.  Kenneth 
Foster,  of  his  wife,  of  Sir  George  Faudel 
Phillips,  Bart.,  and  a  Jubilee  picture,  "  On 


the  Threshold  of  the  City,  June  22,  1897." 
In  1899  he  exhibited  "  Laus  Deo!"  and 
two  portraits,  at  the  same  Exhibition. 
He  has  also  recently  painted  a  decoration 
for  the  Royal  Exchange.  Mr.  Solomon 
Solomon  was  elected  A.R.A.  in  February 
1896.  In  1897  he  married  a  daughter  of 
Hyman  Montague,  F.S.A.  Address  :  2  St. 
John's  Wood  Studios,  N.W. 

SOMERSET,    Duke    of,    Algernon 

St.  Maur,  Bart.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  July 
22,  1846,  and  is  the  son  of  the  14th  Duke, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1894,  and  Horatia, 
daughter  of  John  Philip  Morier,  Minister 
at  Dresden.  He  was  formerly  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  60th  Rifles,  and  served  in  the  Red 
River  Expedition  of  1870,  and  is  now 
Lieut. -Colonel  of  the  1st  Wilts  Rifles.  In 
1877  he  married  Susan  Margaret  Richards, 
daughter  of  Charles  Mackinnon.  Address  : 
Maiden  Bradley,  Bath,  &c. 

SOMERSET,  Lady  Henry,  was  born 
in  London,  Aug.  3,  1851.  She  was  Isabel, 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Earl  and  Countess 
Somers,  and  in  1872  married  Lord  Henry 
Somerset,  M.P.,  second  son  of  the  Duke 
of  Beaufort.  She  has  one  son,  Henry 
Somers  Somerset,  who  in  1896  married 
Lady  Katherine  Beauclerk,  daughter  of  the 
Duke  of  St.  Albans.  In  1890  Lady  Henry 
Somerset  was  elected  President  of  the 
British  Women's  Temperance  Association, 
which  is  now  the  largest  Women's  Temper- 
ance Association  in  England.  In  1892 
she  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the 
World's  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union.  By  the  death  of  Miss  Frances 
Willard  in  1898,  she  took  her  place  as 
President  of  the  International  Associa- 
tion, which  numbers  over  half  a  million 
women.  For  two  years  she  edited  the 
Women's  Signal,  a  newspaper  for  women, 
dealing  with  questions  of  the  times.3  She 
has  written  magazine  articles,  and  a  book 
of  short  stories  entitled  "  Sketches  in 
Black  and  White."  In  1895  she  founded 
the  Industrial  Farm  Colony  at  Duxhurst, 
and  this  scheme  has  now  grown  to  con- 
siderable dimensions.  In  1884,  on  the 
death  of  her  father,  she  succeeded  to  his 
estates  in  Herefordshire,  Worcestershire, 
Surrey,  and  London.  She  has  done  a  great 
deal  of  platform  work,  and  has  been  in 
the  habit  of  addressing  very  large  meet- 
ings in  all  parts  of  this  country  and  on  the 
continent  of  America,  in  the  interest  of 
Temperance,  and  for  the  advancement  and 
education  of  women.  Addresses :  Eastnor 
Castle,  Ledbury  ;  and  the  Priory,  Reigate. 

SOMERSET,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Henry  Richard  Charles,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was 

born  on  Dec.  7,  1849,  and  is  the  second 
son  of  the  8th  Duke  of  Beaufort.      He 


SOEBY  —  SPENCE 


1017 


was  Conservative  M.P.  for  Monmouth- 
shire, 1871-80,  and  from  1874  to  1879 
Comptroller  of  the  Household.  He  has 
composed  many  songs,  some  of  which  are 
of  great  beauty.  He  married,  in  1872, 
Isabel  Caroline,  daughter  and  co-heiress 
of  the  last  Earl  Somers  {see  Lady  Henry 
Somerset).  Address:  IViaGuido Monaco, 
Florence. 

SOEBY,    Henry    Clifton,     LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  J. P.,  was  born  at  Woodbourne, 
near  Sheffield,  May  10,  1826,  and  educated 
at  the  Sheffield  Collegiate  School,  and  by 
private  tutors.  He  is  an  honorary  LL.D. 
of  Cambridge  (1879),  and  he  has  been 
President  of  the  Geological  Society.  On 
April  25,  1882,  he  was  elected  President 
of  Firth  College,  Sheffield,  and  has  been 
for  years  active  in  developing  literature, 
art,  and  science  in  the  West  Riding.  He 
is  the  author  of  many  separate  papers  on 
the  microscopical  structure  of  rocks,  on 
the  construction  and  use  of  the  micro- 
spectroscope  in  studying  animal  and 
vegetable  colouring  matter,  on  a  new 
method  of  studying  the  optical  characters 
of  minerals,  on  the  physical  geography  of 
former  geological  periods,  and  on  various 
other  subjects  connected  with  geology 
and  the  use  of  the  microscope.  His  latest 
publications  have  been  on  the  microscopi- 
cal structure  of  iron  and  steel,  and  on  the 
temperature  of  the  water  in  estuaries. 
He  has  in  recent  years  been  much  occupied 
with  certain  special  archaeological  studies, 
and  in  making  preparations  of  inverte- 
brate animals,  as  lantern  slides,  and  for 
museum  specimens.  He  spends  almost  half 
the  year  on  board  his  yacht,  the  Glimpse. 
Address  :  6  Beech  Hill  Road,  BroomSeld, 
Sheffield. 


SOUTAR,    Mrs.   R. 
Ellen  (Nellie  Fareen). 


See   Farren, 


SOTTTHWARK,  Bishop  Suffragan 
of.  See  Yeatman-Biggs,  The  Right 
Rev.  Huyshe  Walcott. 

SOUTHWELL,    Bishop    of.     See 

Ridding,  The  Right  Rev.  George. 

SPAIN,  King  of.    See  Alfonzo  XIII. 

SPAIN,   Queen    Regent    of.     See 

Maria  Christina. 

"SPECTATOR."  See  Walkley, 
Arthur  Bingham. 

SPENCE,  Catherine  Helen,  Member 
of  the  State  Children's  Council  of  South 
Australia,  daughter  of  David  Spence,  first 
Town-Clerk  of  the  City  of  Adelaide,  was 
born  in  Melrose,  Scotland,  in  1825,  and 


emigrated  with  her  parents  to  Australia 
in  1839.  She  has  written  several  novels 
of  Australian  life:  "Clara  Morison :  a 
Tale  of  the  Gold  Fever,"  1854;  "Tender 
and  True,"  1856;  "Mr.  Hogarth's  Will," 
1865,  and  "The  Author's  Daughter,"  1868. 
Her  little  book  on  "The  Laws  we  Live 
Under,"  with  some  chapters  on  political 
economy  and  the  duties  of  citizens,  was 
published  under  the  direction  of  the 
Minister  of  Education  in  1880,  and  is 
taught  in  the  schools  of  South  Australia, 
She  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  work 
of  dispersing  the  Children  of  the  State  in 
natural  foster  homes,  which  was  initiated 
first  in  that  province  under  the  leadership 
of  Miss  Emily  Clark.  This  was  so  great  a 
success  both  socially  and  financially  that 
it  was  adopted  all  over  Australia,  Tasmania, 
and  New  Zealand.  She  has  contributed  to 
the  C'omhill,  Fraser's,  and  Harper's  Magazine 
and  the  Arena,  as  well  as  to  Australian 
newspapers  and  to  Australian  magazines, 
literary,  critical,  and  social  articles,  and 
has  generally  identified  herself  with  all 
public  movements,  political  and  educa- 
tional. The  main  object,  however,  of  her 
life  since  the  year  1860  has  been  electoral 
reform  on  the  lines  of>  equitable  repre- 
sentation of  minorities,  and  her  "  Plea  for 
Pure  Democracy,"  published  in  1861,  is  an 
argument  from  the  popular  side  for  Hare's 
system  of  voting.  In  1892  she  thought  that 
democratic  developments  in  the  colonies 
made  the  reform  urgently  necessary,  and 
changed  her  position  as  a  writer  for 
that  of  a  lecturer.  On  this  mission  she 
travelled  all  over  her  own  province  with 
ballot  papers  to  give  practical  proof  of  this 
nr.^chod  of  "Effective  Voting."  Having 
been  appointed  Delegate  to  the  Chicago 
Congresses  in  1893,  and  having  received 
a  Government  commission  to  inquire  into 
and  report  on  matters  of  public  interest 
in  America  and  elsewhere,  Miss  Spence 
travelled  through  the  United  States,  and 
paid  a  visit  to  Toronto,  in  order  to  explain 
and  advocate  this  method  of  voting,  as  the 
only  means  of  moralising  politics  and  edu- 
cating representatives  and  citizens.  She 
visited  England  in  1865-66,  and  again  in 
1894,  when  she  lectured  before  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  and  other  audiences,  on 
Social  and  Intellectual  Aspects  of  Life  in 
the  Colonies.  She  resides  at  Eildon,  East 
Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

SPENCE,  The  Very  Rev.  Henry 
Donald  Maurice,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Dean  of 
Gloucester,  son  of  George  Spence,  Esq., 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  born  in  Pall  Mall,  London,  on 
Jan.  14, 1836,  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School  and  at  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A.  1864  ;  M.A.  1866  ;  D.D. 
1887).  While  at  the  University  he  obtained 
a  first  class  in  the  voluntary  theological 


1018 


SPENCEK 


tripos  (1864),  the  Carus  Undergraduate 
University  Prize  (1864),  and  the  Carus  and 
Scholefield  University  Prizes  (1865  and 
1866).  He  was  Select  Preacher  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1883  and  1887,  and  at  Oxford 
in  1893.  He  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Modern  Literature  in  David's  College, 
Lampeter,  in  1865 ;  Rector  of  St.  Mary 
de  Crypt,  Gloucester,  1870 ;  Examining 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and 
Bristol  (Dr.  Ellicott),  in  1870;  Principal 
of  the  Theological  College  of  Gloucester, 
and  Honorary  Canon  of  Gloucester,  in  1875. 
In  1877,  on  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Thorold 
to  the  Bishopric  of  Rochester,  the  vicarage 
of  St.  Pancras,  London,  was  presented  to 
him  by  the  Queen.  Dr.  Spence  was  in 
the  same  year  appointed  Rural  Dean  of 
St.  Pancras.  In  1886  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Crown  to  the  Deanery  of  Gloucester. 
He  has  contributed  many  papers  to  the 
Quarterly,  Contemporary,  "  Bible  Educator," 
Good  Words,  and  other  magazines  ;  is  joint 
author  with  Dean  Howson  of  a  commen- 
tary on  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  (Anglo- 
American  Commentary) ;  and  is  one  of 
the  Commentators  of  the  New  Testament 
and  also  of  the  Old  Testament,  edited 
by  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol. 
Dean  Spence  is  likewise  editor  and  one  of 
the  writers  of  the  "Pulpit  Commentary 
on  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,"  47 
volumes,  and  of  several  works  on  the 
Talmud.  He  is  the  author  of  a  translation 
of  the  "  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles," 
with  excursus  and  notes  (1885).  Amongst 
other  works  he  has  written  are  "Dream- 
land and  History,"  the  story  of  the  Norman 
dukes,  and  "  Cloister  Life  in  the  Days  of 
Cceur  de  Lion,"  "The  Church  of  England, 
a  History  of  the  People,"  in  4  vols.,  1898. 
He  married  Louise,  daughter  of  David 
Jones,  Esq.,  of  Pantglas,  M.P.  for  Car- 
marthenshire. Addresses  :  The  Deanery, 
Gloucester  ;  and  Athenasum. 

SPENCER,  The  Bight  Hon.  Charles 
Robert,  M.A.,  heir  to  his  half-brother, 
Earl  Spencer,  was  born  on  Oct.  30,  1857, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  4th  Earl.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  (M.A.).  He  represented 
North  Northamptonshire  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  1880  to  1885,  and  the 
Mid-Division  of  the  same  county  from 
1885  to  1895.  He  was  Parliamentary 
Groom-in- Waiting  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Third 
Administration,  a  post  to  which  no  appoint- 
ments have  been  made  of  late  years.  From 
1892  to  1895  he  was  Vice-Chamberlain. 
He  married,  in  1887,  Margaret,  daughter 
of  the  1st  Baron  Revelstoke.  Address : 
Dallington  House,  Northampton. 

SPENCER,  Herbert,  was  born  at 
Derby,  on  April  27, 1820.    He  was  educated 


by  his  father,  a  schoolmaster  and  private 
teacher  in  Derby,  and  his  uncle,  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Spencer,  a  clergyman  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church,  who  was  active  in  various 
philanthropic    movements.      At    the    age 
of  seventeen  he  became  a  civil  engineer, 
but  after  about  eight    years  abandoned 
the  profession,  having  during  that  period 
contributed  various   papers   to   the    Civil 
Engineers'  and  Architects'  Journal.   His  first 
productions  in  general  literature  were   a 
series  of  letters  on  "The  Proper   Sphere 
of  Government,"  published  in  the  Noncon- 
formist in  1842,  which  were  reprinted  in 
pamphlet  form.    From  1848  to  1853  he  was 
engaged  as  sub-editor   of   the  Economist, 
and  during  that  time  published  his  first 
considerable   work,    "  Social   Statics :   or, 
the  Conditions  essential  to  Human  Happi- 
ness specified,  and  the  first  of  them  de- 
veloped," 1851.     Various  articles,   chiefly 
for  the    Westminster  and   other   quarterly 
reviews,  were  written  during  the  next  four 
years.     In  1855  appeared  his  "Principles 
of    Psychology,"   which    interpreted    the 
phenomena  of  mind  on  the  general  prin- 
ciple  of    evolution   (this   was   four   years 
before  the  "  Origin  of  Species  "  appeared). 
A  break-down  in  health  followed,  which 
prevented  work  for  eighteen  months  :  1857, 
1858,  and  1859  were  occupied  in  writing 
various  essays  for  the  quarterly  reviews,  &c. 
In  1860  Mr.  Spencer  issued  the  programme 
of  his  "System  of  Synthetic  Philosophy," 
which  proposed  to  carry  out  in  its  appli- 
cation  to   all   orders   of   phenomena   the 
general  law  of  evolution  set  forth  in  two 
essays  published  in  1857.     To  the  execu- 
tion of  this  project  his  subsequent  life  has 
been   mainly  devoted.      The  works   com- 
posing the  System  are  now  all  published. 
They  are  :  "First  Principles,"  1862  (10th 
edit.,  1897);  "  The  Principles  of  Biology," 
2  vols.,  1864  (5th  edit.,  1894) ;  "The  Prin- 
ciples of  Psychology,"  2  vols.,  1872  (5th 
edit.,  1890) ;  "  The  Principles  of  Sociology," 
vol.  i.,  1876  (4th  edit.,  1893) ;  vol.  ii.,  1890 
(3rd  edit.,  1893),  comprising  "Ceremonial 
Institutions,"  first  issued  1879,  and  "  Poli- 
tical  Institutions,"   1882;   vol.    iii.,    1896 
(2nd  edit.,  1897),  including  "Ecclesiastical 
Institutions,"    first   issued   1885  ;    "  Prin- 
ciples of  Ethics,"  vol.  i„  1892  (2nd  edit., 
1898),   including   "The  Data  of  Ethics," 
first  issued  1879  ;  vol.  ii.,  1893,  including 
"Justice,"    1891.      Mr.    Spencer's    other 
works    are:     "Education:     Intellectual, 
Moral,   and   Physical,"   1861   (38th  edit., 
1898) ;  "  Essays  :  Scientific,  Political,  and 
Speculative,"  2  vols.,  1858-63  (5th  edit., 
3  vols.,  1891) ;   "  The  Classification  of  the 
Sciences ;   to  which  are  added,  Reasons 
for  Dissenting  from  the  Philosophy  of  M. 
Comte,"  1864  (3rd  edit.,  1871) ;  "  The  Study 
of    Sociology,"   1873    (21st    edit.,   1894); 
"The  Man  versus  the  State,"  1884  (14th 


SPENCEK 


1019 


thousand,  1897);  "Various  Fragments," 
1897.  Beyond  his  own  proper  work  Mr. 
Spencer  has  published  eight  parts  of  the 
"Descriptive  Sociology,"  classified  and 
arranged  by  himself,  and  compiled  by 
Professor  Duncan,  Dr.  Scheppig,  and  Mr. 
Collier.  This  work  was  originally  under- 
taken simply  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
himself  with  materials  for  the  "  Principles 
of  Sociology,"  but  was  eventually  pub- 
lished for  the  use  of  others.  Part  VIII., 
published  in  1881,  contained  the  announce- 
ment that  having  during  the  preceding 
14  years  sunk  between  £3000  and  £4000 
in  the  undertaking,  he  could  no  longer 
continue  it.  Mr.  Spencer  paid  a  visit  to 
the  United  States  in  1882.  On  May  12, 
1883,  he  was  elected  a  correspondent  of 
the  French  Academy  of  Moral  and  Political 
Sciences  for  the  section  of  Philosophy,  in 
the  room  of  Emerson,  but  he  declined  that 
in  common  with  all  academic  honours,  and 
other  distinctions.  Mr.  Spencer's  works 
have  been  extensively  translated.  All 
are  rendered  into  French,  nearly  all  into 
German  and  Russian,  many  into  Italian 
and  Spanish  ;  and  the  work  on  Education 
has  appeared  also  in  Hungarian,  Bohemian, 
Polish,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  Greek, 
Japanese,  and  Chinese.  Since  1886  Mr. 
Spencer  has  been  an  invalid.  From  that 
date  up  to  1891  he  published  nothing  ;  but 
he  has  since  completed  the  "Synthetic 
Philosophy,"  besides  an  abridged  and 
revised  edition  of  "  Social  Statics,"  1892, 
and  a  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  his 
"  Essays "  in  three  volumes,  1891.  Mr. 
Spencer  has  recently  gone  to  reside  at 
Brighton,  and  is  devoting  himself  to  a 
revision  of  "  The  Principles  of  Biology." 
Permanent  address :  5  Percival  Terrace, 
Brighton. 

SPENCER,  Earl,  The  Eight  Hon. 
John  Poyntz  Spencer,  K.G.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  only  son  of  the  4th  Earl  Spencer, 
born  at  Spencer  House,  Oct.  27,  1835,  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Harrow  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  1857.  He  represented  the 
Southern  Division  of  the  county  of  North- 
ampton in  the  House  of  Commons  from 
April  to  December  1857,  when  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  on  his  father's  death. 
He  was  Groom  of  the  Stole  to  the  late 
Prince  Consort,  1859-61 ;  and  Groom  of 
the  Stole  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1862-67. 
In  December  1868  he  was  appointed  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  he  made  his 
public  entry  into  Dublin,  Jan.  16,  1869. 
He  retained  that  office  till  the  resignation 
of  the  Gladstone  Ministry  in  February 
1874.  On  the  return  of  the  Liberals  to 
office  in  May  1880,  he  was  appointed  Lord 
President  of  the  Council.  He  was  nomi- 
nated Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  on  the 


resignation  of  Earl  Cowper,  May  4,  1882, 
retaining  his  seat  in  the  Cabinet.  He 
arrived  in  Dublin  Castle  on  May  6,  on  the 
evening  of  which  day  Lord  Frederick 
Cavendish,  the  newly  -  appointed  Chief 
Secretary,  and  Mr.  Thomas  A.  Burke, 
the  Under-Secretary,  were  stabbed  to 
death  by  assassins  in  the  Phoenix  Park, 
close  to  the  Viceregal  Lodge.  After  this 
it  fell  to  Lord  Spencer  to  administer  the 
provisions  of  the  Crimes  Act.  In  March 
1883  Earl  Spencer  resigned  the  office  of 
Lord  President  of  the  Council,  but  still 
remained  a  member  of  the  Cabinet,  until 
the  close  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Administra- 
tion in  June  1885.  On  the  return  of  Mr. 
Gladstone  to  office  in  February  of  the  fol- 
lowing year,  Lord  Spencer  became  for  the 
second  time  Lord  President  of  the  Council. 
By  that  time  he  had  adopted  Home  Rule 
opinions,  and  his  support  was  of  great 
value  to  the  Government.  In  August  1892 
he  was  appointed  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  held  office  until  1895. 
The  University  of  Dublin  conferred  on 
Lord  Spencer  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.,  June  30,  1883.  His  lordship  is 
Lord-Lieutenant,  and  was  Chairman  of 
the  County  Council  of  Northamptonshire. 
Since  1890  he  has  been  Master  of  the 
Pytchley.  In  1892  he  became  Chancellor 
of  the  Victoria  University,  Manchester. 
His  lordship  married  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  Frederick  Charles  William  Seymour, 
grandson  of  the  1st  Marquis  of  Hertford. 
Addresses  :  27  St.  James's  Place,  S.W. ; 
and  Althorp  Park,  Northampton. 

SPENCER,  JosephWilliam,  Canadian 
geologist,  was  born  at  Dundas,  Ontario, 
Mar.  26,  1850.  He  was  educated  at  M'Gill 
University  and  at  Gottingen  University, 
graduating  at  the  latter  institution  in 
1877.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Lon- 
don (England),  and  he  is  also  a  Fellow  of 
the  Geological  Society  of  America  and  of 
other  learned  bodies.  He  was  Science 
Master  in  Hamilton  College  Institute, 
1877-79  ;  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  King's 
College,  N.S.,  1880-82;  Professor  of  Geo- 
logy in  the  University  of  Missouri,  1882- 
87  ;  State  Geologist  of  Georgia  in  1888-93  ; 
and  is  now  (1898)  conducting  geological 
investigations  in  the  West  Indies.  His 
observations  on  the  interesting  geological 
phenomena  of  his  native  valley  near  Dun- 
das gave  rise  to  enthusiasm  in  scientific 
work  at  an  early  age,  and  from  his  college 
days  until  the  present  time  he  has  been 
engaged  in  original  geological  work. 
Many  papers  from  his  pen  have  been  pub- 
lished since  1881  up  to  the  present  time  in 
the  American  Journal  of  Science,  the  Bulle- 
tins of  the  Geological  Society  of  America,  the 
Journals  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Lon- 


1020 


SPENDER  —  SPIELMANN 


don,  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  &c.  He 
received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Got- 
tingen  in  1877.  His  work  has  been  mainly 
in  questions  relating  to  surface  and  glacial 
phenomena,  both  in  America  and  in 
Europe,  and  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in 
America  in  Lacustrine  geology. 

SPENDER,  John  Alfred,born  at  Bath, 
1862,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  J.  K.  Spender 
and  of  Mrs.  Spender  (author  of  many 
novels).  He  was  educated  at  Bath  Col- 
lege and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  (M.A. 
1887).  He  was  editor  of  the  Eastern  Morn- 
ing Neios,  Hull,  1886-90,  assistant-editor 
of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  till  it  changed 
ownership  in  1892,  then  joined  the  staff  of 
the  Westminster  Gazette,  of  which  he  be- 
came editor  in  1896.  He  is  author  of  the 
"  State  and  Pensions  in  Old  Age"  (Social 
Science  Series),  and  "  The  New  Fiction 
and  other  Papers "  (by  the  "Philistine"), 
which  appeared  originally  in  the  West- 
minster Gazette.  The  humour  of  this  work 
depended  on  the  "Philistine's"  apparently 
assumed  ignorance  of  the  names  and 
reputations  of  the  best-known  younger 
men  in  the  world  of  art  and  letters.  He 
is  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society. 
His  brother,  Mr.  E.  Harold  Spender,  is  a 
journalist  and  author.  Address :  29  Cheyne 
Walk,  Chelsea. 

SPICER,  Albert,  M.P.,  J.P.,  is  the 
second  son  of  James  Spicer,  J.P.,  D.L., 
of  Woodford,  Essex,  and  was  born  in  1847. 
He  was  educated  at  Mill  Hill  School,  and 
privately  at  Heidelberg.  He  is  a  whole- 
sale stationer  and  manufacturer,  and  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  James  Spicer  and 
Sons,  which  has  seven  branches  in  prin- 
cipal towns  in  London,  &c,  and  the 
Colonies.  He  has  been  Liberal  M.P.  for 
the  Monmouth  District  since  1892,  is 
Treasurer  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society  and  of  Mansfield  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  Chairman  of  the  Congregational 
Union  of  England  and  Wales  in  1893,  and 
Joint  Chairman  of  the  London  Congrega- 
tional Union  in  1897.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  pamphlets  on  social  questions,  and 
was  member  of  special  deputations  on 
behalf  of  the  London  Missionary  Society 
to  India  in  1881-82,  and  to  the  Samoan 
Islands  in  1887-88.  He  also  accompanied 
the  late  Dr.  Dale  to  Australasia  on  behalf 
of  the  Congregational  Union.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  the  late  D.  Stewart 
Dykes,  Grove  Hill,  Surrey.  Address  :  10 
Lancaster  Gate,  W. 

SPIELHAGEN,  Friedrich,  a  German 
novelist,  was  born  at  Magdeburg,  Feb. 
24,  1829,  being  the  son  of  a  Government 
official.     At  an  early  age  he  accompanied 


his  father  to  Stralsund,  and  on  that  jour- 
ney the  sea  made  a  lasting  impression  on 
the  susceptible  mind  of  the  future  novelist, 
who  has  in  most  of  his  works  described 
life  and  incidents  at  sea  with  remarkable 
force  and  vividness.  In  1847  he  entered 
the  University  of  Berlin,  and  then  removed 
to  Bonn,  where  he  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  the  law  for  about  six  months,  and 
then  turned  his  attention  to  philological 
and  literary  studies,  which  he  pursued 
with  great  zeal  in  Berlin  and  at  Greifs- 
wald.  In  1854  he  settled  at  Leipzig, 
where  he  taught  in  the  Gymnasium,  but 
the  sudden  death  of  his  father  changed 
his  circumstances  and  prospects,  and  led 
to  his  adopting  literature  as  a  profession. 
Since  the  year  1854  he  has  brought  out, 
with  ever-increasing  success,  a  series  of 
novels,  which  have  gained  for  him  a  fore- 
most place  among  German  writers  of  fic- 
tion. His  larger  works  are  :  "  Problemati- 
cal Natures,"  1861  (9th  edit.  1880),  and  its 
sequel,  "Through  Night  to  Light,"  1862; 
"  Hammer  and  Anvil,"  1869  (8th  edit., 
1881) ;  "  Ever  Forward  !  "  1872  ;  "  What 
the  Swallow  Sang,"  1873;  and  "  Storm- 
Floods,"  1878.  He  has  also  written  :  "The 
Hohensteins,"  1864;  "Rank  and  File," 
1866  ;  "  Low  Land,"  1879  ;  and  "  Quisi- 
sana,"  1880.  Among  his  smaller  pieces 
are:  "Clara  Vere,"  1857;  "On  the 
Downs,"  1858;  "At  the  Twelfth  Hour," 
1863;  "The  Rose  of  the  Court,"  1864; 
"Hans  and  Margaret,"  a  village  story, 
1868;  "The  Village  Coquette,"  1869; 
"German  Pioneers,"  1870;  "Ultimo," 
1873  ;  "  The  Skeleton  in  the  House," 
1879  ;  and  "  Angela,"  1881 ;  two  comedies, 
"  Love  for  Love,"  1875,  and  "  Uhlenhanns," 
2  vols.,  1884,  a  family  romance,  with 
political  background  representing  the 
period  1830-40 ;  "  Die  schonen  Ameri- 
canerinnen,"  1885;  "Noblesse  Oblige," 
1888;  "A  New  Pharaoh,"  1889.  His 
poems  appeared  in  1891.  He  has  made 
translations  into  German  of  works  by 
Emerson,  Michaiet,  and  others.  In  1897 
he  published  "  Faustulus."  He  has  re- 
lated his  life  in  his  "Recollections,"  pub- 
lished in  1889. 

SPIELMANN,  Marion  H.,  born  in 
London  (7  Mecklenburg  Square)  on  May 
22,  1858,  son  of  Adam  Spielmann,  banker, 
of  Lombard  Street,  and,  later,  of  Here- 
ford House,  West  Brompton,  was  educated 
chiefly  at  University  College  School,  partly 
in  a  public  school  in  France,  and  finally  at 
University  College,  London,  which  he 
quitted  early  in  order  to  enter  upon  the 
profession  of  engineering.  This  he  re- 
linquished in  1883  in  order  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  study  of  literature  and  art,  and 
in  that  year  began  his  connection  with  the 
Pall  Mall   Gazette,  which  he   maintained 


SPIEBS  —  SPKENGEL 


1021 


until   1890.      In    1887   he   was   appointed 
editor  of  the  Magazine  of  Art,  and  on  the 
foundation  of  the  Daily  Graphic  was  in- 
vited to  become  art  critic  to  that  paper, 
contributing   at    the    same    time   to    the 
weekly  Graphic.     In  1890  he  accepted  the 
post  of  art  editor  of  Black  and  White,  of 
which  he  was    part    organiser,  but  from 
which  he  withdrew  in  1891,  on  account  of 
stress  of  work.     On  the  foundation  of  the 
Westminster  Gazette  he  became   a   regular 
contributor,  ultimately  discontinuing  at  a 
time  when  he  turned  attention  rather  to 
books,    reviews,   and   magazines   than    to 
regular  journalism,   in  respect   to  which, 
however,  he  remains   an  occasional    con- 
tributor    to     the    Daily     News,    Speaker, 
Literature,  as  well  as  to  the  Graphic  and 
Daily  Graphic.     In  respect  of  the  art  and 
the  art  politics  of  the  day,  he  is  a  con- 
tributor  to   the   Nineteenth  Century,   Con- 
temporary  Review,    National  Review,   Revue 
de  V Art  Ancien  et  Moderjie,  Scribner's  Maga- 
zine, &c,  and  an  occasional  correspondent 
of  the  Times.     He  is  a  prolific  contributor 
to  the  Magazine   of  Art,    which    he   still 
edits.     Several  of  his  writings  on  art  and 
literature  have  been  translated  into  French 
and  German.     In  1886  he  published,  as  a 
Pall  Mall  "extra,"  "The  Works  of  Mr.  G. 
F.  Watts,  R.A.,"  an  artist   on  whose   ex- 
tended artistic  biography  he  is  at  present 
engaged.      In   1891   he  published   "  Hen- 
riette  Ronner,"  of  which  a  second  edition 
was  issued  in  the  following  year;   "The 
History  of  Punch,"  Cassell  &  Co.,  1st  and 
2nd  edit.,  1895  ;  "  Millais  and  His  Works," 
Blackwood   &   Co.,   1896,    reprinted   with 
special  reference  to  the  Millais  Exhibition 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1898  ;  and  is  joint- 
author  of  "  The  Modern  Poster,"  Scrihner, 
1895  ;  and  editor  of  the  eighth  edition  of 
Professor    Unger's    "Belvedere    Gallery." 
He  is  a  Fellow  and  Member  of  Council  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  an  origi- 
nal Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Journalists, 
Member  of  the  Society  of  Authors,  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Literary  Fund,  Honorary 
Member  of  Artistic  Societies,  was  Working 
Member  of  the  Committee  of  the  Fine  Art 
Section  of  the  Brussels  International  Ex- 
hibition, and  assisted  in  inducing  Parlia- 
mentary inquiry  into  the    condition   and 
administration  of  the   South   Kensington 
Museum.       In    1880   he    married    Mabel, 
daughter  of  the  senior  partner  in  the  firm 
of  Samuel,  Montague,  &  Co.     Address  :  21 
Cadogan  Gardens,  S.W. 

SPIERS,     Victor    Julian     Taylor, 

B.es.L.,  M.A.,  Professor  of  French  lan- 
guage and  literature  at  King's  College, 
London,  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  Dr. 
Spiers,  the  author  of  the  famous  dic- 
tionary, and  was  born  in  1860.  He  was 
educated   at   the   Lyce'e  St.   Louis,  Paris, 


and  at  University  College,  Oxford.  In 
1881  he  obtained  the  Taylorian  Exhibition 
for  French,  and  two  years  afterwards  took 
his  degree,  with  honours,  in  the  School  of 
Modern  History.  From  1883  to  1885  he 
was  an  Assistant-Master  at  the  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  and  since  then  he  has  been 
Senior  French  Lecturer  at  "Wren's."  His 
works  include :  "  History  and  Literature  of 
France  in  Synoptic  Tables  and  Essays  "(Riv- 
ingtons) ; "  Rapid  Exercises  on  French  Gram- 
mar" (Rivingtons);  "Graduated  Course 
of  French  Prose  "  (Simpkin,  Marshall,  and 
Co.);  "  Drill  on  French  Accidence  and  the 
Essentials  of  Syntax"  ;  "  French  Vocabu- 
laries for  Repetition  "  (Simpkin,  Marshall, 
and  Co.);  "Practical  French  Primer" 
(Simpkin,  Marshall,  &  Co.) ;  "  Historical 
French  Grammar  and  Etymological  Lexi- 
con for  Schools  "  (Simpkin,  Marshall,  and 
Co.);  and  several  editions  of  Modern 
French  Classics.  He  has  been  Examiner 
in  French  to  the  University  of  London 
since  1893,  to  the  University  of  Wales  since 
its  foundation,  to  the  Victoria  University 
(1894-97),  to  the  London  Chamber  of 
Commerce  since  1893,  to  the  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  School  Examinations  Board, 
&c.  Since  the  foundation  of  the  Modern 
Language  Association  he  has  been  an 
active  member  of  its  committee,  and  is  on 
the  committee  of  the  Socie'te  Nationale 
du  Professeurs  de  Francais  ;  he  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Entente  Cordiale,  and  in 
the  summer  of  1899  received  the  guests 
at  an  At  Home  given  by  this  Society,  at 
which  Mme.  Bernhardt  and  many  other 
distinguished  visitors  were  present.  In 
1895  he  was  decorated  an  Officier  de 
l'lnstruction  Publique.  In  1891  he  mar- 
ried Florence,  daughter  of  the  late  George 
Mathews,  of  Streatham.  Address :  75 
Lancaster  Road,  North  Kensington,  W. 

SPEENGEL,  Hermann  Johann 
Philipp,  Dr.phil.  (Heidelberg,  1858); 
F.R.S.  (London,  1878) ;  Royal  Prussian  Pro- 
fessor, 1893  ;  was  born  on  Aug.  29,  1834, 
at  Schillerslage,  near  Hanover,  in  Germany, 
where  his  father  owned  a  property,  and 
received  his  education  first  at  the  family 
home,  by  a  private  tutor,  later  at  school 
in  the  town  of  Hanover,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  the  Universities  of  GSttingen 
and  Heidelberg,  where  he  studied  natural 
sciences  (chemistry  and  physics  in  par- 
ticular), and  took  his  degree  Aug.  2,  1858 
( "  Examine  rigoroso  summa  cum  laude 
superato  ").  Coming  to  England  early  in 
1859,  he  engaged  in  research  work  with  the 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  University 
of  Oxford  till  the  middle  of  1862  ;  after 
which  he  settled  in  London,  engaged  in 
research  work  at  the  laboratories  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Chemistry,  Guy's  and 
St.    Bartholomew's     Hospitals,    till     the 


1022 


SPKENGEL 


autumn  of  1864  ;  and  since  then  in  work 
more  or  less  connected  with  his  inventions 
and  discoveries.  These,  with  some  omis- 
sions, are  :  "  Tiber  einen  neuen  Lothrohr- 
apparat,"  Pogg.  Ann.,  B.  cxii.,  1861  ;  "On 
the  Detection  of  Nitric  Acid,"  Jour.  C'hem. 
Soc,  1863  ;  "  Researches  on  the  Vacuum," 
ibid.,  1865  ;  "  On  Determining  the  Weight 
of  Heterogeneous  Liquids,"  ibid.,  1866; 
"  Improvements  in  Explosive  Compounds," 
Engl,  Pat.,  No.  921  and  No.  2642,  1871  ; 
"The  Water  Air-pump,"  Phil.  Mag.,  1873  ; 
"  An  Air-bath  of  Constant  Temperature 
between  100°  and  200°  C,"  Jour.  Chen.  Soc, 
1873  :  "  A  Method  of  Determining  the 
Specific  Gravity  of  Liquids  with  Ease  and 
great  Exactness,"  ibid.,  1873;  "A  New 
Class  of  Explosives,  which  are  Non-ex- 
plosive during  their  Manufacture,  Storage, 
and  Transport,"  ibid.,  1873  ;  "Use  of  the 
Atomiser  or  Spray-Producer  in  the  Manu- 
facture of  Sulphuric  Acid,"  Engl.  Pat.,  No. 
3189, 1873,  and  Chem.  News,  1875  ;  "  Spren- 
gel's  Vacuum  Pump,  commonly  called 
Bunsen's  Pump"  (London, E.&  F.  N.  Spon), 
1881;  "Notes  on  so-called  Panclastite," 
Chem.  News,  1886;  "The  Hell  Gate  Ex- 
plosion near  New  York  and  so-called 
'Kackarock,'  "  Chem.  News,  1885  ;  "  Use  of 
Exhaust  Steam  in  the  Production  of  Sul- 
phuric Acid,"  Engl.  Pat.,  No.  10,798,  1886, 
and  Chem.  News,  1887.  The  aiQre  import- 
ant among  these  refer  to  the  two  exl*eia«s- 
in  the  gaseous  state  of  matter — to  vacua 
and  detonating  agents.  As  to  vacua  he 
discovered  a  new  method  of  producing 
them,  viz.,  by  the  fall  of  water  or  mercury 
in  tubes,  a  method  distinguished  by  its 
convenience  and  effectiveness.  Thus  we 
see,  Chemical  News,  vol.  xxix.,  p.  125,  that 
in  1870  his  mercury  air-pump  produced 
vacua  so  nearly  perfect  that  the  trace  of 
air  remaining  in  the  exhausted  vessel 
amounted  to  only  Trrnrwinnr  PaJ"t  oi  its  ori- 
ginal volume,  leaving  for  further  cultiva- 
tion that  field  which  lies  between  Tnr7F5Trinnj 
and  0.  The  eyes  of  the  scientific  world 
turned  towards  this  instrument  in  1866, 
after  the  late  Prof.  Graham,  Master  of  the 
Mint,  had  bestowed  upon  it  (anent  his  then 
newly-discovered  occluded  gases)  the  fol- 
lowing encomium:  "The  pneumatic  in- 
strument of  Dr.  Sprengel  is  peculiarly  ap- 
plicable to  researches  of  the  present  kind. 
Indeed,  without  the  use  of  his  invention 
some  parts  of  the  inquiry  would  have 
been  practically  impossible  "  (Philosophi- 
cal Transactions,  vol.  clvi.,  p.  408).  Since 
then  this  instrument  has  become  a  most 
useful  servant  both  in  science  and  industry, 
and  has  been  singularly  productive  of 
further  important  results,  which  to  enume- 
rate fully  we  have  no  space.  Suffice  it  to 
point  to  a  few,  e.g.,  to  Bunsen's  filtering 
process,  to  Crookes's  radiometer-work, 
and   to   Edison  and  Swan's  incandescent 


vacuum-lamp   industry.     Prof.  Sprengel's 
researches  on  explosives  can  likewise  be 
only  briefly  referred  to  here.     He  was  the 
first  to  shake  our  old  belief  in  water  as 
an  infallible  means  of  rendering  explosives 
non-combustible,  by  virtue  of  his  patents 
of  1871,  which  announced  the  explosibility 
of  certain  nitro-compound  solutions,  when 
fired    by  a  detonating  fuse.     These  solu- 
tions contain  water  up  to  15  per  cent.    He 
was  the  first  also  who  described  the  method 
(Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  1873,  pp.   806  and  807) 
now     called      "cumulative     detonation" 
(  Witt's  Prometheus,  Berlin,  R.  Muckenberger, 
1892,  p.  230),  by  means  of  which  all  semi- 
sensitive  explosives,  if  explodable  by  con- 
cussion   (such   as   wet  gun-cotton,  i.e.,  a 
nitro-compound  with  15  per  cent,  of  water), 
may  readily  be  exploded,   and  by  means 
of  which  every  charge  of  wet  gun-cotton 
has  since  been  exploded  up  to  the  present. 
As   wet   gun-cotton  is  now  employed  on 
an  extensive  scale  for  military  and  naval 
purposes,  Sprengel's  cumulative  detonation 
and  first  use  of  a,  hydrated  explosive  have 
attained  a  high  degree  of  practical  import- 
ance.    He  was  the  first  to  draw  attention 
(in  1873)  to  Picric  Acid  (Melinite,  Lyddite) 
as  "a  powerful  explosive  when  fired  by  a 
detonator"  ("The  Inventor  of  Melinite," 
Standard,  April  10,  1899).     At  the  present 
time  this  material  is  largely  used  as  a  de- 
_£onating    charge    for    shells,    which,    by 
virtueSf — fciretr    prodigious    force,   have 
greatly  raised  the  influence  of  artillery  in 
modern  warfare.     Witness  "the  absolute 
havoc   which  was   made   of   the   Mahdi's 
tomb  at  great  ranges"  bv  Lyddite  shells 
(Times,  Sept.  11,  1890,  and  Sept.  9,  1898). 
He    was    the    first    who    described    and 
patented   in    England   a  number  of  sub- 
stances called  Safety-explosives,  consisting 
either  of  two  liquids  or  of  a  liquid  and  a 
solid,   which   are  non-explosive  by  them- 
selves, but  become  explosive  when  mixed, 
and   are   known   as   Hellhoffite,   Oxonite, 
Panclastite,  Rackarock,  &c.    The  latter  one 
in   particular,   consisting   of   79   parts   of 
potassium  chlorate  and  21  parts  of  nitro- 
benzol,    has   recently  become    famous   in 
America,  for  it  was  chosen  by  Gen.  John 
Newton,  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.S.  army,  to 
rack   a   rock  called   Flood   Rock,   which, 
covering  an  area  of  nine  acres,  obstructed 
Hell  Gate,  an  entry  to  the  harbour  of  New 
York.      The    mine   excavated  underneath 
this  rock  was  charged  with   107  tons  of 
"  rackarock,"  primed  by  22  tons  of  dyna- 
mite,   and    the    whole  enormous  charge 
(costing   £22,190),   was  successfully  fired 
Oct.  10, 1885.     The  explosion  which  ensued 
produced  an  earth-tremor  of  one  minute's 
duration,  felt  at  a  distance  of  185  miles, 
and  will  be  remembered  as  the  greatest  of 
its  kind  as  yet  recorded.     Address ;  Savile 
Club,  107  Piccadilly,  London,  W. 


SPKIGG  —  STAIR 


1023 


SPRIGrG,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir  John 
Gordon,  K.C.M.G.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  was 
born  at  Ipswich,  Suffolk,  in  1830,  and  is 
the  son  of  a  Baptist  minister.  He  went 
to  the  Cape  Colony  in  1858,  owing  to  ill- 
health,  and  worked  there  as  a  journalist 
for  eleven  years.  He  was  first  returned  to 
the  House  of  Assembly  in  1869.  He  was 
Colonial  Secretary  and  Prime  Minister, 
1878-81  ;  Treasurer,  1884-86,  when  he 
became  Premier  for  the  second  time.  In 
1888  he  presided  over  a  Free-Trade  Con- 
ference of  delegates  from  Cape  Colony, 
Natal,  and  the  Orange  Free  State,  at 
which  the  project  of  a  South  African 
Federation  was  discussed.  In  1890  he 
was  succeeded  as  Premier  by  Mr.  Cecil 
Ehodes,  under  whom  he  became  Finance 
Minister  in  1892.  On  Mr.  Ehodes's  retire- 
ment in  January  1896,  Sir  Gordon  Sprigg 
became  Premier  for  a  third  term.  He  was 
defeated  at  the  polls  in  1898,  when  Mr. 
Schreiner  (q.v. )  took  office  by  a  majority 
of  one.  He  is  a  staunch  Imperialist,  and 
was  made  a  Privy  Councillor  in  1887. 
Address  :  The  Gardens,  Cape  Town. 

STACK,  The  Right  Rev.  Charles 
Maurice,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Clogher, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1848,  M.A.  in 
1858,  and  D.D.  in  1875.  He  was  ordained 
in  1848,  and  became  Curate  of  Lack, 
co.  Fermanagh.  He  held  the  Rectory  of 
Tydavnel,  co.  Monaghan,  from  1871  to 
1873,  became  Rector  of  Monaghan,  and 
Archdeacon  of  Clogher  in  1873,  and  was 
in  1866  elected  Bishop  of  Clogher,  being 
consecrated  in  Armagh  Cathedral  in  the 
same  year.  Address :  Knockballymore, 
Clones,  Ireland. 

STACPOOLE,  Frederick,  A.R.A.,  is 
almost  the  last  representative  of  the  old 
school  of  engravers.  He  has  engraved, 
among  many  other  important  pictures, 
Briton  Riviere's  "Circe."  His  latest  pic- 
tures at  the  Royal  Academy  have  been  "  In 
the  Doldrums,"  1896;  "An  Anxious  Mo- 
ment," 1897;  "A  Glimpse  of  the  Sea," 
1898;  "  Baby's  First  Voyage,"  1899.  Ad- 
dress :  249  King  Street  West,  Hammer- 
smith. 

STAINER,  Sir  John,  M.A.,  Mus. 
Doc,  D.C.L.,  was  born  in  1840,  and  is 
the  son  of  a  schoolmaster  in  South- 
wark ;  he  was  a  chorister  at  St.  Paul's 
between  1847  and  1856.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  became  organist  to  St.  Michael's 
College,  Tenbury,  then  recently  founded 
by  the  late  Sir  F.  G.  Ouseley ;  and  three 
years  afterwards  he  was  at  the  early  age 
of  nineteen  made  organist  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.   He  seized  the  opportunity 


of  graduating  in  arts  as  well  as  in  music, 
proceeding  to   Mus.    Bac.  in   1859,    B.A. 
1863,     Mus.     Doc.    1865,    M.A.    1866.     In 
1860  Dr.  Stainer  had  been  appointed  or- 
ganist of   the  University  Church  by  the 
then  Vice-Chancellor,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jeune, 
late  Bishop  of  Peterborough,  and  he  held 
this   appointment,    together  with  the  or- 
ganistship  of  Magdalen,  until  1872,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir  John  Goss 
as  organist  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London, 
which  post  he  resigned  early  in  1888.     He 
has  composed  a  large  number  of  anthems 
and  Church  services,  as  well  as  songs  of  a 
secular  character,  a  Treatise  on  Harmony, 
educational  Primers   on  Harmony,   Com- 
position, and  the  Organ.     Jointly  with  W. 
A.  Barrett  he  has  published  a  "Dictionary 
of    Musical    Terms,"     is    joint-editor     of 
"  Carols  New  and  Old,"  with  the  Rev.  H. 
R.  Bramley,  and  with  the  Rev.  W.  Russell, 
of  the  "  Cathedral  Prayer-Book."     He  has 
achieved  a  high  reputation  as  a  scientific 
musician.     A  cantata  by  Dr.  Stainer,  "  The 
Daughter  of   Jairus,"  was  composed  for, 
and  produced  at,  the  Worcester  Festival, 
1878.     In  the  same  year  he  was  nominated 
by  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  one  of  the 
jurors  of  the  Exhibition  in  Paris,  and  when 
it  was  closed  he  was  made  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.     In  1883  his  can- 
tata, "  St.  Mary  Magdalen,"  was  produced 
at  the  Gloucester  Festival.     In  the  same 
year  Dr.  Stainer  was  appointed  Inspector 
of  Music  to  the  Education  Department  in 
the  place  of  the  late  Dr.  Hullah,  and  also 
had   the   honour   of   being   nominated    a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Music   by    H.RH.    the  Prince  of 
Wales.      In  1885  Dr.  Stainer  received  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Doc,  and  in  1895  that  of 
D.  C.L., honoris  causd,  fromtheUniversity  of 
Durham.     In  1888  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood,  and  in  1889  was  appointed 
Professor   of   Music   in  the  University  of 
Oxford,  as  successor  to  Sir  F.  G.  Ouseley, 
deceased.     He  is  an  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  one  of  the 
Vice-Presidents  of  "he  Royal   College  of 
Organists,   and  President  of   the  Musical 
Association.     In  1893  he  received  the  dis- 
tinction  of    being   elected    an    Honorary 
Fellow   of   Magdalen  College,   Oxon.      In 
July  1899,   he  was  entertained  at  dinner 
by  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  to 
commemorate  the  completion  of  the  fiftieth 
year  of  his  association  with  the  Cathedral. 
Addresses  :  10  South  Parks  Road,  Oxford  ; 
and  Athenseum. 

STAIR,  Earl  of,  John  Hamilton 
Dalrymple,  Bart.,  K.T.,  D.L.,  LL.D., 
was  born  on  April  1,  1819,  and  is  the  son 
of  the  9th  Earl,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1864,  and  Margaret,  daughter  of  James 
Penny,  of  Arrad,  Lanes.    He  was  educated 


1024 


STALBEIDGE  —  STANFORD 


at  Harrow,  and  as  John  H.  Dalrymple 
and  afterwards  as  Viscount  Dalrymple, 
represented  Wigtownshire  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  1841  to  1856,  was  Lord  High 
Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland  from  1869  to 
1871,  was  at  one  time  Captain  in  the 
Scots  Guards,  was  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Ayrshire  from  1870  to  1897,  has  been 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Wigtownshire  since 
1851,  Chancellor  of  Glasgow  University 
since  1884,  and  is  Chairman  of  the  Bank 
of  Scotland  and  Major-General  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Archers.  He  was  created 
a  Knight  of  the  Thistle  in  1865.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1846,  the  late  Louisa  Jane  Hen- 
rietta Emily  de  Franquelot,  daughter  of 
the  Due  de  Coigny,  and  grand-daughter 
of  Sir  Hew  Dalrymple  Hamilton,  Bart. 
She  died  in  1896.  Addresses  :  Lochinch, 
Castle  Kennedy,  Wigtownshire ;  Oxenfoord 
Castle,  Midlothian. 

STALBRIDGE,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  Richard  de  Aquila  Grosvenor, 

Chairman  of  the  London  and  North- 
western Railway,  was  born  at  Motcombe 
House  on  Jan.  28,  1837,  and  is  the  second 
son  of  the  2nd  Marquis  of  Westminster, 
and  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of  the  1st 
Duke  of  Sutherland.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  was  Liberal  M.P.  for  Flintshire 
from  1861  to  1886  ;  Chief  Liberal  Whip, 
1880-86  ;  Vice-Chamberlain  of  the  Queen's 
Household,  1872-74;  Patronage  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury,  1880-85.  He  was  created 
Lord  Stalbridge  in  1886,  and  sworn  of  the 
Privy  Council  in  1872.  Since  1891  he  has 
been  Chairman  of  the  L.  andN.  W.  R.  He 
married  (2),  in  1897,  Eleanor  Frances  B.  H., 
daughter  of  the  late  Robert  H.  Stubber, 
of  Moyne,  Queen's  Co.  Addresses  :  Mot- 
combe House,  Shaftesbury ;  and  32  Queens- 
borough  Terrace,  W. 

STALKER,  James,  M.A.  Edinburgh, 
D.D.  Glasgow  and  Yale,  was  born  at 
Crieff,  Perthshire,  on*  Feb.  21,  1848,  and 
educated  there,  and  at  Edinburgh,  Berlin, 
and  Halle.  He  was  appointed  minister  of 
St.  Brycedale  Church,  Kirkcaldy,  1874  ;  of 
Free  St.  Matthew's,  Glasgow,  1897  ;  and 
delivered  the  Lyman  Beecher  Lectures  on 
Preaching  at  Yale  University,  U.S.A.,  in 
1891.  He  has  been  appointed  Cunning- 
ham Lecturer  for  1899  in  Edinburgh. 
His  published  works  include  :  "  The  Life 
of  Jesus  Christ,"  1879  ;  "  The  Life  of  St. 
Paul,"  1884;  "Imago  Christi,"  1889; 
"  The  Preacher  and  his  Models,"  1891  ; 
"The  Trial  and  Death  of  Jesus,"  1894; 
"  The  Two  St.  Johns,"  1895  ;  which  books 
have  been  translated  into  many  languages. 
He  is  married  to  Charlotte  Melville,  daugh- 
ter of  Francis  Brown-Douglas,  of   Edin- 


burgh.    Address :  6  Claremont  Gardens, 
Glasgow. 

STAMER,  The  Right  Rev.  Sir 
Lovelace  Tomlinson,  Bart.,  Bishop  of 
Shrewsbury,  Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of 
Lichfield,  was  born  in  York  on  Oct.  18, 
1829,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1853,  after  being  placed  in  the  second 
class  of  the  Classical  Tripos ;  M.A.  in  1856, 
and  D.D.  in  1888.  He  was  curate  of  Clay 
Cross,  Derbyshire,  in  1853 ;  of  Turvey, 
Beds.,  in  1854  ;  and  of  Long  Melford, 
Suffolk,  in  1856-58.  From  that  year  to 
1892  he  was  Rector  of  Stoke-upon-Trent, 
and  from  1858  to  1888  he  was  Rural  Dean, 
and  from  1877  to  1888  Archdeacon  of 
Stoke-upon-Trent.  In  1875  he  became  a 
Prebendary  of  Lichfield  Cathedral,  and 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Shrewsbury  in 
1888,  and  Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of 
Lichfield.  In  1892  he  was  presented  to 
the  Vicarage  of  St.  Chad,  Shrewsbury, 
and  was  thence  transferred  to  the  Rectory 
of  Edgmond,  Salop,  in  1896.  He  married 
Ellen,  daughter  of  Joseph  Dent,  Ribston 
Hall,  Yorks.,  in  1857.  Address  :  Edgmond 
Rectory,  Newport,  Salop. 

STANFORD,  Professor  Charles 
Villiers,  M.A.,  Mus.D.,  D.C.L.,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  John  Stanford,  Esq., 
Examiner  to  the  Irish  Court  of  Chancery, 
and  Mary,  third  daughter  of  William 
Henn,  Esq.,  Master  in  Chancery.  He  was 
born  in  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 1852,  and  received 
his  first  musical  instruction  from  Mr.  A. 
O'Leary  and  Sir  E.  P.  Stewart.  In  1870 
he  matriculated  at  Queen's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, but  shortly  afterwards  migrated 
to  Trinity,  where,  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
J.  L.  Hopkins  in  1873,  he  was  elected  or- 
ganist of  the  College,  a  post  he  has  re- 
tained ever  since.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  appointed  conductor  of  the  University 
Musical  Society.  In  1874  Dr.  Stanford 
graduated  in  classical  honours,  and  shortly 
afterwards  studied  music  at  Leipzig  under 
Reinecke,  and  in  Berlin  under  Kiel.  His 
principal  compositions  up  to  1876  are  a 
setting  of  Klopstock's  Hymn  "  Die  Aufer- 
stehung "  (op.  5),  incidental  music  to 
Tennyson's  "Queen  Mary"  (op.  6),  and 
a  setting  of  the  46th  Psalm  (op.  8),  first 
performed  by  the  Cambridge  University 
Musical  Society  in  1876.  In  1877  Dr. 
Stanford  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  In  the 
same  year  an  Overture  by  him  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Gloucester  Festival,  and  a 
Symphony  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  The 
next  few  years  were  devoted  to  the 
writing  of  various  chamber  compositions, 
two  church  services,  one  of  which  was 
written  for  the  Festival  of  the  Sons  of  the 
Clergy  in  1880,  and  a  grand  opera,  "The 


STANFORD 


1025 


Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan  "  (libretto  by 
W.  Barclay  Squire),  which  was  produced 
at  Hanover,  Feb.  6,  1881.  In  1882  an 
Elegiac  Symphony  was  performed  at  Cam- 
bridge, a  Choral  Hymn  (op.  16)  to  words 
by  Klopstock  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and 
an  Orchestral  Serenade  (op.  17)  at  the 
Birmingham  Festival.  Shortly  afterwards 
he  published  a  collection  of  old  Irish  songs. 
At  the  opening  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Music  Dr.  Stanford  was  appointed  Profes- 
sor of  Composition  and  Orchestral  playing, 
and  in  1883  the  honorary  degree  of  Mus. 
Doc.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  In  1884  he  produced 
two  new  operas,  "  Savonarola  "  at  Ham- 
burg, and  (within  a  fortnight)  "  The 
Canterbury  Pilgrims "  at  Drury  Lane ; 
the  librettos  of  both  works  were  by  G. 
A.  A'Beckett.  The  same  year  witnessed 
the  production  at  the  Norwich  Festival 
of  a  setting  of  Walt  Whitman's  Elegiac 
Ode  for  Abraham  Lincoln  (op.  21),  three 
Cavalier  songs  (words  by  Robert  Browning) 
(op.  18),  and  a  pianoforte  sonata  (op.  20), 
played  at  the  Monday  Popular  Concerts. 
In  1885  Dr.  Stanford  was  elected  Conductor 
of  the  Bach  Choir.  His  oratorio  "  The 
Three  Holy  Children "  (op.  22)  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Birmingham  Festival,  and 
his  music  to  the  "  Eumenides  "  (op.  23) 
of  iEschylus  at  the  performance  of  the 
play  at  Cambridge.  His  choral  setting  of 
Tennyson's  ballad,  "  The  Revenge  "  (op. 
24),  was  performed  at  the  Leeds  Festival 
of  1886,  and  a  pianoforte  quintet  (op.  25), 
at  the  Monday  Popular  Concerts.  In  1887 
he  set  to  music  the  "  Carmen  Sfeculare " 
of  Lord  Tennyson,  which  was  performed 
at  a  State  Concert  with  Madame  Albani  as 
solo  soprano.  The  same  artist  sang  the 
principal  part  in  a  setting  of  the  150th 
Psalm,  written  expressly  for  the  opening 
of  the  Manchester  Exhibition  of  the  same 
year.  Dr.  Richter  conducted  the  first 
performance  of  his  "  Irish  "  Symphony 
(op.  28),  and  the  following  autumn  his 
music  to  the  "  (Edipus  Rex"  (op.  29)  of 
Sophocles  was  given  at  Cambridge.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  was  elected  Professor  of 
Music  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  in 
succession  to  Sir  George  Macfarren.  In 
January  1888  Professor  Stanford  conducted 
at  Berlin  his  fourth  Symphony  in  F  (op. 
31),  on  which  occasion  also  Dr.  Joachim 
played  a  Violin  Suite  with  orchestral  ac- 
companiment (op.  32).  His  setting  of 
Tennyson's  "Voyage  of  Maeldune"  was 
produced  at  the  Leeds  Festival  of  the 
same  year.  An  oratorio,  "Eden,"  of 
which  the  poem  was  written  by  Mr. 
Robert  Bridges,  was  produced  at  the 
Birmingham  Festival  of  1891.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  French  Soci^te"  de  Com- 
positeurs de   Musique,   and   received   the 


diploma  of  honorary  membership  of  the 
Beethoven-Haus  at  Bonn.  A  ballad  for 
chorus  and  orchestra,  "  The  Battle  of  the 
Baltic"  (op.  41),  was  given  at  the  Here- 
ford Festival  of  the  same  year.  The  year 
1892  saw  the  production  of  two  string 
quartets  (op.  44  and  45),  and  a  sonata  for 
violoncello  and  piano  (op.  39),  and  two  sets 
of  part  songs.  In  1893  he  wrote  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Swinburne  an  ode, 
"East  to  West,"  for  the  Chicago  Exhibi- 
tion, which  was  first  given  in  the  Albert 
Hall ;  and  a  Mass  in  G  major  (op.  46). 
He  was  requested  by  Mr.  Henry  Irving  to 
write  the  incidental  music  for  the  produc- 
tion of  Lord  Tennyson's  tragedy,  "Becket," 
for  the  Lyceum.  He  also  published  a 
further  set  of  thirty  Irish  Songs  and 
Ballads.  His  first  opera,  "The  Veiled 
Prophet,"  was  given  for  the  first  time 
in  England  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre  in 
July  1893.  On  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee 
of  the  Cambridge  University  Musical  So- 
ciety in  June  1893,  when  Saint  Saens, 
Bruch,  Tschaikowsky,  and  Boito  conducted 
their  own  compositions  and  received  hono- 
rary degrees  from  the  University,  Profes- 
sor Stanford  resigned  the  conductorship 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  London.  His 
six  Irish  Fantasies  for  Violin  were  pro- 
duced in  London  in  1894.  In  the  same 
year  the  University  of  Durham  conferred 
upon  him,  in  conjunction  with  Lord  Leigh- 
ton  and  Sir  Hubert  (then  Dr.  Hubert)  Parry, 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  A  setting 
of  Gray's  ode,  "  The  Bard  "  (op.  50),  was 
first  given  at  the  Cardiff  Festival  of  1895, 
and  in  the  same  year  his  fifth  symphony, 
"  L'Allegro  ed  il  Penseroso,"  was  pro- 
duced by  the  Philharmonic  Society,  and  a 
Pianoforte  Concerto  (op.  59)  was  played 
by  Mr.  Borwick  at  the  Richter  concerts. 
Both  these  works  formed  part  of  a  concert 
of  English  music  conducted  by  Mr.  Stan- 
ford at  Berlin  in  December  of  that  year. 
His  Irish  opera  "  Shamus  O'Brien  "  was 
produced  at  the  Opera  Comique  in  the 
spring  of  1896,  and  after  a  long  run  both 
in  London  and  the  provinces,  was  given  in 
New  York  and  other  American  cities.  At 
the  Norwich  Festival  of  the  same  year  his 
choral  ballad  "  Phaudrig  Coshone"  (op. 
59)  was  first  given.  His  most  recent 
works  have  been  a  Requiem  (op.  63),  com- 
posed in  memory  of  Lord  Leighton,  first 
performed  at  the  Birmingham  Festival  of 
1897,  repeated  by  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Music  and  the  Bach  Choir  in  London,  and 
the  Apollo  Club  at  Chicago  ;  a  String 
Quartet,  No.  3  (op.  64),  composed  for  the 
Joachim  quartet,  and  given  by  them  both 
in  Berlin  and  London  ;  a  Cycle  of  Songs 
from  Tennyson's  "  Princess,"  for  vocal 
quartet  ;  and  a  Te  Deum  in  honour  of  her 
Majesty's  Diamond  Jubilee  (Leeds  Festival 
of  1898).     In  1897  Mr.  Stanford  was  ap- 

3t 


1026 


STANLEY 


pointed  Conductor  of  the  Leeds  Philhar- 
monic Society,  and  besides  other  concerts 
directed  the  Festival  given  to  the  foreign 
guests  of  the  Society  of  Naval  Architects. 
In  the  winter  of  the  same  year  he  con- 
ducted two  of  his  symphonies  at  Amster- 
dam, and  directed  one  of  the  series  of 
international  concerts,  devoted  to  music 
of  the  British  school,  given  by  the  Concerts 
Ysiiye  at  Brussels.  He  married  Jennie, 
fourth  daughter  of  the  late  Champion 
Welton,  Joldwynds,  Surrey.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum  under 
Rule  2.  Addresses  :  50  Holland  Street, 
Kensington,  W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

STANLEY,  Lord,  Edward  George 
Villiers,  M.P.,  J. P.,  D.L.,  Junior  Lord  of 
the  Treasury,  was  born  on  April  4,  1865, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  and  heir  of  the 
16th  Earl  of  Derby  and  Lady  Constance 
Villiers,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Clarendon.  He  was  educated  at  Wel- 
lington College,  entered  the  2nd  Battalion 
Grenadier  Guards,  and  retired  with  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant  in  1896,  and  was  A.D.C. 
to  his  father,  then  Governor-General  of 
Canada,  from  1889  to  1891.  In  1892  he  was 
returned  to  Parliament  as  Conservative 
member  for  the  West  Houghton  Division 
of  Lanes.,  and  in  1895  was  appointed  a 
Lord  of  the  Treasury.  He  is  a  J.  P.  and 
D.L.  for  Lancashire.  In  1889  he  married 
Lady  Alice  Maude  Olivia  Montagu, 
daughter  of  the  7th  Duke  of  Manches- 
ter. Addresses :  36  Great  Cumberland 
Place,  Hyde  Park,  W.  ;  and  Coworth  Park, 
Sunningdale,  Berks. 

STANLEY,  The  Hon.  Edward 
Lyulph,  was  born  in  London  on  May  16, 
1839,  and  is  the  son  of  the  2nd  Lord 
Stanley  of  Alderley,  and  heir  to  his  brother, 
the  3rd  Baron.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  second  class  in 
Classical  Moderations,  and  a  first  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.,  1861.  In  1862  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  his  College.  In  1865  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
in  1872  was  appointed  Assistant- Commis- 
sioner on  the  Friendly  Societies  Commis- 
sion. In  1880  he  was  returned  to  the 
House  of  Commons  as  Liberal  M.P.  for 
Oldham,  and  represented  that  constituency 
until  1885.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  on  the  Housing  of  the 
Poor,  1884 ;  on  Elementary  Education, 
1887  ;  and  was  a  Commissioner  to  investi- 
gate the  Royal  Liver  Friendly  Society  and 
Cardiff  Savings  Bank.  In  1895  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Departmental 
Committee  on  London  Poor-Law  Schools. 
He  has  long  been  keenly  interested  in 
primary  education,  has  sat  on  the  London 
School  Board   almost   continuously   since 


1876,  and  still  represents  the  Marylebone 
Division.  He  may  be  said,  we  are  in- 
formed on  the  authority  of  one  of  his  most 
influential  colleagues,  to  have  latterly 
devoted  all  his  life  to  the  work  of  the 
London  School  Board,  where  his  mastery 
of  the  detail  of  440  schools  is,  owing  to 
his  marvellous  memory  and  energy,  com- 
plete. He  married,  in  1873,  Mary,  daughter 
of  Sir  Isaac  Lowthian  Bell,  Bart.  Address : 
18  Mansfield  Street,  W. 

STANLEY,  Sir  Henry  Morton, 
G.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  African  explorer, 
was  born  near  Denbigh,  in  Wales,  on 
Jan.  28,  1841.  When  three  years  of 
age  he  was  placed  in  the  poor-house 
of  St.  Asaph,  where  he  remained  ten 
years,  and  received  an  education  which 
enabled  him  to  teach  in  a  school.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  sailed  as  cabin- 
boy  in  a  vessel  bound  for  New  Orleans. 
Here  he  was  adopted  by  a  merchant 
named  Stanley,  whose  name  he  took 
in  place  of  his  original  one,  which  was 
John  Rowlands.  His  patron  died  without 
leaving  a  will,  and  young  Stanley  was  left 
to  his  own  resources.  He  enlisted  in  the 
Confederate  army,  was  made  a  prisoner, 
and  subsequently  joined  the  Federal  navy, 
serving  as  acting  ensign  on  the  Ticonderoga. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  went  to 
Turkey  as  a  newspaper  correspondent,  and 
in  1867  was  sent  by  the  New  York  Herald 
as  its  correspondent  with  the  British  army 
in  Abyssinia,  and  subsequently  travelled 
in  Spain  and  elsewhere  for  the  same  paper. 
He  was  finally  sent  by  the  conductor  of 
the  Herald  to  find  Dr.  Livingstone,  of 
whom  nothing  had  been  heard  for  more 
than  two  years.  Stanley  sailed  from  Bom- 
bay in  October  1870,  and  reached  Zanzi- 
bar, on  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  early  in 
January  1871,  and  on  Nov.  10  found 
Livingstone  at  Ujiji,  on  Lake  Tanganyika, 
where  he  had  just  arrived  from  the  south- 
west. Stanley  furnished  him  with  sup- 
plies, explored  the  northern  part  of  Lake 
Tanganyika  with  him,  and  remained  until 
February  1872,  when  Livingstone  started 
on  the  journey  from  which  he  never  re- 
turned, and  Stanley  made  his  way  back  to 
Europe,  reaching  England  in  July  1872. 
Here  he  was  received  with  great  en- 
thusiasm, was  publicly  entertained,  and 
presented  by  her  Majesty  with  a  gold 
snuff-box  set  with  diamonds,  and  by  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  (1873)  with 
the  patron's  Gold  Medal.  The  iclat  of  his 
first  expedition  induced  the  conductors  of 
the  New  York  Herald  and  of  the  London 
Daily  Telegraph  to  send  him,  at  their  own 
expense,  on  another  African  Expedition. 
He  reached  Zanzibar  in  the  autumn  of 
1874,  and  learning  that  Livingstone  was 
dead,  resolved  to  go  north-westward  and 


STANMOEE 


1027 


explore  the  region  of  Lake  Victoria 
N'yanza.  This,  after  many  encounters 
with  the  natives  and  the  loss  by  death 
or  desertion  of  104  men  out  of  300,  he 
reached  in  February  1875,  and  found  it  to 
be  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the 
globe,  having  an  area  of  40,000  square 
miles.  He  then  pushed  westward  towards 
Lake  Albert  N'yanza,  and  was  able  to 
satisfy  himself  that  it  was  not,  as  had 
been  generally  supposed,  connected  with 
Lake  Tanganyika.  Forced  by  the  hos- 
tility of  the  natives  to  return  to  Ujiji,  he 
determined  to  descend  the  great  river 
discovered  by  Livingstone,  and  believed 
by  him  to  be  the  Nile,  but  which  others 
thought  was  the  Congo  (and  Stanley  by 
this  journey  ascertained  it  was).  It  had 
been  named  by  Livingstone  the  Luillaba, 
but  by  Stanley  it  was  named  the  Living- 
stone. The  descent,  chiefly  by  canoes, 
occupied  him  eight  months,  coit  him  the 
lives  of  thirty-live  men,  and  was  accom- 
plished under  the  greatest  difficulties  and 
privations.  On  reaching  a  settlement  on 
the  coast,  a  Portuguese  national  vessel 
took  him  to  St.  Paul  de  Loanda,  whence 
an  English  vessel  conveyed  the  party  to 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  thence  to 
Zanzibar.  Here  his  men  were  left  at  their 
home  ;  and  Stanley  reached  England  in 
February  1878.  He  has  published  an 
account  of  his  first  expedition,  under  the 
title  of  "  How  I  Found  Livingstone,"  1872. 
Of  his  second  expedition  an  account  is 
given  in  "  Through  the  Dark  Continent," 
1878  (abridged  edition,  1885).  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  French  Geographical  Society 
presented  the  Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  to  Mr.  Stanley  at  the 
Sorbonne,  Paris,  June  28,  1878.  In  1879- 
82  he  visited  Africa  again,  sent  there  by 
the  Brussels  African  International  Associa- 
tion with  a  view  to  developing  the  great 
basin  of  the  river  Congo.  The  King  of 
the  Belgians  devoted  from  his  private 
purse  £50,000  per  annum  towards  this 
costly  enterprise.  Stanley  completed  the 
work  in  1884,  having  established  trading 
stations  along  the  Congo  River  from  its 
mouth  to  Stanley  Pool,  1400  miles  by 
river.  A  description  of  his  labours  in  this 
field  was  published  by  him  in  1885  under 
title  "  The  Congo  and  the  Founding  of  its 
Free  State."  On  Jan.  13,  1887,  he  was 
presented  with  the  honorary  freedom  of 
the  City  of  London,  just  on  the  eve  of  his 
departure  for  a  fourth  time  to  Africa. 
This  expedition  was  made  for  the  purpose 
of  relieving  Emin  Pacha,  Governor  of 
Equatorial  Africa,  whose  condition  was 
known  in  Europe  to  have  become  precari- 
ous. Stanley  fulfilled  his  mission,  suc- 
coured Emin  and  brought  him  and  his 
followers  safely  back  to  Egypt,  but  only 
after  the  most  severe  hardships  endured 


in  any  of  his  explorations,  and  with  a  loss 
of  over  400  out  of  the  650  men  he  had 
taken  with  him.  Nearly  three  years  were 
occupied  in  the  journey.  Among  the 
important  geographical  results  of  the  ex- 
pedition were  the  discovery  of  the  Semliki 
River,  of  Mount  Ruvenzori  (thought  to  be 
17,000  feet  high),  of  Lake  Albert  Edward, 
and  of  the  south-western  extension  of 
Lake  Victoria.  Lake  Albert  Edward 
proved  to  be  the  primary  source  of  the 
White  Nile,  and  it  was  shown  that  its 
waters  connect  through  the  Semliki  with 
the  Albert  N'yanza.  Stanley  reached 
Cairo  near  the  close  of  1889,  and  remained 
there  until  the  following  spring  in  order 
to  write  a  record  of  the  journey.  This 
was  published  simultaneously  in  England, 
France,  Germany,  and  the  United  States 
in  June  1890,  under  the  title  of  "In 
Darkest  Africa"  (2  vols.).  His  return  to 
England  was  an  unending  ovation.  The 
Universities  of  Oxford  and  Durham  be- 
stowed upon  him  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  ; 
that  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  every 
institution  and  individual  sought  to  do  him 
honour.  On  July  12,  1890,  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Dorothy 
Tennant,  an  artist  of  considerable  talent, 
and  a  lady  well  known  in  society.  She 
is  the  daughter  of  Sir  C.  Tennant.  A 
controversy  subsequently  arose  relative 
to  certain  incidents  mentioned  in  a  "  Life 
of  Major  Barttelot,"  which  amounted  to 
charges  against  Mr.  Stanley.  He  defended 
himself  from  these  charges  before  under- 
taking a  lecturing  tour  to  America.  On 
his  return  with  Mrs.  Stanley  in  1891,  he 
lectured  in  many  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  in  1892  paid  a  visit  to 
Australia.  On  his  return  he  settled  in 
London  and  took  out  a  certificate  of 
naturalisation.  At  the  general  election  in 
July  he  stood  as  a  Unionist  for  North 
Lambeth,  but  was  not  returned.  During 
the  controversy  about  Uganda  he  was 
strongly  in  favour  of  retaining  that 
country.  In  November  1893  appeared  his 
book  on  "  My  Dark  Companions  and  their 
Strange  Stories."  In  1898  appeared  his 
"  Through  South  Africa,"  being  an  account 
of  his  recent  visit  to  the  Cape.  He  was 
created  G.C.B.  at  the  Birthday,  1899.  Ad- 
dresses :  2  Richmond  Terrace,  S.W. ;  and 
Cadoxton  Lodge,  Neath,  Glamorganshire. 

STANMOEE,  Lord,  The  Rig-lit  Hon. 
Arthur  Hamilton  Gordon,  G.C.M.G., 
Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Ex- 
Governor  of  Ceylon,  is  the  youngest  son 
of  the  4th  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  and  was 
born  in  1829,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (MA.  1851 ;  Hon. 
D.C.L.  Oxon.  1879).  He  satin  Parliament 
as  Liberal  Member  for  Beverley  from  1854 


1028 


STANNARD  —  STANTON 


to  1857 ;  was  Secretary  to  the  special 
mission  to  the  Ionian  Islands  in  1858 ; 
appointed  Governor  of  New  Brunswick  in 
1861 ;  Governor  of  Trinidad  in  1866 ; 
Governor  of  Mauritius  in  1871 ;  the  first 
Governor  of  the  Fiji  Islands  in  1875  ;  High 
Commissioner  for  the  Western  Pacific  in 
1877  ;  Governor  of  New  Zealand  in  1880  ; 
and  Governor  of  Ceylon  from  1883  to  1890. 
In  1878  he  was  made  G.C.M.G.  In  1879 
he  received  the  honour  of  the  Hon.  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  University.  He  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  1893.  As  an  author  he  has 
published  "Wilderness  Journeys  in  New 
Brunswick,"  1864 ;  "  Story  of  a  Little 
War,"  1879;  "Life  of  Lord  Aberdeen," 
1893 ;  together  with  pamphlets  and 
articles.  His  wife,  who  died  in  1889,  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  John  Shaw 
Lefevre.  Addresses :  The  Bed  House, 
Ascot ;  and  Athenaeum. 

STANNARD,  Mrs.  Arthur,  "John 
Strange  Winter,"  F.E.S.L.,  the  popular 
author  of  "  Booties'  Baby "  and  many 
other  well-known  novels,  was  born  at  York 
on  Jan.  13,  1856.  She  was  the  only 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  H.  V.  Palmer, 
Rector  of  St.  Margaret's,  York,  who,  before 
taking  Holy  Orders,  was  in  the  Royal 
Artillery,  and  was  one  of  the  officers 
selected  to  attend  the  coronation  of  Queen 
Victoria.  One  of  her  ancestors  was  the 
celebrated  actress,  Hannah  Pritchard. 
Mrs.  Stannard  began  her  public  literary 
career  in  1874.  Her  first  publication  in 
volume  form  was  a  collection  of  military 
sketches  entitled  "Cavalry  Life,"  issued 
in  1881,  for  which  her  publishers  induced 
her  to  adopt  the  masculine  nom  cle  guerre 
by  which  she  has  since  become  so  well 
known.  In  1885  two  stories  from  her  pen, 
entitled  "Booties'  Baby,"  and  "Houp-la," 
appeared  in  the  Graphic,  and  attracted 
immediate  attention  from  the  author's 
evident  familiarity  with  army  matters  and 
child  life.  Up  to  this  time  it  was  uni- 
versally assumed  that  the  author  was  a 
cavalry  officer,  but  when  the  success  of 
"  Booties'  Baby  "  had  established  her  re- 
putation as  a  writer  on  army  life,  she 
disclosed  her  identity.  In  1892  Mrs. 
Stannard  became  the  first  President  of  the 
"Writers'  Club,"  which  is  the  first 
women's  Press  Club  ever  established.  In 
1893  she  was  unanimously  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature, 
an  honour  which  had  only  once  before 
been  conferred  on  a  woman.  She  was 
married  in  1884  to  Mr.  Arthur  Stannard,  a 
civil  engineer,  and  has  four  children. 
Since  1896  Mr.  and  Mrs.  StaDnard  have 
lived  at  Dieppe,  and  have  prominently 
identified  themselves  with  the  interests  of 
that  town  as  a  resort  for  English  visitors. 
It  is  to  their  efforts  that  English  tourists 


owe  the  Golf  Club,  of  which  Mr.  Stannard 
is  secretary,  and  the  Committee  of 
Publicity  and  Information.  To  this  com- 
mittee Mrs.  Stannard  has  presented  the 
letterpress  for  a  handsome  album,  setting 
forth  the  attractions  of  Dieppe.  Mrs. 
Stannard  has  published  upwards  of  sixty 
novels,  including  :  "  Cavalry  Life," 
"Regimental  Legends,"  "Booties'  Baby," 
"Houp-la,"  "Pluck,"  "In  Quarters,"  "On 
March,"  "Army  Society,"  "Garrison 
Gossip,"  "Mignon's  Secret,"  "That  Imp," 
"Mignon's  Husband,"  "A  Siege  Baby," 
"Confessions  of  a  Publisher,"  "Booties' 
Children,"  "Beautiful  Jim,"  "My  Poor 
Dick,"  "Harvest,"  "A  Little  Fool," 
"Buttons,"  "Mrs.  Bob,"  "Dinna  Forget," 
"Ferrers  Court,"  " He  went  for  a  Soldier," 
"The  Other  Man's  Wife,"  "Good-Bye," 
"Lumley  the  Painter,"  "Mere  Luck," 
"  Only  Human,"  "  My  Geoff,"  "A  Soldier's 
Children,"  "Three  Girls,"  "'That  Mrs. 
Smithl"  "Aunt  Johnnie,"  "A  Man's 
Man,"  "The  Soul  of  the  Bishop,"  "A 
Blameless  Woman,"  "  The  Truth-Tellers," 
"Grip,"  "Into  an  Unknown  World,"  "The 
Peacemakers,"  "Heart  and  Sword,"  &c. 
Mrs.  Stannard  presented  the  entire  copy- 
right of  "A  Soldier's  Children"  to  the 
Victoria  Hospital  for  Children.  Address  : 
Villa  des  Hosiers,  Dieppe. 

STANTON,    Rev.    Arthur    Henry, 

M.A.,  is  the  son  of  Charles  Stanton,  of 
Stroud,  Gloucester,  and  was  born  on  June 
21,  1839.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby,  and 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1862,  and  M.A.  in  1865.  He 
was  ordained  in  1863,  and  has  been  since 
that  date  Curate  of  St.  Alban's,  Holborn. 
He  is  well  known  as  an  eloquent  preacher, 
and  as  an  indefatigable  worker  amongst 
the  poorer  classes,  who  form  the  major 
portion  of  the  thickly  populated  parish  of 
St.  Alban's.  He  is  unmarried,  and  resides 
in  the  clergy  house  which  is  attached  to 
the  church. 

STANTON,  Rev.  Vincent  Henry, 
D.D.,  son  of  Rev.  V.  J.  Stanton,  late  Rector 
of  Halesworth,  Suffolk,  and  formerly  Colo- 
nial Chaplain  of  Victoria,  Hong  Kong,  is 
descended,  on  the  mother's  side,  from 
Robert  Barclay,  of  Ury,  and  was  born  at 
Victoria,  Hong  Kong,  June  1,  1846.  He 
was  educated  at  Kensington  Grammar 
School,  and  by  private  tuition  ;  was  Minor 
Scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1866  ;  Major  Scholar,  1868  ;  B.A.  1870  (20th 
Wrangler  and  2nd  class  in  Classical 
Tripos);  M.A.  1873;  B.D.  1890;  D.D. 
1891  ;  and  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  1872. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  1872,  and  priest 
1874  ;  appointed  one  of  the  first  University 
Extension  Lecturers  on  the  commencement 
of  the  scheme  in  1873 ;  was  Junior  Dean 


STEAD  —  STEBBING 


1029 


of  Trinity  College,  1874-76  ;  Senior  Dean, 
1876-84  ;  Tutor,  1884-89  ;  Divinity  Lecturer 
at  Trinity,  1882-89;  Ely  Processor  of 
Divinity  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
and  Canon  of  Ely,  1889;  Select  Preacher 
before  the  University  in  1874,  1878,  &c.  ; 
Hulsean  Lecturer,  1879 ;  Cambridge  White- 
hall Preacher,  1880-81  ;  Select  Preacher 
before  the  University  of  Oxford,  1897-98  ; 
Examining  Chaplain  from  1875  to  two 
successive  Bishops  of  Ely.  He  has  for 
some  years  taken  an  active  part  in  College 
and  University  business,  and  is  the  author 
of  "The  Jewish  and  the  Christian  Messiah, 
a  Study  in  the  Earliest  History  of  Chris- 
tianity"; "The  Place  of  Authority  in 
Matters  of  Religious  Belief,"  1891  ;  and 
of  various  sermons  and  pamphlets.  Ad- 
dresses :  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  and 
the  College,  Ely. 

STEAD,  William  Thomas,  was  born 
at  Embleton,  Northumberland,  on  July  5, 
1849,  and  is  the  son  of  a  Congregational 
minister  who,  a  few  months  later,  settled 
in  Howdon-on-Tyne.  Mr.  Stead  was  edu- 
cated at  home  and  at  Wakefield.  He  left 
school  when  fourteen  ;  became  office  boy 
in  a  mercantile  office,  thon  Russian  Vice- 
Consulate  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  ;  was 
appointed  editor  of  the  Northern  Echo,  a 
halfpenny  daily  paper  published  at  Dar- 
lington, July  1871  ;  assistant  editor  to  Mr. 
J.  Morley  on  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Sep- 
tember 1880  ;  succeeded  to  the  control  of 
the  paper  in  the  spring  of  1883  ;  resigned 
the  editorship,  Dec.  31,  1889  ;  and  is  now 
editing  and  publishing  the  Review  of 
Reviews,  a  sixpenny  monthly,  founded  by 
him  in  January  1890.  As  editor  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette  he  was  said  by  Mr. 
Matthew  Arnold  to  have  invented  the 
"  New  Journalism, "  naturalised  the  inter- 
view in  the  English  press,  introduced 
illustrations  into  the  daily  newspaper,  and 
established  the  Pall  Mall  Extras.  It  was 
his  interview  with  General  Gordon  at 
Southampton  which  led  to  the  mission  to 
Khartoum.  His  "  Truth  about  the  Navy 
and  its  Coaling  Stations"  marked  the  be- 
ginning of  the  revival  of  our  Naval 
Supremacy.  In  July  1885  Mr.  Stead  pub- 
lished "The  Maiden  Tribute  of  Modern 
Babylon,"  an  exposure  of  crimes  against 
women  and  children,  for  which  the  law 
provided  no  remedy.  The  immediate  re- 
sult was  the  passing  of  the  Criminal  Law 
Amendment  Act  of  1885.  Mr.  Stead 
visited  Ireland  in  1886,  and  published 
"No  Reduction,  No  Rent,  a  Plea  for  the 
Plan  of  Campaign."  In  1888  he  visited 
Russia,  of  which  country  he  has  been  the 
foremost  advocate  in  the  English  press, 
and  published  on  his  return  "Truth  about 
Russia,"  in  one  volume.  In  1889  he  went 
to  the  Vatican  to  report  on  the  attitude  of 


the  Pope  to  the  new  era,  and  published  a 
work  on  that  subject  in  January  1890.  On 
Jan.  15,  1890,  having  terminated  his 
editorship  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  he 
brought  out  the  first  number  of  the  mid- 
monthly  Review  of  Reviews,  and  a  few 
months  afterwards  became  its  sole  pro- 
prietor, as  well  as  editor.  On  July  15, 
1893,  he  brought  out  the  first  number  of 
Borderland,  a  quarterly  devoted  to  the 
study  of  psychical  phenomena.  He  has 
also  carried  on  a  vigorous  propaganda  in 
many  cities  and  towns  with  a  view  to  the 
establishment  of  what  he  has  styled  "  The 
Civic  Church,"  an  organisation  or  federa- 
tion of  religious,  philanthropical,  indus- 
trial, and  other  bodies  in  a  given  town  in 
furtherance  of  its  civic  welfare,  a  volun- 
tary ethical  advisory  counterpart  of  the 
Town  Council.  In  the  same  year  he 
visited  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago,  and 
published  a  book,  "If  Christ  came  to 
Chicago,"  on  the  latter  city,  which  has 
run  through  several  editions.  Among  his 
other  publications  should  be  mentioned 
"The  Story  that  Transformed  the  World," 
1890;  "The  Labour  War  in  the  United 
States,"  1894;  and  "Her  Majesty  the 
Queen,"  and  "Satan's  Invisible  World  :  a 
Study  of  Despairing  Democracy,"  1897 ; 
"  Blastus,  the  King's  Chamberlain:  a 
Political  Romance,"  "Gladstone,  1809-98: 
a  Character  Sketch,"  "  The  Centenary  of 
1798,"  1898.  He  is  also  issuing  a  series 
of  "Books  for  the  Bairns,"  and  has  taken 
great  interest  in  the  Peace  Conference, 
which  he  visited  (1899).  He  married,  in 
1873,  Emma  L.  Wilson.  Address  :  Cam- 
bridge House,  Wimbledon  Park. 

STEBBING-,  The  Rev.  Thomas 
Roscoe  Rede,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S., 
was  born  in  Euston  Square,  London,  Feb.  6, 
1835,  and  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Henry  Stebbing,  D.D.,  F.R.S.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  College  School  and 
King's  College,  London,  and  at  Worcester 
College,  Oxford.  He  obtained  the  Clas- 
sical Scholarship  and  a  divinity  prize  at 
the  B.A.  examination,  University  of  Lon- 
don ;  at  Oxford  took  a  First  Class  in 
Moderations,  Second  Class  in  Literaa  Hu- 
maniores,  First  Class  in  Law  and  Modern 
History,  was  Scholar  of  Lincoln  College, 
and  successively  Scholar,  Fellow,  and 
Tutor  of  Worcester  College ;  was  ordained 
Deacon  in  1858,  Priest  in  1859,  by  Samuel 
Wilberforce,  Bishop  of  Oxford ;  was  en- 
gaged in  tuition  from  1857  to  1884 ; 
devoted  several  arduous  years  to  prepar- 
ing the  Report  on  the  Challenger  Amphi- 
podae,  contained  in  three  quarto  volumes, 
and  is  now  engaged  on  a  "Monograph  of 
the  Amphipoda "  in  general  for  "  Das 
Tierreich  "  ;  was  elected  President  of  the 
Torquay  Natural  History  Society  for  the 


1030 


STEDMAN--  STEEL 


years  1873,  1874  ;  of  the  Devonshire  Asso- 
ciation for  the  advancement  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  Art,  1884 ;  of  the  Tun- 
bridge  Wells  Natural  History  Society, 
1889  to  1898  ;  of  the  South-Eastern  Union 
of  Scientific  Societies,  1896,  1897  5  of  the 
Tunbridge  Wells  Literary  Society,  1898  ; 
from  1872  to  the  present  time  has  con- 
tributed numerous  papers  and  articles  to 
scientific  and  literary  serials,  including 
the  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  His- 
tory, Geological  Magazine,  Nature,  Natural 
Science,  the  Zoologist,  Knowledge,  Popular 
Science  Review,  Eraser's  Magazine,  the  West- 
minster Review,  Good  Words,  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  Blackwood,  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London,  the  Linnean  Society  of  London, 
and  the  Society  Natura  Artis  Magistra  of 
Amsterdam  ;  has  also  published  separately, 
"Eventide,  a  Book  of  Prayer  for  the 
Schoolroom"  (Bell  &  Daldy),  1864  ;  trans- 
lation of  Longinus  on  the  Sublime  (Shrimp- 
tons,  Oxford),  1867;  "Essays  on  Dar- 
winism" (Longmans),  1871;  "Keport  on 
the  Amphipoda  collected  by  H.M.S.  Chal- 
lenger, 2  vols,  text,  1  vol.  plates  (H.M. 
Stationery  Office),  1888  ;  "  The  Naturalist 
of  Cumbrae  "  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  1891 ; 
"A  History  of  Crustacea,"  International 
Scientific  Series  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  1893. 
He  married,  in  1867,  Mary  Anne,  third 
daughter  of  the  late  W.  Wilson  Saunders, 
Esq.,  P.R.S.  Address  :  Ephraim  Lodge, 
the  Common,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Kent. 

STEDMAN,  Edmund  Clarence,  was 
born  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Oct.  8, 
1833.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Yale  College, 
1853  ;  A.M.  of  Yale  and  of  Dartmouth  ; 
and  L.H.D.  of  Columbia.  After  some 
experience  on  the  Connecticut  press,  he 
obtained  a  position,  in  1859,  in  the  New 
York  Tribune  office.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  was  a  war  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  World.  In  1865  he  left  jour- 
nalism and  went  into  business  in  Wall 
Street,  in  order  to  obtain  the  means  and 
time  for  purely  literary  work.  Besides 
his  contributions  to  the  Atlantic,  Century, 
and  other  periodicals,  be  has  published 
"Poems,"  1860,  1873;  "Alice  of  Mon- 
mouth," 1864;  "The  Blameless  Prince," 
1869  ;  a  volume  of  essays  on  Victorian 
Poets,  1875  ;  "  Octavius  Brooks  Frothing- 
ham  and  the  New  Faith,"  1876;  "Haw- 
thorne and  other  Poems,"  1877  ;  "Lyrics 
and  Idyls  "  (London),  1879  ;  "  Edgar 
Allan  Poe,"  1888 ;  and  a  collection  of  his 
"Poetical  Works,"  1884.  In  1885  his 
"Poets  of  America"  appeared,  and  in 
1887  the  thirteenth  edition  of  "Victorian 
Poets,"  extended  to  the  fiftieth  year  of 
her  Majesty's  reign.  From  1883  he  was 
engaged,  with  Ellen  M.  Hutchinson,  in 
the  compilation  of  "A  Library  of  Ameri- 


can Literature,"  an  inclusive  work,  of 
which  the  eleventh  and  final  volume  ap- 
peared in  1890.  He  initiated  the  newly- 
founded  Turnbull  Lectureship  on  Poetry 
at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  with  the 
opening  course  of  lectures,  early  in  1891. 
These  lectures  were  repeated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Columbia,  New  York,  in  1892, 
and  gained  him  his  doctorate  from  that 
corporation.  In  the  same  year  they  were 
published  in  book  form,  and  entitled  "  The 
Nature  and  Elements  of  Poetry. "  In  1896 
he  published  "A  Victorian  Anthology." 
Upon  the  death  of  Professor  Lowell,  1891, 
he  succeeded  to  the  Presidency  of  the 
American  Copyright  League,  a  station 
which  he  still  holds.  Address  :  16  Broad 
Street,  New  York,  &c. 

STEEL,  Flora  Annie,  novelist,  was 
born  at  Harrow  on  April  2,  1847,  and  is 
the  second  daughter  of  the  late  George 
Webster,  Sheriff-Clerk  of  Forfarshire.  She 
was  educated  at  home,  and  lived  in  India 
till  1889,  her  husband,  whom  she  married 
in  1867,  being  a  civil  servant  in  Bengal. 
She  was  for  some  time  Provincial  Inspec- 
tress  of  Government  and  Aided  Schools  in 
the  Punjab,  and  Member  of  the  Educa- 
tional Committee.  In  India  she  gained 
that  knowledge  and  experience  which 
places  her  second  only  to  Mr.  Kipling 
among  novelists  of  Hindu  or  Mohammedan 
life  and  character.  Her  more  recent 
works  are  :  "  From  the  Five  Rivers,"  1893 ; 
"The  Potter's  Thumb"  and  "Tales  from 
the  Punjab,"  1894;  "Red  Rowans,"  1895  ; 
"  On  the  Face  of  the  Waters  "  and  "  In  the 
Tideway,"  1896  ;  "  In  the  Permanent  Way," 
1897.  Address:  Dunlugas, Turriff,  Scotland. 

STEEL,  Miss  Kate,  the  first  lady 
Professor  of  Singing  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Music  since  1867,  was  educated 
at  Liverpool.  As  a  child  she  was  remark- 
able for  her  extraordinary  vocal  powers, 
having  then  a  high  soprano  of  great 
natural  flexibility.  She  studied  music 
and  composition  under  Mr.  Toms,  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  achieved  early  a 
great  proficiency  on  the  pianoforte  under 
Mr.  Walter  MacfarreD.  At  sixteen  she 
came  up  to  London,  and  her  rare  musical 
sensibility  and  great  natural  facility 
seemed  to  point  her  out  as  destined  to 
become  a  pianiste  of  the  first  order,  but 
after  a  successful  d^but  at  St.  James's 
Hall,  her  wrists  gave  signs  of  weakness, 
which  made  the  needful  practising  im- 
possible. Meanwhile  she  bad  prosecuted 
her  vocal  studies  with  such  success  that  a 
brilliant  career  in  the  concert-room  or  on 
the  stage  seemed  open  to  her.  But  here, 
too,  she  was  doomed  to  disappointment, 
for  no  sooner  had  she  appeared  once  or 
twice  in  public,  and  won  golden  opinions, 


STEEEE  —  STEPHEN 


1031 


than  her  throat  also  proved  unequal  to 
the  excessive  strain  now  put  upon  profes- 
sional singing,  and  she  had  to  abandon  this 
second  career  also.  But  so  exceptionally 
gifted  a  musician  could  not  be  allowed  to 
leave  the  Koyal  Academy,  so  her  services 
were  retained  unofficially  by  Signor  Ran- 
degger,  and  for  some  years  she  was  chiefly 
engaged  in  preparing  his  pupils.  Subse- 
quently it  was  decided  to  offer  Miss  Steel 
the  post  of  Lady  Professor  of  Singing  at 
the  Academy,  which  she  accepted,  and  is 
at  present  the  only  lady  Professor  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music.  Miss  Steel  has 
done  a  good  deal  to  place  her  own  art  on 
a  more  scientific,  and,  above  all,  on  a 
more  philosophic  basis  than  has  hitherto 
been  done  ;  and  after  spending  many  years 
in  studying  some  obscure  points  of  psycho- 
physiology  (notably  the  influence  of  the 
nervous  system  on  respiration  and  circu- 
lation), she  has  established  a  complete 
system  of  physical  and  mental  training. 
This,  though  intended  primarily  for  exe- 
cutive art,  has  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  medical  faculty  through  its  thera- 
peutic effects,  and  is  being  recommended 
for  all  forms  of  nervous  exhaustion  and 
kindred  ailments.  The  Organ  School  of 
Music  is  the  first  public  institution  which 
has  organised  classes  on  these  important 
subjects,  and  has  recently  appointed  Miss 
Steel  to  lecture  and  to  hold  classes  on 
"Physical  Culture:  Nerve  and  Muscle 
Training,"  "Memory  and  Ear  Training," 
and  "Medical  Gymnastics,"  in  addition  to 
her  work  on  the  vocal  staff.  Address  :  7 
Porteus  Road,  Maida  Hill,  W. 

STEERE,  The  Hon.  Sir  James 
George  Lee,  third  son  of  Lee  Steere, 
Esq.,  of  Jayes,  Surrey,  was  born  in  1830, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Clapham  Gram- 
mar School.  He  emigrated  to  Western 
Australia  in  1860 ;  became  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  1861 ;  has  been  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  since  1868 ;  Member 
of  the  Executive  Council  since  1884 ; 
Member  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Aus- 
tralasia since  1885 ;  and  Speaker  of  the 
Legislative  Council  since  1886.  He  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood,  1888. 
Sir  J.  G.  Steere  married,  in  1859,  Kate, 
the  only  daughter  of  the  late  Luke  Leake, 
Esq.,  of  Perth,  Western  Australia.  Ad- 
dress :  Perth,  West  Australia. 

STEEVENS,  George  Warrington, 
was  born  Dec.  10,  1869,  and  educated  at 
the  City  of  London  School  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.  Oxford  and  London). 
He  became  a  Fellow  of  Pembroke  College 
in  1892.  He  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  during  the  editorship  of  Mr. 
Henry  Oust,  1893  to  1896,  and  contributed 
to  the  National  Observer  during  the  editor- 


ship of  Mr.  W.  E.  Henley.  He  is  author 
of  ' '  Monologues  of  the  Dead  "  and  "  Naval 
Policy,"  1896.  The  latter  work  brought 
him  prominently  before  the  public.  He 
has  been  on  the  staff  of  the  Daily  Mail 
from  1896,  for  which  paper  he  visited  on 
journalistic  missions  the  United  States, 
Germany,  Egypt,  and  served  as  corre- 
spondent during  the  Turco-Grecian  war 
and  Soudan  Expedition  of  1898.  He  has 
embodied  his  experiences  successively  in 
"The  Land  of  the  Dollar,"  "With  the 
Conquering  Turk,"  1897  ;  "  Egypt  in  1898," 
and  "With  Kitchener  to  Khartoum,"  1898. 
Address  :  Russell  Mansions,  Southampton 
Row,  W.C.  ;  and  Merton  Abbey,  Surrey. 

STEINITZ,  William,  was  born  May 
14,  1836,  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  where  he 
was  also  educated,  finishing  his  studies, 
however,  at  the  Polytechnic  Institute, 
Vienna.  He  early  attained  distinction  as 
a  chess-player,  and  by  his  defeat  of  the 
late  Professor  Anderssen  in  1866  won  the 
match  championship  of  the  world,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  against  all  contestants 
for  a  long  time.  He  won  every  single- 
handed  match  or  series  for  thirty  years 
after  1862,  and  gained  either  first  or 
second  place  (or  tied  for  first  or  second) 
in  every  tournament  he  entered  for  many 
years  after  1867.  His  average  score  in 
tournaments  was  the  highest,  and  in  any 
single  one  his  score  was  the  best.  Among 
the  tournaments  in  which  he  has  taken 
part  have  been  those  held  in  Dublin,  1865  ; 
Paris,  1867  ;  Dundee,  1867  ;  Baden,  1870  ; 
London,  1872-1883  ;  Vienna,  1873  and  1882  ; 
and  among  the  well-known  players  he  has 
been  matched  against  are  Anderssen, 
Blackburne,  Bird,  Gunsberg,  Zukertort, 
Martinez,  Mackenzie,  Tschigorin,  Golmayo, 
and  Vasquez.  In  1883  he  settled  in  the 
United  States,  where,  since  1885,  hehasbeen 
the  editor  of  the  International  Chess  Maga- 
zine. In  1889  he  published  the  first  part 
of  a  work  entitled  the  "  Modern  Chess  In- 
structor." In  1894  he  suffered  defeat  at 
the  hands  of  Lasker,  who  won  ten  games 
to  his  five  (four  drawn). 

STEPHEN,  Sir  Alexander  Condie, 
K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  Minister  at  Dresden,  was 
born  in  1850,  and  is  the  younger  son  of 
Oscar  Stephen,  a  former  partner  in  All- 
sopps'.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby,  and 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1876. 
Having  served  at  St.  Petersburg  and  Con- 
stantinople, he  was  appointed  Consul- 
General  in  Eastern  Roumelia  in  1880,  and 
C.M.G.  in  1881.  In  the  next  year  he  was 
employed  on  special  service  to  inquire  into 
the  condition  of  Khorassan.  In  1884  he 
was  Assistant-Commissioner  for  the  de- 
markation  of  the  N.W.  Boundary  of 
Afghanistan.     He  became  Consul-General 


1032 


STEPHEN  —  STEPHENSON 


in  Bulgaria  in  1886,  Secretary  at  Vienna 
in  1887,  and  in  Paris  in  1888.  In  1893  he 
became  Charge'  d'Affaires  at  Coburg,  and 
in  1897  was  appointed,  in  addition,  to  his 
present  post,  Minister  Resident  at  Dresden 
and  Coburg.  He  is  a  good  Eussian  and 
Persian  scholar,  and  has  published  trans- 
lations of  tales  in  these  languages.  Ad- 
dresses :  British  Legation,  Dresden  ;  84 
Cadogan  Square,  S.W. 

STEPHEN,  Leslie,  M.A.,  Litt.D.,  son 
of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  Stephen, 
the  author  of  "Essays  on  Ecclesiastical 
Biography,"  and  brother  of  the  Hon.  Sir 
James  Fitzjames  Stephen,  was  born  at 
Kensington,  Nov.  28,  1832,  and  educated 
at  Eton  College  and  at  King's  College, 
London,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1854  and  M.A.  in  1857.  For  several 
years  he  was  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Trinity 
Hall.  In  1864  Mr.  Stephen  left  Cambridge, 
and  since  then  he  has  been  actively  en- 
gaged in  literary  pursuits  in  London.  He 
was  editor  of  the  Cornhill  Magazine  from 
1871  till  1882,  when  he  resigned  that  post 
in  order  to  undertake  the  responsible  task 
of  editing  the  important  "  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,"  which  is  in  course 
of  publication  in  a  series  of  quarterly 
volumes.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  editor- 
ship in  1891  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee.  In  May 
1883  he  was  elected  to  the  Lectureship  of 
English  Literature  at  Cambridge,  founded 
in  honour  of  the  late  W.G.  Clark,  of  Trinity 
College,  but  he  held  the  office  for  only  a 
year.  His  separate  publications  are  :  "  The 
"Playground  of  Europe,"  1871  ;  "  Hours  in 
a  Library,"  1st  series,  1874,  2nd  series, 
1876,  3rd  series,  1879;  "Essays  on  Free- 
thinking  and  Plain  Speaking,"  1873;  "His- 
tory of  English  Thought  in  the  18th 
Century,"  1876  ;  "The  Science  of  Ethics," 
1882;  and  "Johnson,"  "Pope,"  and 
"Swift,"  in  "English  Men  of  Letters." 
He  edited  Fielding's  works,  "  with  a  bio- 
graphical essay,"  10  vols. ,  1882.  His  other 
publications  include  :  "  The  Life  of  Henry 
Fawcett,"  1885  ;  "An  Agnostic's  Apology," 
1893;  the  standard  "Life  of  Sir  James 
Fitzjames  Stephen,"  1895  ;  "  Social  Rights 
and  Duties,"  1896;  and  "Studies  of  a 
Biographer,"  1898.  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen 
has  also  contributed  numerous  articles  to 
the  Saturday  Review  and  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette.  Mr.  Stephen  married  Harriet 
Marion,  younger  daughter  of  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray.  This  lady  died 
in  1875.  He  married,  secondly,  in  1878, 
Julia  Prinsep  Duckworth.  She  died  in 
1895.     Address  :  22  Hyde  Park  Gate,  S.W. 

STEPHENS,  The  Very  Rev. 
William  Richard  Wood,  B.D.,  F.S.A., 
the    Dean    of  Winchester,  was    born    in 


Gloucestershire  on  Oct.  5,  1839,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  Charles  Stephens,  banker. 
He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, taking  his  degree  with  a  first  class 
in  the  Final  Classical  Schools  in  1862. 
Two  years  later  he  was  ordained  by  the 
Bishop  of  London  to  the  curacy  of  Staines, 
and  since  1870  his  work  has  lain  in  the 
diocese  of  Chichester.  For  three  years 
Mr.  Stephens  was  Vicar  of  Mid-Lavant, 
and  in  1876  was  presented  to  the  Rectory 
of  Woolbeding.  His  association  with 
Chichester  dates  from  1872,  when  he  be- 
came a  Lecturer  at  the  Theological  Col- 
lege, and  three  years  later  was  appointed 
to  a  non-residentiary  stall  in  the  Cathe- 
dral. He  was  appointed  to  the  Deanery  of 
Winchester  in  1894.  He  is  the  author, 
amongst  other  works,  of  "  Memorials  of 
the  See  and  Cathedral  of  Chichester," 
"Cathedral  Chapters  considered  at  Dio- 
cesan Councils,"  "History  of  the  Diocese 
of  Chichester,"  and  a  Biography  of  Dr. 
Hook,  the  Vicar  of  Leeds,  and  afterwards 
Dean  of  Chichester,  who  was  his  father- 
in-law,  and  a  Life  of  Lord  Hatherley.  In 
1872  he  published  "  St.  John  Chrysostom  ; 
his  Life  and  Times,"  and  afterwards  trans- 
lated the  "Treatises  and  Letters  of 
Chrysostom."  His  last  important  work  is 
the  "Life  and  Letters  of  E.  A.  Freeman, 
D.C.L.,"  1895.  The  Dean,  who  repre- 
sented the  diocese  in  the  Lower  House 
of  Convocation  from  1880  to  1886,  is  a 
High  Churchman.  He  married,  in  1869, 
Charlotte,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Dean 
Hook.  Address :  The  Deanery,  Win- 
chester. 

STEPHENSON,  Sir  Augustus 
Frederick  William  Keppel,  K.C.B.,  was 
born  in  London,  Oct.  18,  1827,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Henry  Frederick  Stephen- 
son, Barrister-at-Law,  formerly  M.P.  for 
Westbury,  and  a  Commissioner  of  Inland 
Revenue,  and  the  Lady  Mary  Keppel, 
daughter  of  William  Charles,  4th  Earl  of 
Albemarle.  He  was  educated  privately 
and  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1849,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  as  Barrister-at-Law  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1852  ;  for  two  years  he  was 
Marshal  and  Associate  in  the  Court  of 
Queen's  Bench  to  the  Lord  Chief-Justice 
Campbell ;  went  the  Norfolk  Circuit  ;  was 
a  Revising  Barrister  and  Recorder  of  Bed- 
ford ;  appointed  Assistant  -  Solicitor  of 
the  Treasury  by  Earl  Russell  in  1865 ; 
ad  interim  Registrar  of  Friendly  Societies 
by  Mr.  Lowe,  when  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer ;  appointed  Solicitor  to  the 
Treasury  in  1876 ;  and  her  Majesty's 
Procurator-General,  1877,  by  Mr.  Dis- 
raeli, when  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury  ; 
Director  of  Public  Prosecutions  by 
Statute  47  &  48  Vic.  cap.  58,  1884.     He 


STEPHENSON 


1033 


was  created  a  C.B.  on  the  recommendation 
of  Mr.  Gladstone,  when  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury,  in  1883,  and  a  K.O.B.  on  the  same 
recommendation  in  1886.  Sir  Augustus 
Stephenson  was  made  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1889,  on  the  recommendation  of  Lord 
Chancellor  Halsbury,  and  retired  from  his 
official  position  as  Public  Prosecutor  in 
1894.  He  married,  in  1864,  Eglantine, 
second  daughter  of  the  late  Right  Hon. 
Edward  Pleydell-Bouverie.  Addresses  : 
46  Ennismore  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenasum. 

STEPHENSON,  General  Sir  Frede- 
rick Charles  Arthur,  G.C.B.,  Constable 
of  the  Tower  of  London,  Keeper  of  the 
Crown  Jewels,  was  born  in  1821,  and 
joined  the  Scots  Guards  in  1837,  retiring 
in  1888  with  the  rank  of  General,  to  which 
he  rose  in  1885.  His  military  career  was 
distinguished.  He  served  during  the 
Crimean  war,  and  was  present  at  Alma, 
Inkerman,  Balaclava,  and  the  siege  of 
Sebastopol.  In  the  China  war  as  Assist- 
ant-Adjutant-General he  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  the  Taku  Forts,  1857-61. 
From  1876  to  1879  he  commanded  the 
Home  District.  The  army  of  occupation 
in  Egypt  and  the  Soudan  was  under  his 
command  from  1883  to  1888,  and  for  ser- 
vices then  rendered  he  received  the  thanks 
of  both  Houses  of  Parliament  and  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Medjidieh.  He  was 
created  K.C.B.  in  1884,  G.C.B.  (Mil.)  in 
1886,  Keeper  of  the  Crown  Jewels  in  1884, 
and  Constable  of  the  Tower  in  1898.  Ad- 
dress :  83  St.  George's  Square,  W. 

STEPHENSON,  Vice-Admiral  Sir 
Henry  Frederick,  K.C.B.,  was  born  on 
June  7,  1842,  and  entered  the  navy  in 
February  1855.  He  served  as  midshipman 
in  H.M.S.  St.  Jean  a" Acre  in  the  Black  Sea 
during  the  Crimean  war,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Kertch  and  the  siege  and 
fall  of  Sebastopol.  In  1857  he  went  to 
China  as  midshipman  in  H.M.S.  Raleigh, 
which  was  afterwards  wrecked,  and  served 
in  the  operations  in  Fatshan  Creek  and  in 
the  Canton  River.  During  the  Indian 
Mutiny  he  landed  with  the  Pearl's 
Naval  Brigade,  and  took  part  in  every  en- 
gagement against  the  mutineers,  being 
several  times  mentioned  in  despatches  for 
meritorious  services.  The  Naval  Brigade 
afterwards  received  the  thanks  of  both 
Houses  of  Parliament.  He  was  promoted 
to  lieutenant  in  1861,  and  had  command 
of  H.M.S.  Heron  on  the  lakes  of  Canada 
during  the  Fenian  disturbances  in  1866. 
He  was  also  commander  of  H.M.S.  Rattler 
when  she  was  wrecked  in  the  Japanese 
Sea  in  1868.  Sir  Henry  was  promoted  to 
captain  in  1875,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed    to    H.M.S.    Discovery,    which 


formed  part  of  an  Arctic  expedition.  Upon 
returning  to  England  he  received  the 
Arctic  Medal  and  a  C.B.  (Civil  Division). 
He  was  appointed  equerry  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  1878,  an  honour  that  he  retained 
till  1893.  As  Captain  of  H.M.S.  C'arysfort 
he  served  in  the  Egyptian  war,  being  em- 
ployed in  the  Suez  Canal,  and  he  also  ac- 
companied the  Headquarters  Staff  in  the 
night  march  from  Kassassin.  He  was  pre- 
sent at  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir.  For  these 
services  he  received  the.  Egyptian  Medal 
with  clasp,  Khedive's  Star,  and  the  Os- 
manieh  of  the  3rd  class.  In  the  Mediter- 
ranean, from  1885  to  1888,  with  the  Duke 
of  York  as  one  of  his  lieutenants,  he  com- 
manded H.M.SS.  Thunderer  and  Dread- 
nought. Sir  Henry  was  appointed  aide-de- 
camp to  the  Queen  in  1888,  and  was 
promoted  Rear-Admiral  in  1890,  and  Vice- 
Admiral  in  1896.  He  became  successively 
Commander-in-Chief  in  the  Pacific,  and 
Senior  Officer  in  Command  of  the  Channel 
Squadron,  and  was  promoted  to  a  K.C.B. 
in  June  1897.  He  is  also  a  Knight  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  Dannebrog.  Ad- 
dress :  56  Rutland  Gate,  S.W. 

STEPHENSON,  Rev.  Thomas 
Bowman,  B.A.  Lond.,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (Hon.), 
minister  of  the  Wesleyan  -  Methodist 
Church,  was  born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
in  1839.  His  father,  the  Rev.  John 
Stephenson,  was  a  minister  of  the  same 
Church.  Dr.  Stephenson  was  educated  at 
Wesley  College,  Sheffield,  and  graduated 
at  the  University  of  London  in  1860.  His 
first  clerical  appointment  was  to  Norwich, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  then  novel 
experiment  of  theatre  preaching.  Remov- 
ing to  Manchester  in  1862  he  threw  him- 
self into  the  various  labours  rendered 
necessary  by  the  cotton  famine ;  and  then, 
and  subsequently  at  Bolton,  his  atten- 
tion was  turned  to  those  social  and  phil- 
anthropic problems  which  have  specially 
engrossed  his  subsequent  years.  He  held 
two  charges  in  London,  and  in  the  year 
1869  commenced  the  great  group  of  in- 
stitutions known  as  the  Children's  Home, 
by  opening  for  waif  lads  a  small  cottage 
in  Lambeth.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
second  School  Board  for  London,  is  an 
ardent  "  Temperance  Reformer,"  and  con- 
nected with  several  of  the  leading  philan- 
thropic societies.  He  has  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  many  parts  of  the  British 
Empire  and  in  the  United  States,  and  has 
promoted,  for  many  years,  emigration, 
especially  that  of  children,  to  Canada.  He 
was  elected  in  July  1891  to  succeed  Dr. 
Moulton  as  President  of  the  Wesleyan- 
Methodist  Conference,  and  visited  the 
United  States  as  President  when  the 
second  Oecumenical  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Churches  was  held  in  Washing- 


1034 


STEPNEY  —  STEVENSON 


ton.  He  is  one  of  two  representatives 
of  Nonconformity  on  the  Council  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  Hospital  Fund,  and  has 
been  prominently  identified  with  the  St. 
John's  Ambulance  Association.  Address  : 
The  Children's  Home,  Alverstoke,  near 
Gosport. 

STEPNEY,  Bishop  of.    See  Winning- 

TON-lNGBAM,  THE  RIGHT  REV.  A.  F.  W. 

STERLING,  Antoinette.  See  Mac- 
Kinlay,  Mrs.  John. 

STERNBERG,  George  Miller,  Sur- 
geon-General of  the  U.S.  Army,  was  born 
in  Hartwick  Seminary,  Otsego  Co.,  N.T., 
June  8, 1838.  He  graduated  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York 
City  in  1860,  and  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Surgeon  in  the  U.S.  Army  in  1861.  In 
1875  he  was  made  a  Surgeon,  with  the  rank 
of  Major;  in  1891  Deputy-Surgeon-General, 
with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel ;  and 
in  1893  Surgeon-General,  with  the  rank  of 
Brigadier-General.  The  National  Board  of 
Health  appointed  him,  in  1879,  Secretary 
of  the  Havana  Yellow  Fever  Commission  ; 
the  Secretary  of  State  sent  him,  in  1885, 
as  a  delegate  from  the  United  States  to 
the  International  Sanitary  Conference  at 
Rome  ;  and  in  1885-87  he  was  detailed  by 
the  American  President  to  make  investiga- 
tions in  Brazil,  Mexico,  and  Cuba  relating 
to  the  aetiology  and  prevention  of  yellow 
fever.  By  authority  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment he  was,  at  the  special  request  of  the 
New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  made 
consulting  bacteriologist  to  the  Health 
Officer  of  the  Port  of  New  York  in  1892. 
He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Acade- 
mies of  Medicine  of  Rome,  Rio  Janeiro, 
and  Havana,  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine,  and  of  the  Epidemiological 
Society  of  London,  and  Associate  Member 
of  the  French  Society  of  Hygiene,  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society  of 
London  and  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  ex-Pre- 
sident of  the  American  Public  Health 
Association,  and  is  a  member  of  many 
other  scientific  bodies.  The  Lomb  prize 
of  500  dollars  was  awarded  him  in  1885 
for  his  essay  on  "  Disinfectants "  by  the 
American  Public  Health  Association,  and 
he  has  invented  automatic  heat-regulating 
apparatus.  Besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  scientific  journals  he  has  published 
"Photo-Micrographs,"  1883;  "Bacteria," 
1884;  "Malaria  and  Malarial  Diseases," 
1884 ;  "  A  Manual  of  Bacteriology,"  1892  ; 
"Immunity:  Protective  Inoculations  in 
Infectious  Diseases,  and  Serumtherapy," 
1895  ;  and  "A Text-Book  of  Bacteriology," 
1896. 


STEVENSON,  Hon.  Adlai  E.,  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States,  was  born 
in  Christian  County,  Kentucky,  Oct.  23, 
1835,  but  removed  in  1852  to  Bloomington, 
111.  He  was  educated  at  Centre  College, 
Kentucky,  and  at  the  Illinois  Wesleyan 
University ;  studied  law,  and  began  its 
practice  at  Metamora,  Illinois,  in  1858. 
From  1861  to  1865  he  was  Master  in 
Chancery  of  Woodford  County,  from  1865 
to  1869  States  Attorney,  from  1875  to  1879 
Member  of  Congress,  from  1885  to  1889 
First  Assistant  Postmaster-General,  and 
from  1893  to  1897  Vice-President. 

STEVENSON,     David    "Watson, 

R.S.A.,  was  born  in  1842  at  Ratho,  a  few 
miles  to  the  west  of  Edinburgh,  and  began 
his  artistic  life  under  the  late  William 
Brodie,  R.S.A.,  in  November  1857,  devoting 
himself  from  the  first  alike  to  his  work  in 
the  studio  during  the  day  and  to  his  studies 
in  the  evening  and  during  every  leisure 
hour.  Under  Mr.  Brodie  he  remained  eight 
years,  receiving  every  encouragement,  and 
although  not  a  pupil,  he  had  opportunities 
of  acquiring  varied  experience  in  all  the 
departments  of  sculpture.  During  the 
first  half  of  that  period  he  attended  the 
School  of  Art  under  the  Board  of  Manu- 
factures for  Scotland  ;  a  copy  of  "  The 
Venus  of  Melos,"  made  in  his  last  session 
at  the  school,  was  published  by  the  Board, 
and  largely  subscribed  for  by  the  members. 
Admission  to  the  life  school  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  having  been  gained,  he 
continued  his  studies  there  for  about  four 
years,  at  the  same  time  studying  anatomy. 
In  the  exhibition  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  for  1859  a  juvenile  work  by  Mr. 
Stevenson  had,  by  a  stretch  of  indulgence, 
been  accepted ;  it  was  followed,  however, 
next  year  by  better  work,  and  Mr.  Steven- 
son has  continued  a  regular  contributor  to 
the  annual  exhibitions  of  the  Academy,  of 
which  body  he  was  elected  an  Associate 
in  1877,  and  an  Academician  in  1886.  In 
1886,  without  friends  and  with  a  small 
sum  which  he  had  saved,  augmented  by 
£20  lent  by  his  mother,  he  began  work  on 
his  own  account,  his  first  sitters  being 
Mr.  J.  H.  A.  Macdonald,  afterwards  Lord 
Advocate,  now  Lord  Justice  -  Clerk,  and 
Mrs.  Millar,  wife  of  Lord  Craighill.  The 
figure  of  a  youth  modelled  at  this  time 
attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  (afterwards 
Sir  John)  Steel,  R.S.A.,her  Majesty's  Sculp- 
tor for  Scotland,  who,  on  the  death  of 
George  Maccallum  in  October  1868,  com- 
missioned him  to  execute  the  life-size 
group  representing  "Labour"  at  one  of 
the  angles  of  the  Prince  Consort  Memorial, 
Edinburgh,  primarily  entrusted  to  that 
sculptor,  but  by  him  only  carried  the 
length  of  the  first  sketch,  and  which  was 
then  begun  de  novo.    The  execution  of  this 


STEVENSON"  —  STEWART 


1035 


group  proving  satisfactory  to  the  com- 
mittee, it  was  immediately  followed  by 
the  commission  to  carry  out  the  companion 
group  representing  "Learning,"  and  on 
the  unveiling  of  the  memorial  by  the 
Queen  in  August  1876  he  had  the  honour, 
along  with  the  other  artists  who  had  been 
engaged  upon  the  work,  of  being  pre- 
sented to  her  Majesty.  In  the  spring  of 
1876  he  paid  a  long-desired  visit  to  Rome, 
modelling  while  there  a  life-size  statue  of 
Eve,  a  design  for  which  he  had  carried 
with  him.  He  modelled  a  statue  to 
Tannahill,  the  poet,  which  was  erected  at 
Paisley,  and  a  colossal  statue  of  Wallace 
for  the  national  monument  to  the  hero 
and  patriot  on  the  Abbey  Craig,  Stirling, 
where  are  also,  in  the  interior  of  the  tower, 
a  series  of  busts  in  marble,  also  by  Mr. 
Stevenson,  of  eminent  Scotsmen,  beginning 
with  that  of  King  Robert  the  Bruce,  not 
altogether  ideal,  being  based  on  the  cast 
taken  from  the  bones  of  the  head  found 
in  the  grave  of  the  king  in  Dunfermline 
Abbey.  The  series  includes  busts  of  Knox, 
Buchanan,  Adam  Smith,  Burns,  Scott, 
Watt,  Tannahill,  Thomas  Chalmers,  and 
Hugh  Miller.  A  statue  of  Knox  also  was 
executed  for  Haddington.  In  the  intervals 
between  these  larger  works  various  ideal 
figures  were  executed,  including  a  "Nymph 
at  the  Stream,"  a  seated  figure,  now  in  the 
Art  Gallery  at  Oldham.  He  executed  also 
a  statue  in  marble  of  "Lady  Godiva," 
one  of  "Echo,"  in  movement,  and  one  of 
"Galatea."  A  group  of  a  "  Pompeian 
Mother,"  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  at  the  International  Ex- 
hibition of  1886  at  Edinburgh.  In  1881 
Mr.  Stevenson  was  one  of  the  successful 
competitors  in  the  first  competition  for 
four  groups  of  statuary  for  Blackfriars 
Bridge,  London  ;  his  design,  "  India  visits 
Britain,"  being  awarded  the  third  premium 
by  the  assessors,  among  whom  were  Sir 
Frederick  Leighton,  P.R.A.,  Mr.  W.  Calder 
Marshall,  the  veteran  sculptor,  and  other 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Mr. 
Stevenson  has  executed  numerous  portrait 
busts  of  eminent  men,  among  the  more 
recent  being  Sir  John  Fowler,  Bart.,  the 
well-known  engineer,  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1889,  and  Mr.  (now  Sir 
William)  Arrol,  the  constructor  of  the 
Forth  Bridge.  A  life-size  statue  of  R.  L. 
Stevenson  and  a  bronze  statue  of  Burns  for 
Leith  are  among  his  most  recent  achieve- 
ments. Address :  The  Dean  Studio,  Edin- 
burgh. 

STEVENSON,  Francis  Seymour, 
M.P.,  J.P.,  was  born  on  Nov.  24,  1862,  and 
is  son  of  the  late  Sir  William  Stevenson, 
K.C.B.,  Governor  of  Mauritius.  He  was 
educated  at  Lausanne,  Harrow,  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  first 


class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1884.  He  has  been 
Liberal  Member  of  Parliament  for  the  Eye 
Division  of  Suffolk  since  1885,  was  Parlia- 
mentary Charity  Commissioner  from  April 
1894  to  August  1895,  and  has  been  of  late 
years  much  before  the  public  as  an  advo- 
cate of  the  Armenians,  and  as  President, 
since  1892,  of  the  Anglo-Armenian  Associa- 
tion. In  1893  he  published  a  work  on 
"Historic  Personality,"  and  is  author  of 
numerous  pamphlets  and  articles  in  Eng- 
lish and  French.  Addresses  :  5  Ennis- 
more  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Playford  Mount, 
Woodbridge. 

STEVENSON,     Thomas,    M.D., 

F.R.C.P.,  received  his  medical  education 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  graduated  M.D.  Lond. 
(Univ.  Scholar  in  Forensic  Med.  and  Mid- 
wifery) in  1864,  and  became  F.R.C.P.  in 
1871.  He  is  Scientific  Analyst  to  the 
Home  Office,  and  Lecturer  on  Chemistry 
and  Medical  Jurisprudence  at  Guy's  Hos- 
pital. He  is  also  Examiner  in  Sanitary 
Science  at  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
in  Public  Health  at  the  Conjoint  Board, 
and  in  Forensic  Medicine  at  the  University 
of  London  and  Victoria  University.  He 
is  editor  of  Taylor's  "  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence," and  "Manual  of  Medical  Juris- 
prudence," and  is  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Alcohol,"  and  various  papers  in  the 
Chemical  News,  Guy's  Hospital  Reports, 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  &c.  Ad- 
dress :  45  Gresham  Road,  Brixton,  S.W. 

STEWART,    Professor    Charles, 

F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  M.R.C.S.,  was  formerly 
Curator  of  the  Museum  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  Lecturer  on  Comparative  Ana- 
tomy, and  Joint-Lecturer  (with  Prof. 
Harley)  on  Physiology  at  the  same  in- 
stitution. He  was  subsequently  Professor 
of  Biology  and  Physiology  at  Bedford 
College,  and  he  now  holds  the  position 
of  Conservator  of  the  Museum  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England, 
where  he  is  also  Hunterian  Professor  of 
Human  and  Comparative  Anatomy,  and 
has  frequently  delivered  courses  of  lec- 
tures, illustrative  chiefly  of  the  specimens 
added  to  the  Museum  under  his  charge. 
He  is  a  Past  President  of  the  Linnean 
Society.  Address  :  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
W.C. 

STEWART,  Field -Marshal  Sir 
Donald  Martin,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I., 
CLE.,  Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  LL.D.,  was 
born  on  March  21,  1824.  He  received  his 
education  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
and  entered  the  Bengal  Staff  Corps  in  1840. 
He  served  against  the  Hill  Tribes  in  the 
Peshawur  district  in  1854  and  1855,  when 
he    was    honourably    mentioned    in    the 


1036 


STEWAET 


despatches.  In  May  and  June  1857,  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Sepoy  Mutiny,  he 
commanded  the  volunteers  serving  in  the 
Allyghur  district.  When  all  communica- 
tion with  the  Upper  Provinces  was  cut  off, 
Captain  Stewart  volunteered  to  carry 
despatches  from  the  Government  of  the 
North- West  Provinces  to  the  officer  com- 
manding at  Delhi.  This  he  performed 
with  success,  and  on  his  arrival  at  the 
camp  before  Delhi  he  was  appointed 
Deputy  Assistant  -  Adjutant- General,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  with  the  field 
force  throughout  the  siege  of  Delhi.  He 
was  again  mentioned  in  despatches  with 
signal  approval,  and  was  promoted  to  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major.  He  afterwards 
served  in  the  siege  of  Lucknow  as  As- 
sistant-Adjutant-General, and  throughout 
the  campaign  in  Rohilcund.  His  services 
on  this  occasion  were  further  recognised, 
and  he  obtained  a  brevet  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  with  the  medal  and  two  clasps. 
In  the  Abyssinian  Expedition  of  1867-63 
Colonel  Stewart  commanded  the  Bengal 
Brigade,  and  commanded  for  some  time 
at  Zulla  and  Senate'.  He  was  then  re- 
warded with  the  C.B.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant-General  in  1877.  He 
was  in  command  of  the  Candahar  column 
of  operations  in  the  Afghan  campaign  from 
November  1878  to  April  1880,  and  for  his 
services  received  the  thanks  of  Parliament 
and  was  made  K.C.B.  He  commanded  the 
field  force  which  marched  from  Candahar 
to  Cabul  in  April  1880,  fought  and  defeated 
the  Afghans  at  Ahmed  Kheyl,  and  again 
at  Oorzoo.  General  Stewart  subsequently 
held  supreme  command  of  the  army  in 
Northern  Afghanistan,  and  after  despatch- 
ing Sir  Frederick  Roberts  to  the  relief  of 
Candahar,  he  carried  out  the  withdrawal 
of  the  British  army  from  Cabul  and  North- 
ern Afghanistan.  For  these  services  he 
received  the  thanks  of  Parliament,  and 
was  made  G.C.B.  and  baronet.  In  Sep- 
tember 1880  he  was  appointed  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Governor-General,  and 
in  April  1881  succeeded  Sir  F.  Haines  as 
Commander-in-Chief  in  India.  Sir  D. 
Stewart  is  Governor  of  the  Royal  Hospital, 
Chelsea,  and,  since  1885,  a  member  of  the 
Indian  Council.  He  was  made  a  Field- 
Marshal  in  November  1894.  He  married, 
in  1847,  Marina,  daughter  of  Commander 
Dabine,  R.N.  Addresses  :  East  Court, 
Royal  Hospital,  Chelsea,  S.W.  ;  and  Athe- 
najum. 

STEWART,  Sir  Thomas  Grainger, 

M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  F.R.S.E.,  &c,  son 
of  Alexander  Stewart  of  Edinburgh,  and 
Agnes,  daughter  of  Hugh  Grainger,  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Sept.  23,  1837,  was  educated 
at  the  High  School  and  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  after  graduating,  studied 


in  the  Universities  and  Hospitals  of  Berlin, 
Prague,  and  Vienna,  especially  under  Vir- 
chow,  Rokitansky,  and  Oppolzer.  On  his 
return  to  Edinburgh  he  became  Resident 
Physician  in  the  Royal  Infirmary,  and 
there  made  observations  upon  the  diag- 
nosis of  certain  forms  of  kidney  disease, 
which  attracted  considerable  attention. 
As  a  result  of  this  work  he  was,  in  1862, 
appointed  Pathologist  to  the  Royal  In- 
firmary, and  Lecturer  on  Pathology  at 
Surgeons'  Hall.  During  the  succeeding 
seven  years  he  published  numerous  papers 
on  pathological  and  clinical  subjects,  and 
in  1869  unsuccessfully  contested  the  chair 
of  General  Pathology  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  He  then  resigned  the  Patholo- 
gistship  and  the  Physicianship  to  the 
Royal  Hospital  for  Sick  Children,  and  was 
elected  Ordinary  Physician  to  the  Royal 
Infirmary  and  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Medi- 
cine. In  1876  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  the  Practice  of  Physic  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  is  the  author  of  a  book 
on  "  Bright's  Diseases  of  the  Kidneys," 
which  has  passed  through  two  editions  in 
this  country,  and  two  in  America.  The 
views  embodied  in  this  work  have  been  to 
a  large  extent  accepted  on  the  Continent 
as  well  as  in  this  country.  He  has  also 
published  a  volume  of  Lectures  on  the 
Nervous  System,  and  works  on  Giddiness, 
and  on  Albuminuria,  being  the  first  and 
second  of  a  series  of  Clinical  Studies  on 
Important  Symptoms,  as  well  as  many 
papers,  particularly  on  the  nervous  system, 
the  lungs,  and  the  liver.  He  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant,  and  a  member  of  many  learned 
societies  at  home  and  abroad,  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
of  Ireland,  and  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
Philadelphia,  and  M.D.  (honoris  causd)  of 
the  Royal  University,  and  received  the 
like  honour  from  the  University  of  Dublin, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Tercentenary  of 
Trinity  College.  He  also  received  from 
the  University  of  Aberdeen  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Laws.  He  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
and  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Medicine  section 
of  the  British  Medical  Association,  and 
was  one  of  the  Honorary  Presidents  of  the 
Berlin  International  Congress.  He  pre- 
sided over  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Medical  Association  in  August  1898.  He 
has  for  many  years  taken  a  special  interest 
in  the  Medical  Students'  Christian  Associa- 
tion, and  in  the  Medical  Missionary  Society. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  Physician  in 
Ordinary  to  her  Majesty  the  Queen  in 
Scotland.  He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  1894.  He  was  represen- 
tative of  England  at  the  International 
Congress  on  Tuberculosis  which  began  its 
sittings  at  Berlin,  May  24,  1899.     His  ad- 


STEYN  —  STERLING 


1037 


dress  to  the  Congress  was  much  admired. 
He  married  (1)  Josephine  Dubois,  daughter 
of  Charles  Anderson  of  Jamaica  ;  and  (2), 
in  1866,  Jessy,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  R. 
Macdonald,  D.D.  Address  :  19  Charlotte 
Square,  Edinburgh. 

STEYN,  M.  T.,  President  of  the  Orange 
Free  State,  was  born  at  Winbury,  Orange 
Free  State,  on  Oct.  2,  1857,  and  is  the 
third  son  of  Martinus  Steyn,  of  Bloemfon- 
tein.  He  was  educated  at  Grey  College, 
Bloemfontein,  and  in  Holland,  and  has  been 
called  to  the  English  Bar  (Inner  Temple). 
He  practised  as  an  advocate  at  Bloemfon- 
tein during  the  eighties,  was  appointed 
State  Attorney  in  1889,  and  was  raised  to 
the  Bench  as  Second  Puisne  Judge  in  that 
year.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  First 
Puisne  Judge.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Presidency  in  1896  by  Universal  Suffrage, 
and  has  drawn  tighter  the  bonds  connect- 
ing the  Orange  Free  State  with  the  Trans- 
vaal. In  1897  a  Joint-Federal  Council 
was  appointed,  of  five  members  from  each 
State,  to  consider  questions  of  mutual 
interest ;  the  franchise  was  granted  to 
Burghers  of  either  State  indiscriminately, 
and  the  two  Republics  agreed  to  stand  by 
each  other  in  case  either  were  attacked. 
In  September  1898  President  Steyn  visited 
his  brother  President  at  Pretoria.  He 
assisted  at  the  Conference  between  Sir 
Alfred  Milner  and  President  Kruger,  which 
was  held  in  the  summer  of  1899  at  Bloem- 
fontein. He  has  married  the  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Colin  J.  Fraser.  Address :  Bloem- 
fontein. 

STIGAND,  "William,  son  of  the  late 
William  Stigand,  Esq.,  of  Devonport,  born 
in  1827,  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  After 
studying  the  Equity  branch  of  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  June  1852.  He  has 
written  "  A  Vision  of  Barbarossa,  and  other 
Poems,"  1860;  "Athenais;  or  the  First 
Crusade,"  1866;  and  "Life,  Work,  and 
Opinions  of  Heinrich  Heine,"  2  vols., 
1875.  Mr.  Stigand  has  contributed  largely 
to  the  Quarterly  aDd  Edinburgh  Reviews, 
the  Times,  and  other  periodicals  ;  he 
entered  the  British  Consular  Service  as 
Vice-Consul  of  Boulogne-sur-Mer  in  1873, 
and  has  been  successively  Consul  at  Ra- 
gusa,  Konigsberg,  and  Palermo. 

STIRLING,    Edward    Charles, 

C.M.G.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  F.R.S.,  Lec- 
turer on  Physiology  at  the  Adelaide  Univer- 
sity, and  Director  of  the  South  Australian 
Museum,  was  born  in  South  Australia  in 
1848,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Hon. 
E.  Stirling.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Peter's  College,   South   Australia,  and  at 


Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  St. 
George's  Hospital,  London,  where  he  held 
the  posts  of  House  Surgeon,  Assistant- 
Surgeon,  and  Lecturer  on  Physiology. 
He  is  M.D,  of  Cambridge  University. 
In  1881  he  became  Lecturer  on  Physi- 
ology at  Adelaide  University,  of  which  he 
is  now  also  a  Member  of  Council.  He 
is  also  Senior  Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide 
Hospital,  and  Director  of  the  South  Aus- 
tralian Museum.  From  1883  to  1886  he 
was  a  member  of  the  South  Australian 
House  of  Assembly,  and  in  1893  was  made 
C.M.G.  and  F.R.S.  He  is  an  Hon.  Fellow 
of  the  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great 
Britain,  and  has  contributed  numerous 
important  papers  to  the  medical  journals, 
the  Transactions  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  South 
Australia,  the  Roy.  Zool.  Soc,  &c.  Ad- 
dresses :  The  University,  Adelaide ;  and 
Athenfeum. 

STIRLING,  The  Hon.   Sir  James, 

LL.D.,  a  Judge  in  the  Chancery  Division 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  May  3,  1836,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  James  Stirling,  George 
Street  U.P.  Church,  Aberdeen,  and  Sarah 
Irvine.  He  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School  and  University  of  Aberdeen,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
Senior  Wrangler  and  first  Smith's  Prize- 
man in  1860.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1862  ;  was  reporter  at  the  Rolls  Court 
on  the  Staff  of  the  Law  Reports,  1865-76  ; 
junior  Counsel  to  the  Treasury  in  1881 ; 
Member  of  the  Bar  Committee  in  1883  ; 
and  was  raised  to  the  Bench  in  1886.  He 
received  the  honour  of  the  hon.  LL.D. 
of  Aberdeen  University  in  1887.  He  mar- 
ried Aby,  eldest  daughter  of  John  Thomson 
Ren  ton,  Bradstone  Brook,  Shalford,  Surrey. 
Addresses :  Finchcocks,  Goudhurst,  Kent ; 
3  Hans  Crescent,  S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

STIRLING,     James    Hutchison, 

F.R.C.S.  and  LL.D.  Edin.,  born  at  Glasgow, 
June  22,  1820,  youngest  son  of  William 
Stirling,  of  James  Hutchison  &  Co. ,  Glas- 
gow, was  educated  at  Glasgow  University 
for  nine  consecutive  winter  sessions  in 
arts  and  medicine,  and  spent  six  years 
afterwards  in  France  and  Germany.  He 
became  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh,  1867  ;  and 
a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  of  Berlin,  1871.  In  earlier  days 
be  held  appointments  as  surgeon  to  the 
Hirwain  and  other  iron  and  coal  works, 
South  Wales,  but  be  relinquished  pro- 
fessional practice  in  1851,  and  went  to  the 
Continent  to  pursue  there  those  literary 
and  philosophical  studies  for  which,  as  a 
student  at  college,  he  had  shown  a  taste, 
and  in  which  he  had  gained  distinction. 
Returning  to  England  in  1857,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  philosophy 


1038 


STOCKHAUSEN—  STOCKTON 


and  literary  pursuits  generally.  Leaving 
earlier  contributions  out  of  yiew,  he  pub- 
lished in  1865  "The  Secret  of  Hegel," 
from  the  appearance  of  which  work  there 
dates  in  Great  Britain,  academically  and 
generally,  a  new  movement  towards  the 
study  of  philosophy,  more  particularly 
German  and  ancient.  A  new  edition  of 
this  work  appeared  in  1898.  The  following 
are  the  titles  of  his  other  works  :  "  Sir 
William  Hamilton,  or  the  Philosophy  of 
Perception,"  1865;  "Schwegler's  History 
of  Philosophy,  translated  and  annotated," 
1867  ( 1  It  b  edit.,  1891) ;  "  Jerrold,  Tennyson, 
and  Macaulay,  with  other  Critical  Essays," 
1868;  "Address  on  Materialism,"  1868; 
"  As  Regards  Protoplasm,"  1869  (2nd  edit., 
1872);  "Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of 
Law,"  &c,  1873;  "Burns  in  Drama,  to- 
gether with  Saved  Leaves,"  1878;  "Text- 
Book  to  Kant,"  1881;  "Of  Philosophy  in 
the  Poets,"  "  The  Community  of  Property," 
1885  ;  "Thomas  Carlyle's  Counsels,"  1886. 
In  1888  he  was  the  first  appointed  Gifford 
Lecturer ;  and,  as  such,  he  delivered,  in 
the  two  subsequent  sessions,  courses  of 
lectures  on  Natural  Theology  to  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  These  lectures, 
under  the  title  of  "Philosophy  and  Theo- 
logy," were  published  in  1890.  In  1894 
he  published  his  "  Darwinianism :  Work- 
men and  Work."  He  has  also  contri- 
buted to  periodicals.  He  married  Jane 
Hunter,  youngest  daughter  of  William 
Mair,  Irvine,  Ayrshire.  Address :  Laverock 
Bank,  Trinity,  Edinburgh. 

STOCKHATJSEN,  Julius,  was  born 
in  Paris,  July  22,  1825.  His  father  was 
a  harpist,  and  his  mother  a  well-known 
singer.  Intended  at  first  for  the  priestly 
calling,  he  received  his  early  education  at 
the  school  of  Gebwiller  in  Alsace,  and 
subsequently  attended  the  College  in 
Strasburg.  His  mother's  success  at  a 
farewell  concert  given  in  Basle,  however, 
changed  the  course  of  his  life,  and  in 
1845  he  went  with  his  father  to  Paris, 
and  there  became  the  pupil  of  Halle'  and 
Stamaty  for  piano,  and  of  the  famous 
Garcia  for  singing.  In  1848  he  sang  the 
part  of  Elijah  in  Basel,  and  with  such 
success  that  from  that  time  he  gave 
himself  up  entirely  to  singing.  In  1849  he 
came  to  England,  where  he  continued  his 
studies  with  Garcia,  and  in  1851  sang  in 
the  9th  Symphony  in  London.  From  1857 
to  1859  he  was  engaged  at  the  Opera 
Comique  in  Paris,  where  he  specially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  part  of  the 
Sen&hal  in  Boieldieu's  "Jean  de  Paris." 
There  he  formed  a  close  friendship  with 
Ary  Scheffer,  the  painter,  in  whose  house, 
together  with  Berlioz,  Duprez,  Pauline 
Viardot,  and  Saint-Saens,  German  music 
was  diligently  cultivated.     Concert  tours 


followed  in  1859-62.  At  Leipzig  and 
Cologne  he  sang  Schumann's  "  Faust "  for 
the  first  time.  In  1869  he  entered  on 
the  second  period  of  his  musical  activity 
as  leader  of  the  Hamburg  Philharmonic 
Society ;  and  in  1874,  as  director  of  the 
famous  Stern  Choral  Society  in  Berlin. 
Great  as  his  success  as  a  leader  and 
teacher  has  been,  Stockhausen's  musical 
importance  culminates  in  his  achieve- 
ments as  a  singer.  His  technique  was 
perfect,  and  he  had  such  mastery  over  his 
instrument  that  the  purity  of  tone  and 
the  intellectual  expression  never  had  to 
be  sacrificed  the  one  to  the  other.  The 
astonishing  distinction  of  his  pronuncia- 
tion, as  well  as  its  beauty  and  intellectual 
significance,  was  due  to  a  complete  under- 
standing of  the  nature  of  the  elements 
of  speech.  Nowhere  was  the  slightest 
trace  to  be  detected  of  a  mere  seeking 
after  effect,  or  a  display  of  the  voice.  As 
Joachim  plays  the  violin,  and  Clara 
Schumann  the  piano,  so  does  Stockhausen 
sing  and  interpret  the  thoughts  of  the 
great  masters.  Seldom,  if  ever,  in  sing- 
ing has  the  reproductive  art  been  dis- 
tinguished for  such  purity,  elevation,  and 
dignity.  In  1878  began  the  third  period 
of  his  artistic  career,  that  of  a  teacher, 
first  at  the  newly  founded  Hoch  Conser- 
vatoire in  Frankfort-on-Main,  which,  how- 
ever, he  quitted  in  the  following  year. 
Since  then  he  has  been  at  the  head  of  a 
singing  school  of  his  own,  and  has  re- 
peatedly, up  to  the  most  recent  date, 
himself  sung  in  concerts  and  oratorios. 
His  "Method  of  Singing,"  a  very  im- 
portant work,  was  published  in  1884  in 
Leipzig,  and  translated  into  English  in 
1888. 

STOCKTON,    Francis    Richard, 

American  writer,  was  born  at  Philadelphia, 
April  5,  1834.  He  graduated  from  the 
Philadelphia  Central  High  School  in  1852, 
and  began  life  as  an  engraver,  but  aban- 
doned engraving  to  devote  himself  to 
journalism.  His  earliest  writings  were 
a  number  of  fantastic  tales  for  children 
contributed  to  the  Riverside  Magazine 
and  other  periodicals.  He  subsequently 
became  connected  with  a  daily  paper  in 
Philadelphia,  and  afterwards  with  Hearth 
and  Borne,  New  York.  Later  he  joined 
the  editorial  staff  of  Scribner's  Monthly 
(now  the  Century),  and  on  the  establish- 
ment of  St.  Nicholas  became  its  assistant 
editor.  His  "Rudder  Grange"  papers, 
which  appeared  in  Scribner's,  were  the 
first  to  attract  general  public  attention, 
which  he  had  successfully  held  by  the  novel 
character  of  the  short  stories  for  which 
he  is  chiefly  celebrated.  Among  the  best 
known  of  these  are:  "The  Lady  or  the 
Tiger,"  "The  Transferred  Ghost,"   "The 


STODDARD  —  STOKES 


1039 


Spectral  Mortgage,"  "The  Discourager 
of  Hesitancy,"  "Negative  Gravity,"  &c. 
He  has  also  published  novels  entitled  : 
"The  Late  Mrs.  Null,"  "The  Hundredth 
Man,"  "  Ardis  Claverden,"  and  "The 
House  of  Martha,"  besides  "The  Casting 
away  of  Mrs.  Leeks  and  Mrs.  Aleshine," 
"The  Dusantes,  "The  Merry  Chanter," 
"  The  Great  War  Syndicate,"  "  The  Stories 
of  the  Three  Burglars,"  and  "  The  Squirrel 
Inn,"  which  are  novelettes ;  also  "Pomona's 
Travels,"  1894 ;  "  The  Adventures  of  Cap- 
tain Horn,"  1895  ;  "Captain  Chap,"  1896  ; 
"Mrs.  Cliff's  Yacht,"  1896;  "Stories  of 
New  Jersey,"  1896  ;  "The  Great  Stone  of 
Sardis,"  1897;  "A  Story-Teller's  Pack," 
1897  ;  and  "  The  Associate  Hermits,"  1898, 
&c.  Address  :  The  Holt,  Convent  Station, 
New  Jersey,  U.S.A. 

STODDARD,   Richard  Henry,  was 

born  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  July  2, 1825.  His 
family  removed,  in  1835,  to  New  York, 
where  he  learned  the  trade  of  an  iron- 
moulder.  In  1848  he  began  to  write  for 
periodicals  both  in  prose  and  verse.  In 
1853  he  received  an  appointment  in  the 
New  York  Custom-House,  which  he  held 
until  1870,  at  the  same  time  continuing 
his  literary  labours.  He  has  published  : 
"Footprints,"  1849;  "Poems,"  1852; 
"Adventures  in  Fairy-Land,"  1853; 
"Songs  of  Summer,"  and  "Town  and 
Country,"  1857  ;  "  Life  of  Alexander  von 
Humboldt,"  1859;  "Loves  and  Heroines 
of  the  Poets,"  1860;  "The  King's  Bell," 
1863;  "The  Story  of  Little  Red  Riding- 
Hood,"  1864 ;  "  Under  Green  Leaves,"  and 
'  Late  English  Poets,"  1865  ;  "Melodies 
and  Madrigals,  mostly  from  the  Old 
English  Poets,"  1865  ;  ""The  Children  in 
the  Wood,"  1866;  "Putnam,  the  Brave," 
1869  ;  "The  Book  of  the  East,  and  other 
Poems,"  1871;  new  and  enlarged  editions 
of  "  Griswold's  Poets  of  America,"  1873  ; 
"Female  Poets  of  America,"  1874  ;  "Poets 
and  Poetry  of  England  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,"  1875  ;  "  Memoir  of  Edgar  Allan 
Poe,"  1875;  "Poems,"  1880;  "Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow,"  1882 ;  "  The 
Lion's  Cub,  and  other  Verses,"  1892  ;  and 
"Under  the  Evening  Lamp,"  1893.  He 
also  edited  a  series  of  dainty  works, 
entitled  Bric-a-Brac  Series,  1874-75  ;  and 
Sans  Souci  Series,  and  more  recently  a 
number  of  volumes  relating  to  English 
literary  history  and  memorabilia.  In  con- 
junction with  others  he  published  in  1877 
a  volume,  entitled  "Poets'  Homes."  He 
was,  for  a  short  time  after  leaving  the 
Custom-House,  City  Librarian,  and  is 
also  the  literary  editor  of  the  New  York 
Mail  and  Express. — His  wife,  Elizabeth 
D.  (Baestow)  Stoddaed,  born  at  Matta- 
poiset,  Massachusetts,  in  1823,  is  also  a  con- 
tributor to  periodicals,  and  has  published 


three  novels:  "The  Morgesons,"  1862; 
"Two  Men,"  1865;  and  " Temple  House," 
1867.  These  novels  have  recently  been 
reprinted,  "Two  Men  "and  "Temple  House" 
in  1888,  and  "The  Morgesons"  in  1889, 
and  have  met  with  great  critical  success. 

STODDART,    Andrew    Ernest, 

cricketer,  member  of  the  Middlesex 
Eleven,  was  born  in  South  Shields  on 
March  11,  1863.  He  was  privately  edu- 
cated, and  did  not  enjoy  the  cricket 
training  which  is  to  be  obtained  at  public 
schools  and  at  the  universities.  Indeed, 
though  he  played,  he  was  not  remarkable 
at  the  game.  As  a  young  man,  too,  he 
devoted  his  best  energies  to  football,  and 
gained  celebrity  as  a  three-quarter  before 
he  was  ever  heard  of  as  a  cricketer.  He 
first  came  into  notice  as  a  batsman  at 
Hampstead,  where  he  made  some  big 
scores  for  the  Hampstead  Club,  and  thus 
earned  for  himself  a  place  in  the  Middle- 
sex Eleven  in  the  latter  part  of  1885. 
From  that  time,  when  he  was  playing  foot- 
ball in  Australia,  to  the  present  day,  he 
has  been  one  of  the  finest  bats  in  England, 
a  bat  second  only  to  Dr.  W.  G.  Grace. 
His  most  brilliant  English  season  was  in 
1893,  when  both  he  and  William  Gunn 
scored  over'' 2000  runs  each  in  first-class 
matches, 'a  feat  only  previously  equalled 
by  Dr.  W.  G.  Grace.  In  a  match  against 
Notts  at  Lord's  that  summer  he  scored 
195,  not  out,  and  124.  This  was  his 
highest  score  in  a  first-class  match  up 
to  that  date,  though  when  playing  for 
Hampstead  Club  against  the  Stoics,  in 
1886,  he  made  his  record  score,  amounting 
to  485  in  one  innings.  This  was  said  to 
be  the  highest  individual  innings  ever 
played.  In  1894  Mr.  Stoddart  took  an 
English  eleven  over  to  Australia,  and 
captained  them  throughout  with  brilliant 
success.  In  a  match  against  All  Australia, 
played  at  Melbourne  on  New- Year's  Day, 
1895,  he  made  173.  In  the  series  of  five 
matches  between  the  English  team  and 
All  Australia  played  on  this  tour,  victory 
rested  with  the  English  team.  During 
recent  years  he  has  again  headed  English 
teams  in  Australia.  Address  :  30  Lithos 
Road,  N.W. 

STOKES,  Sir  George  Gabriel,  Bart., 
M.  A.,  F.R.  S. ,  D.  C.  L.,  LL.D. ,  Sc.D.,  ex-M.P. , 
born  Aug.  13,  1819,  at  Skreen,  co.  Sligo, 
is  the  youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  Gabriel 
Stokes,  Rector  of  Skreen,  and  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Haughton, 
Rector  of  Kilrea.  He  was  educated  at 
Dr.  Wall's  school,  in  Dublin,  at  the  Bristol 
College,  and  at  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1841, 
as  Senior  Wrangler,  and  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship.     In   1849  he  was  appointed 


1040 


STOKES 


to  tbe  Lucasian  Professorship  of  Mathe- 
matics, and  in  1852  was  awarded  the 
Rumford  Medal  by  the  Koyal  Society  (of 
which  he  had  been  chosen  a  member  a 
few  months  before),  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  the  cause  of  science  by  his 
discovery  of  the  change  in  the  refrangi- 
bility  of  light.  An  account  of  this  dis- 
covery will  be  found  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  for  1852.  Mr.  Stokes  was 
chosen  one  of  the  Secretaries  to  the  Royal 
Society  in  1854,  and  President  in  1885,  on 
the  retirement  of  Prof.  Huxley,  and  was 
President  of  the  British  Association  at 
the  meeting  at  Exeter  in  1869,  and  again 
at  the  meeting  at  Bristol  in  1898.  He  lias 
contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  several 
learned  societies,  and  has  delivered  pro- 
fessorial lectures  at  Cambridge,  and  at  the 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology  in  London. 
He  is  an  honorary  Fellow  of  several  foreign 
academies,  and  has  received  the  Prussian 
order  Pour  le  Merite.  He  has  also  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  or 
LL.D.  from  the  Universities  of  Oxford, 
Edinburgh,  Dublin,  and  Aberdeen.  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  Beresford-Hope,  in  1887,  he 
was  returned  as  one  of  the  representatives 
in  Parliament  of  Cambridge  University, 
and  sat  till  1892.  In  1889  he  was  created 
a  Baronet  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and 
in  1892  retired  from  the  Presidency  of  tbe 
Royal  Society,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir 
"William  Thomson,  now  Lord  Kelvin.  He 
has  also  retired  from  the  Committee  of 
Solar  Physios.  In  1891  he  published 
"  Natural  Theology,"  being  the  Gifford 
Lectures  for  the  year,  and  has  at  various 
times  contributed  short  articles  on  reli- 
gious topics  to  periodical  literature.  He 
has  published  many  papers  on  mathe- 
matics and  physics  in  scientific  journals, 
especially  in  the  Phil.  Transactions  of 
Cambridge  and  of  the  Royal  Society.  In 
1887  he  delivered  the  Burnett  Lectures  on 
Light,  and  published  them.  His  jubilee 
as  a  Cambridge  Professor  was  celebrated 
in  1899.  In  1857  he  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Robinson, 
D.D.,  Director  of  Armagh  Observatory. 
Addresses:  Lensfield  Cottage,  Cambridge; 
and  Athenseum. 

STOKES,  Lieut. -General  Sir  John, 

K.C.B.,  second  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Stokes,  vicar  of  Cobham,  Kent,  was  born 
there  on  June  17,  1825,  and  received  his 
education  at  the  Proprietary  School, 
Rochester,  and  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich.  He  entered  the 
Royal  Engineers  as  Second  Lieutenant  in 
1843,  and  saw  active  service  in  the  Kaffir 
War  of  1846-47,  and  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Commander-in-Chief  on  two  occa- 
sions, and  again  in  1850-51.  In  1851  he 
was  appointed  to  act  as  Deputy  Assistant- 


Quarterrnaster-General  of  the  Field  Force 
in  Kaffraria,  and  assisted  in  organising 
4000  levies  among  the  Hottentots,  and 
was  engaged  in  all  the  principal  opera- 
tions, frequently  receiving  the  thanks  of 
General  Sir  Harry  Smith,  G.C.B.,  and  his 
marked  approbation  in  General  Orders. 
He  received  the  Cape  Medal  for  these 
services.  In  1855  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Engineer  to  the  Turkish  Contingent,  and 
raised  and  organised  the  Engineer  Corps 
and  Train  of  that  force.  In  the  winter  of 
1855-56  he  was  employed  in  fortifying 
Kertch,  for  which  he  obtained  a  brevet 
majority,  the  Turkish  Medal,  and  the 
order  of  the  Medjidieh,  fourth  class.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  War  (Lord  Pan- 
mure),  his  Commissioner  for  regulating  all 
matters  connected  with  the  breaking-up 
of  the  Turkish  Contingent — disposing  of 
the  horses,  stores,  .&c.  All  his  decisions 
were  approved.  In  July  1856  he  was  ap- 
pointed her  Majesty's  Commissioner  for 
the  Danube,  under  the  Treaty  of  Paris. 
In  1861  he  was  nominated  Vice-Consul  in 
the  Delta  of  the  Danube,  and  in  1866  he 
signed  the  convention  for  regulating  the 
navigation  of  the  mouths  of  that  river. 
In  1868,  with  full  powers  under  the  great 
seal,  he  signed  tbe  Danube  Loan  Conven- 
tion with  the  plenipotentiaries  of  France, 
Austria,  Hungary,  Prussia,  Italy,  and 
Turkey.  He  did  not  quit  the  Danube 
until  the  great  works  for  deepening  the 
Sulina  entrance  had  been  completed,  in 
December  1871.  He  was  in  command  of 
the  Royal  Engineers  in  South  Wales  from 
May  1872  to  Aug.  1873  ;  British  Commis- 
sioner on  the  International  Tonnage  Com- 
mission (Suez  Canal  Question)  from  Aug. 
to  Dec.  1873  ;  was  employed  on  Suez 
Canal  Affairs  in  London  and  in  Egypt  in 
1874  and  1875  ;  was  in  command  of  the 
Royal  Engineers  at  Chatham  from  Jan.  to 
Nov.  1875  ;  was  Commandant  of  the  School 
of  Military  Engineering  at  Chatham  from 
Nov.  1875  to  March  1881  ;  was  attached 
to  Mr.  Cave's  special  mission  to  Egypt  in 
Dec.  1875,  when  he  received  the  special 
thanks  of  H.M.  Government  for  the  con- 
vention concluded  with  M.  de  Lesseps, 
under  which  the  many  vexatious  questions 
then  pending  were  amicably  settled.  In 
1876  he  was  appointed,  and  has  since 
remained,  representative  of  Great  Britain 
on  the  Board  of  the  Suez  Canal  Company. 
In  1879-80  he  was  sent  on  a  special  in- 
ternational mission  to  Egypt  to  solve  a 
difficulty  about  the  Harbour  dues  at  Alex- 
andria. In  1880-81  he  served  on  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Tonnage  measure- 
ment. From  March  1881  to  July  1886  he 
was  Deputy  Adjutant-General,  Royal  En- 
gineers. He  was  promoted  to  a  Lieut.  - 
Colonelcy   in    1867,   and    became    a    full 


STOKES  —  STONE 


1041 


Colonel  in  1873,  and  Major-General  in 
1885.  In  1871  he  was  nominated  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Bath,  and  in  1877  a  Knight 
Companion  of  the  same  order  (Civil  Divi- 
sion). He  retired  with  the  rank  of  Lieut.- 
General  in  1887.  In  that  year  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of 
the  Suez  Canal.  In  December  1893  he 
was  charged,  as  Vice-President,  with  the 
mission  of  delivering  to  his  Highness  the 
Khedive  Abbas  Helmi,  on  his  first  visit  to 
the  Canal,  a  friendly  greeting  from  her 
Majesty  the  Queen.  He  married,  in  1849, 
Henrietta  Georgina  de  Villiers,  second 
daughter  of  Charles  Maynard  of  Grahams- 
town.  Address  :  Spring  House,  Ewell, 
Surrey. 

STOKES,  Whitley,  C.S.I.,  C.I.E., 
Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Dublin, 
Hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  Hon.  Fellow  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  Hon.  Member  of  the 
Deutsche,  Morgenliindische  Gesellschaft, 
Associe'  Etranger  de  l'lnstitut  de  Trance 
(Academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles 
Lettres),  of  the  Inner  Temple,  Barrister- 
at-Law,  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1830,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Wm.  Stokes, 
M.D.,  Eegius  Professor  of  Medicine  in  the 
Dublin  University.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  practised  at  the 
Chancery  Bar,  went  to  India  in  1862,  was 
reporter  to  the  High  Court  and  acting 
administrator-general,  Madras,  from  1863 
to  1864  ;  served  subsequently  as  Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  India  in  the  Legis- 
lative Department,  and  law  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Governor-General,  May 
1877  to  May  1882 ;  President  of  the 
Indian  Law  Commission,  1879  ;  draughts- 
man of  the  present  codes  of  criminal 
and  civil  procedure,  and  of  the  Acts 
dealing  respectively  with  the  transfer 
of  property,  trusts,  easements,  specific 
relief,  and  limitation.  In  1868  he  framed 
the  scheme  for  collecting  and  cataloguing 
the  Sanskrit  MSS.  preserved  in  India. 
Mr.  Stokes  is  the  author  or  editor  of  the 
following  legal  works  :  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Liens  of  Legal  Practitioners,"  London, 
1860  ;  "  On  Powers  of  Attorney  "  (Bythe- 
wood  and  Jarman's  Conveyancing,  1st 
edit.,  vol.  viii.,  part  1),  London,  1861  ; 
"Hindu  Law  Books," Madras,  1865;  "The 
Indian  Succession  Act,  with  a  Commen- 
tary," Calcutta,  1865  ;  "The  Indian  Com- 
panies Act,"  1866,  with  notes  ;  "  The 
Older  Statutes  in  Force  in  India,"  with 
notes,  1874;  "The  Unrepealed  General 
Acts  of  the  Governor-General  of  India," 
with  Chronological  Tables,  &c.,  3  vols., 
Calcutta,  1875  and  1876;  "The  Anglo- 
Indian  Codes,"  vol.  i.,  1887,  and  vol.  ii. , 
1888,  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  with  two 
supplements,  1889,  1891.  In  1892  he 
edited  for  Mr.  Murray  a  selection  of  the 


Indian  speeches  and  minutes  of  the  late 
Sir  Henry  Maine.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  the  following  philological  works : 
"Irish  Glosses,"  Dublin,  1860;  "Three 
Irish  Glossaries,"  London,  1862;  "The 
Play  of  the  Sacrament,"  a  Middle-English 
Drama,  with  a  Glossary,  Berlin,  1862 ; 
"The  Passion,"  a  Middle-Cornish  Poem, 
with  a  translation  and  notes,  Berlin, 
1862  ;  "  The  Creation  of  the  World,"  a 
Cornish  Mystery,  with  a  translation  and 
notes,  Berlin,  1863  ;  "  Three  Middle-Irish 
Homilies,"  Calcutta,  1871  ;  "  Goidelica, 
Irish  Glosses,  Prose  and  Verse,"  Lonrlon, 
1872;  "The  Life  of  S.  Meriasek,"  a 
Cornish  Drama,  with  a  translation  and 
notes,  London,  1872 ;  "  Middle-Breton 
Hours,"  Calcutta,  1876  ;  "  The  Calendar  of 
Oengus,"  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  Dublin,  1880;  "  Togail  Troi," 
Calcutta,  1881;  "  Saltair  na  Rann,"  Ox- 
ford, 1883;  "The  Tripartite  Life  of 
Patrick,"  with  other  documents  relating 
to  that  Saint  (in  the  Poll  Series  of 
Chronicles  and  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland),  London,  1887  ;  "  The  Old 
Irish  Glosses  at  Wiirzburg  and  Carlsruhe," 
London,  1887  ;  "Lives  of  Saints  from  the 
Book  of  Lismore,"  Oxford,  1889;  "Ur- 
keltischer  Sprachschatz "  (the  second 
volume  of  Professor  Fick's  "  Compara- 
tive Dictionary  of  the  Indo  -  Germanic 
Languages"),  Gottingen,  1894;  "The 
Martyrology  of  Gorman,"  1895;  "The 
Anna"ls  of  Tigernach,"  1897;  and  "The 
Gaelic  versions  of  Marco  Polo  and  Maun- 
devill'e  and  Fierabras,"  1897-98.  He 
married  (1)  Mary,  daughter  of  Colonel 
Bazeley  ;  and  (2)  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
William  Temple.  Address :  15  Grenville 
Place,  S.W.,  &c. 

STONE,  Marcus,  R.A.,  painter  of  his- 
torical and  genre  subjects,  son  of  the  late 
Frank  Stone,  A.R.A. ,  a  distinguished  artist 
(who  died  in  1859),  was  born  in  London, 
July  4,  1840.  He  received  his  education 
at  home,  and  was  never  a  student  in  any 
art  school.  He  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  Jan.  24,  1877,  and 
was  made'  full  R.A.  on  Jan.  7,  1887.  Mr. 
Stone  received  one  of  the  medals  awarded 
to  the  English  school  at  the  Vienna,  Phila- 
delphia, Paris,  Berlin,  Chicago,  and  Mel- 
bourne International  Exhibitions.  As  a 
very  young  man  he  illustrated  the  works 
of  Dickens,  and  later,  those  of  Anthony 
Trollope,  and  various  numbers  of  the 
Cornhill  Magazine.  Mr.  Stone  has  been 
much  in  Paris,  and  has  visited  Italy 
several  times.  He  exhibited  first  in  1858, 
and  achieved  his  earliest  marked  success 
in  1863  with  "  From  Waterloo  to  Paris,"  a 
picture  of  Napoleon  in  a  peasant's  cottage. 
His  principal  pictures  since  then  are : 
"Stealing     the     Keys,"      1866;       "Nell 

3u 


1042 


STONEY  —  STOREY 


Gywnne,"  18ti7  ;  "  The  Princess  Elizabeth 
forced  to  attend  Mass,"  1869 ;  Henry 
VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn,"  1870;  "The 
Royal  Nursery,"  1871 ;  "  Edward  II.  and 
Piers  Gaveston,"  1872  ;  "  Le  Roi  est  Mort 
—Vive  le  Roi,"  1873;  "My  Lady  is  a 
Widow  and  Childless,"  1874  ;  "  Sain  et 
Sauf,"  1875;  "An  Appeal  for  Mercy," 
1876;  "A  Sacrifice,"  1877;  "The  Post 
Bag,"  and  "The  Time  of  Roses,"  1878; 
"In  the  Shade,"  1879;  "Amour  ouPatrie," 
1880;  "Married  for  Love,"  1881;  "Bad 
News,"  and  "  II  y  en  a  toujours  un  autre," 
1882  (purchased  under  the  terms  of  the 
Chantrey  Bequest  by  the  Royal  Academy) ; 
"An  Offer  of  Marriage,"  and  "Asleep," 
1883;  "A  Gambler's  Wife,"  1885;  "A 
Peacemaker,"  1886;  "In  Love,"  1888; 
"The  First  Love-letter,"  1889  ;  "A  Pass- 
ing Cloud,"  1891  ;  "Two's  Company, 
Three's  None,"  1892;  "A  Honeymoon," 
1893;  "A  Sailor's  Sweetheart,"  1895; 
portrait  of  Miss  Messel,  1896  ;  "  Thoughts," 
1897  ;  "  A  Welcome  Footstep,"  and  "The 
Question,"  1898;  and  "Reverie,"  1899. 
Several  of  these  have  been  engraved.  Mr. 
Stone  has  painted  some  landscapes,  and 
some  water-colour  pictures.  He  is  a 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
Address :  8  Melbury  Road,  Kensington 
Road,  W. 

STONEY,  Bindon  Blood,  C.E.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  engineer  of  the  Dublin  Port  and 
Docks  Board,  was  born  in  Ireland  on  June 
13,  1828,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
George  Stoney,  and  Anne,  second  daughter 
of  Bindon  Blood,  D.L.  He  was  educated 
at  home  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
was,  like  his  brother,  astronomical  assist- 
ant to  Lord  Rosse,  from  1850  to  1852,  and 
then  for  a  few  years  an  engineer  on  Spanish 
railways  and  on  the  Boyne  Viaduct.  He 
became  assistant-engineer  at  the  Port  of 
Dublin  in  1856,  and  rose  to  his  present 
position  in  1862.  In  1871  he  was  President 
of  the  Inst.  C.E.  of  Ireland,  and  was 
awarded  the  Telford  Medal  and  Telford 
Premium  of  the  Inst.  C.E.  in  1884.  He 
was  made  F.R.S.  in  1881.  He  is  well 
known  as  the  author  of  a  work  on  the 
"Theory  of  Stresses  in  Girders,  &c," 
1886,  and  has  contributed  several  com- 
munications on  engineering  subjects  to 
the  scientific  journals.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  J.  F.  Walker,  Q.C.  Address  : 
14  Elgin  Road,  Dublin. 

STONEY,  George  Johnstone,  D.Sc, 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  Ireland  on  Feb.  15, 1826, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  George 
Stoney,  of  Oakley  Park,  King's  County,  and 
Anne,  seconddaughter  of  Bindon  Blood,D.L. 
He  was  educated  at  home,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where,  in  1847,  he  was 
Second  Senior  Moderator  in  Mathematics 


and  Physics.  In  1852  he  obtained  the 
Madden  Prize  (M.A.  Dublin,  Hon.  D.Sc. 
Queen's  University).  In  1848  he  was  ap- 
pointed astronomical  assistant  to  the  late 
Earl  of  Rosse,  and  in  1852  Professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Queen's  Uni- 
versity, Ireland,  to  which  body  he  was  also 
secretary  from  1857  to  1882,  in  which  year 
the  University  ceased  to  exist.  He  became 
F.R.S.  in  1861.  He  has  contributed  many 
papers,  chiefly  on  physical  and  chemical 
subjects,  to  the  Philosophical  Magazine,  the 
British  Association  Reports,  &c.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  R.  J.  Stoney,  of  Par- 
sonstown.  Address :  8  Upper  Hornsey 
Rise,  N. 

STOREY,  George  Adolphus,  A.R.A., 
second  son  of  James  Payne  Storey  and  his 
wife  Emily  Fitch,  born  in  London,  Jan.  7, 
1834,  was  educated  in  Paris  by  M.  Joseph 
Morand,  Professor  in  the  Ath^n£  Royale, 
his  painting  master  being  M.  J.  L.  Dulong. 
He  returned  to  London  in  1850,  and 
attended  Mr.  J.  M.  Leigh's  School  in  New- 
man Street.  He  first  exhibited  in  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1852,  and  became  a 
student  there  in  the  following  year.  In 
1858  he  painted  the  "Widowed  Bride," 
which  was  followed  by  "The  Bride's 
Burial,"  "The  Annunciation,"  "The 
Closed  House,"  and  others  in  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  manner.  In  1863  he  was  in 
Spain,  painting  portraits  at  Madrid.  In 
the  following  year  he  first  attracted  the 
special  notice  of  the  public  by  his  picture 
of  "The  Meeting  of  William  Seymour 
with  the  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  at  the 
Court  of  James  I.,  1609."  It  was  followed 
by  "A  Royal  Challenge,"  1865;  "After 
You,"  1867;  "The  Shy  Pupil,"  1868; 
"  The  Old  Soldier,"  1869  ;  "  The  Duet," 
and  "Only  a  Rabbit,"  1870;  "Rosy 
Cheeks,"  and  "  Lessons,"  1871  ;  "  Little 
Buttercups,"  1872  ;  "  Scandal "  (considered 
his  best  picture),  "Love  in  a  Maze,"  and 
"Mistress  Dorothy,"  1873;  "Grand- 
mamma's Christmas  Visitors,"  "The  Blue 
Girls  of  Canterbury,"  and  "Little  Swans- 
down,"  1874;  "Caught,"  1875;  "A 
Dancing  Lesson,"  1876  ;  "  The  Old  Pump- 
room,  Bath,"  and  "The  Judgment  of 
Paris,"  1877;  "Sweet  Margery,"  1878; 
"  Lilies,  Oleanders,  and  the  Pink,"  1879  ; 
"Follow  my  Leader,"  1880;  "The  Ivory 
Door,"  1881  ;  "  The  Connoisseur,"  1883  ; 
' '  As  Good  as  Gold,"  1885  ;  "  The  Violinist," 
and  "On  Guard,"  1886;  "  A  Young  Prodi- 
gal," and  "Salome,"  1887;  "The  Padre," 
"ASpanishTnterior,"and''PanandSyrinx," 
1888;  "Godiva,"  1889;  "The  Hungry 
Messenger,"  and  "  Paris  and  GSnone," 
1890;  "The  Milliner's  Bill,"  and  "Mrs. 
and  Miss  Storev,"  1891 ;  "  Miss  Meta 
Reid,"1892;  "Waiting  for  Her  Partner," 
and  "Miss  Jenny,"  1893  ;  "  First  Practice," 


STOKMONTH-DAKLING  —  STOEY 


1043 


and  "Double  Dummy,"  1894;  "Reflection," 
"  Coming  Events,"  "  The  Rival  Minstrels," 
and  "A  Summer  Song,"  1895;  "A  Love 
Stratagem,"  and  "The  Town  Gossip," 
1896;  "Summer  Days,"  "A  Fair  Musi- 
cian," "Mischief,"  and  "A  Daughter  of 
the  Regiment,"  1897  ;  "  In  Evening  Shade," 
and  "Two  Girls  Bathing,"  1898;  and 
"Lessons  of  Love,"  1899.  Mr.  Storey 
was  elected  an  A.R.A.  in  April  1876. 
Address :  39  Broadhurst  Gardens,  South 
Hampstead,  N.W. 

STORMONTH- DARLING,  Lord, 
Moir  Tod  Stormonth-Darling,  M.A. 
Edinburgh,  Q.C.,  LL.D.,  D.L.,  Senator  of 
the  College  of  Justice,  and  one  of  the 
Lords  of  Session  in  Scotland,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  3,  1844,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  James  Stormonth- 
Darling,  of  Lednathie,  Writer  to  the 
Signet,  and  Elizabeth  Moir,  daughter  of 
James  Tod  of  Deanstoun.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Kelso  Grammar  School  under  the 
late  Dr.  Fergusson,  and  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  1864, 
and  he  was  called  to  the  Scottish  Bar  1867, 
and  made  a  Q.C.,  1888.  He  unsuccessfully 
contested  the  county  of  Banff  at  the 
general  election  of  1885.  He  was  appointed 
Lord  Rector's  Assessor  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  1887,  and  Solicitor-General 
for  Scotland,  November  1888,  whereupon 
he  was  elected  without  opposition  Member 
of  Parliament  for  the  Universities  of  Edin- 
burgh and  St.  Andrews.  This  position  he 
resigned  on  being,  in  October  1890,  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  Senator  of  the  College  of 
Justice,  into  which  office  he  was  installed 
with  the  usual  ceremonies.  He  took  the 
title  of  Lord  Stormonth-Darling,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Sir  Charles  Pearson  as 
Solicitor-General  for  Scotland.  He  is 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  and  a  D.L.  He  married, 
in  1892,  Ethel  Hay,  younger  daughter  of 
the  late  Major  W.  Baird  Young,  R.A.,  of 
Ascreavie,  Forfarshire.  Residences  :  10 
Great  Stuart  Street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Bal- 
varran,  Pitlochry. 

STORR,  Francis,  B.  A.,  chief  master 
of  the  modern  side  of  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  and  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Educa- 
tion, was  born  in  Suffolk,  Feb.  28, 1839,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Francis 
Storr.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and 
became  a  Scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  the  Bell  University 
Scholarship,  and  was  sixth  in  the  Classical 
Tripos  of  1861.  From  1864  to  1875  he  was 
an  Assistant-Master  at  Marlborough  Col- 
lege, when  he  went  to  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  on  their  removal  from  Suffolk  Lane 
to  the  Charterhouse,  to  preside  over  the 
Modern  Side,  then  first  formed.  Mr. 
Storr  is  the  mainstay  of  more  educational 


societies  than  any  other  teacher  in  Lon- 
don, among  them  being  the  College  of 
Preceptors,  the  Teachers'  Guild,  the  Mo- 
dern Language  Association,  the  Assistant- 
Masters'  Association,  and  the  Froebel 
Society.  He  is  also  on  the  Council  of  the 
Authors'  Society.  His  works  include  edi- 
tions of  many  English  and  foreign  classics, 
such  as  Cowper's  Task  and  Bacon's  Essays. 
He  is  a  well-known  master  of  the  art  of 
translation.  Many  of  his  renderings  are 
included  in  the  three  volumes  of  Prize 
Translations,  reprinted  from  the  Journal 
of  Education.  He  has  edited  the  "Reise- 
bilder,"  Livy  V.,  Richter's  "  Schulmeister- 
lein  Wuz,"  and  Lermontoff's  "Demon." 
He  has  been  a  constant  contributor  to  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  such  articles 
as  those  on  Academies,  Georges  Sand,  and 
other  foreign  litUrateurs  showing  his  broad 
sympathies  and  fine  critical  sense.  Ad- 
dresses :  40  Mecklenburgh  Square,  W.C.  ; 
and  Athenaeum, 

STORRS,  Richard  Salter,  D.D.,  was 
born  at  Braintree,  Massachusetts,  Aug. 
21,  1821.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  Col- 
lege in  1839.  He  studied  law,  and  after- 
wards theology  at  the  Andover  Seminary, 
where  he  graduated  in  1845.  He  was 
pastor  of  a  church  at  Brookline,  Massa- 
chusetts, for  one  year,  and  then  took 
charge  of  the  Congregational  Church  of 
the  Pilgrims  at  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
where  he  has  since  remained.  Dr.  Storrs 
is  noted  as  an  eloquent  preacher  and  as  a 
student  of  history.  For  many  years  he  has 
been  President  of  the  Long  Island  His- 
torical Society,  and  since  1887  President 
of  the  American  Board  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. From  1848  to  1861  he  was  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  Independent,  a  religious 
weekly.  In  addition  to  a  number  of 
orations  and  discourses  he  has  published 
a  "  Report  on  the  Revised  Edition  of  the 
English  Version  of  the  Bible  undertaken 
by  the  American  Bible  Society,"  "The 
Graham  Lectures  on  the  Wisdom,  Power, 
and  Goodness  of  God,  as  Manifested  in  the 
Constitution  of  the  Human  Soul,"  1856  ; 
"  Conditions  of  Success  in  Preaching 
without  Notes,"  1875  ;  "  The  Early  Ameri- 
can Spirit  and  the  Genesis  of  It,"  1875  ; 
"The  Declaration  of  Independence  and 
the  Effects  of  It,"  1876;  "The  Divine 
Origin  of  Christianity  indicated  by  its 
Historical  Effects,"  1884;  "The  Puritan 
Spirit,"  1890 ;  and  a  volume  of  Eight 
Lectures  on  "Bernard  of  Clairvaux,"  1892. 

STORY,  Mrs.  Julian  (Emma  Eames), 
was  born  at  Shanghai,  on  Aug.  13,  1867, 
and  is  the  daughter  of  a  distinguished 
American  lawyer,  employed  at  the  time  of 
her  birth  in  the  International  Courts  at 
Shanghai.     She  spent  the  first  five  years  of 


1044 


STORY  —  STORY-MASKELEYNE 


her  life  at  Bath,  Maine.  Her  early  musical 
studies  were  directed  by  her  mother,  her- 
self a  musician  of  talent.  From  1883  to 
1886  she  developed  her  voice  under  Miss 
Munger,  of  Boston,  and  in  the  latter  year 
entered  the  School  of  Mme.  Marchesi,  in 
Paris,  under  whose  tuition  and  that  of 
M.  Pluque  of  the  Opera,  she  studied  dili- 
gently for  two  years.  Her  first  engage- 
ment was  at  the  Op&a  Comique  in  1888, 
and  in  1889  she  made  her  debut  at  the 
Grand  Ope'ra  in  Gounod's  "Romeo  and 
Juliette,"  as  remplarante  to  Mme  Patti. 
She  sang  with  the  brothers  De  Reszke,  and 
her  success  was  immediate  and  overwhelm- 
ing. She  shortly  afterwards  still  further 
added  to  her  reputation  by  her  impersona- 
tion of  Marguerite.  The  late  Sir  Augustus 
Harris  engaged  her  for  the  Covent  Garden 
season  of  1891.  She  made  her  first  great 
English  success  in  the  part  of  Marguerite 
at  Covent  Garden  on  April  7,  1891,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  year  won  fresh  laurels  in 
America,  in  Mr.  Grau's  "ideal  cast,"  which 
included  the  De  Reszkes.  She  has  won 
her  chief  successes  as  Marguerite  and 
Juliette,  but  has  also  sung  in  most  well- 
known  operatic  parts,  is  one  of  the  glories 
of  Covent  Garden,  and  one  of  the  world's 
most  admired  prime  donne.  She  was 
decorated  at  Osborne  in  1897  with  the 
Jubilee  Medal.  In  1891  she  married,  in 
England,  Mr.  Julian  Story,  son  of  the 
well-known  sculptor  of  that  name,  long  a 
leader  of  the  artistic  English  colony  in 
Italy.  Address  :  7  Place  des  Etats  Unis, 
Paris. 

STORY,  The  Very  Rev.  Robert 
Herbert,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Principal  of  Glas- 
gow University,  Queen's  Chaplain,  was 
born  at  Roseneath  Manse,  Scotland,  Jan. 
28,  1835,  being  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
Story,  minister  of  that  parish.  He  was 
educated  in  Edinburgh,  Heidelberg,  and  St. 
Andrews ;  was  appointed  assistant-minister 
of  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Montreal,  in  Feb- 
ruary 1859  ;  ordained  there  Sept.  20,  1859  ; 
presented  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll  in  the 
same  year  to  the  parish  of  Roseneath  on 
the  death  of  his  father  ;  and  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  Iwnoris  causd  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  April  22,  1874.  Be- 
sides contributions  to  current  literature  of 
a  minor  character,  including  many  pam- 
phlets and  articles  on  the  ecclesiastical 
affairs  of  Scotland,  he  has  published  "Life 
of  the  Rev.  Robert  Story,  including  Pas- 
sages of  Scottish  Ecclesiastical  History 
during  the  Second  Quarter  of  the  Present 
Century,"  1862  ;  "  Christ  the  Consoler, 
being  a  Manual  of  Scriptures,  Hymns,  and 
Prayers,"  1864;  "Memoir  and  Remains  of 
Robert  Lee,  D.D.,"  2  vols.,  1870  ;  "  William 
Carstares  ;  a  Character  and  Career  of  the 
Revolutionary   Epoch,    1649-1715,"    1874; 


"Creed  and  Conduct:  Sermons  preached 
in  Roseneath  Church,"  1878;  "Health. 
Haunts  of  the  Riviera,"  1880;  "Nugas 
Ecclesiasticje,"  1884.  As  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Scottish  "Church  Service 
Society,"  and  convener  of  its  "editorial 
committee,"  he  has  had  charge  of  its  pub- 
lication of  "  Euchologion  :  a  Book  of 
Common  Order,"  now  in  the  7th  edition  ; 
and  has  assisted  in  the  promotion  of  the 
Liturgical  restoration  in  the  Church  of 
Scotland.  He  became  editor  of  the  Scot- 
tish Church,  a  monthly  magazine,  which 
was  instituted  in  1885  in  the  interest  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland ;  and  which  was 
merged  in  1887  in  the  Scots  Magazine,  also 
for  some  time  edited  by  Dr.  Story.  He 
was  appointed  in  1886  one  of  her  Majesty's 
chaplains ;  was  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly  to  the  office  of  Depute  Clerk  in 
succession  to  Dr.  Milligan,  and  subse- 
quently to  that  of  Principal  Clerk,  an  office 
he  now  holds.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Eccle- 
siastical History  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  He  was  appointed  Principal 
of  Glasgow  University  in  July  1898 
in  succession  to  Principal  Caird,  and  is 
succeeded  in  his  chair  by  the  Rev.  James 
Cooper,  D.D.,  of  Glasgow.  Dr.  Story  is 
editor  of  a  work  in  5  vols,  on  "The 
Church  of  Scotland,  Past  and  Present," 
issued  in  1890-91  ;  and  has  published  "  The 
Apostolic  Ministry  in  the  Scottish  Church," 
being  the  Baird  Lecture  for  1897.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  "Moderate"  or  Broad 
Church  party.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land in  1894.  He  married,  in  1863,  Janet 
Leith,  daughter  of  Captain  Philip  Man- 
ghan,  the  novelist.  Address  :  13  The  Col- 
lege, Glasgow. 

STORY-MASKELEYNE,  Mervyn 
Herbert  Nevil,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  J.  P.,  late 
Waynflete  Professor  of  Mineralogy  at 
Oxford  University,  and  from  1857  to  1880 
Keeper  of  Minerals  at  the  British  Museum, 
was  born  in  1823,  and  is  the  son  of  A.  M. 
Story-Maskeleyne,  F.R.S.,and  grandson  of 
Dr.  Maskeleyne,  Astronomer-Royal.  He 
graduated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  is  an  Hon.  Fellow,  taking  a 
second  class  in  Mathematics  in  1845.  He 
was  Examiner  in  Natural  Science  from 
1855  to  1856.  In  1856  he  was  appointed 
Waynflete  Professor  of  Mineralogy  at 
Oxford,  and  held  that  post  until  1895. 
He  represented  Cricklade  in  Parliament 
from  1880  to  1885,  and  North  Wilts  from 
1885  to  1892,  being  latterly  a  Liberal 
Unionist.  He  has  written  "The  Morpho- 
logy of  Crystals,"  "A  Guide  to  the 
Collection  of  Minerals  in  the  British 
Museum";  in  1881  the  "Catalogue  of 
Minerals  in  the  British  Museum,"  and  a 


STOUT  —  STEACHEY 


1045 


privately  printed  catalogue  of  the  intaglios 
and  cameos  known  as  the  "  Marlborough 
Gems."  He  married  a  daughter  of  J. 
Dillwyn-Llewellyn,  F.R.S.,  in  1858.  Ad- 
dresses :  Basset  Down  House,  Swindon ; 
and  Athenaaum. 

STOUT,  Hon.  Sir  Robert,  K.C.M.G., 
late  Premier  of  New  Zealand,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  Thomas  Stout  of  Lerwick,  in  the 
Shetland  Isles,  merchant,  was  born  at  Ler- 
wick in  1844,  educated  at  Lerwick  Parish 
School,  and  was  trained  for  the  profession 
of  teacher,  serving  his  pupil-teachership 
in  the  same  school.  Towards  the  end  of 
1863  he  went  to  Otago,  New  Zealand,  and 
shortly  after  his  arrival  he  obtained  an 
appointment  in  the  Grammar  School.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  exercise  of  his  pro- 
fession as  teacher  until  18G7,  either  in  the 
Government  Schools  or  in  private  grammar 
schools,  when  he  commenced  the  study  of 
law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  New  Zea- 
land Bar  in  1871,  and  before  long  became 
one  of  its  leading  members,  not  only  of 
Dunedin,  but  of  the  colony.  In  1872  Mr. 
Stout  obtained  a  seat  in  the  Provincial 
Council  of  Otago.  In  1875  he  was  elected 
to  the  House  of  Representatives,  as 
member  for  Caversham.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  as  one  of  the  members  for 
Dunedin,  and  retained  his  seat  until  his 
retirement  in  June  1879.  He  was  offered, 
and  accepted,  the  office  of  Attorney- 
General  and  Minister  of  Lands  in  Sir 
George  Grey's  Ministry  in  1878.  From 
1879  to  1884  Mr.  Stout  was  not  engaged  in 
politics,  but  during  that  period,  as  before, 
he  took  part  in  the  administration  of 
various  local  bodies,  e.g.,  the  Otago  Land 
Board  and  others.  In  1884  Mr.  Stout  was 
elected  Member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives for  Dunedin  East,  and  on  the 
downfall  of  the  Atkinson  Ministry,  took 
office  as  Premier,  Attorney-General,  and 
Minister  of  Education,  with  Sir  Julius 
Vogel  as  Colonial  Treasurer.  In  1886  Mr. 
Stout  received  the  Order  of  K.C.M.G. 
At  the  general  election  in  1887  Sir  R. 
Stout  again  stood  for  Dunedin  East,  but 
was  defeated,  chiefly,  it  was  said,  as  a 
protest  against  the  unpopular  financial 
policy  of  the  Ministry.  He  was  offered 
seats  in  several  parts  of  the  Colony,  but 
preferred  to  retire  into  private  life,  and 
has  not  since  taken  any  active  part  in 
politics.  He  has  been  an  industrious 
contributor  to  numerous  journals  and 
magazines,  and  the  writer  of  a  number  of 
pamphlets.  He  has  also  delivered,  and 
still  delivers,  lectures  and  addresses  on 
political,  social,  and  religious  subjects. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  New  Zealand  Uni- 
versity, and  also  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Otago  University,  and  has  always 
taken  an  active  interest  in  education.     At 


the  general  election  of  1890  he  was  again 
requested  to  enter  active  political  life 
by  several  constituencies,  but  declined. 
When  the  late  Mr.  Balance  was  on  his 
death-bed,  he  requested  Sir  Robert  Stout 
to  again  enter  political  life.  A  vacancy 
occuring  at  Inangahua  in  the  Nelson  Dis- 
trict at  this  time,  Sir  Robert  Stout  became 
a  candidate,  and  was  returned  in  June 
1893  by  a  very  large  majority,  about  two 
to  one  over  his  opponent.  At  the  general 
election  in  November  1893  he  was  a  can- 
didate for  the  City  of  Wellington,  which 
returned  three  candidates,  and  he  was 
returned  at  the  top  of  the  poll,  obtaining 
no  less  than  6200  votes.  He  held  this  seat 
until  1898.  He  married,  in  1876,  Anna, 
daughter  of  J.  Logan,  Esq.  Address : 
Watson  Street,  Wellington,  N.Z. 

STRACHEY,  John  St.  Loe,  joint- 
editor  and  part-proprietor  of  the  Spectator, 
was  born  in  1860,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
Sir  Edward  Strachey,  Bart.,  and  Mary 
Isabella,  second  daughter  of  the  late  J.  A. 
Symonds.  He  was  educated  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  and  obtained  a  first  class 
in  Modern  History  in  1882.  He  was  after- 
wards called  to  the  Bar,  and  entered  upon 
the  career  of  journalism.  In  1896-97  he 
edited  the  Cornhill.  He  is  author  of 
"From  Grave  to  Gay."  Addresses: 
14  Cornwall  Gardens,  S.W.,  &c.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

STRACHEY,     Lieut.-General    Sir 

Richard,  R.E.,  G.C.S.I.,  F.R.S.,  LL.D., 
third  son  of  Edward  Strachey,  B.C.S.,  and 
Julia,  daughter  of  Major-General  Kirk- 
patrick,  Indian  Army,  was  born  July  24, 
1817,  at  Sutton  Court,  Somersetshire. 
He  was  educated  at  a  private  school  and 
at  Addiscombe,  and  in  1836  entered  the 
corps  of  Bombay  Engineers,  from  which 
he  was  shortly  transferred  to  the  Bengal 
Engineers.  He  was  employed  on  irrigation 
works  in  the  N.W.P.  from  1840,  and  ap- 
pointed executive  engineer  on  the  Ganges 
Canal  in  1843.  He  served  in  the  Sutlej 
campaign  with  Sir  Harry  Smith's  division ; 
was  in  the  battles  of  Aliwal  and  Sobraon, 
was  mentioned  in  despatches  and  received 
a  brevet  majority.  In  1857  he  became 
Under  Secretary  to  the  Government  in  the 
Public  Works  Department  ;  and  in  the 
same  year  was  appointed  Secretary  to  the 
Government  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
which,  during  the  mutiny,  were  placed 
under  Sir  John  Peter  Grant  as  Lieut. - 
Governor.  He  became  consulting  engineer 
in  the  Railway  Department  in  1858 ; 
Secretary  to  the  Government  of  India  in 
the  Public  Works  Department  in  1862 ; 
and  Inspector-General  of  Irrigation  in 
1866.  He  was  appointed  additional 
Member  of  the  Governor-General's  Council 


1046 


STEA1GHT  —  STEASBUEGEE 


in  1869.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
organisation  of  the  Public  Works  Depart- 
ment, and  improvement  of  the  System  of 
Accounts,  as  well  as  in  the  formation  of 
the  Meteorological  and  Forest  Depart- 
ments, and  originated  the  scheme  for  the 
decentralisation  of  the  finances  of  India. 
He  also  originated  the  measures  taken  by 
the  Government  for  carrying  out  railway 
and  irrigation  works  on  a  large  scale  by 
means  of  borrowed  capital.  On  leaving 
India,  in  1871,  he  was  appointed  Inspector- 
General  of  railway  materials  and  stores  at 
the  India  Office.  In  1875  he  retired  from 
the  army  on  full  pay  as  a  Lieut.-General ; 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India ;  which 
post  he  vacated  in  1877,  in  order  to  pro- 
ceed to  India  on  special  duty,  viz.,  to 
arrange  for  the  purchase  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  East  Indian  Railway.  He  is 
Chairman  of  this  railway  and  of  the  Assam 
Bengal  Railway  Company.  He  became 
Officiating  Financial  Member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Governor- General  in  1878, 
and  Officiating  Military  Member  thereof 
in  1879  ;  he  also  presided  over  the  Famine 
Commission  which  was  then  formed.  On 
his  return  to  England,  in  1879,  he  was 
reappointed  to  the  Council  of  India,  from 
which  post  he  retired  in  1889,  and  became 
Chairman  of  the  East  Indian  Railway 
Company.  He  was  appointed  Grand  Com- 
mander of  the  Star  of  India  in  1897,  and 
is  in  receipt  of  a  good-service  pension. 
In  1892  he  was  sent  as  a  representative  of 
the  Indian  Government  to  the  Monetary 
Conference  at  Brussels,  and  became  a 
Member  of  the  Committee  under  Lord 
Herschel  to  report  on  the  Currency  of 
India.  Lieut.-General  Strachey  was  em- 
ployed on  a  scientific  survey  of  the  Hima- 
layan province  of  Kumaon  in  1848  and 
1849,  and  made  valuable  geological  and 
botanical  researches  and  collections.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1854,  and  received  one  of  the  Royal 
Medals  in  1897.  He  is  Chairman  of  the 
Meteorological  Council.  He  was  President 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  from 
1887  to  1889,  and  is  an  Honorary  Member 
of  the  Geographical  Societies  of  Berlin  and 
Italy.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the  Dele- 
gates of  Great  Britain  at  the  International 
Prime  Meridian  Conference  which  was 
held  at  Washington  in  1884.  In  1892  he 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  at 
Cambridge.  He  has  contributed  papers 
to  various  scientific  societies,  and  is  the 
author  of  "Lectures  on  Geography,"  and, 
jointly  with  Sir  John  Strachey,  of  "The 
Finances  and  Public  Works  of  India." 
He  married,  in  1859,  Jane,  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Peter  Grant,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  of 
Rotbiemurchus,  Scotland.  Address  :  69 
Lancaster  Gate,  W. ;  and  Athenasum. 


STRAIGHT,    Sir    Douglas,   LL.D., 

born  in  London  on  Oct.  22,  1844,  is  the 
son  of  Robert  Marshall  Straight,  barrister 
and  Clerk  of  the  Central  Criminal  Court, 
by  Janet,  daughter  of  James  Douglas,  of 
Great  Yarmouth.  He  was  educated  at 
Semple  Grove,  East  Sheen,  and  Harrow, 
which  latter  school  he  had  to  leave  owing 
to  his  father's  sudden  death.  From  1863 
to  1865  he  wrote  frequently  for  newspapers 
and  magazines,  and  was  well  known  as  a 
writer  for  children  under  the  pseudonym 
of  "Sidney  Daryl."  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1865,  and  soon  obtained  a  consider- 
able and  varied  practice  at  the  Central 
Criminal  Court,  Surrey  Sessions,  and  before 
many  other  courts  in  London  and  the 
county.  He  was  a  candidate  for  Shrews- 
bury in  1868,  but  withdrew  before  the 
poll ;  was  elected  for  that  place  at  a  bye- 
election  in  1870,  and  had  to  fight  an  elec- 
tion petition,  but,  after  a  four  days'  trial, 
was  maintained  in  his  seat  by  Mr.  Baron 
Channel!.  He  was  Junior  Counsel  for  the 
Treasury  and  Bankers'  Association  at  the 
Central  Criminal  Court,  in  the  former  of 
which  appointments  he  was,  on  his  ap- 
pointment as  a  Judge  of  the  High  Court 
at  Allahabad  in  1879,  succeeded  by  his 
great  friend,  Mr.  Montagu  Williams.  He 
sat  on  the  Bench  in  India  for  thirteen 
years,  retiring  on  pension  in  1892,  when 
he  was  knighted,  and  in  the  same  year 
contested  Stafford  at  the  general  election, 
but  was  defeated.  While  at  Allahabad  he 
took  much  interest  in  the  formation  of  the 
University  there,  and  was  a  Member  of  the 
Senate  and  Syndicate  and  President  of 
the  Law  Faculty.  In  recognition  of  his 
services  the  Senate,  on  his  departure  from 
India,  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  In  1893  he  became  sole  editor  of 
the  Pall  Mall  Magazine,  and  in  March 
1895  succeeded  Mr.  H.  Cokayne  Cust  as 
editor  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  which 
position  he  has  since  held.  He  married, 
in  1867,  Jane  Alice,  daughter  of  William 
Bridgman,  D.C.L.,  who  died  in  June  1894, 
by  whom  he  has  one  son,  Douglas  Mar- 
shall, in  the  North-West  Provinces  and 
Oudh  Police  Force.  Address  :  16A  New 
Cavendish  Street,  Portland  Place. ; 

STRANG,  William,  painter  and 
etcher,  was  born  at  Dumbarton  on  Feb. 
13,  1859,  and  was  educated  at  Dumbarton 
Academy,  afterwards  studying  art  at  the 
Slade  School.  Since  1875  his  work  has 
been  done  in  London.  In  1897  he  gained 
the  first-class  Gold  Medal  for  Painting 
at  the  Dresden  International  Exhibition. 
Addrt  ss  :  17  St.  George's  Square,  Regent's 
Park,  N.W. 

STRASBTJRGER,  Edward,  For. 
F.R.S.,  Polish  botanist,  was  born  at  War- 


STRATON  —  STRINDBERG 


1047 


saw,  Feb.  1,  1844,  and  studied  Natural 
Sciences  at  the  Universities  of  Bonn  and 
Jena,  1864-67,  when  he  became  a  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  at  Warsaw,  but  two  years 
later  the  introduction  of  the  Russian  lan- 
guage into  Poland  made  him  resign  his 
chair  for  one  at  Jena,  and  in  1880  he  was 
transferred  to  Bonn.  He  has  chiefly 
concerned  himself  with  studies  on  the 
formation  of  cells.  His  chief  works  are  : 
"Zellbildung  undZellteilung,"  Jena,  1876; 
"  Befruchtung  und  Zellteilung,"  Jena, 
1878  ;  "  Ueber  Bau  und  Wachsthum,  der 
Zellhiiute,"  Jena,  1882;  "Ueber  Befruch- 
tungsvorgang  bei  den  Phanerogamen," 
Jena,  1882  ;  "  Das  Botanische  Praktikum," 
Jena,  1884  ;  and  "  Strifzuge  an  der 
Riviera."  In  1891  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  in  1887  the 
University  of  Gbttingen  made  him  an 
Honorary  Doctor  of  Medicine,  and  in  1894 
the  University  of  Oxford  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  Ad- 
dress :  Bonn. 

STRATON,  The  Rig-lit  Rev.  Nor- 
man Dumenil  John,  Bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  is  the  eldest  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  George  W.  Straton,  Rector  of 
Aylestone,  was  born  in  1840,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A. 
1862  ;  M.A.  1869  ;  Hon.  D.D.  1892.  From 
1865  to  1866  he  was  Curate  of  Market 
Drayton  ;  from  1866  to  1875,  Vicar  of 
Kirkby-Wharfe,  Yorkshire  ;  from  1875  to 
1892,  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  and  Rural  Dean. 
He  has  also  been  Proctor  for  the  Arch- 
deaconry of  Craven,  Hon.  Canon  of  Ripon, 
Hon.  Canon  of  Wakefield,  and  from  1888  to 
1892  Archdeacon  of  Huddersfield.  He  was 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  in 
York  Minster  on  March  25,  1892.  At 
Wakefield  the  Bishop  was  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  the  Wakefield  Bishopric 
Fund  together  with  Archdeacon  Brooke, 
and  was  largely  instrumental  in  bringing 
that  movement  to  a  successful  issue  after 
eleven  years  of  hard  work,  at  a  cost  of 
nearly  £100,000.  In  the  Isle  of  Man  his 
Lordship  has  been  instrumental  in  found- 
ing a  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Man,  and  in 
inaugurating  a  successful  movement  for 
assisting  the  poorer  clergy  of  the  Diocese. 
In  1873  he  married  Emily,  daughter  of  J. 
R.  Pease,  of  Hull.  Addresses  :  1  White- 
hall Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Bishopscourt, 
Isle  of  Man. 

STRAUSS,  Edward,  Austrian  musi- 
cian, is  the  third  son  of  Johann  Strauss, 
the  inventor  of  the  waltz  (1804-49),  and 
the  younger  brother  of  the  late  Johann 
Strauss,  who  died  in  June  1899.  He  was 
born  in  1835,  and  educated  at  The'rese 
College,  being  intended  for  the  Diplomatic 
Service,  but  heredity  was  too  strong  for 


him,  and  he  took  to  music.  He  has  his 
own  'orchestra  in  Vienna,  and  conducts 
the  Imperial  Orchestra  at  the  great  Court 
functions.  He  visited  England  during  the 
Inventions  Exhibition  of  1885,  and  the 
Imperial  Institute  in  1897.  But  his  man- 
nerisms were  somewhat  too  pronounced 
to  suit  the  taste  of  the  British  public. 
He  has  composed  a  great  deal  of  dance 
music,  but  nothing  to  compare  with  his 
brother's  famous  works. 

STREET,  George  Slythe,  author, 
was  born  at  Wimbledom  on  July  18,  1867, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Street. 
He  was  educated  at  Temple  Grove,  East 
Sheen,  at  Charterhouse,  and  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  in  the  first 
class  in  Mods.,  1838,  and  second  class  in 
Lit.  Hum.  in  1890.  He  is  author  of 
'•Miniatures  and  Moods,"  1893;  "The 
Autobiography  of  a  Boy,"  perhaps  his  best- 
known  book,  1894;  "Episodes,"  and  an 
edition  of  Congreve's  Comedies,  1895 ; 
"Quales  Ego,"  1896;  "The  Wise  and  the 
Wayward,"  1897;  "Some  Notes  of  a 
Struggling  Genius,"  1898,  and  has  besides 
contributed  stories  and  critical  articles  to 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  the  New  lleview, 
Cosmopolis,  &c.  Address :  3  St.  James's 
Place,  St.  James's,  S.W. 

STRINDBERG,  Auguste,  Swedish 
novelist  and  dramatist,  was  born  at  Stock- 
holm in  1849,  and  having  been  educated 
at  the  public  school  of  his  native  town  he 
was  about  to  enter  the  University,  when 
poverty  compelled  him  to  earn  a  livelihood 
instead,  and  he  was  by  turns  private  tutor, 
theatrical  super,  telegraphist,  and  librarian, 
and  even  endeavoured  to  try  painting  and 
photography.  Finally  he  resolved  to  de- 
vote himself  wholly  to  literature,  and  be- 
came a  successful  exponent  of  poetry, 
journalism,  social  satire,  romance,  and 
drama.  In  all  of  these,  however,  the  bit- 
terness of  his  early  struggles  and  miseries 
exhibit  themselves  in  the  form  of  pessi- 
mism. This  is  especially  seen  in  his 
hatred  of  women,  which  has  been  caused 
by  domestic  disappointment.  After  his 
first  success  he  left  Stockholm,  and 
travelled  through  Denmark,  Germany 
(where  he  met  and  became  a  disciple  of 
Nietzsche),  France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  ; 
everywhere  preparing  or  writing  works  in- 
spired by  the  scenes  he  was  observing. 
He  returned  to  his  native  country  in  1885 
to  answer  an  attack  upon  the  supposed 
atheism  displayed  in  his  novel  "  Maries," 
but  such  was  his  popularity  that  the 
accusation  became,  for  him,  a  triumph. 
Among  the  better-known  works  of  Strind- 
berg  are :  "  Nuits  d'un  Somnambule," 
1885,  a  set  of  poems;  "La  Chambre 
Rouge,"  1879,  a  novel  satirising  Swedish 


1048 


STRONG  — STUART 


Society,  so  called  from  the  "  red  room  "  of 
a  cafe,  which  forms  the  framework  of  the 
story;  "  Le  Nouveau  Regne,"1882;  "  Le 
Fils  de  la  Servante,"  1886,  with  the  sub- 
title of  "  A  Madman's  Ancestors  "  ;  and 
"An  Bord  de  la  Mer,"  1892,  which  is  re- 
garded as  his  masterpiece  of  description 
and  analysis.  It  is,  however,  to  his 
dramatic  works  that  Strindberg  owes  his 
European  reputation,  the  keynote  to  them 
being  the  notion  that  the  love  between  the 
sexes  is  a  fight.  The  first,  "Mademoiselle 
Julie,"  a  tragedy  in  prose,  was  introduced 
by  a  preface  enunciating  his  principles, 
which  has  been  compared  to  Hugo's  pre- 
face to  "  Cromwell,"  1888.  His  other  plays 
are:  "Camarades,"  1888  ;  "  Pere,"  1888  ; 
and  "  Creanciers,"  1889.  Some  of  his 
plays  have  been  seen  in  Paris  at  the 
Theatre  Libre  and  in  London  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Independent  Theatre 
Society. 

STRONG,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir 
Samuel  Henry,  Chief -Justice  of  Canada, 
was  born  at  Poole,  England,  Aug.  13,  1825. 
He  accompanied  his  father  to  Canada  in 
1836,  and  was  educated  at  the  High 
School,  Quebec,  and  under  private  tutors. 
He  studied  law,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1849,  entering  on  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Toronto.  In  1856  he  was 
appointed  on  the  Commission  for  the  Con- 
solidation of  the  Statutes  of  Canada  and 
Upper  Canada,  and  in  1863  he  was  created 
a  Q.C.  On  Dec.  27,  1869,  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  Vice-Chancellors  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery.  In  1874  he  was  called 
to  the  Court  of  Error  and  Appeal  of 
Ontario,  and  the  following  year  was  chosen 
by  Lord  Dufferin  to  become  a  Puisne 
Judge  in  the  newly  constituted  Supreme 
Court  of  Canada.  He  became  Chief-Jus- 
tice on  the  death  of  Sir  W.  J.  Ritchie, 
Dec.  13,  1892,  and  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  June  1893.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  Member  of  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee of  H.M.'s  Most  Honourable  Privy 
Council  in  January  1897,  and  proceeding 
to  England  was  sworn  as  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor before  the  Queen  at  a  Council  held 
at  Windsor  Castle,  July  14, 1897.  Address : 
Ottawa. 

STEOSSMAYER,  The  Eight  Eev. 
Joseph  George,  D.D.,  a  distinguished 
prelate  of  the  Roman  Church,  born  at 
Essak,  in  Slavonia,  Feb.  4,  1815,  received 
his  education  in  the  Universities  of 
Vienna  and  Padua,  and  on  May  20,  1850, 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Bosnia  and 
Sirmio.  During  the  sittings  of  the  (Ecu- 
menical Council  of  the  Vatican  in  1869-70, 
he  was  constantly  represented  as  an 
opponent  of  the  dogma  of  the  infallibility 
of    the    Pope.      However    when    certain 


journals  reproduced  the  text  of  a  speech 
alleged  to  have  been  delivered  at  the 
Council  by  Mgr.  Strossmayer,  the  Bishop 
addressed  to  the  FranqaU  a  letter,  in  which 
he  absolutely  denied  having  made  any 
such  discourse.  In  September  1888  he 
congratulated  the  Slav  Committee  of  Kiev 
on  the  conversion  of  the  Russians  to 
Christianity,  was  remonstrated  with  by 
the  Emperor,  and  finally  retired  from  his 
See  in  1891,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  the 
difficulties  of  the  situation.  He  has  pub- 
lished some  important  Slavonic  works, 
notably  "Monumenta  Slavorum  Meri- 
dionalium  historiam  illustrantia,"  Rome, 
1863. 

STTJAET,  The  Eight  Eev.  Edward 
Craig,  D.D.,  was  born  in  1827,  and  is  the 
son  of  Alexander  Stuart,  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, where  he  obtained  honours  in  Theo- 
logy, and  was  ordained  in  1850.  He  has 
held  three  important  positions  :  firstly, 
as  a  missionary  in  India,  from  1851  to 
1872 ;  secondly,  as  Bishop  of  Waiapu,  New 
Zealand,  from  1877  to  1893  ;  and  thirdly, 
as  missionary  in  Persia  since  1894.  Ad- 
dress :  Julfa,  Ispahan,  Persia. 

STUAET,  Professor  James,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  and  M.P.,  born  at  Balgonie  Works, 
Markinch,  Fifeshire  (of  which  works  his 
father,  Joseph  Gordon  Stuart,  was  owner), 
Jan.  2,  1843,  was  educated  at  home,  after- 
wards at  St.  Andrews  University,  and  then 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  became 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College  in  1867,  Assistant- 
Tutor  of  that  College  in  1868,  first  Professor 
of  Mechanism  and  Applied  Mechanics  in 
the  Universitv  of  Cambridge,  Nov.  17, 
1875.  This  post  he  resigned  in  1890. 
He  graduated  as  third  Wrangler  in  1866  ; 
M.A.  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
1869  ;  LL.D.  of  the  University  of  St,  An- 
drews in  1876.  Professor  Stuart  has 
taken  a  leading  part  in  popular  education. 
He  inaugurated  the  system  of  courses  of 
educational  lectures  of  a  University  stan- 
dard in  connection  with  Cambridge  and 
Oxford,  in  Nottingham,  Sheffield,  and 
many  other  towns,  on  the  system  indicated 
by  his  experiments,  and  recommended  by 
him  to  the  universities.  He  has  been 
instrumental  in  the  foundation  and  estab- 
lishment of  several  local  colleges  ;  has 
taken  special  interest  in  women's  educa- 
tion, having  originated  the  Ladies'  Lectures 
in  1867,  and  the  Cambridge  Higher  Exa- 
mination for  Women  in  1868.  He  has 
been  a  consistent  friend  of  all  movements 
for  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of 
women,  and  honorary  Secretary  of  "La 
Federation  Britannique  Continentale  et 
Generale  pour  le  relevement  de  la  Mora- 
lite  publique."      He  has  taken  an  active 


STUART-WORTLEY  —  STUBBS 


1049 


part  in  the  organisation  of  University 
education,  and  especially  in  its  adaptation 
to  the  wants  of  the  engineering  profession, 
having  founded  extensive  workshops  and 
drawing-offices  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. He  is  an  Associate  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  has 
been  representative  of  the  University  and 
the  governing  bodies  of  the  Colleges  at 
Bristol,  Nottingham,  Liverpool,  Sheffield, 
and  Aberystwith.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Six  Lectures  to  the  Workmen  of  Crewe," 
"A  Chapter  of  Science,"  "Science  and 
Religion,  a  Lecture,"  "  The  New  Aboli- 
tionists," "A  Letter  on  University  Exten- 
sion, addressed  to  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge," and  a  number  of  articles,  speeches, 
and  pamphlets  on  educational,  scientific, 
and  social  questions.  Professor  Stuart 
contested  Cambridge  University  in  1882 
unsuccessfully.  On  the  death  of  Professor 
Fawcett  in  November  1884,  he  was  unani- 
mously chosen  by  the  Liberal  party  of 
Hackney  as  his  successor,  and  was  re- 
turned to  Parliament  by  a  majority  of 
6000.  At  the  general  election  of  1885, 
Hackney  being  divided  into  seven  dis- 
tricts, Professor  Stuart  stood  for  the 
Hoxton  Division  of  Shoreditch,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  1037.  He  was 
again  returned  (as  a  Gladstone  Liberal) 
in  1886,  and  in  1892  and  1895  was  re- 
elected. Professor  Stuart  has  been  editor 
of  the  Morning  Leader,  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Star.  In  the  recent 
County  Council  election,  March  1898,  he 
was  returned  second  on  the  poll  for 
Central  Hackney  with  3125  votes  to  Mr. 
M'Kinnon  Wood's  3162.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  Lord  Rector  of  St.  Andrews 
University.  He  married  in  1890  Laura 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  J.  J.  Colman,  M.P., 
Norwich.  Address  :  24  Grosvenor  Road, 
S.W. 

STUAET-WORTLEY,  The  Right 
Hon.  Charles  B.,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  is  the  son 
of  the  Right  Hon.  James  Stuart-Wortley, 
Q.C.,  and  grandson  of  the  1st  Baron 
Wharncliffe,  and  was  born  on  Sept.  15, 
1851,  at  Eserick  Park,  York.  He  was 
educated  at  Rugby,  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  M.A.  in  1879, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1876.  He  practised  on  the 
North-Eastern  Circuit  from  1876  to  1885, 
and  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1892.  Mr. 
Stuart-Wortley  was  elected  as  Conservative 
member  for  the  Hallam  Division  of  Sheffield 
in  1885,  and  still  represents  that  consti- 
tuency. He  was  Parliamentary  Under- 
Secretary  for  the  Home  Department  in 
1885,  and  again  from  1886  to  1892.  He 
was  appointed  one  of  the  Deputy  Chairmen 
of  Committees  of  the  House,  and  was 
added  to  the  Chairman's  Panel  for  Stand- 


ing Committees  in  1895,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  acted  as  a  Church  Estates  Com- 
missioner. In  1890  he  went  as  principal 
delegate  of  the  British  Government  to  the 
Madrid  International  Conference  on  the 
Protection  of  Industrial  Property,  and  the 
Repression  of  False  Trade  Descriptions  ; 
and  again,  in  1898,  he  attended,  in  the 
same  capacity,  the  Brussels  Conference  on 
the  Industrial  Property  Convention.  He 
is  a  Director  of  the  Great  Central  Rail- 
way. Mr.  Stuart-Wortley  has  been  twice 
married,  viz.  (1)  to  Beatrice,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Adolphus  Trollope,  in  1880  (she 
died  in  1881) ;  and  (2)  to  Alice,  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  John  E.  Millais,  Bart., 
P.R.A.,  in  1886.  Address  :  7  Cheyne  Walk, 
Chelsea,  S.W. 

STUBBS,  The  Very  Rev.  Charles 
"William,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Ely,  was  born 
in  Liverpool,  Sept.  3,  1845,  and  is  de- 
scended from  the  same  Yorkshire  stock 
as  Bishop  Stubbs,  of  Oxford.  He  received 
his  earlier  education  at  a  Quaker  school  at 
Southport,  and  was  afterwards  sent  to  the 
school  of  the  Liverpool  Royal  Institution, 
when  he  was  contemporary  with  the  pre- 
sent Bishop  of  Ripon.  In  1864  he  proceeded 
to  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge 
(Divinity  Prizeman  and  Scholar  of  his 
College).  He  graduated  in  1868,  having 
obtained  honours  in  the  mathematical 
tripos.  He  subsequently  won  the  Le  Bas 
University  Prize  for  an  essay  on  "Inter- 
national Morality,"  which  was  published 
by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  Ordained  in  1868, 
he  held  the  curacy  of  St.  Mary's,  Sheffield, 
from  that  year  till  1871,  during  which 
period  he  became  intimately  acquainted 
with  the  labour  question  among  the  Shef- 
field grinders.  In  1871  he  became  Vicar 
of  Granborough,  Bucks,  on  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  late  Sir  Harry  Verney,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  North  Bucks  in  the 
agricultural  labourers'  agitation  (1872), 
of  which  Joseph  Arch  was  the  leader. 
Whilst  at  Granborough,  his  church,  on 
Sunday  evenings,  became  a  rallying-ground 
for  the  labourers  who  crowded  to  hear 
him  ;  and  he  published  a  volume  of  ser- 
mons and  addresses  on  "Village  Politics." 
He  held  the  appointment  of  Commissioner 
of  Education  to  the  Government  of  Siam 
(1878-81),  and  published  a  report  on  the 
training  of  Siamese  students.  In  1881  he 
was  preferred  to  the  Vicarage  of  Stoken- 
ham,  Devon,  by  Mr.  Gladstone.  In  the 
same  year  be  was  Select  Preacher  before 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1883 
he  occupied  the  pulpit  of  St.  Mary's  at 
Oxford.  These  University  sermons  are 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Christ  and 
Democracy."  In  1888  Canon  Warr  pre- 
ferred him  to  the  Rectory  of  Wavertree. 
At    St.   Bridget's,    the   parish    church    of 


1050 


STUBBS  —  SUDELET 


Wavertree,  he  has  carried  on  an  active 
Liberal  and  Broad  Church  propaganda, 
throwing  open  his  pulpit  to  many  leading 
Liberal  preachers.  In  May  1894  Dr. 
Stubbs  was  appointed  Dean  of  Ely,  and 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Cambridge  University.  He 
was  appointed  Lady  Margaret  Preacher  at 
Cambridge,  1896-97,  and  is  Select  Preacher 
at  Oxford  for  1898-99.  Dr.  Stubbs  is 
author  of  "Christ  and  Democracy"  (his 
University  sermons  for  1883),  "The  Con- 
science, and  other  Poems,"  "  The  Land 
and  the  Labourers,"  "  The  Church  in  the 
Villages,"  "God's  Englishmen  "  (sermons 
on  the  Prophets  and  Kings  of  England), 
"  For  Christ  and  City,"  "  God  and  the 
People,  selections  from  Mazzini,"  "Christ 
and  Economics,"  "St.  Nicholas  at  the 
Port,  a  Vision  of  the  City,"  "  Historical 
Memorials  of  Ely  Cathedral,"  "  Christ  and 
Socialism,"  "  A  Creed  for  Christian  Social- 
ists, with  Expositions,"  1896  ;  "Historical 
Memorials  of  Ely  Cathedral,"  1897,  and 
Handbook  to  the  same,  and  "Charles 
Kingsley  and  the  Christian  Social  Move- 
ment," 1898.  Dr.  Stubbs  has  also  taken 
great  interest  in  secondary  education  in 
Liverpool,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Greenbank  School  in  Sefton  Park,  and 
President  of  the  Royal  Institution,  Liver- 
pool. He  is  married  to  Harriett,  third 
daughter  of  William  Turner,  of  Liverpool. 
Address  :  The  Deanery,  Ely. 

STTTBBS,  The  Eight  Rev.  William, 
D.D.,  and  Hon.  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  Bishop 
of  Oxford,  eldest  son  of  William  Morley 
Stubbs,  solicitor,  of  Knaresborough,  and 
Mary  Ann,  daughter  of  William  Henlock 
of  the  same  town,  born  at  Knaresborough, 
June  21, 1825,  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School,  Ripon,  and  at  Christ  Cburch,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  a  first  class  in  Lit. 
Hum.  and  a  third  in  mathematics,  in 
Easter  Term,  1848,  and  was  immediately 
elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity  College. 
He  was  ordained  in  1848,  became  vicar  of 
Navestock,  Essex,  in  1850,  and  Librarian 
to  Archbishop  Longley,  at  Lambeth,  in 
1862.  He  was  a  Diocesan  Inspector  of 
Schools  in  the  Diocese  of  Rochester  from 
1860  till  1866,  when  he  was  appointed 
Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History  at 
Oxford.  In  1867  he  was  elected  Fellow 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
became  an  honorary  Fellow  in  1888  ;  in 
1876  an  honorary  Fellow  of  Balliol ;  and 
in  1878  an  honorary  student  of  Christ 
Church.  On  Nov.  20, 1868,  he  was  elected 
a  Curator  of  the  Bodleian  Library  ;  the 
same  year,  became  a  delegate  of  the  Clar- 
endon Press  ;  and  in  1872  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Hebdomadal  Council.  In 
1875  he  was  presented  to  the  Rectory  of 
Cholderton,    Wilts.      In  1879  he  was  ap- 


pointed Canon  Residentiary  of  St.  Paul's  ■ 
and  in  consequence  resigned  the  rectory 
of  Cholderton.  In  1884  he  was  consecrated 
on  St.  Mark's  Day  to  the  See  of  Chester, 
from  which  See  he  was  translated  to 
Oxford,  being  confirmed  Jan.  15,  1889. 
He  published  in  1850  "  Hymnale  secundum 
usum  Sarnm  "  ;  in  1858,  "  Registrum  Sac- 
rum Anglicum";  in  1860,  "Tractatus  de 
Sancta  Cruce  de  Waltham";  edited  in 
1863,  "Mosheim's  Institutes  of  Church 
History";  in  1864  and  1865,  "Chronicles 
and  Memorials  of  Richard  I.,"  published 
by  the  Master  of  the  Rolls ;  in  1867,  the 
"  Chronicle "  ascribed  to  Benedict  of 
Peterborough,  in  the  same  series ;  in 
1868-71,  the  "Chronicle  of  Roger  Hove- 
den  "  ;  in  1872-73,  the  "  Memorial  of  Wal- 
ter of  Coventry  "  ;  in  1874,  "  Memorials  of 
St.  Dunstan"  ;  and  in  1876,  the  "Works 
of  Ralph  de  Diceto  " ;  and  several  other 
books  issued  by  the  Master  of  the  Rolls ; 
in  1870,  "Select  Charters  and  other  Illus- 
trations of  English  Constitutional  History, 
from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Reign  of 
Edward  I."  ;  and  published  in  1874,  1875, 
and  1878,  "The  Constitutional  History  of 
England,  in  its  Origin  and  Development," 
3  vols.  Dr.  Stubbs  is  honorary  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge,  Edinburgh,  and  Dublin,  and 
doctor  in  utroque  jure  of  Heidelberg ; 
Chancellor  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter  ; 
a  Knight  of  the  Royal  Prussian  Order 
"pour  le  Merite";  he  is  !the  President 
of  the  Surtees  Society,  and  the  Pipe  Roll 
Society  ;  a  member  of  the  Historical  MSS. 
Commission ;  a  member  of  the  Court  of 
the  Victoria  University,  and  a  Vice-Pre- 
sident of  the  Yorkshire  Archaeological 
Society  ;  an  honorary  member  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  and  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Massachusetts,  a  foreign  mem- 
ber of  the  Bavarian  Academy,  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Prussian  Academy, 
of  the  Royal  Danish  Academy,  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts,  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences  of 
the  Institute  of  France,  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Sciences  at  Gottingen,  and  of 
the  Imperial  University  of  Vladimir  at 
Kieff.  In  1859  he  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  John  Dellar,  of  Navestock. 
Addresses  :  Cuddesdon  Palace,  Wheatley, 
Oxford  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

STTDELEY,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
Charles  Douglas  Richard  Hanbury- 
Tracy,  F.R.S.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  was  born  at 
Brighton  on  July  3,  1840,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  2nd  Baron,  and  Emma, 
daughter  of  George  H.  D.  Pennant,  of 
Penrhyn  Castle.  He  succeeded  his  brother, 
the  3rd  Baron,  in  1877.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1854,  was  promoted  to  Lieutenant's 
rank  in  1860,  served  in  the  Baltic  and 
China,  and  was  gunnery  Lieutenant  in  the 


SUDERMANN  —  SU  LLIVAN 


1051 


Mediterranean  in  1862.  He  retired  from 
the  navy  in  1863,  and  was  elected  for  the 
Montgomery  District,  which  he  repre- 
sented until  1877.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1866,  was 
Lord-in-Waiting  from  1880  to  1885,  and 
was  Captain  of  the  Hon.  Corps  of  Gentle- 
men-at-Arms  in  1886  (February  to  July). 
He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in 
1886,  and  was  made  F.R.S.  in  March  1888. 
He  married,  in  1868,  Ada  Maria  Katherine, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  Fredk.  J.  Tollemache, 
and  niece  of  the  8th  Earl  of  Dysart.  Ad- 
dress :  Ormeley  Lodge,  Ham  Common, 
Surrey. 

SUDERMANN,  Hermann,  German 
poet  and  novelist,  was  born  at  Matzicken, 
East  Prussia,  Sept.  30,  1857.  He  studied 
at  Konigsberg  and  Berlin,  and  in  1881 
became  the  editor  of  the  Deutsches 
Meichsblatt,  but  subsequently  gave  him- 
self up  purely  to  literary  work.  He  was 
made  famous  by  his  realistic  drama, 
"  Ehre,"  1888.  His  chief  novels  are  : 
"Im  Zwielicht,"  1885;  "  Frau  Sorge," 
1886,  which  has  been  translated  into 
English  with  the  title  of  "  Dame  Care  "  ; 
"  Geschwister,"  1887;  and  "Der  Katzen- 
steg,"  1889.  This  last  has  been  translated 
into  English  in  1898,  under  the  title  of 
"  Eegina,  or  the  Sins  of  the  Fathers."  It 
is  evidently  generated  by  a  desire  to 
revolt  against  the  petty  parochialism  of 
his  native  East  Prussia,  and  it  is  a 
Teutonic  compound  of  Rousseau  and 
Maupassant.  His  tragedy,  "  Sodoms 
Ende,"  1890,  was  forbidden  to  be  repre- 
sented by  the  censor,  but  "Heimat," 
1892,  better  known  as  "  Magda,"  has  been 
translated  into  most  European  languages, 
and  its  heroine  has  been  played  by  Mdme. 
Bernhardt,  and  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell. 
A  comedy  called  "  Die  Schmetterlings- 
schlacht "  was  composed  in  1896  ;  ' '  Das 
Gliick  im  Winkel  "  and  "Morituri"  and 
other  dramas  appeared  in  the  same  year. 
He  is  the  representative  master  of  realism 
in  Germany.  Address :  13  Tauenzien- 
strasse,  Berlin. 

STJESS,  Edward,  Foreign  F.R.S., 
Austrian  geologist,  was  born  in  London, 
Aug.  20,  1831.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Universities  of  Prague  and  Vienna,  and  in 
1852  was  appointed  to  a  post  in  the 
Imperial  Mineralogical  Museum.  In  1857 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Geology  at 
the  University  of  Vienna,  and  ten  years 
later  a  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  In  1869  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Diet  of  Lower  Austria,  and 
occupied  himself  especially  with  educa- 
tional questions,  and  published  many 
pamphlets  on  Elementary  Instruction.  In 
1889   he    was    elected    a    Corresponding 


Member  of  the  Institute  of  France.  His 
chief  works  have  to  do  with  the  Geology 
of  Italy,  and  the  classification  of  Mol- 
luscous Brachiopods.  Other  works  by 
him  are  "Der  Boden  der  Stadt  Wien," 
1862  ;  "  Die  Entstehung  der  Alpen,"  1875  ; 
"Die  Zukuni't  des  Goldes,"  1877;  and 
"  Das  Antlizt  der  Erde,"  1885.  Address  : 
Geologisches  Museum,  Vienna. 

STJFFIELD,  Lord,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Charles  Harbord,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  was 
born  at  Gunton  Park,  on  Jan.  2,  1830, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  3rd  Baron.  He 
succeeded  his  half-brother,  the  4th  Baron, 
in  1853.  He  was  educated  at  home  by 
tutors,  and  in  1847  joined  the  7th  (Queen's 
Own)  Hussars.  He  retired  in  1853,  and 
is  now  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  3rd  Bat- 
talion of  the  Norfolk  Regiment,  having 
commanded  the  Norfolk  Militia  Artillery 
from  1866  to  1892,  when  he  resigned.  He 
was  Lord-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen  from 
1868  to  1872,  was  Chief  of  the  Staff  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  during  H.R.H.'s  visit  to 
India  in  1875-76,  was  appointed  Master  of 
the  Buckhounds  in  1886,  and  is  Militia 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen.  In  1876  he  was 
created  K.C.B.  (Civil).  Since  1872  he  has 
been  Lord  of  the  Bedchamber  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  is  his  Superintendent 
of  Stables.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1886.  He  is  a  keen  sportsman, 
and  has  for  many  years  been  Master  of  the 
Norfolk  Foxhounds  and  Staghounds.  In 
1854  he  married  Cecilia  Annetta,  daughter 
of  the  late  Henry  Baring,  and  niece  of  the 
1st  Lord  Ashburton.  Addresses  :  4  Man- 
chester Square,  W.  ;  and  Gunton  Park, 
Norwich. 

SULLIVAN,  Sir  Arthur  Seymour, 

Mus.D.,  was  born  in  London,  May  13, 
1842.  His  father,  Thomas  Sullivan,  was 
principal  Professor  of  Kneller  Hall,  the 
training  school  for  British  military  bands. 
He  received  his  first  systematic  instruction 
in  music  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  St.  James's, 
under  the  Rev.  Thomas  Helmore,  and  he 
was  still  a  chorister  when,  at  the  age  of 
fourteen,  he  gained,  the  first  time  it  was 
competed  for,  the  Mendelssohn  Scholar- 
ship. After  two  years'  study  under  Mr. 
(afterwards  Sir  Sterndale)  Bennett,  and 
Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  John)  Goss,  he  studied 
at  Leipzig  for  three  years  at  the  Conserva- 
torium.  Upon  his  return  to  England  in 
1861  he  brought  with  him  his  music  to 
Shakespeare's  "  Tempest,"  which  was  per- 
formed for  the  first  time  at  the  Crystal 
Palace.  His  next  work  was  the  cantata 
"  Kenilworth,"  produced  at  the  Birming- 
ham Festival  in  1864.  This  was  followed 
by  the  Symphony  in  E  (Crystal  Palace), 
1865  ;  overture  "  In  Memoriam  "  (Nor- 
wich), 1866  ;  overture  "Marmion  "  (Phil- 


1052 


SULLY  —  SULLY-PKUDHOMME 


harmonic),  1867  ;  oratorio,  "  The  Prodigal 
Son "  (Hereford),  1868  ;  overture  "  Di 
Ballo  "  (Birmingham),  1869  ;  "  On  Shore 
and  Sea  "  (International  Exhibition), 
1871;  Festival  "  Te  Deum,"  to  com- 
memorate the  recovery  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  (Crystal  Palace),  1872;  oratorio, 
"The  Light  of  the  World"  (Birming- 
ham), 1873 ;  and  the  sacred  musical 
drama,  "  The  Martyr  of  Antioch  "  (Leeds), 
1880 ;  and  "  The  Golden  Legend,"  a 
dramatic  cantata  (Leeds),  1886.  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan  has  produced  also  the 
following  popular  and  successful  operas 
and  operettas:  "Cox  and  Box,"  1866; 
"  Contrabandista,"  1867;  "  Thespis,"  1872; 
"Trial  by  Jury,"  1875;  "The  Sorcerer," 
1877;  "H.M.S.  Pinafore,"  1878;  "The 
Pirates  of  Penzance,"  1879;  "Patience," 
1881;  "Iolanthe,"  1882;  "Princess  Ida," 
1884  ;  "The  Mikado,"  1885  ;  "  Buddigore," 

1887  ;  "The  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,"  1888  ; 
"  The  Gondoliers,"  1889  ;  "  Haddon  Hall," 
1892;  "  Utopia,"  1893  ;  "  The  Chieftain," 
December  1894  ;  and  "The  Grand  Duke," 
1896.  He  was  also  musical  editor  of 
"  Church  Hymns,"  for  which  he  composed 
several  of  the  best-known  tunes.  He  has 
written  also  the  incidental  music  to  the 
following  of  Shakespeare's  plays:  "The 
Tempest,"  "  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor," 
"The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  and  "Mac- 
beth." The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Music  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1876,  and  a 
like  honour  by  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
1879.  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  was  Principal 
of  the  National  Training  School  (now  the 
Royal  College)  of  Music  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1876  to  1881.  Sir  Arthur  con- 
ducted the  Leeds  Triennial  Musical  Festi- 
val in  1880,  1883,  1886,  1889,  1892,  and 
1895,  and  in  1885  and  1886  he  conducted 
the  Philharmonic  Concerts  in  London.     In 

1888  he  was  President  of  the  Birmingham 
and  Midland  Institution,  and  is  a  member 
of  a  large  number  of  foreign  learned  and 
musical  societies.  He  was  British  Com- 
missioner for  music  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition in  1878,  when  he  was  made  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He 
is  also  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  House 
of  Coburg,  and  received  from  H.M.  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh,  1888.  He  was  knighted  by 
the  Queen  at  Windsor,  May  24,  1883.  On 
the  occasion  of  the  Queen's  Jubilee  he  was 
honoured  by  the  Royal  Victorian  Order. 
Addresses :  1  Queen's  Mansions,  S.W.  ; 
River  House,  Walton  ;  and  Athenseum. 

STJIjIiY,  James,  M.A.,  LL.D. ,  born  at 
Bridgewater,  Somersetshire,  on  March  3, 
1842,  eldest  son  of  J.  W-  Sully,  merchant 
and  colliery  proprietor,  was  educated  in 
the   Independent    College,    Taunton,    the 


Regent's  Park  College  (one  of  the  affiliated 
colleges  of  the  University  of  London),  and 
the  University  of  Gottingen.  He  is  M.A. 
and  Gold  Medallist  of  the  University  of 
London,  where  he  graduated  in  1866  and 
1868.  He  is  also  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrews.  He  took  to  a 
literary  career  in  1871,  beginning  as  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Saturday,  Fortnightly,  and 
Westminster  Reviews.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Sensation  and  Intuition  :  Studies  in 
Psychology  and  ^Esthetics,"  1874;  "Pes- 
simism :  a  History  and  a  Criticism,"  1877 
' 'Illusions,"  International  Scientific  Series. 
1883;  "The  Outlines  of  Psychology,' 
1884;  "The  Teachers'  Handbook  of  Psy 
chology,"  1886;  "The  Human  Mind,' 
1892  ;  "Studies  of  Childhood,"  1895;  and 
"  Children's  Ways,"  1897.  He  is  also  the 
writer  of  articles  on  "  ./Esthetics," 
"Dreams,"  and  "  Evolution,"  in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  ' '  Encyclopedia  Britannica." 
These  writings,  as  their  titles  suggest,  are 
mainly  occupied  with  the  modern  science 
of  Psychology,  as  developed  more  espe- 
cially in  Germany,  in  connection  with  the 
physiology  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system.  At  the  same  time  they  have  a 
distinctly  practical  bearing,  discussing 
such  questions  of  the  day  as  the  Aims  of 
Art,  the  Value  of  Human  Life  and  of  Social 
Progress,  and  the  Principles  of  Education. 
Mr.  Sully  has  served  as  Examiner  in  Philo- 
sophy (Mental  and  Moral  Science)  to  his 
own  University,  and  has  held  a  similar 
office  in  the  University  of  Cambridge  and 
the  Victoria  University.  He  has  also  held 
for  several  years  the  post  of  Lecturer  on 
the  Theory  of  Education  at  the  College  of 
Preceptors,  Bloom  sbury  Square.  In  1892 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Grote  Chair  of 
the  Philosophy  of  Mind  and  Logic  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  Permanent  ad- 
dress :  10  Park  Hill,  Ealing,  W. 


STJLLY-PRTJDHOMME,  Bene 
Francoise  Armand,  French  poet,  was 
born  in  Paris,  March  16,  1839,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Lycee  Bonaparte.  He  after- 
wards became  a  lawyer's  assistant,  and 
published  his  first  volume,  "  Stances  et 
Poemes,"  in  1865.  It  attracted  consider- 
able attention,  and  the  poem  "  Le  Vase 
Fele' "  was  pronounced  a  masterpiece  of  its 
kind.  M.  Sully-Prudhomme  has  since  pub- 
lished several  volumes  of  poems^mostly  of 
a  philosophical  tendency  :  "LesEpreuves," 
1866;  "Les  Solitudes,"  1869;  "  Les  Des- 
tins,"  1872  ;  "  Les  Vaines  Tendresses," 
1875;  "La  Justice,"  1878.  He  has  also 
published  (1869)  a  very  remarkable  trans- 
lation of  the  "De  Natura  Rerum"  of 
Lucretius.  One  of  his  latest  works  is 
"Reflexions  sur  l'Art  des  Vers,"  1892.  A 
general  edition  of  his  works,  in  3  vols., 
appeared  in   1883-84.      In  1881  he  was 


SUMNER  —  SUTHERLAND 


1053 


elected  a  member  of  the  Acad^mie  Fran- 
9aise  in  succession  to  Duvergier  de 
Hauranne.  Other  works  of  his  are  "  Le 
Bonheur,"  1888,  and  "  Etude  sur  Pascal." 
He  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,  and  his  finest  work  is 
noted  for  its  subtlety  and  serene  melan- 
choly.   Address  :  82  Faubourg  St.  Honore. 

SUMNER,  The  Bight  Rev.  George 
Henry,  D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Guild- 
ford, youngest  son  of  the  Eight  Rev. 
Charles  Richard  Sumner,  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, 1827-68,  and  nephew  of  Arch- 
bishop Sumner,  was  born  at  Windsor,  July 
3,  1824,  and  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  whence  he  gradu- 
ated in  1845,  taking  his  M.A.  in  1848.  In 
1847  he  was  ordained  Deacon,  and  in  1848 
Priest.  His  title  for  Orders  was  that  of 
Crawley,  near  Winchester,  and  in  1850  he 
was  preferred  to  the  Rectory  of  Old  Aires- 
ford,  which  he  held  until  1885,  for  the  last 
twenty-seven  years  of  the  time  acting  as 
Rural  Dean,  and  as  Chaplain  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, during  their  lifetime.  In  the  year 
1866  he  was  elected  Proctor  in  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Convocation  of  Canterbury 
for  the  Archdeanery  of  Winchester,  which 
office  he  held  until  his  appointment  as 
Archdeacon  of  Winchester,  in  1S84,  gave 
him  an  official  seat  in  Convocation.  A  year 
after  he  was  elected  Prolocutor  of  the 
Lower  House,  in  succession  to  Lord  Alwyne 
Compton,  appointed  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Ely,  on  which  occasion  he  had  the  degree 
of  D.D.  conferred  upon  him  by  decree  of 
Convocation  of  the  University  of  Oxford. 
The  Bishop  of  Winchester  also  conferred 
upon  him  a  Canonry  of  Winchester.  He 
resigned  the  Rectory  of  Old  Alresford,  and 
entered  upon  the  canonical  residence  at 
Winchester.  In  the  year  1888  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown  Bishop  Suffragan  of 
Guildford,  which  office  he  now  holds.  In 
the  year  1869  the  Bishop  edited  a  volume 
of  essays,  published  under  the  title  of 
"Principles  at  Stake,"  which  passed 
through  two  editions ;  and  in  1881  he 
edited  "  Our  Holiday  in  the  East,"  by  Mr. 
George  Sumner,  which  also  passed  through 
two  editions.  In  1876  the  Bishop  pub- 
lished a  "  Life  of  Charles  Richard  Sumner, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Winchester"  ;  and  in  1890 
a  "Churchwarden's  Manual,"  showing 
their  rights,  privileges,  and  duties,  which 
is  now  in  its  third  edition.  In  1848  he 
was  married  to  Mary  Elizabeth,  younger 
daughter  of  Thomas  Heywood,  Esq.,  of 
Hope  End,  Ledbury.  Address  :  The  Close, 
Winchester  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

SUTHERLAND,  Duke  of,  Cro- 
martie  Sutherland  -Leveson-Gower, 
J.P.,  was  born  on  July  20,  1851,  and  is  the 


son  of  the  3rd  Duke,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1892,  and  Anne,  only  child  of  John 
Hay-Mackenzie,  who  was  created  Countess 
of  Cromartie.  He  entered  the  2nd  Life 
Guards  in  1870,  and  retired  as  a  Lieu- 
tenant in  1875.  From  1882  to  1891  he 
was  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Sutherland 
Rifles.  From  1874  to  1886  he  was  Liberal 
M.P.  for  Sutherlandshire,  is  Alderman  of 
Longton,  and  was  Mayor  in  1895-96,  and 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Sutherlandshire  from 
1892  to  1898  ;  since  1892  has  been  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  Queen's  Own  Staffordshire 
Yeomanry,  &c.  He  is  a  very  extensive 
landowner.  In  1884  he  married  Milli- 
cent,  daughter  of  the  4th  Earl  of  Rosslyn. 
Addresses  :  Stafford  House,  St.  James's, 
S.W.  ;  Dunrobin  Castle,  Sutherlandshire, 
&c. 

SUTHERLAND,  Sir  Thomas, 
G.C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  M.P.,  son  of  Robert 
Sutherland  and  Christian,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Webster,  was  born  in  Aberdeen, 
Aug.  16,  1834,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School  and  University  of  his 
native  city.  At  a  very  early  age  he  entered 
the  service  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Steamship  Company,  and  before  complet- 
ing his  twentieth  year  he  was  sent  by  the 
Company  to  Bombay,  and  subsequently  to 
Hong  Kong,  where  he  may  be  said  to  have 
begun  his  real  career.  Inafewyears  he  rose 
to  be  the  head  of  the  Company  in  China 
and  Japan,  the  various  stations  in  these 
countries  being  under  a  central  manage- 
ment in  Hong  Kong.  While  in  this  posi- 
tion Mr.  Sutherland  not  only  succeeded  in 
administering  the  affairs  of  the  P.  and  O. 
Company  with  much  sucoess,  so  far  as  it 
lay  in  his  power,  but  he  came  gradually  to 
take  a  leading  part  in  connection  with 
local  affairs  in  China,  such  as  in  founding 
the  Hong  Kong  and  Shanghai  Banking 
Corporation,  at  present  the  greatest  finan- 
cial institution  in  the  East,  and  the  Hong 
Kong  and  Whampoa  Docks  Company,  a 
corporation  which  owns  the  finest  system 
of  dry  docks  out  of  Europe.  In  a  very 
large  measure  Sir  Thomas  Sutherland  may 
be  said  to  have  originated  both  those  im- 
portant undertakings.  In  1864  he  was 
called  upon  by  Sir  Hercules  Robinson,  in 
highly  flattering  terms,  to  fill  a  vacancy  in 
the  Legislative  Council  of  the  colony,  and 
serving  there  he  took  an  active  part  in  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  the  colony,  but  in 
1866  he  returned  to  England  to  become 
associated  with  the  management  of  the 
P.  and  O.  Company  in  London.  He  did 
not,  however,  settle  down  in  this  capacity 
until  nearly  two  years  afterwards,  subse- 
quently to  having  made  a  complete  tour  of 
the  whole  of  the  Company's  Eastern 
stations.  Scarcely  had  he  commenced  his 
duties  in   London,   when  the  Suez  Canal 


1054 


SUTTON 


was  opened,  with  results  which  were 
utterly  subversive  of  the  conditions  under 
which  the  Company's  business  had  been 
carried  on  in  connection  with  the  overland 
route.  At  one  time  it  seemed  almost  as  if 
the  P.  and  0.  Company  could  hardly  hold 
its  position  in  the  new  era  which  the  Suez 
Canal  and  the  compound  engine  together 
had  almost  simultaneously  inaugurated  ; 
but  through  the  energetic  efforts  made 
by  the  Company  the  situation  was  again 
changed  for  the  better,  and  from  1875  or 
thereabouts,  when  the  Company  was 
enabled,  by  the  creation  of  a  new  fleet,  to 
adopt  the  Suez  Canal  route,  it  may  be  fairly 
considered  to  have  been  a  flourishing 
concern.  Its  fleet  has  been  nearly  quad- 
rupled in  tonnage  since  1870,  and  now  ag- 
gregates about  300, 000  tons.  Sir  T.  Suther- 
land became  Chairman  of  the  Company  in 
1881,  and  holds  that  position  still.  In  1884 
he  was  largely  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  an  agreement  between  the  English 
shipowners  and  the  Suez  Canal  Company, 
after  the  Childers  Gladstone  agreement 
was  withdrawn.  By  this  agreement  the 
Suez  Canal  was  doubled  in  width  and  in- 
creased in  depth  without  the  aid  of  English 
money  ;  the  tariff  was  reduced  and  remains 
subject  to  further  reduction,  according  to 
the  increase  of  traffic  ;  while  a  certain 
number  of  Englishmen  were  admitted 
members  of  the  Board  in  addition  to  those 
representing  the  shares  held  by  the  Govern- 
ment. Sir  T.  Sutherland  was  among  the 
first  chosen  of  these  new  directors,  and 
has  also  held  the  position  of  Chairman  of 
the  London  Board  of  the  Canal  Company 
ever  since.  He  has  been  elected  five  times 
as  M.P.  for  Greenock,  and  since  1886  his 
political  position  has  been  that  of  a 
Unionist  Liberal.  He  has  served  on  many 
public  committees  and  Royal  Commissions. 
In  1891  Mr.  Sutherland  had  conferred  on 
him  a  Knight  Commandership  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George,  and  in  1897  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Grand  Cross  of 
that  order.  He  has  also  received  the  order 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  and  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  Some  years  ago  the  University 
of  Aberdeen  conferred  on  him  its  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  is  married  to  Alice, 
a  daughter  of  the  Kev.  John  Magnaught, 
Vicar  of  St.  Chrysostom's,  Liverpool.  Ad- 
dresses :  4  Buckingham  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and 
Coldharbour  Wood,  Liss,  Hants. 

SUTTON,  John  Bland,  F.R.C.S., 
consulting  and  operating  surgeon,  was 
born  April  21,  1855,  at  Enfield  Highway. 
In  1878  he  entered  as  a  student  at  the 
Middlesex  Hospital,  and  Mr.  Thomas 
Cook's  School  of  Anatomy.  In  1879  he 
was  appointed  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
at  the  Hospital,  subsequently  Senior 
Demonstrator,  and  finally  a   Lecturer  on 


this  subject,  which  post  he  resigned  in 
1896,  having  taught  anatomy  in  this  School 
for  seventeen  years.  He  became  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  1882, 
and  Fellow  1884,  a  week  previously  gain- 
ing the  Murchison  Scholarship  in  Medi- 
cine at  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians. 
From  1880  to  1884  he  spent  the  summer 
sessions  in  the  Paris  and  Vienna  hospitals, 
gaining 'a  knowledge  of  Continental  patho- 
logy and  surgery.  In  1881  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Pathological  Society  to 
examine  the  animals  dying  at  the  Gar- 
dens of  the  Zoological  Society  with  a  view 
to  obtaining  a  better  knowledge  of  their 
diseases.  As  a  result  of  this  work  he  was 
elected  Erasmus  Wilson  Lecturer,  and 
afterwards  Hunterian  Professor  of  Ana- 
tomy at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 
In  these  capacities,  between  1886  and 
1891,  he  delivered  the  lectures  "Evolu- 
tion and  Pathology,"  which  brought  him 
prominently  before  the  scientific  world. 
During  this  period  he  also  published  his 
original  investigations  on  the  "  Nature  of 
Ligaments."  In  1886  he  was  elected  to 
the  Surgical  staff  of  the  Middlesex  Hospi- 
tal. This  led  him  to  undertake  a  critical 
investigation  of  morbid  growths  on  em- 
bryological  and  morphological  lines.  The 
results  of  eight  years'  study  were  embodied 
in  the  work  entitled  "  Tumours  Innocent 
and  Malignant,"  1893,  which  immediately 
attracted  great  attention  on  account  of  its 
original  classification  and  the  large  amount 
of  new  light  it  threw  on  Dermoids  and 
cysts.  This  work  also  contains  his  ob- 
servations on  teeth  tumours  (odontomes) 
for  which  he  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Odontological  Society. 
Having  devoted  especial  attention  to 
tumours  of  the  uterus  and  ovaries,  he  pub- 
lished in  1891  the  work  "  Disease  of  the 
Ovaries  and  Fallopian  Tubes,"  and  for  his 
essay  on  this  subject  he  was  awarded  the 
Jacksonian  Prize  the  same  year.  In  this 
book  first  appeared  his  well-known  work 
on  tubal  pregnancy,  which  was  chiefly 
distinguished  by  the  discovery  of  the 
tubal  mole,  August  1889.  He  was  ap- 
pointed an  Examiner  for  the  Fellowship 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  an 
Examiner  in  Surgery  at  the  University  of 
Durham  in  1895.  He  has  also  published 
the  following  works:  "Ligaments,  their 
Nature  and  Morphology,"  1887;  "Evolu- 
tion and  Disease,"  1890;  "Diseases  of 
Women"  (with  Dr.  Giles),  1897;  "The 
Treatment  of  Uterine  Myomata,"  1898  ; 
and  he  has  made  a  large  number  of  origi- 
nal communications  in  anatomy,  patho- 
logy, and  surgery  to  the  various  scientific 
and  medical  societies  and  journals.  Of 
late  years  his  name  has  been  more  especi- 
ally associated  with  the  surgical  treatment 
of  tumours,  particularly  those  which  affect 


SVERDRUP  —  SWAN 


1055 


the  uterus  and  its  adnexa,  and  as  a  con- 
sequence he  was  appointed  in  1895  to  the 
surgical  staff  of  the  Chelsea  Hospital  for 
Women.    Address  :  48  Queen  Anne  St.,  W. 

SVERDRUP,  Otto,  Norwegian  Arctic 
explorer,  first  attracted  notice  as  the  assist- 
ant of  Dr.  Nansen  (q.v.).  He  accompanied 
him  in  his  famous  expedition  across  Green- 
land, and  still  more  famous  voyage  in  the 
Fram,  on  which  occasion  he  remained  in 
command  of  the  ship  when  Nansen  and 
Johansen  left  for  their  dash  to  the  Pole. 
He  brought  the  ship  safely  back  to  Nor- 
way, and  was  feted  with  his  brother 
explorers.  On  June  24,  1898,  he  left 
Christiania  on  another  expedition  to  ex- 
plore the  North  and  North-West  Coast  of 
Greenland,  in  Dr.  Nansen's  old  ship  the 
Fram.  This  is  the  same  day  on  which  he 
left  in  1893,  and  the  boat  is  in  every  way 
better  fitted  out  than  she  was  before,  hav- 
ing been  partly  rebuilt  by  her  constructor, 
Mr.  Colin  Archer. 

SWALLOW,  The  Rev.  Robert,  M.D„ 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James 
Swallow,  of  Sunderland,  and  was  born  on 
the  6th  of  November  1846,  at  Sheepwash, 
in  Northumberland.  He  became  a  local 
preacher  at  eighteen,  and  after  a  short 
time  at  this  work  determined  to  enter  the 
ministry  of  the  United  Methodist  Free 
Churches.  After  going  through  the  usual 
course  of  study  he  was  ordained,  and  sub- 
sequently laboured  in  the  Hartlepool  and 
Grimsby  Circuits.  He  then  offered  him- 
self for  foreign  work,  and  was  accepted  as 
a  missionary  to  China.  In  that  country  he 
has  laboured  for  upwards  of  twenty-four 
years  in  connection  with  the  church  at 
Ningpo,  which  is  in  a  very  flourishing  con- 
dition. Feeling  the  great  need  of  medical 
knowledge  in  his  work,  he  entered  upon  a 
hospital  course  in  London,  and  then  went 
through  the  usual  medical  course  at  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College,  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  he  graduated  as  M.D.  in  1892. 
Upon  his  return  to  China  he  opened  a 
Hospital  and  Medical  School  in  connection 
with  the  church  at  Ningpo.  He  returned 
to  England,  on  furlough,  for  the  second 
time  in  1897,  and  in  that  year  was  elected 
the  President  of  the  United  Methodist 
Free  Churches  at  the  annual  Assembly 
which  was  held  at  Nottingham.  Address  : 
Ningpo,  China. 

SWAN",  John  Macallan,  A.K.A., 
K.W.S.,  was  born  at  Old  Brentford  in 
1847,  and  studied  at  Worcester  School  of 
Art,  at  Lambeth  Art  School,  and  in  Paris 
under  Ge'rdme,  Bastien-Lepage,  and  Dag- 
nan-Bouveret,  who  taught  him  painting, 
and  under  Frdimiet,  who  was  his  master  in 
sculpture.      He  began  exhibiting  at  the 


Royal  Academy  in  1878,  painting  animals 
and  the  figure.  He  has  also  been  an 
exhibitor  at  the  Old  Grosvenor  and  the 
New  Gallery.  He  draws  his  inspiration 
from  the  Zoological  Gardens,  which  he 
constantly  visits.  His  principal  works  in- 
clude :  "  Orpheus,"  "The  Prodigal  Son," 
1888  (Academy),  purchased  under  the  terms 
of  the  Chantrey  Bequest ;  "  Lioness  De- 
fending her  Cubs "  (Salon  picture), 
"  Polar  Bears  Swimming,"  "  A  Dead 
Hero,"  &c.  In  the  Royal  Academy 
of  1895  he  exhibited  "The  Goatherd," 
"  Tigers  at  Dawn,"  and  "  Orpheus," 
a  silver  statuette;  in  1896,  "The  Lion- 
Hunter,"  "Study  of  East  African  Leo- 
pards," "The  Sirens";  in  1897,  "Tigress 
and  Cubs  at  a  Torrent,"  and  a  "Young 
Indian  Leopard  and  Tortoise,"  in  silver  ; 
in  1898,  "Fortune  and  the  Boy,"  and  "A 
Broken  Solitude";  in  1899,  "Leopard 
Running,"  and  "  Leopard  Eating,"  bronzes. 
He  was  elected  A.R.A.  in  1894,  obtained 
honourable  mention  at  the  Salon  in  1885, 
a  silver  medal  in  1889  at  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion, and  the  first  and  second  gold  medals 
at  the  Munich  Exhibition.  He  held  a 
special  exhibition  of  his  studies  at  the 
Fine  Art  Society  in  1897.  In  April  1899 
he  was  elected  a  full  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours. 
Address  :  3  Acacia  Road,  N.W. 

SWAN,  Joseph  Wilson,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  the  second  surviving  son  of  John 
Swan  and  Isabella  Cameron,  was  born  at 
Sunderland,  on  Oct.  31,  1828.  He  was 
educated  at  Hendon  Lodge  and  Hylton 
Castle,-  near  Sunderland.  Mr.  Swan  is 
chiefly  known  as  the  inventor  of  the  in- 
candescent electric  lamp.  After  many 
years  of  tentative  experiment  he  suc- 
ceeded in  producing  a  lamp  of  the  type 
now  so  well  known.  In  1879  a  degree  of 
success  was  reached  that  gave  complete 
assurance  of  the  feasibility  of  electric 
lighting  on  the  incandescent  principle. 
Early  in  that  year  Mr.  Swan  publicly 
exhibited  lamps  having  all  the  essential 
features  of  the  lamps  which  are  now 
manufactured  so  widely,  and  which  have 
brought  electric  lighting  into  general  use, 
incidentally  giving  a  great  impulse  to  the 
use  of  electricity  for  many  other  purposes. 
Among  other  electrical  inventions  of  Mr. 
Swan  are  :  The  miners'  electric  safety- 
lamp,  improvements  in  the  electric  ac- 
cumulator, and  also  in  electric  meters. 
Mr.  Swan's  name  is  equally  well  known  in 
connection  with  photographic  inventions. 
Amongst  these  are  the  "carbon  process," 
better  known  as  "Autotype,"  and  the 
modern  "  dry  plate,"  which  has  revolu- 
tionised the  art  of  photography.  He  was 
also  co-inventor,  with  the  late  Mr.  Wood- 
bury, of  "  Woodbury  type,"  and  an  early 


1056 


SWANSEA— SWETE 


inventor  and  patentee  of  methods  of  photo- 
engraving for  typographic  and  copper- 
plate printing,  Mr.  Swan  is  President  of 
the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  "Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Photographic  Society, 
and  a  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry, 
and  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers.  He  is  also  a  Member  of  the 
Council  of  University  College,  London ; 
M.  A.  of  Durham  University  (honoris  causa) ; 
and  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
He  has  published  the  more  important  of 
his  inventions  through  the  Patent  Office, 
and  through  communications  to  the 
learned  societies  and  public  lectures.  Ad- 
dress :  58  Holland  Park,  London,  W. 

SWANSEA,  Bishop  Suffragan  of. 

See  Lloyd,  The  Right  Rev.  John. 

SWANWIOK,  Anna,  is  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  John  Swanwick, 
Esq.,  of  Liverpool,  a  descendant  of  Philip 
Henry,  the  celebrated  Nonconformist 
divine.  She  was  born  June  22,  1813  ;  left 
school  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  after  some 
years  of  private  study,  repaired  to  Berlin, 
where  she  studied,  not  only  German,  but 
Greek  and  Hebrew.  On  her  return  to 
England  she  joined  her  family,  which  then 
resided  in  London,  and  while  continuing 
her  philological  pursuits  she  studied  the 
Higher  Mathematics  under  Professor  New- 
man. In  1843  she  published  a  volume  of 
translations,  entitled  "Selections  from 
the  Dramas  of  Goethe  and  Schiller."  Her 
translation  of  Schiller's  "Maid  of  Orleans  " 
was  published  in  1847  ;  and  in  1850  the 
volume  containing  her  translation  of  the 
first  part  of  "Faust,"  with  other  master- 
works  of  Goethe,  "Tasso,"  "  Iphigenia," 
and  "Egmont."  In  1878  appeared  her 
translation  of  the  two  parts  of  "Faust," 
4to,  with  Retchs's  illustrations,  which  was 
followed  by  a  smaller  edition  in  1879. 
She  was  strongly  urged  by  the  late  Baron 
Bunsen  to  undertake  the  translation  of 
the  Great  Dramas.  Acting  upon  his  sug- 
gestion she  translated  the  iEsehylean 
Trilogy,  published  in  1865,  which  was 
followed,  in  1873,  by  her  translation  of  the 
complete  dramas  of  iEschylus,  with  Flax- 
man's  illustrations.  A  fourth  and  revised 
edition  has  since  been  published.  In  1888 
she  published  a  little  book  entitled  "  A 
Utopian  Dream,"  which  was  followed  in 
1892  by  a  longer  work,  "Poets,  the  Inter- 
preters of  their  Age."  Having  been  re- 
quested to  republish  an  article  contributed 
by  her  to  the  Contemporary  Review,  it  ap- 
peared in  an  expanded  form  in  1894  under 
the  title  of  "Evolution,  and  the  Religion 
of  the  Future."  Impressed  with  the  low 
standard  of  female  education  which  pre- 
vailed  in   England   during    her    younger 


days,  Miss  Anna  Swanwick  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  establishment  of  Ladies' 
Colleges  and  other  educational  centres. 
She  sympathised  also  most  deeply  with 
those  "who  were  labouring  to  raise  the 
people  to  a  higher  level,  moral  and  intel- 
lectual, and  for  many  years  she  superin- 
tended classes  of  young  working  men  and 
women,  whom  she  instructed  in  various 
departments  of  knowledge.  Permanent 
address  :  23  Cumberland  Terrace,  Regent's 
Park,  N.W. 

SWEATMAN,  The  Right  Rev. 
Arthur,  M.A.,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of 
Toronto,  was  born  in  London,  Nov.  19, 
1834.  He  was  educated  at  London  Uni- 
versity College,  and  is  an  honour  graduate 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  In  1862 
he  was  appointed  to  the  curacy  of  St. 
Stephen's,  Canonbury,  and  to  the  Master- 
ship of  the  Modern  Department  of  the 
Islington  Proprietary  School.  On  the  in- 
vitation of  Bishop  Hellmuth,  he  accepted, 
in  1865,  the  Head-Mastership  of  Hellmuth 
Boys'  College,  London,  Ontario,  and  at  a 
later  date  became  Clerical  Secretary  to 
the  Synod  of  the  Diocese  of  Huron,  and 
Secretary  to  the  House  of  Bishops.  Re- 
signing his  educational  charge,  he  became 
Assistant-Rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Woodstock, 
and  Archdeacon  of  Brant ;  and,  during  the 
Bishop  of  Huron's  absence  in  England, 
acted  as  his  commissary.  In  March  1879 
he  succeeded  Bishop  Bethune  in  the  see 
of  Toronto,  and  in  the  same  year  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Cambridge  ;  and 
in  1882  that  of  D.C.L.  from  Trinity 
University,  Toronto.  Address :  Toronto, 
Canada. 

SWEDEN    and    NORWAY,   King 

of.     See  Oscar  II. 

SWETE,  Professor  the  Rev.  Henry- 
Barclay,  D.D.,  Hon.  Lit.D.  Dublin, 
Fellow  of  Caius  College,  was  born  at 
Bristol,  March  14,  1835,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  John  Swete,  D.D.  He  entered  at 
Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1854,  and  received  the  Carus  Greek  Testa- 
ment Prize  in  1855,  and  the  Members' 
Prize  in  1857,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  the 
Classical  Tripos  in  1858.  He  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Pastoral  Theology  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  1882-1890,  and  is  now 
Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  has  published  the  following 
works:  "Early  History  of  the  Doctrine 
of  the  Holy  Spirit,"  1873;  "Theodoras 
Lascaris,  Junior  :  De  Processione  Spiritus 
Sancti  oratio  apologetica,"  1875;  "His- 
tory of  Doctrine  of  the  Procession  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,"  1876;  "Commentary  of 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestia  on  the  minor 
Epistles   of  St.   Paul,"   1880-82  (2  vols.); 


S  WETTENHAM  —  S  YMONS 


1057 


articles  in  the  "Dictionary  of  Christian 
Biography,"  1877-86;  "The  Old  Testa- 
ment in  Greek,  according  to  the  Sep- 
tuagint" (3  vols.),  1887-94  ;  "The  Akhmim 
Fragment  of  the  Apocryphal  Gospel  of  St. 
Peter,"  1893 ;  "  The  Apostles'  Creed  in 
relation  to  Primitive  Christianity,"  1894 ; 
"Faith  in  relation  to  Creed,  Thought,  and 
Life,"  1895;  "Church  Services  and  Ser- 
vice-Books,"  1896  ;  "The  Gospel  according 
to  St.  Mark,  with  introduction,  notes,  and 
indices,"  1898.     Address  :  Cambridge. 

SWETTENHAM,  Sir  Frank  Athel- 

stane,  K.C.M.G.,  Resident-General  of  the 
Federated  Malay  States,  was  educated  at 
Dollar  Academy,  Scotland,  and  St.  Peter's 
School,  York.  He  entered  the  Civil  Ser- 
vice of  the  Straits  Settlements  in  1870, 
was  Assistant  British  Resident  at  Selangor 
from  1874  to  1875,  was  Deputy  Commis- 
sioner with  the  Perak  Expedition  in 
1876-77,  being  mentioned  in  despatches 
and  obtaining  a  medal  and  clasp,  held 
various  other  important  posts  in  the  Malay 
States,  and  in  1896  was  appointed  to 
his  present  position.  He  was  created 
K.C.M.G.  in  1897  ;  C.M.G.,  1892.  Like 
Mr.  Conrad  and  others,  he  has  been 
attracted  by  the  literary  possibilities  and 
tradition  of  his  environment,  and  has  re- 
cently published  a  most  interesting  work, 
"Unaddressed  Letters"  (John  Lane), 
which  reflects  the  feelings  of  Englishmen 
exiled  in  distant  and  barbarous  lands. 
His  works  include  "Malay-English  Voca- 
bulary," 1880;  "About  Perak,"  1893; 
"Malay  Sketches,"  1895,  &c.  Address: 
Carcosa,  Selangor,  Malay  Peninsula. 

SWIFT,  Benjamin.     See  Patebson, 
William  Romainb. 

SWINBURNE,  Algernon  Charles, 

poet  and  essayist,  son  of  the  late  Admiral 
Charles  Henry  Swinburne,  by  Lady  Jane 
Henrietta,  daughter  of  George,  3rd  Earl 
of  Ashburnham,  and  grandson  of  Sir  John 
Edward  Swinburne,  Bart.,  of  Capheaton, 
Northumberland,  was  born  in  Chester 
Street,  Grosvenor  Place,  London,  April  5, 
1837.  He  entered  as  a  commoner  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1857,  but  left 
the  University  without  taking  a  degree. 
Afterwards  he  visited  Florence,  and 
became  acquainted  with  Walter  Savage 
Landor.  His  first  production,  "The  Queen 
Mother,"  and  "Rosamond,"  two  plays 
published  in  1861,  attracted  little  atten- 
tion. "Atalantain  Caly don,  a  Tragedy," 
Hollowed  in  1864  ;  "Chastelard,  a 
Tragedy,"  in  1865;  and  "Poems  and 
Ballads,"  in  1866.  The  latter  work  was 
very  severely,  and  not  very  discerningly, 
censured,  and  was  withdrawn  from  cir- 
culation by  Messrs.  Moxon.     Mr.  W.   M. 


Rossetti  then  published  "Poems  and 
Ballads  :  a  Criticism,"  and  Mr.  Swinburne 
himself  "Notes  on  Poems  and  Reviews." 
Among  his  other  works  are  :  "  A  Song  of 
Italy,"  and  "William  Blake:  a  Critical 
Essay,"  1867  (2nd  edit.,  1868);  "Siena:  a 
Poem,"  1868;  the  second  part  of  "Notes 
on  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition,"  1868, 
the  first  part  of  which  was  written  by  Mr. 
W.  M.  Rossetti;  "Ode  on  the  Proclama- 
tion of  the  French  Republic,"  Sept.  4, 
1870;  "Songs  before  Sunrise,"  1871; 
"Bothwell:  A  Tragedy,"  1874;  "Essays 
and  Studies,"  1875  ;  "Erechtheus,"  1876  ; 
"A  Note  on  Charlotte  Bronte,"  1877; 
"Poems  and  Ballads:  Second  Series," 
1878;  "A  Study  of  Shakespeare,"  1879; 
"Studies  in  Song,"  1881;  "Tristram  of 
Lyonesse,"  1882;  "A  Century  of  Roundels," 
1883 ;  another  volume  of  "  Prose  Miscel- 
lanies," and  "The  Life  of  Victor  Hugo," 
1886  ;  "  The  Armada,"  1888  ;  "  A  Study  of 
Ben  Jonson,"  1890  ;  "  Astrophel,  and  other 
Poems,"  and  "Studies  in  Prose  and 
Poetry,"  in  1894.  Mr.  Swinburne  is  the 
greatest  living  English  poet.  He  has  not 
travelled  very  much,  but  with  his  family 
he  stayed  at  Florence  and  on  the  Riviera, 
and  with  Sir  Richard  Burton  he  visited 
Vichy.  Subsequently  he  spent  some  time 
with  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  in  the  Channel 
Islands,  and  in  Paris,  where  the  two  friends 
went  to  witness  the  memorable  jubilee 
revival  of  Victor  Hugo's  "Le  Roi  s'Amuse  " 
at  the  Theatre  Franjais.  There  Mr.  Swin- 
burne met  Victor  Hugo  for  the  first  time. 
For  twenty  years  Mr.  Swinburne  has  lived 
with  Mr.  Theodore  Watts-Dunton  at  the 
Pines,  Putney.  He  is  a  good  pedestrian, 
and  his  physical  vigour  is  exceptional  for 
a  man  of  his  years. 

SYLVA,  Carmen.     See  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Rodmania. 

SYMONS,  Arthur,  was  born  in  Wales, 
Feb.  28,  1865,  of  Cornish  parentage.  He 
was  educated  at  various  private  schools, 
and  has  lived  in  many  parts  of  England, 
in  France,  and  in  Italy.  His  earliest 
literary  work  was  in  connection  with 
Shakespeare  ;  he  edited  four  of  Quaritch's 
Shakespeare  Quarto  Facsimiles,  in  1884-86, 
and  afterwards  seven  plays  in  the  Henry 
Irving  Shakespeare,  1888-89.  He  has 
done  literary  criticism,  chiefly  of  poetry, 
in  the  Athenmum  from  1891,  and  in  the 
Saturday  Review  from  1894.  He  edited  the 
Savoy  during  the  year  of  its  existence, 
from  January  to  December  1896.  His 
play  in  one  act,  "The  Minister's  Call," 
was  performed  at  the  Royalty  by  the  Inde- 
pendent Theatre,  March  24,  1892.  He  has 
published,  in  verse :  "Days  and  Nights," 
1889;  "Silhouettes,"  1892;  "London 
Nights,"  1895;  "Amoris  Victima,"  1897; 
-  3x 


1058 


SYMONS 


in  prose  :  "An  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Browning,"  1886  ;  "  Studies  in  Two 
Literatures,"  1897.  Address  :  Fountain 
Court,  The  Temple. 

SYMONS,  George  James,  F.R.S., 
was  born  on  August  6,  1838,  and  is  the 
only  child  of  Joseph  and  Georgiana 
Symons.  He  was  educated  privately. 
Before  he  was  twenty-one  he  had  been 
elected  member  of  the  Meteorological 
Society,  had  given  several  lectures  upon 
the  subject,  had  commenced  a  series  of 
observations  with  standard  instruments, 
the  records  of  which  were  supplied  to 
Mr.  Glaisher,  F.R.S.,  for  insertion  in  the 
"Quarterly  Reports "  of  the  Registrar- 
General  ;  and  had  started  in  1857  an 
organisation  for  the  observation  of  thun- 
derstorms and  the  record  of  injuries  by 
lightning.  In  1859  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  General  Committee  of  the 
British  Association,  and  is  now  a  member 
of  the  Council.  In  1860  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Scottish  Meteorological 
Society,  issued  its  first  separate  publica- 
tion, "Notes  on  the  Solar  Eclipse  of  July 
18,  1860,"  and  accepted  the  invitation  of 
Admiral  Fitzroy,  F.R.S.,  to  become  one  of 
his  assistants  at  the  Meteorological  Office, 
where  he  continued  until  nearly  the  time 
of  his  chief's  death,  being  occupied  prin- 
cipally with  preparing  for  publication  the 
records  of  the  Anemometers  at  Bermuda 
and  Halifax.  During  these  years  he  de- 
voted all  his  non-official  time  to  collecting 
details  of  the  fall  of  rain,  and  commenced 
the  organisation  known  as  the  British 
Rainfall  system,  which  now  includes  more 
than  3000  observers.  The  results  have 
been  published  in  36  successive  volumes 
of  British  Rainfall,  and  in  32  volumes  of 
the  Meteorological  Magazine,  which  have 
been  compiled  and  edited  under  his  direc- 
tion. With  the  above  exception,  Mr. 
Symons  has  written  few  books,  but  his 
papers  and  reports  communicated  to 
scientific  societies  in  this  and  other 
countries,  and  his  letters  to  the  Times  on 
meteorological  subjects,  are  to  be  numbered 
by  hundreds.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
Membre  de  la  Soc.  Met.  de  France,  and 
has  served  three  times  on  the  Council. 
In  1873  Mr.  Symons  was  elected  Hon. 
Secretary  of  the  (now)  Royal  Meteorologi- 
cal Society,  which  office  he  has  held  ever 
since,  excepting  during  1880  and  1881, 
when  he  was  President.  In  1S75  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  and  during  that  and  the  subse- 
quent year  drew  up  a  complete  summary 
of  the  statistics  and  bibliography  of  the 
meteorology  of  our  Colonial  Empire.  The 
results  of  that  inquiry  were  embodied  in 
a  paper  which  he  read  before  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  in  1877.    In  the  autumn 


of  1875  serious  floods  occurred,  and  he 
submitted  to  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  a  paper  ' '  On  the  Floods  in 
England  and  Wales,  and  on  Water 
Economy,"  for  which  he  was  awarded  a 
Telford  Premium.  In  1878,  on  the  initia- 
tive of  the  Meteorological  Society,  a  con- 
ference of  delegates  from  various  scientific 
societies  was  formed,  to  consider  "  the 
desirability,  or  otherwise,  of  issuing  a 
code  of  rules  for  the  erection  of  lightning 
conductors."  The  work  of  the  conference 
extended  over  four  years,  Mr.  Symons 
acting  throughout  as  Hon.  Secretary,  and 
editing  the  "  Report  of  the  Lightning-Rod 
Conference."  In  1878  Mr.  Symons  was 
President  Etranger  of  the  Congres  Inter- 
nationale de  Mfjteorologie  held  in  Paris, 
and  in  1889  Vice-President  of  a  similar 
meeting.  In  1879  he  was  elected  Fellow, 
and  from  1880  to  1896  was  Registrar  of 
the  Sanitary  Institute.  He  was  a  Juror  of 
the  Health  Exhibition,  Section  for  Water 
Supply,  1884,  in  which  year  he  was  elected 
Membre  Corresp.  Etranger  de  la  Soc.  Roy. 
de  Me'dicine  Publique  de  Belgique,  and  in 
1886  he  was  elected  Korrespondirendes 
Mitglied  der  Deutschen  Met.  Gesellschaft. 
In  the  autumn  of  1886  the  first  Session  of 
the  Congres  International  d'Hydrologie 
was  held  at  Biarritz  ;  and  Mr.  Symons  was 
appointed  Vice-Pr&ident  Etranger,  and 
subsequently  Juror  of  the  Exhibition.  He 
afterwards  visited  the  thermal  stations  of 
the  Pyrenees,  and  this  drew  his  attention 
to  the  question  of  the  constancy  or  other- 
wise of  the  temperatures  of  these  waters. 
After  full  inquiry,  and  with  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  Royal  Society,  he  designed 
special  thermometers,  and  revisited  all 
the  principal  stations  in  the  autumn  of 
1887,  determining  the  temperatures  with 
all  possible  precision.  Mr.  Symons  was 
elected  F.R.S.  in  1878 ;  and  when,  in 
1884,  a  Committee  of  the  Royal  Society 
was  appointed  to  report  upon  the  eruption 
of  Krakatoa,  he  was  chosen  as  its  Chair- 
man, and  subsequently  as  editor  of  the 
report.  In  1891  Mr.  Symons  received  from 
the  President  of  the  French  Republic  the 
Cross  of  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
and  in  1898  from  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of 
Wales  the  Albert  Medal  for  the  year  1897, 
"for  the  services  he  has  rendered  to  the 
United  Kingdom  by  affording  to  engineers 
engaged  in  the  water  supply  and  the  sew- 
age of  towns  a  trustworthy  basis  for  their 
work,  by  establishing  and  carrying  on 
during  nearly  forty  years  systematic  ob- 
servations (now  at  over  3000  stations)  of 
the  rainfall  of  the  British  Isles,  and.  by 
recording,  tabulating,  and  graphically  in- 
dicating the  results  of  these  observations 
in  the  annual  volumes  published  by  him- 
self." Address :  62  Camden  Square,, 
N.W. 


SZELL  — TAIT 


1059 


SZI5LL,  Coloman.  Hungarian  Premier, 
was  born  on  July  8,  1845,  at  Gosztony,  in 
Hungary.  He  graduated  at  the  National 
University  of  Budapest,  and  in  1868  was 
returned  to  Parliament,  his  political  career 
being  begun  under  the  auspices  of  Francis 
Deik.  He  is  well  known  as  a  financier, 
having  founded  one  of  the  great  Hungarian 
banks.  Selected  President  of  the  Finan- 
cial Commission  of  Parliament,  he  became 
Minister  of  Finances  in  1875,  but  left  this 
position  after  the  occupation  of  Bosnia. 
He  rose  to  the  Premiership  early  in  1899. 
His  wife  is  a  daughter  of  the  poet 
Vorosmarty. 


TACCHINI,  Pierre,  Foreign  F.E.S., 
Italian  astronomer,  was  born  at  Modena, 
March  21,  1838,  and  studied  mathematics 
at  the  university  of  his  native  town,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  Doctor  in  1857. 
Two  years  later  he  was  appointed  astrono- 
mer at  the  Observatory  of  Modena,  and 
was  transferred  to  Palermo  in  1863.  In 
1879  he  was  made  Director  of  the  Obser- 
vatory of  the  Roman  College  at  Rome,  and 
of  the  Chief  Meteorological  Office.  Here 
he  organised  a  complete  seismological  ser- 
vice throughout  all  Italy.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Rome,  of  the 
Academies  of  Sciences  of  Turin,  Modena, 
Venice,  Bologna,  and  Palermo,  and  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  of  London.  In  1888  the  Royal 
Society  awarded  him  the  Rumford  Medal, 
and  in  1892  the  French  Academy  granted 
him  the  Tauper  Medal.  He  has  taken  part 
in  several  astronomical  expeditions  to 
Africa,  America,  and  India.  He  has 
founded  Italian  Societies  of  Spectroscopy 
and  Seismology,  in  the  journals  of  which 
are  to  be  found  most  of  his  published 
works.  He  has  received  several  Italian 
and  foreign  decorations.  Address  :  UrBcio 
Meteorologico  Centrale,  Rome. 

TAIT,  Patrick  Maenaghten,  F.S.S., 
F.R.G.S.,  son  of  the  late  William  Tait, 
Esq.,  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  and  educated 
in  his  native  city,  having  for  some  time 
been  under  the  late  Principal  Tulloch.  He 
first  entered  the  Scottish  Union  Insurance 
Office,  Edinburgh,  of  which  Sir  Walter 
Scott  was  a  Director,  and  in  1851  pro- 
ceeded to  India ;  was  in  India  during 
1857,  1858,  and  1859,  the  years  of  the 
Mutiny,  when  he  raised  the  Rifle  Company 
of  the  Calcutta  Volunteer  Guards,  in 
which  corps  he  held  a  command.  Sub- 
sequently he  travelled  in  India,  Ceylon, 
China,  Japan,  Canada,  and  the  United 
States  of  America.     He   has   contributed 


largely  to  the  Edinburgh  Review  and  Cal- 
cutta Quarterly  Review,  also  to  the  Exa- 
miner, Life,  and  other  London  weekly 
papers.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
papers  read  before  different  societies,  in- 
cluding the  British  Association,  the  Insti- 
tute of  Actuaries,  and  the  Royal  Statistical 
Society;  amongstwhich  maybe  mentioned: 
"  Observations  on  Existing  Tables  of  Mor- 
tality of  Europeans  in  India,"  1855  ;  "  Mor- 
tality of  East  Indians,"  published  in  the 
Calcutta  Review  for  December  1858  ;  " Mor- 
tality of  Christian  Females  in  India," 
published  in  the  Calcutta  Review  for  March 
1859;  "The  Mortality  of  Eurasians," 
1864;  "The  Population  and  Mortality  of 
Calcutta,"  1867;  "The  Population  and 
Mortality  of  Bombay,"  1869;  "Anglo- 
Indian  Vital  Statistics,"  1874  ;  "The 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Accident  Insur- 
ance on  Sea  and  Land,"  "Original  D 
and  N  Tables  for  Joint  Lives  in  India," 
"Vital  and  other  Statistics  Applicable  to 
Musicians,"  1880;  "Vital  and  other  Sta- 
tistics of  Eastbourne,"  1885  ;  "  On  the 
Value  of  European  and  Native  Life  in 
India,"  1888.  Address  :  6  Rossetti  Man- 
sions, Cheyne  Walk,  S.W. 

TAIT,     Professor    Peter    Guthrie, 

M.A.,  D.Sc,  whose  father  was  private 
secretary  to  the  late  Duke  of  Buccleuch, 
was  born  at  Dalkeith,  April  28,  1831,  and 
educated  at  the  Academy  and  University 
of  Edinburgh,  and  at  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  was  Senior  Wrangler  and 
First  Smith's  Prizeman.  In  1852  he  was 
elected  Fellow  of  Peterhouse,  and  in  1854 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics 
at  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1860,  when  he  was  elected 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  Edin- 
burgh, a  post  since  held  by  him.  He  is 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh. Professor  Tait  has  published  a 
number  of  scientific  and  other  works, 
amongst  which  are :  "  Dynamics  of  a 
Particle,"  1856;  "Quaternions,"  1867 
(translated  into  French  by  the  late  Dr. 
GustavPlarr,  1882);  "Thermo-Dynamics," 
1868;  "Recent  Advances  in  Physical 
Science,"  1876;  "Heat,"  and  "Light," 
1884;  "Properties  of  Matter,"  1885; 
"Dynamics,"  1895;  besides  a  large  num- 
ber of  papers  contributed  to  different 
periodicals,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned those  on  "  Knots,"  on  the  "  Kinetic 
Theory  of  Gases,"  and  on  "Thermo-elec- 
tricity." In  conjunction  with  Lord  Kelvin 
(then  Sir  William  Thomson)  he  published 
in  1867  a  "Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy." 
He  was  also,  with  the  late  Prof.  Balfour 
Stewart,  joint-author  of  the  essay  called 
"The  Unseen  Universe."  To  the  Chal- 
lenger Reports  Prof.  Tait  has  contri- 
buted an  experimental  discussion  of   the 


1060 


TALBOT  —  TALMAGE 


"Pressure  Errors  of  the  Challenger  Ther- 
mometers," and  of  the  "Physical  Pro- 
perties of  Water."  Another  experimental 
work  which  he  carried  out  in  conjunction 
with  the  late  Dr.  Andrews,  deals  with  the 
"  Volumetric  Relations  of  Ozone."  His 
collected  "Scientific"  papers  were  pub- 
lished (1898).  His  latest  papers,  "  On 
Impact,"  and  "  On  the  Path  of  a  Rotating 
Spherical  Projectile,"  have  very  obvious 
bearings  on  the  game  of  golf.  Professor 
Tait's  son,  affectionately  known  to  fol- 
lowers of  the  game  as  "Freddy,"  is 
champion  amateur  golfer  of  Scotland. 
Address  :  38  George  Square,  Edinburgh. 

TALBOT,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward 
Stuart,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Rochester, 
born  in  London  on  February  19,  1844,  is 
the  second  son  of  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Talbot, 
Q.C.,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Parlia- 
mentary Bar,  and  of  Caroline,  daughter 
of  the  first  Lord  Wharncliffe.  He  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a 
first  class  Lit.  Hum.,  1865  ;  and  first  class 
Law  and  Modern  History,  1866.  He 
was  ordained  in  1867  and  took  priest's 
orders  in  1870.  He  was  elected  senior 
student  of  Christ  Church  in  1866,  and 
obtained  the  Ellerton  Prize  Essay  in  1869, 
on  the  "  Influence  of  Christianity  on 
Slavery."  In  1870  he  was  appointed  first 
Warden  of  Keble  College,  Oxford,  and  was 
Select  Preacher  in  1873  and  in  1883.  He 
was  Examiner  in  the  Final  Classical 
Honour  Schools  in  1874-76,  and  was  ap- 
pointed examining  Chaplain  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  1883.  In  1889 
he  retired  from  the  wardenship  of  Keble 
College,  and  was  appointed  to  the  Vicarage 
of  Leeds.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  Hon. 
Chaplain  to  the  Queen,  and  in  1895  be- 
came Bishop  of  Rochester.  He  is  author 
of  "  The  Preparation  in  History  for  Christ," 
in  "  Lux  Mundi,"  1889  ;  "  Some  Titles  and 
Aspects  of  the  Eucharist  "  ;  Leeds  Parish 
Church  Sermons.  Dr.  Talbot  married,  in 
1890,  Lavinia,  third  daughter  of  the  4th 
Baron  Lyttleton.  Addresses  :  Bishop's 
House,  Kennington,  S.E. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

TALBOT,  Major  and  Brevet  Lieut. - 
Col.  the  Hon.   Milo  George  Talbot, 

successor  to  Sir  Francis  Wingate,  as 
Director  of  Military  Intelligence  in  the 
Egyptian  Army,  is  a  younger  brother  of 
Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  was  born  in 
1854,  and  was  educated  at  Wellington. 
He  entered  the  Royal  Engineers  at  the 
age  of  19,  in  1873,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Afghan  war  of  1879-80, 
when  he  was  present  at  the  capture  of  AH 
Musjid,  the  action  of  Charasiah,  the  opera- 
tions round  Kabul,  the  march  from  Kabul 
to  the  relief  of  Candahar,  and  the  battle 


of  September  1.  He  was  mentioned  in 
despatches  (London  Gazette,  Dec.  3,  1880), 
and  received  a  medal  with  four  clasps, 
and  the  Bronze  Star.  He  also  gained  a 
medal  with  clasp  in  the  Jowaki  Expedition 
of  1877-78,  and  in  1881  took  part  in  the 
Mashood  Wuzeeree  Expedition.  More  re- 
cently he  served  in  the  advance  upon 
Khartoum.  He  has  gained  considerable 
distinction  as  a  surveyor  and  explorer, 
chiefly  in  Beluchistan,  and  with  the 
Afghan  Boundary  Commission,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  He  acquired  his 
thorough  knowledge  of  Egypt  when  sur- 
veying for  the  Egyptian  Government  on 
the  Nile,  before  being  specifically  attached 
to  the  Egyptian  army.  He  was  for  some 
time  a  D.A.A.G.  at  head-quarters.  In 
January  1899  he  was  appointed  to  succeed 
Sir  Francis  Wingate  in  his  present  post. 

TALMAGE,  Thomas  deWitt,  D.D., 

was  born  at  Bound  Brook,  New  Jersey, 
January  7,  1832.  He  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York,  and 
graduated  at  the  New  Brunswick  (N.J.) 
Theological  Seminary  in  1856.  On  ordina- 
tion he  was  chosen  pastor  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  Church  at  Belleville,  N.J.  ;  from 
1859  to  1862  he  had  charge  of  a  church  in 
Syracuse,  N.Y.  ;  and  from  1862  to  1869  of 
one  in  Philadelphia.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  was  chaplain  of  a  Pennsylvania 
Regiment,  and  he  is  now  chaplain  of  the 
13th  New  York  Regiment.  Since  1869  he 
has  been  pastor  of  the  Central  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  Thrice  during 
this  period  his  church  edifice  has  been 
destroyed  by  fire,  once  in  1872,  once  in 
1890,  and  again  in  1894.  In  1884  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tennessee.  Dr.  Talmage  is  a 
popular  lecturer  and  preacher,  and  his 
sermons  are  weekly  reported  in  a  large 
number  of  newspapers.  He  visited  Eng- 
land in  November  1889,  and  afterwards 
made  a  Continental  tour,  and  visited 
Palestine.  He  was  in  1894  again  making 
an  extended  tour  in  foreign  lands.  From 
1873  to  1876  he  edited  the  (N.Y.)  Christian 
at  Work  ;  in  1877-78  the  (Chicago)  Ad- 
vance ;  and  later  Frank  Leslie's  Sunday 
Magazine,  and  the  Christian  Herald.  He 
has  published  "  The  Almond-Tree  in  Blos- 
som "  ;  and  "  Crumbs  Swept  Up,"  1870  ; 
"Abominations  of  Modern  Society,"  1872; 
"One  Thousand  Gems,"  1873  ;  "Old  Wells 
Dug  Out,"  and  "Around  the  Tea-Table," 
1874;  "Sports  that  Kill,"  and  "Every. 
Day  Religion,"  1875 ;  "  Night-Sides  of  City 
Life,"  1878  ;  "  Masque  Torn  Off,"  1879 ; 
"  The  Brooklyn  Tabernacle,"  1884  ;  "  The 
Battle  for  Bread,"  and  "  The  Marriage 
Ring,"  1886,  besides  several  volumes  of 
collected  sermons  and  a  number  of  lec- 
tures, addresses,  and  magazine  articles. 


TANCOCK  —  TAYLOR 


1061 


TAN  COCK,  The  Rev.  Charles 
Coverdale,  M.A.,  Head-Master  of  Ton- 
bridge  School,  is  the  third  son  of  the  Kev. 
Osborne  John  Tancock  of  Truro,  and  was 
born  in  1852.  He  was  educated  at  Sher- 
borne School,  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  a  scholar  from  1870  to 
1875.  He  took  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1872,  and  a  first  in  Lit. 
Hum.  in  1874  ;  B.A.  1874  ;  M.A.  1877.  He 
was  for  eleven  years  an  assistant-master 
at  Charterhouse,  and  in  1886  was  elected 
Head-Master  of  Rossall  School,  where  he 
remained  for  ten  years  until  ill  health 
compelled  him  to  resign  and  to  accept  the 
living  of  Leek,  near  Manchester.  In  De- 
cember 1898  he  was  appointed  Head- 
Master  of  Tonbridge  School,  in  succession 
to  the  Eev.  Dr.  Wood,  then  Head-Master 
elect  of  Harrow.  Address  :  The  School- 
house,  Tonbridge. 

TANKERVILLE,  Earl  of,  The 
Bight  Hon.  Charles  Bennet,  P.O.,  D.L., 
J.P.,  was  born  on  January  10,  1810,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  5th  Earl,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1859,  and  a  daughter  of  the  Due 
de  Gramont.  He  was  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  (B.A.).  He  represented 
North  Northumberland  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1832  to  1859,  when  he  was  summoned 
to  the  Upper  House  as  Viscount  Ossulston, 
succeeding  his  father  as  Earl  a  month 
later.  In  1866-67  he  was  Captain  of  the 
Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms,  and  in  1867- 
68  Lord  Steward  of  the  Household.  He 
is  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Northumberland 
Fusileer  Volunteers.  He  married,  in  1850, 
Lady  Olivia  Montagu,  daughter  of  the 
6th  Duke  of  Manchester.  Addresses  : 
Chillingham  Castle,  Belford,  Northumber- 
land ;  and  Coombe  End,  Kingston-on- 
Thames. 

TANNER,    Charles   Kerns   Dease, 

MP.,  M.D.,  was  born  in  1850,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  William  K.  Tanner,  M.D. 
He  was  educated  in  Paris,  at  Winchester, 
and  Queen's  College,  Cork,  and  at  the 
Universities  of  Leipzig  and  Berlin,  and 
entered  the  medical  profession.  He  was 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  at  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  and  is  now  surgeon  to  the  South 
Cork  Infirmary  and  County  Hospital. 
Since  1885  he  has  been  prominently  before 
the  House  of  Commons  as  Nationalist 
member  for  Mid  Cork.  He  is  Town  Com- 
missioner of  Cork.  Addresses  :  2  Colherne 
Mansions,  Bolton  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and 
Cork, 

TATE,  Sir  Henry,  Bart.,  J.P.,  was 
born  at  Chorley,  Lancashire,  in  1819,  and 
is  a  son  of  the  Eev.  W.  Tate.  He  was  for 
many  years  head  of   the  firm   of   Henry 


Tate  &  Sons,  sugar  refiners,  of  Liverpool 
and  London.     He  has  long  been  engaged 
in    philanthropic    enterprises,     and     has 
given  Lambeth  a  Free  Library,   which  is 
equipped    on    a     handsome     scale.       His 
libraries  are  alone  sufficient  to  perpetuate 
his  name,   but  these   have   of   late   years 
been  put  in  the  background  by  his  grand 
donation  to  England  of  the  Tate  Gallery. 
Some   years  ago  Sir   Henry  Tate   learnt, 
to   quote  his  own  words,   that   "a  great 
want  was  felt  of  some  place  where  works 
of  modern  art  could  be  seen  at  any  time 
of  the  year."     He  decided  that  if  he  could 
succeed   in    obtaining   from   the   Govern- 
ment a  suitable   plot   of   land   he   would 
build  a  gallery  for  a  permanent   exhibi- 
tion of  British  art.     Sir  William  Harcourt 
warmly  interested  himself  in  his  proposal, 
and,  chiefly  through  that  statesman's  repre- 
sentations,   the    Government   placed   the 
site  of   Millbank  Prison  at   his   disposal. 
Here  Sir  Henry,  then  Mr.  Tate,  built  what 
are  known  as  the   "Tate  Galleries,"  the 
architect  being  Mr.  Sidney  Smith,  and  the 
contractors  Messrs.  Higgs  and  Hill.     The 
new  galleries  contain  an  overflow  of  pic- 
tures   from    the    National     Gallery,    the 
Chantrey  Bequest  pictures  from  the  South 
Kensington    Museum,    a    number    of    his 
masterpieces  presented  by  Mr.  Watts  to 
the  nation,  and  sixty-five  modern  pictures, 
chiefly  illustrative   of   the  pre-Raphaelite 
movement,   from    Sir   Henry    Tate's   own 
collection.     The  trustees  of  the  National 
Gallery  have  become  trustees  of  the  new 
institution,  which  Sir  Henry  Tate  has  made 
over  to  the  nation  and  intends  enlarging. 
The  galleries  were  opened  by  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  the  Princess  of  Wales,  and  other 
members  of  the  Koyal  Family,  on  July  21, 
1897,  on  which  notable  occasion  the  bene- 
ficent donor  stated  the  objects  and  history 
of  the  gift,  and  was  eloquently  thanked, 
in  the  name  of  the  British  people,  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  Right  Hon.  A.  Balfour, 
and  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  William  Harcourt. 
Sir  Henry  Tate  received  the  honour  of  a 
baronetcy  in  1898.    He  is  one  of  the  newly- 
created  Trustees  of  the  National  Gallery. 
Lady  Tate  is  a  daughter  of  the  late  Charles 
Hislop.     Address :   Park  Hill,    Streatham 
Common,  S.E. 

TAYLOR,  The  Rev.  Charles,  M.A., 
D.D.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Harvard,  Master  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  late 
Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University,  was 
born  in  Middlesex,  May  27,  1840,  and  was 
educated  at  King's  College  School,  London, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  He 
proceeded  to  the  degree  of  B.A. in  1862, 
and  in  the  same  year  became  an  editor  of 
the  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Dublin  Messenger 
of  Mathematics.  In  1863  he  published  his 
first  work  on  "  Geometrical  Conies."     He 


1062 


TAYLOR 


was  elected  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College 
in  1864,  and  Master  of  the  same,  1881,  and 
shortly  afterwards  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.,  jure  dignitatis.  He  is  the  author  of 
numerous  articles  on  Hebrew,  geometrical 
and  other  subjects ;  of  the  Kaye  Essay 
for  1867,  on  the  citations  from  the  Old 
Testament  in  the  New,  published  under 
the  name,  "The  Gospel  in  the  Law,"  1869  ; 
and  of  the  following  works  :  "The  Dirge 
of  Coheleth,"  1874,  a  monograph  giving  a 
new  and  literal  interpretation  of  the  12th 
chapter  of  Ecclesiastes  ;  "Sayings  of  the 
Jewish  Fathers,"  in  Hebrew  and  English, 
edited  for  the  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge 
University  Press,  1877;  an  "Introduction 
to  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Geometry  of 
Conies,  with  Historical  Notes  and  Prole- 
gomena," 1881.  In  the  Prolegomena  he 
proves  that  the  modern  period  properly 
begins  with  Kepler,  who  distinctly  for- 
mulated the  principles  of  infinity  and  con- 
tiuuity,  which  differentiate  the  modern 
from  the  ancient  geometry.  He  has  given 
a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion on  the  "  History  of  Geometry,"  1886  ; 
also  on  the  then  lately  discovered  AiSaxv 
rwv  dwS^Ka  a.Troo'T&Kui',  1885 ;  these  were 
published  in  April  1886,  under  the  title 
"The  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles, 
with  illustrations  from  the  Talmud  :  two 
Lectures  on  an  Ancient  Church  Manual 
discovered  at  Constantinople."  More 
recently  he  has  published  "An  Essay  on 
the  Theology  of  the  Didache,"  1889  ;  and 
"The  Witness  of  Hermas  to  the  Four 
Gospels,"  1892.  He  was  joint-editor  of 
the  Messenger  of  Mathematics  from  1862  to 
1887.  Dr.  Taylor  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard  (Cambridge, 
Mass.),  1886  ;  and  was  Vice-Chancellor  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  1887  to  1888. 
He  was  Select  Preacher  at  Cambridge  in 
1887  and  1893,  and  delivered  the  Macbride 
Sermon  at  Oxford  in  1897  ;  was  an  Alder- 
man of  Cambridge  Borough  from  1889  to 
1895,  and  Acting  President  of  the  Statu- 
tory International  Congress  of  Oriental 
Scholars  held  in  the  Temple  in  1891. 
Addresses  :  St.  John's  Lodge,  Cambridge  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

TAYLOR,,  The  Rev.  Isaac,  M.A., 
Litt.D.,  LL.D.,  Canon  of  York,  born  May 
2,  1829,  at  Stanford  Rivers,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Isaac  Taylor,  author  of  the 
"  Natural  History  of  Enthusiasm."  Edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he 
obtained  the  Silver  Oration  Cup,  and 
graduated  as  a  Wrangler  in  1853.  In 
1854  he  edited  a  translation  of  Becker's 
"Charicles."  He  was  ordained  in  1857  to 
a  country  curacy,  and  published  in  1860 
"The  Liturgy  and  the  Dissenters."  Re- 
moving to  London,  where  he  successively 
held  two  West-End  curacies,  he  published  | 


in  1864  a  work  on  the  Etymology  of  Local 
Names,  entitled  "Words  and  Places,  or 
Etymological  Illustrations  of  History, 
Ethnology,  and  Geography,"  which  has 
passed  through  numerous  editions.  In 
1865  he  undertook  the  charge  of  one  of 
the  poorest  parishes  in  Bethnal  Green. 
His  plans  and  labours  for  the  benefit  of 
his  destitute  parishioners  were  described 
in  a  little  book  entitled  "The  Burden  of 
the  Poor."  In  1867  he  published  "The 
Family  Pen  ;  Memorials,  Biographical  and 
Literary,  of  the  Taylor  Family  of  Ongar." 
In  1869  he  accepted  the  incumbency  of  a 
church  at  Twickenham.  In  1873  he  read 
a  paper  before  the  Philological  Society  on 
"The  Etruscan  Numerals,"  and  in  1874 
brought  out  a  volume  entitled  "Etruscan 
Researches,"  which  was  followed  by  a 
condensed  abridgment,  entitled  "The 
Etruscan  Language."  Presented  in  1875, 
by  Earl  Brownlow,  to  the  Rectory  of 
Settrington,  in  Yorkshire,  he  undertook 
systematic  researches  into  the  origin  and 
history  of  the  alphabet.  The  first-fruit  of 
these  studies  appeared  in  1879,  in  a  book 
called  "  Greeks  and  Goths,  a  Study  on 
the  Runes,"  in  which  the  origin  of  the 
mysterious  runes  received  a  novel  explana- 
tion, now  generally  accepted  by  European 
scholars.  Shortly  afterwards  he  published 
at  Berlin  a  paper  "Ueber  den  Ursprung 
des  glagolitischen  Alphabets,"  in  which  he 
discussed  the  origin  of  the  earliest  Slavonic 
alphabet.  In  1879  he  received  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  the  degree  of 
LL.D.,  honoris  causd,  in  recognition  of  his 
discoveries  and  philological  attainments. 
In  1883  Dr.  Taylor  published,  in  two  large 
volumes,  his  most  important  work,  entitled 
"  The  Alphabet,  an  Account  of  the  Origin 
and  Development  of  Letters."  In  con- 
sideration of  its  merits  the  Board  of 
Classical  Studies  at  Cambridge  unani- 
mously recommended  its  author  for  the 
degree  of  Doctor  in  Letters.  In  the  same 
year  (1885)  he  was  collated  to  a  Canonry 
and  Prebendal  Stall  in  York  Minster,  and 
two  years  later  was  appointed  Rural  Dean. 
In  1887  he  read  a  paper  at  the  Manchester 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  on 
"  The  Origin  and  Primitive  Seat  of  the 
Aryans,"  which  was  afterwards  enlarged 
into  a  volume,  published  in  the  Contem- 
porary Science  Series  in  1889,  which  has 
received  the  honour  of  being  translated 
into  French  by  Dr.  H.  de  Varigny.  The 
winter  of  1887-88  he  spent  in  Egypt, 
whence  he  wrote  to  the  St.  James's  Gazette 
a  series  of  letters  recording  conversations 
with  Egyptians  on  social  life,  politics,  and 
religion.  These  letters,  which  involved 
him  in  considerable  controversy,  were  re- 
published, with  additional  chapters  on  the 
tenets  of  Islam,  in  the  autumn  of  1888, 
in   a  volume  entitled   "  Leaves  from   an 


TAYLOE 


1063 


Egyptian  Note-book,"  with  the  object  of 
dispelling  prejudices  as  to  the  beliefs  and 
practices  of  our  Mohammedan  fellow-sub- 
jects in  India  and  elsewhere.  In  1886  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  Domesday 
celebration,  and  afterwards,  in  1888,  he 
published,  in  the  memorial  volume  called 
"Domesday  Studies,"  essays  on  "Domes- 
day Survivals,"  "The  Ploughland  and  the 
Plough,"  and  "Wapentakes  and  Hun- 
dreds." In  1896  he  followed  up  his 
popular  work  of  1864  by  a  more  complete 
and  scientific  treatise  on  the  same  subject, 
entitled  "Names  and  their  Histories;  a 
Hand-book  of  Historfcal  Geography  and 
Topographical  Nomenclature."  Canon 
Taylor,  who  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Alpine  Club,  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
learned  periodicals,  especially  on  subjects 
connected  with  Aryan  and  Ural-Altaic 
Philology,  Onomatology,  Ethnology,  Pal- 
aeography, Epigraphy,  and  Comparative 
Mythology.  He  has  also  written  numerous 
articles,  chiefly  on  the  subjects  dealt  with 
in  his  books,  for  "Chambers's  Ency- 
clopaedia," and  similar  publications.  He 
has  been  elected  a  member  of  various 
learned  societies  in  England  and  America. 
In  1865  he  married  a  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
H.  Cookayne-Cust,  Canon  of  Windsor. 
Address :  Settrington  Rectory,  Malton, 
Yorks. 

TAYLOR,  General  Sir  Richard 
Chambre  Hayes,  K.C.B.,  born  in  Dublin, 
March  19,  1819,  second  son  of  the  Hon. 
and  Rev.  Edward  Taylor,  younger  son  of 
the  1st  Earl  of  Bective,  by  Marianne, 
daughter  of  Colonel  the  Hon.  Richard  St. 
Leger,  was  educated  at  Hazelwood  School 
and  at  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sand- 
hurst, and  entered  the  army  as  Ensign  of 
the  79th  Highlanders  in  1835.  He  served 
in  various  colonies  and  in  the  Crimean 
war,  including  the  battles  of  the  Alma 
and  Balaklava,  siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(in  command  of  his  regiment),  also  in  the 
Indian  Mutiny,  including  the  siege  and 
capture  of  Lucknow,  operations  in  Oude 
and  Rohilcund,  Trans-Gogra  campaign, 
actions  of  Rooyah-Allygunge,  Bareilly, 
Shahjehanpore,  Punniar,  Mahomdee, 
Bampoorkussia,  passage  of  the  Gogra 
(commanded  column),  and  was  frequently 
mentioned  in  despatches.  He  was  Assist- 
ant-Adjutant-General, Shorncliffe  and 
Dover  Division,  from  July  1860  to  July 
1865  ;  Inspecting  Field  Officer  and  Assist- 
ant-Adjutant-General, Home  District, 
from  May  1867  to  April  1871  ;  Inspector- 
General  of  Recruiting  from  August  1873 
to  December  1876;  Deputy-Adjutant- 
General  of  the  Forces  from  December 
1876  to  October  1878;  Adjutant-General 
of  the  Army  from  August  1882  to  Novem- 
ber 1882  ;  Governor  of  the  Royal  Military 


College,  Sandhurst,  from  January  1883  to 
August  1886.  He  was  promoted  Colonel, 
May  1858  ;  Major-General,  March  1868  ; 
Lieutenant-Genera],  October  1877 ;  Gen- 
eral, April  1883;  and  nominated  C.B. 
1857,  and  K.C.B.  1882  ;  retired  list, 
August  1886.  He  married,  in  1863,  the 
Lady  Jane  Hay,  daughter  of  the  8th 
Marquis  of  Tweeddale,  and  has  issue  one 
son  and  four  daughters.  Permanent  ad- 
dresses :  16  Eaton  Place,  S.W.  ;  and 
Dowestown,  Naven,  co.  Meath. 

TAYLOR,  William  Mackergo,  D.D., 

LL. D.,  was  born  at  Kilmarnock,  Scotland, 
Oct.  23,  1829.  He  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  in  1849,  and  at  the 
Divinity  School  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Edinburgh  in  1852.  For  two 
yearsthe  was  pastor  of  a  small  church  at 
Kilmaurs,  Ayrshire,  and  in  1855  went  to 
Liverpool  to  take  charge  of  a  newly 
organised  Presbyterian  Church,  which 
under  his  care  became  a  large  and  influen- 
tial church  society.  Visiting  the  United 
States  in  1871,  his  preaching  while  there 
was  received  with  so  much  favour  that  he 
was  called  to  succeed  the  late  Dr.  Joseph 
P.  Thompson  in  the  pulpit  of  the  Broad- 
way Tabernacle  (New  York  City),  one 
of  the  most  prominent  Congregational 
Churches  in  America,  and  of  this  church 
he  has  been,  since  1872,  the  pastor.  In 
1876  and  1886  he  was  lecturer  at  the  Yale 
Seminary,  and  in  1880  at  Princeton  Semi- 
nary. From  1876  to  1880  he  was  editor  of 
The  Christian  at  Work.  He  has  published 
"Life  Truths"  (sermons),  1862;  "The 
Miracles,"  1865;  "The  Lost  Found  and 
the  Wanderer  Welcomed,"  1870;  "Me- 
moirs of  the  Rev.  Matthew  Dickie,"  1872  ; 
"Prayer  and  Business,"  1873;  "David, 
King  of  Israel,"  1875;  "Elijah  the  Pro- 
phet," and  "The  Ministry  of  the  Word" 
(Yale  lectures),  1876;  "Songs  in  the 
Night,"  1877;  "Peter  the  Apostle,"  and 
"  Daniel  the  Beloved,"  1877  ;  "  Moses  the 
Lawgiver,"  1S79;  "The  Gospel  Miracles 
in  Relation  to  Christ  and  Christianity " 
(Princeton  lectures);  and  "The  Limita- 
tions of  Life  "  (sermons),  1880  ;  "  Paul  the 
Missionary,"  1882;  "Contrary  Winds" 
(sermons),  1883;  "Jesus  at  the  Well," 
1884;  "John  Knox,  a  Biography,"  1885; 
"Joseph  the  Prime  Minister,"  and  "The 
Parables  of  Our  Saviour,"  1886;  "The 
Scottish  Pulpit,"  1S87;  "Ruth  the 
Gleaner,"  and  "Esther  the  Queen,"  1890  ; 
"  The  Miracles  of  Our  Saviour  Expounded," 
1890;  and  "The  Boy  Jesus  and  other 
Sermons,"  1893.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  both  Yale  and 
Amherst  Colleges  in  1872,  and  that  of 
LL.D.  by  Princeton  College  in  1883.  In 
the  spring  of  1892  he  had  a  stroke  of 
paralysis,    in    consequence    of   which    he 


1064 


TCHIGORIN—  TECK 


resigned  his  pastoral  charge  in  the  follow- 
ing fall,  but  was  made  Pastor  Emeritus, 
an  honorary  position  which  he  holds  for 
life. 

TCHIGOEIN,  T.,  Russian  chess- 
player, was  born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct. 
14,  1850,  and  entered  the  Russian  Civil 
Service,  which  he  left  to  devote  himself 
entirely  to  chess.  His  first  appearance  as 
an  European  master  was  at  Berlin  in  1881, 
when  he  divided  the  third  prize,  Black- 
burn and  Zukertort  being  first  and  second. 
He  was  fourth  in  the  London  Tournament 
of  1883.  In  1889  he  met  Steinitz  at 
Havana,  and  was  beaten  by  four  games 
out  of  twenty  ;  but  in  1891  he  beat  him 
in  two  games  played  by  cable.  In  the  next 
year  he  was  defeated  by  the  same  player 
for  the  championship  of  the  world.*  His 
style  is  always  to  attack. 

TEALE,  Thomas  Pridgin,  M.A., 
M.B.  Oxon.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.C.S.,  was  born  at 
Leeds,  June  28,  1831,  and  is  the  son  of 
Thomas  Pridgin  Teale,  F.R.S.,  sometime 
surgeon  to  the  General  Infirmary  at  Leeds, 
and  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  General 
Medical  Council  nominated  by  the  Queen. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Leeds  Grammar 
School,  Winchester,  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  and  King's  College,  London.  He 
has  been  a  "Crown  nominee"  on  the 
General  Medical  Council  since  the  year 
1876,  and  is  now  serving  his  fifth  period 
of  five  years.  He  was  Lecturer  on  Anatomy 
and  Surgery  in  the  Leeds  School  of 
Medicine,  1856  to  1876;  Surgeon  to 
the  General  Infirmary  at  Leeds,  1864 
to  1884 ;  and  subsequently  Consulting 
Surgeon.  He  was  President  of  the 
Health  Section  of  the  Social  Science  Con- 
gress at  Huddersfield,  1883  ;  President 
of  the  Public  Health  Section  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  at  Liverpool, 
1883 ;  President  of  the  Association  of 
Sanitary  Inspectors  of  Yorkshire  from 
1888  to  1898  ;  and  President  of  the  Leeds 
Philosophical  Society  from  1889  to  1891. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Dangers  to  Health, 
a  Pictorial  Guide  to  Domestic  Sanitary 
Defects,"  first  published  in  1879,  now  in 
the  4th  edition.  This  work  has  been  trans- 
lated into  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian, 
and  into  German  by  H.R.H.  the  Princess 
Christian,  and  is  now  in  its  2nd  edition. 
"  Hurry,  Worry,  and  Money,  the  Bane  of 
Modern  Education,"  being  the  Presidential 
address  in  the  Health  Section  of  the  Social 
Science  Congress  at  Huddersfield,  1883 ; 
"  Economy  of  Coal  in  House  Fires,"  1886  ; 
' '  The  Principles  of  Domestic  Fireplace 
Construction,"  a  lecture  delivered  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  1886  ;  "  Dust  and  Fresh 
Air  :  How  to  keep  out  the  one  and  let  in 
the    other,"   a    lecture   delivered  at  the 


Society  of  Arts,  1892  ;  and  many  contribu- 
tions to  medical  literature.  In  reference 
to  Mr.  Pridgin  Teale's  work  on  the  economy 
of  coal,  it  is  noticeable  that  the  revolution 
in  fireplace  construction  which  has  re- 
cently taken  place  in  the  United  Kingdom 
is  the  direct  result  of  the  principles  which 
the  author  has  been  teaching  the  public 
for  the  past  twenty  years.  This  revolu- 
tion, he  contends,  has  led  to  increase  of 
warmth,  a  reduction  in  the  consumption 
of  coal,  and  a  marked  decrease  in  the  pro- 
duction of  soot.  He  married,  in  1862, 
Alice,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Teale, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  Devizes.  She  died  in 
1891.  Addresses :  38  Cookridge  Street, 
Leeds ;  and  North  Grange,  Headingley, 
Leeds. 

TECK,  H.S.H.  Prince  Adolphus 
Charles  Alexander  Albert  Edward. 
George   Philip   Louis    Ladislaus   of, 

K.C.V.O. ,  was  born  at  Kensington  Palace 
on  Aug.  13,  1868,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
H.H.  the  Duke  of  Teck  and  H.R.H.  Prin- 
cess Mary  Adelaide.  He  was  educated  at 
Wellington  College,  and,  after  passing 
through  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
Sandhurst,  was  gazetted  Second  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  17th  Lancers  in  April  1888, 
and  rose  to  Lieutenant's  rank  in  January 
1893.  In  June  1895  he  was  promoted  to 
be  Captain  in  the  1st  Life  Guards.  He 
married,  in  December  1894,  Lady  Margaret 
Evelyn,  third  surviving  daughter  of  the 
Duke  of  Westminster,  K.G.  Address  :  4 
Devonshire  Place,  W. 

TECK,  H.S.H.  Prince  Alexander 
Augustus  Frederick  "William  Alfred 
George  of,  K.C.V.O.,  was  born  at  Kensing- 
ton Palace  on  April  14, 1874,  and  is  the  third 
son  of  H.H.  the  Duke  of  Teck  and  H.R.H. 
the  late  Princess  Mary  Adelaide.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  passed  through  Sand- 
hurst, and  was  gazetted  in  the  7th  (Queen's 
Own)  Hussars  in  October  1894.  He  served 
in  the  operations  in  South  Africa  as  Acting 
Staff  Officer  under  Sir  Frederick  Carrington 
in  1896,  and  was  mentioned  in  despatches 
and  awarded  a  medal.  In  December  1898 
he  was  created  K.C.V.O. 

TECK,  Captain  H.S.H.  Prince 
Francis  of,  K.C.V.O.,  D.S.O.,  is  the 
second  son  of  the  Duke  of  Teck  and 
H.R.H.  the  late  Princess  Mary  Adelaide. 
He  was  born  at  Kensington  Palace  on 
Jan.  9,  1870,  and  received  his  education 
at  Wellington  and  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Sandhurst.  He  was  gazetted 
Second  Lieutenant  in  the  1st  Royal 
Dragoons  in  January  1889,  and  rose  to  be 
Lieutenant  in  August  1891,  and  Captain 
in  July  1894.  He  has  been  A.D.C.  to 
the  General  Officer  commanding  at  Quetta, 


TECK  — TEMPLE 


1065 


and  is  a  Knight  of  Justice  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem.  He  fought  with  distinction  in 
the  battles  of  Atbara  and  Khartoum  (1898), 
and  received  the  Distinguished  Service 
Order.  In  December  1898  he  was  created 
K.C.V.O. 

TECK,  Duke  of,  His  Highness 
Francis  Paul  Charles  Louis  Alex- 
ander, G.C.B. ,  only  son  of  Duke  Alex- 
ander of  Wiirtemberg  and  the  Countess 
Claudine,  nie  De  Rhedey,  to  whom  he 
was  morganatically  married,  was  born 
on  Aug.  27,  1837.  His  Highness 
served  in  the  Austrian  army,  was 
Major  in  the  Austro-Italian  Campaign, 
1859,  and  was  mentioned  in  despatches, 
but  resigned  after  the  campaign  in  1866. 
He  served  on  the  staff  of  Lord  Wolseley 
in  Egypt  in  1882,  and  received  the 
Egyptian  medal  and  the  Khedive's  Star, 
was  mentioned  in  the  despatches,  and 
was  made  colonel  unattached,  and  is  now 
a  general  in  the  British  army.  His  High- 
ness is  general  A  la  suite  of  the  Wiirtem- 
berg dragoon  regiment,  "  Queen  Olga  "  ; 
Honorary  Colonel,  1867,  of  the  First  City 
of  London  Artillery  Volunteers  ;  Honorary 
Colonel,  1874,  of  the  24th  Middlesex  Rifle 
Volunteers,  "Post  Office  ";  and  President 
of  the  Royal  Botanic  Society  of  London. 
His  Highness  married,  on  June  12,  1866, 
H.R.H.  the  Princess  Mary  Adelaide, 
daughter  of  H.R.H.  Prince  Adolphus 
Frederick,  Duke  of  Cambridge,  the  seventh 
son  of  his  Majesty  King  George  III.  This 
lady,  who  was  most  popular  in  society, 
and  widely  known  for  her  charities  and 
the  unassuming  cordiality  of  her  manners, 
died,  after  a  painful  illness,  at  the  White 
Lodge,  greatly  lamented  by  her  family 
and  the  nation,  on  Oct.  27,  1897.  He  has 
issue,  their  Serene  Highnesses  (all  born  at 
Kensington  Palace)  the  Princess  Victoria 
Mary  Augusta  Louise  Olga  Pauline 
Claudine  Agnes  (q.v.),  born  May  26,  1867,* 
married  July  6,  1893,  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke 
of  York,  K.  G. ;  the  Prince  Adolphus  Charles 
Alexander  Albert  Edward  George  Philip 
Louis  Ladislaus,  K.C.V.O.,  born  Aug.  13, 
1868  ;  the  Prince  Francis  Joseph  Leopold 
Frederick,  born  Jan.  9,  1870 ;  and  the 
Prince  Alexander  Augustus  Frederick 
William  Alfred  George,  born  April  14, 
1874.  Address  :  White  Lodge,  Richmond 
Park,  Surrey. 

TEGETMEIER,  William  B.,  F.Z.S., 
of  German  extraction,  eldest  son  of  G.  C. 
Tegetmeier,  Surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy, 
was  born  at  Colnbrook,  Bucks,  in  1816, 
and  educated  for  the  medical  profession 
at  University  College,  London.  He  was 
Medallist  at  London  University  and  the 
Society  of  Apothecaries,  was  Lecturer  at 
Government  Training  College,  and  Davis 


Lecturer  at  the  Zoological  Society.  To- 
gether with  Mr.  A.  Halliday  he  was  first 
Secretary  of  the  Savage  Club.  Mr.  Teget- 
meier is  well  known  as  a  writer  on  natu- 
ral history.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Poultry  Book,"  "Pigeons,"  "  The  Natural 
History  of  the  Pheasants,"  "  Monographs 
of  the  Cranes,"  "  Pallas's  Sand  Grouse," 
"Poultry  for  the  Table  and  Market," 
"  The  Cottager's  Manual  of  Poultry-keep- 
ing," &c,  and  as  having  republished 
many  rare  ornithological  treatises,  as 
"  Boddaert's  Planches  Enlumine'es  "  and 
"Moore's  Columbarium."  In  conjunction 
with  Mr.  C.  L.  Sutherland,  of  the  Indiana 
Service,  he  has  published  an  important 
work  on  the  utilisation  of  mules  for  mili- 
tary and  agricultural  purposes,  entitled 
"  Horses,  Asses,  Mules,  and  Mule  Breed- 
ing," 1895.  He  has  devoted  much  attention 
to  the  variation  of  species,  and  greatly 
assisted  Darwin  in  the  preparation  of  his 
volumes  on  "  The  Variation  of  Animals 
and  Plants  under  Domestication,"  and 
other  works.  Mr.  Tegetmeier  has  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica  "  and  the  organ  of  the  British 
Ornithologists'  Union,  of  which  he  is  one 
of  the  old  members  ;  and  is  the  author  of 
two  text-books  on  "  Domestic  Economy," 
written  at  the  request  of  the  School  Board 
of  London,  and  for  the  Government  Train- 
ing Colleges.  He  has  been  for  more  than 
forty  years  on  the  staff  of  the  Field  news- 
paper, and  actively  continues  his  ornitho- 
logical work.  Address  :  Field  Office, 
Bream's  Buildings,  E.  C. 

TEMPLE,  The  Most  Rev. 
Frederick,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  and  Primate  of  All  England, 
son  of  an  officer  in  the  army,  Major 
Octavius  Temple,  late  Governor  of  Sierra 
Leone,  was  born  Nov.  30,  1821,  in  Santa 
Maura,  Ionian  Islands.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Grammar  School  at  Tiverton,  and 
proceeding  to  Oxford,  became  Scholar  of 
Balliol  College,  and  took  his  degree  of 
B.  A.  in  1842  as  a  double  first  class.  He 
was  elected  Fellow  and  Mathematical 
Tutor  of  his  college,  and,  having  been 
ordained  in  1846,  was  appointed  Principal 
of  the  Training  College  at  Kneller  Hall, 
near  Twickenham,  in  1848.  This  post  he 
resigned  in  1855  ;  and  having  held  an  In- 
spectorship of  Schools  during  the  interval, 
was  appointed,  on  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Goulburn,  in  1858,  Head-master  of  Rugby 
School.  Dr.  Temple,  who  was  a  Chaplain 
to  the  Queen,  gained  some  notoriety  in 
1860  as  the  author  of  the  first  of  the  seven 
"Essays  and  Reviews,"  which  caused  so 
much  controversy  soon  after  their  appear- 
ance. The  Essay  was  entitled  "  Education 
of  the  World,"  and  was  held,  by  the  timid 
and  partially  educated  opinion  of  those 


1066 


TEMPLE 


days,  to  savour  of  German  rationalistic 
tendencies.  At  the  general  election  of 
1868  Dr.  Temple  took  an  active  part 
in  support  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  measure 
for  the  disestablishment  of  the  Irish 
Church  ;  and  the  Premier  nominated  him 
to  the  Bishopric  of  Exeter,  in  succession 
to  the  late  Dr.  Philpotts— an  appointment 
which  caused  considerable  commotion  in 
clerical  circles.  The  confirmation  of  Dr. 
Temple's  election  took  place  Dec.  8,  1869, 
at  the  church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheap- 
side,  when  Bishop  Trower,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  portion  of  the  clergy  who 
were  opposed  to  Dr.  Temple,  because  he 
was  the  author  of  one  of  the  "  Essays  and 
Eeviews,"  instructed  counsel  to  oppose  the 
election.  Counsel  were  accordingly  heard 
on  both  sides,  and  Dr.  Temple's  election 
was  confirmed  by  the  Vicar-General.  Dr. 
Temple  received  episcopal  consecration  at 
Westminster,  Dec.  21,  1869,  together  with 
the  Bishops-elect  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and 
of  the  Falkland  Islands.  Dr.  Temple  pub- 
lished "Sermons  preached  in  Eugby 
Chapel  in  1858-60,"  in  1861.  In  April 
1883  he  was  elected  Bampton  Lecturer  at 
Oxford  for  the  ensuing  year.  His  Bamp- 
ton Lectures,  which  might  have  been 
delivered  by  a  highly  critical  man  of 
science,  were  entitled  "  The  Relation  be- 
tween Science  and  Religion."  They  were 
afterwards  published.  On  the  death  of 
Dr.  Jackson  in  January  1885  Dr.  Temple 
was  appointed  Bishop  of  London,  and  was 
succeeded  at  Exeter  by  Dr.  Bickersteth. 
He  was  appointed  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  December  1896,  as  successor  to 
Archbishop  Benson.  As  Bishop  of  London 
his  Grace  was  known,  to  the  surprise  of 
many,  as  a  conservative  and  disciplinarian, 
especially  in  matters  affecting  the  stan- 
dard of  clerical  education  and  admission 
to  Holy  Orders,  and  since  becoming  Arch- 
bishop he  has  been  a  champion  of  Ortho- 
doxy. Jointly  with  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  he  issued,  in  February  1897,  a 
lengthy  and  learned  reply,  in  English  and 
Latin,  to  the  Pope's  Bull  on  Anglican 
Orders.  The  reply,  addressed  to  the 
whole  body  of  Bishops  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  bears  the  significant  motto,  "  Give 
peace  in  our  time,  0  Lord,"  and  follows 
throughout  the  ancient  and  rational  tradi- 
tion, in  matters  of  doctrine  and  usage,  of 
such  authorities  as  Hooker.  The  Arch- 
bishop's attitude  towards  matters  ecclesi- 
astical was  further  emphasised  in  his 
Charge,  nominally  addressed  to  his  diocese, 
but  in  reality  to  the  whole  Church  of 
England,  and  delivered  by  him  in  Maid- 
stone Parish  Church  early  in  October  1898. 
The  gist  of  the  Charge  is  contained  in  the 
sentence,  "  The  ceremonial  is  the  order  of 
the  Church  ;  the  teaching  must  be,  to  a 
large  extent,  the  voice  of  the  individual." 


Besides  the  works  above  mentioned,  his 
Grace  is  the  author  of  many  tracts  and 
pamphlets.  In  October  1898  he  was 
appointed  Commissioner  under  the 
London  University  Act  to  make  statutes 
and  regulations  for  the  new  University. 
He  married,  in  1876,  Beatrice,  daughter  of 
the  late  Right  Hon.  W.  S.  Lascelles.  To- 
gether with  Mrs.  Temple  the  Archbishop 
is  widely  known  for  the  interest  he  takes 
in  all  movements  which  make  for  the 
social  welfare  of  the  working -classes, 
especially  of  working  -  women.  Club  : 
Athenaeum. 

TEMPLE,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
Richard,  Bart.,  G.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  F.R.S., 
D.C.L.  Oxon.,  LL.D.  Cantab,  and  Mon- 
treal, son  of  Richard  Temple  and  Louisa, 
daughter  of  James  Rivett  Carnac,  was 
born  in  1826,  and  entered  the  third  class 
of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service  in  1846.  Was 
Secretary  to  Sir  John  Lawrence  in  the 
Punjab,  and  First  Assistant  to  the  Finan- 
ciers, James  Wilson  and  Samuel  Laing  ; 
and  eventually  was  appointed  Chief  Com- 
missioner of  the  Central  Provinces,  and 
the  Political  Resident  at  Hyderabad.  He 
was  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Governor- 
General,  and  Finance  Minister  of  India 
from  1868  to  1874.  In  January  1874  he 
was  appointed  to  superintend  the  relief 
operations  in  the  famine-stricken  dis- 
tricts of  Bengal.  He  became  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Bengal  in  1875  ;  was  created 
a  Baronet  in  August  1876  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  the  Presidency  of 
Bombay  in  January  1877,  which  office  he 
held  till  March  1880.  He  was  appointed 
K.C.S.I.  in  1867,  G.C.S.I.  in  1877.  He  re- 
turned home  in  1880  in  order  to  accept  the 
candidature  offered  to  him  by  the  Con- 
servative party  for  East  Worcestershire, 
but  was  defeated.  He  sat  for  the  Southern 
or  Evesham  division  of  Worcestershire 
from  1885  to  1892,  after  which  he  sat  for 
the  Kingston  division  of  Surrey  till  1895, 
when  he  retired  from  Parliament.  He 
was  appointed  Privy  Councillor  in  1896. 
He  has  been  Vice-Chairman  of  the  London 
School  Board  ;  and  has  been  President  of 
the  Social  Science  Congress.  He  was  also 
the  Financial  Member  of  the  London 
School  Board  from  1885  to  1894.  He  is 
the  author  of  "India  in  1880";  "Men 
and  Events  of  my  Time  in  India,"  1882; 
"  Oriental  Experience,"  1883  ;  "  Cosmo- 
politan Essays,"  1886  ;  "  Palestine  Illus- 
trated," 1888  ;  the  memoir  of  "John  Law- 
rence," in  the  series  of  English  Men  of 
Action,  and  that  of  James  Thomason  for 
the  Clarendon  Press  series  of  Rulers  of 
India;  "The  Story  of  My  Life,"  1896 
"  Sixty  Years  of  the  Queen's  Reign,"  1897 
"A  Bird's-eye  View  of  Picturesque  India,'1 
1898.     He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 


TEMPLE  —  TENNANT 


1067 


Royal  Society  in  1896.  He  is  a  J.P.  for 
Worcestershire.  He  married  (1),  in  1849, 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  B.  Martindale  (who 
died  in  1855),  and  (2),  in  1871,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  Lindsay.  Addresses  : 
The  Nash,  Kempsey,  near  Worcester  ; 
Heath  Brow,  Hampstead  ;  and  Athenaaum. 

TEMPLE,  Lieut. -Colonel  Richard 
Carnac,  CLE.,  the  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Richard  Temple,  Bart.,  was  born  in  1850, 
and  received  his  first  commission  in  the 
Indian  Staff  Corps  in  1871.  In  1879  he 
served  in  the  Punjab  as  Assistant  Canton- 
ment Magistrate,  and  was  promoted  to  be 
Cantonment  Magistrate  to  Burma  in  1887, 
and  Deputy  Commissioner  in  the  next 
year.  In  1890  he  was  Superintendent  of 
the  Census  Returns,  and  President  of  the 
Rangoon  Municipality  in  1891.  In  1895 
he  was  promoted  to  the  Chief  Commis- 
sionership  of  the  Andaman  and  Nicobar 
Islands,  which  post  he  still  holds.  He 
has  published  "  Notes  on  the  Translitera- 
tion of  the  Burmese  Alphabet,"  "Wide- 
awake Stories"  (Indian  Polk  Tales),  and 
has  founded  Indian  Notes  and  Queries.  He 
married,  in  1880,  Agnes,  daughter  of  Major- 
General  G.  A.  Searle.  Address :  Port 
Blair,  Andaman  Isles. 

TENNANT,  Sir  Charles,  Bart.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  was  born  on  Nov.  4,  1823,  and  is  the 
son  of  John  Tennant,  of  St.  Rollox,  Lanark. 
He  is  head  of  the  firm  of  Charles  Tennant, 
Sons,  &  Co.,  Chairman  of  the  Union  Bank 
of  Scotland,  and  director  of  some  twenty 
companies.  His  own  firm  has  a  large 
chemical  manufacturing  business  in  Glas- 
gow, and  employs  a  very  large  amount  of 
labour.  His  other  engagements  include 
the  chairmanships  of  most  of  the  "John 
Taylor  "  group  of  Indian  gold  mines,  such 
as  the  Champion  Reef,  the  Coromandel, 
and  the  Mysore.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
Nine  Reefs,  the  Road  Block,  the  Balaghat, 
the  Oriental,  and  the  Gold-fields  of  Mysore 
in  the  same  interest.  He  is  chairman  of 
the  Glasgow  Board  of  the  North  British 
arid  Mercantile  Insurance  Company,  hono- 
rary president  of  the  United  Alkali  Com- 
pany and  of  the  Steel  Company  of  Scotland, 
chairman  of  the  Tharsis  Sulphur  and 
Copper  Company,  and  director  of  the 
Assam  Railways  and  Trading  Company, 
the  Linlithgow  Oil  Company,  the  New 
Cycle  Company,  and  the  Porth  Bridge 
Railway.  He  was  Liberal  M.P.  for  Glas- 
gow in  1879-80,  for  Peebles  and  Selkirk 
from  1880  to  1886,  and  as  a  Gladstonian 
Liberal  contested  the  Partick  Division  of 
Lanarkshire  in  1890.  He  is  a  trustee  of 
the  National  Gallery,  and  was  created  a 
baronet  in  1885.  He  married  Emma, 
daughter  of  Richard  Winsloe,  of  Mount 
Nebo,  Taunton,  in  1849.    She  died  in  1895. 


Addresses  :      40   Grosvenor   Square,    W.  ; 
and  Innerleithen,  Peebles. 

TENNANT,  Harold  John,  M.P., 
was  born  at  The  Glen,  Innerleithen,  Nov. 
18,  1865,  and  is  the  third  and  youngest 
son  of  Sir  Charles  Tennant.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  (B.  A. ).  He  served  as  Secretary 
to  the  Departmental  Committee  on  "the 
Various  Lead  Industries,"  appointed  in 
1893,  and  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
Departmental  Committee  on  miscellaneous 
dangerous  trades  1895-98.  He  was  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Home  Secretary,  the 
Right  Hon.  H.  H.  Asquith,  fron  1892  to 
1895.  Since  March  1894  he  has  been 
Liberal  Member  of  Parliament  for  Berwick- 
shire. He  married  (1)  Helen,  daughter  of 
Major  Gordon  Duff,  of  Drnmmuir  (she 
died  in  1892);  and  (2)  Margaret  Edith, 
daughter  of  G.  Whitley  Abraham,  of  Rath- 
gar,  co.  Dublin,  formerly  Superintending 
Inspector  of  Pactories  (q.v.).  Address:  33 
Bruton  Street,  W.,  &c. 

TENNANT,  Lieut. -General  James 
Francis,  R.E.,  CLE.,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
in  1829,  and  as  an  officer  in  the  Royal 
Engineers  served  through  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  He  was  present  at  the  siege  and 
capture  of  Delhi  and  Lucknow,  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches  (May  1858),  and  ob- 
tained a  medal  with  two  clasps  and  the 
brevet  of  major.  He  was  for  many  years 
Assistant  in  the  Survey  of  India,  and  was 
Master  of  the  Mint  at  Calcutta  from  1871 
to  1874.  He  was  made  F.R.S.  in  1869. 
He  has  contributed  some  important  papers 
on  astronomical  subjects  to  the  Astronomi- 
cal Society's  Monthly  Notices,  chiefly  on  the 
Transit  of  Venus  of  1874.  He  reported  in 
the  Astron.  Society's  Memoirs  "Observations 
of  the  Total  Eclipse  of  the  Sun  on  Decem- 
ber 11-12,  1871,  made  by  order  of  the 
Government  of  India,  at  Dodabetta,  near 
Ootacamund."  He  is  Vice-President  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society.  He  has 
also  written  articles  on  Indian  coinage  in 
the  Bengal  Asiatic  Society's  Journal.  Ad- 
dress :  11  Clifton  Gardens,  Maida  Hill,  W. 

TENNANT,  Mrs.  (May),  daughter 
of  the  late  George  Whitley  Abraham,  Esq., 
was  born  in  1870,  at  Blackrock,  co.  Dublin, 
and  married,  in  July  1896,  Mr.  H.  J.  Ten- 
nant, M.P.,  Private  Secretary  to  the  Right 
Hon.  H.  H.  Asquith,  Secretary  of  State. 
Miss  Abraham  was  appointed  in  1892  an 
Assistant-Commissioner  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Labour,  for  the  purpose  of 
investigating  the  conditions  of  the  em- 
ployment of  women  in  England,  and 
presented  a  valuable  report.  She  was 
appointed  in  1893  one  of  her  Majesty's 
Inspectors  of  Factories,  and  in  April  1896 


1068 


TENNLEL  — TERBY 


was  promoted  to  be  the  Superintending 
Inspector.  She  resigned  that  office  in 
June  1897,  having  fulfilled  its  duties  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  Government  and 
the  advantage  of  the  public,  as  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  acknowledged  in  handsome 
terms.  In  June  1895  she  had  been  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  a  Home  Office  Com- 
mittee on  Dangerous  Trades.  In  January 
1896  she  published  a  work  on  "  The  Law 
relating  to  Factories  and  Workshops," 
which  reached  a  second  edition  in  January 
1897,  and  is  acknowledged  to  be  of  autho- 
rity. Mrs.  Tennant  has  been  called  to  the 
chair  of  the  Industrial  Law  Committee 
for  the  enforcement  of  the  law  and  the 
promotion  of  future  reform,  a  body  which 
has  for  its  objects  the  supplying  informa- 
tion as  to  the  legal  protection  of  the 
industrial  classes  with  regard  to  the  con- 
ditions of  their  trade,  the  watching  over 
breaches  of  the  law  and  securing  its  more 
effective  administration,  and  its  amend- 
ment where  it  is  defective.  In  this  and 
in  other  ways  it  is  hoped  that  Mrs.  Ten- 
nant, though  she  has  retired  from  official 
life,  may  long  continue  her  distinguished 
services.     Address  :  33  Bruton  Street,  W. 

TENNIEL,  Sir  John,  artist,  born  in 
London  in  1820,  was  educated  at  Ken- 
sington. At  a  very  early  age  he  showed 
a  taste  for  art,  and  whilst  a  boy  his  first 
picture  was  exhibited,  and  sold  at  the 
Gallery  of  British  Artists  in  Suffolk  Street. 
He  studied  art  in  his  own  way,  and  may 
be  said  to  have  been  entirely  self-taught. 
He  was  a  successful  candidate  in  one  of 
the  cartoon  competitions  in  Westminster 
Hall  in  1845,  painted  a  fresco  in  the  Palace 
at  Westminster,  and  has  produced  many 
pictures  since,  chiefly  for  private  collec- 
tions. In  1851  he  became  a  member  of 
Punch's  staff,  and  from  that  time  has 
contributed  to  the  illustration  of  that 
periodical.  For  many  years  he  has,  with- 
out the  break  of  a  single  week,  produced 
the  political  cartoon,  and  may  thus  claim 
a  place  not  only  as  an  artist  but  as  a 
historian  of  the  time.  It  is  impossible  to 
specify  any  of  these  illustrations,  their 
number  being  already  enormous,  but  men- 
tion should  at  least  be  made  of  the  "  Old 
Pilot  Cartoon,"  representing  the  late  Prince 
Bismarck  and  his  Imperial  master,  habited 
respectively  as  a  pilot  and  a  skipper,  the 
latter  of  whom  watches  the  former  as  he 
casts  off  from  the  ship  of  state  in  his  pilot- 
boat.  Nor  should  the  long  and  famous 
series  of  Gladstone  and  Beaconsfield  car- 
toons be  forgotten.  Sir  John  Tenniel  has 
illustrated,  wholly  or  in  part,  many  Christ- 
mas books  and  other  works,  amongst  which 
may  be  mentioned  "  iEsop's  Fables," 
"  Lalla  Rookh,"  "  The  Ingoldsby  Legends," 
and  Once  a  Week.     He  is  also  the  illustra- 


tor of  "Alice's  Adventures  in  Wonder- 
land," and  its  sequel,  "  Through  the 
Looking-Glass,"  but  has  long  since  entirely 
discontinued  making  drawings  for  "  book 
illustration  "  ;  he  has  been  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  Boyal  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water-Colours,  and  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  in  1893.  A 
selection  of  his  best-known  Punch  cartoons 
were  exhibited  at  the  rooms  of  the  Fine 
Art  Society  in  1895.  Address  :  10  Ports- 
down  Eoad,  Maida  Hill,  N.W. 

TENNYSON,  Lord,  Hallam  Tenny- 
son, K.C.M.G.,'J.P.,  Governor  and  Comman- 
der-in-Chief of  South  Australia,  was  born  on 
Aug.  11, 1852,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson,  Poet  Laureate  and 
1st  Baron  Tennyson  of  Aldworth,  Black- 
down,  Sussex,  and  of  Freshwater,  Isle  of 
Wight,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1892.  He 
was  educated  at  Marlborough  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  on  leav- 
ing the  University  was  his  illustrious 
father's  close  companion  and  private 
secretary  to  the  end  of  the  poet's  life.  To 
him  we  owe  the  authoritative  biography 
of  Lord  Tennyson  published  in  1897,  under 
the  title  of  "Alfred  Lord  Tennyson:  a 
Memoir,"  in  two  vols.  His  appointment 
as  Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
South  Australia  in  succession  to  Sir 
Thomas  Fowell  Buxton,  G.C.M.G.,  was 
popular,  although  it  came  as  a  surprise  to 
many.  He  was  made  K.C.M.G.  on  his 
appointment  in  February  1899,  and  shortly 
afterwards  proceeded  to  his  colony  accom- 
panied by  Lady  Tennyson.  He  is  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Inner  Temple,  a  J.P.  for  Hants, 
and  a  Member  of  the  Executive  Councils 
of  Marlborough  College  and  the  Gordon 
Boys'  Home.  Besides  the  book  above 
mentioned,  he  has  edited  "Poems  by  Two 
Brothers,"  Charles  Turner's  "  Collected 
Sonnets,"  &c,  and  has  contributed  both 
in  verse  and  prose  to  the  magazines.  In 
1884  he  married  Audrey,  daughter  of 
Charles  Boyle,  and  granddaughter  of 
Admiral  the  Hon.  Courtenay  Boyle.  He 
owns  the  houses  of  Blackdown  and  Fresh- 
water, so  long  associated  with  his  father's 
name,  and  his  London  address  is  134 
Sloane  Street.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum. 

TERBY,  Francois  Joseph  Charles, 

was  born  on  Aug.  9,  1846,  at  Louvain, 
Belgium,  in  which  city  he  was  educated  ; 
and  in  1869  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
Docteur-es-Sciences.  As  early  as  1862 
he  had  begun  making  astronomical  and 
occasional  meteorological  observations ; 
and  these  he  has  never  abandoned,  though 
for  some  years  he  was  Lecturer  on  Physics 
at  the  University  of  Louvain.  He  has 
now  in  his  private  observatory  an  eight- 


TERRY 


1069 


inch  equatorial  by  Grubb,  which  he  de- 
votes chiefly  to  planetary  and  lunar  work. 
His  papers  have  mostly  been  inserted  in 
the  publications  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Belgium.  Dr.  Terby  is  a  Member  of  the 
Commission  d'Inspection  de  l'Observatoire 
Royal  de  Belgique  ;  Correspondent  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Belgium  ;  and 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  of  London. 

TERRY,   Edward    O'Connor,    actor 
and  proprietor  of  Terry's  Theatre,  London, 
was  born  in  London,  March  10,  1844,  and 
is  the  son  of  John  Terry,  actor.     He  was 
educated  privately,  made  his  first  histrionic 
attempt  as  an  amateur  with  the  Thespian 
Dramatic  Club,  and  showing  promise  as  an 
actor,  entered  the  profession  in  1863.     He 
played  at  Woolwich,  Rochester,  Sheffield, 
and  Belfast.     On   leaving  Belfast  he  be- 
came a  member  of  Mr.  Charles  Calvert's 
company  at   the   Prince's   Theatre,   Man- 
chester.    In  1867  he  made   his  debut  in 
London,  at  the  Surrey  Theatre.     In  1868 
he  appeared  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  under 
the  management  of   the  late   Mr.    E.    T. 
Smith.     After  remaining  the  season,   he 
accepted  an  engagement  from  Mr.  Swan- 
borough  for  the  Strand  Theatre,  where  he 
played  Paul   Pry  for  ninety-five  consecu- 
tive nights,  the  longest  run  of  the  play  on 
record.     He  next  became  a  member  of  the 
Gaiety  Company  in    1876,    where   he  has 
played  in  "Little  Don  Caesar  de  Bazan," 
"Bohemian  Gyurl,"  "  Little  Doctor  Faust," 
"Robbing    Roy,"   "Forty    Thieves,"   and 
"  Bluebeard."     Latterly  he  has   given  up 
burlesque,  appearing  in  comedy  parts,  as 
WalMnshaw  in  "The  Rocket  "  ;  Montague 
Joliffe  in  "In  Chancery,"  &c.      In   May 
1885  he  fulfilled  his  last  engagement  at  the 
Gaiety,  and   travelled  in   the  provinces, 
where  he  has   produced   a    new    farcical 
comedy    entitled    "The   Churchwarden," 
adapted  from  the  German  by  himself,  and 
presented  for  the  first  time  (in  London)  at 
the  Olympic  Theatre,  Thursday,  Dec.  16, 
1886.      Mr.  Terry  is  now  proprietor  of  a 
theatre   called   by  his    name,   which  was 
erected   in  the   Strand   during   1887  ;    in 
which  house  he  produced  and  played  Dick 
Phenyl,  the   kind-hearted   eccentric   bar- 
rister, in  "Sweet  Lavender,"  which   was 
performed    670    consecutive    times,    and 
has    been    revived    1898-99.      Mr.    Terry 
was  invited  to  speak  at  the  Church  Con- 
gress  at  Cardiff,   and   read  to  an    audi- 
ence of  over  2000  a  paper  on  "Theatres 
as  an  Amusement  for  the  People,"  and  was 
compelled  to  repeat  it  (the  same  night)  at 
an  overflow  meeting.      Of  late  years  Mr. 
Terry  has  been  on  tour.     During  part  of 
1897-98  he  acted,  at  his  own  theatre,  the 
principal  part  in  the  "White  Knight,"  a 
comedy  dealing  with    the    doings    of   a 


Quixote  among  company  directors.  Mr. 
Terry  is  well  known  as  a  Freemason  and 
public  man.  He  is  Past  Grand  Treasurer 
of  English  Masons,  Treasurer  of  the  Royal 
General  Theatrical  Fund,  President  of  the 
Theatrical  Fire  Fund,  a  Trustee  of  the 
Dramatic  Sick  Fund,  member  of  the 
Strand  District  Board  of  Works,  and  Vice- 
President  of  three  large  London  hospitals. 
He  has  travelled  much  in  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Address  :  Priory  Lodge,  Barnes, 
Surrey. 

TERRY,  Miss  EUen  (Alice),  actress 
(Mrs.  E.  A.  Wardell),  was  born  at  Coven- 
try, Feb.  27,  1848,  and  made  her  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  at  the  Princess's 
Theatre  under  the  management  of  Mrs. 
Charles  Kean,  playing  the  parts  of  Mamil- 
lius  in  "  Winter's  Tale,"  and  Prince  Arthur 
in  "King  John,"  and  remained  with  the 
Keans  until  they  gave  up  management  in 
London.  Miss  Terry  next  appeared  at  the 
Royalty  Theatre,  and  afterwards  at  the 
Haymarket,  learning  her  first  steps  in 
legitimate  comedy  in  this  the  London 
Comedy  Theatre.  Then  followed  a  short 
engagement  at  the  Queen's  Theatre,  with 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wigan  at  the  head  of  affairs, 
where  she  played  in  the  "  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,"  and  acted  for  the  first  time  with 
Mr.  Henry  Irving.  Leaving  the  stage  for 
seven  years  she  returned  to  the  Queen's 
Theatre,  making  her  reappearance  as 
Philippa  Chester  in  Charles  Reade's 
"  Wandering  Heir."  In  1875  Miss  Terry 
was  engaged  by  Mr.  Bancroft  to  play  at 
the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre.  In  1876 
Lord  Lytton's  play,  the  "House  of  Darn- 
ley,"  was  produced  by  Mr.  John  Hare,  at 
the  Court  Theatre,  and  in  this  play  Miss 
Terry  took  the  principal  character.  She 
remained  at  the  Court  Theatre  until  Mr. 
Hare  gave  up  its  direction.  On  Mr.  Irving 
taking  the  management  of  the  Lyceum 
Theatre,  he  was  enabled  to  secure  the 
services  of  Miss  Ellen  Terry,  who  made 
her  first  appearance  at  that  theatre  on 
Dec.  30,  1878,  playing  Ophelia  to  the 
Hamlet  of  Mr.  Irving.  "Hamlet"  was 
followed  by  the  "Lady  of  Lyons,"  in 
which  she  played  Pauline.  Her  subse- 
quent parts  have  been  Portia,  Viola, 
Beatrice,  Juliet,  Henrietta  Maria  in  Mr. 
W.  G.  Wills's  "Charles  I.,"  Camma  in 
Tennyson's  "  Cup,"  and  Ruth  Meadows  in 
"Eugene  Aram."  She  went  on  American 
tours  with  Mr.  Irving  in  1883,  1884,  1887, 
1893,  and  1894,  and  won  great  applause. 
During  1889  she  visited  Germany,  and 
after  her  return  had  the  honour  of  appear- 
ing before  the  Queen  at  Sandringham. 
Her  later  appearances  have  been  as  Mar- 
guerite in  the  late  W.  G.  Wills's  "  Faust," 
which  was  revived  in  1894,  as  Lucy  Ash- 
ton  in  "Ravens wood,"  as  the  heroine  in 


1070 


TERRY  — THEEBAW 


"  A  Dead  Heart,"  as  Queen  Catherine  in 
"Henry  VIII.,"  as  Lady  Macbeth,  and 
Cordelia,  as  Rosamonde  in  "  Becket," 
1893,  as  Guinevere  in  "  King  Arthur," 
1895,  as  Imogen  in  "  Cymbeline,"  1896, 
as  Madame  Sans-Gene  in  the  English 
version  of  the  play  of  that  name  in  1897, 
and  as  the  ci-devant  Marquise  in  "  Robes- 
pierre," 1899.  Miss  Terry's  son  plays  under 
the  name  of  "Gordon  Craig,"  and  made  a 
spirited  appearance  in  "  A  Dead  Heart," 
&c.     Address  :  Lyceum  Theatre,  Strand. 

TERRY,  Fred,  was  born  in  London 
in  1865,  and  is  the  youngest  of  the  Terry 
family.  He  was  educated  in  France  and 
at  Geneva,  and  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  in  1880,  when  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  appeared  at  the  Haymarket,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Bancrofts'  tenancy  of 
that  theatre.  He  is  well  known  as  an 
actor  of  romantic  parts,  both  here  and  in 
America,  and  is  married  to  Miss  Julia 
Neilson  (q.v. ),  to  whom,  as  leading  lady, 
he  has  played  in  "  Hypatia,"  "  As  You  Like 
It,"  &c.  Address  :  27  Elm  Park  Gardens, 
S.W. 


TERRY,  Mrs.  Fred. 

Julia. 


Neilson, 


TERRY,  Kate  (Mrs.  Arthur  Lewis), 
was  first  seen  as  Arthur  in  Kean's  per- 
formance of  "  King  John,"  on  which 
occasion  Lord  Macaulay,  who  was  present 
when  the  play  was  represented  before  the 
Queen  at  Windsor,  wrote  to  the  effect  that 
"  The  little  girl  who  acted  Arthur  did 
wonders.  It  is  almost-worth  while  to  be 
past  middle  life  to  see  Miss  Kate  Terry 
play  this."  This  was  the  first  of  many 
Shakespearian  triumphs.  She  played  as 
Cordelia  to  Charles  Kean's  King  Lear, 
at  the  Princess's  ;  as  Ophelia  to  Fechter's 
Hamlet,  at  the  Lyceum  ;  as  Ariel,  and 
as  the  Boy  in  "  Henry  V.,"  at  the  Prin- 
cess's ;  and  as  Juliet  to  Henry  Neville's 
Romeo,  at  the  Adelphi.  She  doubled  the 
parts  of  Viola  and  Sebastian  in  "Twelfth 
Night."  For  some  time  she  appeared  in 
romantic  drama  at  the  Olympic,  and 
achieved  one  of  her  chief  successes  at  the 
St.  James's,  when,  as  understudy  to  Miss 
Herbert,  she  played  in  Horace  Wigan's 
"Friends  and  Foes,"  a  version  of  "Nos 
Intimes."  Other  famous  impersonations 
were  as  Monee  in  "  Up  at  the  Hills,"  an 
Anglo-Indian  drama ;  as  Lena  in  "  Bel 
Demonio,"  where  she  played  to  Fechter, 
as  the  original  Blanche  de  Nevers,  in  that 
great  actor's  production  of  "The  Duke's 
Motto  "  ;  and  as  the  original  Mary  Leigh 
in  Boucicault's  "  Hunted  Down,"  a  play 
in  which  Irving  took  the  part  of  Rawdon 
Scudamore.  She  made  the  part  of  Alice 
in   Tom   Taylor    and    Dubourz's    play   of 


"A  Sister's  Penance,"  produced  at  the 
Adelphi,  and  won  laurels  as  Dora  in 
Charles  Reade's  play  founded  on  Tenny- 
son's poem.  She  returned  to  the  stage  in 
the  spring  of  1898  in  "  The  Master,"  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  John  Hare  at  the  Globe. 

TESLA,  Nikola,  electrician  and  in- 
ventor, was  born  at  Smiljau,  near  the 
border  of  Austro-Hungary,  in  Servia,  in 
1857.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools,  and  then  went  to  a  Real 
Schule  at  Karlstadt,  where  he  graduated 
in  1873  ;  he  devoted  himself  to  experi- 
ments in  electricity  and  magnetism,  much 
against  the  wishes  of  his  father  (himself 
a  priest  of  the  Greek  Church),  who  had 
intended  him  for  a  priest ;  but  his 
genius  was  so  strong  in  the  direction  of 
mechanics  that  he  was  allowed  to  continue 
his  studies  at  the  Polytechnic  School  at 
Gratz,  and  later  studied  languages  at 
Prague  and  Budapest  to  qualify  himself 
thoroughly  for  the  engineering  profession. 
He  served  a  short  time  in  the  Government 
telegraph  engineering  department  as  an 
assistant,  and  later  he  went  to  Paris  and 
was  employed  by  one  of  the  large  electric 
lighting  companies  in  1881.  About  a  year 
later  he  went  to  America,  and  has  since 
made  his  home  in  the  United  States.  He 
found  employment  at  once  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  Thos.  A.  Edison,  for  whom 
he  has  always  had  the  greatest  admira- 
tion ;  but  later  he  worked  independently 
in  a  different  part  of  the  field  of  electrical 
investigation.  He  was  the  first  to  devise 
a  method  of  utilising  effectively  the  un- 
dulating current,  and  has  made  many 
startling  innovations  and  inventions  in 
using  currents  of  high  tension.  He  has 
lectured  before  the  highest  scientific 
authorities  in  London,  Paris,  and  New 
York. 

THACKERAY,  Miss  Anne  Isa- 
bella.   See  Ritchie,  Anne  Isabella. 

THEEBAW,    ex-King    of    Ava 

(Burma),  whose  Burmese  titles  are 
Theebaw  Mill,  His  Most  Glorious  and 
Excellent  Majesty,  &c,  is  the  eleventh 
king  of  the  Alompra  Dynasty,  founded  in 
1853  by  the  first  Burmese  king  of  that 
name.  He  was  born  in  1858,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Mindong  Min,  in  October 
1878.  He  was  placed  on  the  throne  by 
the  intrigues  of  the  favourite  Queen  of 
the  late  King,  who  assumed  the  position 
of  Dowager-Queen,  and  caused  Theebaw 
to  be  proclaimed,  at  the  same  time  forming 
an  alliance  between  Theebaw  and  her 
p-econd  daughter,  Soo  Pyah  Lat,  whom  he 
married  shortly  after  his  accession.  His 
ieign  was  unfortunately  remarkable  for 
palace  orgies,  and  for  the  murder  of  his 


THEODOEUS  —  THIS  ELTON-DYER 


1071 


relatives,  followers,  and  servitors.  An- 
archy and  misrule  reigned  throughout  his 
kingdom.  Theebaw  sought  to  injure 
British  trade  and  influence  by  placing  the 
control  of  the  whole  commerce  of  his 
country  and  the  taxation  of  the  frontier 
in  the  hands  of  French  agents,  and  took 
away  the  teak  forests  from  British  con- 
cessionnaires  to  give  to  French  monopolists. 
For  some  time  he  endeavoured  to  establish 
relations  with  foreign  agents,  and  to  con- 
tract agreements  or  alliances,  with  the 
object  of  creating  a  situation  full  of  em- 
barrassment for  the  English  Government. 
In  November  1885  an  ultimatum  was 
despatched  to  King  Theebaw,  but  the 
proposals  for  an  amicable  settlement  were 
refused.  General  Prendergast  then  sailed 
up  the  Irrawaddy  to  his  capital,  and  pro- 
claimed his  deposition  and  the  annexation 
of  Upper  Burma  to  England.  Theebaw 
surrendered  on  November  29,  and  shortly 
afterwards  was  sent  first  to  Rangoon, 
thence  to  British  India,  where  he  still 
remains. 


"  THEODORTJS.' 

James  Bass. 


See  Mullingbb, 


THETFORD,  Bishop  of.   See  Lloyd, 
The  Right  Rev.  Arthur  Thomas. 


THIBATJDIN,  Jean,  a  French 
general,  was  born  at  Moulins-Engilbert 
(Nievre),  Nov.  13,  1822,  and  received  his 
military  education  at  Saint-Cyr.  He  first 
saw  active  service  in  Africa,  and  after- 
wards went  through  the  Italian  campaign. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  he  was  sent  as  Lieut. -Colonel  to  serve 
under  General  Frossard,  took  part  in  the 
battles  of  Forbach  and  Rezonville,  and  was 
taken  prisoner  after  Bazaine's  capitulation 
at  Metz.  He  succeeded,  however,  in  escap- 
ing, and  made  his  way  back  to  the  French 
army,  where,  under  an  assumed  name,  he 
commanded  a  regiment.  After  the  con- 
clusion of  peace  he  was  promoted  Colonel, 
and  in  1882  became  General.  In  1883  he 
succeeded  General  Billot  as  Minister  of 
War,  and  at  once  appeared  as  a  prominent 
Radical,  hostile  to  the  Orleans  Princes. 
By  his  order  the  Duo  d'Aumale  and  the 
Due  de  Chartres  were  placed  on  the  retired 
list.  On  the  visit  of  the  late  Alfonso  XII., 
king  of  Spain,  to  Paris,  in  September  1883, 
General  Thibaudin  was  thought  to  be  com- 
promised in  the  hostile  demonstrations 
that  took  place,  and  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  Ministry,  Oct.  5,  1883.  In  1885  he  re- 
sumed his  duties  as  a  Member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Infantry.  In  December  1886  he 
was  appointed  Commandant  of  Paris.  In 
1885  and  1889  he  presented  himself  first  as 
a  Radical,  then  as  a  Radical-Boulangist, 


for  election  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
but  on  both  occasions  he  was  defeated. 

THICKNESSE,  The  Eight  Eev. 
Francis  Henry,  D.D.,  Suffragan  Bishop 
in  the  Diocese  of  Peterborough,  Arch- 
deacon of  Northampton,  Canon  of  Peter- 
borough, was  born  on  May  14,  1829,  and 
is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  H.  E.  Cold- 
well,  Prebendary  of  Lichfield.  He  was 
educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  a  scholar  (M.A.  1856  ;  B.  and 
D.D.  1879),  was  successively  Vicar  of 
Deane,  Lanes.,  and  Brackley,  Northants  ; 
was  Hon.  Canon  of  Manchester  from  1863 
to  1875,  when  he  was  appointed  Canon  of 
Peterborough.  He  was  appointed  Suf- 
fragan Bishop  of  Peterborough  in  1888, 
and  became  Rector  of  Oxendon,  North- 
amptonshire, in  1892.  He  assumed  the 
name  and  arms  of  Thicknesse  by  Royal 
license  in  1859.  He  married  (2)  a  daughter 
of  Dean  Argles,  of  Peterborough.  Ad- 
dress :  Oxendon  Rectory,  Northampton- 
shire. 

THISELTON-DYER,  Sir  William 
Turner,  K.C.M.G.,  C.I.E.,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late  W.  G. 
Thiselton-Dyer,  M.D.,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  James,  Westminster,  July  28, 
1843,  and  educated  at  King's  College 
School,  where  he  was  first  class  Mathe- 
matical Scholar,  at  King's  College,  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  became 
Junior  Student  in  1863.  He  obtained  a 
second  class  in  Mathematics,  a  first  class 
in  Natural  Science  in  the  Final  Schools, 
1867,  the  B.Sc.  London,  1870,  and  the 
M.A.  Oxford  in  1873.  He  is  also  Hon. 
Fellow  of  King's  College,  London.  He 
has  held  successively  the  following  ap- 
pointments :  Professor  of  Natural  History 
at  the  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester, 
1868  ;  Professor  of  Botany  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Science  for  Ireland,  1870  ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany,  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  1872 ;  Assistant-Director  of  the 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  1875  ;  and  Director, 
1885.  At  the  International  Phylloxera 
Congress,  Bordeaux,  1881,  he  was  the  re- 
presentative of  New  South  Wales,  South 
Australia,  and  Victoria,  He  has  been  a 
Royal  Commissioner  for  the  Melbourne 
Centennial  International  Exhibition  of 
1888,  and  is  the  same  for  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1900.  In  1873  and  several  suc- 
ceeding years  Mr.  Thiselton-Dyer  delivered 
in  the  Schools  of  the  Science  and  Art  De- 
partment, South  Kensington,  courses  of 
instruction  in  Botany  to  teachers  in  train- 
ing. In  these  a  new  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject was  developed  ;  the  leading  types  of 
vegetable  organisms  were  described  and 
practically  demonstrated,  and  for  the  first 
time  the  same  methods  of  class  exposition 


1072 


THOMAS 


were  applied  to  the  vegetable  kingdom  as 
were  more  or  less  in  general  use  for  the 
animal  kingdom.     Mr.  Thiselton-Dyer  was 
Examiner  in  Botany  in  the   Science  and 
Art    Department,   South    Kensington,   in 
1873-85.      He   examined   in  Botany   and 
Vegetable  Physiology  in  the  University  of 
London  during  the  years  1878-83,  and  was 
a  Member  of  the  Senate  in  1887-90.     At 
Kew  he  has  been  specially  occupied  with 
the   development   of  botanical  work  and 
the  organisation  of  botanical  departments 
in   the   Colonies  and  India.     In   1885  he 
organised  a  system  of  botanic  stations  for 
the  West  Indies,  which  has  since  been  ex- 
tended  to   our   African   possessions.      In 
recognition  of  these  services  he  received 
in  1891  the  Clarke  Medal  from  the  Royal 
Society  of  New  South  Wales.     He  was  a 
member  for  India  of  the  Governing  Body 
of   the   Imperial  Institute,   1891-93  ;   and 
was    made    Ph.D.    of    the    Acad.    Leop. 
Car.    1891  ;    Honorary    LL.D.     Glasgow, 
1896  ;  V.P.R.S.,  1896-97.     He  was  created 
K.C.M.G.   at   New   Tear,    1899.      He   has 
published  "Flora  of  Middlesex,"  1869  (with 
Dr.  Trimen) ;  an  English  edition  of  "How 
Crops  Grow,"  1 869  (with  Professor  Church) ; 
and  an  English  edition  of  "  Sachs's  Text- 
Book  of  Botany,"   1875  (with  Mr.  A.  W. 
Bennett).     He  is  now  engaged  in  editing 
the   "Flora  of   Tropical  Africa"   for  the 
British    Government,     and     the     "  Flora 
Capensis  "  for  the  Governments  of  Cape 
Colony   and    Natal.      He   also    edits   the 
"Kew  Bulletin  of  Miscellaneous  Informa- 
tion," commenced  in  1887  at  the  instance 
of  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting   colonial  and  commercial  in- 
terests in  vegetable  products.     Sir  Thisel- 
ton-Dyer married,  in  1877,  a  daughter  of 
Sir  J.  D.  Hooker,  G.C.S.I.,  late  Director  of 
Kew  Gardens.     Addresses  :  Kew  Gardens, 
Surrey ;  and  Athenaeum. 

THOMAS,  Annie.  See  Cudlip,  Mes. 
Pender. 

THOMAS,  Brandon,  was  born  at 
Hull  in  1865,  and  was  educated  by  a  pri- 
vate tutor  and  at  a  private  school,  but  his 
family  suffering  great  pecuniary  losses,  he 
was  at  an  early  age  apprenticed  to  a  Liver- 
pool shipwright.  Subsequently  he  became 
a  clerk  to  a  firm  of  timber  merchants  at 
Hull,  and  while  in  this  employ  he  made 
his  mark  as  a  reciter  and  gave  promise  of 
his  powers  as  a  dramatist.  In  1879  he  was 
induced  to  try  his  fate  as  an  actor  in 
London,  and  his  first  part  was  given  him 
by  Mr.  John  Hare,  when  he  appeared  as 
Sandy  M'Pibroch  in  the  "Queen's  Shil- 
ling." For  a  long  period  subsequent  to 
this  first  appearance,  he  was  only  able  to 
obtain  small  parts  and  matinee  engage- 
ments, and  was  at  last  glad  to  proceed  to 


America  in  Miss  Bosina  Vokes's  Company. 
He  played  leading  light-comedy  parts,  and 
his  talents  were  at  once  recognised  by  the 
Transatlantic  public.  Mr.  Thomas  is  the 
author  of  the  following  plays,  in  the  lead- 
ing roles  of  several  of  which  he  has  ap- 
peared:  "Comrades,"  3  acts  (appeared 
December  1882,  at  the  Old  Court  Theatre) ; 
"  The  Colour-Sergeant,"  1  act  (February 
1885);  "The  Lodgers,"  3-act  farce  (Janu- 
ary 1887);  "A  Highland  Legacy,"  1  act 
(November  1888);  "The  Gold  Craze,"  4 
acts  (November  1889);  "A  Lancashire 
Sailor,"  1  act  (June  1891);  "Charley's 
Aunt,"  3  acts  (February  1892),  which  is 
said  to  have  brought  him  a  fortune ; 
"Marriage,"  3  acts  (May  1892).  "Com- 
rades" and  "Marriage"  were  written  in 
collaboration;  and  "A  Lancashire  Sailor" 
and  "A  Highland  Legacy"  formed,  with 
the  "  Pantomime  Rehearsal,"  a  programme 
of  three  short  plays  which,  under  the  title 
of  the  "  Triple  Bill,"  was  for  some  time 
substituted  for  the  customary  three-act 
play  constituting  an  evening's  entertain- 
ment. His  most  notable  recent  appear- 
ance was  in  "  Sowing  the  Wind,"  at  the 
Comedy.  He  is  understood  to  be  now 
entirely  devoted  to  play-writing. 

THOMAS,  Theodore,  Mus.  Doc,  was 
born  at  Esens,  Hanover,  Germany,  Oct. 
11,  1835.  He  first  played  in  public  at  the 
age  of  six.  In  1845  his  family  removed  to 
the  United  States,  and  for  two  years  he 
played  violin  solos  at  concerts  in  New 
York.  He  then  travelled  for  a  time  in  the 
South,  and  returning  to  New  York  in  1851, 
he  played  at  concerts  and  at  the  opera ;  at 
first  as  one  of  the  principal  violinists,  and 
afterwards  as  orchestral  leader,  until  1861. 
In  connection  with  others  he  began  a  series 
of  Chamber  Concerts  in  1855,  which  were 
continued  until  1869.  His  first  symphony 
concerts  were  given  in  1864-65,  and  ex- 
tended (excepting  from  1869  to  1872)  until 
he  left  New  York  in  1878,  to  take  the 
direction  of  the  College  of  Music  at  Cin- 
cinnati. He  remained  in  Cincinnati  until 
1880,  when  he  resigned  this  position  and 
returned  to  New  York.  With  brief  inter- 
vals he  was  conductor  of  the  Brooklyn 
Philharmonic  Society  from  1862  to  1891, 
and  of  the  New  York  Philharmonic  Society 
from  1878  to  1891.  From  1866  to  1878  he 
gave  a  series  of  summer  concerts  nightly 
in  various  cities  ;  and  in  1869  he  made  his 
first  concert  tour  in  the  Eastern  and 
Western  States,  which  he  has  repeated 
from  time  to  time  since.  He  has  conducted 
eight  musical  festivals  in  Cincinnati  (1873, 
1875,  1878,  1880,  1882,  1884,  1886,  and 
1889),  two  in  Chicago  (1882  and  1884),  and 
one  in  New  York  (1882).  In  the  winter  of 
1885-86  he  organised  a  series  of  popular 
concerts  in  New  York,  and  during  the  same 


THOMAS  —  THOMPSON 


1073 


season  was  conductor  of  the  "American 
Opera  Company.  In  1891,  Mr.  Thomas  left 
New  York  to  take  the  Conductorship  of 
the  Chicago  Symphony  Orchestra  and  the 
Directorship  of  the  Music  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  and  has  since  then 
resided  in  Chicago.  Mr.  Thomas  has  un- 
questionably done  more  than  any  one  else 
to  raise  the  musical  standard  in  America 
during  the  past  thirty  years. 

THOMAS,  William  Luson,  manag- 
ing director  of  the  Graphic  and  Daily 
Graphic,  was  born  on  Dec.  4,  1830,  and 
was  educated  privately.  He  is  the  younger 
brother  of  the  late  George  H.  Thomas,  the 
well-known  artist,  and  the  youngest  son 
of  William  Thomas,  shipbroker,  of  London. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  went  to  Paris  ; 
then  to  New  York  ;  afterwards  to  Rome, 
where  he  studied  drawing  with  his  brother. 
In  1848  he  returned  to  London,  and  was 
articled  pupil  to  James  W.  Linton,  the 
wood  engraver ;  and  two  years  afterwards 
commenced  business  on  his  own  account, 
with  great  success.  He  employed  his 
spare  time  in  painting,  and  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Institute  of  Painters 
in  Water-Colours,  and  a  few  years  after- 
wards full  member  ;  since  which  time  he 
has  been  a  constant  exhibitor.  The  Insti- 
tute deciding  to  alter  their  laws  and  admit 
all  artists'  works  at  their  exhibition,  it 
was  proposed  to  build  a  new  gallery  for 
the  advancement  of  Water-Colour  Art  in 
Piccadilly,  and  invite  the  senior  society 
and  the  Royal  Water-Colour  to  amalga- 
mate. Mr.  W.  L.  Thomas  was  very  active 
in  this  attempt,  viz.,  to  have  only  one 
large  Water-Colour  Exhibition,  but,  un- 
fortunately for  the  advancement  of  Water- 
Colour  art,  was  not  successful ;  he,  how- 
ever, succeeded  in  obtaining  the  principal 
portion  of  the  large  capital  required,  and 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Piccadilly 
Art  Galleries  Co.  The  building  embraces 
the  picture  galleries  of  the  Institute  and 
Prince's  Concert  Hall.  In  1869  he  estab- 
lished the  Graphic,  and  was  decorated 
by  the  French  Goyernment  "  Officier  de 
^Instruction  Publique."  In  1890  he  at- 
tempted the  even  more  formidable  task 
of  starting  a  daily  illustrated  paper — the 
Daily  Graphic,  which  has  long  been  firmly 
established.  He  married,  in  1854,  Miss 
Annie  Carmichael.  Addresses  :  Weir  Cot- 
tage, Chertsey  ;  and  31  Brixton  Hill,  S.W. 

THOMAS,  WUliam  Moy,  was  born 
in  Hackney,  London,  in  1828,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  Moy  Thomas,  solicitor. 
He  was  educated  by  private  tutors,  and 
became  one  of  Charles  Dickens's  "  young 
men  "  in  1851,  when  he  joined  the  staff  of 
Household  Words,  for  which  celebrated 
journal   he   wrote  for  some  seven  years. 


Subsequently  he  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Athenosum,  and  has  since  then  been  a  con- 
tributor to  many  important  journals  and 
reviews.  He  was  the  first  editor  of 
Cassells'  Magazine,  in  which  his  novel, 
"  A  Fight  for  Life,"  appeared  in  1866-67. 
He  joined  the  staff  of  the  Daily  Neios  in 
1868,  and  has  for  many  years  been  promi- 
nently before  the  public  as  its  dramatic 
critic.  From  1875  to  1879  he  was  also 
dramatic  critic  to  the  Academy.  He  is 
Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Copyright 
Association,  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists,  and  member  of  Committee  of 
the  Society  of  Authors.  He  has  published 
an  edition  of  William  Collins  in  the  Aldine 
.Poets,  and  of  the  works  of  Lady  Mary 
Wortley  Montagu,  with  life  ;  also  "When 
the  Snow  Falls,"  1859  ;  and  "Pictures  in 
a  Mirror,"  1861.  Address  :  18  Overstrand 
Mansions,  Chelsea  Reach,  S.W. 

THOMPSON,  Edmund  Symes,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  is  the  third  son  of  the  late 
Theophilus  Thompson,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Phy- 
sician to  the  Hospital  for  Consumption, 
Brompton  ;  author  of  "Annals  of  Influ- 
enza"; Clinical  Lectures  on  "Pulmonary 
Consumption,"  &c.  Dr.  Symes  Thompson 
was  born  in  London  on  Nov.  16,  1837,  and 
was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  at 
King's  College  Hospital.  At  the  M.B. 
examination  of  the  University  of  London 
he  obtained  the  Scholarship  and  Gold 
Medal  in  Medicine.  He  took  the  M.D. 
Lond.  in  1860,  and  was  appointed  in  the 
same  year  Assistant-Physician  to  King's 
College  Hospital.  In  1864  he  was  elected 
Assistant-Physician  to  the  Hospital  for 
Consumption  at  Brompton,  Physician  in 
1871,  and  Consulting  Physician  in  1SS9. 
In  1867  he  became  Professor  of  Physic  in 
Gresham  College  (founded  A.D.  1574)  ; 
Fellow  and  (for  four  years)  Secretary  of 
the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society; 
Fellow  and  (for  three  years)  Secretary  and 
Vice-President  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
London;  and  F.R.C.P.  in  1868.  He  is 
also  Physician  to  the  Equity  and  Law 
Assurance  Society,  and  to  the  Artists'  An- 
nuity and  Benevolent  Funds,  and  is  Chair- 
man of  the  Society  for  Training  Teachers 
of  the  Deaf,  at  Ealing.  In  1894  he  was 
Provost  of  the  Guild  of  St.  Luke.  He  is 
editor  of  the  2nd  edition  (with  additional 
chapters)  of  "  Lectures  on  Pulmonary 
Consumption,"  and  author  of  "Influenza, 
an  Historical  Survey,"  "  Gout  in  Relation 
to  Life  Assurance,"  "Essays  on  the  Influ- 
ence of  Cod-liver  Oil,"  on  "Sciatica,"  on 
"Mediastinal  Growths,"  on  "Indigestion 
in  Early  Phthisis,"  on  "The  Elevated 
Health  Resorts  of  the  Southern  Hemi- 
sphere," "Gresham  Lectures,"  on  "Coughs 
and  Colds,"  on  "South  Africa  as  a  Health 
Resort,"  on  "Winter  Alpine  Health  Re- 

3  Y 


1074 


THOMPSON 


sorts,"  on  "  Sea  Voyages,"  articles  on 
Devonshire  and  the  Channel  Islands,  and 
on  the  "  Climates  and  Baths  of  England," 
issued  by  the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical  Society.  In  1872  he  married  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  the  Rev.  H.  G.  Watkins. 
Address  :  33  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

THOMPSON,  Sir  Edward  Maunde, 

K.C.B.,  F.S.A.,  Hon.  LL.D.  of  St.  Andrews, 
Hon.  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  and  of  Durham, 
Hon.  Fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford, 
Correspondent  of  the  Institute  of  France 
and  of  the  Royal  Prussian  Academy  of 
Sciences,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Edward  Thompson,  Custos  of  Clarendon, 
Jamaica.  He  was  born  May  4,  1840,  in, 
-  Jamaica,  and  was  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Oxford.  He  was  appointed  an 
Assistant  in  the  British  Museum  in  May 
1861,  became  Assistant-Keeper  of  the 
MSS.  in  1871,  and  was  appointed  Keeper 
of  the  MSS.  in  1878,  and  Principal  Libra- 
rian and  Secretary  in  1888.  Sir  E.  M. 
Thompson,  who  is  a  barrister  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  has  edited  "  Chronicon 
Anglia;,  1328-1388"  (in  the  Rolls  Series), 
1874;  "Letters  of  Humphrey  Prideaux" 
(for  the  Camden  Society),  1875  ;  "Chroni- 
con Ada;  de  Usk,  1377-1404"  (for  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature),  1876  ;  "  Cor- 
respondence of  the  Family  of  Hatton  " 
(for  the  Camden  Society),  1878;  "Diary 
of  Richard  Cocks,  in  Japan,  1615-1622" 
(for  the  Hakluyt  Society),  1883  ;  jointly 
with  Prof essor  Jebb,  the  facsimile  of  the 
"  Laurentian  Sophocles"  (for  the  Hel- 
lenic Society),  1885;  "Chronicon  Gal- 
fridi  le  Baker  de  Swynebroke,  1303-1356," 
1889;  and  "Ada?  Murimuth  Continuatio 
Chronicorum,  1303-1347,"  with  "  Robertus 
de  Avesbury  de  gestis  mirabilibus  Regis 
Edwardi  Tertii "  (in  the  Rolls  Series), 
1889.  He  was  joint  editor  of  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Pateograpbical  Society  from 
1873  to  1893,  and  in  1893  published  a 
"  Handbook  of  Greek  and  Latin  Palaeo- 
graphy "  in  the  International  Scientific 
Series.  In  the  summer  of  1898  the 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  changed 
the  official  title  of  Sir  Edward  Maunde 
Thompson  from  "  Principal  Librarian  and 
Secretary "  of  the  British  Museum  to 
"  Director  and  Principal  Librarian."  This 
change  was  effected  in  order  to  remove 
misapprehension  as  to  his  actual  position 
at  the  head  of  the  national  collection. 
He  is  married  to  Georgina,  only  child  of 
George  Mackenzie,  of  Frankfield,  Jamaica. 
Addresses :  The  British  Museum ;  The 
Hollies,  Brasted,  Kent ;  and  Athenaeum. 

THOMPSON,  Francis,  the  son  of  a 

medical  man  in  Lancashire,  and  the 
nephew  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Healy  Thomp- 
son, one  of  the   Oxford  seceders  to  the 


Roman  Catholic  Church,  was  educated 
at  Ushaw  College,  near  Durham.  Subse- 
quently, while  studying  medicine  at  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  he  decided  to  devote 
himself  to  literature.  Coming  to  London, 
he  endured  a  time  of  suspense  which  was 
ended  by  the  acceptance  of  his  first  con- 
tributions to  Merry  England.  Mr.  Thomp- 
son's poems  soon  won  the  admiration  of 
Mr.  Browning,  Mr.  Coventry  Patmore,  and 
others ;  and  his  first  volume,  when  it  ap- 
peared at  the  end  of  1893,  ran  instantly 
through  edition  after  edition,  and  attracted 
an  admiration  not  often  expressed  towards 
a  poet  by  his  contemporaries.  His  later 
volumes  are  "Sister  Songs,"  1895;  and 
"New  Poems,"  1897.  Address  :  47  Palace 
Court,  W. 

THOMPSON,  Sir  Henry,  Bart, 
F.R.C.S.,  M.B.  Lond.,  born  at  Framlingham, 
Suffolk,  Aug.  6, 1820,  is  the  only  son  of  Henry 
Thompson,  of  Framlingham,  and  Susannah, 
daughter  of  Samuel  Medley.  He  was 
educated  at  University  College,  London, 
was  appointed  Assistant-Surgeon  of  Uni- 
versity College  Hospital,  London,  in  1853, 
Surgeon  in  1863,  Professor  of  Clinical 
Surgery  in  1866,  and  Consulting  Surgeon 
in  1874.  In  1884  he  held  the  post  of  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  and  Pathology  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London.  He 
gained  the  Jacksonian  Prize  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  1852,  with  an  essay 
on  "  The  Pathology  and  Treatment  of 
Stricture  of  the  Urethra"  ;  and  the  same 
prize  in  1860,  with  an  essay  on  "The 
Healthy  and  Morbid  Anatomy  of  the 
Prostate  Gland,"  both  which,  together 
with  his  "  Clinical  Lectures  "  and  his  work 
on  "  Practical  Lithotomy  and  Lithotrity," 
have  run  through  numerous  editions  here, 
and  have  been  translated  into  all  the  chief 
European  languages.  After  performing  a 
difficult  but  successful  operation  upon  the 
late  King  of  the  Belgians,  in  1863  he  was 
appointed  Surgeon  Extraordinary  to  his 
Majesty,  and  to  the  present  King  in  1866. 
He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Society 
of  Surgery  in  Paris,  of  the  French  Society 
of  Hygiene,  and  of  that  of  Italy ;  also 
an  honorary  member  of  l'Accademia  de' 
Quiriti  at  Rome,  and  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Fine  Arts  of  Antwerp,  besides  numerous 
other  foreign  societies ;  he  became  an 
officer  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  in  1864, 
and  a  Commander  of  the  same  Order  in 
1876.  He  was  knighted  in  1867.  Two 
articles  written  by  him  in  the  Contemporary 
Review,  in  1874,  drew  public  attention  to 
the  subject  of  cremation.  Sir  Henry  has 
since  written  other  articles  on  the  same 
subject ;  and  in  the  Contemporary  Review 
in  1872,  a  paper  on  "The  Prayer  for  the 
Sick  :  hints  towards  a  serious  attempt  to 
estimate    its    value."     At    various    times 


THOMPSON 


1075 


since  1879  he  has  written  on  matters  re- 
lating to  Food  and  Diet,  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century ;  also  a  work  entitled  "Food  and 
Feeding,"  the  9th  edit,  of  which,  much  en- 
larged, has  been  issued  in  1898.  Sir  Henry 
Thompson  studied  painting  under  Mr. 
Elmore  and  Mr.  Alma  Tadema,  and  he  has 
frequently  exhibited  pictures  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  in  the  Salon  of  Paris,  and  else- 
where. He  is  also  known  as  the  author 
of  two  novels  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Pen  Oliver";  the  former  entitled 
"Charley  Kingston's  Aunt";  the  second 
•'  All  But,"  which  met  with  considerable 
success.  More  recently  he  has  written  a 
small  work  entitled  "Diet  in  relation  to 
Age  and  Activity,"  followed  by  "Modern 
Cremation,  its  History  and  Practice,"  of 
which  several  editions  have  appeared.  He 
has  been  President  of  the  "Cremation 
Society  of  England  "  since  1874,  when  it 
was  founded,  and  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  advocating  the  practice  here  and 
abroad.  For  many  years  he  has  devoted 
himself  at  several  times  (first  in  1874)  to 
the  object  of  exposing  the  inefficient 
method  of  certifying  the  cause  of  death 
in  all  cases  adopted  throughout  Great 
Britain,  and  the  total  neglect  of  it  in 
many.  He  was  at  length  mainly  instru- 
mental, by  letters  to  the  Times  on  the 
well-known  case  of  Matilda  Clover,  whose 
death  had  been  caused  by  criminal  poison- 
ing in  1892,  in  securing  public  attention 
to  the  subject,  and  by  means  of  a  deputa- 
tion to  the  Home  Secretary  bringing  it 
under  the  notice  of  the  Government,  who 
ordered  a  select  committee  of  inquiry  on 
"Death  Certification."  The  result  was  a 
report  completely  justifying  the  allegations 
made,  adopting  the  remedies  which  had 
been  suggested  by  him  on  the  part  of  the 
Cremation  Society,  and  recommending 
"  that  in  the  interest  of  public  safety  such 
regulations  should  be  enforced  by  law" 
(p.  xxii.).  It  forms  a  blue-book  issued 
under  the  above  title  in  1893.  He  was 
created  a  Baronet  at  the  New  Year,  1899. 
In  1851  he  married  Kate  Fanny,  daughter 
of  George  Loder,  of  Bath.  Addresses  :  35 
Wimpole  Street,  W. ;  and  Athenasum. 

THOMPSON,  The  Rev.  John,  A.M., 
was  born  in  the  city  of  Carlisle  more  than 
sixty-four  years  ago.  He  is  to  a  large 
extent  a  self-made  man.  Losing  his  father 
at  the  age  of  four,  his  early  training  was 
conducted  by  his  mother.  During  leisure 
hours  he  studied  Latin  and  Greek.  He 
entered  Glasgow  College  in  1843,  and  left 
it  in  1848,  after  taking  the  degree  of  M.A. 
In  Greek  classics  he  obtained  two  prizes, 
and  in  Moral  Philosophy  one,  awarded  by 
the  votes  of  his  fellow-students.  During 
his  theological  course  at  the  United  Pres- 
byterian Divinity  Hall,  in  Edinburgh,  he 


obtained  four  scholarships,  varying  in 
value  from  £15  to  £31,  10s.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  ministry  in  West  Calder 
United  Presbyterian  Church  in  1852. 
There  he  laboured  more  than  six  years  ; 
was  then  translated  to  St.  Paul's,  Birken- 
head ;  and  thence,  after  fourteen  years, 
was  removed  in  1872  to  Westmoreland 
Road  Presbyterian  Church,  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne.  Mr.  Thompson  gave  his  chief 
strength  to  ministerial  work,  and  was 
favoured  with  much  success.  At  his 
ordination  in  West  Calder  the  membership 
of  his  church  was  250 ;  at  his  removal  it 
was  375.  At  his  induction  in  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Birkenhead,  the  members  were 
33  ;  at  his  leaving  they  were  153.  In 
1872  the  members  of  Westmoreland  Road 
Church  were  about  130  ;  at  the  end  of 
1889  they  were  over  600.  He  was  unani- 
mously chosen  Moderator  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  of  England  by  the  Synod  of 
1890.  There  he  delivered  an  inaugural 
address  on  "The  Spiritual  Success  of 
Christianity."  He  has  been  on  the  New- 
castle-on-Tyne  School  Board.  For  many 
years  he  has  been  Chairman  of  the  Works 
Committee  ;  and  throughout  his  career  he 
has  done  everything  in  his  power  to  secure 
for  England  the  benefits  of  a  liberal  edu- 
cation. He  published  "Life-Work  of  Peter 
the  Apostle,"  in  1870;  and  "Life  and 
Writings  of  John  the  Apostle,"  in  1882. 

THOMPSON,  Joseph,  F.R.G.S.,  Afri- 
can explorer,  was  born  at  Penpont  in  1858, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty,  visited  Central 
Africa  in  company  with  the  late  Keith 
Johnston,  and  assumed  the  command  of 
the  expedition  on  the  death  of  his  chief. 
In  1884  he  began  his  famous  journey  to 
Masai  Land,  and  was  successful  in  reach- 
ing the  north-eastern  corner  of  Lake 
Victoria  Nyanza.  He  published  a  descrip- 
tion of  his  journey  under  the  title  of 
"Through  Masai  Land."  In  1888  he 
started  on  an  expedition  to  Morocco, 
during  which  he  crossed  the  Atlas  chain 
of  mountains  in  six  different  places.  In 
1889  he  published  "  Travels  in  the  Atlas 
and  South  Morocco."  He  has  received  the 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  and  is  also  Gold  Medallist  in 
geology  and  zoology  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh. 

THOMPSON,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir 
Ralph  "Wood,  K.C.B.,  was  born  in  1830, 
and  in  1853  became  a  clerk  in  the  War 
Office,  of  which  he  was  appointed  Registrar 
in  1854.  In  1871  he  rose  to  be  Chief 
Clerk,  aud  in  1877  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  War.  From  1878  to 
1895  he  was  Permanent  Under-Secretary 
for  the  War  Department.  He  was  created 
K.C.B.  in  1882,  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 


1076 


THOMPSON  —  THOMSON 


Council  in  1895.  Addresses:  16  Somerset 
Street,  Portman  Square,  W.  ;  and  Little 
Woolpits,  Ewhurst,  Surrey. 

THOMPSON,  Professor  Silvanus 
Phillips,  F.R.S.,  D.Sc,  M.D.  Konigsb., 
was  born  in  York,  June  19,  1851,  and  is 
the  son  of  Silvanus  Thompson,  of  York. 
He  was  educated  chiefly  at  Bootham 
School,  York,  the  Founders  Institute, 
Pontefract,  and  the  Eoyal  School  of 
Mines.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  Lond., 
1869 ;  B.Sc.  Lond.  (bracketed  first  in 
Honours),  1876;  and  D.Sc.  Lond.,  1878. 
He  was  appointed  Science  Master, 
Bootham  School,  York,  1874  ;  Lecturer  in 
Experimental  Physics,  University  College, 
Bristol,  1876  ;  Professor  of  Experimental 
Physics  in  the  same  college,  1879 ;  and 
Principal  of,  and  Professor  of  Physics  in, 
the  City  and  Guilds  Technical  College, 
Finsbury,  1885.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Elementary  Lessons  in  Electricity  and 
Magnetism,"  1881  (43rd  thousand  in  1889) ; 
"Dynamo-electric  Machinery,"  1885  (5th 
edition  in  1895) ;  and  of  several  other 
technical  works,  as  well  as  of  a  volume 
of  Royal  Institution  Lectures  on  Light, 
and  of  "Michael  Faraday:  His  Life  and 
Work,"  in  the  Century  Science  Series,  1898. 
Professor  Thompson  has  made  numerous 
scientific  researches  in  electricity,  mag- 
netism, acoustics,  and  optics.  He  has 
also  taken  an  active  part  in  the  movement 
for  the  reorganisation  of  the  University  of 
London.  He  is  Vice-President  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Electrical  Engineers,  President 
of  the  Rbntgen  Society,  Vice-President  of 
the  Physical  Society  of  London,  Membre 
de  la  Socie'te'  de  Physique  (Paris),  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Physical  Society  of  Frank- 
furt-am-Main,  Member  of  the  Swedish 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  a  Member  of  the  Sette  of 
Odd  Volumes.  In  1881  he  married  Jane, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  James  Hender- 
son, of  Pollokshields.  Address  :  City  and 
Guilds  Technical  College,  Finsbury. 

THOMSON,  David.  Croal,  was  born 
in  Edinburgh  on  May  24,  1855,  and  was 
educated  there.  He  studied  drawing  and 
painting  at  leisure  times,  and  attended 
the  School  of  Art  classes  for  several 
years,  contributing  pictures  occasionally 
to  public  exhibitions.  He  spent  some 
time  in  Paris  in  1880,  painting,  writing, 
and  studying  art.  He  has  published  a 
number  of  papers  in  the  Scotsman,  and  for 
several  years  wrote  the  annual  articles  on 
the  Paris  Salon  therein.  From  1881  to 
1885  he  assisted  Mr.  M.  B.  Huish  in  com- 
piling" The  Year's  Art."  In  February  1881 
he  was  appointed  sub  -  editor  of  the  Art 
Journal,  in  which  publication  some  time 
previously  his   first  published  article  had 


appeared.  In  1882  he  published  a  large 
quarto  illustrated  volume  on  "  The  Life 
and  Works  of  Thomas  Bewick"  ;  in  1884, 
"The  Life  and  Work  of  H.  K.  Browne 
('Phiz'),"  also  quarto,  and  heavily  illus- 
trated with  the  original  plates  and  from 
unpublished  drawings ;  in  1890,  "  The 
Barbizon  School  of  Painters,"  in  the  same 
large  size,  with  many  etchings,  drawings, 
and  reproductions.  These  three  volumes 
are  now  out  of  print.  In  1895  he  wrote  a 
monograph  on  Luke  Fildes,  R.A.,  with 
etchings  and  reproductions ;  in  1897,  the 
"Tate  Gallery  Catalogue,"  illustrated. 
He  has  been  editor  of  the  Art  Journal 
since  1892,  and  has  also  written  for  the 
Magazine  of  Art,  &c.  He  represented 
Messrs.  Goupil  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  in  London 
from  1885  to  1897,  and  in  that  capacity 
selected  and  superintended  the  illustra- 
tions to  Skelton's  "  Mary  Stuart,"  1893  ; 
the  Bishop  of  London's  "  Queen  Eliza- 
beth," in  1896  ;  Mr.  R.  R.  Holmes's  "  Queen 
Victoria,"  1897;  and  "  Charles  I.,"  by  Sir 
John  Skelton,  1898.  He  has  visited  the 
private  art  collections  and  galleries  of 
France,  Italy,  Belgium,  Holland,  and  Ber- 
lin, also  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
He  is  connected  with  Messrs.  Thomas 
Agnew  &  Sons,  the  Old  Bond  Street  Gal- 
leries ;  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
the  Franco-Scottish  Society,  and  the  Cale- 
donian Society.  Addresses :  Dartmouth 
Tower,  Highgate,  N.W. ;  294  City  Road.E.C. 

THOMSON,  John  Millar,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  King's 
College,  London,  was  born  in  the  College 
of  Glasgow  in  1849,  and  is  the  son  of  Allen 
Thomson,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  formerly 
Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
that  city.  Professor  Thomson's  family 
have  had  a  long  and  intimate  connection 
with  education  in  Scotland,  six  of  its 
members  having  held  Chairs  in  the  Uni- 
versities at  various  times,  among  whom 
were  his  grandfather  Dr.  John  Thomson, 
Professor  of  Surgery  and  Pathology  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  and  his  great- 
grandfather, John  Millar,  Professor  of 
Law  in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  Pro- 
fessor Thomson  was  educated  at  the  High 
School  and  at  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
when,  after  passing  through  the  usual 
curriculum  in  arts,  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine.  After  a  short  period  in 
the  Medical  Faculty,  on  the  advice  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Anderson,  then  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  University,  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  special  study  of  Chemistry 
with  the  view  of  becoming  a  teacher  in 
that  subject,  and  in  1869  he  received  an 
appointment  as  one  of  the  assistants  in 
the  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the  Univer- 
sity. In  1871  he  was  appointed  Junior 
Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  in  King's  Col- 


THOMSON  —  THORLEY 


1077 


lege,  London,  became  Senior  Demonstrator 
and  Lecturer  on  Photography  in  1879,  and 
on  the  death  of  Professor  C.  L.  Bloxam  in 
1887  was  appointed  to  the  chair  which  he 
now  holds.  He  also  held  the  Professorship 
of  Chemistry  in  Queen's  College,  London, 
from  1880  till  1887.  Professor  Thomson 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society  in  1872  ;  he  served  on  the  Council 
of  that  Society  from  1880  till  1883,  when 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Honorary 
Secretaries,  which  office  he  held  till  1897, 
when  he  retired,  becoming  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent. He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Chemistry  in  1878,  held  the  office 
of  Examiner  to  the  Institute  from  1887  till 
1891,  and  is  at  present  Honorary  Registrar 
of  that  body.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1879, 
and  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in 
1897.  He  is  an  Honorary  LL.D.  of  the 
University  of  Glasgow  and  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Queen's  College  and  King's 
College,  London.  Professor  Thomson  has 
been  mainly  occupied  during  his  scientific 
life  as  a  teacher,  taking  at  the  same  time 
an  active  part  in  the  business  of  the  in- 
stitutions with  which  he  has  been  con- 
nected. Among  his  writings  and  lectures 
may  be  mentioned  his  papers  "  On  the 
Constitution  and  Optical  Properties  of 
Double  Salts  of  Nickel  and  Cobalt,"  in  the 
Reports  of  the  British  Association ;  "  On  the 
Nature  and  Action  of  Nuclei  in  Determin- 
ing the  Crystallisation  of  Supersaturated 
Solutions,"  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Chemical  Society ;  "  On  the  Chemistry  of  Pig- 
ments"; "On  the  Chemistry  of  Substances 
taking  part  in  Putrefaction  and  Anti- 
sepsis" ;  and  "  On  the  Chemistry  of  Build- 
ing Materials"  (Cantor  Lectures  delivered 
before  the  Society  of  Arts).  He  is  also  the 
author  of  the  article  "Photography"  in 
Professor  Thorpe's  "  Dictionary  of  Chemis- 
try applied  to  Arts  and  Manufactures," 
and  is  the  editor  of  the  7th  and  8th 
editions  of  Bloxam's  "Chemistry."  Ad- 
dress :  85  Addison  Road,  W. 

THOMSON,  Professor  Joseph  John, 

M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  Cavendish  Professor 
of  Experimental  Physics,  Cambridge,  was 
born  on  Dec.  18,  1856,  at  Manchester,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  J. 
Thomson,  of  Manchester.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  2nd  Wrangler  in  the  Mathematical 
Tripos,  1880.  He  was  elected  Professor 
of  Experimental  Physics  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge  in  1884.  In  1894  he  was 
President  of  the  Cambridge  Philosophical 
Society,  and  in  1896  he  presided  over 
Section  A  of  the  British  Association.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Motion 
of  Vortex  Rings,"  1883  ;   "  The  Applica- 


tion of  Dynamics  to  Physics  and  Chem- 
istry," 1888;  "Recent  Researches  in 
Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  1892  ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  the  Mathematical  Theory  of 
Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  1895,  2nd 
edit.,  1898  ;  and  of  various  papers  in  the 
Transactions  of  scientific  societies.  He  is 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  Address  : 
6  Scrope  Terrace,  Cambridge. 

THOMSON,  Leslie,  R.I.,  landscape 
painter,  was  born  at  Aberdeen  in  1851, 
and  partly  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School  there.  He  has  exhibited  at  all  the 
leading  exhibitions  since  1873.  His  most 
recent  Royal  Academy  pictures  have  been 
"A  Stack-Barge,  Essex,"  1895;  "Gold- 
hanger,  Essex,"  and  "  A  Bit  of  Dorset," 
1896;  "Dordrecht"  and  "A  Spring," 
1897  ;  and  "A  New  Forest  Stream,"  1898. 
Address :  98  James  Street,  Buckingham 
Gate,  S.W. 

THORBURN,    Hon.     Sir    Robert, 

K.C.M.G.,  was  born  March  28,  1836,  at 
Juniper  Bank,  in  the  county  of  Peebles, 
Scotland,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Robert 
Thorburn,  Esq.,  of  Juniper  Bank,  and 
Alison,  daughter  of  the  late  Robert  Grieve, 
Esq.,  of  Kailatar,  Perthshire,  Scotland. 
He  was  educated  in  Edinburgh  ;  went  to 
Newfoundland  in  1852 ;  settled  at  St. 
John's,  the  capital  of  the  island,  where 
he  has  followed  mercantile  pursuits,  and 
is  now  engaged  in  business.  He  was 
appointed  Member  of  the  Legislative 
Council  of  Newfoundland,  Feb.  14,  1870, 
but  resigned  his  seat  in  that  body  in 
1885,  when  he  entered  the  House  of 
Assembly,  and  became  Premier,  which 
office  he  held  till  the  close  of  1889.  Sir 
Robert  Thorburn  represented  the  Colony  of 
Newfoundland  at  the  Colonial  Conference 
in  London  in  1886,  when  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  and,  being 
senior  member  of  the  Conference,  had 
the  honour  of  reading  and  presenting 
the  address  of  the  Conference  to  her 
Majesty  the  Queen.  He  is  now  a  Member 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Newfound- 
land. He  is  by  Royal  permission  an 
Honourable  for  life.  He  married,  in  1865, 
Susanna  Janetta,  daughter  of  the  late 
Andrew  Milroy,  of  Hamilton,  Canada. 
Address  :  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 

THORLEY,  The  Rev.  George 
Earlam,  M.A.,  Warden  of  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  was  born  at  Knutsford,  in 
Cheshire,  on  Aug.  25,  1830,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Robert  Thorley,  Commander 
R.N.  He  was  educated  at  Manchester 
Grammar  School,  and  at  Wadham  College, 
of  which  he  was  scholar,  1849-54.  He 
obtained  a  first  class  in  Classical  Modera- 


1078 


THORNE  —  THORNYCROFT 


tions  in  1852,  and  a  first  in  Lit.  Hum.  in 
1853  ;  he  also  took  honours  in  Law  and 
History  in  that  year  (B.A.  1853,  M.A. 
1856).  From  1854  to  1881  he  was  Fellow 
of  his  College,  and '  was  also  appointed 
Tutor  in  1856,  and  Sub-Warden  in  1868. 
He  was  Proctor  in  1866,  Examiner  in 
Classics  in  1868-69,  1870,  1874-75,  was 
Member  of  the  Hebdomadal  Council,  1881- 
1884,  History  Lecturer  at  Oriel  and  Lincoln 
Colleges,  and  was  appointed  Warden  of  his 
College  in  1881.  He  was  Curator  of  the 
Taylorian  Museum,  1890-93,  and  has  held 
other  University  offices.  Address  :  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford. 

THORNE,    Sir    Richard     Thome, 

K.C.B.,  M.B.,  F.E.S.,  D.Sc.  hon.  and 
LL.D.  hon.,  was  born  Oct.  13,  1842,  at 
Leamington,  Warwickshire,  and  is  the 
eldest  living  son  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  H. 
Thorne,  J.P.,  banker,  Leamington.  He  is 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  (double  first  class), 
University  of  London ;  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  ;  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  London  ;  was  appointed 
a  Medical  Inspector  to  H.M.  Privy  Council 
Office  in  1871  ;  and  Principal  Medical 
Officer  to  the  Local  Government  Board  in 
1892.  He  is  Lecturer  on  Public  Health 
to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Medical 
School ;  and  Stewart  Prizeman  of  the 
British  Medical  Association,  1893.  He  was 
appointed  delegate  to  represent  the  British 
Government  at  the  International  Sanitary 
(Cholera  and  Plague)  Conferences  of  Rome, 
1885  ;  of  Venice  (Paris  sitting),  1892  ;  of 
Dresden,  1893 ;  of  Paris,  1894  ;  and  Venice, 
1897  ;  appointed  H.M.  Plenipotentiary  to 
sign  the  Conventions  of  Dresden,  1893; 
Paris,  1894  ;  and  Venice,  1897  ;  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Epidemiological  Society  of 
London,  1887-89  ;  and  Milroy  Lecturer  to 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London, 
1891 ;  is  Hon.  Memb.  Royal  Academy  of 
Medicine  of  Rome  ;  and  Corresponding- 
Member  of  the  Royal  Italian  Society  of 
Italy.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum  under  Rule  2  in  April  1899.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  paper  "On  the  Origin 
of  Infection,"  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Epidemiological  Societt/,  1878;  "The 
Progress  of  Preventive  Medicine  during 
the  Victorian  Era,  1837-87"  ;  "Diphtheria: 
its  Natural  History  and  Prevention,"  1891 ; 
"  Report  on  the  Use  and  Influence,  of 
Hospitals  for  Infectious  Diseases,"  pub- 
lished in  the  Tenth  Annual  Report 
of  the  Medical  Officer  of  the  Local 
Government  Board  ;  and  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  official  reports  on  the  causation  of 
epidemic  diseases,  and  on  the  health  of 
towns,  published  in  the  Reports  of  the 
Privy  Council  Office  and  of  the  Local 
Government  Board.  He  married,  in  1866, 
Martha,    daughter    of    the    late     Joseph 


Rylands,  of  Sutton  Grange,  Hull.  Resi- 
dences :  45  Inverness  Terrace,  W.,  and 
Goldsworth,  Woking,  Surrey  ;   and  Athe- 


THORNTON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Edward,  G.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  is  the  only 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Edward  Thornton,  G.C.B.,  who  was  for 
some  time  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Mini- 
ster Plenipotentiary  in  Portugal,  and  upon 
whom  the  title  of  Count  de  Cassilhas,  in 
that  kingdom,  had  been  conferred  by  King 
John  VI.  of  Portugal.  Sir  Edward  Thorn- 
ton, who  succeeded  to  the  title  of  Count 
de  Cassilhas  (in  the  kingdom  of  Portugal) 
on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1852,  was 
born  on  July  13,  1817,  and  was  educated 
at  King's  College,  London,  and  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  a 
Senior  Optime  (M.A. ,  LL.D. ).  He  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  in  1842,  when  he 
was  attached  to  the  mission  at  Turin.  He 
was  appointed  paid  attache'  in  Mexico  in 
1845,  and  Secretary  of  Legation  to  the 
Republic  of  Mexico  in  1851.  From  April 
1852  till  October  1853  he  acted  as  Secre- 
tary to  the  late  Sir  Charles  Hotham's 
special  mission  to  the  River  Plate.  He 
was  appointed  Charge"  d'Affaires  and 
Consul-General  to  the  Republic  of  New 
Granada  in  May  1854,  but  was  transferred 
to  the  Republic  of  Uruguay  in  September 
of  the  same  year.  He  was  appointed 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Argentine 
Confederation  in  1859 ;  in  July  1865  he 
was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to  the 
Emperor  of  Brazil,  and  in  the  following 
month  he  was  appointed  Envoy  Extraordi- 
nary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the 
Emperor  of  Brazil.  He  retained  this  post 
until  September  1867,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred in  the  same  capacity  to  the  court 
of  the  King  of  Portugal.  He,  however, 
did  not  proceed  thither,  but  was  appointed 
in  the  following  December  to  the  post  of 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary at  Washington.  In  recogni- 
tion of  his  diplomatic  services  he  was 
made  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  (civil  divi- 
sion) in  February  1863  ;  and  a  Knight 
Commander  of  the  same  Order,  Aug.  9, 
1870.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council, 
Aug.  19,  1871.  Sir  Edward  Thornton  was 
appointed  Ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg 
in  May  1881,  and  to  the  Sultan  of  Turkey, 
Dec.  1,  1884.  This  post  he  held  from 
February  till  October  1886,  and  he  retired 
on  a  pension  at  the  end  of  the  same  year. 
He  was  created  a  G.C.B.  in  August  1883. 
Addresses :  90  Eaton  Square,  London, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

THORNYCROFT,    Hamo,   R.A., 

scnlptor,  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary  Thorny- 
croft,  was  born  in  London,  March  9,  1850. 


THORNYCROFT 


1079 


He  was  brought  up  in  a  remote  part  of 
Cheshire,  and  educated  at  Macclesfield 
Grammar  School,  and  at  University  College 
School,  London.  At  the  age  of  seventeen 
he  began  to  work  in  his  father's  studio, 
and  in  1869  was  admitted  a  student  at  the 
schools  of  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1871 
he  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  in  the  same  year  proceeded  to  Italy, 
where  the  nature  of  his  art  received  con- 
siderable modification  from  study  of  the 
works  of  the  Renaissance.  In  1875  Mr. 
Thornycroft  gained  the  biennial  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Academy  for  a  group 
of  "A  Warrior  bearing  a  Wounded  Youth 
from  the  Field  of  Battle."  In  1880  he 
made  his  first  great  success,  with  a  statue 
of  "Artemis,"  which  he  executed  in 
marble  for  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  and 
which  is  now  at  Eaton  Hall.  In  January 
1881  Mr.  Thornycroft  was  elected  A.R.A., 
and  for  the  exhibition  of  the  same  year 
produced  his  statue  of  "Teucer,"  which 
was  purchased  from  the  Chantrey  Fund, 
and  is  now,  in  bronze,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery of  British  Art.  Since  then  his  most 
important  works  have  been  :  the  statue 
of  "The  Mower,"  1884;  "The  Memorial 
to  the  Poet  Gray,"  at  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge,  1885  ;  and  the  statue  of  "  The 
Sower,"  1886.  Also  in  1885  he  executed 
a  bust  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  for 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  also  a  memorial  to 
Sir  John  Gosse  for  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  was  commissioned  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  execute  the  National  Memorial 
to  General  Gordon  which  now  adorns 
Trafalgar  Square.  A  replica  of  this  statue, 
but  with  different  sculptural  treatment 
of  pedestal,  he  executed  for  Melbourne 
also.  In  1888  he  exhibited  his  statue 
of  "Medea"  and  was  elected  a  Royal 
Academician,  and  in  1890  an  Hon.  Member 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Munich.  He 
executed,  in  1890,  a  public  statue  of  John 
Bright,  for  Rochdale.  In  the  same  year 
Mr.  Thornycroft  exhibited  at  the  Academy 
his  diploma  work,  a  marble  relief,  entitled 
"The  Mirror,"  and  some  small  bronzes. 
Among  his  more  recent  works  may  be  men- 
tioned his  statue  of  "Summer,"  1893;  a 
marble  statue  of  Sir  Steuart  Bayley  erected 
at  Calcutta ;  Lord  Granville,  in  the  House 
of  Lords ;  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  in  the 
Royal  Exchange ;  Archbishop  Thomson, 
in  York  Minster ;  Bishop  Goodwin,  in 
Carlisle  Cathedral  ;  "  The  Joy  of  Life," 
1896.  In  1897  he  completed  a  monument 
to  William  Owen  Stanley  at  Holyhead, 
the  most  important  intra-mural  work  Mr. 
Thornycroft  has  yet  executed.  In  1898  he 
exhibited  a  bronze  statue  entitled  "The 
Bather,"  and  a  portrait  bust  of  Sir  George 
Stokes,  F.R.S.,  destined  for  Cambridge. 
Mr.  Thornycroft  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  (1899)  a  colossal  statue  in  bronze 


of  Cromwell  for  Westminster,  and  also  a 
memorial  statue  to  Dean  Colet,  the  founder 
of  St.  Paul's  School.  In  1884  Mr.  Thorny- 
croft was  married  to  Agatha,  daughter  of 
the  late  Homersham  Cox,  Esq.,  lately 
County  Court  Judge  of  Tonbridge.  Ad- 
dresses: 2A  Melbury  Road,  Kensington, 
W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

THORNYCROFT,    John    Isaac, 

F.R.S.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  and  naval  architect, 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary  Thorny- 
croft, the  sculptors,  was  born  on  Feb.  1, 
1843,  in  the  Via  Felice,  Rome,  where  his 
parents  were  then  studying  classic  art. 
His  mechanical  training  was  commenced 
at  an  early  age  by  his  father,  who  made 
a  locomotive,  on  which  his  children  rode 
round  his  studio.  The  cylinders  of  this 
locomotive  were  afterwards  adapted  by  his 
eldest  son  to  form  the  engines  of  a  very 
successful  model  steamer,  which  contained 
several  of  the  most  important  elements  to 
which  the  success  of  the  modern  torpedo 
boat  is  due,  the  closed  stokehole  and  fan, 
by  means  of  which  air  could  be  forced 
through  the  fire,  and  the  relatively  large 
size  and  low  position  of  the  propeller. 
Rather  later,  when  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  constructed  a  small  steam-launch,  the 
Nautilus,  which  was  the  first  steam-launch 
on  the  Thames  that  attained  sufficient 
speed  to  keep  up  with  racing  crews.  In 
1863  he  designed  the  Ariel,  which  was 
built  at  Chiswick,  where  he  started 
almost  as  an  amateur  boat-builder.  The 
Ariel  was  an  example  of  a  very  fast  steam- 
boat, which  was  surpassed  in  speed  by 
only  the  Miranda.  The  exact  perform- 
ance of  the  Miranda  was  measured  by  Sir 
Frederick  Bramwell  in  1872,  and  made  a 
considerable  sensation  when  published  at 
a  meeting  of  the  Naval  Architects.  This 
boat  may  be  considered  as  the  progenitor 
of  the  torpedo  boats  of  the  present  day. 
The  closed  stokeholes,  however,  were  per- 
fected by  Mr.  Thornycroft  only  in  1876, 
in  the  Ofitana,  a  yacht  on  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  which  has  never  yet  been  beaten 
by  a  boat  of  similar  size.  After  building 
the  Ariel  Mr.  Thornycroft  went  for  nine 
months  as  a  draughtsman  to  Palmer's 
Shipbuilding  Co.,  on  the  Tyne  ;  he  then 
went  to  Glasgow  to  go  through  the  engi- 
neering course  at  that  University,  and 
obtained  the  certificate  of  proficiency  in 
less  than  the  usual  time.  On  leaving  the 
University  he  spent  nine  months  at  Mr. 
John  Elder's,  of  Govan,  in  studying  the 
method  of  shipbuilding  on  the  Clyde.  He 
then  returned  to  Chiswick,  and  became  a 
builder  of  torpedo  boats.  In  this  profes- 
sion he  rapidly  took  the  first  place  ;  and 
he  has  constructed  a  very  large  number 
of  such  boats  for  the  British  and  foreign 
Governments.      Among  some  of  the  more 


1080 


THOEPE  —  THUILLIEK 


recent  inventions  of  Mr.  Thornycroft  we 
may  mention  a  speed  indicator  which  he 
has  perfected  during  the  last  few  years, 
and  a  water-tube  boiler,  which  combines 
great  economy  of  fuel  with  lightness  of 
structure,  and  has  been  fitted  in  many 
torpedo  boats  with  marked  success.  The 
turbine  propeller,  also  designed  by  Mr. 
Thornycroft  for  shallow  draught  vessels, 
gives  results  which  cannot  be  obtained  by 
the  use  of  the  paddle-wheel.  Mr.  Thorny- 
croft was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1893,  and  is 
Vice-President  of  the  Inst.  Naval  Archi- 
tects. Addresses  :  Eyot  Villa,  Chiswick, 
Middlesex  ;  and  Steyne,  Bembridge,  Isle 
of  Wight. 

THORPE,  Professor  Thomas  Ed- 
ward, F.E.S.,  Ph.D.,  D.Sc.,  LL.D.,  was  born 
at  Harpurhey,  near  Manchester,  Dec.  8, 
1 845,  being  the  son  of  a  Manchester  mer- 
chant. He  was  educated  at  private  schools, 
at  Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  at  the 
Universities  of  Heidelberg  and  Bonn.  He 
was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry 
at  Owens  College  in  1869  ;  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  Anderson's  College,  Glasgow, 
in  1870 ;  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
Yorkshire  College  at  Leeds  in  1874 ;  and 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Boyal  College 
of  Science,  South  Kensington,  in  1885. 
He  at  present  holds  the  position  of  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Government  Laboratories,  to 
which  he  was  appointed  in  1894.  He  is 
a  F.R.S.,  was  a  Member  of  Council,  1890 
and  1894,  and  Vice-President.  He  is  Trea- 
surer of  the  Chemical  Society  of  London, 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Society 
of  Chemical  Industry,  of  which  he  was 
President  in  1894,  a  Fellow  of  the  German 
Chemical  Society,  and  of  the  Physical 
Society  of  London,  Ph.D.  of  Heidelberg, 
and  B.Sc.  of  the  Victoria  University,  Man- 
chester, D.Sc.  (Hon.)  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  LL.D.  (Hon.)  of  Glasgow,  formerly 
Examiner  in  Chemistry  at,  and  now  Fellow 
of,  the  University  of  London,  and  Examiner 
to  the  Victoria  University,  and  the  Science 
and  Art  Department,  South  Kensington. 
He  is  a  Longstaff  Medallist  of  the  Chemical 
Society  of  London,  a  Royal  Medallist  of 
the  Royal  Society  (1889),  and  one  of  the 
Bakerian  lecturers,  and  is  honorary  member 
of  the  Philosophical  Societies  of  Glasgow, 
Leeds,  and  Manchester.  Professor  Thorpe 
is  the  author  of  upwards  of  100  memoirs 
on  Chemistry  and  Physical  Chemistry, 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  the 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  the 
British  Association  Reports.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  a  "Dictionary  of  Applied  Che- 
mistry," 3  vols. ;  "  Inorganic  Chemistry," 
2  vols.;  "Qualitative  Analysis,"  "Quanti- 
tative Analysis,"  "Chemical  Problems," 
"  Essays  in  Historical  Chemistry,"  "  Hum- 


phrey Davy,  Poet  and  Philosopher,"  and 
editor  of  "  Coal :  its  History  and  Uses." 
He  has  likewise  written  various  articles  in 
Watts's  "  Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  and  is 
a  frequent  contributor  to  Nature  and  other 
scientific  periodicals.  Professor  Thorpe 
was  a  member  of  the  Solar  Eclipse  Expe- 
ditions of  1870  (Sicily),  1878  (Central 
America),  1886  (West  Indies),  and  1893, 
when  he  had  charge  of  the  party  sent  to 
the  West  Coast  of  Africa.  He  has  acted 
as  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Chemical 
Section  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  was  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Section  at  the  Jubilee 
meeting  at  York  in  1880,  a  Member  of  the 
Council,  and  President  of  the  Chemical 
Section  at  the  Leeds  meeting  in  1890. 
Addresses :  The  Government  Laboratories, 
London  ;  and  Athenasum. 

THRING,    Lord,    Henry    Thring, 

K.C.B.,  born  at  Alford,  Somerset,  on  Nov. 
3,  1818,  is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev. 
J.  G.  D.  Thring,  and  Sarah,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  J.  Jenkyns,  of  Evercreech, 
Somerset.  He  was  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury, and  Magdalen  College,  Cambridge ; 
was  third  in  the  first  class  of  Classical 
Tripos,  and  fourteenth  Junior  Optime, 
1841;  B.A.  1841;  M.A.  1844;  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1845,  Inner  Temple ;  was  ap- 
pointed Counsel  to  the  Home  Office  in 
1860,  and  Parliamentary  Counsel  in  1868. 
He  was  made  K.C.B.  in  1873,  and  a  Peer 
in  1886,  on  his  retirement  from  office. 
He  has  published  works  on  the  Succession 
Duty  Act ;  "  The  Law  of  Joint-Stock  Com- 
panies,"  "Practical  Legislation,"  essays 
in  the  "Manual  of  Military  Law,"  on 
"Insurrection"  and  the  "Customs  of 
War,"  and  various  articles  in  reviews. 
He  married,  in  1856,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  the  late  John  Cardwell,  Esq.,  of  Liver- 
pool, and  has  one  child,  Katharine  Annie. 
Lady  Thring  died  in  1897.  Addresses  : 
5  Queen's  Gate  Gardens,  S.W. ;  Alderhurst, 
Englefield  Green,  Surrey  ;  and  Athenasum. 

THTTILLIER,  General  Sir  Henry- 
Edward  Landor,  C.S.I.,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
at  Bath,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of  John 
Pierre  Thuillier,  Baron  de  Malapert.  He 
was  educated  at  the  East  India  Company's 
College,  Addiscombe,  and  in  1832  entered 
the  Royal  Artillery,  from  which  he  retired 
with  the  rank  of  General.  Appointed  to 
the  Survey  of  India,  he  was  employed  on  the 
Revenue  Survey  on  the  Eastern  Frontier, 
and  afterwards  in  Orissa,  Patna,  and  Sylhet. 
From  1847  to  1878  he  was  Superintendent 
of  the  Revenue  and  Topographical  Surveys 
of  India,  and  from  1861  to  1878  was 
Surveyor-General  of  India.  He  became 
F.R.S.  in  1869.  He  is  part-author  of  a 
"Manual    of    Survey    for    India."      He 


r 


THUN  — THUESTON 


1081 


married,  in  1847,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Mac- 
pherson  of  the  Bengal  Army.  Address  : 
Tudor  House,  Eichmond,  Surrey. 

THTJN,  Count  Franz  Hohenstein, 

Prime  Minister  of  Austria,  is  a  member 
of  one  of  the  oldest  families  of  Bohemia, 
and  was  born  in  1847.  He  was  educated 
for  the  army,  which  he  left,  however,  in 
1877.  Two  years  later  he  entered  the 
Eeichsrath  as  a  member  of  Dr.  Rieger's 
party,  and  distinguished  himself  for  his 
violent  anti-Gerojan  policy,  claiming  for 
Bohemia  complete  independence.  In  1888 
he  even  advised  his  compatriots  openly  to 
gain  their  independence  by  force  of  arms. 
But  Count  Taafe,  then  Premier,  appointed 
him  to  be  Governor  of  Bohemia,  and  his 
good  points  at  once  became  apparent ;  he 
was  strong,  and  honest,  and  held  the 
balance  even  between  the  Germans  and 
Czechs.  In  August  1893,  owing  to  the 
formation  of  secret  societies  in  Prague, 
he  proclaimed  a  state  of  siege,  and  ruled 
despotically,  but  well.  He  put  down  all 
political  agitation,  and  made  all  under- 
stand that  the  law  had  to  be  obeyed.  In 
March  1898  he  succeeded  Baron  Gautsch 
as  Prime  Minister  of  Austria,  with  a  com- 
posite Cabinet,  in  order  to  appease  the 
disorderly  sections  of  the  Reichsrath.  In 
this  he  has  been  partially  successful. 

THURLOW,  Lord,  The  Right 
Hon.  Thomas  John  Hovell-Thurlow- 
Cumming-Bruce,  F.R.S.,  D.L.,  J.P., 
6th  Baron  Thurlow,  of  Thurlow,  county 
Suffolk,  was  born  in  London  on  Dec.  5, 
1838.  He  is  a  son  of  the  3rd  Baron,  by 
Sarah,  only  daughter  of  Peter  Hodgson, 
Esq.,  and  succeeded  his  elder  brother  as 
the  5th  Baron  on  April  22,  1874.  Lord 
Thurlow  is  a  descendant  of  a  Norfolk 
family,  which  dates  back  several  centuries. 
Amongst  his  ancestors  was  William  Thur- 
low, of  Burnham-Ulp,  in  Norfolk,  who  died 
in  the  year  1590.  The  Barony  of  Thurlow 
was  created  in  1792,  and  the  first  Baron 
was  Edward  Thurlow,  who  was  born  in 
1732,  and  died  in  1806.  It  was  in  recog- 
nition of  his  high  legal  merits  that  the 
first  Lord  Thurlow  was  created  a  peer, 
and  occupied  the  woolsack,  as  Lord 
Chancellor,  for  close  on  twenty  years. 
The  present  Lord  Thurlow  entered  the 
Diplomatic  Service  in  the  year  1858,  and 
in  the  year  following  became  attached  to 
the  Embassy  at  Paris.  During  1860-61 
Lord  Thurlow  was  attached  to  the  Earl  of 
Elgin's  special  mission  to  China.  He  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  the  Taku  forts 
and  of  Pekin,  and  was  one  of  the  recipi- 
ents of  the  China  Medal.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  Private  Secretary  to  the  Viceroy 
and  Governor-General  of  India,  and  in 
1864  was  attached  to  H.M.  Embassy   at 


Vienna.  During  the  years  1865-66  he  was 
Private  Secretary  to  Sir  Frederic  Bruce, 
H.M.  Minister  at  Washington.  Subse- 
quently he  was  appointed  Second  Secre- 
tary in  the  Diplomatic  Service,  proceeding 
to  the  Hague  in  December  1866.  He  re- 
signed that  appointment  in  July  1870,  and 
retired  from  the  Diplomatic  Service.  He 
is  a  Justice  of  Peace  and  Deputy-Lieute- 
nant for  the  counties  of  Elgin,  Nairn,  Stir- 
ling, and  Suffolk,  and  was  a  Lord-in-Wait- 
ing  upon  the  Queen  from  September  1880 
to  June  1885,  and  from  February  to  May 
1886.  From  the  April  to  the  August  of 
1886  he  occupied  the  position  of  Paymaster- 
General  ;  and  was  also,  in  that  year,  ap- 
pointed to  represent  her  Majesty  as  Lord 
High  Commissioner  to  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  which 
holds  its  annual  meetings  in  Edinburgh. 
He  was  then  also  sworn  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor. He  is  Chairman  of  the  Salt  Union. 
He  has  published,  among  other  works, 
"  The  Company  and  the  Crown  "  and 
"  Trades  Unions  Abroad."  In  1864  he 
married  Lady  Elma,  the  only  surviving 
child  of  the  8th  Earl  of  Elgin  by  his  first 
wife,  Elizabeth  Mary,  who  was  the  only 
daughter  of  Charles  Lennox  Cumming- 
Bruce,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Roseisle,  Dunphail 
and  Kinnaird,  N.B.  Lord  Thurlow  assumed 
in  the  right  of  his  wife,  and  by  Royal 
license,  in  July  1S74,  the  additional  names 
of  Cumming-Bruce.  Lord  Thurlow  has 
six  children,  and  his  heir,  the  Honourable 
James  Bruce,  was  born  in  1867.  Address  : 
Dunphail,  Scotland. 

THURSTON,  Professor  Robert  H., 

LL.D.,  formerly  of  the  United  States 
Naval  Engineer  Corps,  late  Professor  of 
Engineering,  was  born  in  Providence,  R.I., 
Oct.  25,  1839.  He  is  the  son  of  Robert  L. 
Thurston,  who  built  his  first  engine  in 
1821,  and  founded  the  Providence  Steam- 
Engine  Company  in  1837.  R.  H.  Thurston 
was  educated  at  Brown  University,  and 
received,  during  youth,  a  useful  practical 
education  in  his  father's  workshops.  When 
he  left  college,  in  1859,  he  was  familiar 
with  the  work  of  the  draughtsman,  de- 
signer, pattern-maker,  moulder,  the  forge, 
and  machine-shop.  Mr.  Thurston  applied 
for  appointment  in  the  engineer  corps  of 
the  navy,  passed  examination  in  the 
summer  of  1861,  and  was  ordered  to 
duty  on  board  the  (Jnadilla.  He  was  six 
years  continuously  on  duty  at  the  Naval 
Academy.  In  July  1871  Mr.  Thurston 
accepted  an  appointment  at  the  school  of 
mechanical  engineering  at  Hoboken,  and 
for  fourteen  years  filled  the  chair  of 
engineering  in  the  Stevens  Institute  of 
Technology,  resigning  his  commission  in 
the  navy  in  1872.  He  organised,  about 
1873   or  earlier,   what   was  probably  the 


1082 


THYNNE  —  TICHBORNE 


first  mechanical  laboratory  for  research  in 
engineering  that  was  ever  founded.  He 
was  (1875-78)  a  member  of  the  U.S.  Board 
appointed  to  test  iron,  steel,  and  other 
metals,  directed  the  greater  part  of  the 
work  completed  by  that  Board,  and,  as  its 
secretary,  edited  its  reports.  His  investi- 
gation of  the  laws  of  friction,  and  of  pro- 
perties of  the  alloys  of  copper,  tin,  and  zinc, 
which  resulted  in  the  determination,  by  a 
new  and  ingenious  method,  of  the  relative 
values  of  all  combinations  of  those  ele- 
ments, were  perhaps  the  most  strikingly 
original  and  famous  of  these  researches. 
In  July  1885  Professor  Thurston  took 
charge  of  Sibley  College,  reorganised  it, 
and  saw  immediate  results  in  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  College.  Dr.  Thurston  was 
the  first  President  of  the  American  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engineers,  has  been  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  American, 
French,  Scotch,  German,  and  Austrian 
Societies  of  Civil  Engineers,  of  the  British 
Institution  of  Mining  Engineers,  of  which 
he  is  also  past  Vice-President,  the  Ameri- 
can and  British  Associations  for  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  three  times  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  former,  and  once  of  the  latter 
(Montreal,  1884),  and  of  other  scientific 
and  technical  associations  at  home  and 
abroad.  He  is  a  member  of  the  "  Loyal 
Legion,"  and  is  Ofricier  de  l'lnstruction 
Publique  de  France,  and  was  given  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  by  his  alma  mater,  Brown 
University,  on  the  thirteenth  anniversary 
of  his  graduation.  He  has  been  an  exten- 
sive writer,  on  professional  subjects 
mainly,  his  papers  numbering  something 
like  250,  and  he  writes  some  articles  of  a 
speculative  character.  He  is  the  author 
of  many  books,  including  a  "  History  of 
the  Steam-Engine,"  a  three-volume  treatise 
on  "The  Materials  of  Engineering,"  a 
treatise  on  "  Friction  and  Lost  Work,"  &c. 
Address  :  Cornell  University,  U.S.A. 

THYNNE,  The  Bight  Hon.  Lord 
Henry  Frederick,  J.P.,  D.L.,  was  born 
in  1832,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the 
3rd  Marquis  of  Bath,  and  uncle  of  the 
present  Marquis.  He  represented  South 
Wilts  as  Conservative  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  1859  to  1885,  when  he  con- 
tested West  Wilts.  From  1875  to  1880  he 
was  Treasurer  of  the  Household.  He  is 
Hon.  Major  in  the  Wilts  Yeomanry,  and 
was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1876. 
He  married,  in  1858,  the  Lady  Ulrica 
Frederica  Jane  St.  Maur,  daughter  of  the 
12th  Duke  of  Somerset.  Addresses  :  30 
Grosvenor  Gardens,  S.W.  ;  and  Muntham 
Court,  Worthing. 

TIBBITS,  Charles  John,  editor  of 
the  Weekly  Dispatch,  was  born  at  Chester 
on  Jan.  31,  1861,  and  is  the  youngest  son 


of  George  Tibbits,  solicitor,  of  Chester. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  at  Oxford 
(Non.  Coll.)  (B.A.  1886).  Intended  origin- 
ally for  the  Church,  he  became  a  journa- 
list, and  was  successively  reporter,  sub- 
editor, and  editor  of  provincial  newspapers. 
Coming  up  to  London  in  due  course,  he 
became  and  for  some  years  remained 
assistant-editor  to  Mr.  Alfred  Harms- 
worth.  He  has  contributed  stories  and 
articles  to  almost  every  London  news- 
paper. His  present  appointment  dates 
from  1895.  Mrs.  Tibbits,  nie  Annie  Olive 
Brazier,  is  well  known  as  a  writer  of 
stories.  Address  :  7  Ilchester  Mansions, 
Abingdon  Koad,  Kensington,  W. 

TICHBORNE,  Professor  Charles 
Robert,  LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  Fellow  of  the 
Institute  of  Chemistry  and  the  Chemical 
Society,  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  Licentiate  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Ireland, 
Dip.  in  Public  Health,  was  educated  at 
Birmingham,  and  is  the  son  of  William 
S.  Tichborne,  a  descendant  in  the  direct 
line  from  Sir  Robert  Tichborne,  whose 
name  appears  on  the  death  warrant  of 
Charles  the  First.  Charles  Tichborne 
studied  chemistry  under  Professor  Hoff- 
mann, and  shortly  afterwards  went  to 
superintend  the  Laboratories  of  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall  of  Ireland,  with  which 
body  he  has  been  associated  for  many 
years.  He  was  Governor  of  that  body, 
and  is  now  their  representative  on  the 
General  Medical  Committee.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1872,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  to 
the  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine,  and 
in  1874-75  he  was  Extern  Examiner  in 
Chemistry  to  the  University  of  Dublin. 
He  is  at  the  present  time  an  Examiner 
under  the  conjoint  board  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  and  Apothecaries'  Hall.  On  the 
retirement  of  Sir  Dominic  Corrigan,  Pro- 
fessor Tichborne  was  elected  President 
of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Ireland, 
and  was  afterwards  made  Professor  to  that 
Society's  School  of  Chemistry.  He  is  at 
present  a  gas  examiner  for  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  one  of  the  County  Analysts. 
Professor  Tichborne  began  very  early  in 
life  to  write  scientific  papers,  some  of  the 
most  important  of  which  are  the  follow- 
ing :  "  Official  Reports  upon  the  Chemical 
Section  of  the  International  Exhibition, 
Dublin,  1864  "  ;  "  Detection  of  Cantharides 
in  Medico-legal  Investigation,"  described 
in  Taylor's  "Principles  of  Medical  Juris- 
prudence." He  contributed  to  the  pages 
of  the  Cornhill  Magazine  a  description  of 
the  naturally-formed  mummies  found  in 
St  Michan's  Church,  Dublin.  This  was 
transferred  to  the  pages  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  Sept.  6,  1866.  In  1868  appeared 
an  analysis  of  the  well-known  Schwalheim 


TILDEN  — TILLETT 


1083 


Waters,  in  which  the  author  discovered 
lithium  ;  these  waters  had  previously  been 
examined  by  Liebig,  and,  in  1869,  Tich- 
borne  described,  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  a  new  body, 
which  he  called  colophonic  hydrate.  As 
far  back  as  1871  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
voted  £50  to  aid  him  in  "his  researches 
upon  Molecular  Dissociation.  In  1870-71 
he  published  many  papers  on  dust  as  a 
ferment,  and  particularly  street  dust. 
These  researches  are  briefly  described  in 
De  Chaumont  and  Parkes'  "Manual  of 
Hygiene."  His  papers  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  Pharmacy  are  too  numerous 
to  mention,  but  many  of  the  processes  in 
the  British  Pharmacopoeia  are  based  upon 
his  investigations.  He  is  now  a  member 
of  the  Pharmacopoeia  Committee  of  the 
Medical  Council  of  Education,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  construction  of  the 
"New  Pharmacopoeia"  of  1898.  He  was 
elected  from  time  to  time  either  Honorary 
or  Corresponding  Member  of  the  following 
societies  :  Socie'te  Eoyale  de  Pharmacie 
de  Bruxelles,  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy,  and  the  Chargo  College.  He 
has  also  published,  in  connection  with 
Dr.  Prosser  James,  a  work  entitled  "  The 
Mineral  Waters  of  Europe."  Professor 
Tichborne  invented  an  instrument  for 
scientifically  determining  the  relative 
hardness  of  stones,  which  was  most 
favourably  received  by  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers,  and  about  1888  he 
patented,  in  association  with  a  syndicate, 
the  collection,  liquefaction,  and  utilisa- 
tion of  the  carbonic  acid  gas  given  off 
during  fermentation.  This  Tichborne  pro- 
cess is  being  successfully  carried  into 
operation  in  one  of  the  largest  breweries  in 
the  world,  Messrs.  Guinness's,  of  Dublin, 
and  in  some  of  the  large  breweries  and 
distilleries  in  London,  Paris,  Melbourne, 
and  Sydney.  Professor  Tichborne's  latest 
researches  have  been  in  connection  with 
purification  of  coal-gas,  and  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Journal  of  Gas- Lighting,  1893. 
Also  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  Ireland  for  the  year  1899  ap- 
pears a  lecture  on  Dissemination  of  Micro- 
organisms by  Sewer  Gas.  Professor  Tich- 
borne is  well  known  amongst  art  circles 
as  an  amateur  musician.  He  married,  in 
1861,  Sarah,  the  daughter  of  Surgeon 
Wilkinson,  of  Black  Rock,  co.  Dublin,  and 
has  one  son  and  three  daughters.  Ad- 
dress :  Pharmaceutical  Society,  Dublin. 

TILDEN,  Professor  "William 
Augustus,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  eldest  son  of 
Augustus  Tilden,  formerly  of  the  Bank  of 
England,  was  born  in  London  on  the  15th 
August  1842.  Having  passed  through 
many  schools,  public  and  private,  he  was 
sent  to  a  business  house  in  London,  to  be 


trained  as  a  pharmaceutical  chemist.  Here 
he  attended  the  lectures  on  Physics, 
Chemistry,  and  Botany,  at  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society's  School  in  Bloomsbury 
Square,  and  in  1860  followed  Hoffmann's 
lectures  at  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry. 
About  this  time  he  won  the  first  Bell 
Scholarship  awarded  by  the  Pharmaceuti- 
cal Society,  and  after  attending  courses  of 
lectures  on  Physics  by  Tyndall,  and  Geo- 
logy by  Ramsay,  at  the  School  of  Mines, 
he  entered,  in  1862,  the  research  laboratory 
of  the  late  Dr.  Stenhouse,  in  the  capacity 
of  junior  assistant.  A  year  later  he  was 
appointed  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  in 
the  laboratory  of  the  Pharmaceutical  So- 
ciety, where  he  remained  seven  years.  In 
1871  he  obtained  the  D.Sc.  degree  Lond., 
and  in  1872  was  appointed  Senior  Science 
Master  at  Clifton,  and  there  remained  till 
1880,  when  he  was  appointed  the  firtt 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  Mason  College. 
Dr.  Tilden  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1880.  In  1892  he  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Sciences  from  the  University  of  Dublin  on 
the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  its 
300th  anniversary.  He  has  completed 
three  years'  service  as  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Chemistry  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  ;  he  is  also  a  Vice-President 
of  the  Chemical  Society  of  London,  and 
has  served  for  two  years  on  the  Council  of 
the  Royal  Society.  In  1893  he  was  elected 
an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Pharmaceuti- 
cal Society  of  Great  Britain,  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy  of 
Philadelphia,  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Society  of  Public  Analysts,  and  in  April 
1894  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  London. 
During  his  residence  in  Birmingham  he 
held  office  as  President  of  the  Birming- 
ham Teachers'  Association,  1884,  and  of 
the  Philosophical  Society,  1886  ;  as  Vice- 
President  of  the  British  Association,  1886  ; 
and  President  of  the  Chemical  Section  of 
the  British  Association  at  its  meeting  in 
Bath,  1888.  Dr.  Tilden  was  for  three 
years  Chairman  of  the  Academic  Board 
in  the  early  days  of  the  Mason  College. 
He  is  the  author  of  some  sixty  papers  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Chemical  Society,  the 
Phil.  Trans,  of  the  Royal  Society,  the 
"  Berichtc  "  of  the  German  Chemical  So- 
ciety, and  other  journals.  He  has  also 
published  several  text-books,  including 
recently  "A  Manual  of  Chemistry,"  1896. 
Addresses  :  Royal  College  of  Science,  S. 
Kensington,  S.W.  ;  and  9  Ladbroke  Gar- 
dens, Notting  Hill,  W. 

TILLETT,  Benjamin,  Labour  leader 
was  born  in  Bristol  in  1859,  and  went  to 
work  in  a  brickyard  before  he  was  eight 
years    old.     At    twelve    he  was    for    six 


1084 


TINWORTH  —  TISSOT 


months  "  boy"  on  board  a  fishing-smack. 
After  being  apprenticed  to  a  bootmaker, 
he  ran  away  to  sea,  joined  the  navy, 
and  after  a  short  period  of  service  was 
discharged  invalided.  Subsequently  he 
shipped  in  merchant  vessels,  and  went 
several  voyages.  He  then  settled  in  the 
midst  of  the  London  Docks,  and  began 
to  form  the  Dockers'  Union  among  the 
dock-labourers,  who  were  then  the  most 
wretched  and  ill-paid  of  unskilled  work- 
men. During  the  great  Dock  Strike 
he  worked  energetically  and  successfully 
as  an  organiser  of  his  Union,  which  is 
now  large  and  prosperous.  "Ben  "  Tillett 
is  a  ready  speaker  of  the  demagogue  type. 
At  the  general  elections  of  1892  and  1895 
he  stood  for  West  Bradford,  but  was,  on 
both  occasions,  beaten  by  a  Liberal  and  a 
Conservative,  though  he  polled  a  large 
number  of  votes.  He  was  tried  at  Bristol 
in  the  earlier  part  of  1893  on  the  charge 
of  inciting  to  riot,  but  acquitted.  He  has 
given  important  evidence  before  the  Par- 
liamentary Commission  on  Pauper  Immi- 
gration, and  before  the  Lords'  Committee 
on  Sweating.  During  the  close  of  1894 
and  beginning  of  1895,  he  defended  him- 
self in  the  Times  against  the  severe  stric- 
tures of  Mr.  W.  H.  Mallock,  who  accused 
him  in  effect  of  complete  ignorance  of 
Economics.  He  is  an  Alderman  of  the 
London  County  Council.  During  recent 
years,  in  attempts  to  organise  foreign 
strikes,  he  was  imprisoned  by  the  authori- 
ties at  Hamburg  and  at  Antwerp,  and 
ejected  from  both  towns.  Address  : 
Dockers'  Union,  Mile  End  Road,  E. 

TINWORTH,  George,  was  born  near 
Camberwell  Gate,  on  Nov.  5,  1843.  His 
father  was  a  wheelwright,  but  the  boy  at 
an  early  age  showed  a  talent  for  drawing, 
and  afterwards  developed  powers  as  a 
wood-carver,  and  it  was  accordingly  de- 
cided that  he  should  be  brought  up  as  an 
art-worker.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
entered  the  Lambeth  School  of  Art,  and 
studied  modelling  under  Mr.  Bale.  In  the 
year  1864  he  entered  the  Academy  Schools, 
and  gained  the  Second  Silver  Medal  in 
the  Antique,  and  the  First  Silver  Medal  in 
the  Life  School.  On  the  death  of  his  father 
he  entered  the  Lambeth  Pottery.  He  was 
then  twenty-three  years  old,  and  soon  be- 
gan to  make  his  mark  as  a  modeller  of  terra- 
cotta panels  and  a  worker  in  stoneware. 
Of  panels  Mr.  Tinworth  has  modelled  over 
a  hundred.  Among  his  best-known  work 
may  be  mentioned  the  "  Preparing  for  the 
Crucifixion,"  the  "  Release  of  Barabbas," 
twenty-eight  panels  in  the  Guards'  Chapel, 
executed  for  Mr.  Street,  R.A.,  and  the 
altar-panel  in  York  Minster,  which  last 
was  executed  in  1876.  More  recently  he 
has  executed  a  memorial  to  the  late  Mr. 


Spurgeon,  16  feet  long,  with  statue  in 
centre,  and  a  statue  of  Bradlaugh  for  the 
town  of  Northampton.  A  statue  in  Vaux- 
hall  Park  is  also  by  him  ;  it  was  presented 
by  the  late  Sir  Henry  Doulton,  Mr.  Tin- 
worth's  employer.  Mr.  Tinworth  has  re- 
cently modelled  a  large  panel  for  Shelton 
Church,  Staffordshire,  and  is  now  model- 
ling a  series  of  Scripture  subjects  from 
Genesis  to  Revelation,  on  8-inch  tiles,  for 
schools.  Mr.  Tinworth  has  gained  many 
honours  at  various  Exhibitions,  viz.,  the 
bronze  medal  at  Vienna  in  1873,  an  Ameri- 
can medal  in  1876,  a  silver  medal  and 
decoration  in  Paris  in  1878,  a  gold  medal 
at  Nice  in  1884,  a  gold  medal  in  Tasmania, 
and  a  medal  in  America  in  1894.  Address: 
8  Maze  Villas,  Kew. 

TIRARD,   Nestor  Isidore  Charles, 

M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  received  his  medical  edu- 
cation at  King's  College  Hospital,  and 
obtained,  amongst  other  honours,  the 
Scholarship  and  Gold  Medal  in  Forensic 
and  Obstetric  Medicine,  and  Honours  in 
Medicine  at  London  University.  He  was 
Senior  Scholar,  House  Physician,  &c,  at 
King's  College  (Medical  Department),  and 
is  now  Fellow  and  Professor  of  Materia 
Medicaand  Therapeutics  at  King's  College, 
and  Physician  at  King's  College  Hospital. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc, 
Senior  Physician  to  the  Evelina  Hospital 
for  Children,  &c,  and  has  been  Examiner 
in  Materia  Medica  at  the  Roy.  Coll.  of 
Physicians,  London,  the  University  of 
London,  the  Examining  Board  for  Eng- 
land, the  Victoria  University,  &c.  He  is 
author  of  "Diphtheria  and  Antitoxin," 
1896  ;  "Albuminuria  and  Bright's  Disease"; 
is  editor  of  the  "  King's  College  Hospital 
Reports,"  and  has  contributed  largely  to 
these  and  to  the  leading  medical  papers. 
Address  :  74  Harley  Street,  W. 

TISSOT,    James    Joseph    Jacques, 

French  painter,  was  born  at  Nantes,  Oct. 
15,  1836,  and  was  educated  at  the  F-cole 
des  Beaux  Arts  under  Flandrin  and  La- 
mothe.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
the  Salon  in  1859,  and  has  sent  etchings, 
water  -  colours,  and  oil  pictures  to  its 
various  annual  exhibitions.  Those  by 
which  he  is  best  known  are  :  "Rencontre 
de  Faust  et  de  Marguerite,"  1861,  now  in 
the  Luxembourg  Museum  ;  "Retour  de 
l'Enfant  Prodigue,"  1863  ;  "  Confidence," 
1867;  "Un  Veuve,"  1869;  " Partie  Carree," 
1870;  "Le  Veau  Gras,"  1883  ;  "  La  Fri- 
leuse  "  and  "  Sur  la  Tamise,"  1889.  After 
having  been  a  painter  of  distinctly  modern 
type,  he  showed,  in  1893,  a  series  of  365 
water-colours,  illustrating  the  Life  of 
Christ.  For  these  a  French  firm  had  given 
the  huge  sum  of  1,100, 000  francs  (£43,650), 
after  an   English   publishing  house   had 


TISZA  —  TODD 


1085 


offered  £60,000.  He  had  spent  three  years 
in  Palestine,  painting  each  picture  on  the 
spot  traditionally  associated  with  its  sub- 
ject. After  being  shown  in  Paris,  these  pic- 
tures were  exhibited  in  London  in  1898. 

TISZA,    von   Borosjeno   Koloman, 

late  Prime  Minister  of  Hungary,  was  born 
at  Geszt,  Dec.  16,  1830,  and  educated  for 
the    Civil    Service,   but    his    career   was 
blocked  at  the  outset  by  the  Revolution  of 
1848.     For  some  years  he  devoted  himself 
to  travel,  and  in  1859  first  became  known 
as  an  opponent  of  the  Government  policy 
of    religious    intolerance.       In    1860    his 
party  gained  some  independence  ;  he  then 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  Hungarian  Parlia- 
ment, and   succeeded   Count   Teleki  as  a 
leader  of  the  Moderate  Radicals.     In  1875, 
carrying  over  this  branch  to  the   united 
Liberals  under  Deak,  he  became  Minister 
of  the  Interior,  and   subsequently  Prime 
Minister  of   the  Hungarian  Cabinet.      In 
the  critical  period  of  1876-78,  he  opposed 
Russia  and  Panslavism,  being  less  vacil- 
lating   than   Count   Andrassy,    who   kept 
hesitating   between  the  views   of   Russia 
and   Germany  on    the   Eastern  Question. 
He  resigned  with  his  co-ministers   when 
Austrian  finances  were  insufficient  to  meet 
the  expenses  of  the  Bosnian  occupation, 
but    eventually   returned    to    his    former 
position.     In  March  1890  he  resigned  the 
Premiership,  and  was  succeeded  by  Count 
Szapary.      On   March    11,    1895,   the    ex- 
Premier  delivered  an  important  speech  in 
the   Diet  in  Budapest,   in  the   course  of 
which  he  severely  criticised  the  attitude 
taken   up   by   the   Liberal    opposition   in 
antagonism  to  the  existing  constitutional 
relations  between  Hungary  and  Austria, 
and  gave  his  whole  support  to  the  Govern- 
ment.    In  March  of  the  following  year  M. 
Tisza,  speaking  on  the  Austro-Hungarian 
compromise,  declared  his  strong  personal 
adherence    to   Free   Trade,   and   asserted 
that  if  the  unreasonable  claims  of  Austria 
in  that  regard  were  maintained,  no  alter- 
native would  remain  but  that  of  establish- 
ing a  separate  customs  system  for  each 
kingdom.      Tisza,   on   Dec.   20,   1898,   de- 
livered himself  of  a  remarkable  confession 
for  a  constitutional  statesman  in  a  speech 
at  Grosswardein.     After  dwelling  on  the 
injury  suffered   by  the  vital   interests   of 
the  country  in  consequence  of  the  policy 
of  obstruction,  he  referred  to  the  course 
which  England  had  taken   in  the  treat- 
ment of  obstructive  tactics  in  the  House 
of  Commons.     "All  my  life,"  he  said,  "I 
have  been  against  the  closure  ;  but  should 
I  have  to  choose  between  the  Constitution 
of  Parliament  and   the   closure,   I  would 
certainly   declare   for   the   latter.      I   am 
firmly  of  opinion  that  we  cannot  give  way 
to   obstruction,    which   would    mean   the 


abdication  of  the  majority  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  cardinal  principle  of  Parlia- 
mentarism that  the  majority  must  rule. 
We  may  learn  what  true  Parliamentarism 
is  from  the  English."  Notwithstanding 
the  compliment  to  this  country  in  the  last 
sentence,  it  was  ably  pointed  out  at  the 
time  that  had  Hungary  copied  the  example 
of  England,  and  devoted  time  and  thought 
to  the  revision  of  Rules  of  Parliament, 
the  constitutional  difficulty  in  Austria- 
Hungary  would  never  have  arisen,  and  the 
necessity  for  government  by  decrees  would 
have  been  averted.  It  has  been  said  that 
Tisza  has  neithe*  the  glowing  tempera- 
ment of  Gladstone  nor  the  wise  modera- 
tion of  Deak.  He  knows  not  the  art  of 
winning  the  crowd,  and  while  a  truly 
remarkable  man,  he  is  not  a  great  one. 
Still,  the  "General,"  as  Tisza  was  popu- 
larly called  by  the  people,  has  been  a  keen 
debater  in  his  time,  never  at  a  loss  for 
a  reply,  surveying  his  domain  with  sure 
gaze,  detecting  in  cool  blood  the  weak- 
nesses of  his  adversary,  and  utilising  them 
with  patience  and  self-possession. 

TITHERINGTON,  The  Rev.  Ar- 
thur Fluitt,  youngest  son  of  W.  Tither- 
ington,  of  Dee  Hills,  Chester,  was  born 
Nov.  14, 1865,  and  was  educated  at  Arnold 
House,  Chester,  Charterhouse,  and  Mag- 
dalen College  School,  Oxford.  He  was 
elected  Scholar  (Classical)  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  in  1884,  took  a  second 
class  in  Moderations  in  1886,  a  second  class 
in  Lit.  Hum.  1888,  and  a  second  class  in 
Mod.  Hist,  in  1889.  After  reading  with 
pupils  in  Oxford,  1888-89,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  an  Assistant- Mastership  at 
Radley  in  1889,  and  was  ordained  in  1890. 
In  1895  he  was  appointed  Head-Master  of 
Brighton  College.  Whilst  at  Oxford  Mr. 
Titherington  stroked  the  winning  trial 
eight  in  1886,  and  also  stroked  the  Uni- 
versity eight  in  1887.  He  married  Gert- 
rude, the  youngest  daughter  of  W.  J.  Kent, 
Heatherley,  Grassendale,  near  Liverpool, 
in  1891.     Address  :  The  College,  Brighton. 

"TOBY,  M.P."     See  Ltjcy,  Henry  W. 

TODD,  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G.,  M.A. 
Cantab.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  &c,  Post- 
master-General, Superintendent  of  Tele- 
graphs, and  Government  Astronomer, 
Adelaide,  South  Australia,  was  born  at 
Islington,  July  7,  1826,  and  entered  the 
Government  Service  at  the  Royal  Obser- 
vatory, Greenwich,  in  1841.  In  1848  he 
was  appointed  Assistant-Astronomer  at 
Cambridge,  under  the  late  Rev.  Professor 
Challis.  In  1854  he  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant-Astronomer at  the  Royal  Observatory, 
Greenwich,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
was  offered,  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for 


1086 


TODHUNTER  —  TOLSTOI 


the  Colonies,  Lord  John  Russell,  and  ac- 
cepted, the  appointment  of  Government 
Astronomer  and  Superintendent  of  Tele- 
graphs in  South  Australia,  and  left  for 
that  colony  in  July  1855,  where  he  intro- 
duced the  electric  telegraph  system.  In 
January  1870  the  Colonial  Government, 
having  decided  upon  amalgamating  the 
postal  and  telegraph  services,  appointed 
Mr.  Todd  Postmaster-General  in  addi- 
tion to  his  duties  as  Superintendent  of 
Telegraphs  and  Government  Astronomer. 
Under  his  direction  the  telegraph  was 
rapidly  extended  throughout  the  colony, 
his  greatest  work  being  the  construction 
of  a  line  from  Adelaide  through  Central 
Australia,  then  a  terra  incognita,  to  Port 
Darwin,  on  the  north  coast,  2000  miles 
long,  to  meet  the  cable  of  the  Eastern 
Extension  Telegraph  Co.  This  work  was 
carried  out,  in  the  face  of  great  natural 
difficulties,  in  the  space  of  about  twenty 
months,  being  completed  towards  the  end 
of  1872,  in  which  year  Mr.  Todd  rode 
across  the  Continent  and  thoroughly  or- 
ganised the  service ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
Adelaide,  received  from  her  Majesty  the 
honour  of  the  Companionship  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George.  Shortly 
after  this,  the  South  Australian  section, 
1000  miles  long,  of  the  telegraph  line 
from  Adelaide  to  Perth  was  constructed 
under  Mr.  Todd's  immediate  direction. 
As  Government  Astronomer,  Mr.  Todd  has 
carried  out  an  extensive  series  of  Astrono- 
mical and  Meteorological  Observations, 
the  latter  affording  much  valuable  infor- 
mation on  the  climate  of  Australia,  in- 
cluding the  dry  interior,  and  the  north 
coast.  He  determined  the  position  of  the 
eastern  boundary  line  of  the  colony,  or 
141st  meridian;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Messrs.  Ellery  and  Russell,  the  Govern- 
ment Astronomers  of  Victoria  and  of  New 
South  Wales,  he  made  a  careful  tele- 
graphic determination  of  the  difference  of 
longitude  between  Singapore,  Adelaide, 
Melbourne,  and  Sydney.  In  1886  Cam- 
bridge University  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  M.A.,  honoris  causa;  and  in  1889 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London.  He  is  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Adelaide  University ; 
one  of  the  Governors  of  the  South  Aus- 
tralian Public  Library  ;  has  been  President 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  South  Australia ; 
and  is  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Adelaide  School  of  Mines,  &c.  He  was 
made  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1893.  He  married 
Alice,  daughter  of  E.  Bell,  Esq.,  in  1855. 
Address  :  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

TODHUNTER,  John,  M.D.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  Hervey  Todhunter, 
merchant,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Dec.  30, 
1839,  and  educated  in  Quaker  schools.    At 


the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  on  a  mer- 
cantile career  in  his  father's    offices  at 
Dublin  and  Limerick.    Afterwards,  in  1861, 
he  became  a  student  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  studied  medicine,  taking  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1865,  M.B.  and  M.Ch.  in 
1866,   M.D.  in  1871.      He  completed  his 
studies  in  Paris  and  Vienna,   and  then 
returned  to  Dublin  to  practise.     From  1870 
to  1874  he  was  Assistant-Physician  to  the 
Cork   Street   Fever  Hospital,  and  at  the 
same  time  held  the  Chair  of  English  Litera- 
ture in  Alexandra  College,  Dublin.      Re- 
signing   these    appointments    in   1874  he 
came  to  London,  where  he  has  since  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.    His  published 
works    comprise :    "The    Theory   of    the 
Beautiful,    a    Saturday    Lecture,"    1872; 
"  Laurella,    and    other    Poems,"     1876 ; 
"Alcestis,"  1879;  "A  Study  of  Shelley," 
1880;    "The   True    Tragedy   of    Rienzi," 
1881;  "Forest  Songs  and  other  Poems," 
1881 ;  "  Helena  in  Troas,"  a  play  in  Greek 
form,  produced  at  Hengler's  Circus  in  May 
and  June  1886,  and  afterwards  performed 
at    Exeter ;    "  The    Banshee    and    other 
Poems,"    1888;    "A   Sicilian   Idyll,"  pro- 
duced at  Bedford  Park,  St.  George's  Hall, 
the  Vaudeville  Theatre,  and  Aubrey  House, 
Campden   Hill,   between  1890  and  1893; 
and  "The  Poison  Flower,"  acted  with  the 
"  Sicilian  Idyll "  at  the  Araudeville  in  1891. 
Dr.  Todhunter  has  also  produced  a  modern 
drama  in  prose,  "  The  Black  Cat,"  played 
by  the   Independent   Theatre   Society  at 
the   Opera   Comique   in   December   1893  ; 
and  "  A  Comedy  of  Sighs,"  acted,  under 
Miss  Florence  Farr's  management,  at  the 
Avenue  Theatre  in  March  1894.     His  last 
published   work    is   "  Three   Irish   Bardic 
Tales,"   1896.      He   married  (1),  in   1870, 
Katharine,  daughter  of   the  late   Robert 
Ball,  LL.D.,  of  Dublin  ;  and  (2),  in  1879, 
Dora  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  late  William 
A.  Digby,  of  Dublin.     Address  :  Orchard- 
croft,  Bedford  Park,  W. 

TOLSTOI,  Count  Lyof  Nikolai- 
vitch,  usually  called  Count  Leo  Tolstoi, 
the  most  eminent  living  Russian  novelist 
and  social  reformer,  is  a  descendant  of 
Count  Peter  Tolstoi,  the  friend  and  com- 
rade of  Peter  the  Great,  and  was  born  on 
Aug.  28,  1828,  at  Yasnaia  Poliana,  in  the 
Government  of  Toula,  but  was  left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age.  He  received  the 
usual  education  of  a  Russian  noble,  first 
privately  and  afterwards  at  the  University 
of  Kazan.  He  spent  the  subsequent  years 
in  study  till  1851,  when,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three,  he  entered  the  army  and 
accompanied  his  brother  to  the  Caucasus. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war  (1853) 
he  was  called  to  Sebastopol  and  saw  active 
service  there,  taking  the  command  of  a 
mountain  battery,   and  assisting   in   the 


TOLSTOI 


1087 


defence  of  the  citadel.  Resigning  his 
commission  at  the  close  of  the  war  (1856), 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His 
"War  and  Peace"  (1860),  a  tale  of  the 
invasion  of  Russia  by  Napoleon  in  1812,  is 
regarded  by  Russians  as  his  masterpiece  ; 
but  "Anna  Karenina,"  which  appeared 
in  1876,  is  better  appreciated  abroad. 
Matthew  Arnold  spoke  most  enthusi- 
astically in  its  praise  a  few  months  before 
his  death,  and  George  Meredith  says  that 
Anna,  the  beautiful  but  unfaithful  wife, 
who  ends  her  guilty  passion  by  suicide,  is 
the  most  perfectly  depicted  female  char- 
acter in  all  fiction.  Since  the  publication 
of  this  last  work,  Tolstoi  has  given  him- 
self up  to  the  earnest  working  out  of  the 
problems  of  life,  the  attainment  of  a  higher 
religious  and  moral  philosophy.  He  makes 
"  Return  not  Evil "  the  keystone  of  the 
Christian  faith,  and  insists  that  the  literal 
interpretation  of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount 
is  the  only  rule  of  Christian  life.  His 
religious  views  are  set  forth  in  ' '  Christ's 
Christianity"  and  "My  Religion."  His 
"  Kreutzer  Sonata,"  with  its  strange  theory 
of  morals,  was  published  in  1890.  In 
October  1892  Count  Tolstoi  deposited  his 
memoirs  and  diaries  with  the  Curator  of 
the  Rumyanzoff  Museum,  on  condition  that 
they  should  not  be  published  till  ten  years 
after  his  death.  In  November  he  legally 
made  over  his  whole  fortune  to  his  wife 
and  children.  In  1893  he  published  "  The 
Kingdom  of  God  within  Us,"  a  work  on 
the  social  question,  and  in  1894  "Patriot- 
ism and  Christianity,"  a  criticism  of  the 
Franco-Russian  Alliance,  in  a  series  of 
articles  which  appeared  in  the  Daily 
Chronicle.  Since  the  foregoing  was  written 
(1894)  Tolstoi's  influence  has  steadily  in- 
creased, and  [his  personality  and  work 
have  been  the  subject  of  much  writing  and 
speaking.  Essays,  appreciations,  depre- 
ciations, and  innumerable  paragraphs,  have 
kept  him  prominently  before  Europe,  and 
the  adoption  of  his  views  by  various  ad- 
vanced societies — more  particularly  the 
Brotherhood  Church  at  Croydon — marks 
the  regard  in  which  he  is  held  by  large 
numbers  of  men.  In  February  1895  the 
current  issue  of  the  North  American  Review 
contained  a  curious  effusion  exalting  Tolstoi 
as  "the  greatest  living  moralist,"  and  com- 
paring his  work  with  that  of  certain  of  his 
contemporaries — unquestionably  to  their 
disadvantage.  Three  months  later  (May 
1895)  the  great  Russian  broke  down  com- 
pletely in  health,  and  was  ordered  a  radi- 
cal change,  upon  which  he  abandoned  a 
tour  then  in  preparation,  and  withdrew 
for  some  time  to  his  estate  in  Poland.  In 
October  1895  Tolstoi  wrote  a  most  power- 
ful vindication  of  the  Dukhobortsy  sect, 
who,  during  the  year,  had  suffered  great 
persecution  for  their  religion,  and  on  the 


Russian  Censor  refusing  to  allow  its  pub- 
lication, Tolstoi  sought  the  hospitality  of 
the  Times,  which  devoted  full  space  to  his 
somewhat  lengthy  article.  Evidently  con- 
vinced that  speech  was  denied  him  in  his 
native  land,  Tolstoi  continued  to  address 
his  literary  pieces  to  the  English  press, 
notably  to  the  Daily  Chronicle  and  the 
SS'cte  Aije,  the  former  publishing  on  March 
17,  1896,  a  long  letter  of  Tolstoi's  to  a 
correspondent  in  England  on  the  Venezuela 
imbroglio  which  had  recently  occurred 
between  this  country  and  America.  This 
letter  exhibited  that  habitual  "  other- 
worldliness"  of  the  novelist  which  distin- 
guishes all  his  writings,  but  was  without 
doubt  a  strong  indictment  of  war,  and 
consequently  of  patriotism,  inasmuch  as 
he  argued  that  the  former  cannot  exist 
without  the  latter.  Rumours  became  cur- 
rent during  September  1897  that  the  great 
novelist  was  suffering  from  an  illness  which 
necessitated  a  serious  operation,  but  on  a 
member  of  the  staff  of  the  Odessa  Listok 
visiting  the  Count  at  Yasny  Polyana  he 
found  him  quite  well.  He  was  then  work- 
ing hard  at  a  preface  for  a  forthcoming 
book  on  contemporary  science,  and  was 
giving  the  finishing  touches  to  his  long- 
promised  and  eagerly-expected  work  on 
art,  which  was  to  be  published  in  London 
in  the  Russian  original  as  well  as  in  an 
English  translation.  In  the  following 
month  (October  1897)  a  complete  vindica- 
tion of  Tolstoi's  robustness,  both  physical 
and  mental,  was  afforded  by  the  appear- 
ance in  the  Peterburqhskiya  Viedoniosti,  the 
organ  of  Prince  Ukhtomsky,  who  was 
rigorously  condemning  the  Government 
religious  persecutions,  of  a  daring  letter 
on  the  fanatical  intolerance  which  incited 
these  outrages.  The  writer's  wrath  was 
fully  aroused  owing  to  several  cases  of 
children  being  actually  removed  from  the 
custody  of  their  parents  on  so-called 
religious  grounds.  It  was  truly  noted  at 
the  time  by  a  prominent  English  journal 
that  the  publication  of  such  an  epistle 
from  Count  Tolstoi  in  a  St.  Petersburg 
newspaper  was  a  significant  sign  and  an 
unusual  event.  A  few  months  later  was 
published  the  before-mentioned  work  of 
Tolstoi's  on  art.  This  book,  "What  is 
Art?"  attracted  wide-spread  attention,and 
much  interesting  and  suggestive  writing 
was  the  result.  Mr.  George  Bernard  Shaw 
(q,v.)  contributed  a  striking  review  to  the 
Daily  Chronicle,  but  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  Tolstoi's  essay  did  not  receive 
any  general  acceptance.  Mention  should 
be  made  of  the  issue  in  the  autumn  of 
1898  of  an  excellent  little  monograph  on 
Tolstoi  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Perris,  who  had 
previously  written  some  articles  in  the 
Ethical  World  on  "Ethics  and  Revolution 
in  Russia." 


1088 


TOMES  — TOOLE 


TOMES,  Charles  Sissmore,  M:A., 
F.R.C.S.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London  in 
1840,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Sir 
John  Tomes.  He  was  educated  at  Rad- 
ley  College,  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  a  first  class  in  natural 
science  in  18G6,  and  at  the  Middle- 
sex Hospital.  He  practised  as  a  dental 
surgeon  in  London  from  18G9  to  1897, 
when  he  retired  into  consulting  practice. 
He  was  for  many  years  Lecturer  on 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  at  the  Dental 
Hospital,  London  ;  is  Crown  Nominee  on 
the  General  Medical  Council,  was  their 
Inspector  of  Dental  Examinations  in  the 
United  Kingdom  in  1895-96,  besides  being 
Examiner  in  Dental  Surgery  at  the  Roy. 
Coll.  of  Surgeons,  Eng.,  for  a  period  of 
fourteen  years.  He  is  Fellow  of  the  Roy. 
Med.  Chir.  Soc,  Hon.  Member  of  the 
American  Dental  Association,  &c.  He 
was  made  F.R.S.  in  1878.  His  princi- 
pal works  are  his  two  editions  of  his 
father's  well-known  "Dental  Surgery" 
(edits.  2  and  3),  and  his  "  Manual  of 
Dental  Anatomy."  He  has  besides  con- 
tributed many  papers  to  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  on  the  teeth  of  reptiles,  fishes, 
&c.  Addresses  :  37  Cavendish  Square,  W. ; 
and  9  Park  Crescent,  W. 

TOMLINSON",  Herbert,  B.A.,  F.R.S., 
was  born  at  York,  on  Nov.  18,  1845,  and 
was  educated  at  St.  Peter's  School,  York, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  In  1868  he 
graduated  B.A.,  both  in  the  Mathematical 
and  Natural  Science  Honour  Schools ;  in 
1870  he  was  Whitworth  Exhibitioner,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  appointed  Demon- 
strator of  Natural  Philosophy  at  King's 
College,  London.  In  1889  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  considera- 
tion of  his  original  researches  in  physics, 
and  in  1894  was  chosen  as  the  first  Prin- 
cipal of  the  South-Western  Polytechnic, 
Chelsea.  As  a  writer  on  natural  science, 
Mr.  Tomlinson  is  well  known  through  his 
numerous  contributions  to  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Philosophical  Maga- 
zine, Sob.  ;  the  most  important  of  which  re- 
late to  the  influence  of  stress  and  strain  on 
the  Physical  Properties  of  Matter.  The 
following  papers  may  be  enumerated : 
"  Effect  of  Magnetisation  on  the  Electrical 
Conductivity  of  Iron"  (Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,  1875);  "  Increase  in  Resist- 
ance to  the  Passage  of  an  Electrical  Cur- 
rent produced  in  Certain  Wires  by  Stretch- 
ing" (ibid.,  1877) ;  "  Alteration  of  Thermal 
Conductivity  of  Iron  and  Steel  caused  by 
Magnetism"  (ibid.,  1878);  "Moduli  of  Elas- 
ticity" (Philosophical  Transactions,  1883); 
"Electrical  Conductivity  "  (ibid.) ;  "Rela- 
tions btitween  Moduli  of  Elasticity,  Ther- 
mal Capacity,  and  other  Physical  Con- 
stants "    (Proceedings   of  the  Royal  Society, 


1885) ;  "Alteration  of  the  Electrical  Con- 
ductivity of  Cobalt,  &c,  by  Longitudinal 
Traction"  (ibid.,  1885)  ;  "Internal Friction 
of  Metals "  (Philosophical  Transactions, 
1886);  "Co-efficient  of  Viscosity  of  Air" 
(ibid.)  ;  "  On  Certain  Sources  of  Error  in 
Connection  with  Experiments  on  Torsional 
Vibrations"  (Philosophical  Magazine,  1885)  j 
"Temporary  and  Permanent  Effects  on 
some  of  the  Physical  Properties  of  Iron 
produced  by  raising  the  Temperature  to 
One  Hundred  Degrees  C."  (ibid.,  1886); 
"Effect  of  Change  of  Temperature  on  the 
Internal  Friction  and  Torsional  Elasticity 
of  Metals"  (abstract  in  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,  1886) ;  and  "  Effects  of  Mag- 
netisation on  the  Elasticity  and  the  In- 
ternal Friction  of  Metals"  (Philosophical 
Transactions,  vol.  exxix.,  p.  1).  Mr.  Tom- 
linson married  Edith,  daughter  of  F.  W. 
Saunders.  Address :  65  Oakley  Street, 
Chelsea,  S.W. 

TOMS,  Frederick,  editor  of  the  Field, 
began  life  as  a  printer's  apprentice  at 
Hertford.  In  1855,  having  come  up  to 
London,  he  became  managing  printer  of  • 
the  Field,  and  in  1857  sub-editor.  He  was 
for  very  many  years  under  J.  H.  Walsh, 
well  known  as  "Stonehenge,"  and  suc- 
ceeded him  as  editor  in  1888.  He  was 
joint-editor  with  Mr.  J.  H.  Walsh  of  the 
"Modern  Sportsman's  Gun  and  Rifle." 
He  has  written  much  on  sporting  topics, 
on  which  he  is  one  of  the  first  living 
authorities.  Address :  Field  Office,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  W.  C. 

TOOLE,  John  Laurence,  comedian, 
son  of  Mr.  Toole,  the  civic  toast-master, 
born  in  London,  March  12,  1830,  was 
educated  at  the  City  of  London  School, 
and  became  a  clerk  to  a  wine-merchant, 
but  soon  quitted  this  occupation  ;  having 
been  smitten  with  the  "bias  dramatic," 
he  was  induced  to  join  the  City  Histrionic 
Club,  where  his  qualifications  for  the  dra- 
matic profession  were  soon  recognised,  and 
he  found  a  favourable  opportunity  for 
appearing  before  a  public  audience  at  a 
benefit  to  Mr.  F.  Webster,  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  July  22,  1852.  Having 
successfully  passed  this  ordeal,  he  resolved 
to  become  an  actor,  and  began  his  profes- 
sional career  under  Mr.  Charles  Dillon,  at 
the  Queen's  Theatre,  Dublin,  where  he 
achieved  a  great  success.  After  further 
testing  his  powers  at  Belfast,  Edinburgh, 
and  Glasgow,  he  accepted,  in  1854,  an 
engagement  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre, 
London,  under  the  management  of  Mrs. 
Seymour,  and  sustained  a  variety  of 
characters  in  low  comedy  with  considerable 
success.  This  was  followed  by  an  engage- 
ment with  his  old  manager,  Mr.  C.  Dillon, 
who  had  the  Lyceum  for  a  short  term,  and 


TOUEGEE  —  TRACY 


1089 


on  the  opening  of  the  New  Adelphi 
Theatre  by  Mr.  Webster,  Mr.  Toole  became 
the  leading  comedian.  He  has  for  more 
than  thirty  years  been  a  popular  favourite, 
whether  it  be  in  the  broad  region  of 
farce,  or  in  those  more  important  parts  in 
which  tears  and  laughter  equally  pre- 
dominate ;  such  as  Caleb  Plummer,  in 
the  version  of  Dickens's  "  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth,"  or  the  honest  fireman,  Joe 
Bright,  in  the  drama  "Through  Fire  and 
Water."  For  several  years  Mr.  Toole  has 
been  in  the  habit  of  making  a  professional 
tour  in  the  provinces,  where  he  is  as  great 
a  favourite  as  in  the  metropolis.  In  July 
1874  he  went  on  a  "  starring  "  tour  to  the 
United  States,  and  made  his  American 
debut  at  Wallack's  Theatre,  New  York, 
August  17.  He  re-appeared  at  the  Gaiety 
Theatre,  London,  Nov.  8,  1875.  On  Nov. 
17,  1880,  he  undertook  the  management 
of  the  Folly  Theatre,  which  he  recon- 
structed in  accordance  with  all  the 
requirements  of  the  authorities,  and  re- 
named, calling  it  after  his  own  name — 
Toole's  Theatre.  In  1888  he  published  his 
"Reminiscences."  In  March  1890  he 
started  for  a  tour  in  Australia,  which 
proved  most  successful.  His  most  recent 
success  was  as  Walker,  in  Mr.  Barrie's  play 
"Walker,  London."  Address:  Maida 
Vale,  W. 

TOTJRGEE,  Albion  Winegar,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  American  author  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Williamsfield,  Ohio,  May  2,  1838. 
He  studied  at  Rochester  University,  1859- 
61  ;  entered  the  Union  army  and  served 
throughout  the  Civil  War.  At  its  close  he 
settled  at  Greensboro,  N.C.,  where  he  re- 
sided until  1880.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
N.C.  Constitutional  Conventions  in  1868 
and  in  the  year  1875,  and  was  one  of  the 
Commissioners  to  codify  and  revise  the 
State  laws.  He  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  the  State  in  1868,  and 
held  that  position  until  1874.  He  edited 
the  Continent,  a  weekly  magazine,  New 
York,  1882-84.  He  has  been  a  Professor 
of  the  Buffalo  Law  School  since  1889,  and 
wrote  "  A  Bystander's  Notes,"  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean,  from 
1888  to  1893.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
professional  works:  "The  Code  with 
Notes"  (N.C),  1877;  "A  Digest  of  Cited 
Cases"  (N.C),  1879  ;  "  Statutory  Decisions 
of  the  North  Carolina  Reports,"  1879.  He 
is  the  author  of  the  following  novels : 
"  Toinette  "  (now  entitled  "  A  Royal  Gen- 
tleman"), 1874;  "A  Fool's  Errand,"  1879; 
"Figs  and  Thistles,"  1879;  "Bricks 
without  Straw,"  1880  ;  "John  Eax,"  1882  ; 
"Hot  Ploughshares,"  1883  ;  "  Black  Ice," 
1886 ;  "  Button's  Inn,"  1887  ;  "  With 
Gauge  and  Swallow,"  1889 ;  "  Pactolus 
Prime,"  1890;  "Murvale  Eastman,"  1891; 


"A  Son  of  Old  Harry,"  1892  ;  "Out  of  the 
Sunset  Sea,"  1893  ;  "An  Outing  with  the 
Queen  of  Hearts,"  1894  ;  "The  Mortgage 
on  the  Hip-roofed  House,"  1896 ;  and 
"The  Man  who  Outlived  Himself:  a 
Story,"  1898.  Miscellaneous  Works  :  "An 
Appeal  to  Cassar,"  1884;  "The  Veteran 
and  his  Pipe,"  1887;  "Letters  to  a  King," 
1888.  Since  1888  he  has  been  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  North  American  Review, 
Forum,  and  other  magazines.  His  resi- 
dence has  been  at  Mayville,  a  village  at 
the  head  of  Lake  Chautauqua,  Chautauqua 
County,  N.Y.,  since  leaving  the  South. 

TOWNSEND,  Meredith,  joint-editor 
and  part  proprietor  of  the  Spectator,  was 
born  in  1831,  and  is  the  son  of  William 
Townsend,  of  Bures,  Suffolk.  In  early  life 
he  went  out  to  India,  and  during  twelve 
years  was  successively  sub-editor  and 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Friend  of 
India.  Returning  to  England,  he  became 
proprietor  of  the  Spectator  in  1861,  and  for 
many  years  edited  the  political  depart- 
ment of  that  important  journal,  while  the 
late  Mr.  Hutton  was  its  distinguished 
literary  chief.  He  now  edits  that  journal 
jointly  with  Mr.  J.  St.  Loe  Strachey.  Ad- 
dress of  Spectator :  1  Wellington  Street, 
Strand. 

TOZER,   The   Bight  Rev.  William 

George,  M.A.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  1830,  and 
is  the  third  son  of  John  Chapell  Tozer,  of 
Teignmonth.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  (M.A.  1854;  D.D. 
1863).  He  was  ordained  Priest  in  1855, 
and  was  Vicar  of  Burgh-le-Marsh  with 
Winthorpe,  Lines.,  from  1857  to  1863, 
when  he  was  ordained  Missionary  Bishop 
to  Central  Africa  or  Zanzibar.  Remaining 
in  this  cure  for  ten  years,  he  became 
Bishop  of  Jamaica  in  1879,  and  was  Bishop 
of  Honduras  from  1880  to  1881.  In  1888- 
1889  he  was  Rector  of  S.  Ferriby,  Lincoln- 
shire. Club  :  Oriental,  18  Hanover  Square, 
W. 

TRACY,  The  Hon.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  American  statesman,  was  born 
at  Oswego,  N.Y.,  April  26,  1830.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic  education,  studied  law 
and  began  its  practice  as  soon  as  he  was 
of  age.  In  1853  and  1856  he  was  elected 
District  Attorney  of  Tioga,  his  native 
county,  and  in  1862  was  a  member  of  the 
New  York  legislature.  He  was  appointed, 
in  1862,  by  Governor  Morgan,  on  a  com- 
mittee to  organise  recruiting  for  the  United 
States  army,  and  later  commanded  a  regi- 
ment in  the  field,  taking  part  in  the  battles 
of  the  Wilderness  and  Spottsylvania  ;  and 
subsequently  being  in  charge  of  the  ren- 
dezvous and  prison  camp  at  Elmira,  N.Y. 
When  mustered  out  at  the  close  of  the  war 

3z 


1090 


TEAILL  —  TRAQUAIR 


he  was  breveted  a  Brigadier- General  of 
Volunteers.  He  settled  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
and  resumed  his  law  practice.  From  1866 
to  1873  he  was  U.S.  District  Attorney  for 
the  district  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  from 
December  1881  to  January  1883  he  sat  in 
the  Court  of  Appeals  (the  highest  judicial 
body  in  New  York),  to  fill  a  vacancy.  In 
1882  he  was  nominated  by  his  (the  Re- 
publican) party  as  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  but  was  not  elected.  From  March 
1889  to  1893  he  was  a  member  of  President 
Harrison's  Cabinet,  holding  the  portfolio 
of  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  at  the  end 
of  Mr.  Harrison's  term  as  President,  he 
returned  to  New  York  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession. 

TRAILL,  Henry  Duff,  D.C.L.,  sixth 
and  youngest  son  of  the  late  James  Traill, 
a  stipendiary  magistrate  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan District,  and  Caroline,  daughter  of 
William  Whateley,  Handsworth,  Staffs., 
was  born  at  Blackheath,  Aug.  14,  1842, 
and  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
whence  he  proceeded  as  Probationary  Fel- 
low to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1864.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  by  the  Society  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1868,  and  joined  the  Home 
(now  South-Eastern)  Circuit.  He  adopted 
the  journalistic  and  literary  profession  in 
1871,  and  has  been  an  extensive  con- 
tributor to  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  (under  the 
original  management),  the  St.  James's 
Gazette,  the  Daily  Telegraph,  the  Satur- 
day Review,  &c.  He  published,  in  1881, 
"Central  Government"  (the  English  Citi- 
zen series)  ;  in  1882,  "Sterne"  (the  Eng- 
lish Men  of  Letters  series),  and  "Recap- 
tured Rhymes,"  a  re-issue  of  (principally) 
light  political  verse  contributions  to  various 
newspapers  and  periodicals  ;  in  1884,  "  The 
New  Lucian,"  a  series  of  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead;  and  "Coleridge"  (English  Men  of 
Letters);  in  1886,  " Shaftesbury  (the  first 
Earl),"  a  monograph  contributed  to  the 
series  called  English  Worthies ;  in  1888, 
"William  III."  (Twelve  English  States- 
men); in  1889,  "Strafford"  (English  Men 
of  Action) ;  in  1890,  "Saturday  Songs,"  a 
reprint  of  political  verse  contributions  to 
the  Saturday  Review  ;  in  1891,  a  life  of  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury  in  ' '  Reid's  Prime 
Ministers  of  Queen  Victoria."  In  1892  he 
published  "Number  Twenty,"  a  contribu- 
tion to  the  Whitefriars  Library  of  Wit 
and  Humour ;  in  1896,  "  The  Life  of  Sir 
John  Franklin,"  and  a  volume  of  Egyptian 
sketches,  "  From  Cairo  to  the  Soudan 
Frontier";  in  1897,  "Lord  Cromer,"  a 
biography,  and  "  The  New  Fiction,  and 
other  Essays  on  Literary  Subjects."  From 
1893  to  1897  he  was  engaged  in  editing 
"  Social  England  :  a  Record  of  the  Pro- 
gress of  the  People,"  a  work  which  was 


completed  in  six  volumes  in  1898.  Mr. 
Traill  has,  since  its  commencement  in 
October  1897,  been  editor  of  the  weekly 
critical  journal  Literature,  published  from 
the  Times  office.  Addresses  :  47  Gordon 
Square,  W.C. ;  and  Athenasum. 

TRAILL,  Professor  James  William 
Helenus,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  was  born 
at  Birsay,  in  the  mainland  of  Orkney,  on 
March  4,  1851.  His  father,  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Traill,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  at  that 
time  minister  of  the  parishes  of  Birsay 
and  Harray,  in  Orkney,  being  subse- 
quently appointed  Professor  of  Systematic 
Theology  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
and  in  1874  Moderator  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland.  He  was  educated  at  home  in 
Orkney,  in  the  Grammar  School  of  Old 
Aberdeen,  and  in  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen, taking  the  degrees  of  M.A.  in  1870, 
and  M.D.  in  1879.  In  the  years  1873  and 
1875  he  was  the  Naturalist  of  an  expedi- 
tion sent  to  survey  several  of  the  tribu- 
taries of  the  Amazon  River  in  North 
Brazil,  and  made  considerable  collections 
of  plants  and  animals,  most  of  which 
were  presented  to  the  National  Herbaria 
and  Museums,  and  to  the  University.  In 
1877  he  was  appointed  Regius  Professor  of 
Botany  in  the  parent  University.  He  has 
published  numerous  papers  on  the  fauna 
and  flora  of  Scotland,  on  new  palms  from 
the  Amazon,  on  galls,  &c.  ;  and  he  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  educational  pro- 
gress in  the  north  of  Scotland.  Address  : 
University,  Aberdeen. 

TRAQUAIR,   Ramsay  Heatley, 

M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  Keeper  of  the  Natural 
History  Collections  in  the  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art,  Edinburgh,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Traquair, 
parish  minister  of  Rhynd,  Perthshire, 
and  Elizabeth  Mary  Bayley,  his  wife, 
and  was  born  at  the  Manse  of  Rhynd, 
July  30,  1840.  Dr.  Traquair  received 
his  school  education  in  Edinburgh,  and 
in  1857  entered  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh as  a  student  of  medicine.  After 
a  course  of  five  years'  study  he  received 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in 
August  1862,  and  on  that  occasion  a 
Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  him  for  his 
thesis  on  a  biological  subject,  viz.,  the 
"  Asymmetry  of  the  Pleuronectida?."  From 
1863  to  1866  Dr.  Traquair  acted  as  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  under  the  late  eminent  Pro- 
fessor Goodsir,  and  from  1866  to  1867  as 
Professor  of  Natural  History  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  College,  Cirencester.  In  the 
autumn  of  1867  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education  to  the  Professorship  of  Zoology 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin, 


TRAYNER  —  TREDEGAR 


1091 


from  which  post  he  was  transferred,  in 
1873,  to  the  Keepership  of  the  Natural 
-History  Collections  in  the  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art,  Edinburgh.  He  has  also 
held  the  Swiney  Lectureship  in  Geology 
at  the  British  Museum  for  two  periods  of 
five  years  (1883-88)  and  one  of  three 
(1896-98).  Dr.  Traquair's  attention  was 
early  drawn  to  the  study  of  the  structure 
of  fishes,  and  among  the  extinct  forms  of 
the  palaeozoic  rocks  he  soon  found  a  rich 
and  extensive  field  for  original  investiga- 
tion. He  has  published  over  one  hundred 
papers  on  Fossil  Ichthyology,  of  which  the 
most  important  are  :  "  On  the  Structure 
and  Affinities  of  Tristichopterus  alatus," 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc,  Edin.,  1875;  "On  the 
Agassizian  Genera  Paheoniscus,  Amblyp- 
terus,  Pygopterus,  and  Gyrolepis,"  Qu. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  1877;  "The  Structure 
and  Affinities  of  the  Platysomidae,"  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1879  ;  "  Report  on  Fossil 
Fishes  collected  by  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Scotland  in  Eskdale  and  Liddesdale," 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1881.  He  is  also 
engaged  in  monographing  the  Fishes  of 
the  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  Carboniferous 
Rocks  of  Great  Britain  for  the  Palseonto- 
graphical  Society.  Of  Dr.  Traquair's 
contributions  to  the  structure  of  recent 
fishes  the  two  most  important  are  his 
graduation  thesis,  "  On  the  Asymmetry  of 
the  Pleuronectidaa,"  published  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  for  1865,  and  his  "  Cranial 
Osteology  of  Polypterus,"  Jour.  Anat.  and 
Phys.,  1870.  Mention  should  also  be  made 
of  his  "  Extinct  Vertebrata  of  the  Moray 
Firth  Area,"  in  Harvie-Brown  and  Buck- 
ley's "Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Moray 
Basin,"  Edinburgh,  1896.  Dr.  Traquair 
received  the  Neill  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1876  ;  in  1881, 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London ;  and  in  1893  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  recognition 
of  his  services  to  science.  Dr.  Traquair 
married,  in  1873,  Phoebe  Anna,  daughter 
of  the  late  Dr.  William  Moss,  physician, 
Dublin,  and  has  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 
Address:  8  Dean  Park  Crescent, Edinburgh. 

TRAYNER,  Lord,  John  Trayner, 

LL.D.,  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Session  and 
Lord  Commissioner  of  Justiciary,  Scot- 
land, was  born  in  Edinburgh  on  April  19, 
1834,  and  is  the  son  of  Hugh  Trayner, 
of  Glasgow.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh, 
was  called  to  the  Scottish  Bar  in  1858, 
appointed  Sheriff  of  Forfarshire  in  1881, 
became  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Session  in 
1885,  with  the  official  title  of  Lord  Tray- 
ner, and  since  1887  has  been  Lord  Com- 
missioner of  Justiciary.  He  is  also  an 
ex-officio  Member  of  the  Scottish  Railway 


and  Canal  Commission.  He  is  author  of  a 
well-known  work  on  "  Latin  Maxims  and 
Phrases."  In  1863  he  married  a  daughter 
of  R.  S.  Wyld,  LL.D.,  of  Gilston.  Ad- 
dress :  27  Moray  Place,  Edinburgh,  &c. 

TREDEGAR,  Lord,  Godfrey  Charles 
Morgan,  Bart.,  D.L. ,  J. P.,  was  born  at 
Ruperra  Castle,  Cardiff,  on  April  28,  1830, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  1st  Baron,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1875,  and  Rosamund,  only 
daughter  of  General  Godfrey  Basil  Mundy. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  entered  the 
army,  joining  the  17th  Lancers,  and  as 
Captain  Godfrey  Morgan  took  part  in  the 
famous  Balaclava  Charge  in  1854.  In  an 
interview  with  a  representative  of  the 
Western  Mail  he  recently  gave  a  graphic 
account  of  his  experiences.  Describing 
the  advance  just  after  Nolan's  death,  and 
when  the  battery  of  the  Russian  Horse 
Artillery  opened  fire,  he  said  :  "  I  do  not 
recollect  hearing  a  word  from  anybody  as 
we  gradually  broke  from  a  trot  to  a  canter, 
though  the  noise  of  the  striking  of  men 
and  horses  by  grape  and  round  shot  was 
deafening,  whilst  the  dust  and  gravel 
struck  up  by  the  round  shot  that  fell  short 
was  almost  blinding,  and  irritated  my 
horse  so  that  I  could  scarcely  hold  him  at 
all.  But  as  we  came  nearer  I  could  see 
plainly  enough,  especially  when  I  was 
about  a  hundred  yards  from  the  guns.  I 
appeared  to  be  riding  straight  on  to  the 
muzzle  of  one  of  the  guns,  and  I  distinctly 
saw  the  gunner  apply  his  fuse.  I  shut  my 
eyes  then,  for  I  thought  that  settled  the 
question  as  far  as  I  was  concerned.  But 
the  shot  just  missed  me  and  struck  the 
man  on  my  right  full  in  the  chest.  In 
another  minute  I  was  on  the  gun,  and  the 
leading  Russian's  grey  horse,  shot,  I  sup- 
pose, with  a  pistol  by  somebody  on  my 
right,  fell  across  my  horse,  dragging  it 
over  with  him,  and  pinning  me  in  between 
the  gun  and  himself.  A  Russian  gunner 
on  foot  at  once  covered  me  with  his  car- 
bine. He  was  just  within  reach  of  my 
sword,  and  I  struck  him  across  his  neck. 
The  blow  did  not  do  him  much  harm,  but 
it  disconcerted  his  aim.  At  the  same  time 
a  mounted  gunner  struck  my  horse  on  the 
forehead  with  his  sabre.  Spurring  '  Sir 
Briggs,'  he  half  jumped,  half  blundered, 
over  the  fallen  horses,  and  then  for  a  short 
time  bolted  with  me.  I  only  remember 
finding  myself  alone  amongst  the  Russians 
trying  to  get  out  as  best  I  could.  This, 
by  some  chance,  I  did,  in  spite  of  the  at- 
tempts of  the  Russians  to  cut  me  down. 
When  clear  again  of  the  guns  I  saw  two 
or  three  of  my  men  making  their  way 
back,  and  as  the  fire  from  both  flanks  was 
still  heavy,  it  was  a  matter  of  running  the 
gauntlet  again.  I  have  not  sufficient 
recollection  of  minor  incidents  to  describe 


1092 


TEEE  —  TEEVELY  AN 


them,  as  probably  no  two  men  who  were 
in  that  charge  would  describe  it  in  the 
same  way.  When  I  was  back  pretty  nearly 
where  we  started  from  I  found  that  I  was 
the  senior  officer  of  those  not  wounded, 
and,  consequently,  in  command,  there 
being  only  two  others,  both  juniors  to  me, 
in  the  same  position — Lieutenant  Womb- 
well  and  Cornet  Cleveland  (afterwards 
killed  atlnkerman).  We  remained  formed 
up  until  the  evening,  when,  as  the  enemy 
made  no  further  attempt  to  advance,  we 
returned  to  our  tents,  not  very  far  off." 
From  1858  to  1875  Captain  Morgan,  who 
retired  from  the  army  in  1855,  represented 
Brecknockshire  in  the  Conservative  interest 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  Since  1885  he 
has  been  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Royal  Mon- 
mouth Engineer  Militia.  Addresses  :  39 
Portman  Square,  W.  ;  Ruperra  Castle, 
Glamorgan,  &c. 

TBEE,  Herbert  Beerbohm,  actor 
and  manager,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Julius 
Beerbohm,  a  grain  merchant,  was  born  in 
London  on  Dec.  17,  1853,  and  educated 
partly  in  England  and  partly  in  Germany. 
In  1870  he  entered  his  father's  office,  but 
shortly  afterwards  became  devoted  to 
amateur  acting,  gradually  drifting  into 
the  profession,  and  made  his  de"but  on  the 
regular  stage  (Globe  Theatre,  London), 
in  1878,  in  the  character  of  "Grimaldi." 
After  touring  for  some  time  in  the  pro- 
vinces, he  appeared  in  London  in  "The 
Two  Orphans"  and  "The  Congress  at 
Paris."  In  March  1884  he  made  a  hit  in 
the  part  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Spalding  in 
"The  Private  Secretary,"  at  the  Prince  of 
Wales's,  and  shortly  afterwards  played 
the  part  of  the  spy  Macari  in  "Called 
Back."  His  great  versatility  and  subtlety 
as  an  actor  made  him  so  famous  that  he 
determined  to  try  managership  on  his  own 
account,  and  in  1887  he  took  the  Comedy 
Theatre,  where  he  produced  "  The  Red 
Lamp,"  and  played  the  part  of  an  old 
Russian  spy  to  perfection.  Among  his 
most  successful  productions  at  the  Hay- 
market,  which  he  took  in  the  autumn  of 
1887,  are  :  "A  Man's  Shadow,"  "Captain 
Swift,"  "The  Village  Priest,"  "Beau 
Austin,"  "The  Ballad -Monger,"  "The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  "The  Pompa- 
dour," "The Dancing-Girl,"  1891  ;  "Ham- 
let," and  "  Hypatia,"  1892;  "A  Woman 
of  No  Importance,"  and  "  The  Tempter," 
1893;  "The  Charlatan,"  "A  Bunch  of 
Violets,"  and  "  John-a-Dreams,"  1894.  In 
all  these  pieces  Mr.  Tree  has  taken  princi- 
pal parts,  and  has  been  supported  by  Mrs. 
Beerbohm  Tree  (ne'e  Maud  Holt),  an 
accomplished  actress,  whom  he  married 
when  she  was  a  governess  at  Queen's 
College,  Harley  Street.  Mr.  Tree  fre- 
quently makes  known  his  views  on  the 


actor's  art.  In  December  1891  he  read  a 
paper  to  the  members  of  the  Playgoers' 
Club  on  "Some  Interesting  Fallacies  of 
the  Modern  Stage,"  and  in  May  1893  he 
lectured  at  the  Royal  Institution  on  "The 
Imaginative  Faculty."  He  also  defended 
the  art  of  "John-a-Dreams,"  in  the 
columns  of  the  Times,  during  November 
and  December  1894,  against  various  puri- 
tanical attacks.  Before  leaving  England 
for  a  successful  American  tour  in  1895,  he 
was  entertained  at  a  banquet  by  many  of 
his  most  important  admirers.  In  1896  he 
ceased  to  be  manager  of  the  Haymarket 
Theatre.  The  year  1897  was  rendered 
notable  in  the  annals  of  the  stage  by  the 
opening  of  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  built 
by  Mr.  Tree  on  the  site  of  the  old  Opera 
House.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  and  at 
the  same  time  most  scientifically  arranged 
of  London  theatres.  In  his  managerial 
capacity  Mr.  Tree  has  here  revived  some 
of  his  most  noteworthy  successes.  He 
opened  on  April  28,  1897,  with  Mr.  Gilbert 
Parker's  "  Seats  of  the  Mighty,"  and  sub- 
sequently produced  "Old  Clo' "  (May), 
"The  Red  Lamp,"  and  "The  Ballad- 
Monger"  (June),  "The  Silver  Key" 
(July),  "  Katherine  and  Petruchio  "  (Nov.), 
and  "  A  Man's  Shadow  "  (Nov.).  The  grand 
revival  of  1898  was  "Julius  Caesar,"  in 
which  Mr.  Tree  sustained  in  a  masterly 
manner  the  difficult  part  of  Antony, 
while  Mr.  Waller  and  Mrs.  Tree  won 
laurels  during  the  long  run  of  the  piece 
as  Marcus  Brutus  and  the  slave  Lucius 
respectively.  Mr.  Tree  was  (January 
1899)  playing  D'Artagnan  in  an  adaptation 
of  the  "  Three  Mousauetaires"  of  Dumas. 
Address  :  77  Sloane  Street,  S.W. 

TREFTJSIS,  The  Right  Rev. 
Robert  Edward,  Bishop  of  Crediton, 
Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of  Exeter,  was 
born  at  Wear  Gifford  on  Jan.  24,  1843, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  Captain  the  Hon. 
George  Walpole  Rolle  Trefusis,  R.N.  He 
was  educated  at  Cheltenham  and  Exeter 
College,  Oxford  (M.A.  1868).  From  1866 
to  1867  he  was  Curate  of  Buckingham, 
from  1867  to  1889  Vicar  of  Chittlehamp- 
ton,  in  1888  became  Prebendary  of  Exeter, 
in  1889  Canon  of  Exeter,  and  in  1897 
Bishop  of  Crediton.  He  married,  in  1874, 
Emma,  daughter  of  the  late  Owen 
Wethered,  of  Remnantz,  Bucks.  Ad- 
dress :  The  Chantry,  Exeter. 

TREVELYAN,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  George  Otto,  Bart.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
D.L.,  born  on  July  20,  1838,  at  Rothey 
Temple,  Leicestershire,  is  the  only  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Edward  Tre- 
velyan,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  and  Hannah  More 
Macaulay,  sister  of  Lord  Macaulay.  _  He 
was  educated  at  Harrow  School  and  Trinity 


TREVES  —  TRIMEN 


1093 


College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  second 
in  the  first  class  in  classics.  He  was 
elected  member  for  Tynemouth,  in  the 
Liberal  interest,  in  1865,  and  for  the 
Border  Burghs  in  1868.  Mr.  Trevelyan 
was  appointed  Civil  Lord  of  Admiralty, 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Government,  in  De- 
cember 1868,  but  resigned  office  in  July 
1870,  on  a  point  of  conscience  connected 
with  *he  Government  Education  Bill.  He 
advocated  a  sweeping  reform  of  the  army, 
including  the  abolition  of  the  purchase  of 
commissions,  both  in  and  out  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  was  for  many  years  the  fore- 
most supporter  of  the  extension  of  the 
County  Franchise.  Mr.  Trevelyan  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Shaw-Lefevre  as  Parliamen- 
tary Secretary  to  the  Admiralty  in  Novem- 
ber 1880,  and  held  that  office  until  his 
appointment,  after  the  murder  of  Lord 
Frederick  Cavendish,  as  Chief  Secretary 
to  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland  (May 
9,  1882).  This  arduous  post  he  held 
through  two  most  trying  years,  and  in 
October  1884  he  joined  the  Cabinet  as 
Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster. 
On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  third 
Government  in  1885,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  new  post  of  Secretary  for  Scotland, 
but  resigned  on  March  27,  1886,  in  conse- 
quence of  disagreement  with  the  Prime 
Minister's  proposed  scheme  for  Ireland. 
He  failed  to  secure  re-election  after  the 
dissolution  of  1886,  but  in  1887  he  was 
returned  as  member  for  the  Bridgeton 
Division  of  Glasgow.  In  August  1892  he 
again  became  Secretary  for  Scotland  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Administration.  He  re- 
tiredfromParliamentin February  1897.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Letters  of  a  Competition 
Wallah,"  republished  from  MCacmillan's 
Magazine  in  1864  ;  "Cawnpore,"  in  1865  ; 
"  The  Ladies  in  Parliament,"  "  Horace  at 
the  University  of  Athens,"  and  other 
pieces,  collected  and  published  in  1868  ; 
"  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Lord  Macaulav," 
2  vols.  1876  (2nd  edit.,  1877);  and  "The 
Early  History  of  Charles  James  Fox," 
1880.  He  is  married  to  Caroline,  daugh- 
ter of  R  N.  Philips,  at  one  time  M.P.  for 
Bury, Lanes.  Addresses:  8  Grosvenor  Cres- 
cent ;  Wallington,  Cambo,  Northumber- 
land ;  Welcombe,  Stratford-on-Avon ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

TREVES,  Frederick,  F.R.C.S.,  was 
born  at  Dorchester  on  Feb.  15,  1843,  and 
received  his  medical  education  at  the  Lon- 
don Hospital,  where  he  was  afterwards 
Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery.  He 
became  F.R.C.S.  in  1878,  is  a  Member  of 
Council  and  Member  of  the  Court  of  Exa- 
miners of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
England,  Surgeon-in-Ordinary  to  H.R.H. 
the  Duke  of  York,  Examiner  in  Surgery 
at  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  in 


Anatomy  at  the  Universities  of  Aberdeen 
and  Durham.  He  won  the  Jacksonian 
Prize  Essay  at  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons, England,  in  1884  ;  and  as  Hunterian 
Professor  of  Anatomy  lectured  in  1885-86, 
the  subject  in  all  cases  being  the  Intestinal 
Canal.  He  is  author  of  the  following 
standard  works  :  "  Scrofula  and  its  Gland 
Diseases,"  1882;  "A  Manual  of  Surgical 
Applied  Anatomy,"  1883  ;  "  German-Eng- 
lish Dictionary  of  Medical  Terms,"  1889  ; 
"A  Manual  of  Operative  Surgery,"  1891; 
"  The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Typhlitis," 
1888  and  1891;  "The  Student's  Hand- 
book of  Surgical  Operations,"  1892.  He 
is  editor  of  "  A  System  of  Surgery,"  1895  ; 
and  "  A  Manual  of  Surgery  in  Treatises  by 
various  Authors."  He  has  also  contri- 
buted largely  to  Heath's  "Dictionary  of 
Surgery,"  Morris's  "Anatomy,"  Allbutt's 
"System,"  and  other  standard  works  of 
the  same  nature.  Mr.  Treves  was  ap- 
pointed an  Emeritus  Professor  of  Surgery 
at  the  London  Hospital  in  March  1899. 
Address  :  6  Wimpole  Street,  W. 

TREVOR-BATTYE,  Aubyn  Ber- 
nard Rochfort,  explorer  and  zoologist, 
was  born  at  Hever,  in  Kent,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  Rector  of  Hever,  the  late 
William  Wilberforce  Battye,  of  Tingrith 
Manor,  Beds.,  and  Harriet,  only  daughter 
of  Edmund  Wakefield  Meade-Waldo,  of 
Stonewall  Park  and  Hever  Castle,  whose 
ancestress,  Ruth  Hampden,  daughter  of 
the  patriot  John  Hampden,  married  Sir 
John  Trevor.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Edward's  School  and  Christ  Church  Col- 
lege, Oxford  (B.A.).  He  studied  biology 
in  his  college  days,  under  the  then  Lin  acre 
Professor,  H.  N.  Moseley,  of  Challenger 
fame.  On  leaving  the  University  he  took 
to  literary  and  scientific  journalism,  and 
wrote  for  the  Saturday ;  but  he  is  now 
best  known  as  a  zoologist  who  has  tra- 
velled widely  in  little-known  countries. 
He  was  the  first  white  man  to  enter  the 
farther  parts  of  North  -  West  Canada 
after  the  Riel  Rebellion.  He  has  also 
travelled  on  the  Pacific  sea-board  of  North 
America,  in  the  north  of  Africa,  Russia, 
Spitzbergen,  Scandinavia,  &c.  In  1893  he 
investigated  the  Dwina  Delta,  after  cross- 
ing to  the  White  Sea,  and  explored  the 
almost  unknown  Arctic  Island  of  Kolquev, 
embodying  these  last  experiences  in  his 
well-known  book,  "Ice-Bound  in  Kol- 
quev," 1895.  He  has  contributed  largely 
to  the  scientific  press,  and  has  published  : 
"Pictures in  Prose,"  1893 ;  and  "A  Northern 
Highway  of  the  Tsar,"  1897.  He  is  mem- 
ber of  several  learned  societies.  Address  : 
2  Whitehall  Gardens,  S.W. 

TRIMEN,   Roland,    F.R.S.,    F.L.S., 
F.Z.S.,   F.Ent.S.,   Zoologist,   third  son  of 


1094 


TRISTEAM  —  TKOUTON 


Richard  and  Mary  Ann  Trimen,  was  born 
in  London,  Oct.  29,  1840,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school  near  Brighton, 
and  at  King's  College  School  in  London. 
He  voyaged  to  the  Cape  (on  medical  ad- 
vice) 1858-59  ;  and  was  appointed  to  the 
Cape  Civil  Service,  July  1860.  He  served 
in  the  Audit,  the  Colonial  Secretary's,  the 
Governor's,  and  the  Crown  Land's  Offices, 
until  1876,  when  he  was  appointed  Curator 
of  the  South-African  Museum,  Cape  Town, 
a  post  from  which  he  retired  in  January 
1896.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  June  1883,  and  in  1897  was 
elected  President  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  London  ;  and  is  the  author  of 
"  Rhopalora  Africa?  Australis  ;  a  Descrip- 
tive Catalogue  of  South-African  Butter- 
flies "  (London  and  Cape  Town),  2  vols., 
1862-66),  and  "South-African  Butterflies; 
a  Monograph  of  the  Extra-Tropical  Spe- 
cies" (London,  3  vols.,  1887-89);  also  of 
various  memoirs  on  Entomology,  Orni- 
thology, and  Botany  in  the  Transactions 
or  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological,  Lin- 
nean,  and  Zoological  Societies  of  London, 
the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science,  and  other 
publications.  He  was  President  of  the 
South  African  Philosophical  Society  from 
1883  to  1885  ;  and  Commissioner  of  the 
Botanic  Gardens,  Cape  Town,  from  1876 
to  1890.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Phyl- 
loxera Commission,  Cape  Town,  1886  ; 
and  represented  the  Cape  at  the  Bordeaux 
Phylloxera  Congress  of  1881,  and  at  the 
Congress  of  Zoologists  held  in  Paris  in 
August  1889.  Address  :  11  Chandos  Street, 
W. 

TRISTRAM,  The  Rev.  Henry 
Baker,  D.D.,  LL.D.  Edin.  and  St. 
Andrews,  F.R.S.,  C.M.Z.S.,  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Henry  Baker  Tristram,  Vicar  of 
Eglingham,  Northumberland,  a  grandson 
of  Viscount  Barrington,  was  born  May  11, 
1822,  and  educated  at  the  Grammar  School 
of  Durham,  and  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.  1844,  second  class  Lit.  Hum.;  M.A. 
1846).  In  1845  he  was  ordained  to  the 
Curacy  of  Morchard-Bishop,  Devonshire, 
which  he  was  obliged  to  resign  in  less 
than  two  years  in  consequence  of  ill- 
health.  At  that  juncture  Admiral  Sir 
Charles  Elliot  was  about  to  proceed  to 
Bermuda  as  Governor,  and  Mr.  Tristram 
accompanied  him  as  Chaplain  and  Secre- 
tary. He  resided  at  Bermuda  three  years, 
and  then  accepted,  in  1849,  the  small 
rectory  of  Castle  Eden,  co.  Durham.  In 
1855  the  state  of  his  health  again  induced 
him  to  seek  a  milder  climate.  He  spent 
that  winter  in  the  city  and  neighbourhood 
of  Algiers,  making  excursions  into  the 
Northern  Sahara.  A  second  year  was 
occupied  in  researches  beyond  the  range 
of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  guarded  as  far  as 


the  southern  frontier  by  an  escort  granted 
by  Field-Marshal  Randon,  Governor- 
General  of  Algeria,  and  a  third  year  spent 
on  board  a  yacht  in  the  Mediterranean 
afforded  him  the  first  opportunity  of  visit- 
ing Palestine.  In  1860  he  was  collated 
by  Bishop  Longley  to  the  Mastership  of 
Greatham  Hospital  and  Vicarage  of 
Greatham,  which  he  held  till  1875,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  a  residential  Canonry 
in  Durham  Cathedral  by  Bishop  Baring. 
In  1863-4  he  spent  a  year  in  the  Holy 
Land,  making  scientific  observations  and 
identifying  Scripture  localities.  In  1873 
he  made  a  similar  tour  to  Moab,  and  in 
1881  made  an  extensive  tour  through 
Palestine  and  the  Lebanon,  into  Mesopo- 
tamia and  Armenia.  In  1879  he  declined 
the  offer  made  to  him  by  the  Earl  of 
Beaconsfield  of  the  Anglican  Bishopric  in 
Jerusalem.  In  1891,  during  a  tour  round 
the  world,  he  spent  some  months  in  ex- 
ploring the  little-visited  interior  districts 
of  Japan,  in  which  country  he  has  a 
daughter  engaged  in  high  educational 
missionary  work.  He  is  a  Member  of  the 
Convocation  of  the  Province  of  York, 
and  Provincial  Grand-Master  of  "Mark 
Masons"  for  the  two  northern  counties, 
and  D.  Prov.-G.  Master  Mason  of  the 
Province  of  Durham.  He  was  President 
of  the  Biological  Section  of  the  British 
Association  at  Nottingham,  1893.  Dr. 
Tristram  is  the  author  of  "  The  Great 
Sahara,"  1860;  "The  Land  of  Israel,  a 
Journal  of  Travels  with  Reference  to  its 
Physical  History,"  1865  (4th  edit.,  revised, 
1884);  "  The  Natural  History  of  the  Bible," 
7th  edit.,  1883;  "The  Ornithology  of 
Palestine,"  1867;  "A  Winter  Ride  in 
Palestine,"  published  in  "Vacation  Tour- 
ists," 1864;  "Scenes  in  the  East,"  1870; 
"The  Daughters  of  Syria,"  3rd  edit.,  1874  ; 
"The  Seven  Golden  Candlesticks,"  new 
edit.,  1881  ;  "  Bible  Places,  or  the  Topo- 
graphy of  the  Holy  Land,"  1871  (13th 
thousand,  1896);  "The  Land  of  Moab," 
2nd  edit.,  1874  ;  "  Pathways  of  Palestine," 
1st  series,  1881,  2nd  series,  1883;  "In- 
cidents in  Bible  History  chiselled  on 
Ancient  Monuments,"  1875;  "Genesis 
and  the  Brick  Kiln,"  1878;  "Fauna  and 
Flora  of  Palestine,"  1884,  for  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund  ;  "Eastern  Customs  in 
Bible  Lands,"  1894  ;  "Rambles  in  Japan," 
1895  ;  contributions  to  the  Contemporary 
Reviav,  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible," 
and  many  scientific  periodicals.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1850,  Eleanor  Mary,  daughter  of 
P.  Bowlby,  an  officer  who  fought  in  the 
Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo.  Addresses  : 
The  College,  Durham  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

TROTJTON,     Frederick     Thomas, 

M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  Dublin  on 
Nov,  24,  1863,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of 


TRUFFIEK  —  TUPPER 


1095 


the  late  Thomas  Trouton  of  that  city.  He 
was  educated  at  Dungannon  Royal  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  taking  a  first 
Moderatorship  in  Experimental  Science  at 
his  degree.  With  the  intention,  after- 
wards abandoned,  of  adopting  an  en- 
gineering career,  he  passed  through  the 
Engineering  School  connected  with  Trinity 
College.  He  received  stip.  con.  the  degrees 
of  M.A.  and  D.Sc.  from  his  University, 
and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1897.  On  taking  his  degree  in 
1884  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
appointment  of  Assistant  to  the  Professor 
of  Experimental  Physics,  which  post  he 
still  holds.  From  time  to  time  he  has 
published  in  various  scientific  journals 
accounts  of  experimental  researches  car- 
ried out  in  the  Physical  Laboratory  of 
Trinity  College,  among  which  of  most 
general  interest  are  some  giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  repetition  and  extension  of 
Hertz's  classical  experiments  on  Electri- 
cal Radiation,  then  new  to  the  scientific 
world,  the  most  important  extension  being 
an  experimental  determination  of  the 
direction  of  vibration  of  electric  and  mag- 
netic force  in  plane  polarised  light ;  "  Re- 
petition of  Hertz's  Experiment,  and  De- 
termination of  the  Direction  of  the 
Vibration  of  Light,"  Nature,  1889  ;  "  Ex- 
periments on  Electro-Magnetic  Radiation, 
including  some  on  the  Phase  of  Secondary 
Waves,"  Nature,  1889;  "Secondary 
Electro-Magnetic  Waves,"  Phil.  Mag., 
1890;  "The  Influence  the  Size  of  the 
Reflector  exerts  in  Hertz's  Experiment," 
Phil.  Mag.,  1891.  Among  his  other  pub- 
lished papers  may  be  mentioned  that  on 
"Molecular  Latent  Heat,"  Phil.  Mag., 
1884;  "On  the  Motion  under  Gravity  of 
Fluid  Bubbles  through  Vertical  Columns 
of  Liquid  of  a  different  Density,"  Proc. 
Soy.  Soc,  vol.  54;  "An  Experimental  In- 
vestigation of  the  Laws  of  Attrition," 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  vol.  59  ;  "  On  Temporary 
Thermo-CurrentsinIron,"iJy3(.  Brit.  Assoc, 
1889;  "Arrangement  of  the  Crystals  of 
Certain  Substances  on  Solidification," 
Proc.  Soy.  Dublin  Soc,  vol.  viii.  1898.  Ad- 
dress :  Caerleon,  Killiney,  co.  Dublin. 

TRUEFIER,  Charles  Jules,  French 
actor,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1856,  and  en- 
tered the  Conservatoire,  where  he  obtained 
a  certificate  for  comedy.  He  was  immedi- 
ately engaged  at  the  Odeon,  where  he 
made  his  first  appearance  in  "  Cendrillon," 
by  Barriere.  In  1875  he  was  admitted  to 
the  Come'die  Francais,  where  he  acts  low 
comedy  parts,  such  as  M.  Purgon  in 
the  "Malade  Imaginaire,"  Jean  de  Car- 
iliac  in  "  Francillon  "  ;  Raymond  in  "  Le 
Monde  ou  Ton  s'Ennui,"  &c.  M.  Truffier 
is  also  known  as  a  poet,  having  published 
"Sons  les  Frises,"  1879,  and  "La  Statue," 


1885.  His  comic  opera,  "Saute  Marquis," 
was  produced  in  1883,  and  he  has  written 
a  comedy,  entitled  "  Le  Papillon."  He 
married  Mdlle.  Zoe  Caroline  Marie  Mold, 
one  of  the  chief  singers  at  the  Opera 
Comique.  He  is  an  officer  of  Public  In- 
struction, and  lives  at  178  Rue  de  Rivoli. 

TRURO,  Bishop  of.  See  Gott,  the 
Right  Rev.  John. 

TTJKE,  Henry  Scott,  was  born  at 
York  on  June  12,  1858,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Dr.  D.  Hack  Tuke.  He  studied 
art  at  the  Slade  School,  in  Italy,  and  for 
two  years  under  Laurens  in  Paris.  His 
earliest  Royal  Academy  picture  was  ex- 
hibited in  1879,  since  which  he  has  been 
a  fairly  constant  exhibitor  there,  and 
at  the  New,  Grosvenor,  and  some  foreign 
galleries.  He  is  well  known  for  his 
sea-pieces,  &c.  His  "  All  Hands  to  the 
Pumps"  and  "August  Blue,"  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1889  and  1894 
respectively,  have  been  purchased  under 
the  terms  of  the  Chantrey  Bequest,  and, 
in  the  latter  year,  his  "  Sailors  Playing 
Cards "  obtained  the  first  gold  medal  at 
Munich,  and  was  bought  by  the  Bavarian 
Government.  His  more  recent  Royal 
Academy  pictures  have  been  a  portrait  of 
Mrs.  George  Talbot,  and  "The  Swimmers' 
Pool,"  1895;  "Beside  Green  Waters," 
1897  ;  a  portrait  of  Miss  Muriel  Lubbock, 
and  "An  Idyll  of  the  Sea,"  1898;  and 
"  The  Diver,"  1899.  Address  :  Lyndon 
Lodge,  Hanwell,  W. 

TUNIS,  Bey  of,  Sidi  Ali,  was  born 
in  1817,  and  succeeded  his  brother  Bey 
Mohammed-es-Sadok  in  1882.  The  very 
year  of  his  accession  the  French  estab- 
lished a  Protectorate  over  Tunis,  and 
reorganised  the  internal  government  of 
the  country,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Resident-General,  M.  Paul  Cambon,  the 
present  French  Ambassador  in  London 
(q.v.). 

TUPPER,    The  Hon.   Sir  Charles, 

Bart.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  M.D.,  L.R.C.S.  Edin., 
was  born  at  Amherst,  N.S.,  July  2,  1821. 
He  is  LL.D.  of  Cambridge  and  Edin.,  and 
M.A.  and  D.C.L.  of  Acadia  College,  Nova 
Scotia.  He  is  Governor  of  Dalhousie 
College,  Halifax  (appointed  by  Act  of 
Parliament  in  1862) ;  was  President  of  the 
Canadian  Medical  Association  from  its 
formation,  1867,  until  1870,  when  he 
declined  re-election.  He  was  a  Member 
of  the  Executive  Council  and  Provincial 
Secretary  of  Nova  Scotia  from  1857  to 
1860,  and  from  1863  to  June  30,  1867; 
and  Prime  Minister  of  that  Province  from 
1864  until  he  retired  from  office  with  his 
Government,   on   the  Union   Act  coming 


1096 


TUPPER  — TURNER 


into  force  on  July  1,  1867  ;  he  was  a  dele- 
gate on  public  business  from  the  Nova 
Scotia  Government,  1858  and  1865,  and 
from  the  Dominion  Government,  March 
1868  ;  leader  of  the  delegation  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  the  Union  Conference  at  Char- 
lottetown,  1864;  to  that  in  Quebec  in  the 
same  year  ;  and  to  the  final  Colonial  Con- 
ference in  London  to  complete  terms  of 
Union  in  1866-67  ;  he  holds  patent  of  rank 
and  precedence  from  her  Majesty  as  an 
Executive  Councillor  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  was 
sworn  as  a  Privy  Councillor  of  Canada, 
June  1870,  and  was  President  of  that  body 
from  that  date  until  July  1,  1872,  when  he 
was  appointed  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue, 
which  office  he  held  until  Feb.  22,  1873, 
when  appointed  Minister  of  Customs.  He 
resigned  office  with  Sir  John  Macdonald  in 
November  1873,  and  on  the  return  of  Sir 
John  to  power,  was  appointed  Minister  of 
Public  Works  in  October  1878,  and  Mini- 
ster of  Railways  and  Canals  in  1879.  He 
represented  the  county  of  Cumberland, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  Parliament  for  thirty-two 
years,  in  the  Nova  Scotia  Assembly  from 
1855  until  the  Confederation  in  1867,  and 
thence  in  the  Commons  of  Canada  to 
1884,  when  he  resigned  his  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment, and  was  appointed  High  Commis- 
sioner for  Canada  in  London.  He  was 
appointed  by  the  Dominion  Government 
Executive  Commissioner  for  Canada  of 
the  Antwerp  Exhibition,  1885,  and  of  the 
Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition,  1886,  of 
which  he  was  also  appointed  Royal  Com- 
missioner by  the  Queen.      He  received,  in 

1886,  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws  (Cambridge),  and  the  same  day  had 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  freedom  of 
the  Worshipful  Company  of  Fishmongers 
of  London.  Just  previous  to  the  Federal 
elections  of  February  1887,  he  re-entered 
the  Cabinet  as  Finance  Minister,  which 
position  he  retained  until  May  24,  1888, 
when  he  was  re-appointed  High  Commis- 
sioner for  the  Dominion  of  Canada  in 
London.  Sir  Charles  was  appointed  one 
of  her  Majesty's  Plenipotentiaries  to  the 
Fisheries   Conference   in   Washington    in 

1887,  the  result  of  which  Conference  was 
the  signature  of  a  treaty  on  Feb.  15,  1888, 
subject  to  ratification,  for  the  settlement 
of  the  matters  in  dispute  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States  in  connection  with 
the  Atlantic  Fisheries.  Sir  Charles  car- 
ried a  Bill  through  the  Canadian  Parlia- 
ment for  the  ratification  of  a  Treaty, 
where  it  was  passed  in  both  Houses  with- 
out division.  He  was  created  a  Baronet 
under  patent  dated  Sept.  13,  1888.  In 
January  1896  he  entered  the  Bowell  Ad- 
ministration as  Secretary  of  State  and 
Leader  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  later 
in  the  year  succeeded  him  as  Prime  Mini- 
ster of  Canada.     At  the  defeat  of  his  party 


at  the  polls,  June  23,  1896,  he  resigned 
office,  and  was  elected  leader  of  the  Oppo- 
sition in  the  new  Parliament  in  August. 
Address :  Ottawa,  Ontario,  &c. 

TTJPPER,  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Hib- 
bert,  K.C.M.G.,  LL.B.,  Q.C.,  M.P.  (Cana- 
dian), Canadian  jurist  and  statesman,  was 
born  at  Amherst,  N.S.,  Aug.  3,  1855,  and 
was  educated  at  Windsor  Academy  and 
at  M'Gill  University,  where  he  won  the 
Governor-General's  Scholarship.  He  gradu- 
ated LL.B.  at  Harvard  University  in  1876  ; 
was  called  to  the  Bar  of  Nova  Scotia  in 
1878,  and  to  the  Ontario  Bar  in  1895.  In 
1882  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons for  Pictou,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1887  and  in  1891.  He  entered  Sir  John 
Macdonald's  Government,  May  31,  1888,  as 
Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  and  held 
that  office  under  succeeding  Governments 
until  December  1894,  and  then  became 
Minister  of  Justice  and  Attorney-General 
under  Sir  Mackenzie  Bowell.  In  1890  he 
was  made  a  Q.C. ,  and  was  selected  to 
assist  the  British  Ambassador  at  Washing- 
ton in  the  discussion  of  regulations  re- 
specting fur  seals,  and  in  June  1892  he 
was  chosen  to  be  her  Majesty's  Agent  for 
Great  Britain  in  the  Behring  Sea  Arbitra- 
tion, which  met  at  Paris,  February  1893. 
His  zeal  and  ability  in  the  preparation  of 
the  case  led  to  his  appointment  as 
K.C.M.G.  In  October  1897  he  removed  to 
British  Columbia. 


TURKEY,  Sultan  of. 
Hamid  II. 


See  Abd-ul- 


TURNEE,  The  Right  Rev.  Charles 
Henry,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Islington,  Suf- 
fragan Bishop  in  the  diocese  of  Lon- 
don, and  Rector  of  St.  Andrew  Under- 
shaft,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Thomas  Turner,  treasurer  of  Guy's  Hospi- 
tal, and  was  born  on  Jan.  14,  1842.  He 
was  educated  at  Cholmeley's  School,  High- 
gate,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  was  a  Scholar.  In  1864  he 
was  tenth  Wrangler,  and  in  1868  was  or- 
dained by  the  Bishop  of  Ely  to  the  curacy 
of  Godmanchester,  Huntingdonshire.  He 
was  Resident  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
London  from  1873  to  1877,  when  he  re- 
sumed parochial  work  as  Vicar  of  St. 
Saviour's,  Fitzroy  Square.  After  five  years 
in  St.  Pancras  he  succeeded  the  Rev. 
Harry  Jones  as  Rector  of  St.  George's-in- 
the-East,  a  position  which  he  held  for 
fifteen  years  and  only  recently  resigned. 
He  became  a  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in 
1895.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
an  honorary  Chaplain  to  her  Majesty,  and 
was  promoted  to  be  a  Chaplain-in-Ordinary 
in  April  1898.  He  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  connection  with  many  religious 


TURNER  —  TURK 


1097 


and  social  organisations  in  London,  and 
for  the  last  fourteen  years  has  served  as 
Examining  Chaplain  under  three  Bishops 
of  London.  He  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Islington,  and  Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of 
London  in  April  1898.  He  is  married  to  a 
daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  M'Dougall,  Bishop 
of  Labuan,  and  subsequently  Canon  of 
Winchester  and  Archdeacon  of  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  Addresses  :  Westfield,  West  Hill, 
Hampstead,  N.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

TURNER,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
George,  K.C.M.G.,  Premier  and  Treasurer 
of  Victoria,  was  born  at  Melbourne,  Aug. 
8,  1851,  and  educated  at  the  Central 
School.  He  practised  as  a  Solicitor  and 
Barrister,  and  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Victorian  Parliament  for  St.  Kilda  in 
1889.  In  1891  he  took  office  as  Commis- 
sioner of  Customs,  and  continued  to  hold 
this  post  while  Mr.  Shiels  was  reconstruct- 
ing the  Munro  ministry.  He  has  been 
successively  Solicitor  -  General,  Commis- 
sioner of  Trade  and  Customs,  and  Minister 
of  Health.  In  1894  he  became  the  Leader 
of  the  Opposition,  and  the  Patterson 
Government  was  overthrown  on  his  motion. 
His  party  returned  to  power  at  the  general 
election,  and  he  became  Premier  on  Sep- 
tember 27.  He  is  well  known  as  an 
organiser.  He  came  to  England  with  the 
other  colonial  Premiers  for  the  Diamond 
Jubilee  of  1897,  when  he  was  made  a  Privy 
Councillor,  and  an  Honorary  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge  University.  He  is  a  Member 
of  the  Australian  National  Federation 
Convention,  and  the  successful  issue  of  its 
labours  early  in  1899  has  been  greatly  due 
to  his  enthusiastic  advocacy  of  Federation. 
Address  :  Bovey-Carlisle  Street,  St.  Kilda, 
Victoria. 

TURNER,  Professor  Sir  William, 
M.B.,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.  London 
and  Edinburgh,  F.E.C.S.  London  and 
Edinburgh,  was  born  in  Lancaster  in  1832, 
and  is  the  son  of  William  and  Margaret 
Turner.  He  received  his  medical  educa- 
tion at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  where 
he  obtained  a  Scholarship,  and  in  1853  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England.  As  a  student  he 
gained  an  Exhibition  and  Gold  Medal  at 
the  University  of  London,  and  took  his 
degree  in  Medicine  in  1857.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  ;  and  in 
1867,  on  the  death  of  Professor  John 
Goodsir,  he  became  Professor  of  Anatomy. 
In  addition,  he  is  Honorary  Professor  of 
Anatomy  to  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy. 
He  has  at  various  times  held  the  following 
appointments :  Examiner  in  Anatomy  in 
the  Universities  of  London,  Oxford,  and 
Durham  ;  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Phy- 


siology in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England  ;  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  Edinburgh.  For  many  years  he  has 
represented  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
on  the  General  Council  of  Medical  Educa- 
tion, and  is  now  the  President,  having 
been  elected  in  the  spring  of  1898.  In 
1889  he  was  elected  by  the  Senate  of  the 
University  as  one  of  their  representatives 
on  the  University  Court.  He  was  made, 
in  1881,  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion to  inquire  into  the  working  of  the 
Acts  affecting  the  Medical  Profession.  He 
has  written  numerous  articles  on  anatomy, 
both  human  and  comparative,  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  various  learned  societies,  in  the 
Reports  of  H.M.S.  Challenger,  and  in  dif- 
ferent journals,  more  especially  in  the 
Journal  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  of 
which  he  is  one  of  the  founders  and 
editors.  Some  years  ago  he  was  awarded 
by  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  the 
Neill  Medal  for  his  contributions  to  Scot- 
tish Natural  History.  He  is  a  member  of 
many  scientific  societies,  and  has  received 
the  Honorary  Membership  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  the  Anthropological  Socie- 
ties of  Berlin,  Rome,  and  Paris,  and  the 
Royal  Medico  -  Cbirurgical  Society  of 
London,  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science 
of  Berlin,  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  of  Manchester,  the  Obstetrical 
Societies  of  London  and  Edinburgh.  The 
Universities  of  Oxford,  Glasgow,  Dublin, 
Montreal,  Trinity  University,  Toronto,  and 
Durham  have  conferred  on  him  honorary 
degrees,  and  he  has  been  elected  a  member 
of  the  Athenaeum  under  the  rule  which 
admits  those  who  have  attained  eminence 
in  Science,  Literature,  the  Arts,  or  Public 
Service.  In  1886  he  received  the  honour 
of  Knighthood,  and  is  D.L.  of  the  City  and 
County  of  Edinburgh.  He  joined  the 
Volunteer  force  at  its  institution  in  1859, 
and  held  for  thirty  years  a  commission  in 
the  Queen's  Rifle  Volunteer  Brigade,  Royal 
Scots,  when  he  retired  with  the  honorary 
rank  of  Lieut. -Colonel.  In  December  1898, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  Academy  of  Medicine,  he  was 
appointed  an  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Academy.  He  is  married  to  Agnes,  eldest 
daughter  of  Abraham  Logan,  of  Burn- 
houses,  Berwickshire.  Addresses  :  6  Eton 
Terrace,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Athenseum. 

TURR,  Gen.  Stephen,  born  at  Baja, 
in  Hungary,  in  1825,  became  a  lieutenant 
in  the  Austrian  army  in  1848.  His  regi- 
ment was  stationed  in  Italy,  and  his 
rooted  dislike  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg 
inspired  him  with  a  strong  sympathy  for 
the  Italian  cause.  The  Revolutionary 
Government    of  Hungary    having    called 


1098 


TUSON 


upon  all  Hungarians  serving  under  the 
Austrian  flag  in  Italy  to  desert  to  the 
Piedmontese,  he  went  over  to  the  latter 
from  Buffalora  in  January  1849,  and  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Hungarian  Legion 
in  the  Sardinian  service.  After  the  dis- 
aster of  Novara,  the  greater  part  of  the 
Hungarian  Legion  followed  their  Colonel 
into  Baden,  where  a  revolutionary  move- 
ment had  taken  place,  and  throughout  the 
struggle  Colonel  Tiirr  commanded  not  only 
the  remnant  of  his  legion,  but  also  three 
Baden  battalions.  After  the  insurrection 
had  been  put  down,  the  Hungarians  took 
refuge  in  Switzerland,  and  the  Federal 
Government  aided  many  of  them  to  start 
for  the  United  States  ;  but  Colonel  Tiirr, 
being  too  ill  to  go,  lived  for  four  years  on 
a  small  pension  granted  to  him  by  the 
Sardinian  Government.  On  the  outbreak 
of  the  Eussian  war  he  vainly  endeavoured 
to  serve  under  Omar  Pasha,  but  succeeded 
in  taking  part  as  a  volunteer  in  several  of 
the  battles  in  the  Crimea,  especially  in 
that  of  the  Tchernaya,  and  received  a 
commission  from  Colonel  M'Murdo,  the 
officer  in  command  of  the  British  trans- 
port service.  While  engaged  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duty,  and  in  connection 
with  this  employment  in  the  autumn  of 
1865,  he  was  arrested  at  Bucharest  by  the 
Austrians  as  a  deserter,  and  sent  under 
escort  to  Cronstadt  to  be  tried  there.  His 
illegal  arrest  caused  great  excitement 
throughout  Europe,  and  was  protested 
against  by  the  British  and  French  Govern- 
ments. After  a  long  incarceration  he  was 
tried  by  court-martial,  and  sentenced  to 
death ;  which  sentence  was,  however 
(owing  to  the  urgent  remonstrance  of  the 
British  Government),  commuted  to  per- 
petual banishment.  In  the  Italian  war  in 
1859  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  Gari- 
baldi's staff,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel,  and 
was  always  at  the  General's  side  during 
this  campaign,  until  he  was  seriously 
wounded  in  the  left  arm  at  Brescia.  In 
the  spring  of  1860,  when  Garibaldi  planned 
his  Sicilian  expedition,  Colonel  Tun-  again 
served  under  him  in  the  capacity  of  aide- 
de-camp,  and  before  Palermo  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  General  of  Division. 
The  brilliant  part  be  played  in  the  War 
of  Liberation  was  acknowledged  by  the 
Government  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  who 
promoted  him  to  the  rank  of  General  of 
Division  in  the  army  of  Italy  in  1861,  and 
confided  to  him  the  military  command  of 
the  town  and  province  of  Naples.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Arrestation,  Proces,  et 
Condamnation  du  General  Tiirr,"  1853 ; 
and  also  of  "The  House  of  Austria  and 
Hungary,"  1865.  He  married  the  Princess 
Adeline  Wyse  Bonaparte,  a  cousin  of 
Napoleon  III.,  Sept.  10,  1861,  and  took  up 
his     residence    at    Pallanza.      Since     his 


marriage  he  has  made  two  journeys  to 
Rou mania,  with  a  view  of  creating  diffi- 
culties for  Austria  in  the  East  of  Europe. 
These  political  journeys  were,  however, 
thought  to  be  compromising  to  the  Italian 
Government,  and,  accordingly,  Colonel 
Tiirr  resigned  his  commission  in  1864.  He 
returned  to  Hungary  after  the  war  of 
1866.  In  1870  he  busied  himself  in  trying 
to  effect  an  alliance  between  France,  Italy, 
and  Austria.  During  the  Russo-Turkish 
War  he  was  violently  hostile  to  Russia.  In 
June  1886  he  obtained,  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  late  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps,  the 
concession  for  piercing  a  canal  through 
the  Isthmus  of  Corinth.  The  work  was  at 
first  retarded  by  financial  difficulties,  but 
was  finally  accomplished  in  1893. 

TTTSON,  General  Sir  Henry  Bras- 
nell,  K.C.B.,  Deputy  Adjutant-General, 
Royal  Marines,  son  of  the  late  Lieutenant 
James  Tuson,  R.N.,  was  born  in  April 
1836.  He  joined  the  Royal  Marine  Artillery 
as  a  Lieutenant  in  1854,  and  was  promoted 
Captain  in  November  1865,  Major  in  Octo- 
ber 1877,  and  Colonel  in  November  1882. 
He  served  in  China  in  1858-60,  and 
commanded  a  detachment  on  an  ex- 
pedition against  pirates,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  and  destruction  of  over 
one  hundred  junks ;  he  was  also  pre- 
sent at  the  attack  on  and  capture  of 
the  Peiho  Forts,  and  was  mentioned  in 
despatches.  As  a  Major  he  had  charge  of 
the  Royal  Marine  Artillery  employed  on 
special  service  in  the  Zulu  War.  He  also 
commanded  the  battalion  of  the  Royal 
Marine  Artillery  which  did  such  good  ser- 
vice throughout  the  campaign  against  Arabi 
Pasha.  Colonel  Tuson  and  his  men  were 
present  at  every  action  fought,  rendering 
special  service  at  the  advance-guard  affair 
at  Tel-el-Mahuta,  where  they  greatly 
helped  the  Horse  Artillery  against  the 
Egyptian  guns,  and  at  the  two  fights  at 
Kassassin  and  Tel-el-Kebir.  He  was  pro- 
moted Colonel  for  his  services,  and  ap- 
pointed extra  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen, 
and  also  received  a  C.B.  and  the  Medjidieh 
of  the  3rd  class.  Colonel  Tuson  com- 
manded the  Royal  Marine  forces  during 
the  naval  and  military  operations  in  the 
Eastern  Soudan,  and  at  the  battles  of  El- 
Teb  and  Tamai.  He  took  part  in  the 
advance  on  and  relief  of  Tokar  and  the 
advance  on  Tamaniet.  His  services  on 
these  occasions  were  officially  acknow- 
ledged by  the  Admiralty,  and  publicly 
notified  at  the  headquarters  of  the  four 
divisions  of  the  Royal  Marines.  He  was 
promoted  Major-General  in  1888.  The 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  upon  his  accession  to 
the  Duchy  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  con- 
ferred upon  General  Tuson,  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  Queen,  the  Saxe  Ernestine 


TUTTIETT  —  TWEEDY 


1099 


Order  of  the  first  class.  He  also  received 
a  K.C.B.  on  the  24th  May  1895.  Lieut.  - 
General  Sir  Henry  Tuson  married,  in  1864, 
Ann  Frances,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Major 
J.  Bates.  Address :  43  Neverin  Square, 
S.W. 

TUTTIETT,  M.  G.  ("Maxwell  Gray"), 
was  born  at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  being 
the  only  daughter  of  FraDk  Bampfylde 
Tuttiett,  M.R.C.S.,  and  Eliza,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Gleed.  She  is  the  authoress  of 
"The  Silence  of  Dean  Maitland,"  1886; 
"The  Reproach  of  Annesly,"  1888  ;  "In 
the  Heart  of  the  Storm,"  1891  ;  "West- 
minster Chimes,  and  other  Poems,"  1889  ; 
"An  Innocent  Impostor,  and  other  Stories," 
1892  ;  "  A  Costly  Freak,"  1893  ;  "  The 
Last  Sentence,"  1892;  "Lays  of  the 
Dragon-Slayer,"  1894,  a  poem  ;  "  Sweet- 
hearts and  Friends,"  1897  ;  "Ribstone 
Pippins,"  and  "  The  House  of  Hidden 
Treasure,"  1898.  She  has  also  published 
essays  in  reviews  and  magazines,  also 
poems  and  short  stories  in  magazines,  &c. 
Address  :  2  Mount  Ararat  Road,  Richmond, 
Surrey. 


TWAIN,     Mark. 

Samuel  Langhokne. 


See    Clemens, 


TWEED  DALE,  Marquis  of, 
William  Montagu  Hay,  K.T.,  D.L., 
was  born  on  Jan.  27, 1826,  and  is  the  third 
son  of  the  8th  Marquis,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1878,  and  Susan,  daughter  of  the  5th 
Duke  of  Manchester.  He  was  educated 
at  Haileybury,  and  entered  the  Bengal 
Civil  Service,  being  appointed  to  be  Deputy 
Commissioner  of  Simla  and  Superintend- 
ent of  Hill  States  in  Northern  India. 
Returning  home  in  1862,  he  was  subse- 
quently elected  an  M.P.,  and  as  Lord 
William  Hay  represented  Taunton  in  the 
Liberal  interest  from  1865  to  1868,  and 
the  Haddington  Burghs  in  1878,  when  he 
succeeded  to  the  title.  He  has  been 
Lord  High  Commissioner  to  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  (1889- 
1892  and  1896-97),  and  when  Chairman  of 
the  North  British  Railway  Company  was 
one  of  the  most  successful  and  hard-worked 
of  directors.  He  married,  in  1878,  Candida, 
daughter  of  Signor  Vincenzo  Bartolucci, 
of  Cantiano,  Rome.  Addresses  :  6  Hill 
Street,  W.  ;  and  Yester  House,  Hadding- 
tonshire. 

TWEEDIE,  Mrs.  Alec,  author,  is  a 
daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  George  Harley, 
F.R.S.,  and  widow  of  Alec  Tweedie,  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Tweedie,  F.R.S.  She  was  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  College,  Harley  Street, 
London,  and  in  Germany.  Her  writings 
include  :  "A  Girl's  Ride  in  Iceland,"  1890 
(3rd  edit.   1895);   "The    Oberammergau 


Passion  Play,"  1890  ;  "  A  Winter  Jaunt 
to  Norway,"  1894  (2nd  edit.  1895);  "Wil- 
ton, Q.C.,"  a  story,  and  "Danish  versus 
English  Butter-Making,"  1895  ;  "Through 
Finland  in  Carts,"  1897  ;  and  "  The 
First  College  for  Women,"  being  an 
account  of  Queen's  College,  Harley  Street, 
London,  1898,  and  a  memoir  of  her  father, 
1899.  Mrs.  Alec  Tweedie's  name  is  well 
known  to  readers  of  magazines  and  the 
daily  journals.  Address  :  30  York  Ter- 
race, N.W. 

TWEEDMOTJTH,  Lord,  The  Bight 
Hon.  Edward  Marjoribanks,  D.L., 
J.P.,  born  in  London,  July  8,  1849,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Lord  Tweed- 
mouth.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  which  he  left 
without  taking  a  degree.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1874.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  member  for  Berwick- 
shire in  the  Liberal  interest,  and  in  1883 
moved  the  Address  in  answer  to  the  speech 
from  the  Throne.  In  February  1886  he 
was  appointed  Comptroller  of  her  Majesty's 
Household,  second  whip  to  the  Liberal 
party,  and  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor.  In 
1883-84  he  served  as  Chairman  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  Harbour  Accommoda- 
tion, and  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Trawling.  He  was  again 
returned  for  Berwickshire  in  1886  and  in 
1892.  In  August  of  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  Patronage  Secretary  and  Chief 
Liberal  Whip.  In  March  1894,  shortly 
after  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Gladstone 
from  office,  he  succeeded  to  his  father,  the 
first  Lord  Tweedmouth,  who  died  at  that 
time.  In  March  1894  he  was  appointed 
Lord  Privy  Seal,  and  in  May  Chancellor 
of  the  Duchy.  He  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  mainstays  of  his  party,  has  always 
been  a  staunch  supporter  of  the  Eighty 
Club,  and  was  supposed  to  be  peculiarly 
in  the  confidence  both  of  Mr.  Gladstone 
(whose  intimate  friend  he  was)  and  of 
Lord  Rosebery.  He  was  elected  an  Alder- 
man (Progressive)  of  the  London  County 
Council  in  March  1898.  He  married,  in 
1873,  Fanny  Spencer  Churchill,  third 
daughter  of  the  7th  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
Addresses  :  Brook  House,  Park  Lane,  W.  ; 
and  Halton  Hall,  Berwick-on-Tweed,  &c. 

TWEEDY,  John,  F.R.C.S.,  received 
his  medical  education  at  University  College, 
London,  where  he  was  at  one  time  Assistant 
Medical  Officer  of  the  Skin  Department, 
and  is  now  Professor  of  Ophthalmic  Medi- 
cine, Surgeon,  and  Ophthalmic  Surgeon. 
He  is  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  London 
Ophthalmic  Hospital,  Fellow  of  the  Roy. 
Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and  Medical  Soc.  of 
London,  besides  being  Member  of  Council 
of  the  Roy.  Coll.  of  Surgeons,  Eng.,  and  one 


1100 


TWINING  —  TYNAN 


of  the  Vice-Presidents  for  1899-1900.  He 
has  written  largely  on  the  Eye  in  Heath's 
"  Dictionary  of  Practical  Surgery,"  Quain's 
"  Dictionary  of  Medicine,"  the  Transactions 
of  the  Ophthalmic  Society,  &c.  Address : 
100  Harley  Street,  W. 

TWINING,    Louisa,    was    born    in 
London,  Nov.  10,  1820,  and  is  the  daughter 
of  Richard  Twining.     She  was  educated 
at  home,   and  by  attending  Lectures   at 
the   Royal    Institution,    Queen's   College, 
Harley  Street,  and  elsewhere.     She  acted 
as   Guardian   of  the  Poor  at   Kensington 
from  1884  to  1890,  and  of  the  Tonbridge 
Union  from   1893  to    1896.     Miss   Louisa 
Twining  has  been  engaged  in  Poor-Law 
Administration   during   more   than    forty 
years.     In   1858  she   founded   the  Work- 
house Visiting   Society,  for   the   purpose 
of  looking  after  the  poor,  especially  the 
incurably  sick,  in  workhouses.    The  Society 
consisted  of  ladies,  and  these  aimed,  as 
their  prospectus  set  forth,   at  the  moral 
and  spiritual  benefit  of  inmates,  but  their 
labours  naturally  led  to  the  whole  question 
of  pauperism  coming  before  the  notice  of 
Parliament  and  of  the  nation.     In  1858 
she  wrote  an  important  letter  to  the  Times, 
which  has  throughout  seconded  her  in  her 
labours,  on  workhouse  nurses,  their  habits 
of   intemperance,   &c.      In   1861,   whenj  a 
Select    Committee    on    Poor  -  Law   Relief 
had  been  appointed,  she  gave  important 
evidence  about  the  work   of   her  society 
before  the  Committee.     Four  years  after- 
wards, in  1865,  the  Lancet,  in  obedience, 
as   it   stated,    to   the   best    traditions    of 
the  medical  profession,  who  had  played 
their  part  for  years  in  establishing  kindlier 
relations  between  rich  and  poor,  started 
its  Sanitary  Commission  for  Investigating 
the   State   of    the    Infirmaries    of    Work- 
houses.    The  work  of  this  Commission  is 
well  known,  and  was  doubtless  originally 
suggested  by  the  labours  of  Miss  Twining. 
Among  books  published  by  the  subject  of 
our  memoir  may  be  mentioned  :  "  Symbols 
and    Emblems    of    Early   and    Mediaeval 
Christian  Art,"  illustrated,  1st  edit.,  1852  ; 
2nd  edit.,  1884;   "Types  and  Figures  of 
the  Bible,"  illustrated,   1855  ;    and   many 
writings   on   the   subject   of   workhouses, 
including    "A    Paper    on    the    Condition 
of  Workhouses,"  read  before  the   Social 
Science  Congress  at  Birmingham,   1857  ; 
"  Letter  to  the  President  of  the  Poor-Law 
Board,"   "Morning  and  Evening  Prayers 
for  Workhouses,"  "Readings  for  Visitors 
to  Workhouses  and   Hospitals,"  "Metro- 
politan  Workhouses  and  their  Inmates," 
"  Workhouses  and  Women's  Work,"  "  Re- 
collections   of    Workhouse   Visiting    and 
Management   during    twenty-five    years," 
1880;     "Poor-Law    Relief    in    Foreign 
Countries   and   Outdoor   Relief    in    Eng- 


land,"  1884  ;    "  Workhouses  and    Pauper- 
ism," 1898.    Address  ;  Rochester. 

TYLOR,  Professor  Edward  Bur- 
nett, D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  J.P.,  was 
born  at  Camberwell,  Oct.  2,  1832,  and 
educated  at  the  School  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  Grove  House,  Tottenham.  His 
work  has  been  specially  devoted  to  the 
study  of  the  races  of  mankind,  their  his- 
tory, languages,  and  civilisation.  At  a 
time  when  anthropology  was  far  from 
having  attained  to  the  consideration  it 
now  receives,  and  was  not  held  to  be  a 
subject  for  instruction,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  of  accompanying  his  friend,  Mr. 
Henry  Christy,  on  a  journey  in  Mexico  in 
1856,  the  archaeological  objects  collected 
during  which  now  form  part  of  the  Christy 
Collection  in  the  Ethnological  Department 
of  the  British  Museum.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1871, 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  in 
1873,  and  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1875.  In  1883  he  was  appointed 
Keeper  of,  the  Oxford  University  Museum 
and  Reader  in  Anthropology,  of  which 
subject  he  became  in  1896  the  first  Pro- 
fessor. In  1888  he  was  elected  the  first 
Gifford  Lecturer  by  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen, delivering  a  two-years'  course  on 
"Natural  Religion,"  the  results  embodied 
in  which  still  await  completion  and  pub- 
lication. Dr.  Tylor  has  been  President 
of  the  Anthropological  Institute  in  1879- 
80  and  1891-92.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Anahuac,  or  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans," 
1861;  "Researches  into  the  History  of 
Mankind,"  1865  ;  and  "  Primitive  Culture  : 
Researches  into  the  Development  of  Myth- 
ology, Philosophy,  Religion,  Art,  and  Cus- 
tom," 2  vols.,  1871  (3rd  edit,  1891).  A 
more  recent  work  is  an  educational  hand- 
book of  the  Science  of  Man,  "Anthropo- 
logy :  an  introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Man  and  Civilisation,"  1881.  He  married, 
in  1858,  Anna,  daughter  of  the  late 
Sylvanus  Fox,  of  Wellington,  Somerset. 
Addresses  :  Museum  House,  Oxford  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

TYNAN,  Katharine  (Mrs.  Kath- 
arine Tynan  Hinkson),  was  born  in 
Dublin  in  the  earlier  sixties,  but  lived 
nearly  all  her  life  till  her  marriage  at 
Whitehall,  Clasdalkin,  co.  Dublin,  where 
her  father,  Mr.  Andrew  C.  Tynan,  farms 
his  own  land.  She  went  to  school  to  the 
Dominican  Convent  of  St.  Catherine  of 
Sienna,  Drogheda,  but  left  at  an  early 
age,  and  educated  herself  by  miscellaneous 
reading,  and  a  free  country  life  in  the 
shadow  of  the  mountains.  Her  father 
was  her  first  critic.  She  began  writing 
to  please  him,  published  verse  in    Young 


TZE-HSI  — UDNY 


1101 


Ireland,  a  Dublin  paper,  the  Graphic,  and 
the   Irish  Monthly   under  the    editorship 
of   Father   Maithew   Russell,    brother   of 
the  Lord  Chief-Justice  of   England.      To 
the  discrimination  of  Father  Russell  she 
owes  her  successful   entry   on   literature. 
She  published  her  first  volume  of  verse, 
"Louise    de    La   Valliere,"    with    Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.   in   1885 ;   "  Shamrocks,"  two 
years  later;    "Ballads    and    Lyrics,"    in 
1892.     In  1887  she  began  to  write  prose 
for  the   Providence   Sunday  Journal,    and 
soon  after  for  the  Speaker  and   National 
Observer.     In  1893  she  married  Mr.  H.  A. 
Hinkson,  of  Dublin  University,  and  came 
to  live  in  London.    The  succeeding  spring 
Mr.  Lane  published  her  "Cuckoo  Songs," 
and  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen  her  "Cluster 
of  Nuts,"  a  volume  of  Irish  stories.     Since 
that  time  she  has  contributed  to  most  of 
the  magazines,  reviews,  and  newspapers  of 
a  literary  kind.     To  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette 
she  contributes  much  prose  and  verse  in 
these  latter  days.     In  1895  she  published 
"Miracle  Plays,"   with   Mr.   Lane;    "An 
Isle  in  the  Water,"  with  Messrs.  Black  ; 
and  "The  Way  of  a  Maid,"  with  Messrs. 
Lawrence  &  Bullen.     In  1896,  "  Oh,  what 
a  Plague  is  Love  ! "  with  Messrs.   A.  &  C. 
Black,  and  "A  Lover's  Breast-Knot,"  with 
Mr.  Elkin  Mathews.     Her  two  most  recent 
volumes  are  "  The  Handsome  Brandons  " 
and  "The  Wind  in  the  Trees"  (poems), 
1898.     She  reviews  much  and  writes  many 
miscellaneous  articles.    Address:  107  Blen- 
heim Crescent,  Notting  Hill,  W. 

TZE-HSI  ("Tze,"  or  "Tsze,"  signify- 
ing paternal  love,  or  the  love  of  a  superior 
for  an  inferior),  Dowager- Empress  of 
China,  the  maternal  aunt  of  Kwang-Hsu 
(q.v.),  was  a  child  of  poor  parents,  who 
lived  in  the  suburbs  of  Canton.  At  an 
early  age,  following  a  common  practice  in 
China,  she  was  sold  as  a  slave  by  her 
parents  on  account  of  their  poverty.  She 
became  the  property  of  a  famous  general, 
who,  enchanted  with  her  great  beauty, 
adopted  her,  and  offered  her  as  a  present 
to  the  reigning  Emperor,  Hsien-Eeng. 
She  so  charmed  the  "  Son  of  Heaven"  by 
her  looks  and  intelligence,  that  he  made 
her  his  secondary  wife,  and  on  her  bearing 
him  a  son,  the  future  Emperor  Tung  Chih, 
raised  her  to  the  first  rank.  On  his  death 
she  became  the  Regent  of  the  Empire, 
administering  the  national  affairs  for 
fifteen  years,  with  more  vigour  than  any 
of  her  predecessors.  According  to  rumour 
she  has  been  the  cause  of  the  death  of  the 
present  Emperor's  mother,  her  own  sister, 
the  Marquis  Tseng,  and  Prince  Chun,  and 
many  others  who  have  stood  in  her  way. 
But  this  has  been  denied  by  Dr.  Dudgeon. 
During  the  minority  of  Kwang  Hsu  she 
reigned  until  1889.    In  September  1898  she 


virtually  deposed  Kwang  Hsu  because  of 
his  desires  for  reform  ;  she  reinstated  her 
ancient  ally  and  adviser,  Li  Hung  Chang 
(q.v.),  and  reintroduced  the  time-honoured 
celestial  re'gime.  She  has  lately  received 
the  ladies  of  the  diplomatic  body  in  Pekin 
in  an  affable  manner,  an  act  probably 
without  precedent  in  the  imperial  annals, 
and  is  now  (1899)  again  permitting  the 
Emperor  to  issue  rescripts. 


u 


UDNY,    Sir   Richard,   K.C.S.I.,   late 
Commissioner  of  the  Peshawar  Division, 
Punjab,  was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  George  Udny,  H.E.I.C.S., 
Sub-Treasurer  of  the  Bank  of  Bengal,  and 
pursuer  in  the  famous  real  property  case 
of  Udny  v.  Udny,  and  Anne  Lydia,  second 
daughter   of    the    late    Samuel   Tomkins, 
banker,  of  Lombard  Street.     He  was  edu- 
cated at  schools  at  St.  Andrews,  and  at 
Aberdeen   University,  where  he  took  the 
M.A.  degree  in  1866,  after  obtaining  first 
class  honours  in  Mathematics  and  a  second 
class  in  Classics.    In  1867  he  obtained  the 
Fullerton    Mathematical    Scholarship    at 
Aberdeen,  and  subsequently  spent  a  term 
or  two   at   Cambridge.     He   entered   the 
Bengal   Civil   Service    in    1869,    and    has 
served  as  political  officer  with  the  Jawaki 
Expedition,   1877-78  ;  the  Mahsud  Wazir 
Expedition,  1881  ;  the  Samana  (Miranzai), 
1891,  and  Isazai  or  Black  Mountain  Ex- 
pedition in  1892,  for  which  he  obtained  a 
medal  and  two  clasps.     He  was  appointed 
on  a  special  mission  to  the  Kurram  Valley 
in   1888,  and  was   Commissioner  for   the 
delimitation    of     sections    of    the    Indo- 
Afghan  Boundary  in  1894-95  and  1896-97. 
From  1891  to  1898  he  was  Commissioner 
of  the  Peshawar   Division.     His   position 
here    has    been    most    responsible.       He 
has     been     thrown     into     constant     in- 
tercourse    with     wild     tribes,     members 
of    which    have     not    infrequently    shot 
at   him    as    he    has   ridden    among  their 
mountains.     His    tact,    and    his   extreme 
versatility   as   a    linguist,   however,   have 
endeared   him  to  the  frontier  tribesmen, 
and  their  revolt  in  the  recent  war  cannot 
be   laid  at   Sir   Richard's   door.     He   has 
been  repeatedly  and  violently  assailed  by 
a  section  of  the  Indian  press  for  allowing 
weapons   to   fall   into   the   hands   of   the 
enemy,  and  for  refusing  help,  as  he  had 
advisedly  refused  it  before,  at  a  moment 
when  the  Khyber  was  threatened  by  the 
tribesmen.    But  from  the  vexatious  charges 
of  party  journalists  he  was  triumphantly 
cleared  by  Lord  Lansdowne,  in  his  great 
speech   on  the  Indian  Frontier  Question, 
delivered  in  Parliament  at  the  close  of  the 


1102 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  —  VAMBERY 


campaign.  Sir  Richard  Udny  was  with 
General  Lockhart  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  war,  and  was  the  spokesman  of 
the  English  Government  at  a  durbar  where 
the  rebel  chiefs  assembled  to  hear  the 
conditions  of  peace  propounded  to  them 
in  Pushtu.  He  was  honoured  by  his  old 
University  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in 
August  1898.  He  retired  in  1898.  He  is 
married  to  Alicia,  daughter  of  the  late 
Samuel  Tomkins,  jun.,  banker,  of  Lombard 
Street.  Address:  East  Indian  United  Ser- 
vice Club,  16  St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 

President  of.  SeeM'KiNLEY,  The  Hon. 
William. 

UNWIN,  Professor  William  Caw- 
thorne,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.,  M.I.C.E.,  Hon. 
M.I.M.E.,  was  born  at  Coggeshall,  in 
Essex,  in  1838,  and  is  the  son  of  William 
Jordan  Unwin,  LL.D.,  for  many  years 
Principal  of  Homerton  College.  He  was 
educated  at  the  City  of  London  School, 
and  was  apprenticed  in  the  works  of  Sir 
William  Fairbairn  at  Manchester,  1855  to 
1862.  Professor  Unwin  was  Instructor  at 
the  Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture, 
South  Kensington,  1868-72  ;  Professor  of 
Mechanical  and  Hydraulic  Engineering, 
Royal  Indian EngineeringCollege,  Cooper's 
Hill,  1872-84 ;  and  since  that  time  has  been 
Professor  of  Engineering,  Central  Institu- 
tion of  the  City  and  Guilds  Institute  at 
South  Kensington.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Wrought-Iron  Bridges  and  Roofs,"  1869  ; 
"  The  Elements  of  Machine  Design,"  1877 
(11th  edit.,  1890-91);  "The  Testing  of 
Materials  of  Construction,"  1888  ;  and  of 
various  papers  in  the  Proceedings  of 
Societies.  In  1893  he  delivered  the 
Howard  lectures  on  the  "  Development 
and  Transmission  of  Power  from  Central 
Stations."  In  1895  he  delivered  the  Forrest 
lecture  on  "  The  Experimental  Study  of 
Steam-Engines,"  and  in  1896  the  Watt 
Lecture  on  the  life  of  Hirn.  He  was  Secre- 
tary of  the  International  Commission  on 
the  Utilisation  of  Niagara.  Address  :  7 
Palace  Gate  Mansions,  Kensington. 

UZES,  Duchesse  d',  Marie  Adrierme 
Anne  Clementine  de  Rochechouart- 
Mortemart,  was  born  in  Paris  in  1848, 
and  in  1867  married  the  Due  d'Uzes,  who 
died  in  1878.  Her  husband  was  a  great 
supporter  of  Legitimist  principles,  and  his 
widow  continued  his  policy,  putting  her 
immense  fortune  at  the  service  of  the 
monarchical  party.  She  came  greatly  into 
notice  during  the  Boulangist  agitation, 
1888-90,  by  spending  vast  sums  of  money 
in  the  electoral  campaigns.  She  was  re- 
ported to   have  given   three   millions   of 


francs  to  aid  a  coup  d'itat,  which  was  to 
be  brought  about  by  General  Boulanger 
in  favour  of  the  Comte  de  Paris.  The 
Duchesse  is  also  known  as  a  successful 
sculptor,  having  several  times  exhibited 
at  the  Salon.  Her  huge  monument  to 
Emile  Augier,  for  the  town  of  Valence, 
could  not  be  got  into  the  Palais  de  l'ln- 
dustrie,  and  was  exhibited  outside,  in 
1895.  Her  eldest  son  died  while  exploring 
the  Congo  in  1893,  and  she  published,  in 
1894,  "  Le  Voyage  de  mon  Fils  au  Congo." 
Her  Paris  address  is  :  76  Avenue  des 
Champs  Elyse"es. 


VAMBERY,    Professor  Arminius, 

born  at  Duna-Szerdahely,  Hungary,  in 
1832,  of  very  poor  parents,  was  at  an  early 
age  obliged  to  leave  the  shelter  of  the 
paternal  roof  and  seek  his  own  livelihood. 
He  studied  in  the  Latin  school  of  Press- 
burg,  and  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the 
study  of  foreign  languages.  In  order  to 
complete  his  knowledge  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages he  went  to  the  East ;  and,  taking 
up  his  residence  in  Constantinople,  visited 
many  parts  of  the  East,  and  travelled  in 
the  disguise  of  a  dervish,  by  routes  un- 
known to  Europeans,  through  the  deserts 
of  the  Oxus  to  Khiva,  and  thence  by 
Bokhara  to  Samarcand,  in  1861-64.  His 
"  Travels  and  Adventures  in  Central  Asia  " 
appeared  in  London  in  1864.  He  has  been 
appointed  Professor  of  Oriental  Languages 
at  the  University  of  Pesth.  From  that 
town  he  has  for  many  years  written  fre- 
quent letters  to  the  Times  and  other 
English  papers,  warning  England  against 
the  designs  of  Russia.  He  has  more  than 
once  visited  England  on  a  lecturing  tour  ; 
the  last  occasion  being  in  1885,  when  he 
was  in  London  at  the  same  time  as  M. 
Lessar,  whose  diplomacy  he  endeavoured 
to  counteract.  His  more  recent  works  are 
"  Djagatai  Language,"  and  an  account  of 
his  "  Wanderings  and  Adventures  in 
Persia,"  1867  :  "  Sketches  of  Central 
Asia,"  1868  ;  "  Uigur  Linguistical  Monu- 
ment," 1870  ;  "  History  of  Bokhara,  from 
the  Earliest  Period  down  to  the  Present," 
1873  ;  "  Central  Asia  and  the  Anglo- 
Russian  Frontier  Question,"  1874  ;  "  Ma- 
hommedanism  in  the  Nineteenth  Century," 
1875  ;  "  Sketches  of  Manners  and  Cos- 
tumes in  Oriental  Countries,"  1876  ; 
"  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Turco- 
Tartar  Languages,"  1878  ;  "  Primitive 
Civilisation  of  the  Turco-Tartar  Peoples," 
1879;  "  Sheibaniname,"  and  "  The  Coming 
Struggle  for  India,"  1885.  An  interesting 
account  of  his  "Life  and  Adventures," 
written  by  himself,  with  a  dedication  to 


VANBKUGH— VAN  DYKE 


1103 


the  boys  of  England,  was  published  in 
English  in  1889.  Since  that  date  he  has 
published  "  The  Story  of  Hungary,"  1877, 
besides  many  essays  in  English,  German, 
and  Hungarian,  and  has  written  an  intro- 
duction to  the  "  Voyages  and  Adventures 
of  Ferdinand  Mendez  Pinto,"  in  the  Ad- 
venture Series,  1891.  Address  :  The  Uni- 
versity, Pesth. 

VANBRUGH,  Irene,  was  born  at 
Heavitree,  in  Devon,  and  is  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Preb.  R.  H.  Barnes. 
She  was  educated  first  at  the  High  School 
in  Exeter,  and  then  at  a  finishing  school 
in  Paris.  After  a  season  with  Miss  Sarah 
Thorne,  she  joined  Mr.  Toole's  company 
in  September  1889,  and  played  the  leads 
in  his  repertory  in  London,  in  the  pro- 
vinces, and  in  Australia.  After  the  com- 
pany returned  to  town,  Miss  Irene  Van- 
brugh  played  both  in  Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie's 
skit,  entitled  "Ibsen's  Ghost,"  and  in  his 
"  Walker,  London,"  which  ran  for  eighteen 
months.  In  September  1893  she  went  to 
the  Haymarket  for  "The  Tempter,"  "Six 
Persons,"  &c.  ;  and  leaving  Mr.  Tree  in 
February  1894,  went  to  the  St.  James's 
for  "The  Masqueraders."  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  "The  Importance  of  Being 
Earnest,"  by  "Guy  Domville,"  and  by  re- 
vivals. When  her  brother-in-law,  Mr. 
Arthur  Bourchier,  in  September  1895, 
undertook  the  management  of  the  Royalty 
Theatre,  Miss  Irene  Vanbrugh  joined  his 
company  to  its  great  advantage,  for  it  was 
there  she  played  in  "Kitty  Clive"  and 
"The  Liars,"  as  well  as  in  "The  Chili 
Widow."  After  touring  with  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Arthur  Bourchier  in  America,  she 
went  to  the  Criterion  to  create  the  part  of 
Lady  Rosamond  in  "The  Liars."  Jan.  6, 
1898,  saw  the  first  night  of  Miss  Irene 
Vanbrugh's  appearance  in  the  title-role  of 
"Trelawney  of  the  Wells"  at  the  Court 
Theatre.  Permanent  address  :  190  Earl's 
Court  Road,  S.W. 

VANBRUGH,  Violet  (Mrs.  Arthur 
Bourchier),  was  born  at  St.  Mary  Church, 
Torquay,  Devon,  and  is  the  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  the  Rev.  Preb.  Reginald  H. 
Barnes.  After  a  season  with  Miss  Sarah 
Thorne,  she  joined  Mr.  Toole's  London 
•company,  and  as  Lady  Anne  Babbicombe 
in  "The  Butler"  made  an  instant  success. 
When  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  opened  at  the 
Court,  Miss  Vanbrugh  went  to  them  for 
"The  Weaker  Sex,"  and  stayed  with  them 
both  for  their  London  work  and  for  two 
of  their  American  tours,  playing  through- 
out secondary  parts  to  Mrs.  Kendal.  In 
1892  "Henry  VIII."  was  produced  at  the 
Lyceum.  Miss  Vanbrugh  added  greatly 
to  its  success  by  the  charming  fashion 
in  which  she  represented  Anne  Boleyn. 


After  much  good  work  at  Daly's  she  was 
married  to  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  on  Dec.  9, 
1895,  and  a  few  months  later  the  young 
couple  started  in  management  on  their 
own  account  at  the  Royalty  Theatre,  where 
they  produced  "  The  Chili  Widow "  and 
"  The  Queen's  Proctor."  These  two  plays 
they  took  to  America  in  November  1896, 
and  upon  their  return  they  played  a  short 
season  at  the  Strand.  In  May  1898  Miss 
Vanbrugh  created  the  title-role  in  George 
Bancroft's  play  "  Teresa,"  and  subsequently 
played  in  Mrs.  Craigie's  "Ambassador"  at 
the  St.  James's.  Permanent  address  :  190 
Earl's  Court  Road,  S.W. 

VANDAM,    Albert    Dresden,    the 

"Englishman  in  Paris,"  author  and  jour- 
nalist, was  born  in  London  on  March  1843, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Mark  Vandam, 
District  Commissioner  for  the  Dutch  State 
Lotteries.  He  received  a  private  educa- 
tion in  Paris,  and  in  1866,  during  the  war 
between  Prussia  and  Austria,  began  his 
career  as  a  publicist.  During  the  war  of 
1870  he  was  correspondent  to  American 
papers.  After  the  war  he  settled  in 
London,  and  during  ten  years  published 
"Amours  of  Great  Men,"  "An  Every- 
day Heroine,"  an  adaptation,  &c.  In 
1882  he  became  the  Globe  correspondent 
in  Paris,  which  he  left  in  1887,  finally 
settling  in  London,  and  only  leaving  it  on 
special  journalistic  missions  to  France, 
Germany,  &c.  The  book  with  which  he 
achieved  fame  was  his  "Englishman  in 
Paris,"  published  in  1892,  and  followed  in 
1894  by  "My  Paris  Note-Book."  Both 
these  works  display  a  penetrating  know- 
ledge of  French  affairs  under  the  Second 
Empire  and  in  the  early  days  of  the  Re- 
public. Among  his  other  works  we,  may 
mention  :  "  The  Story  of  the  Coup  d'Etat," 
1884;  "Behind  the  Scenes  of  the  Co- 
me"die  Fran^aise,"  1889  (both  translations) ; 
"Undercurrents  of  the  Second  Empire," 
1896,  <fec-  He  ranks  with  the  late  Philip 
Hamerton  and  with  Miss  Betham-Edwards 
and  Mr.  J.  E.  C.  Bodley  as  one  of  those 
who  speak  with  especial  authority  on 
French  men,  manners,  and  affairs.  Ad- 
dress :  47A  Manchester  Street,  Manchester 
Square,  W. 

VAN  DYKE,  Henry,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
American  author  and  preacher,  was  born  at 
Germantown,  Pa.,  Nov.  10,  1852.  He  gra- 
duated at  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute in  1869,  Princeton  College  in  1873, 
Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1877, 
and  studied  for  two  years  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  In  1879  he  was  called  to 
the  United  Congregational  Church  of 
Newport,  R.I.,  and  in  1882  to  the  Brick 
Presbyterian  Church,  one  of  the  historic 
churches  of  New  York  City.     In  1889  he 


1104 


VAN  HORNE  — VAPEREAU 


was  appointed  Preacher  to  the  University 
at  Harvard,  and  in  1893  elected  to  deliver 
the  Lyman  Beecher  Lectures  on  Preaching 
at  Yale.  He  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  North  American  Review,  Forum,  Century, 
Harper  s,  and  Scribner's,  and  has  taken 
active  part  in  religious  work  among  the 
colleges.  His  published  works  are :  "  The 
Reality  of  Religion,"  1884  ;  "The  Story  of 
the  Psalms,"  1887;  "The  National  Sin 
of  Literary  Piracy,"  1888;  "The  Poetry 
of  Tennyson,"  1889;  "God  and  Little 
Children,"  1890;  "Straight  Sermons," 
1893;  "The  Christ-Child  in  Art;  a  Study  of 
Interpretation,"  1893.  All  of  these,  with 
two  exceptions,  have  been  republished  in 
London,  and  had  repeated  editions. 

VAN  HORNE,  Sir  William  Cor- 
nelius, K.C.M.G.  (hon.)  President  of  Cana- 
dian Pacific  Railway,  was  born  near  Joliet, 
Illinois,  Feb.  3,  1843.  By  the  death  of  his 
father  in  his  fourteenth  year  he  was  forced 
to  seek  employment  to  provide  for  the  wants 
of  the  other  members  of  the  family,  and 
began  work  about  the  railroads  of  his 
native  place,  and  rose  as  his  merits  be- 
came known.  In  1872  he  had  become 
General  Superintendent  of  the  St.  Louis, 
Kansas  City,  and  Northern  Railway,  and 
in  1878  had  received  an  appointment  to 
a  similar  position  with  the  Chicago  and 
Altan  Railway.  Two  years  later  he  was 
General  Superintendent  of  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul  Railway,  at  that 
time  the  most  extensive  railway  in  America, 
with  more  than  5000  miles  of  track,  but 
in  1881  he  relinquished  this  place  to  be- 
come General  Manager  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  He  became  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  company  in  1884  and  President 
in  September  1888,  and  is  connected 
with  various  other  railroad  and  telegraph 
enterprises.  He  is  also  a  Governor  of 
M'Gill  University ;  of  the  Royal  Victoria 
Hospital  ;  Vice-President  of  the  Art  Asso- 
ciation of  Montreal,  &c.  In  May  1894  he 
was  made  an  honorary  K.C.M.G.  by  her 
Majesty  in  recognition  of  his  distinguished 
public  services. 

VAPEREAU,  Louis  Gustav,  author, 
born  at  Orleans,  April  4,  1819,  studied  at 
the  seminary  and  college  of  his  native 
city,  and  in  1838  carried  off,  at  a  com- 
petition between  all  the  colleges  of  France, 
the  prize  for  Philosophy,  established  by 
M.  de  Salvandy.  Admitted  into  the 
Normal  School,  he  applied  himself  to 
various  studies,  with  a  special  view  to 
teaching  philosophy.  On  quitting  that 
establishment  he  remained  a  year  in  Paris, 
and  in  1842  became  Private  Secretary  to 
M.  Victor  Cousin,  whom  he  assisted  in  his 
"Pensees  de  Pascal."  He  presided  over  a 
class  on  philosophy  at  the  College  of  Tours 


in  1843,  and  defended  philosophy,  violently 
attacked,  in  a  treatise  entitled  "Du 
Caractere  Liberal,  Moral,  et  Religieux  de 
la  Philosophie  Moderne,"  published  in 
1844.  Though  his  course  of  lectures  was 
frequently  denounced,  he  retained  his 
professorial  chair  for  ten  years,  and,  in 
addition,  presided  over  the  German  course 
at  the  same  college  for  five  years,  and 
began  to  study  law.  In  consequence  of 
the  restrictions  with  which  the  teaching 
of  philosophy  was  fettered,  in  1852  M. 
Vapereau  repaired  to  Paris,  completed  his 
law  studies,  and  became  "avocat"  in 
1854.  About  that  time  Messrs.  Hachette 
entrusted  to  him  the  direction  of  the 
"  Dictionnaire  des  Contemporains,"  which 
occupied  his  whole  attention  for  four 
years,  the  first  edition  appearing  in  1858. 
M.  Vapereau  continued  to  labour  at  this 
great  undertaking,  and  the  "Supplement" 
was  published  in  1859 ;  a  new  edition  of 
the  work,  revised  and  considerably  aug- 
mented, in  1861,  the  "Supplement"  to 
the  new  edition  in  1863  ;  the  third  edition, 
in  a  great  measure  re-written,  in  1865; 
the  fourth  edition  in  1870 ;  the  fifth 
edition  in  1880,  with  a  "  Supplement"  in 
1886  ;  and  the  sixth  edition  in  1891-93. 
Since  1859  M.  Vapereau  has  issued  yearly 
"LAnnee  Littiiraire  et  Dramatique,"  an 
annual  review  of  the  principal  productions 
of  French  literature,  and  the  tenth  volume 
contains  a  general  table  of  the  ten  previous 
years.  M.  Vapereau  subsequently  brought 
out  another  important  work,  a  "Diction-' 
naire  Universel  des  Litteratures."  He  was 
nominated  Prefect  of  the  Cantal  by  the 
Government  of  the  National  Defence  in 
September  1870.  He  was  Prefect  of  the 
department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne  from 
March  26,  1871,  till  March  31,  1873.  He 
returned  to  the  University  as  Inspector- 
General  of  Public  Instruction  (primary 
education),  Jan.  23,  1877,  and  he  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Feb.  7,  1878.  He  retired  from  his  In- 
spector-Generalship in  1888,  when  that 
office  was  abolished,  and  was  given  the 
title  of  Honorary  Inspector-General.  In  a 
preface,  dated  November  1891,  to  the  last 
edition  of  his  noble  "Dictionary  of  Con- 
temporaries "  he  announces  his  intention 
of  handing  over  his  editorial  work  to 
others,  as  he  desires  to  devote  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  more  personal 
literary  studies.  However,  on  June  1, 
1895,  he  published  a  supplement  to  the 
sixth  edition,  including  five  hundred  new 
biographies,  and  bringing  it  fully  up  to 
date.  Since  then,  however,  much  has 
happened  among  the  mutable  Gauls,  and 
the  world  would  be  grateful  if  the  veteran 
biographer  could  issue  a  seventh  edition 
of  his  world-renowned  work.  Paris  ad- 
dress :  10  Boulevard  St.  Michel. 


VAEDT  — VELEY 


1105 


VARDY ,  The  Rev.  Albert  Richard, 
Headmaster  of  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham,  was  born  at  Warminster  on 
Aug.  13,  1841,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Kichard  Elliott  Vardy.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  City  of  London  School,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  was  a  Fellow  from  1866  to  1872.  His 
academic  career  was  brilliant.  He  was 
Senior  Optime,  obtained  a  first  class  in  the 
Classical  Tripos,  was  second  Chancellor's 
Classical  Medallist  in  1864,  and  Cams 
Greek  Testament  Prizeman.  He  was  first 
Assistant  Classical  Ma>ter  at  the  City  of 
London  School  from  1864  to  1872,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  his  present  post.  He 
was  ordained  Priest  in  1867,  was  Curate  of 
St.  Andrew  Undershaft  from  1868  to  1872, 
and  was  appointed  Examining  Chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Worcester  in  1896.  Ad- 
dresses :  King  Edward's  School,  Birming- 
ham ;  and  Athenaeum. 

VASILI,  Count  Paul.  See  Adam, 
Mmb.  Edmond. 

VAUGHAN,  His  Eminence  Her- 
bert, Cardinal,  D.D.,  late  Roman  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Salford,  and  now  Eoman  Catholic 
Archbishop  of  Westminster,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Lieut.-Colonel  Vaughan  of  Court- 
field,  Herefordshire,  and  his  wife  Eliza 
Rous,  born  at  Gloucester,  April  15,  1832, 
received  his  education  at  Stonyhurst  Col- 
lege, Lancashire,  on  the  Continent,  and  in 
Rome,  where  he  entered  the  Accademia 
dei  nobili  Ecclesiastici.  He  was  ordained 
a  priest  at  Lucca,  Oct.  28,  1854,  and,  re- 
turning to  England,  joined  the  Oblates  of 
St.  Charles,  a  congregation  of  secular 
priests  founded  at  Bayswater  by  the  late 
Cardinal  Manning.  From  the  Oblates  he 
was  sent  to  St.  Edmund's  College,  near 
Ware,  of  which  he  was  Vice-President 
until  1862.  He  went  in  1863  to  America 
in  order  to  gather  funds  for  founding  a 
Missionary  College.  In  1869  he  founded, 
and  is  still  President-General  of,  St. 
Joseph's  Foreign  Missionary  College,  Mill 
Hill,  Middlesex,  and  towards  the  close  of 
the  year  1871  accompanied  to  Maryland 
the  first  detachment  of  priests  who  were 
sent  from  that  institution  on  a  special 
mission  to  the  coloured  population  of  the 
United  States.  On  the  death  of  Bishop 
Turner  he  was  elected  Bishop  of  Salford, 
and  consecrated  in  his  cathedral  by  the 
Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Westminster,  Oct. 
28,  1872.  At  Salford  he  published  a  series 
of  pastoral  letters,  and  has  since  identified 
himself  prominently  with  the  crusade 
against  intemperance,  with  rescue  work 
among  children,  and  the  cause  of  com- 
mercial education,  in  the  interests  of 
which  he  built  St.  Bede's  College.  On 
March  29,   1892,   he  was  elected   by  the 


Pope,  and  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Propaganda,  to  the  See  of  Westminster, 
left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Cardinal 
Manning.  On  May  12  he  took  possession 
of  his  See  and  received  the  pallium  on 
August  16.  He  was  summoned  to  Rome 
in  January  1893  to  be  created  a  Cardinal, 
and  was  received  with  great  distinction 
during  his  stay.  Cardinal  Vaughan,  who 
has  acquired  a  considerable  reputation  as 
a  preacher,  has  published  many  letters 
and  pamphlets,  and  is  the  proprietor  of 
the  Tablet  newspaper  and  of  the  Dublin 
Review.  A  speech  of  his,  in  which  he 
dwelt  upon  the  validity  of  Anglican 
Orders,  led  to  a  long  controversy  in  the 
Times  and  other  papers  during  the  autumn 
of  1894.  In  September  1897,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Roman  Catholic  celebra- 
tion of  the  13th  centenary  of  the  landing 
of  St.  Augustine  and  his  monks  at  Ebbs- 
fleet,  Cardinal  Vaughan  delivered  an  im- 
portant address  at  the  Granville  Hall, 
Ramsgate,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a 
Roman  reply  to  the  Lambeth  Conference 
of  that  year.  In  this  address  the  Cardinal 
reviewed  the  growth  of  Christianity  in 
England  and  the  present  position  of 
Anglicans  and  Romans  in  this  country. 
He  adverted  especially  to  the  proposition 
agreed  to  by  the  then  recent  Lambeth 
Conference,  emphasizing  "the  Divine  pur- 
pose of  visible  unity  amongst  Christians 
as  a  fact  of  revelation."  Prior  Vaughan, 
the  Cardinal's  brother,  died  in  Septem- 
ber 1896.  Address:  Archbishop's  House, 
Westminster. 

VAUGHAN,  Sir  James,  B.A.,  is  the  son 
of  the  late  Richard  Vaughan,  of  Cardiff,  and 
was  born  on  March  14, 1814.  He  was  edu- 
cated privately,  and  at  Worcester  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1839,  acted  as  chief  of  the  Commission  of 
Inquiry  into  Corrupt  Practices  at  Glou- 
cester in  1857,  and  at  Berwick-on-Tweed 
in  1859.  He  was  appointed  Police  Magis- 
trate at  Bow  Street  Court  in  1864,  and 
served  with  distinction  until  his  retirement 
in  July  1899.  During  his  long  tenure  of 
office  he  has  presided  over  many  causes 
cilebres,  among  them  being  the  De  Tour- 
ville  extradition  case,  the  Trafalgar  Square 
riots,  and  the  Liberator  case.  He 
married,  in  1854,  Joanna,  daughter  of  the 
late  R.  Smethurst,  of  Chorley.  Address  : 
124  Gloucester  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

VELEY,  Victor  Herbert,  M.A.  Oxon., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Chelmsford  on  Feb. 
10,  1856,  and  is  the  son  of  Frederick 
Thomas  and  Louisa  Veley,  descended  from 
the  family  of  Develay  of  Yverdon,  Switzer- 
land. He  was  educated  at  Rugby  School, 
where  he  was  Natural  Science  Exhibitioner 

4A 


1106 


VENN  — VERDI 


in  1875,  and  at  University  College,  Oxford. 
Here  he.  obtained  a  first  class  in  the 
Honour  School  of  Natural  Science  (1878), 
and  was  Public  Examiner  in  the  same 
school  in  1887-90.  He  was  appointed 
Demonstrator  and  Lecturer  at  the  Uni- 
versity Museum,  Oxford,  in  1887,  Lecturer 
of  Queen's  College  in  1891,  and  Tutor 
to  the  Delegacy  of  the  Non-Collegiate 
Students  in  1890.  He  has  published 
numerous  memoirs  on  theoretical,  physical, 
and  applied  chemistry  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Journals  of  the  Chemical  Society 
and  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry, 
and  the  Philosophical  Magazine.  The  most 
important  are  the  following  :  "  The  Rate 
of  Decomposition  of  Ammonium  Nitrate," 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc,  1883;  "Some  Sulphur 
Compounds  of  Calcium,"  Jour.  Chem.  Soc, 
1885;  "The  Lime  Process  for  Purifica- 
tion of  Coal  Gas,"  Jour.  Soc.  Chem..  Indust, 
1885;  "The  Conditions  of  Evolution  of 
Gases  from  Homogeneous  Liquids,"  Phil. 
Trans.,  1888  ;  "The  Conditions  of  Chemical 
Change  between  Nitric  Acid  and  Metals," 
Phil.  Trans.,  1891 ;  "  The  Variations  of 
Electromotive  Force  of  Cells  consisting 
of  certain  Metals  and  Nitric  Acid"  (with 
G.  J.  Burch),  Phil.  Trans.,  1891;  "The 
Inertness  of  Quicklime,"  Jour.  Chem.  Soc, 
1893-94;  and  "The  Phases  and  Conditions 
of  Chemical  Change,"  Phil.  Mag.,  1894. 
He  is  joint-translator  of  the  "Handbook 
of  the  Polariscope."  Address:  22  Norham 
Road,  Oxford. 

VENN,  John,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S.,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Venn, 
Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  who  was  for 
many  years  Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society.  He  was  born  at  Hull, 
Aug.  4,  1834,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School,  Highgate,  the  Islington 
Proprietary  School,  and  afterwards  at 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra- 
duated in  1857,  and  obtained  a  Fellow- 
ship in  the  same  year.  He  took  orders 
in  1858,  and  for  some  years  held  curacies 
at  Cheshunt,  Herts,  and  Mortlake,  Surrey  ; 
but  later  (in  1883)  he  abandoned  the 
clerical  calling.  Since  1862  he  has  resided 
mostly  at  Cambridge,  being  Lecturer  in 
Moral  Sciences  at  Caius  College,  and  fre- 
quently an  Examiner  in  the  same  subjects 
in  the  university.  In  1869  he  held  the 
office  of  Hulsean  Lecturer.  In  1883  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Logic  of  Chance," 
1866,  1876,1888;  "Symbolic  Logic,"  1880 
(2nd  edit.,  1894) ;  "  Empirical  Logic,"  1889 ; 
and  various  papers  in  scientific  and  other 
periodicals.  In  1891  he  edited  for  the  Cam- 
bridge Antiquarian  Society  the  Register 
of  Baptisms,  &c.,  in  St.  Michael's  Parish 
Church,   Cambridge,    between    the    years 


1588-1837.  He  married,  June  21,  1867, 
Susanna  Carnegie,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  C.  W.  Edmonstone,  M.A.  Address  : 
3  St.  Peter's  Terrace,  Cambridge. 

VENOSTA,    Marquis   Visconti, 

Italian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  was 
born  in  January  1829,  and  having  adopted 
a  diplomatic  career  early  in  life,  he  was 
Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs  when  the 
Italian  troops  entered  Rome  in  1870,  and 
Italian  unity  was  completed.  In  1876 
he  fell,  and  during  the  premierships  of 
Depretis,  Cairoli,  and  Crispi  he  was 
entirely  forgotten.  However,  in  1894 
Signor  Giolitti  (q.v.)  appointed  him  Italian 
arbitrator  in  the  Behring  Sea  question. 
In  1896,  after  Caetani  Sermoneta  had 
resigned  in  consequence  of  the  indiscre- 
tions in  the  Green  Book  on  Abyssinia, 
Venosta  returned  to  the  Foreign  Office, 
exactly  twenty  years  after  he  had  left  it. 
He  resigned  in  May  1898  owing  to  dif- 
ferences of  opinion  with  Signor  Zanardelli. 
On  the  new  Cabinet  of  General  de  Pelloux 
being  formed  in  May  1899  he  returned  to 
his  old  post,  succeeding  Admiral  Canevaro. 
His  long  experience  of  foreign  affairs 
and  his  great  moderation  combine  to  give 
him  greater  prestige  than  that  possessed 
by  any  other  Foreign  Minister  in  Italy. 

VERBEEK,  Reinier  Dirk  M.,  mining 
engineer,  was  born  at  Maarsen,  Holland, 
Sept.  5,  1841,  studied  at  the  University 
of  Liege,  Belgium,  and  at  the  Mining 
Academies  of  Clausthal,  Hanover,  and 
Freiberg,  Saxony,  whence  he  received  his 
degree  of  Mining  Engineer  in  1864.  He  is 
the  author  of  several  papers  on  the  mining 
laws  of  the  Netherlands,  and  on  the 
mineral  wealth  of  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
and  was  the  first  to  draw  public  attention 
to  the  occurrence  of  gold  in  workable 
quantities  in  the  Isles  of  Sumatra  and 
Borneo.  For  many  years  he  has  resided 
in  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  and  in  1875 
became  Superintendent  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Sumatra,  and  as  such  has  pub- 
lished important  maps  and  memoirs.  When 
the  Krakatao  eruption  occurred  he  was 
naturally  selected  by  the  Government  as 
head  of  the  commission  appointed  to 
examine  and  report  upon  the  geological 
and  other  phenomena  of  that  great  con- 
vulsion ;  the  report,  and  splendid  atlases 
of  maps,  sections,  and  drawings  which  he 
subsequently  issued,  are  permanent  proofs 
of  his  energy  and  ability.  M.  Verbeek 
is  Ingenieur-en-chef  des  Mines,  and 
Chevalier  du  Lion  Neerlandais. 

VERDI,  Giuseppe,  composer,  springs 
from  very  humble  parentage,  his  father 
being  a  peasant,  in  the  little  hamlet  of 
Roncole,   near   Busseto,   where    Giuseppe 


VERESTCHAGIN 


1107 


was  born,  Oct.  9,  1814.  He  early  showed 
a  passionate  love  for  music,  and  his  first 
musical  education  was  obtained  from  one 
Baistrocchi,  organist  of  the  little  church 
at  Roncole,  a  position  to  which  Verdi  him- 
self succeeded  when  only  ten  years  old. 
An  enthusiastic  musical  amateur,  M. 
Barezzi,  recognising  the  boy's'genius,  gave 
Verdi  an  appointment  in  his  business 
house,  and  offered  him  every  opportunity 
of  following  his  natural  bent.  Verdi 
studied  in  Busseto  under  Ferdinando  Pro- 
vesi,  the  cathedral  organist,  until  he  was 
sixteen,  when  he  gained  a  Scholarship  at 
Milan,  where  he  studied  for  some  time, 
returning  to  Busseto  in  1833,  on  the  death 
of  Provesi.  Verdi  was  unsuccessful  in  his 
candidature  for  the  post  of  cathedral 
organist  rendered  vacant  by  the  decease  of 
Provesi,  but  he  stayed  at  Busseto  for  five 
years,  and  there  published  his  first  opera, 
"  Oberto,  Conte  di  San  Bonifacio,"  which 
was  produced  by  the  impresario,  Merelli, 
in  1810,  at  La  Scala  Theatre,  Milan.  This 
was  followed  by  the  comic  opera,  "Un 
Giorno  di  Regno,"  '-'Nabucco,"  and  "I 
Lombardi,"  the  last  of  which  gained  a 
wonderful  popularity .  and  laid  the  first 
foundation  of  his  fame.  It  is  curious  to 
note  that  Verdi,  while  at  Milan,  was  refused 
admittance  to  the  Conservatoire  by  an  old 
professor  (Basily)  on  the  ground  that  "  you 
have  no  aptitude  for  music."  His  best- 
known  operas  are  "Nabucodonosor," 
"Ernani"  (founded  on  Victor  Hugo's 
tragedy,  and  produced  in  1884  at  the  Fenice 
Theatre,  Venice);  the  "Due  Foscari," 
"Attila,"  "Macbeth,"  the  "Masnadieri" 
(founded  on  the  "Bobbers"  of  Schiller), 
"Louisa Miller,"  "Rigoletto," the  "Trova- 
tore,"  "La  Traviata,"  "  Un  Ballo  in  Mas- 
chera"  (performed  in  London  in  1861),  and 
"Don  Carlos"  (performed  at  the  Royal 
Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  in  1867). 
The  "Masnadieri,"  written  for  her 
Majesty's  Theatre,  and  produced  in  1847, 
with  Jenny  Lind  as  heroine,  proved  a 
failure  in  London,  though  it  has  since  been 
successful  in  Italy.  The  "  Trovatore  "  and 
"La  Traviata "  have  had  great  success,  not 
only  in  Italy,  but  in  Germany,  France,  and 
England.  Signor  Verdi's  more  recent 
operas  are  "Giovanno  d'Arco,"  in  1868; 
"La  Forza  del  Destino,"  in  1869;  and 
"A'ida,"  performed  at  the  Scala,  Milan,  in 
1872.  His  celebrated  "Requiem  Mass," 
composed  in  honour  of  his  great  country- 
man Manzoni,  was  first  performed  in  the 
church  of  San  Marco  at  Milan,  May  23, 
1874.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Italian  Parliament  in  1861,  and  in  1871  he 
went  to  Florence  in  order  to  assume  the 
post  offered  him  by  the  Italian  Minister  of 
Public  Instruction,  for  the  improvement 
and  reorganisation  of  the  Italian  Musical 
Institute.     M.  Verdi,  who  is  a  member  of 


the  Legion  of  Honour,  was  elected  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Academie  des 
Beaux-Arts,  Dec.  10,  1859 ;  was  made 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Russian  Order  of  St. 
Stanislaus  in  1862 ;  Foreign  Associate  of 
the  Academic  des  Beaux-Arts,  June  15, 
1864  ;  and  Grand  Officer  of  the  Order  of 
the  Crown  of  Italy  in  1872,  in  which  year 
the  Viceroy  of  Egypt  conferred  on  him  the 
Order  of  Osmanieh.  King  Victor  Em- 
manuel, by  decree  dated  Nov.  22,  1874, 
created  Signor  Verdi  an  Italian  Senator. 
In  May  1875  he  was  nominated  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  the 
Italian  Minister  at  Paris  was  charged  to 
present  him  with  the  insignia  of  the  order, 
accompanied  by  a  flattering  letter  from  the 
Due  Decazes.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
decorated  with  the  Cross  of  Commander 
and  Star  of  the  Austrian  Order  of  Franz- 
Joseph.  Signor  Verdi  completed,  in  1878, 
a  new  opera  in  five  acts,  entitled  "Monte- 
zuma," which  was  given  for  the  first  time 
at  La  Scala,  Milan.  This  was  followed  in 
1886  by  "Otello,"  which  was  reproduced 
at  the  Lyceum  in  London,  in  1889.  In 
1893,  "Falstaff,"  a  new  opera,  was  pro- 
duced at  Milan,  and  received  with  great 
enthusiasm.  At  its  reproduction  in  Paris 
in  1894  Verdi  himself  was  present.  On  his 
return  from  Paris  to  his  native  country,  in 
April  18S0,  he  received  the  Order  of  the 
Crown  of  Italy.  Verdi  is  carrying  to  com- 
pletion a  great  scheme  of  his  own  for  provid- 
ing a  Home  of  Rest  for  old  Italian  artists 
of  all  classes.  The  building,  which  is  situ- 
ated outside  the  Gate  Magenta,  at  Milan, 
was  designed  by  Signor  Camille  Boilo,  a 
brother  of  Arigo,  the  librettist  of  "Otello" 
and  "Falstaff,"  and  is  estimated  to  cost 
£16,000.  The  Home  will  provide  shelter  for 
100  inmates — 60  men  and  40  women — but 
the  present  arrangement  is  that  the  Casa 
di  Riposo,  as  it  is  to  be  named,  will  not  be 
opened  until  Verdi's  death,  although  the 
Home  will  be  ready  for  occupation  shortly. 
The  civilised  world  hopes  that  the  master 
will  long  be  spared  to  it,  and  his  recovery 
from  a  most  serious  illness  in  1897  gives 
renewed  hope.  In  May  1898  Maestro 
Verdi  received  from  the  Philharmonic 
Choral  Society  of  Berlin  a  magnificent 
palette  of  flowers,  decorated  with  ribbons 
of  the  German  and  Italian  colours.  The 
affectionate  inscription  ran  :  "  To  the  ever- 
young  and  incomparably  great  master,  in 
sign  of  admiration  and  homage  —  The 
Philharmonic  Choral  Society  of  Berlin, 
May  1898."     Address  :  Genoa. 

VERESTCHAGIN,  Vassili,  Russian 
painter,  was  born  at  Tcherepovets,  in  Nov- 
gorod, Oct.  26,  1842.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1859,  but  soon  gave  it  up  to  enter  the 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at  St.  Petersburg. 
In  1831  he  obtained  a  silver  medal  with 


1108 


VERNE  — VERTUE 


bis  "Lovers  of  Penelope  slain  by  Ulysses," 
which  he  afterwards  destroyed  as  being 
too  classical.  He  then  went  to  Paris  and 
studied  under  Gerome,  and  in  1866  exhi- 
bited "  Douchobortski  siDging  the  Psalms" 
at  the  Salon.  He  took  part  in  General 
Kauffmann's  Central  Asian  Expedition  in 
1867,  went  to  India  in  1874,  and  fought 
and  sketched  throughout  the  Eusso-Turkish 
war  of  1878.  His  pictures  of  the  Turkistan 
campaign  were  acquired  by  the  Moscow 
Museum,  and  in  1880  he  exhibited  a  large 
number  of  his  war  pictures  in  Paris,  and 
seven  years  later  in  London.  In  1885  his 
exceedingly  realistic  pictures  from  the  New 
Testament  were  removed  from  the  Kunst- 
lerhaus  in  Vienna  by  order  of  the  Arch- 
bishop. He  published  his  "  Autobio- 
graphical Sketches"  in  1887.  His  great 
aim  in  his  work  is  to  paint  war  as  he 
actually  sees  it.  He  revisited  London  in 
1898,  when  he  was  exhibiting  a  series  of 
pictures  on  Napoleon's  Russian  campaign 
of  1812. 

VERNE,  Jules,  a  popular  French 
writer,  born  at  Nantes,  Feb.  8,  1828,  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  and  after- 
wards studied  law  in  Paris.  Turning  his 
attention  to  dramatic  literature,  he  wrote 
a  comedy  in  verse  entitled  "  Les  Pailles 
Bompues,"  which  was  performed  at  the 
Gymnase  in  1850.  This  was  followed  by 
"Onze  Jours  de  Siege,"  a  three-act 
comedy,  brought  out  at  the  Vaudeville, 
and  ' '  L'Oncle  d' Amenque, "  and  by  several 
comic  operas.  But  his  fame  rests  chiefly 
on  his  scientific  romances,  the  first  of 
which  appeared  in  1863,  under  the  title 
of  "  Cinq  Semaines  en  Ballon."  Its  suc- 
cess led  the  author  to  produce  many 
similar  works,  now  numbering  nearly 
sixty,  of  which  the  following  have  been 
translated  into  English  and  other  lan- 
guages, even  into  Japanese  and  Arabic  : 
"  Five  Weeks  in  a  Balloon  :  a  Voyage  of 
Exploration  and  Discovery  in  Central 
Africa,"  1870  (2nd  edit.,  1874);  "A  Journey 
to  the  Centre  of  the  Earth,"  1872; 
"Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  under  the 
Sea,"  1873  ;  "Meridiano  :  the  Adventures 
of  Three  Englishmen  and  Three  Russians 
in  South  Africa,"  1873;  "From  the  Earth 
to  the  Moon  Direct  in  Ninety -Seven 
Hours  Twenty  Minutes  ;  and  a  Trip  Round 
It,"  1873  ;  "  The  Fur  Country  ;  or,  Seventy 
Degrees  North  Latitude,"  1874  ;  "  Around 
the  World  in  Eighty  Days,"  1874;  "A 
Floating  City,  and  the  Blockade  Runners," 
"The  English  at  the  North  Pole,"  "Dr. 
Ox's  Experiment,"  1874;  "Adventures 
of  Captain  Hatteras,"  "The  Mysterious 
Island,"  "The  Survivors  of  the  Chancel- 
lor," 1875  ;  "Michael  Strogoff,  the  Courier 
of  the  Czar,"  1876;  "The  Child  of  the 
Cavern,"    "  Hector    Servadac ;     or,     the 


Career  of  a  Comet,"  1877  ;  "  Dick  Sands, 
the  Boy  Captain,"  1878;  "Le  Rayon 
Vert,"  1882;  "  Keraban-le-tetu,"  1883; 
"L'Etoile  du  Sud,"  "Le  Pays  de  Dia- 
mants, "  1884;  "L'Archipel  en  Feu,"  "Le 
Billet  de  Loterie,"  "  Robur  le  Conquerant," 
"Le  Chemin  de  France,"  "DeuxAnsde 
Vacances,"  1888;  "Famille  sans  Nom," 
1889;  "Mathias  Sandorf,"  "  Nord  contre 
Sud,"  "  Cesar  Cascabel,"  "The  Purchase 
of  the  North  Pole,"  1890;  "Claudius 
Bombarnac,"  and  "  Le  Chateau  des  Car- 
pathas,"  1892;  "Adventures  of  Master 
Antifer,"  1894;  "For  the  Flag,"  1898. 
He  lives  at  Amiens. 

VERNON-HARCOURT,  Augustus 
George,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Lee's 
Reader  in  Chemistry  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  was  born  in  London  on  Dec.  24, 
1834,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Admiral 
Frederick  E.  Vernon-Harcourt  and  Marcia, 
sister  of  the  1st  Lord  Tollemache,  and 
daughter  of  Admiral  Tollemache.  His 
youngest  brother  is  Professor  of  Civil 
Engineering  at  University  College,  Gower 
Street.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained 
a  first  class  in  Natural  Science  in  1858, 
and  a  Senior  Studentship  at  Christ  Church 
in  1859.  He  was  Science  Tutor  at  Christ 
Church  from  1871  to  1882,  was  appointed 
Lee's  Reader  in  Chemistry  in  1869,  is 
Vice-President  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
and  Gas  Referee  for  the  Metropolis.  He 
has  published,  in  conjunction  with  H.  G. 
Madan,  of  Queen's,  "  Exercises  in  Prac- 
tical Chemistry."  Addresses :  Cowley 
Grange,  Oxford,  &c. ;  and  Athenaoum. 

VERTUE,  The  Right  Rev.  John, 

D.D.,  F.S.A.,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of 
Portsmouth,  was  born  in  London,  April  28, 
1826.  He  was  ordained  Priest  in  Rome 
by  Cardinal  Patrizi  in  1851,  having  pre- 
viously studied  at  St.  Edmund's  College, 
Hertfordshire,  and  the  English  College, 
Rome.  Poplar  was  the  scene  of  his  first  mis- 
sionary labours,  and  in  1853  he  went  with 
the  Apostolic  Nuncio  (afterwards  Cardinal) 
Bedini,  as  his  Secretary,  to  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  On  his  return,  in 
acknowledgment  of  his  services,  he  was 
made  Chamberlain  of  Honour  to  Pope  Pius 
IX.,  April  18, 1854.  MonsignorVertuewent 
to  Aldershot  Camp  on  temporary  duty  in 
1855  ;  but  he  was  appointed  Chaplain  to 
the  Forces,  June  24,  1855,  a  post  which  he 
held  for  twenty -seven  years.  He  was  men- 
tioned in  General  Order  in  1864  for  "  dis- 
tinguished and  meritorious  conduct  during 
the  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  Bermuda," 
and  was  promoted  from  the  fourth  to  the 
third  class  of  army  chaplains,  Feb.  2, 
1865,  for  the  services  he  had  rendered. 
Monsignor  Vertue  was  six  years  stationed 


VEZIN  — VIAUD 


1109 


at  Malta.  He  was  re-appointed  Chamber- 
lain of  Honour  to  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  April 
5,  1878,  was  appointed  the  first  Bishop  of 
Portsmouth  by  Apostolic  brief  of  June  13, 
1882,  and  was  consecrated  by  Cardinal 
Manning,  July 25.  He  has  edited  a  "Prayer 
Book  for  the  Army,"  1859  ;  and  a  revised 
edition  of  Bishop  Challoner's  "Medita- 
tions," 1880;  and  has  contributed  various 
articles  to  the  Dublin  Review  and  the 
Month.  He  represented  the  English  hier- 
archy at  the  Centennial  celebration  at 
Baltimore,  United  States,  in  1889.  He  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  a 
member  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  and 
of  other  learned  societies.  Address : 
Portsmouth. 

VEZIN,  Hermann,  actor,  was  born 
on  March  2,  1829,  in  Philadelphia,  U.S., 
of  German  parents,  his  father  being 
Charles  Henri  Vezin,  a  distinguished  mer- 
chant of  that  city.  He  was  intended  for 
the  legal  profession,  and  took  the  degrees 
of  B.A.  and  M.A.  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  Having  a  passion  for  the 
stage,  he  came  to  England,  and  obtained, 
through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Charles  Kean, 
an  engagement  in  the  Theatre  Royal, 
York.  He  made  his  London  debut  at  the 
Princess's  Theatre  under  Mr.  Charles 
Kean's  management.  Having  visited 
America  professionally  in  1857,  he  re- 
turned to  England  a  year  later,  and  after 
a  few  provincial  engagements,  appeared 
at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  London  (1859),  as 
Hamlet,  Macbeth,  Othello,  Shylock,  King 
John,  and  Louis  XI.  During  Mr.  Phelps's 
management  of  Sadler's  Wells  (1860)  Mr. 
Vezin  appeared  as  Orlando,  Mark  Antony, 
Romeo,  and  Cassio.  In  1864  they  pro- 
duced Westland  Marston's  comedy  of 
"  Donna  Diana,"  at  the  Princess's  Theatre, 
London.  In  1870  he  alternated  Othello 
and  Iago  with  Mr.  Phelps.  Later  he  pro- 
duced Mr.  W.  G-.  Wills's  romantic  drama 
"Hinko,"  at  the  Queen's  Theatre.  In 
1873  Mr.  Vezin  played  with  Phelps,  Toole, 
and  Mathews,  at  the  Gaiety  Theatre.  At 
Drury  Lane,  1876,  he  played  Macbeth  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Philadelphia  Centennial. 
On  the  production  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
1876,  of  Sophocles's  "QEdipus  at  Colonus," 
the  title  part  was  assigned  to  Mr.  Vezin. 
On  Sept.  11,  1876,  he  made  his  first  appear- 
ance at  the  Haymarket,  in  Mr.  W.  S. 
Gilbert's  drama  of  "Dan'l  Druce."  After 
acting  Dan'l  Druce  106  times,  he  created 
the  character  of  De  Talde'  in  an  English 
adaptation  of  "  The  Danicheffs,"  produced 
at  the  St.  James's  Theatre,  1877.  In  1878 
he  first  played,  at  the  Court  Theatre,  Dr. 
Primrose,  in  Mr.  W.  G.  Wills's  drama  of 
■ '  Olivia,"  founded  on  "  The  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field." Since  that  time  Mr.  Vezin  has 
constantly  acted  both  in  London  and  the 


provinces.     Address  :   10  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  W.C. 

VIARDOT  -  GARCIA,  Madame 
Michelle  Pauline,  vocalist,  daughter  of 
the  great  tenor,  Emmanuel  Garcia,  and 
sister  of  the  lamented  Madame  Malibran, 
born  in  Paris,  July  18,  1821,  at  four  years 
of  age  spoke  four  languages,  and  at  seven 
was  able  to  play  the  pianoforte  accom- 
paniments for  the  pupils  to  whom  her 
father  gave  lessons.  After  sharing  the 
family  migrations,  first  to  England,  and 
afterwards  to  the  United  States,  she  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  1828,  and  her  educa- 
tion was  continued  at  Brussels.  In  conse- 
quence of  her  manual  facility  on  the 
piano,  she  became  one  of  Liszt's  most 
accomplished  pupils.  Her  father  died  in 
1832  before  her  voice  was  formed,  and  her 
sister  being  constantly  absent  on  profes- 
sional tours,  her  studies,  which  included 
various  branches  of  the  arts,  drawing  and 
painting,  as  well  as  music  and  singing, 
were  directed  by  her  own  tastes  and  the 
counsels  of  her  mother.  She  made  her 
first  appearance  in  London  at  the  Opera- 
House  in  1839,  in  the  character  of  Desde- 
mona.  Her  voice,  like  that  of  her  sister, 
combined  the  twofold  register  of  soprano 
and  contralto,  embracing  a  compass  of 
three  octaves.  At  the  close  of  the  season 
she  joined  the  Italian  operatic  company, 
then  acting  at  the  Odeon,  in  Paris,  and 
was  equally  successful.  In  1841  she  re- 
appeared in  England,  singing  with  Mario 
in  Cimarosa's  opera  "  Gli  Orazi  e  Curiazi." 
Her  next  engagement  was  at  Vienna  ;  and 
Rubini,  on  forming  an  operatic  corps  for 
St.  Petersburg,  selected  her  for  his  prima 
donna.  She  afterwards  appeared  at  Ber- 
lin, and  when  Jenny  Lind  quitted  the 
German  Opera,  Madame  Viardot-Garcia 
proved  herself  an  able  successor  in  the 
repertoire,  which  she  greatly  extended. 
Her  name  is  associated  with  the  first  per- 
formances of  "  Les  Huguenots,"  in  which 
she  took  the  part  of  Valentine,  and  of 
"  Le  Prophete,"  in  which  she  performed 
the  part  of  Fides,  an  exquisite  impersona- 
tion. Madame  Viardot  is  also  celebrated 
for  her  singing  of  Spanish  songs.  She 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1862,  and  devotes 
herself  to  composition.  In  April  1840  she 
was  married  to  M.  Louis  Viardot,  Director 
of  the  Paris  Italian  Opera  (he  died  in  May 
1883). 

VIAUD,  !Louis  Marie  Julien,  known 
as  "Pierre  Loti, "  French  naval  officer  and 
man  of  letters,  was  born  at  Rochefort  on 
Jan.  14,  1850,  and  is  descended  from  an 
old  noble  Huguenot  family  lorig  settled  in 
that  district.  He  went  to  school  in  his 
na  ive  town,  entered  the  navy  in  1867, 
and  went  several  voyages  in  the  Pacific. 


1110 


VICARS  ^VICTORIA  ALEXANDRINA 


He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  midship- 
man in  June  1873,  and  to  that  of  lieutenant 
in  February  1881.  In  1899  he  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  Captain.  Me  served  through 
the  Tonkin  campaign  with  distinction,  but 
was  retired  from  active  service  in  October 
1883,  owing  to  the  publication  of  a  series 
of  letters  descriptive  of  the  cruelties  prac- 
tised by  the  French  soldiers  at  Hue',  which 
he  was  so  imprudent  as  to  send  to  the 
Figaro.  After  this  he  served  on  board  the 
A  talanta,  and  in  the  early  day s  of  February 
1884  was  allowed  to  resume  his  duties. 
He  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  July  1887,  and,  under  his 
pseudonym  of  "  Pierre  Loti,"  was  presen  ted 
for  election  as  a  memberof  the  French 
Academy  in  opposition  to  Emile  Zola.  At 
the  time  of  the  election  he  was  serving  on 
board  the  Formidable  off  Algiers,  and  was 
thus  freed  from  the  necessity  of  paying 
the  many  official  visits  which  usually  fall 
to  the  lot  of  candidates  for  election  to  the 
French  Academy.  He  was  elected  by  18 
votes  out  of  35  on  May  21,  1891,  and  suc- 
ceeded the  celebrated  romancist,  Octave 
Feuillet.  His  speech  on  election  con- 
tained an  attack  upon  the  realism  of  Zola. 
As  an  author  he  is  indeed  the  very  anti- 
thesis of  that  writer,  and  his  books,  with 
their  dreamy  and  melancholy  beauty  of 
style  and  subject,  mark  a  revival  of  the 
spirit  of  romanticism  and  mysticism  in 
French  literature.  His  works,  which  have 
run  through  many  editions,  are:  "Azi- 
yadfS"  (Stamboul,  1876-77),  1879;  "  Ra- 
rahu,"  a  Polynesian  idyll,  1880,  reprinted 
under  the  title  of  "  Manage  de  Loti,"  in 
1889  ;  "  Le  Eoman  d'un  Spahi,"  1881 ; 
"  Fleurs  d'Ennui,"  a  volume  containing 
some  of  his  finest  work,  such  as  "  Pasquala 
Ivanovitch,"  "Mon  Frere  Yves,"  of  which 
there  is  an  English  translation,  1883 ; 
"  Les  Trois  Dames  de  la  Kasbah,"  1884  ; 
"Pecheur  d'Islande,"  also  translated  into 
English,  and  into  German  by  the  author's 
friend,  Carmen  Sylva,  and  awarded  the 
Prix  Vitet  by  the  Academy,  1886 ; 
"Madame  Chrysantheme,"  1887;  "Pro- 
pos  d'Exil,"  1887;  "Japonneries  d'Au- 
tomne,"  1889;  "  Au  Maroc,"  1890;  "  Le 
Eoman  d'un  Enfant,"  an  autobiography, 
1890;  "Le  Livre  de  la  Pitic*  et  de  la 
Mort,"  1891;  "Fant6me  d'Orient,"  a 
sequel  to  "AziyadeV'  1892;  "Matelot," 
1893;  "Le  Desert,"  1894;  "  La  Galilee," 
1895  ;  and  "Ramuntcho,"  a  Basque  story, 
1897.  His  works  are  mostly  in  the  form 
of  diaries,  and  are  undoubtedly  descriptive 
of  many  personal  experiences.  Address  : 
Rue  St.  Pierre,  Rochefort. 

VICARS,  Sir  Arthur  Edward,  was 

born  at  Leamington  in  1864,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  Colonel  William  Henry 
Vicars,   of  the   61st  Regiment,  by  Jane, 


third  daughter  of  R.  Gun-Cuninghame, 
Esq.,  D.L.,  of  Mount  Kennedy,  co.  Wick- 
low  (widow  of  P.  K.  Mahony,  Esq.,  of 
Kilmorna,  co.  Kerry).  He  was  appointed 
Ulster  King  of  Arms  and  Principal  Herald 
of  all  Ireland  in  1893,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Sir  Bernard  Burke.  In  1896  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  is 
Registrar  and  Knight  Attendant  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Patrick  ;  a  Government 
Trustee  of  the  National  Library  of  Ire- 
land ;  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries of  London  ;  President  since  1896 
of  the  Ex  Libris  Society  of  London ; 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Kildare  Archaeo- 
logical Society.  He  has  published  : 
"  The  Antiseptic  Vaults  of  S.  Michan's," 
Dublin,  8vo,  1888  ;  "  Index  to  the  Pre- 
rogative Wills  of  Ireland,"  8vo,  1897 ; 
"  Index  to  Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages 
in  Anthologia  Hibernica,"  supplement  to 
Farrar's  "  Index  to  Marriages "  in  the 
Hibernian  Magazine,  4to,  1898.  He  has 
contributed  papers  to  several  archaeological 
and  other  serials.  Addresses:  The  Castle, 
Dublin  ;  44  Wellington  Road,  Dublin  ;  and 
Kildare  Street  Club,  Dublin. 

VICTORIA    ALEXANDRINA, 

Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
and  Empress  of  India,  only  child  of  the 
late  Duke  of  Kent  and  of  the  Princess 
Louisa-Victoria  of  Saxe-Coburg  (relict  of 
the  Hereditary  Prince  of  Leiningen,  and 
sister  of  Leopold,  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg, 
afterwards  King  of  the  Belgians),  was  born 
at  Kensington  Palace,  May  24,  1819  ;  her 
parents,  who  had  been  for  some  time 
residing  abroad,  having  hastened  to 
England  in  order  that  their  child  might 
"be  born  a  Briton."  The  Duke  of  Kent 
died  Jan.  23,  1820,  and  the  general  educa- 
tion of  the  young  Princess  was  directed, 
under  her  mother's  care,  by  the  Duchess 
of  Northumberland,  wife  of  the  3rd  Duke. 
Until  within  a  few  weeks  of  her  elevation  to 
the  throne  her  life  was  spent  in  comparative 
retirement,  varied  by  tours  through  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Queen 
Victoria  succeeded  her  uncle,  William  IV., 
June  20,  1837,  as  Victoria  I.,  and  her 
coronation  was  celebrated  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  June  28,  1838.  Her  Majesty  was 
married  Feb.  10,  1840,  to  his  late  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha,  by  whom  her  Majesty  had  issue  : 
1,  H.R.H.  Victoria  Adelaide  Mary  Louisa, 
Princess  Royal,  born  Nov.  21,  1840, 
married,  Jan.  25,  1858,  to  H.R.H.  the 
Crown  Prince  Frederick  William  of 
Prussia  (he  died  June  15,  1888)  ;  2,  H.R.H. 
Albert  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  born 
Nov.  9,  1841,  married,  March  10,  1863,  the 
Princess  Alexandra  of  Denmark  ;  3,  H.R.H. 
Princess  Alice  Maud  Mary,  born  April  15, 
1843,  married,  July  1,  1862,  to  Prince  Louis 


VICTOEIA  ALEXANDRIA 


1111 


of  Hesse- Darmstadt  (H.E.H.  died  Dec.  14, 
1878);  4,  H.K.H.  Prince  Alfred  Ernest 
Albert,  born  Aug.  6,  1844,  created  Duke  of 
Edinburgh,  May  24,  1866,  married,  Jan. 
23,  1874,  the  Grand-Duchess  Marie  Alex- 
androvna,  sister  of  the  late  Emperor 
of  Russia ;  5,  H.R.H.  Princess  Helena 
Augusta  Victoria,  born  May  26,  1846, 
married.  July  5,  1866,  to  Prince  Christian 
of  Schleswig-Holstein  ;  6,  H.R.H.  Princess 
Louise  Caroline  Alberta,  born  March  14, 
1848,  married  to  the  Marquis  of  Lome, 
March  21,  1871  ;  7,  H.RH.  Prince  Arthur 
William  Patrick  Albert,  Duke  of  Con- 
naught,  born  May  1,  1850,  married,  March 
17,  1879,  the  Princess  Louise  Margaret 
Alexandra  Victoria  Agnes,  third  daughter 
of  Prince  Frederick  Charles  of  Prussia  ;  8, 
H.R.H.  Prince  Leopold  George  Duncan 
Albert,  Duke  of  Albany,  born  April  7, 
1853,  married,  April  2,  1882,  the  Princess 
Helen  Frederica  Augusta,  daughter  of  the 
Prince  of  Waldeck  and  Pyrmont  (H.R.H. 
died  March  28,  1884);  and  9,  H.R.H. 
Princess  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  Feodore, 
born  April  14,  1857,  married  July  23,  1885, 
to  Prince  Henry  Maurice  of  Battenberg. 
The  first  domestic  grief  which  her  Majesty 
suffered  was  the  loss  of  her  mother,  the 
Duchess  of  Kent,  after  a  short  illness, 
March  16,  1861,  followed  by  the  sudden 
death  of  the  Prince  Consort,  to  the  great 
grief  of  the  entire  kingdom,  Dec.  14  in  the 
same  year.  Her  Majesty's  intense  sorrow 
for  her  irreparable  loss,  although  it  has  in  a 
great  degree  disqualified  her  from  appear- 
ing in  public  and  at  court  ceremonials,  and 
has  imposed  on  her  the  habits  of  a  life  of 
comparative  seclusion,  has,  however,  never 
been  allowed  by  her  to  interfere  with  the 
performance  of  her  important  duties  as  a 
sovereign.  Neither  has  it  checked  the 
exercise  of  that  anxious  interest  which 
her  Majesty  has  ever  since  her  accession 
to  the  crown  steadfastly  manifested  for 
the  social  welfare  of  her  people.  It  is  a 
source  of  great  pride  to  her  subjects,  and 
must  doubtless  tend  in  no  small  degree  to 
assuage  her  Majesty's  abiding  grief,  that 
not  only  in  her  own  vast  dominions,  but 
throughout  the  civilised  world,  her  Ma- 
jesty's name  is  never  mentioned  save  in 
terms  of  sympathy,  affection,  and  respect 
as  a  Christian  woman  and  as  a  queen.  It 
would  occupy  much  more  space  than  our 
limits  admit  to  give  even  a  brief  outline  of 
the  political  events  of  her  Majesty's  reign, 
and  we  can  therefore  merely  glance  at 
its  more  prominent  features.  On  succeed- 
ing to  the  throne,  her  Majesty  found  the 
Whig  and  Conservative  parties  nearly 
evenly  balanced  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
Lord  Melbourne  and  his  colleagues  con- 
tinued to  hold  office  until  September  1841, 
when,  owing  to  their  increasing  unpopu- 
larity,   arising    mainly    from  a  want    of 


financial  ability,  or  at  least  of  financial 
success,  they  were  obliged  to  give  place  to 
the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Although  he 
was  pledged  to  maintain  the  Corn  Laws, 
he  found  himself  compelled,  in  1845,  to 
acquiesce  in  their  repeal,  which  was 
carried  into  effect  at  his  instance  in  1846. 
The  effect  of  this  change  in  Sir  Robert 
Peel's  policy  caused  a  disruption  in  the 
Conservative  party,  and  led  to  the  acces- 
sion to  power  of  Lord  John  Russell,  who 
was  succeeded  in  January  1852  by  the 
Earl  of  Derby.  In  the  following  Decem- 
ber the  Conservative  party,  beaten  on  their 
own  budget,  resigned,  and  gave  place  to 
Lord  Aberdeen  and  the  Coalition  Cabinet, 
which,  in  February  1855,  was  dismissed  for 
haviDg  mismanaged  the  Russian  war.  It 
was  succeeded  by  Lord  Palmerston's  first 
administration,  which  was  defeated  on 
the  Conspiracy  to  Murder  Bill,  in  March 
1858,  and  Lord  Derby  held  power  for  the 
second  time,  until  June  1859,  when  Lord 
Palmerston  formed  his  second  Cabinet. 
On  his  death,  October  1865,  the  Ministry 
was  remodelled,  Earl  Russell  assuming  the 
post  of  Premier.  His  Ministry  having 
decided  upon  introducing  a  Reform  Bill, 
the  duty  of  conducting  it  through  the 
House  of  Commons  devolved  upon  Mr. 
Gladstone.  Having  been  defeated  on 
an  important  clause  in  June  1866,  Ministers 
resigned.  Lord  Derby  formed  bis  third 
administration,  and  during  the  session  of 
1867  carried  a  Reform  Bill,  thereby  settling 
a  question  which  had  long  been  a  stum- 
bling-block impeding  the  progress  of  legis- 
lation. The  Conservatives  being  placed 
in  a  minority  at  the  general  election  of 
1868,  Mr.  Disraeli  resigned  office,  and  was 
succeeded  as  Prime  Minister  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone. The  chief  events  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
administration  were  the  disestablishment 
of  the  Irish  Church,  the  passing  of  the 
Irish  Land  Act  and  the  Elementary  Edu- 
cation Act,  the  abolition  of  purchase  in 
the  army,  the  negotiation  of  the  Treaty 
of  Washington  respecting  the  Alabama 
Claims,  and  the  passing  of  the  Ballot  Act. 
At  the  general  election  of  February  1874 
the  Conservatives  again  came  into  power, 
and  a  new  administration  was  formed  by 
Mr.  Disraeli,  afterwards  Lord  Beacons- 
field.  By  virtue  of  the  power  conferred 
by  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  the 
previous  session,  her  Majesty  was,  on  Jan. 
1,  1877,  proclaimed  Empress  of  India,  by 
the  Governor-General,  at  the  durbar  at 
Delhi,  before  an  imperial  assemblage  of  all 
the  governors,  lieutenant-governors,  heads 
of  Government,  princes,  chiefs,  and  nobles 
of  India.  On  the  defeat  of  the  Conserva- 
tives at  the  general  election  of  1880  Mr. 
Gladstone  formed  another  Liberal  ad- 
ministration, which  continued  in  office 
until  June  1885,  when  it  was  succeeded 


1112 


VICTORIA  ALEXANDKINA 


by  a  Conservative  Government  under  Lord 
Salisbury.  After  the  general  election  of 
November  1885  the  Liberals  again  came 
into  power,  and  the  spring  of  1886  was 
devoted  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  the  considera- 
tion of  the  Irish  question.  His  Home 
Rule  Bill,  however,  met  with  so  much 
opposition  that  the  Government  decided 
to  appeal  to  the  country,  and  the  result  of 
the  general  election  of  July  1886  was  an 
immense  Conservative  majority.  Lord 
Salisbury's  second  Government  came  into 
power  on  Aug.  3,  18S6.  In  April  1882 
an  attempt  on  the  Queen's  life  was 
made  at  Windsor  by  one  Roderick 
Maclean,  who  after  trial  was  ordered 
to  be  confined  during  her  Majesty's  plea- 
sure. "  The  Early  Days  of  His  Royal 
Highness  the  Prince  Consort,"  compiled 
under  the  direction  of  her  Majesty,  by 
Lieut. -General  the  Hon.  C.  Grey,  was  pub- 
lished in  July  1867,  and  was  followed,  in 
1869,  by  "  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of  our 
Life  in  the  Highlands  "  ;  and  in  1874  by 
the  first  volume  of  Mr.  (now  Sir)  Theo- 
dore Martin's  "  Life  of  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
Consort,"  of  which  the  fifth  and  conclud- 
ing volume  appeared  in  1880.  In  1885  her 
Majesty  published  a  second  volume,  en- 
titled "More  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of 
our  life  in  the  Highlands."  In  1887  her 
Majesty  celebrated  the  Jubilee  of  her 
accession  to  the  throne.  A  Thanksgiving 
Service  was  held  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  was  attended  by  her  Majesty  and  all 
the  Royal  Family,  the  Indian  Princes,  the 
King  of  Denmark,  the  King  and  Queen  of 
the  Belgians,  the  King  of  Saxony,  the 
King  of  the  Hellenes,  the  Crown  Prince 
of  Austria,  the  Crown  Prince  of  Portugal, 
the  Infante  Don  Antonio  of  Spain,  Prince 
Ludwig  of  Baden,  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Greece,  the  Grand-Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
the  Queen  of  Hawaii,  with  her  attendants 
in  cloth  of  gold,  and  representatives  from 
every  nation  upon  earth.  The  service  in 
the  Abbey  was  conducted  by  his  Grace  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the  presence 
of  10,000  spectators.  Since  the  Jubilee 
of  1887  her  Majesty  has  travelled  abroad 
more  than  formerly,  and  has  generously 
patronised  music  and  the  drama,  on  many 
occasions  summoning  eminent  singers 
and  actors  to  perform  before  her  at 
Windsor  and  even  at  Balmoral.  She  has 
paid  several  visits  to  Florence  or  to  such 
places  in  the  south  of  France  as  Cimiez, 
and  has  made  prolonged  stays  there.  In 
1892  the  Queen  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
nation  thanking  her  subjects  for  the 
sympathy  they  had  shown  her  at  the  time 
of  the  Duke  of  Clarence's  death.  Lord 
Salisbury's  Government  went  out  of 
office  in  1892,  and  the  Queen  summoned 
Mr.  Gladstone  to  form  a  Cabinet.  In 
March    1894,   on   Mr.    Gladstone's    retire- 


ment from  office,  Lord  Rosebery  became 
Premier,  and  some  changes  took  place 
in  the  Ministry.  On  her  return  from 
Florence  in  1894  she  was  present,  at 
Coburg,  on  April  19,  at  the  marriage  of  the 
Grand-Duke  of  Hesse  and  Princess  Victoria 
Melita  of  Coburg,  her  grand-daughter. 
She  spent  some  time  at  Coburg,  and  did 
not  again  reach  Windsor  till  April  28. 
Later  her  Majesty  met  with  a  most  en- 
thusiastic reception  in  Manchester,  where, 
on  May  21,  she  opened  the  Ship  Canal 
in  person.  The  Rosebery  Administration 
was  of  very  short  duration,  and  on  June 
21,  1895,  the  Government  was  defeated 
upon  a  question  of  the  supply  of  ammuni- 
tion to  the  army.  The  following  day  Lord 
Rosebery  placed  his  resignation  in  the 
hands  of  the  Queen,  by  whom  it  was 
accepted.  Lord  Salisbury  was  sent  for, 
and  duly  formed  an  Administration,  his 
Cabinet,  as  ultimately  constituted,  con- 
sisting of  no  less  than  nineteen  members, 
of  whom  fifteen  were  Conservatives,  and 
four  Unionists.  Mr.  Goschen  became 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  Mr. 
Chamberlain  Secretary  for  the  Colonies. 
One  notable  event  of  the  dissolution  of 
1895  was  the  disappearance  of  the 
illustrious  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone 
from  Parliamentary  life.  During  1895  her 
Majesty  was  visited  by  the  King  of  Portu- 
gal, and  also  by  the  Shahzada  Nasrulla 
Khan,  son  of  the  Ameer  of  Afghanistan. 
In  January  1896  Prince  Henry  of  Batten- 
berg  died,  having  contracted  a  fever  in 
Ashanti,  where  he  went  as  a  volunteer 
with  the  punitive  expedition  despatched 
against  King  Prempeh.  The  Queen,  who 
was  much  attached  to  the  Prince,  felt  his 
death  very  keenly.  In  April  a  new  Order 
of  Knighthood  was  instituted.  It  had 
long  been  considered  desirable  to  create 
some  special  mark  of  distinction  in  order 
to  reward  British  subjects  who  had  ren- 
dered important  or  personal  services  to  the 
Sovereign,  and  the  Queen  instituted  the 
Royal  Victorian  Order  for  that  purpose. 
Its  peculiar  feature  is  its  division  into  five 
classes,  the  first  two  alone  conferring 
knighthood  upon  the  recipient.  In  July 
the  Queen  invited  to  Windsor  the  Ancient 
and  Honourable  Artillery  Company  of 
Boston.  She  held  a  review  of  the  Com- 
pany in  the  Park,  and  they  were  permitted 
to  march  past  fully  armed  and  flying  their 
colours.  The  gracious  manner  in  which 
the  Queen  received  them,  and  the  hearty 
welcome  which  London  accorded  them, 
gave  great  satisfaction  in  America.  About 
this  time  much  indignation  was  aroused 
in  England  by  the  cruel  massacre  of 
Armenians  which  was  going  on  in  Asia 
Minor,  with  the  alleged  sanction  of  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey.  Many  influential  people 
advocated  independent  action  on  the  part 


VICTORIA  ALEXANDRINA 


1113 


of  this  country  to  put  a  stop  to  these 
horrors,  and  in  the  hope  of  ameliorating 
the  condition  of  the  sufferers,  the  Queen 
sent  an  autograph  letter  to  the  Sultan 
requesting  a  special  effort  in  respect  of 
the  Armenian  difficulty.  In  September 
1896  the  Czar  and  Czarina  of  Russia  paid 
a  visit  to  the  Queen  at  Balmoral,  staying  a 
fortnight.  Lord  Salisbury  was  summoned 
and  honoured  by  an  audience  with  the 
Czar,  and  many  political  questions,  relat- 
ing more  particularly  to  Eastern  affairs, 
were  discussed.  In  May  1S97  the  Queen 
passed  through  Sheffield  on  her  way  to 
Balmoral,  and  after  opening  the  new  Town 
Hall,  honoured  Messrs.  Armstrong's  works 
with  a  visit,  and  viewed  the  rolling  of  a  steel 
plate  intended  as  armour  for  a  battleship. 
On  June  20  her  Majesty  completed  the 
sixtieth  year  of  her  occupation  of  the  Eng- 
lish throne,  thus  establishing  the  longest 
reign  of  any  monarch  in  the  history  of 
England  or  of  modern  Europe.  It  may  be 
said  that  the  whole  world  participated  in 
the  Diamond  Jubilee  celebrations  which 
were  held  in  honour  of  the  event.  The 
official  programme  was  begun  on  Satur- 
day, June  20,  with  a  military  tattoo  at 
Windsor  Castle  by  the  troops  of  the  garri- 
son, and  on  the  same  day  a  route  march 
through  London  was  made  by  Imperial 
and  Colonial  troops.  The  force  was  com- 
posed of  representatives  from  all  the 
Colonies,  and  numbered  2500  officers  and 
men.  The  anniversary  of  the  Queen's 
accession  falling  upon  a  Sunday,  the  day 
was  recognised  throughout  the  Empire  by 
public  thanksgiving  services.  Her  Ma- 
jesty was  at  Windsor  and  attended  divine 
service  at  St.  George's  Chapel,  the  con- 
gregation being  limited  to  the  Court  and 
those  members  of  the  Royal  Family  stay- 
ing at  Windsor.  At  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
there  was  an  immense  gathering,  includ- 
ing the  Prince  of  Wales  and  every  Royal 
personage  in  London,  foreign  Ambassadors, 
Colonial  Premiers,  fifty  peers,  two  hundred 
Queen's  Counsel  and  members  of  the  Bar, 
and  representatives  from  all  the  learned 
and  scientific  bodies.  Services  of  a  special 
character  were  held  in  all  the  principal 
places  of  worship  of  every  denomination 
in  England.  On  Monday  afternoon  the 
Queen  held  a  reception,  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  State  banquet.  In  the  House 
of  Lords  a  congratulatory  address  was 
moved  by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  and 
the  Earl  of  Kimberley,  and  in  the  House 
of  Commons  a  similar  address  was  moved 
by  Mr.  Balfour  and  Sir  William  Harcourt. 
Amongst  the  honours  announced  on  that 
day  were  eight  peerages  and  fifteen  ap- 
pointments to  the  Privy  Council,  including 
the  eleven  Colonial  Premiers.  Many 
creations  and  promotions  in  the  various 
orders  of   knighthood  were  made.       On 


Tuesday,  Diamond  Jubilee  Day,  the  prin- 
cipal event  of  the  celebration  took  place. 
An  immense  procession  was  organised, 
comprising  representatives  of  all  the  naval 
and  military  forces  of  the  Empire.  It 
started  from  Buckingham  Palace,  followed 
by  the  Queen  at  10  A.M.  The  morning 
was  fine,  and  dense  crowds  of  spectators 
lined  the  whole  route,  and  thanks  to  the 
admirable  arrangements  of  the  police,  the 
day  passed  off  without  any  serious  acci- 
dent. The  novelty  and  variety  of  the 
uniforms,  many  of  which  had  never  been 
seen  before  in  London,  gave  a  picturesque 
charm  to  the  procession.  The  vociferous 
cheering  all  along  the  line  left  no  doubt 
as  to  the  loyal  sentiments  of  the  people, 
the  greeting  of  the  royal  carriages  being 
especially  enthusiastic.  Her  Majesty's 
carriage  was  preceded  by  one  containing 
the  royal  grandchildren,  and  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  conclave  of  forty  Princes  on 
horseback,  mostly  representatives  of  foreign 
Kings  and  Governors.  Just  before  leaving 
the  Palace  the  Queen  telegraphed  to  all 
parts  of  her  dominions  the  message, 
"From  my  heart  I  thank  my  beloved 
people.  May  God  bless  them."  Upon  the 
arrival  of  the  Royal  Procession  at  Temple 
Bar,  the  Lord  Mayor,  Sir  F.  Faudel- 
Phillips,  and  his  deputation,  on  foot  and 
bareheaded,  met  the  Queen  and  presented 
to  her  the  historic  sword.  Her  Majesty 
touched  the  hilt,  and  commanded  the 
Lord  Mayor  to  lead  the  way  into  the  City. 
He  thereupon  mounted  his  horse  and  pre- 
ceded the  Queen,  bareheaded  and  holding 
the  sword  aloft.  The  great  episode  of  the 
procession  was  the  Thanksgiving  Service 
outside  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  An  immense 
concourse  was  assembled  there,  including 
dignitaries  of  the  Church  in  their  robes, 
and  City  officials.  A  short  service  was 
held,  and  the  benediction  pronounced  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  then  the 
whole  assembly  joined  in  singing  the  Old 
Hundredth.  On  Wednesday  the  Queen 
received  the  addresses,  and  afterwards  the 
Members  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament  at 
Buckingham  Palace.  It  was  remarked  at 
the  time  that  the  restrained  simplicity  of 
the  Parliamentary  procession,  headed  by 
the  Speaker  in  his  ancient  coach,  did 
honour  to  the  best  traditions  of  English 
Parliamentarism.  Thurday  was  marked 
at  Windsor  by  the  reception  of  the  Lords 
of  the  Admiralty  and  of  the  Admirals  of 
the  foreign  warships  lying  at  Spithead. 
In  the  evening  a  carnival  procession  was 
held,  and  the  Castle  illuminated.  In  Lon- 
don interest  chiefly  centred  in  the  Jubilee 
dinners  given  in  fifty-six  different  districts 
to  over  300,000  people.  The  scheme  had 
been  promoted  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Princess  of  Wales.  Among  the  sub- 
scribers were  Sir    Thomas    Lipton,    who 


1114 


VILERS 


gave  £25,000,  and  the  Australian  Colonies, 
which  sent  20,000  carcasses  of  mutton. 
Friday  was  a  day  of  social  royal  gather- 
ings. The  naval  review,  which  took  place 
on  Saturday,  June  26,  as  an  historical 
event  was  the  most  striking  and  impor- 
tant of  the  national  celebrations  in  con- 
nection with  the  Diamond  Jubilee.  Be- 
tween Portsmouth  and  the  Isle  of  Wight 
was  moored  the  most  magnificent  and 
efficient  fleet  that  has  ever  been  got  to- 
gether. The  fleet  was  moored  in  five 
lines,  each  line  extending  nearly  five 
miles,  and  with  regard  to  the  ships 
assembled  it  is  important  to  point  out  that 
no  single  vessel  had  been  recalled  from  a 
foreign  station  to  swell  the  numbers  at 
Spithead.  The  Prince  of  Wales,  represent- 
ing the  Queen,  at  2  p.m.  began  a  proces- 
sion between  the  lines,  and  following  him 
in  various  vessels  were  Indian  Princes, 
Colonial  Premiers,  foreign  Ambassadors, 
and  Members  of  both  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment. As  the  Prince  passed  each  ship  a 
royal  salute  was  fired,  the  whole  fleet 
cheering  lustily  when  the  royal  yacht 
anchored.  The  illumination  of  the  fleet 
at  night  was  a  perfectly  unique  sight.  At 
a  given  signal  the  whole  fleet  instan- 
taneously burst  into  light,  every  ship  being 
illuminated  with  lines  of  incandescent 
lamps,  tracing  out  the  hulls,  barbettes, 
bridges,  funnels,  and  masts.  Just  before 
midnight  the  Prince  again  passed  down 
the  lines,  and  again  received  a  royal  salute. 
The  firing  of  the  guns,  combined  with  the 
illumination,  made  an  exceedingly  grand 
spectacle.  The  Queen  afterwards  ex- 
pressed to  Admiral  Sir  No  well  Salmon, 
V.€.,  the  Commander-in-Chief,  her  entire 
satisfaction  with  the  management  of  the 
review.  The  number  of  vessels  of  all 
kinds  was  150,  manned  by  nearly  40,000 
officers  and  men,  and  representing  in 
money  value  a  sum  of  £38,000,000  ster- 
ling. Not  only  our  own  countrymen,  but 
foreigners  of  all  nations  were  present,  and 
expressed  their  admiration  in  no  measured 
terms,  and,  taken  as  an  exhibition  of 
British  naval  power,  the  review  made  a 
deep  impression  upon  the  mind  of  Europe. 
In  conclusion  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
her  Majesty  has  outlived  all  those  mem- 
bers of  the  House  of  Lords  who  sat  there 
at  her  accession,  and  all  the  members  of 
her  first  House  of  Commons.  She  has  seen 
six  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  the  same 
number  at  York,  five  Bishops  of  London, 
and  every  Episcopal  See  vacated  at  least 
twice.  Eleven  Lord  Chancellors  have 
received  the  Great  Seal  at  her  hands.  Ten 
Prime  Ministers  and  six  Speakers  of  the 
House  of  Commons  have  taken  office  dur- 
ing her  reign,  and  she  has  survived  every 
member  of  her  first  Privy  Council.  To 
find  in  the  closing  years  of  her  long  reign 


her  people  stronger,  her  Empire  wider, 
and  her  own  person  more  beloved  than 
ever,  is  a  happier  fate  than  has  befallen 
any  of  her  predecessors. 

VILERS,  Charles  Marie  Le  Myre 

de,  was  born  in  1833  of  a  good  Norman 
family.  He  began  his  career  in  the  navy 
at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  when  but 
twenty -six  received  the  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  He  subsequently 
entered  the  Civil  Service,  acting  as  Sous- 
Pre'fet  at  Joigny  and  Bergerac,  and  was 
promoted  in  1877  to  the  office  of  Directeur 
des  Affaires  Civiles  et  Financieres  in 
Algeria.  For  his  gallantry  in  the  siege  of 
Paris,  on  the  special  recommendation  of 
Admiral  Sassiet,  he  obtained  the  rosette 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  In  the  early 
part  of  1879,  the  Cabinet  of  M.  Wadding- 
ton  determined  to  appoint  a  Civil  Gover- 
nor to  Cochin-China,  and  the  choice  fall- 
ing on  M.  de  Vilers,  he  left  for  Saigon  in 
June  of  that  year,  being  entrusted  as 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  Court  of  Annam. 
He  made  himself  extremely  popular  there, 
and  introduced  many  most  useful  reforms, 
repressing  a  serious  insurrection  and  caus- 
ing to  be  constructed  the  first  railway  in 
the  colony.  In  1882  he  became  embroiled 
with  the  chief  of  the  Naval  Department 
with  respect  to  the  appointment  of  an 
officer,  and  was  recalled  to  France,  where 
he  lived  quietly  until  1885,  when  M.  de 
Freycinet  was  desirous  of  bringing  the' 
war  with  Madagascar  to  an  end,  and  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  that  country  which 
was  duly  ratified  by  the  French  Parlia- 
ment, but  would  need  most  careful  and 
delicate  handling  to  carry  out  its  clauses. 
In  the  spring  of  1888  M.  de  Vilers  set  out 
for  Antananarivo  as  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary, being  fully  aware  of  the  arduous 
nature  of  his  task.  The  Malagasy  Prime 
Minister,  a  clever  and  astute  diplomatist, 
soon  found  he  had  a  stubborn  and  expert 
antagonist  to  deal  with,  and,  as  the  terms 
of  the  treaty  had  been  left  somewhat 
vague,  the  Kesident-General  had  to  assert 
the  rights  of  his  country.  The  Queen's 
consort  requiring  funds  to  meet  the 
indemnity  due  to  France,  had  resolved 
on  establishing  a  National  Bank,  and 
entered  into  communication  with  an 
English  syndicate  for  a  loan  of  30,000,000 
francs.  The  French  Envoy  disputed  the 
right,  and  insisted  on  his  applying  to  the 
French  for  the  loan.  After  much  dis- 
cussion the  Prime  Minister  accepted  the 
offer  made  by  the  Comptoir  d'Escompte 
at  Paris,  which  advanced  15,000,000 
francs  at  6  per  cent.,  to  be  repaid  within 
25  years  by  levies  on  the  customs  of 
certain  selected  seaports.  The  next 
question  that  arose  between  M.  de  Vilers 
and    the  Malagasy  Government  was    on 


VILLAEI  —  VILLIERS 


1115 


account  of  a  mission  to  Europe  entrusted 
by  it  to  an  Englishman  in  the  service  of 
the  Hovas.  This  was  General  Willoughby, 
whom  M.  de  Vilers  desired  to  see  banished 
from  the  island,  and  he  had  at  last  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  him  embarked  for 
Zanzibar.  M.  de  Vilers  openly  displayed 
his  ill-feeling  towards  the  English  element 
in  Antananarivo,  especially  against  the 
missionaries,  who  are  very  influential 
there.  From  the  first  he  kept  entirely 
aloof  from  the  British  colony,  and  en- 
deavoured to  prevent  British  enterprise 
from  getting  a  footing  in  the  island.  The 
Resident-General  refused  to  recognise  the 
right  of  the  Hova  Government  to  grant 
the  exequatur  to  representatives  of  foreign 
powers,  alleging  that  the  French  Envoy 
alone  had  the  right  to  do  so.  In  1887 
Mr.  Haggard,  the  British  Consul,  took 
no  notice  of  this  requirement  of  M.  de 
Vilers,  and  applied  for  it  to  the  Hovas' 
Minister.  Many  interviews  took  place, 
and  at  last  the  French  Envoy  broke  off  all 
negotiations,  hauled  down  the  tricolour, 
despatched  his  escort  of  marines  to  Tama- 
tave,  and  prepared  to  leave  the  capital 
with  all  his  staff.  The  Prime  Minister, 
fearing  the  consequences  of  his  leaving, 
immediately  sent  for  the  French  Plenipo- 
tentiary, and  complied  with  all  his  de- 
mands ;  but  it  is  nevertheless  a  question 
which  will  always  be  mooted,  and  has 
more  than  once  nearly  caused  a  rupture 
between  the  two  countries.  In  1888  M. 
de  Vilers  returned  to  France,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  went  back  to  Madagascar, 
and  a  few  months  later  resigned  his  ap- 
pointment there,  and  was  elected  Deputy 
for  Cochin-China  in  September  1889.  In 
1893  he  was  sent  to  negotiate  the  conven- 
tion with  Siam,  and  successfully  achieved 
it.  In  September  1894  he  was  once  more 
sent  as  Envoy  to  settle  affairs  in  Madagas- 
car, and  reached  Antananarivo  in  Octo- 
ber. With  his  accustomed  promptitude 
he  bad  at  once  started  thither  on  his 
arrival  at  Tamatave.  On  Tuesday,  Octo- 
ber 9,  he,  M.  Rauchot,  and  the  Vicomte 
d'Anthouard,  had  an  audience  of  the 
Queen  and  the  Prime  Minister,  and  opened 
negotiations  and  put  forward  demands 
which,  if  acceded  to,  would  have  the 
effect  of  constituting  Madagascar  a  French 
dependency. 

VILLARI,  Pasquale,  Italian  writer, 
was  born  at  Naples  in  1827,  and  having 
studied  for  the  law,  in  1847  became  in- 
volved in  revolutionary  politics,  for  which 
he  was  imprisoned.  He  then  retired,  and 
engaged  in  historical  research.  In  1859 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  History  at 
the  University  of  Pisa,  and  in  1862  came 
to  London  as  the  Italian  delegate  to  the 


Universal  Exhibition.  On  his  return  he 
was  promoted  to  be  Professor  of  History 
at  Florence.  In  1884  he  became  Minister 
of  Public  Instruction  in  the  Rudini 
Cabinet,  and  has  distinguished  himself  by 
his  reforms  in  education.  His  best-known 
works  are  :  "  Vita  di  Savonarola,"  Flor- 
ence, 1859,  "Antiche  Legende  e  Tradi- 
zioni  che  illustrano  la  Divina  Commedia," 
1865  ;  "Insegnamento  della  Storia,"  1869  ; 
"  Nicolo  Machiaveli  e  suoi  Tempi,"  1877. 
Most  of  these  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  his  wife,  nte  Linda  White. 
His  last  book  has  been  "  The  First  Two 
Centuries  of  Florentine  History,"  pub- 
lished in  1895. 

VILLIERS,  Frederic,  was  born  in 
London  on  April  23,  1852.  He  is  the  son  of 
Henry  Villiers,  by  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Bradley,  and  was  educated  in  the 
north  of  France  at  Guines.  Afterwards 
he  studied  in  the  Schools  of  Art  at  South 
Kensington,  and  became  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1870.  In  1876,  as 
special  artist  and  correspondent  to  the 
Graphic,  he  went  through  the  Servian 
campaign  with  Mr.  Archibald  Forbes.  He 
was  with  the  armies  of  the  Timok,  Drina, 
Eber,  and  with  Tchernaieff  on  the  Morava; 
was  decorated  with  the  Order  of  the 
Takova,  and  received  a  war  medal  for  this 
campaign,  being  recalled  in  November  to 
Constantinople.  He  then  travelled  in 
Roumelia  and  Bulgaria,  examined  the 
Turkish  army,  re-crossed  the  Servian  lines, 
and  returned  with  the  Turkish  troops  to 
Constantinople.  Having  been  ordered  to 
go  into  Russia,  he,  in  January,  started  for 
Kisheniff,  and  saw  the  mobilisation  of  the 
Russian  troops  in  Bessarabia.  Mr.  Villiers 
returned  to  England  in  February  1887. 
The  day  on  which  war  was  declared 
between  Turkey  and  Russia,  he  started 
for  Bucharest,  where  he  joined  Mr.  Forbes 
and  was  present  at  all  the  chief  engage- 
ments. When  the  armistice  was  declared, 
he  was  the  only  English  correspondent 
who  accompanied  the  Russian  army  to 
enter  Constantinople,  and  was  present  at 
San  Stefano  when  peace  was  signed  and 
announced  to  the  Russian  Guard  by  the 
Grand-Duke  Nicholas  on  Sunday,  March 
3,  1878.  Mr.  Villiers  received  the  Cross 
for  the  passage  of  the  Danube,  and  the 
war  medal.  In  June  of  that  year  he  went 
to  Malta,  and  was  present  at  the  review  of 
the  Indian  Contingent  by  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge.  In  November  he  left  Eng- 
land for  Afghanistan.  He  went  through 
the  first  part  of  that  campaign  till  the 
signing  of  the  Treaty  of  Gandamuk  ;  then 
left  for  Australia  ;  was  at  the  opening  of 
the  Sydney  Exhibition  ;  travelled  through 
New  Zealand  ;  and  returned  to  England 
vid   San   Francisco  and   New  York,   thus 


1116 


VILLIERS  —  VINCEN  T 


making  a  journey  round  the  world.  Mr. 
Villiers  left  England  for  Egypt  imme- 
diately on  receipt  of  the  news  of  the 
massacres  at  Alexandria,  of  June  11,  1882; 
was  on  H.M.S.  Condor  during  the  bom- 
bardment of  that  city  ;  and  landed  with 
the  marines.  Afterwards  he  followed  the 
army  to  Ismailia  ;  was  at  the  first  fight  at 
Tel-el-Mahouta,  and  was  with  the  High- 
land Brigade  during  the  night  march  and 
subsequent  attack  on  Tel-el-Kebir.  Mr. 
Villiers  remained  in  Cairo  till  the  trial 
and  banishment  of  Arabi  and  his  con- 
federates. He  received  for  this  campaign 
the  order  and  rosette  of  theMedjidieh,  and 
the  Egyptian  war  medal  from  the  hands 
of  the  Khedive.  In  May  1883  he  was 
one  of  the  English  correspondents  invited 
to  attend  the  coronation  of  the  Czar  at 
Moscow  ;  received  silver  medal  and  badge. 
In  February  1884  Mr.  Villiers  left  for 
Suakim  to  join  General  Graham,  who  had 
gone  to  avenge  the  defeat  of  General 
Baker  at  the  first  battle  of  Teb.  Mr. 
Villiers  was  present  at  the  Arab  defeat  at 
the  second  battle  of  Teb.  On  March  13 
he  was  at  the  battle  of  Tamai,  and  subse- 
quently, as  special  correspondent  of  the 
Daily  News,  accompanied  Admiral  Sir  W. 
Hewett  on  his  mission  to  the  court  of 
King  John  of  Abyssinia.  In  the  autumn 
of  1884  and  the  spring  of  1885,  Mr.  Villiers 
was  with  the  Nile  Expedition  for  the 
relief  of  Khartoum,  being  present  at  the 
battle  of  Abu-Klea  and  the  advance  upon 
Metemmeh.  Returning  to  England,  he 
started  almost  at  once  for  Ireland,  where 
he  witnessed  the  manoeuvres  of  the  Evolu- 
tionary Squadron  in  Bantry  Bay,  in  June 
1885.  A  period  of  rest  followed,  and  in 
November  1885  Mr.  Villiers  started  for 
Servia,  and  was  with  the  Servian  forces  at 
all  the  chief  encounters  with  the  Bul- 
garians. An  armistice  being  declared,  he 
started  on  his  homeward  journey.  At 
Venice  he  found  a  telegram  from  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  Graphic,  telling  him  to  go 
to  Burma.  He  accomplished  the  journey 
from  Venice  to  Rangoon  in  one  month — 
arriving  just  in  time  to  accompany  Lord 
Dufferin  on  his  journey  up  the  Irawaddy 
to  Mandalay.  When  Lord  Dufferin  re- 
turned to  India,  Mr.  Villiers  left  for  Con- 
stantinople, to  await  the  development  of 
events  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  He 
eventually  joined  the  Greek  army,  and 
was  in  Athens  during  the  blockade  of  the 
Greek  ports.  As  a  peaceful  solution  of 
the  Turko-Greek  question  took  place,  Mr. 
Villiers  returned  to  England.  Since  1887 
he  has  been  lecturing  in  England,  the 
United  States,  and  Canada,  on  his  varied 
experiences  during  the  last  decade.  In 
August  1889  Mr.  Villiers  was  invited  by 
the  Governor  -  General  of  Canada  to  ac- 
company his  Excellency  on  his  official  tour 


through  the  Dominion,  and  journeyed  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coast  over  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  visiting  all  the 
principal  towns  and  Indian  reservations 
of  the  Far  West.  During  the  Chino- 
Japanese  war  he  represented  a  leading 
illustrated  paper  in  China,  and  was  present 
at  the  battles' of  Ping  Yang  and  the  ad- 
vance on  Port  Arthur,  and  taking  of  that 
place.  He  went  round  the  world  on  a  lec- 
turing tour  in  1895,  and  in  1896  represented 
his  paper  at  the  coronation  of  the  Czar. 
He  represented  the  Standard  during  the 
war  between  Turkey  and  Greece,  1897, 
and  visited  Crete.  In  August  1898  he 
joined  the  Sirdar's  army  on  the  march  to 
Omdurman,  and  represented  the  Globe 
and  Illustrated  London  Neios  during  the 
campaign,  being  present  at  the  battle  of 
Sept.  2,  1898,  and  at  the  Gordon  memorial 
service.     Club  :  Arts. 

VILLIERS,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Henry  de,  K.C.M.G.,  Chief-Justice  of 
Cape  Colony,  and  President  of  the  Legis- 
lative Council,  was  born  in  1842,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1865.  From  1872  to  1874  he  was  Attorney- 
General  of  the  Cape,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  position.  In  politics 
he  is  Conservative,  and  an  opponent  to  the 
Imperialist  policy  of  Mr.  Rhodes.  He  is 
a  descendant  of  a  French  Huguenot  family 
which  settled  in  South  Africa,  after  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  His 
authority  on  points  of  Roman-Dutch  law 
is  regarded  as  supreme. 

VINCENT,  Colonel  Sir  Charles 
Edward  Howard,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  was  born  May  31,  1849,  at  Slinfold, 
Sussex,  being  the  second  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Sir  Frederick  Vincent,  11th  Bart.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  the 
Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst.  He 
was  appointed  Ensign  in  the  23rd  Royal 
Welsh  Fusiliers  in  1868  ;  retired  as  Lieu- 
tenant in  1873  ;  and  was  appointed  Captain 
in  the  Royal  Berks  Militia  in  the  latter 
year ;  but'resigned  in  1875  to  assume  the 
Lieut.-Colonelcy  of  the  Central  London 
Rangers,  which  commission  he  resigned 
in  1878,  on  his  appointment  as  Director 
of  Criminal  Investigations.  He  entered  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1873  ;  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1876  ;  went  the  South-Eastern 
Circuit ;  and  practised  in  the  Divorce 
Division  ;  and  entered  at  the  Paris  Faculte" 
de  Droit  in  1877.  He  took  over  the  control 
of  the  Police  Gazette  in  1883  ;  and  was 
Chairman  of  the  Metropolitan  and  City 
Police  Orphanage  in  1880-83.  Sir  Howard 
Vincent  was  special  correspondent  of  the 
Daily  Telegraphm'Berlm  in  1871 ;  received 
the  thanks  of  the  War  Office  and  a  pecuniary 
grant  from  the  Treasury  for  his  reports  upon 


VINCENT 


1117 


Russia  in  1872  ;  gave  numerous  lectures 
upon  Foreign  Armies  at  the  Royal  United 
Service  Institution  between  1872  and  1878 ; 
was  Military  Commissioner  of  the  Daily 
Telegraph  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Turco- 
Rnssian  War  in  1877 ;  and  assembled  a 
Conference  upon  the  requirements  of  the 
Volunteer  Force,  leading  to  considerable 
reforms  in  1878,  and  obtained  like  results 
by  his  parliamentary  action  in  1887.  He 
was  appointed,  March  4, 1878,  to  reorganise 
the  Detective  System  of  the  Metropolitan 
Police,  with  the  designation  of  Director  of 
Criminal  Investigations,  and  with  absolute 
control  over  the  criminal  administration. 
This  post  he  resigned  in  1884,  in  order 
to  enter  Parliament,  and  was  appointed 
Colonel  Commandant  of  the  Queen's  West- 
minster Volunteers,  which  post  he  still 
holds,  the  regiment  being  one  of  the 
strongest  in  the  country,  and  selected 
for  the  private  inspection  of  the  German 
Emperor  in  1891.  In  1888  he  was  elected 
to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  for 
St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  and  in  1889, 
and  again  in  1892,  was  returned  unopposed 
for  the  same  constituency  to  the  London 
County  Council.  In  1895  he  was  returned 
again  after  a  contest,  but  resigned  in 
March  1896.  He  is  a  magistrate  for 
Middlesex,  Westminster,  and  Berkshire,  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  for  London,  and  has 
travelled  over  the  whole  world.  In  1885 
he  was  returned  as  Conservative  Member 
for  the  Central  Division  of  Sheffield  by  a 
majority  of  1149,  and  by  1195  in  1886, 
again  in  1892,  and  again  unopposed  in 
1895.  In  Parliament  he  is  identified  with 
the  Fair- Trade  Movement,  United  Empire 
Trade,  and  British  Labour  Questions, 
while  Acts  for  the  Probation  of  First 
Offenders,  in  the  first  nine  years  of  which 
35,000  were  sa-ved  under  it  from  imprison- 
ment, and  £100,000  was  not  spent  in 
prison  maintenance,  Saving  Life  at  Sea, 
Reformatory  Schools,  the  appointment  of 
a  Judicial  Trustee,  and  prohibiting  the 
Importation  of  Prison-Made  Goods  are  due 
to  his  initiation.  In  1886  he  was  created 
a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  and  K.C.M.G. 
at  the  Birthday,  1899,  for  his  services  as 
British  Representative  at  the  late  Anarchist 
Conference  in  Rome.  In  1895  be  was 
Chairman  of  the  Council  of  the  National 
Union  of  Conservative  Associations,  and 
in  1898  was  appointed  to  the  Royal  Com- 
mission for  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1900. 
In  1891  he  founded  the  United  Empire 
Trade  League,  and  has  since  acted  as  its 
Honorary  Secretary,  succeeding  in  1897 
in  getting  the  treaties  of  1862  and  1864 
denounced,  and  was  knighted  by  the 
Queen  in  1896.  He  is  also  a  knight  of 
the  Orders  of  the  German  Crown  and  of 
the  Crown  of  Italy.  His  published  works 
are  "Stoffel's  Reports  upon  the  Prussian 


Army,"  1871  ;  "Elementary  Military  Geo- 
graphy, Reconnoitring  and  Sketching," 
1872;  "Russia's  Advance  Eastward,"  1873 ; 
"  The  Law  of  Criticism  and  Libel,"  1876  ; 
"The  Improvement  of  the  Volunteer 
Force,"  1878;  "Procedure  d'Extradition," 
1880  ;  and  "A  Police  Code  and  Manual  of 
Criminal  Law,"  which  has  gone  through 
ten  editions,  and  has  been  adopted  as  the 
text  book  of  all  English-speaking  police. 
Sir  Howard  Vincent  married,  in  1882,  Ethel 
Gwendoline,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
Geo.  Moffatt,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Goodrich 
Court,  Herefordshire,  a  great  traveller 
and  authoress  of  "  40,000  Miles  over  Land 
and  Water,"  "Newfoundland  to  Cochin- 
China,"  and  "  China  to  Peru  over  the 
Andes,"  by  whom  he  has  an  only  daughter, 
Vera  Howard,  born  1883.  Addresses  :  1 
Grosvenor  Square,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

VINCENT,  Sir  Edgar,  K.C.M.G., 
youngest  brother  of  the  above,  was  born 
at  Slinfold,  Sussex,  on  Aug.  19,  1857. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  passed 
an  examination  for  the  appointment  of 
Student  Dragoman  at  Constantinople,  in 
October  1877,  but  did  not  take  up  the 
appointment.  He  was  subsequently  ap- 
pointed 2nd  Lieutenant  in  the  Coldstream 
Guards  (1877),  and  resigned  (1882).  In 
May  1880  he  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  Lord  E.  Fitzmaurice,  Com- 
missioner for  Eastern  Roumelia  ;  and  in 
June  1881,  Assistant  to  Her  Majesty's 
Commissioner  for  the  evacuation  of  the 
territory  ceded  to  Greece  by  Turkey.  He 
was  appointed  British,  Belgian,  and  Dutch 
Representative  on  the  Council  of  the 
Ottoman  Public  Debt  at  Constantinople, 
March  1882  ;  President  of  the  Council  of 
Ottoman  Public  Debt  at  Constantinople, 
March  13,  1883  ;  and  Financial  Adviser  to 
the  Egyptian  Government,  Nov.  4,  1883. 
He  has  received  the  first  class  of  the 
Medjidieb,  and  was  made  a  K.C.M.G.  in 
August  1887.  It  was  mainly  owing  to  his 
efforts  that  Egyptian  finance  was  restored 
to  prosperity.  When  the  financial  diffi- 
culties of  Egypt  were  overcome,  Sir  Edgar 
Vincent  resigned  the  post  of  Financial 
Adviser  and  was  appointed  Governor  of 
the  Imperial  Ottoman  Bank,  a  post  he 
held  till  1897.  As  evidence  of  the  pro- 
gress of  Egyptian  credit  during  the  six 
years  that  he  was  Financial  Adviser,  it 
may  be  stated  that  the  selling  value  of 
Egvptian  securities  in  1883was£76,251,678, 
and  in  1889  had  risen  to  £103,362,730,  this 
result  having  been  obtained  with  a  dimi- 
nution of  the  charges  of  the  Egyptian 
Government  and  of  the  taxpayer.  While 
in  Egypt,  Sir  Edgar  Vincent  undertook 
and  carried  out  with  success  a  reform 
of  the  Egyptian  currency.  Since  his 
appointment,  Turkey  has   regularly  paid 


1118 


VINCENT  — VINE 


the  Russian  War  Indemnity,  thus  removing 
one  of  the  chief  political  dangers  to  the 
Ottoman  Empire.  Turkish  credit  has  been 
greatly  improved,  and  Turkish  stocks  now 
rank  closely  after  Egyptian.  All  sums 
due  on  the  debt  have  been  regularly  met, 
and  an  average  sum  of  2,000,000  Turkish 
pounds  has  been  annually  redeemed  by 
means  of  the  various  sinking  funds. 
Turkey  has  now  been  removed  from  the 
list  of  countries  in  embarrassed  financial 
circumstances,  and  has  entered  resolutely 
the  path  of  economic  progress.  Railways 
in  Turkey  have  been  increased  from  960 
in  1889  to  2000  miles  in  1893.  Sir  Edgar 
Vincent  married,  in  September  1890,  Lady 
Helen  Venetia  Duncombe,  daughter  of  the 
1st  Earl  of  Feversham.  Address  :  Esher 
Place,  Esher,  Surrey. 

VINCENT,  John  Heyl,  Bishop,  was 
born  in  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama,  Feb.  23, 1832. 
He  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Pennsyl- 
vania in  his  sixth  year,  and  lived  for 
fourteen  years  on  the  banks  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, near  Lewisburg.  He  taught 
school  in  Chilisquaque  township  and  on  the 
Juniata  River  for  about  four  years.  His 
education  was  pursued  in  Lewisburg  and 
Milton  Academies,  and  in  the  Newark 
(N.J.)  Wesleyan  Institute.  He  completed 
his  four  years'  course  of  theological  study 
in  the  Newark  conference  in  April  1857. 
From  there  he  went  to  Illinois,  where  he 
served  as  pastor  at  Joliet,  Galena,  Rock- 
ford,  Mount  Morris,  and  Chicago.  He 
established  the  Sunday -School  Quarterly  in 
1865  in  Chicago,  and  in  1866  the  Sunday- 
School  Teacher,  containing  the  first  issues 
of  the  modern  lesson  system  which  has 
become  international.  He  became  Sunday- 
School  Secretary  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  which  office  he  filled  for 
twenty  years.  With  Hon.  Lewis  Miller 
of  Akron,  Ohio,  he  established  the  Chau- 
tauqua Assembly  in  1874,  and  has  been 
Superintendent  of  Instruction,  or  Chan- 
cellor, up  to  the  present  lime.  He  was 
elected  and  consecrated  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) Bishop  in  New  York  in  1888.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  The  Church  School  and 
its  Officers,"  "The  Sunday-School  Normal 
Guide,"  "The  Modern  Sunday  School," 
"A  Study  in  Pedagogy,"  "The  Revival 
and  after  the  Revival,"  "Better  Not,"  a 
series  of  "Chautauqua  Text-Books"  in 
history,  "To  Old  Bethlehem,"  "The  Home 
Book,"  "The  Church  at  Home,"  "Studies 
in  Young  Life,"  "In  Search  of  His 
Grave,  an  Easter  Study,"  &c.  He  visited 
Europe  in  1862-63,  1872,  1878,  1880,  1886- 
87,  1891,  and  1893.  He  visited  Egypt 
and  Palestine  in  1863  and  1887.  His 
episcopal  residence  is  Topeka,  Kansas ; 
his  post-office  address  for  all  Chautauqua 
correspondence,  Buffalo,  N.Y. 


VINE,  Sir  John  Richard  Somers, 
C.M.G.,  F.S.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  John  Vine  and  Eliza,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  William  Somers,  was  born  at 
Wells,  Somerset,  on  Dec.  10,  1847.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
Spalding,  and  subsequently  at  a  private 
school  in  Cambridge.  He  entered  the 
newspaper  and  printing  office  of  a  relative 
when  very  young,  and  has  served  in  every 
grade  of  the  journalist's  profession  on 
country  and  London  newspapers.  In 
October  1870  he  joined  the  editorial  staff 
of  Messrs.  Waterlow  &  Sons,  and  became 
superintending  editor  to  that  company  in 
1876.  He  was  Private  Secretary  at  the 
Mansion  House  to  the  Lord  Mayors  of 
London,  1871-75.  During  that  period  he 
acted  as  Secretary  to,  amongst  other 
organisations,  the  Bengal  Famine  Relief 
Fund  in  1874,  and  to  the  British  Fund  for 
the  relief  of  the  inundated  Departments  of 
the  South  of  France  in  1875.  He  was 
appointed  City  and  Official  Agent  to  the 
International  Fisheries,  Health,  and  In- 
ventions Exhibitions,  1883-85,  and  to  the 
Royal  Commissioners  for  the  Colonial  and 
Indian  Exhibition,  1886,  and  was  knighted 
in  that  year  "  in  regard  of  his  many  valu- 
able public  services  in  the  course  of  that 
and  preceding  years."  In  the  year  1886 
he  was  invited  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
of  Wales  to  be  the  Assistant  Organising 
Secretary  to  the  proposed  Imperial  Insti- 
tute as  the  National  Memorial  of  the 
Queen's  reign,  and  accepted  the  post.  In 
December  1888  he  was  despatched  by 
H.R.H.  the  President,  and  the  Organising 
Committee,  on  a  mission  to  the  principal 
British  Colonies,  which  occupied  him 
nearly  two  years  (1889-90).  During  this 
tour,  which  was  of  a  most  comprehensive 
nature,  the  interest  of  India  and  of  the 
Colonies  in  the  work  of  the  Institute  was 
aroused,  and  the  practical  co-operation  of 
those  dependencies  promised.  He  organ- 
ised and  placed  in  working  order  the 
Commercial  Intelligence  Department,  and 
most  of  the  collections  of  natural  pro- 
ducts. On  the  occasion  of  the  State 
inauguration  of  the  Institute  by  the  Queen 
on  May  10,  1893,  he  was  created  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Most  Distinguished  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  "  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  to  that  Institution." 
From  1889  to  the  present  time  he  has  acted 
as  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  National 
Leprosy  Fund.  He  is  now  connected  with 
important  Colonial  enterprises  in  Australia 
and  British  New  Guinea ;  the  latter 
country  he  again  visited  in  1897-98.  He 
is  a  prominent  Freemason,  being  a  Past 
Grand  Deacon  of  England,  and  founder 
and  first  elected  Master  of  the  "Savage 
Club  Lodge."  He  was  for  some  years 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  "  Savage  Club." 


VINES  — VOGUE 


1119 


He  is  author  of  "English  Municipal  In- 
stitutions, their  Growth  and  Development 
Statistically  Illustrated  "  (first  published 
in  1878)  ;  "The  English  Municipal  Code" 
(first  published  in  1882) ;  and  other  statis- 
tical works,  and  sometime  editor  and  com- 
piler of  several  "  Year-Books."  To  him  is 
also  due — as  stated  in  the  official  preface — 
"  the  conception  and  general  outline  "  of 
"The  Imperial  Institute  Year-Book "  (first 
published  in  1892),  and  now  a  recognised 
and  authoritative  annual  record  in  respect 
of  the  British  Empire.  He  is  a  Commis- 
sioner of  Lieutenancy  for  London,  a 
Knight  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  and  a 
Knight  of  several  foreign  Orders  (includ- 
ing those  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha, 
Franz-Joseph  of  Austria,  and  Kamemeha 
of  Hawaii).  He  married  Eliza,  daughter 
of  the  late  William  Porter,  in  1870.  Ad- 
dresses :  Devonshire  Club  ;  and  Members' 
Mansions,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

VINES,  Professor  Sydney  Howard, 
D.Sc,  F.K.S.,  was  born  in  London,  Dec. 
31,  1819.  He  was  educated  privately,  and 
began  the  study  of  Medicine  at  Guy's 
Hospital  in  1869,  but  soon  became  at- 
tracted by  purely  scientific  subjects. 
Having  gained  an  Open  Scholarship  at 
Christ's  College,  he  went  up  to  Cambridge 
in  October  1872.  He  graduated  B.Sc.  at 
the  University  of  London  in  1873,  and 
D.Sc.  in  1879.  He  took  his  Cambridge 
degree  in  1876,  and  was  shortly  afterwards 
elected  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  Christ's 
College.  He  was  elected  to  a  Readership 
in  Botany  in  1884,  and  took  his  D.Sc. 
degree  at  Cambridge  in  the  same  year. 
In  1888  he  was  elected  to  the  Sherardian 
Professorship  of  Botany  at  Oxford,  and 
was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  Magdalen 
College  at  the  same  time.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society 
in  1878,  and  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Physical 
Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1885.  He  has 
written  a  book  entitled  "  Lectures  on  the 
Physiology  of  Plants,"  published  by  the 
Cambridge  University  Press  in  1886  ;  and 
he  is  an  editor  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  "  Annals  of  Botany  "  (published  by 
the  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford).  Address : 
Headington  Hill,  Oxford. 

VIBCHOW,  Rudolf,  a  celebrated 
German  pathologist,  anthropologist,  and 
politician,  was  born  at  Schivelbein  in 
Pomerania,  Oct.  13,  1821,  and  studied 
Medicine  at  Berlin.  In  1849  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Pathological  Anatomy 
at  Wiirzburg,  and  soon  became  one  of  the 
foremost  exponents  of  the  so-called  Wiirz- 
burg School.  In  1856  he  returned  to  Berlin 
as  Professor  ;  here  he  did  excellent  work  in 
the  newly-founded  pathological  institute, 


which  at  once  became  the  centre  of  inde- 
pendent research  amongst  the  younger 
men  of  science.  He  has  always  taken  a 
great  interest  in  politics,  and  has  con- 
tributed important  speeches  to  the  parlia- 
mentary debates.  His  attitude  has  from 
the  first  been  ultra-liberal.  He  passes  as 
the  originator  of  the  celebrated  phrase 
"  Kulturkampf,"  or  the  war  of  the  State 
against  a  reactionary  Church.  In  1887  he 
was  deprived  of  the  rectorate  of  Berlin 
University,  owing  to  the  violence  of  his 
political  opinions,  but  was  reinstated  in 
1892.  At  the  Naturalists'  Conference  at 
Innsbruck  in  1869  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  German  Anthropological 
Society.  In  1873  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  has  also 
taken  a  great  interest  in  the  spreading  of 
scientific  knowledge  amongst  the  people, 
and  has  been  since  1866  part  editor  of  a 
series  of  popular  lectures,  to  which  he 
has  contributed  essays  on  various  his- 
torical and  scientific  subjects.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are:  "Cellular  Pathology," 
4th  edit.,  1871;  "Morbid  Tumours,"  3 
vols.,  1863-66  ;  "  Collection  of  Treatises 
on  Scientific  Medicine,"  1856  ;  "  Collec- 
tion of  Treatises  on  Public  Medicine  and 
Epidemiology,"  2  vols.,  1879  ;  "  Goethe 
as  a  Naturalist,"  1861 ;  ' '  Four  Lectures  on 
Life  and  Illness,"  1862;  "The  Education 
of  Women,"  1865;  "The  Function  of 
Science  in  the  New  National  Life  of 
Germany,"  1871;  "Free  Knowledge  in 
the  Modern  State,"  1877  ;  "  The  Necropolis 
of  Koban  in  the  Caucasus,"  1883  ;  and 
"  Alimentation  and  Well-being,"  1889. 
His  "  Archives  of  Pathological  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,  and  of  Clinical  Medicine," 
founded  in  1847,  has  latterly  reached  the 
120th  volume.  During  the  last  illness  of 
the  Emperor  Frederick  he  was  constantly 
in  communication  with  the  late  Sir  Morell 
Mackenzie.  On  the  occasion  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  connec- 
tion with  Berlin  University  in  November 
1897  he  was  the  recipient  of  most  flatter- 
ing proofs  of  the  respect  in  which  he  is 
universally  held.  In  1898  he  came  to 
London  and  lectured  before  the  Royal 
Society,  his  speech  upon  this  occasion 
being  most  generously  appreciative  of  the 
labours  of  English  scientific  men. 

VOGUE,  Vicomte  Eugene  Melchior 

de,  was  born  on  Feb.  24,  1848  ;  became 
Secretary  to  the  Embassy,  first  at  Con- 
stantinople, and  subsequently  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, where,  at  the  Winter  Palace  in  1878, 
he  was  married  to  the  daughter  of  General 
Annenkoff.  He  retired  from  the  Diplo- 
matic Service  in  1881,  and  has  since  de- 
voted his  time  to  literature  ;  writing  much 
in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  and  the 
Journal  des  Dibats.     He  has  also  written 


1120 


VOULES—  VOYSEY 


"  Syrie,  Palestine,  Mount  Athos,"  1876  ; 
"Histoires  Orientales,"  1879;  "Le  Fils 
de  Pierre  le  Grand,"  1884;  "Histoires 
d'Hiver,"  1885  ;  "  Le  Roman  Russe," 
1886;  "Souvenirs  et  Visions,"  1887; 
"  Remarques  sur  l'Exposition  du  Cen- 
tenaire,"  1889.  Vioomte  Melchior  de 
Vogue  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Acadtknie  Frangaise  in  November  1888. 
He  was  promoted  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  1879. 

VOULES,  Horace  St.  George,  jour- 
nalist and  editor  of  Truth,  was  born  at 
Windsor  on  April  23,  1844,  and  is  the  son 
of  Charles  Stuart  Voules,  solicitor,  Wind- 
sor. He  was  educated  at  private  schools 
at  Brighton  and  Eastbourne.  He  began 
life  in  1864  in  the  printing  trade  at  Cassell, 
Petter,  &  Galpin's,  and  in  1868  originated 
for  them  the  Echo,  the  earliest  halfpenny 
evening  paper.  When,  in  1875,  the  paper 
was  sold  to  the  late  Albert  Grant,  he  con- 
tinued as  editor  and  manager  of  the  same 
till  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  its  present 
proprietor,  Mr.  Passmore  Edwards,  in  1876. 
In  that  year  he  arranged  with  Mr. 
Labouchere  to  start  Truth,  which  was 
issued  in  January  1877.  He  has  remained 
in  this  post  ever  since,  and  has  been  sole 
editor  for  several  years.  He  at  one 
time,  during  a  year  or  more,  assisted  in 
the  reconstruction  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  from  which  Mr.  Greenwood  had 
then  seceded.  Addresses  :  Truth  Office, 
Carteret  Street,  S.W.  ;  and  Uplands, 
Brighton. 

VOYSEY,  The  Rev.  Charles,  B.A., 
was  bom  in  London,  March  18, 1828,  being 
the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Annesley 
Voysey,  architect.  He  was  educated 
partly  by  private  tuition,  partly  at  Stock- 
well  Grammar  School,  and  afterwards  at 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  B.A.  degree  in  1851.  From  1852  to 
1859  he  held  the  curacy  of  Hessle,  near 
Hull,  after  which  he  was  curate  (under 
the  Crown)  of  Craigton,  Jamaica,  for 
fifteen  months.  In  1861  he  was  ap- 
pointed curate  of  Great  Yarmouth,  but 
in  the  same  year  was  transferred  to  St. 
Mark's,  Whitechapel.  Being  ejected  from 
that  curacy  in  consequence  of  a  sermon 
against  endless  punishment,  he  was  re- 
commended by  the  Bishop  of  London  (Dr. 
Tait)  to  the  curacy  of  the  well-known 
Victoria  Dock  parish,  under  the  Rev.  H. 
Boyd,  Vicar.  After  six  months'  service 
there  he  was  invited  by  the  patron  and 
Vicar  of  Healaugh,  Yorkshire,  to  accept 
the  curacy  of  that  parish,  and  at  the  ex- 
piration of  six  months  the  Vicar  resigned 
and  presented  Mr.  Voysey  to  the  benefice 
(1864).     Mr.  Voysey  began  his  career  as  a 


religious  reformer  by  the  publication  of  a 
sermon  entitled  "  Is  every  Statement  in 
the  Bible  about  Our  Heavenly  Father 
strictly  true  ?  "  This  was  soon  followed, 
in  1865,  by  "The  Sling  and  the  Stone," 
which  first  appeared  in  monthly  parts,  and 
was  continued  through  several  years ;  up 
to  the  present  time  ten  volumes  have  been 
issued.  The  opinions  expressed  were 
denounced  as  heretical  by  the  ultra- 
orthodox  parties  in  the  Anglican  Church, 
and  eventually  in  the  spring  of  1869  legal 
proceedings  were  instituted  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York's  secretary  against  Mr. 
Voysey.  The  case  was  heard  in  the  first 
instance  in  the  Chancery  Court,  York 
Minster,  Dec.  1,  1869,  when  judgment  was 
pronounced  against  Mr.  Voysey,  and  on 
appeal,  confirmed  by  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee of  the  Privy  Council,  which  sen- 
tenced the  appellant  to  be  deprived  of  his 
living,  and  to  pay  the  costs,  Feb.  11,  1871. 
In  October  of  that  year  Mr.  Voysey  began 
holding  Theistic  services,  and  preaching 
in  London,  first  at  St.  George's  Hall,  then 
at  Langham  Hall,  and  since  April  1885 
at  the  Theistic  Church,  Swallow  Street, 
Piccadilly.  The  religious  movement  with 
which  he  is  associated  was  at  first  called 
the  "  Voysey  Establishment  Fund,"  but 
in  1880,  at  his  own  request,  his  supporters 
and  congregation  enrolled  themselves 
into  the  "  Theistic  Church,"  which  has 
been  properly  settled  by  an  elaborate 
Trust  Deed.  For  the  first  three  years  of 
his  preaching  in  London  Mr.  Voysey's 
sermons  were  published  weekly  in  the 
Eastern  Post,  and  frequently  in  other 
papers  in  England,  in  America,  and  in 
India.  Every  sermon  which  he  has 
preached  since  October  1871  has  been 
printed  and  circulated  in  many  parts  of 
the  world.  The  issue  is  1200  a  week,  and 
the  total  number  of  sermons,  including 
reprints,  is  over  1,250,000.  The  work  of 
the  Theistic  Church  in  twenty-six  years 
has  cost  over  £40,000,  and  a  further  sum 
of  £2653  has  been  collected  for  charities. 
Mr.  Voysey  is  the  author  of  an  original 
work,  entitled  "  The  Mystery  of  Pain, 
Death,  and  Sin "  ;  and  he  has  recently 
issued  what  may  be  regarded  as  standard 
works  on  the  religion  which  he  upholds, 
entitled  "Theism,  or  The  Religion  of 
Common  Sense  "  and  "  Theism  as  a 
Science  " ;  also  an  important  polemical 
book,  entitled  "The  Testimony  of  the 
Four  Gospels  concerning  Jesus  Christ." 
By  the  aid  of  a  munificent  gift  from  a 
friend  Mr.  Voysey  has  been  able  to  present 
over  14,000  volumes  of  his  writings  to 
Public  Free  Libraries,  Colleges,  Schools, 
&c,  besides  many  thousands  of  Theistic 
pamphlets  and  sermons.  Address  :  An- 
nesley Lodge,  Piatt's  Lane,  Hampstead, 
N.W. 


WACE  — WAKLEY 


1121 


W 

WACE,    The  Rev.    Henry,    D.D., 

Rector  of  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill,  late  Prin- 
cipal of  King's  College,  London,  was  born 
in  London,  Dec.  10,  1836,  and  educated 
at  Marlborough,  Rugby,  King's  College, 
London,  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1860,  taking  a 
second  class  both  in  Classics  and  Mathe- 
matics. He  proceeded  to  D.D.  at  Oxford 
in  1883  ;  and  in  the  previous  year  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  ordained 
in  1861 ;  served  as  Curate  at  St.  Luke's, 
Berwick  Street,  from  1861  to  1863 ;  at  St. 
James's,  Piccadilly,  from  1863  to  1869  ;  and 
was  Lecturer  at  Grosvenor  Chapel,  South 
Audley  Street,  from  1870  to  1872.  In  1872 
he  was  elected  by  the  Benchers  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  Chaplain  of  that  Society ;  and  in 
1880  was  promoted  by  them  to  the  office  of 
Preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  preached  the 
Boyle  Lectures  for  1874  and  1875,  on  the 
subject  of  "  Christianity  and  Morality."  In 
1879  he  preached  the  Bampton  Lectures 
at  Oxford  on  the  "Foundations  of  Faith." 
He  was  Select  Preacher  at  Cambridge  in 
1878,  and  at  Oxford  from  1880  to  1882.  In 
1875  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Eccle- 
siastical History  in  King's  College,  London ; 
and  in  1881  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Bishop  of  London  a  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury's  Chaplains  in 
April  1883  ;  and  in  November  the  same 
year,  Principal  of  King's  College,  London. 
In  1884  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Hono- 
rary Chaplains  to  the  Queen,  and  became 
Chaplain  in  Ordinary  in  1889.  In  1896 
he  was  presented  by  the  Drapers'  Com- 
pany to  the  Rectory  of  St.  Michael's, 
Cornbill,  and  resigned  the  offices  of 
Principal  of  King's  College  and  Preacher 
of  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  conjunction  with  the 
late  Sir  William  Smith,  he  is  the  editor  of 
the  "Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography, 
Literature,  Sects,  and  Doctrines,  during 
the  First  Eight  Centuries,"  4  vols.,  1877- 
87  ;  and  he  is  the  Editor  of  "  The  Speaker's 
Commentary  on  the  Apocrypha " ;  and 
also,  in  conjunction  with  the  late  Dr. 
Schaff,  of  a  few  of  the  volumes  of  the 
"  Post-Nicene  Library  of  Translations  from 
the  Fathers."  He  is  also  the  author  of 
Lectures  preached  in  1881  at  St.  James's, 
Piccadilly,  on  "The  Principal  Facts  in  the 
Life  of  Our  Lord,  and  the  Authority  of  the 
Evangelical  Narratives  "  ;  of  a  volume  of 
discourses  on  "Some  Central  Points  of 
Our  Lord's  Ministry,"  1890  ;  of  a  series  of 
essays  on  "  The  Christian  Faith  and  some 
recent  Agnostic  Attacks,"  1894  ;  of  some 


discourses  on  "  The  Sacrifice  of  Christ," 
1898;  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Buchheim,  of 
an  edition  of  Luther's  Primary  Works,  1893 
and  1897;  and  "The  Sacrifice  of  Christ," 
1898.     Address  :  22  Gordon  Square,  W.C. 

WADDY,  His  Honour  Judge 
Samuel  Danks,  Q.C. ,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  S.  D.  Waddy,  D.D.,  Wesleyan 
minister,  and  was  born  in  1830.  He  was 
educated  at  Wesley  College,  Sheffield, 
took  the  B.A.  degree  at  the  London  Uni- 
versity in  1851,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1858.  He  sat  in 
the  House  of  Commons  as  Liberal  member 
for  Barnstaple  from  1874  to  1879,  as  one 
of  the  members  for  Sheffield  from  1879  to 
1880,  as  a  member  for  Edinburgh  from 
1882  to  1885,  and  for  the  Brigg  Division 
of  Lincolnshire  from  1886  to  1894.  Mr. 
Waddy  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1874,  and 
became  Recorder  of  Sheffield  in  1894, 
whilst  two  years  later  he  was  made  Judge 
of  the  County  Court  in  the  same  borough. 
He  is  married  to  Emma,  daughter  of 
Samuel  A.  Garbutt,  of  Hull.  Addresses  : 
Claremont,  Sheffield  ;  and  12  Eton  Avenue, 
Hampstead,  N.W. 

WAKEFIELD,      Bishop     of.       See 

Eden,  The  Right  Rev.  Geoegb  Rodney. 

WAKLEY,  Thomas  Henry,  F.R.C.S., 
joint-editor  of  the  Lancet,  is  the  son  of  the 
famous  founder  of  that  journal,  the  late 
Thomas  Wakley,  Coroner  for  West  Middle- 
sex and  M.P.  for  Finsbury.  He  was  born 
in  London  on  March  20,  1821,  and  was 
educated  by  a  private  tutor,  at  University 
College  Hospital,  and  in  Paris.  He  was 
formerly  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery 
at  the  Royal  Free  Hospital,  and  is  now 
Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  same.  From 
1848  to  1883  he  was  in  practice  as  a  Con- 
sulting Surgeon.  He  has  been  the  author 
of  many  scientific  papers  in  his  own  journal, 
and  of  several  articles,  including  that  on 
"Diseases  of  the  Joints,"  in  Cooper's 
"  Surgical  Dictionary,"  &c.  Addresses  :  5 
Queen's  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and  1  and  2  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  &c. 

WAKLEY,  Thomas,  junior, 
L.R.C.P.,  was  born  in  London  on  July  10r 
1851,  and  is  the  only  son  of  Thomas  H. 
Wakley,  F.R.C.S.  (q.v.).  He  was  educated 
at  the  Westminster  School,  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital.  He  is  joint-editor  of  the  Lancet 
with  his  father,  and  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London,  and  the  Royal 
Medical  Chirurgical  Society,  and  Member 
of  other  Medical  Societies.  Addresses : 
5  Queen's  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and  1  and  2  Bed- 
ford Street,  Strand,  W.C,  &c. 

4b 


1122 


WALDECK-KOTTSSEAU  —  WALDSTEIN 


WALDECK  -  ROUSSEAU,  Pierre 
Marie,  French  politician  and  lawyer,  was 
born  on  Dec.  2,  1846,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
famous  politician  who  died  in  1882.  Like 
his  father,  he  chose  the  profession  of  the 
law,  and  in  1879  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies  for  Rennes. 
There  he  sat  among  the  United  Republi- 
cans, and  introduced  a  Bill  for  the  Reform 
of  the  Judiciary.  Re-elected  in  1881,  he 
became  Minister  of  the  Interior  in 
Gambetta's  Cabinet  of  that  year,  and 
endeavoured  to  keep  the  administration  of 
the  country  free  from  political  interference. 
He  resigned  with  the  rest  of  the  Ministry 
in  January  1882,  but  accepted  the  same 
post  in  Jules  Ferry's  Cabinet  of  1883,  and 
retained  it  until  March  1885.  In  the  next 
year  he  became  a  member  of  the  Paris 
Bar,  and  there  acquired  a  great  success, 
being  engaged  in  all  the  famous  cases, 
notably  in  the  defence  of  De  Lesseps  in  the 
Panama  scandals  of  1893.  So  great  was 
his  work  that  in  1889  he  did  not  come 
forward  as  a  Parliamentary  candidate, 
although  he  was  elected  a  Senator  a  few 
years  later.  He  had  completely  severed 
himself  from  political  life,  when  at  the  fall 
of  the  Dupuy  Cabinet  in  June  1899  over 
the  riot  at  the  Auteuil  racecourse,  Presi- 
dent Loubet  (a  fellow-lawyer)  appealed  to 
M.  Waldeck-Rousseau  to  form  a  Coalition 
Cabinet  to  see  the  Dreyfus  rehabilitation 
through.  After  a  first  failure,  he  succeeded 
in  his  task,  having  the  former  Imperialist, 
General  de  Gallifet,  as  Minister  of  War, 
and  the  Socialist,  M.  Millerand,  as  Minister 
of  Commerce.  Despite  these  hetero- 
geneous ingredients,  he  succeeded  in  gain- 
ing a  vote  of  confidence  in  the  House,  and 
speedily  dissolved  the  Chambers  in  July, 
having  the  support  of  all  right-thinking 
Frenchmen.  His  Paris  address  is  35  Rue 
de  l'Universite'. 

WALDEGRAVE,  Earl  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  William  Frederick  Wal- 
degrave,  is  the  son  of  Viscount  Chewton, 
was  born  on  March  2,  1851,  and  succeeded 
his  grandfather  as  9th  Earl  in  1859.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.A.  He 
held  the  appointment  of  Lord-in-Waiting 
to  the  Queen  from  1886  to  1892,  and  from 
1895  to  1896,  and  he  has  been  Captain  of 
the  Yeomen  of  the  Guard  since  1896.  He 
was  Second  Conservative  Whip  in  the 
House  of  Lords  from  1889  to  1896,  and 
since  the  latter  year  he  has  acted  as  Chief 
Conservative  Whip.  Lord  Waldegrave  is 
ATce-Chairman  of  the  National  Rifle  Asso- 
ciation, and  is  an  Hon.  Major  of  the 
London  Rifle  Brigade.  He  married,  in 
1874,  Mary  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  1st 
Earl  Skiborne.  Address  :  20  Bryanston 
Square,  W. 


WALDERSEE,  General  Count  von, 

late  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  of  the  Ger- 
man army,  was  born  in  1832;  entered  the 
army  in  1850,  and  served  with  distinction 
through  the  war  of  1866,  and  through  the 
Franco  -  German  campaign.  In  1882  he 
became  Quartermaster-General,  and  acted 
as  Deputy  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  on 
behalf  of  the  aged  Count  von  Moltke,  on 
whose  resignation  he  succeeded  to  the 
position  of  Chief  of  the  General  Staff. 
Count  Waldersee  married  an  American 
lady  who  had  received  the  title  of  Princess 
Maria  von  Noer,  as  the  morganatic  consort 
of  the  late  Prince  Frederick  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein. 

WALDSTEIN,  Charles,  Litt.D., 
Ph.D.,  L.H.D.,  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  the  Redeemer,  and  Ernestine 
Saxon  Order,  Fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  Slade  Professor  of  Fine  Art, 
and  University  Reader  in  Classical  Archae- 
ology, Member  of  the  Imperial  Archae- 
ological Institutes  of  Berlin,  Rome,  and 
Athens,  &c,  was  born  in  New  York,  on 
March  30,  1856,  and  is  the  third  sur- 
viving son  of  Henry  Waldstein,  merchant, 
of  that  city.  Educated  at  first  in  New 
York,  then  for  three  years,  from  1867 
to  1870,  travelling  in  Europe  with  tutors 
and  at  schools  in  Switzerland  and  Ger- 
many, he  in  1870  prepared  for  Columbia 
University,  New  York,  at  the  school  of 
Mr.  Leggett  in  that  city.  He  entered 
the  University  there  at  the  early  age 
of  fifteen.  He  went  in  the  autumn  of 
1873  to  the  University  of  Heidelberg, 
where  he  took  Ph.D.  in  Philosophy,  Ar- 
chaeology, and  Political  Science  in  1875, 
and  thence  went  to  study  at  Leipzig.  In 
1876  he  came  over  to  study  at  the  British 
Museum,  and  since  then  has  remained  in 
England.  In  1878  he  gave  a  course  of 
lectures  on  Greek  Art  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, under  the  patronage  of  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  published  a  work  on  the 
"Balance  of  Emotion  and  Intellect,"  and 
contributed  articles  to  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury. Early  in  1880  he  was  invited  to  give 
a  course  of  lectures  on  Greek  Art  before 
the  University  of  Cambridge ;  was  made  a 
Lecturer  there,  and  in  1883  appointed  to 
the  newly-created  Chair  of  Classical  Ar- 
chaeology, which  he  still  holds.  In  the 
same  year  he  succeeded  Prof.  Sidney 
Colvin  as  Director  of  the  Fitz-William 
Museum,  a  post  he  held  for  six  years,  until 
he  gave  it  up  in  order  to  take  the  Director- 
ship of  the  American  Archaeological  School 
at  Athens  ;  the  University  of  Cambridge 
granting  him  leave  of  absence  during  the 
winter  months.  He  resigned  the  Director- 
ship of  the  American  School  of  Athens  in 
1892,  since  then  living  at  Cambridge,  where 
he  was  made  Slade  Professor  of  Fine  Art 


WALES 


1123 


in  1895.  He  is  one  of  the  leading  exca- 
vators of  the  day,  having  directed  exten- 
sive excavations  in  Greece  at  the  ancient 
Plataea,  Bretria,  where  he  has  found  the 
supposed  tomb  of  Aristotle,  and  at  the 
Argive  Heraeum.  These  works  are  still 
carried  on,  having  been  directed  by  hirn 
for  the  last  three  years.  He  has  been 
made,  in  recognition  of  his  work,  honorary 
member  of  several  foreign  learned  bodies, 
and  Knight  Commander  of  the  Hellenic 
Order  of  the  Redeemer,  and  K.C.  of  the 
Saxon  Ernestine  Order.  Besides  "  The 
Balance  of  Emotion  and  Intellect,"  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1878,  he  has  written 
"Essays  on  the  Art  of  Phidias,"  Cam- 
bridge, 1885  ;  "Catalogue  of  Casts  in  the 
Museum  of  Classical  Archaeology,"  London, 
1889;  "Excavations  at  the  Hereion  of 
Argos,"  London,  1892;  "The  Work  of 
John  Buskin,  &c,"  London,  1894  ;  "  The 
Study  of  Art,"  London,  1895.  Most  of 
these  have  appeared  in  American  editions. 
He  has  published  about  thirty-six  articles 
and  memoirs  in  the  special  Archaeological 
Journals  of  England,  America,  and  the 
Continent,  and  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Harper's, 
and  the  Century  Magazine.  Permanent 
address  :  King's  College,  Cambridge. 

WALES,  H.R.H.  Albert  Edward, 
Prince  of,  K.G.,  K.T.,  K.P.,  G.C.B., 
G.C.S.I.,  G.C.M.G.,  &c,  Heir-Apparent  to 
the  British  Crown,  eldest  son  of  her  Ma- 
jesty and  the  late  Prince  Consort,  was 
born  at  Buckingham  Palace,  November  9, 
1841.  He  was  created  Prince  of  Wales  and 
Earl  of  Chester,  by  patent  under  the  Great 
Seal,  on  December  the  4th  of  the  same 
year.  His  early  education  was  entrusted 
to  the  Bev.  Henry  M.  Birch,  Rector  of 
Prestwich  ;  Mr.  Gibbs,  Barrister-at-law  ; 
the  Rev.  C.  F.  Tarver  ;  and  Mr.  H.  W. 
Fisher.  Having  studied  for  a  session  at 
Edinburgh,  he  entered  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  attended  the  public  lec- 
tures for  a  year,  and  afterwards  resided 
for  three  or  four  terms  at  Cambridge  for 
the  same  purpose.  His  Royal  Highness 
spent  most  of  the  summer  of  1860  in  a 
visit  to  Canada,  subsequently  making  a 
tour  through  the  United  States,  where  he 
was  most  enthusiastically  received.  In 
November  1858  he  was  appointed  a  brevet 
Colonel  in  the  Army,  and  in  June  1861 
joined  the  Camp  at  the  Curragh,  Kildare, 
to  go  through  a  course  of  military  training. 
He  was  promoted  General  in  November 
1862,  and  attained  the  rank  of  Field- 
Marshal  in  May  1875.  His  Royal  High- 
ness is  also  Colonel-in-Chief  of  the  House- 
hold Cavalry,  the  10th  Hussars,  and  the 
Rifle  Brigade  ;  Captain-General  of  the 
Honourable  Artillery  Company,  and  Colonel 
of  the  Gordon  Highlanders.   In  the  German 


Army  he  holds  the  rank  of  Field -Marshal, 
and  is  also  Colonel-in-Chief  of  the  5th 
Pomeranian  Blucher  Hussars.  In  the 
Austrian  Army  he  is  Colonel  of  the  12th 
Regiment  of  Hussars.  Accompanied  by 
Dean  Stanley  the  Prince,  in  1862,  travelled 
on  the  Continent,  visiting  Germany  and 
Italy;  thence  he  journeyed  through  Egypt 
and  Syria,  to  Jerusalem.  Upon  his  return 
he  was  introduced  at  the  Privy  Council, 
and  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords 
as  Duke  of  Cornwall.  His  Royal  Highness 
is  also  Prince  of  Saxe-C'oburg  Gotha,  Duke 
of  Saxony,  Duke  of  Rothesay,  Earl  of  Gar- 
rick,  Earl  of  Dublin,  Baron  of  Renfrew, 
Lord  of  the  Isles,  and  Great  Steward  of 
Scotland.  He  is  also  patron  of  twenty-six 
livings,  chiefly  as  owner  of  the  Duchy 
of  Cornwall.  On  March  10,  1863,  His 
Royal  Highness  married,  at  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor,  Princess  Alexandra, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  King  of  Denmark, 
and  was  at  once  granted  an  income  of 
£40,000  per  annum,  exclusive  of  the 
revenues  of  his  Duchy,  making  an  aggre- 
gate of  about  £100,000  a  year.  At  the 
same  time  he  relinquished  his  right  to  the 
succession  of  the  throne  of  Saxe-Coburg 
Gotha  in  favour  of  his  younger  brothers, 
by  a  formal  act.  In  the  following  year  he 
visited  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Russia. 
Between  the  years  1864  and  1870  the 
Prince  visited  many  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  opening  Exhibitions,  laying 
foundation  stones,  and  performing  other 
civic  functions,  being  always  most  warmly 
received.  He  went  to  Egypt  for  the 
second  time  in  1869,  and  examined  the 
Suez  Canal,  afterwards  departing  for  Con- 
stantinople, Sebastopol,  and  Athens.  In 
July  1870  His  Royal  Highness  inaugurated 
the  Thames  Embankment,  and  opened  the 
Workmen's  International  Exhibition  at 
Islington.  Towards  the  close  of  1871  the 
1'rince  was  attacked  with  typhoid  fever, 
and  for  some  weeks  his  life  was  despaired 
of  ;  but  he  slowly  recovered,  and  was  able 
to  take  part  in  the  memorable  Thanks- 
giving Service  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  on 
February  27, 1872.  He  was  elected  Grand- 
Master  of  the  Freemasons  in  England,  in 
succession  to  the  Marquis  of  Ripon,  in 
1874,  and  during  April  of  the  following 
year  was  admitted  to  the  office  at  a  Lodge 
held  in  the  Albert  Hall.  In  May  1875 
he  was  installed  at  the  Freemasons'  Hall, 
as  First  Principal  of  the  Royal  Arch  Free- 
masons. About  this  time  Parliament  voted 
over  £100,000  to  enable  His  Royal  High- 
ness to  visit  India.  He  left  Dover  on 
October  11,  and  landed  at  Cairo  on  the 
25th,  and  invested  Mohammed  Tewfik, 
son  of  the  Khedive,  with  the  Order  of  the 
Star  of  India.  He  arrived  at  Bombay  in 
November,  and  then  proceeded  to  Ceylon 
and  Calcutta.    After  visiting  all  the  princi- 


1124 


WALES 


pal  cities  of  the  Empire,  the  Prince  arrived 
in  London  in  May  1876.  He  brought  home 
with  him  about  500  animals,  and  these  he 
presented  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gar- 
dens. In  the  following  July  he  reviewed 
30,000  Volunteers  in  Hyde  Park.  His 
Royal  Highness  was  appointed  President 
of  the  British  Commissioners  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition  of  1878,  in  which  he  took  a 
great  interest.  He  attended  the  Court 
festivities  held  in  Berlin  in  March  1883,  to 
celebrate  the  "  Silver  Wedding "  of  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Germany  with  the  Prin- 
cess Royal  of  England.  During  1885,  in 
company  with  the  Princess  of  Wales,  he 
made  a  tour  through  Ireland,  visiting 
Dublin,  Killarney,  and  Limerick,  and 
everywhere  received  a  most  enthusiastic 
welcome.  The  Prince  and  Princess  cele- 
brated their  "Silver  Wedding"  in  1888. 
Their  Royal  Highnesses  and  their  two  sons 
visited  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1889,  the 
Prince  at  that  time  evincing  an  active 
interest  in  the  promotion  of  the  series  of 
Exhibitions  which  were  being  held  in 
South  Kensington.  The  establishment  of 
the  Imperial  Institute  was,  in  a  large 
measure,  due  to  the  efforts  of  the  Prince, 
and  in  spite  of  a  good  deal  of  opposition 
and  hostile  criticism,  he  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining a  royal  warrant  for  its  constitution. 
In  May  1891  His  Royal  Highness  was 
made  a  grandfather  by  the  birth  of  the 
Duchess  of  Fife's  daughter.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  Member  of  the  Poor-Law  Com- 
mission in  1893,  and  attended  its  sittings 
with  great  assiduity.  During  the  summers 
of  1893  and  1894  the  Prince  raced  his  yacht, 
the  Britannia,  in  most  of  the  chief  re- 
gattas round  the  coast,  and  secured  many 
victories.  He  was  present,  in  April  1894, 
at  the  wedding  of  Princess  Victoria  Melita 
at  Coburg  ;  and  also,  with  the  Princess  of 
Wales,  attended  the  marriage  of  the  late 
Czar's  daughter  at  St.  Petersburg.  In  the 
following  July  the  Prince  and  Princess 
were  present  at  the  Welsh  Eisteddfod, 
on  which  occasion  the  Princess  was  ad- 
mitted a  Bard.  During  the  autumn, 
accompanied  by  the  Duke  of  York,  he 
hastened  to  join  the  Russian  Imperial 
family,  on  the  occasion  of  the  decease  of 
the  late  Czar  ;  and  the  Prince,  by  his 
courteous  attention  to  Russian  etiquette 
and  constant  attendance  at  the  prolonged 
funeral  ceremonies,  gained  the  affection  of 
the  Russians  to  a  marked  degree.  During 
1896  His  Royal  Highness  won  most  of  the 
principal  turf  races,  securing  the  Derby  at 
Epsom  with  his  horse  "  Persimmon,"  amid 
a  scene  of  unparalleled  enthusiasm.  In 
June  of  the  same  year  he  was  installed  as 
Chancellor  of  the  new  University  of  Wales, 
and  in  the  following  month  attended  the 
marriage,  at  Buckingham  Palace,  of  his 
second  daughter,   the  Princess   Maud,  to 


Prince  Charles  of  Denmark.  Diamond 
Jubilee  year,  1897,  was  marked  by  the 
inauguration  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
Hospital  Fund.  His  Royal  Highness  ap- 
pealed to  the  public  for  subscriptions  to 
enable  him  to  raise  a  fund  which  should 
be  devoted  to  the  permanent  endowment 
of  the  London  hospitals,  and  also  to  free 
them  from  debt.  Before  the  close  of  the 
year,  he  received  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
million,  including  some  £30,000  which 
were  promised  as  annual  subscriptions. 
The  Prince  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
Jubilee  celebrations,  and  on  Sunday,  June 
the  20th,  attended  divine  service  at  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  at  which  every  Royal 
personage  in  London  was  present.  On 
the  following  day  he  was  appointed  Great 
Master  and  Principal  Knight  Grand  Cross 
of  the  Bath.  In  the  memorable  procession 
on  June  20,  the  Prince  rode  on  the  right 
of  the  Queen's  carriage.  On  June  25  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  in  company 
with  a  very  distinguished  assemblage, 
were  the  guests  of  the  Lord  Mayor  at  the 
Mansion  House.  The  most  striking  event 
in  connection  with  the  Diamond  Jubilee 
was  the  Naval  Review,  at  which  the  Prince 
represented  the  Queen.  The  Fleet  was 
moored  in  the  Solent,  in  five  lines,  op- 
posite Portsmouth.  It  was  composed  of 
ships  of  all  classes,  in  number  about  150, 
and  was  considered  the  finest  fleet  that 
was  ever  got  together.  The  Prince  of 
Wales,  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert,  accom- 
panied by  a  great  number  of  distinguished 
people  in  other  vessels,  steamed  down  the 
lines  and  reviewed  the  fleet,  receiving  a 
Royal  salute  as  he  passed  each  warship. 
He  afterwards  held  a  reception  on  board 
the  Royal  yacht,  to  which  all  the  foreign 
officers  taking  part  in  the  review,  as  well 
as  the  English  admirals  and  captains, 
were  invited.  Admiral  Sir  Nowell  Salmon, 
Commander-in-Chief,  made  the  following 
signal  during  the  reception  :  "  I  am  com- 
manded by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  as  repre- 
senting the  Queen,  to  express  his  entire 
satisfaction  with  the  magnificent  naval 
display  at  Spithead,  and  the  perfect 
manner  in  which  all  the  arrangements 
were  carried  out ;  at  his  request  I  order 
the  mainbrace  to  be  spliced."  In  July 
1898,  while  on  a  visit  to  Baron  Ferdinand 
de  Rothschild  at  Waddesdon  Manor,  the 
Prince  had  the  misfortune  to  slip  on  the 
stairs  and  to  fall,  fracturing  his  knee-cap. 
Sir  William  MacCormac  and  other  eminent 
members  of  the  medical  profession  were 
called  in,  and  operative  interference  was 
decided  against.  A  mode  of  treatment, 
enforcing  prolonged  rest,  was  adopted ; 
and  though  many  weeks  elapsed  before 
His  Royal  Highness  could  walk,  it  is  ex- 
pected that  no  permanent  lameness  will 
obtain  as  a  result  of  the  accident.     The 


WALES  —  WALFORD 


1125 


Prince  has  always  taken  a  great  interest 
in  Exhibitions,  and  was  Executive  Presi- 
dent of  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition, 
opened  by  the  Queen  in  May  1886.  He 
also  originated  the  Royal  College  of 
Music,  and  is  President  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital  and  of  the  Society  of 
Arts.  The  Universities  of  Cambridge 
and  Dublin  have  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  Oxford  that 
of  D.C.L.  The  Prince  for  several  years 
has  been  a  Bencher  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  also  an  Elder  Brother  of 
Trinity  House.  He  is  President  of  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society. 
In  the  Royal  Navy  he  holds  the  rank  of 
honorary  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  and  Cap- 
tain of  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve. 

WALES,  Her  Royal  Highness 
Alexandra  Caroline  Marie  Charlotte 
Louise  JuHe,  the  Princess  of,  is  the 

daughter  of  Christian  IX.,  King  of  Den- 
mark, and  was  born  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  1, 
1844,  and  was  married  at  Windsor  on 
March  10,  1863,  to  His  Royal  Highness 
Albert  Edward  Prince  of  Wales,  and  has 
had  six  children  :  Albert  Victor  Christian 
Edward,  Duke  of  Clarence  and  Avondale, 
born  at  Frogmore  Lodge,  near  Windsor, 
Jan.  8,  1864,  died  January  1892,  within 
a  few  weeks  after  his  betrothal  to  his 
cousin,  Princess  May  of  Teck ;  George 
Frederick  Ernest  Albert,  born  at  Marl- 
borough House,  June  3,  1865,  married 
Princess  Mary  of  Teck,  July  1893  ;  Louise 
Victoria  Alexandra  Dagmar  (Duchess  of 
Fife),  born  at  Marlborough  House,  Feb.  20, 
1867,  married  to  the  Duke  of  Fife  in  July 
1889  ;  Victoria  Alexander  Olga  Marie,  born 
at  Marlborough  House,  July  6,  1868 ;  Maud 
Charlotte  Marie  Alctoria,  born  at  Marl- 
borough House,  Nov.  26,  1869,  married  to 
Charles,  second  son  of  the  Crown  Prince 
of  Denmark,  in  July  1896,  and  Prince 
Alexander,  who  died  shortlv  after  his 
birth,  April  6,  1871.  Her  Royal  Highness 
accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  Russia 
at  the  time  of  the  death  of  Alexander  III., 
and  made  a  prolonged  stay  with  her  sister 
the  Czarina,  with  whom  she  attended  the 
funeral  ceremonies  at  St.  Petersburg. 
Rumours  of  the  late  Queen  of  Denmark's 
failing  health  took  her  to  her  native  land 
in  the  summer  of  1898,  and,  with  the 
Duke  of  York,  she  was  subsequently 
present  at  the  funeral  ceremonies  of  a 
parent  to  whom  she  had  been  tenderly 
devoted.  The  Princess  is  well  known 
for  her  interest  in  all  kinds  of  bene- 
volent causes,  and  as  an  accomplished 
musician,  holding  the  degree  of  Hon. 
Mus.  Doc,  as  a  collector  of  old  lace 
and  rare  china,  and  a  devotee  of  country 
life  at  Sandringham,  where  her  dairy  is  a 
place  of  pilgrimage. 


WALFORD,     Mrs.     Lucy    Bethia, 

novelist,  was  born  on  April  17,  1845,  and 
is  the  youngest  daughter  of  the  second 
son  of  Sir  James  Colquhoun  of  Colquhoun 
and  Luss,  10th  baronet  of  the  name,  and 
brother  of  the  unfortunate  Sir  James  who 
was  drowned  in  Loch  Lomond,  within 
sight  of  his  own  door,  some  years  ago. 
Her  mother  was  the  daughter  of  E.  Fuller- 
Maitland,  Esq.,  of  Stanstead,  Essex,  and 
this  lady — as  is  little  known — was  the 
writer  of  the  principal  portion  of  those 
verses,  now  in  every  hymn-book,  and 
usually  attributed  to  H.  Kirke  White — 

"  Oft  in  danger,  oft  in  woe, 

Onward,  Christians,  onward  go." 

Of  these  Kirke  White  wrote  only  the  first 
six  lines,  and  the  poem  was  finished  by 
Miss  Frances  Fuller-Maitland,  then  only 
in  her  sixteenth  year.  From  both  parents 
Mrs.  Walford  thus  inherits  literary  tastes, 
as  her  father's  comprehensive  sporting 
work,  "  The  Moor  and  the  Loch,"  lately 
gone  into  its  seventh  edition,  is  considered 
a  classic  among  lovers  of  the  rod  and  the 
gun.  It  was  not  until  four  years  after  her 
marriage,  in  1869,  to  Mr.  Alfred  Saunders 
Walford,  that  Mrs.  Walford  published 
"Mr.  Smith,"  her  first  serious  attempt. 
It  was  sent  anonymously  to  Mr.  John 
Blackwood,  and  by  him  was  accepted  and 
published  at  once.  Mr.  Blackwood,  on 
the  success  of  "Mr.  Smith,"  urged  Mrs 
Walford  to  write  for  the  "Maga"  (Black 
wood's  Magazine),  and  the  result  was  a 
series  of  short  tales,  beginning  with 
"  Nan :  a  Summer  Scene,"  which  has 
lately  been  brought  out  under  this  head- 
ing in  book  form.  They  comprehended 
"Bee  or  Beatrix,"  "Lady  Adelaide," 
"Fashion  and  Fancy,"  "Eleanor:  a  Tale 
of  Non-Performers,"  and  "  Mattie :  the 
History  of  an  Evening,"  all  which  made 
their  first  appearance  in  Blackwood. 
"Pauline,"  Mrs.  Walford's  first  Blackwood 
serial  novel,  ran  its  course  in  1877 ; 
"Cousins,"  her  third  novel,  was  published 
by  the  same  firm  in  1879.  "Troublesome 
Daughters"  followed  in  1880;  "The 
Baby's  Grandmother "  was  the  Blackwood 
serial  in  1885;  and  "A  Stiff-Necked 
Generation  "  completed  its  course  in  the 
same  pages  in  1888.  Alongside  of  these, 
her  larger  works,  Mrs.  Walford  wrote  a 
series  of  biographical  essays  for  Black- 
wood, which  were  afterwards  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Four  Biographies  from 
Blackwood" ;  "Dick  Netherby,"  a  one- 
volume  tale  of  humble  Scottish  life,  for 
Good  Words,  in  1881 ;  and  "  Dinah's  Son," 
on  the  same  lines,  for  Life  and  Work,  also 
in  1881;  "The  History  of  a  Week" 
formed  the  Christmas  number  of  the 
Graphic  in  1885 ;  and  all  these  have  also 


1126 


WALKER 


been  republished  in  book  form.  Other 
novelettes  are:  "A  Mere  Child,"  "The 
Havoc  of  a  Smile,"  "  A  Sage  of  Sixteen," 
"  A  Pinch  of  Experience,"  "  The  One  Good 
Guest,"  and  two  collections  of  short  maga- 
zine stories.  In  1891  Mrs.  Walford's 
novel,  "The  Mischief  of  Monica,"  formed 
the  serial  for  the  year  in  Longmans'  Maga- 
zine, and  was  re-published  by  the  same 
firm,  who  have  brought  out  several  suc- 
ceeding editions.  Messrs.  Longman  also 
published  in  the  autumn  of  1892  "  Twelve 
English  Authoresses,"  being  a  collection 
of  biographical  essays  written  for  Far  and 
Near,  an  American  monthly,  and  contem- 
porary with  this  appeared  a  small  volume 
of  "  Stories  for  Grown-up  Children," 
illustrated  by  T.  Pym.  This  was  followed 
by  "A  Question  of  Penmanship,"  1893. 
In  1894  "  The  Matchmaker "  ran  as  a 
serial  for  the  year  in  Longmans'  Magazine. 
"Ploughed"  appeared  in  1894;  "A 
Bubble,"  and  "Frederick,"  1895;  "Suc- 
cessors to  the  Title,"  1896;  "Iva  Kil- 
dare,"  1897;  "The  Intruders,"  and  "The 
Archdeacon,"  1898.  In  18G9  Mrs.  Walford 
was  married  to  Mr.  Alfred  Saunders  Wal- 
ford, of  Cranbrooke  Hall,  Essex,  where  she 
resides. 

WALKER,     Frederick     William, 

High  Master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  only 
son  of  Mr.  Thomas  Walker,  of  Tullamore, 
was  born  in  London,  July  7,  1830,  and 
educated  at  Rugby,  under  Dr.  Tait.  He 
was  Scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1849  (first  class  in  classical,  and 
second  class  in  mathematical  modera- 
tions, 1852 ;  first  class  in  Classics,  and 
second  class  in  Mathematics,  Final  Exa- 
mination, 1853),  Boden  Sanskrit  Scholar, 
Vinerian  Law  Scholar,  and  Tancred  Law 
Scholar,  1854  ;  and  Fellow  and  Tutor  of 
Corpus  Christi  College.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1857  ;  and  was 
appointed  High  Master  of  Manchester 
Grammar  School,  1859  ;  Public  Examiner 
at  Oxford,  1868;  High  Master  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  1877 ;  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
1894;  and  member  of  the  Court  of 
Assistants  of  the  Fishmongers'  Company, 
1897.  Under  Mr.  Walker's  mastership  St. 
Paul's  School  has  been  removed  from  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard  to  West  Kensington. 
He  married,  in  1867,  Maria,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  Richard  Johnson,  of  Manchester. 
She  died  in  1869.  Address  :  St.  Paul's 
School,  West  Kensington,  W. 

WALKER,  John  James,  M.A.,F.R.S., 
President  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society  from  1880  to  1890,  member  of  the 
Physical  Society,  was  born,  Oct.  2,  1825, 
at  Kennington,  Surrey,  and  is  the  son  of 
John  Walker,  B.A.,  Head-Master  of  Uni- 


versity College,  London  High,  and  Ply- 
mouth New  Grammar  schools,  by  Ann, 
sister  of  Ed.  Fricker,  surgeon,  Chelten- 
ham. He  was  educated  at  London  High 
and  Plymouth  New  Grammar  schools,  and 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  (with  which  he 
had  an  hereditary  connection,  his  great- 
grandfather, Matthias  Walker,  Clerk,  his 
grandfather,  John  Walker,  a  Fellow,  and 
his  father,  having  been  graduates  of 
Dublin  University),  first  class  Mathe- 
matics and  Logic  at  previous  Exam., 
1845  ;  Sen.  Mod.  Mathematics  and  Physics 
Degree  Exam.,  1849  ;  second  Bishop  Law's 
Prizeman,  1850;  M.A.  1857.  From  1853 
to  1862  be  was  private  tutor  to  the  present 
Lord  Ardilaun,  Captain  B.  L.  Guinness, 
and  Lord  Iveagh  ;  from  1865  to  1888, 
Afternoon  Lecturer  in  Applied  Mathe- 
matics and  Physics,  University  College 
School  ;  and  from  1868  to  1882  Vice-Prin- 
cipal University  Hall,  London  ;  from  1871 
to  1883  Examiner  in  Mathematics  and 
Natural  Philosophy  for  Hibbert  Trust 
Scholarships.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in 
1883.  He  is  the  author  of  papers  and 
reviews  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine 
("Iris  seen  in  Water,"  1853,  reprinted  in 
Annales  de  Chim.  et  de  Physique,  tome 
xxxix.),  Cambridge  and  Dublin,  and 
Quarterly  Journals  of  Mathematics,  Messen- 
ger of  Mathematics,  London  Mathematical 
Society  Proceedings,  British  A  ssociation  Re- 
ports, 1859-63 ;  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Philosophical  Transactions,  and 
Nature.  Since  1888  Mr.  Walker  has  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  research  in  Pure 
and  Applied  Mathematics.  In  1842,  when 
residing  in  Somersetshire,  he  was  fortu- 
nate in  discovering,  raising,  and  cleaning 
a  fine  specimen  of  Ichthyosaurus  tenui- 
rostris,  from  the  lias  near  Long  Sutton, 
on  the  property  of  the  then  Earl  of 
Burlington,  late  7th  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
a  careful  drawing  of  which  was  accepted 
by  the  late  Sir  R.  Owen  as  an  illustration 
to  his  British  Fossil  Reptiles.  He  married 
Emma,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Turner,  of  Newcastle.  Address  : 
12  Denning  Road,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

WALKER,  The  Right  Hon.  Samuel, 

is  the  second  son  of  Captain  A.  Walker,  of 
Goreport,  co.  Westmeath,  and  was  born  in 
1832.  He  was  educated  at  Portarlington 
School,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He 
was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1855,  and 
was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1872.  After  serv- 
ing the  office  of  Solicitor-General  of  Ire- 
land from  1883  to  1885,  he  became  Attor- 
ney-General of  Ireland  in  1886,  and  was 
the  Irish  Lord  Cbancellof  from  1892  to 
1895.  In  the  latter  year  Mr.  Walker  was 
appointed  a  Lord-Justice  of  Appeal  in 
Ireland.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1884  to  1885  as  member  for  London- 


WALKINGTON  —  WALLACE 


1127 


derry,  and  he  is  married  to  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  A.  MacLaughlin. 
Address  :  Pembroke  House,  Lower  Mount 
Street,  Dublin. 

WALKINGTON,  Miss  Letitia 
Alice,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Belfast, 
but  has  lived  nearly  all  her  life  in  Strand- 
town,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  out  of 
Belfast.  Her  father,  Mr.  T.  R.  Walking- 
ton,  comes  of  a  family  that  has  been  well 
known  for  several  generations  in  Antrim 
and  Down.  In  1695  Edward  Walkington 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor.  Her  mother  is  the  daughter  of 
the  late  Prussian  Consul,  G.  von  Heyn. 
Miss  Walkington  was  educated  at  home 
by  a  governess,  Miss  Bessel,  until  sixteen, 
and  then  went  to  a  boarding-school,  first  in 
EDgland  and  then  in  Paris.  She  did  not, 
however,  begin  to  study  seriously  until 
more  than  a  year  after  she  had  left  school. 
She  matriculated  in  1882  in  the  Royal 
University  of  Dublin.  After  doing  so,  she 
studied  at  the  Methodist  and  Queen's  Col- 
leges, Belfast,  and  with  a  barrister,  Mr. 
Thos.  Harrison,  and  took  her  B.A.  degree 
in  1885,  and  M.A.  in  1886,  taking  the 
Logic,  Metaphysic,  and  Political  Economy 
Honour  Group  for  both  degrees.  In  1888 
she  took  the  LL.B.,  and  in  1889  the  LL.D. 
degree.  Miss  Walkington  was  the  first 
lady  who  took  the  last  three  degrees. 
Several  ladies  have  since  taken  the  M.A., 
but  only  one,  Miss  V.  Gray,  has  taken  the 
law  degrees.  Miss  Gray,  Miss  Hamilton, 
B.A.,  and  Miss  Walkington  have  organised 
university  classes  to  prepare  young  ladies 
for  the  Intermediate  and  R.U.I,  examina- 
tions, hoping  thereby  to  supply  a  want, 
as  there  is  nothing  of  the  kind  for  girls  in 
Belfast,  except  in  close  connection  with 
the  principal  schools.  Their  success,  as 
far  as  numbers  are  concerned,  testifies 
that  the  want  was  really  experienced. 
In  1889  Miss  Walkington  was  invited  to 
take  part  in  the  Congres  International 
des  (Euvres  et  Institutions  Feminines,  in 
connection  with  the  Paris  Exhibition.  Of 
late  years  Miss  Walkington  has  been  en- 
gaged in  teaching  and  .charitable  work, 
principally  work  among  the  blind  in  con- 
nection with  the  Workshops  for  the  Blind, 
Royal  Avenue.  She  has  invented,  with 
the  aid  of  two  friends,  a  machine  for  print- 
ing Braille,  the  embossed  type  for  the 
blind,  which  will  greatly  facilitate  the 
production  of  books  for  the  blind.  She 
has  also  been  much  engaged  in  temper- 
ance work  in  connection  with  the  Irish 
Women's  Temperance  Union,  and  is  try- 
ing with  others  to  build  an  Institute  in 
connection  for  the  use  of  her  branch. 
She  frequently  speaks  at  meetings,  and 
helps  in  other  ways.  Address  :  Edenvale, 
Strandtown,  co.  Down. 


"WALKLEY,  Arthur  Bingham,  only 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  A.  H.  Walkley,  of 
Bristol,  was  born  there  on  Dec.  17,  1855. 
He  was  educated  at  Warminster  Grammar 
School,  and,  after  matriculating  at  Oxford 
as  Exhibitioner  of  Balliol  College  in  1873. 
was  elected  Mathematical  Scholar  of 
Corpus  Christi,  graduating  in  honours  in 
1877,  in  which  year  he  was  appointed, 
after  an  open  competitive  examination, 
to  a  Clerkship  in  the  Department  of  the 
Secretary  to  the  Post  Office.  In  1897  he 
was  Secretary  of  the  British  Delegation 
to  the  Postal  Congress  held  at  Washing- 
ton, U.S.A.  Under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Spectator"  he  became  dramatic  critic 
of  the  Star  on  the  foundation  of  that 
journal,  and  subsequently  of  the  Speaker 
and  Cosmopolis,  joined  the  leader-writing 
staff  of  the  Daily  Clironicle,  and  is  a  regu- 
lar contributor  to  the  literary  columns  of 
other  newspapers  and  reviews.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  collection  of  theatrical  essays 
entitled  "Playhouse  Impressions,"  1892. 
Address  :  Devonshire  Club,  St.  James's, 
S.W. 

"WALLACE,  Alfred  Kussel,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  born  at  Usk,  Monmouth- 
shire, Jan.  8,  1823,  of  Scottish  descent, 
was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
Hertford,  and  articled  with  an  elder 
brother  as  land  surveyor  and  architect,  but 
gave  up  that  profession  in  order  to  travel 
and  study  nature.  In  1848  he  visited  the 
Amazon  with  Mr.  Bates.  Returning  in 
1852,  he  published  his  "  Travels  on  the 
Amazon  and  Rio  Negro,"  and  a  small 
volume  on  "Palm-Trees  of  the  Amazon 
and  their  Uses."  In  1854  he  visited  the 
Malay  Islands,  where  he  remained  eight 
years.  He  published  "  The  Malay  Archi- 
pelago," 2  vols.,  in  1869  (10th  edit.,  in  one 
volume,  1890),  and  a  volume  of  essays  en- 
titled "Contributions  to  the  Theory  of 
Natural  Selection  "  in  1870,  as  well  as  a 
large  number  of  papers  in  the  publications 
of  the  Linnean,  Zoological,  Ethnologi- 
cal, Anthropological,  and  Entomological 
Societies.  In  1868  he  was  awarded  the 
Royal  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in 
1870  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Societe  de 
Gcographie  of  Paris.  In  1875  he  printed 
a  small  volume  "On  Miracles  and  Modern 
Spiritualism."  His  elaborate  work,  in  two 
volumes,  on  "  The  Geographical  Distribu- 
tion of  Animals,"  was  published  in  1876, 
in  which  year  he  was  President  of  the 
Biological  Section  at  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  Glasgow.  In  1878 
he  published  a  volume  on  "Tropical 
Nature,"  containing,  besides  a  description 
of  the  equatorial  climate  and  aspects  of 
nature,  his  views  on  the  colours  of  natural 
objects,  on  sexual  selection,  the  geogra- 
phical distribution  of  animals  and  plants, 


1128 


WALLACE  —  WALLER 


and  allied  topics.  In  1880  he  published 
another  important  work,  "  Island  Life," 
in  which  the  principles  established  in  the 
"  Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals  " 
are  applied  to  the  faunas  and  floras  of  the 
chief  islands  of  the  globe,  &c.  Since  then 
Mr.  Wallace  has  turned  his  attention  to 
social  and  political  problems,  and  in  1882 
published  a  volume  on  "  Land  Nation- 
alisation, its  Necessity  and  its  Aims,"  in 
which  he  gives  a  sketch  of  the  whole 
subject  of  laDd-tenure  ;  and  proposes  a 
practical  scheme  of  occupying  ownership 
under  the  State  in  order  to  remedy  the 
numerous  evils  of  the  present  system 
which  he  has  pointed  out.  To  advocate 
this  scheme  a  Land  Nationalisation 
Society  has  been  formed,  of  which  Mr. 
Wallace  is  president.  He  has  also  put 
forth  a  scheme  for  the  Nationalisation  of 
the  Church  of  England.  In  1881  he  was 
awarded  a  Civil  List  pension  of  £200  a 
year  in  recognition  of  the  amount  and 
value  of  his  scientific  work.  The  hono- 
rary degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Dublin  in  1882, 
and  that  of  D.C.L.  bv  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1889.  The'first  Darwin  Medal 
of  the  Royal  Society  was  awarded  to  him 
in  1890  ;  he  also  received  the  Founder's 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  in  1892,  and  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Linntean  Society  in  the  same  year.  In 
1889  he  published  a  volume  on  "  Darwin- 
ism, "  perhaps  his  most  important  scientific 
work.  It  aims  a  giving  a  popular,  but 
full  and  accurate  account  of  the  theory  of 
variation  and  natural  selection,  as  explain- 
ing the  mode  of  origin  of  the  existing 
species  of  animals  and  plants,  giving  much 
fresh  information  as  to  the  amount  of 
variation  under  nature,  and  as  to  his 
reasons  for  differing  on  certain  points 
from  the  teachings  of  Darwin  himself.  Mr. 
Wallace  is  an  opponent  of  compulsory 
vaccination,  and  in  1885  published  his 
"  Forty-five  Years  of  Registration  Sta- 
tistics," proving  vaccination  to  be  both 
useless  and  dangerous.  In  the  latter 
part  of  the  same  year  he  brought  out  a 
small  volume  entitled  "  Bad  Times  :  an 
Esssay  on  the  Present  Depression  of 
Trade."  The  last  two  works  are  illus- 
trated by  means  of  diagrams  and  tables. 
In  1890  Mr.  Wallace  gave  evidence  before 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Vaccination ; 
and  in  1898  he  issued  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  Vaccination  a  Delusion,  its  Penal  En- 
forcement a  Crime."  This  work  is  founded 
upon  the  official  evidence  published  by  the 
Commission,  it  is  illustrated  by  twelve 
diagrams,  and  the  author  claims  to  prove 
that  the  conclusions  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sioners are  contradicted  by  the  weight  of 
the  best  official  evidence  laid  before  them. 
He   has    also    written    many    pamphlets, 


articles,  and  letters  to  the  daily  press  on 
the  land  and  other  social  questions.  New 
editions  of  his  earlier  works  have  recently 
appeared  ;  and  in  1893  he  contributed  a 
volume  on  "  Australia  and  New  Zealand  " 
to  the  new  issue  of  Stanford's  "  Compen- 
dium of  Geography  and  Travel."  His 
latest  work  is  entitled  "  The  Wonderful 
Century,  its  Successes  and  its  Failures," 
published  in  June  1898.  In  it  he  gives  an 
account  of  the  marvellous  material  and 
scientific  progress  of  the  century,  and  also 
discusses  in  some  detail  its  various  in- 
tellectual, social,  and  moral  i-hortcomings. 
In  1866  he  married  Annie,  eldest  daughter 
of  William  Milton,  Hurstpierpoint,  Sussex. 
Address  :  Corfe  View,  Parkstone,  Dorset. 

WALLACE,  Sir  Donald  Mackenzie, 

K.C.I.E.,  is  the  son  of  Robert  Wallace,  of 
Boghead,  Dumbartonshire,  and  was  born 
on  Nov.  11,  1841.  He  was  educated 
privately  at  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh, 
Berlin,  and  Heidelberg,  and  at  the  Ecole 
de  Droit,  Paris.  From  1863  to  1884  he  was 
living  and  travelling  in  various  foreign 
countries,  but  mainly  in  France,  Germany, 
Russia,  and  Turkey.  He  acted  as  Private 
Secretary  to  both  the  Marquis  of  Dufferin 
and  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  whilst 
Viceroys  of  India,  during  the  years  1884 
to  1889,  and  he  accompanied  the  Czare- 
witch  as  political  officer  on  the  occasion 
of  his  visit  to  India  and  Ceylon  in  1890-91. 
Sir  D.  Wallace  is  at  the  present  time  direc- 
tor of  the  Foreign  Department  of  the 
Times  ;  and  he  is  the  author  of  "  Russia," 
1877,  and  "Egypt  and  the  Egyptian 
Question,"  1883.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.I.E.  in  1887.  Addresses  :  St.  Ermin's 
Mansions,  S.W.  ;  and  Athenasum. 

WALLACE,  William,  C.M.G.,  Ad- 
ministrator of  the  Royal  Niger  Company's 
Territories,  has  been  connected  with  the 
Company  since  1880.  He  established  the 
important  trading  stations  of  Asaba  and 
Assaye.  In  1884  when  Ogo,  the  Asaba 
Chief,  massacred  some  whites  here,  it  was 
owing  to  Mr.  Wallace's  energetic  efforts 
that  further  calamities  were  averted.  He 
knows  the  Niger  better  than  any  living 


WALLER,  Lewis,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
William  James  Lewis,  C.E. ,  and  was  born 
at  Bilbao,  Spain,  in  1860.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  College  School,  London, 
and  in  Germany.  He  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  stage  in  March  1883,  and 
he  has  since  that  time  played  in  the 
English  provinces  and  at  most  of  the 
London  West  End  theatres.  During  the 
winter  of  1895  he  undertook  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  and  he 
subsequently    became    co-lessee    of   the 


WALLER  —  WALLON 


1129 


Shaftesbury  Theatre.  He  has  recently 
been  playing  in  Mr.  Tree's  company  at  the 
Haymarket  and  Her  Majesty's  theatres  ; 
and  amongst,  the  important  plays  lately 
produced  at  those  houses,  in  which  be  has 
taken  a  part,  there  may  be  mentioned 
"Henry  IV.,"  in  which  he  appeared  as 
Hotspur  ;  "  The  Seats  of  the  Mighty  "  ; 
"Julius  Cassar,"  in  which  he  re-created 
the  part  of  Brutus  ;  and  "  The  Musketeers." 
Address  :  10  Elm  Tree  Road,  N.W. 

WALLER,  Mrs.  Mary  Lemon,  artist, 
the  wife  of  Mr.  S.  B.  Waller,  the  artist, 
was  born  at  Bideford,  in  Devonshire,  and  is 
the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Hugh  Fowler, 
M.A.  Her  first  efforts  were  with  the  pen, 
and  writing  some  quaint  little  stories  she 
was  inspired  with  the  desire  to  illustrate 
them.  These  juvenile  efforts  were  suc- 
ceeded by  attempts  with  the  pencil  at 
portraiture  of  her  family  and  friends, 
which  appeared  to  indicate  so  unusual  an 
ability  that  she  was  sent  to  the  School  of 
Art  at  Gloucester.  A  careful  drawing  of 
the  Discobolus  secured,  in  1871,  admission 
to  the  Royal  Academy  Schools.  Her  intro- 
duction to  artistic  life  as  an  exhibitor  also 
took  place  in  1871,  as  in  that  year  she  got 
accepted  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  a  study 
called  "  An  Unexpected  Meeting,"  a  child 
curiously  regarding  a  snail  in  a  garden 
walk,  but  it  was  not  until  some  years  later 
that  Mrs.  Waller  appeared  as  an  exhibitor 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  with  a  charming 
portrait  of  her  little  two  years'  old  son. 
Since  then  she  has  been  a  pretty  regular 
contributor  to  the  parent  institution. 
Her  chief  works  have  been  a  head  portrait 
of  Lord  Armstrong  in  the  Academy,  1883, 
and  a  full-length  of  his  lordship,  presented 
to  the  town  of  Newcastle  in  the  same  year, 
a  work  which  was  not  publicly  exhibited. 
In  1884  she  exhibited  a  portrait  of  Mil- 
dred, daughter  of  Colonel  Tryon,  and  the 
following  year  her  "Little  Snow-white" 
greatly  added  to  the  artist's  reputation. 
Other  works  followed:  "The  Secret  of 
the  Sea  "  and  "  Rita,  Daughter  of  Wilber- 
force  Bryant,  Esq.,"  1886;  "Dorothy, 
Daughter  of  J.  G.  Leeming,  Esq.,"  1887  ; 
"Leila,"  1888,  and  in  the  same  year 
"Eve,"  a  child  with  an  apple,  exhibited 
at  the  Institute,  Piccadilly,  and  repro- 
duced in  the  Christmas  number  of  the 
Illustrated  London  News ;  "  Perdita,"  a 
portrait,  in  1889,  and  in  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  "Girl  Fencing";  whilst  in  the 
Academy  (1890)  she  had  "Gladys,  Daugh- 
ter of  Major  Lutley  Jordan  "  ;  in  1896, 
"  Spring  Voices  "  ;  and  "  Vivian,  Son  of  S. 
George  Holland,  Esq.,"  1898.  Other  works 
of  hers  are  "  Mrs.  Montague,"  in  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery,  1888,  and  "The  Rev. 
Alfred  Gatty,  D.D.,"  Sub-Dean  of  York, 
and  in  the  Academy  of  1893  a  portrait 


of  the  Countess  Fitzwilliam.  Address  : 
58  Circus  Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

WALLHOFEN,  Madame,  nie 
Pauline  Lucca,  a  celebrated  singer,  born 
of  Jewish  parents  in  Vienna,  in  1842. 
When  still  a  child  her  beautiful  voice  at- 
tracted attention  and  procured  for  her  a 
musical  training  by  Uschmann  and  Levy. 
She  made  her  d^but  at  Olmlitz  in  1859  ; 
and  in  1860  sang  at  Prague  in  the  opera  of 
the  "  Huguenots,"  and  in  "  Norma."  Her 
genius  elicited  the  admiration  of  the  great 
composer,  Meyerbeer,  who  in  1861  pro- 
cured for  her  an  engagement  in  Berlin. 
In  1863  she  appeared  at  Covent  Garden 
for  the  first  time  ;  and  she  soon  made  her- 
self a  name  in  all  the  European  capitals. 
In  Berlin  she  received  the  appointment  of 
Court  singer  ;  but  resigned  it  in  1872,  and 
went  for  a  two  years'  tour  through  the 
United  States.  Since  her  return  she  has 
resided  chiefly  in  her  native  city,  Vienna. 
She  married,  in  1865,  the  Baron  von 
Rohden,  from  whom  she  was  divorced, 
and  married  Herr  von  Wallhofen. 

WALLIS,  Henry,  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours,  was  born  in  London,  Feb.  21,  1830, 
and  studied  in  the  Art  School  of  Gleyre, 
Paris,  and  also  at  Rome  and  Venice.  His 
first  picture  (in  oil  colour)  was  exhibited 
at  the  British  Institution,  1851.  He  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  in  1854  and 
succeeding  years,  pictures  in  oil  represent- 
ing incidents  in  the  lives  of  celebrated 
personages,  subjects  from  the  poets,  land- 
scapes, and  scenes  of  Venetian  life  of  the 
period  of  the  fifteenth  century.  His  most 
celebrated  work  was  "  The  Death  of 
Chatterton."  He  joined  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water-Colours  in  1879,  the 
pictures  exhibited  at  the  gallery  of  the 
society  being  mainly  scenes  from  "  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,"  and  Italian  and 
Oriental  subjects.  He  has  published 
"  Notes  on  Early  Persian  Vases,"  1885-89  ; 
"Persian  Ceramic  Art,"  vol.  i.  1891,  vol. 
ii.  1893;  "Pictures  from  Greek  Vases," 
1896.  He  has  also  contributed  papers  to 
artistic  and  other  journals  on  the  history 
of  painting  and  on  ceramic  art,  also  re- 
views of  books  on  art.  He  has  travelled 
much,  and  has  been  an  excavator  in  Italy, 
Sicily,  and  Egypt.  Club  :  Burlington 
Fine  Arts. 

WALLON,  Henri  Alexandre,   was 

born  at  Valenciennes,  Dec.  23,  1812,  was 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Letters,  Paris, 
in  1840,  and  successor  to  M.  Guizot  at  the 
Sorbonne  in  1850,  where  he  lectured  on 
history  and  geography.  In  1860  he  gained 
the  Gobert  Prize  of  the  French  Academy 
for  his  work  on  Joan  of  Arc.     He  was  a 


1130 


WALPOLE  —  WALSH 


Member  of  the  National  Assembly  in  1849, 
but  resigned  in  1850.  After  the  fall  of  the 
Empire  he  was  again  returned,  as  a  mode- 
rate Conservative,  by  the  Department  of  the 
Nord,  but  he  joined  the  Lavergne  group  on 
the  question  of  the  Constitutional  Laws. 
To  his  moderation  and  vigour  was  due  the 
definite  establishment  of  the  Republic — 
indeed,  he  is  still  commonly  called  Father 
of  the  Republic — and  accordingly  M.  Buffet, 
on  forming  his  administration  in  March 
1875,  nominated  him  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction.  It  was  he  who  proposed  the 
clauses  which  first  gave  constitutional 
shape  to  the  Republic.  M.  Wallon  is  a 
Member  of  the  Institute,  and  Secretaire 
perpetuel  de  l'Acad^mie  des  Inscriptions 
et  Belles-Lettres.  He  was  a  candidate 
for  the  seat  in  the  French  Academy  that 
had  been  vacated  by  M.  Claude  Bernard, 
but  M.  Renan  defeated  him  by  19  to  15 
(June  13,  1878).  He  was  promoted  to  be 
a  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1886.  M.  Wallon  is  a  sound  historian. 
His  chief  works  are  "Richard  II."  ;  "His- 
toire  de  l'Esclavage  dans  l'Antiquite' "  (3 
vols.);  "Jeanne  d'Arc " ;  "St.  Louis  et 
son  Temps"  (2  vols.);  "De  l'Autorite'  de 
l'Evangile"  (1  vol.);  "Le  Tribunal  Re"- 
volutionnaire  de  Paris"  (6  vols.),  1886; 
"La  Revolution  du  31  Mai  et  le  F^deral- 
isme  en  1793"  (2  vols.);  "Les  Represen- 
tants  du  Peuple  en  Mission  et  la  Justice 
ReVolutionnaire  dans  les  Departements  en 
l'An  II."  (5  vols. ),  1889-90.  Paris  address : 
25  Quai  de  Conti. 

WALPOLE,   Sir  Horatio    George, 

K.C.B.,  Assistant  Under-Secretary  for 
India,  was  born  in  1843,  and  is  the  second 
son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Spencer  Walpole, 
Q.C.,  and  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Spencer  Perceval.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  received  his  present  appoint- 
ment in  1883.  He  was  created  K.C.B.  in 
1892.     Club  :  Athenceum. 

WALPOLE,    Sir    Spencer,    K.C.B., 

Hon.  LL.D.  Edin.,  late  Lieut.-Governor  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  eldest  son  of  the  Right 
Hon.  S.  H.  Walpole,  and  his  wife,  Isabella, 
daughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  Spencer  Perce- 
val, was  born  Feb.  6,  1839,  and  educated 
at  Eton.  He  entered  the  War  Office  in 
1858,  and  has  been  Private  Secretary  to 
the  Right  Hon.  T.  Sotheron  Estcourt,  and 
to  his  father.  He  was  made  one  of  her 
Majesty's  Inspectors  of  Fisheries  in  1867, 
and  was  appointed  Lieut.-Governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Man  in  1882.  He  held  that  position 
till  1893,  when  he  was  made  Secretary  to 
the  Post  Office.  Sir  Spencer  Walpole  was  a 
member  of  the  Tweedmouth  Committee, 
which  inquired  into  the  grievances  of  the 
men  in  the  postal  service,  and  he  was  also 
a  member  of  Lord  Rothschild's  Committee 


on  Old-Age  Pensions.  He  attended,  in 
1897,  the  General  Postal  Congress  at 
Washington  as  the  chief  representative  of 
the  British  Post  Office.  In  January  of 
1899  he  retired  from  the  Secretaryship  to 
the  Post  Office,  having  reached  the  age  of 
sixty,  at  which  he  is  entitled  to  claim  his 
pension.  He  was  created  a  K.C.B.  in  1898. 
He  received  an  honorary  LL.D.  degree 
from  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1890. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  "  Life  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Spencer  Perceval,"  1873  ;  "  The 
Electorate  and  the  Legislature,"  1881  ; 
"  Foreign  Relations,"  1882  ;  "  A  History 
of  England  from  the  Conclusion  of  the 
Great  War  in  1815,"  vols.  i.  and  ii.  1878, 
vol.  iii.  1880,  vols.  iv.  and  v.  1886 ;  the 
"Life  of  Lord  John  Russell,"  1889;  and 
"The  Land  of  Home  Rule,"  1893;  and  he 
has  been  a  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture. Sir  Spencer  Walpole  married,  in 
1867,  Marion,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Digby  Murray,  Bart.  Addresses :  14 
Queen's  Gate  Place,  S.W.;  and  Athenaeum. 

WALRQND,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  William  Hood,  Bart.,  M.P.,  D.L., 
J.P.,  was  born  on  Feb.  26,  1849,  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  2nd  Baronet  in 
1889.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  Grenadier 
Guards  ;  he  became  a  captain  in  1871,  but 
he  retired  in  the  following  year.  He  was 
elected  Conservative  member  for  East 
Devon  in  1880,  and  again  in  1885  was 
returned  in  the  same  interest  for  the 
Tiverton  Division  of  the  county,  a  con- 
stituency which  he  has  since  continued  to 
represent.  Sir  W.  Walrond  was  a  Junior 
Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  1885  to  1886, 
and  again  from  1886  to  1892 ;  he  has 
acted  as  second  Conservative  Whip  from 
1885  to  1886,  and  from  1886  to  1895,  since 
which  date  he  has  been  Patronage  Secre- 
tary to  the  Treasury,  and  Senior  Conserva- 
tive Whip.  In  August  1898  he  was, 
together  with  his  fellow-whips,  presented 
with  a  handsome  testimonial  by  members 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  Mr.  Balfour 
making  the  presentation.  He  is  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  1st  Devon  Rifle  Volunteers, 
and  he  is  a  D.L.  and  a  J.P.  for  that  county. 
He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  on 
Jan.  1,  1899.  He  was  married,  in  1871,  to 
Elizabeth,  heiress  of  the  late  James  Pit- 
man, of  Dunchidcock  House,  Devonshire. 
Addresses  :  65  Cadogan  Square,  S.W.  ; 
and  Bradfield,  Cullumpton,  Devon. 

WALSH,  Right  Rev.  William, 
M.A.,  Hon.  D.D.,  only  son  of  William 
Walsh,  of  Chatham,  was  educated  at  St. 
Alban's  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1859,  and  M.A.  in  1862.  Ordained 
in  1860,  he  was  successively  curate  of 
Horsell,  Surrey,  from  1860  to  1863,  and 


WALSH 


1131 


of  Upper  Chelsea  from  1863  to  1865.  For 
the  next  five  years  he  was  Associated 
Secretary  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society 
for  Kent,  Sussex,  and  Surrey  ;  and  from 
1870  to  1873  he  was  Superintendent  of 
Missionaries  and  Clerical  Secretary  of 
the  L.D.H.M.  He  was  perpetual  curate 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Watford,  from  1873  to 

1878,  Chaplain    in    Rome    from    1878   to 

1879,  and  was  preferred  to  the  Vicarage 
of  St.  Matthew,  Newington,  Surrey,  in 
1879.  Mr.  Walsh  was  again,  in  1886, 
appointed  Superintendent  of  Missionaries 
and  Clerical  Secretary  of  the  L.D.H.M., 
and  he  was  made  a  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  in  1889.  Two  years  later 
he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Mauritius  ; 
but  in  1897  he  returned  to  England,  where 
he  received  the  appointment  of  Arch- 
deacon and  Canon  of  Canterbury,  and  in 
1898  he  became  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Dover. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Progress  of  the 
Church  in  London  during  the  last  Fifty 
Years,"  1887.  Addresses  :  The  Precincts, 
Canterbury ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WALSH,  The  Most  Rev.  Dr.  Wil- 
liam J.,  Eoman  Catholic  Archbishop  of 
Dublin,  and  Primate  of  Ireland,  was  born 
in  Dublin  on  Jan.  30,  1841,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Laurence  O'Toole's  Seminary 
in  that  city,  and  afterwards  at  the  Catholic 
University  of  Ireland,  under  the  rectorship 
of  Dr.  Newman,  and  at  Maynooth.  He 
completed  his  academic  course  in  1864, 
but  being  too  young  to  be  ordained,  he 
passed  into  the  Dunboyne  Establishment, 
where  he  spent  three  years  in  special 
ecclesiastical  studies.  During  that  period 
he  became  Assistant-Librarian  at  May- 
nooth College,  and  in  1867  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Theology.  In  1878 
he  became  Vice-President  of  the  College, 
and  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Russell,  in  1880, 
Dr.  Walsh  was  unanimously  chosen  Presi- 
dent by  the  Irish  bishops.  Acting  for  the 
bishops  as  trustees  of  the  College,  he  gave 
evidence  before  the  "Bessborough"  Com- 
mission of  1869-70,  explaining  the  refusal 
of  the  bishops,  as  tenants  of  the  Duke  of 
Leinster,  to  sign  the  "Leinster  Lease," 
a  form  of  agreement  under  which  it  was 
sought  to  induce  tenants  to  "contract 
themselves  out"  of  the  protection  of  the 
Land  Act  of  1881.  By  this  evidence  on 
the  transaction,  which  had  resulted  in  the 
eviction  of  the  bishops  by  the  Duke  of 
Leinster,  Dr.  Walsh  exercised  no  little 
influence  in  the  framing  of  the  Land  Act 
of  1881.  In  1883,  through  his  exertions, 
a  Commission  was  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  working  of  the  Queen's  Colleges 
of  Ireland.  For  some  time  he  was  a 
Senator  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland, 
a  position  which  he  resigned  in  protest 
against  the  examination  arrangements  of 


that  body.  He  became  a  Member  of  the 
Chapter  of  Dublin  on  the  accession  of 
Cardinal  MacCabe  to  the  archiepiscopal 
throne.  On  the  death  of  that  prelate 
in  February  1885,  Dr.  Walsh  was  elected 
Vicar  Capitular ;  and  in  the  June  of  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  See  of 
Dublin.  Since  his  appointment  as  Arch- 
bishop he  has  taken  an  active  interest  in 
the  leading  questions  of  the  day  in  Ire- 
land. He  has  warmly  advocated  an  ami- 
cable settlement  of  the  Land  Question 
through  the  establishment  of  some  system 
of  arbitration  for  the  settlement  of  dis- 
putes between  landlords  and  tenants.  He 
was  a  witness  before  the  Parnell  Special 
Commission  of  1888-89,  in  connection  with 
which  he  also  had  a  prominent  part  in  the 
exposure  of  the  forger,  Richard  Pigott. 
He  gave  important  evidence  before  the 
Evicted  Tenants  Commission  in  1892,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  insisted  strongly 
on  the  injurious  bearing  of  our  present 
monometallic  system  of  currency  upon 
the  agricultural  interest,  especially  in  Ire- 
land under  the  land  legislation  of  1881 
and  subsequent  years.  But  the  principal 
subject  of  Dr.  Walsh's  public  action,  out- 
side the  strictly  religious  sphere,  has  been 
the  Irish  education  question :  he  has  made 
many  suggestions  for  its  settlement,  the 
keynote  of  his  numerous  letters  and  ad- 
dresses on  the  subject  being  a  demand 
for  equality  between  Roman  Catholics 
and  Protestants  in  Ireland  in  the  matter 
of  educational  endowments  and  privileges. 
He  has  also  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
settlement  of  trade  disputes  and  strikes 
in  Dublin  :  he  opportunely  intervened  in 
the  great  strike  on  the  Great  Southern 
and  Western  Railway  in  1890,  and  secured 
its  amicable  settlement,  a  public  service 
for  which  he  has  received  the  honorary 
freedom  of  the  city  of  Cork.  His  interest 
in  the  cause  of  temperance  is  warm  and 
practical ;  in  addition  to  a  widespread 
temperance  organisation  in  the  diocese  of 
Dublin,  there  has  been  created  under  his 
guidance  a  similar  organisation  through- 
out all  the  dioceses  of  his  archiepiscopal 
province.  In  addition  to  his  appointment 
as  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland,  a  position  which  he 
resigned  in  1884,  he  has  been  appointed 
by  successive  Governments  to  various  pub- 
lic positions  of  importance  ;  since  1892  he 
has  been  a  Commissioner  of  Intermediate 
Education  in  Ireland  ;  since  1893,  a  Com- 
missioner of  Charitable  Donations  and 
Bequests  ;  and  since  1895,  a  Commissioner 
of  National  Education  in  Ireland.  As  a 
Commissioner  of  National  Education  he 
has  laboured  strenuously  to  effect  a  reform 
of  the  existing  system  of  primary  educa- 
tion in  Ireland  by  the  introduction  of 
various  suitable  forms  of  manual  training, 


1132 


WALSH  —  WALSINGHAM 


and  other  changes  in  the  direction  of 
practical  usefulness  to  the  children  attend- 
ing the  National  schools.  He  has  also 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  work  of  a 
Commission  issued  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland  in  1897,  for  the  investigation  of 
this  subject  of  educational  reform.  Dr. 
Walsh  has  contributed  many  articles  to 
the  periodical  press,  especially  to  the 
Contemporary  Review,  the  Dublin  Review, 
and  the  Irish  Ecclesiastical  Record.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  several  works  on  sub- 
jects of  general  public  interest  in  Ireland, 
as  well  as  on  important  branches  of  theo- 
logical and  scriptural  science.  Of  his 
published  works  the  principal  are  an 
ethical  treatise  in  Latin  on  "  Human  Acts," 
a  "Harmony  of  the  Gospel  Narrative  of 
the  Passion,"  "The  Liturgical  Music  of 
the  Office  and  Mass  of  the  Dead,"  a 
"  Grammar  of  Gregorian  Music,"  a  "  Plain 
Exposition  of  the  Land  Act  of  1881," 
"  Bimetallism  and  Monometallism,"  a  vol- 
ume of  addresses  on  various  subjects  of 
general  interest,  "  Addresses  on  the  Irish 
University  Question,"  a  "Statement  of 
the  Chief  Grievances  of  the  Catholics  of 
Ireland  in  the  Matter  of  Education,  Pri- 
mary, Intermediate,  and  University,"  and 
his  most  recently  published  work,  "  The 
Irish  University  Question,"  1897.  His 
address  is  :  Archbishop's  House,  Dublin. 

WALSH,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Pakenham,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Ossory, 
Ferns,  and  Leighlin,  was  born  at  Mote 
Park,  county  of  Roscommon,  Ireland,  May 
4, 1820,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas  Walsh  and 
Mary  Pakenham  Walsh.  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  was  Vice-Chan- 
cellor's Prizeman;  Biblical  Greek  Prizeman ; 
Divinity  Prizeman  ;  Theological  Society's 
Gold  Medallist  of  Dublin  University;  B.A. 
1841;  M.A.  1853;  B.D.  and  D.D.  stip. 
con.  1873  ;  ordained  Deacon,  1843  ;  Priest 
1844;  Curate  of  Ovoca,  1843;  of  Rath- 
drum,  1845  ;  Chaplain  of  Sandford,  1856  ; 
Donellan  Lecturer,  T.C.D.,  1861 ;  Canon 
of  Christ  Church,  Dublin,  1872 ;  Dean  of 
Cashel,  1873 ;  and  elected  Bishop  of 
Ossory,  1878.  The  following  is  a  list  of 
his  published  works ;  "  Donellan  Lectures," 
1861,  T.C.D. ;  "The  Moabite  Stone,"  and 
"The  Forty  Days  of  the  Bible,"  1874; 
"The  Angel  of  the  Lord,"  and  "Daily 
Readings  for  Holy  Seasons,"  1876  ; 
"Ancient  Monuments  and  Holy  Writ," 
1878;  "Heroes  of  the  Mission  Field," 
1879  ;  "  The  Decalogue  of  Charity,"  1882  ; 
"Echoes  of  Bible  History,"  1886;  "The 
Voices  of  the  Psalms,"  1891.  He  married, 
in  1861,  Clara,  daughter  of  Samuel  Ridley, 
Esq.,  Muswell  Hill,  London  ;  secondly,  in 
1879,  Annie  Frances,  daughter  of  Rev.  J.  W. 
Hackett,  A.M.,  Incumbent  of  St.  James's, 
Bray,  co.  Dublin.     Club  :  Grosvenor. 


WALSHAM,  Sir  John,  Bart., 
K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  late  British  Minister  at 
Pekin,  born  at  Cheltenham  on  Oct.  29, 
1830,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  James 
Walsbam,  the  1st  Baronet,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1874.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.,  and  was  for 
some  time  employed  in  the  Audit  Office, 
but  was  appointed  to  a  clerkship  in  the 
Foreign  Office  in  1854.  He  was  made 
Acting  Consul  in  Mexico  in  1859,  Secre- 
tary of  Legation  in  1861,  and  Charge" 
d'Affaires  in  1863.  In  1866  he  was  trans- 
ferred as  Second  Secretary  to  Madrid ; 
was  appointed  to  the  Hague  in  1870,  and 
promoted  to  be  Secretary  of  Legation  in 
Pekin,  October  1873,  but  did  not  proceed. 
From  1875  to  1878  he  was  Acting  Charge" 
d'Affaires  in  Madrid,  and  then  went  to 
Berlin  as  Secretary  of  Embassy.  In  1883 
he  was  transferred  to  Paris,  and  acted  as 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  during  the  ab- 
sence of  the  ambassador.  From  Novem- 
ber 1885  to  April  1892  he  was  Envoy  to 
China,  and  also  to  the  King  of  Corea, 
but  in  the  latter  year  was  transferred  to 
Bucharest.      He   retired  on  a  pension  in 

1894.  C.M.G.,  February  1895  ;  K.C.M.G., 

1895.  He  married,  in  1867,  Florence,  only 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  P.  Campbell  Scar- 
lett, OB.  Address  :  Knill  Court,  Kington, 
Herefordshire. 

WALSHAM,    William    Johnson, 

F.R.C.S.,  received  his  medical  education 
at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
and  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  of 
which  he  is  M.B.  and  CM.  He  was  for- 
merly Demonstrator  in  Orthopoedic  Sur- 
gery at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and 
is  now  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery 
at  St.  Bartholomew's,  Examiner  in  Sur- 
gery at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
England,  Consulting  Surgeon  at  the  Metro- 
politan Hospital,  &c.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  and  Member 
of  the  Medical  Society,  &c.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Surgery  :  its  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice" (6th  edit.);  "Surgical  Pathology" 
(2nd  edit.);  "Deformities  of  the  Foot," 
and  "Nasal  Obstruction."  He  is  editor 
of  Smith's  "Operative  Surgery"  and  of 
the  "  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Reports," 
and  has  contributed  to  Treves's  "  Manual 
of  Surgery,"  Heath's  "  Dictionary  of  Sur- 
gery," and  largely  to  the  Transactions  of 
the  Medical  Society,  and  the  Reports  of 
his  own  Hospital.  Address :  77  Harley 
Street,  W. 

WALSINGHAM,  Lord,  Thomas 
de  Grey,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  D.L.,  J.P., 
was  born  on  July  29,  1843,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  6th  Baron  in  1870.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and    Trinity  College, 


WALTER  —  WANKLYN 


1133 


Cambridge.  He  sat  in  the  House  or 
Commons  as  Conservative  Member  for 
West  Norfolk  from  1865  to  1870,  and  he 
served  the  office  of  Lord-in-Waiting  from 
1874  to  1875.  Lord  Walsingham  has  been 
High  Steward  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge since  1891 ;  he  is  also  High  Steward 
of  the  borough  of  King's  Lynn,  and  is  a 
Trustee  of  the  British  Museum.  He  was 
married,  in  1877,  to  Augusta,  daughter 
of  Captain  W.  Locke,  and  widow  of 
Lord  Burghersh.  Addresses :  Eaton  House, 
Eaton  Square,  W.  ;  and  Merton  Hall, 
Toetford. 

"WALTER,  Arthur  Fraser,  eldest 
surviving  son  of  the  late  John  Walter  of 
Bearwood,  Berks,  and  Emily  Frances,  his 
wife,  was  born  on  Sept.  12,  1846,  at  Water- 
loo Lodge,  near  Wokingham.  Educated 
at  Eton,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  he 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
He  is  a  D.L.  and  J.P.  for  Berks,  Lieu- 
tenant for  the  City  of  London,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Commandant  of  the  1st  Volunteer 
Battalion  of  the  Royal  Berkshire  Regiment, 
and  High  Steward  of  Wokingham.  He 
married,  in  October  1872,  Henrietta  Maria, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  T.  Anchitel 
Anson,  Rector  of  Longford,  near  Derby. 
Address  :  Bearwood,  Wokingham. 

"WALTER,  Sir  Edward,  K.C.B.,  is 
the  son  of  the  late  John  Walter,  M.P. ,  of 
Bearwood,  Berks,  and  was  born  on  Dec.  9, 
1823.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  and  he  subse- 
quently obtained  a  commission  in  the  44th 
Regiment.  Becoming  a  Captain  in  1847, 
he  exchanged  into  the  8th  Hussars  in  the 
following  year,  and  retired  from  the  army 
in  1853.  Mr.  Walter,  as  he  was  at  that 
time,  originated  the  idea  of  forming  a 
Corps  of  Commissionaires,  which  was 
accordingly  started  in  1859,  and  has  been 
ever  since  a  marked  success.  For  his 
services  in  this  connection  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  and  he 
was,  in  1884,  presented  with  a  testimonial 
by  the  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy.  He 
was  created  a  K.C.B.  in  1887,  and  he  was 
married,  in  1853,  to  Mary,  daughter  of 
J.  C.  Althorpe,  of  Dinnington  Hall, 
Yorkshire.  Sir  Edward  Walter  still  holds 
the  position  of  Commanding  Officer  of  the 
Corps  of  Commissionaires.  Addresses  : 
Barracks  of  the  Corps,  the  Strand,  W.C.  ; 
and  Sarisbury  Court,  Southampton. 

WALTERS,  The  Rev.  Frank 
Bridgman,  Principal  of  King  William's 
College,  Isle  of  Man,  Examining  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  was  born 
on  Nov.  30,  1851,  at  Buckland  Mon- 
achorum,  N.  Devon,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
Rev.   J.  T.  Walters,  Rector  of   Buckland 


Monachorum.  He  was  educated  at  Up- 
pingham School,  and  was  Scholar  of 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  Mathematical  Honours  in 
1877,  being  eighth  Wrangler  bracketed. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Queen's  College 
in  1877,  ordained  Deacon  by  the  Bishop 
of  Ely  in  1885,  priest  in  1886,  and  was 
Master  at  Clifton  College  1878  to  1881, 
and  House-Master  at  Dover  College  1881-86. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  Principalship 
of  King  William's  College  in  1886.  He  is 
joint-author,  with  Arthur  Cockshott,  of  a 
"Treatise  on  Geometrical  Conies."  He 
married,  in  1878,  Frances,  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Patrick  Beales,  of  Cam- 
bridge. Address:  King  William's  College, 
Isle  of  Man. 

"WALTON,  John  Lawson,  Q.C.,  M.P., 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Walton,  M.A., 
formerly  Wesleyan  missionary  in  Ceylon, 
and  afterwards  President  of  the  Wesleyan 
Conference  for  Great  Britain  and  South 
Africa,  and  was  born  in  1852.  He  was 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
and  at  the  London  University,  where  he 
was  First  Prizeman  in  Common  Law.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1877,  and  joined  the  North-Eastern 
Circuit.  He  was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in 
1890,  and  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn 
in  1897.  Mr.  Walton  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested Central  Leeds  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest in  1892,  but  in  the  same  year  he  was 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  as 
Liberal  member  for  South  Leeds,  a  con- 
stituency which  he  has  since  continued  to 
represent.  He  is  a  famous  cross-examiner, 
and  in  Parliament  a  rising  orator.  In 
February  1898  he  made  an  important 
speech  in  the  House,  in  connection  with 
his  indictment  of  the  Indian  frontier 
policy  of  the  Government.  He  was  mar- 
ried, in  1882,  to  Joanna,  daughter  of  the 
late  Robert  Hedderwick,  founder  of  the 
Glasgow  Citizen.  Address  :  5  Paper  Build- 
ings, Temple,  E.C. 

"WALTON,  Joseph,  Q.C,  was  born 
in  1845,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1868,  becoming  a  Bencher 
in  1896.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  Re- 
corder of  Wigan,  and  in  June  1899  was 
elected  Chairman  for  the  ensuing  year 
of  the  General  Council  of  the  Bar,  Mr. 
C.  M.  Warmington  being  appointed  Vice- 
Chairman.  He  is  at  present  engaged  in  a 
long  tour  through  China  and  Japan.  He 
has  published  "Practice  and  Procedure  of 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  at  Lancaster,"  a 
work  now  in  its  second  edition.  Address  : 
1  Garden  Court,  Temple,  E.C. 

W  A  N  K  L  Y  N ,  James  Alfred, 
M.R.C.S.,  London,  1856,  chemist,  was  born 


1134 


WANTAGE 


at  Ashton-under-Lyne,  in  the  year  1834. 
He  studied  chemistry  under  Bunsen  at 
Heidelberg,  and  became  Demonstrator  of 
Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
in  1859,  was  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the 
London  Institution  from  1863  to  1870, 
and  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  and  Physics  at 
St.  George's  Hospital  from  1877  to  1880. 
He  has  held  office  as  Public  Analyst  for 
the  county  of  Buckingham,  and  for  the 
boroughs  of  Buckingham,  Peterborough, 
Shrewsbury,  and  High  Wycombe.  In  the 
year  1856,  whilst  he  was  assistant  to  Dr. 
Frankland,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
organo-metallic  bodies,  and,  treading  in 
the  footsteps  of  that  eminent  chemist,  pro- 
duced cadmium-ethyl  by  the  well-known 
method  of  acting  upon  iodide  of  ethyl  by 
the  metal.  Next  year  he  devised  an 
original  and  entirely  new  method  of 
obtaining  the  organo-metallic  bodies,  and 
produced  first  sodium -ethyl,  and  con- 
tinuing the  work  during  the  next  few 
years,  formed  potassium-ethyl,  lithium- 
ethyl,  calcium-ethyl,  and  strontium-ethyl. 
These  substances  are  the  most  combustible 
known  to  chemists,  and  possess  the  unique 
property  of  decomposing  carbonic  acid  at 
ordinary  temperatures,  and  by  their  action 
on  carbonic  acid  yield  propionic  acid,  as 
was  shown  in  1858  when  Professor  Wank- 
lyn  made  propionic  acid  in  that  manner, 
giving  the  first  example  of  the  artificial 
production  of  an  organic  substance  directly 
from  carbonic  acid.  In  1861,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  late  Lord  Playfair,  then  Dr. 
Lyon  Playfair,  he  communicated  to  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  a  paper  "On 
a  Mode  of  taking  the  Density  of  Vapours 
of  Volatile  Liquids  at  Temperatures  below 
the  Boiling- Point."  Subsequently  he  pur- 
sued, conjointly  with  Dr.  Emil  Erlenmeyer, 
a  series  of  researches  which,  besides 
settling  the  formula  of  mannite  and  the 
relation  of  the  sugar  group  to  the  alcoholic 
series,  afforded  one  of  the  earliest  com- 
plete studies  of  isomerism  among  the 
alcohols.  In  1867  he  prepared  propione, 
by  the  action  of  carbonic  oxide  on  sodium- 
ethyl,  and  together  with  the  late  Mr.  E.  T. 
Chapman  and  Mr.  Miles  H.  Smith  invented 
the  well-known  ammonia  process  of  water 
analysis.  Some  years  later,  conjointly 
with  Mr.  W.  J.  Cooper,  he  brought  out  the 
moist  combustion  process.  In  1871  he 
conducted  for  the  Government  an  in- 
vestigation into  the  quality  of  the  milk 
supplied  to  the  London  workhouses.  Con- 
jointly with  Mr.  W.  J.  Cooper,  he  made 
periodical  analyses  of  the  London  Water 
Supply,  which  were  regularly  published 
by  the  late  Government's  Water  Examiner 
in  his  official  returns.  Mr.  Wanklyn  is 
author  of  five  text-books  for  Chemists  and 
Medical  Officers  of  Health,  viz.  :  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Water  Analysis,"  a  "  Treatise   on 


Milk  Analysis,"  1873  ;  a  "Treatise  on  Tea, 
Coffee,  and  Cocoa,"  1874;  "Bread 
Analysis,"  1881  ;  and  "  Air  Analysis," 
1890,  the  two  last-named  books  being  the 
joint  production  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Cooper  and 
himself.  He  is  also  the  author  of  "The 
Gas  Engineer's  Chemical  Manual,"  1886. 
In  1859  he  was  elected  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Royal  Bavarian  Academy 
of  Sciences.  He  was  also  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  Chemical  Society ;  but  he 
belongs  to  none  of  the  English  scientific 
societies. 

WANTAGE,  Lord,  Robert  James 
Loyd  -  Lindsay,  M„  K.C.B.,  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Lieut.-General 
James  Lindsay,  of  Balcarres,  Fife,  and 
was  born  on  April  17,  1832.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  then  entered  the  army. 
Obtaining  a  commission  in  the  Scots  Fusi- 
lier Guards  in  1850,  he  was  engaged 
throughout  the  Crimean  War,  and  was 
decorated  with  the  Victoria  Cross  as  a 
reward  for  his  bravery  at  Alma  and  Inker- 
man.  He  became  Lieutenant-Colonel  of 
the  Scots  Guards  in  1857,  and  eventually 
retired  from  the  army.  He  served  as 
Equerry  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1859, 
was  Colonel  of  the  Royal  Berkshire 
Volunteers  from  1860  to  1895,  and  Colonel 
of  the  Hon.  Artillery  Company  from  1866 
to  1881.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons as  member  for  Berkshire  from  1865 
to  1885,  and  was  Financial  Secretary  to 
the  War  Office,  in  Lord  Beaconsfield's 
Government,  from  1877  to  1880  ;  he  was 
raised  to  the  Peerage  in  1885,  under  the 
title  of  Baron  Wantage.  He  served  as 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Inquiry  on 
Recruiting  in  the  Army  in  1890,  and  he 
was  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Patriotic 
Fund  Commission.  Lord  Wantage  was 
Chairman  of  the  English  Red  Cross 
Society,  and  in  this  connection  he  entered 
Paris  during  the  siege  of  October  1870, 
and  was  present  during  the  Turco-Servian 
War  of  1876.  An  extensive  landowner  in 
Berkshire  and  other  counties,  he  conducts 
himself  the  farming  of  a  large  part  of  his 
estates,  and  in  1894  he  gave  evidence 
before  the  Royal  Commission  on  Agricul- 
ture, and  also  before  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on  Agricultural  Holdings,  presided 
over  by  Mr.  Chamberlain.  He  is  the  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Berkshire,  a  Brigadier- 
General  of  Volunteers,  and  Extra  Equerry 
to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Lord  Wantage 
has  published  articles  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century  and  in  other  periodicals  upon 
Volunteer  matters,  on  the  Red  Cross 
Society,  and  on  farming  and  estate  man- 
agement. Addresses  :  2  Carlton  Gardens, 
S.W. ;  Lockinge  House,  Wantage,  Berks  ; 
and  the  Athenaeum. 


WARD 


1135 


"WARD,  Adolphus  William,  Litt.D., 
Hon.  LL.D.,  born  at  Hampstead,  Dec.  2, 
1837,    was   educated   in   Germany  (where 
his  father  held   Consular  and  diplomatic 
appointments),  and  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
Grammar  School.     In  1854  he  entered  at 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  of  which  College 
he  became  a  Fellow  in  1860,  having  gradu- 
ated in  the  Classical  Tripos  of  the  pre- 
vious year.      In    1866  he   was   appointed 
Professor  of  History  and  English  Litera- 
ture at  Owens  College,  Manchester.     He 
held  various  Examinerships  in  the  Univer- 
sities of  Cambridge  and  London,  and  was 
in  1879  created  an  hon.  LL.D.  of  Glasgow, 
and  in  1883  a  Litt.D.  of  Cambridge.     He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  movement  for 
the  foundation  of  the  Victoria  University, 
Manchester,   1889 ;    and  afterwards  suc- 
cessively held,  in  the  new  University,  the 
offices  of  Chairman  of  the  General  Board 
of  Studies,  and  (during  three  periods)  of 
Vice-Chancellor.      In  December  1888,   he 
was  appointed  Principal  of  Owens  College. 
He  resigned  the  Principalship  at  the  close 
of  1897.     On  the  occasion  of  his  resigna- 
tion the  freedom  of    the    city  of  Man- 
chester was    conferred   upon   him.       Dr. 
Ward  is  the  English  translator  of  Curtius's 
"History  of  Greece,"   5  vols.,   1868-73; 
and  author  of  the  following  works:    "A 
History  of  English  Dramatic  Literature  to 
the  Death  of  Queen  Anne,"  2  vols.,  1875  ; 
"The   House   of    Austria    in   the   Thirty 
Years'   War,"    1869;     "Chaucer,"    1880; 
and   "  Dickens,"  1882,    in  Morley's    Eng- 
lish   Men    of   Letters    series.     He  edited 
the  Globe    edition  of   "Pope's    Poetical 
Works,"  1869 ;  the  Clarendon  Press  edition 
of     Marlowe's    "Doctor     Faustus "     and 
Greene's  "Friar  Bacon,"  1878  (2nd  edit. 
1887,     3rd    edit.     1892);     the    Chetham 
Society's   edition    of    Byron's    Poems,    2 
vols.,  1894-5  ;  "  Sir  Henry  Wotton,"  a  bio- 
graphical sketch,  1898 ;    and  has    contri- 
buted to  the    "Dictionary    of     National 
Biography,"   the   "Encyclopaedia    Britan- 
nica,"  the  Quarterly,  Edinburgh,  and  Eng- 
lish Historical  Reviews,   Herbst's    Enoi/clo- 
pcedia  dcr  neueren  Geschichle,  the  Saturday 
Review,  the  Manchester  Guardian,  and  other 
journals.     He  is  Litt.D.  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge,   Hon.   Litt.D.   of   the  Vic- 
torian University,  and  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the 
University  of   Glasgow,  a    Life  Governor 
of  the  Owens    College,    Manchester,   an 
Hon.  Fellow   of    Peterhouse,    and    Hon. 
Member    of     the     German     Shakespeare 
Society.      In   1879  he   married  Adelaide 
Laura,  daughter  of  the  Bev.  J.   B.   Lan- 
caster, late   Rector   of   Grittleton,   Wilts. 
Addresses  :  The  Hollies,  Fallowfield,  Man- 
chester ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WARD,    Professor   Harry   Mar- 
shall, D.Sc,  F.K.S.,  F.L.S.,   F.R.H.S., 


Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  is  the  eldest   son   of  Francis 
Marshall  Ward,  Esq.,  and  was  born  in  1854, 
and  educated  at  the  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester, and  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 
He  commenced  his  scientific  career  as  a 
Field  Botanist,  after  the  model  of  the  older 
school   of    naturalists,   his  studies   being 
incited  by  his  early  life  having  been  spent 
in  the  country.    About  1870  he  came  under 
the   influence   of   Darwin's   writings   and 
teachings,  and  in  1874  he   entered   more 
formally  on  a  scientific  career  by  attending 
Professor  Huxley's  Biology  course  at  South 
Kensington.      Since   that   period   he   has 
worked  especially  as  a  Cryptogamic  and 
Physiological   Botanist    and    Pathologist. 
In  1875  he   entered   the   Owens    College 
Manchester,    and    obtained     distinctions 
under   Professors    Roscoe,    Gamgee,    and 
Williamson.    In  1876  he  gained  an  entrance 
Scholarship  in  Natural  Science  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  remained  a  scholar 
of  that  College  until  1879,  when  he  took 
his   B.A    degree,    having    obtained    first 
class    honours    in    the    Natural    Science 
Tripos  for  that  year.     He  proceeded  to  the 
M.A.  degree  in  1885,  and  in  1892  was  made 
Doctor  of   Science   of   the  University  of 
Cambridge.     Meanwhile  he   had   assisted 
in  the  teaching  of  Botany  at  South  Ken- 
sington,  and   at  the  Owens  College,   and 
had   delivered    a    course    of   lectures    on 
Botany  at  Newnham  College,  Cambridge. 
Besides  coming  under  the  influence  of  the 
late  F.  M.  Balfour  and  others  at  Cambridge, 
he  had  also  studied   in  Germany  during 
vacation,  and  especially  in  the  laboratories 
of  Professor  Sachs  of  Wiirzburg ;  he  had 
also  published  the  results  of  original  in- 
vestigations into  the  embryology  of  Angio- 
spermous  flowering  plants,  the  researches 
having  been  carried  out  in  the  laboratory 
at  Wiirzburg  and  in  the  Jodrel  laboratory 
at   Kew.      Immediately   after   taking   his 
degree  in  1879,  Mr.  Ward  was  appointed 
by  the  Colonial  Government  to  proceed  to 
Ceylon  on  a  scientific  mission,  to  investi- 
gate and   report  upon  the  causes  of  the 
coffee  leaf  disease,  which  was  then  devas- 
tating   that    island.      This    investigation 
occupied  two  years,   and  he  returned  to 
England  in  1882,  having  meanwhile  pub- 
lished several  Reports  and  Memoirs  on  his 
discoveries  connected  with   the   parasitic 
fungus  which  caused  that  disease,  and  the 
measures  necessary  to  combat  its  ravages, 
as   well   as  on   other   botanical   subjects. 
During  his  travels  in  the  tropics  he  also 
made  observations  and  collected  material 
and    notes   for    subsequent    publications. 
Some  of  the  principal  were  on  the  struc- 
ture and  morphology  of  Asterina,  and  of 
Meliola,    and    other   tropical   fungi,    and 
especially  of  the  curious  epiphyte  Strigula, 
an   epiphyllous  lichen.     On  his  return  in 


1136 


WARD 


1882  he  was  elected  a  Berkeley  Fellow  of 
the  Owens  College,  Victoria  University, 
and  in  1883  he  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Lecturer  in  Botany  in  that  University  ;  in 
the  same  year  he  was  also  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  College  he  is  now  an  Honorary 
Fellow,  and  Professorial  Fellow  of  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge  ;  and  in  1885 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 
then  newly-founded  Forestry  School  at 
Cooper's  Hill.  His  election  to  the  Chair 
of  Botany  in  Cambridge  took  place  in  1895. 
Prof.  Marshall  Ward  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  has  served  on  the  Council  of 
that  body  and  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and 
on  the  Scientific  Committee  of  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  ;  of  both  Societies  he  is 
also  a  Fellow.  In  1890  he  delivered  the 
Croonian  Lecture  before  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  1892  served  as  the  delegate  of  that 
body  at  the  International  Botanical  Con- 
gress at  Genoa.  He  is  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Manchester  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society,  of  the  Botanical 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Institute 
of  Brewing.  He  has  lectured  for  the  Royal 
Institution,  the  Sunday  Lecture  Society, 
and  various  public  institutions.  He  was 
for  several  years  Recorder  of  Section  D  of 
the  British  Association,  has  served  on  the 
Council,  and  in  1897  was  President  of 
Section  K  at  the  meeting  in  Toronto.  He 
has  been  an  Examiner  in  Botany  in  the 
Universities  of  London  and  of  Edinburgh, 
has  examined  in  Botany  for  the  Natural 
Sciences  Tripos  and  other  examinations  in 
the  Universities  of  Cambridge  and  Oxford, 
and  for  the  Civil  Service  Commissioners, 
and  the  Science  and  Art  Department.  He 
has  been  Governor  of  the  South-Eastern 
Agricultural  College  at  Wye,  in  Kent,  since 
1893.  Prof.  Marshall  Ward  is  the  author 
of  numerous  scientific  memoirs  read  before 
the  Royal  Society  and  the  Linnean  Society, 
and  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions and  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  or  in  the  Transactions  and  the 
Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  in  the 
Annals  of  Botany,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Microscopical  Science,  Science  Progress,  Na- 
ture, and  elsewhere.  These  memoirs  com- 
prise investigations  into  the  embryology, 
physiology,  and  pathology  of  plants,  and 
especially  the  biology  of  Fungi,  Bacteria, 
and  other  Cryptogams,  the  nature  of 
parasitism,  fermentation,  and  other  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  diseases  of  plants. 
The  earlier  of  these  researches  were  made 
in  the  laboratories  at  Kew  and  Wiirzburg, 
and  in  those  of  the  late  Prof.  De  Bary  at 
Strasburg,  and  of  the  Owens  College  ;  later 
ones  have  been  made  in  the  laboratories  at 
Cooper's  Hill  and  at  Cambridge.  Of  these, 
the  following  are  the  most  important : 
"  The  Structure  and  Life-history  of  Enty- 


loma  Ranunculi ";  "  Histology  and  Physio- 
logy of  Fruits  and  Seeds  of  Rhamnus " 
(with  Mr.  Dunlop)  ;  "  Tubercular  Swellings 
on  the  Roots  of  Vicia  Faba  "  ;  "The  Tu- 
bercles on  the  Roots  of  LeguminosaV' 
&c.  ;  "A  Lily  Disease";  and  papers  on 
the  Potato  Disease  and  on  the  Rust  of 
Wheat;  on  "The  Ginger-Beer  Plant,  and 
the  Organisms  composing  it "  ;  "  The  Bio- 
logy of  Bacillus  Ramosus  "  ;  "The Biology 
of  Stereum  Hirsutum  "  ;  "The  Bacterial 
Flora  of  the  Thames";  "A  Violet  Bacil- 
lus," &c.  His  more  recent  investigations 
have  been  concerned  particularly  with  the 
bacteriology  of  water,  and  the  action  of 
solar  and  electric  light  as  agents  for  de- 
stroying bacteria,  the  results  of  which  have 
appeared  in  a  series  of  papers  read  before 
the  Royal  Society  during  recent  years. 
For  his  researches  into  the  biology  of 
fungi  and  bacteria,  the  Royal  Society  in 
1893  awarded  him  a  Royal  medal.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  more  special  memoirs  referred 
to,  he  is  the  author  of  the  following  books  : 
"Timber  and  some  of  its  Diseases"  (Na- 
ture Series),  "  The  Diseases  of  Plants " 
(Romance  of  Science  Series),  "The  Oak" 
(Modern  Science  Series),  and  the  new  edi- 
tion of  Laslett's  "Timber  and  Timber 
Trees."  He  also  translated  Sachs'  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Physiology  of  Plants,"  for 
the  Oxford  Clarendon  Press,  and  wrote  the 
article  "  Schizomycetes  "  in  the  "Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica,"  the  "  Notes  on 
British  Trees,"  in  Schlich's  "  Manual  of 
Forestry,"  the  lecture  on  "  Diseases  of 
Conifers  "  for  the  Conifer  Congress  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society,  and  that  on 
"  Symbiosis  and  Symbiotic  Fermenta- 
tions" for  the  Institute  of  Brewing  in 
1892,  and  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  pages  of  Nature,  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  the  Journal  of  Botany,  and  other 
periodicals.  Prof.  Marshall  Ward  married, 
in  1883,  the  daughter  of  the  late  Francis 
Kingdom,  Esq.,  of  Exeter.  Address  :  Bo- 
tanical Laboratory,  New  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge. 

WARD,  Mrs.  Herbert  D. ,  ne'e  Eliza- 
beth Stuart  Phelps,  American  writer, 
was  born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Aug. 
31,  1844.  Most  of  her  life  has  been 
devoted  to  benevolent  work,  the  advance- 
ment of  women,  and  to  temperance  and 
kindred  topics.  In  1876  she  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  before  the  students  of 
Boston  University.  She  began  to  write 
for  the  press  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and 
her  contributions  to  periodicals  during  the 
past  twenty-five  years  have  been  very 
numerous.  In  addition  to  these  she  has 
published:  "Ellen's  Idol,"  1864;  "Up 
Hill,"  1865;  "The  Tiny  Series,"  4  vols., 
1866-69;  "The  Gypsy  Series,"  4  vols., 
1866-69  :  "  Mercy  Gliddon's  Work,"  1866  ; 


WARD 


1137 


"I  Don't  Know  How,"  1867;  "The  Gates 
Ajar,"  1868  ;  "Men,  Women,  and  Ghosts," 
1869;  "Hedged  In,"  "The  .Silent 
Partner,"  and  "  The  Trotty  Book,"  1870  ; 
"Trotty's  Wedding  Tour,"  and  "What  to 
Wear,"  1873;  "Poetic  Studies,"  poems, 
1875;  "The  Story  of  Avis,"  1877;  "My 
Cousin  and  I,"  "Old  Maid's  Para- 
dise," and  "Sealed  Orders,"  1879; 
"Friends:  a  Duet,"  1881;  "Beyond  the 
Gates,"  1883;  "Dr.  Zay,"  1884;  "Bur- 
glars in  Paradise,"  and  "The  Madonna 
of  the  Tubs,"  1886  ;  "  The  Gates  Between," 
and  "Jack  the  Fisherman,"  1887;  "A 
Lost  Winter,"  poem,  1889  ;  "The  Struggle 
for  Immortality,"  1889;  "A  Singular 
Life,"  1895 ;  "  Chapters  from  a  Life," 
and  "The  Story  of  Jesus  Christ,"  1897. 
In  1889  she  was  married  to  Herbert  D. 
Ward,  and,  in  conjunction  with  him, 
she  published  in  1890,  "  The  Master  of  the 
Magicians"  and  "Come  Forth."  Her 
"Memoirs  of  Austin  Phelps,"  her  father, 
was  issued  in  1891. 

WARD,    John     Quincy    Adams, 

American  sculptor,  was  born  at  Urbana, 
Ohio,  June  29,  1830.  In  1850  he  entered 
the  studio  of  the  late  H.  K.  Brown,  an 
eminent  sculptor,  where  he  remained  six 
years.  In  1861  he  opened  a  studio  in  New 
York,  where  he  modelled  his  "  Indian 
Hunter,"  "The  Good  Samaritan,"  Com- 
modore M.  C.  Perry,  with  reliefs,  "  The 
Freedman,"  and  many  busts  and  small 
works.  In  1869  he  built  a  studio  in  Forty- 
ninth  Street,  New  York,  where  he  made 
the  "Citizen  Soldier,"  and  statues  of 
Shakespeare,  Gen.  Reynolds,  Gen.  Wash- 
ington, Gen.  Israel  Putnam,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Gen.  Thomas,  Gen.  Daniel 
Morgan,  and  Lafayette.  He  built  a  larger 
studio  in  1882,  where  he  has  made  the 
colossal  statue  of  Washington  for  the  New 
York  Sub-Treasury  building,  a  colossal 
statue  of  President  Garfield,  with  three 
typical  figures  on  the  pedestal ;  "  The  Pil- 
grim "  ;  a  statue  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
with  accessory  statues,  a  seated  statue  of 
Horace  Greeley,  &c.  He  visited  Europe  in 
1872,  and  again  in  1887.  For  three  years  he 
was  Vice-President,  and  for  one  term  Pre- 
sident, of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

WARD,  Mary  Augusta,  or,  as  the 
author  of  "Robert  Elsmere "  prefers  to 
give  her  name  on  the  title-page  of  her 
books,  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  is  a  grand- 
daughter of  Dr.  Arnold,  of  Rugby. 
Matthew  Arnold  was  his  eldest  son.  The 
second  son,  another  Thomas  Arnold,  the 
father  of  Mrs.  Ward,  at  one  time  held- an 
educational  position  in  Tasmania.  There 
he  married  the  granddaughter  of  Governor 
Sorell,  and  there,  at  Hobart,  several  of  his 
children  were  born,  among  them  (in  1851) 


his  eldest  daughter,  Mary  Augusta.  Mrs. 
Ward,  who  at  that  time  devoted  much 
attention  to  early  Spanish  literature  and 
history,  contributed  a  large  number  of 
articles  on  Spanish  subjects  to  the  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Christian  Biography,"  edited  by 
Dr.  William  Smith  and  Dr.  Wace.  She 
also,  up  to  1885,  wrote  many  critical 
articles  for  Maemillaris  Magazine.  Her  first 
volume  was  a  child's  story — "  Milly  and 
Oily,"  1881,  illustrated  by  Mrs.  Alma 
Tadema.  Her  first  novel  was  "Miss  Bre- 
therton,"  1884,  which  was  favourably 
received  but  made  no  particular  noise  in 
the  literary  world.  The  story  is  a  mere 
sketch  by  the  side  of  the  later  novel.  Mrs. 
Ward's  next  volume  was  the  translation 
(1885),  of  that  very  remarkable  book, 
Amiel's  "Journal  Intime."  In  February 
1888,  she  published  her  novel  of  "  Robert 
Elsmere,"  which  was  widely  read  and 
much  discussed.  It  passed,  in  five  months, 
in  the  three-volume  form,  through  seven 
editions  ;  and  since  that  time  over  80,000 
copies  of  the  one-volume  edition  have 
been  sold  in  this  country,  and  about  half 
a  million  in  America,  the  sale  in  this  latter 
case  consisting  largely,  of  course,  of  pirated 
editions.  It  has  been  translated  into  Ger- 
man, Dutch,  Danish,  and  Spanish.  During 
1892  appeared  her  second  long  novel,  "  The 
History  of  David  Grieve,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed in  1894  by  "  Marcella,"  by  "Sir 
George  Tressady  "  in  1896,  and  by  "  Hel- 
beck  of  Bannisdale "  in  1898.  In  the 
spring  of  1890  Mrs.  Ward  took  part  in 
founding  a  settlement  for  social  work 
amongst  the  crowded  working-classes  of 
South  St.  Pancras.  That  was  known  for 
some  years  as  University  Hall.  Gradu- 
ally, however,  the  work  of  the  settlement 
outgrew  the  limits  of  the  small  and  dingy 
hall  in  Marchmont  Street,  in  which,  up 
till  June  1897,  the  social  work  was  carried 
on  by  the  Warden  and  residents  from  the 
hall  in  Gordon  Square.  An  appeal  was 
made  for  funds  with  which  to  build  a  new 
settlement,  and  owing  to  the  munificence 
of  Mr.  Passmore  Edwards,  the  fine  build- 
ing in  Tavistock  Place  which  bears  his 
name  was  begun  in  1896  and  opened  in- 
formally in  October  1897,  and  formally 
by  Mr.  John  Morley  in  February  1898. 
Combined  with  the  social  and  educational 
work  of  the  settlement  is  an  annual 
lectureship,  named  after  Dr.  Jowett,  the 
aim  of  which  is  to  further  an  improved 
historical  teaching  of  the  Bible.  Mrs. 
Ward  remains  the  Honorary  Secretary  of 
the  Settlement.  She  married,  in  1872,  Mr. 
Thomas  Humphry  Ward,  M.A.,  formerly 
Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford  (see  following  memoir). 

WARD,  Thomas  Humphry,  M.A.. 
is  a  son  of  the  late   Rev.    Henry   Ward, 

4  c 


1138 


WAKDELL  —  WARINGTON 


formerly  Vicar  of  St.  Barnabas,  King 
Square,  E.C.,  and  was  born  at  Hull  on 
Nov.  9,  1845.  He  was  educated  at  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  and  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  (first 
class  Final  Classical  School)  in  Mich. 
Term,  1868.  Before  this  he  had  been  a 
candidate  for  the  Civil  Service  of  India, 
and  in  1886  was  placed  first  in  the  Open 
Competition.  He  resigned,  however,  with- 
out proceeding  to  India,  and  in  February 
1869  was  elected  Fellow  of  Brasenose,  of 
which  College  he  was  Tutor  from  1870  to 
1880.  He  then  engaged  in  literary  work 
in  London.  In  1880-81,  with  the  aid  of 
the  principal  critical  writers  of  the  day, 
he  brought  out  "The  English  Poets:  Se- 
lections with  Critical  Introductions"  (4 
vols.) ;  in  1884  he  published  "  Humphry 
Sandwith,  a  Memoir  " ;  in  1885  he  edited 
"Men  of  the  Eeign "  ;  and  in  1887  the 
12th  edition  of  "Men  of  the  Time."  In 
1886,  with  the  help  of  various  writers  on 
Art,  he  brought  out  "  English  Art  in  the 
Public  Gardens  of  London,"  a  work  illus- 
trated with  120  photogravures ;  and  in 
1887  he  published  "The  Eeign  of  Queen 
Victoria  :  a  Survey  of  Fifty  Years  of  Pro- 
gress." In  this  work  he  had  the  assistance 
of  Mr.  Matthew  Arnold,  Professor  Huxley, 
Lord  Wolseley,  Sir  Henry  Sumner  Maine, 
and  others.  It  should  be  added  that  as 
an  undergraduate  he  was  (with  the  late 
Edward  Nolan  and  R.  S.  Copleston,  now 
Bishop  of  Colombo)  joint  author  of  "The 
Oxford  Spectator."  Mr.  Humphry  Ward 
is  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Times.  In 
1872  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Arnold,  Mary  Augusta,  the 
authoress  of  "Robert  Elsmere "  (q.v. ). 
Addresses :  25  Grosvenor  Place,  S.W.  ; 
Stocks,  Tring  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WARDELL,  Mrs.  E.  A.  See  Terry, 
Ellen. 

WARDEN,  Florence  (Mrs.  James), 
is  the  daughter  of  C.  W.  Price,  of  the 
London  Stock  Exchange,  and  was  born  at 
Hanworth,  Middlesex,  on  May  16,  1857. 
She  was  educated  at  Brighton,  and  in 
France,  was  engaged  in  teaching  from 
1875  to  1880,  and  was  on  the  stage  from 
1880  to  1885.  She  then  devoted  herself 
to  writing,  and  a  large  number  of  popular 
novels  are  the  result  of  her  work,  amongst 
which  there  may  be  mentioned  :  "  At  the 
World's  Mercy,"  "The  House  on  the 
Marsh,"  "A  Prince  of  Darkness,"  "A 
Witch  of  the  Hills,"  "St.  Cuthbert's 
Tower,"  "Ralph  Ryder  of  Brent,"  "A 
Woman's  Face,"  "A  Spoilt  Girl,"  "A 
Passage  through  Bohemia,"  "  A  Perfect 
Fool,"  "Kitty's  Engagement,"  "A  Dog 
with  a  Bad  Name,"  "Our  Widow," 
"Pretty  Miss  Smith,"  "Forge  and   Fur- 


nace," "A  Sensational  Case,"  "The 
Mystery  of  Dudley  Home,"  "  The  Inn 
by  the  Shore "  ;  "A  Lady  in  Black," 
1897;  "  Girls  will  be  Girls,"  1897  ;  "Dolly 
the  Romp,"  1897.  Miss  Warden  was  mar- 
ried in  1887  to  Mr.  James. 

WARDLE,  Sir  Thomas,  Fellow  of 
the  Chemical,  Geological,  and  Statistical 
Societies,  and  of  the  Imperial  Institute ; 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Palseontographi- 
cal  Society,  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  of  France,  Officier  de  l'Academie 
de  France,  Membre  du  Jury  de  l'Industrie 
de  la  Soie  aux  Expositions  Universelles  in 
Paris,  1878  and  1889,  was  born  at  Mac- 
clesfield in  1831,  and  is  the  son  of  Joshua 
Wardle,  of  Cheddleton  Heath,  Leek.  He 
was  educated  at  Macclesfield  Private 
School  and  Leek  Grammar  School,  and 
is  in  business  as  a  silk-dyer  and  silk  and 
calico  printer.  He  is  a  great  authority  on 
the  history  and  manufacture  of  silk,  and 
was  honorary  superintendent  of  the  Indian 
Silk  -  Culture  Court  in  the  Indian  and 
Colonial  Exhibition  of  1886  in  London, 
and  Chairman  of  the  Silk  Section  of  the 
Manchester  Royal  Jubilee  Exhibition, 
1887,  besides  being  Chairman  of  that 
held  in  St.  James  Square  in  1890,  under 
the  auspices  of  Lord  Egerton  of  Tatton, 
and  that  held  at  the  Duke  of  Sutherland's 
in  1894.  He  has  written  a  large  number  of 
monographs,  chiefly  on  the  subject  of  silk. 
He  married  Elizabeth  Wardle,  of  Leek. 
Address  :  54  St.  Edward  Street,  Leek,  &c. 

WARE,  The  Right  Rev.  Henry, 
D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Barrow-in-Fur- 
ness, was  born  in  London  in  1830,  and  is 
the  youngest  son  of  Martin  Ware,  Esq., 
of  Russell  Square,  London,  and  Tilford 
House,  Farnham,  Surrey.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A. 
(Wrangler  and  first  class  in  Classics),  1853  ; 
D.D.  1889;  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  from-  1855  to  1863  ;  Vicar  of 
Kirkby  Lonsdale  from  1862  to  1888 ; 
Proctor  in  Convocation  from  1867  ;  Canon 
of  Carlisle  from  1879  to  1883,  and  again  in 
1888  ;  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Barrow-in-Fur- 
ness (Diocese  of  Carlisle),  1889.  He  mar- 
ried (1)  Elizabeth  Sarah,  daughter  of  E. 
G.  Hornby ;  and  (2),  in  1887,  Ellen,  daugh- 
ter of  Harvey  Goodwin,  Bishop  of  Carlisle. 
Addresses :  The  Abbey,  Carlisle ;  and 
How  Foot,  Grasmere,  R.S.O. 

WARINGTON,  Robert,  F.R.S., 
F.C.S.,  F.I.C.,  &c,  eldest  son  of  Robert 
Warington,  F.R.  S.,  was  born  in  London, 
Aug.  22,  1838,  and  educated  at  home.  He 
has  pursued  chemistry  from  his  boyhood  ; 
has  held  appointments,  first  as  Teacher  of 
Chemistry  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Col- 
lege,   Cirencester,    1863  to   1867 ;  as  an 


WAENER  —  WARR 


1139 


Analytical  and  Research  Chemist,  under 
Sir  J.  B.  Lawes,  F.R.S .,  1867  to  1893  ;  and 
as  Professor  of  Rural  Economy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  1894  to  1897.  He  is  the 
author  of  forty  papers  describing  original 
investigations  in  Analytical  and  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry;  the  most  important  of 
these  have  been  on  tartaric  and  citric 
acid ;  on  the  absorptive  power  of  soil ;  on 
nitrification  ;  and  on  the  composition  of 
rain,  drainage,  and  well-waters.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  small  manual  of  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry,  "The  Chemistry  of  the 
Farm,"  which  has  a  large  circulation  ;  of 
a  Course  of  Lectures  delivered  in  America 
under  the  Rothamsted  Trust ;  and  of  a 
large  number  of  articles  in  dictionaries 
and  periodicals.  In  1884  he  married 
Helen,  daughter  of  G.  H.  Makins.  Ad- 
dress: Harpenden,  Herts. 

WARNER,  Charles  Dudley,  L.H.D., 
D.C.L.,  American  writer  and  journalist, 
was  born  at  Plainfield,  Massachusetts, 
Sept.  12, 1829.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton 
College  in  1851  ;  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in  1856.  He  practised 
law  until  1860,  when  he  began  journalism 
and  became  editor  of  the  Hartford  (Conn.) 
Press,  which  in  1867  was  absorbed  by 
the  Courant,  of  which  he  has  ever  since 
been  an  owner.  He  has  travelled  in 
Europe  and  the  East  and  over  his  own 
country ;  and  for  a  few  years,  in  addition 
to  his  editorial  duties  in  Hartford,  he 
conducted  the  "Editor's  Drawer,"  and 
now  writes  the  "Study,"  in  Harper's 
Magazine.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
Atlantic,  Century,  Harper's,  and  other 
leading  magazines,  and  has  published : 
"My  Summer  in  a  Garden,"  1871  ; 
"  Saunterings, "  and  "Back-Log  Studies," 
1872  ;  "  Baddeck  and  that  Sort  of  Thing," 
1874;  "My  Winter  on  the  Nile  among 
the  Mummies  and  Moslems,"  1876  ; 
"Being  a  Boy,"  and  "In  the  Levant," 
1877;  "In  the  Wilderness,"  187.8;  "Cap- 
tain John  Smith,"  and  "Washington 
Irving,"  1881;  "Roundabout  Journey," 
1883;  "Their  Pilgrimage,"  1886;  "On 
Horseback,"  1888  ;  "  South  and  West  and 
Comments  on  Canada,"  and  "A  Little 
Journey  in  the  World,"  1889;  "As  We 
were  Saying,"  1892;  "The  Work  of 
Washington  Irving,"  and  "As  We  Go," 
1893;  "The  Golden  House,"  1894;  and 
"The  People  for  whom  Shakespeare 
Wrote,"  1897.  He  is  editor  of  the 
"Library  of  the  World's  Best  Litera- 
ture," and,  in  conjunction  with  S.  L. 
Clemens  (Mark  Twain),  has  written  "  The 
Gilded  Age,"  1873.  Address  :  Hartford, 
Conn. 

WARR,,  Professor  George  Charles 
Winter,  M.A.,  was  born  on  May  23,  1845, 


at  Oakville,  Toronto,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Canon  Warr,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Child- 
wall,  Lanes.  His  maternal  grandfather 
was  Henry  Denny,  of  Waterford,  Ireland, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  H.  Denny  &  Sons. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Institution 
School,  Liverpool,  and  at  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  as  a  foundation  scholar  of 
Christ's,  and  subsequently  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege. He  was  first  Bell  (University) 
Scholar  in  1866,  Porson  and  Members' 
Prizeman  in  1868,  third  in  the  first  class 
of  the  Classical  Tripos  in  1869.  He  was 
elected  by  competition  to  a  Fellowship  at 
Trinity  College,  1870,  but  refused  it  on 
the  ground  of  the  religious  tests  then  in 
force,  to  which  he  objected  as  restricting 
liberty  of  conscience,  and  as  debarring 
Nonconformists  from  the  benefits  of  the 
national  universities.  Mr.  Warr  otherwise 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  Liberal 
movement  which  led  to  the  abolition  of 
the  tests  in  1871.  He  was  Secretary  of 
the  Cobden  Club  from  1871  to  1874,  and 
he  has  been  active  in  popular  educational 
work.  He  was  on  the  staff  of  St.  Paul's 
School  from  1870  to  1872,  Lecturer  at 
Garrick  Chambers  from  1872  to  1881,  and 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Classical  Lite- 
rature in  King's  College,  London,  1881, 
having  previously  been  Classical  Lecturer 
in  the  same  college.  He  is  also  Professor 
of  Latin  at  Queen's  College,  London,  and 
assisted  Bishop  Barry  in  founding  the 
Ladies'  Department  of  King's  College  in 
1877.  He  has  advocated  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Teaching  University  in  London, 
and  in  connection  therewith,  the  restora- 
tion of  Gresham  College  according  to  the 
founder's  design,  as  a  department  of  re- 
search and  higher  (post-graduate)  instruc- 
tion. In  1883  he  wrote  the  "  Tale  of 
Troy,"  a  classical  masque  founded  on 
Homer,  which  he  produced  with  the  co- 
operation of  the  late  Sir  Charles  T. 
Newton,  at  Cromwell  House ;  this  was 
followed  in  1886  by  the  "  Story  of  Or- 
estes," from  iEschylus.  The  mise-en-scine 
was  designed  by  Lord  Leighton,  P.R.A., 
Sir  E.  J.  Poynter,  R.A.,  Mr.  G.  F.  Watts, 
R.A.,  Mr.  Henry  Holiday,  Mr.  George 
Simonds,  and  Mr.  Walter  Crane.  The 
two  plays,  with  introduction  and  sonnets 
by  the  author,  and  the  music  (chiefly 
composed  by  Sir  Walter  Parratt),  are  pub- 
lished in  a  volume  entitled  "Echoes  of 
Hellas"  (Marcus  Ward,  1888),  elaborately 
illustrated  by  Mr.  Crane.  Mr.  Warr  is 
also  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  The 
Greek  Epic,"  1895,  and  has  translated 
from  the  German  Teuffel-Schwabe's  "  His- 
tory of  Roman  Literature"  (Bell,  1890). 
He  has  contributed  articles  to  the  Classi- 
cal Review,  and  poems  and  translations  to 
the  Academy.  He  married,  in  1885,  Con- 
stance Emily,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas 


1140 


WARRE  —  WARREN 


Keddev  Fletcher.     Address  :    King's  Col- 
lege, Strand,  W.C. 

WARRE,  The  Rev.  Edmond,  D.D., 
Head-Master  of  Eton  College,  was  born  in 
London,  on  Feb.  12,  1837,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Henry  Warre,  of 
Bindon,  Somerset,  and  Mary  Caroline, 
third  daughter  of  Nicolson  Calvert, 
Hunsdon,  Herts.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  where  he  obtained  the  Newcastle 
Scholarship  in  1854,  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  a  Scholar.  He 
obtained  a  first  class  in  Classical  Modera- 
tions in  1856,  and  in  the  final  Classical 
Schools  in  1859.  He  rowed  in  the  Oxford 
University  eight  against  Cambridge  at 
Putney  in  1857-58,  and  was  President  of 
the  O.U.B.C.  in  1859.  He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  All  Souls  in  the  same  year,  and 
retained  his  Fellowship  three  years.  He 
assisted  in  raising  the  University  Volun- 
teer Corps,  and  was  Senior  Captain  of  the 
Battalion,  1859-50.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  Committee  which  formed  the  N.R.A. 
He  commanded  the  2nd  Bucks  Eton  Coll. 
Volunteer  Rifle  Corps,  1878-84,  and  is 
Hon.  Colonel  of  the  corps  and  V.D.  In 
1860  he  went  to  Eton  as  Assistant- Master, 
a  post  which  he  held  under  Drs.  Goodford, 
Balston,  and  Hornby,  until  the  appoint- 
ment as  Provost  of  the  last-named  in  1884. 
At  that  date,  Mr.  Warre  was  designated 
by  general  opinion  as  the  most  likely  suc- 
cessor to  the  vacant  post,  for  which  his 
services  and  his  great  popularity  at  Eton 
seemed  specially  to  qualify  him.  He  was 
accordingly  elected  Head-Master  by  the 
governing  body,  and  shortly  afterwards  he 
took  his  degree  of  D.D.  at  Oxford.  He 
became  one  of  her  Majesty's  Honorary 
Chaplains  in  1885,  and  was  elected  an 
Honorary  Fellow  of  Balliol  College  in  1896. 
He  married,  in  1861,  Florence  Dora, 
second  daughter  of  Lieut. -Col.  C.  Malet, 
of  Fontmell  Parva,  Dorsetshire.  Ad- 
dresses :  Eton  College,  Windsor  ;  Baron's 
Down,  Dulverton  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

"WARREN,  Lieut.-General  Sir 
Charles,  K.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  R.E.,  F.R.S., 
late  Chief  Commissioner  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Police,  was  born  at  Bangor,  on  Feb.  7, 
1840,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Major-General  Sir  Charles  Warren,  K.C.B. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  College, 
Sandhurst,  and  at  Woolwich.  He  entered 
the  Royal  Engineers  in  1857,  became 
Captain  in  1869,  Major  and  Lieut.  - 
Colonel  in  1878,  and  Colonel  in  1882. 
From  1867  to  1870  he  conducted  a  series 
of  excavations  in  Palestine,  chiefly  round 
the  walls  of  the  enclosure  of  the  Temple 
of  Jerusalem  ;  and  wrote  "  Underground 
Jerusalem,"  1876 ;  "  The  Temple  or  the 
Tomb,"    1880 ;  and,   in   conjunction   with 


Captain  Conder,  "  Jerusalem,"  1884.  In 
1876  he  was  Special  Commissioner  to 
settle  the  boundary  of  the  Orange  Free 
State ;  and  in  the  following  year  to 
settle  the  Land  Question  of  West  Griqua- 
land.  He  commanded  the  Diamond  Field 
Horse  during  the  Galeka  war  of  1878,  and 
the  Field  Force  in  Bechuanaland  during 
the  same  year.  During  the  Zulu  war  he 
organised  a  Volunteer  Force  for  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Transvaal  and  Natal,  he  acting 
in  the  capacity  of  Commander-in-Chief 
and  Administrator  of  Griqualand  West. 
Major  Warren  returned  to  England  in 
1880,  and  was  appointed  Instructor  of 
Surveying  at  Chatham  ;  and  in  1882  he 
went  to  Egypt,  and  was  engaged  in  special 
duty  in  restoring  in  the  desert  the  auth- 
ority of  the  Khedive,  and  bringing  to 
justice  the  murderers  of  Professor  Palmer's 
party.  From  1884  to  1885  Colonel  Warren 
was  commander  of  the  Field  Force  in 
Bechuanaland  ;  and  in  1886  he  was  com- 
mander of  the  forces  at  Suakim  ;  and  subse- 
quently in  the  same  year  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Metropolitan  Police,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  in  1888.  In  1889  he 
was  appointed  to  command  the  troops  in 
Straits  Settlements  with  the  temporary 
rank  of  Major-General.  In  1894  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  the  following  year 
was  appointed  to  command  the  troops  in 
the  Thames  District.  Sir  Charles  Warren 
married,  in  1864,  Fanny,  daughter  of  Samuel 
Haydon,  Esq.,  of  Guildford.  Addresses : 
16  Charing  Cross,  SW.  ;  and  Athenaaum. 

WARREN,  Thomas  Herbert,  M.A., 
President  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  since  1885,  was  born  at  Cotham, 
Bristol,  Oct.  21,  1853,  and  is  the  eldest 
surviving  son  of  Algernon  William  Warren, 
J.  P.,  merchant  in  that  city,  and  Cecil, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Thomas  of  Llan- 
gadock,  Carmarthenshire.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Manilla  Hall,  Clifton,  1863-68, 
then  at  Clifton  College,  1868-72,  and 
was  Scholar  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1872-76.  He  won  the  Hertford  Scholar- 
ship in  1873,  took  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1873,  won  the  Gaisford 
Prize  for  Greek  Verse  in  1875,  and  was  in 
the  first  class,  Lit.  Hum.,  in  1876.  He 
obtained  the  Craven  Scholarship  in  1878, 
and  was  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Magdalen 
College  from  1877  to  1885.  He  became 
President  of  Magdalen  in  1885.  From 
1875  to  1876  he  was  Librarian  of  the  Oxford 
Union  Society  ;  has  been  a  Member  of 
Council  of  Clifton  College  since  1882  ;  is  a 
Governor  of  St.  Paul's  School  and  of  Lady 
Margaret  Hall,  Oxford.  He  was  appointed 
a  Departmental  Commissioner  for  the 
Treasury  to  inspect  University  Colleges  in 
Great  Britain  in  1896.  He  has  published 
Plato's  "  Republic,"  Bks.  i.  v.,  with  intro- 


WAKEY  —  WATERLOW 


1141 


duction  and  notes,  Macmillan,  1888  (re- 
printed, 1892  and  1898) ;  "  Education  and 
Equality,"  an  address  on  secondary  educa- 
tion, Stanford,  1895  ;  "  By  Severn  Sea  and 
other  Poems,"  printed  at  the  private  press 
of  Rev.  H.  0.  Daniel,  of  Worcester,  Ox- 
ford, 1897,  and  published  by  John  Murray, 
London,  in  1898  (two  editions).  He  has  also 
written  introductions  to  the  poems  of  J. 
A.  Symonds  and  Robert  Bridges  for  A.  H. 
Miles's  "Poets  of  the  Century,"  and  has 
edited  "  Selection  of  Poems  of  G.  J. 
Romanes,  F.R.S. ,"  Longmans,  1896.  He 
was  married,  on  Dec.  16,  1886,  to  Mary 
Isabel,  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  Benjamin 
Brodie,  2nd  Baronet.  Address  :  The 
Lodgings,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 

WARRY,  George  Deedes,  Q.C.,  is 
the  son  of  George  Warry,  of  Shapwick, 
Somerset,  and  was  born  on  June  7,  1831. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
M.A.  in  1856.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  and  practised  on 
the  Western  Circuit.  He  was  appointed 
Recorder  of  Portsmouth  in  1879,  and  be- 
came a  Q.C.  in  1888.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "Treatise  on  Rating."  Mr.  Warry  was 
married,  in  1860,  to  Catherine  Emily, 
daughter  of  the  late  John  Clitsome 
Warren,  of  Taunton.  Address  :  1  Essex 
Court,  Temple,  E.C. 

WATERHOUSE,  Alfred,  R.A.,  LL.D., 
architect,  was  born  July  19, 1830,  at  Liver- 
pool, and  is  the  eldest  son  of  Alfred  Water- 
house,  of  Liverpool,  and  White  Knights 
Park,  Reading.  He  studied  architecture 
in  Manchester,  under  Richard  Lane,  where 
he  began  to  practise  his  profession,  after 
travelling,  chiefly  in  Italy.  His  first  con- 
siderable work  was  the  Manchester  Assize 
Courts,  the  result  of  a  hardly-contested 
competition.  In  that  city  he  has  also 
been  the  architect  of  the  County  Jail, 
the  Owens  College,  the  National  Provin- 
cial Bank  of  England,  the  Refuge  Assur- 
ance Company's  Offices,  and  the  Town 
Hall,  the  result  of  another  competition. 
In  Liverpool  his  works  comprise  the 
London  and  North-Western  Hotel,  the  Sea- 
man's Orphanage,  the  Turner  Memorial 
Home,  the  Royal  Infirmary,  and  Univer- 
sity College  ;  in  London,  the  Natural  His- 
tory Museum,  the  Prudential  Assurance 
Company's  Office  in  Holborn,  the  New 
University  Club,  the  New  St.  Paul's  School, 
the  Central  Institution  of  the  City  and 
Guilds  of  London  Institute,  the  National 
Liberal  Club,  the  New  Weigh -House 
Chapel,  the  Surveyors'  Institute,  Univer- 
sity College  Hospital.  At  Bushey  the 
Clergy  Orphan  School  was  built  by  him. 
Balliol  College  at  Oxford,  Caius  and  Pem- 
broke  at    Cambridge,    have   been    partly 


rebuilt  from  his  designs.  At  Leeds  the 
Yorkshire  College  of  Science  and  W.  W. 
Brown  &  Company's  Bank  have  been 
erected  from  his  designs.  The  Hotel 
M^tropole,  Brighton,  is  also  an  example  of 
his  work.  Among  mansions  may  be  men- 
tioned Heythrop,  Oxon.,  Eaton  Hall, 
Cheshire,  Iwerne  Minster,  Dorset,  as  his 
most  conspicuous  works.  Mr.  Waterhouse 
was  honoured  by  receiving  a  grand  prize 
for  architecture  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of 
1867,  and  a  "Rappel"  at  that  of  1878. 
He  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal  and  Imperial 
Academy  of  Vienna  ;  an  Associate  of  the 
Academic  Royale  des  Sciences,  des  Lettres, 
et  des  Beaux-Arts  de  Belgique  ;  an  As- 
sociate of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  at 
Brussels,  Antwerp,  Milan,  and  Berlin  ; 
also  Correspondant  d'Academie  des  Beaux- 
Arts  (Institut  de  France).  He  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts,  England,  Jan.  15,  1878,  and  became 
a  full  member  on  June  4,  1885.  He  re- 
ceived the  Royal  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1878  ; 
and  has  filled  the  President's  chair  of  the 
same  body  during  1888,  1889,  and  1890. 
He  was  made  LL.D.  of  Victoria  Univer- 
sity in  1895.  He  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Hodgkin,  barrister,  in 
1860.  Addresses  :  20  New  Cavendish 
Street,  W.  ;  Yattendon  Court,  Berks  ; 
and  Athenaaum. 

WATERHOUSE,    John    William, 

R.A.,  was  born  in  Rome  in  1849.  His  first 
important  picture  was  "Sleep  and  his 
brother  Death,"  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1874.  This  was  followed  by 
"Miranda,"  1875;  "After  the  Dance" 
(hung  on  the  line),  1876,  and  "The 
Emperor  Honorius,"  a  classical  picture, 
the  most  important  he  had  as  yet  painted, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by 
a  passage  in  the  "Antonia"  of  Wilkie 
Collins.  The  "Oracle"  and  the  "Lady 
of  Shalott,"  and  "Circe"  followed  among 
many  other  works,  and  in  1895  Mr. 
Waterhouse  achieved  fame  with  his  "  St. 
Cecilia,"  and  with  his  "Pandora"  in 
1896.  "Hylas  and  the  Nymphs"  was 
exhibited  in  1897,  and  "Flora  and  the 
Zephyrs"  and  "Ariadne"  in  1898.  In 
1899  he  exhibited  a  portrait  of  Miss  Molly 
Rickman.  He  was  elected  an  A.R.A.  in 
1885,  and  R.A.  ten  years  later.  In  April 
1899  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum  under  Rule  2.  Addresses  :  6 
Primrose  Hill  Studios,  Regent's  Park, 
N.W.  ;  and  Athenajum. 

WATERLOW,    Ernest    Albert, 

A.R.A.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  A.  C.  Water- 
low,  lithographer,  and  was  born  in  London 
on  May  24,  1850.  He  was  educated  at 
Eltham  Collegiate  School,  at  Heidelberg, 


1142 


WATERLOW  —  WATHERSTON 


and  entered  the  Royal  Academy  Schools 
in  1872,  obtaining  the  Turner  gold  medal 
in  the  following  year.  Mr.  Waterlow,  who 
is  well  known  as  a  landscape  painter,  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water-Colours  in  1880  ;  he  is 
now  the  President  of  this  Society.  His 
most  recent  Royal  Academy  pictures  have 
been:  "A  Sussex  Homestead,"  "Golden 
Autumn,"  "Green  Pastures,"  "The  Water- 
mill,"  1895;  "Clouds  o'er  the  Sea,"  "In 
the  Mellow  Autumn  Light,"  "  Where  Early 
Falls  the  Dew,"  1896;  "A  Tranquil 
Stream,"  "Autumn  Floods,"  "Flowery 
Fields,"  and  "Summer  Flowers,"  1897; 
"Summer  Afternoon,"  "The  Lonely 
Church,"  "  A  Moorland  Road,"  and 
"Through  the  Wood,"  1898  ;  "  La  C6te 
d'Azur  "  and  "  Forest  Oaks,"  1899.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1890.  Address  :  1  Maresfield  Gardens, 
Fitzjohn's  Avenue,  N.W. 

WATERLOW,  Sir  Sydney  Hedley, 
Bart.,  was  born  Nov.  1,  1822,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  James  Waterlow,  of 
Huntingdon  Lodge,  Surrey.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Grammar  School,  Southwark, 
and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  appren- 
ticed to  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Harrison, 
Government  printer ;  at  eighteen  he  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Cabinet  Printing 
Press  at  the  Foreign  Office,  Downing 
Street,  and  at  twenty  he  went  abroad, 
and  was  engaged  in  the  well-known  estab- 
lishment of  Messrs.  Galignani.  In  1844 
he  joined  his  father  and  brothers  in  busi- 
ness at  London  Wall,  and  for  the  next 
twenty  years  devoted  himself  to  the 
extensive  business  of  the  firm  now  known 
as  Waterlow  &  Sons,  Ltd.  In  1855  he 
was  elected  for  the  Ward  of  Broad  Street 
in  the  Common  Council,  and  while  a 
member  of  the  Police  Committee  devised 
the  scheme  of  over-house  telegraph  wires 
for  the  use  of  the  police.  In  1863 '  he 
was  elected  Alderman  for  the  Ward  of 
Langbourn,  and  in  the  same  year  took 
an  active  part  in  promoting  the  scheme 
for  Artisans'  Dwellings.  In  1866-67  he 
served  the  office  of  Sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex,  and  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  In  the  following  year  he 
agreed  to  contest  the  county  of  Dumfries 
in  the  Liberal  interest,  and  greatly 
astonished  the  Conservative  party  by 
being  returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll  for 
a  county  which  had  been  held  by  them 
uncontested  for  eighty  years.  In  1870 
Sir  Sydney  was  appointed  on  the  Royal 
Commission  for  inquiry  into  Friendly  and 
Benefit  Building  Societies,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  establishing  such  societies 
throughout  the  kingdom  on  a  satisfactory 
footing.  In  1872  he  was  elected  Lord 
Mayor  of  London,  and  appointed  to  the 


Royal  Judicature  Commission ;  in  the 
same  year  he  instituted  the  now  annual 
Hospital  Sunday  Fund,  of  which  he  is 
the  Vice-President,  as  well  as  Chairman 
of  the  Distribution  Committee,  a  post 
involving  arduous  duties,  The  Queen,  in 
recognition  of  his  many  services  to  com- 
merce and  philanthropy,  created  him  a 
baronet  in  1873.  In  the  following  year  he 
was  elected  treasurer  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  and  discharged  the  duties  of 
his  office  in  a  manner  that  has  conferred 
lasting  benefit  on  the  Institution.  He 
resigned  in  1892.  In  1874,  at  the  general 
election,  he  successfully  contested  Maid- 
stone, but  lost  his  seat  in  1880,  and  was 
elected  for  Gravesend,  which  he  continued 
to  represent  until  the  general  election  of 
1885.  In  1881-82  he  worked  on  the  Com- 
mittee on  Artisans'  and  Labourers'  Dwell- 
ings, a  subject  in  which  he  has  always 
taken  a  keen  interest.  After  resigning 
his  alderman's  gown  in  1883,  Sir  Sydney 
made  a  tour  round  the  world.  His  ser- 
vices to  the  working -classes  of  England 
are  well  known,  and  have  gained  the 
appreciation  which  they  deserved.  Sir 
Sydney  was  also  treasurer  of  the  City 
and  Guilds  of  London  Institute  for  the 
Advancement  of  Technical  Education, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
for  the  Exhibition  of  1851,  Chairman  of 
the  General  Commissioners  of  Income  Tax 
in  the  City  of  London,  Chairman  of  the 
Industrial  Dwellings  Co.,  which  manages 
six  thousand  tenements,  and  Chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Governors  of  the  United 
Westminster  Schools.  In  1889  he  gave  to 
the  London  County  Council  his  estate 
at  Highgate,  comprising  buildings  and 
about  29  acres  of  land,  for  the  use  of 
the  public  as  a  Park  for  ever;  it  is  now 
known  as  Waterlow  Park.  He  married  (2), 
in  1882,  Margaret,  daughter  of  William 
Hamilton,  of  Napa,  California.  Addresses : 
29  Chesham  Place,  S.W. ;  and  Trosley 
Towers,  Wrotham,  Kent. 

WATHERSTON,  Edward  James, 

goldsmith,  born  in  1839,  is  principally 
known  for  his  persistent  advocacy  of  the 
remission  of  the  plate  duties,  abolished  in 
1890 ;  and  for  his  unwearied  exertions, 
together  with  the  late  Mr.  Edmond  James 
Smith,  to  effect  the  purchase  of  the 
interests  of  the  Metropolitan  Water  Com- 
panies (1878-80).  He  is  a  pioneer  in 
the  causes  of  Technical  Education,  Free 
Libraries  and  the  opening  of  the  Museums 
and  Art  Galleries  on  Sundays ;  was  lately 
Captain  (F.O.C.)  in  the  Queen's  West- 
minster Rifle  Volunteers,  was  Member  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  1877  ;  Liveryman  of  the 
Goldsmiths'  Company,  1864 ;  Secretary 
of  the  Economic  Section  of  the  Social 
Science  Association,  1877  ;  is  a  member  of 


WATKIN 


1143 


the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science ;  and  one  of  the  govern- 
ing body  of  the  Birkbeck  Institution.  Mr. 
Watherston  is  the  author  of  "Taxation 
of  Silver  Plate,"  "Our  Railways:  should 
they  be  Private  or  National  Property  ? " 
"Our  Railways:  Rates  and  Fares,"  "Our 
Iron  Highways,"  "  The  Progress  of  British 
Commerce,"  "Elementary  Education  at 
Home  and  Abroad,"  "Technical  Educa- 
tion," "The  Industrial  Employment  of 
Women  in  France,  with  England,"  "The 
Industrial  Employment  of  Women  Abroad 
and  at  Home,"  "French  Silk  Manufac- 
tures, and  the  Industrial  Employment  of 
Women,"  "  Societies  of  Commercial  Geo- 
graphy," "The  Essence  of  Art:  is  it 
Genius  or  Ingenuity?"  "Manual  or  some 
Form  of  Technical  Instruction,  a  Neces- 
sary Element  of  a  Compulsory  System  of 
Education,"  "Gems  and  Precious  Stones." 
Mr.  Watherston's  advocacy  of  the  neces- 
sity for  Technical  Education  is  founded 
upon  personal  investigation ;  he  has  visited 
all  the  principal  capitals  and  cities  of 
Europe,  and  made  in  1878  an  extended 
tour  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
His  only  son  is  a  Captain  in  the  Royal 
Engineers,  who  has  served  in  Hong-Kong, 
upon  the  staff  at  Chatham,  and  in  Africa. 
Address  :  95  Barkston  Gardens,  S.W. 

"WATKIN,   Sir    Edward  William, 

Bart.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  Knight  of  the  Order  of 
the  Redeemer  of  Greece,  and  of  Leopold 
of  Belgium,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Absalom  Watkin,  who  was  born  in 
London,  but  settled  in  Manchester  in  1800, 
and  carried  on  business  as  a  merchant  in 
that  town,  from  1809  till  his  death  in  1861. 
His  son,  Mr.  Edward  William  Watkin, 
was  born  on  Sept.  26,  1819,  and  was  first 
employed  in  his  father's  counting-house 
(ultimately  becoming  a  partner),  until  the 
year  1845,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the 
secretaryship  of  the  Trent  Valley  Railway. 
This  led  to  his  joining  the  London  and 
North-Western  Co.,  and  to  his  various 
positions,  from  which  he  (has  now  retired, 
as  General  Manager,  and  afterwards  as  a 
Director  and  Chairman  of  the  Manchester, 
Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire  Railway,  and 
President  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of 
Canada ;  Chairman  of  the  South-Eastern 
Railway,  and  Director  of  the  Great 
Western  and  Great  Eastern  Companies. 
In  1839-40  he  became  one  of  the  directors 
of  the  Manchester  Athenaeum,  and  was 
one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  committee 
which  was  organised  to  extricate  the 
institution  from  its  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments. He  suggested  and  carried  out  the 
great  literary  soirees  of  that  institution, 
which  were  held  in  the  Free  Trade  Hall, 
and  presided  over  by  Mr.  Charles  Dickens, 
Mr.  B.  Disraeli,  and  Serjeant  Talfourd,  in 


the  years  1843, 1844,  and  1845  respectively. 
In  1843  he  wrote  a  pamphlet  entitled  "A 
Plea  for  Public  Parks,"  and  became  one 
of  the  honorary  secretaries  of  the  com- 
mittee which  followed,  through  whose 
efforts  the  three  existing  parks  (viz.,  the 
"Queen's,  "Peel"  and  "Philip's")  were 
obtained  for  Manchester  and  Salford.  In 
1843  he  and  a  few  other  members  of 
the  Manchester  Athenajum  started  the 
"Saturday  half-holiday"  in  Manchester, 
which  resulted  in  the  general  closing  of 
the  warehouses  for  business  at  2  P.M. 
every  Saturday.  In  1845,  Mr.  Watkin  was 
one  of  the  originators  of  the  Manchester 
Examiner  newspaper.  In  1861  he  under- 
took a  private  mission  to  Canada,  at  the 
desire  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  then 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  with 
the  object  of  bringing  the  five  British 
Provinces  into  union,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  connection  between  Canada 
and  the  Atlantic  by  an  independent  rail- 
way system,  which  he  successfully  accom- 
plished. Mr.  Watkin  was  first  elected  to 
Parliament  in  1857,  but  was  afterwards 
unseated.  He  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment, unopposed,  for  Stockport,  in  1864, 
and  again  returned  at  the  head  of  the 
poll  in  1865.  He  was  defeated,  however, 
by  a  narrow  majority  in  1868,  and  con- 
tested East  Cheshire  unsuccessfully  in 
1869.  Whilst  in  Parliament  in  1866-67, 
he  obtained,  as  the  Chairman  of  two 
Select  Committees,  important  alterations 
in  the  laws  affecting  railways,  and  espe- 
cially the  change  in  the  law  of  limited 
liability,  which  enabled  companies  to 
reduce  the  capital  by  mere  resolution,  and 
without  winding  up.  In  1868  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  Sir  E.  Watkin 
was  again  returned  to  Parliament  at  the 
general  election  of  February  1874,  for  the 
united  boroughs  of  Hythe  and  Folkestone, 
and  was  returned  unopposed  for  the  same 
boroughs,  at  the  general  election  of  1880. 
In  that  year  he  was  created  a  baronet. 
He  was  High  Sheriff  of  Cheshire,  1874. 
He  has  done  much  to  improve  the  harbours 
of  Boulogne  and  Calais,  so  as  to  establish 
fixed  services  by  large  steamers,  to  increase 
the  comfort  of  the  transit,  and  to  have 
already  reduced  the  time  between  London 
and  Paris  to  seven  hours ;  this  move- 
ment is  progressing.  The  proposed  tunnel 
under  the  Channel  to  connect  England  and 
France  is  an  enterprise  with  which  he  has 
been  connected  in  conjunction  with  the 
late  Michel  Chevalier,  M.  L^on  Say,  and 
other  eminent  French  and  English  pub- 
lic men.  Assuming  that  the  experiment 
would  succeed,  Mr.  Watkin  recommended 
Mr.  Gladstone  to  approach  the  European 
and  American  powers  with  a  view  to 
the  complete  neutralisation  of  the  work, 
believing  that  this  would  do  away  with 


1144 


WATKINS  —  WATSON 


the  military  alarms  on  the  question  raised 
of  late  years.  At  present  the  works  near 
Shakespeare's  Cliff,  Dover,  are  kept  in 
repair  and  ventilation,  but  Government 
has  not  yet  shown  any  desire  to  give  the 
sanction  necessary  for  their  completion. 
It  is  understood  that  Sir  Edward  has 
investigated  the  question  of  connecting 
the  south  coast  of  Scotland  and  the  north 
coast  of  Ireland  by  a  submarine  tunnel. 
He  has  advocated  the  extension  of  har- 
bour and  other  public  works  as  a  means 
of  extending  employment  and  augment- 
ing the  trading  capacity  of  the  country 
in  competition  with  foreign  nations.  In 
1885,  1886,  and  1S92,  Sir  E.  Watkin  was 
returned  for  the  Hythe  division  of  Kent, 
but  not  in  1895.  In  1893  he  married  Ann, 
widow  of  H.  Ingram,  M.P.,  founder  of 
the  Illustrated  London  News.  This  lady 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four  in  May 
1896.  Addresses  :  Rosehill,  Northenden, 
Cheshire  ;  and  the  Chalet,  Beddgelert. 

WATKINS,  The  Venerable  Henry- 
William,  M.A.,  D.D.  of  Oxford,  London, 
and  Durham,  and  Honorary  D.D.  of  Dur- 
ham, was  born  on  Jan.  19,  1844,  and  is 
the  fourth  son  of  Welsh  parents  of  good 
family,  and  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
London,  of  which  he  is  a  Fellow  and  a 
member  of  Council,  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  sometime  a 
Scholar.  After  a  distinguished  University 
career,  he  graduated  at  London  and 
Oxford,  and  was  ordained  in  1871  to  the 
curacy  of  Pluckley,  Kent,  on  the  nomina- 
tion of  Dr.  Plumptre,  late  Dean  of  Wells. 
In  1873  he  was  presented  to  the  vicarage 
of  Much  Wenlock,  in  Shropshire,  and 
quitted  the  living  two  years  later  to 
become  Censor,  Chaplain,  and  Lecturer 
on  the  Greek  Testament  and  on  Hebrew 
at  King's  College,  London.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  was  appointed  first  professor  of 
Logic  and  Moral  Philosophy  in  the  same 
College.  In  1878  Dr.  Watkins  was  elected 
to  the  Wardenship  of  St.  Augustine's 
College,  Canterbury,  by  the  Archbishops 
of  Canterbury  and  York  and  the  Bishop 
of  London ;  and  while  there,  he  accepted 
the  work  of  the  poor  and  unendowed 
parish  of  St.  Gregory  the  Great.  Soon 
after  Dr.  Lightfoot  was  consecrated  to  the 
Bishopric  of  Durham  in  1879,  Dr.  Watkins 
was  appointed  one  of  his  examining 
chaplains ;  and  in  1880  was  collated  to 
the  Archdeaconry  of  Northumberland  with 
a  Canonry  in  Durham  Cathedral.  On  the 
division  of  the  See  in  1882,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  newly-constituted  Arch- 
deaconry of  Auckland  ;  and  a  few  months 
later,  on  the  death  of  Archdeacon  Prest,  to 
that  of  Durham.  On  his  first  arrival  in 
Durham,  he  accepted  a  Professorship  of 
Hebrew  in  the  University,  and  found  lei- 


sure to  devote  some  of  his  energies  to  the 
restoration  of  the  parish  of  All  Saints  at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  where  he  laboured 
as  Senior  Curate  at  a  nominal  salary, 
among  one  of  the  most  neglected  and 
degraded  of  populations.  During  Bishop 
Lightfoot's  illness,  the  Archdeacon  acted 
as  his  commissary,  and  on  the  election 
of  Bishop  Westcott  to  the  See  of  Dur- 
ham, he  was  again  appointed  Examining 
Chaplain.  Archdeacon  Watkins  has  con- 
tributed several  papers  at  Church  Congress 
Meetings  at  Sheffield,  Swansea,  Derby, 
Wolverhampton,  and  Manchester,  on 
"Science  and  Religion,"  on  "The  Church 
and  Democracy,"  on  "  Elasticity  of  Wor- 
ship," and  other  subjects,  which  have 
been  published  separately,  and  he  has 
also  delivered  several  Charges  as  Arch- 
deacon of  Northumberland  and  Durham. 
Besides  these,  Archdeacon  Watkins  has 
contributed  to  Dr.  William  Smith's  Dic- 
tionaries of  the  Bible  and  of  Christian 
Biography  ;  and  wrote  a  Commentary 
on  the  Gospel  according  to  St.  John,  for 
Bishop  Ellicott's  "New  Testament  for 
English  Headers."  He  was  appointed 
Bampton  Lecturer  at  Oxford  for  the  year 
1890,  and  delivered  the  course  on  "  Modern 
Criticism  Considered  in  its  Relation  to  the 
Fourth  Gospel."  The  Archdeacon  was 
married  in  1883  to  the  elder  daughter  of 
Sir  Henry  Thompson,  a  lady  who  is  well 
known  both  as  an  artist  and  a  philan- 
thropist, and  who  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Public  Picture  Galleries  of  Europe,"  a 
work  which  has  passed  through  several 
editions.  Addresses  :  The  Archdeaconry, 
Durham  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

W  ATKINSON,  The  Rev.  William 
L.,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Wesleyan  minister,  was 
born  at  Hull,  August  30, 1838.  He  entered 
the  ministry  1858,  and  has  travelled  in 
the  ministry  in  Nottingham,  Manchester, 
Bolton,  Harrogate,  London,  and  in  other 
towns.  He  is  the  author  of  the  Fernley 
Lecture  "  On  the  Influence  of  Scepticism 
on  Character,"  delivered  in  1887  (now  in 
the  8th  edit.);  "Mistaken  Signs";  "The 
Beginning  of  the  Christian  Life  "  ;  "  The 
Programme  of  the  Christian  Life  " ; 
"  Noon-day  Addresses,"  delivered  in  Man- 
chester and  Leeds  ;  and  various  other 
works.  In  1891  he  published  "  The  Trans- 
figured Sackcloth,  and  other  Sermons," 
and  in  1894  began  to  edit  the  Life  Indeed 
series.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Church,  and  was  President  of 
the  Weslevan  Methodist  Conference  in 
1897-98.  "Address  :  29  Exeter  Road, 
Brondesbury,  N.W. 

WATSON,  Alfred  Edward  Thomas, 

is  the  son  of  Captain  B.  L.  Watson,  and 
was  born  on  March  10,  1849.     Beginning 


WATSON 


1145 


a  literary  career  by  writing  for  various 
magazines,  he  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Standard  in  1872.  He  wrote  frequent 
articles  for  the  Saturday  Review,  from  1885 
to  1894;  contributed  to  Punch ;  and  from 
1880  to  1895  he  edited  the  Illustrated 
Sporting  and  Dramatic  News,  vising  the 
pseudonym  of  "Rapier."  He  now  occu- 
pies the  position  of  editor  of  the  Bad- 
minton Library,  and  of  the  Badminton 
Magazine  ;  he  is  also  musical  and  dramatic 
critic  to  the  Standard.  Mr.  Watson  is  the 
author  of  "  Sketches  in  the  Hunting 
Field,"  1880;  "Race  Course  and  Covert 
Side,"  1883  ;  "  Types  of  the  Turf,"  1885  ; 
"  Steeplechasing "  (Badminton  Library), 
1886  ;  and  he  has  also  written  chapters  in 
the  "Badminton"  volumes  on  Hunting, 
Riding,  and  Driving,  &c.  Address  :  Palace 
Gate  House,  Kensington. 

"WATSON,    The   Rev.   Henry  Wil- 
liam, D.Sc,  F.R. S. ,  was  born  in  London, 
February  25, 1827,  and  is  the  only  surviving 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  Watson,  Esq.,  R.N. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, and  obtained  a  Mathematical  Scholar- 
ship there  on  its  first  establishment,  and 
entered    Trinity   College,    Cambridge,    in 
1846  ;    was    elected    Scholar   thereof    in 
1848  ;  and  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1850  ; 
being  Second  Wrangler  and  Smith's  Prize- 
man.    He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,   and  appointed  Assistant -Tutor 
thereof    in    1851  ;     and    was    appointed 
Second   Master   of    the   City   of    London 
School,  1854  ;    Mathematical  Lecturer  at 
King's  College,  London,   1856  ;  Assistant- 
Master  of  Harrow  School,  1857  ;  and  was 
presented   to   the   Rectory   of    Berkswell, 
near  Coventry,  1865.    He  acted  as  Modera- 
tor and  Examiner  in  the  Cambridge  Mathe- 
matical Tripos,  1860  and  1861  respectively, 
and  as  Additional  Examiner  in  the  year 
1877.     For  many  years  he  has  acted   as 
Assistant-Examiner  to   the   Civil   Service 
Commissioners  ;  and  has  been  occasional 
Examiner  for  the  degree  of  D.Sc.  in  the 
University  of  London.     He  is  the  author 
of  "A  Treatise  on   Geometry,"  in  Long- 
mans' Text-books  of  Science  series,  1871  ; 
"  A  Treatise   on   the   Kinetic   Theory    of 
Gases,"  published  by  the  Clarendon  Press, 
Oxford,   1876  ;  and  sundry  Mathematical 
and   Physical  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Magazine   and    the    Quarterly    Journal    of 
Mathematics,  and  elsewhere.     He  is  joint- 
author  of  "  Watson  and  Burbury's  Treatise 
on  Generalised  Co-ordinates    applied    to 
the    Kinetics    of    a    Material    System  "  ; 
"  Watson  and  Burbury's  Electricity  and 
Magnetism,"  part  1,  Electrostatics,  1885  ; 
part  2,  Magnetism  and  Electrodynamics, 
1889  ;  Article   "  Molecule,"   in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  "  Encyclopedia  Britannica." 
He  was  appointed,  in  1879,  a  representative 


governor  for  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
of  King  Edward  VI. 's  School,  Birmingham, 
and  was  joint  founder  of  the  Birmingham 
Philosophical  Society  in  1879,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  same,  1880  and  1881.  The 
Rev.  H.  W.  Watson  was  elected  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1881,  and  Examiner 
in  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  London 
in  1893.  He  is  one  of  the  original  founders 
of  the  Alpine  Club.  Address  :  Berkswell 
Rectory,  Coventry. 

"WATSON.  Rev.  John  ("Ian  Mac- 
laren"),  M.A.  Edin.,  D.D.  St.  Andrews, 
son  of  John  Watson,  collector  of  Inland 
Revenue,  Edinburgh,  was  born  on  Nov.  3, 
1850,  at  Manningtree,  Essex,  and  was 
educated  at  Stirling  and  Perth  Grammar 
Schools,  and  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
New  College,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Tubingen. 
Adopting  the  ministry  as  his  profession, 
he  was  licensed  in  1874,  and  became 
Assistant  at  Barclay  Free  Church,  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  ordained  in  1875,  and 
has  been  minister  at  Logiealmond,  Perth- 
shire ;  at  Free  St.  Matthew's,  Glasgow, 
1877-80  ;  at  Sefton  Park  Presbyterian 
Church,  Liverpool,  from  1880  until  the 
present  time.  Under  his  pen  name  of 
"Ian  Maclaren,"  he  has  published  the 
following  famous  studies  of  Scottish  rural 
life  :  "  Beside  the  Bonnie  Briar  Bush," 
1894  ;  "The  Days  of  Auld  Lang  Syne," 
1895;  "Kate  Carnegie  and  those  Minis- 
ters," 1896  ;  "  A  Doctor  of  the  Old 
School,"  1897  ;  "  Afterwards,  and  Other 
Stories,"  1899.  As  John  Watson  he  has 
written  :  "  The  Upper  Room,"  1895  ; 
"  The  Mind  of  the  Master,"  1896  ;  "The 
Cure  of  Souls  "  (Yale  Lectures  on  Prac- 
tical Theology),  1896  ;  "  The  Potter's 
Wheel,"  1897;  "Companions  of  the  Sor- 
rowful Way,"  1898.  His  works  have 
enjoyed  an  immense  popularity,  and  have 
run  through  many  editions.  Address  : 
18  Sefton  Drive,  Liverpool. 

"WATSON,  John  Crittenden,  Ameri- 
can naval  officer,  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
August  24,  1842,  and  appointed  to  the 
Naval  Academy  in  Sept.  1856,  graduating 
there  in  1860.  From  1862  to  1864  he  was 
aide  to  Admiral  Farragut  on  the  Hartford, 
and  took  part  in  the  forcing  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  capture  of  New  Orleans 
in  April  1862,  and  the  subsequent  opera- 
tions in  that  vicinity.  In  1864  he  was 
in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  and  was 
wounded  there  ;  from  1865  to  1867  he 
was  attached  to  the  Colorado,  in  the  Euro- 
pean Squadron,  being  made  Lieut. -Com- 
mander in  July  1866,  and  Commander  in 
1874.  He  was  Lighthouse  Inspector  from 
1880  to  1886,  and  became  Captain  in 
March  1887,  and  Commodore  in  November 


1146 


WATSON 


1897.  He  was  Governor  of  the  Naval 
Home  in  Philadelphia  in  May  1895,  re- 
maining there  until  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  with  Spain  in  1898.  In  June  of  that 
year  he  was  placed  in  command  of  a 
powerful  squadron  intended  for  the  coasts 
of  Spain,  but  the  collapse  of  the  war  pre- 
vented the  execution  of  the  plan. 

WATSON,  Malcolm,  journalist, 
playwright,  and  dramatic  critic,  son  of  a 
well-known  Glasgow  physician,  was  born 
in  that  city  in  1 857.  He  was  educated  at 
the  High  School  there.  On  leaving  school 
he  entered  an  Bast  Indian  house  of  busi- 
ness, and  after  spending  some  years  in  it, 
he  came  to  London  to  continue  commercial 
pursuits.  Having  accepted  an  engagement 
with  a  Spanish  banking  company  in  Lon- 
don, he  was  eventually  despatched  to 
Bilbao,  to  establish  a  branch  in  that  town. 
This  accomplished,  he  determined  to  re- 
linquish the  position,  with  the  view  of 
devoting  himself  to  literature.  He  re- 
turned to  London  at  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1887,  and  has  contributed  various 
articles  to  the  St.  James's  Gazette,  and  in 
the  autumn  of  1889  was  appointed  dramatic 
editor  to  that  paper.  He  is  author  of 
various  plays,  including  "A  Pretty  Be- 
quest," "  In  Cupid's  Court,"  "  Tally-Ho  !  " 
"Wanted — an  Heir,"  "Tuppins  &  Co.," 
"Carnival  Time,"  "  Killicrumper,"  "An 
Odd  Pair,"  "A  Big  Bandit,"  and  "  Melo- 
drammie,"  written  for  the  German  Reeds. 
"  Held  Asunder,"  his  first  important  piece, 
in  four  acts,  was  produced  at  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  Theatre  in  April  1888.  Subse- 
quently, "  Christopher's  Honeymoon," 
three-act  farce,  was  played  at  the  Strand 
in  1889 ;  "  Calumny,"  an  adaptation  of  Jose 
Echegaray's  "  El  Grase  Galeoto,"  at  the 
Shaftesbury  in  1889  ;  "  The  Pharisee,"  in 
association  with  Mrs.  Lancaster- Wallis,  at 
the  Shaftesbury  in  1891  ;  "  For  Love  and 
Liberty,"  at  the  Union  Square  Theatre, 
New  York,  in  1891.  "  Joseph  "  (1895)  was 
played  over  a  twelvemonth  throughout  the 
United  States.  "  The  Haven  of  Content" 
was  played  at  the  Garrick  in  1896.  He  is 
also  author  of  a  number  of  one-act  pieces, 
and  contributor  of  articles  and  short 
stories  to  various  London  papers  and 
periodicals.  Permanent  address :  8  Ser- 
jeant's Inn,  E.C. 

WATSON,  Thomas  Henry,  archi- 
tect, born  Nov.  1,  1839,  obtained  three 
silver  medals  in  1860  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Arts,  and  the  Gold  Medal  in  1861.  He 
was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  in  1862;  was 
awarded  the  Travelling  Studentship  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  1863,  and  the  Soane 
Medallion  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 


Architects,  1864.  He  graduated  at  the  In- 
stitute in  the  Class  of  Distinction,  1866 ; 
was  President  of  the  Architectural  As- 
sociation in  1871 ;  was  elected  District 
Surveyor  of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square, 
North,  in  1875,  and  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1877.  He 
has  carried  out  numerous  works  in  London 
and  many  country  houses.  Among  them 
may  be  mentioned  North  Court  and  other 
buildings,  Somerhill,  Kent,  for  Sir  Julian 
Goldsmid,  Bart. ;  Rickmansworth  Park, 
the  seat  of  J.  W.  Birch,  Esq. ;  Newton 
Park,  Somerset,  for  Earl  Temple ;  Crowe 
Hall,  Bath;  Chalfont  Park,  Bucks,  for 
Captain  Penton,  M.P.  ;  Rapkins,  Sussex, 
for  the  late  Thomas  Woolner,  R.A. ;  and 
works  to  the  Villa  Aurelia,  Rome.  Ad- 
dress :  9  Nottingham  Place,  W. 

WATSON,  William,   the  poet,  was 
born  in  Wharfedale,  Yorkshire,  and  as  a 
boy  gave  promise  of  literary  genius.     He 
suffered,  however,  for  years  from  neglect 
of  the  reading  public,  until  in   1892  his 
poem   on  "Wordsworth's   Grave"  forced 
the  critics  to  recognise  in  him  something 
more  than  a  "minor  poet."     Partly  owing 
to  their  own  classic  beauty  and  absence  of 
affectation,  and  partly  owing  to  the  clever 
methods  of  publishing  to  which  their  author 
has  recourse,  Mr.  William  Watson's  poems 
are  now  eagerly  bought  by  bibliophiles  and 
the    general    public.      In   1893   appeared 
his  "  Lachrymse  Musarum,"  a  noble  tribute 
to  the  memory  of  Lord  Tennyson.      His 
other  works  are  :   "  Epigrams  of  Life,  Art, 
and    Nature";     "The    Prince's    Quest," 
1880;   a  collection  of  love  lyrics;    "The 
Eloping  Angels";    "Excursions  in   Criti- 
cism," reprinted  mostly  from  the  Spectator, 
to  which  he  frequently  contributes,  1893  ; 
and  "Odes  and  other  Poems,"  December 
1894;    "The  Father  of  the  Forest"  and 
Poems,   2nd   edit.,   1895;    "The   Year  of 
Shame,"    with    an    introduction    by    the 
Bishop    of    Hereford,    and    "The   Purple 
East :   a  Series  of   Sonnets  of   England's 
Desertion  of  Armenia,"  1896  ;   and  "  The 
Hope  of  the  World,"  1897.     "The  Year  of 
Shame  "  contains  the  Byronic  or  Miltonic 
denunciation    of    "Abdul   the    Damned," 
which,  at  the  time  of  its  first  publication 
in  a  milder  form  in  a  newspaper,  so  flut- 
tered   the    dovecots   of    criticism.       Mr. 
Watson's  "Collected   Poems"  were  pub- 
lished by  John  Lane  in  1898.     Mr.  Glad- 
stone conferred  on  Mr.  Watson  the  civil 
pension  of  £200,  rendered  vacant  by  the 
death  of   Lord  Tennyson,  and  this  very 
unexpected  act  of  patronage  led  many  to 
imagine  that  Mr.  Watson  was  Poet  Lau- 
reate designate.     This  pension  has  been 
increased.     Mr.  Watson  spends  much  of 
his  time  in  the  Lake  Country.     Address : 
Devonshire  Club. 


WATSON  — WATTS 


1147 


WATSON,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
William  Watson,  Lord  of  Appeal  in 
Ordinary,  LL.D.,  D.L.,  is  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Watson,  of  Covington,  Lanark- 
shire, and  was  born  in  1828.  He  was 
educated  privately,  and  at  Glasgow  and 
Edinburgh  Universities.  He  was  called 
to  the  Scottish  Bar  in  1851,  acted  as 
Solicitor-General  for  Scotland  from  1874 
to  1876,  and  was  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Advocates  from  1875  to  1876.  He  was  Lord 
Advocate  from  1876  to  1880,  and  in  the 
latter  year  was  appointed  a  Lord  of  Appeal 
in  Ordinary,  receiving  at  the  same  time  a 
life  peerage.  From  1876  to  1880  he  sat  in 
the  House  of  Commons  as  Conservative 
Member  for  Glasgow  and  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versities. Lord  Watson  is  a  Deputy  Lieu- 
tenant, an  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  and  Glas- 
gow, and  was  married,  in  1868,  to  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Dugald  John  Bannatyne.  Ad- 
dresses :  20  Queen's  Gate,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

WATTERSON,  Hon.  Henry,  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Washington  City,  Feb.  16,  1840.  He  was 
educated  by  private  tutors,  and  began  his 
career  as  an  editorial  writer  in  the  press 
of  the  national  capital,  but  his  professional 
work  was  interrupted  by  the  Civil  War,  in 
which  he  served  on  the  Confederate  side. 
After  the  war  he  succeeded  George  D. 
Prentice,  the  founder  and  editor  of  the 
Louisville  Journal,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
W.  N.  Haldeman,  the  founder  of  the  Louis- 
ville Courier,  he  consolidated  all  the  news- 
papers of  that  city  into  the  Courier- Journal, 
which,  under  his  management,  has  become 
a  leading  American  newspaper.  He  is  a 
recognised  authority  in  the  Democratic 
party,  although  for  many  years  he  had  to 
contend  against  a  majority  of  his  party 
associates.  He  successfully  opposed  the 
reactionary  movement  of  the  Southern 
extremists  against  the  reconstructory 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  and  of 
the  Western  extremists  as  to  the  national 
currency.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Democrats  in  1872  who  sought  to  elect 
Horace  Greeley  to  the  Presidency.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  prominent  Democrats 
to  identify  himself  with  Free  Trade  ideas 
and  to  demand  of  Congress  "  a  tariff  for 
revenue  only,"  and  for  many  years  has 
been  regarded  as  the  embodiment  of  tariff 
reform  in  the  United  States.  He  has 
steadily  refused  office,  but  in  the  political 
crisis  of  1876-77  he  accepted  a  seat  in 
Congress,  serving  with  distinction,  and 
declining  a  re-election.  He  is  a  constant 
public  speaker  and  lecturer,  a  voluminous 
contributor  on  economic  subjects  to  the 
reviews,  and  an  active  and  familiar  figure 
in  the  councils  of  his  party.  He  delivered 
the  dedicatory  oration  on  the  official  open- 


ing of  the  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago 
in  1893.  He  is  the  author  of  many  tracts 
and  pamphlets,  and  a  volume  of  sketches, 
entitled  "  Oddities  of  Southern  Life  and 
Character,"  1892,  and  a  "History  of  the 
War  with  Spain,"  1898.  He  has  travelled 
extensively,  and  has  published  a  collection 
of  foreign  letters. 

WATTS,  George  Frederick,  R.A., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  born  in  London  on  Feb.  23, 
1817,  first  exhibited  at  the  Academy  in 
1837.  In  addition  to  portraits,  he  made 
some  historical  attempts,  such  as  "  Isabella 
finding  Lorenzo  dead,"  from  Boccaccio, 
in  1840,  and  a  scene  from  "  Cymbeline  " 
in  1842.  At  Westminster  Hall,  in  1843, 
his  cartoon  of  "  Caractacus  led  in  Triumph 
through  the  Streets  of  Rome,"  obtained 
one  of  the  three  highest  class  prizes  of 
£300,  and  created  sanguine  hopes  for  his 
future  career.  Having  spent  upwards  of 
four  years  in  Italy,  he  again  obtained,  in 

1847,  the  highest  honours  at  the  competi- 
tion in  Westminster  Hall.  His  two  colossal 
oil-pictures,  "Echo"  and  "Alfred  inciting 
the  Saxons  to  prevent  the  Landing  of  the 
Danes,"  which  secured  for  him  one  of  the 
three  highest  class  prizes  of  £500,  were, 
with  the  pictures  of  Mr.  Pickersgill  and 
Mr.  Cross,  purchased  by  the  Commis- 
sioners. The  latter  is  in  one  of  the  com- 
mittee-rooms of  the  new  Parliament  Houses. 
Mr.  Watts  exhibited  his  "Paolo  and  Fran- 
cesca"  and  "Orlando  pursuing  the  Fata 
Morgana "   at   the   British   Institution   in 

1848,  and  his  full-length  portrait  of  Lady 
Holland  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  the  same 
year.  "  Life's  Illusions,"  a  picture  of  the 
class    of   "  Fata    Morgana,"   exhibited   in 

1849,  was  followed  in  1850  by  "The  Good 
Samaritan,"  painted  in  honour  of  Thomas 
Wright,  of  Manchester,  and  presented  by 
the  artist  to  the  Town  Hall  of  Manchester. 
For  the  Houses  of  Parliament  Mr.  Watts 
has  executed  one  of  the  frescoes  in  the 
Poets'  Hall,  "St.  George  overcomes  the 
Dragon,"  from  Spenser,  finished  in  1853, 
and  he  has  painted  in  fresco  the  west  end 
of  the  new  hall  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  For  some 
time  he  has  exhibited  regularly  at  the 
Royal  Academy  and  Grosvenor  Gallery. 
His  principal  productions  have  been  por- 
traits and  ideal  or  mythological  subjects, 
such  as  the  well-known  "Love  and  Death"  ; 
"Endymion"  ;  "  Orpheus  and  Eurydice"  ; 
"Daphne";  and  (18S6)  "Hope."  In  1882 
an  exhibition  of  Mr.  Watts's  works  was  held 
at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  and  in  February 
1897  another  exhibition  of  his  works  was 
held  at  the  New  Gallery.  Reaching  the 
age  of  eighty  in  this  month,  he  was  pre- 
sented with  a  congratulatory  address, 
signed  by  several  hundreds  of  names,  the 
foremost  in  the  country,  and  representa- 
tive of  the  most  divergent  interests.     The 


1148 


WATTS-DUNTON  —  WAY 


banquet  to  Corot  in  the  last  year  of  his 
life  can  alone  be  compared  to  this  pre- 
sentation. Mr.  Watts  originally  painted 
for  his  own  house  some  forty  portraits  of 
the  most  eminent  of  his  contemporaries  in 
public  life,  literature,  and  art,  and  these 
he  has  now  bequeathed  to  the  nation.  He 
executed  the  portrait  of  Lord  Tennyson  in 
1890.  Mr.  Watts  is  still  at  work,  either 
at  his  easel  or  at  an  immense  equestrian 
statue,  which  he  hopes  to  be  the  crown  of 
his  career.  The  Watts  portraits  are  now 
placed  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 
They  include  portraits  of  Tennyson,  Mat- 
thew Arnold,  and  a  number  of  other  great 
Englishmen  of  modern  times,  and  are  un- 
questionably the  prime  glory  of  this  section 
of  the  national  collections.  Mr.  Watts 
has  also  presented  to  the  Tait  Gallery  a 
number  of  his  finest  allegorical  paintings. 
In  1899  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
a  portrait  of  the  Rt.  Hon.  Gerald  Balfour, 
M.P.  In  1880  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
was  conferred  upon  Mr.  Watts  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  that  of  LL.D.  was 
offered  by  the  University  of  Cambridge 
in  1882,  and  conferred  the  following  year. 
In  1885  Mr.  Gladstone  was  empowered  to 
bestow  the  honour  of  a  baronetcy  upon 
Mr.  Watts,  which  honour  was  declined  by 
him.  He  is  a  member  of  foreign  academies, 
and  has  received  the  Cross  of  the  Legion 
d'Honneur.  In  1886  Mr.  Watts  married 
Mary,  third  daughter  of  the  late  Charles 
Edward  Fraser  Tytler,  Esq.,  of  Aldourie, 
Inverness-shire.  London  address  :  Little 
Holland  House,  Melbury  Road,  Kensing- 
ton, W. 

WATTS-DUNTON,  Theodore,  poet 
and  critic,  was  born  at  St.  Ives  in  1836, 
but  has  spent  most  of  his  life  in  London. 
He  received  a  somewhat  elaborate  pri- 
vate education  at  Cambridge.  Originally 
trained  as  a  naturalist,  his  father  having 
been  an  active  member  of  scientific 
societies,  he  was  afterwards  brought  up 
to  the  law,  and  passed  his  legal  examina- 
tion in  1863.  He  first  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  literary  public  as  a  writer 
of  sonnets.  One  of  the  chief  of  those 
who  took  an  interest  in  his  early  poetical 
work  was  Dante  Rossetti,  whose  intimate 
friend  Mr.  Watts  became.  Under  Mr. 
Rossetti's  influence  he  made  a  critical 
study  of  the  Old  Masters  in  Florence, 
Venice,  and  Rome.  After  Rossetti's  death 
he  expounded  the  principles  of  his  art  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century  and  elsewhere.  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton,  then  Mr.  Watts,  became 
literary  and  artistic  critic  to  the  Examiner 
at  a  time  when  that  paper  was  being 
brilliantly  conducted  by  Prof.  Minto,  who 
numbered  among  his  contributors  such 
men  as  Mr.  Swinburne  and  Mr.  W.  Bell 
Scott.        When     Prof.     Minto     left    the 


Examiner  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  retired  also, 
and  became  one  of  the  chief  writers  in  the 
Athenaeum,  in  the  columns  of  which,  as 
well  as  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica," 
9th  edit.,  he  founded  a  school  of  poetical 
criticism  which  aims  at  testing  literary 
efforts  by  the  light  of  first  principles  only. 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton's  articles  in  the  "  En- 
cyclopsedia "  are  to  be  reproduced  in 
volume  form  under  the  title  "Poetics"; 
and  his  "  Reminiscences  of  George  Bor- 
row" are  shortly  to  be  reprinted  from  the 
Athenceum.  He  has  been  a  busy  contributor 
to  the  Quarterly  Magazine,  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  and  Ward's  "English  Poets." 
He  is  specially  noticeable  as  an  expounder 
of  the  romantic  movement,  and  in  "  Aylwin, 
a  Poetic  Romance,"  published  in  October 
1898,  after  being  for  twenty  years  well 
known  to  a  select  circle  in  MS.,  he  has 
endeavoured  to  carry  into  scenes  of  con- 
temporary life  those  principles  of  purely 
romantic  art  which  have  heretofore  been 
expressed  only  in  pictures  of  the  past. 
His  art  as  a  writer  of  sonnets  is  discussed 
in  Rossetti's  "  Letters  to  Hall  Caine," 
and  in  the  preface  to  Mr.  W.  Sharp's 
"  Sonnets  of  this  Century,"  as  well  as  in 
other  works  on  that  form  of  poetry.  In 
1897  he  published  "  Jubilee  Greetings  at 
Spithead  to  the  Men  of  Greater  Britain," 
and  "The  Coming  of  Love."  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton,  who  recently  assumed  that  name 
in  place  of  Watts,  is  an  intimate  friend  of 
Mr.  Swinburne,  who  for  some  years  has 
lived  in  his  house  at  Putney.  Address  : 
The  Pines,  Putney. 

WAY,  Rev.  John  Pearce,  D.D.,  born 
at  Bath  on  October  19,  1850,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  John  Hyne  Way,  incumbent 
of  Christ  Church,  Bath.  He  was  educated 
at  Bath  College,  from  whence  he  gained  a 
Classical  Scholarship  at  Brazenose  College, 
Oxford.  At  Oxford  he  took  a  first  class 
in  Classical  Moderations,  and  a  second 
class  in  Lit.  Hum. ;  proceeded  to  B.A. 
degree  in  1874,  M.A.  1877,  B.D.  and  D.D. 
1896.  He  went  f-rom  Oxford  to  Marl- 
borough, being  appointed  Assistant-Master 
by  Dr.  Farrar  (now  Dean  of  Canterbury) 
in  1875  ;  was  made  House-Master  in  1877  ; 
took  Holy  Orders  in  1879.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  Head-Master  of  Warwick  School, 
and  in  1896  of  Rossall.  At  Oxford  he 
rowed  stroke  of  his  College  eight  for  four 
years  in  succession,  and  stroke  of  the 
Oxford  crew  in  1874  and  1875.  In  the 
latter  year  Oxford  beat  Cambridge  for  the 
first  time  after  five  successive  defeats. 
He  married,  in  1890,  Gertrude,  daughter 
of  Francis  Leach,  20  Cleveland  Square,  W. 
Address  :  The  Hall,  Rossall,  Fleetwood. 

WAY,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir  Samuel 
James,  Bart.,  Q.C.,  Chief -Justice  of  South 


WEBB  — WEBBER 


1149 


Australia,  Judge  of  the  Vice-Admiralty 
Court,  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Adelaide,  and  in  1890  appointed  Lieut. - 
Governor  of  S,  Australia,  is  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  James  Way,  and  was  born  at 
Portsmouth,  April  11,  1836.  He  was 
privately  educated,  and  went  to  South 
Australia  early  in  1853.  He  was  called 
to  the  South  Australian  Bar,  March  23, 
1861;  appointed  Q.C.,  Sept.  12,  1871; 
elected  to  the  House  of  Assembly,  Feb. 
10,  1875 ;  appointed  Attorney-General, 
June  3,  1875 ;  appointed  Chief-Justice, 
March  18,  1876  ;  elected  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Adelaide,  April  28, 
1876;  and  Chancellor,  Jan.  26,  1883. 
The  Hon.  S.  J.  Way  has  administered 
the  Government  of  South  Australia  five 
times— in  1877,  1878,  1879,  1883,  1889; 
is  a  Member  of  the  Executive  Council ; 
author  of  the  "Report  of  the  Commission 
on  the  Destitute  Act,  1881,"  published  in 
Adelaide,  1885  (an  elaborate  treatise  on 
Poor  Relief  in  South  Australia),  and  other 
official  publications.  He  was  created 
Honorary  LL.D.  of  Adelaide  University, 
1892 ;  Honorary  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  1891  ;  and 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1897.  He  became  the 
first  Representative  of  the  Australian 
Colonies  on  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the 
Privy  Council  in  1897.  He  was  created 
a  Baronet  on  the  occasion  of  the  Birth- 
day, 1899.  Addresses  :  Montefiore,  North 
Adelaide,  S.  Australia  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WEBB,    Aston,    A.R.A.,    F.R.I.B.A., 

F.S.A.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Edward 
Webb,  engraver  and  water-colour  painter, 
and  was  born  in  London  on  May  22,  1849. 
Educated  privately,  he  was  articled  to 
Messrs.  Banks  &  Barry,  architects,  in  1866, 
and  he  began  to  practise  on  his  own 
account  in  1873.  He  was  President  of 
the  Architectural  Association  in  1884, 
and  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  from  1893  to  1897. 
He  was  elected  A.R.A.  in  March  1899. 
Mr.  Webb  is  responsible  for  the  careful 
and  successful  restoration  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's the  Great,  Smithfield,  and  from  his 
designs  have  been  built  numerous  churches, 
including  the  French  Protestant  Church, 
Soho.  He  was  appointed  architect  for  the 
completion  of  South  Kensington  Museum, 
and  for  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Dart- 
mouth. In  co-operation  with  Mr.  E.  T. 
Bell  he  has  built  the  Victoria  Courts  at 
Birmingham,  the  Metropolitan  Assurance 
Society's  offices,  and  is  engaged  in  build- 
ing the  new  schools  of  Christ's  Hospital. 
Address :  19  Queen  Anne's  Gate,  West- 
minster. 

"WEBB,  Sidney,  LL.B.,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Charles  Webb,  and  was  born  in 
London  on  July  13, 1859.    He  was  educated 


at  private  schools  in  London,  in  Switzer- 
land, at  the  Birkbeck  Institute,  and  the 
City  of  London  College.  After  spending 
three  years  in  an  office  in  the  City,  he 
entered  the  Lower  Division  of  the  War 
Office  in  1878,  became  a  Surveyor  of  Taxes 
in  the  following  year,  and  in  1881  gained 
a  place  in  the  Colonial  Office  (Class  I.),  by 
open  competition ;  he  resigned,  however, 
in  1891.  He  then  lectured  on  Political 
Economy  at  the  City  of  London  College, 
and  the  Working-Men's  College,  and  he 
now  is  a  Lecturer  in  the  same  subject 
at  the  London  School  of  Economics  and 
Political  Science.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1885,  has  devoted  a  good  deal  of 
time  to  writing  on  economical  subjects, 
and  still  continues  to  do  so.  He  has  a 
seat  on  the  London  County  Council  as 
ProgressiveMemberforDeptford.  Amongst 
his  many  works  there  may  be  mentioned  : 
'•Socialism  in  England,"  1890;  "The 
Eight  Hours'  Day,"  which  he  published  in 

1891,  conjointly  with  Mr.  Harold  Cox ; 
"The  London  Programme,"  1892;  "The 
History  of  Trade  Unionism,"  1894,  con- 
jointly with  his  wife  ;  also  with  her,  in 
1898,  "  Industrial  Democracy,"  and  "  Prob- 
lems of  Modern  Industry"  (a  reprint  of 
essays  and  studies  written  during  the  last 
ten  years);  and  "Labour  in  the  Longest 
Reign,"  1898.      Mr.  Webb  was  married,  in 

1892,  to  Beatrice,  daughter  of  the  late 
Richard  Potter,  who  is  herself  deeply 
interested  in  matters  relating  to  Trade 
Unionism  and  labour  problems,  and  who 
wrote  the  "  Co-operative  Movement  in 
Great  Britain"  in  1891,  and  also  con- 
tributed to  Charles  Booth's  "  Life  and 
Labour  of  the  People."  Address  :  41 
Grosvenor  Road,  Westminster  Embank- 
ment. 

"WEBBER,  The  Bight  Rev.  William 
Thomas  Thornhill,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Brisbane,  is  the  son  of  the  late  William 
Webber,  surgeon,  of  Norwich,  by  Eliza, 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  Isaac  Preston, 
Bart.  He  was  born  in  Upper  Grosvenor 
Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  London,  Jan. 
30,  1837,  and  educated  first  at  Tonbridge 
School,  and  afterwards  at  Norwich,  under 
the  late  John  Woolley,  D.C.L.  (who  was 
subsequently  head  of  Sydney  University), 
and  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  B.A. 
1859,  M.A.  1862,  D.D.,  honoris  causa,  1885. 
He  was  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  London 
(Dr.  Tait),  deacon,  I860  ;  and  priest,  1861. 
He  was  assistant  curate  at  Chiswick  from 
1860  to  1864,  when  he  was  put  in  charge 
of  the  newly  -  constituted  district  and 
parish  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  Red 
Lion  Square,  Holborn,  which  he  held  up 
to  1885.  Here  he  built  the  noble  church 
in  Red  Lion  Square,  together  with  clergy- 
house  attached,  and  schools  with  accom- 


1150 


WEBER—  WEBSTER 


modation  for  700  children  in  three  de- 
partments. The  site,  church,  clergy-house, 
schools,  &c.,  cost  £49,000.  This  large  sum 
of  money  was  collected  and  administered 
by  Mr.  Webber,  in  the  course  of  an  ex- 
ceedingly busy  life  of  public  usefulness. 
He  was  one  of  the  Governors  of  Sion  Col- 
lege from  1882  to  1885,  and  represented 
Finsbury  on  the  London  School  Board 
from  1882  to  1885  ;  was  Chairman  of  the 
Local  Managers  of  the  Board  Schools  from 
1877  to  1885,  and  Guardian  of  Holborn 
Union  from  1874  to  1883.  He  was  also 
connected  very  prominently  during  these 
years  with  the  Charity  Organisation  So- 
ciety, the  Working-Men's  Club  and  Insti- 
tute Union,  the  Girls'  and  the  Young 
Men's  Friendly  Societies,  and  many  other 
institutions  and  societies.  On  the  resigna- 
tion of  Bishop  Hale  he  was  appointed  to 
the  vacant  See  of  Brisbane,  and  was  con- 
secrated in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (Dr.  Benson), 
on  St.  Barnabas's  Day,  1885.  When  the 
Bishop  took  charge  of  the  diocese  in  1885 
there  were  but  33  clergy  and  39  churches  ; 
these,  as  the  result  of  five  years'  work, 
have  been  increased  to  67  clergy  and  75 
churches.  Address  :  Bishopsbourne,  Bris- 
bane. 

WEBER,  Sir  Hermann,  Kt.,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P. ,  received  his  medical  education 
at  Bonn  University,  of  which  he  is  M.D., 
and  at  Guy's  Hospital.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  Consulting 
Physician  of  the  German  Hospital,  Lon- 
don, and  of  the  Royal  National  Hospital 
for  Consumption,  Ventnor.  He  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  at  New  Year 
'1899.  Together  with  Mr.  Rube,  Dr.  Hillier, 
and  Dr.  Malcolm  Morris  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales  as  representative 
of  the  National  Association  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Consumption  and  Other  Forms 
of  Tuberculosis  at  the  Berlin  Congress  for 
the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  May  24-28, 
1899.  In  conjunction  with  his  son,  Dr. 
Parkes  Weber,  he  has  published  a  work, 
now  in  its  second  edition,  on  "  The  Mineral 
Waters  and  Health  Resorts  of  Great 
Britain."  He  is  also  author  of  "  Notes 
on  the  Climate  of  the  Swiss  Alps,"  1864 ; 
"  Klimato  -  Therapie,"  in  Ziemssen's 
"Handbook  of  Gen.  Therap.,"  1880;  the 
Croonian  Lectures  for  1885  on  "  Hygienic 
and  Climatic  Treatment  of  Phthisis  "  ;  and 
of  many  contributions  to  Quain's  "Dic- 
tionary of  Medicine,"  Allbutt's  "  System," 
the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Med.  Chir. 
Soe.,  &c.  Address:  10  Grosvenor  Street, 
W. 

WEBSTER,  Hugh  Alexander,  born 
April  21,  1849,  at  Laurencekirk,  Kincar- 
dineshire, is  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  | 


David  Webster,   Congregational  minister, 
and   Isabella  Mackinnon.     Educated  for 
the  most  part  privately  by  his  father,  who 
had  spent  the  early  part  of  his  life  as  a 
schoolmaster,    he   afterwards   studied    at 
the    University    of    Edinburgh,   between 
1872   and   1880.     After  several  years  de- 
voted to  scholastic  and  literary  work,  he 
joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica "   in   1876,   and   contri- 
buted to  the  successive  volumes  articles 
in  biography,  literature,  and,  more  especi- 
ally, geography.     For  some  years  he  took 
the  geographical  department  more  especi- 
ally   in    hand,    writing   such   articles   as 
"Europe,"  "Italy,"  "Java,"  "Lapland," 
"Patagonia,"  as  well  as  passing  the  bulk 
of  the  geographical  work   under  review. 
He  has  contributed  also  to  "  Chambers's 
Encyclopaedia, "  the  "GlobeEncyclopsedia," 
the  "  Ordnance  Gazetteer  of  Scotland,"  as 
well  as  for  many  years  to  the  newspaper 
press.     He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Scottish  (now  Royal)  Geographical  Society 
in  1884.     He  was  the  chief  originator  and 
the  first  honorary  editor  of  the  Society's 
magazine  (1885-87),  and  in  reward  for  his 
services  was  elected  first  honorary  Fellow 
of  the  Society.     He  was  appointed  Libra- 
rian  of  the   University  of   Edinburgh  in 
1887,  and  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  in  the  same  year. 
Address  :  Edinburgh  University  Library. 

WEBSTER,  Sir  Richard  Everard, 
K.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  Attorney- 
General,  second  son  of  the  late  Thomas 
Webster,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  and  Elizabeth,  eldest 
daughter  of  Richard  Calthrop,  Swineshead 
Abbey,  Lincolnshire,  was  born  Dec.  22, 
1842.  He  received  his  education  at  King's 
College  and  Charterhouse  Schools,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
gained  a  Foundation  Scholarship,  and 
graduated  in  both  the  Mathematical  and 
Classical  Tripos.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1868,  and  joined 
the  south-eastern  (then  home)  circuit. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  to  the 
ancient  but  honorary  offices  of  Tubman  and 
Postman  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer  at 
Westminster.  He  was  made  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1878,  and  is  believed  to  be 
the  only  man  who  has  for  many  years 
past  received  that  honour  at  so  early  an 
age.  He  has  been  extensively  engaged 
in  most  of  the  heavy  commercial  and  rail- 
way cases  of  the  day,  and,  besides  having 
a  large  general  practice,  he  has  appeared 
in  numerous  appeal  cases  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  He  is  one  of  the  Governors  of  the 
Charterhouse.  He  contested  Bewdley  at 
the  election  of  1880.  In  June  1885  he 
was  appointed  Attorney-General  in  the 
first  Government  of  Lord  Salisbury,  not 
having  up  to  that  date  been  in  Parlia- 


WEDDERBURN  —  WEDMOKE 


1151 


merit.  He  held  the  same  office  from  1886 
to  1892,  and  was  reappointed  in  1895 
(July).  From  July  to  November  1885  he 
represented  Launoeston,  and  at  the  gene- 
ral election  of  1885  he  successfully  stood 
for  the  Isle  of  Wight,  defeating  Mr. 
Ashley,  the  former  Liberal  member,  by 
a  majority  of  436.  In  1886  he  was  again 
returned  by  a  majority  of  1258,  and  still 
represents  that  constituency,  where  among 
his  supporters  he  is  extremely  popular. 
When  Attorney-General  in  the  late  Con- 
servative Government,  he  appeared  in 
behalf  of  the  Times  before  the  Parnell 
Commission.  In  1893  he  was  one  of  the 
British  representatives  in  the  Behring 
Sea  Arbitration  case.  He  married,  in  the 
year  1872,  Louisa  Mary,  the  only  daughter 
of  the  late  William  Calthrop,  Esq.,  M.D., 
of  Withern,  in  the  county  of  Lincoln  ;  she 
died  in  the  year  1877.  Addresses  :  Horn- 
ton  Lodge,  Kensington,  W.  ;  2  Pump 
Court,  Temple,  E.C.  ;  Winterforld,  Cran- 
leigh,  Surrey  ;  and  Athenseum. 

WEDDERBURN,  Alexander  Dun 
das  Ogilvy,  Q.C.,  was  born  in  1854,  and 
is  the  only  surviving  son  of  the  late  James 
Alexander  Wedderburn,  of  the  Madras 
Civil  Service  (see  Burke's  "Baronetage," 
s.  Wedderburn).  He  was  educated  at 
Haileybury  College,  Herts,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in 
honours  in  1877.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  January  1880  ; 
appointed  a  Q.C.  in  May  1897,  and  Re- 
corder  of  Gravesend  in  November  1897. 
He  married,  in  1887,  Mathilde,  only  child 
of  Henry  William  Segelcke,  Esq.  Ad- 
dresses :  47  Cadogan  Place,  S.W.  ;  Cham- 
bers, Farrar's  Building,  Temple,  E.C. 

WEDDERBURN,      Sir      "William, 

Bart.,  M.P.,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  on 
March  25, 1838,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
4th  Baronet  in  1882.  He  was  educated  at 
Loretto  School,  and  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, and  gained  the  third  place  in  open 
competition  for  the  Indian  Civil  Service 
in  1859.  He  was  in  the  Bombay  Civil 
Service  from  1860  to  1887,  became  a  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  at  Bombay,  and  finally 
retired,  after  acting  as  Chief  Secretary  to 
the  Government  of  Bombay.  He  was 
President  of  the  Indian  National  Confer- 
ence in  1889,  was  a  member  of  the  Boyal 
Commission  on  Indian  Expenditure  in 
1895,  and  has  acted  as  Chairman  of  the 
Indian  Parliamentary  Committee.  After 
contesting  North  Ayrshire  unsuccessfully 
in  1892,  he  was  elected  Liberal  member 
for  Banffshire  in  the  following  year.  Sir  W. 
Wedderburn  has  written  numerous  papers 
on  Criminal  Procedure,  Arbitration  Courts, 
Agricultural  Banks,  Village  Communities, 
and  other  matters  of  Indian  interest.     He 


was  married,  in  1878,  to  Mary  Blanche, 
daughter  of  H.  W.  Hoskyns,  of  North 
Perrott  Manor,  Somerset.  Address  :  84 
Palace  Chambers,  Westminster. 

WEDMOKE,  Frederick,  born  at 
Eichmond  Hill,  Clifton,  July  9,  1844,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
VVedmore,  of  Druid  Stoke,  Stoke  Bishop. 
He  is  of  an  old  Quaker  family,  and  was 
educated  at  a  Quaker  private  school,  and 
studied  afterwards  at  Lausanne  and  Paris. 
Resolved  upon  the  pursuitof  journalism  and 
eventually  literature,  he  entered,  for  a 
while,  a  Bristol  newspaper  office,  but  in 
1868  came  to  London  and  wrote  occasion- 
ally in  the  Spectator.  Hisnovels  of  "  A  Snapt 
Gold  Ring"  and  "Two  Girls,"  published 
in  1871  and  1874,  were,  at  the  time,  well 
reviewed,  but  are  understood  to  be  works 
on  which  Mr.  Wedmore  sets  small  store. 
He  has  never  been  willing  to  reprint  them, 
and  it  is  no  doubt  by  his  volumes  of  short 
stories,  "Pastorals  of  France,"  "Renun- 
ciations," "English  Episodes,"  and  " Orgeas 
and  Miradou,"  that  Mr.  Wedmore  takes 
serious  rank  as  an  imaginative  writer. 
But  about  the  time  of  the  appearance 
of  the  first  of  these  volumes,  "  Pastorals  of 
France"  (1877),  he  had  become  known  to 
the  public  by  his  contributions  to  art- 
history  and  criticism  ;  "  Studies  in  English 
Art "  showing  his  familiarity  with  the 
earlier  masters  of  the  English  School,  the 
"Masters  of  Genre  Painting"  (1880), 
evincing  an  appreciation  of  Dutchmen  such 
as  Terburg  and  Metzu,  and  of  the  elegant 
and  penetrating  art  of  the  French 
Eighteenth  Century  ;  while,  a  little  later, 
"The  Four  Masters  of  Etching,"  and  a 
much-remarked  study  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century  of  the  great  French  etcher,  Mer- 
yon,  proved  Mr.  Wedmore's  knowledge  of 
the  principles  and  history  of  the  art  of 
etching.  More  recently,  his  volume 
called  "  Fine  Prints,"  in  the  Collector 
Series,  dealt  likewise  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  connoisseur  with  mezzotint 
and  line-engraving,  and  in  a  manner 
singularly  lively  and  vivid.  Mr.  Wedmore 
occasionally  contributes  a  paper  on  art  or 
dramatic  subjects  to  the  reviews,  and  the 
more  important  art  criticisms  in  the  Stan- 
dard, with  which  journal  he  has  been  con- 
nected in  this  matter  since  1878,  have  for 
years  been  known  to  proceed  from  his  pen. 
He  has  nevertheless  found  time  to  produce 
an  original  study  on  the  chief  French 
novelist,  Balzac,  in  the  Great  Writers 
Series  (1889),  to  edit  the  English  edition  of 
M.  Michel's  "  Rembrandt  "  (1893),  and  to 
write  since  that  time  the  later  and  most 
characteristic  volumes  of  his  imaginative 
work.  It  should  be  added  that  Mr.  Wed- 
more has  not  only  given  readings  of  his 
short  stories   before   distinguished    audi- 


1152 


WEIR  — WELBY 


ences  in  England,  but  that  he  has  visited 
America  and  lectured  at  Harvard  and  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1885.  He  is 
an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painters,  Etchers,  and  Engravers,  and 
a  member  of  the  Committee  of  the  Bur- 
lington Fine  Arts  Club.  He  is  married  to 
the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
John  Peele  Clapham,  a  Yorkshire  magis- 
trate and  Treasurer  of  County  Courts  of 
the  West  Riding,  and  by  her  he  has  one 
daughter.     Club  :  Burlington  Fine  Arts. 

WEIR,  Harrison  William,  born  at 
Lewes,  May  5,  1824,  second  son  of  John 
Weir  and  Elizabeth  Jenner,  at  an  early 
age  showed  a  great  inclination  for  draw- 
ing animals  and  birds,  and  the  study  of 
natural  history.  He  was,  in  1837,  articled 
to  Mr.  George  Baxter  to  learn  designing 
on  wood,  colour-painting,  and  wood-en- 
graving. This  proving  quite  a  different 
kind  of  work  to  what  it  was  represented, 
he  used  means  to  have  his  articles  can- 
celled, but  having  in  vain  endeavoured  to 
get  released  from  his  engagement,  he  of 
necessity  served  his  time ;  thus  seven 
years  of  his  life,  as  far  as  the  work  of  an 
artist  was  concerned,  were  entirely  wasted, 
and  therefore  he,  in  his  profession,  is  self- 
taught.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
new  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours 
in  February  1849,  and  some  time  before 
exhibited  his  first  picture,  the  "  Dead 
Shot,"  at  the  British  Institution.  He  also 
exhibited  in  Suffolk  Street  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  his  pictures  of  animals, 
birds,  domestic  poultry,  fruit,  &c,  being 
much  sought  after.  Among  his  best  are 
"Startled,"  "The  Forester,"  "A  Servant 
of  all  Work,"  with  several  of  birds  sing- 
ing ;  "The  Christmas  Carol" — a  robin, 
published  by  the  Illustrated  London  News. 
Mr.  Weir's  first  wood  drawings  appeared 
in  the  Illustrated  London  News,  also  the 
Pictorial  Times  ;  he  was  one  of  the  original 
staff  of  the  Field,  and  also  the  Graphic 
and  Black  and  White.  He  has  been  con- 
nected, either  by  his  pencil,  pen,  or  both, 
with  over  one  hundred  and  twenty  books, 
his  best  known  being  "  Routledge's  Natural 
History,"  "Poultry  Book,"  "Funny  Dogs 
with  Funny  Tales,"  "The  Adventures  of 
a  Bear,"  also  those  of  "  A  Dog"  and  "  A 
Cat."  His  later  works,  which  are  written 
by  himself  as  well  as  illustrated,  are : 
"Every  Day  in  the  Country,"  "Animal 
Stories,  Old  and  New,"  "  Bird  Stories,  Old 
and  New  "  ;  but  what  he  considers  his 
chief  book  is,  "  Our  Cats,  and  All  About 
Them,"  a  quite  original  production,  and 
one  that  will  last  as  a  work  of  reference, 
the  standard  of  excellence  being  given  in 
it,  as  laid  down  by  Mr.  Harrison  Weir 
for  judging  at  shows.  He  also  gives  rules 
for    breeding    cats  ;    among    others    the 


tortoise-shell  Tom,  which  have  proved  suc- 
cessful. He  has  furnished  illustrations 
for  the  British  Workman,  the  Cottager, 
Band  of  Hope  Review,  the  Children's  Frierid, 
Chatterbox,  Little  Folks,  Poultry,  and  Fan- 
ciers' Gazette,  and  numerous  others ;  he 
has  laboured  to  improve  children's  books 
and  books  for  the  poorer  classes.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
and  has  been  a  Member  of  the  Fruit 
Committee  some  years,  having  himself 
been  awarded  silver  medals  for  excellence 
in  fruit  growing.  He  has  paid  consider- 
able attention  to  the  management  and 
varieties  of  poultry  and  pigeons,  and  has 
gained  several  cups  and  other  prizes, 
besides  acting  as  judge  at  poultry  and 
pigeon  shows  for  over  thirty  years.  He 
has  also  acted  as  judge  of  cage-birds  at 
the  large  shows  for  the  same  period.  He 
established  the  first  Cat  Show  at  the 
Crystal  Palace,  which  he  intended  should 
induce  the  owners  of  cats,  through  the 
medium  of  winning  prizes,  to  take  more 
interest  in  the  breeding  and  welfare  of 
their  cats.  The  exhibition  has  so  far 
attained  its  objects  as  to  have  enhanced 
the  pecuniary  value  of  the  cat.  One 
curious  fact  remains  to  be  told,  and  that 
is,  although  he  has  planned  and  carried 
out  such  a  large  amount  of  work  during 
his  career  of  half  a  century,  he  has  during 
nearly  the  whole  time  been  an  invalid,  his 
nervous  prostration  often  lasting  many 
days,  and  for  the  last  thirty  years  he  has 
not  been  a  day  without  pain.  At  twenty- 
two  years  of  age  he  married  the  eldest 
daughter  of  J.  F.  Herring,  the  well-known 
horse  painter,  and  at  her  decease,  Alice, 
the  second  daughter  of  F.  J.  Upjohn, 
M.R.C.S.,  of  Rudham.  Permanent  ad- 
dress :  Iddesleigh,  Sevenoaks,  Kent. 

WEKERLE,  Dr.,  former  Premier  of 
Hungary,  was  born  in  1849,  his  father 
having  been  steward  to  Count  Lamburg. 
He  was  educated  for  the  law,  but  entered 
the  Ministry  of  Finances,  and  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Financial  Science  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Buda-Pesth.  When  M.  Tisza  (q.v.) 
resigned  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  Dr. 
Wekerle  was  made  his  successor  at  his 
own  suggestion  in  1887.  In  1892  he  suc- 
ceeded Count  Szapary  as  Premier,  a  very 
popular  event,  as  he  was  not  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party.  He  formed  a  strong  ministry, 
and  entered  office  pledged  to  the  reform  of 
the  marriage  laws,  and  in  1894  he  carried 
his  Civil  Marriage  Bill.  But  owing  to  the 
persistent  attacks  of  the  Clericals  he  was 
compelled  to  retire  in  1895,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Baron  Banffy  (q.v.). 

WELBY,  George  Earle,  Minister 
at  Bogota,  the  only  son  of  Prebendary 
George  E.   Welby,   Rector  of  Barrowby, 


WELBY  —  YTELLIXGTOX 


1153 


Lincolnshire,  was  born  in  1851,  and 
entered  the  Diplomatic  Service  in 
1874.  Having  been  an  Attache  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1875,  he  was  Third  Secretary  at 
Vienna,  1877,  and  promoted  to  be  Second 
Secretary  in  1880.  He  was  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1882;  Paris,  1886;  and  Madrid, 
1888.  In  1892  he  was  transferred  to 
Buenos  Ayres  as  Secretary  of  Legation, 
to  Stockholm  in  1894,  and  to  Brussels  in 
1897.  In  October  1898  he  obtained  his 
present  post. 

WELBY,  Lord,  Reginald  Earle 
Welby,  G.C.B.,is  the  son  of  the  late  Bev. 
John  Earle  Welby,  and  was  born  at  Hare- 
ston,  Leicestershire,  on  Aug.  3,  1832.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  entered  the  Treasury  in 
1856.  He  was  appointed  Assistant-Finan- 
cial Secretary  to  the  Treasury  in  1880, 
Auditor  of  the  Civil  List  in  1881,  and  he 
performed  the  duties  of  Permanent  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  from  1885  to  1892. 
He  was  created  a  G.C.B.  in  1892,  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  in  1894  under  the 
title  of  Baron  Welby.  He  is  a  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Patriotic  Fund,  a  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Exhibition  of  1851,  and 
Chairman  of  the  Boyal  Commission  on  the 
Military  and  Civil  Expenditure  of  India. 
Lord  Welby  is  a  Liberal  in  politics,  and  is 
a  Progressive  Alderman  of  the  London 
County  Council.  In  February  1899  he  was 
appointed  Hon.  Secretary  to  the  Cobden 
Club,  and  in  March  was  elected  Chairman 
of  the  London  County  Council  in  succes- 
sion to  Mr.  MacKinnon  Wood.  Addresses : 
11  Stratton  Street,  Piccadilly,  W. ;  and 
the  AthenEeum. 

WELLAND,  The  Right  Rev. 
Thomas  James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Down, 
Connor,  and  Dromore,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Joseph  Welland,  architect  to  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  of  Ireland, 
and  was  born  in  Dublin  on  March  31,  1830. 
He  was  educated  at  Bective  House  School, 
Dublin,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  graduated  B.  A.  (Junior  Moderator 
in  Mathematics,  and  Divinity  Testimonium, 
First  Class)  in  1854,  and  M.A.  in  1857. 
Ordained  in  1854,  he  was  successively 
Curate  of  Carlow  from  1854  to  1856,  Per- 
petual Curate  of  Painstown  from  1856  to 
1858,  and  Assistant-Chaplain  to  the  Mari- 
ners' Church,  Kingstown,  from  1858  to 
1862.  He  acted  as  Clerical  Secretary  to 
the  Jews'  Society  in  Ireland  from  1862  to 
1866,  and  was  Assistant-Chaplain  of  the 
Molyneux  Asylum  from  1866  to  1870.  In 
the  latter  year  he  became  Perpetual  Curate 
of  St.  Thomas's,  Belfast,  where  he  remained 
until  1892,  when  he  was  elected  Bishop  of 
Down.  Address  :  Ardtullagh,  Hollywood, 
co.  Down. 


WELLDON,  The  Right  Rev.  James 
Edward  Cowell,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Calcutta, 
and  late  Headmaster  of  Harrow,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Edward  Ind  Welldon,  of  Ton- 
bridge  School,  and  nephew  of  Edward  Ind 
Weldon,  D.C.L.,  Headmaster  of  Tonbridge 
School,  who  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-five 
on  Christmas  Day  1896,  was  born  April 
25,  1854,  educated  at  Eton,  and  obtained 
the  Newcastle  Scholarship  there  in  1873. 
He  was  Scholar  and  afterwards  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  Bell  Scholar 
in  1874,  Browne's  Medallist  in  1875  and 
1876,  Craven  Scholar  in  1876,  Senior 
Classic  and  Senior  Chancellor's  Medallist 
in  1877.  After  living  some  time  abroad 
he  was  appointed  Lecturer,  and  subse- 
quently Tutor,  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  became  Master  of  Dulwich 
College  in  1883,  and  Headmaster  of 
Harrow  School  in  1885.  He  is  Chaplain  to 
the  Queen  ;  was  Member  of  the  Eoyal 
Commission  on  a  Teaching  University  for 
London,  and  has  several  times  been  Select 
Preacher  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and 
Speaker  at  various  Church  Congresses.  In 
August  1898  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Queen  Bishop  of  Calcutta,  and  Metropoli- 
tan Bishop  in  India  and  the  island  of 
Ceylon,  in  succession  to  Bishop  Johnson, 
who  had  resigned  for  reasons  of  health. 
He  is  the  second  Scholastic  Bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta, one  of  his  predecessors  having  been 
the  well-known  and  influential  Dr.  Cotton. 
He  remained  at  Harrow  until  Christmas 
1898.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Translations 
of  Aristotle's  Politics,"  of  his  "Rhetoric" 
and  "  Nicomachean  Ethics,"  "Sermons 
preached  to  Harrow  Boys,"  and  "The 
Spiritual  Life  and  other  Sermons,"  "  Ger- 
ald Eversley's  Friendship,"  1895,  and  "  The 
Hope  of  Immortality."  Addresses  :  Cal- 
cutta ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WELLINGTON,  Duke  of,  Henry 
Wellesley,  D.L.,  J.P.,  is  the  second  son 
of  Major-General  Lord  Charles  Wellesley, 
M.P.,  and  grandson  of  the  1st  Duke  of 
Wellington.  He  was  born  at  Apsley  House 
on  April  5,  1846,  and  succeeded  his  uncle 
as  3rd  Duke  in  1884.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  entered  the  army,  becoming 
eventually  Lieut. -Colonel  of  the  Grenadier 
Guards  ;  he  retired  in  1882.  He  sat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  Conservativemember 
for  Andover  from  1874  to  1880.  He  was 
married  in  1882  to  Evelyn,  daughter  of 
the  late  Colonel  Thomas  Peers  Williams, 
M.P.,  of  Temple  House,  Berkshire.  The 
Duke  is  a  Deputy-Lieutenant,  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace,  and  Hon.  Colonel  of  the  3rd 
and  4th  Battalions  Duke  of  Wellington's 
West  Riding  Yorkshire  Regiment.  Ad- 
dresses :  Apsley  House,  Piccadilly,  W. ; 
and  Strathfieldsaye  House,  Mortimer,  Berk- 
shire. 

4d 


1154 


WELLS 


WELLS,  H.  G.,  B.Sc,  is  the  son  of 
Joseph  Wells,  a  professional  cricketer,  and 
was  born  at  Bromley,  Kent,  on  Sept.  21, 
1866.  He  was  educated  at  a  private  school 
at  Bromley,  then  at  Midhurst  Grammar 
School,  and  afterwards  at  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Science,  London.  He  took  the 
B.Sc.  degree  at  the  London  University 
with  first  class  honours  in  Zoology,  and 
he  is  also  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Pre- 
ceptors. After  serving  as  a  draper's  ap- 
prentice from  1881  to  1883,  he  was  succes- 
sively a  Junior  Master  in  a  school,  Scholar 
at  the  Royal  College  of  Science  from  1884 
to  1888,  and  Science  Master  in  a  private 
school  from  1888  to  1890.  In  the  latter  year 
he  began  to  coach  for  London  University 
examinations,  and  also  wrote  and  lectured 
on  educational  methods.  After  an  illness 
in  1893  he  became  a  journalist,  and  worked 
for  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette ;  was  on  the  staff 
of  the  Saturday  Review  from  1894  to  1896, 
reviewed  for  Nature,  and  was  dramatic 
critic  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  in  1895.  Mr. 
Wells  now  devotes  his  time  to  novel-writ- 
ing, and  he  is  the  author  of  the  following 
works :  "Select  Conversations  with  an 
Uncle,"  1895;  "The  Time  Machine," 
1895  ;  "  The  Stolen  Bacillus,"  1895  ;  "The 
Wonderful  Visit,"  1895  ;  "  The  Island  of 
Doctor  Moreau,"  1896  ;  "  The  Wheels  of 
Chance,"  1896 ;  "ThePlattner  Story  and 
Others,"  1897  ;  "  The  Invisible  Man,"  1897  ; 
"The  War  of  the  Worlds,"  1898  ;  "When 
the  Sleeper  Wakes,"  1899.  He  has  also 
published  a  "  Text-book  of  Biology,"  2 
vols.,  1892-93.  Address  :  Heatherlea,  Wor- 
cester Park,  Surrey. 

WELLS,  Henry  Tanworth,  R.A., 
was  born  in  London  on  Dec.  12,  1828,  and 
is  the  only  son  of  Henry  Tanworth  and 
Charlotte  Wells.  His  first  practice  in  art 
was  as  a  miniature  painter.  When  only 
seventeen  years  of  age  he  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  a  portrait  of  "  Master 
Arthur  Prinsep,"  a  brother  of  Mr.  Valen- 
tine Prinsep,  R.A.  Steadily,  if  at  first 
slowly,  the  young  artist  advanced  in  this 
difficult  branch  of  art.  From  the  year  in 
which  he  first  exhibited  till  1861  he  never 
ceased  to  be  fully  represented  as  a  minia- 
turist on  the  walls  of  the  Academy ;  and 
in  this  long  series  were  a  portrait  of  Prin- 
cess Mary  of  Cambridge,  painted  for  her 
Majesty,  1853 ;  a  group  of  the  painter 
himself  and  his  wife  in  tourist  costume, 
1860  ;  together  with  full  lengths  of  the 
Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Frances, 
Countess  of  Waldegrave.  In  the  Academy 
Exhibition  of  1861  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance as  an  oil-painter  with  a  full- 
length  portrait  of  the  volunteer  colonel, 
Lord  Ranelagh.  A  prominent  place  was 
awarded  in  1865  to  his  "  Preparing  a 
Tableau    Vivant " — a    portrait    group    of 


three  sisters ;  and  he  also  contributed  a 
landscape,  entitled  "  Outskirt  of  a  Farm- 
yard at  Twilight."  In  1866  he  painted  his 
large  picture  of  "Volunteers  at  a  Firing 
Point,"  and  in  May  that  year  he  was 
elected  A.  R.A.  Since  that  time  he  has 
been  a  constant  exhibitor  of  portrait 
pictures,  some  of  which  are  large  composi- 
tions, as  "The  Rifles  Ranges  at  Wimble- 
don," 1867;  "The  Earl  and  Countess 
Spencer  and  their  Friends  at  Wimbledon," 
1868;  "Letters  and  News  at  the  Loch 
Side,"  1868  ;  "  Lord  Chancellor  Hatherley, 
with  his  Attendants  in  Procession  through 
the  House  of  Lords,"  painted  on  a  large 
scale  for  the  Fishmongers'  Company ; 
"Lord  Chancellor  Selborne,"  for  the 
Mercers'  Company  ;  a  large  hunt  picture, 
entitled  "  A  November  Morning  at  Bird- 
sail  House,  Yorkshire,"  1875;  "Mr. 
Robert  Jardine,  with  Greyhounds,"  1876 ; 
"  The  Old  Stonebreaker  "  and  "  The  Laurel 
Walk,"  1879.  In  1880  he  exhibited  his 
large  painting  of  "  Victoria  Regina,"  re- 
presenting the  Queen  in  the  early  morning 
of  June  20,  1837,  receiving  news  of  the 
death  of  William  IV.  and  the  homage  of 
Archbishop  Howley  and  the  Lord  Cham- 
berlain. In  1882  was  exhibited  "Friends 
at  Yewden,"  a  group  of  Academicians 
(including  the  painter  himself)  and  other 
friends,  painted  for  the  collection  of  Mr. 
G.  C.  Schwabe.  This  was  followed  by  two 
subjects  of  labour,  "  Loading  at  a  Quarry," 
1884;  and  "  Quarrymen  of  Purbeck," 
1885.  In  1887  appeared  his  largest  canvas, 
"The  Queen  and  her  Judges,"  representing 
the  ceremonial  of  the  opening  of  the  Royal 
Courts  of  Justice.  Since  that  date  he  has 
sent  a  succession  of  portraits  to  the  Royal 
Academy  Exhibitions,  amongst  others  Mr. 
Drury  Lowe  and  his  brother  General  Sir 
Drury  Drury-Lowe,  Mr.  T.  Nichalls,  Master 
of  Hounds,  Mr.  Justice  Denman,  Sir 
Lowthian  Bell,  Bart.,  Sir  Michael  Hicks- 
Beach,  the  Bishop  of  Ripon,  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  (in  1899)  Sir  Charles  Scotter 
(presentation  portrait),  and  Sir  Robert 
Finlav,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  Solicitor- General  (for 
the  Grillon  Club  Series),  &c.  Mr.  Wells 
was  elected  a  Royal  Academician  in  June 

1870.  He  married  Joanna  Mary  Boyce, 
an  accomplished  artist,  who  died  in  1861. 
Addresses :  Thorpe  Lodge,  Campden  Hill, 
W.,  &c.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WELLS,  Commander  Lionel  de 
Latour,  R.N.,  Captain  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Fire  Brigade,  was  educated  at  Chel- 
tenham,   and   entered   the   navy  in   July 

1871.  He  was  promoted  Sub-Lieutenant 
in  1878,  and  Lieutenant  in  1881,  in  which 
rank  he  joined  H.M.S.  Iris  during  the 
Egyptian  War,  and  saw  active  service  while 
in  command  of  a  torpedo  boat.  He 
received  the  Khedive's  Bronze  Star  and 


WEMYSS  AND  MARCH  — WEST 


1155 


the  Egyptian  Medal,  and  in  1892  was  pro- 
moted to  Commander.  He  was  a  Member 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Royal  Naval 
Exhibition  in  1891,  and  Manager  of  the 
naval  and  torpedo  manoeuvres  on  the  lake. 
While  Commander  of  H.M.S.  Benbow  he 
jumped  overboard  with  all  his  clothes  on 
and  saved  the  life  of  a  boy  who  had  fallen 
into  the  water.  Commander  Wells'  last 
service  afloat  was  that  of  Senior  Officer 
in  charge  of  the  Portsmouth  flotilla  of 
torpedo-boat  destroyers.  As  a  torpedoist 
he  had  a  very  high  reputation,  and  in  the 
naval  manoeuvres  of  1890  he  showed 
exceptional  ability  while  in  command  of 
torpedo-boat  No.  87,  making  a  continuous 
run  of  420  miles  in  supposed  hostile 
waters,  during  which  he  examined  fifty- 
three  vessels.  A  part  of  this  cruise  took 
him  through  a  crowded  anchorage,  and  as 
it  was  necessary  to  escape  observation  he 
made  his  voyage  during  the  night  without 
any  mishap.  In  1896  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Officer  of  the  London  Fire  Brigade. 
Commander  Wells  is  the  author  of  "Jack 
Afloat"  and  "Souvenir  of  the  Victory." 
He  married,  in  1897,  Ida  Caroline, 
daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Busk  of 
Codicote  Lodge,  Welwyn,  Herts.  Ad- 
dress :  Metropolitan  Fire  Brigade,  South- 
ward S.E. 

"WEMYSS  and  MARCH,  Earl  of, 
The  Right  Hon.  Francis  "Wemyss 
Charteris,  A.D.C.  to  the  Royal  Com- 
pany of  Archers,  D.L.,  LL.D.  Edin., 
eldest  son  of  Francis  Wemyss  Charteris, 
8th  Earl  of  Wemyss,  and  Louisa,  daughter 
of  the  2nd  Earl  Lucan,  was  born  on  Aug. 
4,  1818,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  (B.A.  1841).  In  the  same 
year  he  was  returned  to  the  House  of 
Commons  for  the  Eastern  Division  of 
Gloucestershire,  which  he  represented  until 
1846,  when  he  resigned  his  seat,  having 
abandoned  the  support  of  the  protective 
Corn  Laws,  and  became  a  convert  to  the 
Free  Trade  measures  of  Sir  R.  Peel.  In 
August  1847  he  was  returned  as  a  Liberal 
Conservative  for  Haddingtonshire,  which 
he  continued  to  represent  until  his  suc- 
cession to  the  peerage  ;  was  a  Lord  of  the 
Treasury  under  the  Aberdeen  Ministry, 
1852-55,  retiring  with  the  Peelite  party 
in  February  of  that  year  from  the  Admini- 
stration of  Lord  Palmerston.  As  Lord 
Elcho  he  took  a  very  conspicuous  part  in 
the  Volunteer  movement,  and  he  is  an 
authority  on  various  questions  connected 
with  the  national  defence  and  armaments. 
He  is  Colonel  of  the  London  Scottish 
Volunteers,  and,  as  Chairman  of  the 
Council  of  the  National  Rifle  Association, 
he  frequently  presided  over  the  Wimble- 
don Rifle  Meetings.  He  is  an  A.D.C., 
and   has   been   a   Deputy  -  Lieutenant  of 


Haddingtonshire  since  1846.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  Earldom  of  Wemyss  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  Jan.  1,  1883.  His 
lordship  is  the  author  of  "  Letters  on 
Military  Organisation,"  1871.  He  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  the  1st  Earl  of  Lich- 
field, in  1843.  The  Countess  died,  much 
regretted,  in  July  1896.  Addresses  :  23 
St.  James's  Place,  S.W.  ;  Elcho  Castle, 
Perth,  &c. 


WENDOVER,  Viscount. 

RINGTON,  EABL. 


See  car- 


were,  The  .Right  Rev.  Edward 
Ash,  D.D.,  Bishop-SufEragan  of  Derby, 
was  born  at  Clifton,  Bristol,  Nov.  14, 
1846,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of  Thomas 
Bonville  Were,  Esq.,  and  Frances  Anne 
Were,  daughter  of  William  Wright,  Esq. , 
of  Clifton.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
under  Dr.  Temple,  from  1860  to  1865  ; 
gained  the  Second  Exhibition  in  1865  ; 
entered  at  New  College,  Oxford,  in  1865  ; 
took  First  Class  in  Classical  Moderations, 
1867  ;  and  Second  Class  in  Final  School  of 
Lit.  Hum.,  1869  ;  B.A.,  1870 ;  M.A.,  1872  ; 
Hon.  D.D.,  1889 ;  was  Assistant  Master 
at  Winchester  College  from  1870  to  1880  ;.  • 
Vicar  of  North  Bradley,  Wilts,  from  1880 
to  1885  ;  Examining  and  Private  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Southwell  from  1885  to 
1889 ;  Vicar  of  St.  Werburgh's,  Derby, 
1889  ;  consecrated,  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
Nov.  1,  1889,  Bishop-Suffragan  of  Derby 
for  the  Diocese  of  Southwell.  He  is  mar- 
ried to  Julia,  daughter  of  Thomas  Miller, 
of  Barrow.  Address  :  St.  Werburgh's 
Vicarage,  Derby. 

WEST,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Alger- 
non, K.C.B.,  third  son  of  Martin  West, 
Esq.,  and  Lady  Maria  West,  was  born 
April  4,  1832,  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  was  appointed  Private  Secretary  to 
Sir  Charles  Wood  and  the  Duke  of  Somer- 
set at  the  Admiralty,  and  Private  Secre- 
tary to  Sir  Charles  Wood  and  the  Marquis 
of  Ripon  at  the  India  Office.  He  was  also 
Private  Secretary  to  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone  when  Prime  Minister  in  1868  ; 
was  Deputy-Director  of  Indian  Military 
Funds  ;  appointed  Commissioner  of  Inland 
Revenue  in  1873  ;  served  on  a  Royal  Com- 
mission on  the  Legal  Departments  ;  was 
appointed  Deputy-Chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Inland  Revenue  in  1877,  and  Chairman 
of  the  Board  in  1881.  From  this  last  post 
he  retired  in  1892.  Sir  Algernon  West 
was  formerly  a  Gentleman-Usher  of  her 
Majesty's  Private  Chamber  ;  and  is  J.P. 
for  Middlesex,  Surrey.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Hon.  George  and  Lady  Caro- 
line Barrington ;  and  was  created  a  C.B. 
in  1880,  and  K.C.B.  in  1886,  and  a  Privy 
Councillor  in  1894.     He  is  a  Director  of 


1156 


WEST  — WESTLAKE 


the  Union  Bank  of  London,  the  City  and 
Waterloo  Railway,  and  Northern  Assur- 
ance since  1898,  and  an  Alderman  of  the 
London  County  Council.  Addresses  :  120 
Mount  Street, W. ;  and  Wanborongh  Manor, 
Guildford. 

WEST,  The  Hon.  Sir  Lionel  Sack- 
ville.     See  Sackville,  Bakon. 

WESTCOTT,  The  Right  Rev. 
Brooke  Foss,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of 
Durham,  was  born  near  Birmingham  in 
January  1825,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  suc- 
cessively Scholar  and  Fellow,  and  where 
he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  January  1848 
as  23rd  Wrangler  in  mathematical  honours, 
and  was  bracketed  first  (with  Dr.  Scott  of 
Westminster)  in  the  first  class  of  the 
Classical  Tripos,  and  was  second  Chan- 
cellor's Medallist.  His  university  career 
was  more  than  ordinarily  distinguished, 
as  he  obtained  the  Battle  University 
Scholarship  in  1846 ;  carried  off  Sir 
William  Browne's  medals  for  the  Greek 
Ode  in  1846,  and  again  in  the  following 
year  ;  and  obtained  the  Bachelor's  Prize 
for  Latin  Essay  in  1847,  and  again  in 
1849.  He  obtained  the  Norrisian  Prize 
in  1850,  and  was  ordained  deacon  and 
priest  in  the  following  year  by  the  Bishop 
of  Manchester.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of 
his  College  in  1849,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in 
1851,  B.D.  in  1865,  and  D.D.  in  1870.  Dr. 
Westcott  received  from  Oxford  University 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  in  1881. 
He  received  also  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Edinburgh  University  at  its  Tercentenary 
Commemoration  in  1883,  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Durham  in  1890,  and  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  in  1898.  He  held  an 
Assistant-Mastership  in  Harrow  School 
from  1852  to  1867  under  Dr.  Vaughan 
and  Dr.  Montagu  Butler.  In  1868  he  was 
appointed  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Peterborough,  and  to  a  canonry 
of  Peterborough  Cathedral  in  1869,  when 
he  left  Harrow.  He  was  elected  Regius 
Professor  of  Divinity  at  Cambridge,  Nov. 
7,  1870,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Jeremie. 
Dr.  Westcott  was  nominated  honorary 
chaplain  to  the  Queen  in  1872,  and  a  chap- 
lain-in-ordinary in  1879.  In  May  1881  was 
published,  under  the  title  "The  New 
Testament  in  Greek,"  the  result  of  the 
twenty-eight  years'  joint  labours  of  Drs. 
Westcott  and  Hort  upon  the  Greek  text ; 
vol.  ii.,  containing  the  introduction,  was 
published  at  a  later  date.  On  Oct.  21, 
1882,  he  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  Dr.  Westcott 
resigned  his  residentiary  canonry  at  Peter- 
borough in  May  1883  ;  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury's 
chaplains  in  the  following  month,  and  in 


October  of  the  same  year  he  was  nominated 
to  the  canonry  of  Westminster,  vacated 
by  Canon  Barry,  then  Bishop-Designate  of 
Sydney,  Australia.  In  March  1890  he  was 
nominated  to  the  Bishopric  of  Durham,  in 
succession  to  his  friend,  Bishop  Lightfoot, 
and  consecrated  to  the  see  on  May  1.  He 
was  one  of  the  company  for  the  Revision 
of  the  Authorised  Version  of  'the  New 
Testament.  He  sat  on  the  late  Eccle- 
siastical Courts  Commission,  and  took  a 
considerable  share  in  the  drawing  up  of  the 
report.  He  has  also  taken  a  great  interest 
in  social  questions,  and  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  Christian  Social  Union  from 
its  foundation.  Dr.  Westcott  has  pub- 
lished Commentaries  upon  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John  (reprinted  from  the  "  Speaker's 
Commentary"),  upon  the  Greek  Text  of 
the  Epistles  of  St.  John,  and  upon  the 
Epistle  to  the  Hebrews.  "The  Paragraph 
Psalter, "  arranged  by  him  for  the  use  of 
choirs,  was  published  in  1879.  His  theo- 
logical works  further  include  :  "An  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  the  Gospels," 
"  The  History  of  the  Canon  of  the  New 
Testament,"  "The  Gospel  of  the  Resur- 
rection," "The  Bible  in  the  Church,"  "A 
History  of  the  English  Bible,"  "The  His- 
toric Faith,  being  Short  Lectures  on  the 
Apostles'  Creed,"  "The  Revelation  of  the 
Risen  Lord,"  "The  Revelation  of  the 
Father,"  "  Christus  Consummator,"  "So- 
cial Aspects  of  Christianity,"  "  The  Gospel 
of  Life,"  "The  Incarnation  and  Common 
Life,"  "Christian  Aspects  of  Life,"  and 
contributions  to  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Bible"  and  "Dictionary  of  Christian 
Biography."  Address:  Auckland  Castle, 
Bishop  Auckland. 

WESTCOTT,  Rev.  Frederick 
Brooke,  M.A.,  is  the  son  of  the  Right 
Rev.  B.  F.  Westcott,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Durham,  and  was  born  at  Harrow  on 
Dec.  16,  1857,  at  which  time  his  father 
was  an  Assistant-Master  at  Harrow  School. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  College 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  a  Scholar  of  his  College.  He  was 
Senior  Classic  in  1881,  obtained  the  Bell 
University  Scholarship,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College  in  1882.  He 
became  an  Assistant-Master  at  Rugby  in 
1884,  and  he  was  appointed  Headmaster 
of  Sherborne  School  in  1892.  Address  : 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

WESTLAKE,  Professor  John,  Q.C., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Lostwithiel,  Cornwall, 
Feb.  4,  1828,  and  entered  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  1850, 
being  sixth  Wrangler,  and  sixth  in  the 
first  class  of  the  Classical  Tripos.  He  was 
Fellow  of  his  College  from  1851  to  1860, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 


WESTLAND  —  WEYMAN 


1157 


Inn,  1854 ;  became  Q.C.  1874,  and  a 
Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  honorary 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1877.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  Liberal  M.P.  for  the  Romford 
division  of  Essex,  but  was  defeated  in 
1886  when  he  stood  as  a  Unionist.  Mr. 
Westlake  has  published  "A  Treatise  on 
Private  International  Law,  or  the  Con- 
flict of  Laws,"  1858  (2nd  edit.,  entirely 
re-written,  1880  ;  3rd  edit.,  1890) ;  "  Chap- 
ters on  the  Principles  of  International 
Law,"  1894 ;  also  many  contributions  to 
periodicals  and  Transactions.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  and  editors  of  the  Revue 
de  Droit  International  et  de  Legislation 
Comparee,  published  at  Brussels  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  of  International  Law, 
and  its  President  at  the  Cambridge 
meeting,  1895  ;  was  Foreign  Secretary  of 
the  National  Association  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Social  Science,  and  President  of  its 
Jurisprudence  Department  at  the  Bir- 
mingham meeting,  1884  ;  and  has  been 
Professor  of  International  Law  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  in  succession  to 
Sir  H.  S.  Maine,  from  1888.  Mr.  West- 
lake  married,  in  1864,  Alice,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Hare,  Esq.,  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Representation."  Mrs.  Westlake  was 
a  member  of  the  London  School  Board 
from  1876  to  1888,  and  is  Treasurer  of 
the  New  Hospital  for  Women.  Address  : 
3  Chelsea  Embankment,  W. 

WESTLAND,  Sir  James,  K.C.S.I., 
LL.D.,  is  the  son  of  James  Westland, 
banker,  and  was  born  at  Dundee  on  Nov. 
14,  1842.  He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen 
University,  and  entered  the  Bengal  Civil 
Service,  by  open  competition,  in  1861. 
After  holding  various  district  appoint- 
ments he  entered  the  financial  depart- 
ment in  1870,  was  Comptroller-General 
from  1880  to  1885,  and  was  a  temporary 
member  of  the  Council  from  1887  to  1888. 
He  retired  from  the  Civil  Service  in  1889, 
and  was  from  1893  to  1898  financial  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Governor-General  of 
India.  Sir  J.  Westland,  who  was  created 
a  K.C.S.I.  in  1895,  was  married  to  Mildred, 
daughter  of  Surgeon-Major  C.  J.  Jackson, 
in  1874.     Address  :  Calcutta,  India. 

WESTMINSTER,  The  Dean  of.    See 

Bradley,  The  Very  Rev.  G.  G. 

WESTMINSTER,  Duke  of,  Tlie 
Most  Noble  Hugh  Lupus  Grosvenor, 
K.G.,  was  born  at  Eaton  in  1825,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  3rd  Marquis  of  West- 
minster in  1869.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He 
sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  from  1847 
to  1868  as  member  for  Chester,  and  he 
was  created  Duke  of  Westminster  in  1874. 
He  was  one  of  the   Whig  Dukes  of  Mr. 


Gladstone's  creation,  but  at  the  time  of 
the  first  introduction  of  his  great  leader's 
Home  Rule  Bill  his  convictions  drove  him 
into  the  Unionist  camp.  His  allegiance 
to  his  leader  was,  however,  not  shaken  in 
other  directions,  and  in  Mr.  Gladstone's 
closing  years  he  was  his  chief  supporter 
in  the  ex-Premier's  crusade  against  Turkish 
atrocities  in  Armenia.  He  has  long  been 
very  prominent  and  active  as  Chairman  of 
the  Armenian  Committee,  and  at  Chester, 
in  August  1895,  he  supported  Mr.  Glad- 
stone on  the  platform  when  the  latter 
delivered  his  last  great  speech  in  the  cause 
of  the  oppressed  Christians  in  the  East. 
He  filled  the  office  of  Master  of  the  Horse 
from  1880  to  1886,  was  appointed  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Cheshire  in  1883,  and  of  the 
County  of  London  in  1888.  The  Duke  is 
also  High  Steward  of  Westminster,  and 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  and  honorary  Colonel 
of  the  13th  Middlesex  Rifle  Volunteers. 
His  London  residence,  Grosvenor  House, 
contains  a  valuable  collection  of  pictures 
by  old  masters,  and  he  is  well  known 
as  an  owner  and  breeder  of  racehorses. 
He  married  (1),  in  1852,  Constance,  daugh- 
ter of  the  2nd  Duke  of  Sutherland  (she 
died  in  1880)  ;  and  (2),  in  1882,  Catherine 
Cavendish,  daughter  of  the  2nd  Baron 
Chesham.  The  Duke's  eldest  daughter 
was  married  in  1894  to  Prince  Adolphus 
of  Teck.  Addresses :  Grosvenor  House, 
London  ;  and  Eaton  Hall,  Chester. 

WEYLER,  Don  Valeriano  y 
Nicolan,  Spanish  general,  was  born  in 
1840.  He  entered  the  army  at  an  early 
age,  and  after  greatly  distinguishing  him- 
self in  the  San  Domingo  campaign,  he  was 
appointed  Captain-General  of  the  Canary 
Isles  in  1879.  During  the  Carlist  war  of 
1874-77  he  was  uniformly  successful. 
Having  served  in  the  Philippines  and  at. 
Barcelona,  he  was  despatched  in  1896  to 
Cuba  to  ascertain  if  stricter  methods  would 
succeed  where  the  mildness  of  Martinez 
Campos  had  failed.  His  rule  there  was 
called  firm  by  his  friends,  and  brutal  by 
his  enemies,  and  it  was  probably  the  chief 
indirect  cause  in  the  Spanish-American 
war  of  1898.  He  was  recalled  to  Spain  in 
October  1897,  to  be  succeeded  by  Marshal 
Blanco,  since  when  he  has  lived  in  retire- 
ment, and  although  he  has  been  credited 
with  the  desire  to  become  the  military 
dictator  of  Spain,  up  to  the  present  he 
remains  a  loyal  subject  of  Alfonso  XIII. 

WEYMAN,  Stanley  John,  roman- 
cist,  was  born  at  Ludlow,  Shropshire,  on 
Aug.  7,  1855.  He  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Thomas  Weyman,  solicitor.  He  was 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  took  his  B.A.  degree 
in  1877.    He  read  for  the  Bar  after  leaving 


1158 


WHARTON  —  WHEELER 


College,  was  called  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  January  1881,  and  joined  the  Oxford 
Circuit,  on  which  he  practised  for  eight 
years.  In  1889  appeared  his  first  romance, 
entitled  "The  House  of  the  Wolf,"  which 
is  based  on  episodes  in  French  history. 
His  health  was  at  that  time  very  poor, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  spend  some  time 
abroad  and  relinquish  his  practice.  In 
1890  he  published  "The  New  Rector,"  a 
novel  of  the  school  of  Anthony  Trollope. 
This  was  succeeded  by  "The  Story  of 
Francis  Chudde."  In  1893  he  established 
his  reputation  as  a  writer  of  romance  by 
the  publication  of  his  celebrated  novel, 
"A  Gentleman  of  France,"  since  trans- 
lated into  French,  German,  and  Swedish. 
In  1894  appeared  "Under  the  Red  Robe," 
a  story  which  has  been  dramatised  with 
success.  His  latest  works  are  :  "  The  Red 
Cockade  "  and  ' '  Shrewsbury,"  a  novel  of 
English  history,  and  in  1899  "  The  Castle 
Inn."  He  married  Charlotte,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  Richard  Panting,  C.B.I.C.S. 
Address  :  Plas  Llanrhydd,  near  Ruthin. 

WHARTON,  The  Right  Hon.  John 
Lloyd,  M.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  J. 
T.  Wharton,  of  Dryburn,  Durham,  and 
was  born  in  1837.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1862.  He  represented  Durham  in  the 
House  of  Commons  from  1871  to  1874, 
and  he  has,  since  1886,  been  Conservative 
member  for  the  Ripon  Division  of  York- 
shire. He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of  Durham 
in  1887.  Mr.  Wharton  is  an  Alderman, 
and  Chairman  of  the  Durham  County 
Council,  a  Director  of  the  North-Eastern 
Railway,  a  Deputy-Lieutenant,  and  Chair- 
man of  Quarter-Sessions.  He  was  married, 
in  1870,  to  Susan,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
A.  D.  Shafto.  Addresses  :  42  St.  James's 
Place,  S.W.  ;  and  Dryburn,  Durham. 

WHARTON,  Rear  -  Admiral  Sir 
William  James  Lloyd,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Robert  Wharton,  County  Court  Judge,  of 
York,  and  was  born  in  London,  March  2, 
1843.  He  was  educated  at  the  Rev.  Philip 
Nind's,  Woodcote,  and  at  the  Royal  Naval 
Academy,  Gosport.  He  entered  the  Navy 
in  1857,  became  a  Captain  in  1880,  and 
commanded  surveys,  which  were  carried 
out  between  1872  and  1884,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, the  Red  Sea,  on  the  East  Coast 
of  Africa,  and  the  Magellan  Straits.  He 
retired  from  active  service  in  1895,  but  he 
still  holds  the  position  of  Hydrographer 
of  the  Navy.  Sir  W.  Wharton,  who  is  of 
course  interested  in  all  matters  connected 
with  hydrography  and  astronomy,  is  the 
author  of  a  work  on  Hydrographical  Sur- 


veying, and  has  edited  the  "Journal  of 
Captain  Cook's  first  Voyage."  He  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  in  1897,  and  was  married 
to  Lucy  Georgine,  daughter  of  the  late  E. 
Holland,  of  Dumbleton,  Gloucestershire, 
in  1880.  Addresses  :  Florys,  Wimbledon 
Park  ;  and  the  Athenzeum. 

WHEATLEY,    Henry    Benjamin, 

was  born  at  Chelsea  on  May  2,  1838,  and 
is  the  posthumous  son  of  Mr.  Benjamin 
Wheatley,  book  auctioneer,  of  191  Picca- 
dilly, London.  He  was  educated  pri- 
vately, and  was  clerk  to  the  Royal  Society 
from  1861  to  1879,  when  he  was  appointed 
Assistant-Secreiary  to  the  Society  of  Arts, 
a  position  which  he  still  holds.  He  was 
also  Assistant  -  Secretary  to  the  Royal 
Commission  appointed  for  the  British 
Section  of  the  Chicago  Exhibition,  1893. 
He  was  one  of  those  who,  under  the  lead 
of  Dr.  F.  J.  Furnivall,  founded  the  Early 
English  Text  Society  in  1864.  He  acted  as 
Hon.  Secretary  from  the  foundation  until 
1872,  and  edited  some  of  the  publications 
of  the  society.  He  published  in  1862  a 
little  book  on  "Anagrams,"  &c.  ;  in  1870, 
"Round  about  Piccadilly  and  Pall  Mall "  ; 
in  1880,  "Samuel  Pepys  and  the  World 
he  Lived  in";  and  in  1889,  "Remarkable 
Bindings  in  the  British  Museum."  In  1884 
he  edited  "  Wraxall's  Historical  and  Post- 
humous Memoirs"  (5  vols.  8vo).  In  1891 
he  completed  for  Mr.  John  Murray  a  work 
in  three  volumes,  8vo,  entitled  "  London 
Past  and  Present,"  which  was  based  upon 
Peter  Cunningham's  "Handbook  of  Lon- 
don." He  wrote  as  the  first  publication 
of  the  Index  Society  (1879)  a  pamphlet 
under  the  title  of  "What  is  an  Index?" 
He  is  general  editor  of  the  Book-Lovers' 
Library,  for  which  series  he  has  written 
"How  to  Form  a  Library,"  1886;  "How 
to  Catalogue  a  Library,"  "The  Dedication 
of  Books  to  Patron  and  Friend,"  1887 ; 
and  "Literary  Blunders,"  1893.  He  has 
read  papers  before  the  Philological,  New 
Shakespere,  Folk-Lore,  and  Bibliographical 
Societies,  and  the  Society  of  Arts,  which 
have  been  printed  in  their  Transactions. 
He  was  appointed  Inspector  of  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Library  by  the  Library 
Syndicate  in  the  years  1877,  1878,  1879, 
and  1882,  and  reported  to  the  Syndicate 
on  the  condition  of  the  library.  Mr. 
Wheatley  published  in  1894  a  new  and 
complete  edition  of  "  Pepys's  Diary  "  from 
the  original  MS.  In  1897  he  published 
"Historical  "Portraits"  in  Messrs.  Bell's 
Connoisseur  Series,  and  in  1899,  a  volume 
of  "  Pepysiana,"  which  completes  the 
classic  edition  of  the  "  Diary."  Address  : 
Society  of  Arts,  John  Street,  Adelphi,  W.C. 

WHEELER,   Joseph,   American  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  was  born  at  Augusta, 


WHISTLER  —  WHITE 


1159 


Georgia,  Sept.  10,  1836,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  Military  Academy  in  1859. 
He  was  Lieutenant  of  Cavalry  until  1861, 
when  he  resigned  and  entered  the  Con- 
federate service  for  the  war  between  the 
States,  where  his  abilities  had  ample  op- 
portunity, and  his  rise  in  rank  was  rapid. 
He  soon  became  Colonel  of  an  Infantry 
Kegiment,  and  then  Brigadier-General, 
Major  -  General,  and  Lieut.  -  General  of 
Cavalry.  He  sommanded  the  Cavalry 
Corps  of  the  Western  Army  in  1862,  and 
was  made  Senior  Cavalry  General  of  the 
Confederate  Armies,  May  11,  1864.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  he  became  a  lawyer 
and  planter  in  Alabama  in  1869,  and  was 
elected  to  Congress,  serving  in  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Forty-seventh,  Forty-ninth, 
Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Fifty-second,  Fifty- 
third,  Fifty-fourth,  and  Fifty-fifth  Con- 
gresses. On  the  outbreak  of  war  between 
Spain  and  the  United  States  in  1898  he 
was  one  of  the  first  to  offer  his  services  to 
the  Government,  and  received  an  appoint- 
ment as  Major-General  of  Volunteers.  He 
was  second  in  command  of  the  force  sent 
to  invade  Cuba,  and  his  energy,  bravery, 
and  ability  were  conspicuous  in  the  opera- 
tions resulting  in  the  capture  of  Santiago, 
July  17,  1898.  In  August  he  returned 
with  his  troops  to  the  United  States  to 
recuperate,  after  a  severe  campaign  in 
tropical  regions  in  the  sickly  season. 

WHISTLER,      James     Abbott 

McNeil],  painter,  was  born  at  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  in  1834,  and  is  the  son  of 
an  engineer.  He  studied  first  at  the 
Military  Academy  of  West  Point,  and 
afterwards,  in  1857,  under  Gleyre,  the 
artist,  in  Paris.  There  he  was  a  fellow- 
student  with  George  du  Maurier,  who  has 
so  amusingly  caricatured  him  in  "  Trilby." 
In  1859  he  began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  in  1863  settled  in  London. 
His  more  important  paintings  are  :  "The 
White  Girl, "  1862 ;  "  The  Last  of  Old  West- 
minster," 1863;  "At  the  Piano,"  1867; 
"  Portrait  of  my  Mother  "  (an  arrangement 
in  grey  and  black,  now  in  the  Luxembourg, 
in  Paris)  and  "Portrait  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle"  (bought  by  the  Glasgow  Corporation 
in  1891),  1872,  two  of  his  most  famous 
portraits  ;  "Nocturne  in  Blue  and  Silver," 
1882;  "Arrangement  in  Black"  (Lady 
Archibald  Campbell),  and  the  still  better 
known  "Arrangement  in  Grey  and  Green  " 
(Miss  Alexander),  both  exhibited  in  Munich 
in  1888.  Of  later  portraits,  that  of  Sefior 
Sarasate  is  the  most  famous.  His  fame  as 
an  etcher  is  even  higher  than  his  fame  as 
a  painter  ;  and  he  has  also  issued  some 
wonderful  lithographs  on  the  architectural 
beauties  of  London,  especially  the  pictur- 
esque side  of  river  life.  His  theories  on 
art  are  eminently  original  and  individual, 


and  in  consequence  have  been  the  subject 
of  much  criticism  ;  he  has  made  most  in- 
teresting experiments  in  colour,  generally 
succeeding  best  with  the  more  subdued. 
In  1878  he  sued  Mr.  Ruskin  for  disparaging 
his  art  in  "  Fors  Clavigera,"  and  at  the 
end  of  a  very  lengthy  trial  he  was  awarded 
one  farthing  damages.  He  became  Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  of  British  Artists, 
and  obtained  for  it  a  Royal  Charter.  In 
1888  he  married  the  widow  of  the  late  E. 
W.  Goodwin,  architect  and  writer,  and  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Philip  the  sculptor. 
In  1895  he  was  sued  by  Sir  William  Eden 
for  not  delivering  up  a  portrait  of  Lady 
Eden  which  had  been  paid  for.  He  was 
allowed  to  keep  the  portrait,  but  amerced 
in  damages.  Besides  being  a  painter,  Mr. 
Whistler  has  published  one  of  the  most 
amusing  books  of  modern  times,  "The 
Gentle  Art  of  making  Enemies,"  1890, 
which  is  in  every  way  a  remarkable  human 
document.  He  has  also  written  "  Ten 
o'clock,"  1888.  In  1898  he  was  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  International  Exhibition  of 
Art  which  was  held  at  Knightsbridge. 
Paris  address  :  110  Rue  du  Bao. 

WHITAKER,  "William,  B.A.  (Lon- 
don), F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E., 
was  born  in  London,  May  4,  1836,  and 
educated  at  St.  Alban's  Grammar  School 
and  at  University  School,  London.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Geological  Survey, 
April  1,  1857,  and  retired  from  the  service 
in  1896.  He  has  written  many  Geological 
survey  memoirs,  notably  "The  Geology 
of  the  London  Basin,"  1872;  and  "The 
Geology  of  London,  and  of  Part  of  the 
Thames  Valley,"  2  vols.,  1889  ;  also  many 
papers  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the 
Geological  Society,  in  the  Geological 
Magazine,  and  in  several  other  scientific 
publications,  ranging  from  1860  to  1898. 
Mr.  Wbitaker  was  Murchiston  Medallist 
of  the  Geological  Society,  1886  ;  and 
received  a  medal  from  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  1890.  He  was  editor  of  the  Geological 
Record  for  several  years,  and  is  hon. 
member  of  the  Geologists'  Association,  of 
the  Geological  Societies  of  Manchester 
and  of  Liverpool,  and  of  various  other 
local  societies.  He  has  been  President 
of  the  Norwich  Geological  Society,  of  the 
Hants  Field  Club,  of  the  Hants  Lit.  Phil. 
Soc,  of  the  Geological  Section  of  the 
British  Association,  1895,  and  of  a 
Section  of  the  Congress  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute,  1886  and  1897.  He  was  elected 
President  of  the  Herts  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  in 

1897,  and  of   the   Geological    Society   in 

1898.  Permanent  address :  3  Campden 
Road,  Croydon. 

"WHITE,  The  Hon.  Andrew  Dick- 
son, American   educator  and  statesman, 


1160 


WHITE 


was  born  at  Homer,  New  York,  Nov.  7, 
1832.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1853,  and 
then  travelled  in  Europe  until  1856,  when 
he  returned  to  tne  United  States  and, 
after  studying  history  for  a  year  at  Yale, 
became,  in  1857,  Professor  of  History  and 
English  Literature  in  the  University  of 
Michigan.  This  position  he  resigned  in 
1862  on  account  of  ill-health.  From  1863 
to  1866  he  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Senate  of  New  York.  In  1867  he  was 
chosen  the  first  President  of  Cornell 
University  (Ithaca,  N.  Y. ),  and  he  remained 
there  until  the  condition  of  his  health 
compelled  him  to  retire  in  1885.  He 
visited  Europe  in  1S67-68  for  the  purpose 
of  examining  into  the  organisation  of 
schools  of  agriculture  and  technology, 
and  of  purchasing  books  and  supplies  for 
Cornell.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  U.S.  Commission  on  Santo  Domingo, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  Chairman  of 
the  N.Y.  State  Republican  Convention. 
From  1879  to  1881  he  was  the  American 
Minister  to  Germany,  and  in  1888  was 
elected  a  Regent  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  place  of  the  late  Asa  Gray. 
He  is  also  a  non-resident  professor  of  the 
Stanford  University,  in  California.  In 
1892  he  became  American  Minister  to 
Russia,  and  in  1897  he  was  again  sent 
to  Germany  as  American  Ambassador. 
President  White  gave  very  largely  of  his 
own  means  to  Cornell  University,  and 
endowed  the  school  of  history  and  political 
science  in  that  institution  with  his  own 
valuable  library,  comprising  30,000  vols, 
and  10,000  pamphlets.  Besides  contri- 
butions to  periodicals  he  has  written 
"  Outlines  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on 
History,"  1861  ;  "A  Word  from  the  North- 
west," 1863;  "Svllabus  of  Lectures  on 
Modern  History,""l876  ;  "  The  Welfare  of 
Science,"  1876;  "Paper  Money  Inflation 
in  France,"  1876;  "The  New  Germany," 
1882;  "On  Studies  in  General  History 
and  in  the  History  of  Civilisation,"  1885  ; 
"A  History  of  the  Doctrine  of  Comets," 
1886;  "European  Schools  of  History  and 
Politics,"  1887;  and  "A  History  of  the 
Warfare  of  Science  with  Theology  in 
Christendom,"  1896.  When  in  America 
his  home  is  at  Ithaca,  New  York. 

"WHITE,  General  Sir  George 
Stewart,  $.€.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E., 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  Forces,  is 
the  eldest  son  and  heir  of  the  late  J.  R. 
White,  Esq.,  D.L.,  of  Whitehall,  Bally- 
mena,  county  Antrim.  He  was  born 
July  6,  1835,  and  entered  the  army  as 
Ensign  of  the  27th  Foot  (Royal  Inniskilling 
Fusiliers).  He  was  promoted  Captain  in 
July  1863,  and  very  soon  after  exchanged 
into  the  Gordon  Highlanders,  of  which 
regiment  he  is  now  Colonel.     Sir  George 


White  saw  considerable  war  service  during 
the  Indian  Mutiny.  As  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  Gordons  he  served  through 
the  Afghan  War  of  1879-80  with  much 
distinction.  At  Charasiah  he  led  two 
companies  of  his  regiment  up  a  steep 
mountain-side  to  attack  an  enemy  strongly 
posted  and  greatly  superior  in  force.  When 
his  men  halted  exhausted,  White,  seizing 
a  rifle,  rushed  forward  alone  and  shot 
dead  the  leader  of  the  enemy.  He  took 
part  in  all  the  actions  around  Cabul, 
including  the  final  occupation  of  that 
place  ;  he  was  also  present  at  the  assault 
and  capture  of  Takt-i-shah.  He  accom- 
panied Lord  Roberts  in  the  march  to 
Candahar,  where  he  led  the  final  charge, 
under  a  heavy  fire,  riding  straight  up  to 
the  muzzles  of  the  enemy's  guns,  one  of 
which  he  captured  himself.  He  was 
frequently  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
received  the  brevet  of  Lieut.-Colonel, 
besides  the  Victoria  Cross  and  a  C.B. 
He  was  appointed  Military  Secretary  to 
the  Viceroy  of  India  in  June  1880,  and 
the  following  year  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Gordon  Highlanders.  In  the 
Soudan  War  of  1884-85  he  was  Assis- 
tant Adjutant  and  Quartermaster-General 
of  the  Nile  Expedition.  He  then  went  to 
India  as  a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Madras 
District,  and  was  chosen  to  command  the 
2nd  Infantry  Brigade  of  the  Burmese 
Expedition  of  1885.  He  also  commanded 
the  Upper  Burma  Field  Force  after  the 
capture  of  Mandalay.  Sir  George  White 
was  specially  mentioned  in  despatches, 
and  received  the  thanks  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  and  was  also  created  a 
K.C.B.  and  promoted  to  Major-General. 
In  1890  he  commanded  an  expedition  into 
the  Zhob  Valley.  In  April  1893  he  was 
chosen  to  succeed  Lord  Roberts  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  India,  which  appoint- 
ment he  vacated  in  1897  to  become 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  Forces  in 
succession  to  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  G.C.B., 
G.C.S.I.,  1898.  Address:  White  Hall, 
Ballymena,  co.  Antrim. 

WHITE,  Horace,  American  journalist 
and  economic  writer,  was  born  at  Cole- 
brook,  New  Hampshire,  August  10,  1834, 
and  graduated  at  Beloit  College,  Wis- 
consin, in  1853.  After  his  graduation  he 
engaged  in  journalism  ;  was  for  many 
years  connected  with  the  Chicago  Tribune, 
and  from  1864  to  1874  was  its  editor,  and 
one  of  its  chief  proprietors.  Conjointly 
with  E.  L.  Godkin,  he  has,  since  1883, 
edited  the  New  York  Evening  Post. 

WHITE,  Maude  Valerie,  was  born 
at  Dieppe,  and  is  of  English  parentage. 
She  studied  music  under  Sir  George  Mac- 
farren   at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 


WHITE 


1161 


and  in  1879  was  elected  Mendelssohn 
Scholar  for  the  usual  period  of  two  years. 
Miss  Maude  Valerie  White  is  famous  as  a 
song-writer  and  composer  of  songs,  and 
early  won  popularity  with  her  "  Absent, 
yet  Present."  Other  well-known  songs  of 
hers  are  "The  Devout  Lover,"  "Crabbed 
Age  and  Youth,"  and  "Montrose's  Love 
Song."  She  has  frequently  set  Herrick's 
words  to  music,  and  has  vocalised  a 
great  number  of  exquisite  German  poems. 
Prince  Bismarck  is  reported  to  have  been 
a  devoted  admirer  of  her  work. 

WHITE,  Percy,  author  and  journalist, 
was  born  in  London  in  1852,  and  is  the 
second  son  of  Dr.  Charles  White.  He 
was  educated  privately  and  abroad,  and 
was  for  some  time  Professor  of  English 
in  a  French  college,  after  which  he  took 
private  pupils,  and  in  1880  became  a  jour- 
nalist. He  was  for  ten  years  editor  of 
Public  Opinion,  and  at  one  time  conducted 
the  Evening  News.  He  has  written  much 
for  the  press,  and  for  reviews  and  maga- 
zines ;  and  in  1893  won  great  success  with 
his  brilliant  satire  "  Mr.  Bailey-Martin." 
This  novel  has  been  followed  by  "  A 
King's  Diary,"  1894  ;  "  Corruption,"  1895; 
"Andria,"  1896  ;  "  A  Passionate  Pilgrim," 
1897.  Mr.  Percy  White's  sister  is  the  well- 
known  miniature  painter.  Address  :  21 
Holland  Street,  Kensington,  W. 

"WHITE,  William  Hale,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  was  born  in  London  on  Nov.  7, 
1857,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  William 
Hale  White,  of  Hastings.  He  received 
his  medical  education  at  Guy's  Hospital, 
where  he  was  at  one  time  Anatomy  De- 
monstrator, and  is  now  Physician  and 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica.  He  is  an 
Examiner  in  Medicine  to  the  Conjoint 
Board,  and  has  been  Examiner  in  Medicine 
to  London  University,  has  been  Hon.  Sec. 
to  the  Clinical  Society,  is  Fellow  of  the 
Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and  is  member  of 
several  medical  societies.  He  is  author  of 
the  standard  work,  now  in  its  third  edition, 
"Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy,  Pharmaco- 
logy, and  Therapeutics,"  and  of  a  "Text- 
book of  General  Therapeutics,"  has  repub- 
lished his  Croonian  Lectures  on  the  tem- 
perature of  the  body,  1897 ;  and  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  Allbutt's"  System," 
Fowler's  "  Dictionary  of  Medicine,"  the 
"Guy's  Hospital  Reports, "  Clinical  Society's 
Transactions,  and  other  journals.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  A.  D.  Fripp,  R.W.S. 
Address  :  65  Harley  Street,  W. 

WHITE,  Sir  William  Henry,  K.C.B., 
ScD.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c,  Director  of 
Naval  Construction,  and  Assistant  Con- 
troller of  the  Navy,  was  born  at  Devon - 
port,  Feb.  2,  1845,  and  educated  at  the 


Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture,  South 
Kensington,  when  that  institution  was 
under  the  direction  of  the  Lords  of  the 
Council,  the  Admiralty  supporting  it.  He 
graduated  at  the  head  of  the  list  of 
students  in  1867,  and  received  the  highest 
diploma  as  naval  architect  (Fellow  of  the 
Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture)  ;  was 
at  once  appointed  to  the  Constructive 
Department  at  the  Admiralty,  where  he 
remained  until  1883,  rising  through  the 
various  grades  to  the  rank  of  Chief  Con- 
structor. He  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Naval  Architecture  at  the  Royal  School  in 
1870,  and  held  that  position  there  and  at 
the  Royal  Naval  College,  concurrently 
with  his  Admiralty  appointment,  until 
1881.  He  resigned  his  position  in  the 
Admiralty  in  March  1883,  receiving  a 
special  letter  of  thanks  from  the  Lords 
Commissioners  for  past  services.  From 
March  1883  to  October  1885  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  organisation  and  direction 
of  the  shipbuilding  department  of  the 
Elswick  Works  of  Sir  William  Armstrong 
and  Co.  During  that  period  he  designed 
and  built  a  number  of  warships  for 
foreign  navies,  with  speeds  exceeding  any 
previously  attained.  He  was  invited  by 
the  Admiralty,  in  1885,  to  assume  the 
office  of  Director  of  Naval  Construction, 
which  he  now  holds,  in  conjunction  with 
that  of  Assistant  Controller  of  the  Navy. 
He  is  the  professional  chief  of  the  Royal 
Corps  of  Naval  Constructors.  During  the 
period  he  has  occupied  this  position  there 
has  been  unprecedented  activity  in  ship- 
building for  the  Royal  Navy.  The  special 
programme  of  construction  proposed  by 
Lord  Northbrook  in  1885  was  in  its  early 
stages  at  the  date  of  his  appointment,  and 
he  had  responsible  charge  of  its  execution. 
Sir  William  White  has  been  responsible 
for  the  designs  and  supervision  of  the 
construction  of  all  the  ships  laid  down  for 
the  Royal  Navy  since  1885.  These  num- 
ber 216,  with  an  aggregate  displacement 
tonnage  of  1,200,000  tons,  2,000,000  horse- 
power, and  over  2000  guns.  This  great  fleet 
cost  nearly  seventy  millions  for  hulls,  pro- 
pelling machinery,  armour,  &o. ;  and  the 
outlay  on  their  armaments  probably  brings 
the  grand  total  up  to  nearly  ninety  millions 
sterling.  It  includes  various  special  pro- 
grammes of  new  construction.  That  under 
the  Imperial  Defence  Act  of  1888  involved 
an  expenditure  of  £850,000  on  eight  vessels 
built  for  service  in  Australasian  waters, 
and  maintained  by  grants  made  by  the 
Colonies.  The  Naval  Defence  Act  of  1889 
provided  for  the  construction  of  seventy 
ships  at  a  cost  of  £22,500,000.  These 
were  practically  finished  in  five  years, 
and  represented  the  greatest  feat  in 
new  construction  accomplished  up  to  that 
time.      Subsequently  the  "  Spencer  Pro- 


1162 


WHITEHEAD 


gramme"  of  1895,  and  the  "Goschen 
Programmes,"  from  1896  to  1899,  threw 
the  Naval  Defence  Act  into  the  shade. 
The  average  annual  rate  of  expenditure 
on  new  construction  has  been  more  than 
trebled  during  the  period  Sir  William 
White  has  held  office,  and  in  the  current 
financial  year  (1899-1900)  is  to  exceed 
£8,800,000,  whereas,  prior  to  1887,  the 
yearly  average  was  only  about  £2,250,000. 
Amongst  the  vessels  designed  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam White  are  some  of  the  largest, 
swiftest,  and  most  powerful  battleships 
and  cruisers  existing  in  modern  war-fleets. 
His  services  in  connection  with  the  Naval 
Defence  Act  were  recognised  by  his  ap- 
pointment as  C.B.  in  1891.  In  January 
1896  he  was  created  K.C.B.  His  Majesty 
the  King  of  Denmark  has  conferred  the 
distinction  of  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Dannebrog  on  him.  The  University  of 
Cambridge  has  given  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science,  and  the 
University  of  Glasgow  that  of  Doctor  of 
Laws.  He  is  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Societies  of  London  and  Edinburgh  ; 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  ;  Vice-President  of  the  Instltu 
tion  of  Civil  Engineers,  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects  ;  Past  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Marine  Engineers  ;  Member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  for  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1900  ;  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders 
in  Scotland,  the  North-East  Coast  Institu- 
tion of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  the 
Liverpool  Engineering  Society,  and  the 
Society  of  Engineers  ;  Member  of  the 
Association  Technique  Maritime  of  France, 
the  Royal  United  Service  Institution,  and 
the  Royal  Institution ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Naval  Architecture,  and  of  the 
Imperial  Institute.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
"  Manual  of  Naval  Architecture,"  which 
has  become  a  standard  work,  and  has  been 
translated  into  Russian,  German,  and 
Italian,  and  officially  approved  as  a  text- 
book for  the  English,  German,  Italian,  and 
other  navies  ;  also  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Ship- 
building," and  of  numerous  memoirs  and 
papers  on  the  science  and  practice  of  ship- 
building, either  published  separately,  or 
appearing  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  societies 
of  which  he  is  a  member.  Addresses  : 
The  Admiralty,  S.W.  ;  39  Roland  Gardens, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

"WHITEHEAD,  Right  Rev.  Henry, 

M.A.,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  a  Scholar  of  his 
College,  took  a  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  in  1874,  and  a  first  class  in 
the  final  school  of  Lit.  Hum.  in  1877. 
He  graduated  B.A.  in  the  same  year,  and 
was  also  elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College. 
From  1878  to  1883  he  was  a  Lecturer  and 


Tutor  of  Trinity  College,  and  was  ordained 
in  1879.  During  the  years  which  he  spent 
as  an  Oxford  Don  he  acted  as  Preacher 
at  St.  Nicholas,  Abingdon,  and  in  1883  he 
was  appointed  Principal  of  the  Bishop's 
College,  Calcutta,  becoming  at  the  same 
time  a  Fellow  of  the  University  of  Calcutta. 
He  became  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Calcutta  in  1885,  and  Superior  of 
the  Oxford  University  Mission  to  Calcutta 
in  1890.  Mr.  Whitehead  was  in  February 
1899  consecrated  Bishop  of  Madras. 

WHITEHEAD,  Sir  James,  Bart., 
D.L.,  J.P.,  F.S.A,  F.R.Hist.S.,  F.S.S., 
Lord  of  Wilmington  Manor,  Kent,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James  White- 
head, of  Appleby,  Westmorland.  He  was 
born  March  2,  1834,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Appleby  Grammar  School,  at  that  time 
one  of  the  leading  schools  of  the  North. 
He  was  engaged  for  many  years  as  a 
Bradford  merchant  in  the  City  of  London. 
In  1879  he  was  largely  instrumental  in 
founding  the  Rowland  Hill  Benevolent 
Fund  for  Aged  and  Distressed  Post-Office 
Servants,  of  which  he  is  a  trustee.  For 
many  years  he  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
political  matters,  his  views  being  those  of 
an  advanced  Liberal ;  and  in  1880,  amongst 
other  constituencies,  he  was  unanimously 
invited  to  contest  the  Western  Division 
of  Kent.  At  that  time,  however,  he 
declined  to  stand,  his  health  being  so 
precarious  as  to  necessitate  a  prolonged 
voyage ;  and  in  1881  he  retired  from 
business.  In  1882  a  requisition  signed  by 
nearly  all  the  electors  of  the  Ward  of 
Cheap  was  presented  to  him,  and  he  was 
elected  Alderman  of  that  ward  without  a 
contest.  In  1884-85  he  served  the  office  of 
Sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex,  and  was 
decorated  by  the  King  of  the  Belgians 
with  the  Knight  Officership  of  the  Order 
of  Leopold  on  his  visit  to  Brussels  in  con- 
nection with  the  Congo  Free  State.  In 
the  same  year  the  King  of  Servia  invested 
him  with  the  Knight  Commandership  of 
the  Order  of  Takovo,  for  assistance  given 
to  the  Servian  Minister  in  this  country, 
and  for  his  warm  advocacy  of  a  Balkan 
Federation.  In  1885  he  was  Master  of 
the  Fanmakers'  Company.  He  is  one  of 
Her  Majesty's  Lieutenants  for  the  City 
of  London  ;  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the 
county  of  Westmorland  ;  and  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace  for  Kent,  Westmorland,  and  the 
County  of  London.  He  was  for  some  time 
Chairman  of  the  Visiting  Justices  of  Hol- 
loway  Prison,  and  one  of  the  Visitors  of 
the  City  of  London  Asylum  at  Stone.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  Governor  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  of  Christ's  Hospital,  and  of 
St.  Bartholomew's,  St.  Thomas's,  and  other 
hospitals.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  and  of  the  Royal  Historical, 


WHITEHEAD 


1163 


the  Royal  Statistical,  and  other  learned 
societies.  In  1884  he  was  induced  to  be- 
come the  Liberal  candidate  for  North 
Westmorland ;  and  after  the  Redistribu- 
tion Bill  in  1885,  and  again  in  1886,  he 
contested  that  constituency,  on  each 
^occasion  suffering  defeat  by  a  small  ma- 
jority at  the  hands  of  the  Hon.  William 
Lowther.  He  is  an  extensive  traveller, 
having  visited  most  of  the  countries  of 
Europe,  Egypt  and  the  Soudan,  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
and  other  British  colonies  and  depen- 
dencies, and  is  an  ardent  educationist, 
especially  in  regard  to  technical,  agricul- 
tural, and  higher  commercial  education.  In 
September  1888  he  was  elected  Lord  Mayor 
of  London.  On  November  9  he  abolished 
the  "  circus  "  element,  substituted  a  "  state 
procession"  for  a  "show,"  and  instead 
thereof  entertained  10,000  poor  people. 
On  the  same  evening  his  speech  in  fav- 
our of  strengthening  the  navy  largely 
influenced  the  decisions  of  the  Govern- 
ment in  their  proposals  to  that  end.  On 
the  departure  from  England  of  Mr.  Phelps, 
the  American  Minister,  he  gave  a  farewell 
banquet  of  great  splendour  to  distinguished 
representatives  of  law,  science,  art,  and 
literature.  When  the  Freedom  of  the 
City  was  conferred  upon  the  Marquis-  of 
Dufferin  and  Ava,  and  later  upon  Prince 
George  of  Wales,  he  gave  banquets  in 
their  honour.  He  induced  the  Corpora- 
tion to  entertain  the  Shah  on  his  visit  to 
England,  and  was  subsequently  decorated 
with  the  Persian  Order  of  the  Lion  and 
the  Sun.  In  connection  with  the  Paris 
Exhibition  he  sent  over  seventy-five  repre- 
sentative artisans  to  examine  and  report 
on  the  various  exhibits  connected  with 
their  respective  crafts,  for  the  instruction 
of  their  fellow-workmen  and  the  improve- 
ment of  English  trade.  He  also  visited 
Paris  by  special  invitation,  and  was  en- 
tertained by  both  the  President  of  the 
Republic  and  the  President  of  the  Muni- 
cipal Council  of  Paris.  In  return  he 
himself  gave  a  grand  banquet  to  the 
Prime  Minister  and  other  distinguished 
Frenchmen.  For  his  services  as  President 
of  the  British  Section  of  the  French 
Exhibition  he  was  at  the  end  of  the 
year  decorated  with  the  Commandership 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  Arising  out  of 
this  visit  to  Paris  was  the  fund  which 
he  inaugurated  for  sending  poor  persons 
bitten  by  rabid  animals  to  the  Pasteur 
Institute,  and  for  acknowledging  in  a 
practical  form  the  gratuitous  services  of 
M.  Pasteur  to  Englishmen.  In  recognition 
of  his  services  to  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society,  when  acting  as  Chairman  of  the 
London  Committee,  he  was  presented  with 
the  Society's  Gold  Medal ;  and  for  his 
efforts  towards  the  restoration  of  orchids 


in  our  homesteads  and  cottage  gardens, 
and  education  in  fruit-growing,  he  was 
presented  with  the  Freedom  of  the  Fruit- 
erers' Company,  and  was  immediately 
advanced  to  the  office  of  Master.  The 
great  Fruit  Show  held  in  the  London 
Guildhall  in  the  autumn  of  1890  was 
organised  by  him,  and  in  many  other 
ways  he  has  contributed  to  the  advance- 
ment of  fruit  culture  in  this  country. 
For  the  famine  in  China  he  raised  a  larger 
sum  than  was  ever  collected  for  sufferers 
in  any  foreign  country,  with  the  exception 
of  the  fund  organised  after  the  capitula- 
tion of  Paris  ;  and  as  a  mark  of  appreciation 
he  received  a  magnificent  Tablet  of  Honour 
from  the  Viceroy  of  the  two  Kiang  pro- 
vinces of  China.  As  chairman  he  estab- 
lished and  organised  a  penny-a-week 
collection  in  London  factories,  shops, 
workshops,  and  warehouses  in  aid  of  the 
Hospital  Saturday  Fund,  from  which  there 
has  been  a  large  increase  in  the  income  of 
the  hospitals.  To  meet  the  deficiency  in 
the  equipment  of  the  Metropolitan  Volun- 
teers he  raised  another  fund,  by  which  he 
was  enabled  to  award  to  all  the  Metro- 
politan regiments  sums  sufficient  to  com- 
plete their  equipment  and  to  pay  off  all 
debts  which  had  been  incurred  by  them 
in  the  purchase  of  accoutrements.  In 
July  1889  he  established  the  Mansion 
House  Association  on  Railway  and  Canal 
Traffic,  to  watch  over  the  interests  of 
agriculture  and  commerce  in  the  revision 
of  railway  rates  ;  and  after  his  election 
to  Parliament  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  this  and  other  important  commercial 
matters,  and  was  the  acknowledged  repre- 
sentative of  the  traders  and  agriculturists 
in  the  matter  of  railway  rates.  When  in  Sep- 
tember 1889  the  prolonged  Dock  Strike  had 
dislocated  the  trade  of  London,  he  formed 
a  small  Committee  of  Mediators  which 
was  ultimately  enabled  to  bring  the  con- 
flict to  a  close.  In  addition  to  these  more 
noticeable  features,  his  mayoralty  was 
distinguished  by  an  extraordinary  activity 
in  educational,  philanthropic,  and  other 
meetings  of  public  utility,  by  an  unusual 
number  of  banquets  and  entertainments, 
and  by  an  entire  abstention  from  political 
controversy.  At  the  end  of  his  year  he 
was  created  a  baronet  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Lord  Salisbury  ;  not,  as  has  often 
happened,  in  connection  with  a  royal  visit, 
but  "for  highly  valuable  services  during 
an  eventful  mayoralty."  In  1889  he  was 
further  decorated  by  the  King  of  Servia 
with  the  Grand  Cordon  of  St.  Sava  for 
his  efforts  in  the  cause  of  education.  In 
January  1890  he  retired  from  his  candida- 
ture in  North  Westmorland  ;  but  in  March 
he  was  induced  to  accept  a  unanimous 
invitation  to  stand  for  Leicester,  for  which 
lie  was  returned  unopposed  at  the  general 


1164 


WHITEHOUSE  —  WHITNEY 


election  of  1892,  but  owing  to  a  serious 
illness  he  retired  in  1894.  In  1890-91  he 
served  the  office  of  High  Sheriff  of  the 
County  of  London  in  succession  to  Mr. 
Alfred  de  Rothschild,  and  in  May  of  1891 
he  organised  and  carried  through  a  large 
Conversazione  and  Exhibition  in  the  Guild- 
hall, at  which  the  Prince  of  Wales  was 
present,  in  celebration  of  the  Jubilee  of 
Penny  Postage  and  in  aid  of  the  Rowland 
Hill  Benevolent  Fund.  In  I860  he  married 
Mercy  M.  Hinds,  the  fourth  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Hinds,  of  Bank 
House,  St.  Neot's,  Hunts.  Address  :  Wil- 
mington Manor,  near  Dartford,  Kent. 

WHITEHOUSE,     Frederic    Cope, 

fourth  son  of  the  Right  Rev.  A.  J.  White- 
house,  D.D. (Oxon.), LL.D.  (Cantab.),  second 
Bishop  of  Illinois  ;  born  in  New  York,  Nov. 
9, 1842,  educated  at  Columbia  College,  New 
York,  graduated  with  highest  honours ; 
studied  in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy  ; 
called  to  the  Bar,  1870.  He  has  been 
known  as  Cope  Whitehouse  since  1881, 
from  researches  relating  chiefly  to  the 
credibility  of  the  Greek  historians,  the 
scientific  knowledge  of  the  ancient  world, 
and  the  Semitic  traditions  associated  with 
the  name  of  Joseph.  He  discovered  the 
Raiyan  depression  in  the  Egyptian  desert, 
established  its  identity  with  the  lost  lake 
Mceris  of  the  Ptolemaic  maps,  and  drew 
plans  for  its  restoration,  claiming  it  as  the 
missing  factor  in  Egyptian  prosperity ;  and, 
by'putting  Goshen  to  the  south  of  Memphis, 
explains  in  a  new  and  material  sense  the 
Semitic  traditions,  Hebrew  and  Arabic. 
Numerous  papers  by  him,  or  relating  to 
his  works,  have  been  published  (see  Cata- 
logue of  British  Museum),  in  various 
European  languages,  including  Greek  and 
in  Arabic.  He  is  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies,  and  was  created  Com- 
mander of  the  Osmanieh,  1888,  for  his 
services  to  Egyptology  and  exertions  on 
behalf  of  the  better  control  of  the  Nile. 

WHITEWAY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
William  Vallance,  K.C.M.G.,  D.C.L., 
Colonial  statesman,  was  born  at  Buchyst 
House,  Devonshire,  April  1,  1828,  and  was 
educated  at  local  schools  and  by  private 
tutors.  He  went  to  Newfoundland  in  1843, 
studied  law,  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1852, 
and  created  a  Q.C.  in  1862.  He  entered 
the  Legislature  in  1858,  and  from  1865 
to  1869  he  was  Speaker  of  the  Assembly. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  again  in 
1873,  and  from  1873  to  1878  was  Solicitor- 
General.  In  the  latter  year  he  became 
Premier  and  Attorney-General,  and  con- 
tinued in  office  till  1885,  when  he  retired 
for  a  time.  In  1889  he  re-entered  the 
Legislature,  resuming  his  place  as  Premier 
and  Attorney-General,   and  was  returned 


to  fill  the  same  positions  in  1893  and  1895, 
but  failed  of  re-election  in  1897.  He  was 
a  delegate  to  the  Imperial  Government  on 
the  P'rench  treaty  and  other  public  ques- 
tions in  1879  and  1881,  and  again  on  the 
French  treaty  fishery  questions  in  189& 
and  1891,  when  he  addressed  the  House  of 
Lords.  He  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  in 
1880,  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
D.C.L.  from  King's  College,  Windsor,  N.S., 
1890,  and  from  Oxford  University  in  1897. 
In  the  last-named  year  he  also  took  part 
in  the  Queen's  Diamond  Jubilee,  and  on 
that  occasion  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council. 

WHITMORE,    Charles    Algernon, 

M.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  C.  S.  Whit- 
more,  Q.C,  Recorder  of  Gloucester,  and 
was  born  in  1851.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  a  first  class  in  Jurisprudence,  and 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  All  Souls' 
College  in  1874.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1876,  and 
began  to  practise  on  the  Oxford  Circuit. 
He  was  Assistant  Private  Secretary  to  Mr. 
Matthews  whilst  Home  Secretary,  and  he 
was  Second  Church  Estate  Commissioner 
in  1892.  Mr.  Whitmore  has  been  Con- 
servative member  for  Chelsea  since  1886, 
and  was  elected  an  Alderman  of  the 
London  County  Council  in  1895.  He  is  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Gloucestershire. 
Addresses  :  75  Cadogan  Place,  S.W. ;  and 
Manor  House,  Lower  Slaughter,  Moreton- 
in-the-Marsh. 

WHITNEY,  Mrs.  Adeline  D.  (Train), 
American  writer,  was  born  at  Boston,  Sept. 
15,  1824,  and  has  published  "Mother 
Goose  for  Grown  Folks,"  1860  (2nd  edit.,  en- 
larged, 1882);  "Boys  at  Chequasset,"  1862; 
"Faith  Gartney's  Girlhood,"  1863  ;  "The 
Gayworthies,"  1865  ;  "  Leslie  Gold- 
thwaite,"  1866;  "Patience  Strong's  Out- 
ings," 1868;  "Hitherto,"  1869;  "We 
Girls,"  1870;  "Real  Folks,"  1871; 
"Pansies"  (poems),  1872;  "Other  Girls," 
1873;  "Sights  and  Insights,"  1876; 
"Just  How  :  a  Key  to  the  Cook-Books, " 
1878;  "Odd  or  Even  7  "  1880;  "Bonny- 
borough,"  1885  ;  "  Holy-Tides  "  (poems), 
and  "Homespun  Yarns"  (colleeted  stories), 
1886;  "Daffodils"  (poems),  1887;  "Bird- 
Talk"  (poems),  1887  ;  "  Ascutney  Street," 
1890;  "A Golden  Gossip,"  1891 ;  "Friendly 
Letters  to  Girl-Friends,"  1896  ;  and  "The 
Open  Mystery,"  1897.  She  was  married 
to  Seth  D.  Whitney  in  1843,  and  has  since 
resided  at  Milton,  Massachusetts. 

WHITNEY,  The  Hon.  William 
Collins,  American  statesman,  was  born 
at  Conway,  Massachusetts,  July  5,  1841. 
A.B.  (Yale  Coll.),  1863.     He  studied  law 


WHYMPER  —  WICKHAM 


1165 


at  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and  began  its 
practice  in  1865  in  New  York  City,  where 
he  still  resides.  From  1875tol882he  was 
Corporation  Counsel  of  New  York,  and  from 
1885  to  1889  was  in  the  Cabinet  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  as  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

"WHYMPER,  Edward,  F.R.S.E., 
artist,  author,  and  traveller,  second  son  of 
the  well-known  engraver  and  water-colour 
painter,  was  born  in  London,  April  27, 
1840,  and  educated  at  Clarendon  House 
School,  and  under  private  tuition.  He 
was  trained  as  a  draughtsman  on  wood, 
but  preferring  active  to  sedentary  em- 
ployment, undertook  a  series  of  journeys 
which  eventually  changed  the  course  of 
his  life.  In  1861  he  ascended  Mont 
Pelvoux  (then  reputed  to  be  the  highest 
mountain  in  France),  and  discovered  from 
its  summit  another  mountain  500  feet 
higher — the  Pointe  des  Ecrins — which  is 
the  loftiest  of  the  French  Alps,  and  was 
subsequently  ascended  by  Mr.  Whymper 
in  1864.  Between  the  years  1861-65,  in  a 
series  of  expeditions  remarkable  for  bold- 
ness and  success,  he  ascended  one  peak 
after  another  of  mountains  till  then  re- 
puted to  be  inaccessible.  These  expedi- 
tions culminated  in  the  ascent  of  the 
Matterhorn  (14,780  feet),  July  14,  1865,  on 
which  occasion  his  companions,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Hudson,  Mr.  Hadow,  and  Lord 
Francis  Douglas,  and  one  of  the  guides, 
lost  their  lives.  In  1867  he  travelled  in 
N.W.  Greenland  with  the  intention  of 
exploring  its  fossiliferous  deposits,  and, 
if  possible,  of  penetrating  into  its  interior. 
This  journey  was  characterised  by  Sir 
Roderick  Murchison  as  "  truly  the  ne  plus 
ultra  of  British  geographical  adventure  on 
the  part  of  an  individual."  No  account  of 
it  has  been  published,  although  upon  it 
Mr.  Whymper  obtained  cones  of  magnolia, 
and  the  fruits  of  other  trees,  which  de- 
monstrated the  former  existence  of  luxu- 
riant vegetation  in  these  high  northern 
latitudes.  This  fine  collection  of  fossil 
plants  was  described  by  Professor  Heer  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1869  ;  and  the  first  set  was  secured  for  the 
British  Museum,  South  Kensington,  where 
a  selection  is  now  exhibited.  In  1871  Mr. 
Whymper  published  an  account  of  his  Al- 
pine journeys  under  the  title  "  Scrambles 
amongst  the  Alps  in  the  Years  1860-69  " 
(London,  1871).  In  recognition  of  the 
value  of  this  work  its  author  received 
from  the  King  of  Italy  the  decoration  of 
Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Maurice  and 
Lazarus.  In  May  1872  he  again  left 
Copenhagen  for  North  Greenland,  and 
spent  the  season  among  the  mountains,  re- 
turning on  Nov.  9  to  Denmark,  briDging 
back  from  this,  his  second  exploring 
journey   in    Greenland,    rich   collections, 


among  them  fine  specimens  of  fossil  wood. 
In  the  years  1879-80  Mr.  Whymper  tra- 
velled in  the  Republic  of  Ecuador,  explor- 
ing, ascending,  and  measuring  the  Great 
Andes  on  and  near  the  Equator.  On  that 
journey  he  made  the  first  ascents  of  Chim- 
borazo  (20,517  feet),  Sincholagua,  Antisana, 
Cayambe,  and  Cotocachi.  The  results 
were  published  in  1891-92  in  three 
volumes,  namely:  (1)  "Travels  amongst 
the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator,"  con- 
taining the  narrative  of  the  expedition  ; 
(2)  "  Supplementary  Appendix  to  Travels 
amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator," 
containing  descriptions  of  133  new  genera 
or  species  discovered  on  the  journey  ; 
and  (3)  "How  to  Use  the  Aneroid  Baro- 
meter," giving  the  results  of  prolonged 
investigation  into  the  behaviour  of  this 
instrument  in  the  field  and  under  the  air- 
pump.  On  the  publication  of  these  works 
the  Patron's  Medal  was  awarded  to  Mr. 
Whymper  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.  The  botanical  collections  made 
on  this  journey  are  incorporated  in  the 
British  Museum,  South  Kensington,  and  the 
antiquities  in  the  British  Museum,  Blooms- 
bury.  Mr.  Whymper  is  an  F.R.S.E.  ; 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Societe  de 
Geographic  of  Paris  ;  Hon.  Member  of  the 
French,  Swiss,  and  Italian  Alpine  Clubs, 
and  numerous  other  kindred  associations. 
In  1896  he  published  "  Chamonix  and 
Mont  Blanc,"  which  has  already  got  into 
its  third  edition  ;  and  in  1897,  "  The  Valley 
of  Zermatt  and  the  Matterhorn." 

WHYTE,  Rev.  Alexander,  D.D.,  was 
born  at  Kirriemuir,  Forfarshire,  on  Jan. 
13,  1837,  and  was  educated  at  Aberdeen 
University  and  New  College,  Edinburgh. 
After  being  ordained,  he  began  work  as  a 
minister  at  Free  St.  John's,  Glasgow,  in 
1866 ;  but  four  years  later  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Free  St.  George's,  Edinburgh, 
where  he  is  now  the  senior  minister.  Dr. 
Whyte  was  Moderator  of  the  Assembly 
of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  for  1898-99. 
He  is  the  author  of  :  "  Commentary  on  the 
Shorter  Catechism,"  1882<;  "  Characters  and 
Characteristics  of  William  Law,"  1893 
"Appreciation  of  Jacob  Behmen,"  1895 
"  Bunyan  Characters,"  vols.  i.-iii. 
"  Samuel  Rutherford  and  Some  of  his  Cor- 
respondents," 1894  ;  "  Lancelot  Andrewes 
and  his  Private  Devotions,"  1895  ;  "Bible 
Characters,"  1897;  "Father  John,"  and 
"  An  Appreciation "  of  the  "  Religio 
Medici,"  1898.  He  is  married  to  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  late  George  Barbour  of 
Bonskeid,  Pitlochry,  N.B.  Address  :  7 
Charlotte  Square,  Edinburgh. 

"WICKHAM,  The  Very  Rev. 
Edward  Charles,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Lincoln, 
was  born  on  Dec.  7,  1854,  at  Brook  Green, 


1166 


WILBEEFOECE  —  WILDE 


Hammersmith,  where  his  father,  the  Rev. 
Edward  Wickham,  formerly  Fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  and  Chancellor's 
Prizeman,  had  a  large  and  well-known 
school.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  C.  White,  Rector  of  Shalden,  and 
nephew  of  Gilbert  White,  of  Selborne.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  College,  from 
which  he  passed  in  1852  to  New  College, 
Oxford,  becoming  in  due  course  Scholar 
and  Fellow.  He  was  placed  in  the  first 
class  in  the  First  Public  Examination  in 
1854,  and  in  the  second  class  in  the  Second 
Public  Examination  in  1856,  gaining  the 
Chancellor's  Prize  for  Latin  verse  (1856), 
and  a  Latin  essay  (1857).  He  became 
B.A.  in  1857,  M.A.  in  1859.  After  spending 
two  years  as  a  Tutor  at  Winchester  Col- 
lege, he  became  Tutor  of  New  College  in 
1859,  and  resided  there  till  1893,  when  he 
was  elected  to  the  Headmastership  of 
Wellington  College  in  succession  to  the 
late  Dr.  Benson,  afterwards  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  This  office  he  held  till  1893. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1857,  Priest 
in  1859.  He  was  Select  Preacher  to  the 
University  of  Oxford,  1866,  1867,  1883-85, 
and  1896-98,  and  one  of  H.ftl.  preachers 
at  Whitehall  in  1872  and  1873.  In  1894 
he  was  nominated  to  the  Deanery  of  Lin- 
coln. He  has  published  several  editions 
of  Horace,  the  chief  one  being  an  edition 
of  his  whole  poems  in  two  volumes,  printed 
at  the  Clarendon  Press  in  1874  and  1891. 
His  other  works  are  a  volume  of  "  Welling- 
ton College  Sermons"  (Macmillan,  1887), 
and  "  Notes  on  the  Catechism,"  &c, 
1892.  He  was  married,  in  1873,  to  Agnes, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone,  M. P.  Address:  The  Deanery, 
Lincoln. 

WILBERFORCE,  Canon  Albert 
Basil  Orme,  famous  as  an  advocate  of 
temperance  and  latterly  as  an  eloquent 
preacher,  is  a  son  of  the  late  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  and  was  educated  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1865,  M.A.  in  1867,  D.D.  in  1894.  After 
taking  Orders,  he  was  Curate  of  Cuddes- 
don  between  1866-67 ;  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Oxford,  1866-70  ;  Curate  of  St. 
Jude,  Southsea,  1861-71  ;  Chaplain  to  his 
father  at  Winchester,  1870-73 ;  and  from 
1871  to  1894  Rector  of  St.  Mary's,  South- 
ampton, a  fine  church  built  by  him  as  a 
memorial  to  his  father  in  March  1894.  He 
was  appointed,  in  1894,  to  a  Canonry  at 
Westminster,  to  which  appertains  the  In- 
cumbency of  St.  John's,  Westminster.  He 
was  appointed  Chaplain  to  the  Speaker  in 
1896,  and  Select  Preacher  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  in  1897.  In  1898  he 
published  "Sermons  Preached  in  West- 
minster Abbey."  Address  :  20  Dean's 
Yard,  Westminster  Abbey,  S.W. 


-WILBERFORCE,  The  Bight  Bev. 
Ernest  Roland,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter, is  the  third  surviving  son  of  the  late 
Right  Rev.  Samuel  Wilberforce,  succes- 
sively Bishop  of  Oxford  and  of  Win- 
chester, by  Emily,  eldest  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Sargent  of 
Lavington  House,  near  Petworth,  Sussex. 
His  lordship  was  born  at  Brighstone,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  Jan.  22,  1840,  and  educated 
at  Harrow  and  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.  1864,  M.A.  1867,  D.D.  1882).  He 
was  ordained  Deacon  in  1864  by  his  father, 
as  Curate  of  Cuddesdon,  Oxfordshire  ;  and 
was  admitted  with  Priest's  orders  by  him 
in  the  following  year.  In  1866  he  was 
appointed  Rector  of  Middleton  Stoney, 
Oxfordshire ;  but  he  resigned  the  living  in 
1869,  and  became  Domestic  Chaplain  to 
his  father.  He  was  appointed  by  Mr. 
Gladstone  Vicar  of  Seaforth,  near  Liver- 
pool, in  1873  ;  and  was  nominated  to  a 
Canonry  in  Winchester  Cathedral,  with 
mission  work  attached  to  it,  in  1878.  He 
held  the  post  of  Sub-Almoner  to  her 
Majesty  from  1878  till  1882,  when  he  was 
appointed  first  Bishop  of  the  newly-created 
see  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  In  1895  he 
was  appointed  Bishop  of  Chichester.  His 
lordship  married  (1),  in  1863,  Frances, 
daughter  of  Sir  Charles  Anderson,  Bart, 
(she  died  1870),  and  (2),  in  1874,  Emily, 
only  daughter  of  the  late  Very  Rev.  George 
Henry  Connor,  Dean  of  Windsor,  and  has 
issue,  by  his  second  marriage,  three  sons 
and  three  daughters.  Address :  The  Palace, 
Chichester. 

WILDE,  Henry,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at 
Manchester,  Jan.  19,  1833.  His  tastes  led 
him  in  early  life  to  engage  in  electro-me- 
chanical pursuits,  and  enabled  him,  in 
1858-64,  to  make  some  improvements  in 
lightning  conductors  and  electric  tele- 
graphs, for  which  he  obtained  several 
patents.  In  1864  he  made  the  discovery 
that  quantities  of  magnetism  and  elec- 
tricity, indefinitely  small,  will  induce 
quantities  of  these  forces  indefinitely 
great.  To  demonstrate  this  principle  he 
constructed  in  1865  an  electro-magnetic 
induction  machine,  or  "dynamo,"  as 
the  machine  is  now  known,  the  electro- 
magnet of  which  was  excited  by  an 
initial  amount  of  magnetism  sufficient  to 
sustain  a  weight  of  forty  pounds  only, 
while  the  electro-magnet  was  excited  to  a 
degree  estimated  to  sustain  a  weight  of 
25  tons.  The  electric  current  generated 
from  this  machine  fused  a  rod  of  platinum 
two  feet  long  and  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  produced  from  carbon  points 
a  powerful  electric  light  for  the  first  time 
from  a  dynamo-electric  machine.  (Proceed- 
ings of  the  Royal  Society,  1866  ;  Philosophical 
Transactions,  1867.)    In  1868  he  discovered 


WILHELMINA  —  WILKIN 


1167 


the  property  of  the  alternating  current  to 
control  and  render  synchronous  the  rota- 
tions of  the  armatures  of  a  number  of 
magneto-electric  or  "  dynamo  "  machines, 
by  which  their  united  effect  can  be  ob- 
tained  without    the    use  of    mechanical 
gearing.      {Philosophical   Magazine,   1869.) 
This  property  is  an  essential  feature  in  the 
great  hydro-electric  installations  at   Nia- 
gara, Geneva,  and  other  central  stations 
where  alternating  dynamos  are  established. 
Through  his  various  inventions  he  success- 
fully applied  his  discoveries  to  the  pro- 
duction  and  employment  of   the  electric 
searchlight  in  the  Royal  Navy,  as  a  pro- 
tection  against   torpedoes   and  for  other 
purposes ;  in  which  branch  of  the  service, 
after  lengthened   trials    at    Spithead    in 
1874-75,  by  a  joint  War  Office  and  Ad- 
miralty   Committee,     it     was     definitely 
adopted.      His    methods     of     producing, 
regulating,  and  projecting  electric  light 
have  also  been  utilised  in  the  navigation 
of  the  Suez   Canal  during  the  night,  by 
which  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  canal 
has  been  nearly  doubled.     He  has  also 
largely  applied  his  discoveries  and  inven- 
tions for  generating  electricity  to  the  elec- 
tro-deposition and  refining  of  metals  from 
their  solutions  (1867-80),  which  have  super- 
seded the  voltaic  battery  in  the  electro- 
plating industries  of  the  world,  to  the  great 
advantage  of   the  health  and  comfort  of 
the  operatives  employed  therein.     In  1878 
he  discovered  some  remarkable  multiple 
relations  among  the  atomic  weights  of  the 
natural  groups    of    elements.      The    new 
atomic   relations    bear    a    much    closer 
resemblance    to     homologous     series    in 
organic  chemistry  than  had  hitherto  been 
observed ;   and  j  ust   as  Liebig   predicted 
the  existence  of  the  homologous  series  of 
amides,  and  the  properties  of  their  com- 
pounds ten  years  before  they  were  actually 
discovered,   so  the  missing  members  of 
homologous   series  of  elements  have  also 
been  predicted.     (Proceedings  and  Memoirs 
of  the  Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society,   1878-86.)      Mr.    Wilde   has  been 
engaged    in  important  experimental    re- 
searches in  terrestrial  magnetism,  and  by 
his  invention  of   the    magnetarium    has 
succeeded    in  reproducing   the  principal 
phenomena  of  the  earth's  magnetism,  and 
the  secular  changes  of  the  variation  of  the 
mariner's   compass  for  a  period  of  three 
centuries.        (Proceedings     Royal    Society, 
1890-94.)    He  has  also  made  other  con- 
tributions to  theoretical  and  experimental 
physics,  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine,  and 
in  the  Proceedings  and  Memoirs  of  the  Man- 
chester Literary  and  Philosophical  Society. 
On  the  expiration  of  the  several  patents 
for  his  inventions  relating  to  the  genera- 
tion of    electricity  he  retired  from  the 
exercise  of    his   profession   of    electrical 


engineer,  which  style  and  title  he  was  the 
first  to  adopt.  He  takes  an  active  interest 
in  the  advancement  of  science  and  the 
higher  education,  and  has  given  substantial 
aid  to  institutions  for  the  promotion  of 
these  objects.  For  his  discovery  of  the 
indefinite  increase  of  the  magnetic  and 
electric  forces  from  quantities  indefinitely 
small,  the  Executive  Council  of  the  Inter- 
national Inventions  Exhibition,  London, 
1885,  awarded  him  a  medal  of  honour, 
although  not  an  exhibitor.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  Past  President  of  the 
Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society,  and  one  of  the  governing  body 
of  the  Victoria  University  and  the  Owens 
College,  Manchester.  Address  :  The  Hurst, 
Alderley  Edge,  Cheshire. 

WILHELMINA,    Helene   Pauline 
Marie,    Queen   of   the    Netherlands, 

the  only  child  of  King  William  III.,  by 
Queen  Emma,  his  second  wife,  sister  to 
the  Duchess  of  Albany,  was  born  at  La 
Haye  on  Aug.  31,  1880,  and  succeeded  to 
the  throne,  on  the  death  of  her  father, 
on  Nov.  23,  1890,  her  mother  having 
shortly  before,  in  consequence  of  the 
King's  illness,  been  appointed  Queen 
Regent.  Accompanied  by  her  mother,  she 
visited  this  country  some  years  ago,  and 
spent  several  weeks  in  London,  during 
which  she  visited  the  more  important 
museums  and  public  buildings  of  the 
metropolis.  In  April  1898  the  young- 
Queen  and  her  mother,  the  Queen  Regent, 
visited  Paris,  where  a  very  favourable 
opinion  was  formed  of  the  youthful  sove- 
reign. On  August  31  of  last  year  she 
reached  her  eighteenth  birthday,  and  thus, 
according  to  Dutch  law,  attained  her 
majority.  She  made  her  State  entry  into 
Amsterdam  on  September  6,  and  on  the 
following  day  she  assumed  her  regal  re- 
sponsibilities in  the  Nieuwe  Kerk,  wherein 
were  gathered  a  brilliant  and  representa- 
tive assembly.  Queen  Wilhelmina  pos- 
sesses simple  tastes,  is  an  accomplished 
linguist,  and  an  experienced  horsewoman. 

"WILKIN,     Sir     Walter     Henry, 

K.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  was  born  in  1842,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1875.  He  was  elected  Alderman  of  the 
Lime  Street  Ward,  in  the  City  of  London, 
in  1888,  served  the  office  of  Sheriff  in  1892, 
and  was  Lord  Mayor  from  1895  to  1896. 
He  is  the  head  of  the  firm  of  David  Wilkin 
and  Co.,  yeast  importers,  was  knighted  in 
1893,  and  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1896; 
he  is  also  a  Knight  Commander  of  several 
foreign  orders.  In  1896,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  Hungarian  Millennial  Exhibition  at 
Budapest,  Sir  W.  Wilkin  warmly  interested 
himself  in  the  matter,  and  originated  a 
Mansion  House  committee,  which  materi- 


1168 


WILKIN'S  —  WILKINSON 


ally  assisted  the  objects  of  the  under- 
taking, and  to  which  he  gave  his  strong 
support.  In  April  1897  the  Emperor  of 
Austria,  through  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Ambassador,  Count  Deym,  sent  his  best 
and  sincerest  thanks  to  Sir  Walter  Wilkin, 
and  expressed  his  conviction  that  to  him 
was  principally  due  the  numerous  atten- 
dance of  British  visitors  at  Budapest  at 
the  time  of  the  exhibition.  Address  :  43 
Gloucester  Square,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

"WILKINS,  Mary  E.,  author,  was 
born  at  Brattleborough,  Vermont,  and  was 
left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  but  was 
fortunately  not  thereby  reduced  to  struggle 
for  existence.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  she 
won  a  prize  of  fifty  dollars  offered  by  a 
Boston  paper  for  a  children's  story.  Her 
principal  tales  of  New  England  life  are  : 
"Pembroke,"  "Jane  Field,"  "A  New  Eng- 
land Nun,"  "  Young  Lucretia,"  "  Madelon," 
"A  Humble  Romance"  (perhaps  her  best 
book),  "A  Faraway  Melody,"  "A  Pot  of 
Honey,"  "Jerome,"  1897;  and  "Silence 
and  other  Stories, "  1898.  She  travels  much 
in  the  States,  and  enjoys  the  society  of 
cultured  Bostonians.  She  has  been  de- 
scribed, by  perhaps  rather  enthusiastic 
admirers,  as  "  the  American  Loti,"  but  the 
comparison  is  not  quite  fair  to  either 
writer.     Address  :  Randolph,  Mass. 

"WILKINSON,  Trie  Eight  Rev. 
George  Howard,  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
was  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.  1855,  MA.  1859).  He  was  curate  of 
Kensington,  1857-59  ;  perpetual  curate  of 
Seaham  Harbour,  1859-63  ;  and  of  Auck- 
land, Durham,  1863-67.  In  1867  he  was 
appointed  incumbent  of  St.  Peter's,  Great 
Windmill  Street,  London,  and  in  1870  he 
became  vicar  of  St.  Peter's,  Eaton  Square. 
He  was  also  an  Honorary  Canon  of  Truro 
Cathedral,  and  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  that  diocese.  He  was  Select 
Preacher  at  Oxford,  1879-81.  In  January 
1883  he  was  appointed  to  the  See  of  Truro, 
which  had  become  vacant  by  the  promo- 
tion of  Dr.  Benson  to  the  Archbishopric 
of  Canterbury,  and  he  was  consecrated  by 
the  new  Primate  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
on  April  25.  On  Feb.  9,  1893,  he  was 
elected  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Dunkeld, 
and  Dunblane.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
works  on  devotional  and  other  religious  sub- 
jects, some  of  which  have  passed  through 
very  numerous  editions.  He  married,  in 
1857,  a  daughter  of  Lieut.-Colonel  Benfield 
des  Vosux.  This  lady  died  in  1877.  Ad- 
dresses :  Grigmorr,  Birnam,  Perthshire ; 
and  Athenseum. 

"WILKINSON,  James  John  Garth, 

F.R.G.S.,  eldest  son  of  James  John  Wilkin- 
son, of  Durham,   born  in  Acton   Street, 


Gray's  Inn  Lane,  London,  on  June  3,  1812, 
was  educated  at  a  private  school  at  Mill 
Hill,  and  Totteridge,  Herts.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  profession  of  medicine,  but 
from  the  first  was  "an  unwilling  medical 
student."  He  was  the  friend  of  Emerson, 
whom  he  profoundly  impressed.  In  "  Re- 
presentative Men  "  Emerson  refers  to  him 
thus  :  "  He  (Swedenborg)  has  at  last  found 
a  pupil  in  Mr.  Wilkinson,  in  London,  a 
philosophic  critic,  with  a  coequal  vigour  of 
understanding  and  imagination  compar- 
able only  to  Lord  Bacon's,  who  has  pro- 
duced his  master's  buried  books  to  the 
day,  and  transferred  them,  with  every 
advantage,  from  their  forgotten  Latin  into 
English,  to  go  round  the  world  in  our 
commercial  and  conquering  tongue.  This 
startling  reappearance  of  Swedenborg, 
after  a  hundred  years,  in  his  pupil,  is  not 
the  least  remarkable  fact  in  his  history." 
The  works  referred  to  are  Swedenborg's 
scientific  works,  or  "Animal  Kingdom," 
which  amount  to  about  half  his  writings. 
"The  admirable  preliminary  discourses," 
continues  Emerson,  "  with  which  Mr.  Wil- 
kinson has  enriched  these  volumes,  throw 
all  the  contemporary  philosophy  in  Eng- 
land into  shade,  and  leave  me  nothing  to 
say  on  their  proper  grounds."  He  trans- 
lated Swedenborg's  "Animal  Kingdom," 
1843-44,  and  has  written  "  Swedenborg  : 
a  Biography,"  1849;  "The  Human  Body 
and  its  Connection  with  Man,"  1851 ;  "The 
Ministry  of  Health,"  about  1856;  "Un- 
licensed Medicine,"  a  pamphlet ;  "  Im- 
provisations from  the  Spirit,"  1857 ;  "  On 
the  Cure,  Arrest,  and  Isolation  of  Small- 
pox, by  a  New  Method  ;  and  on  the  Local 
Treatment  of  Erysipelas,  and  all  Internal 
Inflammations;  with  a  Postscript  on  Medi- 
cal Freedom,"  1864;  "Our  Social  Health," 
1865 ;  also  "  Human  Science,  Good  and 
Evil,  and  its  Works,  and  Divine  Revela- 
tion and  its  Works  and  Sciences,"  1876  ; 
"  The  Greater  Origins  and  Issues  of  Life 
and  Death,"  1885;  "Revelation,  Myth- 
ology, Correspondences,"  1887;  "Oannes 
according  to  Berosus :  a  Studv  in  the 
Church  of  the  Ancients,"  1888 ;  "  The 
Soul  is  Form  and  doth  the  Body  Make : 
Chapters  in  Psychology,"  1890;  "The 
African,"  1891;  "Epidemic  Man  and  his 
Visitations,"  1892;  "The  New  Jerusalem 
and  the  Old  Jerusalem,  the  Place  and 
Service  of  the  Jewish  Church  among  the 
Sons  of  Revelation,"  "  Swedenborg  among 
the  Doctors,"  and  "The  Combats  and 
Victories  of  Jesus  Christ,"  1896;  "The 
Affections  of  Armed  Powers  :  a  Plea  for  a 
School  of  Little  Nations,"  and  "  The  Book 
of  Edda  called  Vbluspii:  its  Scriptural  and 
Spiritual  Correspondence,"  1897. 

"WILKINSON,    The    Bight    Rev. 
Thomas,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 


WILKS  —  WILLAKD 


1169 


of  Hexham  and  Newcastle.  He  is  the  son 
of  George  Hntton  Wilkinson,  Esq.,  Re- 
corder of  Newcastle,  and  its  first  County 
Court  Judge,  who  married  Miss  Elizabeth 
Jane  Pearson,  heiress  of  Harperley  Park, 
a  large  estate  in  the  county  of  Durham. 
He  was  born  at  Harperley  on  April  5,  1825. 
His  early  education  was  in  the  house  of 
the  Eector  of  Ovingham,  on  the  river 
Tyne,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  he  went 
to  Harrow.  Having  finished  his  studies 
there  he  spent  four  years  at  the  University 
of  Durham.  His  intention  then  was  to 
take  orders  in  the  Church  of  England, 
and  he  joined  a  community  of  young  men 
preparing  for  orders  at  the  Church  of  St. 
Saviour's,  in  Leeds.  After  many  doubts 
as  to  his  religious  position,  unsatisfied  by 
the  arguments  of  Dr.  Pusey  and  others 
whom  he  consulted,  he,  with  several  of  his 
companions  at  St.  Saviour's,  was  received 
into  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church  on  Dec. 
29,  1846.  After  a  course  of  theological 
studies  at  Oscott  he  was  ordained  priest 
at  Ushaw  College,  near  Durham,  on  Dec. 
23,  1848.  From  that  time  till  1871  he  led 
an  uneventful  life  of  constant  toil  among 
a  mining  population,  first  at  Wolsingham, 
then  at  Crook,  both  places  in  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  of  his  father's  estate. 
In  1865  he  was  elected  Canon  of  the 
Chapter  of  Hexham.  At  length,  in  1871, 
owing  to  the  constant  labours  of  his  mis- 
sionary life,  his  health  broke  down,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  seek  absolute  rest. 
In  1887  his  health  having  been  partially 
restored,  he  was  again  brought  to  the 
front.  Dr.  Bewick,  Bishop  of  Hexham 
and  Newcastle,  had  died  in  1886,  and 
Provost  Consitt,  the  Vicar-Capitular,  was 
administrator  of  the  diocese  during  the 
vacancy  in  July  1887.  In  the  election  of 
a  successor  to  the  latter  the  unanimous 
choice  of  the  Chapter  fell  on  Canon 
Wilkinson,  who  from  that  time  governed 
the  diocese  till  the  arrival  of  the  new 
bishop.  Dr.  O'Callaghan,  in  March  1888, 
becoming  then  Vicar-General  and  Provost 
of  the  Chapter.  In  consequence  of  the 
feeble  health  of  Dr.  O'Callaghan,  Provost 
Wilkinson  was  in  May  1888  appointed  by 
the  Pope  Bishop-Auxiliary  with  admini- 
strative powers,  and  was  consecrated  at 
Ushaw  College  on  July  25.  On  the  re- 
signation of  Dr.  O'Callaghan  he  was  made 
Bishop  of  Hexham  and  Newcastle,  and 
was  enthroned  in  his  Cathedral  Church  at 
Newcastle  on  Feb.  18,  1890.  Since  1890 
he  has  been  President  of  St.  Cuthbert's 
College,  Ushaw,  and  this  is  his  permanent 
address. 

WILKS,  Sir  Samuel,  Bart.,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  late  President  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  born  at  Camber- 
well,  June  2,  1824,  is  the  second  son  of 


Joseph  Barber  Wilks,  Treasurer  of  the 
East  India  Company.  He  was  educated 
at  University  College,  London.  He  was 
created  M.D.  of  the  London  University  in 
1850,  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  in  1856,  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1870,  Physician  to  Guy's 
Hospital  and  Lecturer  on  Medicine,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Pathological  Society,  a 
Member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University 
of  London  and  of  the  General  Medical 
Council,  President  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians,  Physician  Extraordinary  to 
the  Queen,  and  Physician  to  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Connaught.  Sir  Samuel  Wilks 
is  the  author  of  "Lectures  on  Pathological 
Anatomy,"  and  "Lectures  on  Diseases  of 
the  Nervous  System,"  and  a  "Biographical 
History  of  Guy's  Hospital."  He  was 
formerly  for  many  years  editor  of  the 
"Guy's  Hospital  Reports."  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  Medical  Commission  on  the 
Contagious  Diseases  Act,  1868  ;  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Contagious 
Diseases  Act,  1871  ;  was  formerly  Exa- 
miner in  Medicine  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  and  at  the  University  of 
London.  Dr.  Wilks  has  contributed  papers 
on  Alcoholism  and  Vivisection  to  the  Con- 
temporary Review  and  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
He  delivered  the  Harveian  Oration  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  June  26,  1879. 
He  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1897,  and  in 
March  1899  was  succeeded  in  the  Pre- 
sidency of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
by  Dr.  William  Selby  Church.  Address  : 
72  Grosvenor  Street,  W. 

WILLARD,  E.  S.,  was  born  at 
Brighton  in  1853,  and  from  an  early  age 
was  bent  on  becoming  an  actor.  His 
family  had  a  certain  old-fashioned  horror 
of  the  theatre,  and  it  was  with  much 
difficulty  that  the  stage-struck  boy  induced 
them  to  let  him  enter  upon  a  dramatic 
career.  Mr.  Willard  obtained  his  first 
engagement  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Wey- 
mouth, and  served  an  orthodox  seven 
years'  apprenticeship  as  a  "stock"  actor, 
playing  every  imaginable  part  from  Mac- 
beth to  Claude  Melnotte.  During  this 
period  of  his  life  he  met  Mr.  Sothern  at 
Glasgow,  and  went  on  tour  with  him, 
playing  Captain  de  Boots  in  "  Dun- 
dreary Married  and  Settled,"  Sir  Edward 
Trenchard  in  "Our  American  Cousin," 
and  Mr.  Smith  in  ' '  David  Garrick."  On 
Boxing  Day,  1875,  he  made  his  firi-t 
appearance  before  a  London  audience,  at 
Covent  Garden,  as  Alfred  Highflyer  in 
"A  Roland  for  an  Oliver."  He  was  then 
for  some  years  in  the  country,  played  a 
variety  of  parts,  and  fell  in  with  such 
actors  as  Charles  Mathews,  Phelps,  Toole, 
Helen  Faucit,  and  Barry  Sullivan.  In 
1881  he  returned  to  London,  and  took  part 

4  K 


1170 


WILLETT  —  WILLIAM 


with  Miss  Helen  Barry  in  a  series  of 
matinees  at  the  Imperial  Theatre.  In  the 
September  of  that  year  he  was  engaged 
to  play  Clifford  Armytage  in  "The  Lights 
of  London,"  at  the  Princess's.  This  was 
"  the  first  of  the  long  series  of  gentle- 
manly villains  that  promised  to  claim  Mr. 
Willard  as  their  perpetual  impersonator." 
He  next  played  Philip  Royston  in  "  The 
Romany  Rye,"  and  the  Spider  in  "The 
Silver  King "  at  the  same  theatre,  Mr. 
Wilson  Barrett  taking  the  title-role  in  the 
latter  play.  This  latter  part  made  Mr. 
Willard  famous  ;  and  he  followed  it  up  by 
such  notable  impersonations  as  the  wicked 
lawyer  in  "Hoodman  Blind,"  the  title-role 
in  "Jim  the  Penman,"  and  Geoffrey  Dela- 
mayn  in  "Man  and  Wife."  In  1888  Mr. 
Willard  became  lessee  of  the  Shaftesbury 
Theatre,  and  as  an  "  actor  -  manager  " 
achieved  a  popular  success  in  Mr.  Henry 
Arthur  Jones's  "Middleman,"  in  which 
play  he  created  the  part  of  Cyrus  Blen- 
karn,  the  potter.  "  The  Middleman  "  was 
succeeded  by  two  other  notable  plays, 
"Dick  Venables"  and  "Judah,"  in  both 
of  which  Mr.  Willard  appeared  in  the  title- 
role.  On  Nov.  10,  1890,  Mr.  Willard, 
having  taken  an  engagement  under  Mr. 
A.  M.  Palmer,  the  New  York  manager, 
appeared  in  "  The  Middleman  "  at  Palmer's 
Theatre,  N.Y.  Between  this  year  and 
1894  he  made  three  consecutive  tours  in 
the  United  States,  adding  Hamlet  to  his 
repertory  at  Boston  in  October  1893,  and 
■bringing  out  "John  Needham's  Double," 
by  Joseph  Hatton,  "Wealth,"  by  Henry 
Arthur  Jones,  "A  Fool's  Paradise,"  by 
Sydney  Grundy,  and  "  The  Professor's 
Love  Story,"  by  J.  M.  Barrie.  In  the 
summer  of  1894  he  returned  to  London, 
and  brought  out  the  latter  play  at  the 
Comedy  and  then  at  the  Garrick  Theatre, 
where  it  enjoyed  a  long  run.  At  the  same 
theatre,  in  August  1895,  he  appeared  in 
"Alabama.'  He  pays  constant  profes- 
sional visits  to  the  States,  and  has  lately 
been  in  Australia  for  a  considerable  time. 

WILLETT,  Alfred,  F.R.C.S.,  received 
his  medical  education  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  at  which  he  is  now  Surgeon 
and  Demonstrator  of  Practical  Surgery 
and  joint  Lecturer  on  Surgery,  as  well 
as  Warden  of  the  College.  He  became 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
Eng.,  in  1862,  Member  of  Council  in  1887, 
and  was  Vice-President  in  1897,  when  he 
delivered  the  Bradshaw  Lectures  on  "  The 
Correction  of  certain  Deformities  by  Opera- 
tive Measures  upon  Bones."  He  is  Surgeon 
to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  for  Lunatics,  and  to 
the  Evelina  Hospital,  Fellow  of  the  Roy. 
Med.  Chir.  Soc,  &c,  and  has  been  Exa- 
miner in  Surgery  at  the  University  of 
Cambridge    and    the    Royal    College    of 


Physicians.  He  has  contributed  papers 
on  cases  of  malformation  to  the  Trans. 
Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc.  Address :  36  Wim- 
pole  Street,  W. 

WILLIAM  II.,  Frederick  William 
Victor  Albert,  King  of  Prussia  and 
Emperor  of  Germany,  is  the  grandson 
of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  England, 
being  the  son  of  the  Empress  Frederick. 
He  was  born  in  Berlin,  Jan.  27,  1859  ;  was 
educated  at  Cassel,  and  passed  through 
the  ordinary  discipline  of  that  establish- 
ment until  1877,  when  he  entered  the 
University  of  Bonn.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  the  late 
Emperor  Frederick,  June  15,  1888.  His 
Majesty  was  married  in  Berlin,  Feb.  27, 
1881,  to  Augusta  Victoria,  Duchess  de 
Sleswig  -  Holstein  -  Sonderbourg  -  Augusten- 
bourg,  a  niece  of  Prince  Christian,  and 
has  six  children.  In  August  1889,  and 
again  in  1890,  the  Emperor  paid  a  visit 
to  the  Queen  at  Osborne.  On  his  return 
to  Berlin  in  1889  he  received  visits  from 
the  King  of  Sweden,  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, the  King  of  Italy,  the  Emperor  of 
Austria,  and  the  Czar  of  Russia.  Sub- 
sequently he  visited  Athens,  to  be  present 
at  the  marriage  of  his  sister,  the  Princess 
Sophie,  to  the  Crown  Prince  of  Greece, 
thence  he  proceeded  to  Constantinople 
on  a  visit  to  the  Sultan.  In  1891  he  paid 
state  visits  to  Heligoland  and  to  Amster- 
dam, and  then  crossed  to  England  accom- 
panied by  the  Empress.  In  July  the 
Imperial  pair  were  splendidly  entertained 
in  London  and  the  country,  and  the 
Emperor  was  presented  with  the  Freedom 
of  the  City.  In  1892  the  Emperor  met  the 
late  Czar  at  Kiel,  and  the  interviews  were 
of  a  cordial  character.  In  July  the  Emperor 
visited  Norway,  and  took  part  in  a  whaling 
expedition,  and  in  the  autumn  he  visited 
Cowes  and  took  part  in  the  yachting  com- 
petition, at  the  same  time  visiting  the 
Queen  at  Osborne.  In  October  he  paid  a 
visit  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria.     In  April 

1893  he  attended  the  silver  wedding  of 
the  King  and  Queen  of  Italy,  and  paid  a 
visit  to  Leo  XIII.  In  the  summer  he 
crossed  to  Cowes  and  won  the  Queen's 
Cup.  During  1894  he  visited  the  King  of 
Italy  at  Venice,  and  in  April  paid  a  friendly 
visit  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria.    In  August 

1894  he  came  to  Cowes,  but  was  not,  as 
before,  victorious  in  the  race  for  the 
Queen's  Cup.  He  afterwards  visited  Alder- 
shot,  and  was  present  at  a  sham  fight. 
While  at  Aldershot  he  called  on  the  ex- 
Empress  of  the  French.  On  Oct.  26,  1894, 
the  Emperor  accepted  the  resignation  of 
Count  von  Caprivi,  whom  he  had  himself 
chosen  to  succeed  Bismarck.  The  Emperor 
is,  indeed,  in  no  sense  dependent  on  par- 
ticular ministers.      He  aims  at  personal 


WILLIAM 


1171 


government  in  a  manner  unusual  in  this 
age  of  constitutionalism.  Thus  he  has 
initiated  many  laws,  notably  those  for  the 
repression  of  drunkenness  and  immorality, 
brought  before  the  Reichstag  in  1892 ;  and 
in  his  frequent  speeches  to  the  army  or  to 
his  subjects  he  has  shown  himself  a  con- 
scious imitator  and  ardent  admirer  of  his 
warlike  and  despotic  ancestry.  In  a  famous 
and  characteristically  Prussian  speech,  de- 
livered in  1892  at  the  annual  banquet  of 
the  Brandenburg  Diet,  he  urged  all  grum- 
blers against  him  and  his  government  to 
shake  the  dust  of  the  Fatherland  off  their 
feet  as  soon  as  possible,  and  at  the  same 
time  reaffirmed  his  determination  to  press 
forward  "on  the  path  Heaven  had  laid  out 
for  him,"  knowing  that  "He,  our  old  ally 
of  Rossbach  and  Dennewitz,  will  not  now 
leave  me  in  the  lurch."  On  a  subsequent 
occasion  he  urged  the  sons  of  Prussia  to 
"  trustfully  await  the  results  which  I  may 
succeed  in  achieving  in  the  course  of  the 
toilsome  years  to  come."  The  Emperor,  in 
addition  to  being  a  firm  governor,  is  a  man 
of  the  most  varied  interests  and  activities. 
In  1890  he  inaugurated  an  International 
Labour  Conference.  In  1892  he  interested 
himself  in  Primary  Education,  and  intro- 
duced a  Primary  Education  Bill,  which  he 
afterwards  abandoned  in  the  face  of  vio- 
lent popular  opposition.  In  1893  he  let 
it  be  plainly  understood  that  he  intended 
the  new  Army  Bill  to  become  law.  Army 
matters  naturally  interest  him  more  than 
any  others.  He  has  constantly  issued 
orders  of  the  day  to  the  army,  or  made 
them  speeches  tending  to  keep  up  an  in- 
tensely martial  spirit  among  them.  A 
typical  rescript  (January  1895)  bids  them 
crown  the  standards  of  certain  regiments 
engaged  in  the  Franco-German  war  with 
oak  leaves  on  public  occasions.  But  he 
is  at  bottom  no  hater  of  France  or  con- 
demner  of  things  French.  At  the  time 
of  President  Carnot's  death  he  showed  his 
sincere  sympathy  with  France  by  setting 
free  two  French  officers  imprisoned  as 
spies  in  German  fortresses,  and  he  is  re- 
ported to  be  a  constant  reader  of  French 
literature.  German  colonial  politics  have 
partially  engrossed  his  attention  during 
recent  years.  In  1890  he  personally  took 
possession  of  Heligoland,  ceded  to  him 
by  England,  and  considered  it  of  great 
strategic  importance.  He  has  also  con- 
cluded commercial  treaties  with  Austria, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  and  other  powers.  To 
the  cause  of  German  culture,  especially 
science,  he  has  been  a  liberal  patron,  and 
in  recent  years  has  ennobled  many  pro- 
minent scientific  men.  He  is  a  good 
violinist,  and  has  composed  a  song,  "  Sang 
an  .ffigir,"  which  has  had  an  enormous  sale. 
He  has  even  ventured  into  the  domain  of 
theology,  and  has  published  a  collection  of 


sermons  delivered  by  him  to  the  men  of 
his  yacht,  Hohenzollcrn,  and  in  February 
1892  he  presented  a  richly-bound  copy  of 
the  same  to  the  Pope.  In  January  1895 
the  Emperor  delivered  a  speech  at  a  parlia- 
mentary soiree  on  the  necessity  for  enlarg- 
ing the  navy,  a  subject  very  near  his 
heart.  In  the  following  month  he  read 
an  address  to  the  Military  Association  of 
Berlin,  referring'  particularly  to  the  need 
for  co-operation  between  land  and  sea 
forces,  and  again  emphasising  the  need  of 
an  enlarged  navy,  especially  with  reference 
to  the  equipment  of  cruisers.  The  Emperor 
showed  his  interest  in  the  agricultural 
movement  by  his  severe  reproval  of  a  de- 
putation of  the  Agrarian  League  for  their 
methods  of  agitation,  and  by  a  promise  that, 
if  their  tactics  were  changed,  he  would 
take  a  fatherly  interest  in  them.  He  visited 
Cowes  for  the  regatta  week  in  August, 
being  attended  by  a  squadron  of  the  Ger- 
man navy.  In  January  1896,  subsequent 
to  the  defeat  and  capture  of  Dr.  Jameson 
in  the  lamentable  fiasco  in  the  Transvaal, 
the  Emperor  caused  much  ill-feeling  in  this 
country  by  sending  a  congratulatory  and 
laudatory  telegram  to  President  Kriiger 
on  the  political  situation.  The  relations 
between  England  and  Germany  were,  for 
a  time,  somewhat  strained.  In  April  1896 
the  Emperor  made  state  visits  to  King 
Humbert  at  Venice  and  the  Emperor 
Francis  Josef  at  Vienna,  being  warmly 
received  on  both  occasions.  A  rumour 
that  the  Emperor  intended  to  visit  Cowes 
for  the  regatta  caused  much  angry  demon- 
stration in  the  Berlin  journals.  Dining 
at  Brandenburg,  the  Emperor  made  an 
important  speech,  in  which,  in  an  unmis- 
takable manner,  he  showed  himself  to  be 
a  socialist.  He  asserted  that  his  great 
object  was  to  continue  the  work  of  his 
grandfather,  and  bind  closer  the  threads 
which  knit  the  empire,  and  declared  that 
he,  the  Emperor,  would  clasp  hands  with 
any  man,  be  he  workman  or  other,  pro- 
vided he  were  willing  to  assist  his  king  in 
so  great  a  work.  In  April  the  Emperor 
paid  a  semi-state  visit  to  Vienna,  where 
he  was  again  well  received  by  the  Emperor 
Francis  Josef,  and  the  populace.  On  his 
return  journey  he  was  present  at  the  birth- 
day celebrations  of  the  King  of  Saxony. 
The  Berlin  journals  quite  gratuitously 
gave  this  visit  to  Vienna  a  momentous 
political  significance,  which  subsequent 
events  have  shown  to  be  unwarranted.  It 
was  stated  that  as  the  visit  was  paid  on 
the  eve  of  the  Austrian  Emperor's  de- 
parture for  St.  Petersburg,  clear  evidence 
was  furnished  of  identity  of  aim  between 
the  three  powers  with  regard  to  the 
Eastern  Question.  On  August  25  the 
Emperor  unveiled,  with  great  ceremony, 
a  statue  of  the  Emperor  William   I.  at 


1172 


WILLIAMS 


Magdeburg.  He  visited  Kiel  on  December 
15,  1897,  for  the  purpose  of  bidding  fare- 
well to  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia  on  his 
departure  for  China.  This  event  was  the 
occasion  of  a  remarkable  speech  relative 
to  German  commerce  and  German  out- 
posts generally.  During  September  and 
October  1898  extensive  preparations  were 
made  for  the  Emperor's  proposed  visit  to 
Palestine.  The  imperial  party  arrived  in 
Turkey  in  the  early  days  of  October,  and 
were  welcomed  with  great  iclat,  and  many 
brilliant  scenes  were  enacted  during  the 
progress  of  the  visit,  which  had  the  tempo- 
rary effect  of  drawing  together  the  two 
military  despotisms,  of  which  Kaiser  and 
Sultan  "  are  the  respective  heads.  The 
ostensible  object  of  the  pilgrimage  was  to 
lay  the  foundation  stone  of  a  Lutheran 
church  at  Jerusalem,  for  which  purpose 
the  German  Gustavus  Adolphus  Society 
placed  30,000  marks  at  the  Emperor's  dis- 
posal. On  October  25  the  Imperial  cortege 
entered  Jerusalem,  and  spent  days  visiting 
the  various  places  of  interest  about  the 
city.  The  church  was  consecrated  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  21st  with  much  solemnity, 
and  the  spectacle  was  said  to  be  one  of 
the  most  impressive  in  modern  times. 
The  Emperor  and  party  left  Damascus  on 
Nov.  5,  1898,  and  travelling  via  Malta  and 
Crete  returned  overland  to  Potsdam.  In 
the  summer  of  1899  the  Emperor  empha- 
sised his  desire  to  visit  Paris  during  the 
French  Exhibition  of  1900  by  visiting  a 
French  man-of-war  and  commenting  eulo- 
gistically  on  the  French  navy. 

"WILLIAMS,  Charles,  "  the  doyen  of 
the  Press,"  as  he  has  been  called,  was 
born  at  Coleraine,  Ireland,  May  4,  1838, 
of  a  family  originally  of  Penrhyn  and 
Worcestershire.  He  was  educated  at 
Belfast  Academy  under  Dr.  Bryce,  and 
at  Greenwich  under  Dr.  Goodwin,  and  was 
appointed  leader-writer  and  reviewer  on 
the  Evening  Herald  in  1859.  He  became 
a  special  correspondent  of  the  Standard  in 
October  1859,  and  was  senior  special  corre- 
spondent of  that  journal  till  Jan.  1,  1870, 
when  he  accepted  the  first  editorship  of 
the  Evening  Standard,  but  he  resigned  in 
1872  to  resume  his  old  post.  He  retired 
from  the  Standard  in  1884  in  consequence 
of  a  change  of  management.  Mr.  Williams 
saw  some  service  while  young  in  Central 
America,  and  in  1859-65  was  a  devoted 
volunteer,  while,  as  a  holiday  task,  he 
accompanied  the  headquarters  of  the  army 
of  the  Loire  at  the  beginning  of  the  second 
phase  of  the  Franco- German  War,  and  was 
one  of  the  first  two  correspondents  in 
Strasburg  after  the  fall  of  that  city  in 
1870,  and  he  witnessed  the  final  fighting 
in  front  of  Le  Mans  in  January  1871, 
while  on  a  brief  holiday.     In  1877  he  went 


to  Armenia  as  correspondent  on  the  staff 
of  Ghazi  Mukhtar  Pacha,  and  published 
an  account  of  his  experience  in  a  work 
entitled  "The  Armenian  Campaign :  a 
Diary  of  the  Campaign  of  1877  in  Armenia 
and  Kurdistan  "  (London,  1878).  He  served 
afterwards  as  a  special  correspondent  at 
the  defence,  by  Mukhtar  Pacha,  of  the 
lines  of  Constantinople,  and  was  with  the 
headquarters  of  General  Skobeleff  at  the 
moment  when  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano 
was  signed.  He  subsequently  went  through 
the  task  of  recording  the  phases  of  the 
Berlin  Congress,  and  in  November  1878 
proceeded  to  Afghanistan,  where  he  visited 
Candahar,  and  wrote  some  "  Notes  on 
Frontier  Transport  in  India."  He  accom- 
panied the  Nile  Expedition,  and  attracted 
some  attention  by  a  severe  criticism  of  Sir 
Charles  Wilson  for  his  conduct  of  the  force 
told  off  to  advance  upon  Khartoum.  He 
was  the  only  English  correspondent  with 
the  Bulgarians  under  Prince  Alexander  in 
the  1885  campaign  against  Servia.  He 
made  the  campaign  in  Thessaly  with  the 
Greeks  in  the  spring  of  1897,  and  accom- 
panied General  Gatacre  up  the  Nile  to 
join  the  British  Brigade  in  January  1898, 
returning  thither  in  the  summer  of  the 
same  year.  He  is  the  senior  war  corre- 
spondent of  the  Daily  Chronicle,  and 
supplied  that  paper  with  vivid  accounts 
of  Omdurman,  &c,  although  he  has  been 
forced  to  complain  of  the  revived  military 
censorship  of  war  correspondents'  news. 
Altogether,  he  has  taken  part  in  eight  or 
nine  campaigns.  Among  his  works  are  a 
short  treatise  on  "England's  Defences," 
"Life  of  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,"  essays  on 
military  questions  in  the  United  Service 
Magazine,  the  Fortnightly  Review,  the 
National  Review,  and  some  reprints  on 
ecclesiastical  questions ;  besides  articles 
and  stories  in  Temple  Bar,  the  Contem- 
porary Review,  and  other  periodicals.  His 
latest  publication  is  a  book  of  songs  for 
soldiers,  original  and  selected,  issued  by 
Messrs.  G.  Routledge  &  Co.,  Ltd.  He  was 
for  a  time  the  managing  editor  of  the 
Evening  News,  and  was  unanimously  elected 
Chairman  of  the  London  District  of  the 
Institute  of  Journalists  for  theyear  1893-94, 
during  which  the  Conference  of  that  body 
met  in  London.  He  was  also  unanimously 
chosen  as  President  of  the  Press  Club,  of 
which  he  was  a  founder,  in  1896-97.  Per- 
manent address :  Constitutional  Club, 
Northumberland  Avenue. 

"WILLIAMS,  C.  Greville,  F.R.S.,  is 
the  son  of  S.  H.  Williams,  solicitor,  and 
was  born  at  Cheltenham  on  Sept.  22,  1829. 
He  was  educated  privately  at  Prestbury, 
near  Cheltenham,  and  then  became  assis- 
tant to  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 


WILLIAMS 


1173 


where  he  for  several  years  aided  the  pro- 
fessor in  his  chemical  investigations. 
Subsequently  he  became  an  assistant  to 
the  late  Lord  Playfair,  who  was  at  that 
time  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  Edinburgh. 
He  is  at  the  present  time  Photometric 
Supervisor  to  the  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co. 
Mr.  Williams  has  published  numerous 
papers,  which  have  appeared  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
the  Chemical  Society,  the  Philosophical 
Magazine,  Oomptes  Rendus  de  VAcadimie 
des  Sciences,  &c.  Amongst  his  scientific 
achievements  may  be  mentioned  the  dis- 
covery of  lepidine  and  numerous  other 
alkaloids  of  cyanine,  and  the  hydrocarbon 
isoptene.  He  has  of  late  years  interested 
himself  in  Egyptology.  Address :  36 
Kenilworth  Avenue,  Wimbledon. 

"WILLIAMS,  Dawson,  M.D.,F.R.C.P., 
received  his  medical  education  at  Univer- 
sity College  Hospital,  and  graduated  M.D. 
of  London  with  great  distinction.  He  was 
formerly  House  Physician  and  Obstetrical 
and  Ophthalmic  Assistant  at  University 
College  Hospital,  Registrar  and  Pathologist 
at  the  Victoria  Hospital  for  Children,  and 
Resident  Clinical  Assistant  at  the  Bromp- 
ton  Consumption  Hospital.  He  is  at  present 
physician  to  the  East  London  Hospital  for 
Children,  as  well  as  Fellow  of  the  Roy. 
Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and  member  of  other 
medical  societies.  He  was  appointed 
editor  of  the  British  Medical  Journal  in 
succession  to  the  late  Mr.  Ernest  Hart 
in  1898,  and  has  published  "Medical 
Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood,"  1898, 
an  article  on  "Attenuation  of  Virus  and 
Protective  Vaccination"  in  Cheyne's  "Bac- 
teria in  Relation  to  Disease  "  (New  Syden- 
ham Society),  as  well  as  various  contribu- 
tions to  the  Transactions  of  the  Pathological 
and  Clinical  Societies.  Address  :  101 
Harley  Street,  W. ,  &c. 

"WILLIAMS,  Sir  Edward  Leader, 

K.B.,  M.Inst.M.E.,  and  M.Inst.C.E.,  was 
born  on  April  28,  1828.  His  father,  the 
late  E.  Leader  Williams,  was  the  engineer 
of  the  River  Severn  Navigation,  and  it  was 
on  those  works  that  he  began  his  profes- 
sional career,  which  has  from  the  first  been 
mainly  devoted  to  river  and  canal  im- 
provements. He  worked  under  his  father 
from  1844  to  1850,  when  he  was  appointed 
engineer  on  the  Great  Northern  Railway, 
at  that  time  being  cut  through  Lincoln- 
shire. He  was  then  employed  on  the 
improvement  of  Shoreham  Harbour,  and 
afterwards  was  for  several  years  attached 
to  the  works  of  the  Admiralty  Pier  at 
Dover.  In  1856  Mr.  Leader  Williams  was 
appointed  Engineer  to  the  River  Weaver 
Trust.    Here  he  completed  important  and 


extensive  works,  during  the  latter  course 
of  which  he  was  appointed  Engineer  to 
the  Bridgewater  Navigation  Company, 
which  had  bought  the  Bridgewater  Canals 
and  the  Mersey  and  Irwell  Navigation 
from  the  Bridgewater  Trustees.  During 
his  tenancy  of  this  new  position  Mr. 
Leader  Williams  had  under  consideration 
the  possibility  of  so  improving  the  Mersey 
and  Irwell  Navigation  as  to  open  it  to  large 
sea-going  vessels.  On  June  27,  1882,  a 
meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  the  late 
Mr.  Daniel  Adamson,  which  led  to  the 
formation  of  a  Provisional  Committee  "  to 
consider  the  question  of  providing  a 
waterway  for  large  vessels  from  Manches- 
ter to  the  sea."  Mr.  Hamilton  H.  Fulton, 
C.E.,  and  Mr.  Leader  Williams  were  sub- 
sequently invited  to  assist  in  a  preliminary 
survey  of  the  Irwell  and  Mersey  Naviga- 
tion, and  were  then  appointed  as  joint 
engineers  to  the  projected  undertaking. 
But  they  differed  considerably  as  to  the 
best  course  to  be  pursued ;  Mr.  Fulton 
advocating  a  tidal  waterway,  whilst  Mr. 
Leader  Williams  suggested  a  scheme  for 
using  the  tidal  estuary  for  some  distance, 
and  from  that  point  cutting  a  canal  with 
four  sets  of  locks  to  raise  ships  gradually 
to  the  level  of  Manchester  (i.e.  some  sixty 
feet  above  the  sea).  Mr.  Williams's  scheme 
at  last  triumphed,  and  on  Sept.  26,  1882, 
it  was  resolved  to  construct  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal.  For 
twelve  years,  till  the  formal  opening  of  the 
canal  by  the  Queen  in  the  summer  of  1894, 
Mr.  Leader  Williams  was  its  chief  engi- 
neer, and  is  now  the  consulting  engineer. 
He  had  to  surmount  every  variety  of 
obstacle,  but  the  triumphant  completion 
of  his  vast  design  marks  him  out  as  one  of 
the  ablest  and  most  practical  men  in  his 
profession.  He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  July  1894.  Address  :  The 
Oaks,  Altrincham,  Cheshire. 

WILLIAMS,  Sir  George,  was  born 
in  1821,  and  was  educated  at  Tiverton 
Grammar  School.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Hitchcock,  Williams,  &  Co.,  ware- 
housemen, and  he  holds  the  position  of 
President  of  both  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  and  of  the  Band  of  Hope 
Union.  He  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood in  1894,  and  was  married,  in  1853,  to 
Helen,  daughter  of  George  Hitchcock. 
Address  :  13  Russell  Square,  W.C. 

"WILLIAMS,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P. ,  is  the  third  son  of  David 
Williams,  of  Blaenllynant,  Carmarthen- 
shire, and  was  born  on  Nov.  6,  1840. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Normal  College, 
Swansea,  and  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don. He  took  the  M.B.  degree  at  the 
London     University    in     1866,    and    the 


1174 


WILLIAMS 


M.D.  in  the  following  year,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  London  in  1879.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  and  Emeritus  Professor  of  Mid- 
wifery at  University  College,  and  is  Con- 
sulting Obstetric  Physician  to  University 
College  Hospital.  Formerly  President, 
and  still  a  Fellow,  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society,  he  is  also  a  member  of  numerous 
other  medical  societies,  and  he  is  an 
Examiner  in  Midwifery  at  the  Conjoint 
Board  in  England.  Sir  John  Williams 
holds  the  appointments  of  Physician  to 
H.B.H.  Princess  Beatrice,  and  of  Physician- 
Accoucheur  to  H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of 
York.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Structure  of 
the  Mucous  Membrane  of  the  Uterus,  and 
its  Periodical  Changes,"  and  "  Cancer  of 
the  Uterus "  ;  and  has  contributed  many 
articles  to  obstetric  journals.  He  was 
married,  in  1872,  to  Mary,  daughter  of 
Richard  Hughes,  of  Enistawe.  Addresses : 
63  Brook  Street,  W.  ;  Plas  Llanstephen, 
Carmarthenshire  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WILLIAMS,  John  Carvell,  M.P.  for 
the  Mansfield  Division  of  Nottinghamshire, 
of  Crouch  End,  Hornsey,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  John  Allen  Williams,  of 
Putney,  by  his  marriage  with  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Carvell,  of 
Lambeth,  and  was  born  in  1821.  He  was 
educated  at  a  private  school,  and  after- 
wards spent  some  years  with  a  firm  of 
proctors  in  Doctors  Commons,  where  he 
acquired  considerable  knowledge  of  ecclesi- 
astical matters.  It  was  the  opposition  of 
the  Nonconformists  to  the  Factories 
Education  Bill  of  Sir  James  Graham  in 
1843,  and  afterwards  to  the  Minutes  of 
Council  on  Education,  which  first  brought 
Mr.  Williams  into  prominence.  In  1847, 
when  but  twenty-six  years  of  age,  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  "British  Anti- 
State  Church  Association,"  afterwards 
designated  the  "Society  for  the  Liberation 
of  Religion  from  State  Patronage  and 
Control,"  but  popularly  known  as  the 
"Liberation  Society."  That  office  he  held 
for  thirty  years,  and  on  his  resigning  in 
1877  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
Society's  Parliamentary  Committee,  and 
Deputy-Chairman  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee ;  and  in  1898  he  became  Acting 
Chairman.  At  the  .general  election  of 
1885  he  stood  as  the  Liberal  candidate 
for  the  newly-created  Southern  Division 
of  Nottingham,  and  was  returned  by  a 
majority  of  363.  During  the  short  time 
that  Parliament  lasted  he  succeeded  in 
passing  the  Act  for  extending  the  hours 
within  which  marriages  may  be  celebrated 
from  twelve  (noon)  to  three  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon.  At  the  dissolution  of  1886  he 
was  defeated  by  the  Conservative  candi- 
date whom   he   had   previously  opposed  ; 


but  shortly  after  he  was  invited  to  be- 
come the  Liberal  candidate  for  the  Mans- 
field Division  of  Nottinghamshire,  in 
prospect  of  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Cecil 
Foljambe.  At  the  election  in  1886  he 
was  returned  for  that  constituency  by  the 
large  majority  of  2496.  In  1895,  when  the 
Liberal  party  were  defeated,  his  majority 
was  reduced  to  1385,  though  he  bad  but 
61  fewer  votes.  He  is  an  active  member 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Dissenting  Depu- 
ties for  protecting  the  civil  rights  of 
Dissenters,  and  the  Congregational  Union, 
and  other  public  bodies,  and  is  also  Presi- 
dent of  the  Hornsey  Liberal  Association. 
Ecclesiastically  he  is  a  Congregationalist, 
and  has  been  deacon  of  churches  at 
Surbiton  and  Stroud  Green.  He  is  one 
of  the  authors  of  "  Disestablishment  "  in 
the  Imperial  Parliament  Series  (edited 
by  Mr.  Sydney  Buxton,  M.P.).  He  has 
also  written  several  pamphlets  on  the 
Burials  question,  and  various  political 
tracts,  and  is  a  contributor  to  some  of 
the  public  journals,  besides  being  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  Liberator.  In  1849 
Mr.  Carvell  Williams  married  Anne,  the 
third  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Richard 
Goodman,  of  Hornsey,  by  which  union  he 
has  had  five  sons  and  daughters,  of 
whom  only  one  survives.  Addresses  :  2 
Serjeant's  Inn,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. ;  Horn- 
sey Rise  Gardens,  N. 

WILLIAMS,  Joseph  Powell,  M.P., 
J.P.,  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Williams,  of  the 
Vinegar  Brewery,  Worcester,  and  was  born 
in  that  city  on  Nov.  18,  1840.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Edgbaston  Proprietary 
School,  Birmingham.  He  entered  life  in 
the  office  of  Mr.  Graham,  of  Ludgate  Hill, 
Birmingham,  and  shortly  afterwards  was 
sent  to  America  on  the  business  of  his 
firm.  On  returning  to  England  he  settled 
in  London,  and  accepted  an  appointment 
under  Sir  Rowland  Hill,  the  then  Secre- 
tary of  the  Post-Office.  Whilst  thus  em- 
ployed he  had  a  share  in  establishing  the 
Post  Office  Savings  Bank  scheme,  and 
began  also  to  read  for  the  Bar  ;  his  studies 
in  this  direction  were,  however,  suspended 
by  his  promotion  to  the  Surveyor's  Depart- 
ment. In  1873  Mr.  Powell  Williams  re- 
turned to  Birmingham,  and  associated 
himself  with  the  work  of  the  Liberal 
party.  In  1877  he  was  elected  a  City 
Councillor,  and  soon  after  he  became 
Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee, 
which  position  he  held  for  five  years, 
proving  himself  of  inestimable  worth  to 
the  City  Corporation.  He  was  subse- 
quently elected  a  City  Alderman,  and  gave 
great  assistance  in  establishing  the  Bir- 
mingham Fire  Brigade  upon  an  adequate 
and  firm  basis.  Until  the  political  split  of 
1886  Mr.  Williams  was  Hon.  Secretary  of 


WILLIAMS  —  WILLIAMSON 


1175 


the  Birmingham  Liberal  Association  and 
of  the  National  Liberal  Federation ;  he  then 
became  Chairman  of  the  Executive  of  the 
National  Liberal  Union,  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Birmingham  Liberal-Unionist 
Association.  He  has  represented  South 
Birmingham  in  the  House  of  Commons  as 
a  Liberal-Unionist  member  since  1886, 
and  he  has  acted  as  Financial  Secretary  to 
the  War  Office  since  1895.  He  is  the 
author  of  pamphlets  on  "County  Govern- 
ment," and  "  The  Ballot  Act,"  and  of  an 
article  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  on  "  The 
Taxation  of  Ground  Rents."  He  is  married 
to  Anne,  daughter  of  the  late  S.  A.  Bind- 
ley, F.R.C.S.  Address  :  6  Great  George 
Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 

"WILLIAMS,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Roland  Bowdler  Vaughan,  B.A.,  Lord 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeal,  is  the  son 
of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward 
Vaughan  Williams,  formerly  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
and  was  born  in  1838.  He  was  educated 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  of  which 
Foundation  he  was  a  student,  and  where 
he  graduated  B.A.,  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Michaelmas  Term, 
1864,  when  he  chose  the  South -Eastern 
(then  the  Home)  Circuit,  also  practising 
as  a  special  pleader,  and  at  the  Surrey 
Sessions.  He  received  the  honour  of  silk 
in  1889,  and  became  a  Judge  in  succession 
to  Mr.  Manisty  in  1890.  When  the  Com- 
panies Winding-up  Court  was  established 
in  accordance  with  the  Act  of  1890  he 
was  appointed  to  preside  over  that  Court. 
Here  his  firmness  and  precision  in  cases  of 
'  great  public  interest  won  him  so  high  a 
reputation  that  a  rumour  to  the  effect  that 
he  was  to  be  removed  elsewhere  called 
forth  violent  protests  from  the  press.  In 
October  1897  he  was  appointed  a  Lord 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  in  the  room 
of  Lord  Ludlow,  resigned.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  work  on  the  Law  of  Bank- 
ruptcy, and  joint  editor  of  "  Williams  on 
the  Law  of  Executors."  Sir  R.  Vaughan 
Williams  married,  in  1865,  Laura  Susanna, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Edmund 
Lomax,  of  Netley,  Surrey.  Addresses  :  6 
Trebovir  Road,  S.W.  ;  High  Ashe's  Farm, 
Abinger,  Surrey  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WILLIAMS,  Right  Rev.  Watkin 
Herbert,  D.D.,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Sir  Hugh  Williams,  of  Bodelwyddan,  Flint- 
shire, his  mother  having  been  the  only 
daughter  of  Sir  Watkin  Williams-Wynn, 
Bart.,  and  was  born  in  1845,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1870, 
and  M.A.  in  the  following  year.  Ordained 
in  1870,  he  was  Curate  of  Rhos-Llaner- 
chrugog,  Denbighshire,  for  two  years,  and 


in  1872  he  became  Vicar  of  Bodelwyddan, 
Flintshire.  He  was  appointed  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph  in  1889,  and  in 
the  same  year  also  became  Archdeacon  and 
Canon  of  St.  Asaph.  In  1892  Mr.  Williams 
was  offered,  and  accepted,  the  Deanery  of 
St.  Asaph,  whilst  only  a  few  months  ago 
he  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Bangor  in 
succession  to  Dr.  Lloyd,  who  has  been 
compelled  to  resign  in  consequence  of  ill- 
ness. He  is  the  author  of  "The  Duties  of 
Churchwardens,"  1890  ;  and  he  was  mar- 
ried, in  1879,  to  Alice,  daughter  of  the 
late  General  Monckton.  Address :  The 
Palace,  Bangor. 

WILLIAMSON,  Emeritus  Profes- 
sor Alexander  William,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S., 
LL.D.  Dublin  and  Edinburgh,  born  May 
1, 1824,  was  educated  chiefly  in  his  father's 
house,  by  masters  in  London,  Paris,  and 
Dijon,  and  for  a  very  short  time  at  Ken- 
sington Grammar  School,  and  at  foreign 
schools.  From  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
studied  in  the  Universities  of  Heidelberg 
and  Giessen  under  Gmelin  and  Liebig.  At 
Giessen  he  published  his  first  chemical 
researches.  He  afterwards  spent  three 
years  in  Paris  studying  the  higher  mathe- 
matics. In  1849  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Practical  Chemistry  in  University 
College,  London  ;  and  in  1855,  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  same  college,  while 
still  retaining  the  chair  of  Practical 
Chemistry.  Soon  after  his  first  appoint- 
ment at  University  College,  Professor 
Williamson  published  his  researches  on 
"  Etherification  and  the  Constitution  of 
Salts."  The  result  of  these  researches  had 
a  considerable  influence  on  the  theories 
of  chemical  action,  and  they  have  been 
since  adopted  by  the  chief  English  and 
foreign  chemists.  For  these  important 
and  successful  labours  the  Royal  Medal  of 
the  Royal  Society  was  awarded  to  him  in 
1862.  He  has  twice  been  President  of 
the  Chemical  Society.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
The  same  year  he  was  elected  Foreign 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  French  Academy, 
and  a  Fellow  of  the  Berlin  Chemical 
Society.  In  1874  he  was  elected  Treasurer 
of  the  British  Association  on  the  retire- 
ment of  Mr.  Spottiswoode.  In  November 
1875  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science  at 
Berlin  elected  him  a  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber of  the  Section  of  Physics  and  Mathe- 
matics. He  was  appointed  member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University  of  London.  In 
April  1876  he  was  appointed  Chief  Gas 
Examiner  to  the  City  of  London.  The 
University  of  Dublin  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1878,  since 
which  date  the  University  of  Edinburgh 


1176 


WILLIAMSON 


has  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh  and  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy. 
Professor  Williamson  took  an  active  part 
in  promoting  the  establishment  of  degrees 
of  science  at  the  University  of  London  ; 
and  for  some  years  held,  conjointly  with 
the  late  Professor  William  Allen  Miller, 
the  office  of  Examiner  in  Chemistry.  He 
is  also  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Reale  Accademia  dei  Lincei  in  Roma, 
LL.D.  of  Glasgow,  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Science  at  Gbttingen,  and  of  the  Reale 
Accademia  delle  Scienze  di  Torino.  Dr. 
Williamson  has  lately  taken  an  active  part 
in  promoting  the  formation  of  a  Teaching 
University  in  London.  In  1887  Professor 
Williamson  resigned  his  professorship  at 
University  College,  and  was  elected  Emeri- 
tus Professor.  In  1889  he  resigned  his 
post  of  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Royal 
Society.  He  has  written  "Chemistry  for 
Students,"  various  papers  on  "  Etherifica- 
tion,"  "  The  Development  of  Difference 
the  Basis  of  Unity,"  being  the  inaugural 
lecture  to  the  Faculty  of  Arts  at  Univer- 
sitv  College  on  his  appointment  there  in 
1849,  "On  the  Atomic  Theory,"  "The 
Composition  of  the  Gases  evolved  by  the 
Bath  Spring  called  King's  Bath,"  a  paper 
"On  a  New  Method  of  Gas  Analysis," 
jointly  with  W.  J.  Russell,  Ph.D.,  "On 
the  Unit  Volume  of  Gases,"  "  On  the 
Classification  of  the  Elements  in  Relation 
to  their  Atomicities,"  "Experimental 
Science  the  Basis  of  General  Education," 
"A  Plea  for  Pure  Science,"  "Address  to 
the  British  Association,"  at  Bradford, 
1873.  He  married,  in  1855,  the  third 
daughter  of  Professor  T.  Hewitt  Key, 
F.R.S.,  of  University  College.  Addresses  : 
High  Pitfold,  Haslemere  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WILLIAMSON,  Benjamin,  ScD., 
F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  Senior  Fellow,  and  member 
of  the  Governing  Body,  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  was  born  in  1827  at  Cork  ;  edu- 
cated at  Kilkenny  College  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  in 
1848  as  First  Senior  Moderator  in  Mathe- 
matics and  Mathematical  Physics.  He 
was  elected  Fellow  of  Trinity  College  in 
1852,  and  appointed  a  College  Tutor  in 
1858.  In  1871  he  published  "  A  Treatise 
on  the  Differential  Calculus,"  which 
reached,  in  1892,  its  8th  edition.  In  1872 
he  produced  a  companion  volume  on  the 
"  Integral  Calculus,"  of  which  the  7th 
edition  was  published  in  1896.  In  1884, 
in  conjunction  with  F.  A.  Tarleton, 
F.T.C. D.,  he  brought  out  a  "Treatise  on 
Dynamics,"  of  which  a  2nd  edition  ap- 
peared in  1889.  In  1894  he  published  an 
"  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Stress  and 
Strain  of  Elastic  Solids."  Mr.  Williamson 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 


in  1879,  and  in  1884  was  appointed  to  the 
Professorship  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  his 
University.  In  1892  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.C.L.  was  conferred  on  Mr.  Williamson 
by  the  University  of  Oxford.  Mr.  William- 
son contributed  several  articles  to  the  9th 
edition  of  the  "  Encyclopsedia  Britannica," 
of  which  may  be  mentioned  those  on  the 
"Infinitesimal  Calculus,"  "Calculus  of 
"Variations,"  "Variable  Complex,"  and 
"MacLaurin."  He  also  contributed 
articles  to  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathc' 
matics,  Hermathena,  as  well  as  to  other 
scientific  journals.  He  married  Agnes, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  W.  Wright,  Vicar  of 
Selston,  Nottingham.  Addresses  :  Trinity 
College,  Dublin ;  1  Dartmouth  Road, 
Dublin. 

WILLIAMSON,  Mrs.  Charles  Nor- 
ris,  nie  Alice  Muriel  Livingston,  was 
born  in  1870  at  the  Livingston  Manor 
House,  Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  U.S.A., 
and  is  the  daughter  of  Mark  Livingston, 
of  the  New  York  Bar.  She  went  on  the 
stage,  and  toured  through  the  greater  part 
of  the  United  States  in  a  variety  of  parts, 
sometimes  with  her  own  company.  Later, 
she  came  to  England  as  correspondent  for 
four  of  the  leading  American  newspapers. 
She  contributed  largely  to  serial  fiction  in 
England  and  America,  and  has  published 
"  The  Barn  Stormers,"  1897,  a  novel  based 
on  some  of  her  experiences  of  the  stage ; 
"A  Woman  in  Grey"  and  "Fortune's 
Sport,"  1898,  and  "A  Newspaper  Girl," 
1899.  Address:  Hill  Farm,  Walton-on- 
Thames. 

WILLIAMSON,     Charles    Norris, 

journalist  and  author,  was  born  at  Exeter, 
Devonshire,  in  1857,  being  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  Stewart  Williamson,  a  Nonconformist 
minister.  He  was  educated  at  University 
College  School,  London,  and  passed  into 
University  College,  where  he  took  up  the 
science  course.  For  three  years  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  engineering, 
going  through  a  practical  training  in 
a  Lambeth  workshop,  and  undertaking 
engineering  work  in  Belgium  and  France. 
In  1880  Mr.  Williamson  abandoned  en- 
gineering for  journalism,  and  after  the 
usual  difficulties  and  struggles,  obtained  a 
post  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Examiner. 
When  the  Examiner  came  to  an  end  Mr. 
Williamson  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
Graphic,  on  which  he  remained  for  several 
years.  Resigning  his  appointment  in  1889, 
Mr.  Williamson  formed  a  company  and 
collected  capital  to  produce  a  new  illus- 
trated paper ;  and  in  February  1891  he 
brought  out  Black  and  White,  remaining 
managing  director  and  managing  editor 
until  July  1893,  when  he  resigned  his 
offices.     In  1898-99  he  was  editor  of  the 


WILLIAMSON  —  WILLOX 


1177 


West  End  Review.  On  the  death  of  Thomas 
Carlyle,  in  1884,  Mr.  Williamson  wrote,  in 
collaboration,  "  Memorials  of  the  Life  and 
Letters  of  Thomas  Carlyle"  (two  volumes); 
and  he  has  been  a  constant  contributor  to 
the  London  press.  Address  :  Hill  Farm, 
Walton-on-Thames. 

WILLIAMSON,  David,  fifth  son  of 
Mr.  David  Williamson,  J. P.,  was  born  at 
Guildford,  Nov.  16,  1868,  was  educated 
privately,  and  subsequently  passed  through 
the  varied  routine  of  printing,  lithography, 
and  binding.  He  edited  "  Hazell's  Annual " 
for  two  years.  After  spending  a  year  in 
rest  and  travel,  he  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Illustrated,  London  News,  especially  with 
a  view  to  assisting  Mr.  Shorter  in  the 
preparation  of  the  Sketch.  He  became 
assistant  editor  of  the  Illustrated  London 
News  in  1895,  but  was  appointed  to  the 
editorship  of  the  Windsor  Magazine  in 
November  of  that  year.  He  edited  for 
two  years  and  a  half  the  Windsor  Magazine, 
resigning  that  work  in  April  1898,  when  he 
became  editor  of  the  Temple  Magazine.  He 
has  been  a  constant  contributor  to  news- 
papers and  magazines,  and  has  published  : 
"Handel  Festival  Points  and  Portraits," 
1891 ;  "  The  German  Eeeds  and  Corney 
Grain,"  1895  ;  "Worcester  Festival  Notes," 
1896;  "Victoria,  R.  &  I.,"  1897  ;  "William 
Ewart  Gladstone,  Statesman  and  Scholar," 
1898;  and  "Gladstone  the  Man,"  1898. 
He  married,  in  1896,  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Mr.  John  Allan.  Address  :  31  Romola 
Road,  Heme  Hill,  S.E. 

WILLIAMSON,  F.  J.,  private 
sculptor  to  the  Queen,  was  born  in  1833, 
and  on  his  mother's  side  is  related  to  the 
great  Lord  Nelson.  For  nearly  forty  years 
there  has  scarcely  been  a  period  when 
Mr.  Williamson  has  not  been  at  work 
for  her  Majesty.  After  studying  at  the 
School  of  Design,  Somerset  House,  he 
worked  in  the  studio  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Bell,  and  was  associated  with  the  late  Mr. 
J.  H.  Foley,  R.A.,  for  twenty  years,  first 
as  pupil  and  then  as  assistant.  In  1855 
Mr.  Williamson  was  presented  to  the 
Queen  by  Princess  Louise,  and  at  her 
Majesty's  command  carried  out  the  beauti- 
ful memorial  at  Claremont  House  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Prince  and  Princess 
Charlotte.  He  has  executed  busts  or 
statues  of  nearly  every  member  of  the  Royal 
Family,  all  of  which  have  been  repeated 
for  the  Queen.  The  Prince  of  Wales  in 
unveiling  the  statue  by  this  artist  in  the 
Examination  Hall  of  the  Royal  Colleges 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  said  that 
"nowhere  could  a  better  statue  of  her 
Majesty  be  found."  Mr.  Williamson  has 
also  completed  a  great  quantity  of  ideal 
work,  some  of  which  has  been  purchased 


by  the  Queen.  He  was  the  sculptor  of 
the  fine  recumbent  figure  of  Dean  Milman 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  has  set  up  rather 
more  than  a  dozen  public  statues,  and 
executed  more  than  200  busts.  The  re- 
cumbent portrait  figures  of  the  Master  of 
the  Rolls  and  Lady  Esher,  which  surmount 
the  family  vault  in  Esher  churchyard,  was 
also  the  work  of  Mr.  Williamson,  whose 
studio,  overshadowed  by  the  chestnut  trees 
of  Claremont  Park,  used  to  be  a  favourite 
resort  of  the  late  Duke  of  Albany.  He 
has  been  an  exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy's exhibitions  for  more  than  forty 
years.  Mr.  Williamson  has  a  son,  a  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  and  two  daughters. 
Address  :  Esher,  Surrey. 

WILLIS,  His  Honour  Judge  Wil- 
liam, Q.C.,  B.A.,  LL.D.,  is  the  son  of 
William  Willis,  a  straw-hat  manufacturer 
of  Dunstable  and  Luton,  and  was  born  at 
Dunstable  on  April  29,  1835.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Free  Grammar  School, 
Dunstable,  at  Hockliffe,  Bedfordshire, 
Hatfield,  and  Huddersfield  College.  He 
began  life  in  business  at  Luton  in  1850, 
and  was  afterwards  engaged  in  an  office 
in  London.  In  1857  he  matriculated  at 
the  London  University,  graduated  B.A. 
in  1859,  and  LL.D.,  with  gold  medal,  in 
1865.  He  had  also  entered  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1858,  obtained  a  studentship 
given  by  the  Inns  of  Court  in  1860,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1861.  Mr.  Willis 
was  appointed  a  Q.C.  in  1877,  was  at  one 
time  an  Examiner  in  Common  Law  at 
the  University  of  London,  and  became 
Judge  of  the  County  Courts  of  Norfolk 
and  Cambridge  in  1897.  He  was  returned 
to  the  House  of  Commons  as  member 
for  Colchester  in  1880,  but  he  unsuccess- 
fully contested  the  Peckham  Division  of 
Lambeth  in  1885  and  1886.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Lectures  on  the  Law  of 
Negotiable  Securities,"  and  is  married  to 
Mary  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Moody, of Blackheath.  Address:  Scarning 
Grange,  East  Dereham,  Norfolk. 

WILLOX,    Sir    John    Archibald, 

M.P.,  is  the  son  of  John  Willox,  author 
and  journalist,  and  was  born  at  Edinburgh 
in  1842.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
and  Liverpool  Colleges,  and  began  life  in 
the  office  of  the  Liverpool  Courier,  where 
he  was  employed  successively  as  reporter, 
sub-editor,  and  editor,  and  of  which  he  is 
now  the  principal  proprietor.  He  takes 
a  keen  interest  in  journalism,  and  has  had 
a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  Press  Associa- 
tion, the  Institute  of  Journalists,  and  the 
Newspaper  Society.  Being  also  a  tobacco 
manufacturer  in  Liverpool  and  London, 
under  the  title  of  Cope  Bros.  &  Co.,  he 
is,   of   course,  largely  interested   in  this 


1178 


WILLS  —  WILSON 


trade.  He  has  represented  the  Everton 
Division  of  Liverpool,  in  the  Conservative 
interest,  since  1892,  and  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  in  1897.  He  is 
married  to  Sara,  widow  of  Thomas  Cope, 
J.  P.  Address  :  9  Abercromby  Square, 
Liverpool. 

WILLS,   The   Hon.  Sir  Alfred,   a 

Judge  of  the  Queen's  Bench  Division,  was 
born  Dec.  11,  1828,  and  is  the  second  son 
of  the  late  William  Wills,  J.P.,  of  Edg- 
baston,  Birmingham,  and  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Jeremiah  Ridout.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Proprietary  School,  Edgbaston,  and 
at  University  College,  London.  In  1846 
he  gained  the  University  of  London  Exhi- 
bition in  Mathematics  and  another  in 
Classics.  He  became  B.A.  in  1849,  Scholar 
in  Classics  in  1849,  LL.B.  in  1851,  Scholar 
in  Law  in  1851,  Flaherty  Scholar  in  Classics 
at  University  College  in  1850,  and  was 
subsequently  made  Fellow  of  the  same 
College.  Called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1851,  he  was  made  a  Q.C.  in 
1872,  and  appointed  Judge  in  1884.  He 
was  first  Recorder  of  Sheffield,  1881-84, 
President  of  the  Eailway  and  Canal 
Commission,  1888-93,  and  Treasurer  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  1892-93.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Wanderings  among  the  High 
Alps,"  "The  Eagle's  Nest,"  a  translation 
of  Rendu's  "Tbe'orie  des  Glaciers  de  la 
Savoie,"  and  is  editor  of  "  Wills  on  Circum- 
stantial Evidence."  He  married  (2)  Bertha, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Lamb  Taylor,  Stars- 
ton,  Norfolk,  in  1861.  Addresses  :  7  Chel- 
sea Court,  Chelsea  Embankment,  S.W. ; 
and  Le  Nid  d'Aigle,  Sixt,  Haute-Savoie ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

WILSON,    Alexander    Johnstone, 

son  of  the  late  George  W.  Wilson,  of  Aber- 
deen, H.M.  photographer  for  Scotland,  was 
born  at  Forglen,  in  Banffshire,  Oct.  20, 
1841.  He  was  educated  by  Dr.  George 
Ogilvje,  late  of  Watson's  College,  Edin- 
burgh. He  assisted  his  father  for  some 
years  and  then  came  to  London  in  1872. 
He  was  junior  sub-editor  of  the  Economist, 
1872-73;  assistant  city  editor  of  the 
Times,  1874-81  ;  city  editor  of  the  Pall 
Mall  Oazette,  1881-83 ;  and  has  been  city 
editor  of  the  Standard  since  1883.  He 
has  been  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
Investors'  Review  and  the  Investment  Index 
since  1892.  He  has  published:  "The 
Resources  of  Modern  Countries,"  1878 ; 
"Banking  Reform,"  1879;  "Reciprocity, 
Bimetallism,  and  Land  Tenure  Reform," 
1880;  "The  National  Budget,"  in  Mac- 
millan's  Citizen  Series,  1882 ;  and  has 
edited  "Supplement  to  M'Culloch's  Dic- 
tionary of  Commerce,"  1882.  He  has  also 
written  numerous  essays  in  the  Spectator, 
Fraser's  Magazine,    MacmiUan's   Magazine, 


Fortnightly,  Bradstreet's  Friend  of  India, 
and  other  periodicals.  In  1882,  at  the 
special  request  of  the  late  Marquis  de 
Riscal,  he  wrote  a  small  book  on  the  Eng- 
lish National  Budget  which  was  translated 
into  Spanish.  Address :  Annandale,  Atkins' 
Road,  Clapham  Park,  S.W. 

WILSON,  The  Rev.  Ambrose  John, 
D.D.,  Headmaster  of  Lancing  College, 
Sussex,  was  born  on  Jan.  13,  1853,  at  Ban- 
bury, and  is  the  second  son  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Wilson,  C.E.,  Principal  of  the  Crystal 
Palace  Engineering  School,  and  Harriet, 
daughter  of  the  late  Ambrose  Moore.  He 
was  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School. 
In  his  final  school  examination  in  1871  he 
came  out  head  of  the  school  in  both 
Classics  and  Mathematics,  and  was  at  the 
same  time  elected  to  a  Foundation  Scholar- 
ship at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  as  well 
as  to  the  School  Tercentenary  Scholarship. 
He  obtained  Second  Class  Honours  in 
Classical  Moderations.  In  the  Final 
School  of  Literse  Humaniores  he  obtained 
a  First  Class,  being  one  of  the  best  Firsts 
of  his  year,  and  was  almost  immediately 
elected  to  an  open  Fellowship  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford.  He  took  his  B.A.  degree 
in  1876,  and  was  appointed  simultaneously 
Lecturer  at  Queen's  and  St.  John's  Col- 
leges. He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  De- 
cember 1876  by  Bishop  Mackarness.  In 
June  1877  he  was  appointed  Tutor  to  St. 
John's  College,  but  having  gone  during  the 
vacation  to  gain  experience  in  parish  work 
in  Great  Yarmouth,  he  found  the  strain  of 
continuous  work  too  great,  and  was  obliged 
to  throw  up  his  appointments  and  seek 
change  and  rest  in  a  sea  voyage.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  Cape  Colony,  where,  in  March 
1878,  be  was  ordained  Priest  by  the  Bishop 
of  Cape  Town,  and  took  his  degree  of 
M.A.  Oxford,  "in  absence."  While  at  the 
Cape  he  was  Classical  Lecturer  in  the 
Diocesan  College,  Rondebosch,  and  after- 
wards Headmaster  of  St.  Mark's  Grammar 
School,  George,  during  which  time  he  was 
appointed  Classical  Examiner  for  the 
M.A.  degree  in  the  Cape  University. 
Having  returned  to  England  in  1880,  he 
was  appointed  Headmaster  of  the  Carlisle 
Grammar  School,  and  during  the  time  he 
was  there  the  school  nearly  trebled  its 
numbers.  He  took  his  B.D.  degree  in 
1883  and  proceeded  D.D.  in  1884.  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  to  the  Headmaster- 
ship  of  the  Church  of  England  Grammar 
School,  Melbourne.  The  school  greatly 
increased  in  numbers,  and  he  raised  funds 
for  the  erection  of  a  School  Chapel,  and 
added  to  the  school  buildings  ;  while  the 
school  itself  gained  many  high  honours  in 
the  public  examinations  in  classics,  mathe- 
matics, science,  and  modern  languages. 
After  a  residence  in  the  colony  of  nine 


WILSON 


1179 


years  he  returned  to  England  in  1893,  and 
after  taking  temporary  work  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  and  at  Rugby,  he  was  appointed 
in  December  1894  to  the  Headmastership 
of  Lancing  College,  Sussex.  He  married, 
in  1880,  Julia  Mary,  daughter  of  Dr.  Henry 
Lawrence,  of  George,  South  Africa.  Ad- 
dress :  Lancing  College,  Sussex. 

WILSON,  Bear-Admiral  Sir  Arthur 
Knyvet,  K.C.B.,  0.C.,  was  born  on  March 
4, 1842,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1855.  He 
served  as  midshipman  in  H.M.S.  Algiers  in 
the  Black  Sea  during  the  Russian  war, 
and  was  also  present  at  the  bombardment 
of  Sebastopol.  He  received  the  Crimean 
and  Turkish  medals.  His  next  war  service 
was  in  China,  as  midshipman  of  H.M.S. 
Calcutta.  There  he  took  part  in  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Peiho  forts  and  landed  with 
the  naval  brigade  at  the  attack  on  Canton, 
for  which  he  was  awarded  the  China 
Medal  with  two  clasps.  He  was  promoted 
Lieutenant  in  1861,  Commander  in  1873, 
and  Captain  in  1880.  As  Captain  of 
H.M.S.  Hecla  he  was  present  at  the  bom- 
bardment of  Alexandria  in  1882,  and  re- 
mained in  Egyptian  waters  during  the 
campaign.  He  received  the  Egyptian 
Medal  with  clasp,  and  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh,  third  class.  In  the  Soudan 
war  of  1884  Admiral  Wilson  served  in  the 
Naval  Brigade,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  El  Teb.  During  this  fight  he 
performed  an  act  of  gallantry  which  Sir 
Redvers  Buller  described  as  one  of  the 
most  courageous  he  had  ever  witnessed. 
There  was  a  gap  in  the  square,  and  five  or 
six  of  the  enemy  seeing  it,  rushed  forward, 
attempting  to  pierce  the  ranks.  There 
Captain  Wilson  advanced  to  meet  them 
alone,  and  breaking  his  sword  in  his  effort 
to  cut  one  of  them  down,  would  not  retire 
a  step,  but  held  his  ground,  knocking  them 
down  with  his  fists.  Either  by  a  miracle 
or  the  surprising  nature  of  his  attack  he 
escaped  with  a  few  wounds,  and  the  square 
closing  up  rescued  him.  He  was  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  received  the  U.C  and.' a 
medal  with  Suakim  and  El  Teb  clasps  for 
these  services.  He  was  also  presented  with 
a  sword  by  the  torpedo  officers  of  H.M.S. 
Vernon  "in  admiration  of  his  gallantry 
at  the  battle  of  El  Teb."  He  was  ap- 
pointed Aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen  in 
1892,  and  was  created  a  OB.  in  1887, 
in  which  year  also  he  became  Assist- 
ant-Director of  Torpedoes  at  the  Ad- 
miralty ;  K.C.B.,  1897.  He  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Rear-Admiral  in  1895,  and 
commanded  the  torpedo  squadron  at  the 
naval  manoeuvres  of  that  year.  In  the 
manoeuvres  of  1896  he  was  Second-in-Com- 
mand  of  the  Reserve  Fleet,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  Lord  Commissioner  of  the 
Admiralty  and  Controller  of  the  Navy  in 


August  1897.  He  is  also  the  inventor  of 
double-barrelled  torpedo  tubes.  Address  : 
15  Ermin's  Mansions,  S.W. 

WILSON,    Sir    Charles    Rivers, 

G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  was  born  in  London,  Feb. 
19,  1831,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  appointed  Clerk 
in  the  Treasury  in  February  1856  ;  was 
Private  Secretary  consecutively  to  Mr. 
James  Wilson  and  Mr.  George  Alexander 
Hamilton,  Secretaries  of  the  Treasury  ; 
Acting  Private  Secretary  to  Mr.  Disraeli, 
when  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  from 
August  1867  to  February  1868  ;  Private 
Secretary  to  Mr.  Lowe,  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer,  from  December  1868  to  April 
1873  ;  and  was  appointed  Comptroller- 
General  of  the  National  Debt  Office  in 
April  1873.  Mr.  Wilson  represented  (with 
the  late  Professor  Graham)  her  Majesty's 
Government  at  the  International  Coinage 
Commission  in  1867,  and  acted  as  Secre- 
tary to  the  Royal  Commission  appointed 
to  examine  the  question  of  an  Inter- 
national Coinage  in  1868.  On  the  return 
of  Mr.  Cave  to  England  from  his  financial 
mission  to  Egypt,  Mr.  Rivers  Wilson,  at 
the  request  of  the  Khedive,  went  to  Egypt 
in  March  1876,  with  the  view  of  his 
acceptance  of  a  financial  post  in  that 
country  ;  but  after  the  issue  of  the  decree 
of  May  7,  1876,  by  which  an  arbitary  re- 
adjustment of  the  Public  Debt  of  Egypt 
was  proposed,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  resumed  his  post  at  the  National  Debt 
Office.  On  July  29, 1876,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  British  Government  Adminis- 
trators of  the  Suez  Canal  Company  ;  on 
Jan.  22,  1877,  he  was  appointed  a  Royal 
Commissioner  for  the  Paris  Exhibition 
of  1878  ;  on  March  30,  1878,  he  was 
appointed  Vice  -  President,  and  in  the 
absence  of  M.  de  Lesseps,  acted  as  Presi- 
dent, of  an  International  Commission  of 
Inquiry,  instituted  by  the  Khedive  at  the 
instigation  of  the  foreign  governments,  to 
examine  the  resources  of  Egypt,  and  pro- 
pose measures  for  remedying  the  financial 
disorder  in  that  country.  The  Report  of 
the  Commission,  Aug.  19,  1878,  traced  the 
whole  of  the  mischief  to  the  system  of 
personal  administration  by  the  Viceroy, 
and  proposed  that  his  Highness  should 
surrender  his  estates  and  those  of  his 
family  to  make  good  the  deficit  in  the 
revenue,  and  pay  the  large  floating  debt 
of  the  country.  The  immediate  conse- 
quence of  the  presentation  of  their  Report 
was  an  acceptance  by  the  Khedive  of  all 
its  conclusions,  and  a  formal  announce- 
ment to  Mr.  Rivers  Wilson  of  the  deter- 
mination of  his  Highness  to  abandon  his 
actual  system  of  government  for  one  more 
in  conformity  with  European  experience, 
and   to   govern   in  future  hy  means  of  a 


1180 


WILSON 


responsible  ministry.  The  formation  of 
the  new  cabinet  was  entrusted  to  Nubar 
Pacha,  who  offered  to  Mr.  Rivers  Wilson 
the  post  of  Finance  Minister,  while  M.  de 
Blignieres,  a  distinguished  French  official, 
was  appointed  Minister  of  Public  Works. 
With  the  consent  of  her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment Mr.  Rivers  Wilson  accepted  this 
position  (September  1878  untiljan.  1, 1881), 
when  he  would  have  been  at  liberty  to 
return  to  his  office  of  Comptroller-General 
of  the  National  Debt  Office.  In  April 
1879,  however,  the  Khedive  struck  the 
blow  he  had  long  been  meditating.  He 
dismissed  Mr.  Rivers  Wilson  and  M.  de 
Blignieres  ;  and  soon  afterwards  Mr. 
Rivers  Wilson  was  recalled  by  the  English 
Government,  in  order  to  resume  his  duties 
at  the  National  Debt  Office.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  January  1880.  On 
April  5  in  that  year  the  new  Khedive, 
Tewfik  Pacha,  signed  a  decree  appointing 
Sir  Rivers  Wilson  President  of  the  Inter- 
national Commission  of  Liquidation.  In 
October  1880  he  received  the  royal  license 
and  authority  to  accept  and  wear  the 
insignia  of  the  First  Class  of  the  Turkish 
Order  of  the  Medjidieh.  In  May  1881  Sir 
Rivers  Wilson  was  appointed  a  Royal  Com- 
missioner for  the  negotiation  of  a  Treaty 
of  Commerce  with  France  ;  and  in  March 
1885  he  was  one  of  the  delegates  who 
assembled  in  Paris  for  drawing  up  an  Act 
relative  to  the  navigation  of  the  Suez 
Canal.  He  was  also  one  of  the  British 
delegates  at  the  Monetary  Conference  at 
Brussels  in  November  and  December  1892. 
He  was  made  a  G.C.M.G.  on  March  15, 
1895,  and  retired  from  the  public  service 
in  that  year.  He  subsequently  accepted 
the  post  of  President  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway  of  Canada,  and  in  1898  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners 
for  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1900.  He 
married  (2),  in  1895,  Violet,  sister  of  the 
seventh  Lord  Vaux.  Address :  21  Pont 
Street,  S.W. 

WILSON,  Major  -  General  Sir 
Charles  "William,  R.E.,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G., 
D.C.L.  Oxon.,  LL.D.  Edin.,  M.E.  Dublin, 
F.R.S.,  F.  R.G.S.,  &c,  was  born  in  Liver- 
pool, March  14,  1836,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Edward  Wilson,  of  Hean  Castle, 
Pembrokeshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Cheltenham  College,  and  passed  second 
in  the  first  open  competition  for  admis- 
sion to  the  Royal  Engineers,  and  entered 
the  Royal  Engineers  in  1855.  After 
passing  through  the  usual  grades  he 
became  Major-General  in  1894.  Before 
that  date,  however,  he  had  gained  dis- 
tinction of  a  special  kind,  first  as  Secre- 
tary to  the  North  American  Boundary 
Commission,  then  for  his  surveys  of  Jeru- 
salem and  the  Sinaifcic  Desert,  then  by  his 


work  in  connection  with  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund,  then  as  Director  of  the 
Topographical  Department  of  the  War 
Office,  then  by  his  organisation  of  the 
Intelligence  Department,  in  which  he 
served  as  Assistant  Adjutant -General, 
then  as  Director  of  the  Survey  of  Ireland, 
then  as  British  Commissioner  on  the 
Servian  Boundary  Commission,  and  then 
as  Consul-General  appointed  in  pursuance 
of  the  Anglo-Turkish  Convention  in  Asia 
Minor,  a  post  which  he  held  from  1879  to 
1882.  He  served  in  the  Egyptian  Expedi- 
tion of  1882,  for  which  he  obtained  a 
Medal  and  a  Bronze  Star ;  and  was  after- 
wards attached  to  Lord  Dufferin's  Special 
Mission  in  Egypt.  When  the  Soudan 
Expedition  was  sent  out,  Sir  Charles 
Wilson  was  appointed  Chief  of  the  In- 
telligence Department.  He  was  present 
at  the  actions  of  Abu  Klea  and  Gubat, 
and  when  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  received 
his  fatal  wound  the  command  of  the 
Desert  Column  devolved  upon  Sir  Charles 
Wilson.  He  led  the  advance  to  the  Nile, 
fought  the  action  at  Metammeh,  and  com- 
manded the  force  in  its  attempt  to  reach 
Khartoum  and  communicate  with  General 
Gordon,  the  story  of  which  he  has  told 
in  his  book  "From  Korti  to  Khartoum." 
Among  his  other  publications  may  be 
mentioned  "  Picturesque  Palestine  "  (Jeru- 
salem), "  Lord  Clive "  (Men  of  Action 
Series),  and  Murray's  "Hand-books"  to 
Constantinople  (1892)  and  to  Asia  Minor 
(1895).  For  his  services  he  was  thanked 
by  Government,  and  in  1885  was  made  a 
K.C.B.  He  was  Director-General  of  the 
Ordnance  Survey  of  the  United  Kingdom 
from  1886  to  1894,  and  Director-General 
of  Military  Education  from  1895  to  March 
1898,  when  he  retired.  He  married,  in 
1867,  Olivia,  daughter  of  Col.  Duffin,  of  the 
Bengal  Cavalry.  Addresses  :  9  Warwick 
Square,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

WILSON,  David,  C.M.G..V.D.,  Gover- 
nor of  British  Honduras,  Honorary  Colonel 
of  theTrinidad  Volunteers,  was  born  in  1838. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Very  Rev.  Dean 
Wilson,  of  Aberdeen.  He  was  a  Magis- 
trate in  Trinidad  from  1870  to  1878  ;  Com- 
missioner of  the  Northern  Province,  1878- 
1897.  He  has  been  the  leading  spirit  of  the 
Trinidad  Volunteer  force  from  its  inception 
in  1879  until  1897,  when  he  received  his 
present  appointment.  Address  :  Govern- 
ment House,  Belize,  British  Honduras. 

WILSON,  Frederick  William,  M.P., 
son  of  the  late  William  Wilson  of  the 
Manor  House,  Seaming,  Norfolk,  by  Eliza, 
daughter  of  John  Turner,  of  Ellingham, 
was  born  at  Seaming,  1844,  and  educated 
at  King  Edward  the  Sixth's  School,  Wy- 
mondham,  Norfolk.     He  entered  upon  a 


WILSON 


1181 


journalistic  career,  and  was  indentured  to 
the  late  J.  H.  Tillett,  M.P.  for  Norwich 
and  editor  of  the  Norfolk  News.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  became  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Chester  Observer,  and  in 
1866  took  part  in  defending  Chester  Castle 
against  the  Fenians,  thirty  years  after 
meeting  one  of  the  attacking  band,  Michael 
Davitt,  as  a  colleague  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  1874  he  started  the  East 
Anglian  Daily  Times,  the  first  daily  morn- 
ing newspaper  published  in  the  counties 
of  Suffolk,  Essex,  and  Cambridgeshire. 
In  1892  he  started  the  London  Morning 
Leader,  the  pioneer  of  halfpenny  morning 
newspapers  in  the  metropolis.  President 
of  the  Newspaper  Society,  1893;  J.  P. 
for  Suffolk,  1894  ;  returned  to  Parliament 
for  Mid  Norfolk,  1895,  three  months 
after  a  bye-election,  in  which  he  was 
defeated  ;  a  Liberal.  Married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Edward  Cappo,  of  Forest 
Hill,  author  of  "  Our  National  Debt," 
&c.  Addresses:  Reform  Club,  W.C.  ;  The 
Dale,  Seaming,  Norfolk ;  and  Highrow, 
Felixstowe. 

WILSON,  George  F  ergusson ,  F.R.S. , 
F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  descended  from  old  Scotch 
families,  was  born  at  Wandsworth  Com- 
mon, March  25,  1822,  and  is  the  sixth  son 
of  William  Wilson  and  Margaret  Nimmo 
Dickson,  of  Kilbucho  and  Culter,  and  was 
educated  at  private  schools  at  Wands- 
worth and  at  Streatham.  He  has  made 
many  useful  inventions  which  have  been 
patented,  some  of  which  still  hold  their 
own,  but  the  invention  for  which  he  is 
best  known  is  the  distillation  of  glycerine. 
Before  this  invention,  glycerine,  even  that 
sold  at  very  high  prices,  was  so  impure  as 
to  be  for  most  purposes  comparatively  use- 
less ;  by  distillation  in  a  current  of  super- 
heated steam  Mr.  G.  F.  Wilson  obtained 
for  the  first  time  pure  glycerine,  now  of 
the  greatest  value.  On  Nov.  30,  1854,  a 
short  paper  by  him  "  On  the  Value  of 
Steam  in  the  Decomposition  of  Neutral 
Fatty  Bodies,"  was  read  before  the  Royal 
Society,  and  printed  in  the  Proceedings ; 
and  at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  Glasgow  in  1855  he  read  a  paper 
on  distilled  glycerine,  which  concluded 
with  a  prophecy  that  "  Pure  Glycerine  will 
yet  take  its  place  among  the  most  valued 
of  modern  products  ;  and  produced  as  it 
will  be  in  great  quantities,  it  will  be  recog- 
nised in  the  arts  as  well  as  in  medicine 
as  a  new,  real  blessing  to  mankind."  Mr. 
G.  F.  Wilson  has  long  been  known  in  the 
horticultural  world  for  his  orchard  house 
cultivation  ;  and  for  exhibiting  lilies,  for 
which,  between  1867  and  1883,  he  received 
twenty- five  first-class  certificates.  He 
filled  many  posts  in  the  Royal  Horticul- 
tural Society,  and  was  for  a  time  Treasurer, 


member  of  the  Expenses  Committee, 
Chairman  of  the  Fruit  and  afterwards  of 
the  Floral  Committee,  and  member  of  the 
Scientific  Committee.  Mr.  G.  F.  Wilson 
became  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  1845,  and  was  eight  years  on  the 
Council ;  he  lectured  twice  before  the 
Society.  He  was  made  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1855,  of  the  Chemical 
Society  in  1855,  of  the  Linnaean  in  1875, 
and  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry  at  its 
commencement.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Athena;um  Club  in  1867.  In  1897  he 
was  awarded  the  Victoria  Medal  of  Horti- 
culture. He  married,  in  1862,  Ellen, 
daughter  of  R.  W.  Barchard,  East  Hill, 
Wandsworth.  Addresses :  Heatherbank, 
Weybridge  Heath,  &c. ;  and  Athen^um. 

WILSON,  Miss  Hilda,  was  born  in 
Monmouth  in  1860.  Her  father  was  a 
music-master.  Possessing  considerable 
talent,  Mr.  Wilson's  services  were  held  in 
such  request  as  to  necessitate  his  removal 
to  the  cathedral  city  of  Gloucester  ;  and 
the  change  of  residence  afforded  his  young 
daughter  many  more  educational  privi- 
leges, as  far  at  least  as  art  was  concerned, 
than  her  birthplace  could  by  any  possi- 
bility have  furnished.  The  Choral  Society, 
where,  as  time  advanced,  she  could  take 
part  in  rehearsing  choruses  of  the  great 
masters,  opened  up  a  way  for  her  first 
appearance  in  public,  for  at  one  of  its 
concerts  Hilda  Wilson,  a  girl  of  fourteen 
years  of  age,  first  sang  before  a  general 
audience.  She  came  in  1879  to  London  to 
study  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
where  she  was  instructed  in  the  art  of 
singing  by  Mr.  William  Shakespeare.  A 
year  after  she  was  permitted  to  enter  upon 
public  duties,  and  consequently  was  en- 
abled to  accept  the  offer  of  an  engagement 
as  one  of  the  contralto  soloists  at  the 
Gloucester  Festival  of  1880.  Returning 
to  the  Academy,  she  prosecuted  her 
studies  with  so  much  zeal  as  to  win  the 
"Westmoreland  Scholarship  "  two  years  in 
succession,  besides  obtaining  the  "  Parepa- 
Rosa  Gold  Medal,"  together  with  the 
Silver  and  Bronze  Medals  awarded  at 
annual  examinations  of  the  institution. 
Upon  leaving  in  1882,  she  was  elected  an 
"Associate"  of  the  Academy.  In  1883 
Miss  Wilson  again  sang  as  second  con- 
tralto at  the  Gloucester  Festival,  and  in 
the  year  following  served  in  the  same 
capacity  at  the  Worcester  "Music  Meet- 
ing." In  1887  she  was,  however,  engaged 
as  principal  contralto  at  the  Norwich 
Festival,  and  in  1888  appeared  as  leading 
contralto  at  the  Lincoln,  Gloucester, 
and  Leeds  Festivals.  Since  then  she 
has  made  constant  appearances  at  the 
principal  concerts  in  London  and  the 
provinces. 


1182 


WILSON  —  WINDISCHGRATZ 


WILSON,  James,  American  political 
leader  and  agriculturist,  was  born  in  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  Aug.  16,  1835.  He  went 
to  America  with  his  parents  in  1852, 
settling  in  Connecticut.  In  1855  he  re- 
moved to  Iowa,  locating  in  Tama  County, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming.  He  .served 
three  terms  in  the  State  Legislature, 
being  Speaker  of  the  Lower  House  on  the 
third  occasion.  He  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress in  1872,  and  served  in  the  Forty- 
third,  Forty  -  fourth,  and  Forty  -  eighth 
Congresses.  From  1870  to  1874  he  was  a 
Regent  of  the  State  University,  and  for 
several  years  has  been  Director  of  the 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and 
Professor  of  Agriculture  at  the  Iowa 
Agricultural  College  at  Ames.  He  became 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  President 
McKinley's  Cabinet,  Mar.  4,  1897. 

WILSON,  TheVen.  James  Maurice, 

was  born  on  Nov.  6,  1836.  His  father,  the 
Rev.  E.  Wilson,  who  was  a  double  first- 
class  at  Cambridge  in  1825,  and  a  Fellow 
of  St.  John's,  was  for  many  years  Vicar  of 
Nocton,  Lincoln,  and  honorary  Canon  of 
Lincoln.  Mr.  Wilson  was  educated  at 
King  William's  College,  Isle  of  Man,  and 
at  Sedbergh  Grammar  School,  and  went 
up  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1855.  He  was  bracketed  for  the  second  Bell 
Scholarship  in  1856  with  Henry  Sidgwick, 
who  was  afterwards  Senior  Classic.  He 
took  his  degree  in  1859  as  Senior  Wrangler. 
He  was  appointed  by  Dr.  Temple  to  the 
post  of  Natural  Science  Master  at  Rugby, 
and  in  that  capacity,  and  subsequently  as 
Senior  Mathematical  Master,  he  worked 
at  Rugby  for  twenty  years.  During  those 
years  he  was  an  occasional  contributor  to 
the  Geological  and  Astronomical  Societies' 
journals,  and  founded  the  Temple  Observa- 
tory at  Rugby.  His  chief  astronomical 
work  is  one  in  which  he  was  associated 
with  two  other  amateurs,  the  "Handbook 
of  Double  Stars."  In  1879  he  was  offered 
the  Headmastership  of  Clifton  College, 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Percival. 
Since  that  time  until  1890,  when  he  retired 
from  that  position,  he  had  been  more  before 
the  world  as  the  Headmaster  of  a  large 
and  very  active  school,  and  as  a  preacher 
and  writer,  than  as  a  scientific  man.  A 
volume  of  his  school  sermons  in  two  series, 
of  which  the  second  appeared  in  1891,  has 
been  published  by  Macmillan  ;  also  volumes 
of  Essays  and  Addresses  and  Contributions 
to  Religious  Thought.  He  is  understood 
to  have  taken  much  interest  in  Bristol, 
in  its  religious  and  philanthropic  and  edu- 
cational work.  He  was  Chaplain  to  the 
present  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  from 
1885  to  1890.  In  1890  he  was  presented 
to  the  living  of  Rochdale,  in  the  Diocese 
of    Manchester,    and   in   the   same    year 


became  Archdeacon  of  Manchester  and 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Man- 
chester. He  has  since  published  (Kegan 
Paul)  a  volume  of  "Rochdale  Sermons,"  and 
many  separate  addresses  are  published  by 
the  S.P.C.K.  Address:  The  Vicarage, 
Rochdale. 

WILSON,  William  Edward,  F.R.S., 
J.P.,  is  the  son  of  John  Wilson,  M.A.,  J.P., 
of  Daramona  House,  Streete,  co.  West- 
meath,  and  was  born  on  July  19,  1851. 
He  was  educated  privately,  and  he  has 
devoted  himself  to  investigations  con- 
nected with  Astronomy  and  Physical 
Science.  He  built  a  private  observatory 
at  Daramona  in  1871,  and  ten  years  later 
he  constructed  a  larger  observatory,  add- 
ing also  a  physical  laboratory  and  a 
mechanical  workshop.  Mr.  Wilson  has 
published  numerous  papers  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  has  also  edited  the 
Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society.  He  served  the  office  of  High 
Sheriff  for  Westmeath  in  1894,  and  was 
married  to  Carolina  Ada,  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain R.  C.  Granville,  in  1886.  Addresses  : 
Daramona,  Streete,  co.  Westmeath ;  and 
the  Athenaeum. 

WILSON,  Hon.  William  L.,  LL.D., 
American  statesman,  was  born  in  Jefferson 
Co.,  Virginia,  May  3,  1843,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Charlestown  Academy  and  at 
Columbian  College,  District  of  Columbia 
(where  he  graduated  in  1860),  and  at  the 
University  of  Virginia.  He  served  in  the 
Confederate  Army  during  the  Civil  War, 
and  for  several  years  afterwards  was 
Professor  in  Columbian  College.  He  sub- 
sequently resigned,  and  practised  law  at 
Charlestown.  In  1882  he  became  Pre- 
sident of  the  West  Virginia  University,  but 
relinquished  this  position  upon  entering 
Congress  in  1883,  where  he  served  until 
1895.  He  was  Postmaster-General  in  Pre- 
sident Cleveland's  Cabinet  from  1895  to 
1897,  when  he  was  elected  President  of 
Washington  and  Lee  University.  Mr. 
Wilson  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
which  framed  the  Revenue  Bill,  which 
became  law  in  August  1894,  and  the 
measure  hence  became  known  as  "The 
Wilson  Tariff."  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Columbian  Uni- 
versity in  1883,  and  by  Hampden-Sidney 
College  in  1886. 

WINCHESTER,    Bishop    of.      See 

Davidson,  The  Right  Rev.  Randall 
Thomas. 

WINDISCHGB,  ATZ,  Prince  Alfred, 

ex-Premier  of  Austria,  is  a  descendant  of 
one  of  the  most  aristocratic  families  in 


WINDSOR  —  WINNINGTON-INGRAM 


1183 


Austria.  His  father  was  one  of  the 
generals  who  suppressed  the  Revolution 
of  1848,  and  his  uncle  married  the  danseuse 
Marie  Taglioni,  a  niece  of  the  great  Tag- 
lioni.  He  was  born  about  1852,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Universities  of  Bonn  and 
Prague,  where  he  studied  for  the  law 
instead  of  entering  the  army.  In  1877  he 
was  made  a  Doctor  of  Laws  and  a  member 
of  the  Imperial  Court  of  Justice.  He 
has  sat  in  the  Austrian  Reichsrath  since 
1876  as  a  Conservative  and  Clerical,  and 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Bohemian  Diet. 
When  Count  Taaffe  resigned  in  November 
1893,  owing  to  the  defeat  of  his  Electoral 
Reform  Bill.  Prince  Windischgratz  formed 
a  coalition  ministry  of  Poles,  Conservatives, 
and  German  Liberals.  However,  the  Con- 
servative element  prevailed,  and  the  Prince 
no  longer  having  the  confidence  of  his 
Liberal  followers  in  questions  of  electoral 
reform,  &c,  he  resigned  June  19,  1895, 
and  was  succeeded  by  the  provisional 
government  of  Count  Kilmansegg. 

WINDSOR,  Lord,  The  Bight  Hon. 
Robert  George  Windsor  Clive,  D.L., 
J.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Robert  Windsor 
Clive,  M.P.,  was  born  on  Aug.  27,  1857, 
and  succeeded  his  grandmother,  Baroness 
Windsor,  as  14th  Baron,  in  1869.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.A.  Re 
was  Paymaster-General  from  1891  to  1892, 
acted  as  Mayor  of  Cardiff  from  1895  to 
1896,  and  has  been  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Glamorganshire  since  1890.  He  is  Hon. 
Colonel  of  the  2nd  Glamorgan  Volunteer 
Artillery,  of  the  2nd  Battalion  of  the 
Worcestershire  Regiment,  and  of  the  3rd 
Battalion  of  the  Welsh  Regiment.  Lord 
Windsor  was  married  in  1883  to  Alberta, 
daughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Augustus 
Berkeley  Paget,  KC.B.  Addresses  :  St. 
Fagan's  Castle,  Cardiff,  &c. 

WINGATE,  Colonel  Sir  Francis 
Reginald,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  D.S.O.,  late 
Director  of  Military  Intelligence  in  Egypt 
and  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  was 
born  in  June  1861,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Andrew  Wingate.  He  entered 
the  array  as  a  Lieutenant  of  Royal 
Artillery  in  July  1880,  and  soon  after 
was  selected  for  employment  with  the 
Egyptian  Army.  He  took  part  in  the 
Soudan  Campaign  of  1884-85,  and  served 
in  the  Nile  Expedition,  acting  as  Aide-de- 
Camp  and  Military  Secretary  to  the  Major- 
General  on  the  Lines  of  Communication. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  and 
obtained  the  brevet  of  Major.  In  April 
1886  he  was  appointed  Aide-de-Camp  to 
the  General  Commanding  the  Eastern 
District,  but  in  the  following  month  he 
returned  to  Egypt.     Major  Wingate  took 


part  in  the  operations  on  the  Soudan 
Frontier  in  1889,  including  the  engage- 
ment at  Toski,  for  which  he  obtained  the 
D.S.O.  He  was  also  present  at  the 
capture  of  Tokar  in  February  1891,  after 
which  he  received  the  Medjidieh  of  the 
third  class.  He  served  with  the  Dongola 
Expedition  under  Sir  Herbert  Kitchener 
as  Director  of  Military  Intelligence,  and 
was  present  at  the  engagement  at  Firket 
and  the  operations  at  Hafir ;  he  was 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  obtained  the 
brevet  of  Lieut. -Colonel  and  two  clasps 
to  his  medal.  He  has  also  served  in  a 
similar  capacity  in  the  Omdurman  Ex- 
pedition, and  has  had  control  of  the  press 
censorship.  Colonel  Sir  Francis  Wingate 
was  created  K.C.M.G.  in  1898,  and  is  in 
possession  of  the  Order  of  the  Iron  Crown 
of  the  second  class  and  the  Osmanieh  of 
the  fourth  class,  and  is  qualified  to  act 
as  interpreter  in  Turkish.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Ten  Tears  in  the  Mahdi's 
Camp,"  and  "Mahdism  and  the  Egyptian 
Soudan."  He  married,  in  1888,  Catherine 
Leslie,  daughter  of  the  late  Captain  J.  S. 
Rundle,  R.M.     Address :  Cairo. 

WINGFIELD,  Sir  Edward,  K.C.B., 
fourth  son  of  John  Muxloe  Wingfield,  of 
Walcot,  near  Bath,  was  born  in  1834,  and 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  seconds  in  Mathe- 
matical Mods,  and  firsts  in  Classical  Mods, 
and  Lit.  Hum.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  his 
College  from  1850  to  1872,  and  became 
S.C.L.,  1853;  B.C.L.,  1857;  M.A.,  1859. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1859.  He  was  appointed  Assistant 
Under-Secretary  at  the  Colonial  Office  in 
1878,  and  recently  succeeded  Sir  Robert 
Meade  as  Permanent  Under-Secretary  of 
State  in  the  same  Department.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  in  January  1899. 

WINNINGTON  -  INGRAM,  The 
Right  Rev.  Arthur  Foley,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Stepney,  Canon  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  was  born  in  Worcestershire  on 
Jan.  26,  1858,  and  is  the  fourth  son  of  the 
Rev.  E.  Winnington-Ingram,  of  Stanford 
Rectory,  Worcestershire,  and  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Bishop  Pepys.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Marlborough  College  and  Keble 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a  first 
class  in  Classical  Moderations  and  a  second 
class  in  Lit.  Hum.  He  became  Curate  of 
St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury,  in  1884 ;  was 
Private  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Lich- 
field, 1885-89 ;  in  1889  was  appointed 
Head  of  Oxford  House,  Bethnal  Green, 
and  Chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of  York 
and  to  the  Bishop  of  St.  Albans;  in  1895 
became  Rector  of  Bethnal  Green ;  in  1896 
Rural  Dean  of  Spitalfields  ;  and  in  1897, 
having  gained  a  wide  experience  of  the 


1184 


WINTER  —  WODEHOUSE 


East  End  and  its  needs,  both  spiritual  and 
social,  was  appointed  second  Bishop  of 
Stepney,  and  Suffragan  to  the  Bishop  of 
London.  In  1891  and  1892  he  was  Select 
Preacher  at  his  old  University,  and  in 
1893  and  1897  at  Cambridge.  His  works 
include:  "Work  in  Great  Cities,"  "Old 
Testament  Difficulties,"  "  New  Testament 
Difficulties,"  "Church  Difficulties,"  "The 
Men  who  Crucify  Christ,"  1896;  "Christ 
and  His  Friends,"  1897,  &c.  Address  :  2 
Amen  Corner,  St.  Paul's,  E.C. 

WINTER,  The  Hon.  Sir  James 
Spearman,  K.C.M.G.,  colonial  states- 
man, was  born  at  Lamaline,  Newfound- 
land, Jan.  1,  1845,  and  received  an  aca- 
demic education  at  St.  Johns.  He  studied 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1867, 
becoming  a  Q.C.  in  1880.  He  entered 
the  Legislature  in  1874,  and  sat  con- 
tinuously up  to  1889,  shortly  after  which 
he  was  elevated  to  the  Bench  ;  he  filled 
successively  the  offices  of  Speaker  of  As- 
sembly, Solicitor -General,  and  Attorney- 
General,  and  was  for  a  time  leader  of  the 
Opposition.  He  served  as  a  delegate  to 
London  on  the  French  Fisheries  question 
in  1890,  and  was  agent  for  Newfoundland 
at  the  Washington  Fishery  Conference, 
1887-88.  In  November  1896  he  voluntarily 
resigned  from  the  Bench  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  the  law,  and  not  long  after- 
wards re-entered  political  life,  and  was 
elected  leader  of  the  Opposition.  In 
October  1897  he  was  called  to  the  Premier- 
ship after  the  general  elections  in  that 
month,  and  assumed  office  November  17. 
In  1898  he  was  a  member  of  the  Anglo- 
American  International  Conference  at 
Quebec.  He  was  created  a  K.C.M.G.  for 
his  public  services  in  1888.  Address  :  St. 
Johns,  Newfoundland. 

WINTER,  John  Strange.    See  Stan- 

naed,  Mrs.  Abthue. 

WISLICENUS,  Johannes,  Foreign 
F.R.S.,  German  chemist,  was  born  near 
Querfurt,  in  Prussian  Saxony,  June  24, 
1835.  Having  taught  chemistry  at  New 
York,  Zurich,  and  Wiirzburg,  he  became 
Professor  at  Leipzig  in  1885.  His  chief 
work  is  a  handbook  on  chemistry.  Ad- 
dress :  The  University,  Leipzig. 

WISSMAN,  Major  Hermann  von, 

German  explorer,  was  born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder  in  1853,  and  entered  the  army, 
becoming  lieutenant  in  1873.  In  1880,  at 
the  request  of  the  African  Society  of 
Berlin,  he  undertook  his  first  journey, 
which  lasted  two  years.  His  next  was  to 
explore  the  Congo  for  the  Belgian  Govern- 
ment. For  some  years  he  was  Governor 
of  German  East  Africa. 


WITT,  John  George,  Q.C,  second 
son  of  James  M.  Witt,  Esq.,  of  40  Eccle- 
ston  Square,  S.W.,  and  of  S  waff  ham  Prior, 
Cambridgeshire,  was  born  at  Denny  Abbey, 
in  the  same  county,  on  Sept.  24,  1836.  He 
went  to  Eton  College  in  1848,  and  was 
elected  King's  Scholar  in  1849,  being 
placed  first  in  the  list  of  successful  candi- 
dates. In  1856  hebecamea  Scholar  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  having  been  placed 
first  in  the  election  from  Eton.  In  1859 
he  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  his  College, 
and  in  due  course  became  Senior  Fellow. 
In  1860  he  was  in  the  first  class  of  the 
Classical  Tripos,  and  in  1861  he  gained 
the  University  Hulsean  Prize.  In  1864  he 
was  called  to  the  Bar,  and  in  1892  he  was 
appointed  one  of  her  Majesty's  Council. 
In  1895  he  was  made  a  Bencher  of  Lincoln's 
Inn.  He  has  a  leading  practice  at  the 
Bar.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Mutual 
Influence  of  the  Christian  Doctrine  and  the 
School  of  Alexandria"  (Macmillan),  1861, 
and  of  "  Then  and  Now  "  (Richard  Bentley 
and  Son),  1897,  a  work  on  the  survival  of 
ancient  forms  of  worship  and  ancient 
symbols.  He  was  for  many  years  editor 
of  the  Law  Journal  Reports.  At  Eton  he 
was  captain  of  football,  and  also  played  in 
the  cricket  match  against  Winchester,  and 
was  captain  of  the  school  from  September 
1855  to  March  1856.  Addresses  :  1  King's 
Bench  Walk,  Temple,  E.C.  ;  29  Pembroke 
Eoad,  Kensington,  W. ;  and  Bridge  End, 
Finchampstead,  Berks. 

WITTE,  Sergius  de,  Russian  Minister 
of  Finance,  is  of  German  parentage,  and 
started  life  as  a  clerk  in  the  goods  de- 
partment of  a  railway  in  South  Russia. 
By  his  own  efforts  he  became  Director  of 
the  Railway,  and  having  been  brought 
into  contact  with  Vyschnegradski,  he  was 
introduced  by  him  to  political  life,  and  by 
his  unrivalled  power  over  figures  has  held 
his  present  post  for  many  years. 

WODEHOUSE,    Edmond    Robert, 

M.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Sir  P.  E. 
Wodehouse,  K.C.B.,  and  was  born  in  1835. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A. 
in  1865,  and  the  M.A.  in  1868.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1861, 
and  acted  as  Private  Secretary  to  Lord 
Kimberley  during  his  tenure  of  the  Lord- 
Lieutenancy  of  Ireland,  from  1864  to  1866 ; 
of  the  Privy  Seal,  from  1868  to  1870;  and 
of  the  Colonial  Secretaryship,  from  1870 
to  1874.  Mr.  Wodehouse  was  elected  as 
Liberal-Unionist  Member  for  Bath  in  1895, 
and  he  had  also  represented  that  con- 
stituency from  1880  to  1895.  He  acted 
as  a  Deputy-Chairman  of  Committees  in 
the  House  of  Commons  in  1896.  He  was 
married,  in  1876,  to  Adela,  daughter  of 


WOLF  —  WOLSELEY 


1185 


the    Rev.    C.   W.    Bagot.      Address  :    56 
Chester  Square,  S.W. 

WOLF,  Rudolf,  astronomer,  was  born 
at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  on  July  17,  1816, 
and  became  Professor  at  the  Swiss  Poly- 
technic and  Director  of  the  Zurich  Ob- 
servatory. He  is  widely  known  for  his 
work  upon  solar  spots.  The  following  are 
among  his  principal  works :  "  Neue  Unter- 
suchungen  ueber  die  Periode  der  Sonnen- 
flecken  und  ihrer  Bedeutung,"  1852 ; 
"  Geschichte  der  Astronomie,"  1877 ; 
"Geschichte  der  Vermessungen  in  der 
Schweiz,"  1879;  "Handbuch  der  Astro- 
nomie, ihre  Geschichte  und  Litteratur," 
1890;  and  his  Astronomische  Mittheilungen, 
1856-90. 

WOLFE- BARRY,  Sir  John.  See 
Baebt,  Sie  John  Wolfe. 

WOLFF,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Henry  Drummond,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G., 
is  son  of  that  eminent  missionary  and 
traveller  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Wolff, 
Vicar  of  Isle-Brewers,  Somersetshire,  by 
Lady  Georgiana  Mary  Walpole,  daughter 
of  Horatio,  second  Earl  of  Orford,  of  the 
present  creation.  He  was  born  at  Malta, 
Oct.  12,  1830,  and  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
under  Dr.  Tait,  and  on  the  Continent ;  he 
entered  the  Foreign  Office  in  1846,  and 
was  made  a  permanent  clerk  in  1849.  He 
was  an  Attache'  at  Florence  in  1852-53, 
during  part  of  which  time-he  was  acting 
Charge  d' Affaires.  In  July  1856  he  was 
attached  to  the  late  Earl  of  Westmor- 
land's special  mission  to  Belgium.  In 
1858  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  and 
afterwards  to  Sir  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton, 
and  the  following  year  was  promoted  to 
an  Assistant-Clerkship  in  the  Foreign 
Office.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George,  and  also  Secretary  to  the 
Lord  High  Commissioner  of  the  Ionian 
Islands.  In  that  and  the  two  following 
years  he  sat  as  a  member  of  several  Com- 
missions of  inquiry  into  the  civil  adminis- 
tration, taxation,  and  education  of  the 
Ionian  Islands  and  their  inhabitants,  and 
in  1862  was  a  Commissioner  to  represent 
the  interest  of  those  islands  at  the  Great 
Exhibition  of  that  year.  He  was  nomi- 
nated a  K.C.M.G.  in  1862,  and  retired  on 
a  pension  in  June  1864,  on  the  cessation 
of  the  British  Protectorate  over  the  Ionian 
Islands.  In  1874  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Christ  Church  in  the  Conservative  interest. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on  Copyright.  In  1878  he  was  ap- 
pointed her  Majesty's  Commissioner  in 
Eastern  Roumelia  to  represent  Great 
Britain  in  the  preparation  of  an  autono- 


mous constitution  for  that  province.  For 
this  service  he  was  appointed  a  K.C.B., 
having  previously  been  in  succession 
C.M.G.,  K.C.M.G.,  and  G.C.M.G.  At  the 
election  of  1880  he  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Portsmouth.  As  such  lie  was  one  of 
the  active  group  known  as  the  Fourth 
Party.  In  June  1885  he  was  sworn  a 
Privy  Councillor,  and  in  the  August  fol- 
lowing appointed  Envoy-Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey,  on  a  special  mission  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  the  affairs  of  Egypt, 
and  High  Commissioner  in  Egypt  on  Nov- 
ember 2.  In  1888  Sir  Henry  Drummond- 
Wolff  was  appointed  Minister  to  Teheran. 
He  accompanied  the  Shah  on  his  last  visit 
to  England,  and  returned  to  Teheran  in 
October  1888.  In  1889  he  was  made 
G.C.B.  on  account  of  his  services  in  the 
opening  of  the  river  Karun,  and  at  Con- 
stantinople and  Teheran.  In  1891  he 
was  appointed  Envoy-Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  at  Bucharest,  and 
in  1892  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  at  Madrid.  He  is  J.P.  for 
Hampshire  and  Middlesex,  and  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  and  the 
Royal  Colonial  Institute  ;  is  the  author  of 
a  work  on  "  The  Residence  of  the  First 
Napoleon  at  Elba,"  of  a  translation  of  a 
work  by  M.  de  Lesseps  on  "The  Suez 
Canal,"  of  the  "  Letters  of  Memnon,"  on 
the  same  subject,  and  of  "  The  Mother 
Country  and  the  Colonies,"  and  other  pam- 
phlets and  articles.  He  married  the  only 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Sholto  Douglas. 
Addresses  :  British  Embassy,  Madrid ;  28 
Cadogan  Place,  S.W.,  &c.  ;  and  Athenaeum. 

WOLSELEY,  Viscount,  Field- 
Marshal  Sir  Garnet  Joseph,  K.P., 
G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Army,  Colonel 
Royal  Horse  Guards,  Gold-Stick-in-Wait- 
ing,  son  of  Major  G.  J.  Wolseley,  of  the 
25th  Regiment  of  Foot,  was  born  at  Golden 
Bridge  House,  near  Dublin,  June  4,  1833, 
and  was  educated  at  a  private  school  and 
under  tutors.  He  entered  the  army  as 
Ensign  in  March  1852  ;  became  a  Captain 
in  January  1855  ;  Major  of  the  90th  Foot  in 
March  1858  ;  Lieut.-Colonelin  the  army  in 
April  1859  ;  and  Colonel  in  June  1865.  He 
served  with  the  80th  Foot  in  the  Burmese 
War  of  1852-53,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded,  and  for  which  he  received  a 
medal.  Afterwards  he  achieved  distinc- 
tion in  the  Crimea,  where  he  served  with 
the  90th  Light  Infantry.  At  the  siege  of 
Sebastopol  he  was  severely  wounded,  after 
which  he  received  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
and  the  fifth  class  of  the  Turkish  Order  of 
the  Medjidieh.  He  was  also  at  the  siege 
and  capture  of  Lucknow,  and  the  defence 
of  Alumbagh,  where  he  was  made  brevet 

4  F 


1186 


WOOD 


Lieut. -Colonel,  and  mentioned  with  com- 
mendation in  despatches.  In  1860  he 
served  on  the  staff  of  the  Quartermaster- 
General  throughout  the  Chinese  campaign, 
for  which  he  received  a  medal  and  two 
clasps.  He  was  appointed  Deputy-Quarter- 
master-General in  Canada  in  October  1867, 
and  commanded  the  expedition  to  the  Red 
River  ;  was  nominated  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George  in  1870 ;  and  was  Assistant  Ad- 
jutant-General at  headquarters  in  1871. 
He  was  appointed  in  August  1873  to  com- 
mand the  troops  on  the  Gold  Coast  during 
the  Ashantee  War,  with  the  local  rank  of 
Major-General.  On  Sept.  12,  1873,  he  and 
his  staff  embarked  at  Liverpool  for  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa.  After  defeating  the 
enemy,  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley,  on  Feb.  5, 
entered  Coomassie,  and  received  the  sub- 
mission of  the  King.  The  success  of  the 
expedition  justified  the  confidence  which 
had  been  reposed  in  the  Commander-in- 
Chief.  On  his  return  to  England  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley  received  the  thanks  of 
Parliament  and  a  grant  of  £25,000  for  his 
"courage,  energy,  and  perseverance"  in 
the  conduct  of  the  Ashantee  War  ;  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  ;  and  was  presented  with 
the  freedom  of  the  City  of  London  and  a 
splendid  sword  of  the  value  of  100  guineas, 
Oct.  22,  1874.  He  was  appoiuted  to  com- 
mand the  Auxiliary  Forces  in  April  1874. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  following 
year  he  was  despatched  to  Natal  to 
administer  the  government  of  that  colony 
and  to  advise  upon  several  important 
points  connected  with  the  management  of 
native  affairs  and  the  best  form  of  defen- 
sive organisation.  On  Oct.  2,  1875,  he 
landed  at  Portsmouth,  accompanied  by  his 
staff,  on  his  return  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  He  remained  in  command  of  the 
Auxiliary  Forces  till  November  1876,  when 
he  was  nominated  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  India.  On  July  12,  1878,  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  Administrator  of  the  Island  of 
Cyprus,  under  the  style  of  Her  Majesty's 
High  Commissioner  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  the  same  island.  In  June  1879  he 
was  sent  to  South  Africa,  as  Governor  and 
High  Commissioner  of  Natal  and  the 
Transvaal,  to  reorganise  the  affairs  of 
Zululand,  and  on  that  occasion  conducted 
the  operations  against  Sikukuni,  whose 
stronghold  he  destroyed.  Returning  in 
May  1880  he  was  appointed  Quartermaster- 
General  at  the  headquarters  of  the  army, 
and  in  April  1882  succeeded  Sir  Charles 
Ellice  as  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army. 
He  was  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Ex- 
peditionary Force  sent  to  Egypt  in  1882  ; 
received  the  thanks  of  Parliament ;  and 
was  gazetted  (Nov.  20)  Baron  Wolseley  of 
Cairo,  and  of  Wolseley,  in  the  county  of 
Stafford.      For  his   services  in  Egypt,  he 


received  from  the  Khedive,  Tewfik  Pacha, 
the  Grand  Cordon  of  the  Osmanieh.  He 
was  also  promoted  to  the  rank  of  General 
in  1882.  On  May  12,  1883,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Hon.  Colonelcy  of  the  23rd 
Middlesex  V.B.  (now  the  2nd  V.B.  Royal 
Fusiliers),  in  succession  to  Sir  Charles 
Russell,  W.€.,  deceased.  He  was  made 
D.  C.  L.  of  Oxford,  and  LL.  D.  of  Cambridge. 
In  June  1883  the  University  of  Dublin  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  In  1884-85  he  was  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  Egypt,  and  conducted  the  opera- 
tions undertaken  for  the  relief  of  Khar- 
toum, for  which  services  he  received  the 
thanks  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  was 
made  K.P.,  and  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
Viscount  Wolseley,  of  Wolseley,  in  the 
county  of  Stafford.  He  retired  in  1890 
from  being  Adjutant-General  to  the  Forces, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Redvers  Buller  ; 
Lord  Wolseley  having  been  appointed 
Commander  of  the  Forces  in  Ireland.     In 

1894  he  was  appointed  a  Field- Marshal, 
and  received  his  baton  in  the  autumn  from 
the  Queen  at  Windsor.  Lord  Wolseley  is 
the  author  of  "  Narrative  of  the  War  with 
China  in  1860,"  to  which  is  added  the 
"Account  of  a  Short  Residence  with  the 
Tai-Ping  Rebels  at  Nankin,  and  a  Voyage 
thence  to  Hankow,"  1862  ;  "The  Soldier's 
Pocket  Book  for  Field  Service,"  1869,  2nd 
edit.,  1871 ;  new  edit.,  1882  ;  "  The  System 
of  Field  Manoeuvres  best  adapted  for 
enabling  our  Troops  to  meet  a  Continental 
Army,"  printed  in  "  Essays  written  for  the 
Wellington  Prize,"  1872;  "France  as  a 
Military  Power  in  1870  and  1878,"  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  January  1878.  In  1894 
he  published  an  important  biography  of 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  and  in  1895 
"The  Decline  and  Fall  of  Napoleon."     In 

1895  he  succeeded  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge  as  Commander-in-Chief,  which 
position  he  still  holds.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Patriotic 
Fund,  together  with  Lord  Rothschild,  in 
June  1899.  He  married,  in  1867,  Louisa, 
daughter  of  A.  Erskine.  Addresses  :  4 
Grosvenor  Gardens,  S.W. ;  and  Athenseum. 

WOOD,  General  Sir  Hy.  Evelyn, 
JST.ffi.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  D.L.,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Sir  John 
Page  Wood,  Bart.,  of  Rivenhall,  some  time 
Vicar  of  Cressing,  Essex,  and  Rector  of 
St.  Peter's,  Cornhill,  by  Emma  Caroline, 
youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  Sampson,  of 
Croft  West,  Cornwall,  a  captain,  R.N., 
and  an  admiral  in  the  Portuguese  service. 
He  was  born  at  Cressing  on  Feb.  9,  1838, 
entered  the  navy  in  1852,  served  with  dis- 
tinction as  Aide-de-camp  to  Captain  Sir 
William  Peel,  in  command  of  the  Naval 
Brigade  in  the  Crimea  (1854-55).  At  the 
unsuccessful  assault   on  the  Redan  (June 


WOOD 


1187 


18,  1855),  while  carrying  one  of  the 
scaling  ladders,  he  was  severely  wounded  ; 
he  was  mentioned  with  praise  in  Lord 
Baglan's  despatches.  He  obtained  the 
Crimean  Medal  with  two  clasps,  the  fifth 
class  of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh,  and  a 
Turkish  Medal ;  and  was  made  a  Knight 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  next  entered 
the  army  as  Cornet,  13th  Light  Dragoons  ; 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant 
in  1856,  Captain  in  17th  Lancers  in  1861, 
and  Major  in  1862.  In  the  Indian  cam- 
paign of  1858  he  served  as  a  Brigade- 
Major,  and  was  present  at  the  actions  of 
Rajghur,  Sindwaho,  Kharee,  and  Baroda, 
for  which  he  gained  a  medal,  and  was 
twice  mentioned  in  despatches.  In  1859 
and  1860  he  commanded  the  1st  Regiment 
of  Beatson's  Irregular  Horse,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  the  Indian  Government  for 
his  pursuit  of  the  rebels  in  the  Seronge 
jungle  ;  he  also  won  the  Victoria  Cross 
for  valour.  He  raised  the  2nd  Regiment 
of  Central  India  Horse.  In  September 
1873,  being  a  Lieut. -Colonel  90th  Infantry, 
he  accompanied  Major-General  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley  to  the  Ashantee  War,  and 
organised  a  native  force,  which  he  com- 
manded, with  other  troops,  in  the  affairs 
of  Bssaman,  and  on  the  road  from  Mansu 
to  the  River  Prah,  following  the  retreat  of 
the  Ashantee  army  from  the  coast.  Lieut. - 
Colonel  Wood  afterwards  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  army  in  the  battles  of 
Amoaful  (wounded)  and  Ordahsu,  and  the 
capture  of  Coomassie.  For  these  services 
he  was  several  times  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches, and  was  nominated  a  C.B. 
(1874),  promoted  to  the  brevet  rank  of 
Colonel,  and  received  the  Medal  with 
Clasp.  Having  distinguished  himself  in 
both  the  naval  and  the  military  services  of 
the  country,  he  joined  the  Hon.  Society  of 
the  Middle  Temple  in  April  1870,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  Easter  Term  1874, 
shortly  after  his  return  from  the  Ashantee 
War.  He  served  throughout  the  Zulu 
War  of  1879  in  command  of  No.  4  column. 
As  political  agent  he  raised  a  contingent 
of  1000  friendly  Zulus,  known  as  "Wood's 
Irregulars."  Two  days  after  the  British 
reverse  at  Isandula  he  surprised  and 
defeated  a  force  of  several  thousands  of 
the  enemy,  and  then  maintained  an  ad- 
vanced position  in  the  enemy's  country, 
for  which  he  was  specially  commended  by 
the  High  Commissioner.  He  defeated  the 
Zulus  in  the  action  of  Kambula  on  March 
29,  and  in  April  was  made  Brigadier- 
General.  He  led  the  advance  to  Ulundi 
with  a  flying  column,  and  was  present  in 
the  engagement  there  on  July  4.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  received  by  the 
Queen  in  person,  and  was  created  aK.C.B. 
(September  1879).  On  Nov.  1,  1879,  the 
Bar   of    England    entertained  him    at  a 


banquet  in  the  hall  of  the  Middle  Temple ; 
he  was  given  a  sword  of  honour  by  the 
county  of  Essex,  and  was  made  J.P.  for  the 
county.  He  served  in  the  Transvaal  War 
of  1880-81,  with  the  local  rank  of  Major- 
General  ;  was  nominated  one  of  her 
Majesty's  Commissioners  for  settling  the 
Transvaal  territory  in  April  1881  ;  created 
G.C.M.G.  ;  and  was  reappointed  to  com- 
mand the  troops  in  the  Chatham  district 
in  1880.  He  commanded  the  2nd  Brigade, 
2nd  Division,  in  the  expedition  to  Egypt 
in  1882,  and  for  his  distinguished  services 
received  the  thanks  of  Parliament.  In 
December  1882  he  was  appointed  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Egyptian  army, 
ranking  as  chief  of  the  Pachas,  or  Sirdar. 
He  commanded  the  line  of  communication 
in  the  Nile  Expedition,  1884-85 ;  Grand 
Cordon  of  the  Medjidieh,  Khedive's  Star, 
and  Medals.  He  commanded  the  Eastern 
district  from  April  1,  1886,  to  December 
1889,  and  the  Aldershot  District  from  Jan. 
1,  1889,  till  Oct.  8,  1893,  was  from  1893  till 
1897  Quartermaster-General  to  the  Forces, 
and  is  now  Adjutant-General.  He  received 
the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath  in  1891.  He 
is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Essex.  He  is  the 
author  of  "The  Crimea  in  1854-94,"  and 
"Cavalry  at  Waterloo,"  1896.  He  married, 
in  1867,  the  Hon.  Mary  Paulina  Southwell, 
who  died  in  1891.  Addresses:  23  Devon- 
shire Place,  W.  ;   and  War  Office. 

WOOD,  Kev.  Joseph,  D.D.,  Head- 
Master  of  Harrow,  was  born  in  1843,  and 
is  the  second  son  of  John  Wood,  of  Man- 
chester. He  was  educated  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford, where  he  was  an  Exhibitioner, 
took  a  First  Class  in  Classical  Moderations 
in  1863,  and  a  First  Class  in  the  Final 
School  of  Lit.  Hum.  in  1865.  He  was  also 
in  the  latter  year  elected  a  Fereday  Fellow 
of  St.  John's  College  (M.A.  1868,  B.  and 
D.D.  1879).  He  was  ordained  in  1865, 
became  an  Assistant  Master  at  Cheltenham 
College  in  1867,  and  three  years  later  he 
was  appointed  Head-Master  of  Leamington 
College.  He  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  in 
1879,  and  he  acted  as  a  Classical  Moderator 
at  Oxford  from  1876-77.  After  a  period 
of  twenty  years'  successful  work  at 
Leamington,  Dr.  Wood  was,  in  1890, 
appointed  Head  -  Master  of  Tonbridge 
School,  where  he  quickly  made  his 
influence  felt,  and  where  in  the  course  of 
some  six  or  seven  years  he  raised  the 
numbers  from  200  to  450.  In  November 
1898,  on  the  nomination  of  Dr.  Welldon 
as  Bishop  of  Calcutta,  he  was  selected  by 
the  Governors  of  Harrow  School  as  his 
successor.     Address  :  Harrow  School. 

WOOD,  Thomas  M'Kinnon,  late 
Chairman  of  the  London  County  Council, 
was  born  in  London  in  1855,  and  educated 


1188 


WOOD  —  WOODFORD 


at  Mill  Hill  School,  and  at  University 
College,  London,  of  which  he  is  a  Life- 
Governor.  He  graduated  with  first  class 
honours  at  the  University  of  London,  and 
for  some  time  was  a  regular  contributor  to 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  chiefly  on 
literary  and  historical  subjects.  On  the 
death  of  his  father,  Mr.  Hugh  Wood,  a 
London  shipowner  and  export  merchant, 
he  succeeded  to  his  business,  and  he  is  con- 
nected with  several  commercial  under- 
takings in  London  and  Liverpool.  Since 
1892  he  has  chiefly  devoted  his  time  to 
public  work,  having  in  that  year  been 
elected  to  the  London  County  Council  for 
Central  Hackney,  for  which  constituency 
he  has  been  twice  re-elected.  In  1894  he 
became  Chairman  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment and  Taxation  Committee,  and  for 
nearly  three  years  he  was  Chairman  of  the 
Parliamentary  Committee  of  the  Council. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  first  Technical 
Education  Board,  which  was  appointed  by 
the  Council  in  1873,  and  of  the  Special 
Committee  on  London  Government.  In 
1875  he  contested  East  Islington  unsuc- 
cessfully as  Liberal  Parliamentary  candi- 
date. During  the  last  Council  he  was 
chosen  as  the  first  leader  of  the  Progres- 
sive party.  In  this  capacity  he  published 
(in  February  1898)  an  article  in  the  Con- 
temporary Review  explaining  the  position 
of  the  Progressive  party,  and  discussing 
the  alternative  policies  for  the  government 
of  London,  strongly  maintaining  the  view 
that  the  election  ought  to  be  fought  upon 
purely  municipal  issues,  and  not  upon 
political  lines.  On  March  15,  1898,  he  was 
elected  as  Chairman  of  the  London  County 
Council,  having  been  re-elected  on  the 
previous  day  for  Central  Hackney  by  3162 
votes,  as  compared  with  2473  at  the 
election  of  1895.  In  March  1899  he  was 
succeeded  in  the  Chairmanship  by  Lord 
Welby.  Address  :  Brookfield  House,  Kirk- 
field  Lane,  Highgate  Rise,  N.W. 

WOOD,  Thomas  "Waterman,  Ameri- 
can painter,  was  born  in  Montpelier,  Ver- 
mont, in  November  1823.  Without  the 
stimulant  of  artistic  surroundings,  he 
early  developed  a  love  of  art,  and  as  soon 
as  his  means  would  permit,  studied  his 
profession  in  the  studio  of  Chester  Hard- 
ing in  Boston.  After  painting  portraits 
in  Canada,  Washington,  and  Baltimore,  he 
went  to  Europe  and  received  great  benefit 
from  the  earnest  study  of  the  great 
masters.  On  his  return  from  abroad  he 
painted  portraits  in  Nashville  and  Louis- 
ville, and  set  up  his  easel  in  New  York  in 
1866  as  a  figure-painter.  He  first  exhibited 
at  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in 
1858,  was  elected  an  Associate  in  1869,  and 
an  Academician  in  1871.  He  was  President 
of    the   American    Water-Colour    Society 


from  1878  to  1887 ;  Vice-President  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design  from  1879 
to  1891 ;  and  has  been  President  of  that 
Institution  since  that  date.  Mr.  Wood's 
reputation  rests  mainly  upon  his  figure 
pictures,  but  much  of  his  time  is  occupied 
in  painting  portraits. 

WOODALL,  "William,  M.P.,  J.P.,  was 
born  in  1832,  and  educated  at  Liverpool. 
He  is  senior  partner  in  the  Washington 
China  Works,  at  Burslem,  and  is  Chairman 
of  the  Sneyd  Colliery.  He  was  first  elected 
to  Parliament  as  member  for  Stoke-on- 
Trent  at  the  general  election  of  1880,  and 
represented  that  constituency  until  the 
dissolution  of  1885,  when  he  was  elected 
for  Hanley,  being  returned  unopposed  in 
1886,  and  re-elected  in  1892,  and  again  in 
1895,  as  a  Gladstone  Liberal.  Mr.  Woodall 
was  for  twelve  years  Chairman  of  the 
Burslem  School  Board,  and  is  still  Chair- 
man of  the  Free  Library,  the  School  of 
Art,  and  the  Endowed  Schools  in  that 
town  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
missions on  Technical  Education,  and  on 
the  education  of  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and 
Blind.  He  has  been  President  of  the 
North  Staffordshire  Mining  and  Mechani- 
cal Engineers,  and  of  the  Municipal  Cor- 
porations Association.  In  Mr.  Gladstone's 
government  of  1886  he  was  appointed  Sur- 
veyor-General of  Ordnance,  and  in  1892 
became  Financial  Secretary  to  the  War 
Office.  He  is  an  ardent  advocate  of 
Women's  Suffrage,  and  of  Disestablish- 
ment. Mr.  Woodall  is  also  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  Savage  Club,  and  is  an 
occasional  contributor  to  journalism  and 
the  magazines.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Paris  after  Two  Sieges."  He  is  a  J.P. 
for  Staffordshire  and  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  Addresses :  4  Queen 
Anne's  Mansions,  S.W. ;  and  Bleak  House, 
Burslem. 

WOODBTJRN,    Sir    John,    K.C.S.I., 

member  of  the  Council  of  the  Governor- 
General  of  India,  was  born  in  1842,  and 
having  been  educated  at  the  Universities 
of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Bengal  Civil  Service  in 
1862.  Having  held  several  departmental 
posts,  he  was  appointed  Chief  Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  the  North- Western 
Provinces,  and  in  1891  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Viceroy's  Legislative  Council, 
and  two  years  later  became  Chief  Com- 
missioner of  the  Central  Provinces,  attain- 
ing his  present  rank  in  1895. 

"WOODFORD,  Charles  Morris,  was 

born  at  Gravesend,  Kent,  Oct.  30,  1852, 
and  is  the  son  of  Henry  Pack  Woodford, 
of  Gravesend.  He  was  educated  at  Ton- 
bridge    School,    1864-70 ;    was  elected  a 


WOODFORD  —  WOODS 


1189 


Fellow  of  the  Koyal  Geographical  Society 
in  1885  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  Australasia  (N.S. 
Wales  Branch)  in  1888  ;  Member  of  the 
Council  in  1889  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
Society  of  New  South  Wales  in  1889; 
Corresponding  Member  of  Zoological 
Society  in  1889 ;  and  was  awarded  the 
Gill  Memorial  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  in  1890,  for  "  three  Expeditions 
to  the  Solomon  Islands,  and  the  important 
additions  made  to  our  topographical  know- 
ledge and  natural  history  of  the  islands. " 
His  works  published  are :  a  paper  on  the 
"Exploration  of  the  Solomon  Islands," 
read  before  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  March  26,  1888,  published  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Society,  June  1888 ; 
a  paper  on  "  A  Third  Visit  to  the  Solomon 
Islands,"  read  before  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  April  1890,  published 
in  the  Proceedings,  July  1890;  "General 
Remarks  on  the  Zoology  of  Solomon 
Islands,  and  Notes  on  Brenchley's  Mega- 
pode,"  published  in  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Zoological  Society,  May  1,  1888 ;  and 
a  book  entitled  "A  Naturalist  among  the 
Head  Hunters,"  1890.  This  most  valuable 
contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  canni- 
balism refers  chiefly  to  the  natives  of  the 
Solomon  Islands.  In  1897  Mr.  Woodford 
published  a  Government  "Report  on  the 
British  Solomon  Islands  in  the  Western 
Pacific." 

WOODFORD,     Stewart     Lyndon, 

American  lawyer  and  diplomat,  was  born 
in  New  York  City,  Sept.  3,  1835,  and  was 
educated  at  Tale  and  at  Columbia  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1854,  commencing 
the  practice  of  the  law  in  his  native  city  in 
1857.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
U.S.  District  Attorney  for  the  southern  dis- 
trict of  New  York  ;  but  in  1862  he  entered 
the  army,  where  he  served  until  1865, 
and  became  in  succession  Chief -of-Staff  to 
General  Q.  A.  Gilmore  in  the  department 
of  the  South,  and  Military  Commandant 
of  Charleston  and  Savannah,  attaining  the 
brevet  rank  of  Brigadier-General  of  Volun- 
teers. He  was  Lieut. -Governor  of  New 
York,  1866-68.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
to  Congress,  and  from  1877  to  1883  he 
filled  the  office  of  U.S.  District  Attorney 
for  the  southern  district  of  New  York.  In 
1897  he  was  appointed  United  States 
Minister  to  Spain,  and  remained  in  that 
office  until  he  received  his  passport  in 
April  1898,  on  the  breaking  out  of  war 
between  Spain  and  the  United  States. 

WOODHEAD,  German  Sims,  M.D., 
Edin.,  F.R.C.P.  Edin.,  F.R.C.S.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Pathology,  Cambridge,  was  born 
at  Huddersfield  on  April  29,  1855,  and  is 
the  eldest  son  of  Joseph  Woodhead,  J. P., 


at  one  time  M.P.  for  the  Spen  Valley,  and 
editor  of  the  Huddersfield  Examiner,  and  of 
Catherine,  eldest  daughter  of  James  Booth 
Woodhead,  of  the  Ridings,  Holmfirth.  He 
was  educated  at  Huddersfield  College,  and 
at  Edinburgh  University,  where  he  was 
Thesis  Gold  Medallist  in  1881,  and  in 
London  and  Vienna  (M.D.  Edin.,  1881  ; 
M.B.  and  CM.,  1878  ;  M.,  1880,  F.R.C.P. 
Edin.,  1882).  In  1878  he  was  President 
of  the  Royal  Medical  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  is  President  of  the  British 
Medical  Temperance  Association,  Fellow 
of  the  Roy.  Med.  Chir.  Soc,  and  fellow 
or  member  of  numerous  other  medical  and 
scientific  societies.  In  1879  he  began  to 
teach  Anatomy  and  then  Pathology,  and  to 
carry  out  original  investigations  on  these 
subjects  in  the  principal  medical  institu- 
tions of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1890  was 
appointed  Director  of  the  Laboratories  of 
the  Conjoint  Board  of  the  Royal  Colleges 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  London. 
His  work  on  the  Embankment  has  been 
of  the  greatest  scientific  and  national  use- 
fulness and  importance,  the  laboratories 
there  established  in  great  measure  taking 
the  place  of  that  Pasteur  Institute  for 
which  English  medical  science  still  waits. 
In  February  1899  Professor  Sims  Wood- 
head  was  appointed  Professor  of  Pathology 
at  Cambridge  University  in  succession  to 
his  former  colleague  in  London,  the  late 
Professor  Kanthack,  and  received  the 
thanks  and  congratulations  of  the  two 
Colleges  with  which  he  had  been  so  long 
honourably  associated.  From  1892  to  1895 
he  was  Assistant-Commissioner  to  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Tuberculosis.  His  works 
on  Bacteriology  and  Pathology  are  numer- 
ous, and  include  "Practical  Pathology" 
(col.  illustrations),  1883,  edit.  3,  1892; 
"Bacteria  and  their  Products,"  1891  ; 
and,  with  Arthur  W.  Hare,  "Pathological 
Mycology  :  an  Inquiry  into  the  Etiology 
of  Infective  Diseases,"  part  1,  1885; 
besides  a  report  to  the  Royal  Commis- 
sioners on  Tuberculosis,  1895,  and  numer- 
ous contributions  to  the  scientific  journals 
and  to  systems  of  medicine  and  surgery. 
Professor  Sims  Woodhead  is  editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology. 
He  married,  in  1881,  a  daughter  of  James 
Yates,  Esq.,  of  Edinburgh.  Address  :  Cam- 
bridge. 

WOODS,  Sir  Albert  William,  K.C.B., 
K.C.M.G.,  F.S.A.,  was  born  April  16, 1816, 
and  is  a  son  of  Sir  William  Woods,  who 
filled  the  office  of  Garter  King-of-Arms 
from  1838  until  his  death  in  1842.  He 
entered  the  College  of  Arms  as  Portcullis 
Pursuivant  in  1838  (and  has  been,  therefore, 
a  member  of  the  Corporation  for  upwards 
of  sixty  years),  was  promoted  to  the  office 
of  Lancaster  Herald  in  1841,  and  became 


1190 


WOODS 


Registrar  of  the  College  in  April  1886. 
He  was  advanced  to  the  office  of  Garter 
Principal  King-of-Arms,  Oct.  25,  1869,  in 
succession  to  his  father's  successor,  Sir 
Charles  George  Young,  and  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  on  the  11th  of  the 
following  month.  He  was  attached  to  the 
missions  for  investing  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, the  King  of  the  Belgians,  and  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  with  the  Order  of  the 
Garter,  and,  as  Garter,  was  joint  plenipo- 
tentiary for  investing  the  King  of  Italy, 
the  King  of  Spain,  and  the  King  of  Saxony. 
Sir  A.  W.  Woods  holds  the  office  of  Regis- 
Irar  and  Secretary  to  the  Order  of  the 
Bath,  Registrar  to  the  Order  of  the  Star  of 
India,  King-of-Arms  to  that  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George,  and  Registrar  to  that  of  the 
Indian  Empire.  He  married,  in  1848, 
Caroline,  daughter  of  Robert  Cole,  of 
Rotherfield.  Addresses  :  College  of  Arms, 
Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.C.  ;  and  69  St. 
George's  Road,  Warwick  Square,  S.W. 

WOODS,  Henry,  R.A.,  born  April  23, 
1847,  at  Warrington,  in  Lancashire,  is 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William  Woods, 
of  that  town,  was  educated  at  the  local 
grammar  school,  entered  the  Warrington 
School  of  Art  as  a  pupil  at  nine  years  of 
age,  and  remained  there  until  he  went  to 
London,  in  the  winter  of  1864,  having  ob- 
tained a  "  National  Scholarship  "  in  the 
Art  Training  Schools  at  South  Kensington. 
Mr.  Woods  held  that  scholarship  for  three 
years,  working  in  the  Antique  and  Life 
Schools,  and  at  the  study  of  stained  glass. 
When  he  left  South  Kensington,  the  latter 
study  was  not  proceeded  with,  but  he 
began  to  illustrate  for  various  periodicals, 
painting  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
time.  When  the  Graphic  started,  Mr. 
Woods  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  its 
staff.  His  first  picture  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  was  a  little  landscape  at 
the  first  exhibition  held  at  Burlington 
House.  Since  then  he  has  been  a  regular 
exhibitor.  His  first  pictures  of  any  im- 
portance were  Thames  subjects — "Going 
Home,"  "Haymakers,"  &c.  In  1876  Mr. 
Woods  first  went  to  Venice,  and  joined 
the  group  of  artists  who  have  made 
modern  Venetian  subjects  so  popular ; 
his  earliest  pictures  of  everyday  Venetian 
life  were:  "A  Venetian  Ferry"  (pur- 
chased for  the  Cape  Town  Gallery), 
"Street  Trading  in  Venice,"  "A  Gondo- 
lier's Courtship,"  "The  Ducal  Court- 
yard," and  "Preparing  for  the  Festa." 
He  was  elected  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1882.  Since  then  Mr. 
Woods  has  painted  :  "  Bargaining  for  an 
Old  Master,"  "Preparations  for  First 
Communion,"  "  II  Mio  Traghetto," 
"Cupid's  Spell,"  "  Choosing  a  Summer- 
Gown,"  "The  Water-Wheels  of  Savassa," 


&c.  In  the  Royal  Academy,  1890,  Mr. 
Woods  exhibited:  "On  the  Riva  of  the 
Giudecca,"  "  In  the  Shade  of  the  Scuola 
San  Rocco,"  and  "La  Promessa  Sposa," 
and  his  subsequent  exhibits  in  the 
Academy  have  been  chiefly  inspired  by 
Venetian  themes.  Among  his  latest  ex- 
hibits at  the  Royal  Academy  are  :  "  Wait- 
ing for  a  Ferry,  Venice,"  1894 ;  "La  Friula- 
nella,"  and  "  II  Campo  SS.  Giovanni  e 
Paola,  Venice"  (diploma  work),  1895; 
"A  Venetian  Christening  Party,"  and 
"At  the  Giudecca,  Venice,"  1896;  "A 
Valais  Village,"  "  Leisure  Moments,"  and 
three  landscapes,  1897  ;  and  "  The  Fisher- 
man's Courtship,"  1898.  Addresses  :  2727 
San  Maurizio,  Venice  ;  and  Athenaium. 

WOODS,  Rev.  Henry  George,  D.D., 

born  at  Woodend,  Northamptonshire,  June 
16,  1842,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Henry 
William  Woods,  of  Heene,  Sussex.  He 
was  educated  at  Lancing  College  and 
C.C.C.,  Oxford.  Scholar  of  C.C.C.,  1861-65  ; 
First  Class  in  Lit.  Hum.,  1865.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
in  1865,  and  continued  in  his  fellowship 
to  1879,  and  from  1883  to  1890.  He  was 
Tutor  of  Trinity,  1866-80;  Bursar,  1867-87 ; 
Senior  Proctor  of  the  University  of  Oxford 
in  1877.  He  was  President  of  Trinity, 
1887-97,  and  is  Perpetual  Curator  of  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  and  University  Gal- 
leries, Oxford.  He  published  in  1873  an 
edition  of  "  Herodotus,"  books  i.  and  ii., 
with  English  notes.  Address  :  Pl&s  Meini, 
Festiniog,  North  Wales. 

WOODS,  Margaret  Louisa,  wife  of 
Rev.  H.  G.  Woods,  D.D.,  authoress,  is  the 
second  daughter  of  George  Granville 
Bradley,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Westminster ;  was 
born  at  Rugby  in  1856,  and  educated  at 
home  and  at  Leamington.  She  won  her 
reputation  with  "A  Village  Tragedy"  in 
1887,  and  this  was  followed  by  "Lyrics 
and  Ballads,"  1889;  "Esther  Vanhomrigb," 
1891;  "The  Vagabonds,"  1894;  "Wild 
Justice,"  1896;  "Aeromancy,"  1896; 
"  Weeping  Ferry,"  1898.  Address:  Plas 
Meini,  Festiniog,  North  Wales. 

"  WOODS,  Samuel,  M.P.,  is  the  son  of 
Thomas  Woods,  a  working  collier  of  St. 
Helens,  Lancashire,  and  was  born  in  1846. 
At  seven  years  of  age  he  began  to  work  in 
a  coal-mine,  and  as  he  grew  up  began  to 
take  a  lead  in  organising  the  miners,  so 
that  they  might,  through  combination,  be 
able  to  defend  their  own  interests,  and 
improve  the  conditions  of  their  employ- 
ment. In  1878  he  was  able  to  establish 
the  Lancashire  Miners'  Federation,  of  which 
he  was  elected  the  first  President,  and 


WOODVILLE  —  WOODWARD 


1191 


which  position  he  still  holds,  and  in 
1887  he  became  a  Vice  -  President  of 
the  Miners'  Federation  of  Great  Britain. 
From  1884  to  1887  he  served  on  the 
Local  Board  of  Ashton,  and  in  November 
1895  he  was  elected  as  a  District  Coun- 
cillor for  the  township  where  he  lives. 
Mr.  Woods  was  returned  to  Parliament  in 
1892  as  Liberal  and  Labour  member  for 
the  Ince  Division  of  Lancashire,  and  for 
three  years  he  sat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, actively  advocating  the  interests  of 
Labour,  and  consistently  supporting  the 
Liberal  Government.  During  this  time  he 
helped  to  ventilate  the  grievances  of  the 
printers  employed  on  Government  work, 
and  of  the  Post-Office  employees  ;  he  was 
also  appointed  a  member  of  the  small 
committee  which  was  sent  to  inquire  into 
the  hours  and  wages  of  the  men  employed 
at  Woolwich  Arsenal.  It  was  Mr.  Woods 
again  who  had  charge  of  the  Miners'  Eight 
Hours  Bill,  which,  however,  was  lost  in 
the  Committee  stage.  In  1894  Mr.  Woods 
was  elected  Secretary  of  the  Trades  Union 
Congress,  a  post  which  he  still  holds.  At 
the  last  general  election  he  lost  his  seat  in 
Lancashire,  but,  at  a  bye-election  in  Feb. 
1897,  he  was  returned  once  more  to  the 
House  of  Commons  as  Labour  and  Liberal 
member  for  the  Walthamstow  Division  of 
Essex.  He  gained  a  first  -  class  mine 
manager's  certificate,  by  public  examina- 
tion, in  1886,  and  he  has  travelled  in 
America  and  on  the  Continent,  in  con- 
nection with  the  International  Miners' 
Congresses.  Mr.  Woods  is  a  Baptist  and 
a  total  abstainer.  Addresses  :  Kose  Villa, 
Brynn,  near  Wigan,  Lanes. ;  and  19 
Buckingham  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


WOODVILLE,    Richard   Caton,    is 

the  son  of  an  artist  who  was  born  in 
America,  but  who  died  in  London.  He 
was  born  in  London  on  Jan.  7,  1856,  and 
was  educated  at  Diisseldorf,  Germany. 
He  became  an  artist,  and  made  a  special 
study  of  battle  pictures,  exhibiting  his 
first,  picture  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1879, 
and  since  then  annually.  He  has  painted 
several  large  pictures  for  the  Queen,  which 
are  now  in  Windsor  Castle,  viz.  :  "  The 
Wedding  at  Whippingham  Church," 
"Death  of  General  Howard,"  and  "The 
Guards  at  Tel-el-Kebir."  He  was  present 
during  the  Turkish  war  of  1878,  and  in 
the  Egyptian  war  of  1882,  and  has  received 
the  Commandership  of  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh,  and  of  Daniello,  Montenegro. 
He  has  also  illustrated  numerous  stories, 
appearing  in  magazines,  and  has  himself 
written  articles  on  sport  and  travel.  Mr. 
Woodville  was  married,  in  1883,  to  Mrs. 
H.  Waddington,  ne'e  Curtis.  Address : 
107  Queen's  Gate,  W. 


WOODWARD,  Henry,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
F.G.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  Pres.  Pal.  Soc, 
Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Geology, 
British  Museum  (Natural  History),  is  the 
sixth  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Woodward, 
of  Norwich,  author  of  "The  Geology  of 
Norfolk,"  1833  ;  a  "  Synoptical  Table  of 
British  Organic  Remains,"  1830,  &c.  His 
eldest  brother,  Mr.  B.  B.  Woodward,  B.A. 
Lond. ,  F.S.A.,  was  for  some  years  Libra- 
rian to  her  Majesty  at  Windsor  Castle. 
His  second  brother,  Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward, 
F.G.S.,  for  seventeen  years  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Geology,  British  Museum,  was  a 
geologist  and  naturalist  of  eminence,  and 
author  of  a  "Manual  of  the  Mollusca," 
1851-56,  which  has  reached  a  sale  of  up- 
wards of  12,000  copies.  The  subject  of 
the  present  notice  was  born  at  Norwich, 
Nov.  24,  1832.  His  father  died  when  he 
was  only  five  years  of  age.  Henry  Wood- 
ward was  educated  at  the  Norwich  Gram- 
mar School,  and  at  the  Grammar  School, 
Botesdale,  Suffolk.  Thence,  in  1846,  he 
went  to  reside  with  his  brother,  Dr.  S.  P. 
Woodward,  at  that  time  Professor  of 
Natural  History  at  the  Royal  Agricultural 
College,  Cirencester,  where  he  entered  as 
an  out-door  student  at  the  College,  and 
worked  diligently  for  three  years.  There 
he  imbibed  that  knowledge  of  geology  and 
love  of  natural  history  which,  inherited 
from  his  father,  needed  only  opportunity 
and  encouragement  to  develop.  In  January 
1858  Professor  Owen,  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Natural  History  Departments  in 
the  British  Museum,  wrote  offering  him  a 
junior  assistant's  post  in  the  Geological 
Department,  under  Mr.  G.  R.  Waterhouse, 
where  his  brother,  Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward, 
was  already  a  senior  assistant.  His  ready 
acceptance  of  this  small  post  evinced  his 
anxiety  to  take  up  geology  as  a  profession, 
and  he  entered  on  his  new  duties  with 
alacrity.  In  1859  he  was  made  a  second- 
class  assistant,  in  1865  a  first-class,  and  in 
1867  he  entered  the  first  -  class  upper 
section,  a  proof  that  his  services  met  with 
favourable  official  recognition.  In  the 
spring  of  1860  he  accepted  an  invitation 
to  join  Mr.  Robert  MacAndrew,  F.R.S.,  on 
a  dredging  expedition  to  the  south  coast 
of  Spain  and  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  at 
Malaga  and  Gibraltar  he  made  excellent 
zoological  and  geological  collections.     In 

1863  he  again  joined  MacAndrew  in  a 
dredging  expedition  along  the  north  coast 
of  the  Spanish  peninsula  from  Bilbao  to 
Coruna.  Excursions  were  also  made  into 
the  interior  to  Vittoria,  Burgos,  &c.     In 

1864  Mr.  Woodward  commenced,  and  still 
continues,  to  edit  the  Geological  Magazine, 
a  monthly  journal  of  geology,  now  in  its 
thirty-fifth  year.  Dr.  Woodward's  contri- 
butions to  scientific  literature  number 
nearly  300  ;  he  has  also  published  a  mono- 


1192 


WOODWAKD  —  WOKDSWORTH 


graph  on  the  "  Fossil  Merostomata,"  and 
one  on  "  Carboniferous  Trilobites,"  in  the 
volumes  of  the  Palaeontographical  Society  ; 
a  Catalogue  of  British  Fossil  Crustacea, 
published  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum;  articles  on  "Mollusca"  and 
"Crustacea,"in"Cassells' Natural  History"; 
and  on  "  Crustacea,"  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  In  1873-74  Mr.  Woodward 
was  elected  President  of  the  Geologists' 
Association.  In  February  1893  he  assisted 
in  founding  the  Malacological  Society  of 
London,  and  was  its  first  President,  from 
1893  to  1895,  and  now  is  Vice-President  ; 
and  was  from  1894  to  1896  President  of  the 
Geological  Society,  and  since  June  1896 
President  of  the  Palseontographical  Society 
of  London.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  1878 
the  University  of  St.  Andrews  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
On  June  23,  1880,  on  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  George  B.  Waterhouse,  the  Principal 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  appointed 
Dr.  Henry  Woodward  Keeper  of  the  De- 
partment of  Geology,  in  which  he  had 
served  as  an  assistant  for  twenty-two 
years,  a  promotion  which  was  re- 
ceived with  satisfaction  among  scientific 
men  generally.  In  1857  Mr.  Woodward 
married  Ellen  Sophia,  only  child  of  Foun- 
tain Page,  Esq.,  of  Norwich,  by  whom  he 
has  two  sons  and  five  daughters.  Dr. 
Woodward's  eldest  son,  H.  P.  Woodward, 
J.P.,  Assoc.  Mernb.  Inst.  C.E.,  F.G.S.,  is 
now  Honorary  Gov.  Geologist  for  Western 
Australia ;  and  the  younger,  M.  F.  Wood- 
ward, is  Demonstrator  in  Biology  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Science,  London.  Dr. 
Woodward's  daughters  are  very  successful 
artists  and  book-illustrators  ;  and  one  is  a 
member  of  the  British  College  of  Physical 
Education.  Address :  129  Beaufort  Street, 
Chelsea,  S.W. 

WOODWARD,  Horace  Boling- 
broke,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  born  at  Barns- 
bury,  London,  Aug.  20,  1848,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward, 
F.G.S.,  of  the  British  Museum,  and  author 
of  a  "Manual  of  the  Mollusca."  He  was 
educated  at  private  schools,  and  was  ap- 
pointed an  assistant  in  the  Library  and 
Museum  of  the  Geological  Society,  then 
at  Somerset  House,  in  1863.  He  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Great  Britain  in  1867  as  Assistant  Geolo- 
gist, was  promoted  to  be  Geologist  in 
1875,  and  District  Surveyor  in  1896.  He 
is  author  of  "The  Geology  of  England 
and  Wales,"  1876  (2nd  edit.,  1887)  ;  also 
of  several  memoirs  of  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey, on  the  "Geology  of  East  Somerset, 
&c,"  "Norwich,"  "  Fakenham,"  "The 
Jurassic  Rocks  of  Britain,"  and  "  Soils 
and   Sub-soils  from  a  Sanitary  Point   of 


View,"  1876-97.  He  was  President  of  the 
Norwich  Geological  Society,  1877-79 ;  of 
the  Norfolk  Naturalists'  Society,  1892-93  ; 
and  of  the  Geologists'  Association,  1893- 
94,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1896,  and  was  awarded  the 
Murchison  Medal  by  the  Council  of  the 
Geological  Society  in  1897.  Addresses  : 
Museum,  Jermyn  Street,  S.W.  ;  and  8 
Inglewood  Road,  West  Hampstead,  N.W. 

WOOLLEY,  Celia  Parker,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  in  1848. 
When  she  was  quite  young  her  parents  re- 
moved to  Cold  water,  Mich.,  where,  except- 
ing a  few  months  spent  at  the  Lake  Erie 
Seminary  (Plainesville,  Ohio),  she  was 
educated,  graduating  from  the  Coldwater 
Seminary  in  1866.  Her  literary  career 
began  with  occasional  contributions  to 
periodicals.  For  eight  years  she  was  the 
Chicago  correspondent  of  the  Christian 
Register  (a  Boston  Unitarian  weekly)  ;  in 
1884  Lippincott's  published  her  first  short 
story,  and  a  few  others  have  followed  in 
the  same  magazine.  Her  first  novel  was 
issued  in  1887,  and  was  received  with 
great  favour.  It  was  brought  out  under 
the  title  of  "  Love  and  Theology,"  a  name 
changed  in  later  editions  to  "  Rachel 
Armstrong."  She  has  since  published 
two  others,  "A  Girl  Graduate,"  1889; 
and  "Roger  Hunt,"  1892.  In  1868  she 
was  married  to  D.  J.  H.  Woolley,  and  in 
1876  went  to  Chicago.  She  is  an  active 
member  of  the  Women's  Club,  of  which 
for  two  years  she  was  President,  and 
before  which  she  frequently  lectures. 
For  a  period  of  nearly  three  years  she 
was  assistant  editor  of  Unity,  the  organ 
of  radical  Unitarianism  in  the  West. 
Mrs.  Woolley's  mind  has  always  been 
chiefly  engaged  in  religious  and  ethical 
questions,  and  in  September  1893  she 
accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
Unitarian  Church,  Geneva,  Illinois,  in 
the  duties  of  which  she  is  now  (1894) 
engaged. 

WORCESTER,    Bishop    of.      See 

Pekowne,  The  Right  Rev.  John  James 
Stewakt. 


WORDSWORTH,  Canon  Christo- 
pher, was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  Bell  University 
Scholar  in  1867,  and  Le  Bas  Prizeman  in 
1871.  In  the  latter  year  he  took  his 
degree,  and  was  ordained.  From  1870  to 
1877  he  was  a  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Peter- 
house  College,  Cambridge,  and  from  1875 
to  1877  he  also  acted  as  Curate  of  St. 
Giles',  Cambridge.  Appointed  to  the 
Rectory  of  Galston,  Rutlandshire,  in  1877, 


WORDSWORTH 


1193 


he  was  preferred,  after  a  period  of  twelve 
years,  to  the  Rectory  of  Tyneharn,  near 
Wareham.  He  was  installed  a  Prebendary 
of  Lincoln  Cathedral  in  1886,  and  he  is  at 
present  Eector  of  St.  Peter's,  Marlborough. 
He  is  the  author  of  "University  Society 
in  the  18th  Century,"  1874  ;  and  "  Scholae 
Academics,"  or  "University  Studies  in 
the  18th  Century,"  1877  ;  "and  he  has 
assisted  in  editing  "Breviarium  ad  usum 
Sarum,  A.D.  1531,"  3  vols.,  1879-86  ; 
"  Pontificate  Ecclesire  S.  Andrese,"  1885  ; 
"Lincoln  Cathedral  Statutes,"  vol.  i., 
1892  ;  "  Coronation  of  King  Charles  I., 
1626,"  1892,  &c. 


WORDSWORTH,  Elizabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  Christopher  Wordsworth,  late 
Bishop  of  Lincoln,  eldest  sister  of  the 
present  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  great-niece 
of  the  poet,  was  born  at  Harrow  June  22, 
1840,  and  was  educated  mainly  at  home. 
On  the  foundation  of  Lady  Margaret  Hall  at 
Oxford,  in  1879,  Miss  Wordsworth  was  ap- 
pointed its  first  Principal,  a  position  which 
she  still  holds.  In  1886,  the  need  being 
felt  of  supplying  a  college  for  women, 
where  students,  unable  to  bear  the  ex- 
penses of  Lady  Margaret  Hall,  might 
receive  equal  educational  advantages,  she 
founded  St.  Hugh's  Hall,  which  now  con- 
tains about  twenty-five  students  within 
its  walls.  Miss  Wordsworth  has  written 
not  only  poems  and  tales  of  considerable 
merit,  and  very  popular  papers  for  Church 
gatherings  of  women  and  girls,  e.g. 
"Thoughts  for  the  Chimney  Corner," 
but  a  remarkable  short  volume  on  William 
Wordsworth,  and  three  valuable  series  of 
lectures,  entitled  "  Illustrations  of  the 
Creed,"  "  The  Decalogue,"  and  "  The 
Lord's  Prayer,"  and  a  Life  of  Bishop  C. 
Wordsworth.  Address :  Lady  Margaret 
Hall,  Oxford. 


WORDSWORTH,  The  Right  Rev. 
John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of  Salisbury, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Right  Rev.  Chris- 
topher Wordsworth,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Lin- 
coln, and  nephew  of  the  late  Bishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  and  therefore  great-nephew 
of  the  poet,  was  born  at  Harrow,  Sept.  21, 
1843,  and  educated  at  Ipswich,  Winchester 
School,  and  at  New  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  in  1865.  In  1866  he  became 
a  Master  at  Wellington  College,  which 
brought  him  into  close  relation  with  the 
late  Archbishop  Benson,  and  in  1867  he 
was  elected  Fellow,  and  in  1868  Tutor  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Prebendary  of  Lincoln  in  1870  ; 
Select  Preacher  at  Oxford,  1876  ;  Bampton 
Lecturer,  1881  ;  Oriel  Professor  of  the 
Interpretation   of     Holy    Scripture,    with 


Canonry  of  Rochester  annexed,  1883.  On 
the  death  of  Dr.  Moberly  in  1885  he  was 
appointed  Bishop  of  Salisbury.  The  Bishop 
has  interested  himself  in  a  variety  of  sub- 
jects of  a  literary  and  religious  character, 
of  which  the  following  are  the  principal. 
His  chief  publications  are  noticed  under 
each  head.  1.  Latin  Classical  Literature — 
"  Lectures  Introductory  to  a  History  of 
Latin  Literature,"  1870  ;  "Fragments  and 
Specimens  of  Early  Latin,"  1874.  2.  The 
Latin  New  Testament — He  has  long  been 
engaged  upon  a  critical  edition  of  St. 
Jerome's  Vulgate  for  the  Oxford  Press, 
and  has  published  the  first  volume,  con- 
taining the  four  gospels,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Rev.  H.  J.  White,  now  Fellow 
and  Chaplain  of  Merton  College,  Oxford. 
Subsidiary  to  this  are  a  series  of  "Old 
Latin  Biblical  Texts,"  Oxford,  1883,  &c, 
and  "  The  Corbey  St.  James,"  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  "  Studia  Biblica,"  Oxford, 
1885.  3.  The  Education  Question — Repub- 
lished several  pamphlets  at  Oxford  on  the 
subject  of  religious  education  in  the  Uni- 
versities, and  has  since  interested  himself 
largely  in  the  cause  of  voluntary  schools, 
particularly  during  a  school  crisis  at  Salis- 
bury in  1888-89.  His  Bill  for  Freedom  of 
Religious  Instruction  in  Board  Schools, 
passed  the  House  of  Lords  in  1893.  His 
"Prayers  for  all  in  College"  reached  a 
second  edition  in  1890.  He  founded  a  use- 
ful higher-grade  Elementary  and  Science 
School  at  Salisbury,  and  is  Visitor  of  the 
New  City  Grammar  School.  4.  The  Old 
Catholic  Movement — He  attended  his  father 
at  the  second  Old  Catholic  Congress  held 
at  Cologne  in  1872,  and  has  since  con- 
tinued a  warm  friend  of  the  work.  He 
was  present  at  the  Congresses  of  Cologne 
in  1890,  and  Lucerne  in  1892,  and  has  per- 
sonally visited  the  chief  centres  as  well  as 
the  leaders  of  the  different  Churches  in 
Holland,  Germany,  Austria,  and  Switzer- 
land. After  the  Lambeth  Conference  of 
1888  he  was  appointed  to  translate  the 
Encyclical  Letter  into  Greek  and  Latin, 
and  was  asked  by  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  to  act  as  Episcopal  adviser  to 
Count  Compello  and  the  Italian  Reformers. 
In  this  capacity  he  has  assisted  in  the  re- 
vision of  the  Italian  Liturgy  (Italian, 
Bennet  Bros.,  Salisbury  ;  English,  Gilbert 
and  Rivington,  for  Anglo-Continental 
Society,  1893).  5.  The  Colonial  Churches — 
In  1894-95  he  made  a  journey  of  nearly 
six  months'  duration  round  the  world 
through  Colombo,  Adelaide  (S.  Australia), 
Melbourne,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand  (where 
he  spent  two  months),  Sydney,  Fiji, 
Hawaii,  Vancouver,  and  back  by  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific  Railway  and  New  York.  It 
was  probably  in  consequence  of  this  that 
he  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  the   Lambeth   Conference  of  1897  on 


1194 


WORMS  —  WORTHY 


"  The  Organisation  of  the  Anglican  Com- 
munion." The  Bishop  is  also  an  earnest 
supporter  of  foreign  missions.  6.  The 
Eastern  Churches — In  January  and  Febru- 
ary 1898  the  Bishop  visited  the  Patriarch 
of  Alexandria,  the  Archbishop  of  Cyprus, 
the  Bishops  of  the  Patriarchate  of  Antioch 
at  Damascus  (during  vacancy  of  the  Patri- 
archal throne),  and  the  Patriarchs  of  Jeru- 
salem and  Constantinople,  bearing  letters 
from  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
explaining  to  them  the  resolutions  of  the 
Lambeth  Conference  of  1898  on  the  Unity 
of  Christendom.  He  has  also  visited  the 
Coptic  Patriarch  at  Cairo  and  the  Armenian 
Patriarch  at  Jerusalem.  He  is  Chairman 
of  the  "Jerusalem  and  the  East  Mission 
Fund "  in  England,  and  was  expected 
to  take  another  journey  to  Jerusalem  in 
September  1898  in  order  to  consecrate  St. 
George's  Collegiate  Church  at  Jerusalem, 
under  commission  from  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  7.  Liturgical  Questions — The 
Bishop  was  one  of  the  five  assessors  of  the 
Archbishop  in  the  well-known  case  of 
Read  v.  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln.  His 
Charge  of  1891  on  "The  Holy  Com- 
munion "  reached  a  second  edition  in  1892, 
and  contains  in  its  preface  some  observa- 
tions on  the  judgment  in  that  case. 
Several  of  the  forms  for  occasional  ser- 
vices put  out  in  the  Diocese  of  Salisbury 
are  worthy  of  attention,  particularly  that 
for  "  Consecration  of  Churches,"  &c,  and 
for  "Commemoration  of  Founders,  Bene- 
factors, and  Worthies  of  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  Salisbury."  His  article  on  the 
"  Te  Deum,"  in  Julian's  "Dictionary  of 
Hymnology,"  contains  a  large  amount  of 
material.  He  is  likewise  President  of  the 
"  Henry  Bradshaw  Society,"  and  of  the 
"  Mediaeval  Music  Society."  8.  Church  His- 
tory and  Doctrine — His  chief  work  is  one 
on  the  relation  of  Christianity  to  other 
religions,  entitled  "  The  One  Religion  :  or 
Truth,  Holiness,  and  Peace  desired  by  the 
Nations,  and  revealed  by  Jesus  Christ," 
being  the  Bampton  Lecture  for  1881,  which 
reached  a  second  edition  in  1887.  His 
articles  on  "  Constantine  the  Great  and  his 
Sons, "and  the  Emperor  Julian  in  Smith  and 
Chetham's  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biog- 
graphy  "  mayalso  be  mentioned.  9.  Sermons 
— He  published  a  small  volume  of  "Uni- 
versity Sermons  on  Gospel  Subjects"  in 
1878,  and  many  single  sermons,  amongst 
which  two  may  be  mentioned,  "  On  Chris- 
tian Discipline  of  the  Will,  with  a  note  on 
Spiritism,"  and  "  I  am  the  Door,"  at  a 
Theological  College  festival,  both  in  1893. 
Addresses  :  The  Palace,  Salisbury  ;  Lol- 
lards' Tower,  Lambeth,  S.E.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

WORMS,   The  Right  Hon.   Baron 
Henry  de.     Sec  Pirbright,  Lord. 


WORSLEY-TAYLOR,  Henry  Wil- 
son, Q.C.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  is  the  only  son  of  the 
late  James  Worsley,  of  the  Laund,  Accring- 
ton,  Lancashire,  and  was  born  on  July  25, 
1847.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B. A.  in  1870.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1871,  and 
practised  for  a  few  years  on  the  Northern 
Circuit  and  at  Preston  Sessions.  He  has 
since  then  confined  his  work  entirely  to  the 
Parliamentary  Bar ;  became  a  Q.C.  in  1891, 
and  was  appointed  Recorder  of  Preston  in 
1893,  resigning  in  1898.  Acting  in  accord- 
ance with  the  will  of  his  cousin,  Miss  Pill- 
ing-Taylor,  he  assumed  the  name  of  Taylor 
in  1881.  He  married,  in  1871,  Henrietta 
Sayer,  only  daughter  of  Sir  E.  W.  Watkin, 
Bart.  Address  :  Palace  Chambers,  Bridge 
Street,  Westminster. 

WORTHINGTON,  Arthur  Mason, 

M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  is  the  son  of  Robert 
Worthington,  of  Crumpsal  Hall,  Man- 
chester, and  was  born  on  June  11,  1852. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  at  Berlin, 
where  he  worked  under  Professor  Helm- 
holtz.  He  was  appointed  Head  Master  of 
the  Salt  Schools,  Shipley,  Yorkshire,  in 
1877,  became  an  Assistant  Master  at 
Clifton  College  in  1880,  and  was  selected 
as  Head  Master  and  Professor  of  Physics 
in  H.M.  Dockyard  School,  Portsmouth,  in 
1887.  In  the  following  year  Mr.  Worth- 
ington was  transferred  to  the  Royal  Naval 
Engineering  College,  Devonport,  where  he 
holds  the  same  appointments  as  at  Ports- 
mouth. He  has  published  various  papers 
on  physical  subjects,  and  is  the  author 
of  some  elementary  text-books,  viz. : — 
"  Physical  Laboratory  Practice"  ;  "  Dyna- 
mics of  Rotation  "  ;  "  The  Splash  of  a 
Drop."  He  was  married,  in  1877,  to  Helen, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Solly,  Professor  of 
English  Literature  in  the  University  of 
Berlin.  Address  :  Royal  Naval  Engineer- 
ing College,  Devonport. 

WORTHY,  Charles,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Charles  Worthy,  B.A., 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  for  many 
years  Vicar  of  Ashburton  with  Buckland, 
who  died  in  1879,  and  of  Elizabeth,  his 
wife,  first  cousin  of  the  late  Charles 
Richardson,  LL.D.,  the  Lexicographer  (see 
"  Men  of  the  Time,"  sixth  edition).  He 
was  born  at  Snayle  Tower,  Exeter,  Dec. 
28,  1840 ;  educated  at  Exeter  Grammar 
School,  and  subsequently  by  his  father 
and  private  tutors.  He  was  appointed  to 
a  commission  in  the  82nd  Regiment  in 
1858,  and  proceeded  to  India  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  His  health  failing  him  Mr. 
Worthy  was  invalided  from  the  service  in 
1864,  receiving  a  gratuity  in  lieu  of  pen- 


WRENFORDSLEY 


1195 


sion,  and  turned  his  attention  to  the 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Devonshire,  his 
native  county.  Since  1871  he  has  been  a 
constant  contributor  of  valuable  articles 
on  general  antiquarian,  historical,  and 
genealogical  matters,  to  magazines  and 
newspapers,  and  has  obtained  a  reputation 
for  his  special  knowledge  of  English 
family  history.  From  1876  to  1886  he  was 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Devon- 
shire Association,  and  the  author  of  many 
papers  in  its  Transactions.  Prior  to  1879 
he  was  for  some  time  Honorary  Local 
Secretary  at  Ashburton,  under  the  Science 
and  Art  Department.  He  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Lords  of  the  Committee 
of  Council,  "  for  valuable  assistance 
rendered,"  in  1884.  He  has  also  thrice 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Chapter  of  the 
College  of  Arms,  1882-89;  those  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  in  the 
latter  year ;  and  the  thanks  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  under  their  great  seal,  1873 
and  1879.  In  1875  he  published  "Ashbur- 
ton and  its  Neighbourhood,"  "The  Anti- 
quities and  History  of  Fourteen  Parishes 
on  the  Borders  of  Dartmoor,"  fcap.  4to ; 
"The  Manor  of  Winkleigh,  the  Ancient 
Seat  of  the  Honour  of  Gloucester,"  8vo, 
1876;  "Local  Guide  to  Ashburton  and 
Dartmoor,"  1879;  "Memoir  of  Walter 
Stapledon,  Bishop  of  Exeter  (1308)"; 
"Notes  on  Bideford  and  the  House  of 
Granville,"  (reprinted  from  Transactions  of 
the  Devonshire  Association),  1876  and  1884. 
He  was  coadjutor  to  the  late  Stephen 
Tucker,  Somerset  Herald,  from  1879-1882. 
His  first  volume  of  "Devonshire  Parishes," 
"The  Antiquities,  Heraldry,  and  Family 
History  of  Twenty-eight  Parishes  in  the 
Archdeaconry  of  Totnes,"  appeared  in 
1887.  In  the  following  year  he  published 
an  epitome  of  English  armoury  under  the 
title  of  "Practical  Heraldry"  (1  vol.  cr.  8vo, 
pp.  250) ;  vol.  ii.  of  "  Devonshire  Parishes  " 
appeared  in  1889  (2  vols.  rl.  8vo,  pp.  766). 
He  also  revised  the  1887  edition  of 
Murray's  "Hand-book  for  Devonshire," 
1877  ;  and  printed  a  small  work  on  "  The 
Life  of  Lord  Iddlesleigh,  with  a  Genea- 
logical History  of  the  Northcote  Family," 
January  1887,  a  pamphlet,  which  ran  to 
a  second  edition  within  three  days.  In 
1889,  he  revised  portions  of  White's 
"  Devonshire,"  for  which  he  had  previously 
written,  in  1879,  "An  Analysis  of  the 
Exeter  Domesday,"  and  the  "  History  of  the 
Restored  Cathedral  of  Exeter."  In  1892, 
he  revised  and  edited  Messrs.  A.  &  C. 
Black's  "Devonshire  Guide  Book."  In 
1893,  he  published  the  "History  of  the 
Suburbs  of  Exeter,"  with  "A  Digression 
on  the  Noble  Houses  of  Eedvers  and  of 
Courtenay,  Earls  of  Devon"  (cr.  8vo,  pp. 
218) ;  and,  during  the  same  year,  he  re- 
wrote and   edited    the    12th    edition    of 


Black's  "Guide  to  Kent."  His  "Folk 
Tales  of  the  West "  appeared  periodically 
during  1894,  and  these,  with  his  very 
numerous  similar  articles,  on  subjects 
affecting  the  general  history  of  England, 
to  which  he  is  still  constantly  adding,  are 
alone  sufficient  for  several  interesting  and 
important  volumes  in  the  future.  His 
"Devonshire  Wills,"  a  rl.  8vo  vol.  of  531 
pages,  appeared  in  1896,  and  includes  his 
"Gentle  Houses  of  the  West,"  which  gives, 
as  the  outcome  of  independent  research, 
the  origin  and  history  of  some  of  the  most 
ancient  and  illustrious  English  families. 
Permanent  address  :  Heavitree,  Exeter. 

WXENFORDSLEY,  Trie  Hon.  Sir 
Henry  Thomas,  Knight,  was  educated 
in  France,  and  having  been  called  to  the 
English  Bar,  practised  for  some  years  on 
the  old  Norfolk  Circuit.  He  contested  the 
city  of  Peterborough,  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest,  in  1868  ;  and  again  in  1874, 
but  without  success.  In  1876,  he  was 
appointed  acting  Deputy  County  Court 
Judge  for  the  Metropolitan  districts  of 
Marylebone,  Brompton,  and  Brentford. 
In  1877,  he  became  Puisne  Judge  in  the 
Colony  of  Mauritius  ;  and  in  June  1878 
he  left  the  Bench,  and  became  Procureur- 
General.  Before  leaving  the  Colony,  he 
received  a  vote  of  thanks  from  the  Legis- 
lative Council  in  respect  of  his  public 
services  in  connection  with  the  passing 
of  the  Labour  Law,  and  reforms  intro- 
duced into  the  judicial  administration  of 
the  Colony.  In  1880,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Chief  Justiceship  of  Western  Australia, 
and  received  the  Dormant  Commission 
from  the  Crown  to  administer,  in  case  of 
need,  the  Government  of  that  Colony. 
He  was  appointed  Delegate  to  represent 
the  Colony  at  the  Intercolonial  Conference 
held  at  Sydney  in  1881 ;  and  subsequently 
he  administered  the  Government  from 
February  to  June  1883.  During  that 
period,  he  organised  and  started  the  first 
Expedition  to  the  Kimberley,  or  northern 
district,  and  named  the  first  town  "Derby," 
by  permission  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 
A  further  expedition  was  despatched  for 
the  purpose  of  extending  the  telegraph 
system  about  900  miles  further  north.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  and 
several  public  addresses  before  leaving 
the  Colony.  In  1883,  Sir  Henry  proceeded 
in  H.M.S.  Diamond  to  Fiji,  as  Chief 
Justice  of  that  Colony,  and  also  held  the 
appointment  of  Judicial  Commissioner  for 
the  Western  Pacific.  In  1884,  he  left  Fiji 
on  leave,  in  consequence  of  bad  health. 
Before  leaving  the  Colony,  he  was  enter- 
tained by  the  leading  merchants  and 
others  at  the  largest  banquet  ever  given 
in  that  part  of  the  Pacific.  Subsequently, 
and  by  permission   of  the   Secretary  of 


1196 


WEIGHT 


State  for  the  Colonies,  he  became  acting 
Puisne  Judge  in  the  Colony  of  Tasmania. 
In  consequence  of  the  action  of  the  Colonial 
Office  in  having  filled  up  his  appointment 
in  Fiji,  Sir  Henry  was  called  to  the  Bar 
of  Victoria  and  became  a  Queen's  Counsel. 
In  1888,  he  was  invited  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  Victoria  to  act  as  a  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  the  absence  of  one  of 
the  Judges,  for  which  duty  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Colonial  Government.  In 
1890,  he  was  appointed  by  the  Secretary 
of  State,  acting  Chief  Justice  of  Western 
Australia,  and  he  held  that  appointment 
at  the  time  when  that  Colony  received  a 
new  Act  of  Constitution,  and  became  for 
the  first  time  a  responsible  Government 
Colony.  In  1891,  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Leeward  Islands.  Sir 
Henry  has  thus  served  the  Crown  as  a 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  six  of  her 
Majesty's  Colonies  ;  viz.,  Mauritius,  West- 
ern Australia,  Fiji,  Tasmania,  Victoria, 
and  Leeward  Islands,  besides  having  held 
the  appointments  of  Procureur-General 
in  Mauritius,  and  Deputy  Governor  in 
Western  Australia.  Address  :  St.  John's, 
Antigua. 

"WRIGHT,  Charles  Romley  Alder, 

D.Sc.  Lond.,  B.Sc.  Vict.,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
at  Southend,  Essex,  on  Sept.  7,  1844,  being 
the  son  of  the  late  Eomley  Wright,  C.B., 
and  Elizabeth  Alder,  of  Hull.  As  a  boy, 
Dr.  Alder  Wright  was  greatly  attracted  by 
chemical  and  physical  science,  attaining 
some  degree  of  proficiency  by  self-tuition  ; 
so  that  when  subsequently  he  attended 
classes  at  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
1861-65,  he  was  enabled  to  take  and 
maintain  throughout  his  entire  curriculum 
the  highest  place  in  the  examination  lists. 
He  graduated  as  B.Sc,  Lond.,  in  1865,  and 
as  D.Sc,  Lond.,  in  1870.  After  taking 
the  former  degree  he  became  Assistant 
to  Prof,  (now  Sir  Henry)  Roscoe,  F.R.S., 
whom  he  assisted  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
earlier  portion  of  his  classical  researches 
on  Vanadium.  During  1866-67,  Dr.  Alder 
Wright  filled  the  position  of  Chemist  in 
the  works  of  the  Runcorn  Soap  and  Alkali 
Co.,  Weston,  Cheshire,  and  was  engaged 
in  technical  work  of  various  descriptions. 
In  1867  he  came  to  London  as  Assistant, 
first  to  the  late  Dr.  A.  Bernay,  of  St. 
Thomas'  Hospital,  and  subsequently  to 
the  late  Dr.  A.  Matthiesen  of  St.  Mary's 
and  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospitals,  with 
whom  several  scientific  memoirs  were 
published  conjointly.  During  1869-71,  he 
was  engaged  in  co-operating  with  Mr. 
(now  Sir)  Lowthian  Bell,  F.R.S.,  in  the  pro- 
secution of  his  elaborate  investigations  on 
the  Chemistry  of  Iron  Smelting.  In  1871 
he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Chemistry, 
Physics    and  Practical  Chemistry  in  the 


medical  school  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
London,  which  appointment  he  still  holds ; 
since  which  he  has  been  in  constant 
practice  as  Consulting  Technical  Chemist, 
besides  devoting  much  time  to  original 
chemical  research.  In  1881  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  has 
held  the  posts  of  Examiner  in  Chemistry 
to  the  University  of  Durham,  and  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  and  in  the 
subjects  of  "  Iron  and  Steel "  and  "  Soap 
Manufacture"  to  the  City  and  Guilds  of 
London  Institute.  Since  the  publication, 
in  1866,  of  his  first  research  made  in  the 
laboratories  of  Owens  College,  Dr.  Alder 
Wright  has  contributed  to  the  various 
scientific  societies  upwards  of  seventy 
reports  and  memoirs  on  the  results  of 
various  investigations  in  pure  science, 
besides  numerous  minor  researches,  and 
many  papers  on  theoretical  and  technical 
subjects.  These  investigations  include 
work  done  in  almost  every  department 
of  Chemical  Science,  especially  in  Inor. 
ganic.  Analytical,  and  Organic  Chemistry, 
Chemical  Physics,  and  various  branches  of 
Technical  and  Applied  Chemistry.  His 
technical  researches  include  investigations 
connected  with  the  metallurgy  of  iron, 
aluminium,  various  alloys,  the  manufac- 
ture of  alkali  and  of  soap,  the  preparation 
of  waterproof  paper  and  canvas  goods 
("Willesden"  products),  novel  insulating 
materials,  and  disinfectants.  In  connec- 
tion with  these  subjects,  several  patents 
have  been  taken  out  for  processes,  some 
of  which  are  in  successful  operation  ;  and 
various  communications  have  been  made  to 
the  Royal  Institution,  the  Society  of  Arts, 
and  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry  in 
the  form  of  a  series  of  lectures  and  papers. 
The  chief  books  and  monographs,  &c, 
published  by  Dr.  Alder  Wright  are  the 
following:  "Metals  and  their  Chief  Indus- 
trial Applications  "  (Lectures  delivered  at 
the  Royal  Institution),  1878 ;  series  of 
articles  in  "Muspratt's  Dictionary"  on 
Coal-Tar  Distillation  and  the  products 
thence  derived,  Anthracene,  Benzine,  &c, 
1874;  Monograph  on  "Iron  and  Steel" and 
other  articles,  "Ency.  Brit.,"  1879-81; 
Cantor  Lectures,  Society  of  Arts,  on 
"Manufacture  of  Toilet  Soaps,"  1885 ;  "The 
Threshold  of  Science,"  1892  ;  Monographs 
on  "Soap,"  "Sulphur,"  and  "Sulphuric 
Acid,"  Thorpe's  "Dictionary  of  Applied 
Chemistry,"  1893;  "Fixed  Oils,  Fats, 
Butters,  and  Waxes,  and  the  Manufacture 
therefrom  of  Candles,  Soap,  and  other  Pro- 
duets,"  1894.  The  list  of  Mr.  Wright's  con- 
tributions to  scientific  literature  between 
the  years  1874  and  1882  takes  up  seven 
and  a  half  columns  of  the  Royal  Society's 
"Catalogue  of  Scientific  Papers."  Ad- 
dress :  Chemical  Laboratory,  St.  Mary's 
Hospital,  Paddington,  W. 


WRIGHT  —  WYNDHAM 


1197 


WRIGHT,  Charles  Theodore  Hag- 
berg,  born  in  Yorkshire,  Nov.  17,  1863,  is 
the  third  son  of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  H.  Wright, 
D.D.,  and  grandson  of  Nils  Wilhelm 
Almroth,  Governor  of  the  Royal  Mint, 
Stockholm,  and  Knight  of  the  North  Star. 
He  was  educated  privately  in  France, 
Germany,  and  Russia,  and  also  at  the 
Royal  Academical  Institution,  Belfast,  and 
took  the  degrees  of  B.A.  (first  class)  and 
LL.B.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  After 
travelling  in  the  East  of  Europe  for  a 
couple  of  years  he  was  appointed  in  1890 
Assistant  Librarian  in  the  National  Library 
of  Ireland.  In  1893  Mr.  Wright  was 
elected  Secretary  and  Librarian  to  the 
London  Library.  During  Mr.  Wright's 
secretaryship  the  Library  has  been  rebuilt 
and  entirely  reorganised  at  a  cost  of  about 
£20,000,  five  thousand  pounds  of  which 
were  subscribed  by  the  members  of  the 
Library,  which  is  now  the  leading  insti- 
tution of  its  kind,  and  indeed  without 
a  second  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Mr. 
Wright  has  written  articles  on  Russian 
subjects,  &c,  in  the  National  Revicxo, 
Scottish  Review,  &c.  Address:  Marlborough 
Mansions,  83  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

WRIGHT,    The   Hon.   Sir    Robert 

Samuel,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  was  born  in  1839, 
and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Henry 
Wright,  of  Litton,  Somersetshire.  He  was 
educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  had  a  distinguished  career.  He  took 
a  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations  in 
1859,  and  in  Literse  Humaniores  in  1860. 
In  1859-62  he  gained  three  University 
prizes — the  Latin  Verse  prize,  the  English 
Essay,  and  the  Arnold  Essay ;  he  was 
elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Oriel,  of  which 
he  is  now  an  honorary  Fellow,  and  he 
gained  the  Craven  Scholarship  in  1861. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  June  1865,  and  joined  the 
Northern  Circuit.  He  has  held  the  office 
of  common  law  junior  counsel  to  the 
Treasury  for  several  years.  He  succeeded 
the  late  Baron  Huddleston  as  one  of  the 
Justices  of  the  High  Court  in  December 
1890.  He  married,  in  1891,  a  daughter 
of  the  late  Rev.  R.  S.  Chermside.  Ad- 
dresses :  14  St.  James's  Place,  S.W.,  &c.  ; 
and  Athenaeum. 

WURTEMBURG,  King  of,  Charles 
Paul  Henry  Frederick  William  II., 

was  born  at  Stuttgart  on  Feb.  25,  1848, 
and  is  the  son  of  Prince  Frederick.  He 
succeeded  to  the  throne  on  Oct.  6,  1891. 
He  is  colonel  of  several  regiments  in 
Wurtemburg,  Russia,  and  Germany,  and 
Proprietary  Colonel  of  an  Austrian  Hussar 
regiment.  He  married  (1),  the  Princess 
Marie  of  Waldeck  and  Piermont,  Feb.  15, 
1877,  and  (2),  the  Princess  Charlotte  of 


Schaumburg-Lippe,  April  8,  1886,  who  was 
born  Oct.  10,  1864.  By  his  first  marriage 
he  had  one  daughter,  the  Princess  Pauline 
Olga  Helen  Emma,  born  Dec.  19,  1877. 
His  lieir,  the  Duke  of  Wurtemburg,  died 
in  November  1896. 

WYLLIE,  William  Lionel,  A.R.A., 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Mor- 
rison Wyllie,  and  was  born  in  London  in 
July  1851.  He  was  educated  at  Heather- 
ley's,  and  entered  the  Royal  Academy 
Schools  in  1866,  gaining  the  Turner  medal 
three  years  later.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1889, 
and  amongst  his  pictures,  which  have  been 
recently  exhibited,  there  may  be  men- 
tioned: "London's  Water  Gate,"  "The 
Opening  of  the  Tower  Bridge  "  (a  notable 
picture),  "  The  Union  Liner  SS.  Norman 
leaving  Southampton,"  "Bound  for  the 
Rio  Grande,"  "A  Southerly  Gale,  Brighton," 
1895;  "London  Bridge,"  "Rearing  the 
Lion's  Whelps,"  "A  Silent  Highway," 
"Crippled,  but  Unconquered,"  1896  ;  "The 
Winding  Medway,"  "Barry  Docks,"  "The 
Liner's  Escort,"  1897 ;  "Commerce  and 
Sea  Power,"  "  Union  Liner  Briton  off 
Calshot,"  "The  Harbour  Bar,"  "Entrance 
to  Barry  Dock,"  and  "R.M.S.  Valhalla," 
1898;  "Peace  and  Plenty"  and  "The 
Battle  of  the  Nile,"  1899.  Mr.  Wyllie 
spends  a  good  deal  of  time  in  yachting, 
and  is  the  Commodore  of  the  Medway 
Yacht  Club.  He  was  married,  in  1879,  to 
Marian  Amy,  daughter  of  Captain  Carew 
of  'the  Indian  Marine.  Address  :  Hoo 
Lodge,  Hoo  Street,  Werburgh,  near  Ro- 
chester, Kent. 

WYNDHAM,  Charles,  was  born  in 
1841,  and  was  educated  for  the  medical 
profession.  He  went  to  America  in  1862, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  as  an  actor 
at  Washington  with  John  Wilkes  Booth 
(the  assassin  of  President  Lincoln),  play- 
ing Osric  to  his  Hamlet,  and  subsequently, 
Glavis  to  his  Claude  Melnotte.  On  the 
termination  of  his  engagement  he  returned 
to  the  army,  in  which  he  had  already 
served  as  a  surgeon,  and  was  concerned  in 
some  engagements  that  took  place  in  the 
Civil  War.  He  was  attached  to  the  19th 
Army  Corps,  having  at  one  time  the 
medical  charge  of  a  brigade,  and  at 
another  charge  of  a  regiment.  On  return- 
ing to  England  he  went  to  Liverpool,  to 
the  Old  Amphitheatre,  where  his  success 
was  such  that  it  led  to  a  highly  remunera- 
tive engagement  of  several  months'  dura- 
tion. In  May  1868  he  made  his  first 
London  appearance  as  Sir  Arthur  Lascelles 
in  "All  that  Glitters  is  not  Gold."  He 
returned  to  America  in  1869,  and  appeared 
with  distinction  at  Wallack's  Theatre  as 
Charles    Surface    in    "The     School     for 


1198 


WYKDH  AM  —  YAEBOEOUGH 


Scandal."  Coming  home  again,  he  re- 
appeared at  the  St.  James's  Theatre  in 
1872,  then  under  Mr.  Stephen  Fiske's 
management,  as  Rabagas.  A  provincial 
tour  followed  this  engagement,  and  in 
1873  he  played  "  the  lead  "  at  the  Royalty, 
appearing  there  notably  in  the  character 
which  he  revived  in  1886  in  "  Wild  Oats." 
A  version  of  Mr.  Bronson  Howard's 
comedy  "Saratoga,"  called  "Brighton," 
was  produced  at  the  Court  Theatre  in 
1874,  with  Mr.  Wyndham  in  the  principal 
character.  In  1875  he  went  to  Berlin  and 
produced  a  version  of  "  Brighton "  in 
German.  From  1876  the  Criterion 
Theatre,  under  Mr.  Wyndham's  manage- 
ment, was  distinguished  by  pieces  of 
lively  character,  until  in  1886  he  made 
trial  of  old  comedy.  In  the  year  1887 
another  visit  to  Germany  was  paid, 
embracing  the  cities  of  Berlin,  Frankfort, 
and  Liegnitz,  during  which  "David  Gar- 
rick,"  in  German,  under  the  title  of  "Auf 
Ehrenwort,"  was  played,  and  proved  such 
a  success  that  an  invitation  from  the 
Emperor  of  Russia  extended  the  tour  to 
St.  Petersburg,  and  Moscow.  On  the 
occasion  of  his  performance  in  the  Russian 
capital,  Mr.  Wyndham  was  presented  by 
the  Czar  with  a  magnificent  sapphire  and 
ruby  ring  in  recognition  of  the  pleasure 
which  his  acting  had  afforded  his  Majesty. 
Two  years  later  another  tour  to  America 
followed,  when  Boston,  New  York, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Baltimore,  Washing- 
ton, and  Philadelphia  were  visited,  Jhe 
repertoire  including  such  plavs  as  "  David 
Garrick,"  "The  Candidate,"  "Wild  Oats," 
"  Still  Waters  Run  Deep,"  and  an  eccentric 
comedy,  written  specially  for  Mr.  Wynd- 
ham by  F.  C.  Burnand,  editor  of  London 
Punch,  and  entitled  "  The  Headless  Man," 
when  fresh  laurels  were  gathered,  resulting 
in  a  cordial  invitation  on  the  part  of  the 
American  public  to  revisit  the  United 
States  at  no  very  distant  date.  One  of 
the  latter  characterisations  with  which 
Mr.  Wyndham  has  identified  himself  is 
Young  Marlow  in  "She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer." He  has  also  achieved  great  success 
in  "Rosemary,"  where  he  figures  as  a 
man  in  early  middle  age  in  1837,  and  as  a 
very  old  man  in  1887.  In  May  1896  two 
gala  performances  were  given,  in  which 
nearly  every  English  actor  and  actress  of 
note  took  part,  in  order  to  celebrate  the 
attainment  of  his  twentieth  year  of 
management  at  the  Criterion.  At  the 
close  of  the  two  performances  the  popular 
actor,  who  had  appeared  as  Charles  Sur- 
face, came  forward  to  thank  his  enthusi- 
astic audience,  and  to  announce  that  the 
proceeds  of  the  two  performances,  amount- 
ing to  £2300,  would  be  handed  over  to  the 
Actors'  Benevolent  Fund.  In  July  1899, 
at  a  crowded  performance,  at  which  the 


Prince  of  Wales  and  many  other  dis- 
tinguished persons  were  present,  Mr. 
Wyndham  bade  good-bye  in  pathetic 
terms  to  his  old  theatre,  which,  however, 
he  will  continue  to  manage  when  playing 
in  the  new  theatre  shortly  to  be  built  for 
him.     Address  :  39  Finchley  Road,  N.W. 

WYNDHAM,  George,  M.P.,  is  the 
son  of  the  Hon.  Percy  Wyndham,  and  was 
born  in  London  on  Aug.  29,  1863.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  and  from  1883  to  1887 
he  served  in  the  1st  Battalion  of  the  Cold- 
stream Guards,  taking  part  in  the  Suakim 
Campaign  of  1885.  He  acted  as  Private 
Secretary  to  Mr.  Balfour  when  the  latter 
held  the  offices  of  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland,  1887-91,  and  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury,  1891-92.  Mr.  Wyndham  entered 
Parliament  in  1889,  when  he  was  returned 
as  Conservative  member  for  Dover,  and  he 
has  represented  that  constituency  ever 
since.  In  October  1898  he  was  appointed 
Parliamentary  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  War.  Since  1894  he  has  been  a  Captain 
in  the  Cheshire  Yeomanry,  and  he  is  also 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Cheshire,  and  a 
Director  of  the  L.  C.  and  D.  Railway.  In 
1887  Mr.  Wyndham  married  Sibell  Mary, 
Countess  Grosvenor,  daughter  of  the  9th 
Earl  of  Scarborough,  and  widow  of  Earl 
Grosvenor,  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Westminster.    Address  :  35  Park  Lane,  W. 

WYNDHAM,  Sir  G.  Hugh,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  J.P.,  was  born  in  1836,  and  having  been 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford,  entered 
the  Diplomatic  Service  in  1857.  Having 
served  in  several  minor  appointments,  he 
became  Secretary  at  Madrid  in  1878,  and 
at  Constantinople  in  1881.  He  was 
appointed  Minister  at  Belgrade,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  and  Bucharest  in  1888,  which 
post  he  held  until  1897,  when  he  retired 
from  the  service,  and  was  succeeded  by 
J.  G.  Kennedy  (q.v,).  Address  :  Roegate 
Lodge,  Petersfield. 


YARBOEOUGH,  Earl  of,  The 
Right  Hon.  Charles  Alfred  Worsley 
Anderson-Pelham,  M.A.,  J.P.,  was  born 
in  London  on  June  11,  1859,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  4th  Earl  in  1875.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  Belonging  to  an  old  Whig 
family,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Liberal 
party  up  to  1886,  when  he  transferred  his 
adherence  to  the  Conservative  side.  From 
1890  to  1892  he  was  Captain  of  the  Hon. 
Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms.  He  has 
been   Vice-Admiral    of    the     County    of 


YATES  —  YEATMAN-BIGGS 


1199 


Lincoln  since  1883,  and  is  Chairman  of 
the  Lindsey  Quarter  Sessions.  He  married, 
in  1886,  Marcia,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
12th  Lord  Conyers,  and,  since  1892, 
Baroness  Conyers  in  her  own  right.  Ad- 
dresses :  17  Arlington  Street,  W.  ;  and 
Brocklesby  Park,  Lincolnshire. 

YATES,  Joseph  Maghull,  was  born 
on  June  19,  1844,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Joseph  St.  John  Yates,  of  Well- 
bank,  Sandbach,  Judge  of  County  Courts, 
and  Emily  Augusta,  daughter  of  the  late 
David  Scott,  of  Brotherton,  co.  Kincardine. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  Classical  Honours  in  1867. 
Called  to  the  Bar  in  January  1869,  he  was 
made  Recorder  of  Salford  in  1889,  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1893,  and  Stipendiary  Magis- 
trate of  the  Manchester  Division  of 
Lancashire  in  1894.  He  was  a  candidate 
for  Parliament  in  the  Conservative  interest 
for  North  Manchester  in  1892,  but  was 
unsuccessful.  Addresses :  Union  Club, 
Manchester;  the  Glebe  House,  Darenham, 
Cheshire. 

YEAMES,  "William  Frederick,  R.A., 
was  born  on  Dec.  18,  1835,  at  Taganrog, 
on  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  South  Russia,  of  which 
port  his  father,  Mr.  William  Yeames,  was 
her  Britannic  Majesty's  Consul.  The 
family  belonged  originally  to  the  county 
of  Norfolk.  During  the  years  1842  and 
1843  he  travelled  with  his  family  through 
Italy.  After  returning  to  Russia  and 
spending  the  winter  at  Odessa,  the  family 
went  to  Dresden,  and  there  remained  till 
the  spring  of  1848,  when  they  removed  to 
London.  Mr.  Yeames  received  his  first 
instruction  in  art  from  Mr.  George  Scharf, 
who  taught  him  drawing  and  anatomy. 
The  young  artist  also  practised  drawing 
from  casts  in  the  studio  of  Mr.  J.  Sherwood 
Westmacott.  In  1852  Mr.  Yeames  left 
England  in  order  to  advance  his  art 
education  in  Italy,  and  studied  at  Flor- 
ence, first  for  two  years  under  the  direction 
of  Professor  Pollastrini,  of  the  Florence 
Academy,  afterwards  under  Signor  Raff  aelle 
Buonajuti.  Subsequently  he  spent  eigh- 
teen months  in  Rome,  and  at  last,  in  1858, 
he  returned  to  England.  In  1859  he 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  a  portrait 
and  "  The  Staunch  Friends,"  a  subject- 
picture  of  a  jester  and  monkey.  In  1861 
he  was  represented  there  by  works  en- 
titled "II  Sonetto,"  with  illustrative  lines 
from  "Petrarch,"  and  "The  Toilet"  ;  in 
1862  by  "Rescued,"  a  boy  saved  from 
drowning;  in  1863  by  "The  Meeting  of 
Sir  Thomas  More  with  his  Daughter  after 
his  Sentence  of  Death  "  ;  in  1864  by  "La 
Reine  Malheureuse,"  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria  taking  refuge  from  the  fire  of  the 


Parliament  ships  in  Burlington  Bay  ;  iu 
1865  by  "Arming  the  Young  Knight"  ; 
and  in  1866  by  "Queen  Elizabeth  receiving 
the  French  Ambassadors  after  the  News 
of  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew."  In 
June  1866  he  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  Since  then  he  has 
exhibited  "  The  Dawn  of  the  Reformation," 
1867  ;  "The  Chimney  Corner  "  and  "Lady 
Jane  Grey  in  the  Tower,"  1868  ;  "The 
Fugitive  Jacobite"  and  "Alarming  Foot- 
steps," 1869;  "Maundy  Thursday"  and 
"Love's  Young  Dream,"  1870;  "Dr.  Har- 
vey and  the  Children  of  Charles  I.,"  1871  ; 
"  The  Old  Parishioner,"  1872  ;  "  The  Path 
of  Roses,"  1873 ;  "  The  Appeal  to  the 
Podesta,"  "Flowers  for  Hall  and  Bower," 
and  "The  Christening,"  1874  ;  "Pour  les 
Pauvres"  and  "The  Suitor,"  1875;  "La 
Contadinella,"  "The  Last  Bit  of  Scandal," 
and  "  Campo  dei  SS.  Apostoli,  Venice," 
1876;  "Waking"  and  "Amy  Robsart," 
1877;  "When  Did  You  Last  See  Your 
Father?"  1878;  "La  Bigolante :  Vene- 
tian Water  Carrier,"  his  diploma  work, 
deposited  on  his  election  as  an  Acade- 
mician, 1879;  "The  Finishing  Touch," 
green-room  at  private  theatricals,  1880 ; 
"Here  We  Go  Round  the  Mulberry  Bush  " 
and  "II  Dolce  far  Niente,"  1881;  "The 
March  Past,"  "Prince  Arthur  and  Hubert," 
and  "Welcome  as  Flowers  in  Spring," 
1882;  "Tender  Thoughts,"  1883;  and  "St. 
Christopher,"  1887.  Recently  he  has 
painted  some  portraits.  His  latest  success 
was  "  Le  Roi  s'Amuse"  (Henry  III.  of 
France  and  his  pet  dogs),  in  the  Academy 
of  1894.  He  exhibited  "Defendant  and 
Counsel,"  1895;  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Win- 
field,  1896;  "Children  of  the  Chapel" 
(Chapel  Royal,  St.  James's  Palace),  1898  ; 
and  two  portraits,  1899.  Mr.  Yeames 
has  also  exhibited  in  Paris  and  other 
foreign  capitals,  and  has  taught  in  the 
Royal  Academy  Schools  and  examined  in 
the  Science  and  Art  Department.  Mr. 
Yeames  was  elected  a  Royal  Academician 
June  19,  1878,  and  is  Librarian  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  He  married  a  niece  of 
Sir  David  Wilkie.  Address  :  4  Campbell 
Road,  Hanwell,  W. 

YEATMAN-BIGGS,  The  Right  Rev. 
Huyshe  Wolcott,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Bishop- 
Suffragan  of  Southwark,  was  born  Feb.  2, 
1845,  at  Manston  House,  Dorsetshire,  and 
is  the  son  of  Harry  Farr  Yeatman,  J. P., 
thus  belonging  to  an  old  Dorset  family. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester,  where 
he  became  a  Prefect,  was  captain  of  the 
second  six  at  football,  and  shot  in  the 
Wimbledon  eleven  for  two  years,  and  at 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  Dixie  Scholar,  and  graduated  in  1867. 
Although  originally  intended  for  the  diplo- 
matic service,  he  went  in  for  a  course  of 


1200 


YEATS  —  YEO 


reading  under  Dr.  Vaughan  at  Doncaster 
and  the  Temple,  and  was  ordained  in  1869. 
Becoming  Curate  of  St.  Edmund's,  Salis- 
bury, he  also  acted  as  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Moberly,  his  old  master,  and  was  Hon. 
Sec.  to  the  Diocesan  Synod.  In  1877  he 
became  Vicar  of  Netherbury,  Dorset,  and 
in  1879  was  appointed  to  succeed  Bishop 
Legge  as  Vicar  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  Syden- 
ham, being  also  elected  Proctor  for  the 
clergy  of  the  Diocese  in  Convocation  in 
1880,  Secretary  of  the  Rochester  Diocesan 
Conference,  and  Examining  Chaplain  to 
Bishop  Thorold.  Dr.  Yeatman  was  con- 
secrated Bishop -Suffragan  of  Southwark 
in  1891,  and  has  taken  an  important  part 
in  the  attempt  to  found  in  St.  Saviour's, 
Southwark,  a  cathedral  centre  for  church 
work  in  South  London.  He  has  also 
founded  at  Blackheath  the  college  of 
women  workers,  better  known  as  "The 
Grey  Ladies,"  and  has  given  great  atten- 
tion to  the  question  of  popular  education 
in  the  diocese.  He  assumed  the  name  of 
Yeatman-Biggs  by  royal  license  in  August 
1897.  He  married,  in  1875,  Lady  Barbara 
Legge,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth. 
The  Bishop  is  patron,  in  his  private  capa- 
city, of  three  livings,  and  owns  Stock 
Gaylard,  the  old  family  seat  in  Dorset,  as 
well  as  Stockton  House,  Wilts.  Addresses  : 
Dartmouth  House,  Blackheath  Hill,  S.E. ; 
and  Athenaaum. 

YEATS,  W.  B.,  Irish  poet,  was  born 
on  June  13,  1865,  at  Sandymount,  Dublin, 
and  is  the  son  of  J.  B.  Yeats,  portrait 
painter  and  illustrator.  He  spent  the 
greatest  portion  of  his  childhood  at  Sligo 
with  his  grandparents,  but  joined  his  father 
and  mother  in  London  when  about  nine 
years  old,  and  then  for  some  years  at- 
tended the  Godolphin  School,  Hammer- 
smith, as  a  day  scholar,  spending  his  holi- 
days usually  in  the  west  of  Ireland.  When 
he  was  fifteen  he  removed  with  his  parents 
to  Dublin,  and  there  attended  the  Eras- 
mus Smith  School  in  Harcourt  Street. 
When  about  nineteen  he  began  studying 
art  at  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  but  soon 
gave  up  this  for  literature,  contributing 
articles  and  poems  to  the  Dublin  University 
Review  and  other  Irish  periodicals.  In  1887 
he  moved  to  London,  and  in  1889  published 
his  first  book  of  verse,  "  The  Wanderings 
of  Oisin"  (Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  &  Co.), 
and  his  first  book  of  prose,  "  Fairy  and 
Folk  Tales  "  (Walter  Scott).  The  latter  is 
a  compilation  from  the  Irish  Folk-Lorists, 
with  notes  based  on  Mr.  Yeats's  own  in- 
vestigations in  the  west  of  Ireland.  He 
has  since  published  "  Stories  from  Carle- 
ton  "  (Walter  Scott,  1890),  a  compilation  ; 
"  Irish  Tales  "  (Putnam's,  1891),  a  compila- 
tion ;  "John  Sherman  and  Dhoya"  (T. 
Fisher  Unwin's  Pseudonym  Library,  1891), 


two  stories  about  the  west  of  Ireland ;  "  The 
Countess  Kathleen  and  Various  Legends 
and  Lyrics"  (T.  Fisher  Unwin,  1892); 
"The  Celtic  Twilight"  (Lawrence  &  Bul- 
len,  1893),  a  volume  of  essays  mainly  about 
Irish  fairy  lore  ;  "  The  Poems  of  William 
Blake  "  (Lawrence  &  Bullen,  1893),  a  com- 
pilation ;  "  The  Land  of  Heart's  Desire," 
a  one-act  play  in  verse,  acted  at  the 
Avenue  Theatre,  London,  for  the  six  weeks 
beginning  March  29,  1894;  "A  Book  of 
Irish  Verses "  (Methuen,  1895),  an  antho- 
logy of  Irish  ballad  poetry;  "Poems"  (T. 
Fisher  Unwin,  1895),  a  revised  edition  of 
all  he  cares  to  preserve  out  of  his  previous 
volumes  of  verse  ;  "  The  Secret  Rose  " 
(Lawrence  &  Bullen,  1897),  a  book  of  fan- 
tastic stories,  founded  for  the  most  part 
on  Irish  legends  ;  and,  together  with  Mr. 
Edwin  J.  Ellis,  "  The  Works  of  William 
Blake  "  (B.  Quaritcb,  1893),  a  book  in  three 
volumes,  the  first  of  which  gives  for  the 
first  time  a  complete  collection  of  Blake's 
writings,  and  the  other  two  an  analysis 
and  exposition  of  the  philosophy  of  his 
so-called  prophetic  works.  Mr.  Yeats  has 
also  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
National  Observer  and  the  Bookman,  and 
has  published  poems  in  the  two  books  of 
the  "Rhymers'  Club."  He  is  a  leader  in 
the  Irish  literary  movement,  and  in  May 
1898  was  feted  in  Dublin  when  his  play 
"The  Countess  Kathleen  "  was  produced, 
together  with  "  The  Heather  Field,"  &c,  in 
a  revival  or  inauguration  of  a  national 
Irish  drama.  He  collaborated  at  the  same 
time  in  a  work  by  several  Irish  authors  on 
Irish  literary  ideals,  his  essay  advocating 
a  return  to  Irish  legend  as  the  true  source 
whence  inspiration  should  in  future  be 
drawn.  Permanent  address  :  18  Woburn 
Buildings,  Euston  Road,  W.C. 

YEO,  Gerald  Francis,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
F.R.C.S.,  second  son  of  Henry  Yeo,  Esq., 
J.P.,  of  Howth,  was  born  in  Dublin  in 
1845,  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
graduated  in  the  Dublin  University  as 
Moderator  in  Natural  Science  in  1866,  and 
in  1867  took  the  M.B.  and  M.Ch.  degrees. 
In  1866  an  essay  by  him  on  Renal  Disease 
was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Dublin 
Pathological  Society.  He  then  studied 
for  a  year  in  each  of  the  great  schools  of 
Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna ;  and  on  his 
return  to  Ireland  in  1870  he  was  appointed 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Medical 
School  of  Trinity  College.  He  then  took 
the  M.D.  and  Sanitary  degree,  and  also 
the  qualifications  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  Ireland.  He  taught 
Physiology  in  the  Carmichael  School  of 
Medicine  for  two  years,  and  then  left 
Ireland,  as  in  1875  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology  in  King's  College, 
London.     In  1877  he  was  made  Assistant 


YEO  —  YERBUEGH 


1201 


Surgeon  to  King's  College  Hospital,  and 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England.  While  in  Dublin 
he  published  in  the  local  medical  journals 
numerous  papers,  chiefly  of  a  pathological 
nature.  Since  coming  to  London  most  of 
his  works  have  been  physiological.  But 
a  paper  on  the  application  of  aseptic 
methods  to  cranial  operations  gave  some 
stimulus  to  cerebral  surgery,  and  a  report 
on  the  Pathology  of  Bovine  Pleura-pneu- 
monia, undertaken  for  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society,  may  have  had  some 
influence  in  the  application  of  the  "stamp- 
ing out  system,"  by  which  this  disease  has 
been  practically  exterminated.  Some  of 
his  researches  were  communicated  to  the 
Eoyal  Society,  and  have  appeared  in  the 
Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  that  body  ; 
but  the  greater  part  of  his  contributions 
were  published  in  the  Journal  of  Physi- 
ology. He  is  the  author  of  a  well-known 
"Manual  of  Physiology  for  the  Use  of 
Students  of  Medicine."  He  has  held  the 
post  of  Examiner  in  the  Universities  of 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  London,  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England,  and  the 
Eoyal  Veterinary  College.  He  acted  as 
Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Physiological 
Society  from  its  foundation  in  1875  until 
1889.  It  is  a  strange  coincidence  that  the 
only  two  medical  men  of  the  same  sur- 
name in  England  should  both  be  of  King's 
College,  London ;  but  Mr.  Gerald  Yeo  is 
not  in  any  way  related  to  Dr.  Isaac  Burney 
Yeo.  In  1890  he  resigned  his  Chair  of 
Physiology,  being  made  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor, and  since  that  time  has  devoted 
himself  to  agricultural  and  horticultural 
pursuits.  Address :  Bowden  House,  Totnes, 
South  Devon. 

YEO,  Isaac  Burney,  M.D.,  Professor 
of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
at  King's  College,  London,  and  Physician 
to  King's  College  Hospital,  descended 
from  an  ancient  Cornish  family  already 
settled  in  Cornwall  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.,  was  born  at  Stonehouse,  Devonshire, 
and  educated  privately,  until,  in  1858,  he 
became  a  student  in  King's  College, 
London,  where  he  rapidly  distinguished 
himself,  and  obtained  three  scholarships 
in  succession  and  other  distinctions.  At 
the  Doctor  of  Medicine's  examination,  in 
the  London  University,  he  obtained  the 
number  of  marks  qualifying  for  the  Gold 
Medal.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  Re- 
sident Medical  Tutor  in  King's  College ; 
this  post  he  resigned  in  1871,  and  began 
practice  in  Mayfair,  having  about  that 
time  been  elected  one  of  the  physicians 
to  Brompton  as  well  as  King's  College 
Hospitals.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Physicians  (1876),  Hon. 
Fellow  and  Professor  of  Clinical  Thera- 


peutics in  King's  College,  London  (1885), 
and  Physician  to  King's  College  Hospital. 
Dr.  Yeo  has  contributed  largely  to  medical 
literature,  and  has  furnished  numerous 
lectures,  commentaries,  &c,  to  the  Lancet, 
British  Medical  Journal,  &c.  Dr.  Yeo  has 
devoted  himself,  with  much  success,  to  the 
examination  and  development  of  methods 
of  treating  disease,  the  branch  of  medical 
science  known  as  therapeutics.  His  well- 
known  work  on  "  Climate  and  Health  Ee- 
sorts  "  has  gone  through  three  editions,  and 
had  for  its  object  the  investigation  of  the 
influence  of  climate  and  mineral  water  and 
baths  in  the  cure  of  disease.  This  work 
was  followed  by  a  treatise  on  "  Food  in 
Health  and  Disease,"  since  become  the 
accepted  authority  on  subjects  connected 
with  diet  and  regimen  in  health,  as  well  as 
diseased  states.  Dr.  Yeo's  last  contribu- 
tion to  medical  literature  (1893)  is  a 
"  Manual  of  Medical  Treatment,  or  Clinical 
Therapeutics,"  a  work  dealing  adequately 
with  the  wide  subject  of  the  best  methods 
of  treating  all  forms  of  what  are  known 
as  Medical  Diseases,  as  distinguished  from 
Surgical  Maladies.  The  article  on  "  Nutri- 
tion and  Food,  including  the  Treatment 
of  Obesity  and  Leanness,"  in  Hare's 
"System  of  Practical  Therapeutics,"  pub- 
lished in  America,  is  from  the  pen  of  Dr. 
Burney  Yeo.  In  1882  he  published  some 
lectures  on  Consumption,  in  which  he 
drew  attention,  prominently,  to  the  dis- 
covery of  Professor  Koch,  and  pointed  out 
the  probability  that  this  disease  is  pro- 
pagated by  contagion,  a  view  which  is 
now  generally  accepted.  He  is  the  trans- 
lator of  Oertel's  "  Respiratory  Thera- 
peutics "  in  Ziemssen's  "  Handbook  of 
General  Therapeutics,"  and  of  articles 
in  Ziemssen's  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical 
Medicine."  He  has  also  contributed 
several  articles  to  the  Fortnightly  and  Con- 
temporary Reviews,  and  to  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  Dr.  Yeo  has  been  for  more  than 
ten  years  the  Medical  Adviser  in  London 
to  the  Life  Association  of  Scotland.  Ad- 
dress :  ii  Hertford  Street,  Mayfair,  W.     * 

YERBUEGH,  Robert  Armstrong, 

M.P.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Richard 
Yerburgh,  Vicar  of  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire, 
and  was  born  on  Jan.  17, 1853.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Rossall,  Harrow,  and  University 
College,  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1880.  He  acted 
as  Private  Secretary  to  Mr.  Akers-Douglas, 
when  Patronage  Secretary,  from  1885  to 
1886,  and  was  Assistant  Private  Secretary 
to  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith  when  First  Lord  of 
the  Treasury  in  1887.  He  was  elected  as 
Conservative  member  for  Chester  in  1886, 
and  has  represented  that  constituency  ever 
since  ;  he  is  also  a  County  Councillor  and 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Lancashire.   Mr. 

46 


1202 


YONGE  — YORK 


Yerburgh  is  President  of  the  Agricultural 
Bank  Association,  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Re- 
creation Evening  Schools  Association,  Vice- 
Chairman  of  the  National  Home  Reading 
Union,  and  a  Member  of  Council  of  the 
Statistical  Society.  He  has  published 
articles  advocating  National  Granaries  for 
storage  of  corn,  in  order  to  complete  our 
system  of  home  defence,  and  has  also 
written  pamphlets  on  agricultural  banks. 
He  married,  in  1888,  the  great  heiress 
Elma  Amy,  daughter  of  Daniel  Thwaites, 
of  Billings  Scarr,  Blackburn,  formerly  M.P. 
Addresses:  25  Kensington  Gore,  S.W. ; 
and  Woodfold  Park,  Blackburn. 

YONGE,  Charlotte  Mary,  only 
daughter  of  the  late  W.  C.  Yonge,  Esq.,  of 
Otterbourne,  Hants,  a  magistrate  for 
Hampshire,  was  born  in  1823.  She  is  the 
authoress  of  many  works  of  fiction,  in 
which  the  plot  is  made  to  enforce,  in  a 
plain  and  sober  manner,  the  doctrines  of 
what  is  called  the  High-Church  school  of 
opinion.  She  has  always  lived  at  Otter- 
bourne,  and  had  no  events  to  record.  Her 
best  known  works  are  :  "  The  Heir  of  Red- 
clyffe,"  "Amy  Herbert,"  "  Katherine 
Ashton,"  "Heartsease,"  "Dynevor  Ter- 
race," "The  Daisy  Chain,"  "The  Young 
(Stepmother  ;  or,  a  Chronicle  of  Mistakes," 
"  Hopes  and  Fears ;  or,  Scenes  from  the 
Life  of  a  Spinster,"  "The  Lances  of  Lyn- 
wood,"  "The  Little  Duke,"  "Clever 
Women  of  the  Family,"  "Prince  and  the 
Page  :  a  Story  of  the  Last  Crusade,"  and 
"  Dove  in  the  Eagle's  Nest."  Most  of 
these  have  gone  through  several  editions, 
and  have  been  reprinted  in  a  cheap  form. 
It  has  been  stated  in  the  public  papers 
that  she  gave  £2000,  the  profits  of  her 
"  Daisy  Chain,"  for  the  building  of  a  Mis- 
sionary College  at  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
and  devoted  a  great  portion  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  "  The  Heir  of  Redclyffe  "  to  the 
fitting  out  of  the  missionary  schooner 
Southern  Cross,  for  the  use  of  Bishop 
Selwyn.  Miss  Yonge  has  also  published 
rUl  Marie  Therese  de  Lamourons,"  a  biog- 
raphy abridged  from  the  French  ;  "  The 
Kings  of  England,"  "Landmarks  of  His- 
tory ;  Ancient,  Middle  Ages,  and  Modern," 
forming  a  compendium  of  Universal  His- 
tory for  youngpeople;  "History  of  Chris- 
tian Names  and  their  Derivation,"  1863; 
"  The  Story  of  English  Missionary 
Workers,"  in  Macmillan's  Sunday  Lib- 
rary, 1871;  "Lady  Hester,"  1873;  "Life 
of  John  Coleridge  Patteson,  Missionary 
Bishop  of  the  Melanesian  Islands,"  2  vols., 
1873  ;  "  Stories  of  English  History,  1874  ; 
"Stories  of  Greek  History  for  the  Little 
Ones,"  1876;  "Aunt  Charlotte's  German 
History  for  the  Little  Ones,"  1877; 
"  Aunt  Charlotte's  Roman  History  for 
the   Little   Ones,"    1877;    "Unknown    to 


History :  a  Story  of  the  Captivity  of 
Mary  of  Scotland,"  a  novel,  2  vols., 
1882;  "Stray  Pearls;  Memoirs  of  Mar- 
garet de  Ribaumont,  Viscountess  of  Bel- 
laise,"  2  vols.,  1883  ;  "The  Two  Sides  of 
the  Shield"  and  "Nuttie's  Father,"  1885  ; 
"  The  Reputed  Changeling,"  1890;  "Two 
Penniless  Princesses,"  "  That  Stick,"  "  Pil- 
grims of  the  Ben  Becula,"  "The  Long  Va- 
cation," "The  Release,"  Ten  Tales  of  300 
pages  for  the  National  Society.  Address  : 
Elderfield,  Otterbourne. 


YORK,   Archbishop  of. 

lagan,  Most  Rev.  W.  D. 


See  Mac- 


YORK,  H.R.H.  George,  Duke  of, 
K.G.,  K.T.,  K.P.,  &c,  second  son  of  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  was  born  at 
Marlborough  House  on  June  3,  1865,  just 
seventeen  months  after  his  elder  brother, 
the  late  Duke  of  Clarence.  As  boys,  the 
two  brothers  were  inseparable  companions, 
and  they  entered  the  navy  together  as 
cadets  on  June  5,  1877.  After  two  years 
spent  in  the  Britannia  the  Princes  joined 
the  Bacchante,  which  was  then  attached  to 
a  cruising  squadron  under  the  command 
of  the  Earl  of  Clanwilliam.  Her  first 
voyage  was  made  to  the  Mediterranean, 
thence  to  the  West  Indies  and  back,  the 
Princes  messing  in  the  gun-room  like 
other  cadets,  but  having  sleeping  quarters 
under  the  poop,  and  not  being  required  to 
keep  the  middle  watch.  The  ship  anchored 
at  Barbadoes  on  Christmas  Day  1879,  and 
there  and  elsewhere  the  Princes  were  en- 
thusiastically received.  At  Bermuda  they 
laid  the  foundation  stone  of  the  Sailors' 
Home ;  thence  the  Bacchante  returned  to 
Cowes.  For  a  short  time  she  was  attached 
to  the  Channel  Fleet,  but  presently  joined 
Lord  Clanwilliam  at  Vigo.  In  January 
1880  Prince  George  was  promoted  Mid- 
shipman. The  Bacchante's  next  cruise  was 
to  Madeira,  thence  to  the  Canaries  and 
Monte  Video.  Crossing  the  line  the 
Princes,  with  much  good  humour,  went 
through  the  usual  ceremony.  The  next 
ports  of  call  were  the  Falklands  and 
Simon's  Bay,  and  afterwards  a  lengthy 
stay  was  made  round  Australia  and  the 
neighbouring  islands.  Thence  the  Bacchante 
went  to  China,  and  after  visiting  various 
places  of  interest,  returned  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean via  Singapore  and  Suez.  A  trip 
from  Jaffa  through  Palestine  completed 
the  voyage,  of  which  an  interesting  record 
has  been  published.  Prince  George  was 
promoted  Sub-Lieutenant  in  1884,  and 
joined  H.M.S.  Canada  on  the  North  Ameri 
can  station,  and  in  October  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  after  passing  his  examinations 
with  great  credit,  he  became  a  Lieutenant. 
Attached  successively  to  various  ships,  he 
was  appointed  in  1886  to  H.M.S.  Bread- 


YORK  —  YORKE-DAVIES 


1203 


nought,  and  afterwards  to  H.M.S.  Alexan- 
dra, Flagship  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet, 
of  which  his  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh, 
was  then  Commander-in-Chief.  In  1889 
he  was  presented  with  his  first  command, 
that  of  torpedo-boat  No.  79,  for  the  period 
of  the  naval  manoeuvres.  While  in  charge 
of  this  small  craft  he  was  able  to  afford 
very  efficient  help  to  a  vessel  in  distress. 
On  May  6,  1890,  he  commissioned  the  first- 
class  gunboat  Thrush,  and  in  her  he  spent 
a  year  on  the  North  American  station, 
visiting  Canada  and  Jamaica,  where  he 
opened  the  exhibition,  gaining  much  popu- 
larity ashore  as  well  as  afloat.  Upon  his 
return  to  England  in  1891  Prince  George 
was  promoted  Commander,  and  in  October 
of  the  same  year,  while  staying  with  his 
brother  in  Dublin,  contracted  a  dangerous 
fever.  In  August  1892  he  commissioned 
the  second-class  cruiser Melampus,  and  took 
part  in  the  naval  manoeuvres.  His  latest 
command  afloat  was  H.M.S.  Crescent,  a 
very  fine  vessel,  and  during  the  commis- 
sion in  1898  he  visited  many  seaport  towns 
in  England  and  Ireland.  Prince  George 
was  created  Duke  of  York,  Earl  of  Inver- 
ness, and  Baron  Killarney  in  1892,  in 
which  year  he  became  heir  to  the  Throne 
by  the  lamented  death  of  his  elder  brother. 
He  was  promoted  Captain  in  the  royal 
navy  in  January  1893,  and  the  following 
May  his  engagement  to  Princess  Victoria 
Mary  (Princess  May)  of  Teck  was  publicly 
announced,  and  the  marriage  was  cele- 
brated on  July  6,  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  St. 
James's.  The  ceremony  was  a  very  bril- 
liant one,  all  the  members  of  the  Royal 
family  being  present,  together  with  the 
Emperor  of  Russia,  at  that  time  Czare- 
witch,  and  the  King  and  Queen  of  Denmark. 
A  son  and  heir  was  born  to  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  on  June  23,  1894,  and  was  chris- 
tened after  the  patron  saints  of  these 
islands  and  his  grandfather,  Edward 
Albert  Christian  George  Andrew  Patrick 
David.  Another  son,  Prince  Albert,  was 
born  in  December  1S95,  and  a  daughter, 
Princess  Victoria,  in  April  1897.  In  Janu- 
ary 1894  the  Duke  of  York  was  compelled 
to  decline  an  invitation  to  visit  Australia 
which  was  conveyed  to  him  through  the 
Governor  of  Victoria,  but  in  November  he 
was  present  with  the  Prince  of  Wales  at 
the  funeral  of  the  Czar  at  St.  Petersburg. 
In  July  1895  he  presided  at  the  6th  Inter- 
national Geographical  Congress,  which  was 
held  at  the  Imperial  Institute.  In  August 
and  September  1897  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
paid  a  visit  to  Ireland,  and  were  received 
with  the  utmost  enthusiasm  in  all  parts  of 
the  country.  They  visited  Dublin,  where 
they  opened  the  Textile  Exhibition,  Kil- 
larney, the  Shannon  District,  Kerry,  and 
Ulster.  His  Royal  Highness  holds  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  and 


the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Orders  of  the  Black 
and  Red  Eagle  of  Germany.  He  is  also 
Naval  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  Colonel 
of  the  Royal  Sussex  Hussars  Yeomanry 
Cavalry,  and  Colonel  of  the  3rd  Middlesex 
Artillery  Volunteers.  In  1894  he  was 
elected  an  Elder  Brother  and  Master  of 
the  Corporation  of  Trinity  House,  and 
is  annually  re-elected.  He  is  also  a 
Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  an  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  has  been  appointed  (March  1899)  Pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Humane  Society  in 
succession  to  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  who  for 
forty  years  occupied  that  position. 

YORK,  H.R.H.  Victoria  Mary, 
Duchess  of  York,  is  the  daughter  of 
H.R.H.  Mary  Adelaide,  Duchess  of  Teck, 
cousin  of  her  Majesty  the  Queen,  and  was 
born  on  May  26,  1867.  She  was  married  on 
July  6,  1893,  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  York, 
and  she  has  three  children,  viz.,  Prince  Ed- 
ward, born  June  23,  1894  ;  Prince  Albert, 
born  Dec.  14,  1895  ;  and  Princess  Victoria 
Alexandra,  born  April  25,  1897.  Her 
Royal  Highness  possesses  the  Royal  Order 
of  Victoria  and  Albert,  and  the  Imperial 
Order  of  the  Crown  of  India. 

YORKE-DAVIES,  Nathaniel  Ed- 
ward, L.R.C.P.  Lond.  1871,  M.R.C.S.  Eng. 
1866,  L.S.A.,  1865,  and  L.M.  Dub.  1865, 
was  born  April  26, 1841,  at  Llanwrst,  where 
his  father  was  Head-master  of  King  Ed- 
ward the  Sixth  Grammar  School.  Prior  to 
entering  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  he 
was  educated  at  Cheltenham  and  other 
schools.  After  a  brief  period  of  service 
in  the  Egyptian  navy  he  applied  himself 
to  the  special  study  of  dietetics,  upon 
which  subject  he  is  now  generally  recog- 
nised as  one  of  the  greatest  living  autho- 
rities. There  can  be  no  doubt  that  his 
careful  investigations  will  greatly  tend  to 
promote  the  increase  both  of  health  and 
longevity.  Mr.  Yorke-Davies  is  the  author 
of  numerous  and  valuable  works  upon  the 
topic  to  which  be  has  devoted  the  greater 
part  of  his  leisure  during  the  past  quarter 
of  a  century.  The  most  important  of  these 
are  :  "  One  Thousand  Medical  Maxims  and 
Surgical  Hints,"  1885  ;  "Aids  to  Long 
Life,"  1886  ;  "  Foods  for  the  Fat,"  "Diet- 
etics of  Obesity,"  1889  ;  "  Living  to  Eat  and 
Eating  to  Live,"  1891 ;  "Health  and  Con- 
dition," 1894  ;  "Homburg  and  its  Waters," 
1897  ;  "  On  the  International  Consumption 
of  Meat  in  its  Relation  to  Obesity,"  Lancet ; 
"  Thyroid  Tabloids  in  Obesity,"  Brit.  Med. 
Joum.,  1894;  "500  Cases  of  Obesity  suc- 
cessfully treated  by  Scientific  Dieting,  with 
Table  of  Results,"  Prov.  Med.  Joum.  1893, 
&c.  His  work  on  "Health  and  Condition  " 
has  passed  through  several  editions.  Ad- 
dress :  44  Harley  Street,  W. 


1204 


YOUNG 


YOUNG,  Sir  Allen,  G.B.,  Arctic  navi- 
gator, was  born  in  1830,  and  formerly 
commanded  a  ship  in  the  merchant  service, 
which  he  entered  in  1846,  and  among  the 
many  officers  of  that  service  who  did  good 
work  and  gained  credit  at  BalaclavAduring 
the  Russian  war,  there  was  no  commander 
whose  services  were  more  warmly  acknow- 
ledged by  the  late  Lord  Lyons  than  were 
those  of  Captain  Allen  Young.  Subse- 
quently he  volunteered  and  filled  a  respon- 
sible position  on  board  Lady  Franklin's 
little  ship,  the  Fox,  in  M'Clintock's  memor- 
able voyage  (1857-60),  when  the  problem 
of  the  fate  of  Franklin  and  his  companions 
was  solved.  As  an  officer  of  the  Royal 
Naval  Reserve  his  commission  bears  date 
from  the  first  creation  of  the  force.  In 
1875,  principally  at  his  own  expense,  he 
made  in  his  yacht,  the  Pandora,  a  gallant 
though  unsuccessful  attempt  to  accomplish 
the  North-West  Passage,  and  to  throw 
some  further  light  on  the  proceedings  of 
the  lost  expedition  under  Franklin,  by  a 
search  for  their  records  on  King  William's 
Land.  Again,  in  1876,  he  refitted  the 
Pandora  for  a  second  attempt,  with  the 
same  objects  in  view  ;  but  the  Admiralty 
having  been  unexpectedly  called  upon  to 
communicate  with  the  depots  of  the 
Government  Expedition  in  Smith's  Sound, 
Captain  Young  readily  responded  to  an 
invitation  to  fulfil  that  important  duty, 
which  he  did  at  no  small  risk,  and  in  a 
manner  which  was  deemed  thoroughly 
satisfactory.  In  recognition  of  this  service 
the  Queen  conferred  on  him  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  March  12,  1877.  An  account 
of  the  "  Two  Voyages  of  the  Pandora  in 
1875  and  1876  "  was  published  in  London 
in  1879.  In  1882  he  commanded  the  Hope, 
sent  out  in  search  of  the  Eira  Arctic  ship, 
which  had  been  lost  in  Franz  Joseph 
Sound,  and  rescued  the  crew  of  the  latter 
vessel.  During  the  Egyptian  war  he  was 
present  at  the  operations  at  Suakim  as 
commissioner  afloat  to  the  National  Aid 
Society.  Sir  Allen  Young  was  created 
C.B.  in  1881,  and  is  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Imperial  Order  of  Franz  Joseph  of 
Austria,  Commander  of  the  Order  of  the 
Dannebrog,  Denmark,  and  of  the  Order  of 
the  North  Star  of  Sweden,  Officer  of  the 
Oaken  Crown  of  the  Netherlands,  and  a 
younger  Brother  of  the  Trinity  House  ; 
besides  holding  two  Arctic  medals,  the 
Egyptian  War  Medal  and  the  Khedive's 
Star.     Address  :  18  Grafton  Street,  W. 

YOUNG,  Sir  Frederick,  K.C.M.G., 
J.P. ,  D.L.,  D.Sc,  was  born  in  Limehouse  on 
June  21,  1817,  and  is  the  eldest  surviving 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  George  Frederick 
Young,  who  represented  the  shipping 
interests  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  a 
member    for    Tynemouth    from    1832    to 


1838,  and  afterwards  sat  for  Scarborough 
from  1851  to  1852.  He  had  for  his  grand- 
father on  the  paternal  side  Vice-Admiral 
William  Young,  who  commanded  the  line- 
of-battle  ship  Foudroyant.  This  gallant 
admiral  was  appointed  by  Lord  Keith  its 
naval  commander,  to  superintend  the  dis- 
embarkation of  the  troops  which  formed 
the  Egyptian  expedition  in  March  1801, 
and  in  his  cabin  died  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
crombie,  who  received  his  mortal  wound 
at  the  battle  of  Alexandria.  Sir  Frederick's 
mother  was  of  Kentish  origin,  being  Mary, 
daughter  of  Mr.  John  Abbott,  of  Canter- 
bury. The  first  work  of  public  utility 
which  calls  for  notice  in  this  sketch  is 
one  which  redounds  to  the  credit  of  both 
Sir  Frederick  and  his  father.  The  pro- 
ject of  obtaining  Victoria  Park,  and,  after 
rescuing  it  from  the  possible  spoliation  of 
the  speculative  builder,  throwing  it  open 
as  a  place  of  popular  recreation,  originated 
with  Mr.  George  Frederick  Young,  who 
was  the  author  of  the  scheme.  Sir  Fred- 
erick (then  Mr.)  Young  was  asked  to  act 
as  Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer  to 
the  Committee  then  formed  to  prosecute 
the  scheme.  It  was  not  accomplished  in 
a  day.  Mr.  Young,  senior,  drew  up  a 
memorial  for  presentation  to  the  Queen, 
and  the  matter  being  iindertaken  with 
spirit,  it  roused  such  interest  that  the 
young  secretary  soon  obtained  30,000  sig- 
natures from  the  inhabitants  of  the  Tower 
Hamlets,  and  the  memorial  was  presented 
in  due  course.  The  agitation  thus  begun 
was  kept  alive  for  three  or  four  years, 
constant  communications  passing  between 
the  promoters,  Lord  Duncannon,  and  pro- 
minent Government  officials,  until  at  last 
vested  interests  were  satisfied,  the  delays 
of  red-tape  surmounted,  and  Victoria  Park 
as  a  magnificent  open  space  for  the  recrea- 
tion of  overcrowded  East  Londoners  was 
thrown  open  to  the  people.  Sir  Frederick 
was  also  prominently  instrumental  in  secur- 
ing Epping  Forest  for  the  public,  and  this 
extensive  domain  was  made  for  ever  secure 
from  the  land-grabber  by  being  placed 
under  the  guardianship  of  the  Corporation 
of  the  City  of  London.  He  was  actively 
engaged  in  the  establishment  of  the 
People's  Palace,  and  has  taken  a  bene- 
volent interest  in  the  Emigration  Question. 
In  1S69  he  embodied  his  views  upon  that 
subject  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "Trans- 
plantation "  ;  and  in  the  following  year 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  National 
Colonial  Emigration  League.  Imperial 
Federation,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
earliest  advocates,  has  likewise  largely 
engaged  his  attention,  and  received  his 
energetic  support.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Imperial 
Federation  League,  founded  under  the 
auspices  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  W.   E. 


YOUNG 


1205 


Forster,  M.P.,  in  1884.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  works  relating  to  the  Colonies  gene- 
rally, including,  among  others,  "  Reasons 
for  Promoting  the  Cultivation  of  New 
Zealand  Flax,"  "Transplantation:  the 
True  System  of  Emigration,"  "Long  Ago 
and  Now,"  "New  Zealand  :  Past,  Present, 
and  Future,"  "  England  and  her  Colonies 
at  the  Paris  Exhibition,"  "  On  the  Political 
Relations  of  Mother  Countries  and  Colo- 
nies," "An  Address  on  Imperial  Federation," 
and  "Emigration  to  the  Colonies,"  and 
was  editor  of  an  important  work  entitled 
"  Imperial  Federation,"  published  in  1876, 
and  another  entitled  "A  Senate  for  the 
Empire,"  published  in  1895.  "A  Winter 
Tour  in  South  Africa"  was  published  in 
1890.  Sir  Frederick  Young  was  created 
K.C.M.G.  for  his  services  on  behalf 
of  the  Colonies.  He  was  for  many 
years  Honorary  Secretary,  and  afterwards 
one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute.  He  is  also  on  the 
Commission  of  the  Peace  for  Middlesex, 
Westminster,  the  County  of  London,  and 
the  Liberty  of  the  Tower,  and  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  of  the  Tower  Hamlets.  He 
married,  in  1845,  Cecilia,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Drane,  of  Torquay  ;  she  died  in 
1873.  Addresses  :  5  Queensberry  Place, 
S.W. ;  and  Athenaeum. 

YOUNG,  Sir  George,  Bart.,  LL.D., 
M.A.,  J.P.,  Charity  Commissioner,  was 
born  at  Cookham  on  Sept.  15,  1837,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  second  baronet, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1848,  and  of  a 
daughter  of  William  Mackworth  Praed, 
Serjeant-at-Law.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  elected  Fellow  in  1862. 
While  at  the  University  be  gained  the  Le 
Bas  Prize  for  an  essay  on  "  Greek  Litera- 
ture in  England,"  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1864.  He  has 
served  on  various  Royal  Commissions,  and 
was  Secretary  of  the  Factory  and  Work- 
shops Acts  Commission  in  1875,  and  of 
the  Irish  Land  Acts  Commission  in  1881. 
He  was  appointed  a  Charity  Commissioner 
in  1882,  and  was  President  of  the  Senate 
of  University  College,  London,  from  1881 
to  1886.  He  has  been  a  leader  in  the 
movement  in  favour  of  a  Teaching  Uni- 
versity for  London.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  Report  to  Government  on  Friendly 
Societies,  has  published  essays,  "  Political 
Poems,"  1888,  and  is  editor  of  the  poems 
of  Winthrop  Mackworth  Praed.  Addresses : 
Formosa  Place,  Cookham ;  and  Athenaeum. 

YOUNG,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
George  Young,  Senator  of  the  College 
of  Justice,  with  the  courtesy  title  of  Lord 
Young,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Alexander 
Young,   Esq.,   of  Rosefield,   co.  Kirkcud- 


bright, born  1819,  educated  at  Dumfries 
and  Edinburgh,  was  called  to  the  Scotch 
Bar  in  1840  ;  Solicitor-General  for  Scot- 
land 1862-63,  and  again  1868-69.  He  was 
Lord  Advocate  1869-74.  Mr.  Young  was 
Sheriff  of  Inverness-shire  from  1853  till 
1860,  and  of  Berwick  and  Haddington 
from  1860  till  1862.  In  April  1865,  on 
the  retirement  of  Sir  W.  Dunbar,  Bart.,  he 
was  elected  member  in  the  Liberal  interest 
for  the  Wigtown  Burghs,  and  was  again 
returned  in  1865,  1868,  and  1874.  He  was 
raised  to  the  Bench  in  1874.  In  1872  he 
was  made  a  Privy  Councillor.  In  1846  he 
married  Janet,  daughter  of  G.  Graham 
Bell,  Crurie,  Dumfriesshire.  Addresses  : 
28  Moray  Place,  Edinburgh,  &c.  ;  and 
Athenaeum. 

YOUNG,  Sydney,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.C.S., 
F.I.C.,  third  son  of  Edward  Young,  a 
Liverpool  merchant  and  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  the  county  of  Lancashire,  was 
born  on  Dec.  29,  1857,  at  Farnworth,  near 
Widnes,  Lancashire.  His  early  education 
was  conducted  at  a  private  school  in 
Southport,  and  at  the  Royal  Institution, 
Liverpool.  After  spending  two  years  in 
business,  Sydney  Young  entered  the  Owens 
College  in  1876,  and  studied  there  for  five 
years,  becoming  an  Associate  of  the  College 
in  1880.  He  matriculated  with  honours  at 
the  London  University  in  1877,  passed  the 
1st  B.Sc.  with  honours  in  Physics  in  1879, 
and  was  awarded  the  Scholarship  in  Chem- 
istry at  the  final  B.Sc.  examination  in 
1880.  He  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Science  in  1883.  During  his  stay  at 
the  Owens  College  a  Chemical  Society 
was  founded  by  the  students,  and  he 
and  Arthur  Smithells,  now  Professor  of 
Chemistry  at  Leeds,  were  elected  joint 
Secretaries  of  the  Society.  It  was  at 
this  time  that  Professor  Carnelly  made 
the  discovery  that  ice,  when  exposed  to 
very  low  pressures,  could  not  be  liquefied 
even  on  the  application  of  great  heat, 
and  at  Sir  Henry  Roscoe's  suggestion 
Mr.  Young  showed  the  experiment  to  the 
Society,  and  at  the  same  time  drew 
attention  to  the  probable  explanation  of 
the  behaviour  of  ice  under  these  condi- 
tions. Afterwards  in  Bristol,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Professor  Ramsay,  he  obtained 
an  experimental  verification  of  this  ex- 
planation. After  undertaking  an  inves- 
tigation on  "Alcoholic  Fluorides"  at  the 
Owens  College,  Mr.  Young  spent  a  year 
in  Professor  Fittig's  laboratory  at  the 
University  of  Strasburg,  and  there  carried 
out  a  research  on  "  Ethyl -valero-lactone" 
and  other  compounds.  In  1882  Dr.  Young 
was  appointed  Lecturer  and  Demonstrator 
of  Chemistry  in  University  College,  Bristol, 
and  during  the  following  five  years  he 
was  engaged  in  original  work,  chiefly  in 


1206 


YOUNG  — YOXALL 


physical  chemistry,  jointly  with  Professor 
Ramsay.  On  the  retirement  of  Dr.  William- 
son inl887  from  the  Professorship  of  Chemis- 
try at  University  College,  London,  Professor 
Ramsay  was  appointed  as  his  successor, 
and  Dr.  Young  was  then  elected  to  the 
Chair  of  Chemistry  in  University  College, 
Bristol,  a  post  which  he  still  retains.  Dr. 
Young  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1893,  a  Fellow  of  the  London 
Chemical  Society  in  1881,  a  Member  of 
the  Berlin  Chemical  Society  in  1882,  a 
Member  of  the  London  Physical  Society 
in  1886,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry  in  1888.  He  served  on  the 
Council  of  the  Chemical  Society  from  1894 
to  1898,  and  of  the  Physical  Society  from 
1894  to  1897.  He  was  President  of  the 
Bristol  Naturalists'  Society  from  1894  to 
1897,  and  of  the  Physical  and  Chemical 
Section  of  the  Society  from  1893  to  1S96. 
He  was  External  Examiner  in  Chemistry 
for  the  Victoria  University  from  1893  to 
1896.  Dr.  Young  is  the  author  of  numer- 
ous memoirs  in'  Inorganic,  Organic,  and 
Physical  Chemistry,  which  have  been  pub- 
lished by  the  Royal  Society,  the  London 
and  Berlin  Chemical  Societies,  the  Physical 
Society,  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry, 
and  in  the  Philosiypkical  Magazine  and 
Nature.  Many  of  the  researches  are  on 
the  vapour  pressures,  specific  volumes  and 
critical  constants  of  inorganic  and  organic 
compounds,  and  on  the  generalisations  of 
Van  der  Waals  regarding  corresponding 
temperatures,  pressures,  and  volumes  ;  and 
he  has  described  new  methods  and  appa- 
ratus for  determining  the  specific  volumes 
of  liquids  and  saturated  vapours,  for  frac- 
tional distillation,  for  the  preparation  of 
ketones,  for  showing  the  volatilisation  of 
ice,  &c.  He  is  also  the  author  of  "  Ques- 
tions on  Physics"  (Rivingtons,  now  Long- 
mans), and  of  articles  on  "Distillation," 
"Sublimation,"  and  "Thermometers,"  in 
Thorpe's  "Dictionary  of  Applied  Chemis- 
try." Addresses :  10  Windsor  Terrace, 
Clifton,  Bristol ;  and  University  College, 
Bristol. 

YOTJNG,  Sir  William  Mackworth, 

K.C.S.I.,  M.A.,  the  third  son  of  Sir  George 
Young,  Bart.,  was  born  in  1840,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  entered  the  Indian  Civil 
Service  in  1862,  and  was  sent  to  the  Pun- 
jab as  Assistant-Commissioner,  1863.  He 
became  Deputy-Commissioner  in  1878,  and 
in  the  same  year  Superintendent  of  the 
State  of  Kapurthala.  Two  years  later  he 
was  Secretary  to  the  Government  of  the 
Punjab,  and  was  promoted  to  be  a  Com- 
missioner in  1887.  In  1893  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Viceroy's  Legislative  Council, 
and  President  of  the  Indian  Hemp  Drugs 
Commission  in  the   same   year.      Having 


been  Resident  of  Mysore  from  1895  to 
1897,  he  was  appointed  to  his  present  post 
of  Lieut.-Governor  of  the  Punjab  in  the 
latter  year,  receiving  also  the  rank  of 
K.C.S.I.  He  married  (2),  in  1881,  Frances, 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Egerton, 
K.  C.S.I.     Address:  Lahore. 

YOUNGHUSBAND,  Lieut.-General 
Charles  Wright,  C.B.,  F.R.S.,  is  the  son 
of  the  late  Major-General  Charles  Young- 
husband,  R.A.,  and  was  born  at  Leith 
Fort,  N.B.,  on  June  20,  1821.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  and  entered  the  Royal  Artillery 
in  1837.  He  was  engaged  in  working  at 
the  Magnetic  and  Meteorological  Observa- 
tory of  Toronto,  Canada,  from  1840  to 
1846,  and  during  the  next  seven  years  he 
assisted  the  late  Sir  Edward  Sabine,  P.R.S., 
in  arranging  the  results  of  observations, 
taken  at  various  observatories.  He  served 
through  the  Crimean  campaign,  being  pre- 
sent at  Inkerman,  and  gaining  the  medal, 
with  two  clasps.  He  became  Secretary  of 
the  Royal  Artillery  Institution  in  1854, 
and  he  was  occupied,  during  the  years 
1857  to  1863,  in  superintending  contracts 
for  swords,  bayonets.  &c„  in  Belgium  and 
Germany.  General  Younghusband  was  a 
member  of  the  Ordnance  Select  Committee 
from  1863  to  1867,  and  in  the  latter  year 
acted  as  Commissioner  in  charge  of  war 
material  at  the  Paris  Exhibition.  From 
1868  to  1875  he  was  Superintendent  of  the 
Royal  Gunpowder  and  Gun-Cotton  Factory 
at  Waltham  Abbey,  and  during  the  fol- 
lowing five  years  he  acted  in  the  same 
capacity  at  the  Royal  Gun  Factories, 
Royal  Arsenal,  Woolwich,  and  he  finally 
retired  in  1880.  He  married,  in  1846, 
Mary,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Judge  Jones, 
of  Toronto  (she  died  in  1889).  Addresses  : 
12  Castle  Hill  Avenue,  Folkestone;  and 
the  Athenaeum. 

YOTJNGHUSBAND,  Captain  Fran- 
cis Edward,  CLE.,  was  born  in  May  1863, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  Major-General 
J.  W.  Younghusband,  C.S.I.  He  joined 
the  1st  Dragoon  Guards  in  1882,  became 
Captain  in  1889,  and  entered  the  Indian 
Staff  Corps.  He  was  at  one  time  Assistant 
to  the  Political  Agent  at  Gilgit,  and  is 
British  Agent  in  Chitral.  He  is  well 
known  for  his  exploration  of  the  Pamirs 
in  1893,  and  has  received  the  Gold  Medal 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  In 
1891  he  was  created  CLE.  His  two  most 
important  works  are  "Heart  of  a  Con- 
tinent "  and  the  "  Relief  of  Chitral."  The 
latter  work  was  written  in  conjunction 
with  Captain  G.  J.  Younghusband  in  1895. 

YOXALL,  James  Henry,  M.P., 
M.A.   lion,    causd,   Camb.,  was  born,  July 


ZANARDELLI  —  ZANGWILL 


1207 


15,  1857,  at  Redditch,  Worcestershire, 
where  he  attended  a  public  elemen- 
tary school.  In  his  fourteenth  year  he 
left  home  to  become  a  pupil-teacher,  and 
then  an  assistant-teacher,  in  a  Sheffield 
Board  School.  For  two  years  he  was  a 
student  of  the  Westminster  Training  Col- 
lege. Returning  to  Sheffield,  he  was 
rapidly  promoted  to  a  headmastership, 
and  under  his  charge  the  Sharrow  Lane 
Board  School  became  well  known  for  the 
novelty  and  success  of  the  educational 
methods  he  originated  there,  bringing 
pictorial  art  and  music  to  bear  on  the 
ordinary  subjects  of  instruction,  and  at- 
tracting visits  from  educationalists  from 
many  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  and 
the  Empire.  By  articles  in  magazines, 
and  speeches  on  many  platforms,  he 
assisted  materially  in  the  downfall  of  the 
system  known  as  "Payment  by  Results" 
in  schools,  and  much  of  the  reform  accom- 
plished since  1890  has  been  due  to  his 
efforts.  In  1892  the  members  of  the 
National  Union  of  Teachers  elected  him 
their  President,  and  a  few  months  later 
appointed  him  General  Secretary  of  that 
organisation,  which  under  his  care  has 
considerably  grown  in  influence,  and  has 
more  than  doubled  in  numbers.  He  was 
unsuccessful  as  a  parliamentary  candidate 
for  Bassetlaw  in  1892,  but  the  efforts  he 
then  made  secured  for  him  an  invitation 
to  stand  for  Nottingham  (West),  a  seat 
which  he  won  in  1895.  In  1894  he  was 
appointed  a  Royal  Commissioner  on  Secon- 
dary Education  in  England,  and  has  come 
to  be  regarded  as  an  authority  on  all 
matters  pertaining  to  schools,  both  in  the 
House  of  Commons  and  in  the  country. 
In  1899  the  degree  of  M.A.  (honoris  causd) 
was  conferred  on  him  by  the  University 
of  Cambridge  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  the  cause  of  public  education. 
Mr.  Toxall  is  the  author  of  "Secondary 
Education,"  1896;  "The  Lonely  Pyra- 
mid," 1890;  "Nut-brown  Roger  and  I," 
1891;  and  editor  of  "The  Children's 
Dickens,"  "Stories  for  the  Schoolroom," 
&c.  Addresses  :  7  Pagoda  Avenue,  Rich- 
mond, Surrey ;  and  71  Russell  Square, 
W.C. 


ZANARDELLI,  Giuseppe,  an  Italian 
statesman,  was  born  in  1826,  in  Brescia. 
He  became  a  student  in  the  Ghislieri 
College  of  Pavia,  and  took  his  degree  as 
Doctor  of  Law  in  1848.  He  enrolled  him- 
self in  the  legion  of  students  which  was 
formed  at  that  time,  and  took  part  in  the 
war  of  independence.  Returning  to  Brescia 
after  August  1848,  he  there  prepared  the 


rising  which  took  place  in  March  1849. 
He  escaped,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
amnesty  granted  by  the  Austrian  Govern- 
ment, subsequently  returned  to  Brescia, 
where,  from  1851  to  1859,  he  lived  as  a 
private  teacher  of  jurisprudence.  When 
Lombardy  became  free  in  1859  Zanardelli 
sat  in  the  Piedmontese  Legislature  in 
several  Parliaments  for  Isco.  In  1866  he 
became  commissario  rcgio  of  the  Province 
of  Belfuno,  under  the  Ministry  of  Ricasoli. 
In  1869  he  sat  on  the  commission  of  inquiry 
into  the  tobacco  Regia.  At  the  Lombard 
bar  Zanardeili  enjoyed  a  very  high  reputa- 
tion as  an  advocate.  After  the  Ministerial 
crisis  of  1876  he  became  Minister  of  Public 
Works  in  the  first  Depretis  Cabinet,  which 
portfolio  he  resigned  in  November  1877,  in 
consequence  of  differences  with  Depretis, 
which  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  sign, 
as  Minister  of  Public  Works,  the  Railway 
Convention  arranged  by  the  latter.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Home  Office  in  the 
Cairoli  Ministry  in  March  1878,  and  went 
into  opposition  on  its  fall.  He  was  Minister 
of  Justice  and  Cults  under  the  various 
Crispi  Ministries,  and  the  new  Italian 
Penal  Code,  which  came  into  force  on  Jan. 
1,  1890,  is  chiefly  due  to  him.  In  1894,  on 
the  fall  of  the  Giolitti  Ministry,  he  tried  to 
form  a  Cabinet,  but  had  to  give  place  to 
Signor  Crispi,  whose  bitter  and  factious 
enemies  he  then  joined.  This  hostility 
caused  him  to  be  beaten  in  a  provincial 
election  at  Brescia,  his  own  home,  in  May 
1895.  The  general  election  immediately 
ensued.  After  the  general  election  of 
March  1897  the  Marquis  di  Rudini  has 
mainly  relied  for  support  in  Parliament 
on  the  combined  parties  of  Giolitti  and 
Zanardelli. 

ZANGWILL,  Israel,  was  born  in 
London  of  poor  Jewish  parents  in  1864, 
but  his  early  childhood  was  passed  mainly 
in  Plymouth  and  in  Bristol,  where  he 
attended  the  Red  Cross  Street  Middle 
Class  School,  reaching  the  highest  class 
but  one  before  his  parents  returned  to 
London,  in  his  ninth  year.  The  boy  was 
placed  in  the  Jews'  Free  School,  an  im- 
mense institution  in  Spitalfields,  where 
in  due  course  he  became  head  boy,  thrice 
carrying  off  the  scholarships  and  medals 
founded  to  commemorate  the  admission  of 
Jews  into  Parliament.  He  remained  at 
the  school  as  a  teacher,  and  after  the 
laborious  work  of  the  day  studied  for  a 
degree  at  London  University,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  with  triple  honours  before 
he  was  twenty-one.  He  also  took  the 
highest  possible  teachers'  certificate.  He 
had  scribbled  from  childhood,  and  in  his 
sixteenth  year  a  prize  serial  from  his  pen 
ran  through  a  London  weekly,  but  it  was 
not  till  he  had  graduated  that  he  was  able 


1208 


ZANZIBAR  —  ZETLAND 


to  turn  seriously  to  literature.  He  began 
a  political  skit  with  a  friend,  which  de- 
veloped into  a  long  fantastic  romance 
called  "  The  Premier  and  the  Painter," 
which  was  published  in  1888,  and  has 
passed  through  several  editions.  Before 
its  publication  his  desire  to  introduce 
reforms  in  the  scholastic  routine  had 
brought  him  into  conflict  with  the  autho- 
rities, and  he  resigned  his  position,  and, 
being  penniless,  was  about  to  canvass  for 
advertisements,  when  he  found  a  less 
humble  journalistic  opening.  Two  years 
later  he  founded  Arid,  or  the  London  Puck, 
which  had  a  short  but  merry  life  of  a 
couple  of  years,  during  which  Mr.  Zang- 
will also  came  into  notice  as  a  speaker  in 
the  debates  of  the  Playgoers'  Club.  The 
death  of  Ariel,  and  the  publication,  in 
1891,  of  "The  Bachelors'  Club,"  which 
was  an  instant  success  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic,  enabled  Mr.  Zangwill  to 
devote  himself  to  literature,  and  in  1892 
he  enrolled  himself  among  the  serious 
novelists  by  his  "Children  of  the  Ghetto," 
a  study  from  the  life  of  a  section  of 
humanity  hitherto  neglected  or  distorted 
in  fiction,  which  provoked  especial  contro- 
versy in  America,  and  which  has  been 
translated  into  many  languages.  In  "  The 
Old  Maids'  Club,"  1892,  Mr.  Zangwill  sup- 
plied a  pendant  to  "The  Bachelors'  Club," 
and  the  two  are  now  paradoxically  united 
in  one  volume  as  "The  Celibates'  Club." 
In  a  couple  of  novelettes,  "The  Big  Bow 
Mystery,"  1891,  and  "Merely  Mary  Ann," 
1893,  and  in  a  large  novel,  "  The  Master," 
1895,  devoted  to  problems  of  art  and  life, 
Mr.  Zangwill  sought  more  serious  inspira- 
tion outside  the  Ghetto,  though  he  has 
returned  to  it  in  his  "Dreamers  of  the 
Ghetto,"  1898,  life-stories  of  the  great 
Jews  of  the  last  four  centuries,  which 
appeared  simultaneously  in  several  forms, 
English,  American,  Colonial,  and  Conti- 
nental. "  Ghetto  Tragedies,"  1893  (just 
expanded,  by  the  addition  of  many  new 
stories,  into  "  They  That  Walk  in  Dark- 
ness," 1899),  and  "  The  King  of  Schnorrers, 
Grotesques  and  Fantasies,"  1894,  complete 
the  list  of  his  Jewish  studies,  though  he 
has  also  written,  in  essay  form,  upon 
"  English  Judaism  "  in  the  Jewish  Quarterly 
Review,  on  "The  Position  oE  Judaism" 
in  the  North  American  Review,  and  on 
"  Zionism  "  in  Lippincott' s.  In  lighter  essay 
vein  he  has  discoursed  on  all  topics,  in 
"  Without  Prejudice,"  1S96,  a  collection  of 
prose  and  verse,  mainly  from  the  Pall  Mall 
Magazine.  The  poems  contributed  to  many 
other  periodicals  still  await  collection. 
Mr.  Zangwill  has  lectured  on  "  The  Drama 
as  a  Fine  Art,"  "The  Ghetto,"  and 
"Fiction  the  Highest  Form  of  Truth," 
throughout  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Holland, 
and  the  United  States  of  America.     He 


lectured  at  Jerusalem  when  travelling 
through  Palestine  and  Syria  in  1897.  Mr. 
Zangwill  has  written  some  of  his  stories  in 
Italy,  and  has  lived  frequently  in  the  Latin 
Quarter  of  Paris.  As  a  dramatist,  owing  to 
his  desire  for  a  free  hand,  he  had  been 
represented  only  by  slight  one-act  pieces, 
one  of  which,  "  Six  Persons,"  had  a  long 
run  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre.  But  in  the 
autumn  of  1899  a  four-act  dramatisation 
from  his  own  pen  of  his  most  popular 
novel,  "Children  of  the  Ghetto,"  was  ela- 
borately produced  on  the  New  York  stage, 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  the 
author.  Address  :  24  Oxford  Road,  Kil- 
burn,  N.W. 

ZANZIBAR,  Sultan  of.    See  Hamtjd 

Bin  Mahomed. 

ZELLER,  Eduard,  German  theolo- 
gical and  philosophical  writer,  was  born  at 
Kleinbottwar  in  Wurtemberg,  Jan.  22, 
1814,  and  studied  at  Tubingen  and  Berlin. 
In  1847  he  became  Professor  of  Theology 
at  Berne,  in  1849  at  Marburg,  and  in  1862 
Professor  of  Philosophy  at  Heidelberg, 
and  subsequently  in  Berlin,  where  he  has 
since  remained.  His  principal  works  are  : 
"Platonic  Studies,"  1839;  "The  History 
of  Greek  Philosophy,"  4th  edit.,  1876 ; 
"  Critical  Study  of  the  History  of  the 
Apostles,"  1854;  "State  and  Church," 
1872;  "Strauss,  his  Life  and  Writings," 
1874;  and  his  chief  work,  "The  History 
of  German  Philosophy  since  Leibnitz," 
1873.  Several  sections  of  his  "  History  of 
Greek  Philosophy,"  which  is  still  the 
standard  work  on  the  subject,  and  widely 
used  in  the  English  Universities,  have 
been  translated  into  English  by  the  late 
Miss  S.  F.  Alleyne.  One  of  his  latest 
works  (1886)  is  entitled  "Friedrich  der 
Grosse  als  Philosoph." 

ZENKER,  Wilhelm,  Ph.D.,  was  born 
in  Berlin,  May  2, 1829,  and  educated  wholly 
in  that  city,  where  also  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1850. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  teacher  of  natural 
science,  but  has  now  retired.  He  has 
written  many  memoirs  on  very  various 
subjects,  of  which  may  be  quoted,  "De 
natura  sexuali  generis  Cypridis,"  1850 ; 
"Memoir  on  the  Depression  in  Northern 
Africa  found  by  Gerh.  Rohlfs,"  in  the 
Zeitshrift  fur  Erdkunde,  1872;  "Der 
Venusdurchgang,  1874,"  1874  ;  "  Meteoro- 
logischer  Kalender,"  1886  ;  "  Die  Vert- 
heilung  der  Warme  auf  der  Erdoberflache,' 
1888. 

ZETLAND,  Marquis  of,  the  Most 
Hon.  Lawrence  Dundas,  Bart.,  was 
born  on  Aug.  16,  1844,  and  is  the  grand- 
son   of  the   first   Earl   of   Zetland,   and 


ZIMMERMANN  —  ZOLA 


1209 


nephew  of  the  second,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1873.  He  was  created  Marquis  in  1892. 
He  has  been  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Horse  Guards,  a  captain  in  the  Yorkshire 
Yeomanry,  a  Lord-in-Waiting,  and  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  Lord  Salisbury's 
second  administration,  when  he  succeeded 
the  Marquis  of  Londonderry,  188G-92.  He 
is  a  county  Alderman  for  North  Riding, 
and  Hon.  Col.  in  the  Eoyal  Artillery 
Volunteers.  He  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  1889.  In  1871  he  married  Lady 
Lilian  Selina  Elizabeth  Lumley,  daughter  of 
the  9th  Earl  of  Scarborough.  Addresses  : 
19  Arlington  Street,  S.W. ;  and  Aske,  Rich- 
mond, Yorks.,  &c. 

ZIMMEBMANN,  Agnes  Marie,  was 
born  at  Cologne  on  July  5,  1847.  At  four 
years  of  age  she  came  to  England,  and  after 
studying  under  her  father  and  one  or  two 
private  masters,  was  entered  at  nine  years 
of  age  as  a  student  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  where  Cipriani  Potter  was  her 
master  at  the  piano,  and  Dr.  Steggall 
taught  her  harmony.  On  Cipriani  Potter's 
retirement  in  1860,  Herr  Ernst  Pauer 
became  the  young  student's  piano  master, 
and  she  then  began  to  study  composition 
under  Professor  Macfarren.  She  continued 
to  work  hard,  and  while  yet  a  pupil  com- 
posed several  works,  instrumental  and 
vocal,  which  were  performed  at  the  Royal 
Academy  Students'  Concerts.  In  1860  she 
obtained  the  King's  Scholarship,  and  the 
same  honour  fell  to  her  in  1862  ;  in  the 
following  year  she  won  the  Silver  Medal, 
and  on  Dec.  5  she  made  what  may  be 
fairly  termed  her  first  appearance,  at  a 
Crystal  Palace  concert.  In  1864  Miss 
Zimmermann  went  to  Germany,  where  she 
played  at  the  Leipzig  Gewandbaus  Con- 
certs, before  the  Court  of  Hanover,  and 
elsewhere.  Returning  to  England,  she 
grew  rapidly  in  public  favour.  In  1879, 
1880,  1881,  1882,  and  1886  Miss  Zimmer- 
mann played  at  many  public  concerts  in 
Germany — at  Hamburg,  Ditsseldorf,  Bruns- 
wick, Berlin,  Frankfurt,  Leipzig,  Halle, 
&c,  as  well  as  privately  to  the  Courts  at 
Dresden,  Berlin,  Darmstadt,  and  Brussels. 
For  many  seasons  she  lias  regularly  taken 
part  in  the  Monday  and  Saturday  Popular 
Concerts,  and  has  played  in  most  of  the 
provincial  cities  and  at  the  principal  places 
in  Scotland.  Miss  Zimmermann's  own 
compositions  are  well  known  to  musicians, 
and  her  editions  of  Beethoven's  and 
Mozart's  Sonatas  are  standard  works 
among  students.  She  has  been  engaged  on 
an  edition  of  Schumann's  works,  the  first 
volume  of  which  was  published  in  1890. 
Address  :   13  Portman  Square,  W. 

ZIMMEKN,  Helen,  was  born  in  the 
free  Hanse  town  of  Hamburg,  March  25, 


1846,  but  has  lived  in  England  since  1850, 
and  is  a  naturalised  British  subject.  She 
is  the  author  of  "  Stories  in  Precious 
Stones,"  1873;  "Schopenhauer,  his  Life 
and  Philosophy,"  1876;  "GottholdEphraim 
Lessing,  his  Life  and  his  Works,"  1878; 
"  Half  Hours  with  Foreign  Novelists," 
1880  ;  "  Tales  from  the  Edda,"  illustrated 
by  Kate  Greenaway,  1882  ;  and  a  para- 
phrase of  the  Persian  poet,  Firdusi,  issued 
under  the  title  of  "The  Epic  of  Kings," 
and  illustrated  with  etchings  by  Alma- 
Tadema,  R.A.,  1882;  "Life  of  Maria 
Edgeworth,"  1883;  "The  Hanse  Towns," 
1889;  an  edition  of  the  "Comedies  of 
Goldoni,"  1892  ;  and  a  translation  of  the 
"Pentamerone,"  new  edition,  1893.  She 
also  writes  much  for  periodicals  and  for 
English,  American,  German,  and  Italian 
newspapers.  Address  :  2  Via  Leone  De- 
cimo,  Florence. 

ZOLA,  Emile,  French  novelist  and  pa- 
triot, was  born  in  Paris,  10  Rue  St.  Joseph, 
April  2,  1840,  of  a  French  mother,  Emilie 
Aubert,  and  an  Italian  father,  an  eminent 
civil  engineer,  whose  work,  "Un  Traite  de 
Nivellement,"  gained  him  the  membership 
of  the  Academy  of  Padua.  Francois  Zola 
is  best  known  by  the  "  Canal  Zola"  at  Aix  ; 
he  was  born  in  1796  at  Venice,  and  died 
at  Marseille  in  1847,  leaving  his  family 
very  badly  off.  His  more  famous  son, 
Emile,  passed  his  boyhood  at  Aix,  where 
he  studied  at  the  local  college,  and  came 
to  Paris  in  February  1858.  He  obtained  a 
scholarship  at  the  Lyce'e  St.  Louis,  where 
he  was  a  pupil  of  Levasseur,  who  predicted 
the  success  of  the  future  novelist  on  read- 
ing an  essay  of  his  on  "  Milton  dictating  to 
his  Daughter."  All  the  same  he  failed  to 
pass  his  baccalaureat,  being  rejected  in 
literature  in  the  rivd  voce.  In  1860  he 
left  the  Lyce'e,  and  after  working  at  the 
docks  for  two  months,  he  preferred  star- 
vation and  threw  up  his  post.  Towards 
the  end  of  1861  he  obtained  an  introduc- 
tion to  Messrs.  Hachette,  the  well-known 
publishers,  and  started  in  their  office,  first 
as  a  shopman  at  £4  a  month,  and  after- 
wards as  a  clerk,  when  they  saw  his  worth. 
He  employed  his  leisure  in  writing  short 
tales,  which  were  afterwards  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Contes  h  Ninon  "  (Oct. 
24,  1864).  During  the  next  year  he  wrote 
tales  for  the  Petit  Journal  and  La  Vie 
Parisienne ;  and  a  collection  of  articles  for 
the  Sulut  Public  of  Lyon,  which  were  after- 
wards published  under  the  title  of  "Mes 
Haines."  This  same  year  (1865)  saw  the 
publication  of  "  La  Confession  de  Claude," 
and  on  Jan.  31,  1866,  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion at  Hachette's,  convinced  that  he  could 
earn  his  living  by  his  pen.  Villemessant 
employed  him  to  write  reviews  for  the 
Evinement,  and  afterwards  a  set  of  articles 


1210 


ZOLA 


on  the  "  Salon,"  which  created  such  a  stir 
that  they  had  to  be  cut  short.  Nowadays 
they  read  very  tamely.  In  the  same 
paper  appeared  as  a  serial  "Le  Voeu  d'une 
Morte,"  and  in  a  provincial  paper,  "Les 
Mysteres  de  Marseille."  Neither  of  these 
achieved  any  great  success.  During  1866 
and  1867  he  wrote  "  Therese  Raquin,"  which 
first  appeared  in  Arsene  Houssaye's  paper 
L 'Artiste,  which  had  already  published  a 
wonderful  study  of  Zola's  on  Manet. 
"  Therese  Raquin,"  the  first  title  of  which 
was  "  Une  Histoire  d' Amour,"  brought  its 
author  £24,  and  a  violent  series  of  letters 
in  the  Figaro  and  elsewhere.  In  1868  he 
wrote  "Madeleine  Ferat,"  a  novel  founded 
on  a  play  which  he  had  written  in  the  pre- 
vious year,  but  which  he  failed  to  get 
accepted.  However,  its  serial  career  was 
cut  short  in  the  Evenement  to  soothe  the 
puritanism  of  its  readers,  and  when  pub- 
lished in  volume  form  it  attracted  no 
notice.  He  formed  with  Flaubert,  Daudet, 
and  the  Goncourts  an  informal  "Naturalist 
School  "  in  the  last  days  of  the  Empire. 
To  this  period  we  must  assign  the  first 
idea  of  the  second  greatest  series  of  French 
novels  of  the  nineteenth  century,  second 
only  to  Balzac's  "  Come'die  Humaine."  Up 
to  now  Zola  had  achieved  no  great  success, 
in  spite  of  his  six  published  volumes. 
Then  came  to  him  the  idea  of  bringing  the 
scientific  laws  of  heredity  within  the  scope 
of  romance,  and  he  drew  up,  after  eight 
months'  hard  work  in  libraries,  museums, 
and  the  streets,  the  now  famous  genealo- 
gical tree  of  the  family  of  the  Rougons  (to 
be  found  in  "  Une  Page  d'Amour"  and  in 
"  Docteur  Pascal").  In  1869  he.  went  to 
his  publisher,  Lacroix,  and  offered  to  write 
twelve  volumes  of  a  series  to  be  styled 
' '  Les  Rougon-Macquart,"  and  the  contract 
was  signed  in  May  of  that  year.  He  ap- 
plied his  theory  to  the  document  humain, 
and  in  doing  so  he  had  to  master  the 
technical  details  of  most  professions, 
trades,  and  occupations.  In  June  1870 
the  Steele  began  the  publication  of  the  first 
of  the  series,  "  La  Fortune  des  Rougon  "  ; 
but  the  war  soon  interrupted  its  course, 
and  it  appeared  in  volume  form  in  1871. 
In  his  preface  he  explains  his  object  to  be 
to  show  how  a  family  can  produce  ten  or 
twenty  individuals  appearing  at  a  first 
glance  totally  different,  but  when  analysed 
closely  connected  with  each  other.  In 
1872  the  second  volume  appeared,  "La 
Cure'e,"  which  had  been  stopped  in  its 
serial  publication.  The  third  volume  of 
the  series  was  "Le  Ventre  de  Paris,"  a 
description  of  the  Paris  markets,  and  from 
this  time  the  firm  of  Charpentier  became 
the  author's  publishers.  Then  came  "La 
Conquete  de  Plassans,"  "  La  Faute  de 
L'Abb^  Mouret,"  an  attack  on  celibacy  and 
a  vivid  study  of  provincial  life  ;  and  "Son 


Excellence  Eugene  Rougon."  It  cannot 
but  be  confessed  that  up  to  this  point  the 
success  of  the  series  had  not  been  so  great 
as  the  author  and  publisher  had  expected  ; 
but  all  this  changes  with  the  publication 
of  "L'Assommoir."  On  its  serial  appear- 
ance in  Le  Bien  Public  it  was,  as  usual, 
stopped  by  the  outcries  made  as  to  its 
immorality  and  its  anti-puritan  bent ;  but 
an  advanced  journal,  La  Be'puUique  des 
Lettres,  conducted  by  M.  Catulle  Mendes 
{q.v.),  offered  to  continue  the  publication  ; 
and  the  discussion  thenceforth  raged  more 
furiously.  The  author  himself  made  a 
very  powerful  defence  of  his  book,  as  being 
a  work  with  a  highly  moral  aim.  It  was 
dramatised  by  MM.  Busnach  and  Gas- 
tineau,  and  the  play  was  known  in  Eng- 
land as  "Drink,"  in  which  Mr.  Charles 
Warner  made  a  great  reputation.  The 
next  volume  of  the  series  was  "Une  Page 
d'Amour,"  and  this  was  followed  by 
"Nana,"  a  work  which  made  even  a 
greater  sensation  than  "L'Assommoir." 
It  was  published  serially  by  the  Voltaire, 
and  its  first  edition  ran  into  fifty-five 
thousand,  a  number  up  till  then  without 
precedent  in  French  publishing.  After 
this  each  successive  volume  of  the 
Rougon-Macquart  had  its  success  assured 
beforehand,  and  their  author  was  recog- 
nised even  by  his  most  violent  opponents 
as  one  of  the  forces  to  be  reckoned  with 
in  contemporary  literature.  The  titles  of 
the  other  volumes  were :  "  Pot-Bouille  " 
(1882);  "La  Joie  de  Vivre";  "Au  Bon- 
heur  des  Dames "  (the  sequel  to  "  Pot- 
Bouille")  ;  "  Germinal,"  a  study  of  French 
miners ;  "  L'OEuvre,"  dealing  with  art 
and  literature  ;  "  La  Terre,"  an  appallingly 
repulsive,  and  at  times  extremely  humor- 
ous, study  of  the  land-hunger  of  the  French 
peasant,  a  book  which,  while  grossly  mis- 
representing the  better  kind  of  French 
peasants,  was  the  cause  of  five  of  M. 
Zola's  disciples  dissociating  themselves 
from  their  leader's  work.  Of  these  MM. 
J.  H.  Rosny  and  Paul  Margueritte  have 
since  achieved  fame  on  different  lines. 
Then  came  "  Le  Reve,"  a  book  on  romantic 
lines,  which  proves  conclusively  that  M. 
Zola  is  not  a  master  of  sentimental  ro- 
mance, inasmuch  as  he-  lacks  the  poet's 
instinct.  Report  had  it  that  this  was  an 
attempt  of  his  to  soothe  the  offended  sus- 
ceptibilities of  the  French  Academy,  and 
gain  him  admission  thereto.  "  La  Bete 
Humaine,"  dealing  with  railways,  and 
"L'Argent,"  a  study  of  the  Bourse,  fol- 
lowed; and  then  "La  Debacle,"  a  vivid 
picture  of  the  break-up  of  the  Second 
Empire  under  the  heavy  hammer  of  the 
Teutons  ;  and  lastly,  "Le  Docteur  Pascal," 
which  completes  the  twenty  volumes  of 
this  great  series,  and  sums  up  the  theories 
which  he  had  enunciated  in  it.    No  man 


ZOLA 


1211 


could  be  more  justly  proud  of  the  efforts 
of  his  own  brain,  and  his  publishers  gave 
him  a  dejeuner  at  which  all  literary  Paris 
was  present.  On  July  14,  1888,  he  was 
appointed  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  five  years  afterwards  an 
Officer.  From  1891  till  1894  he  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Soci^td  des  Gens  de  Lettres. 
During  the  years  that  the  Rougon-Mac- 
quart  series  was  appearing  M.  Zola  also 
wrote  many  critical  articles,  which  were 
afterwards  published  as  "  Le  Roman  Ex- 
perimental," "  Les  Pomanders  Natural- 
istes,"  and  "  Documents  Litte'raires."  "  We 
must  not  forget  to  mention  here  that  most 
powerful  short  story  "  L'Attaque  du 
Moulin,"  published  in  a  book  entitled 
"Les  Soirees  de  Me'dan,"  1880,  a  volume 
named  after  his  home  near  Paris,  in  which 
also  appeared  Guy  de  Maupassant's  "  Boule 
de  Suif."  It  is  a  pathetic  incident  of  the 
Franco-Prussian  War,  and  has  been  made 
the  subject  of  a  well-known  opera.  A  new 
set  of  critical  articles  appeared  in  the 
Figaro  during  1880-81,  which  have  been 
published  as  "  Une  Campagne."  In  1893 
M.  Zola  visited  London  on  the  invitation 
of  the  Institute  of  Journalists,  whom  he 
addressed  on  the  subject  of  "  Anonymity  in 
Journalism."  The  next  year  he  commenced 
a  series  of  three  novels,  which  he  called 
"  Les  Trois  Villes  " — Lourdes,  Rome,  and 
Paris.  The  first  was  a  lurid  picture  of 
French  pilgrimages  to  the  southern 
shrine  ;  the  next,  a  book  upon  the  Eternal 
City ;  and  the  last,  a  mass  of  documents 
which  do  not  give  a  very  clear  idea  of  La 
Ville  Lumiere.  In  these  three  works  he 
intended  to  represent  the  progress  of  an 
honest  priest,  the  Abbe'  Pierre  Froment, 
towards  freethought,  after  discovering 
that  the  salvation  of  society  is  not  to  be 
effected  by  Catholic  faith.  It  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  although  a  just  apprecia- 
tion of  Zola  is  a  commonplace  of  literary 
criticism  in  these  days,  very  few  years 
have  passed  since  his  translators  and 
their  publishers  were  treated  as  common 
criminals.  In  1897  he  achieved  the  unusual 
distinction  of  having  a  whole  book  written 
on  his  brain.  This  was  a  study  by  Dr. 
Edouard  Toulouse,  of  the  Paris  Faculty  of 
Medicine,  entitled  "  Enquete  Me'dico-Psy- 
chologique  sur  les  Rapports  de  la  Supe- 
riority intellectuelle  avec  la  Ne'vropathie," 
which  is  an  inquiry  similar  to  that  pur- 
sued in  Mr.  J.  F.  Nesbit's  well-known 
work  on  the  "Insanity  of  Genius."  In 
this  work  we  find  every  possible  particular 
of  the  novelist's  physical  and  mental  life 
from  the  cradle  to  the  date  of  publication. 
We  learn  that,  as  in  early  years  he  endured 
extreme  privation,  he  was  correspondingly 
thin.  With  increased  prosperity  came  in- 
creased avoirdupois,  until  in  1887  he  de- 
cided   to     diet     himself.      Dr.     Toulouse 


ascribes  M.  Zola's  best  work  to  the  period 
when  he  was  still  a  fat  man  ;  that  is, 
anterior  to  "  La  Terre."  He  now  diets 
himself  rigorously  :  at  nine,  on  rising,  he 
partakes  of  a  crust  of  dry  bread,  drinking 
nothing  with  it ;  he  lunches  lightly  at  one, 
again  taking  nothing  to  drink ;  immedi- 
ately after  this  meal  he  goes  out  of  doors, 
so  as  to  avoid  falling  asleep ;  at  five  he 
has  tea,  and  he  dines,  lightly  and  without 
drinking,  at  half-past  seven.  At  ten  he 
drinks  two  cups  of  tea.  He  has  given 
up  smoking,  and  he  refrains  entirely  from 
wine  except  for  an  occasional  glass  after 
bicycling.  The  year  1898  was  a  momen- 
tous one  in  the  novelist's  life.  Captain 
Alfred  Dreyfus,  condemned  in  1894,  had 
been  languishing  for  three  years  off  the 
fever-stricken  coast  of  Cayenne  ;  during 
those  three  years  his  devoted  family  and 
friends  had  been  struggling  to  obtain 
a  revision  of  his  so-called  trial.  They 
could  gain  no  hearing,  but  Zola,  once  con- 
vinced of  the  injustice  that  had  been  done, 
and  supremely  careless  of  all  personal 
consequences,  compelled  France  and  the 
entire  world  to  listen  to  his  case.  His 
letter  j'accuse  was  published  in  M. 
Clemenceau's  journal  L  Aurore  on  January 
13,  1898.  It  had  been  preceded  by  two 
letters,  "  Lettre  a  la  Jeunesse  "  and  "  Lettre 
a  la  France."  The  sensation  created  was 
enormous,  and  he  was  immediately  prose- 
cuted for  having  said  that  the  judges  who 
tried  Esterhazy  had  acquitted  him  by 
order.  The  trial  took  place  in  Paris  from 
7th  to  the  23rd  of  February,  and  was  the 
one  subject  of  interest  at  the  time.  People 
waited  for  hours  for  a  chance  of  a  peep  into 
the  court,  and  the  courageous  author  had 
to  be  protected  by  the  police  from  the 
attacks  of  a  brutal  mob.  The  evidence 
was  strongly  in  favour  of  M.  Zola's  conten- 
tions, namely,  that  Dreyfus  had  been  con- 
demned illegally,  that  the  facts  against 
him  had  been  without  significance,  and 
that  the  bordereau  was  written  not  by 
Dreyfus,  but  by  Esterhazy.  But  General 
de  Boisdeffre,  the  chief  of  the  General 
Staff,  came  forward  and  threatened  the 
jury  with  the  resignation  of  the  whole 
staff  if  Zola  were  acquitted,  and  in  the  end 
he  was  condemned  to  the  maximum 
penalty,  in  spite  of  the  heroic  efforts  of 
his  counsel,  M.  Labori  (q.v.).  He  appealed 
against  this  decision,  and  the  trial  was 
quashed  on  an  informality ;  again  the 
military  authorities  decided  to  prosecute 
him,  and  he  was  again  condemned,  this 
time  by  default,  at  Versailles.  Whereupon 
he  left  the  country  and  came  to  England, 
where  he  lived  in  retirement  in  a  village 
near  Birmingham  until  the  Court  of  Cas- 
sation gave  its  judgment  on  the  whole 
question  of  revision.  In  consequence  of 
his   condemnation  the  Chancellor  of  the 


1212 


ZOLA 


Legion  of  Honour  erased  his  name  from 
the  roll,  and  Franjois  de  Pressense'  (q.v.) 
and  others  voluntarily  gave  up  the  order  as 
well.  His  technical  offence  was  defama- 
tion of  a  tribunal,  i.e.  saying  Esterhazy 
had  been  acquitted  by  order  ;  but  his  real 
offence  was  making  himself  the  mouth- 
piece of  the  intelligent  and  thoughtful 
portion  of  the  French  public.  He  has 
dared  to  stand  up  for  truth  and  liberty  at 
a  moment  when  many  saw  the  peril  of 
such  conduct,  but  no  other  was  ready  to 
brave  the  extremity  of  personal  danger  in 
order  to  aid  in  averting  it.  Posterity  will 
look  beyond  the  studied  intemperance  of 
his  language  and  will  see  in  him  a  man 
who  refused  to  sit  still  while  a  great  wrong 


was  being  perpetrated,  and  calmly  chal- 
lenged the  combined  forces  of  army, 
Jesuits,  and  rabble.  In  May  1899  his  new 
novel,  "  Fe"conditeY'  began  to  appear  as  a 
fmilleton  in  th"e  A  wore.  It  is  a  picture  of 
the  life  led  by  the  working  classes,  and  the 
hero  is  Mathieu  Froment,  a  designer  in  a 
factory,  and  the  son  of  the  unfrocked 
priest,  Pierre  Froment,  who  was  the 
protagonist  of  the  trilogy  of  "  Les 
Trois  Villes."  The  best  biography  in 
English  is  by  Robert  H.  Sherard  (Lon- 
don, 1893),  and  countless  pamphlets  and 
books  have  been  written  for  but  chiefly 
against  him  during  the  last  thirty  .years 
in  France.  His  Paris  address  is  21  Rue 
de  Bruxelles. 


APPENDIX 


ABDUL  AZIZ,  Sultan  of  Morocco,  was 
born  in  1880,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen, 
in  1894,  was  unexpectedly  raised  to  the 
throne  in  succession  to  his  father,  Muley 
Hassan,  whose  death  from  dysentery 
occurred  very  suddenly  on  June  7,  1894. 
The  young  Sultan,  whose  succession  was 
in  accordance  with  his  father's  wishes, 
was  proclaimed  at  Fez  on  June  12.  For  a 
time  his  position  was  threatened  by  Muley 
Mohammed,  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Saltan,  but  the  rebel  was  seized  and  im- 
prisoned on  the  19th.  On  the  25th  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Muley  Ershid,  his 
father's  uncle.  Subsequently  he  dismissed 
the  Grand  Vizier  and  the  Grand  Chamber- 
lain, and  replaced  them  by  friends.  The 
two  ex-ministers  were  then  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  plotting  to  murder  the  Sultan. 
The  energetic  boy  despot  entered  Fez 
amid  popular  rejoicing  in  July,  and  firmly 
established  himself  on  the  throne  by  the 
arrest  of  Muley  Omar,  his  uncle  (July  23). 
The  Sultan,  usually  termed  "  Emperor  "  by 
Europeans,  is  at  the  head  of  religion  as 
well  as  of  the  State.  He  is  absolute  ruler 
over  his  people,  but  many  outlying  tribes 
practically  do  not  acknowledge  his  autho- 
rity. In  his  intercourse  with  foreigners, 
especially  with  our  own  ministers,  Sir 
Ernest  Satow  and  Sir  Arthur  Nicolson,  he 
has  been  in  the  main  most  cordial.  In 
1895  he  officially  recognised  a  British  Vice- 
Consul  at  Fez. 

ABEL,  Carl,  Dr.  Ph.,  M.S.G.L.,  Pro- 
fessor under  the  Prussian  Government 
Department  of  Public  Instruction,  the  son 
of  a  Berlin  banker,  was  born  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  25,  1837  ;  studied  Philology,  National 
Psychology,  and  History  at  the  Universities 
of  Berlin,  Munich,  and  Tubingen  ;  travel- 
led and  stayed  for  the  purposes  of  linguistic 
research  in  England,  France,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  Russia,  and  America.  He  has  de- 
voted himself  chiefly  to  the  comparative 
study  of  significations  and  the  more 
exact  branches  of  national  psychology  de- 
pendent upon  the  appreciation  of  mean- 
ings ;  showed  linguistic  concepts  to  be 
distinctly  national,  and  their  comparison 
the  truest  means  of  gauging  the  intellect 
and  feelings  of  a  race  ;  examined  the  his- 
torical stages  of  significative  development 
by  an  inquiry  into  sundry  linguistic  con- 
cepts of  the  English,  French,  German, 
Latin,    Russian,     Polish,    Egyptian,     and 


1213 


Hebrew  idioms ;  analysed  the  prehistoric 
origin  of  meanings  through  a  combination 
of  Indo-Germanic  and  Egyptian  etymo- 
logy ;  disclosed  in  the  course  of  these 
labours  an  identity  of  roots,  stems, 
and  primary  phonetic  and  conceptional 
laws  in  the  two  families  of  speech  ;  proved 
these  common  primary  laws,  while  they 
did  not  interfere  with  the  separate  laws  of 
later  times,  to  reveal  a  much  more  ancient 
and  more  perspicuous  period  of  etymology, 
which  unfolds  the  prehistoric  growth  and 
history  of  reason ;  demonstrated  the 
primitive  variability  of  sound  and  sense, 
the  inversion  of  both  and  the  multiplicity 
of  etymological  connections  and  transi- 
tions resulting  therefrom  ;  extended  his 
investigations  to  Semitic  affinities  ;  sifted, 
on  the  basis  of  facts  established,  the 
origin  of  language,  the  growth  of  signi- 
fication, and  the  theory  of  synonyms. 
Professor  Carl  Abel  has  acted  as  Ilchester 
Lecturer  on  Comparative  Slavonic  and 
Latin  Lexicography  at  Oxford  University  ; 
lectured  on  various  etymological  and 
semasiological  topics  at  the  Eoyal  Asiatic 
Society,  the  Royal  Literary  Society,  the 
Berlin  Philological,  Philosophical,  and 
Anthropological  Society ;  taught,  as  Or- 
dinary Doeent,  Philosophical  and  Com- 
parative Linguistics  as  well  as  English, 
French,  German,  and  Latin  Synonymy  in 
the  Berlin  Humboldt  Academy  of  Science  ; 
was  linguistic  assistant  to  the  German 
Foreign  Office  and  the  Berlin  Law  Courts  ; 
served  as  Berlin  Correspondent  to  the 
Times  and  Standard  ;  was  a  contributor  to 
various  English  and  German  philological 
and  general  periodicals.  Professor  Carl 
Abel  reads  all  European  and  several 
Oriental  languages.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  his  principal  writings  :  "  Linguistic 
Essays,"  London,  1880  (history  and  theory 
of  signification,  synonymy,  countersense, 
origin  of  language,  Latin  order  of  words) ; 
"  Sprachwissenschaftliche  Abhandlungen," 
Leipzig,  1885  (an  amplified  German  edi- 
tion of  the  foregoing) ;  "  Slavic  and  Latin," 
Ilchester  Lectures  on  Comparative  Lexi- 
cography delivered  at  the  University  of 
Oxford,  London,  1881  ;  "  Gross-  und 
Klein-Russisch.  Aus  Ilchester  Vorle- 
sungen  iibersetzt  von  R.  Dielitz,"  Leipzig, 
1882  (German  translation  of  the  fore- 
going) ;  "  Koptische  Untersuchungen," 
Berlin,  1878,  two  volumes  (grammatical 
and   semasiological)  ;    "Einleitung  in    ein 


1214 


ALI  PACHA  — BAKER 


agyptisch  -  indoeuropaisch  -  semitisches 
Wurzelworterbuch,"  Leipzig,  1886  (Egyp- 
tian, phonetic  and  conceptual  change, 
with  specimen  of  application  to  the 
two  other  families  of  speech);  "Wech- 
selbezuchungen  der  agyptischen,  indo- 
europaischen  und  semitischen  Etymo- 
logie,"  Thiel  1,  Leipzig,  1889  (Compara- 
tive Egyptian  and  Indo-European  analysis 
of  the  root  "  ker,"  crooked,  with  generic 
conclusions)  ;  "  Agyptisch  -  Indoeuropa- 
ische  Sprachverwandtschaft,"  Leipzig, 
1890  (concise  summary  of  the  foregoing, 
with  amplified  general  conclusions)  ; 
"Agyptisch  und  Indogermanisch  Vor- 
lesung  vor  den  Sprachwissenschaftlichen 
Sectionen  des  Frankfurter  Freien  Deut- 
schen  Hochstifts,"  Zweite  Auflage, 
Frankfort,  1890  (introductory  and  de- 
fensive) ;  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  Hiero- 
glyphenscbrift.  Nach  dem  Hollandischen 
des  Dr.  W,  Pleyte,"  Leipzig,  1890  ;  "L' Affi- 
nity e^ymologique  des  langues  egyp- 
tiennes  et  indo-europeennes,  Memoiro 
destine'  au  Congres  International  des 
Orientalistes,"  Lisbonne,  1892  ;  "  Letters 
on  International  Relations  contributed  to 
the  Times,"  London,  1871,  two  volumes  ; 
and  "  Russland  und  die  Lage,"  Leipzig, 
1888  (linguistic  and  national  psychology 
applied  to  history). 

ALI  PACHA,  a  Turkish  diplomatist, 
commenced  his  political  career  by  being 
one  of  the  referendaries  of  the  Imperial 
Divan.  In  1858,  when  Fuad  Pacha  went 
to  Paris  as  Plenipotentiary  representing 
the  Porte  at  the  Conference  which  had 
assembled  to  draw  up  the  conventions 
respecting  the  United  Principalities,  he 
attached  Ali  Bey  to  his  mission,  and  the 
latter  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by 
his  general  intelligence  and  aptitude  for 
diplomacy.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
First  Secretary  of  the  Ottoman  Embassy 
in  Paris,  and  when,  in  1862,  he  went  on 
leave  of  absence  to  Constantinople,  the 
Government  entrusted  him  with  the  deli- 
cate mission  of  Commissioner  to  Servia 
after  the  bombardment  of  Belgrade.  Owing 
to  his  address  and  tact  he  succeeded  in 
settling  nearly  all  the  difficulties.  Whilst 
performing  these  functions  he  was,  in  1865, 
placed  in  charge  of  the  political  direction 
of  the  province  of  Bosnia.  In  1868  he 
was  appointed  Member  of  the  Council  of 
State,  and  afterwards  undertook  several 
other  missions.  In  1869  he  was  nominated 
to  the  post  of  Under-Secretary  of  State  at 
the  Ministry  of  Public  Works.  He  re- 
mained in  that  office  until  1870,  when  he 
was  made  Governor  of  Erzeroum,  and 
afterwards  of  Trebizond,  on  which  occasion 
he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  Pacha.  In 
1872  he  became  Prefect  of  Constantinople, 
where  he  introduced  several  reforms,  and 


in  September  1873  he  was  sent  as  ambas- 
sador from  the  Ottoman  Porte  to  the 
French  Republic.  He  was  recalled  in 
January  1876,  and  appointed  Governor- 
General  of  the  Herzegovina.  A  few  days 
before  his  deposition  by  the  Softas  (May 
30,  1876)  the  late  Sultan  Abdul-Aziz  ap- 
pointed Ali  Pacha  Governor-General  of 
Scutari,  in  Northern  Albania. 

ARDITI,  Luigi,  a  musical  composer, 
born  July  22,  1822,  at  Crescentino,  Pied- 
mont, was  educated  as  a  violinist  at  the 
Conservatoire  at  Milan.  After  filling  the 
post  of  musical  conductor  in  various 
places  in  Italy  and  America,  where  he 
remained  ten  years,  he  came  to  London 
in  1857,  and  was  appointed  musical 
director  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre.  Since 
that  time  he  has  conducted  Italian  opera 
and  other  music  at  various  great  theatres 
and  concert-rooms  up  to  the  present  day. 
Whilst  in  Constantinople  he  received  from 
the  Sultan  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  in 
acknowledgment  of  his  talent  as  a  com- 
poser. In  addition  to  numerous  songs 
composed  by  Signor  Arditi  may  be  men- 
tioned the  opera  "  La  Spia,"  written  in 
New  York  in  1856  ;  "  II  Bacio,"  written  in 
London  ;  and  various  pieces  for  the  violin. 
Address  :  10  Hyde  Park  Mansions,  W. 


BAKER,  Sir  Benjamin,  K.C.M.G. 
(1890),  LL.D.  (Edin.),  F.R.S.,  engineer, 
is  the  son  of  Benjamin  Baker,  of  co.  Car- 
low,  and  was  born  in  1840.  He  is  famous 
as  one  of  the  designers  of  the  Forth 
Bridge,  the  most  important  structure  of  its 
kind  in  the  world.  On  Feb.  20,  1890,  the 
official  tests  of  the  bridge  were  completed. 
These  lasted  three  days,  and  proved  the 
structure  to  be  the  strongest  and  stiffest 
railway  bridge  in  the  world,  and  capable 
of  accommodating  the  heaviest  traffic.  On 
March  4,  1890,  the  bridge  was  formally 
opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  accom- 
panied by  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  and 
Prince  George  of  Wales.  At  a  banquet 
held  after  the  ceremony  the  Prince 
announced  baronetcies  for  Mr.  Thompson 
and  Sir  John  Fowler,  both  deceased, 
and  knighthoods  for  Mr.  Arrol  (now  Sir 
William,  M.P.),  contractor  for  the  Forth 
Bridge  and  for  the  new  Tay  Bridge,  and 
for  the  subject  of  our  memoir.  Sir  Ben- 
jamin Baker  has  been  President  (1895-96) 
and  is  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Civil  Engineers,  and  has  written 
on  long-span  bridges.  It  will  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  main  feature,  apart  from  its 
great  height,  of  the  Forth  Bridge  is  its 
immense  spans — extraordinary  in  a  rigid 


BISMARCK-SCHONH  A  LTSEN  —  BROGLI E 


1215 


Btruoture — which  are  each  a  third  of  a 
mile  in  length.  In  1894  Sir  Benjamin 
Baker  represented  England  on  the  question 
of  the  storage  of  the  waters  of  the  Nile. 
He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  June  1890,  and 
served  on  its  Council  in  1892-93.  Ad- 
dresses :  2  Queen  Square  Place,  Queen 
Anne's  Mansions,  Westminster,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenseum. 

BISMABCK-SCHONHATJSEN, 

Count  Herbert  von,  son  of  Prince  Bis- 
marck, was  born  at  Berlin,  Dec.  28,  1849. 
He  has  served  the  German  Empire  in 
various  diplomatic  capacities,  and  was 
Embassy  Secretary  in  London,  and 
Minister  at  the  Hague.  He  has  sat  in  the 
Keichstag  as  one  of  the  members  for 
Schleswig-Holstein,  and  in  1886  was  Secre- 
tary of  State  and  Assessor  to  the  Chan- 
cellor. On  his  father's  retirement  he  was 
provisionally  charged  with  the  direction  of 
foreign  affairs,  but  preferred  to  follow  the 
Prince  into  private  life.  In  January  1889 
the  Emperor  conferred  on  him  the  Order 
of  the  Bed  Eagle,  First  Class.  He  holds 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the 
German  army.  In  the  summer  of  1899  it 
was  rumoured  that  the  Emperor  intended 
shortly  preferring  him  to  high  office.  In 
June  1892  he  married,  in  Vienna,  the 
Countess  Hoyos,  daughter  of  Count  George 
Hoyos,  director  and  controller  of  the  ex- 
tensive Whitehead  torpedo  works  at  Fiume. 

BLAKE,  The  Hon.  Edward,  Q.C., 
LL.D.,  P.C.  (Canada),  M.P.,  late  Canadian 
statesman,  was  born  at  Adelaide,  Ontario, 
Oct.  13,  1833,  and  became  M.A.  of  Toronto 
University,  1S58.  He  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  1859,  and  in  1864  became  a 
Queen's  Counsel.  In  1867  he  was  elected 
to  the  Ontario  Legislature  and  also  to  the 
Dominion  Parliament,  and  in  1871-72  was 
Premier  of  Ontario.  This  position  he  re- 
tained for  only  one  session,  being  obliged 
to  resign  it  on  account  of  the  passage  of 
the  dual  representation  Act.  He  became 
a  member,  in  1873,  of  the  Canadian  Cabinet 
under  the  Mackenzie  administration, 
serving  for  various  periods  as  Minister  of 
Justice  and  as  President  of  the  Council. 
The  Chancellorship  of  Ontario  and  the 
Chief  Justiceship  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  Dominion  were  offered  to  him,  but  he 
declined  both.  In  1878  he,  with  many 
other  members  of  his  party,  was  defeated 
for  re-election,  but  he  re-entered  the  Par- 
liament in  the  following  year,  and  was 
from  that  time  until  1887  generally  recog- 
nised as  the  leader  of  the  Liberal  party. 
He  was  chosen  Chancellor  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto  in  1876,  and  has  held  the 
office  ever  since.  The  honour  of  knight- 
hood was  declined  by  him  in  1877.  In 
877  he  resigned  the  position  of  leader  of 


the  Liberal  party,  but  retained  his  seat  in 
the  Dominion  Parliament  until  1891,  when 
he  retired  from  Canadian  political  life. 
He  entered  the  British  House  of  Commons 
in  1892  as  member  for  South  Longford, 
Ireland,  having  contested  that  constitu- 
ency at  the  request  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Irish  Nationalist  party.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1895,  and  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
advancing  the  cause  of  Home  Rule  for 
Ireland.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Nation- 
alist Parliamentary  Committee.  In  1889 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Toronto.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  the  Bishop  of  Huron. 

BRETT,  John,  A.R.A.,  sea-scapist, 
was  born  in  1830,  and  at  an  early  age 
came  under  the  influence  of  Mr.  Ruskin  and 
the  Pre-Raphaelites.  A  picture  painted 
under  this  influence  was  the  "  Stone- 
breaker,"  1858,  followed  in  1859  by  the 
"Val  d'Aosta,"  From  1870  onwards,  how- 
ever, he  became  enamoured  of  sea-subjects, 
and  he  has  now  for  many  years  painted 
scenes,  chiefly  on  the  Southern  and  Cornish 
coasts,  in  a  spirited  manner  not  in  the  least 
suggestive  of  his  early  penchant.  His  prin- 
cipal works  at  the  Royal  Academy's  Exhi- 
bitions have  been:  "Spires  and  Steeples 
of  the  Channel  Islands,"  1875;  "Sir 
Thomas's  Tower,"  1876;  "Mount's  Bay," 
1877;  "Cornish Lions,"  1878;  "Carnarvon: 
Stronghold  of  the  Seison  and  Camp  of  the 
Kittywake,"  1879;  "Britannia's  Realm," 
1880  (a  picture  bought  by  the  Royal 
Academy);  "Golden  Prospects:  St.  Cathe- 
rine's Well,"  1881;  "The  Grey  of  the 
Morning,"  1882;  "These  Yellow  Sands," 
1883;  "  M'Leod's  Maidens,  Skye,"  1884; 
"The  Norman  Archipelago,"  1885  ;  "Kyle- 
Akin,"  1887;  "The  Earth's  Shadow  on 
the  Sky,"  1888;  "The  Outlook  from  My 
Native  Cliffs,"  "The  Isles  of  the  Sirens," 
"The  Sear,  the  Yellow  Leaf,"  '"Probably 
some  Rain,'"  1895  ;  "A  Friend  in  Need," 
"North  Devon  Cliffs,"  "  From  the  Balcony 
of  Cliff  Cottage,  Lee,"  and  "Loch  Bracca- 
daile,  Skye,"  1896;  "Castel  Moel,  Isle  of 
Skye,"  "The  South  Stack  Lighthouse: 
the  Wind  Athwart  the  Tide,"  "Distant 
Capri,"  and  "Whiteshell  Point,  Caswell 
Bay  (limestone),"  1897;  "Among  the 
Rocks  at  Trevone  (quartz  veins  in  the 
slate),"  "Trevose  Head,  Cornwall,"  "Tre- 
vone Bay  :  north-westerly  showers,"  and 
"  Where  you  had  better  not  come  ashore  : 
North  Cornwall,"  1898;  "Kylestrome, 
Sutherland,"  "Summer  on  the  Cliffs,"  "The 
Island  off  Padstow,"  and  "Btretat  (west)," 
1899.     Address  :  Daisyfield,  Putney,  S.W. 

BBOGLIE,  Charles  Jacques  Victor 
Albert,  Duo  de,  eldest  son  of  the 
eminent  French  statesman  Achille  Charles 
Lebnce  Victor,  Due  de  Broglie  (who  died 


1216 


BTJEGHCLERE  —  COTTON 


in  Jan.  25,  1870),  was  born  in  Paris,  June 
13,  1821.     He  was  educated   in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Paris,  where,  at  an  early  age,  he 
gained  a  high  reputation  as  a  publicist, 
and  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Oor- 
respondant,  in  which  journal  he  defended 
Roman  Catholic  interests  and  the  doctrines 
of  moderate  constitutional  liberalism.    He 
was   elected   a    member    of    the    French 
Academy  in  1862.     He  was   Secretary  of 
the    French    embassies    in    Madrid    and 
Rome   prior   to   the   revolution   of    1848 ; 
he  then  retired  from  public  life,  in  con- 
sequence of  his   political   opinions,    until 
February    1871,    when    he    was    elected 
Deputy  for  the  department  of  the  Eure, 
and  nominated  by  M.  Thiers's  Government 
French  Ambassador  in  London.      On  his 
retirement  from  the  Ambassadorship  he, 
as  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Con- 
servative party  in  the  National  Assembly, 
moved  the  orSfer   of   the   day  which   led 
to  the  resignation  of  M.   Thiers  and  the 
acceptance  by  Marshal  MacMahon  of  the 
Presidency  of  the  Republic,  April  24,  1873. 
The  Due  de  Broglie  then  became  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs  and  President  of  the 
Council,    and   for   more   than   a  year   he 
directed  the  policy  of  the   new  Govern- 
ment ;  but  having  undertaken  the  project 
of  a  new  Constitution,  including  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Grand  Council  or  Second 
Chamber,  which  was  to  be  invested  with 
the  power  of  dissolving  the  Assembly,  he 
was  defeated  on  a  question  of  procedure, 
and  resigned  with  his  Ministry,   May  16, 
1874.     At  the  elections  of  Jan.  30,  1876, 
M.  de  Broglie  was  elected  a  Senator  b)' 
the   department   of   the   Eure ;    his   term 
of   office  expired  in   1885,   when   he  was 
not    re-elected.      On    May    17,    1877,    he 
succeeded  M.   Jules  Simon  as   President 
of  the  Council  of  Ministers,  Keeper  of  the 
Seals  and  Minister  of  Justice,  which  posts 
he   resigned   in   December   of    the    same 
year,  after  the  elections  had  given  a  large 
majority  to  the  Republican  party.     As  a 
writer,  the  Due  de  Broglie  is  well  known 
by  a  translation  of  Leibnitz's  "Religious 
System,"   1846;   his   "Etudes  Morales   et 
Litteraires,"  1853;  "L'Eglise  et  l'Empire 
Romain   au    Quatrieme    Siecle,"   6   vols., 
1856,  a  work  which  passed  through  five 
editions;    "line   Reforme   administrative 
en  Algerie,"  1860 ;  "  Questions  de  Religion 
et   d'Histoire,"    1860 ;    "  La    Souverainete 
Pontidcale   et    la    Libert^,"    1861;    "La 
Liberie  Divine  et  la  Liberie  Humaine," 
1865  ;  "Le  Secret  du  Roi:  Correspondance 
Secrete   de   Louis   XV.    avec    ses    Agents 
Diplomatiques,"  2  vols.,  1878 ;  "  Frederic  II. 
et  Marie  Therese,"  1882;   "Fre'de'ric  II.  et 
Louis  XV.,   d'apres  des   documents   nou- 
veaux,"    1885;     "Marie   Therese   Impera- 
trice,"  2  vols.,  1887  ;  "Memoires  de  Talley- 
rand" (vols,  i.-iv.,  1891);  and  "La  Socie'te 


de  l'Abbaye  de  Saint-Germain  des  Pres  au 
XVIII.  Siecle  "  (2  vols.,  1891).  He  married, 
in  1845,  Pauline-Eleonore  de  Galard-de- 
Brassac  de  Beam,  who  died  in  1860.  His 
eldest  son,  Prince  Louis  Alphonse  Victor, 
born  in  Rome  in  1846,  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies.  Paris  address : 
10  Rue  de  Solferino. 

BTJRGHCLEBE,  Lord,  The  Bight 
Hon.  Herbert  Coulston  Gardner,  M.A., 
D.L.,  was  born  on  June  9,  1846,  and  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  Liberal  Member  of 
Parliament  for  North  Essex  (Saffron 
Walden  Division)  from  1885  to  1895,  and 
from  August  1892  to  July  1895,  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  which 
had  been  established  in  1889,  with  an 
official  salary  of  £2000  per  annum.  He 
is  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Middlesex,  and 
was  raised  to  the  Peerage  as  1st  Baron 
Burghclere  in  1895.  He  married  the 
eldest  daughter  of  the  4th  Earl  of  Carnar- 
von. Addresses :  48  Charles  Street,  W.  ; 
Debden  Hall,  Saffron  Walden,  &c. 

BTJRMESTER,  Willy,  violinist,  was 
born  in  Hamburg  on  March  16,  1869.  His 
family  were  musical,  and  he  early  deve- 
loped a  musical  talent.  His  father,  who 
played  in  a  theatre  orchestra,  began  to 
give  him  lessons  when  he  was  four  years 
old,  and  he  was  soon  playing  pieces  by 
De  Beriot  and  Rode.  At  the  age  of  ten 
he  played  in  public  Mendelssohn's  Violin 
Concerto.  Hearing  him  play  Spohr's  Dra- 
matic Concerto,  Herr  Joachim  accepted 
him  as  a  pupil,  and  trained  him  until  he 
was  sixteen.  On  leaving  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
schule  he  toured  through  Russia,  Portugal, 
and  other  countries,  and  was  afterwards 
invited  to  Hamburg  by  the  late  Dr.  Hans 
von  Biilow  to  play  sonatas  at  his  concerts. 
The  young  violinist  now  retired  to  Hel- 
singfors,  where  he  held  a  small  appoint- 
ment, and  for  three  years  studied  his 
instrument  assiduously,  practising  on  an 
average  from  eight  to  ten  hours  a  day. 
He  became  a  consummate  master  of 
technique,  and  on  his  return  to  Berlin  so 
impressed  his  audiences  with  his  finished 
brilliancy  that  he  was  surnamed  Paganini 
Redivivus.  He  first  appeared  in  London 
in  March  1895,  having  been  induced  to 
cross  the  Channel  by  Mr.  Henschel,  since 
which  year  he  has  been  a  frequent  per- 
former here. 


c 


COTTON,    Henry   John   Stedman, 

C.S.I.,  Chief  Commissioner  of  Assam,  was 
born  on  Sept.  13,  1845,  and  is  the  second 


COTTON  — DAVIES 


1217 


sou  of  J.  J.  CottOD,  of  the  Madras  Civil 
Service.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
College  School,  Brighton  College,  and 
King's  College,  London,  and  went  out  to 
Bengal  in  the  Indian  Civil  Service  in  1867. 
He  has  been  successively  Under-Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  Bengal,  1873-74 ; 
Registrar  of  High  Court,  1874-75 ;  Junior 
Secretary  to  Government,  1875-77  ;  Magis- 
trate and  Collector,  and  afterwards  Com- 
missioner, of  Chittagong,  1878-84,  besides 
holding  important  posts  under  Govern- 
ment in  Calcutta.  He  was  Chief  Secretary 
to  Government  from  1891  to  1896,  in  which 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  Acting  Home 
Secretary  to  the  Government  of  India. 
He  succeeded  to  his  present  post  in  1896 
He  was  created  C.S.I,  in  1892.  He  has 
written  works  on  India.  Address  :  Shil- 
long,  Assam. 

COTTON,  Sir  William  James  Rich 
rnond,  City  Chamberlain,  was  born  in 
1822.  He  is  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Culverwell,  Brooks  &  Co.,  of  St.  Mary 
Axe,  and  during  the  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  famine  was  the  first  to  institute 
a  system  of  relief.  He  was  elected  Alder- 
man of  Lime  Street  Ward  without  first 
having  served  in  the  Common  Council, 
was  Sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex  in 
1868,  and  Lord  Mayor  in  1875.  He  sig- 
nalised his  mayoralty  by  giving  a  mag- 
nificent banquet  on  the  return  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  from  India.  A  window 
was  placed  by  him  in  the  Guildhall,  the 
subject  of  which  was  the  reception  of  the 
Prince  and  Princess,  and  the  passing  of 
the  loving  cup.  Another  window,  pre- 
viously placed  by  him  in  the  Guildhall, 
represented  the  growth  of  the  cotton- 
plant;  it  has  now  been  appropriately  re- 
moved to  Kew  Gardens.  Sir  Richmond  was 
the  first  Conservative  member  to  be  re- 
turned for  the  City  after  it  had  been  for 
more  than  a  century  a  stronghold  of  Libe- 
ralism. He  held  his  seat  from  1874  to 
1885,  and  from  1873  to  1880  was  an  ex- 
tremely active  member  of  the  London 
School  Board.  He  is  a  member  of  several 
City  Companies,  has  been  Master  of  the 
Turners'  Company,  and  a  Commissioner  of 
Inland  Revenue.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed City  Chamberlain,  and  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  has  pub- 
lished "Imagination  and  other  Poems," 
and  a  Jubilee  Ode.  He  married  Caroline  R. 
Pottinger  in  1848.  Address :  9  Bramham 
Gardens,  S.W. 

CROSTHWAITE,  The  Right  Rev. 
Robert  Jarratt,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Beverley, 
Suffragan  to  the  Archbishop  of  York,  was 
born  at  Wellington,  Somerset,  on  Oct.  13, 
1837,  and  is  the  third  sonof  Canon  Benjamin 
Crosthwaite.     He  was  educated  at  Leeds 


Grammar  School  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  8th  Wrangler 
in  1860.  He  held  a  Trinity  College  Fellow- 
ship from  1862  to  1867,  was  ordained  Priest 
in  1863,  and  was  Curate  of  North  Cave, 
Yorkshire,  from  1862  to  1866,  in  which 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  and  Domestic  Chaplain  to  Arch- 
bishop Thomson.  From  1869  to  1873  he 
was  Vicar  of  Waghen,  from  1873  to  1883 
Vicar  of  Brayton,  and  in  1884  was  ap- 
pointed Archdeacon  and  Prebendary  of 
York.  In  1885  he  became  Rector  of  Bolton 
Percy,  and  in  1889  was  appointed  Suffragan 
to  the  Archbishop  of  York.  He  has  written 
a  work  on  the  authenticity  of  the  Gospels. 
He  married  (2),  in  1887,  a  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  W.  M.  Crosthwaite.  Address :  Bolton 
Percy  Rectory,  Yorkshire. 


D 


DARBY,  Very  Rev.  John  Lionel, 

D.D.  Dublin,  Dean  of  Chester,  was  born 
in  Ireland  on  Nov.  20,  1831,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  C.  Darby. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Columba's  College, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was  or- 
dained Priest  in  1857,  and  was  successively 
Assistant- Curate  of  Winwick,  Lancashire, 
and  of  Mells,  Somerset.  From  1859  to 
1868  he  was  Incumbent  of  Newburgh, 
Lancashire  ;  from  1871  to  1875  Diocesan 
Inspector  for  the  Diocese  of  Chester  ;  and 
for  twenty  years  (1875-95)  Archbishop's 
Inspector  of  Training  Colleges.  He  was 
Rector  of  St.  Bridget's,  Chester,  1875-86, 
and  Archdeacon  of  Chester  from  1877  to 
his  appointment  as  Dean  in  1886.  He  is 
an  Irish  landowner,  and  is  married  to  a 
daughter  of  Canon  and  Lady  Ellinor  Hop- 
wood.     Address :  Deanery,  Chester. 

DARTREY,  Earl  of,  Vesey  Daw- 
son, K.P.,  was  born  on  April  22,  1842,  and 
succeeded  his  father,  the  1st  Earl,  in  1897. 
He  was  formerly  Lieut.-Colonel  in  the 
Coldstream  Guards,  was  High  Sheriff  of 
Monaghan  in  1878,  and  as  Lord  Cremorne 
represented  Monaghan  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest in  the  House  of  Commons  from 
1865  to  1868.  In  1882  he  married  Julia 
Georgiana  Sarah,  daughter  of  Sir  George 
Wombwell,  4th  Baronet.  Address  :  Dart- 
rey,  co.  Monaghan,  &c. 

DAVIES,  Ben,  singer,  was  born  in 
1858  in  the  Swansea  Valley.  During  three 
years  he  studied  singing  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music  so  successfully  as  to 
win  the  bronze,  silver,  and  gold  medals. 
He  joined  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company 
as  leading  tenor  in  1882,  and  in  1887  made 

4  H 


1218 


DAVIES  —  DOMVILE 


bis  name  in  "  Dorothy  "  and  other  musical 
pieces.  In  1891,  at  the  short-lived  Royal 
English  Opera,  be  created  the  part  of 
Ivanhoe  in  the  opera  of  that  name,  has 
sung  Faust  in  Italian  at  the  Opera,  and 
was  offered  an  engagement  at  La  Scala, 
Milan.  He  has  latterly  devoted  himself 
solely  to  concerts,  where  his  perfect  voice 
and  style  have  won  him  many  laurels. 
He  has  toured  with  great  success  in 
Germany  and  the  United  States,  and  in 
1894  made  his  first  appearance  at  the 
Handel  Festival.  Address  :  6  Cork  Street, 
W. 

DAVIES,      Sir     Robert     Henry, 

K.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  was  born  in  1824,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Sir  David  Davies, 
M.D.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house and  at  Haileybury  College.  He  was 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Punjab  from 
1871  to  1877,  and  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  India  from  1885  to  1895.  He  was  created 
K. C.S.I,  in  1874,  and  CLE.  in  1877.  He 
is  a  widower,  and  has  been  twice  married. 
Addresses:  38  Wilton  Place,  S.W.  ;  and 
Athenaeum,  &c. 

DILLMANN,  Christian  Friedrich 
August,  Ph.D.,  D.D.,  was  born  April  25, 
1823,  at  IHingen,  in  the  district  of  Maul- 
bronn,  in  Wurtemberg,  and  was  educated 
in  the  Gymnasium  at  Stuttgart,  and  the 
Lower  Evangelical  Theological  Seminary 
at  Schonthal.  From  1840  to  1844  he 
studied  philosophy,  Oriental  philology, 
and  theology,  in  the  University  and  in  the 
Higher  Theological  Seminary  at  Tubingen. 
In  the  autumn  of  1844  he  passed  the  first 
theological  official  examination,  and  then 
devoted  another  year  to  the  study  of  the 
Oriental  languages.  In  1845  he  became 
a  parish  vicar  in  Tersheim,  in  the  district 
of  Vaihingen,  in  Wurtemberg.  From  1846 
to  1848  he  made  a  scientific  tour,  visiting 
the  libraries  in  Paris,  in  London,  and  at 
Oxford,  where  he  received  from  the  autho- 
rities of  the  libraries  the  proposal  that 
he  should  draw  up  catalogues  of  their 
JEthiopic  MSS.  In  April  1848,  having 
returned  to  Wurtemberg,  he  became  Ee- 
petent  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
Tubingen,  and  as  such  discharged  at 
the  same  time  the  professorate  of  Old 
Testament  Exegesis  in  the  University 
for  the  four  years  during  which,  through 
the  departure  of  Ewald,  the  office  was 
vacant.  In  1852  he  became  Privat  Docent 
in  the  Theological  Faculty  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen,  and  in  1853  was 
nominated  by  the  king  a  Professor  Ex- 
traordinary in  the  same  Faculty.  After 
filling  various  posts  at  Kiel  and  Giessen 
he  became  Professor  in  Ordinary  of  Old 
Testament  Exegesis  in  the  Theological 
Faculty  of  the  Metropolitical  University 


of  Berlin,  which  office  he  still  holds.  In 
May  1846  he  graduated  as  M.A.  and  Ph.D. 
in  the  University  of  Tubingen.  In  October 
1862  Professor  Dillmann  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leipsic.  The  learned  Professor 
has  written  or  edited  :  "  Catalogus  Codi- 
cum  MSS.  Orientalium  qui  in  Museo  Brit- 
annico  asservantur.  Pars  III.  Codices 
iEthiopicos  continens,"  1847;  "Catalogus 
Codicum  MSS.  Bibliothecse  Bodleianse 
Oxoniensis,  Pars  VII.,  Codices  iEthiopici," 
1848;  "The  Book  of  Enoch  translated  and 
explained,"  1853;  "The  Book  of  the 
Jubilees,  or  the  little  Genesis,  translated 
from  the  iEthiopic  and  elucidated  by  Ob- 
servations," and  "  The  Christian  Adam- 
book  of  the  Orient  translated  from  the 
iEthiopic,"  both  in  Ewald's  Jahrbuch  der 
biblischen  Wissenschaft.  Dr.  Dillmann  has 
also  undertaken  to  edit  the  Old  Testament 
in  iEthiopic.  Of  this  splendid  work  several 
portions  have  already  been  issued.  In 
1859  Professor  Dillmann  edited  the  Book 
of  Jubilees  in  .Ethiopia  Already  in  1857 
this  indefatigable  Orientalist  had  pub- 
lished his  "  Grammar  of  the  iEthiopic 
Language";  and  in  1865  followed  his 
great  work,  the  "Lexicon  Lingua?  iEthio- 
pica;  cum  Indice  Latino"  (Leipsic),  in 
large  quarto  size  with  1522  columns  of 
letterpress.  In  1866  came  his  "  Chrestoma- 
thia  iEthiopica  edita  et  glossario  ex- 
planata,"  and  in  1869  his  commentary  on 
the  Book  of  Job,  or  "  Job  Newly  Explained," 
for  the  third  edition  of  the  "Brief  Exegeti- 
cal  Handbook."  In  1877  appeared  his  edi- 
tion of  the  "Ascencio  Isaiae,"  Latin  and 
jEthiopic  text.  He  is  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences 
in  Gottingen,  arrd  a  Chevalier  of  the  first 
class  of  the  Order  of  Merit  of  Philip  the 
Magnanimous  of  Hesse. 

DOMVILE,  Vice  -  Admiral  Sir 
Compton  Edward,  K.C.B.,  second  son 
of  the  late  Henry  B.  Domvile,  Esq.,  was 
born  in  Worcestershire  in  October  1842. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
Gosport,  and  entered  the  Royal  Navy  in 
April  1856.  As  a  Sub-Lieutenant  he  ob- 
tained three  first-class  certificates,  and  was 
specially  promoted.  After  some  service  in 
the  Royal  Yacht  he  obtained  the  command 
of  H.M.  S.  Algerine  on  the  China  station, 
and  for  his  skill  and  gallantry  in  services 
against  pirates  h  e  was  promoted  Commander 
in  1868.  He  served  on  the  West  Coast  of 
Africa  as  Captain  of  H.M.S.  Dido  during 
the  Boer  War,  and  in  1882  became  Acting 
Commodore  at  Jamaica.  In  1886  he  was 
appointed  Captain  of  the  Excellent  Gunnery 
School,  and  soon  after  Naval  A.D.  C.  to  the 
Queen.  He  became  Vice-President  of  the 
Ordnance  Committee  in  1890,  and  Director 
of  Naval  Ordnance  and  Torpedoes  in  the 


EAST— ERSKINE 


1219 


following  year,  when  he  also  attained  flag 
rank.  He  hoisted  his  flag  as  a  Rear- 
Admiral  in  the  Mediterranean  Fleet  in 
March  1894,  and  in  1897  was  promoted 
Vice-Admiral  and  Superintendent  of  Naval 
Reserves.  This  appointment  carries  with 
it  the  command  of  one  of  the  fleets  in  the 
Naval  Manoeuvres.  Admiral  Domvile  is 
married  to  Isabella,  a  daughter  of  Captain 
Edmund  Peel.  Address :  3  Collingham 
Road,  S.W. 


E 


EAST,  Alfred,  A.R.A.,  R.I.,  was  born 
at  Kettering  on  Dec.  15,  1849,  and  was 
educated  there  and  at  the  Government 
School  of  Art,  Glasgow,  and  the  night- 
class  conducted  by  Mr.  Greenlees.  His 
parents  had  not  intended  him  for  the 
career  of  an  artist,  although  he  had  drawn 
surprisingly  well  from  his  earliest  years, 
and  it  was  only  the  chance  of  residence  in 
Glasgow,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance 
of  artists,  which  decided  the  direction  his 
education  should  take.  After  leaving  Glas- 
gow he  studied  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- 
Arts  under  Tony  Fleury  and  Bougereau. 
His  first  Royal  Academy  picture,  "  Dewy 
Morn,"  was  painted  at  Barbizon,  of  which 
school  of  idealising  landscapists  Mr.  East 
is  a  firm  adherent.  He  next  painted  in 
Glasgow,  and  came  under  the  influence 
of-  the  young  Glasgow  colourists,  but, 
although  himself  a  brilliant  master  of 
tone,  he  cannot  be  described  as  of  any 
school.  Removing  to  London,  he  found 
materialistic  landscape  the  order  of  the 
day,  but  he  gradually  made  his  mark,  and 
is  now  one  of  the  leading  landscape 
painters  of  England.  Soon  after  his 
return  home  he  exhibited  his  studies  at 
the  Fine  Art  Society  at  Bond  Street.  A 
long  sojourn  in  Japan  further  influenced 
his  colour  and  method.  He  has  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  for  many  years. 
His  recent  pictures  are  :  "  Autumn  Haze  " 
and  "Midland  Meadows,"  1895;  "A 
Pastoral  "  and  "  The  "Valley  of  the  Chess," 
1896;  "The  Sleepv  River  Somme "  and 
"The  Silence  of  Morning,"  1897;  "An 
Evening  Song  "  and  '■  Opulent  Autumn," 
1898;  and  "The  Monks'  Pool,  Beardsall 
Priory,"  "A  Combe  in  the  Cotswolds," 
"The  Shepherd's  Walk,  Windermere,"  and 
"  The  Miller's  Daughter,"  1899.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Water- 
Colours  and  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painter-Etchers,  and  became 
A.R.A.  in  1899.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Organising  Council  of  the  Japan  Society, 
is  a  Gold  Medallist  of  Paris  and  Munich, 
and  "  Hors  Concours  "  at  the  Salon.  Ad- 
dress :  2  Spencer  Street,  Victoria  Street, 
S.W. 


ELLIS,  Major-General  Sir  Arthur 
Edward  Augustus,  K.C.V.O.,  C.S.I., 
Sergeant-at-Arms  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
was  born  at  Gibraltar  Dec.  13,  1837,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  Colonel  the  Hon.  Augustus 
F.  Ellis.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal 
Military  College,  Sandhurst,  and  joined 
the  33rd  Regiment  in  1854,  serving  in  the 
Crimea,  and  being  present  at  the  siege  of 
Sebastopol,  and  at  Kertch.  He  was  A.D.C. 
and  Military  Secretary  to  Lord  Elphin- 
stone,  Governor  of  Bombay  from  1858  to 
1862,  when  he  exchanged  as  Captain  to 
the  Grenadier  Guards.  In  1867  he  was 
appointed  Equerry  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  was  well  known  in  that  capa- 
city until  he  resigned  (November  1898), 
and  was  appointed  Extra  Equerry,  January 
1899.  In  November  1898  he  was  ap- 
pointed Sergeant-at-Arms  in  Ordinary 
to  her  Majesty  the  Queen  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  He  is  Secretary  to  H.M.  Com- 
missioners for  the  Exhibition  of  1851. 
He  retired  from  the  army  in  1893,  and 
was  created  C.S.I,  in  1876,  and  K.C.V.O. 
in  1897.  In  1864  he  married  a  daughter 
of  Lord  Taunton.  Address  :  29  Portland 
Place,  W. 

ERSKINE,  Admiral  Sir  James 
Elphinstone,  K.C.B.,  second  son  of  the 
late  James  Erskine,  Esq.,  of  Cardross,  was 
born  Dec.  2,  1838.  He  entered  the  Royal 
Navy  in  1854,  and  was  promoted  Lieute- 
nant in  June  1859,  Commander  in  August 
1862,  and  Captain  in  November  1868.  In 
May  1880  he  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  Lord  Northbrook,  First  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty.  He  was  Commodore  on 
the  Australian  station  from  June  1881  to 
1884,  and  on  November  6  of  the  latter  year 
hoisted  the  British  flag  at  Port  Moresby 
and  proclaimed  the  British  protectorate 
over  the  South  Coast  of  New  Guinea  and 
the  adjacent  islands.  Admiral  Erskine 
was  an  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen  for 
several  years,  and  was  promoted  Rear- 
Admiral  in  January  1886.  From  February 
to  August  of  the  same  year  he  sat  at  the 
Admiralty  Board  as  a  Lord  Commissioner. 
He  was  senior  officer  on  the  coast  of 
Ireland  from  December  1888  to  December 
1891,  and  was  one  of  the  umpires  of  the 
Naval  Manoeuvres  of  1894.  He  hoisted  his 
flag  as  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  North 
America  and  West  Indian  Station  in 
March  1894,  and  was  promoted  K.C.B.  in 
June  1897,  and  in  the  following  August 
was  promoted  full  Admiral.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  a  Commissioner  to  inquire 
into  matters  relating  to  certain  French 
treaty  rights  in  Newfoundland.  Sir 
James  is  a  J.P.  for  Peebles,  and  is  mar- 
ried to  Margaret,  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  John  Constable,  of  Marston  Big- 
gott.    Address  :  Venlaw,  Peebles. 


1220 


GARRETT  —  HAFFKLNE 


G 


GARRETT,      Edmund      William, 

Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate,  was  edu- 
cated at  Shrewsbury  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  honours 
ia  the  Law  Tripos  in  1873.  Called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  two  years  later, 
he  has  for  a  long  period  been  in  practice 
on  the  Midland  Circuit,  where  more 
recently  he  has  acted  as  prosecuting 
counsel  in  Mint  cases  and  for  the  Treasury. 
He  has  been  Revising  Barrister  for  the 
Nuneaton,  Rugby,  and  Stratford  divisions 
of  Warwickshire,  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  first  Middlesex  County  Council,  be- 
came a  County  Alderman  in  1895,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  first  General 
Council  of  the  Bar,  on  which  he  has  acted 
up  to  the  present.  On  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Home  Secretary  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Metropolitan  Police  Magistrate 
in  the  place  of  Sir  James  Vaughan  re- 
tired, July  1899,  Mr.  de  Rutzen  succeed- 
ing Sir  James  at  Bow  Street  Police  Court. 
He  is  author  of  a  work  on  the  "  Law  of 
Nuisance."     Address  :  Ardeevin,  Epsom. 


H 

HAFFKINE,  Waldemar  Mordecai 
Wolff,  CLE.,  son  of  the  late  Aaron  Haff- 
kine  and  Rosalie,  daughter  of  David  Lands- 
berg,  of  Odessa,  was  born  in  Odes.^a  on 
March  15,  1860,  and  is  a  Jew  by  birth  and 
religion.  He  was  educated  in  the'Classical 
College  of  Berdiansk,  on  the  Sea  of  Azoff, 
and  in  the  University  of  Odessa,  where  he 
took  his  degree  in  Science  in  1884,  and 
has  published,  up  to  1888,  the  following: 
"Recherches  biologiques  sur  1' Astasia 
ocellata,  n.s.,"  in  the  Annales  de3  Sciences 
Naturelles,  Paris,  1885;  "Recherches  bio- 
logiques sur  l'Euglena  viridis,  Ehr.,"  ibid. 
1886  ;  "  On  the  Nutrition  of  Euglenae  and 
Astasiae,"  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Society  of 
Naturalists  of  Nova-Rossia,  Odessa,  1886 
(in  Russian);  "On  the  Laws  of  Heredity  in 
Application  to  Monocellular  Organisms," 
ibid.  1887,  and  Archives  de  Zoologie  expiri- 
mentalc  et  ginirale,  Paris,  1888 ;  and  a 
translation  from  the  German  into  Russian 
of  Klaus's  text-book,  "Zoologie,"  by  Haff- 
kine  and  Schulgin,  Odessa,  1888.  In  the 
latter  year  M.  Haffkine  was  appointed 
Assistant  to  Professor  Moritz  Schiff  in  the 
chair  of  Physiology  in  the  University  of 
Geneva,  and  in  1889  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  published,  in  the  Annales  de  I'Institut 
Pasteur,  1890,  articles  "Sur  les  maladies 
infectieuses    chez    les    Paramecies"    and 


"  Sur  l'adaptation  au  milieu  chez  les  in- 
f  usoires  et  les  bacteries  "  ;  in  the  Comptes- 
rendus  de  la  Sociiti  de  Biologie,  1892,  "Sur 
le  cholera  asiatiqne  chez  le  cohaye," 
"  Sur  le  cholera  asiatique  chez  le  lapin  et 
le  pigeon,"  and  "Inoculation  des  vaccins 
anti-choleriques  b,  l'homme."  In  Decem- 
ber of  the  same  year  he  delivered  a  lecture 
"  On  the  Anti-Cholera  Inoculation  "  at  the 
Conjoint  Laboratories  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  London  {Bri- 
tish Medical  Journal  and  Lancet,  1893),  and 
contributed  a  paper  on  the  same  subject 
to  the  Fortnightly  Review,  1893.  In  Feb- 
ruary 1893,  upon  the  suggestion  of  the 
Marquis  of  Dufferin,  then  British  Ambas- 
sador in  Paris,  he  went  to  India  to  intro- 
duce in  the  cholera-stricken  districts  his 
system  of  anti-cholera  inoculation,  and 
published  there,  "A  Lecture  on  Vacci- 
nation against  Asiatic  Cholera,"  Indian 
Medical  Gazette,  April  1893;  "The  Tech- 
nique of  Haffkine's  Anti-Cholera  Inocula- 
tion," by  Haffkine,  Hankin,  and  Owen, 
Lahore,  1894,  and  Indian  Medical  Gazette, 
June  1894;  "Anti-Cholera  Inoculation  in 
India,"  by  W.  M.  Haffkine,  and  "Contri- 
bution to  the  Etiology  of  Cholera,"  by 
Haffkine  and  Simpson,  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  First  Indian  Medical  Congress,  Cal- 
cutta, 1895,  and  Indian  Medical  Gazette, 
January,  February,  and  March  1895  ;  and 
"  The  Anti-Cholera  Inoculation  :  Report  to 
the  Government  of  India,"  by  W.  M.  Haff- 
kine, Calcutta,  1895,  and  Indian  Medical 
Gazette,  October  1895.  The  investigations 
carried  out  by  the  Calcutta  Municipal 
Laboratory  showed  that  the  inoculation 
reduced  the  mortality  from  cholera  more 
than  twenty-two  times.  Returned  to  Lon- 
don at  the  end  of  1895,  M.  Haffkine 
delivered,  in  the  Conjoint  Laboratories 
on  the  Victoria  Embankment,  a  lecture 
"  On  Vaccination  against  Cholera,"  British 
Medical  Journal,  1896,  and  induced  the 
Netley  Pathological  Laboratory  to  under- 
take inoculation  with  the  typhoid  vaccine 
upon  the  lines  of  the  anti-cholera  inocula- 
tion ;  he  also  obtained  from  Sir  William 
Mackinnon,  then  Director-General  Army 
Medical  Department,  his  consent  for  Pro- 
fessor Wright,  of  Netley,  to  begin  the 
inoculation,  first  on  probationers  of  the 
Netley  School  and  on  officers  leaving  for 
India,  and  then,  with  the  approval  of  the 
military  authorities,  upon  the  relief  drafts 
starting  for  tropical  countries.  These 
inoculations  were  begun  in  1897,  and  are 
now  largely  applied.  He  returned  to 
India  and  resumed  his  cholera  studies  in 
the  beginning  of  1896.  In  October  of 
that  year,  on  the  outbreak  of  plague  in 
Bombay,  he  was  deputed  by  the  Indian 
Government  to  undertake  an  inquiry  into 
the  bacteriology  of  the  disease.  In  Janu- 
ary next  he  made  known  a  method  of 


HAETLEY 


1221 


prophylactic  inoculation  against  plague, 
which  has  since  then  been  applied  to 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  individuals  of 
all  castes  and  nationalities  in  India.  The 
reduction  in  plague  mortality  effected  by 
these  inoculations  is  estimated  to  average 
over  eighty  per  cent.,  approaching  often 
ninety.  He  published  during  that  period: 
"  The  Plague  Prophylactic,"  Indian  Medical 
Gazette  and  British  Medical  Journal,  1897 ; 
"Joint  Eeport  on  the  Epidemic  of  Plague 
in  Lower  Damaon,"  by  Haffkine  and 
Lyons,  Bombay,  1897,  and  Indian  Medical 
Gazette,  1897  ;  "  The  Protective  Inoculation 
against  Plague,"  Poona,  1898;  "Experi- 
ment on  the  Effect  of  Protective  Inocula- 
tion in  the  Epidemic  of  Plague  in  Undhera, 
taluka  Baroda,"  Bombay,  1898;  "The 
Protective  Inoculation  against  Plague  in 
the  Khoja  Community  of  Bombay  during 
the  Epidemic  of  1897-98,"  Bombay,  1898; 
and  communicated  a  summary  of  the  re- 
sults to  the  Edinburgh  Meeting  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  of  1898,  pub- 
lished in  the  British  Medical  Journal 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Testing  of  Haff- 
kine's  Prophylactic  in  the  Plague-Stricken 
Communities  in  India,"  by  Haffkine  and 
Bannerman.  The  Government  Plague  Re- 
search Laboratory,  founded  and  organised 
by  M.  Haffkine,  manufactures  the  prophy- 
lactic at  present  at  the  rate  of  some  ten 
thousand  doses  a  day,  and  has  supplied, 
in  addition  to  Indian  demands,  those  also 
from  the  Transvaal,  Cape  Colony,  Mauri- 
tius, Natal,  Zanzibar,  the  Gold  Coast, 
Cyprus,  Ceylon,  Hong-Kong,  and  Russian 
Central  Asia.  In  April  1899  he  returned 
to  England  on  leave,  and  delivered  at  the 
Rojal  Society  a  discourse  "  On  Preventive 
Inoculation,"  published  in  the  Lancet  and 
British  Medical  Journal  of  June  and  July 
1899,  which  will  appear  also  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Society.  This  address,  the 
Lancet  says,  "places  preventive  inocula- 
tion on  a  higher  plane  than  it  has  hitherto 
occupied."  What  Jenner  was  to  small- 
pox and  Pasteur  to  anthrax,  that  M.  Haff- 
kine has  been  to  plague  and  cholera.  In 
addition  to  the  publications  above  men- 
tioned, Haffkine  contributed  to  the  Journal 
of  the  Norwegian  Ministry  of  Public  In- 
struction, in  Christiania,  in  1889,  a  paper 
under  the  title  "  Les  nouvelles  Ecoles 
techniques  en  Russie  "  ;  to  the  Journal  of 
Popular  Education,  in  Odessa,  1889,  a 
series  of  articles  "  On  the  Primary  Schools 
in  Scandinavia"  (in  Russian),  and  trans- 
lated from  Norwegian,  together  with  B. 
Tourczaninoff,  Schuebeler's  "Horticul- 
ture," published  in  St.  Petersburg  in  1890 
(in  Russian).  M.  Haffkine  was  elected 
Member  of  the  Society  of  Naturalists  of 
Nova-Russia,  Odessa,  in  1885  ;  Member  of 
the  Socie'te'  de  Zoologie  de  France,  Paris, 
in  1890  ;  and  Hon.  Member  of  the  Calcutta 


Microscopic  Society  in  1894.  In  1897,  on 
the  occasion  of  her  Majesty's  Jubilee,  he 
received  the  order  of  OLE.,  but  his  ex- 
haustive and  magnificent  labours  have, 
we  understand,  been  almost  honorary. 

HAETLEY,  Sir  Charles  Augustus, 
K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.E.,  was  born  at  Heworth, 
co.  Durham,  in  1825,  being  the  son  of  W.  A. 
Hartley,  Esq.,  iron  merchant,  of  Darlington, 
by  Lilias,  daughter  of  A.  Tod,  Esq.,  J. P., 
of  Borrowstounness,  N.B.  In  1845,  after  a 
practical  course  of  instruction  in  mining 
and  railway  engineering  at  Bishop  Auck- 
land and  Leeds,  he  was  appointed  one 
of  Messrs.  Stevenson,  Brassey  &  Mac- 
kenzie's district  engineers  on  the  Scottish 
Central  Railway,  and  held  that  post  till 
1848,  when  he  was  nominated  Resident 
Engineer  at  Sutton  Harbour,  Plymouth, 
under  Mr.  J.  Locke,  M.P.  In  Juue  1855, 
on  the  completion  of  the  Sutton  Harbour 
works,  he  accepted  a  commission  as  Cap- 
tain in  the  Turkish  Contingent  Engineers, 
and  served  at  Kertch  with  that  force  until 
the  end  of  the  Crimean  War,  for  which 
he  received  the  Turkish  war  medal.  In 
December  1856  he  was  elected  Engineer- 
in-Chief  to  the  European  Commission  of 
the  Danube,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Major  (now  Lieut. -General  Sir  John) 
Stokes,  K.C.B. ,  and  General  Sir  John 
Burgoyne,  Bart.  In  March  1861  he  in- 
spected the  early  works  of  the  Suez  Canal, 
and  reported  favourably  on  that  scheme 
to  the  English  Government.  In  September 
1862  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
In  1867  he  was  awarded  the  Emperor  of 
Russia's  "Grand  Competition  Prize"  of 
8000  silver  roubles,  for  which  there  were 
twenty  competitors,  for  his  plans  for 
enlarging  the  harbour  of  Odessa.  In  1872, 
when  the  depth  at  Sulina  had  been  in- 
creased, by  natural  scour  only,  to  20J  feet, 
and  many  important  river  improvements 
had  been  effected,  he  ceased  to  reside  at 
Sulina,  and  became  Consulting  Engineer 
to  the  Danube  Commission,  a  post  which 
he  still  retains.  During  his  residence 
abroad  he  was  also  employed  by  the 
Austrian  Government  to  report  on  various 
schemes  for  improving  the  port  of  Trieste ; 
by  the  Turkish  Government,  to  report  on 
dock  accommodation  at  Constantinople  ; 
by  the  Russian  Government,  to  survey  and 
report  on  the  mouths  of  the  Don  ;  by  the 
British  Government,  to  report  on  an  inter- 
national question  of  engineering  connected 
with  the  Scheldt ;  by  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment, to  report  on  the  Hooghly ;  by  the 
Khedive,  to  report  on  the  "barrage" 
across  the  Nile ;  and  by  the  Roumanian 
Government,  to  prepare  surveys  and  draw- 
ings for  a  harbour  on  the  coast  of  Bess- 
arabia. In  January  1874  he  was  the  first 
engineer  to  recommend  the  improvement 


1222 


HENRICI  —  HERBERT 


of  the  South  Pass  and  Mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi in  preference  to  either  of  the  other 
mouths.  In  August  1875  he  visited  the 
South  Pass  as  a  member  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Ead's 
Advisory  Board,  and  remained  in  constant 
communication  with  that  distinguished 
engineer  till  the  summer  of  1879,  when 
Mr.  Ead's  well-planned  operations  to 
deepen  the  South  Pass  and  Mouth,  by 
means  of  parallel  jetties,  as  at  Sulina, 
were  crowned  with  complete  success.  In 
1875-77  he  acted  as  Consulting  Engineer 
to  the  Cattewater  Commissioners  for  the 
Cattewater  Breakwater  at  Plymouth.  In 
May  1879  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Panama  Congress,  but  abstained  from 
voting  in  favour  of  M.  de  Lesseps'  Panama- 
Colon  project,  as  he  considered  that  the 
engineering  data  collected  up  to  that  time 
were  insufficient  to  determine  satisfac- 
torily the  best  route  for  a  ship  canal 
across  the  isthmus.  In  1881  he  prepared 
detailed  surveys,  plans,  and  estimates  for 
the  enlargement  of  the  harbour  of  Kus- 
tendjie,  in  Roumania,  and  in  1889  for  the 
construction  of  a  commercial  harbour  at 
Bourgas,  in  Bulgaria.  In  1884  he  was 
created  a  Knight  Commander  of  SS. 
Michael  and  George.  In  1884-85,  on  the 
recommendation  of  H.M.  Government,  he 
acted  as  one  of  the  English  members  of 
the  International  Technical  Commission 
appointed  by  the  Suez  Canal  Company  to 
report  on  the  best  means  of  improving  the 
Suez  Canal.  He  is  the  author  of  papers 
on  the  "Delta  of  the  Danube,"  on  "Public 
Works  in  the  United  States  and  Canada," 
and  on  "Inland  Navigations  in  Europe." 
He  has  been  decorated  with  the  Orders  of 
the  Medjidieh  and  the  Star  of  Roumania, 
and  has  received  the  Stephenson  prize, 
the  Telford  medal,  the  Watt  medal,  the 
Telford  premium,  and  the  Manby  premium 
from  the  Institution  of  C.E.  Address  :  26 
Pall  Mall,  S.W. 

HENRICI,  Olaus,  F.M.E.,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  March  9,  1840,  at 
Meldorf,  in  Holstein,  and  received  his 
early  education  in  the  gymnasium  of  his 
native  town.  In  1856  he  left  Meldorf  in 
order  to  study  for  some  years  in  the  work- 
shops of  a  mechanical  engineer.  In  1859 
he  proceeded  to  the  Polytechnic  School  in 
Karlsruhe,  where  he  remained  until  1862, 
when  he  entered  the  University  of  Heidel- 
berg. Here,  in  1863,  he  graduated  with 
special  honours  as  Ph.D.  Dr.  Henrici 
next  proceeded  to  Berlin  in  order  there  to 
prosecute  his  mathematical  studies.  In 
1865  he  became  Tutor  in  the  University  of 
Kiel,  but  left  soon  afterwards  for  London. 
In  1869  Dr.  Henrici  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Pure  Mathematics  in  University 
College,  London ;  and,  in  1884,  Pro- 
fessor   of    Mechanics    and   Mathematics 


in  the  Central  Institution  of  the  City 
Guilds  of  the  London  Institute  ;  he  holds 
the  latter  post  at  the  present  time.  In 
1868  he  was  elected  a  Member  and  in 
1883  President  of  the  London  Mathema- 
tical Society.  He  is  the  author  of  the  fol- 
lowing papers:  "Bemerkung  zu  'Hesse' 
Zerlegung  der  BedingungfiirdieGleichheit 
der  Hauptaxen  eines  auf  einer  Oberflache 
zweiter  Ordnung  liegenden  Kegelsch- 
nittes "  (in  C'relle's  Journal,  vol.  lxiv., 
1864) ;  "  Transformation  von  Differential- 
ausdriicken  erster  Ordnung  zweiten  Grades 
mit  Hiilfe  der  verallgemeinerten  ellipti- 
schen  Co-ordinaten"  (Crclle's  Journal,  vol. 
lxv.,  1865);  "On  Certain  Formulas  con- 
cerning the  Theory  of  Discriminants  ;  with 
Applications  to  Discriminants  of  Discr.j 
and  to  the  Theory  of  Polar  Curves "  (in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society,  vol.  ii.,  read  in  November  1868); 
and  "On  Series  of  Curves,  especially  on 
the  Singularities  of  their  Envelopes  :  with 
Applications  to  Polar  Curves,"  also  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society,  vol.  ii.  Address  :  34  Clarendon 
Road,  Notting  Hill,  W. 

HERBERT,  Hon.  Auberon  Edward 
William  Molyneux,  D.C.L. ,  is  the  son 
of  the  3rd  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  and  was 
born  in  1838.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  which 
he  left  to  enter  the  army  without  taking 
his  degree.  He  was  sent  with  his  regi- 
ment, the  7th  Dragoons,  to  India,  from 
which  he  retired,  returning  to  graduate, 
and  taking  the  degree  of  B.  C.  L.  in  1862 
(D.C.L,  1867).  He  was  Fellow  of  St. 
John's  from  1866  to  1869.  He  was  with 
the  Danes  during  the  Danish-German  War, 
and  visited  America  during  the  war  be- 
tween North  and  South.  Here  he  spent  a 
short  time  in  the  lines  before  Richmond, 
being  very  hospitably  received.  Subse- 
quently, in  1870,  he  was  returned  to  Par- 
liament as  member  for  Nottingham,  and 
in  that  year  followed  the  German  army 
into  France,  sleeping  on  the  battlefield  of 
Sedan  the  day  of  the  battle.  Travelling 
straight  to  Paris,  he  was  a  witness  of  the 
Revolution,  and  at  the  fall  of  the  city 
returned  thither  to  take  provisions  to  a 
friend.  At  the  fall  of  the  Commune  he 
again  visited  the  French  capital  in  order 
to  look  after  the  same  friend.  During  his 
time  in  Parliament  (1870-1874)  Mr.  Auberon 
Herbert  became  interested  in  Mr.  Herbert 
Spencer's  teachings,  and  decided  to  leave 
Parliamentary  life  in  order  to  escape  party 
ties.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  engaged 
in  preaching  what  he  calls  "Voluntaryism," 
which  means  the  limitation  of  State  power 
to  the  defence  of  person  and  property 
against  force  and  fraud,  and  the  conver- 
sion of  compulsory  taxation  into  voluntary 


HILL  —  HOHENLOHE-SCHILLTNGSFURST 


1223 


taxation  in  a  State  resting  on  a  voluntary, 
not  compulsory,  basis.  He  constantly 
advocates  his  views  in  his  paper,  The  Free 
Life,  and  is  an  occasional  correspondent 
to  the  Times.  He  has  published  many 
pamphlets  in  support  of  Voluntaryism,  and 
has  written  a  volume  of  poems.  He  mar- 
ried Lady  Florence,  daughter  of  the  6th 
Earl  Cowper.  She  died  in  1886.  Address  : 
The  Old  House,  Eingwood,  Hants. 

HILL,  Frank  Harrison,  born  at 
Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  Feb.  6,  1830,  was 
educated  at  Manchester  New  College, 
graduated  B.  A.  in  the  London  University 
in  1851,  and  was  afterwards  called  to  the 
Bar  by  the  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  In 
I860  he  acted  as  one  of  the  secretaries  of 
the  Trades  Union  Committee  of  the  Social 
Science  Association,  to  the  printed  volumes 
of  whose  reports  he  furnished,  among 
other  contributions,  a  paper  on  "  Trade 
Combinations  in  Sheffield."  In  the  same 
year  he  went  to  Ireland  as  editor  of  the 
Northern  Whig.  This  post  he  held  until 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1866,  when  he 
became  one  of  the  assistant-editors  and 
political  writers  of  the  Daily  News,  of 
which  journal  he  was,  from  1870  to  1886, 
editor-in-chief.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Poli- 
tical Portraits,"  1873,  consisting  of  sketches 
of  living  English  statesmen,  which  ap- 
peared originally  in  the  Daily  News,  a  "  Life 
of  Canning "  in  the  English  Worthies 
Series  ;  a  series  of  papers  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  entitled  "  The  Political  Adventures 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield,"  since  collected  and 
published  as  a  volume  in  the  United  States  ; 
and  an  essay  on  Ireland,  published  in  the 
volume  of  "Questions  for  a  Eeformed 
Parliament,"  1867.  Mr.  Hill  is  the  author 
also  of  a  great  number  of  articles  on  liter- 
ary and  political  subjects  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  the  Contemporary,  Universal,  Fort- 
ni'/htly,  National,  and  Saturday  Reviews,  the 
World,  and  other  periodicals.  Address  : 
3  Morpeth  Terrace,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

HOHENLOHE-SCHILLINGS- 
FUKST,  Clodwig  Carl  Victor,  Prince 

Of,  born  at  Rothenburg,  March  31,  1819, 
is  the  second  son  of  Francis  Joseph,  Prince 
of  Hohenlohe-Schillingsf  urst  (of  the  line  of 
Waldenburg).  On  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1841,  Clodwig  had  just  begun  his  judi- 
cial and  historical  studies  in  the  University 
of  Gottingen.  A  year  later,  after  having 
passed  his  examination  with  distinction, 
he  took  a  subordinate  position  in  the 
public  service  as  Auscultator  in  the  Office 
of  Justice  at  Ehrenbreitstein.  He  next 
became  Eeferendary  of  the  Government  at 
Potsdam.  While  working  thus  diligently 
at  his  post  in  Prussia,  the  Landgrave  of 
Hessen-Eheinfels-Eothenburg  died,  and 
the  princely  family  of    Hohenlohe   suc- 


ceeded to  a  rich  inheritance,  including 
the  lordships  of  Eatibor  and  Corvey.  The 
event,  however,  did  not  alter  Clodwig's 
position.  His  elder  brother  took  the 
domains  of  Eatibor  and  Corvey,  to 
which  the  King  of  Prussia,  William  IV., 
added  the  title  of  Duke.  In  1845,  on  the 
death  of  his  brother,  Philip  Ernest,  Clod- 
wig succeeded,  with  the  consent  of  his 
elder  brother,  to  the  old  family  seat  of 
Schillingsf  urst,  and  forsaking  the  Prussian 
service,  took  up  his  permanent  residence 
in  Bavaria.  Thus  at  twenty-seven  years  of 
age  he  became  a  hereditary  member  of 
the  Bavarian  Parliament.  The  ministry, 
meanwhile,  in  Frankfort  sent  him  as 
Ambassador  to  Athens,  Florence,  and 
Boine.  In  1849  he  returned  to  Frankfort. 
Having  married  tue  Princess  of  Sayn-Wit- 
genstein,  by  whom  he  has  a  numerous 
family,  he  retired  for  some  ten  years  into 
private  life,  paying  frequent  visits  to 
England,  France,  and  Italy.  In  1860  the 
prince  again  entered  upon  parliamentary 
life,  and  favoured  throughout  an  alliance 
with  Prussia.'  Towards  the  end  of  1866 
the  youthful  king  requested  Hohenlohe  to 
prepare  and  lay  before  him  a  programme 
of  the  principles  which  were  to  serve 
eventually  as  a  ministerial  policy.  Prince 
Hohenlohe  fulfilled  his  commission  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  king,  and  on  Jan.  1, 
1867,  succeeded  Pfordten  as  Bavarian 
Minister.  The  whole  of  Germany  at  last 
adopted  the  Hohenlohe  programme.  In 
1868  and  1869  Prince  Hohenlohe  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  Customs 
Parliament  of  the  German  Federation.  In 
his  capacity  as  Foreign  Minister  of  Bavaria 
he  issued  his  famous  circular  of  April  9, 
1869,  directing  the  attention  of  the  Euro- 
pean cabinets  to  the  serious  consequences 
likely  to  arise  from  the  decrees  of  the 
(Ecumenical  Council  of  the  Vatican. 
Hoping  to  get  the  Pope  to  withdraw  his 
political  opposition,  and  viewing  mere 
religious  innovations  with  extreme  indif- 
ference, the  Prussian  Government  slighted 
the  warnings  of  the  Bavarian  minister,  and 
refused  to  take  action  against  the  contem- 
plated decrees.  In  consequence  of  this 
desertion  by  the  principal  exponent  of  the 
Unity  party,  Prince  Hohenlohe  could  not 
hold  out  against  the  attacks  of  the  com- 
bined Particularists,  Catholics,  and  Aus- 
triacanti  in  the  Bavarian  Parliament,  and 
had  to  resign,  March  7,  1870.  He  then 
resumed  his  seat  in  the  Munich  House  of 
Peers  ;  and  in  a  few  months,  on  France 
threatening  war,  made  himself  conspicuous 
by  insisting  upon  the  participation  of 
Bavaria  in  the  great  national  feud.  Upon 
the  successful  termination  of  the  war  in 
1871  he  was  elected  member  of  the  first 
German  Parliament,  and  in  recognition  of 
his  patriotism  immediately  became  Vice- 


1224 


HOHENZOLLERN  —  JOINVILLE 


President  thereof.  In  May  1874,  after  the 
deplorable  exit  of  Count  Harry  Arnim, 
Prince  Hohenlohe  was  chosen  German 
Ambassador  in  Paris.  He  was  one  of  the 
German  Plenipotentiaries  at  the  Congress 
of  Berlin  in  1878.  In  August  of  that  year 
he  was  re-elected  to  the  Reichstag  on  the 
second  ballot,  at  Forchheim,  Kulmbach, 
Bavaria,  polling  9800  votes,  while  his 
Catholic  competitor  had  8600.  After  the 
death  of  Marshal  Manteuffel,  Prince  Ho- 
henlohe was  appointed  Governor  of  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  a  position  which  he  held  till 
October  1894.  During  his  administra- 
tion he  enforced  the  strictest  passport 
regulations  at  the  French  frontier,  until  in 
September  1891  the  emperor  issued  a  re- 
script rendering  it  somewhat  less  difficult 
for  Frenchmen  to  visit  Alsace-Lorraine.  In 
October  1894  he  was  appointed  Chancellor 
of  the  German  Empire  and  Prussian  Prime 
Minister  in  succession  to  Count  von 
Caprivi  and  Count  von  Eulenberg. 

HOHENZOLLERN,  Hereditary 
Prince  of,  H.R.H.  Leopbld-Etienne- 
Charles-Antoine  -  G-ustave  -  Edouard  - 
Thassilo,  Prince  of  Hohenzollern, 
Burgrave  of  Nurenberg,  Count  of 
Sigmaringen  and  Veringen,  Count 
of  Berg  and  Seigneur  of  Haigerloch, 
&c,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Prince 
Charles  Antoine  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmarin- 
gen,  and  was  born  Sept.  22,  1835,  and 
studied  in  the  Universities  of  Bonn  and 
Berlin.  His  Royal  Highness  succeeded  his 
father  on  June  2,  1885  ;  is  a  hereditary 
member  of  the  Chamber  of  Seigneurs  of 
Prussia ;  General  of  Prussian  infantry  in 
the  suite  of  the  first  regiment  of  Foot 
Guards;  chief  of  the  "Prince  Charles 
Antoine  de  Hohenzollern "  regiment  of 
Fusiliers  ;  and  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of 
the  Black  Eagle,  &c,  and  is  well  known  in 
connection  with  his  candidature  for  the 
throne  of  Spain,  which  ultimately  gave  rise 
to  the  Franco-German  war.  On  Sept.  12, 
1861,  the  Prince  married,  at  Lisbon,  the 
Princess  Antonia  of  Portugal,  Duchesse 
de  Saxe,  born  Feb.  17,  1845,  by  whom  he 
lias  three  sons,  of  whom  the  second,  Prince 
Ferdinand,  is  heir  to  the  Roumanian 
throne,  and  husband  of  Princess  Mary  of 
Edinburgh. 

HOLMES,  Emra,  F.RHist.S.,  F.R.S. 
Ant.  Ireland,  C.W.R.,  is  a  member  of  the 
Civil  Service,  and  an  enthusiastic  Free- 
mason. He  was  born  in  1839,  and  is 
the  son  of  Marcus  Holmes,  a  well-known 
Bristol  artist,  a  descendant  of  Admiral 
Sir  Robert  Holmes,  Governor  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight  temp.  Charles  II.  His  mother, 
Elizabeth  Emra,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
John  Emra,  a  native  of  St.  Kitts  (the 
family  being,  it  is  supposed,  of  Spanish 


descent),  and  Elizabeth  Bastone  Blake, 
was  the  authoress  of  "  Scenes  in  our 
Parish,"  and  other  works.  Emra  Holmes 
was  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  and  at 
the  Grammar  School,  Shepton  Mallett, 
Somerset.  He  left  the  Bluecoat  School  in 
1854,  and  three  years  later  was  nominated 
to  a  clerkship  in  H.M.  Customs,  Liver- 
pool. He  became  Collector  of  Customs 
subsequently  at  Woodbridge,  Fowey, 
Barnstaple,  Kirkcaldy,  Guernsey,  Newry, 
Limerick,  Newhaven,  Aberdeen,  and  Har- 
wich. He  has  published  several  works, 
"Amabel  Vaughan,"  "The  Lady  Muriel," 
"The  Worshipful  Master,"  "Random 
Notes  on  Freemasonry,"  "Notes  on  the 
United  Orders  of  the  Temple  and  Hos- 
pital," and  lately  two  novels,  "At  the 
Oakenholt,"  and  "Valerian  Varo."  His 
notes  on  the  Templars  published  in  the 
Freemason,  and  running  for  about  nine 
months  in  the  columns  of  that  journal, 
brought  down  upon  him  the  censures  of 
the  Protestant  organ  of  the  Knights  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  The  notes,  how- 
ever, were  translated  into  French,  and 
published  in  the  pages  of  La  VeriU,  and 
were  quoted  extensively  in  some  of  the 
American  journals.  His  special  Masonic 
story,  "  The  Worshipful  Master,"  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Masonic  Monthly  (London), 
and  subsequently  in  the  Freemason,  Sydney, 
N.S.W.,  New  Zealand,  Victoria,  the  Cana- 
dian Craftsman,  the  Keystone,  Philadelphia, 
the  Masonic  Herald,  Calcutta,  and  other 
journals  nearer  home.  He  has  been  a 
constant  contributor  to  the  Chicago  Voice 
of  Masonry,  and  his  poems  have  appeared 
in  the  Toronto  Mail,  Ottawa  Daily  Citizen, 
Port  Hope  Times,  and  about  a  hundred 
journals  all  over  the  world.  Emra  Holmes 
writes  in  favour  of  Imperial  Federation 
and  the  Unity  of  Christendom.  Address  : 
Holland  House,  Dovercourt,  Essex. 


JOINVILLE,  Prince  de,  Francois- 
Ferdinand  -  Philippe  -  Louis  -  Marie  - 
d'Orleans,  son  of  the  late  Louis  Philippe, 
king  of  the  French,  was  born  at  Neuilly, 
Aug.  14,  1818.  Soon  after  his  father's 
accession  to  the  throne  in  1830  he  began 
his  naval  studies,  was  sent  to  sea  at  the 
age  of  thirteen,  received,  like  his  brothers, 
the  Dukes  of  Orleans,  Nemours,  and 
Anmale,  a  liberal  education  in  the  public 
colleges  of  France,  and  passed  a  brilliant 
examination  at  Brest.  From  that  time 
he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his  pro- 
fession, and  became  a  great  favourite  with 
the  French  navy.  The  ordinary  hard  work 
of  the  service  was  not  sufficient  to  satisfy 
his  ardent  desire  to  distinguish  himself. 


JOPLING  —  KELLY-KENNY 


1225 


Being  with  the  Mediterranean  squadron 
in  1837,  he  disembarked  and  rode  up  to 
Constantine,  in  the  hope  of  taking  part 
in  the  storming  of  that  stronghold,  but 
arrived  just  too  late.  Not  long  afterwards 
he  received  the  command  of  the  corvette 
Oriole,  and  joining  the  fleet  of  Admiral 
Baudin,  was  entrusted  with  the  difficult 
mission  of  obtaining  reparation  from  the 
Mexican  Government.  The  Creole  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  bombardment  of 
St.  Juan  d'Ulloa,  and  at  Vera  Cruz  the 
Prince,  at  the  head  of  the  storming  party, 
was  the  first  to  enter  the  gates,  under  a 
heavy  fire,  and  was  only  saved  from  certain 
death  by  the  devotion  of  one  of  his  officers. 
In  1841  he  was  selected  by  the  king  to 
command  La  Belle  Poulc  frigate,  charged 
with  the  service  of  conveying  to  France 
the  body  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and 
he  married,  at  Rio  Janeiro,  May  1,  1843, 
Donna  Francisca  de  Braganza,  sister  of 
Don  Pedro  II.,  Emperor  of  Brazil.  Becom- 
ing Rear-Admiral,  he  took  part  in  the 
sittings  of  the  Admiralty  ;  and  the  French 
navy  is  deeply  indebted  to  him  for  the 
manner  in  which  he  helped  to  solve  the 
great  question  of  the  adaptation  of  steam 
to  vessels  of  war  in  1845.  When  war 
broke  out  between  France  and  Morocco 
he  commanded  a  squadron,  with  which  he 
bombarded  Tangiers  and  took  Mogador. 
After  this  decisive  expedition  he  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  Vice- Admiral.  Being  almost 
always  on  active  service,  the  Prince  de 
Joinville  was  in  Algiers  with  his  brother 
the  Due  d'Aumale  when  the  Revolution 
of  February  1848  overthrew  the  consti- 
tutional monarchy.  Resolving  to  share 
the  misfortune  of  their  family,  the  two 
brothers  sought  refuge  in  England,  and 
joined  King  Louis  Philippe  at  Claremont. 
The  Prince  distinguished  himself  by 
actively  aiding  in  the  rescue  of  many  of 
the  passengers  and  crew  of  the  ship  Ocean 
Monarch,  when  burning  off  Ormes  Head, 
Aug.  24,  1848.  Driven  suddenly  from  a 
brilliant  position  into  the  narrow  limits  of 
private  life,  he  accepted  his  new  situation 
with  simplicity  and  dignity,  and  remaining 
at  heart  a  French  sailor,  endeavoured  to 
render  himself  useful  to  the  navy  of  his 
country  by  his  pen,  if  not  by  his  sword. 
He  had  already  in  1844  began  publishing 
in  the  Revue  ales  Deux  Mondes  his  studies 
on  the  French  navy.  One  of  his  articles, 
published  in  1865,  was  a  comparative 
review  of  the  fleets  of  the  United  States 
and  of  France,  and  excited  much  atten- 
tion at  the  time.  Happening  to  be  in  the 
United  States  about  a  twelvemonth  after 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  he 
accompanied  his  nephews,  the  Comte  de 
Paris  and  the  Due  de  Chartres,  to  the 
camp  of  General  McClellan,  with  whose 
staff  he  witnessed  the  principal  actions  of 


the  Virginian  campaign  of  18t!2,  and  gave 
an  account  of  the  events  in  a  well-written 
and  impartial  article  published  in  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Monde*  in  1863.  After 
the  downfall  of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty 
he  went  back  to  France  with  the  other 
Orleanist  princes,  the  Law  of  Exile  having 
been  abrogated.  He  and  the  Due  d'Aumale 
took  their  seats  in  the  National  Assembly 
towards  the  close  of  1871,  after  their 
election  had  been  declared  valid.  In  1873 
he  assisted  at  the  downfall  of  M.  Thiers, 
but  did  not  vote  the  constitution,  and 
in  1876  begged  the  electors  of  the  Haute- 
Marne  not  to  re-elect  him.  He  retired  into 
private  life,  but  remained  on  the  books 
of  the  navy  till  the  members  of  former 
reigning  houses  in  France  were  expelled 
from  all  public  employments  in  1886. 
His  eldest  son,  the  Due  de  Penthievre, 
at  that  time  a  naval  lieutenant,  suffered 
at  the  same  time.  The  Prince  de  Join- 
ville has  written  on  naval  topics,  and  has 
published  a  work  on  England  and  self- 
government.  His  seat  is  the  Chateau 
d'Arc-en-Barrois,  France. 

JOPLTNG,  Louise  (Mrs.  Rowe),  was 

born  on  Nov.  16,  1843,  and  is  the  fifth 
child  of  T.  S.  Goode.  She  studied  paint- 
ing for  eighteen  months  in  Paris  in  the 
studio  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Chaplain, 
and  has  been  the  first  to  bring  the  Paris 
atelier  system  to  England.  Her  painting 
class  is  very  large,  and  she  instructs  it 
personally,  working  rapidly  from  the  model 
in  the  presence  of  her  pupils,  who  thus 
may  be  said  to  study  their  art  as  do 
Parisian  art  students.  She  has  exhibited 
constantly  at  the  Academy  and  Grosvenor, 
and  in  the  new  and  old  Paris  Salons. 
During  recent  years  she  has  been  repre- 
sented at  the  Royal  Academy's  exhibitions 
by  her  portrait  of  Mr.  Alfred  Lys  Baldry, 

1895  ;  by  "  Blue  and  White  "  and  portraits, 

1896  ;  by  portrait  of  Viscountess  Maitland, 

1897  ;  and  by  "The  Spirit  of  the  Woods  " 
and  "At  the  Gaiety,"  1898.  She  is  mar- 
ried to  Mr.  Rowe,  a  lawyer,  but  Jopling  is 
the  name  of  a  previous  husband.  Ad- 
dress :  3  Pembroke  Road,  Kensington,  &c. 


K 

KELLY  -  KENNY,  Major-General 
Thomas,  C.B.,  was  born  in  February 
1840.  He  entered  the  Army  in  1858  as 
Ensign  of  the  2nd  Foot,  the  Royal  West 
Surrey  Regiment.  He  was  promoted  Cap- 
tain in  July  1866,  Major  in  September 
1877,  and  Lieut.-Colonel  in  July  1881.  He 
has  served  as  an  A.D.C.  to  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  at  the  Cape,  and  also  as  Deputy 
Assistant-Quartermaster-General  in  Bom- 


1226 


KUHNE  — NAQTJET 


bay.  He  has  seen  active  service  both  in 
China  and  Abyssinia.  In  1887  he  was 
appointed  Assiotant-Adjutant-General  in 
Scotland,  and  has  held  the  same  appoint- 
ment at  Headquarters  and  at  Aldershot, 
where  he  was  also  Major-General  on  the 
staff.  General  Kelly-Kenny  has  passed 
the  Staff  College,  and  in  July  181)7  was 
appointed  Inspector-General  of  Auxiliary 
Forces  and  Recruiting  at  Headquarters. 

KUHNE,  "Willy  K,  F.R.S.,  LL.D. 
Camb.,  Professor  of  Physiology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg,  was  born  at  Ham- 
burg on  March  28,  1837.  He  pursued  his 
studies  at  Gottingen,  Jena,  Berlin,  Paris, 
and  Vienna,  under  such  masters  as  Vir- 
chow,  Claude  Bernard,  and  Du  Bois-Rey- 
mond,  and  in  1856  obtained  his  Doctorate 
of  Philosophy.  In  1862  he  became  Dr. 
Med.  Hon.,  and  in  1861  was  appointed 
chemical  assistant  in  the  Pathological 
Institute  at  Berlin.  In  1868  he  became 
Professor  of  Physiology  at  Amsterdam, 
and  in  1871  Professor  of  Physiology  at 
Heidelberg,  and  Director  of  the  Physio- 
logical Institute  there.  His  directorship 
has  been  a  long  and  illustrious  one,  his 
labours  and  discoveries  at  the  Institute 
having  long  since  placed  him  in  the  front 
rank  of  European  physiologists.  He  was 
elected  a  foreign  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1892,  and  in  August  1898,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  meeting  of  the  Zoological 
Congress  at  Cambridge,  was  one  of  the 
distinguished  foreign  recipients  of  the 
hon.  LL.D.  degree.  He  has  contributed 
many  weighty  papers  to  the  learned 
journals,  such  as  Muller's  and  Virchow's 
Archives,  on  nerves,  &c.,and  has  published 
"  Myologische  Untersuchungen,"  1860; 
"  Ueber  die  peripherischen  Endorgane 
der  motorischen  Nerven,"  1862  ;  "  Unter- 
suchungen fiber  das  Protoplasma  und  die 
Contractilitat,"  1864;  and  "Lehrbuchder 
physiologischen  Chemie,"  1866-68.  Ad- 
dress :  Heidelberg. 


LEGROS,  Alphonse,  painter  and 
etcher,  was  born  at  Dijon  on  May  S,  1837, 
of  poor  parents,  who  put  him  apprentice 
to  a  house-painter.  He  subsequently 
studied  art  under  Cambon  in  Paris,  entered 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  and  first  made 
his  mark  by  pictures  exhibited  at  the 
Salon  between  1859  and  1863.  Coming  to 
London  in  the  last-named  year  he  was 
cordially  received  by  Rossetti,  G.  F.  Watts, 
and  their  circle,  and  in  1876  was  appointed 
Slade  Professor  of  Fine  Arts  in  University 
College,  London.  He  taught  there  for 
seventeen  years,  painting  from  the  model 


in  the  presence  of  his  pupils.  His  subjects 
are  the  country  scenes  and  peasants  of 
France,  painted  with  an  austerity  and 
simplicity  which  have  rendered  him  an 
artist  for  artists,  rather  than  for  the 
public.  Among  his  principal  pictures  may 
be  mentioned  :  "  Portrait  of  his  father  " 
(Salon,  1857)  ;  "  The  Angelus,"  1859  ; 
"ExVoto,"  1861;  "Mass  for  the  Dead," 
1863;  "Stoning  of  St.  Stephen,"  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1866, 
and  at  the  Salon  in  1867,  where  it  was 
awarded  the  gold  medal ;  "  Amende 
Honorable,"  which  gained  a  medal  at  the 
Salon;  "Pilgrimage,"  "Jacob's  Dream," 
"  Dead  Christ,"  &c.  "Amende  Honorable" 
is  in  the  Luxembourg,  and  many  of  his 
other  pictures  are  in  museums  and  public 
galleries  in  France  and  England.  "  Women 
at  Prayer,"  for  instance,  is  in  the  Tate 
Gallery.  He  is  one  of  those  who  have 
revived  the  art  of  etching,  of  which  he  is 
a  master.  He  is  a  naturalised  English- 
man, and  married  a  daughter  of  Samuel 
Hodgson,  of  Kendal,  in  1864.  Address  : 
57  Brook  Green,  W. 


M 

MONCREIFF,  Lord,  Henry  James 
Moncreiff,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Lord 
Moncreiff  of  Tullibole  (1st  Baron),  and 
was  born  in  Edinburgh  on  April  24,  1840. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Aca- 
demy, and  subsequently  at  Harrow  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where,  in 
1861,  he  graduated  B.A.,  LL.B.  (1st  class 
Law  honours).  He  was  called  to  the 
Scottish  Bar  in  1863 ;  held  the  office  of 
Advocate-Depute  1865-66,  and  again  1868- 
1874  and  1880-81.  In  1881  he  was  ap- 
pointed Sheriff  of  the  counties  of  Renfrew 
and  Bute,  which  office  he  held  till  Novem- 
ber 1888,  when  he  was  appointed  a  Senator 
of  the  College  of  Justice  (a  Lord  of  Session). 
He  is  a  Liberal  Unionist  in  politics.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  work  on  "  Revision  in 
Criminal  Cases,"  1877.  He  married  first, 
on  April  3,  1866,  Susan  Wilhelmine,  third 
daughter  of  Sir  William  H.  Dick  Cunyng- 
hame,  Bart.,  of  Prestonfield  (she  died  in 
1869) ;  and  secondly,  on  March  26,  1873, 
Millicent  Julia,  daughter  of  Colonel  F.  D. 
B'ryer,  of  Moulton  Paddocks,  Newmarket. 
She  died  in  1881.  Addresses :  15  Great 
Stuart  Street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Athenseum. 


N 

NAOTET,  Joseph.  Alfred,  M.D.,  was 
born  at  Carpentras  (Vaucluse),  on  Oct.  6, 
1834,   and  educated  first  at  Carpentras, 


NETHERSOLE  —  PARSONS 


1227 


then  at  Montpellier,  and  finally  in  Paris, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1859. 
He  then  went  into  the  chemical  labora- 
tory of  the  School  of  Medicine  in  Paris 
under  M.  Wurtz,  and  wrote  many  papers 
on  pure  chemistry.  In  1863  he  became 
Professor  of  Physics  at  Palermo,  and 
while  there  wrote  his  work  "  Principes 
de  Chimie  fondee  sur  les  Theories 
modernes,"  which  has  passed  through  five 
editions  in  France,  and  been  translated 
into  English,  German,  and  Polish.  In 
1867  M.  Naquet  entered  political  life,  a 
charge  against  him  of  conspiracy  against 
the  Empire  having  resulted  in  fifteen 
months'  imprisonment  and  a  subsequent 
flight  into  Spain,  from  which  he  returned 
in  1869  ;  and  having  taken  a  prominent 
part  in  the  events  of  Sept.  4,  1870,  he  was 
subsequently,  at  Tours,  nominated  by 
Gambetta  as  Secretary  to  the  Defence 
Committee.  He  was,  in  1879,  elected 
deputy  for  Vaucluse,  and  at  first  sup- 
ported Gambetta,  but  eventually  broke 
with  him.  He  then  threw  all  his  strength 
into  the  effort  for  legalising  divorce,  in 
which  he  succeeded  in  1886.  As  he  was  a 
strong  revisionist,  and  thought  that  that 
end  might  be  attained  through  the 
success  of  General  Boulanger,  he  became 
one  of  his  warmest  supporters  ;  that 
movement  having  failed,  he  now  remains 
a  member  of  the  isolated  Boulangist 
group,  who  are  still  in  opposition  to 
Government.  He  is  author  of  some  poli- 
tical and  scientific  works.  His  book  on 
"Le  Divorce,"  1877,  and  a  translation  of 
Brodie's  "  Calculus  of  Chemical  Opera- 
tions," may  be  cited. 

NETHEBSOLE,  Olga,  actress,  was 
born  in  London  on  Jan.  18,  1870,  and  is 
the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Henry 
Nethersole.  She  was  educated  privately, 
and  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  having  from  her 
earliest  years  determined  on  a  dramatic 
career,  was  presented  with  an  opportunity 
of  going  on  the  stage,  but  did  not  actu- 
ally appear  for  another  two  years,  when 
she  played  in  public  for  the  first  time. 
The  play  was  Mr.  Hamilton's  "Harvest," 
which  was  being  presented  at  the  Brighton 
Theatre.  ShemadeherLondondebutatthe 
Adelphi  in  "The  Union  Jack,"  and  met 
with  great  success.  Afterwards  she  ap- 
peared in  the  title-role  of  "  The  Dean's 
Daughter,"  brought  out  by  Mr.  Rutland 
Barrington  at  the  St.  James's,  and  then 
as  the  intriguing  woman  in  "The  Silver 
Falls."  As  the  stage  wicked  woman  she 
was  even  then  thought  to  have  found  her 
own  especial  province.  Mr.  Hare  invited 
her  to  the  newly-built  Garrick  Theatre, 
where  she  made  her  mark  in  "The 
Profligate  "  as  the  betrayed  Janet  Preece. 
For  some  time  after  the  run  of  this  play  she 


understudied  Mrs.  Bernard  Beere,  and  at 
last  finding  that  her  talents  were  not  given 
proper  scope  in  England,  determined  by 
the  advice  of  friends  to  visit  Australia. 
She  played  in  Mr.  Haddon  Chambers's 
"Idler"  in  the  New  Garrick  Theatre, 
Sydney,  six  weeks  before  the  play  was 
given  in  London.  After  a  triumphant  ten 
months'  tour  in  Australia  she  returned 
home,  and  was  re-engaged  by  Mr.  John 
Hare,  appearing  as  Beatrice  Selwyn  in 
"The  Fool's  Paradise,"  and  at  the  Cri- 
terion in  "  Agatha,"  where  she  made  a 
lasting  impression.  In  1893,  when  the 
Bancrofts  returned  to  the  stage,  she  won 
her  grand  success  in  the  revival  of  "Diplo- 
macy," where  she  took  the  part  of  the 
Countess  Zica,  formerly  played  with  great 
art  by  Lady  Bancroft,  and  by  Miss  Nether- 
sole spiritedly  elaborated.  In  1894  Miss 
Nethersole  became  lessee  and  manager  of 
the  Court  Theatre,  and  in  the  autumn  of 
1898,  as  manager  of  Her  Majesty's,  she 
produced  and  took  the  title-role  in  Messrs. 
Parker  and  Carson's  "Termagant."  She 
has  four  times  starred  in  the  States  at  the 
head  of  her  own  company.  Address  :  5 
Norfolk  Street,  Park  Lane,  W. 


PABBATT,  Sir  Walter,  Mus.  Doc, 
was  born  on  Feb.  10,  1841,  at  Hudders- 
field,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas  Parratt  of 
that  town.  He  was  educated  at  home 
and  at  the  Collegiate  School,  Hudders- 
field.  After  holding  various  church 
organistships,  he  was  appointed  to  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  where  he  made  his 
mark  as  a  musician  and  teacher,  and  con- 
tinued rising  in  public  favour  until  ap- 
pointed organist  to  St.  George's  Chapel 
Royal,  Windsor.  As  Court  Organist  he 
has  conducted  the  music  at  most  of  the 
Royal  funerals  at  the  Castle.  He  is 
Private  Organist  to  the  Queen,  Master  of 
the  Queen's  Music,  and  has  presided  at 
the  concerts  given  at  the  Albert  Institute 
by  the  Windsor  and  Eton  Madrigal  and 
Orchestral  Societies.  He  is  also  Past 
Grand  Organist  of  the  Freemasons,  Pro- 
fessor at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  and 
Examiner  in  Music  at  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  London  Universities.  He  wrote  much 
of  the  music  for  the  "Tale  of  Troy  "  in 
1883  (see  Ware),  and  has  written  on  this 
subject  in  Grove's  "  Dictionary,"  &c.  Ad- 
dresses :  The  Cloisters,  Windsor ;  and 
Athenteum. 

PABSONS,  Colonel  Sir  Charles  Sim 
Bremridge,  K.C.M.G.,  R.A.,  was  born 
May  9,  1855.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby 
School  and  the  Royal  Military  Academy. 


1228 


PEMBERTON  —  PYNE 


He  obtained  his  first  commission  in  the 
Royal  Artillery  in  August  1874,  and  was 
promoted  Captain  and  Brevet-Major  in 
October  1X83,  and  Lieut. -Colonel  in  Nov- 
ember 1896.  He  served  in  the  Gaika  War 
of  1878  and  also  in  the  Zulu  War,  and  was 
present  at  the  actions  of  Isandhhvana  and 
Ulundi ;  mentioned  in  despatches.  In  the 
Transvaal  War  of  1880-81  he  was  present 
at  the  actions  at  Laing's  Nek  and  Ingogo. 
In  the  latter  engagement  he  was  severely 
wounded  and  had  his  horse  shot  under 
him,  and  for  his  gallantry  while  serving 
in  the  Eoyal  Horse  Artillery  he  was  men- 
tioned in  Army  Orders  and  in  despatches. 
In  the  Egyptian  Expedition  of  1882  he 
was  present  at  Kassassin  and  Tel-el-Kebir 
and  the  forced  march  into  Cairo.  He 
was  awarded  the  Medjidieh  of  the  fifth 
class  and  the  Osmanieh  of  the  fourth  class 
and  the  brevet  of  Major  for  his  services. 
In  the  Dongola  Expedition  of  1896  he 
commanded  the  Egyptian  Artillery  at  the 
action  of  Hafir,  and  in  December  of  the 
same  year  was  appointed  Governor  of  the 
Red  Sea  Littoral.  In  December  1897  he 
was  entrusted  with  the  mission  to  take 
over  the  fortress  of  Kassala  from  the 
Italian  Government.  He  was  also  in  com- 
mand of  the  Egyptian  forces  at  the  capture 
and  defence  of  Gedaref  in  September  1898. 
Sir  Charles  Parsons,  who  is  a  Pasha  in  the 
Turkish  Army,  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in 
August  1899,  and  at  the  same  time  was 
promoted  substantive  Colonel  and  Chief 
Staff  Officer  at  Woolwich.  Address : 
Woolwich. 

PEMBERTON,  Max,  novelist,  was 
born  in  Birmingham,  June  19,  1863.  He 
is  the  son  of  Thomas  Joshua  Pemberton  of 
Abbotsford,  Abbey  Road,  London,  and  his 
mother  was  a  Miss  Fisher  of  Woodfields 
Manor,  Shropshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and 
Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  Law,  1884  (M.A.).  He 
began  to  write  for  Vanity  Fair,  1885  ;  and 
was  a  casual  contributor  to  the  St.  James's 
Gazette,  the  Standard,  and  the  magazines 
generally  from  1885  to  1890,  when  he  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Illustrated  London  News. 
He  was  first  editor  of  the  boys'  paper 
Chums,  1892-94,  when  he  resigned  the  posi- 
tion. He  edited  Cassells'  Pocket  Library 
of  Fiction,  1893;  became  editor  of  Cassells' 
Magazine,  1897,  and  has  reviewed  largely 
for  the  Daily  Chronicle,  the  Bookman,  and 
other  papers  from  1890  to  1897.  His  first 
novel,  "  The  Diary  of  a  Scoundrel,"  ap- 
peared in  1891.  Other  works  are  :  "  The 
Iron  Pirate,"  1893;  "The  Sea  Wolves," 
1894;  "The  Impregnable  City,"  "The 
Little  Huguenot,"  1895  ;  "Cloustine  of  the 
Hills,"  1896;  "A  Puritan's  Wife,"  1897; 
"Kronstadt,"    1898;     "The    Garden    of 


Swords,"  1899,  which  is  a  story  of  the 
Franco-Prussian  War  of  1870.  His  drama 
"  Kronstadt,"  written  in  collaboration 
with  Mr.  Addison  Bright,  by  arrangement 
with  Mr.  Charles  Frohmann,  is  to  be  pro- 
duced in  the  winter  of  1899-1900.  Mr. 
Max  Pemberton  has  written  three  plays 
previously,  "The  Dancing  Master,"  "A 
House  of  Nightingales,"  and  (libretto) 
"The  Braziliamo. "  Addresses:  1  Aber- 
dare  Gardens,  West  Hampstead,  N.W. ; 
and  the  Gore,  Monkton,  Thanet. 

PHILLPOTTS,  Eden,  novelist,  born 
at  Mount  Aboo,  in  India,  Nov.  4,  1862,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Captain  Henry 
Phillpotts,  who  was  a  nephew  of  Henry 
Phillpotts,  Bishop  of  Exeter.  During 
youth  he  lived  in  Devonshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Mannamead  School,  Ply- 
mouth. All  his  boyhood's  leisure  that 
could  be  spared  from  cricket  and  football 
he  spent  in  the  country,  and  on  Dart- 
moor among  the  farm  people,  or  at  the 
stream  side  fly-fishing.  When  seventeen 
years  old  he  came  to  London  and  pro- 
cured a  clerkship  in  the  Sun  Fire  Insur- 
ance Office  from  1879  to  1889.  During 
that  period  he  first  studied  for  the  stage, 
but  abandoned  the  hope  of  success  in  that 
direction,  finding  himself  possessed  of  no 
histrionic  ability  whatever.  He  then 
accepted  offers  of  journalism  in  his 
leisure,  and  became  a  dramatic  critic,  and, 
after  eight  to  ten  years'  work  with  the 
pen  when  office  hours  were  over,  found 
himself  strong  enough  to  stand  alone. 
He  has  travelled  for  various  editors  to  the 
West  Indies,  Syria,  Egypt,  the  Canary 
Islands,  &c,  but  his  serious  work,  apart  from 
many  less  important  books,  is  represented 
by  his  West  Country  novels.  Of  these  the 
best  known  are  :  "  Down  Dartmoor  Way," 
"Folly  and  Fresh  Air,"  "Some  Everyday 
Folks,"  "  Lying  Prophets,"  and  "  Children 
of  the  Mist."  In  August  1899  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  stories  of  Devon  school- 
boy recollections,  "  The  Human  Boy."  In 
1893  he  married  Emily  Topham,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Robert  Topham,  Esq., 
of  Ellesmere,  Shropshire.  Address  :  Cos- 
doune,  Torquay. 

PYNE,  Sir  Thomas  Salter,  OS. I., 

was  born  in  1860,  and  is  the  son  of  John 
Pyne.  He  was  educated  privately,  and 
served  an  engineer's  apprenticeship  from 
1875  to  1878,  when  he  became  manager  of 
some  engineering  works,  and  afterwards 
went  to  India  in  the  employ  of  a  firm  of 
merchants.  From  1885  he  has  been  chief 
engineer  to  the  Government  of  Afghan- 
istan, and  Superintendent  of  the  Cabul 
military  factories,  and  has  introduced 
many  Western  industries  into  that  country, 
including    manufactories     of    arms    and 


QUILTER  — REED 


1229 


ammunition,  a  mint,  distilleries,  &c.  He  was 
the  Ameer's  Ambassador  to  the  Viceroy  of 
India  in  March  1893,  on  which  occasion  he 
brought  friendly  replies  to  the  Govern- 
ment's communications.  The  negotiations 
having  been  satisfactorily  terminated,  he 
was  created  C.S.I.  He  was  knighted  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  India  for  his  labours  in  the  interest  of 
Great  Britain  at  a  critical  and  trying 
period  in  the  history  of  Anglo-Afghan 
relations.  The  Ameer  has  delighted  to 
honour  him,  and  has  bestowed  upon  him  a 
decoration,  but  Sir  Salter  Pyne,  in  1899, 
left  his  service,  temporarily  at  least,  and 
returned  to  England  for  a  time.  He 
describes  the  Ameer  as  being  in  failing 
health,  and  speaks  of  his  probable  succes- 
sor, Habibullah  Khan,  as  a  man  of  great 
energy.    Address  :  St.  George's  Club. 


Q 

QUILTER,  Harry,  M.A.,  artist, 
author,  &c,  was  born  at  Lower  Norwood 
on  Jan.  24,  1851,  and  is  the  youngest  son 
of  William  Quilter,  of  Quilter,  Ball  &  Co. 
He  was  educated  privately  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  University  Col- 
lege, London,  and  studied  art  at  the  Slade 
School  and  Van  Hove's  studio  at  Bruges. 
He  has  been  a  great  traveller  since  early 
life,  having  visited  most  parts  of  the  world, 
and  been  many  times  to  study  Italian  art 
on  the  spot.  From  the  year  1876  onwards 
his  contributions  on  art,  literature,  the 
drama,  &c.,  to  leading  journals  have  been 
innumerable.  He  has  contributed  to  all 
the  great  reviews  and  magazines,  and  has 
been  on  the  staff  of  the  Times  and  Spectator. 
His  notable  editorship  of  the  Universal 
Review  in  1888-89-90  will  be  remembered. 
He  gave  up  regular  journalism  in  1890,  and 
exhibited  his  collected  works  in  oil  and 
water-colour  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  in 
1894.  For  two  years  after  that  date  he 
was  chiefly  engaged  in  educational  work, 
and  in  1896  began  a  series  of  pictures. 
He  has  lectured  in  London  and  other  chief 
towns,  and  has  published  his  lectures  in 
the  Spectator.  His  best-known  works  are 
a  "Life  of  Giotto,"  "  Sententiae  Artis," 
"Art  and  Life,"  which  appeared  as  essays 
in  his  review ;  "  The  Art  of  Europe," 
"  Decorative  Art,"  &c.  He  has  also  edited 
"  Is  Marriage  a  Failure  ? "  Addresses  :  21 
Bryanston  Square,  W.  ;  and  Bryanston 
Manor,  Mitcham. 


R 


REID,    Sir   Hugh.    Gilzean,    Hon. 
LL.D.  (Aberd.),  J.P.,  D.L.,  Fellow  of  the 


Institute  of  Journalists,  was  born  in  Aber- 
deenshire on  Aug.  11,  1838,  and  educated 
at  various  schools,  afterwards  attending 
classes  at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versities. Intended  originally  for  the 
ministry,  he  became  a  journalist  at  the  age 
of  eighteen,  and  was  editor  of  papers  at 
Peterhead  and  in  Edinburgh.  He  has  been 
among  the  founders  or  early  promoters  of 
newspapers  in  Aberdeenshire,  Lancashire, 
Yorkshire,  in  which  county  the  North- 
Eastern  Daily  Gazette  is  closely  connected 
with  his  name,  the  Midlands,  and  London, 
where  the  Echo  was  first  founded  by  him. 
The  Institute  of  Journalists  owes  its 
origin  to  him.  Established  on  March 
9,  1889,  by  conversion  of  the  National 
Association  of  Journalists,  founded  by 
provincial  pressmen  in  1884,  it  was 
incorporated  by  Royal  Charter  in  March 
1890.  The  objects  of  the  Institute 
were  embodied  in  thirteen  clauses,  which 
provide,  among  other  things,  for  the 
holding  of  examinations  in  order  to  test 
the  knowledge  and  ability  of  candidates 
for  the  journalistic  calling.  For  this  laud- 
ableand  important  attemptto  raise  journal- 
ism to  the  dignity  of  one  of  the  learned 
professions  the  subject  of  our  memoir  was 
knighted  by  the  Queen  in  1893.  He  pre- 
sided over  the  first  annual  conference  of 
the  Incorporated  Institute  at  Birmingham 
in  1890,  on  which  occasion  he  was  pre- 
sented by  Sir  Algernon  Borthwick,  his 
successor-elect  in  the  Presidency,  with  his 
portrait  in  oiis  on  behalf  of  the  members 
of  the  Institute  and  in  recognition  of  his 
great  services  in  the  cause  of  journalism 
during  the  last  three  years.  In  1894  Sir 
Hugh  Gilzean  Beid  was  instrumental  in 
promoting  the  International  Press  Con- 
gress. He  has  represented  Aston  Manor  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  being  first  Liberal 
member  for  that  constituency,  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Newspaper  Society  in  1898-99, 
and  has  been  a  pioneer  in  the  movement 
for  providing  the  working  men  of  Edin- 
burgh with  model  dwellings.  His  long 
residence  in  Belgium  at  one  time  ren- 
dered him  familiar  with  the  Congo  Free 
State  scheme,  which  he  did  much  to 
promote  and  popularise.  In  1897  he 
was  created  Officier  of  the  Order  of 
Leopold,  and  in  May  1899  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  the  Crown,  "as 
a  recognition  of  voluntary  and  valuable 
help  to  the  civilising  agencies "  in  the 
Congo  Free  State.  He  has  published, 
among  other  works,  "Lowland  Legends," 
"  Social  and  Beligious  Life  in  Scot- 
land," "Housing  the  People,"  "Talks 
with  Men  of  Mark,"  &c.  Lady  Gil- 
zean Reid,  who  died  in  1895,  was  an 
authoress,  and  ardent  worker  in  the 
cause  of  her  sex.  Address  :  Dollis  Hill, 
N.W.,  &c 


1230 


TALBOT 


TALBOT,  Major-General  the  Hon. 
Reginald  Arthur  James,  C.B.,  third 
son  of  the  17th  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  was 
born  in  July  1841.  He  entered  the  army 
as  a  Cornet  of  the  1st  Life  Guards  in  May 
1859,  and  was  promoted  Captain  in  May 
1867,  Major  in  July  1880,  and  attained  the 
command  of  bis  regiment  as  Lieut. -Colonel 
in  July  1882.  For  several  years  he  was  M.P. 
for  Stafford.     In  1879  he  went  to  South 


Africa  on  special  service,  and  took  part  in 
the  Zulu  War.  He  was  appointed  A.D.C.  to 
the  Queen  in  May  1889,  and  shortly  after- 
wards went  to  Paris  as  Military  Attache", 
and  held  that  office  until  July  1895.  In 
May  of  the  following  year  he  was  pro- 
moted Major-General  in  charge  of  the 
Cavalry  Brigade  at  Aldershot.  In  Janu- 
ary 1899  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir 
Francis  Grenfell,  G.C.B.,  in  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  Occupation  in  Egypt. 
General  Talbot  married,  in  1877,  Margaret, 
second  daughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  James 
Stuart-Wortley.  Home  address  :  58  Gros- 
venor  Street,  W. 


CLASSIFIED   INDEX 


Academic,    Scholastic,    and    Educa- 
tional Celebrities  : — Abbott,  Rev.   E. 
A.  ;  Almond,  H.  H.  ;  Allcock,  Rev.  A.  E. ; 
Angell,  J.  B. ;  Anson,  Sir  W.  R.  ;  Atkin- 
son, Rev.  E.  ;  Baker,  Rev.  W.  ;  Barber, 
Rev.  W.    T.    A. ;  Barnard,    H. ;  Barnes- 
Lawrence,  H.  C.  ;  Bayfield,  Rev.  M.  A.  ; 
Beale,  D.  ;  Bell,   llev.  G.  C.  ;   Bellamy, 
Rev.  J.  ;  Bodington,  N.  ;  Boyd,  Rev.  H. ; 
Bright,   J.    F.  ;   Brodrick,   Hon.    G.    C.  ; 
Browning,      Oscar ;     Bryant,     Sophie  ; 
Batcher,  Prof.  S.  H. ;  Butler,  Very  Rev. 
H.  M.  ;   Caird,  E.  ;  Campbell,  Rev.  L. ; 
Chawner,  W.  ;  Croudace,  C.  M.  ;  Dalton, 
Rev.  H.   A. ;  Deshumbert,   M. ;   Diggle, 
J.  R.  ;  Donaldson,  Prof.  J.  ;  Drummond, 
Prof.  Rev.  J. ;  D wight,  T.;  Eliot,  C.  W.,and 
S. ;  Ellis,   Prof.   K.  ;  Eve,  H.  W.  ;  Fair- 
bairn,  A.  M. ;  Faithfull,  L.  ;  Fearon,  Rev. 
W.  A.  ;  Ferrers,  Rev.  N.  M. ;  Field,  Rev. 
T. ;  Fitch,  Sir  J.  G. ;  Fowler,  Rev.  T.  ; 
Furneaux,  Rev.  W.  M. ;  Geddes,  Sir  W. 
D. ;  Gilkes,  A.  H. ;  Gilman,  D.  C.  ;  Glad- 
stone, H.  G. ;  Glazebrook,  Rev.  M.   G.  ; 
Gorst,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  E.  ;  Grant,  Very 
Rev.  G.  M.  ;  Gray,  H.  B.  ;  Greard,  V.  C. 
G. ;  Haig-Brown,  Rev.  W.  ;  Hall,  G.  S. ; 
Harper,   W.    R.  ;   Heard,    Rev.    W.    A.  ; 
Herberden,  C.  B.  ;  Hill,  Alex. ;  Hurlbatt, 
E. ;   Inge,  Rev.   W.  ;   Jackson,  W.   W.  ; 
James,  H.  A.  ;  James,  Rev.  S.  R. ;  Laffan, 
Rev.    R.    S.    de    C.  ;     Lange,    Helene ; 
Latham,  Rev.  H. ;  Lee,  Rev.  R.  ;  Leigh, 
A.  Austin  ;  Lock,  Rev.  W. ;  Lowe,  Canon 
E.  C.  ;  Lyttelton,  Hon.  Canon  E. ;  Mac- 
kenzie, R.  J.  ;  Magrath,  Rev.  J.  R.  ;  Mait- 
land,  A.  C.  ;  Marshall,  J.;  Maynard,  C.  L. 
Merry,    Rev.   W.   W.  ;    Monro,    D.    B. 
Morten,  H.  ;  Moss,  Rev.   H.  W.  ;  Muir 
Sir   W.  ;    Neville,    Hon.   and    Rev.    L. 
Paget,  Verv  Rev.  F. ;  Pedler,  A.  ;  Peile. 
J.  ;    Pelhain,     H.     F.  ;      Penrose,     E. 
Perowne,  Rev.  E.  H. ;  Phear,  Rev.  S.  G. 
Phillpotts,  J.  S. ;  Pollard,  A.  T.  ;  Pollock. 
Rev.  B.  ;  Porter,   Rev.  J.  ;  Reay,  Lord 
Reichel,  H.  R.  ;  Rendall,  G.  H.  ;  Rhys 
J. ;   Robertson,  Rev.   A.  ;   Roby,  H.   J. 
Roscoe,  Prof.  Sir  H.  E. ;  Rusden,  G.  W. 
Rutherford,  Rev.  W.  G.  ;  Sadler,  M.  E. 
Salmon,   Rev.     G.  ;    Schurman,    J.    G. 
Searle,  Rev.  C.  E.  ;  Selwyn,  Rev.  E.  C. 
Sewell,  J.   E.  ;  Sherwood,  Rev.  W.  E. 
Sidgwick,  E.   M.  ;  Skrine,   Rev.   J.   H. 
Smith,  C.  ;  Storr,  F. ;  Story,  Very  Rev. 
R.  H. ;  Stanley,  Hon.  E.  L  ;  Sully,  J. 
Tancock,   Rev.    C.  C. ;  Taylor,  Rev.  C. 
Thorley,  Rev.  G.  E. ;  Titherington,  Rev 


A.  F. ;  Vardy,  Rev.  A.  R.  ;  Wace,  Rev. 
H.  ;   Walker,  F.  W. ;    Walters,  Rev.  F. 

B.  ;  Ward,  A.  W.  ;  Warre,  Rev.  E.  ; 
Warren,  T.  H.  ;  Way,  J.  P.  ;  Welldon, 
Rt.  Rev.  J.  E.  C. ;  Westcott,  Rev.  F.  B.  ; 
White,  Hon.  A.  D.  ;  Wilson,  Rev.  A.  J. 
and  Ven.  J.  M.  ;  Wood,  Rev.  J. ;  Woods, 
Rev.  H.  G.  ;  Wordsworth,  E.  :  Worth- 
ington,  A.  M  ;  Yoxhall,  J.  H. 

Actors,  Actresses,  &c. : — Alexander, 
G.  (George  Alexander  Gibb  Samson) ; 
Bancroft,  Lady  ;  Bancroft,  Sir  Squire  B.; 
Barrett,  Wilson  ;  Barrington,  Rutland  ; 
Bartet,  Madame  ;  Beere,  Mrs.  B.  ;  Bern- 
hardt, Sarah ;  Bourchier,  A.  ;  Boyne, 
Leonard  ;  Brough,  Fanny  ;  Brough,  L. ; 
Campbell,  Mrs.  P.  ;  Chevalier,  Albert ; 
Coffin,  C.  Hay  den ;  Coquelin ,  B.  C,  J. ,  and 
E.  A.  H. ;  Crowe,  Mrs.  George,  ne'e  Kate 
Bateman  ;  Dudlay,  A.  E.  F.  ;  Duse,  E.  ; 
Emery,  Isabel  Winifred  (Mrs.  Cyril 
Maude)  ;  Esmond,  H.  V. ;  Farren,  E.  ; 
Forbes-Robertson,  Johnston  ;  Giddens, 
G.  ;  Got,  F.  J.  E. ;  Grillo,  Marquis  del 
(Ristori) ;  Grossmith,  G..  and  W. ; 
Hading,  Jane  ;  Hare,  J. ;  Hawtrey,  C. 
H. ;  Hicks,  E.  S.  ;  Hollingshead,  J.  ; 
Irving,  Sir  H.  ;  Jefferson,  J.  ;  Kendal, 
Mrs. ;  Kendal,  W.  H.  G.  ;  Langtry,  L. ; 
Law,  W.~  A. ;  Leqouve,  E.  W.  ;  Maude, 
C. ;  Mayer,  M.  L. ;  Modjeska,  H.  ; 
Monckton,  Lady ;  Moore,  M.  ;  Mounet, 
J.  Sully  (Mounet-Sully) ;  Murray,  A.  ; 
Navarro,  Madame  A  (Mary  Anderson) ; 
Neilson,  Julia  (Mrs.  Fred  Terry) ;  Nether- 
sole,  O.  ;  Nicholls,  H. ;  Partridge,  B. 
("Bernard  Gould");  Penlev,  W.  S.  ; 
Pole,  W.  ("William  Poel")  ;  Rehan,  A.  ; 
Rejane,  Mdme. ;  Robins,  E.  (Mrs.  C.  E. 
Raimond)  ;  Rorke,  K.  (Mrs.  James  Gard- 
ner) ;  Rose,  E. ;  St.  Leon,  Mdme.  (Cerito); 
Schiller,  Mdme.  (Yvette  Guilbert)  ; 
Schneider,  H.  C. ;  Terry,  E.  O'C,  Ellen, 
Fred,  and  Kate  (Mrs.  Arthur  Lewis) ; 
Thomas,  Brandon  ;  Toole,  J.  L.  ;  Tree, 
H.  Beerbohm  ;  Truffier,  C.  J.  ;  Vanburgb, 
J.,  and  V.  (Mrs.  Arthur  Bourchier)  ; 
Vezin,  H.  ;  Waller,  L. ;  Willard,  E.  S. ; 
Wyndham,  C. 

Antiquarians,  Archaeologists,  includ- 
ing' Egyptologists  : — Abel,  C.  N.  ; 
Baring-Gould,  Rev.  S.  ;  Budge,  E.  A. 
Wallis  ;  Cesnola,  Count  L.  P.  di ;  Dillon, 
Viscount ;  Duckett,  Sir  G.  F. ;  Evans, 
A.    J.  ;    Ferguson,    R.    S.  ;    Foster,   J.  ; 


1232 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


Gardner,  Prof.  P. ;  Greenwell,  Rev.  W. 
Hardy,  W.  J. ;  Harrison,  Jane  E. ;  Head 
B.  V.  ;  Howorth,  Sir  H.  H.  ;  Jessop,  Rev. 
A.  ;  Jones,  M.  C. ;  Lane-Poole,  S.  ;  Lewis. 
Prof.  B.  ;  Marshall,  G.  W.  ;  Maspero,  G. 
Moens,  W.  J.   C.  ;  Munro,  E.  ;  Murray 

A.  S.  ;  Palmer,  Rev.  C.  F.  ;  Payne,  G. 
Peacock,  E.  ;  Penrose,  F.  C.  ;  Petrie 
Prof.  W.  M.  Flinders ;  Rassam,  H. 
Sayce,  Rev.  A.  H. ;  Waldstein,  C. 
Worthy,  C. 

Architects  : — Aitchison.  G. ;  Barnaby,  Sir 
N.    (naval)  ;    Barry,    C.  ;    Blashill,    T. 
Blomfleld,  Sir  A.  W.  ;  Butterfield,   W. 
Cates,    A.  ;    Champneys,    B.  ;    Emden 
Walter  ;  Edis,  R.   W.  ;  George,  Ernest 
Hall,  E.  T.  ;  Hayward,  C.  F.  ;  Jackson. 
T.    G.  ;    Kerr,    R.  ;    Micklethwaite,    T. 
Mountford,  E.  W.  ;  Newton,  E. ;  Reed 
Sir  E.J.  (naval);  Robins,  E.  C. ;  Seddon 
J.P. ;  Shaw,  R.  N. ;  Smith,  T.  R. ;  Water 
house,  A. ;  Watson,  T.  H.  ;  Webb,  A 
White,  Sir  W.  H.  (naval). 

Authors: — A'Beckett.A.  W. ;  Adam.Mme. 
E. ;  Adams,  C.  F. ;  Adams,  C.  F.,  and  W.  D. ; 
Aflalo,  F.  G. ;  Aide,  C.  Hamilton  ;  Alden, 
W.  L. ;  Aldrich,  T.  B.  ;  Allen,  C.  Grant 

B.  ;  Angus,  J.  ;  Annnadale,  C.  ;  Archer, 
W. ;  Argyll,  Duke  of;  Armstrong,  Walter ; 
Arnold,  Sir  E.  ;  Arnold,  T. ;  Atherton, 
Mrs.  G.  F. ;  Austin,  A. ;  Axon,  W.  E.  A. ; 
Bailey,  P.  J.  ;  Baring-Gould,  Rev.  S.  ; 
Barlow,  J. ;  Barr,  Mrs.  A.  E.  ;  Barres, 
Maurice ;  Barrie,  J.  M. ;  Bayer,  K.  E.  R. ; 
Bavly,  A.  E.  ;  Becker,  B.  H. ;  Beljame, 
A. ;  Bell,  C.  D.  ;  Bell,  H.  T.  Mackenzie  ; 
Belloc,  Madame  E.  R. ;  Benham,  Canon  ; 
Benson,  E.  F. ;  Besant,  Mrs.  A.  ;  Besant, 
Sir  W. ;  Betham-Edwards,  M.  B. ;  Bicker- 
steth,  Rt.  Rev.  H. ;  Bigelow,  J.  ;  Binyon, 
L. ;  Birrell,  A. ;  Bishop,  W.  H. ;  Bjornsen, 
B.  ;  Blackley,  Canon  W.  L.  ;  Blackmore, 
R.  D.  ;  Blind,  K.  ;  Blouet,  Paul  ("Max 
O'Rell ") ;  Blunt,  W.  S. ;  Blyden,  Edward  ; 
Bodley,  J.  E.  C.  ;  Booth,  Charles ; 
Boothby,  Guy  N. ;  Bornier,  Vicomte  H. 
de ;  Bourget,  P. ;  Brand],  Alois ;  Brandes, 
G.  ;  Bridges,  Robert ;  Brodrick,  Hon. 
G.  C.  ;  Brooke,  Rev.  A.  Stopford ; 
Broughton,  R. ;  Brown,  R. ;  Browne, 
T.  A.  ;  Browning,  0.  ;  Bruant,  A.  ; 
Brunetiere,  F.  ;  Buchanan,  R.  W.  ; 
Burnand,  F.  C. ;  Burnett,  Mrs.  F.  Hodg- 
son ;  Burt,  T.  S.  ;  Busch,  M.  ;  Cable, 
G.  W. ;  Caffyn,  K.  M. ;  Caine,  T.  H.  H. ; 
Campbell,  Lady  Colin ;  Carducci,  G. ; 
Carini,  I. ;  Carr,  J.  W.  C.  ;  Chambers, 
Charles  Haddon ;  Chanler,  Mrs.  A.  ; 
Chirol,  V.  ;  Church,  Rev.  A.  J. ;  Clair- 
monte,  Mrs.  (George  Egerton) ;  Claretie, 
J.  A.  A. ;  Clayden,  P.  W.  ;  Cleeve, 
Lucas  ;  Clemens,  S.  L.  ;  Clifford,  Mrs. 
W.  K. ;  Clowes,  W.  Laird  ;  Cobbe,  F.  P.  ; 
Colomb,  Sir  J.  C.  R.  ;  Conrad,  Joseph  ; 


Conway,  Moncure  D.,  and  Sir  W.  Martin  ; 
Cook,  Charles  Henry  (John  Bickerdyke) ; 
Cooper,  Edward  H.  ;  Coppee,  F.  E.  J. ; 
Corelli,  Marie  ;  Cotes,  Mrs.  E.  ;  Cotton, 
J.  S.  ;  Couch,  A.  T.  Quiller ;  Courtney, 
W.  L. ;  Courthope,  W.  J.  ;  Cox,  Palmer  ; 
Crane,  Stephen ;  Crawford,  F.  Marion  ; 
Crockett,  S.  R. ;  Croker,  Mrs.  Beatrice 
M.  ;  Crommelin,  May ;  Cudlip,  Mrs. 
Pender  ;  Currie,  Lady  (Violet  Fane) ; 
Dana,  Marvin ;  D'Annunzio,  G.  ;  Dar- 
mesteter,  Madame  ;  Davidson,  J.  ;  De 
Aruicis,  E.  ;  Dearmer,  Mrs.  ;  Deland, 
M.  W.  ;  Deroulede,  P. ;  Deschanel,  E. 
M. ;  De  Vere,  A.  T. ;  De  Windt,  H. ;  Dicey, 
Prof.  A.  V„  and  E. ;  Dilke,  Lady  ;  Dixon, 
Canon  R.  W.  ;Dobson,  H.  Austin  ;  Dodge, 
M. ;  Doudnev,  S. ;  Douglas,  R.  K. ;  Dowden, 
Prof.  E. ;  Doyle,  A.  Conan  ;  Dubut  de 
Laforest,  J.  L;  Du  Chaillu,  P.  B.;  Duff, 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  M.  E.  Grant ;  Duffy,  Hon. 
Sir  C.  Gavan  ;  Durand,  A.  M.  C. ;  Eche- 
garay,  J.;  Eden,  Rev.  R. ;  Eggleston,  E. : 
Eliot,  S.;  Ellicott,  Rt,  Rev.  C.  J.  ;  Elwin, 
Rev.  W. ;  Escott,  T.  H.  S. ;  Esmond,  H. 
V.  ;  Evans,  S. ;  Eyton,  Canon  R.  ; 
Farrar,  Dean  ;  Fawcett,  E.  ;  Fenn,  G. 
Manville  ;  Field,  H.  M. ;  Filon,  P.  M.  A.; 
Fitzgerald,  P.  H. ;  Forbes-Robertson,  J. ; 
Forman,  H.  Buxton  ;  France,  J.  Anatole 
T.;  Franzos,  K.  E. ;  Frechette,  L.  H.  ; 
Frost,  P. ;  Gale,  Norman,  R, ;  Gallon, 
Tom;  Garnett,  R.;  Gatty,  Rev.  A.;  Gil- 
bert, J.  ;  Gilbert,  W.  S. ;  Gilder,  R.  W.  ; 
Gissing,  A.  and  G.  ;  Godwin,  P.  ;  Gol- 
lancz,  J. ;  Gomme,  G.  L.  ;  Gorse,  E.  W. ; 
Gould,  N. ;  Gower,  Lord  R.  S. ;  Grand, 
S. ;  Grant,  R.  ;  Green,  A.  S.  A.  ;  Green- 
wood, F. ;  Griffiths,  A.  G.  F. ;  Grundy, 
S.  ;  Gubernatis,  Count  Angelo  de ; 
Gunter,  A.  C.  ;  Guthrie,  J.  C.  ;  Guthrie, 
T.  A.  ;  Habberton,  J.  ;  Haggard,  H. 
Rider  ;  Hale,  E.  E. ;  Halevy,  L.  ;  Hano- 
taux,  G. ;  Hardwicke,  H.  J.  ;  Hardy,  I. 
D. ;  Hardy,  Thomas ;  Hare,  A.  J.  C.  ; 
Harraden,  B. ;  Harris,  F. ;  Harris,  J.  C; 
Harrison,  F.  ;  Harrison,  M.  St.  L.  (Lucas 
Malet)  ;  Harte,  F.  Bret ;  Hartmann,  A.  ; 
Hatton,  Joseph;  Hauptmann,  G.  ;  Haus- 
sonville,  Comte  d' ;  Haweis,  Rev.  H.  R.  ; 
Hawkins,  A.  H.  (Anthony  Hope)  ;  Haw- 
thorne, Julian  ;  Hay,  Col.  J. ;  Hay  man, 
Rev.  H.  ;  Hazlitt,  W.  C  ;  Hector,  A.  A. 
(Mrs.  Alexander)  ;  Hefner-Alteneck,  J. 
H.  von  ;  Henley,  W.  E.  ;  Hennique,  L.  ; 
Henrv.  G.  A.  ;  Here'ddia,  J.  M.  ;  Heyse, 
P.  J.'L.  ;  Hichens,  R.  S.  ;  Hickey,  E.  ; 
Hicks,  E.  S.  ;  Higginson,  M.  ;  Higginson, 
T.  W. ;  Hill,  G.  B.  N.  ;  Hobbes,  John 
Oliver  (Mrs.  Craigie) ;  Hocking,  J.  ; 
Hocking,  S.  K.  ;  Hoey,  Mrs.  F.  S.  ;  Hole, 
Very  Rev.  S.  R.  ;  Hollingshead,  J.  ; 
Holmes,  E.,  and  R.  R. ;  Hopper,  E.  N.  : 
Horton,  R.  F.  ;  Houssave,  H.  ;  Howells, 
W.  D. ;  Humphry,  Mrs.  C.  E.  ("Madge  ") ; 
Hunter,    Sir  W.   W. ;   Hutchinson,    J. ; 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1233 


Hutton,  A.  W.  ;  Hutton,  L.  ;  Huysmans, 
J.  K. ;  Ibsen,  H.  ;  Ingram,  J.  H.  ; 
Ingram,  J.  K.  ;  Jacobs,  J.  ;  Jacobs,  W. 
W.  ;  James,  H.  ;  Janvier,  L.  J. ;  Jarvis, 
T.  S.  ;  Jerome,  J.  K. ;  Jessopp,  Rev.  A.  ; 
Jeune,  Lady  ;  Johnson,  L.  ;  Johnston, 
Sir  H.  H.,  and  R.  M. ;  Jokai,  M. ;  Jones, 
H.  A.  ;  Kayserling,  M. ;  Kebbel,  T.  E.  ; 
Kennan,  G. ;  Kent,  W.  C.  M. ;  Kerna- 
han,  C.  ;  Kidd,  B.  ;  Kingsley,  M.  H.  ; 
Kipling,  R. ;  Knight,  Prof.  W.  A.  ; 
Knighton,  W.  ;  Knox,  Mrs. ;  Koltzoff- 
Massalsky,  Princess  von  ;  Landor,  A.  H. 
S.  ;  Lang,  A. ;  Langford,  J.  A. ;  La 
Ramee,  Louise  de  (Ouida) ;  Latey,  J.  ; 
Lavedan,  H.  L.  E.;  Lee,  S. ;  Le  Gallienne, 
R.  ;  Leighton,  M.  C,  and  R. ;  Leland,  C. 
G.  ;  Lemaitre,  F.  E.  J.  ;  Lemonnier,  A. 
L.  C.  ;  Le  Roux,  H.  ;  Lie,  J.  ;  Liebling, 
A. ;  Lilly,  W.  S.  ;  Lippincott,  S.  J.  ; 
Loftie,  Rev.  W.  J. ;  Lowndes,  Mrs. 
(Marie  Belloc) ;  Lowry,  H.  D. ;  Lyall, 
Sir  A.  C. ;  Maartens,  M.  ;  M'Carthy, 
Justin;  M'Carthy,  J.  H.  ;  MacColl, 
Canon  M.  ;  Macdonald,  F.  W.  :  Mac- 
donald,  G.  ;  Macleod,  F. ;  Madden,  Rt. 
Hon.  D.  H.  ;  Maeterlinck,  M.  ;  Mahan, 
Capt.  A.  J. ;  Mallock,  W.  H.  ;  Mar- 
chand,  Hon.  F.  G. ;  Marryat,  F.  (Mrs. 
Francis  Lean) ;  Marsh,  C.  ;  Marshall, 
Prof.  A. ;  Martel  de  Janville,  Comtesse 
de  ("  Gyp  ") ;  Martin,  Mrs.  F. ;  Martin, 
Sir  T. ;  Massey,  T.  G.  ;  Masson,  D.  ; 
Maxwell,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  E.  ;  Maxwell, 
Mrs.  J.  (Miss  Braddon) ;  Mayo,  J.  Fyvie  ; 
Meding,  J.  F.  M.  O.  (Gregor  Samarow) ; 
Mendes,  C.  ;  Meredith,  G.  ;  Merivale, 
H.  C. ;  Meurice,  F.  P.;  Meynell,  A., 
and  W. ;  Mezieres,  A.  J.  F.  ;  Miller, 
"Joaquin";  Mirbeau,  O.  ;  Mitchell, 
D.  G.  ;  Molesworth,  M.  L. ;  Montagu, 
Rt.  Hon.  L.  R.  ;  Montepin,  X.  A.  de  : 
Montgomery,  F.  ;  Montresor,  F  F.  ; 
Moore,  F.  F.,  and  G. ;  Moreas,  J. ;  Morley, 
Rt.  Hon.  J. ;  Morris,  Sir  L.,  and  M.  W. ; 
Morrison,  A.  ;  Mulhall,  M. ;  Mullinger, 
J.  B. ;  Murray,  D.  Christie ;  Myers,  F.  W. ; 
Nicholson,  E.  W.  B.  ;  Niooll,  W.  Robert- 
son ;  Norman,  H.,  and  Mrs.  H.  ;  Norris, 
W.  E. ;  Norton,  C.  E.  ;  Nunez  de  Arce, 
G.  ;  O'Brien,  R.  Barry;  Ohnet,  G ; 
Page,  T.  N. ;  Paget,  Violet ;  Pain,  Barry  ; 
Palgrave,  Sir  R.  F.  D. ;  Parker,  G.,  and 
L.  N. ;  Parr,  Mrs.  L.  ;  Paterson,  W.  R. 
("Benjamin  Swift");  Payne,  E.  J.; 
Peard,  F.  M.  ;  Pemberton,  M.  ;  Pennell, 
H.  C.  ;  Philips,  F.  C. ;  Phillips,  S. ; 
Phillpotts,  E.  ;  Pinero,  A.  W. ;  Pitman, 
Mrs.  E.  R. ;  Pollock,  W.  H.  ;  Porter, 
General  H.  ;  Power,  DA. ;  Praed,  Mrs. 
Campbell  Mackworth  ;  Pressense",  F.  de  ; 
PreVost,  M. ;  Prothero,  G.  W.,  and  R.  E. ; 
Quesnay  de  Beaurepaire,  J. ;  Quilter,  H. ; 
Reaney,  I.;  Reeves,  Mrs.  H.  ("Helen 
Mathers  ")  ;  Reid,  Sir  T.  Wemyss  ; 
Reville,  A.  ;  Rhys,  E.,  and  G.  ;  Riddell, 


Mrs. ;  Rigg,  Rev.  J.  H.  ;  Ritchie,  A.  I. 
(Mrs.  Richmond  Ritchie)  ;  Roberts,  M.  ; 
Robinson,  P.  S.  ;  Rod,  E.  ;  Rogei-s,  Rev. 
J.  Guinness ;  Rohlfs,  Mrs.  C.  ;  Rollinat, 
M. ;   Roosevelt,   Hon.  T. ;    Ropes,  A.  R. 
("Adrian  Ross");    Rose,  E.  ;    Rossetti, 
W.  M. ;  Rostand,  E. ;  Rowbotham,  J.  F.  ; 
Ruskin,   J.  ;    Russell,  W.   Clark ;    Ryan, 
W.  P. ;  St.  John-Brenon,  E. ;  Saintsbury, 
Prof.    G.   E.    B.  ;    Sardou,   V. ;    Savage, 
R.    H.  ;      Savage  -  Armstrong,     G.    F. ; 
Schreiner,     Olive     (Mrs.     Cronwright- 
Schreiner) ;     Scott,    Clement    W.,    and 
H.   S. ;    Scudder,   H.   E. ;    Senior,   W. 
Sergeant,    E.   F.   A. ;    Sewell,     E.    M. 
Sharp,    W.  ;     Shaw,    G    B.  ;    Sherard 
R.    H.  ;    Shipley,   Rev.    Orby ;    Shorter, 
Mrs.  C.  K.   (Dora  Sigerson),  and  C.  K. 
Shorthouse,    J.    H. ;    Sienkiewicz,    H. 
Sims,    G.    R.  ;    Skeat,    Prof,    the    Rev 
W.  W. ;  Skrine,  Rev.  J.  H.  ;  Sladen,  D. 
Smeaton,  W.  H.  0.  ;  Smiles,  S.  ;  Smith 
G.    B.,     G.    V.,     and    Prof.    Goldwin 
Spence,  C.  H. ;  Spielhagen,  F. ;  Stannard 
Mrs.   A.   (John  Strange  Winter) ;   Sted 
man,   E.    C.  ;    Steel,    F.    A. ;    Steevens, 
G.  W. ;  Stephen,  Leslie ;  Stephens,  Very 
Rev.  W.  R.  W.  ;  Stigand,  W.  ;  Stirling, 
J.  H.  ;  Stockton,  F.  R. ;  Stoddard,  R.  H,  ; 
Street,  G.  S.  ;   Strindberg,  A.  ;  Stubbs, 
Very    Rev.    C.    W. ;    Sudermann,    H.  ; 
Sully-Prudhomme,  R.   F.  A. ;    Swetten- 
ham,    Sir    F.    A. ;    Swinburne,    A.    C.  ; 
Symons,  A.  ;    Taylor,   Rev.  I. ;   Temple, 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  R. ;   Thomas,  B.  ;  Thomp- 
son,    F.  ;     Todhunter,     John ;    Tolstoi, 
Count ;  Tom-gee,  A.  W.  ;  Traill,  H.  D. ; 
Tuttiett,  M.  G.  (Maxwell  Gray);  Tweedie, 
Mrs.     A. ;      Tynan,     Katharine     (Mrs. 
K.    Tynan-Hinkson);    Vandam,    A.    D. 
("Englishman   in   Paris");   Van   Dyke, 
H. ;  Vapereau,  L.  G.  ;  Verne,  J. ;  Viaud, 
L.  M.  J.   ("Pierre  Loti");  Villari,  P.  ; 
Vogue,    Vicomte   E,    M.    de ;    Walford, 
Mrs.    L.    B.  ;    Walkley,   A.    B.  ;    Ward, 
A.  W.,   Mrs.    H.   D.    M.,   Mary  Augusta 
(Mrs.     Humphry    Ward) ;     Warden,    F. 
(Mrs.    James) ;     Warner,     C.    Dudley 
Warren,  T.  H.  ;  Watson,  A.  E.  T.,  Rev.  J 
("Ian    Maclaren "),    William;     Watts 
Dunton,  T. ;  Wedmore,  F. ;  Wells,  H.  G. 
Weyman,     S.    J.  ;     Wheatley,    H.    B. 
White,    H.,    and    P;    Whitney,   A.   D. 
Wilkins,  M.  E.;  Wilkinson,  J.  J.  Garth 
Williamson,  Mrs.  C.  N.  ;  Wilson,  A.  J. 
Wingate,  Colonel   F.   R. ;   Witt,   J.   G. 
Woods,  M.  L.  ;  Wordsworth,  Canon  C. 
E.,  and  Right  Rev.  J. ;   Teats,    W.   B. 
Yonge,    C.   M. ;    Young,    Sir  G. ;   Zang- 
will,  I. ;  Zimniern,  H.  M. ;  Zola,  E. 

Diplomatic,  Administrative,  Official : 

— Aberdeen,  Earl  of  ;  Ali  Pacha  ;  Ancas- 
ter,  Earl  of  ;  Arbuthnot,Sir  A.  G.;  Arnott, 
Sir  J.  ;  Barbour,  Sir  D.  M. ;  Baring,  W. ; 
Barker,  Lieut.-Gen.  G.  D.  ;  Barrington, 

i  I 


1234 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


Hon.  W.  A.  C.  ;  Bascunan,  A.  ;  Bayley, 
Sir  S.  C.  ;  Beauclerk,  W.  N.  ;  Bedford, 
Vice-Ad.  Sir  F.  ;  Beeton,  H.  C.  ;  Belper, 
Lord  ;  Benedetti,  Comte  V.  de  ;  Ber- 
keley, E.  J.  L.  ;  Bigge,  Sir  A.  J.  ;  Blake, 
SirH.  A.  ;  Bower,  Sir  Graham  J.  ;  Boyle, 
Sir  C.  ;  Braddon,  Rt.  Hod.  Sir  E.  N.  C; 
Bradford,  Col.  Sir  E.  R.  C.  ;  Brady,  Sir 
T.  F.  ;  Brandis,  Sir  D.  ;  Brett,  Hon.  R. 

B.  ;  Brownlow,  Earl ;  Bruce,  Sir  C.  ; 
Buchanan,  G.  W.  ;  Bulwer,  Sir  H.  E. 
G.  ;  Burton,  Sir  F.  W.  ;  Buxton,  Sir  T. 
Fowell  ;  Cambon,  P.  P.  ;  Caratheodory 
Pacha ;  Cardew,  Col.  Sir  F.  ;  Carring- 
ton,  Earl ;  Chaney,  H.  J.  ;  Chermside, 
Maj.-Gen.  ;  Choate,  J.  H. ;  Clarke,  C.P. 
Clarke,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  M.  J. ;  Collen 
Sir  E.  H.  H.  ;  Colquhoun,  A.  R.  ;  Colvin 
Sir  A.  ;  Conger,  E.  N. ;  Cooper,  Sir  D. 
Costaki,  A.;  Cotton,  H.  J.  S.,  and  Sir 
W.  J.   R.  ;    Coural,  Baron  de  ;  Creagh 

C.  V. ;  Cromer,  Viscount  ;  Crosthwaite. 
Sir  C.  H.  T. ;  Crosthwaite,  Sir  R.  J. 
Currie,  Lord ;  Curzon,  Lord  ;  Davies 
Sir  R.  H.  ;  Decrais,  P.  L.  A. ;  Dering, 
Sir  H.  M.  ;  Desart,  Earl  of ;  De  Staal. 
G.  ;  Des  Vceux,  Sir  G.  W.  ;  De  Winton 
Maj.-Gen. ;  Deym,  Count  F.  ;  Donnelly 
Maj.-Gen.  Sir  J.  F.  D.  ;  Drummond 
V.    A.   W.  ;   Ducane,   Maj.-Gen.   Sir   E. 

F.  ;  Duff,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  M.  E.  G. 
Dufferin  and  Ava,  Marquis  of  ;  Dunn 
Sir  W.  ;  Du  Plat,  Sir  C.  T.  ;  Durand 
Sir  H.  M.  ;  Edwards,  Lt.-Col.  the  Rt 
Hon.  Sir  F.  I.  ;  Egerton,  Sir  E.  H. 
Elgin,  Earl  of;  Eliot,  F.E.H.  ;  Elliot. 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  G.  ;  Ellis,  Maj.-Gen, 
Sir  A. ;  Emlyn,  Viscount ;  Euan-Smith 
Sir  C.  B.  ;  Eyre,   E.  J.  ;    Fane,   Sir  E 

D.  V.  ;  Fearon,  D.  R.  ;  Fergusson,  Rt 
Hon.  Sir  J.  ;  Ferrero,  Gen.  A.  ;  Testing, 

E.  R. ;   Fitzgerald,  Sir  G.  ;    FitzPatrick 
Sir  D.  ;  Frey,   E.  ;  Fryer,   Sir  F.  ;  Gal 
lieni,   Gen.  J.  S.  ;  Gell,  Sir  J.  ;  Godley. 
Sir  A.  ;  Goldie,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  G.  D.  T.' 
Gormanston,   Viscount  ;    Goschen,    W 

E.  ;  Gosling,  A.  C.  ;  Grafton,  Duke  of 
Greene,  W.  C.  ;  Greville,  G.  ;  Grev 
Earl ;    Grey-Wilson,   W.  ;    Griffiths,  A, 

G.  F.  ;  Gully,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  C.  ;  Haggard 
W.  H.  D. ;  Haliburton,  Lord  ;  Halliday 
Sir  F.J. ;  Hampden,  Viscount ;  Hanbury 
Rt.  Hon.  R.  W. ;  Hardinge,  Sir  A.  H. 
Harrington,  J.  L.  ;  Harris,  Lord  ;  Hatz 
feldt,  Count  von  ;  Havelock,  Sir  A.  E. 
Hay,  Col.  J.  ;  Hay,  Sir  J.  S.  ;  Heath,  H 

F.  ;  Hely-Hutchinson,  Hon.  Sir  W.  F. 
Hemming,    Sir    A.   W.   L.  ;    Henniker, 
Lord  ;  Herbert.   Hon.  M.  H.  ;  Herbette 
J.  G.  ;  Hertolet,  Sir  E.  ;  Hill,  Sir  C.  L. 
Hitchcock,    E.   A. ;    Hodgson,    F.    M. 
Hope,    Sir    T.    C.  ;     Howard,    Sir   H. 
Hunter,   Maj.-Gen.    Sir  A.,  and  Sir  W, 
W.  ;  Hutchins,   Sir  P.  P.  ;  Ignatieff,  N 
P.  ;  Ilbert,  Sir  C.   P.  ;  Jameson,   L.  S. 
Janvier,  L.  J.  ;  Jenner,  G.   F.  B.  ;  Jer 


ningham,  Sir  H.  E.  H.  ;  Jersey,  Earl  of 
Johnston,  Sir  H.  H.  ;  Jones,  Captain  H 
M.  ;  Jordan,  J.  N.  ;  Kato,  T.  ;  Kawase 
Viscount  M.  ;  Kekewich,  Sir  G.  W. 
Kennedy,  J.  G.  ;  Kennedy,  R.  J. ;  King 
Harman,  C.  A. ;  Kingston,  C.  C.  ;  Kin 
tore,  Earl  of  ;  Knollys,  Sir  C.  ;  Lagden 
Sir  G.  Y.  ;  Lamington,  Lord ;  Lans 
downe,  Marquis  of  ;  Lascelles,  Sir  F.  C. 
Le  Hunte,  G.  R.  ;  Le  Marchant,  F.  C. 
Lepine,  L.  ;  Lessar,  P.  ;  Llewelyn,  SirR 
B.  ;  Loch,  Lord  ;  Loftus,  Rt.  Hon 
Lord  ;  Lo  Feng-Luh,  Sir  Chih  Chen 
Londonderry,  Marquis  of  ;  Longley, 
Sir  H.  ;  Lushington,  Sir  G. ;  Lyall,  Sir 
A.  C. ;  Lyall,  Sir  C.  J.  ;  Lyte,  H.  C. 
Macartney,  Sir  H.  ;  M'Callum,  Lieut, 
Col.  Sir  H.  E.  ;  M'Clelan,  Hon.  A.  R. 
Macdonald,  Sir  C.  M.  ;  Macdonnell. 
Sir  A.  P  ;  MacDonnell,  Sir  H.  G. 
MacGregor,  Sir  W.;  M'Innes,  Hon.  T.  R. 
Mackay,  Sir  J.  L.  ;  Mackenzie,  Hon.  Sir 
A.  ;  Malet,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  E.  B.  ;  Malcolm 
Khan  ;  Marindin,  Sir  F.  A.  ;  Martin, 
Sir  T.  A.  ;  Milner,  Sir  A.  ;  Minto,  Earl 
of  ;  Mitchell,  Sir  C.  B.  H. ;  Mohamed 
Ali  Khan  ;  Moloney,  Sir  C.  A.  ;  Monro, 
J.  ;  Monson,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  E.  J.  ;  Moor, 
R.  D.  R.  ;  Miinster-Ledenburg,  Count ; 
Murray,  Hon.  G.  H.,  and  Sir  H.  H.  ; 
Nevares,  C.  ;  Nicolson,  Sir  A.  ;  Nigra, 
Count ;  Noble,  Hon.  J.  W.  ;  Novikoff, 
O.  ("O.K.") ;  O'Brien,  Sir  G.  T.  M.,  and 
Sir  J.  T.  N.  ;  O'Conor,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  U. 
R.  ;  Ommaney,  SirM.  F.  ;  Owen,  Sir  H.; 
Pakenham,  Hon.  Sir  F.  J.  ;  Palgrave, 
Sir  R.  F.  D.  ;  Palma,  T.  E.  ;  Palmer, 
Sir  E.  M.  ;  Pauncefote,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.; 
Peel,  Viscount;  Petre,  SirG.  E.  ;  Phipps, 
E.  C.  H.  ;  Plowden,  T.  J.  C.  ;  Plunkett, 
Hon.  Sir  F.  R.  ;  Ponsonby-Fane,  Hon. 
Sir  S.  C.  B.  ;  Poubelle,  E.  R.  ;  Probyn, 
Sir  D.  M.  ;  Pyne,  Sir  T.  S.  ;  Ranfurly, 
Earl  of  ;  Rendel,  G.  W. ;  Ridgeway,  Rt. 
Hon.  Sir  J.  W.  ;  Rivett-Carnac,  Col.  J. 
H.  ;  Roberts-Austen,  Prof.  Sir  W. 
Chandler  ;  Robertson,  Lieut.-Col.  D., 
and  Sir  G.  S.  ;  Robinson,  Sir  W.  ;  Rodd, 
Sir  J.  Rennell ;  Rumbold,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 
H.  ;  Sackville,  Lord  ;  St.  John,  F.  R., 
and  Sir  S.  ;  San  Bartolomeo,  Baron  de 
(Baron  de  Renzis)  ;  Sandhurst,  Lord  ; 
Sandys,  J.  E.  ;  Satow,  Sir  E.  M.  ;  Scott, 
Sir  C.  S.  ;  Selves,  M.  de  ;  Sendall,  Sir 
W.  J.  ;  Shaw,  Sir  Eyre  M.  ;  Shea,  Sir 
A.  A.  ;  Slatin  Pasha,  Sir  R.  C. ;  Smith, 
Sir  C.  C,  Col.  Sir  G.,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  H., 
and  H.  C.  ;  Stanmore,  Lord  ;  Stephen, 
Sir  A.  Condie;  Stephenson,  Sir  F.  C.  A.; 
Stokes,  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  J.  ;  Strachey, 
Lieut.  -  Gen.  Sir  R.  ;  Suffield,  Lord  ; 
Swettenham,  Sir  F.  A.;  Temple,  Rt.  Hon. 
Sir  R.,  and  Lieut.-Col.  R.  C.  ;  Tennant, 
Mrs.  H.  J.  ;  Tennyson,  Lord  ;  Thomp- 
son, Sir  E.  Maunde,  and  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  R. 
W. ;  Thornton,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  E.  ;  Thur- 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1235 


low,  Lord  ;  Thynne,  Rt.  Hon.   Lord  H. 

F.  ;     Udny,    Sir    K.  ;    Vicars,  Sir  A.  ; 
Vilers,  C.  M.  Le  Myre  de  ;  Waldegrave, 
Earl  of ;  Wallace,  W.  ;  Walpole,  Sir  H. 
G.,  and  Sir  S.  ;  Walsham,  Sir  J.  ;  War- 
ren, Sir  C. ;  Welby,  G.  E.  ;  Wells,  Com- 
mander L.   de   L.  ;   Westland,   Sir  J. 
Wilson,  Sir  C.  Rivers  and  D. ;  Wingfield 
Sir    E. ;    Wolff,    Right    Hon.    H.    D. 
Woodburn,   Sir  J.  ;    Woodford,   S.   L. 
Woods,  Sir  A.   W. ;   Wyndham,  Sir  G. 
Hugh;  Young,  Sir  G.  and  Sir  W.  M, 
Younghusband,  Captain  F.  E. 

Ecclesiastics,  Divines,  &c,  of  all 
Denominations : — Abbot,  Lyman ;  Ad- 
derley,  Hon.  and  Rev.  J.  G.  ;  Adler, 
Rev.  H.  ;  Ainger,  Canon  A. ;  Alexander, 
Most  Rev.  W. ;  Alford,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  R. ; 
Alger,  W.  R. ;  Allies,  T.  W.  ;  Archdall, 
The.Rt.  Rev.  Mervyn  ;  Atkinson,  Rev. 
J.  C. ;  Bardsley,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  W. ;  Bar- 
nett,  Canon  S.  A.  ;  Barry,  Rt.  Rev.  A.  ; 
Beckles,  Rt.  Rev.  E.  H. ;  Beet,  J.  Agar ; 
Bell,  C.  D. ;  Benham,  Canon  W.  ;  Berry, 
Rev.  C.  A.  ;  Bickersteith,  Rt.  Rev.  H." ; 
Blackley,  Canon  W.  L.  ;  Blunt,  Rt.  Rev. 
R.  F.  L.  ;  Body,  G.  ;  Bond,  Rt.  Rev. 
W.  B. ;  Booth,  Rev.  W.  ;  Boyle,  Very 
Rev.  G.  D.  ;  Bradley,  Very  Rev.  G.  G.  ; 
Briggs,  C.  A.  ;  Bright,  Canon  W.  ; 
Brooke,  Rev.  A.  S.  ;   Browne,  Rt.   Rev. 

G.  F.  ;  Brownlow,  Bishop  ;    Bush,  Rev. 
J.;  Capel,  Rt.  Rev.  Monsignor  T.  J. ;  Car- 
penter, Rt.  Rev.  W.  B.  ;  Carrington,  Very 
Rev.  H.  ;    Charteris,   Prof.  Rev,  A.  H. 
Cheyne,    Prof.    Rev.   T.    K. ;    Chinnery 
Haldane,    Rt.    Rev.  J.  R.  A. ;    Clifford 
Dr.  J.  ;  Compton,  Rt.  Rev.  Lord  A.  S. 
Cook,   Rev,  J.  ;     Coplestone,    Rt.    Rev. 
R.    S.  ;    Corrigan,    Most    Rev.    M.   A. 
Couaty,  Rev.  T.  J.  ;    Cowie,  Very  Rev. 
B.  M.;  Cowie,  Most  Rev.  W.  G. ;  Cramer 
Roberts,  Rt.  Rev.  F.  A.  R.  ;    Creighton 
Rt.  Rev.  M. ;  Croke,  Most  Rev.  T.  W. 
Crosthwaite,  Rt.    Rev.    R.   J.  ;    Crozier, 
Rt.  Rev.  J.  B. ;  Darby,  Very  Rev.  J.  L. 
Davey,  Very  Rev.  W.  H. ;  Davidson,  Rt. 
Rev.  R.  T. ;   Davies,  Rev.  J.  Llewelyn 
Day,  Rt.  Rev.  M.  F. ;  Didon,  H.  ;  Dix 
M.  ;  Dods,  Prof,  the  Rev.  M. ;  Dowden 
Rt.    Rev.    J.  ;    Douglas,    Hon.    and   Rt. 
Rev.  A.  G.  ;  Driver,  Prof,  the  Rev.  S.  R. 
Drummond,  Prof,   the   Rev.   J.  ;    Duck 
worth,  Canon  R.  ;   Earle,  Rt.  Rev.  A. 
Eden,  Rt.  Rev.  G.   R.  ;  Eden,  Rev.  R. 
Edwards,  the   Rt.    Rev.    A.    G. ;    Eliot 
Very  Rev.  P.  F.  ;  Ellicott,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  J. 
Eyre,  Most  Rev.  C. ;  Eyton,  Canon  R. 
Farrar,  Ven.  F.  W.  ;   Festing,  Rt.  Rev. 
J.  W.  ;  Fleming,  Rev.  J.  ;  Forrest,  Very 
Rev.  R.  W. ;  Fremantle,  Hon.  and  Rev. 
W.   H.  ;   Friedlander,    Dr.    M.  ;    Furse, 
Canon  C.  W. ;  Gell,  Rt.  Rev.  F.  ;  Gib- 
bons, Cardinal  J.  ;  Glyn, .  Hon.  and  Rt. 
Rev.   E.  Carr  ;   Goe,   Rt,    Rev.    F.   F.  ; 


Gore,    Rev.    C.  ;     Gott,    Rt.    Rev.    J. 
Graves,    Rt.    Rev.   C.  ;     Gregory,    Very 
Rev.    R. ;  Guinness,   Rev.   H.   Grattan 
Hall,  Rev.  N.  ;  Harrison,  Rt.  Rev.  W.  T. 
Hastings,   T.    S. ;    Haweis,  Rev.   H.  R. 
Headlam,  Rev.  S.  D.  ;  Hedley,  Rt,  Rev. 
J.   C.  ;    Hellmuth,    Rt.    Rev.    I.  ;    Hen 
derson,  Very  Rev.  W.   G.  ;    Hingeston 
Randolph,  Rev.   F.    C.  ;  Hitchens,   Rev. 
J.  H.  ;  Hole,  Very  Rev.  S.  R. ;  Holland 
Canon  H.  Scott  ;   Hopps,  J.  P.  ;   Hor 
ton,  R.  F.  ;     Howell,    Very    Rev.    D. 
Humphrey,    Rev.    W.  ;    Hughes,    Rev. 
Hugh  Price;  Huntington,  Rt.  Rev.  F.  D 
Ince,  Rev.  W. ;   Ingram,  Very  Rev.  W. 
C.  ;    Jacob,    Rt.    Rev.   E.  ;     Jayne,    Rt 
Rev.   F.  J.  ;  Jermyn,  Most  Rev.  H.  W. 
Jex-Blake,  Very  Rev.    T.  W. ;  Johnson 
Most   Rev.   E.    R.  ;    Johnson,   Rt.   Rev 
H.   F.  ;    Jones,  Rev.  W.  ;  Jones,  Most 
Rev.  W.   W.  i    Keane,  Rt.   Rev.   J.  J. 
Keene,   Most   Rev.   J.  B.  ;    Kelly,   Rev, 
C.  H.  ;  Kelly,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  B.  K. ;  Kempe. 
Rev.  J.  E.  ;  Kennion,  Rt.   Rev.   G.  W. 
Kestell-Cornish,  Rt.  Rev.  R. ;  King,   Rt. 
Rev.  E.  ;    Kirkpatrick,    Prof,   the   Rev 
A.  F. ;  Kitchin,  Very  Rev.  G.  W.  ;  Kitto 
J.  F.  ;  Knox,  Rt.  Rev.  E.  A.  ;  Lawrence, 
Rt.  Rev.  W.  ;  Ledochowski,  Cardinal  M. 
Lees,  Very  Rev.  J.  C. ;  Lefroy,  Rt.  Rev. 
Lefroy,  Very  Rev.  W. ;  Legge,  Hon.  and 
Rt.  Rev.  A. ;  Leigh,  Hon.  and  Very  Rev. 
J.  W. ;  Leishman,   Rev.  T.  ;  Leo  XIII 
Lewis,    Most    Rev.   J.    T.  ;    Lewis,    Rt 
Rev.   R. ;    Little,   Canon   W.    J.    Knox 
Lloyd,  Rt.  Rev.  A.  T.,  and  D.  L.,  and  J. 
Logue,  Cardinal ;  Loyson,  C.  ;  Luckock 
Very  Rev.   H.  M.  ;    Lyne,  Rev.    J.    L. 
Macarthur,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  ;  MacColl,  Canon 
M. ;    M'Cormick,   Rev.   J.  ;    Macdonald, 
Most  Rev.  A. ;  MacEvilly,  Most  Rev.  J. ; 
M'Gaw,  Rev.  J.  T.  ;  Machray,  Most  Rev. 
R.  ;  Maclagan,  Rt.  Hon.  and  Most  Rev. 
W.  D. ;  Macleod,  Very  Rev.  D. ;  Maclure, 
Very  Rev.   E.   C. ;  Macmillan,  Rev.  H. ; 
Macrorie,  Rt.  Rev.  W.  K. ;  Marsden,  Rt. 
Rev.    S.    E.  ;    Martineau,    J.  ;    Mason, 
Prof.  A.  J. ;  Matheson,  Rev.  G. ;  Meade, 
Rt.  Rev.  W.  E.  ;    Meyrick,    Canon   F.  ; 
Mitchinson,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  ;  Moody,  D.  L.  ; 
Moorhouse,  Rt.  Rev.  J.;  Moran,  Cardinal; 
Mostyn,  Rt.   Rev.  F.  ;    Mylne,  Rt.  Rev. 
L.  G. ;  Newbolt,  Rev.  W.  C.  E.  ;  Nuttall, 
Most  Rev.  E.  ;  Owen,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  ;    Park, 
E.   A.  ;  Parker,  J.  ;  Patterson,  Rt.  Rev. 
J.   L.  ;   Patton,  F.  L.  ;    Peacocke,  Most 
Rev.  J.  F.  ;  Pearce,  Rev.  M.  G. ;  Percival, 
Rt.  Rev.  J. ;  Perowne,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  J.  S. ; 
Perrin,  Rt.   Rev.  W.  W.  ;  Pickard-Cam- 
bridge,  Rev.  0.  ;  Pigou,  Very  Rev.  F. ; 
Pott,  Ven.  A. ;  Potter,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  C.  ; 
Pulleine,  Rt.    Rev.  J.   J.  ;    Purey  Cust, 
Very  Rev.  A.  P.  ;  Rampolla,    Cardinal ; 
Randall,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  L.,  and  Very  Rev.  R. 
W.;  Rawlinson.Prof.theRev.G.;  Reville, 
A. ;  Riddell,  Rt.  Rev.  A. ;  Ridding,  Rt. 


1236 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


Rev.  G. ;  Rigg,  Rev.  J.  H.  ;  Rogers, 
Rev.  J.  Guinness  ;  Rowland,  Rev.  A. ; 
Royston,  Rt.  Rev.  P.  S.  ;  Ryle,  Rev. 
Prof.  H.  E.,  and  Rt.  Rev.  J.  C. ;  Salmon, 
Rev.  G.  ;  Sanday,  Rev.  W.  ;  Sandford, 
Rt.  Rev.  0.  W.,'  and  Rt.  Rev.  D.  F.  ; 
Sheepshanks,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  ;  Shore,  Rev. 
T.  T.  ;  Shuttleworth,  Rev.  H.  C.  ;  Sin- 
clair, Archdeacon  W.  M.  ;  Smith,  Rev. 
I.  G,  and  Most  Rev.  W.  S.  ;  Spence, 
Very  Rev.  H.  D.  M.  ;   Stack,  Rt.  Rev. 

C.  M. ;  Stalker,  J. ;  Stamer,  Rt.  Rev.  Sir 
L.  T. ;  Stanton,  Revs.  A.  H.  and  V.  H.; 
Stephens,  Very  Rev.  W.  R.  W.;  Stephen- 
son, Rev.  T.  B.  ;  Storrs,  R.  S.  ;  Story, 
Very  Rev.  R.   H.  ;  Straton,  Rt.  Rev.  N. 

D.  J.  ;  Strossmayer,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  G.  ; 
Stuart,  Rt.  Rev.  E.  C.  ;  Stubbs,  C.  W., 
and  Rt.  Rev.  W.  ;  Sumner,  Rt.  Rev. 
G.  H. ;  Swallow,  Rev.  R.  ;  Sweatman, 
Rt.  Rev.  A. ;  Swete,  Rev.  H.  B.  ;  Talbot, 
Rt.  Rev.  E.  S.  ;  Talmage,  T.  de  W.  ; 
Taylor,  W.  M.  ;  Temple,  Most  Rev.  F.  ; 
Thicknesse,  Rt.  Rev.  F.  H.  ;  Thompson, 
Rev.  J.  ;  Tozer,  Rt.  Rev.  W.  G.  ;  Tre- 
fusis,  Rt.  Rev.  R.  E.  ;  Tristram,  Rev. 
H.  B.  ;  Turner,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  H.  ;  Van 
Dyke,  H. ;  Vaughan,  Cardinal ;  Vincent. 
Bishop  ;  Vovsey,  Rev.  C.  ;  Wace,  Rev, 
H. ;  Walsh,  Rt.  Revs.  W.  and  W.  P.,  and 
Most  Rev.  W.  J.  ;  Ware,  Rt.  Rev.  H 
Watkins,  Ven.  H.  W.  ;  Watkinson,  Rev, 
W.  L.  ;  Webber,  Rt.  Rev.  W.  T.  T. ;  Wei 
land,  Rt.  Rev.  T.  J.  ;  Welldon,  Rt.  Rev. 
J.  E.  C.  ;  Were,  Rt.  Rev.  E.  A.  ;  West 
cott,  Rev.  B.  F.  ;  Whitehead,  Rt.  Rev.  H 
Whyte,   Rev.  A. ;    Wickham,  Very  Rev. 

E.  C.  ;  Wilberforce,  Canon  A.  B.  0.,  and 
Rt.  Rev.  E.  R. ;  Wilkinson,  Rt.  Rev.  G.  H., 
and  Right  Rev.  T. ;  Williams,  Rt,  Rev. 
W.  H. ;  Winnington-Ingram,  Rt.  Rev. 
A.  F.  ;  Wordsworth,  Canon  C.,  and  Rt. 
Rev.  J. ;  Teatman-Biggs,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  W.  ; 
Zeller,  E. 

Engineers,  Electricians,  Inventors, 
&c. : — Andrews,  T. ;  Armstrong,  Prof. 
G.  F. ;  Ayrton,  Prof.  W.  E. ;  Baker,  Sir 
B. ;  Barlow,  W.  H.  ;  Barry,  Sir  J.  Wolfe ; 
Bell,  A.  G. ;  Bell,  Sir  I.  L. ;  Berkley  G. ; 
Bidwell,  S.  ;  Binnie,  Sir  A.  R.  ;  Bram- 
well,  Sir  F.  J.  ;  Brialmont,  Gen.  A.  H. ; 
Canning,  Sir  S.  ;  Chassepot,  A.  A.  ; 
Deacon,  G.  F.  ;  Edison,  T.  A. ;  Eiffel, 
G.  ;  Fleming,  Prof.  J.  A.  ;  Fleming,  S. ; 
Foster,  C.  Le  Neve  ;  Fox,  Sir  C.  Douglas  ; 
Gatling,  R.  J. ;  Gore,  G ;  Hallett,  H.  S.  ; 
Hartley,  Sir  C.  A. ;  Hayter,  H. ;  Hughes, 
Prof.  D.  E.  ;  Jones,  Lieut. -Col.  A.  S.  ; 
Kennedy,  Em.-Prof.  A.  B.  W. ;  Marconi, 
W. ;  Maxim,  H.  S.  ;  Molesworth,  Sir 
G.  L.  ;  Moncrieff,  Col.  Sir  A. ;  Penny- 
cuick,  Col.  J. ;  Perkin,  W.  H. ;  Pole,  W.  ; 
Poynting,  Prof.  J.  H. ;  Preece,  Sir  W.  H. ; 
Pyne,  Sir  T.  S.  ;  Rendel,  Sir  A.  M.,  and 
G.  W.  ;  Rbntgen,  C.  W. ;  Salomons,  Sir 


D.  L. ;  Samuelson,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  B.  ; 
Snelus,  G.J. ;  Sprengel,  H.  J.  P. ;  Stoney, 
B.  B. ;  Stuart,  Prof.  J.  ;  Swan,  J.  W. ; 
Tesla,  N. ;  Thornycroft,  J.  I. ;  Thurston, 
Prof.  R.  H.  ;  Trouton,  F.  T. ;  Unwin, 
Prof.  Wm.  C. ;  Verbeck,  R.  D.  M. 

Historians : — Acton,  Lord ;  Adams,  C.  K. ; 
Beesly,  Prof.  E.  S.  ;  Burrows,  M. ;  Cox, 
Rev.  Sir  G.  W. ;  Creighton,  Rt.  Rev. 
Mandell ;  Dahn,  Prof.  Geheimr.  J.  S.  F. ; 
Diimmler,  E.  L.  ;  Gairdner,  J. ;  Gardiner, 
S.  R.  ;  Gasquet,  Rev.  F.  A.  ;  Green, 
A.  S.  A. ;  Green,  M.  A.  E.  ;  Harrison, 
F. ;  Kingsford,  W.  ;  Kitchin,  Very  Rev. 
G.  W. ;  Laughton,  Prof.  J.  K. ;  Lavisse, 

E.  ;  Lecky,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  H.  ;  Maitland, 
Prof.  F.  W.  ;  Powell,  Prof.  F.  York ; 
Rambaud,  A. ;  Ramsay,  W.  M.  ;  Rawlin- 
son,  Prof,  the  Rev.  G.  ;  Stubbs,  Rt.  Rev. 
W.  ;  Wallon,  H.  A.  ;  Ward,  A.  W. 

Journalists,  including  Editors,  &c. : — 

Aria,  Mrs.  D.  B. ;  Armstrong,  Capt.  Sir 
George  C.  H.  ;  Armstrong,  George  E. 
Arnold,  Sir  E. ;  Arnott,  Sir  J. ;  Austin 
L.  F. ;  Becker,  B.  H.  ;  Beer,  F. ;  Beer, 
Rachel  ;  Bell,  C.  F.  Moberley ;  Bennett, 

E.  A. ;  Blowitz,  H.  G.  S.  A  0.  de  ;  Buckle 
G.  E.  ;  Bullock,  Rev.  C. ;  Burnand,  F.  C. 
Busch,  M.  ;  Clancy,  J.  J. ;   Clarke,   Sir 
Campbell ;  Cook,  E.  T.  ;  Cooper,  C.  A. 
Cotton,  J.   S.  ;  Courtney,  W.   L.  ;  Cox, 
Horace ;  Cox,  I.  E.  B. ;  Crawford,  Mrs, 
E. ;  Crawfurd,  Oswald  ;  Cust,  H.  J.  C. 
Dana,  M. ;   Davey,  R.  P.  B.  ;   Dearmer, 
Rev.  Percy;  De  Cassagnac,  P.  G.  ;  Des 
Chanel,  E.  M.  ;  Dicey,  E.  ;  Dunn,  J.  N. 
Edwards,  John  Passmore ;  Eggleston,  E. 
Escott,  T.  H.  S. ;  Field,  H.  M.  ;  Fisher, 

F.  H.  ;    Fletcher,   A.    E. ;    Forbes,   A. 
Fougier,  J.   F.  H.  ;  Frechette,  L.   H. 
Frost,  P. ;  Fry,  0.  A.  ;  Gerault-Richard. 
J. ;    Glenesk,    Lord ;    Godkin,    E.    L. 
Gould,  F.  C. ;   Gould,   N. ;  Greenwood. 
F. ;    Grein,   J.    T.  ;    Grove,    T.   N.    A. 
Guyot,    Y. ;    Harmsworth,   A.    C.    W. 
Hatton,  G.  R.,  and  J.  ;    Hawkins,   F. 
Hawley,  Hon.  J.  R. ;  Hazell,  W. ;  Heath, 
F.    G.  ;    Henley,    W.    E.  ;    Hess,    H 
Hichens,   R.   S. ;  Hill,   F.   H. ;   Hillier, 
F.  J.  ;   Hind,  C.  L.  ;  Hodge,  H. ;  Hof 
meyr,  Hon.  J.  J. ;  Holme,  C. ;  Howells. 
W.  D. ;  Humphry,  Mrs.  C.  E.  ("Madge") 
Hutton,  L. ;  Ingram,  Sir  W.  J. ;  Janvier, 
L.  J.  ;  Jones,  K. ;  Joyce,  T.  H. ;  Knowles, 
J. ;  Labouchere,  H. ;  Lang,  A.  ;  Latey, 
J.  ;   Lawson,   Sir  E.  Levy- ;   Lee,   Rev, 
F.    G.  ;    Leighton,   R.  ;    Leng,   Sir  J. 
Low,  S.  J. ;  Lowry,  H.  D.  ;   Lowndes 
Mrs.  ;    Lucy,    H.   W. ;   Lunn,    H. 
M'Carthy,  J.  ;   Macaulay,  J.  ;  Maccoll, 
N. ;    Maclean,  J.    M.  ;    Marks,  H.   H. 
Massingham,  H.  W. ;  Meason,  M.  R.  L. 
Me'tenier,  O.  ;  Meynell,  W. ;  Morris,  M 
W. ;  Morrison,  G.  E. ;  Mudford,  W.  H. 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1237 


Newnes,  Sir  G.  ;  Norman,  H.,  and  Mrs. 
H.  ;  O'Brien,  R.  Barry  ;  Pain,  Barry  ; 
Parkinson,  J.  C.  ;  Pears,  E.  ;  Pennell, 
H.  C.  ;  Pressens(5,  F.  de ;  Prior,  M.  ; 
Prothero,  G.  W.,  and  R.  E.  ;  Reid,  Sir 
H.  Gilzean,  and  Hon.  Whitelaw ;  Robin- 
son, Sir  J.  R.,  and  W. ;  Rochefort-Lucay, 
Marquis  de  ;  Rodays,  P.  F.  de  ;  Russell, 
Sir  W.  H. ;  Ryan,  W.  P.;  St.  John- 
Brenon,  E. ;  Scott,  C.  P.  ;  Seaman,  0. ; 
Senior,  W.  ;  Shaw,  F.  ;  Sherard,  R.  H. ; 
Shorter,  C.  K.  ;  Sims,  G.  R.  ;  Smith, 
G.  B. ;  Spender,  J.  A. ;  Spielmann,  M. 
H.  ;  Stead,  W.  T.  ;  Stedman,  G.  C.  ; 
Steevens,  G.  W.  ;  Stoddard,  R.  H.  ; 
Strachey,  J.  St.  L.  ;  Straight,  Sir  D.  ; 
Stuart,  Prof.  J.  ;  Thomas,  W.  L.,  and 
W.  Moy ;  Tibbits,  C.  J. ;  Toms.  F.  ; 
Townsend,  M.  ;  Traill,  H.  D.  ;  Villiers, 
F.  ;  Voules,  H.  St.  G. ;  Wakley,  T.,  jun., 
and  T.  H.  ;  Wallace,  Sir  D.  M.  ;  Walter, 
A.  F.  ;  Ward,  T.  Humphry  ;  Warner, 
C.  D. ;  Watson,  A.  E.  T.,  and  M. ;  Watter- 
son,  Hon.  H.  ;  White,  H.,  and  P.  ; 
Williams,  C,  and  Dawson  ;  Williamson, 
C.  N.,  Mrs.  C.  N.,  and  D. ;  Wilson,  A.  J., 
and  F.  W. ;  Woodville,  R.  Caton. 

Lawyers  : — Abdy,  J.  T.  ;  Adam,  Lord  ; 
Andrews,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  D.  ;  Ashbourne, 
Lord ;  Atkinson,  G.  T. ;  Atkinson,  Rt. 
Hon.  John  ;   Avory,  H.  E. ;   Baggellay, 

E.  ;  Baker,  Sir  G.  S. ;  Ball,  Rt.  Hon.  J. 
T.  ;  Banks,  J.  Eldon  ;  Barnes,  Hon.  Sir 
J.  G. ;  Barton,  Dunbar  P.  ;  Bennett,  H. 

C.  ;  Bigham,  Sir  J.  C. ;  Bilcesco,  S.  ; 
Blofeld,  T.  C. ;  Bodkin,  A.  H.  ;  Boyd, 
Hon.    Walter ;    Bros,    James ;    Brewer, 

D.  J.  ;  Bridge,  Sir  John ;  Browne,  J. 
H.  B. ;  Bruce,  Hon.  Sir  G.  ;  Bucknill, 
Mr.  Justice  T.  T.  ;  Bulwer,  J.  R.  ;  Burn- 
side,  Sir  B.  L. ;  Byrne,  Sir  E.  W.  ; 
Candy,  G.  ;  Carson,  E.  H.  ;  Channel!, 
Sir  A.  M. ;  Charles,  Hon.  Sir  A. ;  Charley, 
Sir  W.  T. ;  Chatterton,  Rt.  Hon.  H.  E. ; 
Clark,  E.   C. ;   Clarke,  Sir  E.  ;   Clifford, 

F.  ;  Collins,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  R.  Henn  ; 
Cooley,  T.  Mel.  ;  Corser,  Haden  ;  Couch, 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  R. ;  Cozens-Hardy,  H.  H.  ; 
Crackanthorpe,  M.  ;  Cripps,  H.  W.  ; 
Danckwerts,  W.  0.  A.  J. ;  Darling,  C. 
J. ;  Davey,  Lord ;  Davies,  Hon.  Sir  M.  H. ; 
Day,  Hon.  Sir  J.  C.  ;  Day,  W.  R.  ;  Deane, 
H.  B. ;  Deane,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  P.  ;  Den- 
man,  G.  L. ;  Depew,  Chauncey  M. ;  De 
Rutzen,  A. ;  De  Villiers,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 
J.  H. ;  D'Eyncourt,  E.  C.  T.  ;  Dicey, 
Prof.  A.  V. ;  Dickens,  H.  F.  ;  Dugdale 
J.  S.  ;  Edge,  Hon.  Sir  J. ;  Edlin,  Sir  P. 
H. ;  Edmunds,  Hon.  G.  F.  (and  poli 
tician) ;  Fenwick,  E.  N.  F. ;  Field,  Lord 
Finlay,  Sir  R.  B. ;  Fitzgibbon,  Rt.  Hon 
G. ;  Fordham,  E.  S.  ;  Forsyth,  W.  ;  Fry. 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  E.  ;  Fuller,  M.  W. ;  Fulton 
Sir  F.  (and  politician) ;  Garrett,  E.  W. 
Garrick,  Hon.  Sir  J.  F. ;  Garth,  Rt.  Hon. 


Sir  R. ;  Gill,  C.  F.  ;  Glenn,  R.  G.  ; 
Grantham,  Hon.  Sir  W. ;  Gray,  F.  H. ; 
Griffith,  Sir  S.  W.  ;  Gully,  Rt.  Hon.  W. 
C. ;  Guthrie,  W.  ;  Hagarty,  Hon.  J.  H. ; 
Haldane,  R.  B. ;  Hall,  Sir  C. ;  Halsbury, 
Rt.  Hon.  Lord  ;  Hannay,  J.  L.  ;  Harding, 
Sir  R.  P. ;  Hart,  H.  L.  ;  Hawkins,  Hon. 
Sir  H.  (Baron  Brampton) ;  Hemphill, 
Rt.  Hon.  C.  H.  ;  Hobhouse,  Rt.  Hon. 
Lord ;  Holmes,  Lord  Justice,  Rt.  Hon. 
H. ;  Holland,  Prof.  T.  E.  ;  Hopwood, 
C.  H. ;  Hutchinson,  Hon.  J.  T. ;  Ilbert, 
Sir  C.  P.  ;  Inderwick,  F.  A. ;  James, 
Lord  ;  Jeune,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  F.  H.  ;  John- 
son, Rt.  Hon.  W.  M. ;  Kekewich,  Hon. 
Sir  A. ;  Kennedy,  G.  G. ;  Kennedy,  Hon. 
Sir  W.  R. ;  Kenny,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  ;  Kerr, 
R.  M. ;  Kincairney,  Lord ;  Kinnear, 
Lord ;  Kotze,  Ex-Chief  Justice  ;  Kyl- 
lachy,  Lord  ;  Labori,  F.  G.  G.  ;  Lane, 
R.  0.  B. ;  Lawrance,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  C.  ; 
Leese,  Sir  J.  F. ;  Lewis,  G.  Pitt ;  Lewis, 
Sir  G. ;  Lindley,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  N.  ; 
Littler,  R.  D.  M. ;  Long,  J.  D. ;  Love- 
land,  R.  L. ;  Low,  Lord  ;  Loyd,  A.  K. ; 
Ludlow,  Lord  ;  Ludlow,  Sir  H.  ;  M'Con- 
nell,  W.  R. ;  Macdonald,  Rt.  Hon.  J. 
H.  A.  ;  M'Laren,  Lord ;  Macnaghten, 
Lord ;  MacNeill,  J.  G.  Swift  MacN. ; 
Macrory,  E. ;  Madden,  Rt.  Hon.  D.  H., 
and  Hon.  Sir  J.  ;  Maitland,  Prof.  F.  W. ; 
Markby,  Sir  W. ;  Mathew,  Hon.  Sir  J. 
C.  ;  Matthews,  C.  W. ;  Martinson,  M. 
W. ;  Mead,  F. ;  Milvain,  T. ;  Monckton, 
Sir  J.  B.  ;  Moncreiff,  Lord ;  Monks- 
well,  Lord ;  Monroe,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  ; 
Morris,  Lord  ;  Murphy,  Rt.  Hon.  J. 
Napier,  T.  B.  ;  Newton,  R.  M. ;  North, 
Sir  F.  ;  O'Brien,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  P., 
and  Rt.  Hon.  W.  ;  Odgers,  W.  Blake  ; 
Olney,  Hon.  R. ;  O'Malley,  Sir  E. 
L.  ;  Palles,  Rt.  Hon.  C. ;  Pearson, 
Lord ;  Penzance,  Lord ;  Philbrick,  F. 
A.  ;  Phillimore,  Sir  W.  G.  F.  ;  Pitt- 
Lewis,  G. ;  Plowden,  A.  Chichele  ;  Poland, 
Sir  H.  B.  ;  Pollock,  Prof.  Sir  F.  ;  Pope, 
S.  ;  Porter,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  M. ;  Quesnay 
de  Beaurepaire,  J.  ;  Reid.  Sir  R.  T.  ; 
Rentoul,  J.  A. ;  Ridley,  Sir  E. ;  Rigby, 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  ;  Robertson,  Lord  ;  Rob- 
son,  W.  S.  ;  Rose-Innes,  Hon.  J, ;  Ross, 
Hon.  J. ;  Romer,  Hon.  Sir  R. ;  Row- 
lands, W.  Bowen  ;  Russell  of  Killowen, 
Lord;  Scoble,  Sir  A.  R. ;  Scott,  Hon. 
Sir  J. ;  Shand,  Lord  ;  Slade,  W.  ;  Smith, 
Hon.  Sir  A.  L.,  H.,  Hon.  J.  S.,  Hon.  L.; 
Stephenson,  Sir  A.  F.  W.  K.  ;  Stirling, 
Hon.  Sir  J.;  Stokes,  W. ;  Stormonth- 
Darling,  Lord  ;  Strong,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  S. 
H.  ;  Stuart-Wortley,  Rt.  Hon.  C.  B. ; 
Thring,  Lord  ;  Trayner,  Lord  ;  Tupper, 
Hon.  Sir  C.  H. ;  Vaughan,  Sir  J. ;  Vil- 
liers, Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  de  ;  Waddy,  His 
Hon.  S.  D.  ;  Walker,  Rt.  Hon.  S. ;  Wal- 
ton, J.  Lawson,  and  Joseph  ;  Warry,  G. 
D. ;  Watson,  Lord  ;  Way,  Hon.  Sir  S.  J. ; 


1238 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


Webster,  Sir  R.  E.  ;  Wedderburn,  A. 
D.  0. ;  Willis,  His  Hon.  Judge  W.  ;  Wills, 
Hon.  Sir  A.;  Witt,  J.  G.;  Woodford,  S.  L.; 
Worsley-Taylor,  H.  W. ;  Wrenfordsley, 
Hon.  Sir  H.  T. ;  Wright,  Hon.  Sir  R.  S. ; 
Yates,  J.  M.  ;  Young,  Lord. 

Librarians,  Bibliographers,  &c.  :— 
Abbott,  Rev.  T.  K. ;  Douglas,  R.  K. 
Garnett,  R. ;  Greenwood,  T. ;  Guthrie 
J.  C. ;  Holmes,  R.  R.  ;  Hutchinson,  J. 
Hutton,  A.  W.  ;  Jenkinson,  F.  J.  H. 
Kershaw,  S.  W.  ;  MaoAlister,  J.  Y.  W. 
Madan,  F. ;  Nicholson,  E.  W.  B. 
O'Donovan,  D.  ;  Petherick,  E.  A. 
Thompson,  Sir  E.  Maunde ;  Webster 
H.  A. ;  Wheatley,  H.  B. ;  Wright,  C.  H 

Medicine,  Surgery,  &c: — Acland,Sir  H 
W. ;  Adams, W. ;  Allbutt.T.  C. ;  Allchin.W. 
H.  ;  Anderson,  Mrs.  E.  Garrett ;  Ander 
son,  W. ;  Annandale,  Prof.  T.  ;  Banks,  W. 
M.  ;  Barlow,  T.  ;  Bastian,  Prof.   H.  C. 
Bateman,   Sir  F.  ;  Beale,    Prof.   L.   S. 
Beddoe,     J.  ;       Beevor,      Sir     Hugh 
Bennett,  W.   H.  ;  Bertillon,  J.  ;  Bland 
ford,    G.    E.  ;    Bradford,    John    Rose 
Broadbent,  Sir  W.  H.  ;  Brouardel,  P.  C. 
H.  ;  Bryant,  T.  ;  Brunton,  T.  L.  ;  But- 
tin,  Henry    Trentham  ;     Buzzard,    T. 
Cameron,   Prof.    Sir  C.   A.  ;  Carpenter 
G.   A.  ;  Carter,  R.   Brudenell  ;  Chevne, 
W.    Watson  ;  Church,   W.   S.  ;  Cleland 
Prof.   J.  ;    Collingwood,    C.  ;     Cooper 
Alfred ;     Corfield,    W.     H.  ;     Crichton 
Browne,     Sir    J.  ;     Critchett,    G.    A. 
Cunningham,  D.  J.  ;  Curnow,  Prof.  J. 
Dalby,  Sir  W.  B.  ;  Davies-Colley,  J.  N 
C.  ;    Dickinson,    W.    Howship  ;    Duck 
worth,   Sir   Dyce  ;   Eade,   Sir  P.  ;  Eve 
F.  S.  ;  Farquharson,  R.  ;  Fayrer,  Sir  J. 
Ferrier,  Prof.  D.;  Fleming,  Geo. ;  Foster 
Sir   B.   Walter ;    Fraser,    Prof.    T.   R. 
Fripp,   A.    D.  ;    Gairdner,   Sir  W.    T. 
Garrod,   Sir   A.    B.  ;    Gaskell,   W.    H. 
Glover,  J.  G.  ;  Godlee,   R.  J.  ;  Godson 

C.  ;  Golding-Bird,  C.   H.  ;  Goodhart,  J. 
F. ;   Gowers,  Sir  W.   R.  ;  Guinon,   G. 
Habershon,  S.  H.  ;  Hammond,  W.  A. 
Hanbury,  Sir  J.  A.  ;  Hardwicke,  H.  J. 
Harrison,  R.  ;  Heath,   C.  ;  Holmes,  T. 
Horsley,    V.    A.    H.  ;    Howse,    H.    G. 
Hunter,   Sir  W.  G.  ;  Hutchinson,  Prof. 
J.;   Jameson,  Surg. -Maj. -Gen.  J.;   Jes 
sop,  T.  R.  ;  Jex-Bake,  Sophia  ;  Laking, 
Sir  F.  ;  Langton,  J.  ;  Latham,  Prof.  P. 
W.  ;  Lister,  Lord  ;  Macalister,  A.,  and 

D.  ;  McCarthy,  J.  ;  MacCormac,  Sir 
W.  ;  Macdonald,  G.,andD.  D. ;  Mac- 
Ewen,  Prof.  W.  ;  M'Kellar,  A.  0.  ; 
Mackenzie,  S.  ;  Maclagan,  Prof.  Sir  D., 
and  T.  J.  ;  Macnamara,  N.  C.  ;  M'Vail, 
Prof.  D.  C.  ;  Madden,  T.  M.  ;  Mapother, 

E.  D.  ;  Marcet,  W.  ;  Marsden,  A.  ; 
Marsh,  H.  ;  Martin,  S.  H.  C.  ;  Maudsley, 
Prof.  H.  ;  Morris,  H.,  and  M.   A.  ;  Nott, 


F.W.  ;  Nettleship,  E.  ;  Nicholls,  H.A.A.; 
Norbury,  Sir  H.  F.  ;  Norton,  A.  T.  ; 
Ogle,  W.  ;  Ord,  W.  M.  ;  Osier,  W.  ; 
Owen,  E.  ;  Page,  H.  W.  ;  Paget,  Sir  J., 
and  S.  ;  Pavy,  F.  W.  ;  Payne,  J.  F.  ; 
Pick,  T.  Pickering;  Playfair,  W.  S.  ; 
Pollock,  J.  E.  ;  Poore,  G.  V.  ;  Powell, 
Sir  R.  D. ;  Power,  D'A.,  and  H.;  Priestley, 
Sir  W.  0.  ;  Pye-Smith,  P,  H.  ;  Ransome, 
A.  ;  Reid,  Sir  J.,  and  Sir  J.  W.  ;  Ringer, 
S.  ;  Roberts,  F.  T.  ;  Robson,  A.  W. 
Mayo  ;  Saunders,  Sir  E.  ;  Savage,  G.  H. ; 
Sawyer,  Sir  J.  ;  Scharlieb,  Mary  A.  D.  ; 
Schofield,  A.  T.  ;  Semon,  Sir  F.  ;  Sieve- 
king,  Sir  E.  H.  ;  Simon,  Sir  J.  ;  Smith, 
Sir  T.,  and  Prof.  W.  R.  ;  Sternberg,  G. 
M.  ;  Stevenson,  T, ;  Stewart,  Sir  T.  G.  ; 
Stirling,  E.  C.  ;  Sutton,  J.  B.  ;  Teale, 
T.  P. ;  Thompson,  E.  Symes,  and  Sir  H.  ; 
Thorne,  Sir  R.  Thorne  ;  Tirard,  N.  I.  C. ; 
Tomes,  C.  S.  ;  Treves,  F.  ;  Tweedy,  J.  ; 
Wakley,  T„  jun.,  and  T.  H.  ;  Walsham, 
W.  J.  ;  Weber,  Sir  H. ;  White,  W.  H.  ; 
Wilks,  Sir  S.  ;  Willett,  A. ;  Williams, 
Dawson,  and  Sir  J. ;  Woodhead,  Prof.  G. 
Sims ;  Yeo,  G.  F.  and  J.  B. ;  Yorke- 
Davies,  N.  E. 


Miscellaneous  : — Ashburnham,  Earl  of 
Astor,  W.   W.  ;  Barrow,   J.  ;  Beit,   A. 
Besant,  Mrs.  A.  ;  Blake,  H.  W.  ;  Black 
wood,  W.  ;   Blind,   K. ;    Blyth,    Sir  J. 
Bosisto,  J.  ;   Bowring,   E.  A.  ;  Burdett, 
H.  C. ;  Caird,  Mona ;  Casati,  G. ;  Chaney 
H.  J.  ;  Collet,  Sir  M.  W.  ;  Cunningham 
W.  ;  Currie,  Sir  D.  ;  Davenport,  Sir  S. 
Duck  ham,  T.  ;    Duleep   Singh,   Prince 
Elgar,  F.  ;  Farley,  J.  L.  ;  Fawcett,  Mrs 
M.  ;  Fenton,  Sir  M.  ;  Forbes,  J.  Staats 
Foster,  Yere  H.  L.  ;  Fremantle,  Hon.  Sir 
C.   W.  ;    Furley,    Sir  J.  ;    Gage,  L.  J. 
Gale,  J.  ;  Giffen,  Sir  R.  ;  Gilbert,  Sir  J. 
H.  ;    Gilbertson,   E.  ;    Gilbey,    Sir   W. 
Goldsmid,  Maj. -Gen.  Sir  F.  J.  ;  Grace 
Dr.  W.  G.  ;  Grimthorpe,  Lord  ;  Grove 
Sir   G. ;    Guinness,    Mrs.    H.    Grattan 
Haden,  Sir  F.  S.  ;  Harrison,  C.  ;  Hoar 
Hon.    G.   F.  ;     Hofmeyr,   Hon.    J.    J. 
Hollingshead,   J.  ;    Holmes,    E. ;    Hore. 

A.  B. ;  Hore,  E.  C.  ;  Joynt,  M. ;  Kirk! 
Sir  J.  ;  Knollys,  Sir  F.  ;  Kropotkin, 
Prince  P.  A. ;  Lasker,  E.  ;  Lawes,  Sir  J, 

B.  ;  Lethbridge,  SirR.  ;  Longman,  C.  J. 
Lubbock,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  ;  Malabari,  B, 
M. ;  Mann,  H. ;  Michel,  L.  ;  Murray,  J. 
Nicholson,    Sir    C.  ;    Nightingale,    F. 
Oakley,    Sir  H.  ;    Olcott,   Col.   H.    S. 
Olmsted,   F.    L.  ;     Osman   Ali ;    Paget. 
Sir  G.  E.  ;  Palgrave,  R.  H.  I.  ;  Phillips. 
L.  B.  ;  Pillsbury,  H.  N.  ;  Portal,  W.  S. 
Quilter,  H.  ;  Ranjitsinghi,  Prince  K.  S. 
Rawson,  Sir  Rawson  W.  ;  Read,  C.  S. 
Riley,  J.   Athelstan  ;    Samuelson,    J. 
Sandeman,   A.   G.  ;    Sarle,    Sir  A.   L. 
Savage,  R.  H.  ;  Scotter,  Sir  C.  ;  Selous 
F.  C.  :  Steinitz,  W.  ;  Stoddart,  A.  E 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1239 


Tait,  P.  M.  ;  Tchigorin,  T.  ;  Walkington, 
L.  A.  ;  Wallace,  A.  R. ;  Watherston,  E.  J.  ; 
Webb,  S. ;  Weir,  H.  W. ;  Williams,  Sir  G. 

Musicians,  Singers,  &c. : — Arditi,  L.  ; 
Bispham,  D.  S. ;  Bodda-Pyne,  Mme. ; 
Boito,  A. ;  Bridge,  Sir  J.  F. ;  Bruch,  Max ; 
Buck,  Dudley ;  Burmester,  W.  ;  Calve', 
E.  ;  Colonne,  Jean  ;  Cowen,  F.  H.  ; 
Cummings,  W.  H. ;  Davies,  Ben  ;  Davies, 
M.  ;  Davison,  Mrs.  ;  Dochme,  Madame 
(Nordica) ;  Dvorak,  Pan  A. ;  Faure,  J.  B. ; 
Gadsby,  Prof.  H.  ;  Ganz,  W. ;  Gerster, 
E. ;  Gevaert.  F.  A.;  Gigliucci,  Countess ; 
Grieg,  E.  H.  ;  Gye,  Madame  (Albani) ; 
HallS,  Lady  ;  Hanslick,  Dr.  E.;  Henschel, 
G. ;  Hiles,  H. ;  Hopkins,  E.  J.  ;  Joachim, 
J. ;  Kellogg,  C.  L. ;  Lamoureux,  J.  ; 
Lassalle,  J.  ;  Lecocq,  C. ;  Leoncavallo, 
E.  ;  Leschetizky,  T.  ;  Liebling,  G.  ; 
Lloyd,  E. ;  Mac  Cunn,  H.  ;  Mackenzie, 
Sir  A.  C.  ;  M'Kinlay,  Mrs.  J.  (Antoinette 
Sterling) ;  Maclntyre,  M. ;  Manns,  A. ; 
Mascagni,  P. ;  Massenet,  J.  E.  F. ;  Melba, 
N.  ;  Miranda,  Countess  de  (Christina 
Nilsson) ;  Maurel,  V. ;  Mottl,  F. ;  Nosz- 
kowski,  S.  ;  Oakeley,  Sir  H.  S,  ;  Pach- 
mann,  V.  de  ;  Paderewski,  I.  J. ;  Parratt, 
Sir  W. ;  Parry,  Sir  C.  Hubert  H.  ;  Patti, 
Adelina  (Baroness  Cederstrbm) ;  Perosi, 
L. ;  Piatti,  A. ;  Plancon.  P. ;  Planquette, 
E. ;  Puccini,  G.  ;  Pyne,  J.  Kendrick ; 
Eandegger,  Cav.  A. ;  Ravogli,  G. ;  Eeeves, 

..  J.  Sims  ;  Eeszke,  E.  de,  and  J.  de  ;  Beyer, 
E. ;  Eichter,  H.  ;  Eosenthal,  M.;  Eoze, 
M.  ;  Saint-Saens,  C.  C.  ;  Salaman,  C.  K.  ; 
Santley,  C.  ;  Sarasate,  P.  M.  M.  ;  Sem- 
brich,  M.  ;  Smith-Williams,  Mrs.  (Marian 
M'Kenzie) ;  Stainer,  Sir  J.  ;  Stanford, 
Prof.  C.  V.  ;  Steel,  K.  ;  Stockhausen, 
J. ;  Story,  Mrs.  Julian  (Emma  Eames) ; 
Strauss,  E. ;  Sullivan,  Sir  A.  S.  ;  Thomas, 
T.  ;  Verdi,  G. ;  Viardot-Garcia,  Mdme. 
M.  P.  ;  Wallhofen,  Mdme.  ;  White,  M. 
Vale'rie ;  Wilson,  Hilda ;  Zimmerman, 
Agnes. 

Painters,  Sculptors,  &c. : — Abbey,  E. 
A.  ;  Adams-Acton,  J.  ;  Allingham,  Mrs. 
H.  ;  Alma-Tadema,  Sir  L.  ;  Archer,  J. ; 
Armstead,  H.  H. ;  Bartholdi,  A. ;  Bayliss, 

.  Sir  Wyke ;  Beraud,  J. ;  Bierstadt,  A. ; 
Bonnat,  L. ;  Boughton,  G.  H. ;  Bougereau, 
A.  W.  ;  Bramley,  F. ;  Brett,  J.  ;  Brock, 
T. ;  Brown,  J.  G.  ;  Bruce-Joy,  A. ; 
Brunet-Desbaines,  L.  A.  ;  Burgess,  J. ; 
Burton,  Sir  F.  W.  ;  Butler,  Lady  ;  Chase, 
M. ;  Church,  F.  E.  ;  Clausen,  G. ;  Colvin, 
S.  ■.  Constant,  J.  J.  Benj. ;  Cooper,  T.  S. ; 
Cox,  P. ;  Crane,  W.  ;  Crofts,  E.  ;  Crowe, 
Eyre ;  Davis,  H.  W.  B.  ;  Davis,  L,  ; 
Dearmer,  Mrs.  P. ;  Defregger,  F.  ;  De 
Haas,  M.  F.  H.  ;  Detaille,  J.  B.  E.  ; 
Dicksee,  F. ;  Dubois,  P.  ;  Dupuis,  J.  B. 
D. ;  Durand,  C.  A.  E.  (Carolus-Duran) ; 
East,  A. ;  Eastlake,   C.  L. ;  Evans,   J.  ; 


Faed,  J.,  and  T.  ;  Falguiere,  J.  A.  J. 
Fantin-Latour,  J.  H.  J.  T. ;  Fildes,  Luke 
Forain,  J.  L.  ;  Forbes,  A.  Stanhope 
Ford,  E.  Onslow ;  Frampton,  G.  J. 
Fraser,  A.  ;  Frith,  W.  P.  ;  Furniss,  H. 
Gerome,  J.  L. ;   Gerspach,  E.  ;   Gilbert, 

A.  ;    Gill,   E.  ;   Goodall,   F.  ;   Gould,    F. 
Carruthers  ;  Gow,  A.  C. ;   Gower,  Lord 
R.   S. ;    Graham,    P.  ;    Greenaway,   K. 
Gregory,  E.  J. ;  Guillaume,  J.-B.  C.  E. 
Haag,  C.  ;  Hacker,  A. ;  Haden,  Sir  F.  S. 
Hardy,   D. ;   Harpignies,   H.   J.  ;   Hart 
J.   M'D. ;   Hay,   G. ;  Hemy,   C.    Napier 
Henner,   J.   J.  ;    Herkomer,    H.  ;    Hole 
W.  ;  Holman-Hunt,  W. ;  Hook,  J.   C. 
Horsley,   J.    C.  ;   Hosmer,   H.  ;   Hunter 
Colin  ;  Huntington,  D.  ;  Hutchison,  J, 
Image,   S.  ;   Israels,    J.  ;   Johnson,    E. 
Jopling,  Louise   (Mrs.   Rowe) ;   Joy,    G. 
W. ;  King,  Y. ;  Knaus,  L.  ;  Knight,  J. 
Lafarge,  J.  ;  La  Thanque,  H.  H.  ;  Leader. 

B.  W.  ;   Lefebvre,   J.   J.  ;    Legros,    A 
Lehmann,  E. ;   Leighton,  J.  ;  Le  Jeune 
H. ;  Lemaire,  Mme.  J.  M.  ;  Leubach,  F. 
Leslie,  G.  D.  ;  Lindsay,  Sir  C.  ;  Linton 
Sir  J.    D.  ;    Lockhart,    W.   E.  ;   Louise 
H.R. H.   Princess;   Lucas,  J.    S.  ;   Lucy 
H.    W.  ;    Macbeth,    E.    W.  ;    M'Donald 
J.   B.  ;   M'Gregor,  R.  ;  Macwhirter,   J. 
Marshall,   H.   M. ;    Martino,    C.    E.    de 
May,  Phil,   and  W.    C. ;  Menpes,   M. 
Menzel,   A.   F.   E.  ;   Mercie",  M.    J.   A. 
Montalba,  C. ;  Morris,  P.  E.  ;  Munkacsy. 
M.  von  ;  Murray,  D. ;  Nast,   T.  ;  Nicol. 
E.  ;    North,   J.    W. ;    O'Brien,    L.    R. 
Orchardson,    W.    Q. ;    Ouless,    W.    W. 
Parsons,  A.  W. ;  Partridge,  B.  ("Bernard 
Gould  ") ;  Paton,  Sir  J.   Noel ;  Pennell 
J.  ;    Peppercorn,    A.    D.  ;   Perugini,    C 
E.,  and  K. ;   Pickersgill,  F.  R.  ;   Poire" 

E.  ("Caran  dAche");  Pollen,  J.   H. 
Poynter,  Sir  E.  J.  ;  Praga,  A.  ;  Prinsep, 
V.  C.  ;  Prior,  M.  ;  Quilter,  H. ;  Eailton. 
H. ;  Reed,  E.  T. ;  Reid,  Sir  G. ;  Richmond 
Sir  W.  B. ;  Riviere,  Briton  ;  Robinson 
Sir  J.   C.  ;   Rodin,  A.  ;  Ronner,   Mdme 
H.  ;    Ruskin,   J.  ;    Sadler,    W.    D. ;    St 
Gaudens,  A. ;  Sambourne,  E.  L. ;   Sant, 
J.  ;     Sargent,     J.     S.  ;     Schilling,    J. 
Shannon,  J.  J.  ;  Sham,  Byam ;  Shields. 
F. ;  Sickert,  W. ;  Simpson,  W. ;  Smythe. 
L.  P. ;  Solomon,  S.  J. ;  Spielman,  M.  H, 
Stacpoole,  F. ;  Stevenson,  D.  W. ;  Stone. 
M.  ;  Storey,  G.  A. ;  Strang,   W. ;  Swan 
J.   M. ;   Tate,   Sir  H. ;   Tenniel,   Sir  J. 
Thompson,    Sir   H.  ;   Thomson,    D.    C. 
and  L.  ;  Thornycroft,  H. ;  Tinworth,  G. 
Tissot,  J.  J.  J.  ;   Tuke,  H.    S.  ;  Verest 
chagin,  V. ;  Waller,  Mrs.  M.  L.  ;  Wallis. 
H. ;    Ward,   J.    Q.,    and   T.    Humphry 
Waterhouse,  J.  W.  ;  Waterlow,  E.  A. 
Watts,  G.  F. ;  Weir,  H.   W.  ;  Wells,  H, 
T.  ;  Whistler,  J.  A.  M'Neill ;  Williamson, 

F.  J. ;  Wood,  T.  W.  ;  Woods,  H. ;  Wood 
ville,  R.  Caton ;  Wyllie,  W.  L.  ;  Yeames. 
W.  F. 


1240 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


.Peers,  Public  Men,  &c.  (see  also  under 
Diplomatic  and  Politicians)  : — Aber- 
corn,   Duke  of ;   Abergavenny,   Marquis 
of ;   Agnew,   Sir  W.  ;   Ampthill,    Lord ; 
Argyll,    Duke    of ;    Armstrong,    Lord ; 
Arnold,  Sir  A. ;  Ashcombe,  Lord  ;  Atholl, 
Duke    of ;    Barrington,    Sir    V.    H.    B. 
Kennett ;    Beachcroft,    R.    M. ;     Beau- 
champ,   Earl ;   Bedford,  Duke  of ;   Bel- 
more,  Earl ;  Benn,  J.  W.  ;  Bhownagree, 
Sir    M.  ;    Brassey,    Lord ;    Breadalbane, 
Marquis  of ;  Buccleuoh,  Duke  of ;  Burgh- 
clere,  Lord;  Bute,  Marquis  of  ;  Caillard, 
Sir  V.  H.   P  ;  Carlisle,  Earl  of ;  Carys- 
fort,  Earl  of  ;  Castletown,  Lord  ;  Cavan, 
Earl  of ;    Cecil,   Lord  Eustace   B.    H.  ; 
Chesterfield,   Earl  of  ;   Coleridge,   Hon. 
S. ;    Collins,   W.   J.  ;    Cork  and   Orrery, 
Earl  of  ;  Coventry,  Earl  of ;  Crewe,  Earl 
of ;  Dartmouth,  Earl  of ;  Dartrey,  Earl 
of ;  Dickson-Poynder,  Sir  J.  P.  ;  Dims- 
dale,  Sir  J.  C.  ;  Ducie,  Earl  of ;  Dudley 
Earl  of  ;  Dunmore,  Earl  of  ;  Dunraven 
Lord ;    Egerton    of    Tatton,    Rt.     Hon 
Lord  ;  Elgin,  Earl  of  ;  Fairbairn,  Sir  A. 
Farquhar,    Lord ;    Faudell-Phillips,   Sir 
G.  F. ;  Fife,  Duke  of  ;  Fortescue,  Earl 
Galloway,     Earl    of ;     Glanusk,    Lord 
Gosford,  Earl  of  ;  Hamilton,   Duke  of 
Hanson,   Sir  R. ;    Hardwicke,   Earl  of 
Harris,    Sir    G.    D.  ;     Harris,    H,     P. 
Headlam,  Rev.  S.  D. ;  Hertford,  Marquis 
of  ;  Home,  Earl  of  ;   Hopetoun,  Earl  of 
Howth,    Earl   of;     Hubbard,    N.    W. 
Huntly,    Marquis   of ;    Hutton,    Sir   J. 
Ilcbester,    Earl    of ;    Inchiquin,    Lord 
Kenmare,  Earl  of  ;  Kilmorey,  Earl  of 
Leeds,    Duke   of ;    Leicester,    Earl   of 
Leigh,  Lord  ;  Lidderdale,  W.  ;  Lidgett, 
J.  S.  ;  Lipton,  Sir  T.  J. ;  Listowel,  Earl 
of  ;  Lobb,  J.  ;  Longstaff,  L.  W. ;  Lothian, 
Marquis  of  ;   Lucan,   Earl  of ;   Magnus, 
Sir  P.  ;    Manchester,    Duke    of ;    Marl- 
borough,   Duke   of ;    Meath,    Earl    of ; 
Midleton,  Viscount;  Monteagle  of  Bran- 
don,"Lord  ;  Montrose,  Duke  of  ;  Moore, 
Sir  J.  V. ;   Mount-Edgcumbe,  Earl  of ; 
Mountstephen,  Lord  ;  Newcastle,  Duke 
of  ;  Norfolk,  Duke  of  ;  Northumberland, 
Duke  of ;  Oakley,  Sir  H.  ;  Onslow,  Earl 
of ;    Ormonde,   Marquis  of  ;   Paget,  Sir 
G.  E.,  and  Rt.   Hon.   Sir  R.   H.  ;  Petit, 
Hon.  SirD.  M.;  Pottim ore,  Lord;  Portal, 
W.  S.  ;  Portland,  Duke  of  ;  Powerscourt, 
Viscount  ;    Radnor,  Earl  of ;    Reid,  Sir 
H.  Gilzean  ;  Renals,  Sir  J. ;  Ribblesdale, 
Lord ;  Richmond  and  Gordon,  Duke  of  ; 
Ripon,    Marquis    of ;    Rosse,    Earl    of ; 
Rothschild,  A.  C.  de,  and  Lord  Nathan 
M.   de  ;    Rowton,    Lord  ;   Russell,  Earl ; 
Rutland,  Duke  of ;  Sackville  Lord  ;  St. 
Albans,  Duke  of  ;  Salomons,  Sir  D.  L.  ; 
Samuel,  Sir  S. ;  Sassoon.  Sir  E.  A  ;  Scott, 
J.  M.  ;  Sebag-Montefiore,  Sir  J.  ;  Sefton, 
Earl  of ;  Smith,  Hon.  W.  F.  D.  ;  Somer- 
set, Duke  of,  and  Lord  H.  ;  Stair,  Earl 


of ;  Sudeley,  Lord  ;  Sutherland,  Duke 
of,  and  Sir  T. ;  Tankerville,  Earl  of; 
Tennant,  Sir  C.  ;  Thynne,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord 
H.  F.  ;  Tredegar,  Lord  ;  Tweeddale, 
Marquis  of ;  Van  Home,  Sir  Wm.  G.  ; 
Vincent,  Col.  Sir  C.  E.  Howard,  and 
Sir  E.  ;  Vine,  Sir  J.  R.  S.  ;  Walter  A.  F., 
and  SirE. ;  Walsingham,Lord;  Wantage, 
Lord ;  Wardle,  Sir  T. ;  Waterlow,  Sir  S. ; 
Watkin,  Sir  E.  W.  ;  Wedderburn,  Sir 
W. ;  Wellington,  Duke  of  ;  Wemyss  and 
March,  Earl  of  ;  West,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  A.  ; 
Westminster,  Duke  of;  Whitehead,  Sir 
J.  ;  Wilkin,  Sir  W.  H. ;  Windsor,  Lord; 
Wood,  T.  M'K. ;  Yarborough,  Earl  of; 
Young,  Sir  F. ;  Zetland,  Marquis  of. 

Philanthropists  : — Alexander,  W.  H.  ; 
Ardilaun,  Lord  ;  Barnardo,  T.  J.  ;  Bar- 
nett,  Canon  S.  A.  ;  Barton,  Clara  ; 
Booth,  Rev.  W.  ;  Burdett  -  Coutts, 
Baroness  ;  Carnegie,  A.  ;  Currie,  Sir  E. 
H. ;  Edwards,  J.  Passmore  ;  Gladstone, 
C. ;  Hill,  Joanna  M.  M.  ;  Hill,  Octavia ; 
Hogg,  Q.  ;  Iveagh,  Lord  ;  Macdonald, 
Sir  Wm.  C.  ;  Somerset,  Lady  H. ;  Tate, 
Sir  H.  ;  Twining,  L.  ;  Westminster, 
Duke  of. 

Philosophers  (see  also  under  Atjthobs)  : 
— Adler,  F.  ;  Allen,  C.  Grant  B.  ;  Bain, 
Prof.  A.  ;  Fischer,  Prof.  E.  K.  ;  Fraser, 
G.  C. ;  Hartmann,  K.  R.  E.  von;  Herbert, 

A.  ;  Janet,  P.  ;  Jones,   E.  E.  C.  ;  Kidd, 

B.  ;  Nietzsche,  F.  W.  ;  Nordau,  M.  ; 
Pearson,  Prof.  K.  ;  Ritchie,  D.  G.  ;  Seth, 
Prof.  J.  ;  Sidgwick,  Prof.  H.;  Spencer, 
H.  ;  Sully,  J. ;  Venn,  J. 

Politicians,  Statesmen,  &c. ,  Home  : — 
Abel,  C.  N.  ;  Abraham,  W.  ;  Acland,  Rt. 
Hon.  A.  H.  D.  ;  Acland,  Sir  C.  T.  Dyke  ; 
Akers  Douglas,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  ;  Anson, 
Sir  W.  R. ;  Anstruther,  H.  T. ;  Arch.  J.; 
Arnold-Forster,  H.  0.  ;  Ashley,  Rt.  Hon. 
A.  Evelyn  M. ;  Ashmead-Bartlett,  Sir 
Ellis  ;  Asquith,  Rt.  Hon.  H.  H.  ;  Bal- 
four of  Burleigh,  Lord  ;  Balfour,  Rt. 
Hon.  A.  J.  ;  Balfour,  Rt.  Hon.  Gerald  ; 
Battersea,  Lord  ;  Beresford,  Rear-Adm. 
Lord  C. ;  Bethell,  G.  R.  ;  Blake,  Hon.  E.; 
Blunt,  W.  S.  ;  Boulnois,  E.  ;  Bowles, 
T.  G. ;  Bright,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  ;  Broadhurst, 
H. ;  Brodrick,  Hon.  W.  St.  J.  F.  ;  Brun- 
ner,  Sir  J.  T.  ;  Bryce,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  ; 
Burghclere,  Lord  ;  Burns,  J. ;  Burt,  T. ; 
Byles,  W.  P. ;  Buxton,  S.  ;  Cadogan, 
Earl  of ;  Caine,  W.  S.  ;  Cameron,  Sir 
Chas.  ;  Campbell-Bannerman,  Rt.  Hon. 
H.  ;  Carlisle,  J.  G.  ;  Carson,  E.  H.  ; 
Causton,  R.  K.  ;  Chamberlain,  Rt.  Hon. 
J.,  and  J.  Austen  ;  Channing,  F.  A.  ; 
Chaplin,  Rt.  Hon.  PI.  ;  Clancy,  J.  J.  ; 
Clarke,  Sir  E.  G.;  Clayden,  P.  W.  ;  Col- 
lings,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  ;  Connemara,  Lord  ; 
Cook,  Mrs.  Russell  ;    Cottesloe,   Lord  ; 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1241 


Courtney,   Rt.   Hon.   L.  H.  ;  Cowen,  J. 
Cowper,   Earl  ;    Cranborne,    Viscount 
Cranbrook,  Viscount ;  Cranworth,  Lord 
Crawford,    Earl   of  ;    Cremer,   W.   R. 
Cross,  Viscount  ;    Dalrymple,    Sir   C 
Davies,    Sir  Horatio   D.  ;    Davies,    Sir 
L.  H. ;  Davitt,  M.  ;  Denbigh,  Earl  of 
Derby,    Earl  ;     Devonshire,    Duke    of 
Dickson-Poynder,  Sir  J.  P.  ;  Dillon,  J. 
Dilke,   Rt.   Hon.   Sir   C.    W.  ;     Dixon 
Hartland,  Sir  F.   D.  ;  Drage,   Geoffrey 
Duff,  Rt.   Hon.    Sir   M.    E.   G.  ;    Duffy. 
Hon.    Sir   C.   Gavan  ;     Dyke,   Rt.   Hon 
Sir  W.  Hart ;  Erne,  Earl  of ;  Esmonde. 
Sir     Th.     H.     G.  ;     Farquharson,    R. 
Farrer,  Lord  ;  Fenwick  C.  ;  Fergusson 
Rt.    Hon.    Sir   J. ;    Finlay,    Sir   R.    B. 
Fisher,  W.   Hayes  ;     Fitmaurice,    Lord 
E.  G.   P.  ;  Fitz-William,   Earl  of  ;  Fitz- 
Wygram,  Gen.    Sir   F.   W.   J.  ;    Folke- 
stone, Viscount  ;  Foster,  Sir  B.  Walter ; 
Fowler,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  H.  ;  Fry,  SirT.; 
Gibson,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  G.  ;  Gilliat,  J.  S.  ; 
Gladstone,    Rt.    Hon.    H.    J.  ;    Glenesk, 
Lord  ;  Godley,   Sir  A. ;  Gordon-Lennox, 
Lord  Walter  C.  ;  Gorman,  A.  P.  ;  Gorst, 
Rt.   Hon.   Sir  J.  E.  ;  Goschen,  Rt.  Hon. 
G.   J.  ;    Gourley,    Sir   E.    T.  ;    Granby, 
Marquis  of  ;    Grey,    Sir  Edwd.  ;   Gully, 
Rt.    Hon.   W.    C    ;     Grove,    T.    N.    A.  ; 
Hall,    Sir   C. ;    Hamilton,    Lord   C.    J.  ; 
Hamilton,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  G.  F. ;    Han- 
bury,   Rt.   Hon.   R.   W. ;    Harcourt,   Rt. 
Hon.   Sir  W.   G.   G.  V.   V.;    Hardie,  J. 
Keir ;    Harrington,    T.    C.  ;    Harrowby, 
Earl  of ;    Hayter,  Rt.  Hon.   Sir  A.    D.  ; 
Hazell,    W.  ;    Healy,    T.   M.  ;    Heneage, 
Rt.  Hon.  E.  H. ;   Heaton,  J.  H. ;   Hemp- 
hill, Rt.  Hon.  C.  H. ;   Hibbert,  Rt.  Hon. 
Sir  J.  T.  ;   Hicks-Beach,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  M. 
E. ;  Hill,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  Staveley  ;  Hill,  Rt. 
Hon.  Lord  A.  W.  ;  Hill,  Sir  E.  S. ;  Hoare, 
A.;  Hoare,  E.B.;  Hogan,  J.  F.;  Holyoake, 
G.  J. ;   Houldsworth,  Sir  W.  H. ;    Hous- 
ton,   R.    P.   W.  ;     Hubbard,    Hon.    E.  ; 
Hughes,    Col.    E.  ;    Hyndman,    H.    M.  ; 
Jackson,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  L.  ;  Johnston,  W. ; 
Jebb,  Prof.  R.  C.  ;  Joicey,  Sir  J. ;  Jones, 
D.  B.  ;  Kay-Shuttleworth,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  U. 
J. ;  Kennaway,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  H.  ;  Kim- 
berley,  Earl  of  ;  Kitson,  Sir  J.  ;  Knowles, 
L. ;  Knutsford,  Viscount;  Labouchere,  H. ; 
Lambert,  G. ;  Lawson,  H.  L.  W. ;  Lawson, 
J.  G.  ;  Lawson,  Sir  W. ;  Lecky,  Rt.  Hon. 
W.  E. ;   Llandaff,  Viscount ;   Loder,   G. 
W.  E. ;    Long,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  H. ;    Lopes, 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  L.  M. ;  Lome,  Marquis  of ; 
Lough,   T. ;    Lowther,   Rt.   Hon.  J.,  and 
Rt.   Hon.  J.  W.  ;  Loyd,   A.  K.  ;   Lyttel- 
ton,  Hon.  A.  ;  M'Arthur,  W.   A. ;  Mac- 
artney,   W.    G.    E.  ;   M'Calmont,    Major 
H.  L.  B. ;  McCartny,  J. ;  Maclean,  J.  M.; 
Maclure,   Sir  J.   W.  ;    MacNeill,   J.    G. 
Swift  MacN.  ;   Mann,  T.  ;  Maple,  Sir  J. 
B. ;  Marriott,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  W.  T.  ;  Max- 
well, Rt.  Hon.   Sir   H.   E. ;    Mellor,  Rt. 


Hon.  J.  W.  ;  Milton,  Viscount ;  Monk, 
C.  J.  ;  Morley,  Rt.  Hon.  A.,  Rt.  Hon.  J., 
and  Earl  of ;  Moulton,  J.  F. ;  Munro- 
Ferguson,  R.  C.  ;  Murray,  Rt.  Hon.  A. 
G.  ;  Naoroji,  D.  ;  Noel,  Rt.  Hon.  G.  ; 
Norton,  Lord ;  Northbrook,  Earl  of ; 
O'Brien,  W. ;  O'Conor  Don,  The  ;  O'Con- 
nor, A.,  and  T.  P.  ;  O'Kelly,  J. ;  Otway, 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  A.  J. ;  Palmer,  Sir  C.  M.  ; 
Pease,  Sir  J.  W.  ;  Peel,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  F.  ; 
Pickard,  B.  ;  Pickersgill,  E.  H.  ;  Pir- 
bright,  Lord  ;  Plunkett,  Rt.  Hon.  H.  C; 
Quilter,  Sir  W.  Cuthbert ;  Rasch,  Major 

F.  C.  ;  Rathmore,  Lord ;  Reay,  Lord  ; 
Redington,  Rt.  Hon.  C.  T.  ;  Redmond, 
J.  E.  ;   Reed,  Sir  E.  J.  ;   Reid,  Rt.  Hon. 

G.  H.,  and  R.  T. ;  Rendel,  Lord  ;  Rentoul, 
J.  A.  ;  Richmond  and  Gordon,  Duke  of ; 
Ridley,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  M.  White ;  Ripon, 
Marquis  of ;  Ritchie,  Rt.  Hon.  C.  T.  ; 
Robertson,  E.  ;  Robson,  W.  S. ;  Roby, 
H.  J. ;  Rollit,  Sir  A.  E.  ;  Rookwood, 
Lord ;  Rosebery,  Earl  of ;  Russell,  G. 
W.  E. ,  and  T.  W. ;  Salisbury,  Marquis 
of ;  Samuel-Montagu,  Sir  M.  ;  Saunder- 
son,  Rt.  Hon.  Col.  E.  J.  ;  Savory,  Sir 
J.  ;  Schnadhorst,  F.  ;  Schwann,  C.  E.  ; 
Scoble,  Sir  A.  R. ;  Scott,  C.  P.  ;  Seale- 
Hayne,  Rt.  Hon.  C.  ;  Selborne,  Earl  of; 
Shaw,  T.  ;  Shaw-Lefevre,  Rt.  Hon.  G. 
J. ;  Simeon,  Sir  J.  S.  Barrington ;  Spencer, 
Earl,  and  Rt.  Hon.  C.  R.  ;  Spicer,  A.  ; 
Stalbridge,  Lord  ;  Stanley,  Lord,  and  H. 
M. ;  Stevenson,  F.  S.  ;  Stuart,  Prof. 
J.  ;  Stuart-Wortley,  Rt.  Hon.  C.  B.  ; 
Tanner,  C.  K.  D. ;  Temple,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 
R.  ;  Tennant,  H.  J.  ;  Tillett,  B.  ;  Tre- 
velyan,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  G.  O.  ;  Tweed- 
mouth,  Lord  ;  Walton,  J.  Lawson  ;  Wal- 
rond,  Sir  W.  H.  ;  Webster,  Sir  R.  E.  ; 
Welby,  Lord  ;  Wharton,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  L.  ; 
Whitmore,  C.  A. ;  Williams,  J.  Carvel], 
J.P.,  and  the  Hon.  Sir  R.  V.  ;  Willox,  Sir 
J.  A.  ;  Wilson,  F.  W.  ;  Wodehouse,  E.  R.  ; 
Wolff,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  D.  ;  Woodall,  W.  ; 
Woods,  S.  ;  Wyndham,  G.  ;  Yerburgh, 
R.  A.  ;  Yoxall,  J.  H. 

Politicians,  Statesmen,  &c,  Colo- 
nial : — Aikins,  Hon.  J.  C.  ;  Berry,  Sir 
Graham  ;  Berry,  Wm.  B.  ;  Bond,  Hon. 
R.  ;  Bowell,  Hon.  Sir  M.  ;  Bright,  Rt. 
Hon.  J.  ;  Carling,  Hon.  Sir  J.  ;  Caron, 
Sir  J.  P.  R.  A.  ;  Cartwright,  Rt.  Hon. 
Sir  R.  J.  ;  Deakin,  Hon.  A.  ;  Dibbs,  Sir 
G.  R.  ;  Downer,  Sir  J.  W.  ;  Escombe, 
Rt.  Hon.  H. ;  Gillies,  Hon.  D.  ;  Hof- 
meyr,  Hon.  J.  J. ;  Howlan,  Hon.  G.  W.  ; 
Howland,  Hon.  Sir  W.  P.  ;  McDougall, 
Hon.  W.  ;  Mcllwraith,  Sir  T. ;  March- 
and,  Hon.  F.  G. ;  Merriman,  J.  X.  ; 
Mitchell,  Hon.  P. ;  Mowat,  Hon.  Sir 
O.  ;  Nelson,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  M. ; 
Rhodes,  Rt.  Hon.  Cecil  John  ;  Rose- 
Innes.  Hon.  J.;  Samuel,  Sir  S.;  Schreiner, 
Hon.  W.  P.  ;  Seddon,  Rt.  Hon.  R  J.  ; 


1242 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


Sprigg,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  G.  ;  Steere,  Hon. 
Sir  J.  G.  L  ;  Thorburn,  Sir  R.  ;  Todd, 
Sir  C.  ;  Tupper,  Hon.  Sir  C.  and  Hon. 
Sir  C.  H.  ;  Turner,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  G.  ; 
Whiteway,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  W.  P.  ;  Winter, 
Hon.  Sir  J.  S. 

Politicians,  Statesmen,  &c,  American 
and  Foreign  : — Aldrich,  N.  W.  ;  Alger, 
R.  A.  ;  Allison,  W.  B.  ;  Angel],  J.  B. ; 
Audiffret-Pasquier,  Due  d' ;  Badeni, 
Count  C. ;  Bailey,  J.  W. ;  Banffy,  Baron ; 
Barthou,  L.  ;  Bebel,  F.  A.  ;  Beernaert, 

A.  ;  Bennigsen,  R.  von  ;  Bigelow,  J.  ; 
Bliss,  Cornelius  N. ;  Bbtticher,  K.  H.  von ; 
Bourgeois,  L.  V.  A.  ;  Boutelle,  C.  A. ; 
Brisson,  E.  H.  ;  Bryan,  W.  J.  ;  Billow, 

B.  von  ;  Cambray-Digny,  L.  G.  Cont.  di ; 
Campos,  A.  Martinez  ;  Cannon,  Joseph 
G. ;  Casimir-Perier,  J.  P.  P.  ;  Cavaignac. 
Gen. ;   Chanoine,  Gen.  ;   Chesnelong,  P, 

C.  ;  Clemenceau,  G.  B.  ;  Cleveland,  G. 
Constans,  J.  A.  E.  ;  Crispi,  F. ;  Davies,  C 
K. ;  De  Cassagnac,  P.  G. ;  De  Freycinet, 

C.  L.  de  S.  ;  Delcasse,  T.  ;  Delombre,  P, 
Deroulede,  P. ;  Deschanel,  P.  E.  L. ;  Dole 
S.  B.  ;  Dupuy,  C.  A.  ;  Eustis,  Hon.  J.  B. 
Evarts,  Hon!  W.  M.  ;  Fairbanks,  C.  W. 
Falk,  Dr.  P.  L.  A.  ;  Forrest,   Rt.    Hon 
Sir  J.  ;  Foster,  J.  W.  ;  Frey,  E.  ;  Frye. 
W.  P.  ;  Gallifet,  Marquis  de  ;  Garmain 
A.-H.-M. ;  Geraalt-Richard,  J. ;  Giolitti, 
F.    G.  ;    Goblet,   R.  ;    Godin,  J.  ;    Golu- 
chowski,  Count  A.  ;  Gomez,  M. ;  Gordon, 
J.  B. ;  Gray,  G.  ;  Griggs,  J.  W.  ;  Guesde, 
J.  B.  ;  Guillain,  Mons. ;  Guyot,  Y. ;  Hale, 
E.  ;  Hampton,  Hon.  W. ;  Hanotaux,  E.  ; 
Harrison,     Hon.    Benj.  ;     Haussonville, 
Comte  d' ;  Hawley,  Hon.  J. ;  Hay,   Col. 
J.  ;    Herbert,   Hon.   H.   A.  ;   Hill,   Hon. 

D.  B.  ;  Hitt,  R.  R.  ;  Hobart,  G.  A.  ; 
Hohenlohe  -  Schillingfurst,  Prince  of  ; 
Izzet  Bey,  A. ;  Kasson,  J.  A.  ;  Krantz, 
C.  ;  Keratry,  Comte  de  ;  Kruger,  S.  J. 
P.  ;  Lamont,  Hon.  D.  S.  ;  Langevin, 
Hon.  Sir  H.  L.  ;  Laurier,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 
W.  ;  Lebret ;  Lee,  F.  ;  Leyds,  W.  J.  ; 
Liebknecht,  Herr ;  Li  Hung  Chang,  Gen. ; 
Lincoln,  Hon.  R.  T. ;  Lockroy,  E.  S.  ; 
Long,  J.  D. ;  Low,  Hon.  Seth  ;  McKinley, 
Hon.  W.  ;  Meline,  M.  ;  Mercier,  A.  ; 
Mezieres,  A.  J.  F.  ;  Millevoye,  L.  ; 
Morgan,  J.  T.  ;  Morton,  Hon.  L.  P.  ; 
Moukhtar  Pacha;  Mun,  Comte  de ; 
Muravieff,  Count;  Naquet,  J. A. ;  Okuma, 
Count ;  Ollivier,  0.  E.  ;  Pelloux,  Gen.  L. ; 
Peytral,  P.  L.  ;  Pierola,  Gen.  N.  de ; 
Pobyedonostseff,  C. ;  Proctor,  R.  ;  Ram- 
baud,  A.  ;  Rampolla,  Card. ;  Reed,  Hon. 
T.  B,  ;  Reid,  Hon.  W.  ;  Ribot,  A.  F.  J.  ; 
Ristich,  J.  ;  Romero,  M. ;  Rooseveldt, 
Hon.  T.  ;  Rouvier,  M.  ;  Rudini,  Marquis 
di ;  Sagesta,  P.  M.  ;  Sarrien,  J.  M.  F.  ; 
Schurz,  C.  ;  Server  Pasba ;  Sherman, 
Hon.  J. ;  Smith,  C.  E.  ;  Stevenson,  Hon. 
A.  E. ;  Stout,  Sir  R.  ;  Szell,  C.  ;.Thun, 


Count ;  Tisza,  von  B.  K. ;  Tracy,  Hon. 
B.  F.  ;  Uzes,  Duchesse  d' ;  Virchow,  R.  ; 
Waldeck-Rousseau,  |P.  M. ;  Wallon,  H. 
A. ;  Watterson,  Hon.  H. ;  Wekerle,  Dr. ; 
Wheeler,  J.  ;  White,  Hon.  A.  D.  ;  Whit- 
ney, Hon.  W.  C. ;  Wilson,  J.,  and  Hon. 
W.  L.  ;  Windischgratz,  Prince  A. ;  Witte, 
S.  de  ;  Zanardelli,  G. 

Rulers,  Members  of  Royal  Families, 
&c. : — Abbas  Pacha,  Khedive  of  Egypt ; 
Abd-ul-Azis,  Emperor  of  Morocco  ;  Adb- 
ul-Hamid  II.,  Sultan  of  Turkey  ;  Abdul- 
rahman    or    Abdurrahman    Khan,    the 
Ameer  ;  Albany,  H.R.H.  Helene  F.  A.  ; 
Albert,   King   of   Saxony  ;  Alexander  I. 
(Obrenovitch),  King  of  Servia  ;  Alfonzo 
XIII.,   King   of   Spain  ;  Anhalt,    Grand 
Duke  of  ;  Baroda,  Maharajah  of  ;  Barros, 
P.  J.   de  Moraes,  President  of  the  Re- 
public of   Brazil ;  Battenberg,   Princess 
Henry  of  ;  Broglie,  Due  de  ;  Brooke,  Sir 
Charles  A.  (Rajah  of  Sarawak)  ;  Carlos, 
Don  ;  Carlos  I.    (Dom  Carlos),  King  of 
Portugal  ;  Charles  I.,  King  of  Roumania  ; 
Charlotte,      Ex-Empress     of     Mexico  ; 
Chartres,    Due  de  ;    Christian,   Prince ; 
Christian,     Princess ;      Christian     IX., 
King     of     Denmark  ;    Connaught    and 
Strathearn,    Duke   of ;    Connaught   and 
Strathearn,     Duchess     of ;      Denmark, 
Crown    Prince   of ;    Deucher,    Adolph  ; 
Diaz,  Gen.  P.  ;  Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Rou- 
mania ;  Emma,  Ex-Queen  Regent  of  the 
Netherlands  ;   Eu,  Comte  d' ;   Eugenie, 
Ex-Empress  of  the  French  :  Ferdinand 
IV.,   Archduke   of  Austria;    Ferdinand 
I.,    Prince    of    Bulgaria ;    Fife,    H.R.H. 
Duchess  of ;  Francis  Ferdinand  of  Aus- 
tria ;    Francis-Joseph    I.,    Emperor    of 
Austria  ;  Frederick,  Ex-Empress  ;  Fred- 
erick  William   Louis,    Grand    Duke    of 
Baden ;     Genoa,    Duke   of  ;  George    I., 
King  of  the  Hellenes  ;  Hamud  bin  Ma- 
homed ;  Hesse,  Grand  Duke  of  ;  Hum- 
bert I.,  King  of  Italy;   Isabella  II.,  Ex- 
Queen   of  Spain  ;  Joinville,  Prince  de ; 
Kwang-Han,  Emperor  of   China;    Leo- 
pold II.,  King  of  the  Belgians  ;  Li  Hsi, 
King  of  Corea  ;  Loubet,  E.,  President  of 
the   French   Republic ;    Louise,    H.R.H. 
Princess ;      Luitpold,     Prince     Charles 
Joseph ;  Luxemburg- Nassau,  Grand  Duke 
of  ;  Maria  Christina,   Queen  Regent   of 
Spain ;    Mathilde,    Princess  ;    Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz,  Grand  Duke  of  ;  Menelek 
II.  ;  Michael,  Grand  Duke  ;  Milan  (Ob- 
renovitch) I.  ;  Monaco,  Prince  of  ;  Mutsu 
Hito,    Mikado   of  Japan ;    Muzaffer-ed- 
Din,  Shah  of  Persia  ;  Napoleon,  Victor 
J.  F.  ;  Natalie,  Queen  (Servia)  ;  Nicholas 
I.  (Montenegro)  ;  Nicholas  II.,  the  Czar; 
Oldenburg,    Grand   Duke    of ;    Orleans, 
Prince  H.  of,  and  Duke  of ;  Oscar  II.  ; 
Otto  (Bavaria) ;  Ranavalo  Manjaka  III., 
late  Queen  of  Madagascar ;  Robert  I., 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1243 


Ex-Duke  of  Parma ;  Saxe-Coburg  and 
Gotha,  Duke  and  Duchess  of  ;  Saxe- 
Weimar,  H.H.  Prince ;  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  H.S.H.  Prince  Christian  Victor 
A.  L.  E.  A.  of  ;  Steyn,  M.  T. ;  Teck,  Duke 
of,  Capt. ;  H.S.H.  Prince  F.  of,  H.S.H.  A. 
of,  H.S.H.  Alex,  of  ;  Theebaw,  Ex-King  of 
Ava  (Burmah)  ;  Tunis,  Bey  of  (Sidi  Ali) ; 
Tze-Hsi,  Dowager  Empress  of  China ; 
Victoria  Alexandrina,  Queen  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  and  Empress  of 
India ;  Wales,  H.E.H.  Prince  of,  and 
H.R.H.  Princess  of ;  Wilhelmina,  Queen 
of  the  Netherlands  ;  William  II.,  Em- 
peror of  Germany  ;  Wurtemburg,  King 
of ;  York,  H.R.H.  Duke  of,  and  H.R.H. 
Duchess  of. 

Scholars,  Philologists,  Orientalists, 
&c: — Abel,  C. ;  Anderson,  W. ;  Aufrecht, 
Prof.  T.  ;  Beljame,  A. ;  Birdwood,  Sir  G. 
C.  M.  ;  Boissier,  Prof.  M.  L.  G.  ;  Bradley, 
Prof.  A.  C. ;  Bradley,  Henry  ;  Breal,  M. 
J.  A.  ;  Breul,  K.  H.  ;  Buchheim,  Prof. 
C.  A.  ;  Cowell,  Prof.  E.  B.  ;  Oust,  R.  N.  ; 
Davids,  Prof.  T.  W.  Rhys  ;  Dillman,  C. 
F.  A. ;  Driver,  Prof.  Rev.  S.  R.  ;  Earle, 
Prof.  Rev.  J.  ;  Eisenlour,  Prof.  A.  ;  Fur- 
nivall,  F.  J.  ;  Ginsburg,  C.  D. ;  Gollancz, 
J. ;  Grenfell,  B.  P.  ;  Hales,  Prof.  J.  W.  ; 
Jebb,  Prof.  R.  C.  :  Heath,  H.  F.  ;  Ker, 
W.  P.  ;  Krehl,  L.  ;  Leat,  W.  ;  Leathes, 
Prof.  Rev.  S.  ;  Loewe,  Rev.  Dr.  L.  ; 
Mahaffy,  Prof.  Rev.  J.  P.  ;  Margoliouth, 
Prof.  D.  S.  ;  Maspero,  G.  ;  Max-MUller, 
Rt.  Hon.  Prof.  F.  ;  Mayor,  Rev.  J.  E.  B.; 
Mommsen,  Prof.  T.  ;  Moss,  Rev.  H.  W.  ; 
Murray,  Prof.  G.  G.  A.,  and  J.  A.  H.  ; 
Oppert,  J.  ;  Paris,  G.  ;  Rhys,  J.  ;  Ripp- 
mann,  W.  ;  Salmon^,  Prof.  A. ;  Sandys, 
J.  E. ;  Sayce,  Rev.  A.  H.  ;  Skeat,  Prof. 
Rev.  W.  W.  ;  Spiers,  Prof.  V.  J.  T.  ; 
Stokes,  W.  ;  Swanwick,  A.  ;  Taylor,  Rev. 
J. ;  Thomson,  Sir  E.  Maunde ;  Warr, 
Prof.  G.  C.  W.  ;  Wbitehouse,  F.  C. 


SCIENCE. 

Anthropologists,  Ethnologists,  &c: — 

Bertillon,  A.  ;  Galton,  F.  ;  Gomme,  L.  ; 
Haliburton,  R.  C. ;  Lang,  A. ;  Leland,  C.  G. ; 
Lombroso,  Prof.  C.  ;  Pitt-Rivers,  Lieut.  - 
Gen.  A.  H.  Lane-Fox ;  Tylor,  Prof.  E.  B. 

Astronomers,    &c.  : — Abney,    Capt    W. 

■  de  W.  ;  Amvers,  A.  ;  Ball,  Sir  R.  S.  ; 
Christie,  W.  H.  M. ;  Chree,  C. ;  Common, 
A.  A.  ;  Copeland,  R.  ;  Darwin,  Prof. 
G.  H.  ;  Denning,  W.  F.  ;  Downing,  A. 
M.  W.  ;  Dreyer,  J.  L.  E. ;  Ellery,  R.  L.  J.; 
Faye,  Prof.  H.  A.  E.  ;  Flammarion,  C.  ; 
Foerster,  Prof.  Dr.  W.  ;  Gill,  D.  ; 
Glaisher,  J. ;  Grubb,  Sir  Howard  ;  Hug- 
gins,  Sir  W. ;  Janssen,  P.  J.  C.  ;  Langley, 
S.  P.  ;  Loewy,  M. ;   Lynn,  W.  T.  ;   Mel- 


drum,  C.  ;  Newcomb,  S. ;  Noble,  Capt. 
W.  ;  Palisa,  J.  ;  Pickering,  Prof.  E.  C. 
Plummer,  W.  E. ;  Ragona,  Prof.  D. 
Roberts,  J.  ;  Rosse,  Earl  of  ;  Russell,  H 
C.  ;  Schiaparelli,  G.  V. ;  Smyth,  C.  P. 
Iacchini,  P.;  Tennant,  Lieut.-Gen.  J.  F. 
Terby,  F.  J.  C.  ;  Wilson,  Ven.  J.  M.  and 
W.  E.  ;  Wolf,  R. 

Biologists,  Physiologists,  &c. :—  Bate- 
son,  W.  ;  Dallinger,  Rev.  W.  H.  ;  Foster, 
M.  ;  Gamgee,  A.  ;  Gotch,  F.  ;  Haffkine, 
W.  M.  W.  ;  Halliburton,  W.  D.  ;  Horsley, 
V.  A.  H.  ;  Hudson,  C.  T.  ;  Klein,  E.  E.  ; 
Koch,  Prof.  Dr.  R.  ;  Kolliker,  R.  A. 
von  ;  Kowalewsky,  A.  ;  Kuehne,  Willy  ; 
Langley,  J.  N.  ;  Lea,  A.  S.  ;  Lister,  Lord  ; 
M'Kendrick,  Prof.  J.  G. ;  Miall,  L.  C.  ; 
Roux,  P.  P.  E. ;  Sanderson,  Prof.  Sir  J.  S. 
Burdon  ;  Schafer,  Prof.  E.  A.  ;  Sherring- 
ton, Prof.  C.  S.  ;  Woodhead,  Prof.  G.  S. 

Botanists,  &c.  : — Baker,  J.  G.  ;  Balfour, 
Prof.  I.  B. ;  Bottomlev,  W.  B.  ;  Bower, 
F.  0.  ;  Candolle,  A.  C.  P.  de  ;  Carruthers, 
W.  ;  Clarke,  C.  B. ;  Cooke,  M.  C.  ;  Dar- 
win, F. ;  Goodale,  G.  L.  ;  Green,  Prof. 
J.  R.  ;  Hemsley,  W.  B.  ;  Hooker,  Sir 
J.  D. ;  King,  Sir  G.  ;  M'Lachlan,  R.  ; 
Masters,  M.  T.  ;  Murray,  G.  R.  M.  ;  Sachs, 
Dr.  J.  von  ;  Scott,  D.  H.  ;  Strasburger, 
E.  ;  Thiselton-Dyer,  Sir  W.  T.  ;  Trail, 
J.  W.  H.  ;  Vines,  Prof.  S.  H.  ;  Ward, 
Prof.  Marshall. 

Chemists,  &c. : — Abel,  SirF.  A. ;  Amagat, 
E.  H.  ;  Armstrong,  Henry  E.  ;  Attfield, 
Prof.  J.  ;  Baever,  A.  von  ;  Bell,  J.  ;  Ber- 
thelot,  P.  E."  M. ;  Brown,  A.  Crum ; 
Brown,  H.  T.  ;  Buchanan,  J.  Y.  ;  Bunsen, 
Prof.  R.  W.  E.  ;  Chandler,  C.  F. ;  Church, 
A.  H.  ;  Collie,  J.  Norman  ;  Crookes,  Prof. 
Sir  W.  ;  Debus,  H. ;  Divers,  E.  ;  Dunstan, 
W.  R. ;  Dupre,  A.  ;  Frankland,  Sir  E.  ; 
Gilchrist,  P.  C.  ;  Gladstone,  Prof.  J.  H.  ; 
Groves,  C.  E.  ;  Heycock,  C.  T. ;  Jaap,  F. 
R.  ;  Kipping,  Prof.  F.  S.  ;  Liveing,  G.  D. ; 
Liversidge,  Prof.  A.  ;  Meldola,  Prof.  R.  ; 
Mendele"ef,  D.  J.  ;  Mills,  Prof.  E.  J.  ; 
Mond,  L.  ;  Muir,  M.  M.  P.  ;  Odling,  Prof. 
W. ;  Pedler,  A.  ;  Perkin,  W.  H.,  and  W. 
H.,  jun.  ;  Pickering,  P.  S.  U.  ;  Purdie, 
T. ;  Ramsay,  Prof.  W. ;  Reynolds,  Prof. 
J.  E.  ;  Roscoe,  Prof.  Sir  H.  E.  ;  Schunck, 
H.  E. ;  Simpson,  M. ;  Snelus,  G.  J. ; 
Sprengel,  H.  J.  P.  ;  Thomson,  Prof.  J. 
M. ;  Thorpe,  Prof.  T.  E.  ;  Tichborne, 
Prof.  C.  R.  ;  Tilden,  Prof.  W.  A. ;  Veley, 
V.  H. ;  Vernon-Harcourt,  A.  G. ;  Wank- 
lyn,  J.  A. ;  Warington,  R. ;  Williams,  C. 
Greville  ;  Williamson,  Em.  Prof.  A.  W. ; 
Wilson,  G.  F. ;  Wislicenus,  J. ;  Wright, 
C.  R.  A. ;  Young,  S. 

Geologists,  &c. : — Bonney,  Prof.  Rev.  T. 
G. ;    Dawkins,  Prof.   W.  B.   (Pateonto- 


1244 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


logy ) ;  Dawson,  G.  M.  ;  Dawson,  Sir  J. 
W. ;  Dewar,  Prof.  J.  ;  Dixon,  Prof.  H.  B.  ; 
Fletcher,  L.  ;  Gaudry,  J.  A.  ;  Geikie, 
Sir  A.  ;  Geikie,  Prof.  J.  ;  Hicks,  H.  ; 
Hudleston,  W.  H.  ;  Hughes,  Prof.  T. 
M'K.  ;  Hull,  Prof.  E.  ;  Jones,  T.  Rupert ; 
Judd,  Prof.  J.  W.  ;  Le  Conte,  J.  ;  Lewis, 
Prof.  W.  J.  ;  Medlicott,  H.  B.  ;  Miers, 
H.  A.  ;  Milne,  J.  ;  Powell,  Major  J.  W.  ; 
Rudler,  F.  W.  ;  Sollas,  Prof.  W.  J.  ; 
Spencer  J.  W.  ;  Story-Maskeleyne,  M. 
H.  N.  ;  Suess,  E. ;  Whitaker,  W. ;  Wood- 
ward, H.  B. 

Mathematicians,  Physicists,  &c. : — 
Adams,  Prof.  W.  G.  ;  Allmann,  Prof.  W. 
G.  J.  ;  Basset,  A.  B.  ;  Bertrand,  J.  L.  F.; 
Besant,  W.  H.  ;  Bidwell,  S.  ;  Bottomley, 
J.  T.  ;  Boys,  C.  V.  ;  Bryan,  G.  H.  ;  Bun- 
sen,  Prof.  iR.  W.  E.  ;  Burburv,  S.  H.  ; 
Callendar,  Prof.  H.  L.  ;  Clifton,  Prof.  R. 
B.  ;  Cornu,  M.  A.  ;  Cotterill,  J.  H.  ; 
Cremona,  Prof.  L.  ;  Crofton,  Morgan 
W. ;  Darwin,  Prof.  G.  H.  ;  Elliott,  E. 
B.  ;  Esson,  W.  ;  Everett,  J.  D.  ;  Ewing, 
Prof.  J.  A.;  Fitzgerald,  G.  F.  ;  Forsyth,  A. 
R.  ;  Foster,  Prof.  G.  C.  ;  Glaisher,  J.  W. 
L.  ;  Glazebrook,  R.  T. ;  Gray,  A.  ;  Har- 
ley,  Rev.  R.  ;  Henrici,  O.  ;  Hermite, 
Prof.  C.  ;  Hicks,  W.  M.  ;  Hill,  M.  J.  M.  ; 
Huggins,  Sir  W.  ;  Hudson,  Prof.  W.  H. 
H.  ;  Jervis-Smith,  Rev.  F.  J.  ;  Joly,  J.  ; 
Kelvin,  Lord ;  Kempe,  A.  B.  ;  Kohl- 
rausch,  F.  ;  Lamb,  H.  ;  Larmor,  J. ; 
Lippmann,  G.  ;  Lodge,  Prof.  0.  J.  ; 
Macmahon,  Major  P.  A.  ;  Mascart,  E.  E. 
N.  ;  Mathews,  G.  B.  ;  Mittag-Leffler,  M. 
G.  ;  Pearson,  Prof.  K.  ;  Perry,  Prof.  J.  ; 
Poineare\  J.  H.  ;  Quincke,  Prof.  G.  ; 
Rayleigh,  Lord  ;  Reinold,  A.  W.  ; 
Roberts,  S.  ;  Rontgen,  C.  W.  ;  Routh,  E. 
J.  ;  Riicker,  Prof.  A.  W.  ;  Salmon,  Rev. 
G.  ;  Schuster,  Prof.  A.  ;  Scott,  R.  H.  ; 
Shaw,  W.  N.  ;  Smith,  C.  ;  Stokes,  Sir  G. 
G.  ;  Stoney,  G.  J.  ;  Tait,  Prof.  P.  G.  ; 
Taylor,  Rev.  C.  ;  Thompson,  Prof.  S.  P.  ; 
Thomson,  Prof.  J.  J.  ;  Tomlinson,  H.  ; 
Walker,  J.  J.  ;  Watson,  Rev.  H.  W. ; 
Williamson,  Benjamin ;  Worthington, 
A.  M. 

Meteorologists  : — Abbe,  C. ;  Buchan,  A.  ; 
Clayden,  A.  W.  ;  Eliot,  J.  ;  Ellis,  W.  ; 
Lancaster,  A.  F.  M.  ;  Symons,  G.  J. 

Miscellaneous : — Bertillon,J.;  Charnock, 
R.  S.  ;  Conroy,  Sir  J.  ;  Evans,  Sir  J.  ; 
Fonvielle,  W.  de  ;  Frankland,  Prof.  P.  F.  ; 
Goodwin  -  Austen,  Lieut.-Col.  H.  H.  ; 
Haliburton,  R.  C.  ;  Hector,  Sir  J.  ;  Hen- 
nessey, Prof.  H.  ;  Lockyer,  Sir  J.  Nor- 
man ;  Ommanney,  Adm.  Sir  E.  ;  Sorby, 
H.  C.  ;  Stirling,  E.  C.  ;  Strachey,  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Sir  R.  ;  Tristram,  Rev.  H.  B.  ; 
Virchow  R.  ;  Wharton,  Rear-Adm.  Sir 
W.  J.  L. ;  Zenker,  W. 


Zoologists,  Comparative  Anatomists, 
&c  : — Anderson,    J.  ;    Beddard,   F.   E. 
Bell,  Jeffrey  ;  Beneden,  Prof.  P.  J.  van 
Bickmore,    A.    B.  ;     Blanford,    W.    T. 
Boulenger,  G.  A.  ;   Brady,  Prof.  G.  S. 
Buckton,    G.    B.  ;    Buller,    Sir    W.   L. 
Ewart,   J.   C.  ;    Gadow,   H.  F.  ;    Gegen 
baur,    C.  ;     Giard,   Prof.   A.  ;     Giinther, 
A.  C.  L.  G.  ;   Haeckel,  E.  ;   Harting,  J, 
E.  ;   Herdman,  W.  A. ;   Hickson,  S.  J. 
Kennedy,  Capt.  A.  W.  M.  C  ;  Lankester, 
Prof.  E.  R.  ;  Lowe,  E.  J. ;  Lydekker,  R. 
Macalister,  A. ;  M'Intosh,  Prof.  W.  C. 
Metschnikoff,  E.  ;  Mivart,  Prof.  St.  G. 
Murray,  Sir  J.  ;  Newton,  Prof.  A.  ;  Nor 
man,   Canon   A.   M.  ;   Ormerod,   E.   A. 
Pettigrew,  Prof.  J.  B. ;  Poulton,  E.  B. 
Sclater,  P.  L.  ;    Sedgwick,  A.  ;    Seeley. 
Prof.  H.  G.  ;   Sharpe,   R.  B.  ;   Stebbing. 
Rev.  T.  R.  R.  ;  Stewart,  Prof.  C.  ;  Teget 
meier,  W.  B.  ;  Tomes,  C.   S. ;  Traill,  J. 
W.  H.  ;  Traquair,  R.  H.  ;  Trevor-Battye. 
A.  B.  R.  ;  Trimen,  R.  ;  Turner,  Prof.  Sir 
W.  ;  Wallace,  A.  R. ;  Woodford,  C.  M. 


Soldiers,  Sailors,  &c. :— Adye,  Gen.  Sir  J. 
M. ;  Alger,  R.  A.  ;  Alison,  Gen.  Sir  A.  ; 
Anderson,  Gen.  W.  W. ;  Arabi,  A.  ;  Ar- 
dagh,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  J.  C.  ;  Baird,  Lieut.- 
Col.  A.  W. ;  Baldissera,  Gen.  ;  Baratieri, 
Gen. ;  Barker,  Lieut.-Gen.  G.  D. ;  Bed- 
ford, Vice-Adm.  Sir  F.  ;  Bedford,  Sir  F. 
G.  D.  ;  Beresford,  Rear-Adm.  LordChas. ; 
Beresford,  Lord  W.  L.  de  la  P.  ;  Bes- 
nard,  A.  L.  C.  G.  ;  Biddulph,  Gen.  Sir 
M.  A.  S.  ;  Biddulph,  Gen.  Sir  R.  ;  Billot, 
J.  F.  ;  Blair,  Lieut.-Gen.  J.  ;  Blood, 
Brigadier-Gen.  Sir  B.;  Btumenthal,  Field- 
Marshal  L.,  Count  von  ;  Brialmont,  Gen. 
A.  H.  ;  Brackenbury,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  H. ; 
Browne,  Gen.  Sir  S.  J.  ;  Buckle,  Vice- 
Adm.  C.  E.  ;  Buller,  Adm.  Sir  A.  ;  Bul- 
ler, Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  Redvers  H.  ;  But- 
ler, Major-Gen.  Sir  W.  F.  ;  Carrington, 
Major-Gen.  Sir  F. ;  Chamberlain,  Gen. 
Sir  N.  B.  ;  Chelmsford,  Lord ;  Clan- 
william,  Earl  of  ;  Clarke,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir 
A.  ;  Clarke,  Col.  Sir  G.  S.  ;  Cluseret,  G. 
P.  ;  Colomb,  Sir  J.  C.  R.  ;  Colomb,  Vice- 
Adm.  P.  H.;  Colville,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  H.  E. ; 
Commerell,  Adm.  of  the  Fleet  Sir  J.  E.  ; 
Connaught,  Duke  of  ;  Cotton,  Gen.  Sir 
A.  T.  ;  Culme-Seymour,  Adm.  Sir  M. ; 
Davis,  Gen.  Sir  J.  ;  Dewey,  George ; 
Dickson,  Gen.  Sir  C.  ;  Dodds,  A.  A. ; 
Domville,  Vice-Adm.  Sir  C.  E. ;  Dra- 
goumirow,  Gen.  ;  Draper,  W.  F. ;  Duch- 
esne, J.  C.  R.  A.  ;  Erskine,  Adm.  Sir  J. 
E.  ;  Evans,  R.  D.  ;  Fairfax,  Adm.  Sir  H.  ; 
Falmouth,  Viscount ;  Fisher,  Vice-Adm. 
Sir  J.  A.  ;  FitzGeorge,  Col.  A.  C.  F. ; 
Fitzwygram,  Gen.  Sir  F.  W.  J.  ;  Fores- 
tier-Walker,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  F.  W.  E. ; 
Foster,  J.  W.  ;  Fremantle,  Gen.  A.  J.  L.  ; 
Fremantle,  Adm.  the  Hon.  Sir  E.  R.  ; 
Froude,   R.   E.  ;    Gallifet,   Marquis  de ; 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX 


1245 


Gatacre,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  W.  F.  ;  Gipps, 
Gen.  Sir  E.  B.  ;  Gomez,  M.  ;  Gorgei,  Gen. 
A. ;  Gough,  Gen.  Sir  C.  J.  S.  ;  Gougb, 
Gen.  Sir  H.  H.  ;  Gourand,  Capt.  ;  Gourko, 
Count ;  Graham,  Sir  G.  ;  Grant,  F.  D.  ; 
Grant,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  E.  ;  Greely,  Briga- 
dier-Gen. A.  W. ;  Grenfell,  Lieut.-Gen. 
Sir  F.  W. ;  Grenfell,  Lieut.-Col.  H.  E.  ; 
Grove,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  C.  ;  Haines,  Field- 
Marshal  Sir  F.  P.  ;  Harris,  Eear-Adm. 
Sir  E.  H.  ;  Harrison,  Gen.  Sir  E.  ; 
Hawell,  J.  A.  :  Hay,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  J.  C. 
D. ;  Heneage,  Adm.  Sir  A.  C.  F.  ;  Hob- 
son,  E  P.  ;  Hopkins,  Adm.  Sir  J.  0. ; 
Hornby,  Adm.  of  the  Fleet ;  Hoskins, 
Adm.  Sir  A.  H.  ;  Hotham,  Adm.  Sir  C. 
F.  ;  Howard,  Gen.  O.  0. ;  Hunter,  Maj.- 
Gen.,  Sir  A.  ;  Hunt-Grubbe,  Adm.  Sir 
W.  J. ;  Ignatieff,  N.  P. ;  Ito,  Adm.  ; 
Joinville,  Prince  de  ;  Joubert,  Gen.  P. 
J. ;  Kelly,  Col.  J.  G. ;  Kelly-Keuny,  Maj.- 
Gen.  T. ;  Kemball,  Gen.  Sir  A.  B.  ; 
Keppel,  Adm.  the  Hon.  Sir  H. ;  Keratry, 
Comte  de  ;  Kitchener,  Lord  ;  Kouro- 
patkin  ;  Lee,  F.  ;  Lingen,  Lord ;  Lock- 
hart,  Gen.  Sir  W.  S.  A.  ;  Longstreet, 
Gen.  J.  ;  Low,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  E.  C.  ; 
Lowe,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  D.  C.  Drury- ; 
Luck,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  G.  ;  Lugard,  Col.  F. ; 
Lumsden,  Gen.  Sir  P.  S.  ;  Lyons,  Sir 
A.  McL. ;  McCalmont,  Maj.-Gen.  H. ; 
McClintock,  Adm.  Sir  F.  L. ;  Macdonald, 
Col.  H.  A. ;  Mahan,  Capt.  A.  T.  ;  Mait- 
land,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  J.  M.  H.  ;  Markham, 
Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  E.  ;  Melville,  G.  W.  ; 
Merritt,  W. ';  Methuen,  Lord  ;  Miles, 
Maj.-Gen.  N.  A.  ;  Moukhtar-Pacha ; 
Newdigate-Newdegate,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir 
E. ;  Noble,  Capt.  Sir  A.  ;  Noel,  Eear- 
Adm.  ;  Norman,  Gen.  Sir  H.  W.  ;  Om- 
manney,  Adm.  Sir  E.  ;  Paget,  Et.  Hon. 
Lord  C.  E.  ;  Palmer,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  A. 
P.  ;  Parsons,  Colonel  Sir  Charles  Sim 
Bremridge  ;  Philip,  J.  W.  ;  Picquart,  Col. 
G.;  Porter,  Gen.H. ;  Prendergast,  Gen.  Sir 
H.  N.  D.  ;  Proctor,  E.  ;  Eawson,  Vice- 
Adm.  Sir  H.  H.  ;  Eichards,  Adm.  Sir 
F.  W. ;  Eoberts,  Field- Marshal  Lord  ; 
Bundle,  Maj.-Gen.  H.  M.  L.  ;  Eussell, 
Gen.  Sir  B.  C.  ;  Salmon,  Adm.  Sir  N.  ; 
Sampson,  W.  T.  ;  Saussier,  F.  G.  ;  Saxe- 
Weimar,    H.H.    Prince   of ;     Schleswig- 


Holstein,  H.S.H.  Prince  Christian  Victor 
of  ;  Schley,  Eear-Adm.  W.  S.  ;  Schofleld, 
Gen.  J.  Mc.A.  ;  Scott,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir 
F.  C.  ;  Seymour,  Vice-Adm.  Sir  E.  H.  ; 
Shafter,  W.  B. ;  Simmons,  Field-Marshal 
Sir  J.  L.  ;  Stephenson,  Vice-Adm.  Sir 
H.  F.  ;  Stewart,  Field-Marshal  Sir  D. 
M.  ;  Stokes,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  J.  ;  Talbot, 
Major  the  Hon.  M,  G.  T.  ;  Talbot,  Maj.- 
Gen.  the  Hon.  B.  A.  J.  ;  Teck,  H.S.H. 
Prince  Adolphus  of,  H.S.H.  Prince 
Alex,  of,  Capt.  H.S.H.  Prince  F.  of; 
Thibaudin,  J.  ;  Tredegar,  Lord ;  Tiirr, 
Gen.  S.  ;  Tuson,  Gen.  Sir  H.  B.  ;  Walder- 
see,  Gen.  Count  von  ;  Watson,  J.  C.  ; 
Weyler,  Don  V.  y  N.  ;  Wharton,  Eear- 
Adm.  Sir  W.  J.  L.  ;  Wheeler,  J.  ;  White, 
Gen.  Sir  G.  S.  ;  Wilson,  Eear-Adm.  A.  K. 
and  Sir  C.  W.  ;  Wingate,  Col.  Sir  F.  E. ; 
Wolseley,  Viscount ;  Wood,  Gen.  Sir  H. 
E.  ;  Younghusband,  Lieut.-Gen.  C.  W. 

Travellers,   Explorers,   Geographers, 
&c. :—  AndrcSe,  S.  A.  ;  Bonvalot,  P.  G. 
Broome,  Lady  ;  Conway,  SirW.  Martin 
Cosson,    C.    A.     de  ;    Coxwell,    H.   T. 
Crichton-Browne,   Capt,  H.  W.   A.    F. 
Davidson,  Prof.  G.  ;  De  Windt,  Harry 
Du   Chaillu,   P.    B.  ;  Fitzgerald,  E.  A. 
Gordon-Cumming,  Miss  C.  F.  ;   Harms- 
worth,  A.  C.  W.  ;   Hedin,  S.  A.  ;  Jack- 
son, F.  G.  ;    Kennan,  G.  ;  Kingsley,  M. 
H.  ;  Kropotkin,   Prince  P.  ;    Landor,  A. 
H.  S.  ;  Lansdell,  Bev.  H.  ;  Lindsay,  D.  ; 
Longstaff,  L.  W.  ;  Lowell,   P.  ;    McLin- 

.  tock,  Admiral  Sir  F.  L.  ;  Marchand. 
Major  T.  ;  Markham,  Sir  C.  B.  ;  Meyer, 
H.  ;  Nansen,  F.  ;  Nares,  Vice-Admiral 
Sir  G.  S.  ;  Nordenskiold,  Baron  ;  Nor- 
man, H.  ;  Ohrwalder,  Father  ;  Orleans, 
Prince  H.  of  ;  Peary,  Lieut.  B.  E. 
Pinto,  A.  A.  da  E.  Serpa  ;  Bavenstein 
E.  G.  ;  Eeclus,  J.  E.  ;  Sella,  V.  ,  Sladen 

D.  ;  Slatin  Pasha,  Sir  B.  C;  Smith,  B 
L.  ;  Stanley,  H.  M.  ;  Sverdru-,  0. 
Thompson,    J.  ;    Thuillier,    Gen.    Sir   H. 

E.  L.  ;  Trevor -Battye,  A.  B.  E.  ;  Tris 
tram,  Eev.  H.  B.  ;  Vambery,  Prof.  A. 
Webster,  H.  A. ;  Whymper,  E.  ;  Wiss 
man,  Maj.  H.  von ;  Woodford,  C.  M. 
Young,    Sir  A.  ;    Younghusband,    Capt 

F.  E. 


NECKOLOGY 


The  following  are  the  dates  of  publication  of  the  various  editions  of  this  book: — 


1st  edition  1852 
2nd  „  1853 
3rd  „  1856 
ith  „  1857 
5th       „      1862 


6th  edition  1865 
1th  „  1868 
8th  „  1872 
9*A  „  1875 
10th    „       1879 


11th  edition  1884 
12<A  „  1887 
13th  „  1891 
Uth  „  1895 
15«A      „       1899 


TAe  lsi  edition  contained  only  300  biographies  ;  the  present  contains  upwards  of  3400. 

The  Necrology,  numbering  about  3300  entries,  begins  with  those  whose  names  appeared 
in  the  5th  edition;  and  that  quoted  in  the  following  list  is  the  last  in  which  the  biography 
of  the  person  referred  to  was  published. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

A' ah  Pasha       

1815 

Sept.  6, 

1871 

7 

Aarifl  Pasha          ...         ...         

1830 

Dec.  6, 

1895 

14 

Abbot,  Gorham  Dummer 

Sept.  3, 

1807 

Aug.  3, 

1874 

9 

Abbott,  Jacob       

Nov.  14, 

1803 

Oct.  31, 

1879 

10 

Abbott,  John  Stephens  Cabot 

Sept.  18, 

1805 

June  17, 

1877 

9 

AbdEl-Kader       

1883 

10 

Abdul- Aziz  Khan,  Sultan  of  Turkey    ... 

Feb.  9, 

1830 

June  3, 

1876 

9 

A'Beckett,  Sir  W.            

June  27, 

1869 

7 

Abercorn,  Duke  of 

Jan.  21, 

1811 

Oct.  31, 

1885 

11 

Aberdare,  Et.  Hon.  Lord           

April  16, 

1815 

Feb.  25, 

1895 

14 

About,  Edmund 

Feb.  14, 

1828 

Jan.  16, 

1885 

11 

Abyssinia,  Theodore,  King  of 

April  13, 

1868 

7 

Acland,  Et.   Hon.   Sir   Thomas   Dyke,    Bart., 

D.C.L 

May  25, 

1829 

May  29, 

1898 

14 

Adams,  Charles  Francis 

Aug.  18, 

1807 

Nov.  21, 

1886 

12 

Adams,  Sir  Francis          

July  20, 

1889 

12 

Adams,  Jno.  Couch,  M. A.,  F.E.S 

June  5, 

1819 

Jan.  21, 

1892 

13 

Adams,  John  Quincey 

Sept.  22, 

1833 

Aug.  14, 

1894 

13 

Adams,  W.  Davenport 

1828 

Dec.  30, 

1891 

13 

Adams,  Wm.,  D.D 

Jan.  25, 

1807 

Aug.  30, 

1880 

10 

Adams,  Wm.  Bridges 

1797 

July  23, 

1872 

8 

Adams,  W.  H 

1809 

Aug.  28, 

1865 

6 

Adler,  G.  J 

1821 

Aug.  24, 

1868 

7 

Adler,  the  Eev.  Nathan  Marcus            

1803 

Jan.  21, 

1890 

12 

Agassiz,  Louis  J.  E. 

May  28," 

1807 

Dec.  14, 

1873 

8 

Aimard,  Gustave 

Sept.  13, 

1818 

April  30, 

1883 

10 

AinmiiUer,  Maximilian  E.           ...         

1807 

Dec.  9, 

1877 

7 

Ainsworth,  William  Francis,  F.S.A.,  F.E.G.S. 

1807 

Nov.  27, 

1896 

14 

Ains worth,  William  Harrison    ... 

Feb.  4, 

1805 

Jan.  3, 

1882 

10 

Aird,  Tho 

Aug.  28, 

1802 

April  25, 

1876 

9 

Airey,  Lord 

April, 

1803 

Sept,  14, 

1881 

10 

Airy,  Sir  Geo.,  K.C.B.,  F.E.S 

Nov.  27, 

1801 

Jan.  1, 

1892 

13 

Aitchison,  Brig.-Surgeon   James  E.  T.,  M.D., 

LL.D 

1835 

Oct.  30, 

1898 

14 

Aitken,  Sir  W.  (M.D.)     

1825 

June  25, 

1892 

13 

Akerman ,  J.  Yonge 

June  12, 

1806 

Nov.  18, 

1873 

8 

Albany,  Leopold,  Duke  of 

April  7, 

1853 

Mar.  28, 

1884 

11 

Albert,  Prince                  ...         

Aug.  26, 

1819 

Dec.  14, 

1861 

5 

Alcester,  Lord,  P.C.,  G.C.B ... 

April  12, 

1821 

April, 

1895 

14 

Alcock,  Sir  Eutherford,  F.E.C.S.,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L. 

1809 

Nov.  2, 

1897 

14 

1248 


NECEOLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson ,         

Nov.  29, 

1799 

Mar.  4, 

1888 

12 

Alcott,  Louisa  May 

Nov.  29, 

1832 

Mar.  5, 

1888 

12 

Alcott,  W.  A.,  M.D 

1798 

1859 

8 

Alderson,  Sir  James,  M.D.          

Sept.  13, 

1882 

10 

Alexander  of  Battenberg,  Prince         

1857 

Nov.  17, 

1893 

13 

Alexander,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  J.  E.           

1803 

April  2, 

1885 

12 

Alexander  II.,  Emp.  of  Russia  ... 

April  17, 

1818 

Mar.  13, 

1881 

10 

Alford,  Kt.  Rev.  Charles,  D.D ".. 

1816 

June  13, 

1898 

14 

Alexander  III.,  Emp.  of  Russia           

Mar.  10, 

1845 

Nov.  1, 

1894 

13 

Alexander,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  J.  E.          

1803 

April  2, 

1885 

12 

Alexander,  Stephen 

Sept.  1, 

1806 

June  25, 

1883 

11 

Alexander,  Rev.  William  L 

Aug.  24, 

1808 

Dec.  20, 

1884 

11 

Alfonso,  King  of  Spain              

Nov.  28, 

1857 

Nov.  25, 

1885 

11 

Alford,  Rev.  Hy.,  Dean  of  Canterbury 

Oct.  7, 

1810 

Jan.  12, 

1871 

7 

Alice,  Princess... 

April  25, 

1843 

Dec.  14, 

1878 

9 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald      ...         

Dec.  29, 

1792 

May  23, 

1867 

7 

Allen,  Wm.,  D.D.             

Jan.  2, 

1784 

July  16, 

1868 

7 

Alleyne,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  James,  K.C.B. 

May  13, 

1842 

April  23, 

1899 

15 

Allibone,  Samuel  Austin 

April  17, 

1816 

Sept.  2, 

1889 

12 

Allingham,  William 

Mar.  19, 

1824 

Nov.  18, 

1889 

12 

Allman,  Professor  George  James,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

1812 

Nov.  24, 

1898 

15 

Allon,  Rev.  Henry,  D.D.             

Oct.  13, 

1818 

April  16, 

1892 

13 

Almquist,  K.  J.  L. 

1793 

Oct.  26, 

1866 

7 

Amadeus,  Prince,  Duke  of  Aosta         

May  30, 

1845 

Jan.  18, 

1890 

12 

Amari,  Michele 

July  7, 

1806 

July, 

1889 

12 

Amherst,  Francis  Kerrill,  D.D.             

1819 

Aug.  21, 

1883 

11 

Ampere,  J.  J.  A. 

Aug.  12, 

1800 

Mar.  27, 

1864 

5 

Amphlett,  Sir  Richard  Paul       

1809 

Dec.  7, 

1883 

11 

Ampthill,  Lord  (Ambassador)   ... 

Feb.  20," 

1829 

Aug.  25, 

1884 

11 

Anderdon,  Rev.  W.  H.               

Dec.  26, 

1816 

July  28, 

1890 

12 

Andersen,  Hans  Christian 

April  2, 

1805 

Aug.  4, 

1875 

9 

Anderson,  Arthur 

1792 

.  Feb.  28, 

1868 

7 

Anderson,  Sir  Henry  Lacon      ...         

1817 

April, 

1879 

10 

Anderson,  Rev.  J.  S.  M.             ...         

1798 

Sept.  27, 

1869 

7 

Anderson,  Rob.,  Brigadier-Gen. 

1806 

Oct.  26, 

1871 

7 

Anderson,  Wm.,  LL.D.   ... 

1799 

Sept.  15, 

1872 

8 

Anderson,  Sir  William,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L. 

Jan.  5, 

1835 

Dec.  11, 

1898 

15 

Andrassy,  (Count)  Julius 

Mar.  8, 

1823 

Feb.  18, 

1890 

12 

Andrew,  John  Albion     ...         ...         ...         ... 

May  31, 

1818 

Oct.  30, 

1867 

7 

Annenkow,  General 

1838 

Jan.  22, 

1899 

15 

Ansdell,  Richard,  R.A 

1815 

April  20, 

1885 

11 

Ansted,  David  Thos 

1814 

May  13, 

1880 

10 

Anster,  John,  LL.D. 

1798 

June  9, 

1867 

7 

Anstey,  T.  Chisholm 

1816 

Aug. 

1873 

8 

Anthon,  Charles,  LL.D. 

1797 

July  29, 

1867 

7 

Anthony,  Henry  B.          

April  1, 

1815 

Sept.  2, 

1884 

11 

Antonelli,  Cardinal  Giacomo     ...         

April  2, 

1806 

Nov.  6, 

1876 

9 

Apponyi,  Count  Rudolph 

1812 

June  1, 

1876 

9 

Archer,  J.  W 

Aug.  2, 

1806 

May  25, 

1864 

5 

Archibald,  Sir  Adams  George 

May  18, 

1814 

Dec.  14, 

1892 

13 

Archibald,  Sir  Tho.  Dickson     

Oct.  18, 

1876 

9 

Argelander,  Fred.  W.  A.            

Mar.  21,' 

1799 

Feb.  17, 

1875 

9 

Argyropoulo,  P 

1810 

Dec.  28, 

1860 

6 

Aristarchi,  N 

1800 

Feb.  2, 

1866 

7 

Arles-Dufour,  J.  B 

1805 

Jan.  21, 

1872 

8 

Armstrong,  Sir  Alex.,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S. 

July  4, 

1899 

15 

Arnason,  John      

Aug.  17, 

1819 

Sept.  4, 

1888 

12 

Arnaud,  Fanny  (Mme.  Chas.  Reybaud) 

Dec.  13, 

1802 

Nov. 

1870 

7 

Arnim,  Count       ..          

Oct.  3, 

1824 

May  19, 

1881 

10 

Arnold,  Matthew              

Dec.  24, 

1822 

April  15, 

1888 

12 

Arnott,  Neil,  M.D 

1788 

Mar.  2, 

1874 

8 

Arnould,  Sir  Joseph        

1815 

Feb.  16, 

1886 

12 

Arrivabene,  Giovanni     

June  23, 

1787 

Oct. 

1874 

8 

NECKOLOGY 


1249 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion 

Arrowsmith,  John 

May  2, 

1873 

8 

Arthur,  Chester  Alan  (ex-President  U.S.A.)  ... 

Oct.  5, 

1830 

Nov.  18, 

1886 

12 

Arwidson,  A.  J.     .. 

1791 

June  21, 

1858 

6 

Asboth,  Gen.  Alex. 

Dec.  18, 

1811 

Feb. 

1868 

7 

Ashburton,  Lord  ... 

1799 

Mar.  23, 

1864 

5 

Atherstone,  Edwin         ...         

April  17J 

1788 

Jan.  29, 

1872 

8 

Atherton,  Sir  W.              

1806 

Jan.  22, 

1864 

5 

Athlumley,  Lord              ...          

1802 

Dec.  7, 

1873 

8 

Atley,  Rt.  Rev.  J.,  D.D 

1817 

Dec.  24, 

1894 

13 

Auber,  D.  P.  E 

Jan.  29, 

1782 

May  13, 

1871 

7 

Auckland,  Lord,  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  ... 

1799 

April  25, 

1870 

7 

Auerbach,  Berthold 

Feb.  28, 

1812 

Feb.  8, 

1882 

10 

Auersperg,  (Prince)  Adolph       

July  21, 

1821 

Jan.  5, 

1885 

12 

Augier,  Guillaume  V.  E....         ...         

Sept.  17, 

1820 

Oct.  25, 

1889 

12 

Augustenberg,  F.  C.  A. ,  Duke  of 

July  6, 

1829 

Jan.  14, 

1880 

10 

Aumale,  Due  d'    ... 

Jan.  16, 

1822 

May    7, 

1897 

14 

Aurelles  de  Paladine,  General  .. . 

Jan.  9, 

1804 

Dec   17, 

1877 

9 

Auzoux,  Tho.  L.  J. 

April  7, 

1797 

May  7, 

1880 

10 

Awdry,  Sir  John  Wither 

1795 

May  31, 

1878 

9 

Aytoun,  W.  E 

1813 

Aug.  4, 

1865 

6 

Azeglio,  Marquis  M.  d' 

1800 

Jan.  11, 

1866 

6 

Babbagb,  Chas 

Dec.  26, 

1792 

Oct.  18, 

1871 

7 

Babington  B.  G 

1794 

April  8, 

1866 

6 

Babington,  Professor  Charles,  M.A.,  F.R.S.  ... 

1808 

July  22, 

1895 

14 

Babington,  Rev.  Churchill 

1821 

Jan.  13, 

1889 

12 

Bache,  A.  D.          

July  19," 

1806 

Feb.  17, 

1867 

6 

Bache,  F 

Oct.  25, 

1792 

Mar.  19, 

1864 

6 

Bachmann,  John,  D.D.     ... 

Feb.  4, 

1790 

1874 

8 

Back,  Sir  Geo 

1796 

June  23, 

1878 

9 

Bacon,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  James 

1798 

June  1, 

1895 

14 

Bacon,  Leonard,  D.D. 

Feb.  19," 

1802 

Dec.  24, 

1881 

10 

Baden-Powell,  Sir  George,  M.P.,  F.R.S. 

Dec.  24, 

1847 

Nov.  20, 

1898 

14 

Badger,  Rev.  George  Percy        ...         

April, 

1815 

Feb.  21, 

1888 

12 

Baehr,  J.  C.  F 

June  13, 

1798 

Nov.  28, 

1872 

8 

Bagehot,  Walter  ...         ...         ...         

Feb.  3, 

1826 

Mar.  24, 

1877 

9 

Baggallay,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Richard          

May  13, 

1816 

Nov.  13, 

1888 

12 

Bailey,  John  Eglington  ... 

Feb.  13, 

1840 

Aug.  23, 

1888 

12 

Bailey,  Theodorus 

April  12, 

1805 

Feb.  10, 

1877 

9 

Baily,  Edward  Hodges               ...         

March, 

1788 

May  22, 

1867 

7 

Bainbrigge,  Sir  P.             ...         

1786 

Dec.  20, 

1862 

5 

Baines,  Sir  Edward 

1800 

Mar.  2, 

1890 

12 

Baird,  Rob.,  D.D.              

Oct,  6, 

1798 

Mar.  15, 

1863 

7 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton 

Feb.  3, 

1823 

Aug.  18, 

1887 

12 

Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 

June  8, 

1821 

1893 

13 

Baker,  Valentine  ...           ..         ...         

1825 

Nov.  16(7)1    '-', 

12 

Balfe,  Michael  W.            

1808 

Oct.  20, 

1870 

7 

Balfe,  Victoria      

1837 

Jan.  22, 

1871 

7 

Balfour,  Professor  Francis  Maitland 

1851 

July  18, 

1882 

11 

Balfour,  John  Hutton     ... 

Sept.  15, 

1808 

Feb.  11, 

1884 

12 

Balfour,  T.  G 

Jan.  17, 

1891 

13 

Balfour,  Thomas  G.,  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Mar.  18, 

1813 

1893 

13 

Ball,  John,  F.R.S 

Aug.  20, 

1818 

Oct.  21, 

1889 

12 

Ball,  Rt.    Hon.   John    Thomas,    M.P.,    LL.D., 

D.C.L.             

1815 

Mar.  17, 

1898 

14 

Ball,  Rt.  Hon.  N 

1791 

Jan.  15, 

1865 

5 

Ball,  Valentine,  C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

July  14, 

1843 

June  15, 

1895 

14 

Ballantine,  James 

June  11, 

1808 

Dec.  18, 

1877 

9 

Ballantine,  (Sergeant)  William 

Jan.  3, 

1812 

Jan.  9, 

1887 

12 

Ballantyne,  John,  R.S.A.            

Baltard,  Victor 

1815 
1805 

Jan.  13, 

1874 

"8 

Bancroft,  George 

Oct.  3, 

1800 

Jan.  17, 

1891 

4  K 

13 

1250 


NECKOLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Banks,  Mrs.  G.  LinnEeus 

Mar.  25, 

1821 

May  5, 

1897 

14 

Banks,  Nathaniel  P. 

Jan.  30, 

1816 

Sept.  1, 

1894 

13 

Bannerman,  Sir  A.           ...          ...         ..           ... 

1783 

Dec.  30, 

1864 

6 

Banville,  Theodore  F.  de            

Mar.  14, 

1823 

Mar.  13, 

1891 

13 

Baraguay-d'Hilliers,  Comte                   ...         ... 

Sept.  6, 

1795 

June  6, 

1878 

9 

Barante,  Baron  A.  G.  P.  B.         ...         ...         ... 

June  10, 

1787 

Nov.  22, 

1866 

6 

Barbet,  Auguste 

1800 

March, 

1875 

9 

Barbey  d'AureVilly,  Jules 

Nov.  2, 

1808 

April, 

1889 

12 

Bardsley,  Sir  Jas.  Lomax,  M.D. 

1801 

July  10, 

1876 

9 

Baring,  Chas.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Durham 

1807 

Sept.  14, 

1879 

10 

Baring,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  F.  T.  (Lord  Northbrook) 

April  20, 

1796 

Sept.  6, 

1866 

6 

Baring,  Tho.,  M.P 

1800 

Nov.  18, 

1873 

8 

Barker,  Frederick,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Sydney   ... 

1808 

April  5, 

1882 

10 

Barkly,  Sir  Henry,  K.C.B 

Feb.  24, 

1815 

Oct.  20, 

1898 

14 

Barlow,  P 

1780 

Mar.  1, 

1862 

5 

Barlow,  Thomas  Oldham 

Aug.  4, 

1824 

Dec.  24, 

1889 

12 

Barnabo,  Cardinal            ...         ...         

Mar.  2, 

1801 

Feb.  24, 

1874 

8 

Barnard,  Frederick  A.  P.            

May  5, 

1809 

April  27, 

1889 

12 

Barnard,  General  John  Gross    ... 

May  19, 

1815 

May  14, 

1882 

10 

Barnby,  Sir  Joseph 

Aug.  12, 

1838 

Jan.  28, 

1896 

14 

Barnes,  Rev.  Albert 

1798 

Dec.  24, 

1870 

7 

Barnett,  John 

July  1 5, 

1802 

April  17, 

1890 

12 

Barnum,  Phineas  T. 

July  5, 

1810 

April  9, 

1891 

13 

Baroche,  Pierre  Jules 

Nov.  18, 

1802 

Oct.  29, 

1870 

7 

Barrett,  Lawrence 

April  4, 

1838 

13 

Barrot,  Odillon      

July  19, 

1791 

Aug.  6, 

1873 

8 

Barrot,  Victorin  Ferdinand        ...         

Jan.  10, 

1806 

Nov. 

1883 

11 

Barrow,  John,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A 

1808 

Dec. 

1898 

15 

Barry,  Rt.  Hon.  Charles  Robert 

1825 

May  15, 

1897 

14 

Barry,  Edward  Middleton,  R.A.            

1830 

Jan.  27, 

1880 

10 

Barry,  Sir  Redmund 

1813 

Dec.  30, 

1880 

10 

Barth,  H 

April  18,' 

1821 

Nov.  26, 

1865 

6 

Bartheleniy-Saint-Hilaire,  Jules 

Aug.  19, 

1805 

Nov.  24, 

1895 

14 

Bartholomew,  Mrs.  A. 

1806 

Aug.  18, 

1862 

5 

Bartholomew,  Valentine 

Jan.  18, 

1799 

Mar.  21, 

1879 

9 

Bartlett,  John  Russell     ... 

Oct.  23, 

1805 

May  28, 

1886 

12 

Bartlett,  Rev.  Tho 

1789 

May  28, 

1872 

8 

Barttelot,  Sir  Walter       

1820 

1893 

13 

Barye,  Antoine  Louis 

Sept.  24, 

1795 

June  26, 

1875 

9 

Basing,  Lord  (Rt.  Hon.  G.  Sclater-Booth) 

1826 

Oct.  23, 

1894 

13 

Bates,  Edward 

Sept,  4, 

1793 

Mar.  25, 

1869 

7 

Bates,  Henry,  A.R.A.  (Harry)    ... 

Jan.  30, 

1899 

15 

Bates,  Henry  W.,  F.R.S.       '      

Feb.  8,' 

1825 

Feb.  16, 

1892 

13 

Baudry,  Paul  Jacques  Aime' 

Nov.  7, 

1828 

Jan. 

1886 

11 

Bauer,  Bruno 

Sept.  6, 

1809 

April, 

1882 

10 

Bautain,  (Abbe')  L.  E.  M 

Feb.  17, 

1796 

Oct.  18, 

1867 

7 

Bavaria,  Louis,  ex-King  of 

Aug.  25, 

1786 

Feb.  28, 

1869 

7 

Bavaria,  Louis  II.,  King  of 

Aug.  25, 

1845 

June  13, 

1886 

11 

Bavaria,  Maximilian  Joseph  II.,  King  of        ... 

Nov.  28, 

1811 

Mar.  10, 

1864 

5 

Baxter,  Sir  David            

1793 

Oct.  13, 

1872 

8 

Baxter,  Robert  Dudley   ... 

1827 

May  20, 

1875 

9 

Baxter,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  E 

June, 

1825 

Aug.  10, 

1890 

12 

Bayard,  Hon.  Thomas  Francis  ... 

Oct.  29, 

1828 

Sept.  28, 

1898 

14 

Bayley,  James  Roosevelt,  Abp.  of  Baltimore 

Aug.  23, 

1814 

Oct.  3, 

1877 

9 

Bayne,  Peter,  M.A.,  LL.D 

Oct.  19, 

1830 

Feb.  10, 

1896 

14 

Baynes,  Thomas  Spencer 

Mar.  24, 

1823 

Mav  29, 

1887 

12 

Bazaine,  Francois  Achille 

Feb.  13, 

1811 

Sep"t.  23, 

1888 

12 

Bazalgette,  Sir  Joseph  W„  K.C.B 

1819 

Mar.  15, 

1891 

13 

Bazley,  Sir  Thomas         ...         

1797  '  Mar.  18, 

1885 

11 

Beaconsfleld,  Earl  of 

Dec.  21, 

1804  :  April  19, 

1881 

10 

Beal,  Rev.  Wm,  LL.D 

1815  ,   

1870 

7 

Beal,  James          ..          ...           

1829     June  11, 

1891 

13 

Beales,  Edmond  ...         ...         ■.. 

July  3, 

1803 

June  26, 

1881 

10 

NECROLOGY 


1251 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth.             Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Beatson,  Wm.  Ferguson,  Lieut.-Gen.  ... 

...      Feb.  4, 

1872 

8 

Beattie,  Wm,  M.D 

1793  ,  Mar.  17, 

1875 

9 

Beauchamp,  Frederic  Lygon     ...         

1830  !  Feb.  19, 

1891 

13 

Beauchamp,  Earl,  D.C.L.           

1830     Feb.  19, 

1891 

13 

Beauohesne,  A.  H.  D.  de 

Mar.  31, 

1804  i  Dec.  5, 

1873 

8 

Beaufort,  Duke  of           ...          

Feb.  1, 

1824  1  April  30, 

1899 

15 

Beaumont,  Gustave  Aug.  de  la  Bonniniere  de 

Feb.  16, 

1802     Mar.  2, 

1866 

7 

Beauregard,  Pierre  G.  T.           ...         

1818  i  April  27, 

1895 

13 

Becher,  Elizabeth,  Lady 

1791      Oct.  29, 

1872 

8 

Becker,  Chas.  Ferdinand           

June  17, 

1804 

Oct.  26, 

1877 

9 

Beckz,  Peter  John 

Feb.  8, 

1795      Mar.  4, 

1887 

12 

Becquerel,  Antoine  Cfear           ...         ... 

Mar.  7, 

1788  '  Jan.  19, 

1878 

9 

Bedeau,  M.  A 

Aug.  10, 

1804 

Oct,  30, 

1863 

5 

Bedford,  Paul      ...         

1798 

Jan.  11, 

1871 

7 

Beecher,  Catherine  Esther        

Sept.  6^ 

1800 

May  12, 

1878 

9 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward     ... 

June  24, 

1813 

Mar.  8, 

1887 

12 

Beecher,  Dr.  L.    . . .         ...         

Oct.  12, 

1775 

Jan. 

1863 

5 

Behnes,  W. 

1800 

Jan.  3, 

1864 

5 

Beke,  C.  Tilstone,  Ph.D.             

Oct.  10, 

1800 

July  31, 

1874 

8 

Bekker,  Emanuel 

1785 

June, 

1871 

7 

Belcher,  Admiral  Sir  Edward   ...         

1799 

Mar.  18, 

1877 

9 

Belgians,  Leopold  I.,  King  of  the 

Dec.  16, 

1790 

Dec.  10, 

1865 

5 

Belgiojoso,  Princess  of 

June  28, 

1808 

July  5, 

1871 

7 

Bell,  Lieut. -General  Sir  Geo 

1794 

July  10, 

1877 

9 

Bell,  General  Sir  John 

Nov.  20, 

1876 

9 

Bell,  John 

1821 

Mar. 

1895 

14 

Bell,  Eobert          

1800 

April  12, 

1867 

7 

Bell,  Thomas,  F.R.S 

Oct.  11, 

1792 

Mar.  13, 

1880 

10 

Bellamy,  Edward             ...         ..           

1850 

May  22, 

1898 

14 

Bellew,  J.  C.  M 

Aug.  3, 

1823 

June  19, 

1874 

8 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  D.D.              

June  10, 

1814 

Jan.  30, 

1882 

10 

Belot,  Adolphe     ...         

Nov.  6. 

1829 

Dec.  18, 

1890 

13 

Belper,  Lord          ...         ...         ...         

1801 

June  30, 

1880 

10 

Bendemann,  Edward 

Dec.  3, 

1811 

Dec.  28, 

1889 

12 

Benedek,  General  Louis  von      ...         

1804 

April  26, 

1881 

9 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius        

Nov.  27^ 

1804 

June  5, 

1885 

11 

Benfey,  Theodore             

Jan.  28, 

1809 

July, 

1881 

10 

Benjamin,  Judah  Philip,  Q.C 

1811 

May  6, 

1884 

11 

Bennett,  James  Gordon  ...         ... 

1800 

June  2, 

1872 

8 

Bennett,  Sir  James  R.     ... 

1809 

Dec.  15, 

1891 

13 

Bennett,  John  Hughes,  M.D 

Aug.  31, 

1812 

Sept.  25, 

1875 

9 

Bennett,  William  Cox,  LL.D 

Oct.  14, 

1820 

Mar.  4, 

1895 

14 

Bennett,  Rev.  William  James  Kelly    ,. 

1805 

Aug.  15, 

1886 

11 

Bennett,  Sir  W.  Sterndale         

1816 

Feb.  1, 

1875 

8 

Benson,  Sir  J.       ...         

1812 

Oct.  17, 

1874 

8 

Benson,  Most  Rev.  Edward  White,  D.Br 

1829 

Oct.  11, 

1896 

14 

Bentinck,  Rt.  Hon.  Geo.  C 

1821 

April  9, 

1891 

13 

Bentley,  Professor  Robert,  F.L.  S 

Mar.  25, 

1821 

Dec.  24, 

1893 

13 

Beresf  ord,  Archbishop  of  Armagh        

1801 

Dec.  26, 

1885 

12 

Bergh,  Henry        ...         

1823 

Mar.  12, 

1888 

12 

Beriot,  Ch.  Auguste  de    ... 

Feb.  20, 

1802 

April, 

1870 

7 

Berkley,  Francis  Fitz-Hardinge           

Dec.  7, 

1794 

Mar.  10, 

1870 

7 

Berkeley,  George  C.  Grantley  Fitz-Hardinge 

1800 

Feb.  23, 

1881 

10 

Berkeley,  The  Rev.  Miles  J 

1803 

July  30, 

1889 

12 

Berlioz,  Louis  Hector 

Dec.  11. 

1807 

Mar.  9, 

1869 

7 

Bernard,  Claude   ...          

July  12, 

1813 

Feb.  10, 

1878 

9 

Bernard,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  B.,  Bishop  of  Tuam 

Jan.  4, 

1811 

Jan.  31, 

1890 

12 

Bernard,  Montague,  D.C.L.         ...         

Jan.  28, 

1820 

Sept.  3, 

1882 

10 

Bernard,  Wm.  Bayle        

1808 

Aug.  5, 

1875 

9 

Bernays,  Albert  James    ... 

Nov.  8, 

1823 

Jan.  5, 

1892 

13 

Berners,  Lord 

Feb.  23, 

1797 

1871 

8 

Bernstorff,  Count            

Mar.  22, 

1809 

Mar.  26, 

1873 

1     8 

Berry,  Rev.  C.  A.,  D.D 

Dec.  14, 

1852 

Jan.  31, 

1899 

15 

1252 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Berryer,  Pierre  Antoine  ... 

Jan.  4, 

1790 

Nov.  29, 

1868 

7 

Berthaut,  Jean  Auguste  ... 

Mar.  29, 

1817 

Dec.  24, 

1881 

10 

Bertini,  Hy.  Jerome 

Oct.  28, 

1798 

Sept. 

1876 

9 

Bessemer,  Sir  Henry,  F.R.S 

1813 

March  15 

1898 

14 

Best,  William  Thomas    ...         

Aug.  13," 

1826 

May  10, 

1897 

14 

Bettany,  George  T.,  M.A.           

Mar.  30, 

1850 

Dec.  2, 

1892 

13 

Beule,  C.E.            

June  29, 

1826 

April  4, 

1874 

8 

Beust,  Count  Fredk.  Ferdinand  von    ... 

Jan.  13, 

1809 

Oct.  24, 

1886 

11 

Beverley,  William  Roxby           

1824 

May  18, 

1889 

12 

Bewick,  Bishop  of  Hexham       

April  20, 

1824 

Oct.  29, 

1886 

11 

Biber,  Eev.  G.  E 

1801 

Jan.  19, 

1874 

8 

Bibesco,  G.  Dimetrius     ... 

1804 

May, 

1873 

8 

Bickersteth,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Ripon 

Aug.  24, 

1816 

April  14, 

1884 

11 

Bickersteth,  Very  Rev.  Edward,  D.D.,  F.R.G.S. 

1814 

Oct.  1 

1892 

13 

Bidder,  Geo.  Parkes,  F.R.S        

1800 

Sept.  20 

1878 

9 

Biddlecombe,  Sir  George 

1807 

July, 

1878 

9 

Biggar,  Joseph  Gillies 

1828 

Feb.  19, 

1890 

12 

Bigsby,  Robert 

1806 

Sept.  27, 

1873 

8 

Billault,  A.  A.  M.              

Nov.  12" 

1805 

Oct.  13, 

1863 

5 

Billing,  Archibald,  M.D.             

1791 

Sept.  2, 

1881 

10 

Billings,  Rt.  Rev.  Robert,  D.D.,  Oxon 

1834 

Feb.  21, 

1898 

14 

Binney,  Rt.  Rev.  H.,  Bishop  of  Nova  Scotia  ... 

Aug.  12, 

1819 

April  28, 

1887 

12 

Binney,  Rev.  Tho.            ...         ... 

1798 

Feb.  24, 

1874 

8 

Biot,  J.  B 

April  21 1 

1774 

Feb.  3, 

1862 

5 

Birch,  Charles  Bell,  A.R.A 

Sept.  28, 

1832 

Oct.  17, 

1893 

13 

Birch,  Rev.  Henry  Mildred 

1820 

June  29, 

1884 

11 

Birch,  Samuel,  LL.D 

Nov.  3," 

1813 

Dec.  27, 

1885 

11 

Birks,  Tho.  Rawson         

Sept. 

1810 

July  19, 

1883 

11 

Bismarck-Schbnhausen,  Prince  von     ... 

April  1, 

1815 

July  30, 

1898 

14 

Blaauw,  Wm.  H.,  F.S.A 

1793 

April  26, 

1870 

7 

Blachford,  (Baron),  F.  R 

Jan.  31, 

1811 

Nov.  21, 

1889 

12 

Black,  William 

1841 

Dec.  10, 

1898 

15 

Black,  Adam 

1784 

Jan.  24, 

1874 

8 

Blackburn,  Baron,  P.C 

1813 

Jan.  8, 

1896 

14 

Blackburn,  Henry 

Feb.  15, 

1830 

Mar.  9, 

1897 

14 

Blackie,  John  Stuart 

July 

1809 

Mar.  2, 

1895 

14 

Blades,  William    ... 

1824 

April  27, 

1890 

12 

Blaikie,  Professor  William  G,  D.D 

Feb.  5, 

1820 

June  11, 

1899 

15 

Blaine,  Hon.  James  G.    ... 

Jan.  31, 

1830 

Jan.  27, 

1893 

13 

Blair,  Francis  Preston     ...         

April  12, 

1791 

Oct.  18, 

1876 

9 

Blair,  Francis  Preston,  jun 

Feb.  19 

1821 

July  8, 

1875 

9 

Blair,  Montgomery 

May  10, 

1813 

July  27, 

1883 

11 

Blake,  Henry  Wollaston             

1815 

June  27, 

1899 

15 

Blakeney,  Sir  Edward     

1778 

Aug.  2, 

1868 

7 

Blakesley,  Dean  of  Lincoln         

1808 

April  18, 

1885 

11 

Blakey,  Dr.  Robert          

,,,         ... 

1795 

Oct.  26, 

1878 

10 

Blanc,  A.  A.  P.  Charles   ...         

Nov.  15, 

1813 

Jan.  17, 

1882 

10 

Blanc,  J.  J.  Louis             

Oct.  29, 

1811 

Dec.  6, 

1882 

10 

Blanchard,  Edward  Laman 

Dec.  11, 

1820 

Sept.  4, 

1889 

12 

Blanchet,  Alex.  L.  Paul  ... 

1819 

Feb.  21, 

1867 

7 

Bland,  Miles,  D.D.,  F.R.S 

1786 

Jan. 

1868 

7 

Blanqui,  J.  A. 

1798 

1854 

5 

Blanqui,  Louis  Auguste 

1805 

Jan.  1, 

1881 

10 

Blavatsky,  Madame  Helen  P 

1831 

May  8, 

1891 

13 

Bledsoe,  Albert  J.            

1809 

Dec.  1, 

1877 

9 

Bleek,  Dr.  Wilhelm  H.  J 

Aug.  17, 

1875 

9 

Blewitt,  Octavian             

Oct.  3, 

1810 

Nov.  4, 

1884 

11 

Bligh,  Sir  John  Duncan  ...         

1798 

May  8, 

1872 

8 

Blind,  Mathilde      

March  21 

1847 

Nov.  26, 

1896 

14 

Blomfield,  Eight  Rev.      ..:         ...         

Aug.  31, 

1833 

Nov.  5, 

1894 

13 

Blommaert,  Philip           

Aug.  27, 

1808 

Aug.  14, 

1871 

9 

Bloomfield,  Lord 

Nov.  12, 

1802 

•  •• 

1879 

10 

Bluhme,  Christian  Albert           

Dec.  27, 

1794 

1866 

7 

NECKOLOGY 


1253 


Name. 


B.,  Cardinal 


Blunt,  Rev.  John  Henry 

Blunt,  Arthur  Cecil 

Blyth,  Sir  Arthur,  C.B.,  F.R.G.S 

Bode,  Rev.  J.  E 

Bodichon,  Dr.  Eugene     .. 

Bodichon,  Mdme. 

Bodkin,  Sir  Wm.  H. 

Boehm,  Sir  Joseph  Edgar 

Boettcher,  Adolphe 

Boettiger,  Karl  Wilhelm 

Bogardus,  James  ... 

Bohn,  Henry  George 

Boker,  George  Henry 

Bonald,  Cardinal  de  (see  De  Bonald) 

Bonaparte,  Prince  Louis-Lucian 

Bonaparte,  Prince  Pierre  Napoleon 

Bond,  Edward  Augustus,  C.B.,  LL.D 

Bond,  Wm.  Cranch 

Bonghi,  Ruggiero 

Bonham,  Sir  S.  G.,  Bart. 

Bonheur,  Rosalie  (Rosa) 

Bonjean,  Louis  Bernard  .. 

Bonnechose,  Emile  de     .. 

Bonnechose,  Henry  M.  G. 

Bonney,  Ven.  H.  K. 

Bonomi,  Joseph    ... 

Booth,  Edwin 

Booth,  Rev.  James,  LL.D. 

Bopp,  Franz 

Borland,  Dr.  J. 

Borrow,  George    ... 

Borton,  General  Sir  Arthur,  G.C.B. 

Bosquet,  Marshal  P.  F.  J. 

Bosworth,  Joseph,  D.  D. 

Botfield,  B.  

Bouchardat,  Apollinaire 
Boucher  de  Crevecceur  de  Perthes 
Boucicault,  Dion  ... 
Bouet-Willaumez,  Count 
Boulanger,  Jean  Marie  Ernest 
Bouley,  Henri 
Bourqueney,  Baron  F.  A. 

Bovill,  SirWm 

Bowen,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Charles,  F.R.S. 

Bowen,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  George  F„  G.C.M 

Bowers,  Rev.  G.  Hull,  D.D. 

Bowles,  General  Sir  Geo. 

Bowles,  Sam. 

Bowman,  Sir  William,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

Bowring,  Sir  John 

Bowyer,  Sir  Geo 

Boxall,  Sir  Wm.,  R.A 

Boyd,  Archibald,  Dean  of  Exeter 

Boyd,  Rev.  A.  K.  H.,  D.D. 

Boyesen,  Professor  Hjalmer  Hjorth 

Boys,  Thomas 

Brabourne  (Lord),  Right  Hon.  Edward 

Brackenbury,  Major-General,  C.B 

Bradford,  Earl  of, 

Bradlaugh,  Charles 

Bradley,  Rev.  Edward 

Brady,  H.  B. 

Brady,  Sir  Maziere 


de 


D.C, 


Date  of  Birth. 


Mar.  19, 


April  8, 
Aug.  4, 
July  6, 
May  21, 
Aug.  15, 
Mar.  14, 
Jan.  4, 
Oct.  6, 

Jan.  4, 
Sept.  12, 
Dec.  31, 

Mar,  20, 
Sept.  7, 
Mar.  22, 
i  Dec.  4, 
Aug.  18, 
May  30, 


Nov.  15, 
Sept.  U, 

Nov.  8, 


July  23, 
Sept.  10, 
Dec.  26, 
April  24, 
April  29, 
May  17, 
Jan.  7, 


Feb.  9, 
July  20, 
Oct.  17, 


Nov.  3, 
Sept.  23, 
June  17, 
April  29, 
Nov.  7, 
April  22, 
Sept.  28, 


1823 
1844 
1823 
1816 
1810 
1827 
1791 
1834 
1815 
1790 
1800 
1796 
1824 

1813 
1815 
1815 
1789 
1828 
1803 
1822 
1804 
1801 
1800 
1780 
1796 
1833 
1814 
1791 
1776 
1803 
1814 
1810 
1790 
1807 
1806 
1788 
1822 
1808 
1837 
1814 
1800 
1814 
1835 
1821 
1794 
1787 
1826 
1816 
1792 
1811 
1800 
1803 
1825 
1848 
1792 
1829 
1831 
1865 
1833 
1827 

1796 


Date  of  Death. 


Edi- 


April  11, 
April  16, 
Dec.  7, 
Oct.  6, 


Mar.  26, 
Dec.  12, 
Nov. 
Nov.  26, 
July, 
Aug.  22, 
Jan.  2, 

Nov.  3, 
April  8, 
Jan.  2, 

Oct.  20, 
Oct.  8, 
May  25, 
May  24, 
Feb. 
Oct.  28, 
April  7, 
Mar.  3, 
June, 
April  15, 

Feb.  22, 
July  30, 

Feb.  3, 
May  27, 
Aug.  7, 
Mar.  7, 
Aug.  5, 
Sept.  18, 
Aug.  25, 
Sept.  30, 
Nov.  30, 
Dec.  27, 
Nov.  1, 
April  10, 
Feb.  21, 
Dec.  27, 
May  21, 
Jan.  16, 
Mar.  29, 
Nov.  23, 
June  7, 
Dec.  6, 
July  11, 
March  1, 
Oct.  4, 
Sept.  2, 
Feb.  6, 
June  21, 
March  9, 
Jan.  30, 
Dec.  12, 
Jan.  10, 
April  13, 


1884 
1896 
1891 
1874 
1885 
1890 
1874 
1890 
1870 
1862 
1874 
1884 
1890 

1891 
1881 
1898 
1859 
1895 
1863 
1899 
1871 
1875 
1883 
1863 
1878 
1893 
1878 
1867 
1863 
1881 
1893 
1861 
1876 
1863 
1886 
1868 
1890 
1871 
1891 
1885 
1869 
1873 
1894 
1899 
1872 
1876 
1878 
1892 
1872 
1883 
1879 
1883 
1899 
1895 
1880 
1893 
1890 
1890 
1891 
1889 
1891 
1871 


1254 


KECEOLOGY 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Kill 

tion 

1815 

Sept.  27, 

1876 

9 

May  7, 

1833 

April  3, 

1897 

4 

1808 

May  9, 

1892 

13 

Dec.  6, 

1823 

July  14, 

1888 

12 

1788 

Feb.  11, 

1866 

16 

1805 

Dec.  8, 

1870 

7 

1817 

Dec. 

1874 

8 

June, 

1803 

Jan.  11, 

1873 

0 

1791 

Jan.  21, 

1883 

10 

Jan.  21, 

1821 

May  17, 

1875 

19 

Aug.  17, 

1801 

Dec.  31, 

1865 

6 

May  2, 

1810 

March  6, 

1897 

4 

1810 

Feb.  16, 

1879 

10 

1796 

July  26, 

1874 

18 

Dec.  11, 

1781 

Feb.  8, 

1868 

7 

1832 

May  3, 

1888 

2 

Nov.  16, 

1811 

Mar.  26, 

1889 

12 

1817 

June  14, 

1889 

12 

June  28, 

1824 

July  9, 

1880 

10 

June  9, 

1783 

Oct.  21, 

1862 

15 

1817 

Nov.  24, 

1880 

0 

1806 

Feb.  11, 

1864 

15 

Dec.  1, 

1785 

Jan.  25, 

1870 

7 

June  11, 

1813 

Nov.  30, 

1865 

6 

Jan.  14, 

1801 

Feb.  18, 

1876 

9 

Mar.  3, 

1800 

1868 

7 

April  25, 

1818 

Jan.  11. 

1866 

6 

April  29, 

1803 

Jan.  11, 

1868 

7 

1815 

Feb.  23, 

1874 

8 

Dec.  13, 

1835 

Jan.  23, 

1893 

3 

1842 

Nov.  26, 

1896 

14 

Jan.  20, 

1868 

17 

Sept.  19, 

1779- 

May  9, 

1868 

7 

June  27, 

1786 

June  3, 

1869 

7 

July  3, 

1790 

Aug.  27, 

1865 

6 

Feb.  24, 

1814 

July  10, 

1886 

2 

Aug.  10, 

1823 

Feb.  24, 

1886 

11 

Aug.  19, 

1820 

June  23, 

1884 

13 

Jan.  11, 

1812 

Oct.  14, 

1881 

10 

Sept. 

1810 

May  11, 

1882 

10 

Mar.  23, 

1842 

Oct.  26, 

1895 

14 

May  2, 

1798 

April  12, 

1880 

10 

1821 

Oct.  6, 

1892 

13 

... 

1784 

Mar.  3, 

1864 

15 

April  8, 

1817 

Sept.  1, 

1894 

3 

1825 

Oct.  7, 

1868 

17 

1815 

July  8, 

1882 

0 

1804 

June  19, 

1875 

19 

1817 

Dec.  8, 

1875 

9 

1807 

April  17, 

1887 

2 

1805 

1885 

12 

1811 

Dec.  17, 

1891 

13 

Nov.  12,' 

1809 

Dec.  7, 

1896 

14 

1812 

Dec.  12, 

1889 

12 

Aug.  29, 

1805 

April  28, 

1877 

19 

Sept.  16, 

1803 

April  16, 

1876 

9 

April  14, 

1814  j  Sept.  19, 

1867 

7 

1802  j 

Oct.  28, 

1869 

7 

Feb.  15," 

1791 

Nov.  7, 

1866 

6 

1805 

April  5, 

1892 

3 

Feb.  187 

1827 

Sept.  9, 

1894 

13 

1816 

1892 

13 

Aug.  3L 

1797 

April  11, 

1875 

19 

Bragg,  General  Braxton 
Brahms,  Johannes  ...         ... 

Bramwell,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  George 

Brand,  Sir  J.  H 

Brande,  W.  T 

Brassey,  Thomas  ... 

Bravo,  Gonzales 

Bravo-Murillo,  Don  Juan  

Bray,  Mrs.  Anna  Eliza    ... 
Breckinridge,  John  C. 

Bremer,  Miss  F.    ...  ..         ..  

Brewer,  Rev.  E.  Cobham,  LL.D.  

Brewer,  Rev.  John  Sherren        ...         

Brewster,  Rt.  Hon.  Abraham     ... 

Brewster,  Sir  David        ...         

Bright,  Sir  C.  T 

Bright,  Rt.  Hon.  John 

Bristow,  Henry  William  

Broca,  Paul 

Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin  Collins    ..  

Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin  Collins     ... 
Brogden,  Rev.  J.  ... 

Broglie,  A.  C.  L.  V.,  Due  de      

Bromley,  Sir  R.  M 

Brongniart,  Adolphe  Theodore 

Bronn,  Henry  George     

Brooke,  G.  V 

Brooke,  Sir  James 
Brooks,  Charles  Shirley 

Brooks,  Rev.  Phillips,  D.D 

Broome,  Sir  Frederick  Napier,  K.C.M.G. 

Brotherton,  General  Sir  Tnos.  Wm 

Brougham,  Henry,  Lord 

Broughton,  Lord,  John  Cam  Hobhouse 

Brown,  General  Sir  G.    ... 

Brown,  Henry  Kirke       ...         '. 

Brown,  Rev.  Hugh  Stowell 

Brown,  Rev.  James  Baldwin 

Brown,  James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Shrewsbury  ... 

Brown,  John,  M.D.  

Brown,  Robert  ( " Campsterianus "),  M.A., F.L.S. 

Brown,  Thos.  J.,  Bishop  of  Newport 

Brown,  Ford  Madox        

Brown,  W.  

Brown-Sequard,  Prof.  Charles,  M.D.,  F.R.S.  ... 
Browne,  Charles  Thos.    ... 

Browne,  Hablot  Knight  

Browne,  Henry,  M.A. 
Browne,  John  Ross 
Browne,  Sir  Thomas  Gore 

Browne,  W.  A.  F.  

Browne,  Rt.  Rev.  Harold,  D.D.  

Browne,  Ven.  Robert  William,  M.A 

Browning,  Robert  

Brownlow,  Wm.  Gannaway 

Brownson,  Orestes  A 

Bruce,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  F.  W.  A.  W 

Bruce,  John,  F.S.A 

Bruce,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  L.  Knight 

Bruce,  Rev.  John  O,  LL.D.,  F.S.A 

Brugsch,  Professor  Heinrich  K.,  Ph.D. 

Brunlees,  Sir  James,  F.R.S.E.  .„'        

Brunnow,  Count ... 


NECEOLOGY 


1255 


Name, 


Brunswick,  Duke  of 
Bryant,  Wm.  Cullen 
Buocleuch,  5th  Duke  of 

Buchanan,  Sir  Andrew 

Buchanan,  Isaac  ... 
Buchanan,  Sir  George,  M.D.,  F.B.S.  .. 
Buchanan,  James,  ex-President  U.S.  .. 
Biichner,  Friedrich  Karl,  C.L.,  M.D., 
Buckingham  and  Chandos,  Duke  of    ... 
Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan    ... 

Buckle,  H.  T 

Buchnill,  Sir  John  Charles,  M.D. 
Buckstone,  John  Baldwin 

Budd,  Wm.,  M.D.  

Buffet,  Louis  Joseph 
Bull,  Ole  Bornemann 

Buller,  Sir  A.  W 

Biilow,  Bernhardt  Ernst  von     ... 

Bulow,  Hans  von  

Bulwer,  James  Redfoord,  Q.C.  ... 
Buol-Schauenstein,  Count 
Burcham,  Thomas  Borrow 
Burford-Hancock,  Sir  Henry,  C.M.G.  ... 

Burgess,  Wm.,  A.R.A 

Burgess,  Geo.,  D.D.         

Burgess,  John  Bagnold,  R. A.     ... 
Burgess,  Richard,  B.D.  ... 
Burgoyne,  General  Sir  John  Fox 
Burke,  Peter 
Burke,  Rev.  Thomas  N.  ... 

Burke,  Sir  John,  C.B.,  LL.D 

Burnaby,  Lieut. -Col.  Frederick 
Burne-Jones,  Sir  Edward 
Burnes,  J.  ... 
Burnet,  John 
Burnes,  Jabez,  D.D. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett       

Burritt,  Alex.  M 

Burritt,  Elihu       

Burrows,  Sir  George,  M.D 

Burton,  John  Hill,  LL.D.  

Burton,  Captain  Sir  R.  F. 

Bnshnell,  Horace,  D.D 

Busk,  Hans  

Butcher,  Sam.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Meath 

Butler,  Rev.  George         

Butler,  Benj.  F 

Butler,  Mrs.  Pierce        

Butt,  Isaac,  M.P 

Butt,  Hon.  Sir  Charles  P 

Butter,  John,  M.D 

Buxton,  Charles,  M.P.     ... 

Byles,  Sir  John  Barnard  

Byron,  Henry  J.  (Dramatist)     ... 


Caballeeo,  Firmin  Agosto 
Cabanel,  Alexandre 
Cabrera,  Ramon  ... 

Cadell,  Francis     

Cahen,  S.  ...         ... 

Cahill,  Rev.  D.  W. 
Cail,  Jean  Francois 


Date  of  Birth. 


Nov.  3, 
Nov.  25, 

July  21, 

April  13, 
Mar.  29, 
Sept.  10, 
Dec.  17, 
Nov.  24, 

Sept. 

Oct.  26, 
Feb.  5, 

Aug.  2, 
Jan.  8, 
May  22, 
May  17, 

Nov.  2a' 
Dec.  2, 
Oct.  31, 
Oct.  21, 


May  7, 

Mar.  3, 
Aug. 


Mar. 

20, 

May 

23, 

Dec. 

8, 

Aug. 

22, 

April  14, 

Nov. 
Nov. 

5, 

27, 

Jan.  22, 


1784 

1806 

1807 

1810 

1830 

1791 

1824 

1823 

1826 

1822 

1817 

1802 

1811 

1818 

1810 

1808 

1815 

1830 

1820 

1797 

1809 

1839 

1827 

1809 

1830 

1796 

1782 

1811 

1830 

1815 

1842 

1833 

1803 

1784 

1805 

1824 

1806 

1810 

1832 

1809 

1821 

1802 

1815 

1811 

1819 

1818 

1809 

1813 

1791 
1822 
1801 
1836 


July  7, 
Sept.  28, 
Aug.  31, 

Aug.  4, 


Date  of  Death. 


Edi- 
tion. 


1800 
1823 
1810 
1822 
1796 
1802 
1804 


Oct.  18, 
June  12, 
April  16, 
Nov.  13, 
Oct.  1, 
Mar.  5, 
June  1, 
May  1, 
Mar.  26, 
Dec.  19, 
Mav  29, 
July  20, 
Oct.  31, 
Jan.  9, 
Julv  7, 
Aug.  18, 
June  30, 
Oct. 
Feb.  12, 
Mar.  4, 
Oct.  28, 
Nov.  27, 
Oct.  24, 
April  20, 
April  23, 
Nov.  14, 
April  12, 
Oct.  7, 
Mar.  26, 
July  2, 

Jan.  17, " 
June  17, 
Sept.  19, 
May  28, 
Jan.  31, 
Sept.  13, 
Feb.  7, 
Mar.  7, 
Dec.  12, 
Aug.  10, 
Oct.  19, 
Feb.  17, 
Mar.  11, 
July  29, 
Mar.  14, 
Jan.  11, 
Jan.  15, 
May  5, 
May  8, 
Jan.  13, 
Aug. 
Feb.  3, 
April  11, 


Aug. 
Jan.  23, 
May  24, 
Nov. 
Jan.  8, 
Oct.  28, 
June, 


1884  ,  10 

1878  !  9 


1884 

1882 

1883 

1895 

1868 

1899 

1889 

1880 

1862 

1897 

1879 

1880 

1898 

1880 

1866 

1879 

1894 

1899 

1865 

1869 

1895 

1881 

1866 

1897 

1881 

1871 

1881 

1883 

1892 

1885 

1898 

1862 

1868 

1876 

1881 

1869 

1879 

1887 

1881 

1890 

1876 

1882 

1876 

1890 

1893 

1893 

1879 

1892 

1877 

1871 

1884 

1884 


1876 
1889 
1877 
1879 
1862 
1864 
1871 


11 

10 
11 
14 

7 
15 
12 
10 

5 
14 
10 
10 
14 
10 

6 
10 
13 
15 

7 

7 
14 
10 

7 
14 
10 

7 
10 
12 
13 
11 
14 

5 

7 
10 
10 

7 
10 
11 
10 
12 

9 

10 
9 
12 
13 
14 
1C 

13 
9 
7 

10 

11 


9 
12 

9 
13 

5 

6 
10 


1256 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Cain,  Auguste 

Nov.  4, 

1822 

Aug. 

1894 

13 

Caird,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  James,  F.R.S 

1816 

Feb.  10, 

1892 

13 

Caird,  Very  Rev.  John,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Dec. 

1820 

July  30, 

1898 

14 

Cairns,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Aug.  23, 

1818 

Mar.  12, 

1892 

13 

Cairoli,  Benedetto           

1826 

Aug.  8, 

1889 

12 

Caithness,  Earl  of           

Dec.  16, 

1821 

Mar.  28, 

1881 

10 

Caldecott,  Ranolph         

1846 

Feb.  15, 

1886 

11 

Calderon,  Philip  Hermogenes,  R.A.    ... 

1833 

April  30, 

1898 

14 

Calderwood,  Henry,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.E 

May  10, 

1830 

Nov.  19, 

1897 

14 

Callaway,  Rt.  Rev.  H.,  Bishop  of  Moray 

March, 

1890 

12 

Calvert,  Charles  A.          

Feb.  28," 

1828 

June  12, 

1879 

10 

Cameron,  Capt.  Charles  Duncan 

May  30, 

1870 

7 

Cameron,  General  Sir  D.  A 

1808 

June  7, 

1888 

12 

Cameron,  Col.  George  Poulett  ... 

Feb.  12, 

1882 

10 

Cameron,  Simon  ... 

Mar.  8, 

1799 

June  26, 

1889 

12 

Cameron,  Verney  Lovett,  C.B 

1844 

Mar.  26, 

1894 

13 

Campbell,  Rev.  J. 

Oct.  5,  " 

1794 

Mar.  26, 

1867 

6 

Campbell,  Hon.  Sir  Alexander,  K.C.M.G. 

1822 

May  24, 

1892 

13 

Campbell,  Sir  George,  M.P.,  K.C.S.I 

1824 

Feb.  18, 

1892 

13 

Campbell,  Rt.  Rev.  James,  D.D.           

1813 

Nov.  9, 

1895 

14 

Candlish,  Robert  Smith,  D.D 

Mar.  23, 

1807 

Oct.  19, 

1873 

8 

Canning,  Earl 

Dec.  14, 

1812 

June  17, 

1862 

5 

Canovas  de  Castillo,  Antonio 

1830 

Aug.  8, 

1897 

14 

Canrobert,  Marshal         ...         ...         

June  27, 

1809 

Jan.  28, 

1895 

13 

Canterbury,  Viscount     ... 

May, 

1814 

June  24, 

1877 

9 

Cantu,  Cesare 

Dec. 

1804 

Mar.  11, 

1895 

14 

Capefigue,  J.  B.  H.  R.     ...         ...         

1802 

Dec.  23, 

1872 

10 

Capern,  Edward 

Jan.  29, 

1819 

12 

Caprivi  de  Caprera,  Count 

Feb.  24, 

1831 

Feb.  6, 

1899 

14 

Carden,  Sir  R.  W 

1801 

Jan.  17, 

1888 

12 

Cardigan,  J.  T.  B.,  Earl  of 

Oct.  16, 

1797 

Mar.  27, 

1868 

7 

Cardwell,  Viscount 

July  24, 

1813 

Feb.  15, 

1886 

11 

Carew,  John  Edward 

1785 

Nov.  30, 

1868 

7 

Carey,  Henry  Charles     ... 

Dec.  15, 

1793 

Oct.  13, 

1879 

10 

Carini,  Mgr.  I.      ...         ...         

Jan.  7, 

1843 

Jan.  25, 

1895 

13 

Carleton,  William 

1798 

Jan.  30, 

1869 

7 

Carlingford,  Lord,  K.P.             

Jan.  18, 

1823 

Jan.  30, 

1898 

14 

Carlisle,  Earl  of 

April  18, 

1802 

Dec.  5, 

1864 

6 

Carlson,  F.  F 

June  13, 

1811 

March, 

1887 

12 

Carlyle,  Thomas  ... 

Dec.  4, 

1795 

Feb.  5, 

1881 

10 

Carnarvon,  Earl  of,  Henry  Howard     ... 

June  24, 

1831 

June  28, 

1890 

12 

Carnot,  Marie  Francois  Sadi     ... 

Aug.  11, 

1837 

June  25, 

1894 

13 

Caro,  Edme'-Marie           ...         

Mar.  4, 

1826 

July  13, 

1887 

12 

Carpenter,  Alfred,  M.D.             

May  28, 

1825 

Jan.  27, 

1892 

13 

Carpenter,  Mrs.  Margaret 

1793 

Nov.  13, 

1872 

8 

Carpenter,  Marv 

1807 

June  15, 

1877 

9 

Carpenter,  Philip  Herbert,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 

Feb.  6, 

1852 

Oct.  21, 

1891 

13 

Carpenter,  William 

1797 

April  21, 

1874 

8 

Carpenter,  W.  H.            

Mar.  2, 

1792 

July  12, 

1866 

6 

Carrera,  R. 

1814 

April, 

1865 

6 

Carrodus,  John  Tiplady              

Jan.  20, 

1836 

July  12, 

1895 

14 

Carruthers,  Robert 

Nov.  5, 

1799 

May  26, 

1878 

9 

Carson,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Kilmore    .. 

1805 

July  7, 

1874 

S 

Cartier,  Hon.  G.  E 

Sept.  6, 

1814 

May  21, 

1873 

8 

Cary,  Alice 

1822 

Feb.  12, 

1871 

7 

Cary,  Phoebe        

July  31, 

1871 

7 

Casabianca,  Comte  de    ...         

June  27, 

1796 

May, 

1881 

10 

Caselli,  Giovanni            

May  25, 

1815 

Oct.  7, 

1891 

13 

Castelar,  Emilio 

1832 

May  25, 

1899 

15 

Castellane,  Marshal  E.  V.  E.  B 

Mar.  21*" 

1788 

Sept.  16, 

1862 

6 

Castren,  Matthias  Alex.            

1813 

7 

Caswall,  Henry,  D.D.     ...         ...         

1810 

Dec.  17, 

1870 

7 

Catlin,  George      

1795 

Dec.  22, 

1872 

8 

NECEOLOGY 


1257 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth.             Date  of  Death. 

Ed 
tio 

Cattermole,  George 

1800     July  24, 

1868 

Caulfield,  Richard           ...         ...         

April  23, 

1853 

Feb.  23, 

1887 

15 

Caussidiere,  M.     ... 

May  18, 

1808 

Jan.  27, 

1861 

! 

Cautley,  Sir  Proby  T 

1802 

Jan.  25, 

1871 

Cave,  Hon.  Sir  Lewis  William 

July  3, 

1832 

Sept.  7, 

1897 

1' 

Cave,  Et.  Hon.  Stephen 

Dec.  28, 

1820 

June  7, 

1880 

1( 

Cayley,  Prof 

Aug.  16, 

1821 

Jan.  26, 

1895 

i: 

Celeste,  Madame             

Aug.  6, 

1815 

Feb. 

1882 

1< 

Cetewayo,  King  of  Zululand     

Feb.  8, 

1884 

n 

Chadbourne,  Paul  A 

Oct.  2li 

1823 

Feb.  23, 

1883 

l 

Chad  wick,  David 

Dec.  23, 

1821 

Sept.  29, 

1895 

l^ 

Chad  wick,  Sir  Edwin      

1801 

July  5, 

1890 

l: 

Chadwick,  James,  Bishop  of  Hexham 

April  24, 

1813 

May  14, 

1882 

li 

Chaffers,  William            

Sept.  28, 

1811 

April, 

1892 

l; 

Chaix  d'Est  Ange,  G.  L.  A.  V.  C 

April  11, 

1800 

Dec. 

1876 

< 

Challemel-Lacour,  Paul  Armand 

May  19, 

1827 

Oct.  26, 

1896 

l- 

Challis,  Rev.  James,  F.R.S 

1803 

Dec.  3, 

1882 

i( 

Cham  (Amadee  de  No<5)              

Jan.  26,' 

1819 

Sept.  6, 

1879 

K 

Chambers,  Robert 

1802 

Mar.  17, 

1871 

t 

Chambers,  William,  LL.D.         ...         

1800 

May  20, 

1883 

i( 

Chambers,  Sir  Thomas,  CJ.C. 

1814 

Dec.  24, 

1891 

l 

Chambord,  Comte  de 

Sept.  29, 

1820 

Aug.  24, 

1883 

l 

Chamier,  Capt.  Frederick          

1796 

Nov.  1, 

1870 

Champagny,  Comte  Franz  de  ... 

Sept.  10, 

1804 

April  30, 

1882 

i 

Champneys,  W.  W.  (Dean)        

1807 

Feb.  4, 

1875 

Chandler,  H.  W.              

1828 

May  16, 

1889 

l 

Changarnier,  General 

April  26, 

1793 

Feb.  14, 

1877 

Channell,  Sir  W.  F 

1804 

Feb.  26, 

1873 

Channing,  William  Henry          

May  25, 

1810 

Dec.  25, 

1883 

l 

Chanzy,  General 

Mar.  18, 

1823 

Jan.  5, 

1883 

l 

Chapin,  Edwin  H.,D.D.              

Dec.  29, 

1814 

Dec.  27, 

1880 

l 

Chapleau,  Hon.  Joseph  A.,  Q.C.,  LL.D. 

Nov.  9, 

1840 

June  13, 

1898 

l 

Chapman,  Sir  Frederick,  G.C.B. 

1816 

June  15, 

1893 

l 

Chapman,  Hen.  Sam. 

1803 

Dec.  27, 

1881 

l 

Chapman,  James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Colombo    .. 

1799 

Oct.  20, 

1879 

l 

Charcot,  Jean  Martin,  M.D. 

Nov.  29, 

1825 

Aug.  16, 

1893 

l 

Chard,  Lieut.-Col.  John  Rouse,  V.C 

Dec.  21, 

1847 

Nov.  1, 

1897 

l 

Charles  XV.,  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway  ... 

May  3, 

1826 

Sept.  18, 

1872 

Charles  I.   King  of  Wurtemburg          

Mar.  6, 

1823 

Oct.  6, 

1891 

l 

Charles,  Mrs.  Elizabeth              

1826 

Mar.  28, 

1896 

l 

Charner,  Admiral  Leonard  V.  J.          

Feb.  13, 

1797 

Feb.  8, 

1869 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland 

Jan.  13, 

1808 

May  7, 

1873 

Chasles,  Michel    ...         

Nov.  15, 

1793 

Dec.  18, 

1880 

1 

Chasles,  Philarete 

Oct.  8, 

1798 

July  19, 

1873 

Chasseloup-Laubat,  Marquis  de            

Mar.  29, 

1805 

Mar.  29, 

1873 

Chatrian,  Alexandre        

Dec.  18, 

1826 

Sept.  4, 

1890 

l 

Chauvenet,  Wm.  ... 

1820 

Dec.  13, 

1870 

Cheever,  Rev.  G.  B 

April,  17, 

1807 

Oct.  1, 

1890 

l 

Chelius,  Maximilian  J 

1794 

Aug.  17, 

1876 

Chelmsford,  Lord 

July, 

1794 

Oct.  5, 

1878 

Chenery,  Thomas 

1826 

Feb.  11, 

1884 

1 

Cherbuliez,  Victor           

1829 

July  1, 

1899 

1 

Cherif  Pacha 

1819 

April  19, 

1887 

l 

Cheruel,  Pierre  Adolphe            ...         

Jan.  17, 

1809 

May  1, 

1891 

l 

Chesnelong,  Pierre  Charles       

April, 

1820 

July, 

1899 

1 

Chesney,  Fred.  Ran'don              

1789 

Jan.  30, 

1872 

Chesney,  Gen.  Sir  G.  T.,  K.C.B 

1830 

Mar.  31, 

1895 

l 

Chevalier,  Michel            

Jan.  13, 

1806 

Nov.  18, 

1879 

l 

Chevalier,  P.  S.  (see  Gavarni) 

Chevallier,  Rev.  Temple             

1794 

Nov.  4, 

1873 

Chevreul,  Michel-Eugene          

Aug.  31, 

1786 

April  10, 

1889 

l 

Chichester,  Earl  of          

Aug.  25, 

1804 

Mar.  16, 

1886 

l 

Chigi  (Cardinal),  Flavio            

May  31, 

1810 

Feb.  15, 

1885 

1 

1258 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth, 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Child,  Lydia  Maria         

Feb.  11, 

1802 

Oct. 

1880 

10 

Childers,  Rt.  Hon.  Hugh  Culling,  M.P.,  F.E.S. 

June  25, 

1827 

Jan.  29, 

1896 

14 

Childs,  George  William  ... 

May  12, 

1829 

Jan.  18, 

1894 

13 

China,  Emperor  of  (Hien  Foung)         

1831 

Aug.  2, 

1861 

5 

China,  Emperor  of  (Toung-Tchi)          

April  21, 

1856 

Jan.  12, 

1875 

8 

Chisholm,  Mrs.  Caroline 

1810 

Mar.  25, 

1877 

9 

Chitty,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Joseph      

1828 

Feb.  15, 

1899 

15 

Chodzko,  J.  L.  B.             

Nov.  6, 

1800 

Mar.  12, 

1871 

10 

Chorley,  Henry  Fothergill 

Dec.  15, 

1808 

Feb.  15, 

1872 

8 

Christian,  Rt.  Hon.  J 

... 

1811 

Oct.  29, 

1887 

12 

Christian  VII.,  King  of  Denmark        

Oct.  6, . . . 

1808 

Nov.  15, 

1863 

5 

Christie,  William  Dougal,  C.B. 

Jan.  3, 

1816 

Julv  27, 

1874 

8 

Christison,  Sir  Robert,  M.D 

July  18, 

1797 

Jan.  27, 

1882 

10 

Church,  Sir  Richard        

1785 

Mar.  20, 

1873 

8 

Church,  Very  Rev.  R.  W.,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's.. 

1815 

Dec.  9, 

1890 

13 

Churchill,  Lord  R 

Feb.  137 

1849 

Jan.  22, 

1895 

13 

Churton,  Edw.  (Archdeacon).   ... 

1800 

July  4, 

1874 

8 

Cialdini,  Enrico    ...         ...         ...         ...         ... 

Aug.  8, 

1811 

Sept.  8, 

1892 

13 

Cissey,  General  de           

Dec.  23, 

1811 

June  15, 

1882 

10 

Civiale,  Jean         ...         ...         ...         ...         ... 

July, 

1792 

June  13, 

1867 

7 

Clanricarde,  Marquis  of 

Dec.  20, 

18d2 

April  10, 

1874 

8 

Clare,  J 

July  3, 

1793 

May  20, 

1864 

5 

Clarence  and  Avondale,  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 

Jan.  8, 

1864 

Jan.  10, 

1892 

13 

Clarendon,  G.  W.  F.  Villiers,  Earl  of 

Jan.  12, 

1800 

June  27, 

1870 

7 

Clark,  Sir  Andrew,  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Oct.  28, 

1826 

Nov.  6, 

1893 

13 

Clark,  Sir  James,  M.D 

Dec.  14, 

1788 

June  29, 

1870 

7 

Clark,  Latimer,  C.E.,  F.R.S.,     

Mar.  10, 

1822 

Oct.  30, 

1890 

15 

Clark,  Rev.  Samuel          

May  19, 

1810 

July  17, 

1875  !     9 

Clark,  Wm.  Geo 

1821 

Nov.  6, 

1878      10 

Clarke,  Chas.  Cowden     ... 

Dec.  15, 

1787 

Mar.  13, 

1877       9 

Clarke,  Hyde 

1815 

Mar.  1, 

1895 

14 

Clarke,  James  Freeman 

April  4, 

1810 

June  8, 

1888 

11 

Clarke,  Mary  Cowden     

June, 

1809 

Jan.  12, 

1898 

14 

Claughton,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop,  P.C 

1814 

Aug.  11, 

1884 

11 

Claughton,  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  Legh,  D.D. 

Nov.  6, 

1808 

July  25, 

1892      13 

Clay,  Sir  Wm 

1791 

Mar.  13, 

1869  i     7 

Clayton,  Sir  Oscar,  D.L.             

1816 

Jan.  26, 

1892 

13 

Cleasby,  Sir  Anthony      ...         ... 

1806 

Oct.  6, 

1879 

10 

Clerk,  Sir  George 

1787 

Dec.  13, 

1867 

7 

Clerk,  Sir  G.R 

1800 

July  25, 

1889 

12 

Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter         

Dec.  3, 

1802 

Aug.  18, 

1869 

7 

Clifford,  Major-General  the  Hon.  Sir  H.  H.   ... 

1865 

April  12, 

1883 

12 

Clint,  Alfred 

1807 

Mar.  22, 

1883 

10 

Clinton,  Rev.  Chas.  John  Fynes            

1799 

Jan.  10, 

1872  ;     7 

Clissold,  Rev.  Augustus 

1797 

Oct.  30, 

1882  i  10 

Clive,  Mrs.  Caroline         

1801 

July  13, 

1873  1     8 

Close,  Francis,  D.D.  (Dean)       ...         

1797 

Dec.  17, 

1882 

10 

Clough,  Miss  A.  J.           

Feb.  27, 

1892 

13 

Clyde,  Lord           

Oct.  20, 

1792 

Aug.  14, 

1863 

5 

Cobbold,  Rev.  Richard    ... 

1797 

Jan.  5, 

1877 

9 

Cobbold,  Thomas  Spencer          ...         

May  26, 

1828 

Mar.  20, 

1886 

11 

Cobden,  Richard ...         

June  3, 

1804 

April  2, 

1865 

6 

Cochet,  The  Abb6            

Mar.  7, 

1812 

June  1, 

1875 

9 

Cockburn,  Sir  Alex.  J.  E.           

1802 

Nov.  20, 

1880 

10 

Cockerell,  C.  R 

April  27,' 

1788 

Sept.  17, 

1863 

5 

Cockle,  Sir  James 

Jan.  14, 

1819 

Jin.  28, 

1895 

13 

Codrington,  Sir  Hy.  John            

1808 

Aug.  4, 

1877 

9 

Codrington,  Sir  William  John 

Nov.  26^ 

1804 

Aug.  6, 

1884 

11 

Coffin,  Rt.  Rev.  R.  A.,  Bp.  of  Southwark  (RC) 

July  19, 

1819 

April  6, 

1885 

12 

Colchester,  Chas.  Abbot,  Lord 

Mar.  12, 

1798 

Oct.  18, 

1867 

7 

Cole,  Sir  Henry 

July  15, 

1808 

April  18 

1882 

10 

Cole,  Vicat,  R.A 

1833 

Sept.  6, 

1893 

13 

Colebrooke,  Sir  Wm.  M.  G :      

1787 

Feb.  6, 

.   1870 

7 

NECKOLOGY 


1259 


Name. 

Date  oJ  Birth. 

Date  of  D 

eath. 
1883 

Edi- 
tion. 

Colenso,  J.  W.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Natal 

Jan.  24, 

1814 

June  19, 

10 

Colenso,  Rev.  W.,  F.R.S.           ... 

1811 

Feb. 

1899 

14 

Coleridge,  Rev.  Derwent 

Sept.  14, 

1800 

Mar.  28, 

1883 

10 

Coleridge,  Sir  John  Taylor 

1790 

Feb.  11, 

1876 

9 

Coleridge,  Lord,  Rt.  Hon.  John,  F.R.S. 

1821 

June  14, 

1894 

13 

Coles,  Capt.  Co wper  Phipps      

1831 

Sept.  7, 

1870 

7 

Colfax,  Schuyler  ... 

Mar.  23, 

1823 

Jan.  17, 

1885 

11 

Colladon,  D 

Dec.  15, 

1802 

1893 

13 

Collier,  John  Payne 

Jan.  11, 

1789 

Sept.  17, 

1883 

11 

Collins,  Charles  Allston  .. . 

Jan.  25, 

1828 

April  9, 

1873 

8 

Collins,  Mortimer 

1827 

July  28, 

1876 

9 

Collins,  William  Wilkie  ... 

Jan. 

1824 

Sept.  23, 

1889 

12 

Collinson,  Admiral  Sir  Richard 

Nov.  7, 

1811 

Sept.  12, 

1883 

11 

Colonsay,  Lord     ... 

1793 

Feb.  1, 

1874 

8 

Colquhoun,  John  Campbell 

Jan.  23, 

1803 

April  17, 

1870 

7 

Colquhonn,  Sir  Patrick,  LL.D.  ... 

1815 

May  18, 

1891 

13 

Colvile,  Sir  James  W. 

1810 

Dec.  5, 

1880 

10 

Combermere,  Viscount 

Nov.  14, 

1772 

Feb.  21, 

1865 

6 

Compton,  Henry  ... 

1818 

Sept.  15, 

1877 

9 

Conant,  Thomas  J. 

Dec.  13, 

1802 

April  30, 

1891 

13 

Congreve,  Richard,  M.A.,  M.R.C.P 

Sept.  4, 

1818 

July  5, 

1899 

15 

Conington,  John  ... 

Aug.  10, 

1825 

Oct.  23, 

1869 

7 

Conkling,  Roscoe 

Oct.  30, 

1829 

April  17, 

1888 

ll 

Conolly,  Dr.  J 

1795 

Mar.  5, 

1866 

6 

Conscience,  Henri 

Dec.  3,' 

1812 

Sept.  9, 

1883 

11 

Constantine,  NicolaieVitch         

Sept.  21, 

1827 

Jan.  25, 

1892 

13 

Conybeare,  Henry,  J.P.               

Feb.  22, 

1823 

1892 

J? 

Cook,  Dutton        

1832 

Sept.  11,' 

1883 

11 

Cook,  Eliza           

Dec.  24, 

1812 

Sept.  24, 

1889 

12 

Cook,  Rev.  F.  C 

1810 

June'22, 

1889 

12 

Cooke,  Edward  Wm,  R.A 

1811 

Jan.  4, 

1880 

10 

Cooke,  G.  W 

1814 

June  19, 

1865 

6 

Cooke,  John  Esten 

Nov.  3, 

1830 

Sept.  27, 

1886 

12 

Cooke,  Sir  Wm.  Fothergill 

1806 

June  25, 

1879 

I? 

Cookesley,  Rev.  Wm.  Gifford    ..           

Dec.  1, 

1802 

Aug.  16, 

1880 

10 

Cooley,  Thomas  M.  I.,  LL.D 

Jan.  6, 

1824 

Sept.  12, 

1898 

14 

Cooper,  Abraham 

Sept. 

1787 

Dec.  24, 

1868 

7 

Cooper,  Charles  Hy.,  F.S.A.       

Mar.  20, 

1808 

Mar.  21, 

1866 

6 

Cooper,  Peter 

Feb.  12, 

1791 

April  4, 

1883 

10 

Cooper,  Thomas    ... 

Mar.  28, 

1805 

1892 

13 

Cope,  Charles  West,  Hon.  R.A. 

1811 

Aug.  25, 

1890 

12 

Cope,  Professor  Edward  Drinker 

July  28," 

1840 

April  12, 

1897 

14 

Copland,  James,  M.D. 

1793 

July  12, 

1870 

7 

Coquerel,  Athanase  L.  C. 

Aug.  27,' 

1795 

Jan.  10, 

1868 

7 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Josue" 

1820 

July  25, 

1875 

9 

Corbaux,  Miss  Fanny      ...         

1812 

Feb.  1, 

1883 

J? 

Cordova,  General  de        ...           

1792 

Oct.  30, 

1883 

11 

Cormenin,  L.  M.  de  la  Haye,  Viscount  de 

Jan.  6, 

1788 

Nov.  20, 

1866 

7 

Cornelius,  P.  von              

Sept.  27, 

1787 

Mar.  7, 

1867 

6 

Cornell,  Ezra         

Jan.  11, 

1807 

Dec.  9, 

1874 

10 

Corney,  Bolton      

1784 

Aug.  31, 

1870 

7 

Cornthwaite,  Rt.  Rev.  R.            

May  9, 

1819 

June  16, 

1890 

12 

Corot,  Jean-Baptiste  C.  ...         

July, 

1796 

Feb.  22, 

1875 

8 

Corrigan,  Sir  Dominic  J.            

Corry,  Rt.  Hon.  H.  T.  L.             

Dec.  1, 

1802 

Feb.  1, 

1880 

10 

1803 

Mar.  6, 

1873 

8 

Corwin,  T 

July  29, 

1794 

Dec.  18, 

1865 

6 

Costa,  Sir  Michael           

Feb.  4, 

1810 

April  29, 

1884 

11 

Costello,  Dudley 

1803 

Sept.  30, 

1865 

6 

Costello,  Louisa  Stuart  ...         .  ■■■ 

April  24, 

1870 

7 

Cotta,  Bernhard  von        

Oct.  24, 

1808 

Sept.  13, 

1879 

10 

Cotterill,  Bishop,  of  Edinburgh            

1812 

April  10, 

1886 

11 

Cottesloe  (Lord),  Rt.  Hon.  T. 

1798 

Dec.  3, 

1890 

13 

Cotton,  Gen.  Sir  Arthur  Thomas,  K. C.S.I.     ... 

1803 

July  24, 

1899 

15 

1260 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Cotton,  Dr.  G.  E.  L.,  Bishop  of  Calcutta 

Oct.  29, 

1813 

Oct.  6, 

1866 

!     6 

Cotton,  Henry  (Archdeacon) 

1790  i  

1871 

:  8 

Cotton,  Sir  Sydney  J 

1791 

Feb.  20, 

1874 

8 

Cotton,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Henry,  D.C.L 

May  20, 

1821 

1892 

13 

Courbet,  Gustave 

June  10, 

1819 

Dec.  31, 

1877 

9 

Cousin,  Victor 

Nov.  28, 

1792 

Jan.  14, 

1867 

6 

Cousins,  Samuel,  R.A. 

May, 

1801 

May  7, 

1887 

12 

Couza,  Prince 

1820 

May  15, 

1873 

8 

Cowley,  Earl 

June  17, 

1804 

July  14, 

1884 

11 

Cowper,  Sir  Charles        ...         

Oct.  19, 

1875 

9 

Cox,  Edward  Wm.           

1809 

Nov.  24, 

1879 

10 

Cox,  Robert           ...         

Feb.  25, ' 

1810 

Feb.  3, 

1872 

:     9 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan 

Sept.  30, 

1824 

Sept.  10, 

1889 

r     12 

Cox,  Rev.  W.  Hay  ward   ...         

1803 

June  6, 

1871 

8 

Coxe,  Rt.  Rev.  Arthur  Cleveland,  D.D. 

May  10, 

1818 

July  30, 

1896 

14 

Coxe,  Rev.  Henry  Octavius 

1811 

July  8, 

1881 

10 

Coxe,  Ven.  R.  C 

1799 

Aug.  25, 

1865 

6 

Coxwell,  Henry  Tracy     ... 

Mar.  2, 

1819 

13 

Coyne,  Joseph  Sterling  ... 

1805 

July  18," 

1868 

7 

Craig,  Sir  William  Gibson          

Aug.  2, 

1797 

Mar.  12, 

1878 

9 

Craik,  G.  L 

1798 

June  25, 

1866 

6 

Crampton,  Sir  John,  Bart.          

1807 

Dec.  5, 

1886 

12 

Crampton,  Rt.  Hon.  P.  C.           

1782 

Dec.  29, 

1862 

5 

Cran worth,  R.  M.  Rolfe,  Lord  ..* 

Dec.  18, 

1790 

July  26, 

1868 

7 

Crawford  and  Balcarres,  Earl  of          

Oct.  16, 

1812 

Dec.  13, 

1880 

10 

Crawford,  Sir  Thomas,  K.C.B.,  M.D 

1824 

Oct.  12, 

1895 

14 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd 

1812 

Jan.  27, 

1878 

9 

Cremieux,  Isaac  Adolphe 

April  30, 

1796 

Feb.  10, 

1880 

10 

Cress  well,  Sir  C.  ... 

1794 

July  29, 

1863 

5 

Creswick,  Thos.,  R.A 

1811 

Dec.  28, 

1869 

7 

Cre"tineau,  Joly     ... 

Sept.  23, 

1803 

Jan.  1, 

1875 

10 

Crisp,  Hon.  Charles  Frederick 

Jan.  29, 

1845 

Oct.  23, 

1896 

14 

Croft,  Sir  J 

1778 

Feb.  5, 

1862 

5 

Crofton,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Walter  P.,  C.B. 

1815 

June  23, 

1897 

14 

Croll,  Dr 

1821 

Dec. 

1890 

13 

Cronyn,  Benjamin,  Bishop  of  Huron   ... 

1810 

Sept.  21, 

1871 

7 

Crosby,  Howard,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Feb.  27, 

1826 

Mar.  29, 

1891 

13 

Cross,  John  Kynaston 

1832 

Mar.  20, 

1887 

12 

Crossley,  Sir  Francis,  M.P 

1817 

Jan.  5, 

1872 

7 

Crossley,  James,  F.S.A.  ... 

1800 

Aug.  3, 

1883 

11 

Crowe,  Mrs.  Catherine    ... 

1800 

1876 

9 

Crowe,  Sir  Joseph  Archer,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.     ... 

Oct.  20, 

1825 

Sept.  6, 

1896 

14 

Crowther,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Samuel,  D.D. 

1812 

Dec.  31, 

1891 

13 

Cruickshank,  George      ...         

Sept.  27,' 

1792 

Feb.  1, 

1878 

9 

Cubitt,  Joseph 

Nov.  24, 

1811 

Dec.  7, 

1872 

10 

Cubitt,  SirW 

1785 

Oct.  13, 

1861 

5 

Cubitt,  Alderman  William         ...         

1791 

Oct.  28, 

1863 

5 

Cullen,  Paul,  Cardinal    

1803 

Oct.  24, 

1878 

9 

Cullum,  George  W.         

Feb.  25, 

1809 

Feb.  28, 

1892 

13 

Cumming,  John,  D.D. 

Nov.  10, 

1810 

July  5, 

1881 

10 

Gumming,  Rev.  Joseph  Geo. 

1812 

Sept,  21, 

1868 

7 

Cumming,  R.  G.   ... 

Mar.  15," 

1820 

Mar.  24, 

1866 

6 

Cunard,  Sir  S.,  Bart 

Nov. 

1787 

April  28, 

1865 

6 

Cunliffe-Owen,  Sir  Philip,  K.C.B 

June  8, 

1828 

Mar.  23, 

1894 

13 

Cunningham,  Rev.  J.  W.            ...         

1780 

Sept.  30, 

1861 

5 

Cunningham,  Rev.  John,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

1819 

Sept.  1, 

1892 

13 

Cunningham,  Major-General,  C.S.I.     ... 

Jan.  23, 

1814 

1893 

13 

Cunningham,  Peter         

April  7  j 

1816 

May  18, 

1869 

7 

Cunningham,  Dr.  W 

Oct.  2, 

1805 

Dec.  14, 

1861 

5 

Curci,  Carlo  Maria          

1810 

June  10, 

1891 

13 

Currey,  Rev.  George       

April  7, 

1816 

April  30, 

1885 

11 

Currie,  Sir  Fredk.           

1799 

Sept.  10, 

1875 

9 

Curtis,  George  Ticknor 

Nov.  28," 

1812 

Mar.  28, 

1894 

13 

NECKOLOGY 


1261 


Curtis,  George  William,  LL.D. 

Curtius,  Ernst      

Curtius,  Dr.  George 
Curwen,  John 
Cushing,  Caleb     ... 
Cushman,  Charlotte  Saunders 
Cust,  Gen.  Sir  Edward  ... 
Caster,  Geo.  A.     ... 
Cuvilier-Fleury,  Alfred  A. 
Czacki,  Cardinal 


D ACHES,  General  Sir  Richard 

Dacres,  Admiral  Sir  Sydney  Colpoys 

Dahlgren,  John  A.  

D' Albert,  Charles  

Dale,  R.  W.,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Dale,  Rev.  Thomas  

Dalhousie,  Earl  of 

Dalhousie  (Earl  of),  Rt.  Hon.  J.  W.  E. 

Dallas,  Rev.  Alex.  R.  Charles 

Dallas,  G.  M.         ...       ' 

Dallen,  Giles 

Dalling,  H.  Lytton  E.  Bulwer,  Lord 

Dall' Ongaro,  Francesca 

Dalton,  John  Call,  M.D.  

D'Alton,  John       

Daly,  Sir  Dominic  ...         

Daly,  Robt.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Cashel 

Dalyell,  Robert  Anstruther       

Dana,  Charles  Anderson  

Dana,  Prof.  James  Dwigbt,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.     . 

Dana,  Richard  Henry 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  jun. 

Danell,  James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Southwark   . 

Dantan,  Antoine  Laurent 

Dantan,  Jean  Pierre 

Darboy,  Georges,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Paris 

Dargan,  W.  ...         ...         

Darley,  Bishop  of  Kilmore 

Darley,  Felix  O.  P 

Darmesteter,  Prof.  James  

Darwin,  Chas.  Rob.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Dasent,  Sir  George  Webbe,  D.C.L 

Daubeney,  C.  G.  B 

Daubree,  Professor  Gabriel  Auguste   ... 
Daudet,  Alphonse 

David,  Fflicien     ...         

David  (Baron),  Jerome  F.  P.     ... 
Davidson,  Thomas,  LL.D. 

Davidson,  Rev.  Samuel,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Davies,  Benj.,  LL.D. 

Davies,  Charles     ...         

Davis,  Charles  Henry 

Davis,  Jefferson 

Davis,  Joseph  Barnard,  M.D 

Davoud  Pacha       

Davys,  Geo.,  Bishop  of  Peterborough  ... 

Dawson,  George  ...         

Day,  Geo.  Edward,  F.R.S 

Dayton,  W.  ...         

Deak,  Francis       

Deane,  Sir  Thomas  


Date  of  I 

irth. 
1824 

Date  of  Death. 

Feb.  24, 

Aug.  31, 

1892 

Sept.  2, 

1814 

1886 

Aug.  10, 

1820 

Aug. 

1885 

Nov.  14, 

1816 

May  26, 

1880 

Jan.  17, 

1800 

Jan.  2, 

1879 

July  23, 

1816  , 

Feb.  18, 

1876 

Mar.  17, 

1794 

Jan.  15, 

1878 

Dec.  5, 

1839 

June  25, 

1876 

1802 

Oct.  18, 

1887 

1834 

Mar.  8, 

1888 

1799 

Dec.  6, 

1886 

1805 

Mar.  8, 

1884 

1809 

July  12, 

1870 

1815 

May  26, 

1886 

Dec.  1, 

1829 

Mar.  13, 

1895 

Aug.  22, 

1797 

May  14, 

1870 

April  22, 

1801 

July  6, 

1874 

1847 

Nov.  25, 

1887 

1791 

Dec.  13, 

1869 

July  10,' 

1792 

Dec.  31, 

1864 

Oct.  26, 

1808 

Sept.  24, 

1884 

1805 

May  23, 

1872 

1808 

Jari.  10, 

1873 

Feb.  2,'" 

1825 

Feb.  12, 

1889 

1792 

Jan.  20, 

1867 

1798 

Feb.  19, 

1868 

1783 

Feb.  16, 

1872 

1831 

Jan.  18, 

1890 

Aug.  8,'" 

1819 

Oct.  18, 

1897 

Feb.  12, 

1813 

April  15, 

1895 

Nov.  15, 

1787 

Feb.  2, 

1879 

Aug.  1, 

1815 

Jan.  6, 

1882 

1821 

June  14, 

1881 

Dec.  8, 

1798 

May  31, 

1878 

Dec.  28, 

1800 

Sept.  2, 

1869 

1813 

May  24, 

1871 

1798 

Feb.  7, 

1867 

Nov. 

1799 

Oct.  6, 

1885 

June  23, 

1822 

Mar.  27, 

1888 

Mar.  28, 

1849 

Oct.  19, 

1894 

Feb.  12, 

1809 

April  19, 

1882 

1817 

June  11, 

1896 

1795 

Dec.  12, 

1867 

June  25, 

1814 

May, 

1896 

May  13, 

1840 

Dec.  16, 

1897 

Mar.  8, 

1810 

Aug.  29, 

1876 

June  30, 

1823 

Jam  29, 

1882 

May  17, 

1817 
1807 

Oct.  16, 

1885 

Feb.  26,' 

1814 

July  19," 

1875 

Jan.  22, 

1798 

Sept.  18, 

1876 

Jan.  16, 

1807 

Sept.  10, 

1876 

June  3, 

1808 

Dec.  6, 

1889 

June  13, 

1801 

May, 

1881 

March, 

1816 

(?)1880 

Oct.  1, 

1780 

April  18,' 

1864 

1821 

Nov.  30, 

1876 

1815 

Jan.  31, 

1872 

Feb.  17," 

1807 

Dec.  1, 

1864 

1803 

Jan.  28, 

1876 

1792 

Oct.  2, 

1871 

1262 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Deasy,  Rt.  Hon.  Richard           

1812 

May  6, 

1883 

10 

De  Bonald,  Cardinal 

Oct.  30, 

1787 

Feb.  24, 

1870 

7 

DeBow,  J.  D.  B 

July  10, 

1820 

Feb.  27, 

1867 

7 

Decazes,  Duke  E. 

Sept.  28, 

1780 

Oct.  24, 

1860 

6 

Decazes,  Louis  Charles  Blie,  Due 

May  19, 

1819 

Sept. 

1886 

11 

Dechamps,  Card.  Abp.  of  Mechlin       

Dec.  6, 

1810 

Sept.  28, 

1883 

11 

De  Charms,  R. 

Oct.  17, 

1796 

Mar.  20, 

1864 

6 

DeGiers,  N.  C j 

De  Haas,  Maurits  F.  H. ...         

May   9    (O.S.),  ) 
1820           f 

Jan.  26, 

1895 

13 

Dec.  12, 

1832 

Nov.  23, 

1895 

14 

Delacroix,  F.  V.  E 

April  26, 

1799 

Aug.  13, 

1863 

5 

Delane,  John  Thadeus 

Oct. 

1817 

Nov.  22, 

1879 

10 

Delangle,  Claude  Alphonse 

April  6, 

1797 

Dec.  21, 

1869 

7 

Delaroche,  H. 

Feb.  17, 

1797 

Nov.  4, 

1856 

5 

De  La  Rue,  T 

1793 

June  7, 

1866 

6 

De  La  Rue,  Warren 

Jan.  18, 

1815 

April  19, 

1889 

12 

Delaunay,  Charles  Eugene 

April  9, 

1816  l  Aug.  5, 

1872 

10 

Delepierre,  J.  Octave 

1804     Aug.  18, 

1879 

10 

Demetz,  Fred.  Auguste  ... 

May  12, 

1796  !  Nov.  2, 

1873 

8 

De  Morgan,  Augustus 

1806  ,  Mar.  18, 

1871 

7 

Denison,  Ven.  George  Anthony 

1805     Mar.  21, 

1896 

14 

Denison,  Sir  Wm.  Thomas 

1804 

Jan.  19, 

1871 

7 

Denrnan,  Rt.  Hon.  George         

Dec.  23, 

1819 

Sept.  21, 

1896 

14 

Denton,  Rev.  William     

March, 

1815 

Jan. 

1888 

12 

Depretis,  Agostina 

1811 

July  29, 

1887 

12 

Derby,  Edw.  Geoffrey  Stanley,  Earl  of 

Mar.  29, 

1799 

Oct.  23, 

1869 

7 

Derby  (Earl  of),  Rt.  Hon.  Edward  H.  S. 

July  21, 

1826 

1893 

13 

Dervish  Pacha, 

1817 

June  22, 

1896  ! 

14 

Deschenes,  Admiral  P 

1790 

June  12, 

1860 

5 

Devon  (Earl  of),  Rt.  Hon.  W.  R.  C 

April  14, 

1807 

Nov.  18, 

1888 

12 

Devonshire  (Duke  of),  William  C,  K.G.,  F.R.S. 

April  27, 

1808 

Dec.  21, 

1891 

13 

Dewey,  Chester,  D.D. 

Oct.  25, 

1781 

Dec.  15, 

1867 

7 

Dhuleep  Singh  (Maharajah),  G.C.S.I 

1838 

Oct.  22, 

1893 

13 

Dickens,  Charles  ... 

Feb.  7," 

1812 

June  9, 

1870 

7 

Dickson,  Sam.  Henry      ...         

Sept. 

1798 

1866 

7 

Dickson,  William  Gillespie        

April  9, 

1823 

Oct.  19," 

1876 

9 

Diez,  Friedrich  Christian           

1794 

May  29, 

1876 

9 

Digby,  Kenelm  Henry 

1800 

Mar.  22, 

1880 

10 

Dilke,  Charles  Wentworth         

Dec.  8, 

1789 

Aug.  10, 

1864 

6 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth  .. .           

1810 

May  10, 

1869 

7 

Dindorf,  William 

1804 

Aug. 

1883 

11 

Dircks,  Henry,  LL.D.     ...          

Aug.  26, 

1806 

1873 

10 

Dittmar,  Prof.  W 

April  14, 

1833 

14 

Dix,  John  Adams             

July  24, 

1798 

April  21,' 

1879 

10 

Dixon,  William  Hepworth         ...         

June  30, 

1821 

Dec.  27, 

1879 

8 

Djdmil  Pasha        

1827 

Sept.  22, 

1872 

8 

Dobell,  Sydney     

1824 

Aug.  22, 

1874 

8 

Dobson,  George  Edward,  F.R.S 

Sept.  4, 

1844 

Nov.  26, 

1895 

14 

Dobson,  William  Charles  Thomas,  RA. 

Dec.  8, 

1817 

Jan.  31, 

1898 

14 

Dodge,  Mary  Abigail      ...         

1830 

Aug.  17, 

1896 

14 

Doherty,  General  Sir  R.               

1777 

Sept.  2, 

1862 

5 

Dolby,  Madame  Sainton             

May  17, 

1821 

Feb.  18, 

1885 

11 

Dolgoroukow,  Prince  Vladimir 

1810 

July  1, 

1891 

13 

Dbllinger,  John  Joseph  Ignatius          

Feb.  28, 

1799 

Jan.  10, 

1890 

12 

Domett,  Alfred 

May  20, 

1811 

Nov.  2, 

1887 

12 

Dom  Pedro  II.  of  Brazil             

Dec.  2, 

1825 

Dec.  5, 

1891 

13 

Donaldson,  Sir  S.  A.        ...         

1812 

Jan.  11, 

1867 

6 

Donaldson,  T.  L 

Oct.  17, 

1795 

Aug.  1, 

1885 

12 

Donnet,  Cardinal...          ...          

Nov.  16, 

1795 

Dec.  23, 

1882 

10 

Donoughmore,  Earl  of    ...         ...          

April  4, 

1823 

Feb.  22, 

1866 

6 

Doo,  George  Thomas      

Jan. 

1800 

Nov.  13, 

1886 

11 

Doran,  Dr.  John 

1807 

Jan.  25, 

1878 

9 

Dore\  Paul  Gustave         

Jan.  6, 

1823 

Jan.  23, 

1883 

10 

NECROLOGY 


1263 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 
July  8,         1884 

Edi- 
tion. 

Dorner,  Isaac  A.  ...         ...         ...                    ...  ! 

June  20, 

1809 

12 

Dorose,  Rt.  Hon.  Richard 

June, 

1824 

Mar.  14, 

1890 

12 

D'Orsey,  Prof.  Rev.  Alexander,  B.D 

Mar.  28, 

1812 

March, 

1894 

13 

Doucet,  Camille   ... 

May  16, 

1812 

April  1, 

1895 

14 

Doudney,  Rev.  D.  A.,  D.D 

Mar.  8, 

1811 

April  10, 

1894 

13 

Douglas,  General  Sir  H. ..          

July  1, 

1776 

Nov.  8, 

1861  i     5 

Douglas,  Hv.  Alex.,  Bishop  of  Bombay 

1820 

Dec.  14, 

1875  i     9 

Douglas,  Sir  William  F.,  P.R.S.A         

Mar.  29, 

1822 

July  20, 

1891 

13 

Douglass,  Frederick        ...         

Feb. 

1817 

Feb.  20, 

1895 

14 

Douglass,  Sir  James  Nicholas,  F.R.S \ 

Oct.  16, 

1826 

June  19, 

1898 

14 

Dove,  Henry  William     ...                     ...         . . .   j 

Oct.  6, 

1803 

April  3, 

1879      10 

Dow,  Neal ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ... 

Mar.  20, 

1804 

Oct.  2, 

1897  ;   14 

Doyle,  Richard     ...         ...         ... 

1826 

Dec.  11, 

1883  i   11 

Doyle,  SirF.  H.  C 

Aug.  22, 

1810 

June  8, 

1888  !  12 

Doyle,  Henry  Edward,  C.B 

1827 

Feb.  17, 

1892  |  13 

Drake,  Fred 

June  23, 

1805 

April  8, 

1882 

ID 

Draper,  Henry      ... 

Mar.  7, 

1837 

Nov.  20, 

1882 

10 

Draper,  John  William,  M.D 

May  5, 

1811 

Jan.  4, 

1882 

JO 

Drew,  Admiral  Andrew  ... 

1792 

Dec.  19, 

1878        9 

Dreyse,  Nicolas 

1788 

Dec.  9, 

1867  !     7 

Drouyn-de-Lhuys,  Edouard 

Nov.  19, 

1805 

Mar.  1, 

1881      10 

Droysen,  Johann  Gustav            

July  6, 

1808 

June  19, 

1894  |  13 

Droz,  Antoine  Gustave    ... 

1832 

Oct. 

1895      14 

Drummond,  Professor  Henry    ...         

Aug-  17, 

1851 

Mar.  11, 

1897 

14 

Dubois,  Baron       

Dec.  7, 

1795 

Nov.  29, 

1871 

10 

Du  Boisgobev,  Fortune 

Sept.  11, 

1824 

Feb.  26, 

1891 

13 

Du  Bois-Reymond,  Prof.  Emil,  M.D.,  F.R.S.  ... 

Nov.  7, 

1818 

Dec.  26, 

1896 

14 

Du  Camp,  Maxime 

Feb.  8, 

1822 

Feb.  9, 

1894 

13 

Duchatel  (Count),  Charles  Marie  Tanneguy  ... 

Feb.  19, 

1803 

Nov.  5, 

1867 

7 

Duclere,  C.  T.  E 

Nov.  9, 

1812 

July  21, 

1888 

12 

Ducrot,  General 

1817 

Aug. 

1882 

111 

Dudevant,  Madame  ("Georges  Sand") 

July  5, 

1804 

June  8, 

1876  i     9 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow 

1785 

Jan.  20, 

1870  ]     7 

Dufaure,  Jules      

Dec.  4, 

1798 

June  27, 

1881   |  10 

Duff,  Alexander,i).D 

1806 

Feb.  12, 

1878  |     9 

Duff,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  R.  W.                        

1835 

Mar.  15, 

1895  !  14 

Dufferin,  Lady  (sec  Gifford,  Lady  H.  S.) 

Duke,  Sir  James  ...         ...         

Jan.  31, 

1792 

May  28, 

1873  '     8 

Dumas,  Alexandre  Davy            

July  24, 

1803 

Dec.  10, 

1870  ;     7 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  the  Younger          

July  28, 

1824 

Nov.  27, 

1895  i  14 

Du  Maurier,  George  Louis         ...          

Mar.  6, 

1834 

Oct.  8, 

1896  |  14 

Diimichen,  Johannes       ...          

Oct.  15, 

1833 

Feb.  7, 

1894 

13 

Duncan,  Colonel  Francis            

1836  '  Nov.  16, 

1888 

12 

Duncan,  J.  M 

April  29, 

1826  ,  Sept.  1, 

1890 

12 

Dunckley,  Henry,  M.A.,  LL.D 

Dec.  24, 

1823  i  June  29, 

1896 

14 

Duncombe,  T.  S.  ... 

1796  !  Nov.  13, 

1861   j     5 

Dundas,  Sir  David           

1799  1  Mar.  30, 

1877   !     9 

Dundas,  Sir  J.  W.  D 

Deo.  4, 

1785      Oct.  3, 

1862 

5 

Dunfermline,  Ralph  Abercromby,  Lord 

April  6, 

1803  !  July  13, 

1868 

7 

Dunglison,  Robley,  M.D.            

Jan.  4, 

1798  '  April  1, 

1869 

7 

Dunkin,  Edwin,  F.R.S.                ...         

Aug.  19, 

1821  j  Nov.  26, 

1898 

14 

Dupanloup,  F.  A.  P.,  Bishop  of  Orleans 

Jan.  3, 

1802  !  Oct.  11, 

1878 

9 

Du-Petit-Thouars,  Admiral  A.  A 

Aug.  3, 

1793  |  Mar.  17, 

1864 

6 

Dupin,  A.  M.  J.  J.           ...         

Feb.  1, 

1783  j  Nov.  8, 

1865 

li 

Dupin,  Baron        

Oct.  6, 

1784     Jan.  18, 

1873 

8 

Durand,  Asher  Brown 

Aug.  21, 

1796      

1874 

8 

Durando,  General  Jean  ... 

1807  i  May  27, 

1869 

7 

Durbin,  John  Price,  D.D.           

1800  '  Oct.  19, 

1876 

9 

Durham,  Joseph,  A. R.  A. 

1813      Oct.  27, 

1877 

9 

Durnford,  Rt.  Rev.  Richard,  D.D 

1802     Oct.  14, 

1895 

14 

Duruy,  J.  V.         

Sept.  11, 

1811      Nov.  25, 

1894 

13 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne,  P. 

Aug.  3, 

1798  |  May  20, 

1881      10 

Duvernois,  Clement        

April  6, 

1836 

1  July  8, 

1879 

10 

1264 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Duyckinck,  Evert  Augustus 

Nov.  23, 

1816 

Ang. 

1878 

9 

Dyce,  Rev.  Alexander 

June  30, 

1798 

May  15, 

1869 

7 

Dyce,  W 

1806 

Feb.  14, 

1864 

5 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry 

May  4, 

1804 

Jan.  30, 

1888 

12 

Dymoke,  Sir  H.    ...          

Mar.  5, 

1801 

April  28, 

1865 

6 

Eadiej,  John,  D.D.          

1813 

June  3, 

1876 

9 

Eads,  James  B.     ... 

May  28, 

1820 

Mar.  8, 

1887 

12 

Eardley,  Sir  C.  E.             

April  21, 

1805 

May  21, 

1863 

5 

Early,  General  Jubal  A 

Nov.  3, 

1816 

Mar.  2, 

1894 

13 

Eastburn,  M„  Bishop  of  Massachusetts 

Feb.  9, 

1801 

Sept.  11, 

1872 

8 

Easthope,  Sir  J.,  Bart 

Oct.  29, 

1784 

Dec.  11, 

1865 

6 

Eastlake,  Sir  C.  L.           

Nov.  17, 

1793 

Dec.  24, 

1865 

6 

Ebers,  Georg         

Mar.  1, 

1837 

Aug.  7, 

1898 

14 

Eden,  Rev.  Robert,  D.D.             

1804 

Aug.  26, 

1886 

11 

Eden,  Hon.  Sir  Ashley  ...         

Nov.  n,' 

1831 

July  9, 

1887 

12 

Eden,  Rt.  Rev.  R.,  Bishop  of  Moray    

1804 

Aug.  25, 

1886 

12 

Edhem  Pasha 

1823 

1893 

14 

Edmonds,  John  Worth               

Mar.     13 

1799 

April  6, 

1874 

8 

Edmondstone,  Sir  Archibald 

1795 

Mar.  13, 

1871 

7 

Edwardes,  Sir  Herbert  Benjamin 

Nov.  12, 

1819 

Dec.  23, 

18H8 

7 

Edwards,  Thomas  (Naturalist) 

1814 

April  27, 

1886 

11 

Edwards,  Miss  Amelia    ... 

1831 

April, 

1892 

13 

Egan,  Pierce 

1814 

July  6, 

1880 

10 

Egg,  A 

1816 

Mar.  26, 

18rt3 

5 

Egypt,  Viceroy  of  (Said  Pacha)            

1822 

Jan.  18, 

1863 

5 

Ehrenberg,  Chr.  Gottfried         

April  19, 

1795 

June  27, 

1876 

9 

Eichwald,  Edward          

July  4, 

1795 

Nov.  24, 

1876 

10 

Elgin  and  Kincardine,  Earl  of              ...         ...' 

July  20, 

1811 

Nov.  20, 

1863 

5 

Elie  de  Beaumont,  J.  B. 

Sept.  25, 

1798 

Sept.  22, 

1874 

8 

Eliot,  Samuel,  LL.D. 

Dec.  22, 

1821 

Sept.  15, 

1898 

14 

Ellenborough,  Edward  Law,  Earl  of   ... 

Sept.  8, 

1790 

Dec.  22, 

1871 

7 

Ellioe,  Rt.  Hon.  E 

1787 

Sept.  17, 

1863 

5 

Elliot,  Sir  Charles            

1801 

Sep^9, 

1875 

9 

Elliot,  Very  Rev.  Gilbert,  D.D.             

1800 

Aug.  11, 

1891 

13 

Elliot,  Charles,  D.D 

May  16, 

1792 

Jan.  6, 

1869 

7 

Elliot,  Charles  Wyllys 

May  27, 

1817 

Ang.  20, 

1883 

11 

Elliotson,  John,  M.D 

1785 

July  28, 

1868 

7 

Ellis,  Alexander  John     ... 

June  14, 

1814 

Oct.  28, 

1890 

12 

Ellis,  G.  E„  D.D 

Aug.  8, 

1814 

Dec.  21, 

1894 

13 

Ellis,  Sir  Henry 

Nov. 

1777 

Jan.  15, 

1869 

7 

Ellis,  Sir  S.B 

1787 

Mar.  10, 

1865 

6 

Ellis,  T.  E.,  M.P 

Feb.  16, 

1859 

April  5, 

1899 

14 

Ellis,  Rev.  William         

June  9, 

1872 

8 

Ellis,  William       

1800 

Feb. 

1881 

10 

Ellsler,  Theresa 

1808 

Nov.  19, 

1878 

9 

Elmore,  Alfred,  R.A 

1815 

Jan.  24, 

1881 

10 

Elvey,  Sir  George  Job,  Mus.Doc.          

Mar.  27, 

1816 

Dec.  9, 

1894 

13 

Elwart,  A.  A.  E 

Nov.  18, 

1808 

Oct.  14, 

1877 

9 

Elwyn,  Rev.  Richard      

Sept.  14, 

1827 

Sept.  28, 

1897 

14 

Embery,  Mrs  Emma  Catherine 

1806 

.  Feb.  10, 

1863 

7 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 

May  25,' 

1803 

April  27, 

1882 

10 

Emly  (Lord),  Rt.  Hon.  Hon.  William  Monsell 

1812 

April  20, 

1894 

13 

Encke,  J.  F 

Sept.  23, 

1791 

Sept.  2, 

1865 

6 

Enfantin,  B.  P 

Feb.  8, 

1796 

Sept.  1, 

1864 

5 

England,  Sir  Richard      ...         ...         

1793 

Jan.  19, 

1883 

10 

Engstroem,  John  ... 

April  7, 

1794 

Jan.  27, 

1870 

9 

Ebtvos,  Joseph,  Baron     ... 

Sept.  3, 

1813 

Feb.  3, 

1871 

7 

Erckmann,  Emile 

May  20, 

1822 

Mar. 

1899 

14 

Erichsen,  John  Eric,  F.R.S.,  LL.D 

July  19, 

1818 

Sept.  23, 

1896 

14 

Ericsson,  John 

July  31, 

1803 

Mar.  7, 

1889 

12 

Erie,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  William        

1793 

Jan.  28, 

1880 

10 

NECROLOGY 


1265 


Ernest  II.  (Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha), 
Augustus  Ernest 

Erskine,  Rt.  Hon.  T 

Esenbeck,  Nees  von,  C.  J.  {see  Nees  von  E.)  ... 

Espartero,  B.,  Duke  de  la  Victoria      

Espinasse,  E.  C.  M 

Esquiros,  Henri  Alphonse  

Essex,  Dowager  Countess  of     ..  

Estcourt.  T.  S.  Sotheron  

Esterhazy,  Prince  P.  A.  

Evans,  David  Morier       

Evans,  General  Sir  De  Lacy      

Evans,  Marian  ("George  Eliot  ")         

Evans,  Rev.  E.  W.  E 

Everett,  E.  

Eversley  (Viscount),  Rt.  Hon.  C.  Shaw-Lefevre 

Ewald,  Henry  Geo.  Aug.  

E  wart,  William 

Ewbank,  Thomas  

Ewell,  Robert  Stoddard  

Ewing,  Alexander,  Bishop  of  Argyll   ... 

Ewing,  Thomas,  LL.D 

Eyre,  Sir  Vincent  


Faber,  Rev.  Fred.  William,  D.D. 

Fagge,  Charles  Hilton,  M.D 

Faidherbe,  L.  L.  C 

Fairbairn,  Sir  William,  F.R.S 

Fairbairn,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart.     ... 

Fairholt,  F.  W 

Faithful,  Emily 

ITaraday,  Michael,  F.R.S.  

Farini,  C.  L. 

Farnham,  Mrs.  E.  W 

Farr,  William,  C.B.,  M.D 

Farragut,  Admiral  David  D. 

Farrar,  Rev.  John  

Farre,  Arthur,  M.D 

Faure,  Felix  F.,  President,  French  Republic 

Favre,  Jules      

Fawcett,  Henry,  M.P 

Fawcett,  Sir  John  Henry,  K.C.M.G.    ... 
Fazy,  Jean  Jaques 

Fecliter,  Charles 

Field,  Edward,  Bishop  of  Newfoundland 
Fellows,  James  J.,  F.R.C.I.,  F.R.G.S. 

Felton,  C.  C 

Ferdinand  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria 
Ferguson,  James,  D.C.L. 

Ferguson,  Dr.  R 

Fergusson,  Sir  William 

Ferrey,  Benjamin,  F.S. A.  

Fessenden,  William  Pitt  

Festing,  Major- General  Sir  Franes  Worgan 

Feuerbacb,  Ludwig  Marie         

Feuillet,  Octave 

Feval,  P.  H.  C 

Fichte,  Immanuel  Hermann      

Field,  Cyrus  W 

Field,  Rev.  Frederick     

Field,  Hon.  Stephen  J.,  LL.D 

Fillmore,  Millard  (President,  U.S.A.    ... 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

June  21, 

1818  Aug.  22, 

1893 

13 

Mar.  12, 

1788  Nov.  9, 

1864 

6 

1792  Jan.  8, 

1879 

1') 

April  2, 

1815   June  4, 

1859 

5 

1814  May  12, 

1876 

9 

Sept.  18, 

1794   Feb.  22, 

1882 

10 

1801  Jan.  6, 

1876 

9 

Mar.  10, 

1786 

July, 

1866 

6 

1819 

Jan.  1, 

1874 

8 

1787 

Jan.  9, 

1870 

7 

Nov.  22, 

1819 

Dec.  22, 

1880 

10 

Aug.  30, 

1789 

Mar.  10, 

1866 

6 

April  11, 

1794 

Jan.  15, 

1865 

6 

Feb.  27, 

1794 

Dec.  28, 

1888 

12 

Nov.  16, 

1803 

May  4, 

1875 

9 

1798 

Jan.  23, 

1869 

7 

179J 

Sept.  16, 

1870 

7 

1821 

Jan.  25, 

1872 

7 

May  22, 

1873 

8 

Dec.  28, 

1789 

Oct.  26, 

1871 

7 

1811 

Sept.  22, 

1881 

10 

1815 

Sept.  26, 

1863 

5 

1838 

Nov.  19, 

1883 

11 

June  3, 

1818 

Sept,  28, 

1889 

12 

1789 

Aug.  18, 

1874 

8 

1823 

Aug.  12, 

1891 

13 

1814 

April  3. 

1866 

6 

1835 

May  31, 

1895 

14 

Sept.  22, 

1791 

Aug.  25, 

1867 

7 

Oct.  22, 

1822 

Aug.  1, 

1866 

6 

Nov.  17, 

1815 

Dec.  15, 

1864 

6 

1807 

April  14, 

1883 

10 

July  5,  " 

1801 

Aug.  14, 

1870 

7 

July  29, 

1802 

Nov.  19, 

1884 

12 

Mar.  6, 

1811 

Dec.  17, 

1887 

12 

Jan.  30, 

1841 

Feb.  16, 

1899 

14 

Mar.  31, 

1809 

Jan.  20, 

1880 

10 

1833 

Nov.  6, 

1884 

11 

Dec.  11, 

1831 

Aug.  22, 

1898 

14 

May  12, 

1796 

Nov.  6, 

1878 

9 

Oct.  23, 

1824 

Aug.  5, 

1879 

10 

1801 

June  8, 

1876 

9 

1828 

Jan. 

1896 

i  U 

Nov.  6, 

1807 

Feb.  26, 

1862 

■     5 

April  19, 

1793 

Jnlv  29, 

1875 

:  9 

1808 

Jan.  9, 

1886 

11 

1799 

June  25, 

1865 

'  6 

Mar.  20, 

1808 

Feb.  10, 

1877 

9 

April  1, 

1810 

Aug.  22, 

1880 

10 

Oct.  lfi, 

1806 

Sept.  9, 

1869 

7 

1833 

Nov.  21, 

1886 

11 

July  28,' 

1804 

Sept.  13, 

1872 

8 

Aug.  11, 

1820 

Dec.  28, 

1890 

13 

Sept.  27, 

1817 

Mar.  8, 

1887 

12 

July  18, 

1797 

Aug.  8, 

1879 

10 

Nov.  30, 

1819 

July  12, 

1892 

13 

1801 

April, 

1885 

11 

Nov.  4, 

1816 

April  9, 

1899 

14 

1  Jan.  7, 

1800 

Mar.  8, 

1874 
4l 

8 

1266 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Kish,  Hamilton 

Aug.  3, 

1808 

Sept.  7, 

1893 

13 

Fisher,  Hon.  Charles,  D.C.L 

1880 

10 

Fitzgerald  (Lord),  Rt.  Hon.  J.  D.  F 

1816 

Oct.  16, 

1889 

12 

Fitzgerald,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  William         

1817 

June  28, 

1885 

11 

Fitzgerald,  ffm.  Bishop  of  Killaloe 

Dec.  3, 

1814 

Nov.  24, 

1883 

11 

Fitzbardinge,  Lord 

Jan.  3, 

1788 

Oct.  17, 

1867 

7 

Fitz-Patriok,  William  John,  F.S. A 

Aug.  31, 

1830 

Dec.  24, 

1895 

14 

Fitzroy,  Admiral  E.         ...         

July  5, 

1805 

May  1, 

1865 

6 

Flahault  de  la  Billarderie,  Comte  de 

April  21, 

1785 

Aug.  31, 

1870 

7 

Flaubert,  Gustave 

Dec.  12, 

1821 

May  9, 

1880 

10 

Fletcher,  Banister,  J.P.,  F.E.I.B.A 

1833 

July  5, 

1899 

15 

Fleury,  General    ... 

Nov. 

1837 

Dec.  11, 

1884 

11 

Flint,  Austin         ...         

Oct.  20, 

1812 

Mar.  13, 

1886 

11 

Flocon,  F 

1800 

May, 

1866 

6 

Floquet,  Charles  Thomas 

Oct.  5, 

1828 

Jan.  18, 

1896 

14 

Flotow,  Fred.  F.  A.  von 

April  27, 

1812 

Jan.  24, 

1883 

10 

Flourens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre      

April  15, 

1794 

Dec.  6, 

1867 

7 

Flower,  Sir  William  Henry,  K.C.B.,  F.E.C.S.  ... 

Nov.  30, 

1831 

July  1, 

1899 

15 

Fliigel,  Gustave  Lebrecht          

Feb.  18, 

1802 

June  5, 

1870 

10 

Folger,  Charles 

April  16, 

1818 

Sept.  4, 

1884 

11 

Fonblanque,  Albany  W.  ...         

1797 

Oct.  13, 

1872 

8 

Fonblanque,  J.  S.  M 

Mar. 

1787 

Nov.  3, 

1865 

6 

Fonseca,  Marshal  M.  D.  da        

1434 

Aug.  23, 

1892 

13 

Foot,  S 

Nov.  19^' 

1802 

1866 

6 

Foot  e,  Henry  Stuart        

Sept.  20, 

1800 

1867 

7 

Forbes,  Alex.  Penrose,  Bishop  of  Brechin 

1817 

Oct.  8, 

1875 

9 

Forbes,  Hon.  Francis  Eeginald*. 

Sept.  17, 

1791 

Nov.  5, 

1873 

8 

Forbes,  Sir  J 

1787 

Nov.  13, 

1861 

5 

Forbes,  James  David,  D.C.L 

April  20, 

1809 

Dec.  31, 

1868 

7 

Forcade,  Eugene  ... 

1820 

Nov.  6, 

1869 

7 

Force,  Peter          

Nov.  26,' 

1790 

Jan.  23, 

1868 

7 

Ford,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Francis  Clare,  G.C.B. 

1830 

Jan.  31, 

1899 

14 

Forey,  E.  F.,  Marshal  of  France           

Jan.  10, 

1804 

June  20, 

1872 

8 

Forrest,  Edwin     

Mar.  9, 

1806 

Dec.  12, 

1872 

8 

Forrester,  A.  H.  ("Alfred  Crowquill  ") 

1805 

May  26, 

1872 

8 

Forshall,  Rev.  J 

1797 

Dec.  18, 

1863 

5 

Forster,  Rev.  Charles 

1790 

18... 

8 

Forster,  Sir  Charles,  M.P 

1815 

July  26, 

1891 

13 

Forster,  Dr.  Ernest  Joachim 

April  8, 

1800 

April  29, 

1885 

11 

Forster,  Henry,  Bishop  of  Breslau       

Nov.  24, 

1800 

Oct.  20, 

1881 

10 

Forster,  John        

1812 

Feb.  1, 

1876 

9 

Forster,  Rt.  Hon.  William         

July  11," 

1818 

April  5, 

1886 

11 

Forsyth,  Sir  Thomas  Douglas... 

1827 

Dec.  17, 

1886 

12 

Fortnum,  Charles  Drury  E.,  J.P.,  D.C.L. 

Mar. 

1820 

Mar.  6, 

1899 

14 

Fortune,  Robert    ... 

1813 

April  13, 

1880 

10 

Forwood,  Arthur  Bower,  M.P.   ...          

June  23, 

1836 

Sept.  27, 

1898 

14 

Foss,  Edward,  F.S. A 

1787 

July  27, 

1870 

7 

Foster,  Birket 

Feb.  4," 

1825 

March  27 

1899 

14 

Foster,  John  G 

1824 

Aug. 

1874 

8 

Foucault,  Jean  Bernard  Le"on   ... 

Sept.  18, 

1819 

Feb.  13, 

1868 

7 

Fould,  Achille       

Oct.  31, 

1800 

Oct.  5, 

1867 

7 

Fowke,  Capt.  F 

1823  ;  Dec.  4, 

1865 

6 

Fowler,  Sir  John,  LL.D.             

1817      Nov.  20, 

1898 

14 

Fowler,  Sir  Robert,  Bart.,  M.P 

Sept,  12,' 

1828      May  21, 

1891 

13 

Fox,  Sir  Charles  ... 

1810      June  14, 

1874 

8 

Fox,  General  Charles  Richard 

1796      April  13, 

1873 

8 

Fox,  W.  J 

1786  ]  June  3, 

1864 

5 

Francais,  Francois  Louis 

Nov.  17, 

1814 

May, 

1897 

14 

Francatelli,  C.  E 

1805  !  Aug.  10, 

1876 

9 

Frances,  G.  H 

1816 

Aug.  28, 

1886 

(i 

Francis,  Francis  (Angler)           

1822 

Dec.  24, 

1866 

12 

Francis,  J.  W 

Nov.  17,' 

1789 

1861 

5 

Francis  II. 

Dec. 

1894 

13 

NECROLOGY 


1267 


Name. 


Francis  V.,  Duke  of  Modena     ... 

Francillon,  Robert  Edward       ...  

Franclieu,  Marquis  de...  

Franklin,  Jane,  Lady 

Franks,  Augustus  Wollaston,  C.B.,  F.K.S.      ... 

Franz,  Robert 

Franzoni,  L.  ...         

Fraser,  A.  

Fraser,  Charles      .. 

Fraser,  Lieut.-Gen.  Charles,  V.C.,  C.B. 

Fraser,  Bishop  of  Manchester 

Fraser,  Rev.  Donald,  M.A.,  D.D. 

Frederick  Charles  (Prince) 

Frederick  William,  Crown  Prince  of  Germany 

Frederick  William  I.  of  Hesse-Cassel 

Freeman,  Professor  Edward,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.  ... 

Freiligrath,  Ferdinand 

Fremont,  Generaljohn  C. 

French,  ex-Queen  of  the  (Marie  Amelia) 

French,  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas,  D.D.  

Freppel,  Charles  Emile,  Bishop  of  Angers     ... 

Frere,  Sir  H.  Bartle  Edward,  Bart 

Frere-Orban,  Hubert  J.  W.        ..:         

Freytag,  Gustave 
Friswell,  James  Hain 
Frossard,  General 

Frost,  Percival,  D.Sc,  F.R.S 

Frost,  William  Edward,  R.A 

Frothingham,  Octavius  Brooks 
Fronde,  James  Anthony,  LL.D. 
Fuad,  Mehmed,  Pasha    ... 
Fulford,  Frs.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Montreal 
Fuller,  Bishop  of  Niagara 

Fuller,  Richard,  D.D 

Fullerton,  Lady  Georgina  

Fiirst,  Dr.  Julius  .. .         

Fustel  de  Coulanges,  Numa  D.  


Gablbntz,  Baron  von    ...         

Gade,  Niels  Wilhelm 
Haertner,  Friedrich  von  ... 

Gaillard,  Claude  F 

Galignani,  John  Anthony,  

Galignani,  William  ...         

Gallait,  Louis        ...         

Gallenga,  Prof.  Antonio  Carlo  ... 
Gait,  Sir  Alexander  T.,  G.C.M.G.,  LL.D. 

Gambetta,  Le"on    ...         

Garbett,  Ven.  James       

Gardiner,  General  Sir  R.  W 

Garibaldi,  Giuseppe 

Garland,  Hon.  A.  H 

Gamier,  Jean  Louis  Charles      

Garnier-Pages,  L.  A. 

Garrett,  Sir  Robert  

Garrison,  William  Lloyd  

Garside,  Rev.  Charles  Brierley 

Gaskell,  Mrs.  E.  C 

Gassiot,  John  Peter         ...         

Gatty,  Mrs.  Alfred  Margaret     

Gauntlett,  Dr.  Henry  John        

Gautier,  Theophile  


Date  ot  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

June  1, 

1819 
1841 

Nov.  20, 

1875 

1810 

Nov.  13, 

1877 

Dec.  4,  " 

1791 

July  18, 

1875 

1826 

May  21, 

1897 

June  28, 

1815 

1892 

1790 

Mar.  26, 

1862 

April  7, 

1786 

Feb.  15, 

1865 

Aug.  20, 

1782 

1860 

Aug.  31, 

1829 

June  7, 

1895 

1818 

Oct.  22, 

1885 

Jan.  15, 

1826 

Feb.  11, 

1892 

Mar.  20, 

1828 

June, 

1885 

Oct.  18, 

1S31 

June  15, 

1888 

Aug.  20, 

1802 

Jan.  6, 

1875 

1823 

1892 

June  17, 

1810 

Mar.  17, 

1876 

Jan.  21, 

1813 

July  13, 

1890 

April  26, 

1782 

Mar.  24, 

1866 

1825 

May  14, 

1891 

June  1, 

1827 

Dec.  22, 

1891 

Mar.  29, 

1815 

May  29, 

1884 

April  24, 

1812 

Jan.  2, 

1896 

July  13, 

1816 

April  30, 

1S95 

1827 

Mar.  12, 

1878 

1807 

Sept. 

1875 

Sept.  1, 

1817 

June  5, 

1898 

1810 

June  4, 

1877 

Nov.  26, 

1822 

Nov.  26, 

1895 

April  22, 

1818 

Oct.  20, 

1894 

1814 

Feb. 

1869 

1803 

Sept.  9, 

1868 

July  16, 

1810 

1885 

April  22, 

1804 

Oct.  20, 

1876 

Jan.  19, 

1885 

May  12, 

1805 

Feb. 

1873 

Mar.  18, 

1830 

Sept.  12, 

1889 

June  19, 

1814 

Jan.  28, 

1874 

Feb.  22, 

1817 

Dec.  21, 

1890 

1792 

April  21, 

1874 

Jan.  7, 

1834 

Jan. 

1887 

Oct.  13, 

1796 

Dec. 

1873 

Mar.  10, 

1798 

Dec.  11, 

1882 

1810 

Nov.  17, 

1887 

Nov.  4, 

1810 

Dec.  17, 

1895 

Sept.  6, 

1817 

Sept.  19, 

1893 

April  2, 

1838 

Dec.  31, 

1882 

1802 

Mar.  25, 

1879 

May  2, 

1781 

June  26, 

1864 

July  22, 

1807 

June  2, 

1882 

June  11, 

1832 

Jan.  26, 

1899 

Nov.  6, 

1825 

Aug.  3, 

1898 

July  18, 

1803 

Oct.  31, 

1878 

1794 

June  12, 

1869 

Dec.  12, 

1804 

May  24, 

1879 

April  6, 

1818 

May  21, 

1876 

1811 

Nov.  12, 

1865 

1797 

Aug.  15, 

1877 

1809 

Oct.  4, 

1873 

1806 

Feb.  21, 

1876 

Aug.  31, 

1811 

Oct.  23, 

1872 

1268 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Gavarni  (Sulpice  P.  C.)   ... 

1801 

Nov.  24, 

1866 

6 

Gavazzi,  Alessandro 

1809 

Jan.  10, 

1889 

12 

Gayangos  y  Arce,  Pascual  de 

June  21, 

1809 

Oct.  4, 

1897 

14 

Geden,  Rev.  John             

May  4, 

1822 

Mar. 

1886 

12 

Geefs,  W 

1806 

Jan.  21, 

1883 

10 

Geffravd.  Fabre 

Sept.  19, 

1806 

Jan. 

1879 

10 

George  V.,  King  of  Hanover 

May  27, 

1819 

June  12, 

1878 

9 

George,  Henry      

Sept.  2, 

1839 

Oct.  29, 

1897 

14 

Gerard,  C.  J.  B 

June  14, 

1817 

Sept. 

1864 

5 

Gerhard,  Edward             

Nov.  29, 

1796 

May  12, 

1867 

7 

Gerstaecker,  Fred. 

May  16, 

1815 

June, 

1872 

8 

Gervinus,  George  Godfrey 

May  20, 

1805 

Mar. 

1871 

7 

Gesner,  Dr.  A. 

1797 

April  27, 

1864 

6 

Ghika,  A 

1795 

Jan. 

1862 

6 

Gibson,  J.  ... 

1791 

Jan.  27, 

1866 

6 

Gibson,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Thomas  Milner 

1807 

Feb.  25, 

1884 

11 

Gibson,  William  Sydney,  F.S.A 

1815 

7 

Gifford,  Lady  Helen  Selina 

1807 

June  14, 

1867 

7 

Gilbart,  J.  W 

1794 

Aug.  8, 

1863 

5 

Gilbert,  Ashurst  Turner,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Chi- 

chester  ... 

1786 

Feb.  21, 

1870 

7 

Gilbert,  Sir  John,  R.  A 

1817 

Oct,  5, 

1897 

14 

Gilbert,  J.  G 

1794 

June  4, 

1866 

6 

Gilbert,  John  Thomas,  F.S.A 

1829 

May  23, 

1898 

14 

Giles,  Rev.  John  Allen   ... 

Oct.  26, 

180S 

Sept.  24, 

1884 

11 

Gilfillan,  Rev.  George 

1813 

Aug.  13, 

1878 

9 

Gillmore,  General  Q.  A. ... 

Feb.  28,' 

1825 

April  7, 

1888 

12 

Gilpin,  Charles,  M.P 

1815 

Sept,  8, 

1874 

8 

Girardin,  Emile  de          

1802 

April  27, 

1881 

10 

Giraud,  Herbert 

1817 

14 

Girdlestone,  Rev.  Charles          

Mar.  6, 

1797 

April  28J 

1881 

10 

Girdlestone,  Rev.  Edward         

Sept.  6, 

1805 

Dec.  4, 

1884 

11 

Giudiei,  Paolo  Emiliani 

June  13, 

1812 

Oct, 

1872 

8 

Giuglini,  A.           

1826 

Oct.  12, 

1865 

.   6 

Gladstone,  Rt.  Hon.  William  E.           

Dec.  29, 

1809 

May  19, 

1898 

14 

Glais-Bizoin,  A.    ... 

Mar.  9, 

1800 

Nov. 

1877 

9 

Glass,  Sir  Richard  Atwood 

1820 

Dec.  22, 

1873 

8 

Gleichen  (Count),  Victor  Ferdinand    ... 

Nov.  11, 

1833 

Dec.  31, 

1891 

13 

Gleig,  Rev.  G.  R.             

1796 

July  9, 

1888 

12 

Glenelg,  Lord       

Oct.  26, 

1778 

April  23, 

1866 

6 

Glover,  Sir  John  Hawley           

1829 

Sept.  30, 

1885 

11 

Glyn,  Isabella 

May  22, 

1825 

May  18, 

1889 

12 

Gneist,  Rudolph 

Aug.  13, 

1816 

Julv  21, 

1895 

14 

Gobat,  Sam.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Jerusalem 

Jan.  26, 

1799 

May  11, 

1879 

10 

Godkin,  James      

1806 

May  2, 

1879 

10 

Godwin,  George 

Jan.  28, 

1815 

Jan.  27, 

1888 

12 

Goldschmidt,  H .     

June  17, 

1802 

Sept.  12, 

1866 

6 

Goldschmidt,  Meier        

Oct.  26, 

1819 

Aug.  16, 

1887 

12 

Goldsmid,  Sir  Julian,  M.  1' 

Oct. 

1838 

Jan.  7, 

1896 

14 

Gomm,  Field -Marshal 

1784 

Mar.  15, 

1875 

8 

Goncourt,  Edmond  Louis          

May  26, 

1822 

July  16, 

1896 

14 

Gonzalez,  General  Manuel         

1820 

April  10, 

1893 

13 

Gooch,  Sir  Daniel            

1815 

Oct.  15, 

1889  ,  12 

Goode,  George  Brown,  LL.D 

Feb.  13, 

1851 

Sept.  6, 

1896 

14 

Goode,  W.,  D.D.,  F.S.A. ...         

Nov.  10, 

1801 

Aug.  12, 

1868 

7 

Goodford,  Rev.  Charles,  D.D 

1812 

May  9, 

1884 

11 

Goodhall,  Edward           

Sept. 

1795 

April  11, 

1870 

7 

Goodwin,  Charles  Wycliffe        

1817 

Jan.  17, 

1878 

9 

Goodwin,  Rt.  Rev.  Harvey,  D.D 

1818 

Nov.  25, 

1891 

13 

Gordon,  Lady  Duff         

July  14, 

1869 

7 

Gordon,  Rt.  Hon.  Edw.  Strathearn     

1814 

Aug.  21, 

1879 

10 

Gordon,  Admiral  Sir  James  Alex. 

1782 

Jan.  8, 

1869       7 

Gordon,  General 

Jan.  28, 

1833 

!  Jan.  26, 

1885 

11 

NECROLOGY 


1269 


Gordon,  Hon.  Sir  Arthur  H.      ...  

Gordon,  Sir  J.  W.  

Gorrie,  Sir  John,  K.B 

Gortschakoff,  Prince  A.  M.        ...         

Gortschakoff,  Prince  M.  D 

Goss,  Alexander,  Bishop  of  Liverpool... 

Goss,  Sir  John,  Mus.D 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry,  F.R.S 

Gotthelf,  J.  or  A.  B 

Gough,  Hugh,  Viscount ... 

Gough,  John  B.     ...  

Goulburn,  Very  Rev.  Edward  Meyrick,  D.D. 
Gould,  Benjamin  Apthorp 

Gould,  John,  F.R.S 

Gounod,  Charles  Francois  

Graham,  Dr.  John,  Bishop  of  Chester 
Graham,  Thomas  ... 
Gramont,  Due  de... 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  A.  B 

Grant,  Sir  Francis  

Grant,  James 

Grant,  James 

Grant,  General  Sir  James  Hope 

Grant,  General  Ulysses... 

Grant,  Lieut. -Col.    James   A.,   C.B.,    F.R.S., 

LL.D 

Grant,  Field-Marshal  Sir  Patrick,  G.C.B.      ... 
Grant,  General  Ulysses  ... 
Grant,  Professor  Robert,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 
Gratry,  Abb6,  Auguste  Joseph  Alphonse 

Grattan,  T.  C 

Graves,  Rt.  Rev.  Charles,  D.D.  

Gray,  Asa 

Gray,  E.  Droyer 

Gray,  Geo.  Robert,  F.R.S 

Gray,  Sir  John,  M.P 

Gray,  John  Edward,  F.R.S 

Grav,  Rob.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Cape  Town 
Gregorv,    Rt.    Hon.    Sir   William,    K.C.M.G., 

F.R.S 

Greeley,  Horace 

Green,  Prof.  Alexander  Henry,  M.A.,  F.R.S.... 

Greene,  George  VV.  ...  

Greg,  William  Rathbone 

Gregg,  John,  Bishop  of  Cork 

Gresham,  Hon.  Walter  Quinton  

Gresley,  William  ... 

Greswell,  Edward,  D.D.  

Gre'vy,  Francois  Jules 

Grey,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  C.  E.  

Grey,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Geo.  

Grey,  Sir  George,  K.C.B. 

Grey,  Earl  (Rt.  Hon.  Henry  Grey,  K.G.) 

Grier,  Robert  Cooper 

Griffin,  Dr.  Bishop  of  Limerick  

Griffith,  Sir  Richard  John 

Grimm,  J.  L. 

Grimm,  W.  K 

Grin  field,  Rev.  E.  W 

Grisi,  Giulia 

Gronow,  Capt.  R.  H 

Gross,  Samuel  D.  

Grote,  Geo.,D.C.L.,  F.R.S 


Date  of  Birth. 

Nov.  26, 

1829 

1790 

1829 

1798 

1795 

July  5, 

1814 

1800 

1810 

Oct.  4, 

1797 

Nov.  3, 

1779 

Aug.  22, 

1817 

1818 

Sept.  27, 
Sept.  14, 
June  17, 

1824 
1804 
1818 

Feb.  23, 

1794 

Dec.  21, 

1805 

Aug.  14, 

1819 

1808 

1803 

1802 

Aug.  1, 

1822 
1808 

April  27, 

1822 

Date  of  Death. 


April  27, 
Mar.  30, 

Nov.  6, 
Nov.  18, 

July  8,'" 


1827 
1804 
1814 
1822 
1805 
1796 
1812 
1810 
1845 
1808 
1815 
1800 
1809 


May  19, 
June  1, 

Mar.  11, 
May, 
Oct.  3, 
Mav  10, 
Aug.  23, 

Mar.  2, 
Feb.  18, 
May  3, 
Nov.  26, 
Feb.  3, 
Oct.  18, 
June  15. 
Sept.  16, 
Jan.  16, 
Jan.  31, 
Oct.  5, 
May  23, 
May  5, 
Mar.  7, 
July  23, 


Mar.  18, 
Nov. 
July  23, 
Feb.  4, 
July  4, 
July  17, 
Jan.  30, 
Mar.  27, 
May  6, 
April  9, 
Mar.  7, 
Sept.  1, 


1890 
1864 
1892 
1883 
1861 
1872 
1880 
1888 
1854 
1869 
1886 
1897 
1896 
1881 
1893 
1865 
1869 
1880 
18S0 
1878 
1879 
1887 
1875 
1885 

1892 
1895 
1892 
1885 
1872 
1864 
1899 
1888 
1888 
1872 
1875 
1875 
1872 


1817 

Mar.  6, 

1892 

Feb.  3, 

1811 

Nov.  29, 

1872 

Oct.  10, 

1832 

Aug.  19, 

1896 

April  8, 

1811 

Feb. 

1883 

1809 

Nov.  15, 

1881 

1798 

May  26, 

1878 

Mar.  17, 

1832 

May  28, 

1895 

1801 

Nov.  20, 

1876 

1797 

June  29, 

1869 

Aug.  15, 

1807 

Sept.  9, 

1891 

1786 

June  1, 

1865 

May  11," 

1799 

Sept.  10, 

1882 

1812 

Sept.  19, 

1898 

Dec.  28, 

1802 

Oct.  10, 

1894 

Mar.  5, 

1794 

Sept.  25, 

1870 

July  10, 

1786 

April  5, 

1866 

Sept.  20, 

1784 

Sept.  22, 

1878 

Jan.  4, 

1785 

Sept.  20, 

1863 

Feb.  24, 

1786 

Dec.  16, 

1859 

1785 

July  9, 

1864 

May  22, 

1812 

Nov.  25, 

1869 

1794 

Nov.  20, 

1865 

July  8,'" 

1805 

May  6, 

1884 

1794 

June  18, 

1871 

1270 


NECROLOGY 


Name.                                         j 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Grove,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  William  B.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

July  11, 

1811 

Aug.  1, 

1896 

14 

Gruneisen,  Charles  Lewi-: 

Nov.  2, 

1806 

Nov.  1, 

1879 

10 

Grudin,  Theodore             

Aug.  15, 

1802 

April, 

1880 

10 

Grundy,  Rev.  William,  M. A 

1850 

Dec.  5, 

1891 

13 

Guericke,  Henry  E.  F. 

Feb.  23^' 

1803 

Feb.  4, 

1878 

10 

Gueroult,  Adolphe           

Jan.  29, 

1810 

July, 

1872 

8 

Guibert,  Archbishop  of  Paris    ... 

Dec.  13, 

1802 

July  8, 

1886 

11 

Guizot,  Francois  P.  Guillaume  ... 

Oct.  4, 

1787 

Sept.  12, 

1874 

8 

Gull,  SirW.  W 

Dec.  31, 

1816 

Jan.  29, 

1890 

12 

Gully,  James  Manby,  M.  D 

1808 

Mar.  27, 

1873 

7 

Gurney,  Sir  Goldsworthy 

1793 

Feb.  28, 

1875 

8 

Gurney,  Russell,  M.P.     "...           

1804 

May  31, 

1878 

9 

Guthrie,  Thomas,  D.D.   ... 

1803 

Feb.  24, 

1873 

8 

Guy,  William  Augustus  ... 

1810 

Aug.  10, 

1885 

11 

Guyot,  Professor 

Sept.  8, 

1807 

Feb.  8, 

1884 

11 

Gzowski,  Sir  Casimir  S.            

Mar. 

1813 

Aug. 

1898 

14 

HAAST,  Sir  Julius  von 

May  1, 

1824 

Aug.  15, 

1887 

12 

Hackett  Horatio  Balch,  D.D.    ... 

Dec.  27, 

1808 

Nov.  2, 

1875 

9 

Hagenbaoh,  Karl  Rudolph         

May  4, 

1801 

June  7, 

1874 

8 

Haghe,  Louis 

1806 

Mar.  9, 

1885 

11 

Hahn-Hahn,  Countess  von         

June  22, 

1805 

Jan.  12, 

1880 

10 

Hale,  John  Parker 

Mar.  31, 

1806 

Nov.  19, 

1873 

8 

Hale,  William,  Archdeacon 

1795 

Nov.  27, 

1870 

7 

Halevy,  J.  E.  F 

May  27, 

1799 

Mar.  19, 

1862 

5 

Haliburton,  T.  C.             

1796 

Aug.  27, 

1865 

6 

Halifax,  Viscount            

Dec.  24, 

1800 

Aug.  8, 

1884 

11 

Hall,  Mrs.  Anna  Maria 

1800 

Jan.  30, 

1881 

10 

Hall,  Sir  Charles,  Vice-Chancellor      

April  14, 

1814 

Dec.  12, 

1883 

11 

Hall,  Capt.  Charles  Francis      

1825 

Nov.  11, 

1871 

8 

Hall,  Sir  J.             

1795 

Jan.  17, 

1866 

6 

Hall,  James,  LL.D. 

Sept.  12,' 

1811 

Aug.  7, 

1898 

14 

Hall,  John,  D.D 

Julv  31, 

1829 

Sept.  17, 

1898 

14 

Hall,  Vice-Admiral  Robert         

July  5, 

1817 

June  11, 

1882 

10 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter         

1801 

Mar.  16, 

1889 

12 

Halle,  Sir  Charles             

1819 

Oct.  25, 

1895 

14 

Halleck,  Fitz-Greene      

July  8, 

1790 

Nov.  19, 

1867 

7 

Halleck,  Henry  Wager 

1810 

Jan. 

1872 

7 

Halley,  Robert,  D.D 

Aug.  13, 

1796 

Aug. 

1876 

9 

Halliday,  Andrew             

1830 

April  10, 

1877 

9 

Halliwell-Phillipps,  J.  0 

June  21, 

1820 

Jan.  3, 

1889 

12 

Halswelle,  Keeley,           

April  23, 

1832 

14 

Hamed  ben  Thwain,  Sultan  of  Zanzibar 

1856 

Aug.  25, 

1896 

14 

Hamelin,  F.  A 

Sept.  2," 

1796 

Jan.  16, 

1864 

5 

Hamerton,  P 

1894 

13 

Hamilton,  Geo.  Alexander         

Aug.  29, 

1802 

Sept. 

1871 

7 

Hamilton,  Henry  Parr  (Dean) 

1794 

Feb.  7, 

1880 

10 

Hamilton,  James,  D.D 

1814 

Nov.  24, 

1867 

7 

Hamilton,  Sir  Robert  George,  K.C.B 

1836 

April  22, 

1895 

14 

Hamilton,  Sir  Robert  N.  C 

April  7," 

1802 

May  29, 

1887 

12 

Hamilton,  Walter  Ker,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Salis- 

bury 

Nov. 

1808 

Aug.  1, 

1869 

7 

Hamilton,  Sir  W.  R 

Aug.  5, 

1805 

Sept.  2, 

1865 

6 

Hamley,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  Edward,  K.C.B. 

April  27, 

1824 

1893 

13 

Hamlin,  Hannibal            

Aug.  27, 

1809 

July  4,'" 

1891 

13 

Hammond,  J.  H 

Nov.  15, 

1807 

Nov.  13, 

1864 

6 

Hammond,  Lord,  Rt.  Hon.  E.    ... 

1802 

April  29, 

1890 

12 

Hampden,  R.  D.,  Bishop  of  Hereford 

1793 

April  23, 

1868 

7 

Hampden,  Viscount,  Rt.  Hon,  Sir  Henry  Brand, 

G.C.B.,  M.P 

Dec. 

1814 

1892 

13 

Hampton,  Lord 

Feb.  20, 

1799 

April  9, 

1880 

10 

Hancock,  Albany,  F.L.S.            

1807 

Oct.  26, 

1873 

8 

NECROLOGY 


1271 


Name. 


Hancock,  General  Win  field  S.   ... 
Hanna,  Rev.  William,  LL.D. 
Hannah,  Ven.  John 

Hannay,  James     

Hannen,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  James,  P.C 
Hanson,  Sir  Richard  Davies 
Harcourt,  B.  H.  M.,  Marquis  d' 
Hardee,  Lieut.  -Gen.  W.  J. 

Harding,  C.  

Harding,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bombay 

Harding,  J.  D 

Harding,  Sir  John  Dorney 

Hardinge,   General,   Hon.   Sir  A.    E.,   K.C.B 

CLE 

Hardinge,  Viscount,  C.  S.  Hardinge 

Hardwick,  Philip.  R.A 

Hardwicke,  Earl  of 
Hardy,  Sir  Thomas  Duff  us 

Hardy,  Sir  William  

Hardy,  Ladv  Marv  Duffus 

Harford,  J.  S. 

Harington,  Rev.  Edward  Charles 

Harley,  George,  M.D..  F.R.S.     ... 

Harness,  Rev.  William    ... 

Harrington,  Countess  Dowager  of  (Miss  Foote) 

Harris,  Sir  Augustus  Glossop 

Harris,  Ch.  Amyand,  Bishop  of  Gibraltar 

Harris,  George 

Harris,  Lord 

Harris,  Sir  W.  S.  ... 

Harrowby,  Earl  of 

Hart,  Ernest, 

Hart,  Joel  T. 

Hart,  Solomon  A. 

Hart,  William 

Hartshorne,  Rev.  C.  E 

Harvey,  Sir  Geo.  ... 

Harvey,  W.  .... 

Hastings,  Sir  C.    ... 

Hastings,  Admiral  Sir  Thomas 

Hatch,  Rev.  Edwin 

Hatchell,  John 

Hatherley,  Lord 

Hatherton.  Lord 

Hatton,  John  L.   ... 
Haur,  Dr.  Franz,  Ritter  von 
Hausemann,  Baron  G.  E. 
Havergal,  Rev.  William  Henry 
Havet,  Ernest  A.  E. 
Havin,  Le"onor  Joseph 
Hawes,  Sir  Benjamin 
Hawkins,  B.  W.    ... 
Hawkins,  Ca?sar  .. 
Hawkins,  Edward,  F.R.S. 
Hawkins,  Edward,  D.D. 
Hawkins,  Rev.  Ernest     ... 

Hawkins,  Thomas  

Hawks,  Francis  S.,  D.D. 
Hawkshaw,  Sir  John,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S. 
Hawthorne,  Nathaniel    ... 

Hawtrey,  Rev.  E.  C 

Hay,  Sir  A.  L 

Hayden,  F.  Vandeveer  ... 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Feb.  14, 


Sept.  1. 


Sept.  12, 
April  2, 
July  6, 


Aug.  14, 

May  19, ' 
June, 

April, 
Mar.  31, 


Mar.  18, 

Jan.  30, 
Mar.  27, 

April  1L 


Feb.  8, 


July  25, 
June  10, 

July  4," 
May  7, 

Sept.  7, 


1824 
1808 
1818 
1827 
1821 
1805 
1821 
1818 
1792 
1805 
1798 
1809 

1828 
1822 
1792 
1799 
1804 
1807 

1785 
1807 
1829 
1790 
1798 
1852 
1813 
1809 
1810 
1792 
1798 
1836 
1810 
1806 
1823 
1803 
1805 
1800 
1794 
1790 
1835 
1783 
1801 
1791 
1815 
1822 
1809 
1793 
1813 
1799 
1797 
1807 
1799 
1780 
1789 
1802 
1810 
1798 
1811 
1804 
1789 
1785 
1829 


Feb.  9, 
May  24. 
June  1, 
Jan.  9, 

Mar.  4, 
Oct.  1, 
Nov.  6, 

June  18, 
Dec.  4, 
Nov.  23, 


Julv  28, 
Dec.  28, 
Sept.  17, 
June  15, 
Mar.  15, 
May  20, 
April  16, 
July  14, 
Oct.  27, 
Nov.  11, 
Dec.  27, 
June  22, 
Mar.  16, 
Nov.  15, 
Nov.  23, 
Jan.  22, 
Nov.  19, 
Jan.  7. 
j  Mar.  2, 
1  June  11, 
June  17. 
Mar.  11. 
Jan.  22, 
Jan.  13. 
Julv  30. 
Jan.  2. 
i  Nov.  11, 
j  Aug.  14, 
Julv  10, 
!  Mav  4. 
i  Sept,  20, 
|  Mar.  21, 
Jan.  12, 
;  April, 
'  Dec.  21, 
Nov.  13, 
May  15, 

July  20," 
Mav  23, 
Nov.  18, 

Oct.  29. 
Sept.  27, 
June  2, 
May  19, 
Jan.  27. 
Oct.  13, 
Dec.  22, 


1886 
1882 
1888 
1873 

1876 
1883 
1873 
1866 
1874 
]  863 
1868 


11 

10 

12 

8 

13 

9 

10 

8 

6 

8 


1892 

1894 

1870 

1873 

1878 

1887 

1891 

1S66 

1881 

1896 

1869 

1867 

1896  : 

1874  j  8 

1890  |  12 

1872  .  8 


1867 

1882  ! 

1890  : 

1877 

1881 

1894  1 

1865  I 

1876  ' 

1866 

1866 

1870 

1889 

1870 

1881 

1863 

1886 

1899 

1891 

1870 

1889 

1868 

1862 

1889 

1884 

1867 

1882 

1868 

1839 

1866 

1891 

1864 

1862 

1862 

1887 


13 

13 

7 

8 

9 

12 

13 

6 

10 

14 

7 

7 

14 


6 

10 

14 

9 

10 

13 

6 

9 

6 

6 

7 

12 

7 

10 

5 

11 

14 

13 

7 

12 

7 

5 

12 

11 

7 

10 

7 

12 

7 

13 

5 

5 

5 

12 


1272 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 


Hayes,  Augustus  Allan,  M.D.     ... 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel,  M.D. 

Hayes,  Hon.  Rutherford,  LL.D. 

Hayter,  Sir  George 

Hayter,  Henry  Heylyn,  CM.tr. 

Hayter,  Sir  William  Goodenough 

Hayti,  F.  Soulouque,  Ex-Emperor  of  ... 

Hay  ward,  Abraham,  Q.C.  

Haywood,  Colonel  W. 
Head,  Sir  Edmund  Walker 
Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond 
Hecker,  Very  Rev.  Isaac  T. 
Heilberg,  J.  L. 
Heilbuth,  Ferdinand 
Helmore,  Rev.  Thomas  ... 

Helmboltz,  Prof.  H.  L.  F 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur  

Henderson,  Lieut. -Gol.  Sir  Edmund,  K.C.B. . 
Hengstenberg,  E.  W. 

Henley,  Joseph,  M.P.       

Hennessy,  W.  Mansell     ... 
Hennessy,  Sir  John  Pope 

Henry  of  Battenberg,  Prince 

Henry,  Caleb  Sprague    ... 
Henry,  Joseph,  LL.D. 

Henry,  Hon.  William  A.  

Herapath,  William 

Heraud,  John  Abraham 

Herbert,  Rt.  Hon.  H.  A.  

Herbert,  John  Rogers      

Hergenrother,  Cardinal  Josef    ... 
Herring,  J.  F. 

Hersohel,  Sir  John  F.  W 

Herschell,  Lord,  G.C.B 

Herve',  Aime"  Edouard      

Hervey,  Hon.  and  Rt.  Rev.  Lord  A.  C,  D.D.  . 
Herzen,  Alexander 

Hess,  Baron  H.  von  

Hessey,  Ven.  James  Augustus,  D.D 

Heurtley,  Rev.  Charles  Abel,  D.D 

Hewett,  Rear-Admiral  Sir  William 
Hewett,  Sir  Prescott  Gardner,  Bart.,  F.R.S.  . 

Hewitson,  William  Chapman 

Heywood,  James,  F.R.S.,  M.A 

Hickok,  Laurens  Perseus,  D.D. 

Hicks,  John  Braxton,  F.R.S 

Higgin,  William,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Derry 
Higgins,  M.  J.  ("Jacob  Omnium") 

Hildreth,  R 

Hildyard,  Rev.  James 

Hill,' Lieut. -General  A.  P 

Hill,  David  Octavius       

Hill,  Sir  Hugh      

Hill,  Matthew  Davenport  

Hill,  Sir  Rowland 

Hill,  Rt.  Rev.  R.,  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  . 

Hillard,  George  Stillman  

Hills,  Rt.  Rev.  George,  D.D 

Hilton,  John,  F.R.S 

Hincks,  Rev.  E 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis        

Hind,  John  Russell,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.      ... 
Hinds,  Sam.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Norwich 


Date  of  Birth. 


Feb.  28, 
Mar.  5, 
Oct.  4, 

Oct. 
Jan.  28, 

Oct.  21, 


Jan.  1, 
Dec.  18, 
Dec.  14, 

May  7, 
Aug.  31, 


Oct.  20, 


Oct.  5, 

Aug.  2, 
Dec.  17, 

Dec.  30, 

Jan.  23, 

Sept.  15 

Mar.  7, 

Nov.  2, 

May  28, 
Aug.  20, 
Mar.  25, 

July  3, 
Jan.  9, 
May  28, 
Dec.  29, 


June  28, 


Feb. 
Sept.  22, 

Sept.  22, 
May  12, 


1806 

1832 

1822 

1792 

1821 

1792 

1790 

1803 

1821 

1805 

1793 

1819 

1791 

1826 

1811 

1821 

1817 

1820 

1802 

1793 

1828 

1834 

1858 

1804 

1797 

1817 

1796 

1799 

1815 

1810 

1822 

1795 

1792 

1837 

1835 

1808 

1812 

1788 

1814 

1806 

1834 

1812 

1806 

1810 

1798 

1823 

1793 

1810 

1807 

1809 

1825 

1802 

1802 

1792 

1795 

1836 

1808 

1816 

1807 

1795 

1807 

1823 

1793 


Date  of  Death. 


Aug. 
Dec.  17, 
Jan.  17, 
Jan.  18, 
Mar.  24, 
Dec.  26, 
Aug.  6, 
Feb.  2, 
April  13, 
Jan.  '28, 
July  20, 
Dec.  22, 
Aug.  25, 
Nov.  20, 
July  6, 
Sept.  8, 
Mar.  7, 
Dec.  8, 
June, 
Dec.  8, 
Jan.  13, 
Oct.  7, 
Jan.  20, 

May  13, 
May  3, 
Feb.  13, 
April  20, 
Feb.  26, 
Mar.  17, 
Oct.  3, 
Sept.  22, 
May  11, 
Mar.  1, 
Jan.  4, 
June  9, 
Jan.  21, 
Mar.  30, 

April  30, 
May  13, 
June  19, 
May  28, 
Oct.  18, 
June  10, 
Aug.  28, 
July  12, 
Aug.  14, 
July  11, 
Sept. 
April  2, 
May  17, 
Oct.  12, 
June  7, 
Aug.  27, 
May  27, 
Jan.  21, 
Dec.  10, 
Sept.  14, 
Dec.  3, 
Aug.  18, 
Dec.  23, 
Feb.  7, 


1882 

1881 

1893 

1861 

1895 

1878 

1867 

1884 

1894 

1868 

1875 

1888 

1860 

1889 

1890 

1894 

1875 

1896 

1869 

1884 

1889 

1891 

1896 

1874 

1878 

1888 

1868 

1887 

1866 

1890 

1890 

1865 

1871 

1899 

1899 

1894 

1870 

1863 

1892 

1895 

1888 

1891 

1878 

1897 

1876 

1897 

1867 

1808 

1865 

1887 

1865 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1879 

1887 

1879 

1895 

1878 

1866 

1885 

1895 

1872 


NECROLOGY 


1273' 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Hinton,  Kev.  J.  Howard            

Mar.  24, 

1791 

Dec.  17, 

1873 

8 

Hirsoher,  John  Baptist  von       

July  20, 

1788 

Sept.  4, 

1865 

7 

Hirst,  Thomas  Archer,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.S.A. 

April  22, 

1830 

1892 

13 

Hitchcock,  E 

May  24, 

1793 

Feb.  27, 

1864 

6 

Hitchcock,  Eev.  R.  D 

Aug.  15, 

1817 

June  16, 

1887 

12 

Hobart  Pacha       

April  1, 

1822 

June, 

1886 

11 

Hodge,  Charles,  D.D 

Dec.  28, 

1797 

June  19, 

1878 

9 

Hodges,  Sir  G.  L 

1792 

Dec.  14, 

1862 

5 

Hodgson,  Wm.  Ballantyne,  LL.D. 

1815 

Aug.  25, 

1880 

10 

Hodgson,  Brian  Houghton,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.     ... 

Feb.  1, 

1800 

May  23, 

1894 

13 

Hodgson,  John  Evan,  R.A 

Mar.  1, 

1831 

June  19, 

1895 

14 

Hoffman  vou  Fallersleben,  A.  H. 

April  2, 

1798 

Jan.  19, 

1874 

9 

Hogarth,  George              

1777 

Feb.  12, 

1870 

7 

Hogg,  Jabez,  M.R.C.S 

April  4, 

1817 

April  23, 

1899 

14 

Hogg,  Lieut.  -Col.  Sir  James  M. 

1823 

June  27, 

1890 

12 

Hogg,  Sir  James  Weir    ... 

1790 

May  27, 

1876 

9 

Holbrook.  John  Edwards,  M.D.,          

1795 

Sept.  8, 

1871 

8 

Holden,  Rev.  Hubert  A.,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

1822 

Dec.  1, 

1896 

14 

Holker,  Sir  John,  M.P 

1828 

May  24, 

1882 

10 

Holl,  Francis,  A.R.A 

Mar.  23, 

1815 

Jan.  14, 

1884 

11 

Holl,  Frank,  R.A 

July  4, 

1845 

July  31, 

1888 

12 

Holland,  Sir  Henry.  M.D 

Oct.  27, 

1788 

Oct.  27, 

1873 

8 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert,  M.D 

July  24, 

1819 

Oct.  12, 

1881 

10 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  M.D 

Aug.  29, 

1809 

Oct.  7, 

1894 

13 

Home,  Daniel  (Medium)             

1833 

June  22, 

1886 

11 

Honolulu,  Emma,  Queen  Dowager  of 

Sept.  20, 

1870 

7 

Honyman,  Sir  George  Essex 

1819 

Sept,  16, 

1875 

9 

Hood,  Tom            

Jan.  19, 

1835 

Nov.  20, 

1874 

8 

Hood,  Rev.  Paxton          ...         ...          

1820 

June  12, 

1885 

11 

Hook,  Walter  Farquhar,  D.D 

1   ... 

1798 

Oct.  20, 

1875 

9 

Hooker,  General  Joseph 

Nov.  13, 

1814 

Oct.  31, 

1879 

10 

Hooker,  Sir  W.  J.            

1875 

Aug.  12, 

1865 

6 

Hope,  Admiral  Sir  James 

... 

1808 

June  9, 

1X81 

10 

Hope,  H.  T 



1808 

Dec.  3, 

1862 

5 

Hope,  Rev.  F.  W.             

Jan.  3, 

1797 

April  15, 

1862 

5 

Hope,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  J.  Beresford 

Jan.  25, 

1820 

Oct.  20, 

1887 

12 

Hopkins,  John  Henry,  D.D. 

Jan.  30, 

1792 

Jan.  9, 

1868 

7 

Hopkins,  Mark 

Feb.  4, 

1802 

June  17, 

1887 

12 

Hopkins,  W.          ...         

j 

1805 

Oct.  13, 

1886 

6 

Hopkinson,  John,  D.Sc.             



1849 

Aug.  27, 

1898 

14 

Horn,  Ignatius 

... 

1825 

Nov.  2, 

1875 

10 

Hornby,  Admiral  Sir  P 



1785 

Mar.  19, 

1867 

6 

Hornby,  Admiral  Sir  Geoffrey  Thomas  Phipps 

1 

1825 

Mar.  3, 

1895 

14 

Home,  Richard  Hengist             



1803 

Mar.  13, 

1884 

11 

Home,  Rev.  T.  H.     "      

;  Oct.  20, 

1780 

Jan.  27, 

1862 

5 

Horner,  L. 

Mar.  5, 

1864 

5 

Horseman,  Edward,  M.P.           ...         

1807 

Nov.  30, 

1876 

9 

Hort,  Rev.  Fenton  John  Anthony,  D.D. 

April  23, 

1828 

Nov.  30, 

1892 

13 

Houdin,  Robert  J.  E 

Dec.  6, 

1805 

June  18, 

1871 

7 

Houghton,  Lord 

June  19, 

1809 

Aug.  11, 

1885 

11 

Houston,  S. 

Mar.  2, 

1793 

July  23, 

1863 

5 

How,  Rt.  Rev.  William,  D.D 

Dec.  13, 

1823 

Aug.  10, 

1897 

14 

Howard,  Henry  Edward  John,  D.D 

Dec.  14, 

1895 

Oct.  8, 

1868 

7 

Howard,  Sir  Henry  Francis,  G.C.B 

... 

1809 

Jan.  27, 

1898 

14 

Howard  of  Glossop,  Lord           

Jan.  20, 

1818 

Dec.  1, 

1883 

11 

Howard  de  Walden,  Lord          

June  5. 

1799 

Aug.  29, 

1868 

7 

Howard,  Cardinal            ...         

Feb.  13, 

1829 

Sept.  16, 

1892 

13 

Howden,  Lord 

Oct.  16, 

1799 

Oct.  9, 

1873 

8 

Howe,  Elias          ...         

1819 

Sept.  3, 

1867 

7 

Howe,  Joseph       ..          

1804 

June  1, 

1873 

8 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridly,  M.D 

Nov.  10, 

1801 

Jan.  9, 

1876 

9 

Howitt,  Mrs.  Mary         

Jan.  30, 

1888 

12 

Howitt,  William 

1795 

Mar.  3, 

1879 

10 

1274 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Howson,  Dean  of  Chester 

1816 

Dec.  15, 

1885 

11 

Hubbard,  Rr.  Hon.  John  G 

1805 

Aug.  28, 

1889 

12 

Hubner,  Baron  J.  A. 

Nov.  26, 

1811      July  30, 

1892 

13 

Huddleston,  Hon.  Sir  J.  W 

1815 

Dec.  5, 

1890 

12 

Hudson,  George   ... 

1800 

Dec.  14, 

1871 

7 

Hudson,  Sir  James 

1810 

Sept.  20, 

1885 

11 

Hueffer,  Francis 

1845 

Jan.  19, 

1889 

12 

Hughes,  Dr. 

1797 

Jan.  3, 

1864 

5 

Hughes,  Rt.  Rev.  J.,  Bishop  of  Si.  Asaph 

1807 

Jan.  21, 

1889 

12 

Hughes,  Thomas,  Q.C.    ...                     

Oct.  20, 

1823 

Mar.  22, 

1896 

14 

Hugo,  Rev.  Thomas         

1820     Dec.  31, 

1876 

9 

Hugo,  Victor 

Feb.  26, 

1802  !  May  22, 

1885 

11 

Hullah,  John 

1812 

Feb.  21, 

1884 

11 

Hume,  Rev.  A 

1815 

12 

Hume,  Rev.  Abraham  (Canon)  ... 

1815 

Nov.  21,' 

1884 

11 

Hume,  Hamilton  ... 

June  18, 

1797 

11 

Humphrey,  Rev.  William           

1815 

Jan.  10, 

1886 

11 

Humphreys,  A.  A.            

Nov.  10, 

1810 

Dec.  21, 

1883 

11 

Humphreys,  Henrv  Noel            

1810 

June  10, 

1879 

10 

Humphry,  Frof.  Sir  George,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

July, 

1820 

Sept.  24, 

1896 

14 

Hunt,  Alfred  William,  M.A.,  R.W.S 

1830 

May  3, 

1896 

14 

Hunt,  George  Ward,  M.P 

July  30, 

1825 

July  28, 

1877 

9 

Hunt,  Sir  H.  A.                

1810 

Jan.  13, 

1889 

12 

Hunt,  Robert        

Sept.  6, 

1807 

Oct.  17, 

1887 

12 

Hunt,  Thomas  Sterry,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Sept.  5, 

1826 

April  12, 

1893 

13 

Hunt,  Thornton  Leigh 

Sept.  10, 

1810     June  25, 

1873 

8 

Hunt,  W 

1790  !  Feb.  10, 

1864 

5 

Hunter,  Joseph,  F.S.A 

Feb.  6, 

1783 

May  9, 

1861 

7 

Huntingdon,  Lucius  S.    ... 

May  26, 

1827 

May  19, 

1886 

11 

Huntley,  Sir  H.  V 

1795 

May  7, 

1864 

5 

Hurlstone,  Frederick  Yates 

1801 

June, 

1869 

7 

Hutchinson,  T.  J. 

Jan.  18, 

1820 

Mar.  23, 

1885 

12 

Hutt,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  William       

1803 

Nov.  24, 

1882 

10 

Huxley,  Rt.  Hon.  Thomas  Henry,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 

May  4, 

1825 

June  29, 

1895 

14 

Hymers,  Rev.  John 

July  26, 

1803      April  7, 

1887 

13 

Iddesleigh,  Lord  {see  Northcote,  Sir  Staf- 

ford Henry) 

Ingelow,  Jean       

1820 

July  20, 

1897 

14 

Ingemann,  B.  S.   ... 

May  28, 

1789 

1862 

6 

Ingersoll,  Charles  Jared,  LL.D. 

Oct.  3, 

1782 

Jan.  14, 

1862 

7 

Ingham,  Sir  James  T. 

1805 

Mar.  5, 

1890 

12 

Inglis,  Sir  J.  E.  W 

1814 

Sept.  27, 

1862 

7 

Inglis,  Rt.  Hon.  John,  D.C.L.,  LL.D 

1810 

Aug.  20, 

1891 

13 

Ingres,  J.  D.  A.    ... 

Sept.  15, 

1781 

Jan.  14, 

1867 

6 

Inness,  George 

May  1, 

1825 

Aug.  3, 

1894 

13 

Inverness,  Duchess  of     ... 

1788 

Aug.  1, 

1873 

8 

Irons,  William  Joseph,  D.D.      ...          

Sept.  12, 

1812 

June  18, 

1883 

10 

Isbister,  Alexander  Kennedy    ... 

1823 

May  28, 

1883 

10 

Ismail  Pacha  {see  Kmety,  General  J.) ... 

Ismail  Pacha,  Ex-Khedive 

1830 

Mar.  2, 

1895 

13 

Ivory,  Lord 

1792 

Oct.  17, 

1886 

6 

Jackson,  John,  Bishop  of  London 

Feb.  22, 

1811 

Jan.  6, 

1885 

11 

Jackson,  Rev.  Thomas    ... 

1812 

Mar.  18, 

1886 

11 

Jackson,  Rt.  Rev.  William  W„  D.D 

1810 

Nov. 

1895 

14 

Jackson,  Rev.  John  Edward,  M.A.,  F.S.A.      ... 

Nov.  12,' 

1805 

13 

Jacobini,  Cardinal  Ludovico     

May  6, 

1832 

Feb.  28i* 

1887 

12 

Jacobson,  Rt.  Rev.  W.,  Bishop  of  Chester 

July  18, 

1803 

July  13, 

1884 

11 

Jago,  James,  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Dec.  18, 

1815 

Jan.  18, 

1893 

13 

Jahn,  Otto 

June  16, 

1813 

Sept.  9, 

1869 

7 

NECROLOGY 


1275 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

James,  Sir  Henry,  F.E.S 

1803 

June  14, 

1877 

9 

James,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  W.  Milbourne      

1807 

June  7, 

1881 

10 

Janin,  Jules 

Dec.  24, 

1804 

June  19, 

1874 

8 

Jardine,  Sir  William 

1800 

Nov.  21, 

1874 

8 

Jarrett,  Rev.  Thomas      

1805 

Mar.  7, 

1882 

10 

Jasmin,  J.  ... 

Mar.  6, 

1798 

Oct.  2, 

1864 

5 

Jay,  John 

June  23, 

1817 

May  5, 

1894 

13 

Jebb,  Rev.  John  ...         

1805 

Jan.  8, 

1886 

12 

Jebb,  Sir  J 

1793 

June  26, 

1863 

5 

Jeffery,  Henry  Martyn,  M.A.,  F.R.S 

Jan.  5, 

1826 

Nov.  3, 

1891 

13 

Jelf,  Rev.  William,  D.D.             

1798 

Sept.  19, 

1871 

7 

Jelf,  Rev.  William  Edward       

1811 

Oct.  18, 

1875 

9 

Jellachick,  Baron  J.  von 

Oct.  16, 

1801 

May  19, 

1859 

5 

Jellett,  Rev.  J.  H.            

Dec.  25, 

1817 

Feb.  19, 

1888 

12 

Jenner,  Sir  William,  Bart.,  M.D.,  G.C.B. 

1815 

Dec.  11, 

1898 

14 

Jennings,  Louis  John,  M. P. 

1836 

1893 

13 

Jennings,   Hon.    Sir   Patrick   Alfred,    LL.D., 

K.C.M.G 

Mar.  20, 

1831 

July  11, 

1897 

14 

Jenkins,  Edward             ...         

1830 

13 

Jenkyns,  Henry,  D.D 

1795 

April  2, 

1878 

9 

Jerdan,  William 

1782 

July  11, 

1869 

7 

Jeremie,  James  Amiraux,  D.D. 

1800 

June  11, 

1872 

8 

Jerrold,  William  Blanchard       

Dec.  23, 

1826 

Mar.  10, 

1884 

11 

Jerviswoode,  Lord 

1804 

July  23, 

1879 

10 

Jervois,  Lieut.-General  Sir  William  Francis  D., 

C.B 

Sept.  10, 

1821 

Aug.  17, 

1897 

14 

Jesse,  Edward 

Jan. 

1780 

Mar.  29, 

1868 

7 

Jesse,  John  Heneage 

1815 

July  7, 

1874 

8 

Jessel,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  George       

1824 

Mar.  21, 

1883 

10 

Jeune,  Francis,  Bishop  of  Peterborough 

1806 

Aug.  21, 

1868 

7 

Jevons,  William  Stanley,  F.R.S.           

1835 

Aug.  13, 

1882 

10 

Jobson,  Frederick  James,  D.D.             

1812 

Jan.  3, 

1881 

10 

John,  King  of  Saxony     

Dec.  12, 

1801 

Oct.  29, 

1873 

8 

Johns,  Rev.  Charles  Alexander 

1811 

June  2s, 

1S74 

8 

Johnson,  Andrew 

Dec.  29, 

1808 

July  21, 

1875 

9 

Johnson,  Cuthbert  William,  F.R.S 

Sept.  28, 

1799 

Mar.  8, 

1878 

9 

Johnson,  Rev.  G.  H.  Sacheverell          

1808 

Nov.  4, 

1881 

10 

Johnson,  George  William 

Nov.  4, 

1802 

1886 

11 

Johnson,  Reverdy 

May  21, 

1796 

Feb.  10.' 

1876 

9 

Johnson,  Thomas  Marr 

June  29, 

1826 

1874 

9 

Johnson,  General  Sir  Edwin,  K.C.B.,  CLE.  ... 

July  4, 

1825 

1893 

13 

Johnson,  Prof.  Sir  George,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

Nov. 

1818 

June  3, 

1896 

14 

Johnson,  General  Joseph           

Feb. 

1807 

April  27, 

1895 

14 

Johnston,  Alex.  Keith,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Dec.  28, 

1804 

July  9, 

1871 

7 

Johnston,  Alexander 

1813 

Jan.  31, 

1891 

13 

Johnston,  George,  M.D.  ...         

1814 

Mar.  9, 

1889 

12 

Johnston,  Joseph  E. 

Feb. 

1807 

Mar.  21, 

1891 

13 

Johnston,  Richard  Malcolm       

Mar.  8, 

1822 

Sept.  23, 

1898 

14 

Johore/funkoo  Abubeker  bin  Ibrahim,  K.C.S.I. 

1835 

June  4, 

1895 

14 

Jomini,  Baron  Henri       ...         ...         

Mar.  6, 

1799 

Mar.  24, 

1869 

7 

Jones,  Ernest 

Jan.  26, 

1869 

7 

Jones,  George,  R.A. 

1786 

Sept.  19, 

1869 

7 

Jones,  Henry  Bence,  M.D 

1814 

April  20, 

1873 

8 

Jones,  Sir  Horace            

May  20, 

1819 

May  21, 

1887 

12 

Jones,  Lieut.-General  Sir  H.  D.           

1792 

Aug.  2, 

1866 

6 

Jones,  John  Winter        ...         

1805 

Sept.  7, 

1881 

10 

Jones,  Owen 

1809 

April  19, 

1874 

8 

Jones,  Thomas  Rhymer,  F.R.S. 

1810 

Dec.  10, 

1880 

10 

Jones,  Rt.  Rev.  William  Basil,  D.D. , 

1822 

Jan.  14, 

1897 

14 

Jordan,  S.  ... 

Dec.  30, 

1792 

April  14, 

1861 

5 

Josiki,  Baron  N.  ... 

Sept.  28, 

1796 

Feb.  27, 

1865 

6 

Jost,  I.  M.             

Joule,  James  Prescott    

Feb.  22, 

1793 

Nov.  25, 

1860 

5 

Dec.  24, 

1818 

Oct.  11, 

1889 

12 

1276 


NECKOLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

13 

Jowett,  Rev.  Benjamin,  M.A.,  LL.D.  ... 

1817 

Oct.  1, 

1893  i 

Juarez,  Benito 

Mar.  21,' 

1806 

July  18, 

1872  i     8 

Junker,  Dr.  Wilhelm 

1892 

13 

Jukes,  Joseph  Beete,  F.R.S 

Oct.  10, 

1811 

July  29," 

1869 

7 

Julien,  Stanislas  Aignan 

Sept.  20, 

1799 

Feb.  12, 

1873 

8 

Jung,  Sir  Salar     

Jan.  2, 

1829 

Feb.  8, 

1883 

10 

Junghung,  F.  W 

Oct.  26, 

1812 

April  24, 

1864 

6 

Junker,  Dr.  Wilhelm 

Feb.  13, 

1892 

13 

Juynboll,  D.  W 

April  6, 

1802 

1861 

6 

Kalakaua,  King  David            

Nov.  16, 

1838 

Jan.  20, 

1891 

13 

Kalish,  Marcus  (Biblical  Critic)            

May  16, 

1828 

Aug.  23, 

1885 

11 

Kalnoky,  Count  Gustave  Siegmund     ... 

1832 

Feb.  13, 

1898 

14 

Kame'bame'ha  V.,  King  of  Honolulu    

Dec.  11, 

1830 

Dec.  25, 

1872 

8 

Kane,  Sir  Robert 

1810 

Feb.  16, 

1890 

12 

Karr,  Jean  B.  Alphonse  ... 

Nov.  24, 

1808 

Oct.  3, 

1890 

13 

Karslake,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  John      

1821 

Oct.  4, 

1881 

10 

Kaufmann,  General 

May  15, 

1882  :  10 

Kaulbaoh,  Wilhelm  von  ... 

Oct.  15, 

1805 

April  7, 

1874  '     8 

Kavanagh,  Julia  ... 

1824 

Oct.  28, 

1877  '     9 

Kay,  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Ebenezer          

July  2, 

1822 

Mar.  16, 

1897  !  14 

Kay-Shuttleworth,  Sir  James  Phillips 

July  20, 

1804 

May  26, 

1877  |     9 

Kaye,  Sir  John  William 

1814 

July  24, 

1876  |     9 

Kean,  Charles 

Jan.  18, 

1811 

Jan.  22, 

1868  i     7 

Kean,  Mrs.  Charles 

1805 

Aug.  20, 

1880  I  10 

Keating,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  H.  S 

1804 

Oct.  1, 

1888  |  12 

Keating,  Rt.  Hon.  Richard         

1793 

Feb.  9, 

1876  |     9 

Keble,  Rev.  J 

April  25, 

1792 

Mar.  29, 

1866  1     6 

Keeley,  Robert     

1793 

Feb.  3, 

1869        7 

Keeley,  Mrs. 

Nov.  22, 

1805 

Mar.  12, 

1899  ,   14 

Keightley,  Thomas          

Oct. 

1789 

Nov.  4, 

1872  1     8 

Keith,  Alexander,  D.D.  ...         

1791   !  Feb.  8, 

1880  :  10 

Kelly,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Fitzroy        

1796  1  Sept.  17, 

1880     10 

Kelly,  Miss  Frances  Maria 

Oct.  15, 

1790  1  Dec. 

1882      10 

Kemble,  Adelaide             

1816     Aug.  6, 

1879 

10 

Kennedy,  Rev.  B.  H.                   

Nov.  6, 

1804 

April  5, 

1889 

12 

Kennedy,  Charles  Rann  ...          

Mar.  1, 

1808 

7 

Kenrick,  Most  Rev.  Peter  R.,  D.D 

1806 

Aug.  7, 

1898 

14 

Kensett,  John  Frederick 

Mar.  22, 

1818 

Dec.  16, 

1872 

8 

Keogh,  Rt.  Hon.  William           

1817 

Sept.  30, 

1878 

9 

Keppel,  Hon.  and  Rev.  T.  R. 

Jan.  17, 

1811 

April  20, 

1863 

5 

Kern,  J.  Conrad 

April  6, 

1808 

April  14, 

1888 

13 

Kervyn,  de  Lettenhove  ... 

Aug.  17, 

1817 

April  2, 

1891 

13 

Ketteler  (Baron  von),  Bishop  of  Mayenue 

Dec.  25, 

1811 

Julv  13, 

1877 

9 

Kettle,  Sir  Rupert  Arthur          

Jan.  9 

1817 

Oct.  6, 

1894 

13 

Key,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Astley  Cooper 

1821 

Mar.  3, 

1888 

12 

Key,  Thomas  Hewitt 

1799 

Nov.  29, 

1875 

9 

Kidd,  George  Hugh,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.I., 

June  12, 

1824 

Dec.  26, 

1895 

14 

Killaloe,  Bishop  of  (Dr.  Tonson)           

1784 

Dec. 

1861 

5 

Kilmore,  Bishop  of  (see  Verschoyle)     ... 

Kilmore,  Bi«hop  of  (Dr.  Darley)           

Nov. 

1799 

1884 

11 

Kincaid,  Sir  J. 

1789 

April  22, 

1862 

5 

Kindersley,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Richard  Torin 

1792 

Oct.  22, 

1879 

10 

Kinglake,  Alexander  W. 

1811      Jan.  2, 

1891 

12 

Kingsdown,  T.  Pemberton-Leigh,  Lord 

Feb.  11, 

1793  j  Oct.  7, 

1867 

7 

Kingsley,  Rev.  Charles  ...         

June  12, 

1819  |  Jan.  23, 

1875 

8 

Kingsley,  Henry 

1830  |  May  24, 

1876 

9 

Kinkel,  Johann  Gottfried          

Aug.  11,' 

1815 

Nov.  13, 

1882 

10 

Kirby,  Most  Rev.  Dr.  T.             

1803 

Jan.  20, 

1894 

13 

Kiss,  A 

Oct.  11, 

1802 

Mar.  24, 

1865 

6 

Klapka,  General  George            

April  7, 

1820 

May  14, 

1892 

13 

Kmety,  General  G.  (Ismail  Pacha) 

1814 

'   April  25 

1855 

6 

NECROLOGY 


1277 


Name. 


Knight,  Charles 

Knight,  John  Prescott,  R.A. 

Knowles,  J.  Sheridnn      

Knox,  Most  Rev.  Robert  Bent  .. 

Kobell,  Franz  von 

Kock,  Charles  Paul  de    ... 

Kohl,  John  George 

Kossuth,  Lajos  or  Louis 

Kremer,  Alfred  von 

Krnpp,  Frederick 

Kuenen,  Abraham,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

Kvnaston,  Herbert,  D.D. 


LABICHE,  Eugene  Marin 
Laborde,  Comte  de 
Laboulaye,  Edouard  R.  L. 

Lacrosse,  Baron  B.  T.  J.  de       

La  Fontaine,  Sir  L.  H.,  Bart 

Lagrange,  Cornte  Fre'deric  de  ... 
La  Gueronniere,  Vicomte 
Laing,  Samuel 

Laird,  John,  M.P.  

Lake,  Colonel  Sir  Henry  Atwell 
La  Marmora,  A.  F.,  Marquis  de 
Lamar,  L.,  Q.C.    ... 
Lamartine.  Alphonse  de 

Lambert,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  John      

Lamington,   Lord,    Rt.    Hon.    A.    D.    R.    W. 

Baillie  Cochrane 
Lamoriciere,  General  C.  L.  L.  J.  de    ... 
Lampson,  Sir  Curtis 
Lance,  G.  ... 

Landor,  Walter  Savage  ...         

Landseer,  Charles,  R.A.  ...         

Landseer,  Sir  Edwin,  R.A. 

Landseer,  Thomas,  A.R.A 

Lane,  Edward  William  ... 
Lanfrey.  Pierre    ... 

Lang,  John  Dunmore,  D.D 

Langdale,  Hon.  Charles... 

Lankester,  Edwin,  M.D.  

Lanman,  Charles  ... 
Lansdowne,  Marquis  of  ... 

Lanza,  Giovanni 

Lappenberg,  J.  M.  

Larcom,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Thomas  A. 

Lassell,  William,  F.R.S 

Lassen,  Christian... 

Lasteyrie,  Comte  de       ...         

Latham,  R.  G. 

Lathbury,  Rev.  T.  

Lauder,  Robert  Scott,  R.S. A 

La  Valette,  Marquis  de 

La veley e,  Emile  Louis  Victor  de 

Lawrence,  Sir  George     

Lawrence,  Geo.  Alfred 

Lawrence,  Lord    ... 

Lawrence,  Sir  W.,  Bart 

Lawson,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  A 

Laycock,  Thomas,  M.D 

Layard,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Austen  Henry,  G.C.B. 
Lecomte,  J. 


Date  ol  Birth.      Date  of  Death.    f.di' 

tion. 

1791 

Mar.  9, 

1873 

8 

1803 

Mar.  26, 

1881  !  10 

1784 

Nov.  30, 

1862  i  5 

Sept.  25, 

1808 

Oct.  23, 

1893  '.   13 

July  19, 

1803 

Nov.  11, 

1882  i  10 

1794 

Aug.  2(9, 

1871   7 

April  28, 

1808 

Oct.  28, 

1878   10 

April  21, 

1802 

Mar.  20, 

1894 

13 

|  May  13, 

1828 

Jan.  1, 

1890 

13 

July  14, 

1887 

12 

Sept.  14, 

1828 

Dec. 

1891 

13 

1809 

Oct.  26, 

1878 

9 

May  5, 

1815 

Jan.  23, 

1888  1  12 

June  12, 

1807 

Mar. 

1869  ,  7 

!  Jan.  18, 

1811 

May  24. 

1883   10 

i  Jan.  29, 

1796 

Mar. 

1865    6 

1  Oct. 

1807 

Feb.  26, 

1864   5 

1816 

Nov.  22, 

1883   9 

1816 

Dec.  23, 

1875   9 

1812 

Aug.  6, 

1897   14 

1805 

Oct.  29, 

1874   8 

1809 

Aug.  17, 

1881   10 

Nov.  17, 

1804 

Jan.  5, 

1878    9 

Sept.  17, 

1825  |  Jan.  23, 

1893  1  13 

Oct.  21, 

1790  ,  Feb.  28, 

1869  i  7 

1 

1815  |  Jan.  28, 

1892  !  13 

Nov. 

1816  1  Feb.  15, 

1890  i  12 

I  Feb. 

1806  j  Sept.  11, 

1865  ;  6 

Sept.  21, 

1806  1  Mar.  12, 

1885  j  11 

Mar.  24, 

1802  ,  June  18, 

1864   5 

Jan.  30, 

1775  Sept.  17, 

1864  ■  5 

Aug.  12, 

1799   July  22, 

1879   10 

1802  Oct,  1, 

1873  I  8 

...  Jan.  20, 

1880  10 

1801   Aug.  10, 

1876  !  9 

Oct.  26, 

1828  Nov.  15, 

1877 

9 

1878 

9 

1787  1  Dec.  1, 

1868 

7 

April  23, 

1814  Oct.  30, 

1874 

8 

June  17, 

1819  ;  Mar. 

1895 

14 

July  2, 

1780  Jan.  31, 

186.1 

5 

1815  ;  Mar.  9, 

1882 

10 

July  30| 

1794  Nov.  28, 

1865 

6 

1801  June  15, 

1879 

10 

June  18, 

1799  Oct.  5, 

1880 

10 

Oct.  22, 

1800  May  9, 

1876 

9 

June  15, 

1810  '  May  13, 

1879 

10 

1812  Mar.  9, 

1888 

12 

1798 

Feb.  11, 

1865 

6 

1803 

April  21 

1869 

7 

.   Nov.  25, 

1806 

May  1, 

1881 

10 

April  5, 

1822  ; 

1892 

13 

.  Mar.  17, 

1805  Nov.  16. 

1884 

11 

1827  :  Sept. 

1876 

9 

.  Mar.  4, 

1811 

June  27, 

1879  ;  10 

.  178.<" 

July  5, 

1867  !  6 

.  1817 

Aug.  9, 

1887  !  12 

Aug.  10 

1812 

Sept.  21 

1876  !  9 

Mar.  5, 

1817 

July  5, 

1894  j  13 

.  ;  June  20 

1814 

April  22 

1864 

i  r> 

1278 


NECEOLOGY 


Leconte  De  Lisle,  Charles  Marie  Rene 

Ledru-Rollin,  Alex.  Auguste     ... 

Lee,  Rev.  A.  T, 

Lee,  Frederick  Richard,  R.  A 

Lee,  Dr.  J. 

Lee,  James  Prince,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Manchester 

Lee,  John  E 

Lee,  Robert,  D.D.  .' 

Lee,  Gen.  Robert  Edmund 

Lee,  William,  D.D.  (Archdeacon)        

Leech,  J.    ... 

Lefevre,  Sir  J.  G.  Shaw 

Lefroy,  Rt.  Hon.  Thomas  

Legge,  Prof.  James,  LL.D.,  D.D 

Leidy,  Joseph 

Leighton,  Lord,  P.R.A.,  LL.D.  

Leitner,  Gottlieb  William,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Le  Marchant,  Sir  Denis 

Le  Marcbant,  Sir  John  Gaspard 

Lemoinne,  John  Emile  ... 

Lemon,  Mark 

Lennep,  Jakob  van 

Lennox,  Lord  William  Pitt       

Lenormant,  0. 

Lenormant,  Framjois 

Leopold  I.,  King  of  the  Belgians  

Lepsius,  Prof.  Carl  Richard 

Leroux,  Pierre 

Leslie,  Henry  David 

Lesseps,  Vicomte  F.  de  .. 

Letheby,  Henry,  M.B.     ..  

Lever,  Charles  James 

Le  Verrier,  Urbain  J.  J.  

Levi,  Leone 

Levy,  Emile  

Lewes,  George  Henry 

Lewin,  Thomas 

Lewis,  Estelle  Anna 

Lewis,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  G.  C,  Bart.  

Lewis,  John  Frederick,  R.A.     ... 
Lewis,  Lady  M.  T. 

Lewis,  Thomas  Hayter,  F.S.A.  

Leyde,  Otto  Theodor,  R.S.A 

Leys  (Baron),  Jean  Auguste  Henri 
Liddell,  Very  Rev.  Henry  George,  D.D. 

Liddell,  Sir  John,  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Liddon,  Canon     ... 

Lieber,  Francis,  LL.D.    ...         ...         

Liebig,  Baron  Justus  von  

Light,  Sir  Henry 

Lightfoot,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  B.  

Lilly,  Hon.  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G 

Limayrac,  Paulin 
Lincoln,  Abraham 
Lind,  Jenny  (Madame  Goldschmidt)  ... 

Lindley,  Dr.  J.      ...         

Lindsay,  William  Schaw 
Linnell,  John 

Linton,  Mrs.  Lynn  

Linton,  William  James 

Lisgar,  Lord         

Liszt,  Abbe"  Franz  

Littledale,  Rev.  R.  F 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Oct.  23, 

1818 

July  17, 

1894 

13 

Feb.  2, 

1808 

Dec.  31, 

1874 

8 

July  19, 

1883 

12 

June, 

1798 

June  4, 

1879 

10 

April  28, 

1783 

Feb.  25, 

1866 

6 

1804 

Dec.  24, 

1869 

7 

Dec.  21, 

1808 

Aug. 

1887 

12 

1804 

Mar.  14, 

1868 

7 

1808 

Oct.  12, 

1870 

7 

1815 

May  11, 

1883 

10. 

Aug.  29, 

1817 

Oct.  28, 

1864 

5 

Jan.  24, 

1797 

Aug.  20, 

1879 

10 

1776 

May  4, 

1869 

7 

1815 

Nov.  29, 

1897 

14 

Sept.  9, 

1823 

April  30, 

1891 

13 

Dec.  3, 

1830 

Jan.  25, 

1896 

14 

Oct.  14, 

1840 

Mar.  22, 

1899 

14 

July  3, 

1795 

Oct.  30, 

1874 

8 

1803 

Feb.  6, 

1874 

8 

Oct.  17, 

1815 

Dec.  14, 

1892 

13 

Nov.  30, 

1809 

May  23, 

1870 

7 

Mar.  25, 

1802 

Aug.  26, 

1868 

7 

Sept.  20, 

1799 

Feb.  18, 

1881 

10 

June  1, 

1802 

Nov.  24, 

1859 

6 

Jan.  17, 

1837 

Dec.  9, 

1883 

11 

Dec.  16, 

1790 

Dec.  10, 

1865 

5 

Dec.  20, 

1813 

July  10, 

1884 

11 

1798 

April  12, 

1871 

7 

June  18, 

1822 

Feb.  4, 

1896 

14 

Nov.  19, 

1805 

Dec.  7, 

1894 

13 

1816 

Mar.  28, 

1876 

9 

1809 

June  1, 

1872 

8 

Mar.  11, 

1811 

Sept.  23, 

1877 

9 

July  6, 

1821 

May  7, 

1888 

12 

Aug.  29, 

1826 

Aug.  3, 

1890 

12 

April  18, 

1817 

Nov.  30, 

1878 

9 

1805 

Jan.  5, 

1877 

9 

April, 

1824 

Nov.  24, 

18S0 

10 

Oct.  11, 

1806 

April  13, 

1863 

5 

July  14, 

1805 

Aug.  15, 

1876 

9 

March, 

1803 

Nov.  9, 

1865 

6 

July  9, 

1818 

Dec.  10, 

1899 

14 

1835 

Jan.  11, 

1897 

14 

Feb.  18,' 

1815 

Aug.  25, 

1869 

7 

1811 

Jan.  18, 

1898 

14 

1794 

May  28, 

1868 

7 

1829 

Sept.  9, 

1890 

12 

Mar.  187 

1800 

Oct.  2, 

1872 

8 

May  12, 

1803 

April  18, 

1873 

8 

1783  1 

Mar.  3, 

1870 

7 

1828 

Dec.  21, 

1889 

12 

1830 

Aug.  20, 

1897 

14 

Feb.  26, 

1817 

July, 

1868 

7 

Feb.  12, 

1809 

April  15, 

1865 

li 

Oct.  6, 

1821 

Nov.  2, 

1887 

12 

1799 

Nov.  1, 

1865 

6 

1816 

Aug.  28, 

1877 

9 

1792 

Jan.  20, 

1882 

10 

Feb.  10, 

1822 

July  14, 

1898 

14 

1812 

Jan. 

1898 

14 

April  21, 

1807 

Oct.  6, 

1876 

9 

Dec.  20, 

1813 

July  11, 

1886 

11 

Sept.  14, 

1833 

Jan.  11, 

1890 

12 

NECEOLOGY 


1279 


Bate  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Edi- 
tion. 


Littr<5,  Maximilien  P.  Eniile      Feb.  1,  1801 

Livingstone,  David          ...                     ...           1817 

Llanover,  Baron Nov.  8,  1802 

Lloyd,  C.  D.  C 1845 

Lloyd,  Humphrey,  D.D.,  F.R.S 1800 

Locker,  Arthur   " July  2,  1828 

Locker-Lampson,  Frederick      ...                     1812 

Lockwood,  Sir  Francis,  Q.C.,  M.P 1847 

Locock,  Sir  Charles,  M.D April  21,  1799 

Loewe,  Dr.  William         Nov.  14,  1814 

Logan,  Major-General  John  Alexander          1826 

Logan,  Sir  "William  Edmond     April  23,  1798 

Lomenie,  Louis  Leonard  de       ...         ...                              ...  1818 

Long,  George,  M.A                     ...                     1800 

Long,  Edwin,  R.A.          1839 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth            Feb.  27,  1807 

Longley,  T.,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury        1794 

Lonsdale,  Henry,  M.D 1816 

Lonsdale,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Lichfield      ...   \  July  17,  1788 

Lonsdale,  Earl  of             July  21,  1787 

Loomit,  Elias        Aug.  7,  1811 

Lopez,  Don  Francisco  Solano   ...         ...                  ...         ...  1827 

Lorimer,  James     ...         ...         ...         ...         ...      Nov.  4,  1818 

Lossing,  Benson  John,  LL.D Feb.  12,  1813 

Lough,  John  Graham      ...         ...         ...         

Louis  I.,  King  of  Portugal         Oct.  1838 

Louis  IV.,  F.  W.  L.  C„  K.G.,  Grand  Duke  of 

Hesse-Darmstadt         Sept.  12,  1837 

Love,  Lieut.-General  Sir  J.  F 1789 

Lovell,  John         ...   I  Nov.  20,  1835 

Loven,  Sven,  Ph.D Jan.  6,  1809 

Lover,  Samuel       i 1797 

Lowell,  Hon.  James  Russell,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.  .  .   I  Feb.  22,  1819 

Lowenthal.  John  Jacob  ...         ...         ...         ...   j  July,  1810 

Lower,  Mark  Anthony    ...         ...         ...         ...   '  ...         ...  1813 

Lubbock,  Sir  J.  W.     " Mar.  26,  1803 

Luca,  Cardinal      ,  Oct,  28,  1805 

Lucan,  Earl  of,  Rt.  Hon.,  G.C.B April  16,  1800 

Lucas,  Charles      1808 

Lucas,  Rt.  Hon.  Edward            .   j 1787 

Lucas,  John           { 1807 

Lucas,  Samuel      ... ...  1818 

Lugard,  Gen.  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Edward,  G.C.B   ...   j 1810 

Lumby,  Rev.  Joseph  Rawson,  D.D.     ...         ...   j   ... 

Lnmley,  Benjamin           ...         ...         ...         ......         ...  1812 

Lush,  Sir  Robert i  Oct.  25,  1807 

Lushington,  Rt.  Hon.  Stephen ..           Jan.  14,  1782 

Lushington,  Rt.  Hon.  Stephen  Rumbold        ...      ...  1775 

Luynes,  Due  de Dec.  15,  1802 

Lycurgos,  A.,  Archbishop  of  Sy ra 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles             Nov.  14,  1797 

Lynch,  Pat.  N.,  Bishop  of  Charleston             ...   '  Mar.  10,  1817 

Lyndhurst,  Baron            May  21,  1772 

Lyons,  Viscount,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  M.  P.  L.            ...   ,  April  26,  1817 

Lysons,  General  Sir  Daniel,  G.C.B Aug.  1,  1816 

Lyttelton,  Lord Mar.  31,  1817 

Lytton,  Lord        May  25,  1803 

Lytton,  Earl  of,  Rt.  Hon.  E.  R.  Bulwer,  G.C.B.      Nov.  18,  1831 

Lyveden,  Lord Feb.  1800 


Macabe,  Cardinal  ...         ...         1816 

Macbeth,  R.  W , 1848 


June  2, 
May  4, 
April  27, 
Jan.  7, 
Jan.  17, 
June  23, 
May  30, 
Dec.  19, 
July  23, 

Dec.  26, 
June  22, 
April  2, 
Aug.  10, 
May  16, 
Mar.  24, 
Oct.  27, 
July  23, 
Oct.  19, 
Mar.  4, 
Aug.  15, 
Mar.  1, 
Feb.  13, 
June  3, 
April  8, 
Oct.  19, 

Mar.  13, 
Jan.  13, 
Feb.  20, 
Sept, 
Julv  6, 
Aug.  12, 
July  20, 
Mar.  22, 
June  20, 
Dec.  28, 
Nov.  10, 
Mar.  23, 
Nov.  12, 
April  30, 
Nov.  27, 
Oct.  31, 
Nov.  21, 
Mar.  17, 
Dec.  27, 
Jan.  20, 
Aug.  5, 
Dec.  14, 
Oct.  29, 
Feb.  22, 
Feb.  26, 
Oct.  12, 
Dec.  4, 
Jan.  31, 
April  19, 
Jan.  18, 
Nov.  24, 
Nov.  10, 


Feb.  10, 
March, 


1881 
1873 
1867 
1891 
1881 
1893 
1895 
1897 
1875 
1886 
1886 
1875 
1878 
1879 
1891 
1882 
1868 
1876 
1807 
1872 
1X89 
1870 
1890 
1891 
1876 
1889 


Id 

8 

6 

12 

Id 

13 

14 

14 

9 

11 

9 

9 

9 

10 

13 

10 

7 

9 

7 

7 

12 

7 

12 

14 

9 

12 


1892 

1866 

1890 

1895 

1868 

1891 

1876 

1876 

1865 

1883 

1888 

1869 

1871 

1874 

1868 

1898 

1895 

1875 

1881 

1873 

1868 

1867 

1875 

1875 

1882 

1863 

1887 

1898 

1876 

1873  :  8 

1891  :  13 

1873  j  8 


1885   11 
1888  I  12 


13 
6 

12 

14 

7 

13 

9 
9 

6 

12 

12 

7 

7 

8 

7 

14 

14 

8 

10 

8 

7 

7 

9 

8 

10 

5 

12 

14 

9 


1280 


NECKOLOGY 


Name. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Macbride,  John  David,  D.C.L.  ... 

McCarthy,  Sir  C.  J 

McCarthy,  Denis  Florence 

McCaul,  Rev.  A 

McCaul,  Rev.  John 

McCausland,  Dominick,  Q.C.     ...         

McClellan,  George  B 

McCloskey,  Cardinal  John         

McClure,  Sir  Robert  J.  Le  Mesurier     .. 

McCormick,  Robert         

McCosh,  James,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  D.Lit 

McCoy,  Sir  Frederick  K.,  M.A.  

McCulloch,  Horatio         

McCulloch,  J.  R 

Macdonald,  Rt.  Hon.  Francis  Thomas 
Macdonald,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  John  A.,  G.C.B. 

Macdonald,  John  Sandlield       

McDonnell,  Sir  Richard  Graves 

McDougall,  Sir  D.  

McDowell,  General  Irvin 

McDowell,  Patrick,  R.A 

Macduff,  Rev.  Dr.  J.  R 

Macfarren,  Sir  George  A.  

Macfie,  Robert  Andrew,  F.R.C.I.,  F.R.S.E.     ... 

McGhee,  Hon.  Thomas  Darcy  ... 

Macgregor,  John  ... 

Macgregor,  Sir  J.  ...         ... 

MacHale,  John,  Archbishop  of  Tuam 
Mcllvaine,  Charles  Pettit,  Bishop  of  Ohio    ... 
Mackarness,  George  Richard,  Bishop  of  Argyll 
Mackarness,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  I\,  Bishop  of  Oxford 

Mackay,  Charles 

Mackenzie,  Henry,  D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  ... 

Mackenzie,  Thomas,  Lord         

Mackenzie,  Hon.  Alexander,  M.P 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Morell,  M.D 

Maclaren,  C 

Maclean,  Bishop  of  Saskatchewan      

Macleod,  Norman,  D.D.  

Maclise,  Daniel,  R.A 

MacMahon,  M.  E.  P.  M.  de,  Due  de  M:igenta 
McMurdo,  General  Sir  William,  K.C.B. 

Macnee,  Sir  Daniel         

McNeile,  Hugh,  D.D 

McNeill,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  John       

Macready,  William  Charles  

Madden,  Sir  Frederick 

Madden,  Richard  Robert  ...         

Maddock,  Sir  Thomas  Herbert 

Madvig,  M.  Jeans  Nicholas       

Magee,  Most  Rev.  W.  C.  

Magenis,  Sir  A.  C.  

Mngheramorne,  Lord  (see  Hogg,  Lieut. -Colonel) 

Magnan,  Marshal  B.  P 

Magne.  Pierre       

Maguire,  John  Francis,  M.P 

Maguire,  Rev.  Robert 

Mahony,  F.  (Father  Prout)        

Maine,  Sir  Henry  J.  S.    ..  

Maitland,  Rev.  S.  

Majendie,  Colonel  Sir  Vivian  Dering,  K.C.B. 

Major,  John  Richardson,  D.D 

Major,  Richard  H.,  F.S.A 


Mar.  7, 
Aug.  20, 
Dec.  3, 
Mar.  10, 
Jan.  28, 
July  22, 
April  1, 


Mar.  1, 

Jan.  11, 
Dec.  12, 


Oct.  15, 
Aug. 

Mar.  2, 
Oct.  4, 
April  13, 
Jan.  24, 


Jan.  18, 
Dec.  3, 
May  16, 
Jan.  28, 


Jan.  25, 
July  13, 


Aug. 
Mar.  3, 


Aug.  7, 


Oct.  7, 
Dec.  3, 


July  18, 


1778 

Jan.  24, 

1868 

1812 

Aug.  14, 

1865 

1820 

April  7, 

1882 

1798 

Nov.  13, 

1863 

1807 

April  15, 

1887 

1806 

June  29, 

1873 

1826 

Oct.  29, 

1885 

1810 

Oct.  10, 

1885 

1807 

Oct.  17, 

1873 

1800 

Oct.  28, 

1890 

1811 

Nov.  16, 

1894 

1823 

May, 

1899 

1806 

June  24, 

1867 

1789 

Nov.  11, 

1864 

1817 

Nov.  16, 

1886 

1815 

June  6, 

1891 

1812 

June  1, 

1872 

1815 

Feb.  5, 

1881 

1789 

Dec.  10, 

1862 

1818 

May  4, 

1885 

1799 

Dec.  9, 

1870 

1818 

April  30, 

1895 

1813 

Oct.  31, 

1887 

1811 

Feb.  17, 

1893 

1825 

April  7, 

1868 

1825 

July  16, 

1892 

1791 

Jan.  13, 

1866 

1791 

Nov.  7, 

1881 

1798 

Mar.  12, 

1873 

1823 

April  20, 

1883 

1820 

Sept.  16, 

1889 

1814 

Dec. 

1889 

1808 

Oct.  15, 

1878 

1807 

Sept.  26, 

1869 

1822 

April  17, 

1892 

1837 

Feb.  3, 

1892 

1782 

Sept.  10, 

1866 

1828 

Nov.  13, 

1886 

1812 

June  16, 

1872 

1811 

April  1, 

1870 

1808 

Oct.  17, 

1893 

1819 

Mar.  2, 

1894 

1806 

Jan.  17, 

1882 

1735 

Jan.  28, 

1879 

1795 

Mav  16, 

1883 

1793 

April  27, 

1873 

1801 

Mar.  8, 

1873 

1798 

Feb.  5, 

1886 

1792 

Jan.  15, 

1870 

1804 

Dec.  12, 

1886 

1821 

May  5, 

1891 

1801 

Feb.  14, 

1867 

1823 

June  27, 

1890 

1791 

May  29, 

1865 

1806 

June  8, 

1878 

1815 

Nov.  1, 

1872 

1826 

Sept.  5, 

1890 

1805 

May  18, 

1866 

1822 

Feb.  3, 

1888 

1795 

Jan.  9, 

1866 

1836 

April  24, 

1898 

1797 

Feb.  29, 

1876 

1818 

June  25, 

1891 

NECROLOGY 


1281 


Malakhoff,  Due  de  (see  Pelissier,  Marshal) 

Malan,  Rev.  S.  C,  D.D 

Maiden,  Henry     ...  

Malins,  Sir  Richard        

Mallet,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Louis         

Malmesbury,  Earl  of,  Rt.  Hon.  J.  H.  H. 

Manby,  Charles    ...         

Manisty,  Hon.  Sir  Henry  

Manning,  Daniel 

Manning,  Henry  Edward,  Cardinal     

Manse],  Veiy  Rev.  Henry  Longueville 
MantenfEel,  Baron  von    ... 

Manteutf  el,  General         ...         

Manzoni,  Count  Alessandro 

Margoliouth,  Rev.  Moses  

Maria  Christina,  Queen  Dowager  of  Spain    ... 

Marie,  Alexandre  Thomas  

Marie-Amelia  (see  French,  ex-Queen  of) 

Mariette  Pacha,  A.  E 

Mario,  Giuseppe  (Marchese  di  Candia) 

Marks,  Henry  Stacy,  R.A.  ...         

Marlborough,  7th  Duke  of         

Maroohetti,  Baron  Charles        

TKJBSn*,  George  Perkins,  LL.D 

Marsh,  Professor  Otlmiel  C,  LL.D 

Marshall,  Arthur  M„  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Marshall,  Francis  A 

Marshall,  John      ...         

Marshal],  William  G.,  R.A 

Marston,  Philip  Bourke 

Marston,  Westland  

Martin,  Bon  Louis  Henri  

Martin,  John  Biddulph,  M.A.,  F.S.S 

Martin,  Lady  (Helen  Faucit) 

Martin,  Sir  James  Ranald  

Martin,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Samuel     

Martineau,  Harriet 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa,  F.  ...         ...         

Martins,  Karl  Frederick  Philip  von     

Marvin,  Charles    ... 

Mason,  Francis  (Surgeon)  

Mason,  James  Murray     ... 

Massey,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  N 

Massingberd,  Rev.  Francis  Charles      

Mastrell,  William 

Mathews,  Charles  James  

Mathien,  Claude  Louis 

Mathieu,  J.  M.  A.  C,  Cardinal 

Maurice,  Fred.  Denison,  M.A 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine         

Maupassant,  Henri  R.  A.  G.  de  

Maximilian  I.  (see  Mexico,  Emperor  of) 
Maximilian,  Joseph  II.  (see  Bavaria,  King  of) 

Maxwell,  James  Clerk 

Maxwell,  Sir  W.  Stirling  

May,  Sir  T.  E.  (Lord  Farnborough)      

May,  Rt.  Hon.  George  A.  C 

Mayne,  Sir  Richard        

Mayhew,  Henry 

Mayo,  Earl  of       

Mayo,  Thomas,  M.D 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe  


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

1812 

Nov.  25, 

1894 

1800 

July  4, 

1876 

1805 

Jan.  15, 

1882 

Mar.  14, 

1823 

Feb.  15, 

1890 

Mar.  25, 

1807 

May  17, 

1889 

Aug.  7, 

1804 

Dec.  12, 

1884 

1808 

Jan.  31, 

1890 

Aug.  16, 

1831 

Dec.  24, 

1887 

July  15, 

1808 

Jan.  14, 

1892 

Oct.  6, 

1820 

July  30, 

1871 

Feb.  3, 

1805 

Nov.  26, 

1882 

Feb.  4, 

1809 

June  17, 

1885 

Mar.  8, 

1784 

May  22, 

1873 

Dec.  3, 

1820 

Feb.  25, 

1881 

April  27, 

1806 

Aug.  21, 

1878 

Feb.  15, 

1797 

April  20, 

1870 

Feb.  11, 

1821 

Jan.  19, 

1881 

1808 

Dec.  11, 

1883 

Sept.  13,' 

1829 

Jan.  9, 

1898 

June  2, 

1822 

July  5, 

1883 

1805 

Dec.  28, 

1867 

Mar.  17, 

1801 

July  24, 

1882 

Oct.  29, 

1831 

Mar. 

1899 

June  8, 

1852 

Dec.  31, 

1893 

Nov.  18, 

1840 

Dec.  28, 

1889 

Jan.  1, 

1891 

1813 

June  16, 

1894 

Aug.  13, 

1850 

Feb.  14, 

1887 

Jan.  30, 

1819 

Jan.  5, 

1890 

Feb.  20, 

1810 

Dec.  11, 

1883 

1841 

Mar.  22, 

1897 

1819 

Oct.  31, 

1898 

1800 

Nov.  27, 

1874 

1801 

Jan.  9, 

1883 

June  12, 

1802 

June  27, 

1876 

1789 

Feb.  7, 

1862 

1794 

Dec.  13, 

1868 

1854 

Jan. 

1891 

July  21," 

1837 

June  5, 

1886 

Nov.  3, 

1798 

April  28, 

1871 

1809 

Oct.  24, 

1881 

1800 

Dec.  18, 

1872 

1814 

April  12, 

1890 

Dec.  26, 

1803 

June  24, 

1878 

Nov.  25, 

1783 

Mar.  5, 

1875 

Jan.  20, 

1796 

July  9, 

1875 

1805 

April  1, 

1872 

Jan.  14, 

1806 

Feb.  1, 

1873 

Aug.  5, 

1850 

July  6, 

1893 

June  13, 

1831 

Nov.  5, 

1879 

1818 

Jan.  15, 

1878 

1815 

May  17, 

1886 

1815 

Aug.  15, 

1892 

1796 

Dec.  26, 

1868 

1812 

July  25, 

1887 

Feb.  21, 

1822 

Feb.  8, 

1872 

1790 

Jan.  13, 

1871 

June  28, 

1808 

Mar.  10, 

1872 
4  M 

1282 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Meade,  General  George  Gordon           

Dec.  30, 

1815 

Nov.  6, 

1872 

8 

Meadows,  Alfred  ... 

June  2, 

1833 

April  10, 

1887 

12 

Meagher,  T.  F 

Aug.  3, 

1823 

July  1, 

1867 

6 

Mechi,  John  Joseph        ...         

May  22, 

1802 

Dec.  26, 

1880 

10 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Grand  Duke  of 

Feb.  28, 

1823 

April  15, 

1883 

10 

Medley,  Most  Rev.  John,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

1804 

Sept.  9, 

1892 

13 

Mehemet  Ali 

1807 

Jan.  20, 

1865 

6 

Meilhac,  Henri 

1832 

July  6, 

1897 

14 

Messionier,  J.  L.  E 

... 

1811 

Feb. 

1891 

13 

Melikoff,  Loris      

1825 

Dec.  27, 

1888 

12 

Mellish,  Sir  George         

1814 

June  15, 

1877 

9 

Mellor,  Hon.  Sir  John 

Jan.  1, 

1809 

April  26, 

1887 

12 

Melvill,  Rev.  Henry,  B.D 

1798 

Feb.  9, 

1871 

7 

Melville,  George  John  Whyte  ... 

1821 

Dec.  5, 

1878 

9 

Menabrea,  Louis  Frederick,  Marquis  de  Val-Dom 

Sept.  4, 

1809 

May, 

1896 

14 

Mensohikoff,  Prince,  Alexander  Sergeewitsch 

1789 

April, 

1869 

7 

Menzel,  Wolfgang           

June  21, 

1798 

April  23, 

1873 

10 

Me'rime'e,  Prosper... 

Sept.  23, 

1803 

Sept.  23, 

1870 

7 

Merivale,  Herman,  C.B 

*••                 ... 

1806 

Feb.  8, 

1874 

8 

Merivale,  Very  Rev.  Charles,  D.D 

1808 

13 

Merle  d' Aubigne,  Jean  Henri 

Aug.  16-;' 

1794 

Oct.  21, 

1872 

8 

Mermillod,  Gaspard,  D.D.         

Sept.  22, 

1824 

Feb.  20, 

1892 

13 

Merriman,  Nathaniel  J.,  Bp.  of  Grahamstown 

Aug. 

1882 

10 

Mery,  J 

Jan.  21, 

1798 

June  18, 

1866 

6 

Meteyard,  Eliza 

1816 

April  4, 

1879 

10 

Metternich,  Prince  de 

Jan.  7, 

1829 

Mar.  1 

1895 

14 

Mexico,  Emperor  of  (Maximilian  I.) 

July  6, 

1832 

June  19, 

1867 

6 

Meyerbeer,  G 

Sept.  5, 

1794 

May  2, 

1864 

5 

Miall,  Edward      

1809 

April  29, 

1881 

10 

Michael  Obrenovitch  III.,  Prince  of  Servia  ... 

Sept.  i," 

1828 

June  10, 

1868 

7 

Michelet,  Jules     

Aug.  21, 

1798 

Feb.  9, 

1874 

8 

Middleton,  Professor  John  Henry,  M.A. 

1846 

June  10, 

1896 

14 

Midhat  Pacha 

1822 

May  10, 

1884 

11 

Mieroslawski,  Louis 

1814 

Nov.  23, 

1878 

9 

Mignet,  Francois  A.  M 

May  8, 

1796 

Mar.  24, 

1884 

11 

Mill,  John  Stuart             

1806 

May  9, 

1873 

8 

Millais,  Sir  John  Everett,  R.  A.             

1829 

Aug.  13, 

1896 

14 

Miller,  John  Cale,  D.D 

1814 

July  11, 

1880 

10 

Miller,  Thomas 

Aug.  31," 

1808 

Oct.  25, 

1874 

8 

Miller,  William  Allen,  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Dec.  17, 

1817 

Sept.  30, 

1870 

7 

Miller,  William  Hallowes          

April  6, 

1801 

May  20, 

1880 

10 

Mills,  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G 

1825 

Mar.  31, 

1895 

14 

Milman,  Very  Rev.  Henry  Hart            

Feb.  10," 

1791 

Sept.  24, 

1868 

7 

Milman,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Calcutta 

1816 

Mar.  15, 

1876 

9 

Milne,  Admiral  Sir  Alexander,  G.C.B. 

1806 

Dec.  29, 

1896 

14 

Minghetti,  Marco            

Sept.  8, 

1818 

Dec.  10, 

1886 

11 

Minto,  Prof.  William      

Oct.  10, 

1845 

Mar.  1, 

1893 

13 

Miolan-Carvalho,  Madame  Marie        

Dec.  31, 

1827 

July  10, 

1895 

14 

Miramon,  M 

1833 

June  19, 

1867 

6 

Mires,  Jules           

1809 

June  6, 

1871 

7 

Mitchell,  Alexander        

April  13, 

1780 

June  25, 

1868 

7 

Mitchell,  Marion 

Aug.  1, 

1818 

June  28, 

1889 

12 

Mitchell,  Sir  William      

1811 

May  1, 

1878 

9 

Mitz-cherlich,  E.             

Jan.  7, 

1791 

Sept.  1, 

1863 

5 

Moberley,  Bishop  of  Salisbury 

Oct.  10, 

1803 

July  6, 

1885 

11 

Mocquard,  J.  F.  C 

Nov.  11, 

1791 

Dec.  10, 

1864 

5 

Moffat,  Rev.  Robert         

Dec.  21, 

1795 

Aug.  9, 

1883 

10 

Molesworth,  Rev.  W.  N.            

Nov.  8, 

1816 

Dec.  19, 

1890 

12 

Moltke  (Com te  de),  Adam  W 

Aug.  25, 

1785 

April  12, 

1866 

7 

Moltke,  H.  C.  B„  Count  von     

Oct.  26, 

1800 

April  24, 

1891 

13 

Monahan,  James  Henry 

1805 

Dec.  8, 

1878 

9 

Monck,  Viscount 

Oct.  10, 

1819 

Nov.  29, 

1894 

13 

Moncreiff,  Lord 

Nov.  29, 

1811 

April  27, 

1895 

14 

NECEOLOGY 


1283 


Monk-Bretton,  Lord       

Monier-Williams,  Sir  Monier,  K.C.l.E. 

Monkswell,  Lord  (Sir  R.  Collier)  

Monnier,  Henri  Bonaventnre...  

Montalembert,  C.  Forbes  de  Tyron,  Comte  de 

Monteagle,  Lord 

Montebello,  Due  de 

Montefiore,  Sir  Moses     ...         ...         

Montegut,  Emile 

Montgomery,  Sir  Robert  

Montgomery,  Walter 
Monti,  RafEaelle    ... 

Montpensier,  Due  de      ...         

Montrose,  Duke  of 

Moon,  Sir  F.  G 

Moore,  Rev.  Daniel,  M.A., 

Moore,  George      

Moore,  Henry,  R  A 

Moore,  Thomas    ... 

Morgan,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  George  Osborne 

Moriarty,  David,  Bishop  of  Kerry       

Morier,  Sir  Robert,  G.C.B 

Morin,  Arthur  Jules        

Morison,  James  Cotter    ... 

Morley,  Samuel,  M.P 

Morley,  Professor  Henry,  LL.D. 

Morny,  C.  A.  L.,  Due  de  

Morrell,  Thos.  Baker,  D.D 

Morris,  Rev.  Francis,  O.B.A. 

Morris,  Rev.  John,  F.S.A 

Morris,  William 

Morse,  Sam.  Finley  Breese       

Morton,  Oliver  Perry,  LL.D 

Moseley,  Rev.  Henry       

Moseley,  Henry  Nottidge,  M. A.  

Motley,  John  Lothrop    ... 

Mott,  V 

Moule,  Rev.  Henry  

Mouley,  El  Hassan  (Sultan  of  Morocco) 

Moulton,  Rev.  William  Fiddian,  D.D 

Moultrie,  Rev.  John        

Mount  Temple  (Lord),  Rt.  Hon.  W.  F. 
Mountain,  Dr.  (see  Quebec,  Bishop  of) 
Mouravieff,  General  N.  ... 
Moustier,  Marquis  de 

Mowbray,  Sir  John,  M.P.  

Mozley,  James  Bowling,  D.D 

Mozley,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A 

Mueller,  Baron,  K.C.M.G.,  M.D 

Muir,  John  

Muller,  J.  ...         

Mulock,  Miss  (Mrs.  Craik)        

Mulready,  W 

Munch,  P.  A. 

Mnndella,  Rt.  Hon.  Anthony  John,  M.P. 

Munk,  William,  M.D.,  F.S.A 

Munoz,  Fernando,  Duke  of  Rianzeres 

Munro,  Hugh  Andrew 

Murat,  Prince       

Murchison,  Sir  Roderick  Impey  

Mure,  David         

Murrav,    Rt.    Hon.    Sir    Charles    Augustus, 
K.C.B 


Date  of  Birth. 


Oct.  18, 


June  6, 
May  29, 
Feb.  8, 
July  30, 
Oct.  24, 
June  24, 


July  31, 
July  16, 
Oct.  28, 
June  23, 
April  9, 
Mar.  7, 
May  29, 
May  28, 
Aug.  18, 

Oct.  17, " 
April  20, 

Sept.  15, 
Oct.  23, 

Mar.  25, 
July  4, 

April  27, 
Aug.  4, 

Nov.  li" 
April  15, 
Aug.  20, 
Jan.  27, 

Mar.  14,' 

Dec.  13, 


Aug.  23, 
June  3, 


July  14, 


Oct.  14, 
May  16, 
Feb.  19, 


1825 
1819 
1817 
1799 
1810 
1790 
1801 
1784 
1825 
1809 
1827 
1818 
1824 
1799 
1796 
1809 
1806 
1831 
1821 
1826 
1814 
1826 
1795 
1831 
1809 
1822 
1811 
1815 
1810 
1826 
1834 
1791 
1823 
1801 
1844 
1814 
1785 
1801 
1831 
1835 
1800 
1811 

1793 
1817 
1815 
1813 
1806 
1825 
1810 
1801 
1826 
1786 
1811 
1825 

1810 
1819 
1803 
1792 
1810 


Date  of  Death. 


Edi- 
tion. 


May  25, 
April  11, 
Oct. 
Jan.  3, 
Mar.  13, 
Jan.  31, 
July  19, 
July  28, 
Dec.  11, 
Dec.  28, 
Sept.  2, 
Oct.  16, 
Jan.  4, 
Dec.  30, 
Oct.  13, 
May  15, 
Nov.  21, 
June  22, 
Jan.  1, 
Aug.  25, 
Oct.  1, 
Nov.  16, 
Feb.  7, 
Feb.  26, 
Sept.  4, 
May  24, 
Mar.  10, 
Nov.  15, 
Feb.  10, 
Oct.  22, 
Oct.  3, 
April  2, 
Nov.  1, 
Jan.  20, 
Nov.  10, 
May  30, 
April  26, 
Feb.  3, 
June  7, 
Feb.  7, 
Dec.  26, 
Oct.  16, 

Sept.  11, 
Feb.  5, 
April  22, 
Jan.  4, 
June  17, 
Oct.  9, 
Mar.  7, 
April  28, 
Oct.  12, 
July  7, 
June, 
July  21, 
I  Dec.  20, 
I  Sept.  13, 
'   Mar.  30, 
i  April  10, 
Oct.  22, 


1897 
1899 
1886 
1877 
1870 
1866 
1874 
1885 
1895 
1887 
1871 
1881 
1890 
1874 
1871 
1899 
1876 
1895 
1887 
1897 
1877 
1893 
1880 
1888 
1886 
1894 
1865 
1877 
1893 
1893 
1896 
1872 
1877 
1872 
1891 
1877 
1865 
1880 
1894 
1890 
1874 


1866 
1869 
1899 
1878 
1893 
1896 
1882 
1858 
1887 
1863 
1863 
1897 
1898 
1873 
1885 
1878 
1871 


Nov.  22,   1806  June  3,   1895  14 


1284 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

JJiQl- 

tlou. 

1828 

Oct.  9, 

1888 

12 

Mar.  8, 

1821 

7 

Nov.  7, 

1804 

May  18," 

1880 

10 

Feb.  18, 

1807 

Feb.  12, 

1891 

13 

1819 

July  19, 

1867 

7 

Dec.  26, 

1804 

Dec.  9, 

1882 

10 

June  18, 

1791 

June  23, 

1876 

9 

Sept.  15, 

1819 

Dec.  19, 

1898 

14 

1810 

Jan.  14, 

1890 

12 

April  20, 

1808 

Jan.  9, 

1873 

8 

Mar.  16, 

1856 

June  1, 

1879 

10 

Sept.  9, 

1822 

1891 

13 

Aug.  4, 

1800 

May  28," 

1868 

7 

1812 

Dec.  19, 

1878 

10 

Aug.  19, 

1808 

May  7, 

1830 

12 

April  4, 

1829 

May  1, 

1896 

14 

1818 

Aug.  6, 

1866 

6 

1800 

Dec.  23, 

1876 

9 

Feb.  14," 

1776 

Mar.  16, 

1858 

5 

June  17, 

1807 

Sept.  21, 

1873 

8 

Oct.  25, 

1814 

June  25, 

1896 

14 

Dec.  14, 

1780 

Mar.  23, 

1862 

5 

May  5, 

1839 

July  10, 

1893 

13 

May  22, 

1811 

Oct.  18, 

1864 

5 

1801 

Aug.  11, 

1890 

12 

May  13, 

1801 

June  12, 

1876 

9 

1805 

Oct.  4, 

1897 

14 

1816 

1894 

13 

Aug.  24, 

1823 

May  1, 

1895 

14 

Sept.  8, 

1833 

Oct.  11, 

1894 

13 

1820 

May  14, 

1879 

10 

July  27," 

1831 

April  25, 

1891 

13 

..* 

1806 

Nov.  13, 

1873 

8 

Sept.  11, 

1844 

Jan,  19, 

1899 

14 

Oct.  4, 

1802 

Aug.  13, 

1869 

7 

Mar.  20, 

1806 

Mar.  25, 

1888 

12 

Jan.  4, 

1802 

May  30, 

1885 

11 

1820 

June  23, 

1876 

9 

1799 

Jan.  19, 

1873 

8 

1811 

Mar.  10, 

1868 

7 

Mar.  26,' 

1829 

Mar.  26, 

1889 

12 

May  15, 

1787 

July  28, 

1863 

5 

July  23, 

1819 

April  3, 

1890 

12 

1844 

May  5, 

1896 

14 

Oct.  27, 

1818 

Jan.  12, 

1887 

11 

Dec.  15, 

1792 

Feb.  12, 

1865 

5 

May  2, 

1810 

Jan.  2, 

1899 

14 

1808 

June  15, 

1877 

9 

1810 

July  17, 

1896 

14 

1825 

Jan.  18, 

1899 

14 

Sept.  5, 

1802 

Jan.  29, 

1880 

10 

1822 

July  8, 

1887 

12 

1792 

Dec.  12, 

1874 

8 

Oct.  17," 

1803 

June  16, 

1864 

5 

... 

1808 

Nov.  5, 

1867 

7 

Musgrave,  Sir  Anthony 

Muspratt,  James  Sheridan,  M.D 

Musset,  Paul  Edme  de 

Mustapha  Reschid  Pacha  (see  Reschid  Pacha) 
Musuras  Pacha     ... 
Musurus,  Princess  A. 


Napier,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Joseph 

Napier,  Robert     

Napier  and  Ettrick,  Lord,  K.T. 

Napier  of  Magdala  (Lord) 

Napoleon  III. 

Napoleon  (Prince  Imperial) 

Napoleon,  Prince  N.  Y.  C.  P.  Bonaparte 

Narvaez,  Don  R.  M.,  Duke  of  Valencia 

Nash,  Joseph 

Nasmyth,  James  ...         ..  ...         ... 

Nasr-Ed-Deen,  Shah  an  Shar,  KG 

Neale,  Rev.  J.  M 

Neaves  (Lord),  Charles 

Nees  von  Esenbeek,  C.  G.         

Nelaton,  Auguste... 
Nemours,  Due  de... 
Nesselrode,  Count  K.  R. 

Nettleship,  Professor  Henry     

Newcastle,  Duke  of        ...         ...         ... 

Newman,  Cardinal 

Newman,  Edward,  F.L.S.  

Newman,  Professor  Francis  William 

Newton,  Prof.  Sir  C.  Thomas,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.  ... 

Newton,  General  John 

Nichol,  Professor  John,  M.D 

Nicholas,  Rev.  Thomas 

Nicholas  (Grand  Duke),  Nicolaievitch 

Nichols,  John  Gough,  F.S.A 

Nicholson,  Henry  Alleyne,  M.D.,  F.G.S. 

Niel,  Adolphe  (Marshal)  

Nisaard,  Jean  M.  N.  D 

Noailles,  Due  de 

Noble,  Matthew 

Noel,  Rev.  Baptist  

Noel-Fearn,  Rev.  Henry  (Christmas) 

Noire1,  Ludwig     

Normanby,  Marquis  of   ...         

Normanby  (Marquis  of) 

North,  Colonel  J,  T 

Northbrook,  Lord   {see  Baring,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 

F.  T.) 
Northcote,  Sir  Stafford  Henry  (Lord  Iddes- 

leigh)      

Northumberland,  Duke  of        

Northumberland,  Duke  of         

Norton,  Hon.  Mrs.  Caroline      ...         

Novello,  Joseph  Alfred 

Nubar  Pasha        . .  


Oakeley,  Very  Rev.  Frederick 

Oakes,  John  Wright        

O'Brien,  James  T.,  Bishop  of  Ossory 

O'Brien,  W.  S 

O'Donnell,  Marshall  Leopold    ... 


NECROLOGY 


1285 


Name. 


Offenbach,  Jacques         

Ogilvie,  Charles  Atmore,  D.D.  ... 

O'Hagan,  Lord     

Oliphant,  Laurence 

Oliphant,  Margaret         

Oliver,  Eev.  G 

Ollivant,  Alf.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Llandaff 

Olmsted,  D 

O'Loghlen,  Sir  Colman  ... 

Olozaga,  Salustiano        

Omar  Pacha 

O'Neil,  Henry,  A.R.A 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle      ... 

Orloff,  Prince  A 

Ormerod,  Geo. 

Ormsby,  Right  Hon.  H 

Osbaldeston,  G. 

Osborn,  Admiral  Sherard 

Osborne,  Ralph  Bernal   ... 

Osborne,  Rev.  Lord  Sydney  Godolphin 

O'Shaughnessy,  Sir  W.  B 

O'Shea,  William  Henry 

Osman,  Nubar  Pacha      

Ossington,  J.  E.  Denison,  Viscount     ... 

Otho  I.,  King  of  Greece... 

Oudinot,  Marshal  N.  C.  V 

Ouseley,  Rev.  Sir  F.  A.  Gore     

Ouseley,  Sir  G.  W 

Outram,  Sir  J 

Overall,  William  H 

Overbeck,  Frederick 

Overstone,  Lord 

Owen,  Rev.  J.  B 

Owen,  Robert  Dale  

Owen,  Sir  Richard,  K.C.B.,  M.D. 

Oxenden,  Right  Rev.  Ashton,  D.D. 

Oxenford,  John    ... 

Oxenham,  Rev.  H.  N.      ., 


Page,  Thomas 

Paget,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Augustus  B.,  G.C.B. 

Paget,  Sir  George,  K.C.B.,  M.D 

Pailleron,  Edouard,  

Pakenham,  Sir  Richard 

Palaoky,  Francis 

Paley,  Frederick  A. 

Palfrey,  John  Gorham,  D.D 

Palgrave,  Francis  Turner,  LL.D. 

Palgrave,  William  Giff ord         

Palikao,  Gen.  Cousin  Montauban,  Comte  de  . 

Palliser,  John       

Palliser,  Sir  William       ..  

Palmer,  Sir  A.  H,  K.C.M.G 

Palmer,  Prof.  Edward  Henry 

Palmer,  Ven.  Edwin,  D.D 

Palmer,  William,  MA ... 

Palmerston,  Lord 

Palmieri,  Luigi    ...  ..         

Panizzi,  Sir  Anthony      ... 

Pardoe,  Miss  J 

Pardon,  George  Frederick         

Paris  (Comte  de),  Louis  P.  A.  d'Orleans 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

June  21, 

1819 

Oct.  4, 

1880 

10 

1793 

Feb.  17, 

1873 

8 

May  29, 

1812 

Feb.  1, 

1885 

11 

1829 

Dec.  23, 

1888 

12 

April  4, 

1828 

June  25, 

1897 

14 

Nov.  5, 

1782 

Mar.  3, 

1867 

6 

1798 

Dec.  16, 

1882 

10 

1791 

May  16, 

1859 

6 

Sept.  20, 

1819 

July  22, 

1877 

9 

1803 

Sept.  26, 

1873 

8 

1806 

April  18, 

1871 

7 

1817 

Mar.  13, 

1880 

10 

June  25, 

1844 

Aug.  10, 

1890 

12 

1787 

May  20, 

1861 

6 

1785 

Oct.  9, 

1873 

8 

Feb. 

1812 

Sept.  17, 

1887 

12 

Dec.  26, 

1787 

Aug.  1, 

1866 

6 

April  25, 

1822 

May  6, 

1875 

8 

1814 

Jan.  4, 

1882 

10 

1808 

May  9, 

1889 

12 

1809 

7 

1840 

14 

1832 

Sept.  19, 

1890 

13 

1800 

Mar.  7, 

1873 

8 

June  1, 

1815 

July  26, 

1867 

6 

Nov.  3, 

1791 

July  7, 

1863 

5 

Aug.  12, 

1825 

April  6, 

1889 

12 

1799 

Mar.  6, 

1866 

6 

Jan.  29, 

1803 

Mar.  11, 

1863 

5 

Jan.  18, 

1829 

June  28, 

1888 

12 

July  3, 

1789 

Nov. 

1869 

7 

Sept.  25, 

1796 

Nov.  17, 

1883 

10 

1787 

May  24, 

1872 

7 

Nov.  7, " 

1801 

June  24, 

1877 

9 

July  20, 

1804 

Dec.  18, 

1892 

13 

1808 

Feb.  22, 

1892 

13 

1812 

Feb.  21, 

1877 

9 

Nov.  15\' 

1829 

Mar. 

1888 

12 

Jan.  4, 

1877 

9 

1823 

July  11, 

1896 

14 

Dec.  22, 

1809 

Jan.  29, 

1892 

13 

Sept.  17, 

1834 

April, 

1899 

14 

1797 

Oct.  28, 

1868 

7 

June  14, 

1798 

May  26. 

1876 

9 

1816 

Dec.  9, 

1888 

12 

May  2, 

1796 

April  26, 

1881 

10 

Sept.  28, 

1824 

Oct.  24, 

1897 

14 

Jan.  24, 

1826 

Sept.  30, 

1888 

12 

June  24, 

1796 

Jan.  8, 

1878 

9 

1817 

Aug.  18, 

1887 

12 

June  18, 

1830 

Feb.  4, 

1882 

10 

1819 

Mar.  20, 

1898 

14 

Aug.  7, 

1840 

Aug. 

1882 

10 

July  18, 

1824 

Oct.  17, 

1895 

14 

July  12, 

1811 

April  5, 

1879 

10 

Oct.  20, 

1784 

Oct.  18, 

1865 

6 

April  22, 

1807 

Sept. 

1896 

14 

Sept.  16, 

1797 

April  8, 

1879 

10 

1806 

Nov.  26, 

1862 

5 

1824 

Aug.  5, 

1884 

11 

Aug.  24, 

1838 

i  Sept.  8, 

1894 

13 

1286 


NECEOLOGY 


Name. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Sept.  14, 

1796 

Aug.  16, 

1882 

Nov.  27, 

1857 

Sept.  10, 

1893 

1806 

Jan.  31, 

1884 

1781 

Nov.  13, 

1866 

1828 

Mar.  21, 

1885 

1815 

April  27, 

1896 

Oct.  27," 

1835 

Sept.  16, 

1823 

Nov.  W,' 

1893 

1846 

Oct.  6, 

1891 

1810 

Feb.  20, 

1879 

Jan.  24, 

1816 

Jan.  10, 

1880 

1830 

April  11, 

1890 

1795 

Mar.  16, 

1870 

May  17, 

1797 

Jan.  26, 

1882 

July  7, 

1811 

Oct.  10, 

1872 

1814 

Mar.  13, 

1887 

Oct.  16, 

1793 

June  1, 

1880 

W98 

April  1, 

1865 

Dec.  27, 

1822 

Sept.  28, 

1895 

Aug.  4, 

1839 

July  30, 

1894 

May, 

1842 

Feb.  28, 

1894 

July  23, 

1823 

Nov.  26, 

1896 

April  5, 

1874 

1821 

Dec.  13, 

1886 

...       ... 

1827 

Oct. 

3  1871 

June  27,? 

1889 

1813 

July  30, 

1884 

May  25, 

1823 

June  7, 

1882 

Aug.  3, 

1803 

June  8, 

1865 

Jan.  6, 

1795 

May  13, 

1871 

Feb.  28, 

1830 

Mar.  25, 

1898 

Feb.  18, 

1795 

Nov.  4, 

1869 

1810 

Dec.  5, 

1890 

Oct.  18, 

1785 

Jan.  23, 

1866 

Dec.  10, 

1897 

Dec.  2, 

1825 

Dec.  4, 

1891 

Oct.  12, 

1799 

Feb.  13, 

1879 

July  22, 

1884 

May  4, 

1822 

May  9, 

1895 

June  21, 

1811 

May  1, 

1894 

Nov.  6, 

1794 

May  22, 

1864 

1793 

Oct.  13, 

1866 

1825 

April  25, 

1892 

Feb.  26\ 

1807 

May  31, 

1867 

July  6, 

1850 

May  3, 

1895 

Dec.  24, 

1800 

Mar.  25, 

1864 

1816 

July  7, 

1896 

Jan.  12, 

1812 

Mar.  16, 

1894 

Sept.  23, 

11878 

1800 

May  9, 

1872 

1800 

Sept.  1, 

1871 

1780 

1851 

1781 

1863 

1824 

June  23, 

1894 

1817 

June  19, 

1889 

Dec.  3, 

1800 

Jan.  6, 

1875 

1845 

April, 

1897 

Aug.  20, 

1811 

July  6, 

1876 

Aug.  26, 

1833 

Dec.  27, 

1889 

1806 

April  22, 

1882 

1807 

Dec.  2, 

1891 

Oct.  i," 

1818 

May, 

1867 

Parish,  Sir  Woodbine      

Parke,  Thomas  Heazle,  D.C.L.,  F.R.C.S.I.      ... 
Parker,  John  Henry  (Publisher) 

Parker,  Sir  W.,  Bart 

Parkes,  Sir  Harry  Smith 

Parkes,  Hon.  Sir  Henry,  G.C.M.G 

Parkes,  Mrs.  (Amy  Sedgwick) 

Parkman,  Francis  

Parnell,  Charles,  M.P 

Parry,  John  

Parry,  John  Humffreys  ... 

Parry,  Rt.  Rev.  E.,  Bishop  of  Dover    ... 

Parry,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Barbadoes 

Parsons,  Theophilus        

Parton,  Mrs.  S.  P.  Willis  ("  Fanny  Fern  ")     ... 

Passaglia,  Abb^  Carlo     

Passy,  Hippoly te  Philibert        

Pasta,  Madame 

Pasteur,  Louis      

Pater,  Walter        

Patey,  Janet  Monach      

Patmore,  Coventry  Kearsey  Deighton 

Paton,  Andrew  Archibald 

Patterson,  Robert  Hogarth 

Patteson,  John  Coleridge,  Bishop  of  Melanesia 

Patti,  Carlotta      

Pattison,  Rev.  Mark        

Pauli,  Georg  Reinhold    ...  

Paxton,  Sir  J 

Payen,  Anselme    ... 

Payn,  James         

Peabody,  George 

Peacock,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Barnes 

Peacock,  T.  L 

Pearson,  John  Loughborough,  R.A 

Pedro,  Dom  (Emperor  of  Brazil)  

Peel  (General),  Jonathan,  M.P.  

Peel,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Laurence     

Peel,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Robert,  G.C.B 

Pelham,  Rt.  Rev.  and  Hon.  John  Thomas,  D.D. 
Pelissier,  Marshal  A.  J.  J.  (Due  de  Malakhoff) 

Pellew,  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  G.  

Pelly,  Lieut.-General,  Sir  Lewis,  K.C.B. 

Pelouze,  T.  J 

Pembroke,  Earl  of  

Penaud,  Admiral  C 

Pender,  Sir  John,  G.C.M.G.,  F.R.S 

Pengelly,  William,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S 

Penn,  John,  F.R.S 

Pennef ather,  Sir  J.  L 

Pennethorne,  Sir  James 

Pepe,  General  Florestan  

Pepe,  G 

Pepolo,  Countess  (Mdme.  Alboni)       

Percy,  John  

Perier,  Emile         

Perez  Galdos,  Benito      

Perier,  A.  Casimir  V.  L 

Perry,  Rev.  S.J 

Perry,  Sir  Thomas  Erskine       

Perry,  Rt.  Rev.  Charles,  D.D 

Persiani,  Madame  F.  T.  ...         ...         


NECROLOGY 


1287 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Persigny,  Due  de 

Jan.  11, 

1808 

Jan.  12, 

1872 

7 

Petermann,  August  Heinrich 

April  18, 

1822 

Sept. 

1878 

9 

Petermann,  Julius  Heinrich,  D.D 

Aug.  12, 

1801 

June, 

1876 

9 

Petit,  Eev.  J.  L 

»•*         ... 

Dec.  1, 

1868 

7 

Peto,  Sir  Samuel  Morton           

Aug.  4, 

1809 

Nov.  13, 

1889 

12 

Pettie,  John,  E.A.            

1839 

Feb.  21, 

1893 

13 

Pettitt,  Henry      

Dec.  24, 

1893 

13 

Phelps,  Samuel  (Actor) 

Feb.  13," 

1804 

Nov.  6, 

1878 

9 

Phelps,  Hon.  William  Walter,  LL.D. 

Aug.  24, 

1839 

June  16, 

1894 

13 

Philimore,  Sir  Bobert      

Nov.  5, 

1810 

Feb.  4, 

1885 

11 

Phillimore,  J.  G 

1809 

April  27, 

1865 

6 

Phillip,  J 

May  19, 

1817 

Feb.  27, 

1867 

6 

Phillipps,  Sir  Thomas     

1792 

Feb.  6, 

1872 

7 

Phillips,  George,  D.D 

1804 

1892 

13 

Phillips,  John,  F.G.S 

Dec.  25, 

1800 

April  24, 

1874 

8 

Phillips,  Rt.  Hon.  S.  M 

..* 

1780 

Mar.  11, 

1862 

5 

Phillips,  Sir  T 

1801 

May  26, 

1867 

6 

Phillips,  Wendell            

Nov.  29, 

1811 

Feb.  2, 

1884 

11 

Philpott,  Rt.  Rev.  Henry,  D.D.             

Nov.  17, 

1807 

Jan.  10, 

1892 

13 

Philpotts,  H,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Exeter 

May, 

1778 

Sept.  18, 

1869 

7 

Phipps,  Hon.  Sir  C.  B 

Dec.  27, 

1801 

Feb.  24, 

1866 

6 

Picard,  Louis  Joseph  Ernest     ... 

Dec.  24, 

1821 

May  13, 

1877 

9 

Pickersgill,  Henry  William,  RA 

1782 

April  21, 

1875 

8 

Picton,  Sir  James  A 

1806 

July  15, 

1889 

12 

Pierce,  Franklin 

Nov.  23,' 

1804 

Oct.  8, 

1869 

7 

Pierrepoint,  Hon.  Edward,  LL.D 

Mar.  4, 

1817 

Mar. 

1892 

13 

Pigott,  Rt.  Hon.  David  Richard          

1805 

Dec.  22, 

1873 

8 

Pigott,  Sir  Gillery           

1813 

April  28, 

1875 

8 

Pin  well,  George  John     

Dec.  26, 

1842 

Sept.  8, 

1875 

9 

Pitman,  Sir  Isaac            

Jan.  4, 

1813 

Jan.  22, 

1897 

14 

Pitra,  Cardinal      

Aug.  31, 

1812 

Feb.  3, 

1889 

12 

Pius  the  Ninth     ...         

May  13, 

1792 

Feb.  7, 

1878 

9 

Planche",  James  Robinson 

Feb.  27, 

1796 

May  29, 

1880 

10 

Plantier,  C.  H.  A.,  Bishop  of  Nlmes 

Mar.  2, 

1813 

May  25, 

1875 

10 

Piatt,  Hon.  Sir  T.  J 

1790 

Feb.  10, 

1862 

5 

Playfair,  Lord,  G.C.B.,  P.C 

May  21, 

1818 

May  29, 

1898 

14 

Pleyel,  Madame 

July  4, 

1811 

April, 

1875 

8 

Plimsoll,  Samuel 

1824 

June  3, 

1898 

14 

Plumptre,  Very  Rev.  E.  H 

Aug.  6, 

1821 

Feb.  1, 

1891 

12 

Plumridge,  Sir  J.  H 

1787 

Nov.  29, 

1863 

5 

Plunket,  Rt.  Rev.  Lord  (see  Tuam,  Killala,  anc 

Achonry,  Bishop  of) 

Plunket,  Lord,  Most  Rev.  William  C. 

Aug.  26, 

1828 

April  1, 

1897 

14 

PoGhin,  Henry  Davis      

1824 

Oct.  28, 

1895 

14 

Poerio,  C.  ... 

1803 

April  28, 

1867 

6 

Poggendorff,  Johann  Christian            

Dec.  29, 

1796 

Jan.  24, 

1877 

9 

Pogson,  N.  R.,  CLE 

Mar.  22, 

1829 

June  23, 

1891 

13 

Pollock,  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Edward      

Oct.  21, 

1823 

Nov.  21, 

1897 

14 

Pollock,  Sir  Frederick 

Sept.  23, 

1783 

Aug.  22, 

1870 

7 

Pollock,  Field-Marshal  Sir  George      

1786 

Oct.  6, 

1872 

8 

Pollock,  Sir  William  F 

April, 

1815 

Dec.  24, 

1888 

12 

Ponsonby,  Gen.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Henry,  K.C.B. 

1825 

Nov.  21, 

1895 

14 

Poole,  Bishop  of  Japan  .......      

July  6, 

1885 

11 

Poole,  Paul  Falconer,  R. A.   *    ...         

1806 

Sept.  22, 

1879 

10 

Poole,  R.  Stuart 

Feb.  27," 

1832 

Feb.  8, 

1895 

13 

Porter,  Admiral  David  D.          

June  8, 

1814 

Feb.  13, 

1891 

13 

Porter,  Josias  L 

Oct.  4, 

1823 

Mar.  16, 

1889 

12 

Porter,  Noah,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Dec.  14, 

1811 

Mar.  4, 

1892 

13 

Potter,  Cipriani 

1792 

Sept.  26, 

1871 

7 

Potter,  George      

1832 

June  3, 

1893 

13 

Potter,  L.  J.  A.  D.           

April  26, 

1796 

July  22, 

1859 

6 

Pouchet,  Felix  A.            

Aug.  26, 

1800 

Dec.  6, 

1872 

8 

Pouillet,  C.  S.  M.             

Feb.  16, 

1791 

June  15, 

1868 

7 

1288 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Pouyer-Quertier,  Augustin  Thomas 

Sept.  3, 

1820 

April  2, 

1891 

13 

Powell,  David       

1840 

Sept.  2, 

1897 

14 

Powers,  Hiram 

July  29, 

1805 

June  27, 

1873 

8 

Powys,  Horatio,  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man    . . . 

1805 

May  31, 

1877 

9 

Pratt,  John  Tidd 

Dec.  13, 

1797 

Jan.  9, 

1870 

7 

Prescott,  Admiral  Sir  Henry    ...         ...         ... 

1783 

Nov.  18, 

1874 

8 

Pressens^,  Edmond  de,  D.D. 

Jan.  27, 

1824 

April  8, 

1891 

13 

Prestwick,  Sir  Joseph,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

Mar.  12, 

1812 

June  23, 

1896 

14 

Pre'vost-Paradol,  L.  A 

Aug.  8, 

1829 

July  19, 

1870 

7 

Price,  Rev.  Bartholomew,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 

May  14, 

1818 

Dec.  29, 

1898 

14 

Price,  Bonamy ... 

May  22, 

1807 

Jan.  8, 

1888 

12 

Prim,  Don  Juan    ...         ...         ...         ...         ,.. 

Dec.  6, 

1814 

Dec.  30, 

1870 

7 

Prinsep,  Henry  Thoby    ... 

1792 

Feb.  11, 

1878 

9 

Prior,  Sir  James   ... 

1790 

Nov.  14, 

1869 

7 

Pritchard,  Rev.  Charles,  D.D.,  F.R.S 

1808 

May  28, 

1893 

13 

Procter,  Miss  A.  A.          

1835 

Feb.  2, 

1864 

5 

Procter,  Bryan  W.  ("Barry  Cornwall") 

1790 

Oct.  4, 

1874 

8 

Proctor,  Richard  A 

Mar.  23, 

1837 

Sept.  12, 

1888 

12 

Proudhon,  P.  J 

July  15, 

1809 

Jan.  20, 

1865 

5 

Prout,  Father  {see  Mahony,  F.) 

Pugin,  Edward  Welby 

Mar.  11, 

1834 

June  5, 

1875 

9 

Palling,  A. 

13 

Punshon,  Rev.  W.  Morley 

1824 

April  14, 

1881 

10 

Puroell,  J.  B.,  Archbishop  of  Cincinnati 

Feb.  26, 

1800 

July  4, 

1883 

10 

Purchas,  Rev.  John        

1823 

Oct.  18, 

1872 

8 

Pusey,  Edward  Bouverie,  D.D.             

1800 

Sept.  16, 

1882 

10 

Pyat,  FeUix            

Oct.  4,  " 

1810 

Aug.  3, 

1889 

12 

Pye,  John ... 

1782 

Feb.  6, 

1874 

8 

QuAIN,  Sir  John  Richard           

Sept.  12, 

1876 

9 

Quain,  Richard,  M.D 

Sept.  15, 

1887 

12 

Quain,  Sir  Richard,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 

Oct.  30, 

1816 

Mar.  13, 

1898 

14 

Quatrefages,  De  Brean,  J.  Louis  Armand  de 

Feb.  10, 

1810 

Nov.  11, 

1892 

13 

Quebec,  Bishop  of  (Dr.  Mountain)      

1789 

Jan.  8, 

1863 

5 

Quinet,  Edgar      

Feb.  10," 

1803 

Mar.  27, 

1875 

8 

Radnor,  Earl  of 

May  11, 

1779 

April  10, 

1869 

7 

Rae,  Sir  William,  M.D 

1786 

April  8, 

1873 

8 

Rae,  John,  M.D.,  LL.D 

July  22, 

1893 

13 

Raff,:  Joseph  Joachim     

May  27," 

1822 

June  24, 

1882 

12 

Raffles,  Rev.  T 

May  17, 

1788 

Aug.  18, 

1863 

5 

Raikes,  Rt.  Hon.  Henry  Cecil,  M.P 

1838 

Aug.  24, 

1891 

13 

Raleigh,  Rev.  Alexander,  D.D 

Jan.  3, 

1817 

April  19, 

1880 

10 

Ralston,  W.  R.  S.             

1828 

Aug.  7, 

1889 

12 

Ramage,  Crauford  Tait  ... 

Sept.  10, 

1803 

Nov.  29, 

1878 

10 

Ramsay,  W.          

1806 

Feb.  12, 

1865 

5 

Ramsay,  Sir  Andrew  C,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 

1814 

Dec.  9, 

1892 

13 

Ramsey,  E.  B.  (Dean) 

1793 

Dec.  27, 

1872 

8 

Randall,  Samuel  J.          

Oct.  10," 

1828 

April  13, 

1890 

12 

Randon,  Comte,  Marshal  of  France    ... 

Mar.  25, 

1795 

Jan.  18, 

1871 

7 

Ranke,  Leopold  von 

Dec.  21, 

1795 

May  23, 

1886 

11 

Rankine,  William  J.  M.,  F.R.S.            

Dec.  24, 

1872 

8 

Ranyard,  Arthur  Cowper,  F.R.A.S 

June  21, 

1845 

Dec.  15, 

1894 

13 

Raspail,  Francois  Vincent         

Jan.  29, 

1794 

Jan.  7, 

1878 

9 

Ratcliff,  Sir  J 

Nov. 

1798 

Sept.  1, 

1864 

5 

Rattazzi,  Urbano 

June  29, 

1808 

June  5, 

1873 

8 

Rauch,  T.  C 

Jan.  2, 

1777 

Dec.  3, 

1857 

5 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Robert,  K.C.B.             

Feb.  28, 

1810 

May  31, 

1898 

14 

Raymond,  Henry  Jarvis 

Jan.  24, 

1820 

June  18, 

1869 

7 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan           

Mar.  12, 

1822 

May  11, 

1872 

8 

Reade,  Charles     ...         

1814 

April  11, 

1884 

11 

NECROLOGY 


1289 


Reade,  John  Edmund     ...         ...         

Reboul,  J 

Redding,  Cyrus 

Redesdale,  Earl 

Redgrave,  Richard,  R.A.  

Redhouse,  Sir  James  W.,  K.C.M.G.,  LL.D.    ... 

Redington,  Sir  T.  N 

Reed,  Rev.  A 

Reed,  Sir  Charles,  F.S. A 

Reed,  Thomas  Allen       

Reeve,  Henry,  C.B.,  D.C.L 

Reeves,  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  (Bishop  of  Down) 
Regnaud-de-St.  Jean-d'Angelly,  Comte  de    ... 

Regnault,  Henri  Victor 

Reichenbach,  Baron  von  

Reichel,  Most  Rev.  Charles  P.,  D.D 

Reid,  Captain  Mayne      ...         ...         

Reinkens,  Joseph  Hubert,  D.D.  

Renan,  Joseph  Erneste 

Rennie,  Sir  John 

Renouf,  Sir  Peter  le  Page  

Reschid  Pacha,  or  Mustapha  Reschid  Pacha 

Reuter,  Baron 

Reyband,  Madame  C.  (see  Arnaud) 

Reynolds,  Rev.  Henry  Robert,  D.D.    ... 

Reynolds,  Sir  J.  Russell,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

Rianzares,  Duke  of 

Ricasoli,  Baron     ... 

Richards,  Alfred  Bate 

Richards,  Brinley  ...         ...         ...         ... 

Richards,  Admiral  Sir  George  Henry,  K.C.B., 

F.RS 

Richardson,  Sir  Benjamin  Ward,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

Richardson,  C 

Richardson,  D.  L. 

Richardson,  Sir  J.  

Richmond,  George,  Hon.  R.  A.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D. 

Richter,  Gustav  Karl      ...         ... 

Rickards,  Rev.  S.  ... 

Rigault-de-Genouilly,  Charles   .. 

Rio,  Alexis  Francois       

Ripley,  George,  LL.D 

Ritchie,  L.  

Ritter,  Henry 

Ritter,  K. 

Roberts,  David 

Roberts,  Sir  William,  M.D.,  F.R.S.      ...      

Robertson,  Prof.  George  Croom 

Robertson,  James  Burton  ... 

Robertson,  Rev.  James  Craigie 

Robertson,  Thomas  William     

Robinson,  Rev.  H. 

Robinson,  Sir  J.  B.,  Bart.         

Robinson,  John  Henry,  R.A.     ...         ...      .  ^.. 

Robinson,  Thomas,  D.D.  

Robson,  F.  

Rochester,  Bishop  of  (Dr.  Wigram)     

Rock,  Daniel,  D.D .  ... 

Roebuck,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Arthur  

Roemer,  F.  de      

Rogers,  Henry      

Rogers,  H.  D •  ... 

Roget,  Peter  Mark,  M.D.  


Date  of  Birth. 


Jan.  23, 

Sept.  9, 
April  30, 
Dec.  30, 

Nov.  27, 
June  20, 
April  6, 


July  29, 
July  21, 
Feb.  12, 


Mar.  1, 
Feb.  27, 

Aug.  23, 

July  21," 

Feb.  26, 

Mar.  9, 


Jan.  13, 
Oct.  31, 
July 


Aug.  31, 
April  12, 
Oct.  3, 


Oct.  24, 
Mar. 
Mar.  10, 
Nov.  15, 

Jan.  9, 

July  26, 


Dec.  26, 


Oct.  18, 


1796 
1785 
1805 
1804 
1811 
1815 
1787 
1819 
1826 
1813 
1815 
1794 
1810 
1788 

1818 
1821 
1823 
1796 
1822 
1802 
1816 

1825 
1828 
1810 
1809 
1820 
1819 

1820 
1828 
1775 
1800 
1787 
1809 
1823 
1796 
1807 

1802 
1801 
1791 
1779 
1796 
1830 
1842 
1800 
1813 
1829 
1793 
1791 
1796 
1790 
1821 
1798 
1799 
1802 
1795 
1806 
1806 
1799 


Date  of  Death. 


Sept. 
May  29, 
May  28, 
May  2, 
Dec.  14, 
Jan.  1, 
Oct.  11, 
Feb.  25, 
Mar.  25, 
Mar.  29, 
Oct.  21, 
Jan.  12, 
Feb.  2, 
Jan.  20, 
Jan.  23, 
Mar.  29, 
Oct.  22, 
Jan.  5, 
Oct.  2, 
Sept.  3, 
Oct.  14, 
Jan.  5, 
Feb.  25, 

Oct.  10, 
May  29, 
Sept.  13, 
Oct.  23, 
June  12, 
May  8, 

Nov.  14, 
Nov.  21, 
Oct.  6, 
Nov.  17, 
June  5, 
Mar.  19, 
April  13, 
Aug.  24, 
April  4, 
July  16, 
July  4, 
Jan.  16, 
Feb. 

Sept.  29, 
Nov.  25, 
April  16, 
Sept.  19, 
Feb.  14, 
July  9, 
Feb.  3, 
May  18, 
Jan.  30, 
Oct.  21, 
May  13, 
Aug.  12, 
April  6, 
Nov.  28, 
Nov.  30, 
Mar. 
Aug.  20, 
May  30, 
Sept.  13, 


1870 
1864 
1870 
1886 
1888 
1892 
1862 
1862 
1881 
1899 
1895 
1892 
1870 
1878 
1869 
1894 
1883 
1896 
1892 
1874 
1897 
1858 
1899 

1896 
1896 
1873 
1880 
1876 
1885 

1896 
1896 
1865 
1865 
1865 
1896 
1884 
1865 
1873 
1874 
1880 
1865 
1869 
1859 
1864 
1899 
1892 
1877 
1882 
1871 
1866 
1863 
1871 
1873 
1864 
1867 
1871 
1879 
1864 
1877 
1866 
1869 


1290 


NECKOLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion* 

Rokitansky,  Karl             

Feb.  20, 

1804 

July  23, 

1878 

10 

Rolleston,  George,  M.D.             

July  30, 

1829 

June  9, 

1881 

10 

Rolt,  Sir  John 

Oct.  5, 

1804 

June  6, 

1871 

7 

Romanes,  Prof.  George,  F.R.S.,  LL.D. 

May  20, 

1848 

May  23, 

1894 

IS 

Romilly,  Lord 

1802 

Dec.  23, 

1874 

8 

Roon,  Count  von  ... 

April  30, 

1803 

Feb.  23, 

1879 

10 

Rosa,  Carl... 

Mar.  22, 

1842 

April  30, 

1889 

12 

Rosa,  Martinez  de  la,  F.  {see  Martinez  de  la 

Rosa,  F.) 

Rosas,  Juan  Manuel  Ortiz  de 

1793 

Mar.  14, 

1877 

9- 

Roscoe,  Thomas 

June 

1791 

Sept.  24, 

1871 

7 

Rose,  Gustav 

Mar.  18, 

1798 

July  15, 

1873 

8 

Rose,  H. 

1795 

Jan. 

1864 

6 

Rose,  Henry  John  (Archdeacon)         

1801. 

Jan.  31, 

1873 

8 

Rose,  Sir  John      

Aug.  2, 

1820 

Aug.  24, 

1888 

12 

Roskell,  Richard,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Nottingham 

Aug.  15, 

1817 

Jan.  27, 

1883 

10 

Rosmead,  Lord,  G.C.M.G.,  P.C.            

Dec.  19, 

1824 

Oct.  28, 

1897 

14 

Ross,  Alexander  Milton,  M.D.,  F.R.S.L. 

Dec.  13, 

1832 

Oct.  28, 

1897 

14 

Ross,  Admiral,  Sir  J.  C.             

1800 

April  3, 

1862 

5 

Ross,  Lieut.  -General  Sir  John 

Mar.  18,' 

1829 

1888 

12 

Rosse,  Earl  of       ...         

June  17, 

1800 

Oct.  31," 

1867 

7 

Rossetti,  Christina  G. 

Dec.  5, 

1830 

Dec.  29, 

1894 

13 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel  .. . 

1828 

April  9, 

1882 

10 

Rossetti, Maria  Francesca        

Feb.  17," 

1827 

1876 

9 

Rossi,  Ernesto      

•  .» 

1829 

June  4, 

1896 

14 

Rossini,  Gioacchino  Antonio    .. 

Feb.  29, 

1792 

Nov.  13, 

1868 

7 

Rosslyn,  Earl  of  ... 

Feb.  15, 

1802 

June  16, 

1866 

6 

Rost,"Reinhold,  CLE.,  LL.D 

Feb.  2, 

1822 

Feb.  7, 

1896 

14 

Rothschild,  Baron  Ferdinand,  M.P 

Dec.  17, 

1839 

Dec.  17, 

1898 

14 

Rothschild,  Baron  Lionel  Nathan  de 

Nov.  22, 

1808 

June  3, 

1879 

10 

Rouher,  Eugene 

Nov.  30, 

1814 

Feb.  3, 

1884 

11 

Rous,  Admiral  Henry  John       

Jan.  25, 

1795 

June  19, 

1877 

9 

Rousseau,  Major-General  Lovell  H 

Aug.  4, 

1818 

Jan.  7, 

1869 

7 

Rousset,  Camille  F.  M 

Feb.  15, 

1821 

Oct.  19, 

1892 

13 

Rowsell,  Rev.  Thomas  J.,  M.A.            

1816 

Jan.  23, 

1894 

13 

Rubenstein,  Anton  Gregor        

Nov.  30, 

1830 

Nov.  20, 

1894 

13 

Riidiger,  Count 

1800 

June  22, 

1856 

6 

Ruffini,  Giovanni  D 

Sept. 

1807 

Nov.  3, 

1881 

10 

Ruge,  Arnold        

1802 

Jan. 

1881 

10 

Runyon,  Hon.  Theodore,  LL.D.           ...         .„ 

Oct.  25,"" 

1822 

Jan.  26, 

1896 

14 

Russel,  Alexander            

Dec.  10, 

1814 

July  18, 

1876 

9 

Russell,  W.  H.  L,  F.R.S 

Aug.  26, 

1823 

Dec.  28, 

1891 

13 

Russell,  Sir  Charles,  Bart.          

June  22, 

1822 

April  14, 

1883 

11 

Russell,  Charles  William,  D.D 

1812 

Feb.  26, 

1880 

10 

Russell,  John,  Earl          

Aug.  18) 

1792 

May  28, 

1878 

9 

Russell,  Rev.  John  Fuller                      

1837 

April  6, 

1884 

11 

Russell,  John  Scott         „ 

1808 

June  8, 

1882 

10 

Russell,  W.  A.,  Bishop  in  China           

1821 

Oct.  5, 

1879 

10 

Rutland,  Duke  of             

May  16, 

1815 

Mar.  2, 

1887 

12 

Ryan,  Sir  Edward           

1793 

Aug.  22, 

1875 

9- 

Rydberg,  Professor  Abraham  Victor 

Dec.  18, 

1828 

Sept.  22, 

1895 

14 

Sabine,  Gen.  Sir  Edward         

Oct.  14, 

1788 

June  26, 

1883 

10 

Sacher-Masoch,  L.  von 

Jan.  27, 

1836 

May  6, 

1894 

13 

Safvet  Pacha        

1815 

Nov. 

1883 

10 

Said  Pacha,  Viceroy  of  Egypt 

1822 

Jan.  18, 

1863 

5 

Said,  Seyyid  Ali  (Sultan  of  Zanzibar) 

1893 

13 

St.  Asaph,  Bishop  of  {see  Short) 

St.  Germans,  Earl  of       

Aug.  29, 

1798 

Oct.  7, 

1877 

9 

St.  Germans,  Earl  of       

1829 

Mar.  19, 

1881 

10 

St.  John,  Bayle 

1822 

Aug.  1, 

1859 

5 

St.  John  James  Augustus         

Sept.  24, 

1801 

Sept.  22, 

1875 

9 

NECEOLOGY 


1291 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

St.  John,  Percy  B 

Mar.  4, 

1821 

Mar.  15, 

1889 

12 

St.  Leonards,  Lord          ...         ...         

Feb. 

1781 

Jan.  29, 

1875 

8 

Sainte-Beuve,  Ch.  Angustin      

Dec.  23, 

1804 

Oct.  13, 

1869 

7 

Sainte-Claire  Deville,  H.  E 

Mar.  11, 

1818 

July  1, 

1881 

12 

Sainte-Vallier,  Charles  Kaymond,  Comte  de  . . . 

Sept.  12, 

1838 

Feb.  4, 

1886 

11 

Sala,  George  Augustus  Henry 

1828 

Dec.  8, 

1895 

14 

Saldanha,  Duke  of 

Nov.  17,' 

1790 

Nov.  20, 

1876 

6 

Salisbury,  Bishop  of  (see  Hamilton) 

Salisbury,  Marquis  of 

April  17, 

1791 

April  12, 

1868 

7 

Salnave,  President          

... 

Jan.  10, 

1870 

7 

Salomons,  Sir  David       

1797 

July  18, 

1873 

8 

Salt,  Sir  Titus      

1803 

Dec.  29, 

1876 

9 

Salvini,  Tommaso            

Jan.  1, 

1830 

14 

Sand,  Georges      ...         

July  5, 

1804 

June  8, 

1876 

9 

Sandeau,  Leonard  S.  Jules        

Feb.  19, 

1811 

April  24, 

1883 

10 

Sandford,  John  (Archdeacon) 

Mar.  22, 

1802 

Mar.  22, 

1873 

8 

Sandford,  Col.  Sir  Herbert,  R.A.,  K.C.M.G.    ... 

Aug.  13, 

1826 

... 

1892 

13 

Sandhurst,  Lord  ... 

1819 

June  23, 

1876 

9 

Sandys,  Lord        

Jan.  28, 

1798 

April  10, 

1863 

5 

Santa  Anna,  A.  L.  de      

Feb.  21, 

1798 

June  20, 

1876 

9 

Sarcey,  Francisque 

Oct.  8, 

1828 

May  16, 

1899 

14 

Sartorius,  Admiral  Sir  George  ...         

Aug.  9, 

1809 

April,  13, 

1885 

11 

Sassoon,  Sir  Albert,  K.C.S.I 

1818 

Oct.  24, 

1896 

14 

Savile,  Rt.  Hon.  John,  G.C.B 

1818 

Nov.  28, 

1896 

14 

Savory,  Sir  William  Scovell,  F.R.S 

1828 

Mar.  4, 

1895 

14 

Sawyer,  William,  F.S.A.             

July  26, 

1828 

Nov.  1, 

1882 

10 

Sawyer,  William  Collison,  Bishop  of  Grafton 

and  Armidale    ... 

1831 

Mar.  15, 

1868 

7 

Saxe,  John  E. 

June  2, 

1816 

Mar.  31, 

1887 

12 

Say,  H.  E 

Mar.  11, 

1794 

1860 

6 

Say,  Jean  Baptiste  Le"on            ...         

June  6, 

1826 

April  21, 

1896 

14 

Scarlett,  Sir  James  Yorke          ...         

Feb.  1, 

1799 

Dec.  6, 

1871 

7 

Schamyl     

June 

1797 

Mar. 

1871 

7 

Schaff,  Phillip,  D.D.,  LL.D 

Jan.  1, 

1819 

Oct.  23, 

1893 

13 

Scharf,  Sir  George,  K.C.B.,  F.S.A 

Dec.  16, 

1820 

April  19, 

1895 

14 

Scherer,  Edmond  H.  A 

April  8, 

1815 

Mar.  16, 

1889 

12 

Schlagenweit,  A.  . . . 

Jan.  9, 

1829 

Oct. 

1858 

5 

Schliemann,  Dr.  Heinrich          

1822 

Dec.  27, 

1890 

12 

Schmitz,  Leonhard          

Mar.  6, 

1807 

May  28, 

1890 

12 

Schnor  von  Karolsfeld,  Julius 

Mar.  26, 

1794 

May  24, 

1872 

8 

Schnitzler,  Edward  (Emin  Pacha)        

March 

1840 

Oct.  20, 

1893 

13 

Schoenlein,  J. 

Nov.  30, 

1793 

Jan. 

1864 

6 

Scholefield,  W 

1809 

July  9, 

1867 

6 

Schomburg,  Sir  R.             

1804 

Mar.  11, 

1865 

5 

Schott,  Wilhelm 

Sept.  3, 

1807 

Jan.  21, 

1889 

12 

Schumann,  Madame  Clara 

Sept.  13, 

1819 

May  20, 

1896 

14 

Schuvaloff,  Count  Peter             

1828 

Mar. 

1889 

12 

Schwarzenberg,  Cardinal          

April  6, 

1809 

Mar.  27, 

1885 

12 

Schwatka,  Frederick      

Sept.  29, 

1849 

Jan.  31, 

1891 

12 

Scott,  Benjamin,  F.R.A.S 

1814 

Jan.  17, 

1892 

13 

Scott,  Sir  George  Gilbert,  R.  A.            

1811 

Mar.  27, 

1878 

9 

Scott,  Very  Rev.  Robert             

1811 

Dec.  2, 

1887 

12 

Scott,  General  W.            

June  13, 

1786 

May  29, 

1866 

6 

Scott,  Rev.  William        

May  2, 

1813 

Jan.  11, 

1872 

7 

Scrope,  George  Poulett,  F.R.S.            

1797 

Jan.  19, 

1876 

9 

Scrivener,  Rev.  Fred.  H.  A,  LL.D 

Sept.  29, 

1813 

Nov.  2, 

1891 

13 

Seaton,  Lord         ...         

1777 

April  17, 

1863 

5 

Secchi,  Angelo      

June  29, 

1818 

Feb.  26, 

1878 

9 

Sedgwick,  Rev.  Adam,  LL.D 

1787 

Jan.  27, 

1873 

8 

Sedgwick,  Miss  C.  M 

1789 

July  31, 

1867 

6 

Sedgwick,  Major-General  J 

1816 

May  9, 

1864 

6 

Seeley.  Sir  John  R.,  K.C.M.G 

1834 

Jan.  13, 

1895 

13 

Seemann,  Berthold          

1825 

Oct.  10, 

1871 

7 

1292 


NECROLOGY 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion 

Nov.  27, 

1812 

May  4, 

1895 

14 

1835 

Jan.  17, 

1890 

12 

1821 

Nov. 

1876 

9 

1813 

Aug.  11, 

1869 

7 

1809 

April  11, 

1878 

9 

May  20, 

1844 

Feb.  12, 

1898 

14 

1806 

April  24, 

1875 

8 

1790 

June  4, 

1864 

5 

1810 

1885 

11 

Nov. 

1823 

April  12, 

1899 

14 

May  16, 

1801 

Oct.  10, 

1872 

8 

1805 

Nov.  14, 

1874 

8 

1787 

Jan.  20, 

1870 

7 

1797 

Feb.  2, 

1880 

10 

May  13, 

1810 

Feb.  12, 

1886 

11 

1802 

June  19, 

1874 

8 

April  28, 

1801 

Oct.  1, 

1885 

11 

Sept.  18, 

1885 

11 

Jan.  21, 

1805 

April  10, 

1896 

14 

April  1, 

1802 

April  11, 

1880 

10 

June  21, 

1820 

Nov.  17, 

1894 

13 

1804 

Feb.  19, 

1868 

7 

1787 

Oct.  6, 

1863 

5 

Mar.  18"' 

1808 

Jan.  26, 

1867 

5 

June  24, 

1893 

13 

Dec. 

1811 

1892 

13 

Feb.  21  !' 

1879 

10 

Mar.  6, 

1831 

Aug.  5, 

1888 

12 

Feb.  18, 

1820 

Feb.  14, . 

1891 

12 

Aug.  11, 

1807 

Sept. 

1866 

6 

Jan.  22, 

1812 

Sept.  19, 

1882 

10 

1828 

Nov.  20, 

1866 

6 

1803 

Oct.  5, 

1883 

10 

Sept.  16, 

1790 

April  13, 

1872 

7 

Nov.  8, 

1803 

June  4, 

1868 

7 

July  20, 

1804 

May  26, 

1877 

9 

1805 

Oct.  1, 

1868 

7 

1792 

April  10, 

1879 

10 

1803 

Sept. 

1873 

8 

April  4, 

1823 

Nov.  18, 

1883 

10 

1816 

Dec.  6, 

1892 

13 

Sept.  1, 

1791 

June  10, 

1865 

5 

1818 

Oct.  15, 

1889 

12 

July  23, 

1816 

Jan.  16, 

1892 

13 

July  24, 

1814 

Oct.  3, 

1897 

14 

June  11, 

1811 

Jane  10, 

1882 

10 

June  11, 

1811 

June  10, 

1882 

12 

Dec.  31, 

1814 

June  8, 

1896 

14 

1806 

Aug.  19, 

1887 

12 

1792 

April  18, 

1868 

7 

1811 

May  6, 

1870 

7 

1816 

Nov.  24, 

1898 

14 

April  17, 

1800 

Aug.  6, 

1864 

5 

Aug.  20, 

1797 

May  22, 

1875 

8 

1786 

July  16, 

1866 

6 

July  18, 

1831 

July  20, 

1897 

14 

June  7, 

1809 

Aug.  29, 

1892 

lc 

1843 

July  7, 

1882 

1( 

1791 

May  19, 

1862 

1 

1780 

Feb.  5, 

1865 



1793 

July  26, 

1871 

Selborne,  Earl  of,  D.C.L 

Sellar,  Alexander  Craig 

Sellon,  Priscilla  Lydia 

Selwyn,  Sir  Charles  Jasper        

Selvvyn,  George  Augustus,  Bishop  of  Lichfield 
Selwyn,  Rt.  Rev.  John  Richardson,  D.D. 

Selwyn,  William,  D.D 

Senior,  Nassau  William 

Serrano  y  Dominquez  Francisco 

Servia,  Prince  of  (see  Michael  Obrenovitch) 

Service,  Hon.  James 

Seward,  William  Henry  ... 

Sewell,  William,  D.D 

Seymour,  Sir  Geo.  Francis         

Seymour,  Sir  Geo.  Hamilton     

Seymour,  Horatio  ...         ...         ...     

Seymour,  Rev.  Michael  Hobart  

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of, 

Shairp,  John  Campbell,  LL.D 

Sharp,  William,  M.D.,  F.R.S 

Sharpey,  William,  M.D 

Shedd,  W.  G.  T.,  D.D 

Shee,  Sir  William  

Sheepshanks,  J 

Shelley,  Sir  J.  V.,  Bart 

Shepstone,  Sir  Theophilus,  K.C.M.G 

Sherbrooke  (Viscount),  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.,  C.B. 

Shere  AH  Khan 

Sheridan,  General  Philip  Henry  

Sherman,  General  William        

Shilibeer,  G 

Shirley,  Evelyn  Philip 

Shirley,  Rev.  W.  W 

Short,"  Augustus,  Bishop  of  Adelaide 

Short,  Thomas  Vowler,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  St. 
Asaph 

Shrewsbury  and  Talbot,  Earl  of  

Shuttleworth,  Sir  James  Phillips  Kay 

Siam,  Chao  Pha  Monkhout,  King  of 

Sibthorp,  Rev.  Richard  Waldo 

Sidi  Mohammed,  Sultan  of  Morocco 

Siemens,  Sir  Charles  William 

Siemens,  Dr.  Werner       *. 

Sigourney,  Mrs.  L.  H 

Sikes,  Sir  Charles 

Simeoni,  Giovanni  (Cardinal) 

Simmonds-Lund,  Peter,  F.L.S.,  F.R.C.I. 

Simmons,  William  Henry  

Simmons,  William  

Simon,  Jules         

Simpson,  John  Palgrave  

Simpson,  General  Sir  James     

Simpson,  Sir  James  Young,  M.D 

Sims,  Richard       

Sinclair,  Miss  Catherine  

Sinclair,  John  (Archdeacon)      

Singer,  Dr.,  Bishop  of  Meath 

Skelton,  Sir  John,  LL.D.  

Skene,  William  F.,  LL.D 

Skobeleflc,  General  Michael        •  .. 

Slaney,  R.  A 

Sleigh,  Sir  J.  W 

Sliddell,  John       


NECROLOGY 


1293 


Name. 


Sloper,  E.  H.  Lindsay     ...         

Smart,  Sir  G.  T 

Smart,  John,  R.S. A. 

Smedley,  F.  E 

Smee,  Alfred        ...         

Smirke,  Sir  R.      ...         ...         ...         

Smirke,  Sydney,  R.A 

Smith,  Alexander  

Smith,  Sir  Andrew,  M.D.  

Smith,  Charles  Roach 

Smith,  Sir  Francis  Pettit  

Smith,  Geo.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Victoria,  Hong 

Kong      

Smith,  Henry  Boynton,  D.D 

Smith,  James        

Smith,  General  Sir  John  Mark  Fred 

Smith,  Robert  Angus,  M.D 

Smith,  Very  Rev.  Robert  Payne 

Smith,  Rt.  Hon.  T.  B.  C.  

Smith,  William,  F.S. A 

Smith,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Montague,  Q.C 

Smith,  William,  LL.D 

Smith,  Rt.  Hon.  William  Henry,  M.P. 

Smith,  Prof.  William  R.,  LL.D 

Smyth,  Richard,  M.P.     ...         

Smyth,  Admiral  W.  H 

Solly,  Edward,  F.R.S 

Somerset,  Duke  of 

Somerset,  Sir  H 

Somerville,  Mrs.  Mary 

Sopwitb,  Thomas,  F.R.S,  

Sothern,  Edward  Askew 

Soulouque,  F.  (see  Hayti,  ex-Emperor  of) 

South,  Sir  James ...         ...         

Sowerby,  George  Brettingham 

Sowerby,  James  de  Carle 

Sparks,  J 

Speke,  Capt.  J.  H.  

Spence,  James      

Spencer,  A.  G.,  Bishop  of  Jamaica      

Spencer,  The  Hon.  and  Rev.  G.  

Spencer,  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  G.  J.  T 

Spooner,  R.  

Spnller,  Eugene 

Spurgeon,  Charles  H 

Spottiswoode,  Wm.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Squier,  Ephraim-George  

Stambuloff,  N 

Stanfield,  C 

Stanhope,  Earl 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn,  D.D.  

Stanley  of  Alderley,  Lord  

Stansfeld,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  James,  G.C.B. 

Stanton,  Edwin  M 

Staunton,  Howard  

Stebbing,  Henry,  D.D.,  F.R.S.  

Steel,  Sir  S.W 

Steell,  Sir  John,  R.S.A 

Steere,  Edward,  Bishop  in  Africa        

Steinitz,  William 

Stenhouse,  John,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.  

Stephen,  Sir  George,  Q.C 

Stephen,  Hon.  Sir  James  Fitzjames,  K. C.S.I. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion 

June  14, 

1826 

July  3, 

1887 

12 

May 

1776 

Feb.  23, 

1867 

6 

Oct.  16, 

1838 

June  1, 

1899 

14 

1819 

May  1, 

1864 

5 

1818 

Jan.  11, 

1877 

9 

1780 

April  18, 

1867 

6 

Dec.  8, 

1877 

9 

Dec.  31, 

1830 

Jan.  5, 

1867 

6 

1797 

Aug.  11, 

1872 

8 

Aug.  2, 

1890 

12 

Feb.  9,  " 

1808 

Feb.  11, 

1874 

8 

1815 

Dec.  14, 

1871 

7 

Nov.  2lj' 

1815 

Feb.  7, 

1S77 

9 

Mar.  26, 

1805 

Mar. 

1872 

7 

1792 

Nov.  20, 

1874 

8 

Feb.  15', 

1817 

May  11, 

1884 

11 

Nov. 

1818 

Mar.  31, 

1895 

14 

1797 

Aug.  13, 

1866 

6 

July  11, 

1808 

Sept.  6, 

1876 

9 

1809 

May  3, 

1891 

13 

May  20, 

1813 

Oct.  7, 

1893 

13 

June  24, 

1825 

Oct.  6, 

1891 

13 

Nov.  8, 

1846 

Mar,  31, 

1894 

13 

Oct.  4, 

1826 

Dec.  4, 

1878 

9 

1788 

Sept.  9, 

1865 

6 

Oct.  11, 

1819 

April  2, 

1886 

11 

Dec.  20, 

1804 

Nov.  28, 

1885 

11 

1794 

Feb.  15, 

1862 

5 

Dec.  26, 

1780 

Nov.  29, 

1872 

8 

1803 

Jan.  16, 

1879 

10 

April  1, 

1830 

Jan.  20, 

1881 

10 

1798 

Oct.  19, 

1867 

7 

1812 

July  25, 

1884 

11 

June  5, 

1787 

Aug.  26, 

1871 

7 

May  10, 

1789 

Mar.  15, 

1866 

6 

May 

1827 

Sept.  15, 

1864 

5 

1812 

June  6, 

1882 

10 

1795 

Feb,  24, 

1872 

7 

Dec.  21, 

1799 

Oct.  1, 

1864  '  5 

1801 

July  16, 

1866  |  6 

July  28," 

1783 

Nov.  24, 

1864  I  5 

Dec.  8, 

1835 

July  23, 

1896  ,  14 

June  19, 

1834 

Jan.  31, 

1892 

13 

Jan.  11, 

1825 

June  27, 

1883 

10 

June  17, 

1821 

April  17, 

1888 

12 

1855 

July  18, 

1895 

14 

... 

1798 

May  18, 

1867 

6 

Jan.  31, 

1805 

Dec.  24, 

1875 

9 

1815 

July  18, 

1881 

10 

Nov.  13,' 

1802 

June  16, 

1869 

7 

1820 

Feb.  17, 

1898 

14 

Dec.  19, 

1814 

Dec.  23, 

1869 

7 

1810 

June  22, 

1874 

8 

Aug.  26, 

1799 

Sept.  22, 

1883 

8 

1789 

Mar.  11, 

1865 

5 

1804 

Sept.  15, 

1891 

13 

1828 

Aug.  27, 

1882 

1C 

May  14, 

1836 

Feb. 

1897 

14 

Oct.  21, 

1809 

Dec.  31, 

1880 

If 

1794 

June  20, 

1879 

1C 

Mar.  3, 

1829 

Mar.  11, 

1894 

is 

1294 


NECKOLOGY 


Name. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  oi  Death. 


Stephen,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Alfred 

Stephens,  Alexander  Hamilton  

Stephens,  Edward  Bowring,  A.R.A 

Stephens,  Prof.  George,  LL.D.,  Ph.D. 
Stepniak,  Sergius  Michael  Dragomanoff 

Stevens,  Thaddeus  

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  Balfour        

Stewart,  Alexander  Turney      

Stewart,  Balfour 

Stewart,  Sir  Houston 

Stewart,  Sir  Robert,  Mus.  D 

Stirbey,  Prince    ... 
Stirling,  Sir  J. 

Stirling,  Mrs 

Stocks,  Lumb,  R.A 

Stockenstrom,  Sir  A.,  Bart 

Stokes,  William,  M.D 

Stone,  Edward  James,  M.A.,  F.R.S 

Stopford,  Hon.  Sir  M 

Storks,  Major-General  Sir  Henry  Knight 

Story,  William  Wetmore  

Stoughton,  Rt.  Rev.  John,  D.D.  

Stowe,  Mrs.  Harriet  E., 

Strachan,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Toronto 
Strain,  John,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews 

Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  Viscount         

Strathnairn,  Lord  

Strauss,  David  Friederich         

Strauss,  Johann    ... 

Street,  George  Edmund,  R.A.  ... 

Strickland,  Miss  Agnes 

Struthers,  John,  M.D 

Stuart,  Sir  John 

Stuart,  John,  LL.D 

Stuart,  J.  M 

Sullivan,  Barry 

Sullivan,  The  Right  Hon.  Edward      

Sullivan,  Rt.  Hon.  L 

Sulpice,  P.  C.  {see  Gavarni) 

Sumner,  Charles  ... 

Sumner,  Charles  Richard,  Bishop  of  Winchester 

Sumner,  J.  B.,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 

Surtees,  Sir  S.  V.  

Suther,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen  ... 

Sutherland,  Duchess  Dowager  of        

Sutherland,  Dr.  A.  J 

Swain,  Charles 

Sybel,  Prof.  Henrich  von  

Sykes,  Sir  Tatton,  Bart.  

Sykes,  Colonel  William  Henry,  M.P 

Sylvester,  Prof.  James  Joseph,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 

Syme,  James        

Symonds,  John  Addington        

Symonds,  Sir  Thomas  M.  C,  G.C.B 

Szemere,  B.  


Taapfb,  Count 

Taglioni,  Maria 

Taillandier,  Saint  Rene1 

Taine,  Adolphe 

Tait,  Archibald  C,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
Talbot,  William  Henry  Fox   


Aug.  20, 
Feb.  11, 


April  4, 
Nov.  13, 
Oct.  27, 
Nov.  1, 

Dec. 
Aug. 
Jan. 

Nov.  30, 
July  6, 

Feb.  28," 
Nov.  11, 

Feb.  12," 
Nov.  18, 
June  14, 

Dec.  8, 
Nov.  4, 

Jan.  27, 


Feb.  21, 
Nov. 

July 

Jan.  6, 


Dec.  2, 
Aug.  22, 

Sept.  3, 

Oct.  5, 

Aug.  24, 


Feb.  24, 
Mar. 
Dec.  16, 
April  21, 
Dec.  22, 


1802 
1812 
1817 
1813 
1841 
1793 
1850 
1802 
1828 
1791 
1825 
1801 
1791 
1817 
1812 
1792 
1804 
1831 
1798 
1811 
1819 
1807 
1812 

18i'6 
1786 
1803 
1808 
1825 
1824 

1823 
1793 
1813 
1818 
1824 
1822 
1783 

1811 
1790 
1780 
1803 
1814 
1806 
1811 
1803 
1817 
1772 
1790 
1814 
1799 
1840 
1811 
1812 


1833 
1804 
1817 
1828 
1811 
1800 


Oct.  14, 
Mar.  4, 
Nov.  10, 
Aug. 
Dec.  23, 
Aug.  24, 
Dec.  8, 
April  10, 
Dec.  19, 
Dec.  10, 
Mar.  25, 
April  13, 
April  22, 
Dec. 
April  28, 
Mar.  15, 
Jan.  7, 
May  9, 
Nov.  10, 
Sept.  6, 
Oct.  7, 
Oct.  24, 
July  1, 
Oct.  1, 
July  2, 
Aug.  14, 
Oct.  16, 
Feb.  8, 
June  3, 
Dec.  18, 
July  13, 
Feb.  24, 
Oct.  29, 
July 
June  5, 
May  3, 
April  13, 
Jan.  4, 

Mar.  11, 
Aug.  15, 
Sept.  6, 
April  19, 
Jan.  23, 
Oct.  27, 
Jan.  31, 
Sept.  22, 
Aug.  1, 
Mar.  21, 
June  16, 
Mar.  15, 
June  26, 
April  19, 
Nov.  14, 
Jan.  9, 


Nov.  29, 
April  23, 
Feb.  24, 
Mar.  5, 
Dec.  3, 
Sept.  17, 


1894 

1883 

1882 

1895 

1895 

1868 

1894 

1876 

1887 

1875 

1894 

1869 

1865 

1895 

1892 

1864 

1878 

1897 

1864 

1874 

1895 

1897 

1896 

1867 

1883 

1880 

1885 

1874 

1899 

1881 

1874 

1899 

1876 

1881 

1866 

1891 

1885 

1866 

1874 
1874 
1862 
1867 
1883 
1868 
1867 
1874 
1895 
1863 
1872 
1897 
1870 
1893 
1894 
1865 


1895 
1884 
1879 
1893 
1882 
1877 


NECKOLOGY 


1295 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Talbot  de  Malahide,  Lord         

Nov.  22, 

1805 

April  14, 

1883 

10 

Tamberlik,  Henri            

1820 

Mar.  13, 

1889 

12 

Tamburini,  Antonio        

Mar.  28, 

1800 

Nov.  8, 

1876 

9 

Tann,  General  von  der   ... 

!•• 

1805 

April  26, 

1881 

10 

Tanner,  Thos.  Hawkes,  M.D 

1824 

July  7, 

1871 

7 

Taschereau,  Most  Rev 

Feb.  17,' 

1820 

April  12, 

1898 

14 

Tattam,  The  Ven.  Hy.,  LL.  D. ,  F.R.  S 

Dec.  28, 

1788 

Jan. 

1868 

7 

Tauchnitz,  Baron 

1816 

Aug.  13, 

1895 

14 

Taunton,  Henry  Labouchere,  Lord     ... 

Aug.  15, 

1798 

July  13, 

1869 

7 

Tayler,  Frederick 

April  30, 

1804 

June  20, 

1889 

12 

Taylor,  Alfred  Swaine,  M.D 

Dec. 

1806 

May  27, 

1880 

10 

Taylor,  Bayard 

Jan.  11, 

1825 

Dec.  19, 

1878 

9 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry            

Mar. 

1800 

Mar.  28, 

1886 

11 

Taylor,  Isaac 

1787 

June  28, 

1865 

5 

Taylor  (Baron),  Isidore  S.J.      

Aug.  15, 

1789 

Sept.  6, 

1879 

10 

Taylor,  Tom         

1817 

July  12, 

1880 

10 

Tchernaieff,  Michael      

Oct.  24, 

1828 

Aug.  17, 

1898 

14 

Tegethoff ,  Vice-Admiral  W.  von          

1827 

April  7, 

1871 

7 

Temple,  Stephen,  Q.C 

Aug. 

1868 

7 

Tenerani,  Pietro  ... 

1800 

Dec.  14, 

1869 

7 

Tennant,  James,  F.G.S 

Feb.  23, 

1881 

10 

Tennent,  Sir  James  Emerson 

1804 

Mar.  6, 

1869 

7 

Tennyson,  Alfred  (Lord  Tennyson),  D.C.L., 

F.R.S 

1809 

Oct. 

1892 

13 

Terrott,  C.  H.,  Bishop  of  Edinburgh 

1790 

April  2, 

1872 

7 

Terry,  General  Alfred  Howe 

Nov. 

1827 

Dec.  16, 

1890 

12 

Tewfik  Pacha  (Nathaniel  Tewfik)        

Nov.  19, 

1852 

13 

Thackeray,  W.  M.            

1811 

Dec.  24, 

1863 

5 

Thalberg,  Sigismund       ...         

Jan.  7, 

1812 

April  27, 

1871 

7 

Theed,  William  (Sculptor)         

1804 

Theodore,  King  of  Abyssinia 

April  13, 

1868 

7 

Thesiger,  Rt.  Hon.  Alfred  Henry        

1838 

Oct.  20, 

1880 

10 

Thierry,  A.            

1803 

Dec.  28, 

1858 

6 

Thierry,  Amadee  Simon  Dominique    ... 

Aug.  2, 

1797 

Mar.  27, 

1873 

8 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe    ... 

April  16, 

1797 

Sept.  3, 

1877 

9 

Thiersch,  F.  W 

June  17, 

1784 

Feb.  25, 

1860 

5 

Thirlwall,  Connop,  Bp.  of  St.  David's 

Feb.  11, 

1797 

July  27, 

1875 

9 

Tholuck,  Friedrich  A.  G.            

Mar.  30, 

1799 

June  9, 

1877 

9 

Thomas,  Arthur  Goring 

Nov.  21, 

1851 

Mar.  20, 

1892 

13 

Thomas,  Charles  Louis  Ambroise 

Aug.  5, 

1811 

Feb.  12, 

1896 

14 

Thomas,  Major-General  Geo.  Henry 

July  31, 

1816 

Mar.  28, 

1870 

7 

Thompson,  Allen,  M.D 

April  2, 

1809 

Mar.  21, 

1884 

11 

Thompson,  Lieut. -General  Tho.  Perronet 

1783 

Sept.  6, 

1869 

7 

Thorns,  William  John 

Nov.  16, 

1803 

Aug.  15, 

1885 

11 

Thomson,  Sir  Charles  Wy ville 

May  5, 

1830 

Mar.  10, 

1882 

10 

Thomson,  Mrs. 

1800 

Dec.  17, 

1862 

5 

Thomson,  R.  D 

...         ... 

1805 

Aug.  17, 

1864 

5 

Thomson,  The  MostRev.W.,  Archbishopof  York 

Feb.  11, 

1819 

Dec.  25, 

1890 

12 

Thorbecke,  John  Rudolph          

1796 

June  4, 

1872 

8 

Thorburn,  Robert,  A.R.A. 

... 

1818 

Nov.  3, 

1885 

11 

Thornbury ,  George  Walter 

1828 

June  11, 

1876 

9 

Thornton,  William  Thomas,  C.B 

Feb.  14^' 

1813 

June  17, 

1880 

10 

Thorold,  Rt.  Rev.  Anthony  Wilson,  D.D.      ... 

June  13, 

1825 

July  25, 

1895 

14 

Thouvenel,  E.  A 

Nov.  11, 

1818 

Oct.  17, 

1866 

6 

Thring,  Rev.  Edward      

Nov.  29, 

1821 

Oct.  22, 

1887 

12 

Thurston,  Sir  John  Bates,  KC.M.G 

1836 

Feb. 

1897 

14 

Thwaites,  Sir  John          

1815 

Aug.  8, 

1870 

7 

Ticknor,  George 

Aug.  1, 

1791 

Jan.  26, 

1871 

7 

Tierney ,  Rev.  Mark  Aloysius 

1795 

.Feb.  19, 

1862 

5 

Tilden,  Samuel  Jones     

Feb.  9, '" 

1814 

Aug.  4, 

1886 

11 

Timbs,  John,  F.S.A 

Aug.  17, 

1801 

Mar.  4, 

1875 

8 

Tindal,  Mrs.  Acton  I.  E.            

May  6, 

1879 

10 

Tirard,  P.  E 

Sept.  27, 

1827 

Nov.  4, 

1893 

13 

1296 


NECROLOGY 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Teschendorf,  L.  F.  Constantine  

Titcomb,  Rt.  Rev.  J.,  Bishop  of  Rangoon 

Tite,  Sir  Wm.,  M.P 

Titiens,  Teresa        .         

Todd,  James  Henthorne.  D.D.  ...         

Todd,  Dr.  R.  B 

Todhunter,  Dr.  Isaac 

Todleben,  General  Count  Franz  Edward 

Tomasseo,  Niccolo 

Tomlins,  G.  F 

Tomlinson,  Prof.  Charles,  F.R.S.,  F.C.S. 

Tonson,  Dr.,  Bishop  of  Killaloe  

Tooke,  W 

Toronto,  Bishop  of  {see  Strachan) 
Torrens,  Sir  Robert  Richard 

Torrens,  William  T.  McC 

Torrey,  John,  M.D.  

Toung-Tchi,  Emperor  of  China  

Townshend,  Rev.  Chauncey  Hare 
Towson,  John  Thomas    ... 

Trelawny,  Sir  John  Salusbury 

Trench,  Archbishop  of  Dublin  ... 
Trench,  Rev.  Francis 
Trench,  William  Steuart 

Trevelyan,  Sir  Charles 

Trevelyan,  Sir  Walter  Calverley  

Trevor,  Rev.  George        ...         

Trimen,  Henry,  M.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S 

Tripe,  John  William,  M.D 

Trochu,  Louis  Jules 

Trollope,  Anthony  

Trollope,  Mrs.  F 

Trollope,  Rt.  Rev.  Edward,  D.D.,  F.S.A 

Trollope,  Thomas  Adolphus       

Troubridge,  Sir  T.  St.  V.  H.  C,  Bart 

Trower,  Walter  J.,  D.D.  (Bishop)         

Tseng  (His  Excellency  The  Marquis) 

Tuam,  Killala,  and  Achonry,  Bishop  of  (Right 

Rev.  Lord  Plunket)      

Tuke,  D.  Hack,  M.D.,  LL.D 

Tulloch,  Rev.  John,  D.D.  

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar  

Turgenev,  Ivan  S. 

Turnbull,  W.  B 

Turner,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  G.  J 

Turner,  Godfrey  Wordsworth 

Turner,  Sydney,  M.A 

Turner,  Wm.  Bishop  of  Salford  

Turton,  Thos.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Ely      

Tweeddale,  Marquis  of 

Twisleton,  Hon.  Edward  T.  B 

Twiss,  Sir  Travers,  Q.C.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

Tyler,  Sir  G 

Tyndall,  Prof.  John  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Tyrrell,  Wm.,  Bishop  of  Newcastle  (Australia) 

Uhland,  J.  L 

Ullman,  Karl         

Ulrich,  Joseph  Alexis,  General  

Upington,  Sir  Thomas,  K.C.M.G.,  Q.O. 

Urquhart,  David 

Utterton,  John  Sutton,  Bishop 


Jan.  18, 


May  8, 
Nov.  27, 

Oct. 
April  21, 

June  2, 
Sept.  9, 
July, 
Nov.  16, 

Mar.  31, 

Oct.  26," 

Mar.  12, 
April  24, 

April  15, 
April  29, 


Nov.  9, 


April  2, 
Sept.  25, 
Feb.  25, 
Feb. 
May  24, 
Mar.  19, 

Aug.  2i, 


1815 
1819 
1802 
1834 
1805 
1810 
1820 
1818 
1803 
1804 
1808 
.  1784 
.  1777 

.  1814 
1813 

.  1798 
1856 

.  1800 

.  1804 
1816 
1807 
1806 
1808 
1807 
1797 
1809 
1843 
1821 
1815 
1815 
1800 
1817 
1810 
1817 
1805 

(?)1848 

1792 
1827 
1823 
1810 
1818 
.  1811 
,  1798 
.  1825 
1814 
1800 
1780 
1787 
1809 
1809 
1792 
1820 
1807 


April  26, 
Mar.  15, 
Feb.  15, 
Oct.  28, 

Sept.  7, 


1787 
1796 
1802 
1844 
1805 
1814 


Dec.  7, 
April  2, 
April  20, 
Oct.  3, 
June  28, 
Jan.  30, 
Mar.  1, 
July  1, 
May  1, 
Sept.  21, 
Feb.  15, 
Dec. 
Sept.  20, 

Aug.  31, 
April  26, 
Mar.  10, 
Jan.  12, 
Feb.  25, 
Jan.  3, 
Aug.  4, 
Mar.  28, 
April  3, 
Aug. 
June  19, 
Mar.  10, 
June  18, 
Oct.  16, 
April  7, 
Oct.  7, 
Dec.  5, 
Oct.  6, 

Nov.  11,' 
Oct.  2, 
Oct.  24, 
April  12, 

Oct.  18, 
Mar.  5, 
Feb.  13, 
Nov.  29, 
Sept.  3, 
April  22, 
July  9, 

June  26, 
July  13, 
Jan.  7, 
Oct.  10, 
Oct.  5, 
Jan.  14, 
June  4, 
Dec.  4, 
Mar.  24, 


Nov.  13, 
Jan.  12, 
Oct. 

Dec.  10, 
May  16, 
Dec.  21, 


1874 
1887 
1873 
1877 
1869 
1860 
1884 
1884 
1874 
1867 
1897 
1861 
1863 

1884 
1894 
1873 
1875 
1868 
1881 
1885 
1886 
1886 
1872 
1886 
1879 
1888 
1896 
1892 
1896 
1882 
1863 
1893 
1892 
1867 
1877 
1890 

1866 
1895 
1886 
1889 
1883 
1863 
1867 

1879 
1872 
1864 
.1876 
1874 
1897 
1862 
1893 
1879 


1862 
1865 
1886 
1898 
1877 
1879 


NECROLOGY 


1297 


Name. 


Valencia,  Duke  of  {see  Narvaez) 

Van  Buren,  Martin  

Vanderbilt,  Cornelius      

Vaughan,  Very  Rev.  Charles  John,  D.D. 

Vaughan,  Rev.  Robert,  D.D 

Vaughan,  Roger  Bede,  Archbishop  of  Sydney 
Veitch,  Prof.  John,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Velpeau,  A.  A.  L.  M 

Venables,  Addington  R.  P.,  Bishop  of  Nassau 

Venedy ,  Jakob      ...         

Verdon,  Sir  George  Frederic,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R. 
Verlaine,  Paul 

Vernet,  E.  J.  H 

Verney,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Harry 

Vernon,  Dr.  L.  D.  

Verschoyle,  Hamilton,  Bishop  of  Kilmore 

Veuillot,  Louis     ... 

Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy 

Viel-Castel  (Comte  de),  Louis 

Vigfusson,  Gudbrand 
Vigny,  Comte  de  A.  V.  ... 
Villemain,  Abel  Francois 
Villiers,  Rt.  Hon.  Cha'rles  Pelham 
Vincke,  Baron  von 

Viollet  le  Due,  E.  E 

Voelcker,  Augustus 

Vogan,  Rev.  T.  S   L 

Vogel,  Hon.  Sir  Julius,  K.C.M.G. 

Vogt,  Prof.  Karl,  M.D 

Volkhardt,  Wilhelm        


Waagen,  Gustav  Friedrich 

Waddington,  Geo.,  D.D. 

Waddington,  John,  D.D. 

Waddington,  William  Henry    ... 

Waddy,  Samuel  Dousland,  D.D.. 

Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin 

Wade,  Sir  Thomas  Francis,  K.C.B..  G.C.M.G 

Wagner,  R. 

Wagner,  Richard  (Composer)    ... 

Waite,  Morrison  R.         

Wakefield,  E.  G 

Wakley,  Thomas  ... 

Wallace,  Robert,  D.D.,  M.P 

Wallcott,  Rev.  Mackenzie 
Waldegrave,  Sam.,  Bishop  of  Carlisle 
Walewski,  Comte  de 
Walford,  Cornelius 
Walker,  Sir  Baldwin  Wake 
Walker,  Frederick,  A.R.A. 

Walker,  G.  A.,  M.D 

Walker,  J.  T.,  R.E.,  C.B.,  F.R.S. 

Walpole,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Spencer  H. 

Walsh,  John  Henry 

Walsh,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Edward 

Walshe,  Prof.  Walter  H.,  M.D. 

Walter,  John 

Ward,  Edward  Matthew,  R.A. 

Warren,  Samuel,  D.C.L. 

Warter,  Rev.  John  Wood 

Waterton,  Charles  

Watkins,  Rev.  Charles  Frederick 


Bate  of  I 

irth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Dec.  5, 

1792 

July  24, 

1862 

5 

May  27, 

1794 

Jan.  3, 

1877 

9 

1816 

Oct.  16, 

1897 

14 

1795 

June  14, 

1868 

7 

Jan.  9, 

1834 

Aug.  18, 

1883 

10 

Oct.  24, 

1829 

Sept.  3, 

1894 

13 

May  18, 

1795 

Aug.  24, 

1867 

6 



1827 

Oct.  8, 

1876 

9 

May  24, 

1805 

Feb. 

1871 

7 

Jan.  21, 

1834 

Sept.  13, 

1896 

14 

Mar.  30, 

1844 

Jan.  8, 

1896 

14 

June  30, 

1789 

Jan.  19, 

1863 

5 

1801 

Feb.  12, 

1894 

13 

April  5, 

1798 

Sept.  27, 

1867 

5 

1803 

Jan.  28, 

1870 

7 

1813 

April  7, 

1883 

10 

Mar.  14, 

1820 

Jan.  9, 

1878 

9 

Oct.  14, 

1800 

Oct. 

1887 

12 

1830 

Jan.  31, 

1889 

12 

Mar.  27,' 

1799 

Sept.  18, 

1863 

5 

Jane  11, 

1790 

May  8, 

1870 

6 

Jan.  3, 

1803 

Jan.  16, 

1898 

14 

May  15, 

1811 

June 

1877 

7 

Jan.  27, 

1814 

Sept.  17, 

1879 

10 

1823 

Dec.  5, 

1884 

11 

1800 

April  3, 

1867 

5 

Feb.  24, 

1835 

Mar.  12, 

1899 

14 

July  5, 

1817 

May  6, 

1895 

14 

June  23, 

1815 

Mar.  14, 

1876 

9 

Feb.  11, 

1794 

July  IS, 

1868 

7 

1793 

July  20, 

1869 

7 

Dec.  10, 

1810 

Sept.  24, 

1880 

10 

Dec.  11, 

1826 

Jan.  13, 

1894 

13 

Aug.  5, 

1804 

Nov.  7, 

1876 

9 

Oct.  27, 

1800 

Mar.  2, 

1878 

9 

1820 

July  31, 

1895 

14 

June  20, 

1805 

May  12, 

1864 

5 

May  22, 

1813 

Feb.  13, 

1883 

10 

Nov.  29, 

1816 

Mar.  23, 

1888 

12 

1796 

May  16, 

1862 

5 

1795 

May  16, 

1862 

5 

June  24, 

1831 

June  6, 

1899 

15 

1822 

Dec.  22, 

1880 

10 

1817 

Oct.  1, 

1869 

7 

May  4, 

1810 

Sept.  27, 

1868 

7 

1827 

Sept.  28, 

1885 

11 

1803 

Feb.  12, 

1876 

9 

1840 

June  4, 

1875 

9 

Feb.  27," 

1807 

July  6, 

1884 

11 

Dec.  1, 

1826 

Feb.  16, 

1896 

14 

Sept.  11, 

1806 

May  22, 

1898 

14 

Oct.  21, 

1810 

Feb.  12, 

1888 

12 

Nov. 

1816 

Oct.  17, 

1869 

7 

1816 

1892 

13 

1818 

1894 

13 

1816 

Jan.  15, 

1879 

10 

1807 

July  29, 

1877 

9 

1806 

Feb.  21, 

1878 

9 

June  12, 

1782 

May  27, 

1865 

5 

Jan.  16, 

1795 

July  15, 

1873 
4  N 

8 

1298 


NECKOLOGY 


Watson,  Eev.  A 

Watson,  Hewett  Cottrell  

Watson,  Sir  Thomas,  M.D 

Watson,  John  Dawson,  R.W.S. 

Watson,  John  Forbes,  M.D  ,  LL.D 

Watt,  J.  H 

Watts,  A.  A 

Watts,  Thomas     

Waugh,  Edwin     ...         ...         

Webb,  Charles  Locook,  Q.C. 

Webster,  Benjamin 

Webster,  Thomas,  B.A 

Webster,  Augusta  

Weekes,  Henry,  RA. 

Weld,  Charles  Robert     

Weld,  His  Excellency  Sir  P.,  G.C.M.G. 

Wellesley,  Gerald  V.  (Dean)      

Wellesley,  Rev.  H 

Wellington,  Second  Duke  of 
Wells,  Sir  Thomas  Spencer,  M.D. 

Wensleydale,  James  Parke,  Lord        

Werder,  August  von 

West,  Admiral  Sir  J 

Westbury,  Richard  Bethel,  Lord 

Westergaard,  Neils  Ludwig      

Westmacott,  Richard,  R.A.,  F.R.S 

Westminster,  R.  Grosvenor,  Marquis  of 
Westwood,  John  Obadiah,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

Wetherall,  Sir  George  Augustus  

Whately,  Richard,  Archbishop  of  Dublin 

Wheatstone,  Sir  Charles  

Whewell,  Rev.  William 

Whipple,  George  M.,  F.R.A.S 

White,  Rev.  Edward        

White,  Rev.  J 

White,  Richard  Grant 

White,  Walter       

White,  Sir  William,  K.C.M.G 

Whiteside,  Rt.  Hon.  James       ...  

Whitman,  Walter 

Whittier,  John  G.  ..  

Whitworth,  Sir  Joseph 

Wickens,  Sir  John  

Wiedemann,  Professor  Gustave  

Wigan,  Alfred       ...  ..         

Wightman,  Sir  W 

Wigrana,  Dr.  (see  Rochester,  Bishop  of) 
Wigram,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J. 

Wilberforce,  Henry  William      

Wilberforce,  Samuel,  Bishop  of  Winchester  ... 

Wilkes,  Charles 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner    ...  

Willard,  Miss  Frances     ...  

Willes,  Sir  James  Shaw 

William,  Alexander  Paul,  Prince  of  Orange  .. 

William,  First  Emperor  of  Germany 

William,  Frederick  Charles  {see  Wiirtemberg. 

King  of) 
William  III.,  King  of  the  Netherlands 

William,  Duke  of  Brunswick 

Williams,  Sir  Charles  James  Watkin 

Williams,  Rev.  George 

Williams,  James  William  


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

1815 

Feb.  1, 

1865 

5 

May, 

1804 

July  27, 

1881 

10 

1792 

Dec.  11, 

1882 

10 

May  20, 

1832 

Jan.  3, 

1892 

13 

1827 

July  29, 

1882 

13 

1799 

May  18, 

1867 

6 

Mar.  19, 

1799 

April  6, 

1864 

5 

Sept,  9, 

1869 

7 

Jan.  29, 

1818 

April  30, 

1890 

12 

Nov.  26, 

1822 

Aug.  13, 

1898 

14 

Sept.  3, 

1800 

July  8, 

1882 

10 

Mar.  20, 

1800 

Sept.  23, 

1886 

11 

Sept.  5, 

1894 

13 

1807 

May  28, 

1877 

9 

1818 

Jan.  15, 

1869 

7 

May  9, 

1825 

July  20, 

1891 

13 

1809 

Sept.  17, 

1882 

10 

1792 

Jan.  11, 

1866 

6 

Feb.  3," 

1807 

Aug.  13, 

1884 

11 

1818 

Jan.  31, 

1897 

14 

Mar.  22, 

1782 

Feb.  25, 

1868 

7 

Sept.  12, 

1808 

Sept.  12, 

1887 

12 

1774 

April  1 8, 

1862 

5 

June  30, 

1800 

July  20, 

1873 

8 

Oct.  27, 

1815 

Sept.  9, 

1878 

9 

1799 

April  19, 

1872 

7 

Jan.  27, 

1795 

Oct,  31, 

1869 

7 

1805 

Jan.  2, 

1893 

13 

1788 

April  8, 

1868 

7 

Feb.  1, 

1787 

Oct.  8, 

1863 

5 

1802 

Oct.  20, 

1875 

9 

1794 

Mar.  6, 

1866 

6 

Sept.  15, 

1842 

Feb.  8, 

1893 

13 

May  11, 

1819 

July  25, 

1898 

14 

1804 

Mar.  28, 

1869 

5 

Mav  23, 

1822 

April  8, 

1885 

11 

April  23, 

1811 

July  21, 

1893 

13 

1824 

Dec.  28, 

1891 

13 

1860 

Nov.  25, 

1876 

9 

May  31, 

1819 

Mar.  26. 

1892 

13 

Dec.  17, 

1807 

Sept.  7, 

1892 

13 

Dec.  21, 

1803 

Jan.  22, 

1887 

12 

1815 

Oct.  23, 

1873 

8 

Oct.  2, 

1826 

March, 

1899 

14 

Mar.  24, 

1818 

Nov.  29, 

1878 

9 

1784 

Dec.  10, 

1853 

5 

1793 

July  29, 

1866 

i  6 

1807 

April  23, 

1873 

8 

Sept.  7," 

1805 

July  19, 

1873 

i  8 

1801 

Feb.  8, 

1877 

9 

1797 

Oct.  29, 

1875 

9 

Sept.  28, 

1839 

Feb.  18, 

1897 

14 

1814 

Oct.  2, 

1872 

8 

Feb.  19^' 

1817 

June  21, 

1884 

11 

Mar.  22, 

1797 

Mar.  9, 

1888 

12 

Feb.  19, 

1817 

Nov.  23, 

1890 

12 

April  25, 

1806 

Oct.  18, 

1884 

12 

1828 

July  17, 

1884 

11 

1814 

Jan.  26, 

1878 

9 

Sept.  15, 

1825 

! 

1892 

13 

NECROLOGY 


1299 


Name. 


Williams,  Rev.  Rowland,  D.D 

Williams,  Dr.  Samuel  Wells 
Williams,  William,  Bishop  of  Waiapu 
Williams,  General  Sir  William  Fenwick 
Williams,  William  M.,  F.R.A.S. 
Williamson,  Professor  William  C. 
Willis,  Nathaniel  Parker 
Willis,  Rev.  Robert,  F.R.S. 

Willmore,  J.  T 

Wills,  William  G.  

Wills,  William  Henry 

Wiltshire,  General  Sir  T. 

Wilmot,  Robert  Duncan 

Wilson,  Andrew    ... 

Wilson,  Lieut. -General  Sir  Archdale 

Wilson,  Sir  Daniel,  F.R.S.E.      ... 

Wilson,  Sir  Erasmus 

Wilson,  George,  M.D 

Wilson,  Henry      

Wilson,  Rev.  Henry  B.    ... 
Windham,  Lieut.-General  Sir  C.  Ashe 
Windischgratz,  Prince  A. 
Windthorst,  Ludwig 
Wimmarleigh  (Lord),  Rt.  Hon.  John 
Winslow,  Forbes  Benignus,  M.D. 
Winterhalter,  Frederick 
Wiseman,  Nicholas,  Cardinal   ... 
Wohler,  Frederick 
Woillez,  Madame  N. 

Wolff,  Rev.  J 

Wood,  Fernando ... 

Wood,  Mrs.  Henry 

Wood,  Rev.  John  G. 

Woodford ,  Bishop  of  Ely 

Wood,  Professor  John,  F.R.S.   ... 

Woodward,  Bernard  Bolingbroke,  F.S.A. 

Woodward,  S.P 

Woolsey,  Theodore  D.    ... 
Woolner,  Thomas,  R.A.... 
Woolson,  Constance 
Worboise,  Emma  Jane   ... 
Wordsworth,  Bishop  of  Lincoln 
Wordsworth,  Rt.  Rev.  C,  D.D.,  D.C.L. 
Wornum,  Ralph  Nicholson 
Wrangell,  Baron  von 
Wrangell,  Count  Friedrich  von 
Wratislaw,  Rev.  Albert  H.,  M.A. 

Wraxall,  Sir  F.  C.  L 

Wright,  Ichabod  Charles 
Wright,  Thomas  (of  Manchester) 
Wright,  Thomas,  M.A.,  F.S.A. ... 

Wright,  William 

Wrottesley,  Lord... 
Wiillerstorf  (Baron) 
Wurtemberg,  King  of     ... 
Wyatt,  Sir  Matthew  Digby 
Wylde,  Henry 
Wynter,  Andrew,  M.D 


Yates,  Edmund  H. 

Tolland,  Colonel 

Yonge,  Charles  Duke,  M.A. 


Date  of  fi 

irth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

1817 

Jau.  18, 

1870 

7 

Sept.  22, 

1812 

Feb.  16, 

1884 

11 

1800 

Feb.  9, 

1878 

9 

Dec.  4, 

1800 

July  26, 

1883 

10 

Feb.  6, 

1820 

Nov. 

1892 

13 

Nov.  24, 

1816 

June  23, 

1895 

14 

Jan.  20, 

1817 

Jan.  20, 

1867 

6 

1800 

Feb.  28, 

1875 

8 

Sept.  15, 

1800 

Mar.  12, 

1863 

5 

1828 

Dec.  14, 

1893 

13 

Jan.  13, 

1810 

Sept.  2, 

1880 

10 

1789 

May  31, 

1862 

5 

Oct.  16, 

1809 

May, 

1878 

9 

June  8, 

1881 

10 

1803 

May  9, 

1874 

8 

Jan.  5, 

1816 

Aug.  6, 

1892 

13 

1809 

Aug.  8, 

1884 

11 

Feb.  21, 

1818 

Nov.  22, 

1859 

5 

Feb.  16, 

1812 

Nov.  22, 

1875 

9 

1803 

Aug.  10, 

1888 

12 

1810 

Feb.  7, 

1870 

7 

Mav  22, 

1787 

•  Mar.  21, 

1862 

5 

Jan.  17, 

1812 

Mar.  14, 

1891 

13 

1802 

July  11, 

1892 

13 

Aug. 

1810 

Mar.  3, 

1874 

8 

1806 

July  8, 

1873 

8 

Aug.  2, 

1802 

Feb.  15, 

1865 

5 

July  31, 

1809 

Sept. 

1882 

10 

1785 

Nov.  11, 

1859 

5 

1795 

May  2, 

1862 

5 

June  14, 

1812 

Feb.  13, 

1881 

10 

1820 

Feb.  10, 

1887 

12 

1827 

Mar.  4, 

18S9 

12 

April  30, 

1820 

Oct.  16, 

1885 

11 

1825 

Dec.  29, 

1891 

13 

1816 

Oct.  12, 

1869 

7 

Sept.  17, 

1821 

Julv  11, 

1865 

5 

Oct.  31, 

1801 

July  1, 

1889 

12 

Dec.  17, 

1826 

Oct.  7, 

1892 

13 

1848 

Jan.  25, 

1894 

13 

1825 

Aug.  24, 

1887 

12 

Oct.  30, 

1807 

Mar.  21, 

1885 

11 

1806 

Dec.  5, 

1892 

13 

Dec.  29, 

1812 

Dec.  15, 

1877 

9 

1795 

June  6, 

1870 

10 

April  13, 

1784 

Nov.  1, 

1877 

9 

1821 

Nov. 

1892 

13 

1828 

June  11, 

1865 

5 

1795 

Oct.  14, 

1871 

7 

1788 

April  14, 

1875 

9 

1810 

Dec.  23, 

1877 

9 

Jan.  17, 

1830 

May  22, 

1889 

12 

Aug.  5, 

1798 

Oct.  27, 

1867 

6 

Jan.  29, 

1816 

Aug.  10. 

1883 

12 

Sept.  27, 

1781 

June  25, 

1864 

5 

1820 

May  21, 

1877 

9 

May  22, 

1822 

Mar.  16, 

1890 

12 



1819 

May  12, 

1876 

9 

July, 

1831 

May  20, 

1894 

13 

1810 

Sept.  4, 

1885 

11 

Nov. 

1812 

Dec.  1, 

1891 

13 

1300 


NECROLOGY 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 
Dec.              1790 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Yorke,  Field-Marshal  Sir  Charles        

Nov.  20, 

1880 

10 

Young,  Brigham  ... 

June  1, 

1801 

Aug.  29, 

1877 

9 

Young,  Sir  Charles  George,  Garter 

1795 

Aug.  31, 

1869 

7 

Young,  Sir  Henry  Ed.  Fox        ...         

1810 

Sept.  18, 

1870 

7 

Young,  Dr.  James 

July, 

1811 

May  13, 

1883 

10 

Yule,  Colonel  Sir  Henry... 

May, 

1820 

Dec.  30, 

1889 

12 

Zamotski,  Count  Andreas 

April  2, 

1810 

Oct.  30, 

1874 

8 

Zorrilla,  Manuel  Kuiz     ... 

1834 

June  13, 

1895 

14 

Zouche,  Kobt.  Curzon,  Lord  de  la 

1810 

Aug.  2, 

1873 

8 

Zukertort,  Dr.  J.  H 

1842 

June  20, 

1888 

12 

Zumpt,  C.  G 

1791 

June  25, 

1849 

5 

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