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-) THE

' "Obelisk

AND

FBEEMASQNEY

'ACCORDING TO THE DISCOVERIES

OP , ' I . ■

BELZONI AND COMMANDER GORRINGE.

EaTPTIAN SYMBOLS COMPARED WITH THOSE DISCOVERED
IN AMERICAK MOUNDS. '

JOHN A. WEISSE, M.D.,

Avttuar qf " Qrigin, Progrem and Dettiny of the English language and litierature."

JQOtQJlED.AND PLAIN ILLtJSTHATIGNS, THE HIBEOGLYPHS OF THE
' ~.^2^»ICANAND ENGLISH OBELISKS, AN,B TRANSLATIONS
^^^S.V- INTO ENGLISH BY DR. S. BIKCp.

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The Obelisk as it stood at Alexandria.
iFrom '■^Ebers' Egypt.")

THE

OBELISK

FREEMASONET

ACCORDING TO THE DISCOVERIES

BELZONI AND COMMDER GORRINGE.

EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS COMPARED WITH THOSE DISCOVERED
rsr AMERICAN MOUNDS.

JOHN" A. WEISSE, M.D.,

Atithor of " Origtri, Progreaa ana Deettny of tke English Language and Literature."

COLOEED AND PLAIN ILLTJSTEATIONS, THE HIEBOGLYPHS OP THE

AMERICAN AND ENGLISH OBELISKS, AND TRANSLATIONS

INTO ENGLISH BY DR. S. BIRCH.

NEW YORK :
J. W. BOUTON, 706 BROADWAY.

1880.

W^3

S^GM-Sl

COPYEIGHT BY
W. BOUTON,

ISSO.

Teow's

Peinting and Bookbinding Compant,

2U1-213 East Twelfth St.,

New York.

MASONIC FRATERNITY

ALL OVEB THE GLOBE

QH)ie QEpitomc ia JDebicateft,

BY THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

As our Secretary of State, Mr. Evarts, considered Com-
mander Gorringe's discoveries on tlie Obelisk o£ sufficient
importance to open a correspondence between the State
Department and our Consul-General, Mr. Farman, we feel
encouraged that the manuscripts, drawings, etc., presented to
us by Mrs. Belzoni, at Brussels, 1850, will corroborate Com-
mander Gorriuge's opinions, and prove that an institution,
similar to Freemasonry, existed in Egypt before jpyra/mid^
and dbelisJcs; because the Masonic tools, perj>endiculci/r,
square, compass, plummet, etc., were required to construct
Egypt's architectural wonders, and must therefore have an-
tedated those wonders. Moreover, these implements must
have been used in building Babel, l^ineveh, and Babel's
Tower in the valley of the Euphrates. The article on Bel-
zoni's manuscripts and drawings, published by the Is'^ew
York Herald, February 16, 1880, attracted much attention
and elicited letters from the far "West ; so did Consul Far-
man's erudite and graphic paper, now in the State Depart-
ment, among the national archives ; it was published by the
ISTew York World, Aprn 21, 1880.

In this epitome we shall quote Belzoni's manuscripts on
Egyptian Freemasonry, illustrated by colored drawings, as
found on the walls of the rock-excavated Masonic Temple,
constructed by Pharaoh Seti I. (Osymandias) and his son
Kameses II. (Sesostris). Any one who will take the trouble
to read this epitome and consider its illustrations, will realize
that secret societies like Freemasonry existed in remote an-

4 PREFACE.

tiqiuty, and were the prerogative of kings, hierophants, and
magnates.

"We must not omit to express our heartfelt thanks to those
whose works, lectmres, and conversations enabled us to write
this epitome: ChampoUion, Dr. Young, Spohn, Bunsen,
Gliddon, Lepsius, De Eouge, Wilkinson, Poole, Ebers, Birch,
Chabas, Brugsch, Mariette, Maspero, Macoy, Rawson, Ame-
lia Edwards, London Athenaeum, Spohn's pupil, Seyffarth,
who has been among us in New York for many years,
and Mackenzie, whose Royal Masonic Cycloprndia,'^ recently
published by J. W. Bouton, of 'Eew York, furnished us
most valuable information.

Freemasonry, as connected with Belzoni's grand Masonic
Temple found in 1818, and with Commander Gorringe's
discovery of Masonic emblems and symbols on the obelisk
now (June 16, 1880) on its way to Ifew York, will be our
chief aim.

We shall also mention the 5 obelisks yet standing in
Egypt, and relate the adventures of the 11 now in Eome ; 3
elsewhere iu Italy ; 2 in Constantinople ; 2 in France ; 6 in
England; 1 on its way to America; and of the one in
Germany, which, though the smallest of the 30, is the
oldest, being coeval with the Fifth Manethonian Dynasty,
which, according to Brugsch, f reigned " 3700 to 3300 B.C."

As in Egypt, Pharaohs, princes, hierophants, and mag-
nates were masons, engiueers, and architects. Freemasons of
our day may look with pride toward the cradle of civiliza-
tion, of which the coming obelisk vdll be a worthy represen-
tative in the Xew World.

JOHN A. WBISSE, M.D.
30 West Eiftbeni'h Stkeet,

New Tokk, June 16, 1880.

* This ootaTO of 782 pages is really a Thesaurus, not only for Free-
masons, but for scholars generally.
f " History of Egypt," p. 68.

INTRODUCTION.

THE OBELISK.

This •word is derived from Greek o/SeXia-Kog {spit or
hroaoh), whence also Latin oieUsous, French dbelisque, Ger-
man obelisk, etc. Under the earliest Pharaohs the Egyp-
tian or (Coptic) word for obelisk was TeJchen • but after the
Twenty-second Dynasty it was called Men, which meant
stability. Another ancient Egyptian term for obelisk was
Djeri Anschdi, which means "written cohimn,'''' an appella-
tion quite significant and sacred in the Coptic language.

An obelisk is a four-sided pillar tapering from the base,
and terminating, not in a flat surface, but in 2k pyramidicni,
which is the diminutive for pyramid. It is usually of one
piece, styled monolith {otlq stone). Originally these mono-
liths were used as funeral monuments, and were either of
sandstone, limestone, or granite. Later they were of rose-col-
ored granite, composed of quartz, feldspar, and hornblende.
This granite was named syenite, from Syene, a city in Up-
per Egypt, where those beautiful monoliths were quarried.
/They w^re placed on pedestals before gateways of the prin-
cipal temples in Egypt, one on each side of the door ; thus,
an obelisk consists of a pedestal, shaft, and jpyra/midion,
which terminates in an a/pex.

The artistic rules for the construction of an Egyptian
obelisk are : theJength^i2£_Dne^af-4±=e-io«-r^as&4-ises-meas=^
ures one-tenth_ of the length o f tiiediaft_; . sp_ the pyramidion
is one-tenth of _tiLe-Shaf t, and forms a graceful top for th e

6 ^ INTKODFCTIOir.

whole structure, all in keeping witli the tapering shaft and
pedestal, which slightly, projects beyond the base of the
shaft. PThe Egyptians had observed, that the play of the
sunbeams on a polished surface made it appear concawe, al-
though it was perfectly level and smooth, and gave to the
face a convexity exactly proportionate to that optical illusion.
The convexity of the obelisk of Luxor, in Paris, which ap-
pears absolutely level, is 16 Hues in the centre. This simple
detail clearly shows a minute observation and a very ad-
vanced art. Thus their slightly convex sides increase their
apparent height. The pyramidion, or apex, was made more
pointed in some obelisks than in others^ \

Most Egyptian obelisks bear hieroglyphic inscriptions:
the four faces oj^des are engraved with care, despite the
hardness of th^s(/e?i^, which must have presented immense
difficulties, especially when we consider, that they had no
tools and facilities as we have. IIieroglyphs„3rfi_tisaaIly_
engraved on four sides from the top downward- There
are three pei-pendicular rows on each side, the middle one
of which is read first ; then the one on the right ; and next
the one on the left. Thus, 'the translators of obelistie hiero-
glyphs pass from side to side and then adjust the whole.
On the obelisk of Luxor, in Paris, the medial inscription of
three of the sides is dedicated to Eameses H. ; whereas the
two lateral of these three sides and the fourth entire side
are about Kameses in., who caused the work to be com-
pleted. The work of the engraver also differs ; the inscrip-
tions of the middle column are deeply cut ; whereas those
of the lateral columns have less depth by one-half. This
arrangement, thus contrived, is of a harmonious symme-
try.*

The gracefully proportioned pillar, styled obelisk, was co-
eval with budding Egyptian art; for we find it from the

* We give these details to enable readers to understand the modus
operandi of Egyptologists, who translate the inscriptions on obelisks.
Moreover, when they glance at an obelisk, they wUl know how the Egyp-
tians read ages ago.

INTRODUCTION. 7

Fourth and Fifth Manethonian Dynasties (3Y00 to 8300 b.o.*)
to the Koman sway under Domitian, a.d. 132. Obelisks
were not only used as monuments to the g ods and the 'uead7
but for recording the deeds and rei gns of P haraohs ^but,
-besl'desThese de votional p urposes, thf'y had a. prapt.ina,] (^b-
_Ject3^_and_seryed_jaiS-ff?iir7TOnw.'i or-Affim2ayjviiQS&.-shadi3sg:_ffias
^^^ia;dBjo_Jn^cate .Jhe, hours- of -the^-4ayy^ appeac-ij

the fiourRe_Q £lhifi-f^vtemft.

In the first century of our era Pliny wrote : " Monarchs
entered into a kind of rivalry in forming elongated blocks
of this stone, known as obelisks, and c onsecrated them to
the divinity of the sun. The blocks hadjthis-fQTDi given to
theririn'resemblance to the rays of that huninara which are
so called in the Egyptian language." TheTEoman archeolo-
gist little dreameH that, nineteen centuries after he penned
tljeae^ lines, modern savants would decipher from hieroglyphs
(<^m^.Which is the name of an Egyptian goddess, and means
sun-'beaTn,.

Thus we realize, that the obelisk was connected with sun-
worship. The Greek stelm and Roman columns were prob-
ably derived therefrom. Solomon's two pillars, Jachin and
Boaz, were but an imitation of two obelisks at the entrance
of Egyptian temples; so are the two towers on Gothic
cathedrals and two steeples on churches. Perhaps Ovid's
"Philemon and Baucis'''' were borrowed from Solomon's
Temple, Baucis being only a linguistic namesake of
Boaz?

1S.0 wonder obelisks, cherished during four thousand years,
now adorn Greenwood, Auburn, All Souls, Pere la Chaise,
where their Q\h&TQz!i pyramidions are legion. New Yorkers

*BragBcli's "History of Egypt," p. 68.

■|- Voltaire, Bpeaking of ancient horology, observes: ^^ But our meridians
are more just than those of antiquity.^^ Had the author of " Charles XII."
and " Zavre " thought before he penned this sentence, he would have real-
ized, that he was telling the world nothing new or striking ; for mankind
had about two thousand years to progress in geography, meridians, and
astronomy.

8 INTRODTTCTION.

showed their predilection for obelisks in the " Wmih Monu-
ment," near the crossing of Fifth Avenue and Broadway.
As a Christian emblem, the obelisk typifies resurrection.
Freemasons use it in symbolic degi'ees.

Ages ago Solon, Thales, Pythagoras, Plato, Herodotus,*
Germanieusjf etc., conversed with the Egyptian hierophants
and priests concerning Egypt's history and architectural
wonders. But their account remained meagre and vague,
tUl lately ChampoUion, Yoimg, Spohn, Seyffarth, Belzoni,
de Pouge, Bunsen, Gliddon, Eawlinson, Lepsius, Mariette,
Brugsch, Ebers, Chabas, Maspero, Birch, and Commander
Gorringe interrogated hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic
characters, signs, emblems, and symbols, which directly and
indirectly answered more satisfactorily than the hierophants
of old, together with Moses, Herodotus, Manetho, Pliny,
Strabo, and Tacitus ; yea, daily and yearly those silent signs
and symbols on pyramids, dbelisTcs, temples, and tombs re-
veal the ai'cana and history of primitive heroes, families,
tribes, nations, dynasties, and empires. Even Masonic atti-
tudes, postures, initiations, and regalia are being divined and
ascertained, since figures on the walls of unearthed palaces,
temples, and tombs tell the story of their long-departed
inmates, as may be seen in the vast subterranean temple
discovered by Belzoni. In this epitome we shall endeavor
to show what Egypt has been, is, and will be to those, who
sincerely search for mankind's primitive history. Ancient
statesmen, sages, historians, and artists visited Egypt to
study her social status and admire her architectural won-
ders. Mediaeval alchemists and savans looked to Egypt as
the source of their theories, j Egyptologists have been trj--
ing for the last fifty years toTmravel Egj^t's hieroglyphs ;
and now the earliest society for mutual protection and
charity — Freemasonry — points to Egyptian obelisks andn
splendid rock-excavated temples as repositories of its secrets. 1

♦Herodotus, B. II., 111.
t Tacitus' Annals, B. H., 59.

THE

OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

CHAPTER I.

'The Egyptians stand fortll pre-eminently as the monumental people of the world.'

Befoee we approach Freemasonry in this epitome, we
shall give all that concerns the obelisk, destined to adorn the
American metropolis. We have scanned journals and peri-
odicals, and gleaned from them what appeared most appro-
priate and interesting to readers. First and foremost comes
thejnasterly-^^portp- ilhistrations, and measm-ements * by
Grand Master S. A. Zol^jJiiLthe accompanying conversa-
tionsTprbttshed in the Ifew YorkJHerald; April 23, 1880.

Mr. Zola is Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme
Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Eite, Past
Grand Master of the Ifational Grand Lodge of Egypt, and
Chief of the Symbolic Masonry of Egypt.

This report is an answer to hundreds of letters Mr. Zola
received from masons in all parts of the globe.

*To enable readers to realize the true dimensions of the obelisk, its
pedestal and objects comiected therewith, we reduced Grand Master Zola's
French into English measures, which was rather disagreeable labor, espe-
cially when we consider, that uniform measures and weights would remove
one of the chief barriers to easy and cheap national intercourse, which, as
we show in our " Origin, Progress, and Destiny of the English Language
and LMerature," pp. 680-686, would be an immense stride towards free
trade and a universal language.

The Obelisk, with pedestal unearthed.

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONET. 11

THE EEPOET.

Eeport by lU.-. Bro.-. S. A. Zola, 33 S.-. G.-- Com.-, upon
tlie discoveries made by Bro.'. Lieutenant-Commander Gor-
ringe and himself at the base of Cleopatra's ISTeedle :

Having learned that some stones bearing Masonic symbols
had been brought to light by Lieutenant-Commander Gor-
ringe, I presented myself to him and accepted the offer
courteously made to assist at the work, inspect the stones
discovered, and express my opinion as to their Masonic sig-
nification. Bro. Gorringe, being occupied with the more
difficult part of the task entrusted to him, requested me to
make further researches.

The obelisk known as Cleopatra's Weedle was erected on
a pedestal, almost a cube, from the surface of which it was
raised 94 in., and was supported by four square axes five
centimetres thick. Two of these axes ran through crabs,
while the other two had been sawn off and removed in days
gone by.

The height of the perpendicular of the obelisk from its
apex to its base is 68 ft. 11 in., and the perpendicular of the
sides is 64 feet. In volume it is 2,678 cubic feet, and in
weight about 186 tons.

One of the sides is 5 ft. 4 in. wide at the top and 8 ft. 3 in.
at the base ; its parallel 5 ft. 3 in. and 8 ft. 3 in. at the base.
Another side is 5 ft. wide at the top and 7 ft, 8 in. at the
base ; its parallel i ft. 10 in. and 7 ft. 8 in. at the base.

The pedestal is 6 ft. 10 in. high ; one of the sides meas-
ures 9 ft. 2 in. at the top and base, its parallel 8 ft. 9 in. at
the top and 8 ft. 7 in. at base ; a third size is 9 ft. at top and
9 ft. 2 in. at base, its parallel has 8 ft. 9 in. at top and 8 ft.
7 in. at base. This pedestal rested on three steps, the upper
two of which are formed of four blocks, while the first step is
formed of eighteen stones. . These steps are of white, hard
stone.

The length of the step imder the pedestal varies from 10

THE OBELISK AND EKEEMASOISTRT.

ft. 10 in. to 13 ft. 3 in., its depth from 1 ft. 2 in. to 1 ft. 8 in.,
its lieight from 1 ft. 3 in. to 1 ft. 3^ in.

The length of the step immediately imder the above varies
from 14 ft. 3 in. to 14 ft. 8 in., its depth from 1 ft. 2 in. to
1 ft. 6 in., its height from 1 ft. 5 in. to 1 ft. 6 in.

The length of the third step varies from 17 ft. 11 in. to

18 ft. 2 in., its depth from 1 ft. 5 in. to 1 ft. 9 in., its height
1 ft. 8 in.

The foundations consist of three rows of six stones each
per side, thus forming a rectangular parallfelogram. The
stones are rough and irregular.

These foundations have a depth of about 5 ft. 3 in., while
the sides have a length of about 18 ft. 2 in. at the top and
about 19 ft. 2 in. at the bottom.

The perpendicular of the edifice from the apex to the
base of the foundation is 96 ft. It should be remarked that
the present level of Alexandria is about 20 feet higher

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

tlian that of the ancient city. The present level of the sea
is about 6 ft. 10 in. higher than the ancient level of the sea.
A and A'. — The " Oorrmge" Stone No. 1 was found last
January inside the foundation of the obelisk, and on a line
running from west to east. In form it is a rectangular par-
allelogram, having two sides partially worked and partially
finished and polished. The lower surface finished and pol-
ished, the upper surface and remaining two sides in a rough
state. On the two partially finished sides and by the line

Enlarged view of right side.

foiming the angle, are two serpents about two-thirds coiled,
heads downward, meeting toward and reaching to the lower
line. Toward the middle of the same sides are two other
serpents with the heads turned toward the same angle.

Dimensions. — The stone is 3 ft. 9 in. long, 3 ft. 2 in.
wide, and three of the corners are each 1 f t. . 3 in. high and
the fourth 1 ft. 2 in. Above the coils of the serpents and
at the point where the two upper lines should meet, is cut

THE OBELISK AND FEEBMASOBTKY.

in a right angle with the following measures : — Eight side,
2 in. high, 2 in. deep, 7 in. long, the remaining portion being
rough ; left side, 3i in. high, 3 in. deep, 1 ft. 5 in. long.

Signification. — I consider this a piece of architeetmre,
offering at a glance the labors of the three symbolic degi-ees
— the apprentice's being represented by the rough parts, the
craftsman's by the worked portions, and the master's by the
finished and ornamented parts of the stone. It should be
remarked that, in the stone itself, the coiled serpents have
not the head and the horizontal ones are completely lack-
ing ; but their traces are so clear, that I could easily restore
them, and was thus enabled carefully to measure them.
The extremity, moreover, of one of the heads is still visible.
These ornaments have a relief of about four lines.

B. — " Gorringe " Stone No. 2 was found at about the same
time, inside a pit, corresponding to the axis of the obehsk.

It stood near stone A, but toward the west. In shape it is
an irregular parallelogram. Five of the faces are rough,
whUe the surface of the sixth is partly roughened down, in
part dressed and the rest finished. The upper portion of
this surface is 3 lines thicker than the rest. The first half
of the said upper portion has, at different distances, ten
double oblique cuttings, almost parallel. (See drawing.)
The length of the cuttings is 4 in., their width 2 lines.

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONEY.

SignMca Mon. — This inay be a tracing-stone representing
the^TaBors of the three degre^^nd also, probably, a sketch
of theTineaf measure oFthose days.

C. — " Gorringe^^ StOTie No. 3. — This was found near A,
but placed more toward the west. In form it is a rectangu-
lar parallelogram and all its faces are roughened down.
Toward the angle of one of its faces and pointing to it was
found a thoroughly oxidized metallic trowel, rather larger
than those at present in use. I did not see it entire, because
three or four days after it was discovered the stone was
broken and three-fourths of the upper part of the trowel

were taken away, leaving only the portion near the handle.
A second theft was subsequently committed, and there now
remains only a portion of the handle of the trowel. The
stone is 3 ft. 11 in. long, 2 ft. 2 in. thick, and 1 ft. 3 in. high.
Signification. — Considering the roughened state of the
stone and its proximity to stone A, and more especially to-
ward the imperfect faces of the latter, I regard this stone as
representing the apprentice and fellow-craft, while the pres-
ence of the trowel is emblematical of the master.

16 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRY.

D. — Stone discovered by Brother Zola near B, but placed
toward the east in the angle of the pit, forming a square.
This stone presents the appearance of a parallelogram super-
posed on another, thus forming a step. Four faces are
rough, while the two forming the step are roughened down
and the base of the step is rough. Of the remaining face —
the side of the step — the upper portion' about two- thirds of
the total height is rough, the remaining portion being per-
fectly finished and polished. The latter portion is divided
horizontally into three equal parts, which, cut at obtuse
angles at the end opposite the step, represent the model of
an hexagonal column. Immediately under this representa-
tion and parallel thereto is a line in relief on the whole
length of the surface. The distances between the lines form-
ing the model are 4 lines and ij lines ; their length varies
from 8i to 9 in. The thickness of the lower line is 1
line and the length 1 ft. 2 in. Under this line are placed
in a row, at right angles with this face, twenty quadrilate-
roids having a relief of about 1 line. They are 1^ in. high
and 5 lines and 6 lines at the top, and 5 lines and 6 liues
at the bottom, every alternate two beiug equal.

These quadrilateroids are confined at the base by another
parallel line, which, with a perpendicular line at right angles,
placed under the third quadrilateroid, forms a square the
horizontal line of which reaches the middle of the twelfth
quadrilateral, and measures Y in., while the perpendicular
has a length of 3^ in. The width of the angle at the per-
pendicular side of this square is 5^ lines, while at the end of
the same side it is 6 lines. The width (5 J lines) above noted
corresponds to the uneven numbers of the quadrilateroids,
while toward the angle formed by the horizontal line, and
precisely under the quadrilateroid formed by even numbers,
the width is 5 lines. At a distance 1 in. and 3 lines from
the horizontal line of the square and at IJ lines from the
perpendicular side, is a perfect semicircle, having a relief of
1 line and a diameter of 2 inches. At 10 lines from the
diameter of the semicircle, and at 11 lines fi'om the horizon-

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONET. 17

tal side of the square, is seen another square having a hori-
zontal line of 10 in. and a perpendicular line of 2^ in. The
width of the angle is 2^ lines, at the end of the horizontal
line 3 lines, and at the end of the perpendicular 3 in. At
a short distance from the latter square is seen a level,
formed by two segments, having a radius of 1 in., a horizon-
tal line 2^ in. in length and perpendicular If in.

This level is 1 line in relief. In the centre of the hori-
zontal line is a semicircle, having a radius of about 1 line.
The length of this line is, therefore, equal to the long side
of the small square. Under the level is visible another
emblem or part of one formed by a horizontal line and a
curve, which form an acute angle in the shape of a wedge
with a relief of 1 line. The horizontal line is 4 in. in
length and the curve is about the same.

Signification. — To my mind this stone, because of the
rough, partly wrought and entirely finished parts, is also,
whether taken by itself or in conjunction with the em-
blems cut upon it, emblematical of the symbolic degrees.
The equilateroids, moreover, represent the proportions of
the stones thus far discovered, and also of the whole edifice.
This, therefore, was the general model by which the master
tested the skill and proficiency of the craftsmen in the royal
art.

I should not omit here to mention, that a perfect model
was found in black granite of the hexagonal column above
described.

Note. — Having sketched this stone, I retm-ned on the 7th
of March to compare my sketch. While thus engaged I
noticed a stranger coming toward me, and I concealed the
stone with a view to make an agreeable surprise to Brother
Gorringe. On the following day I showed him my sketch,
but to our great astonishment, a portion of the stone near
the level had been broken off.

E. — This is a block of Syenite granite similar to that of
which the obelisk is made. It was found by Brother Gor-
ringe in the interior of the foundations. In shape it is a

18 THE OBELISK AKD FEEEMASONET.

cube, and its faces are carefully dressed and finished. It is
3 ft. 6 in. long, 3 ft. 5i in. high, and 2 ft. 8^ thick.

Signification. — Judging from the shape and dimensions
of the stone, as well as from its situation (between the east
angle of the chamber and the east angle of the pit), this
stone, to my mind, represents the perfect ashlar.

F. — This block is also of syenite granite. It is in shape
a rectangular parallelogram. It was found by Bro. Gorringe
in the interior of the chamber, between east and west.
Four of its faces are rough, one iinished, and the last
roughened down. This stone is 5 ft. 3 in. in length, 3 ft.
5 J in. in height, and 1 ft. 4 in. in thickness.

Signification. — This, I think, is meant to represent the
rough ashlar, as well as the work of the three degrees.

G. — In the interior of the foundations and under the first
step Bro. Gorringe found a square, one side of which (the
shorter) ran from west to north and the other from west
to south. This square is also of syenite granite, cut in a
block 2 ft. 1 in. thick, 8 ft. 9 in. long, and 4 ft. 3 in. wide.
The cutting is 8 J- in. deep and the inner sides of the sqiiare
are ornamented with three parallel lines, forming three
steps. These lines are 2 in. thick. The larger side is 1 ft.
6J in. wide, reaching to 1 ft. Y4 in. at the angle, while the
other is 1 ft. 5 in. at the angle and 1 ft. 6 in. at the end.

TI. — ^A perfectly white stone found by Brother Gorringe
in the centre of the eighteen stones, forming the first step.
This stone — in shape a rectangular parallelogram — is cal-
careous, and, at first sight, of light brown color, but on
breaking, it presents a milky white appearance. It was
found near the cube, and has the following dimensions:
length, 4 ft. 1 in..; width, 2 ft. ; thickness, 8 in.

This stone presents a curious phenomenon. It darkens
perceptibly at the touch, and on exposure to the air. The
natives know it by the appellation of the " milky stone,"
and ascribe to it the virtue of facilitating milk in cases of
confinement. This stone is supposed to have been held
sacred by the ancient Egyptians, as a symbol of the sun and

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONET.

of other celestial bodies. I think that it is meant to repre-
sent the purity, that should distinguish the applicant for
initiation.

I. — The interior of the foundations form a chamber, a
quadrilateroid in shape. One of the sides is 16 ft. 8^ in.
wide, the second 16 ft. 3 in., the third 16 ft. Yi in., and the
last 16 ft. 11 in. In the perimeter, formed by these sides,

are three steps of calcareous stone and of granite. These
steps, though not of the same dimensions, follow the lines
of the outer steps.

In the centre of the chamber is a pit, made of rubble and
calcareous stones, and covered with cement. At the eastern
angle is built a wall in the form of a square. The longer
side, 2 ft. 5i in., running to the north, and the other, 2 ft.
2 in., extending to the south. The width of the longer side
is 10 in. 3 lines, and the other 1 ft. 3. in. This pit is also a
quadrilateroid, one of the sides measuring 4 ft. 10 in., its

20 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONET.

parallel 4 ft. 1 ^n. The third side, 6 ft. 6 in., and the
fourth, 6 ft. 3 in.

As the exavations are not completed, I reserve to give
further details or rectify any errors, when the work is
finished.

Le Grand Commandeur Sup.-. Coun.-. d'Egypte.

S. A. Zola, 33.-.

AiiBXANDRiA, Egypt, Maxch 32, 1880.

ISToTE. — It will be observed, that C (stone with trowel), E
(perfect ashlar), F (rough ashlar), and H (pure white stone),
are not represented in the sketches, because, being simple
blocks without intricate cuttings, they are sufficiently de-
scribed in the text of the report.

THE VIEWS OP MARIETTB PACHA.

On March 24th your correspondent called at the newly
restored Museum of Egyptian Antiquities at Boulac, near
Cairo, on the banks of the Nile. The object of my visit
was to hear what Mariette Pacha, who at present lives at
the Museum, might have to say about the now famous stones,
found by Lieutenant-Commander Gorringe underneath the
Cleopatra Needle. Mariette Pacha's claims to the highest
rank as an Egyptologist need not be set forth here. Suf-
fice it to say — and I think this will be pretty generally con-
ceded — that the two living Egyptologists, who stand head
and shoulders above all others, are Henri Brugsch-Bey and
Mariette Pacha. Brugsch-Bey, besides being an Egyptolo-
gist, is also a Freemason, but is unfortunately in Berlin, so
that there will be delay before his views can be laid before
the readers of the Herald. Upon being duly announced I
was conducted to a large, pleasant room, overlooking the
Nile, and decorated entirely in accordance with ancient
Egyptian art. This is Mariette Pacha's study. Seated at
a table near the middle of the room, and earnestly contem-
plating various models of Egyptian antiquities, I found the

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONEY. 21

Pacha. Above the middle height and size, snow-white hair,
mustache and beard; prominent nose, bright, intelligent
eyes, Mariette Pacha — were it not for his florid complexion
— would have the appearance of the typical antiquarian.
He always wears the rosette of the Legion d'Honneur, and,
when in Egypt, wears the tarboosh (Egyptian fez), which
causes the eminent Egyptologist to resemble the finest and
handsomest types of the Turkish pachas. Mariette Pacha
is at present in very feeble health. His eyes have to be
protected by smoked spectacles, and his voice is very much
affected by bronchitis. I was accompanied during this visit
by Dr. Fanton, who on that same day (March 24th) had ar-
rived in Cairo by rail, leaving Prince Osman Pacha at Siout.
Dr. Fanton claims to have made most important discoveries
at Denderah and Abydos, in relation to Freemasonry and the
Mysteries of Osiris, and is now busy in working up his notes
and sketches.

After a short preliminary conversation I asked the Pacha :
• — " What do you think of those stones, found under Cleopa-
tra's ISTeedle ? "

Maeiette Pacha (laughing incredulously) — Come, come ;
are you not sure but that there is some joke about them ?
Let us talk of something serious.

CoERESPONDENT — Are you a Freemason ?

Maeiette Pacha — No.

CoEEESPONDENT — Some of the Freemasons think these
stones are of the highest importance.

Maeiette Pacha — Yes ; and Prince Osman Pacha, who
is not a Freemason, takes also an active interest in them.
But somehow even the obelisk itself, under which the stones
were found, has never seemed to be a really serious obelisk.
In the first place it fell over at Heliopolis, then it went off
to Alexandria to serve as a sort of plaything for Cleopatra,
and now it is going to wander off pour se prostitMer in
America, far away from its native land.

The Pacha here showed us a plate from the famous work
" L'Expedition Fran9aise en Egypte." This plate repre-

22 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

Bented the Cleopatra's needle, the pedestal and the three
steps underneath. The Pacha asked, "Where were these
stones found ? "

CoEEESPONDENT — lusido the foundations underneath the
lowest step. (The foundations are not represented in the
plate, because they were not known to exist.)

Maeiette Pacha — I could not venture to express an
opinion upon them from verbal or written descriptions.

I promised to show the Pacha drawings or photographs
of the stones as soon as they should be made, and alluded to
the possible " Pickwickian " solution of the problem hinted
at in an interview of a Herald correspondent with MM.
Ernest Eenan and Maspero.

" Eemember," rejoined the Pacha, " that those gentlemen
are both true critics in the highest and broadest sense of the
term — as such they are probably unequalled ; but they are
philologues and I am an archeologue, and shall look forward
with great interest to the accurate representations of the
stones, upon which I can base an opinion."

The following conversation then ensued between Mariette
Pacha and Dr. Fanton :

De. Fanton — I have returned to-day. Pacha, from Sioni
by rail. Prince Osman Pacha has enabled me to make what
I am sure will turn out to be discoveries of the highest im-
portance. At Denderah and Abydos I have foimd distinc-
tive marks and signs in the architecture of temples, which
to my mind show, that these temples were simply Masonic
temples — ^whieh strengthens the theory, that Freemasonry
and the Mysteries of Osiris are identical, or nearly so.
I Maeiette Pacha — Reves insenses, mon cher docteur.
,The Mysteries of Osiris I do not believe ever had an ex-
istence ; certainly not, if we use " mysteries " in the strict
acceptation of the term.

De. Fanton — I see. Pacha, you don't put much faith in
Herodotus.

Maeiette Pacha — By no means. Herodotus was a man,
who came here and traveled about at a time, when Egypt

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOWKT. 23

was under the influence of foreign nations. Egyptian his-
tory was ignored. All national pride and feeling had ceased
to exist. Herodotus was often led into wild errors by per-
sons, from whom he obtained his information — just as les
voyageurs anglais are led into all sorts of absurdities by be-
lieving stories, told by their dragomans. In this way Hero-
dotus has led us into all this nonsense about the " mysteries "
of Osiris. Herodotus is by no means trustworthy (veridi-
que), and has caused much mischief.

Dr. Fanton — Nevertheless, Pacha, I shall not despair of
proving my theory. In all questions of Egyptology we
must all bow our heads to Mariette Pacha ; but is it not pos-
sible that, in following a long course of study from a purely
archaeological standpoint, one may easily fail to observe
views from an essentially different standpoint ? By examin-
ing monuments from a Masonic point of view, I still hope to
place at your disposition views, which may prove of great
value to you as an archaeologist.

Maeiette Pacha — I wish you all success, but I must say
I have serious doubts as to your reaching the desired
result.

On March 29th, in company with Signor Zola, I again paid
my respects to Mariette Pacha. The Pacha was so ill, that
he could scarcely speak above a whisper. Signor Zola
showed the drawings, which he had himself made, and which
have already been sent to the Herald. Mariette Pacha did
not remember to have come across any similar stones in the
course of his long experience, and said, if the Freemasons
can explain their signification, that would certainly be a
great deal. Mariette Pacha desired, that models be made,
so as to enable him to study them with greater advantage —
a task which he intends to occupy himself with, as soon as
his health will permit.

We cannot help adding to the preceding document and
conversations, gleanings from the highly interesting despatch
of Consul-General Farman to our Secretary of State, Mr.
Evarts, as published in the New York World, April 21,

24 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

1880. They but confirm Commander Gorringe's discoveries,
Grand Master Zola's report, and Dr. Fanton's opinions.

Agency and Constiltate-General 1

OP THE United States in Egypt, [■

Cairo, January 20, 1880. )

" SiE — Eeferring to my despatches Nos. 301 and 344 of
the 22d of June and 13th of November, 1879, relating to
the obelisk, known as Cleopatra's itfeedle, I have the honor
to communicate to you the following additional description
of the foundations, on which the pedestal rested, with a state-
ment of the discoveries, that have been made in their removal.

I also enclose a full translation of the hieroglyphs of the
obelisk as far as they can be read, and give you such addi-
tional historical facts as I have been able to obtain, after
considerable research, concerning this interesting monument.

The whole structure was a magnificent work, and shows
that the architect Pontius would have been entitled, even
at this day, to a position in the first rank of those of his
profession. In the removal of the foundations there has
been made what is considered a very important historical
discovery, relating to the order of Freemasons, and confirm-
ing its claim of ancient origin. The stones, constituting the
emblems referred to, had been removed before I saw them,
and I shall leave it for Lieutenant-Commander Gorringe to
give in his report to the department fuU particulars with
drawings.

I will only state briefly what I saw, and give the positions
of the stones according to the information, received from the
Commander. All of the stone of the foundations, except the
four pieces, which I shall hereafter mention, were of a light-
colored limestone, slightly crystalline and approaching marble
in its characteristics, and in some of its parts capable of a
fair polish. On removing the pedestal, there was found
under its southeasterly, or, perhaps more correctly, easterly
corner (the four sides of the obelisk did not face the four
cardinal points of the compass), a piece of red or syenitic
granite forty-two inches square, and having its sides all care-

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONET. 25

fully dressed and its angles right angles. Immediately under
this granite block, and on the same plane with the lower
step, was found a piece of white stone much thinner than
the other blocks, and different from anything else in the
foundation. This was also a limestone, and contained
many small fossils, but it was all of the purest white. Be-
low this there was another granite block, the upper part of
which was cut in the form of a mason's square. Its long
section was 8 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. 5J in., and its short section 4
ft. 3 in. by 1 ft. 7f in., measuring the length in each case
from the outer angle of the square. It is 21^ in. thick, and
would seem to have been originally a parallelogram 8 ft. 6
in. long by 4 ft. 3 in. broad, and the form of a mason's
square, given to its upper surface by cutting out and lower-
ing to the depth of nine inches that part of the stone, included
between the two inner lines of the square, and the continua-
tions of the transverse lines of its two ends. The lower part
of the stone still has its original form of a parallelogram.
The space ciit out of its upper part was filled with the ordi-
nary limestone of the foundations, so that on its first dis-
covery only the upper surface in the form of a mason's
square could be seen. The thinner part of the stone has
been broken, perhaps by the unequal pressure, that came
upon it, but the part forming the square is still perfect.
The long section of the square lay very near, and nearly
parallel to the southerly or southeasterly side of the founda-
tions, in such a position, that its easterly or northeasterly end
was directly under the white stone and the granite cube I
have mentioned. In the same tier with the square and
touching its short section in the west or westerly angle of
the foundations, there was another block of syenitic granite,
the upper surface of which was very ii-regular. It was about
3 ft. by 5 ft., but its angles were all different, and consequently
no two of its sides parallel. On the same plane with the
white stone, and adhering to the upper surface of a lime-
stone block adjoining it, there was found an ordinary sized
mason's trowel. It was of iron, almost wholly oxidized, and

26 THE OBELISK AND EBEEMASONRY.

of the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg or of the
flattened bowl of a spoon. The handle was about three-
eighths of an inch in relief. The left side of the point of
the blade was gone. AU the rest is sufficiently perfect to be
distinctly seen and at once unmistakably recognized. That
it was an ordinary mason's trowel, made of iron or steel, there
can be no doubt. The mortar or cement and the stone are
of a similar color and of about the same hardness, and it
appears to me, that a slight depression was cut in the stone
and the trowel imbedded in the mortar. All of these sym-
bols — the trowel, the square, the two granite blocks, which
may be termed the perfect and the rough ashlars, and the
white stone — are said to be in their correct positions as Ma-
sonic emblems. The iine emblems and their position can-
not be considered as the result of chance. Their full import
and historical importance will, however, be best understood
and appreciated by the members of the Order of Free-
masons. That the discovery is of historic value, I have no
doubt. There are also a few cuttings on the foundations,
which are not hieroglyphics, and which are said to be
Masonic emblems, and which will be particularly described
by Commander Gorringe.

There has been another important archaeological discovery
resulting from the excavations at the base of Cleopatra's
Needle. This discovery was made by Mr. Dixon and the
archaeologist, ISTeroutsos Bey, on the 20th of Jime, 18TT.
An excavation was then made, sufficient to discover one of
the crabs I have mentioned, and on the outside of its left
claw, the only remaining claw of either crab, was found the
following Greek inscription :

L. H. KAIS APOS

BAPBAPOS AJSTETHHKE

APXITEKTOJSrOYNTOS

PONTIOT

The first letter of this inscription, L, represents the word
" year," being the old form of lamhda, which letter in this

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASON KY. 27

and similar cases is the initial of the word, which signifies
" year." The second letter, H, represents the number 8,
and the whole inscription may be translated as follows :

"In the year eight (of the reign) of Caesar, Barbaros
erected (dedicated) (this monument), Pontius being the
architect."

On the inner side of the same claw was the following in-
scription in Latin :

ANNO yiii

AYGYSTI OAESAEIS

BARBARYS PRAEF

AEGYPTI POSYIT

Aechi-TecTante PonTio

that is to say: "In the year eight (of the reign) of Au-
gustus Caesar, Barbaras, Prefect of Egypt, erected (this
monument) by the architect Pontius (Pontius being the
architect)."

The above statements of Consul Farman fully endorse
the opinions and ideas of the Masons and scholars, who in-
vestigated the Masonic signs and emblems on the Thothmes
Obelisk. Thus is ancient history being unearthed, deciph-
ered from monuments, and translated from hieroglyphic and
cuneiform tablets and symbols by busy archeologic bees in all
parts of the globe. The inscription on the crab's claw is of
great importance, fixing as it does, the time of the obelisk's
erection at Alexandria, and giving the name of the archi-
tect, Pontius, who must have been a Mason. Centuries
hence Mr. Earman's despatch will reflect credit on our
consular system, and be an honor to our State Depart-
ment.

We think a short statement of the striking features of this
ancient monument would assist the reader's memory ; hence
we give it before we introduce Dr. Birch's interesting
remarks on the obelisk and his translation of the hiero-
glyphs :

28 THE OBELISK AND rREEMASO]SrRY.

Whole height as it stood at Alexandria, includ-
ing pedestal 96 ft.

Without pedestal (only tha shaft) 68 ft. 11 in.

Base lines of the shaft 8 ft. 3 in.

Top " " " 5 ft. 4 in.

Mass or volume, about 2,6Y8cubicft.

Weight, about 186 tons.

As this and the London obelisk are considered twins, their
dimensions, volume, and weight must be about the same.

DR. SAMUEL BIRCH'S REMARKS AND TRANSLATION OP THE
HIEROGLYPHS.*

At one period of his reign, probably toward the close,
Thothmes III., the great monarch of the Eighteenth EgypJ
tian D}Tiasty, whose power extended fi-om the confines of
India to the islands of the Mediterranean and to the limits
of ,equatorial Africa, erected several obelisks, to evince the
greatness of his power or the depth of his piety, at Thebes
and Heliopolis. Heliopolis was one of the great cities of
Egj'pt, and divided the honors of a capital with the older
Memphis, the site of the court of the Fourth and subsequent
dynasties, and Thebes, which, founded at the Eleventh Dy-
nasty, rose to be the capital of the Eighteenth Dynasty and
those immediately succeeding. Heliopolis is known in the
Egyptian texts as the citj par excellence of obelisks, and the
sole survivor still erect, which dates from the Twelfth Dy-
nasty, shows they adorned the shrine of the god Tum. With
the series of obelisks of Thothmes III. it is not the question
here to deal, as a long and exhaustive essay on those monu-
ments would take up too much space. It is the question of
the obelisks, of Alexandria, two of which — one erect, the
other fallen — formerly remained on the site of the ancient

* Published in "The Loudon Athenseum," March 13, 1880, pp. 351
amd 353.

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMA SONET. 29

port. The fallen one was removed to England in 187Y, and
erected on the Embankment, and an account of it was given
in the Athenseum of that year. As the obelisk formerly-
erect is on its way to America, some account of it will not
be inappropriate, as well as a translation of the four sides of
the obelisk, so far as they can be made out, which will con-
tain some addition to that of M. Chabas, contained in the
little work of Mr. W. R. Cooper on obelisks.

Since the revival of learning, the obelisks of Alexandria
had attracted the notice of students and travelers. During
the sixteenth century Pierre du Balon, Thevenot, Le Brun,
Kadzivil, Evesham, Sandys, and Pietro de la Valle mention
these obelisks, as the Arab Edrizi had done in the middle
of the twelfth century ; in the seventeenth century Bremond
and Monconys. At the commencement of the eighteenth
century, Paul Lucas saw these obelisks; Le Maire, Domi-
nique Jauna, the Baron de Tott, Van Egmont, Heyman,
Pococke, and Savary had visited them ; but the traveler, who
best described them, was Norden, who gave a minute desci-ip-
tion. They existed then amid the ruins of an edifice, made
of marble, granite, and verd-antique, supposed to be either
the palace of Alexander, an edifice erected by the Ptolemies,
or the palace of Caesar. The obelisks, popularly attributed
to Cleopatra, and called her needles, were, however, not
erected by Cleopatra, but in the reign of Augustus, in his
seventh year, B.C. 24-23, reckoning the first Egyptian regnal
year B.C. 30, in which Cleopatra died. This appears from
the inscription, found by Mr. Dixon on the bronze crab or
scorpion, placed under the erect obelisk, four of which sup-
ported it upon its base. They had been already seen, but
not perfectly recognized, by the Baron de Tott. The four
sides of the obelisk nearly faced to the points of the com-
pass, and, from the construction of the pavement, the lines
discovered by Mr. Dixon show, that they had been used as
gnomons. A concave dial, also, with Greek ciphers, not
earlier than Augustus, was found at the base of one of the
Alexandrian obelisks, and presented in 1852 by Mr. J.

30 THE OBELISK AWD EEEEMASONET,

Scott Tucker to the British Museum. There is some dis-
crepancy between the inscriptions on the north and west
sides, as given by l^orden and others. It seems that these
two sides, which are turned toward the Mediterranean, are
the most destroyed by sea-air. The inscriptions on the more
perfect sides have been repeatedly published by Kircher, in
the "Description de I'Egypte," and ChampoUion in his
" Monuments." The most complete copy, however, is that
supplied in Burton's " Excerpta," pi. lii., which gives the
four sides, and has been collated with the others.

The pyramidion on the first side has the following repre-
sentation : On the right side is Thothmes III., represented
as a sphinx, seated on a pylon or pedestal, the same as forms
the so-called standard, facing to the right. In both hands
he holds a jar of wine, and the inscription on the pedestal
calls him " the powerful bull, crowned in the city of Western
Thebes, the son of the Sun, Tahutimes (Thothmes)," and in
the area is " makes a gift of wine." Before him is the god
Ra, Helios, or the Sun, hawk-headed, wearing a disk, seated
on a throne, holding a dog-headed sceptre in his right hand
and an emblem of life in his left. Ha faces to the left hand.
Above their heads is " Haremakhu [Harmachis, a form of
Horus, or the sun on the horizon], the great god, lord of the
heaven," which is followed by " he [Harmachis] gives all
life to the good god, the lord of the two countries, Men-
kheper-ra [Thothmes III.]."

Each side of this obelisk is decorated with three perpen-
dicular lines of hieroglyphs, the central one on each side
being that of Thothmes III., who first set up the obelisk at
Heliopolis. The side lines, those to the right and left, were
added by Eameses II. of the nineteenth dynasty, the sup-
posed Sesostris, biit how or when does not appear — probably
they were placed upon it before it was erected; and the
monument may have been left unfinished at the death of
Thothmes III., and completed long after by his successor, or
the lateral lines may have been placed on the monument
long after its erection, and when upright, by placing a

r m

HiiiiimniH

CZJifflJCD

< )ffi1i( )

teii!.

s o

rlj

^:;7 ^37 ^z:?

CDjrmczi

The Hieroglyphs on the four sides of the New York Obelisk.
iFrom Champollion.')

IliWlilif

W- ^

rmmmm

UDimczy

THE OBELISK AND TEEEMASONET. 31

scaffolding around it, on which the masons stood and
worked.

Central line.

The Horus, the powerful bull, crowned in "Western Thebes,
the lord of diadems, whose kingdom is as extensive as the
Sun's in heaven. Tum, the lord of Heliopolis, the son of
his race, he has caused him to be born, Tahutimes [Thoth-
mes III.]. They [the gods] made him a great abode in
their own beauty, knowing what should be, that he should
make his dominion extend as the Sun for ages, the king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-kheper-ra [Thothmes III.],
beloved of Tum, the great god, and his circle of the gods,
giver of all life, stability, and power, like the Sun for ever.

Right line.

The Horus, the powerful bull, beloved of Ea, king of
Upper and Lower 'Egj'pt, Usermara, approved of the Sun,
the Sun produced by the gods, holding the two countries,
son of the Sun, Ramessu [II.], beloved of Amen, the beau-
tiful youth much beloved, like the disk of the sun gleaming
from the horizon, lord of the two countries, Usermara, ap-
proved of the Sun, son of the Sun, Ramessu [II.], beloved
of Amen, glory of Tum, giver of life.

Left line.

The Horus, the powerful bull, son of Kheper [a form of
Ea], the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermara, ap-
proved of the Sun, the golden hawk, rich in years, greatest
of the powerful, son of the Sun, Ramessu [II.], beloved of
Amen, he has proceeded from the body [of the Sun] to
take the diadems, to be the sole lord, the lord of the two
coimtries, Usermara, approved of the Sun, glory of Tum,
like the Sun.

In this inscription, as in the others, the last words of each
line read, " Giver of eternal life, like the Sim." There are

33 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONEY.

two horizontal lines at the base, titles of Kameses II. This
side has, in smaller characters, " King of Upper and Lower
Egypt, Kherp-kheper-ra, approved of the Sun, son of the
Sun, TJasarkan [I.]," or else of Seti II. At least, so I re-
store it.

The second side, like the jSrst, has :

Central line.

The Horus, rejoicing in the crown of Upper Egypt, be-
loved of the Sun, king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-
kheper-ra, the golden hawk, delighting in power, striker of
the rulers of foreign lands, taking them, as his father, Ea
[the Sun] has ordered him power over all lands, his scimitar
victorious by the power of his hands, enlarging the frontiers
of Egypt, son of the Sun, Thothmes [III.], giver of life,
like the Sun, lord immortal.

Left line.

The Horus, the mighty bull, beloved of Truth, king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of festivals of thirty years,
like his father, Ptah Tatanen, son of the Sun, Eamessu [II.],
beloved of Amen, the Sun produced him to make festivals
in Annu [the Heliopolis] to supply the temples, he pro-
duced him lord of the two countries, Usermara, son of the
Sun, Eamessu [II.], beloved of Amen, all health and life,
like the Sun.

Sight line.

The mighty bull, son of Tatanen, the king of Upper and
Lower Egypt, Usermara, approved of the Sun, the lord of
diadems, ruler of Egypt, chastiser of foreign lands, son of
the Sun, Ramessu [II.], beloved of Amen, the monarch vic-
torious by his hands in every land, taking the whole of every
land, the lord of the two countries, the son of the Sun, Ra-
messu [II.], beloved of Amen, life, health, and strength,
like the Sun.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 33

There is on this side " Kherp-kheper-ra, approved of the
Sun, son of the Sun, Uasarkan [I.] ."

Third side, pyramidion as before. Thothmes III., as a
sphinx, to the right on a pylon ; on the left. Turn, seated
on a throne, holding sceptre and life ; on the pedestal of
sphinx, titles of Thothmes III. as before. In the area is
"• gives a gift " of wine or milk. Above their heads, " Turn,
lord of Ileliopolis, great god, lord of heaven ; " and again,
over the king, " The good god, ruler of Heliopolis, king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-kheper-ra [Thothmes III.]."

Central line.

The Horus, the mighty bull, crowned in the Thebaid, has
adorned the house of the Sun [Ra], embellishing with the
beauties of the disk of the Sun Heliopolis, done for the first
time in ... .

Zeft line.

The Horus, the mighty bull, beloved of Ka, king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermara, approved of the Sun,
Sun produced by the gods holding the world, Kamessu [II.]
beloved of Amen, beloved .... never was done the like
.... Heliopolis, he has set up his memorial before Atum,
lord of two countries, Usermara, approved of the Sun, son
[of the Sun, Eamessu II., beloved of Amen], giver of hfe.

Right line.

The Horus, the mighty bull, son of Ka [the Sun], the
king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the golden hawk, rich in
years, greatest of the powerful, son of the Sun, Kamessu
[II.], beloved of Amen .... lord of the two coimtries,
Usei-mara, son of the Sun, Eamessu [II.], beloved of Amen,
lilie the Sun.

At the base two lines as before. There is the same pre-
nomen of Uasarkan I. at the base here.
The fourth side is also much mutilated,
3

34 THE OBELISK AKD EEEEMASONEY.

Ceni/ral Une.

The Horus, the mighty bull, beloTed of the Sun, king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-kheper-ra ....

Right line.

The Horus, the mighty bull, beloved of Truth, TJsermara,
lord of festivals of thirty years, like his father Ptah, lord of
Truth [or Tatanen], son of the Sun, Ramessu [11.], beloved
of Amen, god of gods, star of the two worlds at ... . sun
.... house .... in what is done lord of the two worlds,
Usermara, approved of the Sun, son of the Sun, Kamessu
[II.], beloved of Amen.

Left line.

Almost wholly illegible.

[ . . . . Userma]ra, approved of the Sun .... all ... .
son of the Sun, Eamessu, beloved of Amen .... lord of
the two countries [Usermara, approved of the Sun, son of
the Sun, Eamessu II., beloved of Amen], like the Sun.

Eound the base two lines, with titles of Eameses II., as
before.

S. BlECH.
THE OBELISK, BEECTBD BY THOTHMES III., KING OF EGYPT.

This old, time-lionored monument was bom

Wieu first mechanic lights began to dawn —

When art was in its cradle ; all was done

By strength of men — ^^and yet great ends were won.

The shaft up-pointing to the sun, we read

As meant to show an early simple creed :

" Sun worship " was the order of that day ;

And time was marked, where shadows round it lay.

Four thousand years have passed, since it was young

And raised its head, and far its shadows flung.

It was rose-tiuted, brought from far Syene ;

But it has faded, as though bom of men ;

The blushing color of its youth has passed,

And, Uke its betters, it is gray at last.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOWRY. 35

This granite poem is too long to read ; —
But it evokes a pause — Time's rushing speed,
Whirling its fire-brands in the startled air,
Looks like one ring of light ; — events were there
That fashioned after times : It witnessed all —
Bleared tales of olden times it will recall
By its rude beauty ; hieroglyphics, traced
Upon its surface, years leave undefaced.
Telling the pride of kings, the name and age, —
And nothing further shows that opened page.

Baised by a king, its graceful, tapering height

Stood tall and fair in Egypt's sunny light ;

No poem ever penned could e'er display

Such strange adventures as have marked its way :

At first it graced the "city of the sun; "

After a time a higher place it won ;

For great Augustus moved it to the sea,

The pride of a commercial port to be.

Men worshiped it, called it a holy one ;

It stood before their Temple of the Sun.

And, when grown old, it, of the past, proclaimed

The glories for which Egypt had been famed.

Such times have all passed by — upon the strand

It now lies prone — bound for a foreign land.

It was twin-bom — its brother shaft now stands
Upon the banks of Thames ; to kindred lands —
To young America this takes its way.
May s6ft south winds along its passage play ;
It yet may grace fair places — and may see.
For the first time, a people who are free.

CHAPTER n.

FREEMASONRY OLDER THAN OBELISKS AND PYRAMIDS.

Aftee giving these details concerning the Thothinei obe-
lisk and the Masonic signs, emblems, and symbols, discovered
thereon by Commander Gorringe, Grand Master Zola, and
Consul-General Farman, we shall endeavor to endorse these
Masonic tokens by what Mr. and Mrs. Belzoni thought, said,
and wi-ote about ancient Egyptian Masonry as they saw it
on the walls and monuments. It may not have been ex-
actly the same, but analogous, as may be realized by these
colored and plain illustrations, representing initiations on
the walls of the different Mystery Chambers in the splendid
rock-excavated Masonic Temple, constructed by Pharaoh
Seti I. ( Osymandlas) and his son, Kameses II. (Sesostris).

The descriptions that accompany the illustrations are
opinions Mr. and Mi-s. Belzoni formed during and after
their sojoui-n in Egj^t. As Egyptology was in its infancy,
and little or nothing was known of hieroglyphic deciphering
till about 1825, their ideas can hardly agree with Egypt-
ology of 1880.

THE BELZONI MANUSCRIPTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF FREE-
MASONRY.

DEDICATED TO THE MASONIC BRETHREN UNIVERSALLY.

Wisdom was never more exemplified than when it adopted
the Pyramidic and Triangular Form of the sublime Archi-
tecture of the Heavens, machined on the firm basis of Eter-
nal Stability.

The united Brethren imiversally will adopt, I hope, the

THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONKY. 37

original form of tlie Masonic Aprons, and establish a jubilee
to commemorate the restoration of that event by casting
into the flames the present aprons of the unmeaning form
of Saint Crispin.

The plate represents Pharaoh Ousirei, King of Egypt,
in Masonic communication with one of that order, whose
head is covered with a mask, representing the head of the
Ibis — an excellent mode of mystifying. The King is in-
vested with the triangular Masonic Apron, holding in his
right hand the grand Masonic emblem and last grade
obtained.

The second drawing represents the triangular Masonic
Apron,* united with the Apron of Serpents.

Masonic signs and signals originated in the first separa-
tion that took place in the family of Adam.

From the beginning, Cain and his families had ruled with
a despotic power over the numerous families of the passive
Adam.

The Elders and Chiefs had been long looking forward
for a propitious moment to overthrow the tyrannic power to
which they had so long been subjected.

The moment so anxiously hoped for arrived but too soon
in the murder of Abel — alas ! Abel, son of their hopes, in
whom they looked for the fulfilment of the promise,
destroyed by his brother, the first-born son of their afflic-
tion.

From that period discord entered, with all its train of
evils, into the hearts of the human race. A horrible crime
had been committed — a dreadful precedent for the unruly
and rebellious spirits.

No man felt himself secure from the jealous vengeance
of a brother.

Suspicion lurked in each eye. Councils were held by
the chiefs of the families, and it was decided that Cain, with

* The cartouche in the apron of the Pharaoh in this plate has been
translated Rameses II., and not Osiris [see p. 48, also see colored apron.]

38 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONEY.

his families, should separate and establish themselves at a
certain distance from that of Adam.

Well might the afflicted fratricide exclaim, ' My punish-
ment is greater than I can bear ! '

The murder of Abel was followed by many important
events and inventions of necessity, and many things of seri-
ous import to the human race were to be arranged previous
to the first separation.

From that catastrophe originated the first civil and
moral laws, established for the general protection. And it
was enacted that disobedience to those laws and regulations
was to be punished by death.

It was a fearful and momentous epoch to the family of
Adam. Consultations were held among the chiefs, and
great must have been their perplexity to invent and arrange
a code of signs and signals that the direct descent of each
family from Adam might be known to the others in their
future wanderings over the globe.

Independent of the general signals, the heads and chiefs
invented private signs, sacred among themselves, for a
greater security and brotherly love.

Likewise, each tribe was invested with a standard or
banners, as a distinctive attribute, representing certain favo-
rite animals, birds, etc., stuifed, and erected on a tree, to be
either carried before them or planted in their encampment.

Civil and religious laws, signs and signals, standards and
banners, were the very first inventions of necessity.

The serpent was the grand standard, attached to the
family of Abel, or that of Seth, who was invested with uni-
versal sovereignty, and to whom was given the birthright of
Cain, forfeited by the murder of Abel, and in whose family
the priestly and monarchical characters were afterward
blended.

In the course of time, as religion increased, the serpent
was sanctified and adopted as the armorial and sacred em-
blematic banner of the monarchic and priestly government
united.

THE OBELISK AND FEEBMASONET. 39'

The mark set upon Cain and his tribes by which they
were to be known to their brethren was, no doubt, repre-
sented by or on their banners.

The serpent has ever been held by the ancients as the
Grand Mystic Emblem of Paradise Lost, and was the first
hieroglyphic emblematic device, and descended from Seth
to the families of Ilam and to the kings of Egypt, to be
traced in the tombs of that wonderful race.

The serpent, united with other devices, was the mystic
emblem of the tribes of the hitman race, and spread univer-
sally over the known parts of the globe.

THE EOYAL EGYPTIAN MASONIC APEONS.

Freemasonry commenced from the Creation, and was es-
tablished by the family of Seth.

The Masonic Apron originated from the covering or
apron of fig-leaves, adopted by Adam and Eve after the fall,
particularly the Mystic Apron of Serpents, which was dedi-
cated as a memorial to commemorate that fa;tal event.

The triangular form of the Royal Egyptian Masonic
Apron is Masonic, astronomic, and emblematic.

The sun, emblazoned in the corner, spreads its refulgent
rays of Divine heat and light over the globe.

The king is never represented in this apron alone. It
is accompanied always with the Mystic Apron of Serpents,
emblematic of the evil spirit, under the guise of the ser-
pent, that beguiled our fair mother Eve.

The Apron of Serpents is worn alone on State affairs,
emblem of the Royal Dynasty and symbol of the fall.

The Triangular Apron I consider as a royal order of the
pyramid, to commemorate the occasion for its construction,
etc.

The Triangular and Serpent Aprons are exclusively
royal. The two aprons appear to have been worn together
only on grand Masonic meetings of the hierarchy, whose
Lodge was in the sacred recesses of a royal tomb — a solemn

40 THE OBELISK AKD FEEEMASONRY.

type of that death, denounced on the human race by the wil-
ful transgression of the unborn pair.

A finer emblem could not have been adopted to com-
memorate that mystic and awful event entailed on their pos-
terity until the final conflagration.

Masonry may be traced in all mythology to the remotest
parts of the globe.

In the Temples of the Sun and Moon, and in the very
Idols of Mexico, in the Pyramids, Tombs, Babel, Stone-
henge, and in the Solemn Groves of the Druids.

Masonrj'^ shall be traced wherever man is found.

Let the Masonic brethren search, and they will find, that
the Egyptian Masonic Key will unlock the hitherto unre-
vealed mysteries of Egyptian wisdom.

THE TOMB* OF PHARAOH OUSIREI, KING OF EGYPT, IN THE
VAL BE-BAN EL MALOOK, THEBES, UPPER EGYPT.

FROM HISTORIC RECORDS SIXTEEN HUNDRED TEARS BEFORE OIJB EPOCH.

This tomb was the largest and the last of the tombs dis-
covered by the sacrificed traveler, Giovani Batista Belzoni,
in 1818.

The above tomb was dedicated to the Masonic Mysteries,
blended and united with emblems of discoveries, inventions,
and sciences in general, progressively, as they took place after
the Creation, from which originated the many fabulous in-
ventions, with which mythology teems.

Freemasonry in the earlier ages was very different from
what is now denominated by that appellation, and, at the
epoch of the above tomb, had attained a grandeur and sub-
limity unknown in Europe.

Pharaoh Ousirei, King of Egypt, is represented in the
greater part of this tomb, as going through the ceremonies
of initiation into the sublime mysteries of Masonry, etc.

From hieroglyphic drawings in the said tomb, there ap-

* Rather Masonic Temple of Pharaohs Seti I. and Rameses II.

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONEY. 41

pear to be represented three distinct epochs in the life of
the young king.

First, on his accession to the kingdom, we behold him
going throngh certain forms and ceremonies, receiving in-
structions from the hierarchy in the science and secret art
of governing.

Having passed his inauguration and being accepted by
the sacred order, I now introduce my young king, estab-
lished, I hope, in all his royal prerogatives.

BELZONI'S ATLAS.

Plate first represents the king, seated on his throne, with
the Mystic Apron of Serpents, emblem of royalty, and sym-
bol of the fall.

A sceptre in his hand and incense burning before him.

The first four hieroglyphics at the back of the eagles are
Masonic*

Plate second : The Arms of the Nation, blended with the
name of the king's dynasty, offerings, etc.

The spread eagle above, with an ostrich feather in each
claw, an eagle at each side as supporters, holding forth the
Grand Emblem of Masonry, with armorial bearings. Grades
in Masonry, etc., which forms the three eagles.

Plate third: The Eoyal Name, with winged supporters
on each side, holding the Grand Emblem, the name orna-

* See the translation of these hieroglyphs, p. 50.

42 THE OBELISK AKD FREEMASOWRY.

mented with globes and feathers, figures kneeling on splen-
did cushions.

Plate fourth : Passing certain Mystic Grades, etc.

Plate nineteenth : * The High Priest, Grand Master, or
High Grand Master, represented in a Temple, seated on a
throne of state, supported on a platform ; around the base
of the platform, are the Masonic hieroglyphics, emblems of
stability, power, etc., surmounted by winged globes, etc., a
Serpent attached to it, emblematic of its direful influence
over it.

A beautiful emblematic border of serpents and globes
crowns the whole.

The Winged Globe is accompanied by the following in-
scription, according to Dr. Yoimg :

" The sacred Father of the protecting powers :
"Living, unalterable, reigning, ministering."

In the above Temple the king is presented to the High
Grand Master by one of that order ; his head covered witJi a
mask representing the head of a hawk, denoting his descent,
rank, and order, grade, etc., with his right hand griping
the right shoulder of the king, holding in his left the Ma-
sonic Key.

The Female at the side of the Grand Master is one be-
longing to the hierarchy, she holds the key without the
knowledge of its mysterious virtues.

That females were permitted to assist in certain outward
forms and ceremonies, j)7^ocessio7is, etc., is clearly evident.

The king, having gone through the whole of the Mystic
Science, we pass with His Majesty into the Masonic Hall of
Beauties where BLis Majesty is accompanied by the Masonic
Order, and receives the last and highest grade in Masonry.

* See Plate 19, p. 46.

THE OBELISK AND EKEEMASONRY. 43

THE MASONIC KEY.*

In this hall the king is invested with the Triangular Ma-
sonic Apron.

In the same hall the king is represented in the
act of offering costly vases of perfumed ointments
to the female aristocracy, there assembled to honor
the occasion.

The king is then divested of the Triangular
and Serpent Aprons, vrliUe presenting the offer-
ings to the females.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE LEVEL AND PERPENDICULAR. -j-

The Level w^as first employed in the erection of Babylon.
From its discovery proceeded the word Freemason, \m-
known until some time after the dispersion at Babel.

Nimi'od, the royal and mighty hunter, who with his vast
tribes, had long been masters of the Land of Shinar, united
with the royal herdsman Asshur and his tribes in the
strongest bonds of fi'iendship. Esau was a hunter and
Jacob a shepherd.

The two occupations of hunter and shepherd were from
the beginning inseparable, and generally of the same family.
The protection of the hunters was necessary to guard the
flocks against beasts of prey, etc.

Kimrod and Asshur appear from Scripture authority to
have been two of the most powerful princes among the un-
settled nations ; their occupations rendered them of the ut-
most consequence to the nations round about ; for to them
all were tributary.

The confederate princes and sheiks of the unsettled
tribes and nations had long contemplated the necessity of a

* See translation, p. 50.

\ Assyriology and Cuneiform translations are rendering ttese speoula-
tions more probable.

44 THE OBELISK AND EREEMASOWRT.

general separation and dispersion over the whole globe, " as
the lands could not contain the miiltittide."

A convention had been entered into by the heads and
chiefs of the nations with IS^imrod and Asshur, that the
united nations should by degrees assemble and encamp on
the plains of Shinar for an indefinite period, where councils
were to be held among the rulers to take into serious con-
sideration the arrangement of the separation and dispersion.

Nimrod and Asshur undertook to supply the nations with
provisions, cattle, beasts of burden, etc. The governments
of the nations there assembled agreeing on their part to as-
sist in founding the kingdom of Babylon and Assyria for
Nimrod and Asshur, etc. And it was decreed among
them that, after Babylon was finished, they should, before
separating, assist in erecting a monument, on a scale of
gigantic height, as a record to fiiture generations, and to
commemorate the name, descent and attributes of each
nation assembled there for the express purpose of a general
dispersion of the vast multitudes of the younger branches of
the family of Noah.

" Let us build us a city and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven ;
let us make us a name lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the
whole earth."

These words alone prove that the plan for building the
tower was that of the perpendicular instead of the pyrami-
dal and tent form, which cannot appear very high, because
its height is lost in the great expanse ; and this is what dis-
appoints the travelers at the first view of the Pyramids.
The wonderful rapidity with which the kingdoms had been
raised, with the aid of the level and the perpendicular, had
caused a great sensation among the rulers of the nations,
who were each anxious to obtain this invaluable secret.
Every stratagem had hitherto been practised to discover it
without effect. A few of the chiefs entered into a con-
spiracy in order to obtain the knowledge of the level and
perpendicular, but deferred it until the Tower of Babel

THE OBELISK AND PKEEMASONEY. 45

should have attained a certain height, when they would sus-
pend their work.

All had gone on in perfect harmony, and all were anxious
to evince their zeal in this brotherly undertaking, when,
alas ! " trifles light as air " began to assume a form of hos-
tility. None but those forming the conspiracy were aware
of what was intended, yet all felt that some threatened mis-
chief was at hand.

Jealousy broke forth in all its horrors, and all was
anarchy and confusion that destroyed the well-laid plans,
which had taken many years to arrange in regular order
for the separation, when the royal and noble associates
in architecture and the discoverers of the greatest dis-
covery ever made in science — namely, the level and perpen-
dicular mode of building — were obliged to flee from the
fury of malignant jealousy, in order to retain their secret
and their lives. '

They fled, no doubt, to the nations established by Miz-
raim, where such talents were sure to be received with royal
honors.

And to the confusion which took place at Babel are we
indebted for the first perpendicular temples in Egypt.

The noble associates had bought their experience dearly,
and in order to prevent the monster jealousy from inter-
fering with their grand secret, they consulted with the royal
and noble of each nation, from which consultaMon a society
was formed of the most learned men, who were initiated
into the secret of the perpendicular, etc.

Each royal and noble initiate kept a retinne of workers
of his own. l^one were permitted to build who were not of
that society. They traveled in royal style, and each nation
they visited added its strength, stability, and power to that
fraternity.

Signs and signals were invented, so that the initiated were
known to each other in aU lands. Those associations were
denominated Koyal Freemasons.

The drawings ia the tomb of Pharaoh Ousirei prove

THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONKY.

that Freemasonry, from the creation and after the confusion
of Babel, was perfectly conservative.

Saeah Belzoni.

Bhtjssbls, Oct., 1843.

"O happy, tlessed is he that witnesseth the initiation of the deities ; for he
veneratetk the soiixce of life." — Euripides : Bacchce^ 73.

The Belzoni manuscripts say so little about the 19th Plate
of Belzoni's Atlas, that we cannot help giving it here by it-

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONEY. 47

self and saying, that it speaks for itself, and no Mason can
look at the attitudes of this group of Grand Master, Guide,
Candidate, and Assistant, without realizing that, if there are
Masonic institutions now, there were similar, if not identi-
cal ones, about four thousand years ago, in the land of the
Pharaohs, and that modern Freemasonry had its prototype
in the Masonic Temple of Seti I. and Eameses II, where
applicants were initiated as Oriental and Occidental Ma-
sonic orders initiate now. Throughout the thirteen highly
ornamented mystery chambers of the Seti and Kameses
temple are nine different initiations, little differing from
those we give in this epitome. The position of the hands
of the Grand Master here, the right hand of the guide and
candidate, as weU as the postui-e of the assistant, look like
an initiation to some Masonic degree. In vain will some
Masons say these performances belonged to Egyptian re-
ligious mysteries. No one but such as have not attentively
looked at them will talk of religious rites and ceremonies.
The attitudes, eyes, and faces of the individuals, the signs,
emblems, and symbols around them, indicate anything but
religion or devotion. There is nothing humble, devotional,
or prayerful in their countenances or in their postures. The
four or five initiatory groupings in the preceding ninth and
tenth mystery chambers seem to indicate no religion. The
last one, where the candidate comes before the Grand Master
with raised hands, is so well known to Masons that it needs
no explanation. Any brother who will take the trouble to
go and see the beautiful illustrations of Belzoni's discoveries
at the Astor Library, or come and look over the series pre-
sented to us by Mrs. Bekoni, may realize that the groupings
and their surroundings were purely Masonic.

CHAPTEE in.

"Many thousand pilgrims of aU nations, etc., will sncceed us— ascend these pyramids,
and contemplate them with astonishment." — Lepsius.

As so much has been discovered in Egypt, and translated
from hieroglyphs, since Mr. and Mrs. Belzoni conceived and
wrote the preceding pages, we add the following data :
The three hieroglyphs in the cartouche of Eameses' Ma-
sonic Apron had ever attracted our
attention. Now is the occasion to de-
cipher them, if possible. While con-
sulting English, French, and German
authorities on the subject, we found in
the recent works of Mariette, Chabas,
and Pierret, that phonetically the
three hieroglyphs, sounded in ancient
Egyptian Ba* Ma,\ Setj),X meant,
" The chosen of the Sun and Truth."
The first time we showed this cartouche
to the veteran Egyptologist, Seyffarth,
he said it was the titular name of
Eameses the Great. The second time
he saw it he pronounced it the titular
name of Osymandias, which seemed a contradiction ; but
Mariette, in his treatise on Abydos, explains this discrepancy
when he tells us that Eameses II. only bore a part of the titu-
lar name during the life of his father, Seti I., or Menephtah,

*Ra, god of the Sun ; \ Ma, goddess of Truth and Justice ; % 8etp,
chosen or elect. Out of these monosyllabic words subsequent dialects
and languages have made Mameses, which clearly shows that vowel sounds
change, whereas consonant sounds remain. Thus, consonants are bricks,
and vowels mortar ; hence, the ancients only wrote the consonants.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 49

called Osymandias by the Greeks, and only assumed the full
titular name after Seti's death. Hence, we realize that
Eameses the Great, styled Sesostris by the Greeks, and his
father, Osymandias, who jointly reigned over fifty years,
bore the same titular name, meaning, " Chosen of the Sv/n
and Ma ; but, phonetically and literally, it was Ha-Ma-
Setp, from which was formed Rameses. Maspero, in his
" Ilistoire Ancienne des Peuples de I'Orient," p. 227, cor-
roborates Mariette, Chabas, and Pierret, as to the titular
name of Pameses II. Thus did Rameses, with the three
consonants, E, M, S, the very frame of the ancient Egyptian
name, reach us from and through ancient Egyptian or Cop-
tic, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, into which Moses, the Seventy,
and St. Jerome, translated it from Egyptian.

The veteran Egyptologist Seyffarth agrees with me, that
the third hieroglyph has not been clearly copied, but it must
mean chosen, elect, or heloved, in this connection.

[Note. — The word Rameses came to us as the name of a
land, and as the name of a city ; for we read in the Mosaic
account. Gen. 47 : 11 : " Joseph placed his father and breth-
ren, and gave them a possession in the land of Egj'pt, in
the best land, in the laml of Rameses, as Pharaoh had com-
manded." Was this land called after some Pharaoh, or
was some Pharaoh called after this best land in Egypt ?

Next we find, Ex. 1 : 11 : " Therefore, they did set over
them task-masters to aiSict them with their burdens, and
they built for Pharaoh treasure-cities Pithom and Raamses."
As to the site of this famous treasure-city, Brugsch, Cha-
bas, and other Egyptologists, tell us it was built by the
Israelites, under taskmasters, in the land of Rameses, given
them by Joseph. Brugsch thinks it was Tanis, and Chabas
says it was Pektsium.

Again we read, Ex. 12 : 37 : " The children of Israel jour-
neyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand
on foot that were men, besides children."

Moses gives this event more detailed, Num. 33 : 3-5 :
4

50 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASOKKT.

" They departed from Barneses in the first month, on the
fifteenth day of the first month ; on the morrow after the
Passover the children of Israel went out with a high hand
in the sight of all the Egyptians.

" An d the children of Israel removed from Sameses, and
pitched in Succoth."

Kecent hieroglyphic translations concerning prisoners
under taskmasters during the reign of Eameses II. (Sesos-
tris), who issued a decree forbidding his officials to give the
prisoners straw to make bricks; and bricks having been
found lately in the country where the Israelites dwelt, has
awakened discussion among Egj'ptologists and commenta-
tors. Hieroglyphic translations, monuments, and ruins, may
yet furnish clear data concerning the Israelites, theii' posi-
tion in Egypt, and their exodus.

Concerning the four hieroglyphs in the Belzoni manu-
scripts, p. 41, I went to the venerable octogenarian Egyptol-
ogist, Seyffarth, to ask him for his hieroglyphic key, in order
to translate them. He Idndly got his key, showed me the
hieroglyph on the right,* and said it means sceptre. Then
he turned to the second, saying it signifies atlas, the third
hrain, and the fourth side. Hence, their meaning is sGej>tre,
atlas, h'ain, sick.

I asked whether atlas here means ancient Mount Atlas, to
which he answered no ; but it signifies atlas in the spine. I
told him then atlas here must rather have a symbolic sense.
He observed 'L&tva.ji/rmare (establish) would probably render
the sense here ; but these hieroglj'phs cannot be properly
translated, unless they stand in the original connection, where
they were usfed. Next we talked about the hieroglyphs in
the cartouche of the Rameses apron. On my way home
I thought of the connections, and came to the conclusion
that it was part of a charge or address to Prince Rameses,
who was to succeed his father, Seti I., in which connection it

*Tlie Egyptians, like most Oriental races, wrote and read from right to
left, omitting vowels.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 51

rationally means, "The sceptre establishes or renders the
brain sick," or, better, " The sceptre addles the hravnP

Another, hieroglyph in the Belzoni MS., p. 43, is called
Masonic Tc&u. As it occurs among the four just translated,
and means o ram ^i ntellect, etc., we may consider it as trans-
lated. It seems to have been a ma A of royalty ii L-Egypt>
It was considered as a symbol of immortality. It is called
"crux^ cmsaia" and Tcm^ It was~a" symbol in Assyria,
Egypt, and India. It is also a symborinii^LMasonie^dez,
g;e^j_ It has a deep esoteric meaning, which the ancients
perceived in the ever reproductive principles of Nature.
Some of our scientists style these principles Cosmic forces ;
some male wA female principle ; and others call them^osi-
time and negatime, especially since the power of magnetism
and eledn-ioity has become better known.]

CHAPTER IV.

PENTAOUR, EPIC ON THE BATTLE OF KADESH.

Connected with Pharaoh Eameses II. (Sesostris), founder
of the magnificent rock-excavated Masonic Temple, is the
earliest epic poem extant, called Pentaour, ■which we cannot
help translating here from " Ilistoire Ancienne des Peuples
de rOrient" (pp. 227-232), ' by G. Maspero,* Prof, of the
Egyptian Language and Archeology in the College of
France. This poem is inscribed on the walls of the Temple
of Karnak in hieroglyphs. It seems Rameses II. had a
Poet Laureate, called Pentaour, who composed this ancient
epic on the Battle of Kadesh,t where the Kheta % and their
numerous Asiatic allies lay in ambush for the youthful
Egyptian king, who, surrounded by his opponents, pene-
trated the ranks of the perverse Kheta. He was alone, no
other with him, having thus advanced within sight of those
who were behind himself, in the midst of all the warriors of
the perverse Kheta and the numerous nations who accom-
panied them — the people of Aradus, of Mysia, of Pedasa.

* Maspero tells us (pp. 231 and 232) the translation into French is from
the Papyrus Eaif ^ and Sallier by M. de Eoug6, Prof, of Egyptology in the
College of France, 1856. No doubt, Maspero knows about the version of
Pentaour by Goodwin and Lushington.

f Kadesh or Kades, a city on the river Orontes, in Syria.

% Perhaps of the race of 2ku9oi, ScytlicB, SoytJiiang, Oetm, who dwelled
in Asiatic and European Soythia, Armenia, Assyria, Media, Asia Minor,
Syria, Phenicia, and Palestine, where a city was called after them Scytho-
poHs, and where, according to Herod (B. IV., 6 and 7 ; B. I., 106), they
ruled twenty-eight years. Also the Khatti of Assyria and the KatU of
Germany (Tacitus : Ann. B., II., 7) may have been of the same stock ; so
may have been Homer's Keteioi.

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASOIirEY. 63

Each of their chariots carried three men, and they were
united. The Pharaonic poet thus describes the deeds of
his youthful hero : " No prince was with me ! no general, no
offieer of the archers or chariots. My soldiei-s have aban-
doned me ; my cavaliers have fled before them, and not one
has remained to fight near me. "Who art Thou, then ? O
my Father, Ammon ! Does a father forget his son ? Have
I ever done anything without thee ? Have I not advanced
and stopped at thy command? I have not violated thy
orders. He is great, the lord of Egypt, who overtmrns the
barbarians in his way! What are these Asiatics before
thee ? Ammon, enervate those infidels. Have I not made
innumerable offerings to thee ? I filled thy sacred temples
with prisoners ; I built to thee a temple for millions of
years ; I have given thee all my riches for thy magazines ;
I have offered thee the entire world to enrich thy domain.
.... Surely, a miserable fate awaits any one, who opposes
thy designs ! Happiness to any one, who knows thee ; for
thy deeds proceed from a heart full of love. I invoke thee,

my Father, Ammon ! Behold me in the midst of nu-
merous nations, unknown to me; all nations are united
against me, and I am alone, no other with me. My numer-
ous soldiers have abandoned me ; none of my cavaliers
looked toward me ; when I called them not one of them
listened to my voice ; but I think Ammon is worth more to
me than a million of soldiers, than a hundred thousand cava-
liers, than a myriad of brothers or young sons, even if they
were all united together ! The work of men is nothing ;
Ammon will conquer and cany the day. I accomplished
these things by the counsel from thy mouth. O Ammon,

1 have not transgressed thy command! Behold, I have
rendered glory unto thee to the extremities of the earth !

" The voice has resomided as far as Hermonthis. Ammon
listens to my invocation ; he gives me his hand. I utter a
cry of joy, he speaks behind me : ' I hasten to thee, to thee,

Kameses Meiamun I am with thee. It is I, thy

father ! My hand is with thee, and I am worth more than

54 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRT.

hundreds of thousands. I am the Lord of strength, loving
valor. I have found a courageous heart, and I am satisfied.
My win shaU be done.'

" Like unto Month, I thrust my arrows right and left, and
overturn the enemies. I am like Baal, m his hour, before
them. The two thousand five hundred chariots, that sur-
round me, are broken into pieces before my steeds. Not
one of them finds a hand to fight ; the heart fails in their
breast, and fear enervates their Hmbs. They no longer
know how to throw their darts, and find no strength to hold
their lances. I throw them into the waters as the crocodile
falls into them. They are lying on their faces, one above
the other, and I kill in the midst of them. I desire not one
shall look behind himself and none shall return ; he who
falls shall not rise again.

" The prince of Kheta, triumphant as he appeared, felt
himself suddenly stopped in the midst of his victory by an
invisible power, and recoiled, struck with terror, etc., and all
efforts were vain. I thrust myself among them like Month ;
my hand devoured them in an instant ; I killed and massa-
cred in the midst of them. They said to each other : ' This
is not a man who is among us, it is Sutekh, the great war-
rior ; it is Baal in person. These are not the deeds of a
man. Alone, all alone, he repels himdreds of thousands,
without leaders and without soldiers. Let us hasten to fiee ;
let us save our lives, and breathe once more the free air.'
Whoever came to fight him felt his hand grow weaker ;
they could no longer hold either bow or lance. Seeing that
he had reached the cross-road, the king pursued them like a

griffin Be firm ; steady your hearts, O my soldiers !

You see my victory, and I was all alone ; it is Ammon, who
gave me strength ; his hand is with me.

" He encouraged his charioteer, Menna, whom the num-
ber of enemies filled vrith fear, and thrust himself into
the thickest of the fight. Six times I charged through the
enemies. Finally his army arrived toward evening and
extricated him. He assembled his generals and overwhelmed

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 55

them with reproaches. 'What will the entire world say,
when they learn, that you left me alone and without a sec-
ond ? that not ' a prince, not an officer of chariots or archer
joined his hand to mine ? I fought, I repulsed millions of
people, I alone ! Victory of Thebes and Contented ISToura
were my grand horses ; I found them at hand, when I was
alone in the midst of shuddering enemies. I shall feed them
myself every day, when I shall be in my palace ; for I found
them, when I was in the midst of my enemies, with Menna,
my charioteer, and with the oflBcers of my house, who ac-
companied me, and were witnesses of the combat. Behold
those whom I found. I returned after a victorious struggle,
and struck with my sword the assembled multitudes."

J^ext day the battle was renewed, and the Asiatics were
routed. The king of the Kheta sued for peace, which
Rameses granted, and triumphantly returned to Egypt.

" Ammon came to salute him, saying : ' Come, our beloved
son, O Eameses Meiamun ! ' The gods gave him infinite
periods of eternity on the double throne of his father Atum,
and all the nations were thrown under his sandals."

Soon Kameses the Great married the Khetan princess,
Ka-ma-ur-nofre {Sun — Truth — Beautiful exceedingly),
daughter of Khetasar, King of Kheta, who visited Egypt.

The battle, so tersely described in this heroic poem, is
grandly illustrated on the pylon and walls of the Eameseum
at Luxor, Kamak, and Ipsambul, which clearly shows that
it was considered the great event in Egyptian history, and
that Egypt had artists to paint and sculpture her heroes and
their deeds. No wonder the hierophant of Thebes, who
explained the hieroglyphic inscriptions to Germanieus, a.d.
18, said : * " That the whole army was called forth into the
field by Mhwmses, one of the kings of Egypt, and, under the
auspices of that monarch, overran all Libya, Ethiopia, and
in their progress subdued the Modes and Persians, the Bac-
trians and Scythians, with the extensive regions" inhabited

* Tacitus : Ann., B. II., 60.

56 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONKT.

by the Syrians, the Armenians, and their neighbors, the
Cappadocians," etc.

Here we find the conquests of prior Egyptian Pharaohs,
like Thothmes, Amenophis, etc., ascribed to the youthful
Eameses the Great, whose nine initiations are so artistically
illustrated in the rock-excavated subterranean Masonic pal-
ace, discovered by Belzoni, accompanied by his faithful
helpmeet, Sarah.

Pentaour's heroic essay makes us realize, that Egypt had
not only builders of pyramids and obelisks, but conquerors,
warriors, scholars, and poets, to record and sing their apo-
theoses. Moreover, it shows that the ancient Egyptians
were a religiously inclined people, and masters in improvis-
ing prayers ; for even their kings were expected to invoke
the Deity before going into battle. No pietist can say, that
the ancient idolaters on the Nile did not know how to com-
pose prayers. When the numerous papyri have been trans-
lated, they will constitute a rich Egyptian literature in all
branches.

The great statesman and classic scholar, Gladstone, while
writing his " Time and Place of Homer" perceived a point
of comparison between Homer's Achilles and Pentaour's
Eameses the Great, and justly thought the Greek bard
must have heard or read of the exploits of the Egyptian
Pharaoh. Hence we read, p. 197, " of the great Egyptian
empire of Eameses H. and the Nineteenth Dynasty, Ho-
mer, or at least Hellas, may, or rather miist, humanly speak-
ing, have known something, on account of their relation to
continental and yet more certainly to insular Greece, etc.,
.... some tenuis aura, some breath, at least, of the per-
sonal renown of the Egyptian kings and warriors must have
passed into the atmosphere of Greece, etc Accord-
ing to the Pentaour, this monarch personally performed
in the war with the Kheta such prodigies of valor as may
fairly be deemed without example, and considered to ap-
proximate to the superhuman. Was it the echo of these
feats of war, or of this resoimding celebration of them, that

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY. 57

suggested to Homer the colossal scale of his Achilles?"

etc

This prelude is followed by a classic research full of
archeological and linguistic acumen, and a cogent disserta-
tion on the Hiad and Odyssey. This essay, covering seventy-
iive highly interesting pages to classic scholars, logically
concludes : " Now, not only is it probable that Homer had
personal access to these sources, but we may almost say, it is
certain. Certain, by reason not solely, nor perhaps mainly,
of the activity of his mind and his vast power of appropria-
tion, but also because of his station as a bard."

CHAPTEE V.

TOMB OF SETI I., COMMOISTLT CALLED BELZONI'S TOMB.

Peehaps our readers would like to know what Marietta
Bey, the collector and present directeur of the museum at
Cairo, says, in his " Monuments of Upper Egypt,^^ p. 235,
of the Tomb of Seti I., commonly called Belzoni's Tomb :
" This is the most magnificent of all the tombs of Bab-
el-Molouk ; by its grandeur and the profusion of sculptures

with which it is adorned, it eclipses aU others, etc

The visitor, however, will soon perceive to what sad mutila-
tions it has been subjected. Bumor attributes these acts of

vandalism to certain explorers of Egypt, etc It is

more correct to say, that the desecration of one of the most
valuable monuments of Egypt is the work of dealers in
antiquities, or even of the tourists themselves. The fact is
that the latter, in their recldessness, purchase almost at any
price relics which, after all, are simply the proceeds of an
irreparable wrong done to science.

" Immediately on entering the tomb the visitor finds him-
self actually transported into a new world, etc Even

the gods themselves assume strange forms. Long serpents
glide hither and thither round the rooms, or stand erect
against the doorways. Some malefactors are being decapi-
tated, and others are precipitated into the flames. "Well
might a visitor feel a kind of horror creeping over him,

etc The judgment of the soul after being separated

from the body, and the many trials, which it will be called
upon to overcome by the aid only of such virtues, as it has
evinced whUe on earth, constitute the subject-matter of the
almost endless representations, which cover the tomb from

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 69

the entrance to the extreme end of the last chamber. The
serpents standing erect over each portal, darting out venom,
are the guai'dians of the gates of heaven — the sonl cannot
pass unless justified by works of piety and benevolence.

" The long texts, displayed over other parts of the walls,

are magnificent hymns, etc When once the dead has

been adjudged worthy of life eternal, these ordeals are at an
end ; he becomes part of the divine essence, and hencefor-
ward a pure spirit, he wanders over the vast regions, where
the stars forever shine. Thus the tomb is only the emblem
of the voyage of the soul to its eternal abode. The soul has
no sooner left the body than we are called upon from room
to room to witness its progress, as it appears before the gods
and becomes gradually purified, until at last, in the grand
hall at the end of the tomb we are presented at its final
admission into that Hf e, which a second death shall never
reach."

It is astonishing the 'French savant could see nothing but
religious ceremonies and performances in the nine distinct
initiatory meetings of candidate and master, and in the in-
termediate persons, attendants, and even horrors, that have
ever belonged to some of the Masonic initiations. To con-
sider these attitudes of the Masonic candidate and master as
soul and god, must seem strange, if not grotesque, to any
Mason who has gone through some of the grand trial grades
which include, not only alluring Yenus, but utter darkness,
solitude, fire, water, knocking in the head, and aU the hor-
rors human ingenuity has been able to devise short of real
death. It would be much more rational to consider these
ordeals and horrors as initiatory Masonic trials, through
which the candidate has to pass, before he can reach the
grand " Hall of Becmties,'''' where triumph crowns all the
pangs and sufferings incident to some of the initiations, not
even excepting the dark deep well within the vast Masonic
palace, wherein was found but one real mummy and a beau-
tiful empty alabaster sarcophagus, as a reminder of real
death. To call this a tomb is a misnomer, let who will

60 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRT,

style it so. No wonder a ISTew York Herald reporter asked
the French savant, who tried to speak lightly about Freema-
sonry, " Monsieur Mariette, are you a Mason ? " to which
the savant replied, "No," and stopped his raillery. An in-
telligent Mason has but to glance at the attitudes of the
Nineteenth Plate in Belzoni's Atlas, and he must realize
that the whole scene is a Masonic iaitiation, and so with
those that precede.

Belzoni named the splendid subterranean palace, Tomb of
Psammuthis ; * but Mariette and other Egj'ptologists have
called it Tomb of Seti I. (Osymandias). As the cartouche
of the apron translates : " Chosen of the Sun and Truth,
syUabicallyt Ea-ma-setp (Kameses), we think the place
should be called: Masonic Temple of Seti I. and Ba-
rneses II., for wherever we find a full representation of
Kameses the Great, whether in Lower, Middle, or Upper
Egypt, he wears the Masonic apron, and may therefore be
styled the Masonic Pharaoh par excellence. No doubt, he
figured at all the meetings in that cool and secluded spot as
long as he lived. Belzoni found but one mummy and an
empty alabaster sarcophagus in that elaborately adorned
temple ; there is no reason for calling it a tomb, especially
when we consider that Death is a requisite in Masonic initi-
ations, and that the mummy and sarcophagus were there
for that purpose.

* Psammutliis, of the 26th Dynasty, reigned fifteen years at Sais, 603,
B. C. , whereas Psammuthis of the 29th Dynasty reigned but one year at
Mendes, 379, B.C. As the work of that colossal excavation must have
required Egypt's most prosperous period and enterprise, it could not have
been accomplished as late as 603 or 379, B.C., and during short reigns of
one or fifteen years. Only the long and glorious rule of sixty years under
Osymandias and his son Sesostris (Kameses 11.) suit such a herculean
task.

f Thus SeyfEarth's syllabic key for translating hieroglyphs has been, is,
and will be, rendering Egyptian literature more and more accessible, so
that we shall be able to throw light on primitive oriental history, whether

in Egypt, Assyria, Canaan, India, Arabia, etc which were all more

or less connected in remote ages. Cuneiforms are assisting that develop-
ment.

-<
en

H
n

-<
o

m
3

THE OBELISK AND PREEMASONEY, 61

Amelia B. Edwards, in her " Thousand Miles up tJie
Nih,^'' 18YT, speaking of a temple in Upper Egypt, says
(p. 497), it was " coated as usual with a thin film of stucco,
and colored with a richness for which I know no parallel,
except in the tomb of Seti I:, at Thebes, commonly known
as Belzoni's Tomb." We consider it incumbent on Free-
masonry all over the world to restore that hallowed spot to
its pristine design and make it the Mecca of a universal
Masonic brotherhood. We have no doubt the present T\he-
dive, who is so liberally inclined, will say : " So mote it le."

As there is now a movement to enable Abraham's long
exiled progeny to return to. Palestine and restore the Prom-
ised Land, why should there not be a simultaneous effort to
reinstate the brilliant Masonic Temple, where Rameses the
Great was initiated four milleniums ago ? Thus the Jews,
who have been persecuted for two thousand years by Gen-
tiles and Christians, and the Freemasons, who have been
ostracized by Church and State, could sympathize, both
having upheld the lamp of art, science, and progress, in the
midst of ignorance and superstition.

The Duke of Cyprus, Rothschild, and five millions of
Abrahamites, Zola, Grand Master of Egypt, and Dr. Fan-
ton, of Macedonia, recently so conspicuous concerning the
Masonic emblems on the American obelisk, the Druses,
Grand Orient, Parsees, and especially the Brethren of Ish-
mael,* might approach the Khedive on the subject ; for it
seems, from what Mrs. Edwards says, that Belzoni's mis-
named tomb looks yet charming, and deserves to be called
" Hall of BeaMies" as it did, when the great explorer, Bel-
zoni, and his intrepid helpmeet, opened it, 1818.

We are sure the Prince of Wales, Grand Master of Eng-
land, and Premier Gladstone would back the movement
with all the prestige of Great Britain. Thus might the
torch of recent civilization be carried into retrograded Asia

* A powerful order, having members all over the globe, two of whose
three chiefs always reside in the orient, and one in the Occident.

62 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONEY.

and Africa, having Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, and Aden
connected by the Suez Canal, a universal Masonic Temple,
near Pharaonic Thebes, a liberalized Jewish empire in
Palestine, a vast British empire in India, and progressing
Japan in the distant orient, linked to Republican America
by steam. Such are the prospects of Freemasonry and
Judaism, assisted by the ubiquitous EngKsh-speaMng popu-
lations.

CHAPTEE YI.

BEIiZONI MANUSCEIPTS, DRAWINGS, THE HAOT) OF A
MUMMT, Etc.

As readers may wish to know how, when, and where we
obtamed the Belzoni manuscripts, drawings, etc., we state
the occasion and circumstances :

During my sojourn in Brussels, 1849, I lived in "Ma-
dame Belzoni's " house, and became her medical adviser. I
frequently conversed with her about her husband's travels
and discoveries. She was with Belzoni during his Egyptian
explorations, and wrote a graphic " Account of the Women
of Egypt, Nubia, and Syria," which is very interesting,
showing, as it does, the family relations and private life of
the Mahometans. She ascended and descended the Nile,
gazed at the Pyramids, and saw the mystic figures and
hieroglyphics on the walls of the rock-excavated palaces,,
whose analogues, perhaps prototypes, are found at Ele-
phanta, in India.

Among other pleasant recollections of this energetic lady,
I cannot help mentioning the delicate manner, in which she
presented to me the right hand of a mummy now in the
Brussels Museum, minus the hand. It is considered as the
hand of an Egyptian queen.

The evening before om* departure for America she in-
vited my wife and me to take tea with her. We went with
great pleasure; we were the only guests. As she had
taken a warm interest in the stirring events of 1848, we
conversed freely about them; but archeologic researches,
with their kindred sciences and arts, such as ethnology,
architecture, etc., were favorite topics with her. She spoke

64 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONET.

of Mr. Gliddon, whom slie saw in Egypt ; described her
journey through the Holy Land only with a guide ; how
she accompanied her husband during his arduous labors;
but said now she had but one desire, which was to visit
America, in order to see Niagara and the Indian Moimds,
described by Squier and Davis, and the Central American
ruins, so clearly delineated by Stephens. From such con-
versation on the part of one nearly three score and ten,
we may infer that she was still young in mind. Yes, she
fully enjoyed and appreciated all that was going on in the
world. The interest she took in human affairs had pre-
served, as it always does, her bodily vigor. I saw her, win-
ter and summer, taking out-door exercise, which gave to her
robust and well proportioned frame a healthy and cheerful
look. She was English, and earnestly desired her country's
welfare ; but she did not think, as her countrymen generally
do, that there is nothing worth having out of England.

Thus the evening had passed delightfully, and we were
about taking leave, when she said, in a most winning tone
of voice : " Doctor, will you do me a favor ? " " Certainly,
Madame, I will do anything in my power for you." " Then ,
you will accept this hand ; I have carried it about me for
twenty-two years in remembrance of my husband and his
discoveries." " Madame, I am the last man to deprive you
of so precious a relic." " But you just said you will do any-
thing in your power for me. It is surely in your power to
accept it as a memento of me." " As such, Madame, I will
gratefully accept and keep it." So I took the hand, together
with the writings and drawings, saying : " Madame, will
you do me the favor to write something on these papers ? "
she seized a pen and wrote: "J/j' Unlettered Theory^''
" Madame, what use do you wish me to make of these arti-
cles ? " "I give them to you, and leave their use to your
own discretion." We took an affectionate leave of one, who
had seen the world, with its pleasures and disappointments,
and was stUl willing to perform her part in the great drama.

In 1851 or 1852 Parliament voted to " Madame Belsoni''''

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMA SONET. 65

an annnal pension of one hundred pounds sterling, a tardy
reward to a daughter worthy of England, and to the widow
of an Italian, who had sacrificed his life to advance science,
and to enrich the British Museum with rare relics of an-
tiquity.

The good lady needed this help very much ; for she told
me she had passed twenty-two years in Brussels, during
which she had repeatedly petitioned Parliament for a pen-
sion, in consideration of her husband's services. To sup-
port herself she hired a large house, and underlet the best
parts of it. When I became acquainted with her she lived
on the upper floor of a house near the '■^Boulevard de
Waterloo.''^ Her only society at home were two small
Italian greyhounds, the most intelligent animals I ever saw.
They not only understood hximan language, but even looks
and insinuations. I often thought the next appearance in
their serial development would be in the shape of bright,
intellectual children. She was known all over Brussels as
" Madame Belzoni."

I cannot omit here a striking anecdote, that was related
to me by this remarkable lady. Such, about, was her lan-
guage : " In 1823 I was in Paris ; I went to bed and fell
asleep, but was suddenly awakened by two or three very
strong knocks at the head-board of my bed. It imme-
diately flashed upon me, that something must have happened
to my husband, who was in Africa, and on his way to Tim-
buctoo, I saw the curtain of my bed move ; I jumped out
of bed, thinking I perceived a human figure ; I felt as
though something were gliding by me. The moon was
shining very bright ; I searched the room, walked all around
the bed, and looked under it, but I saw nothing. I looked
at my watch, it was two o'clock. I did not feel like going
to sleep again, so I dressed myself, feeling much agitated,
and sure that Belzoni was dead. I sat down, wrote the day
and hour, the circumstances under which I awoke, together
with my feelings and impressions. Several months after I
received the sad news, that my beloved husband had expired
5

66 THE OBELISK AND EEEEM A SONET.

the very night and hour he had so decidedly manifested
himself to me in Paris. This was but a confirmation of
what I knew. Twenty-six years have elapsed since that
heartrending event, but I recollect it as vividly as if it had
occurred last night. I shall never forget it."

Among the papers Madame Belzoni gave me is a prospec-
tus, in Fi-ench, dated 1829, with this heading: ^^ Dedicated
hy special permission to His Royal Highness the Duke of
Clarence, Lord Grand Admiral, etc., etc., afterward Wil-
liam the Fourth" Its object was to announce a series of
lithographs fi-om unpublished original drawings of the great
Egyptian tomb discovered by Belzoni in 1818. This conclu-
sively shows that Belzoni's widow succeeded in making her
situation known to his royal highness, before he became
king of England in 1830. We further realize that even
England's king knew, that one of his most deserving sub-
jects, and that subject a lady, was without means in a strange
country. Should not this most inexcusable of neglects (if
neglect it can be called) take from him the surname, " The
Good King?"

We have among these documents some curious and inter-
esting papers, letters, and drawings, that would be foreign
to obelisks and Freemasonry. There are also many of the
mystery chambers in the Seti and Eameses Masonic temple
we do not give in this epitome.

CHAPTER YH.

'* Freemasonry has been of old, and will forever remain, the first requirement of a Free-
mason to possess a pair of deai'ly-seeing eyes." — Bagotzskt.

From a historic standpoint Freemasonry seems the growth
of the world's elite in physical, intellectual, and moral sci-
ence and progress, to which all times, tribes, nations, and
races have furnished their quota, as mlay be realized by the
following catalogue of the Masonic Alma Mater.

ANTEDILtrVIAN ALUMNI.

Abel * (Gen. 4, 2), 4001 b.c. AbeUtes are mentioned by
St. Augustine as a sect in Africa. They reappeared
as a secret or Masonic society in Germany, a.d.
1746, and were quite popular.

Seth (Gen. 4, 25), 3874 b.c, is held in high esteem, and
considered by Masons as the earliest champion of
esoteric Masonry.

Jabal (Gen. 4, 20), according to K. Macoy, was the first
operative Mason.

Tubal CAnsr (Gen. 4, 22), 3454 b.c, " vnstnfuctor of every
artificer in hrass wnd iron" has ever been regarded
as a primitive patron of Freemasonry. ISTaamah, in
Hebrew, means " the pleasamt." The Masonic breth-
ren regard her as the inventress of the spinning of
wool and the weaving of cloth.

* We do not claim that secret or Masonic societies existed in the days
of Abel, but that a sect and a Masonic brotherhood perpetuated his name
by calling themselves AbeUtes ; also that the Assyrian god Belus, Bel, or
Baal, the Cretan Abelios, Celtic Bel, or Abellio, Greek and Roman Apollo,
or Apello, were but modified names of the Hebrew Hbbel, from which
our Abel was derived.

68 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONRT.

Enoch (Gen. 5, 24) "walked with God, and was not;
for God took him," 3017 b.c. This patriarch has
been a mysterious personage in history and Mason-
ry ; the books attributed to him have been much dis-
cussed.

l^OAH (Gen. 6, 29), 2348 b.c. ISToachidse and Xoachites
are considered high names by the members of the
Mystic Tie.

POSTDILTJVIAN ALTTMOT.

Japhet (Gen. 10, 1) is a Masonic personage, especially with
the order of Ishmael. The European races regard
him as their progenitor.

ISTiMEOD (Gen. 10, 9), 2247 b.c, " the mighty hunter, the
beginning of whose kingdom was Babel, Erech,
Accad, and Calneh," has not been perpetuated by
the Masonic Brothers; yet he must have been a
patron of architecture in building those magnificent
cities.

AssHUE (Gen. 10, 11), 2247 b.c, who " builded Mneveh,
the city of Rehoboth and Calah," is not mentioned in
the Masonic annals. Neither is

Canaan (Gen. 10, 16), 2247 b.c, after whom Canaan and
the Canaanites were named ; nor is his son,

SiDON (Gen. 10, 15), who probably founded the great com-
mercial emporium, Sidon; or was it named after
him ? Such Grand Masters should be remembered.

Peleg (Gen. 10, 25), 2247 b.c, has been regarded by some
archeologists and Masons as the architect of the
Tower of Babel. He was, perhaps, the founder of
the city of Phahg, or Peleg, on the Euphrates, and
progenitor of the Cyclopean builders, called Pelasgi.
He is honorably mentioned by the Masonic craft. As
Peleg means division in Hebrew, it is claimed that
■ in his day the dispersion of the families and tribes
commenced in the valley of the Euphrates.

THE OBELISK AKD FKEEMASOKRY. 69

MizEAiM (Gen. 10, 6), 224Y * B.C., Herodotus' Menes, fig-
ures in Masonic records. The land of tbe lower Nile
was settled by this patriarch and called after him,
Mazai- in hieroglyphs ; but subsequently the Greeks
named it ^i-yuTrro? (Egypt), after a son of Belus,
king of Phenicia. The Arabs have ever called it
Mizr, and call it so now.

Abraham (Gen. 11, 27), 1921 b.c, whom European and
American Freemasonry only name in connection with
Melchizedek, has ever been revered by the ancient ori-
ental order of Ishmael. It seems to us Abraham must
have belonged to some institution like modern Free-
masonry, otherwise he would not have been so readily
and kindly received by the king of Egypt, the king
of Salem, and other magnates of Canaan. According
to eminent Egyptologists the Canaanites had previ-
ously conquered northeastern Egypt and established
the three Dynasties of shepherd kings, who reigned
from 2398 to 1703, b.c.

Melchizedek (Gen. 14, 18), " king of Salem and priest of
the most high God," is mentioned with reverence
by the Masonic Fraternity.

Ishmael. There is quite a powerful order under the name
of Hagar's son. It has ramifications in most coun-
tries of the East and "West, and includes Christians,
Mahometans, Brahmans, Jews, and Parsees. Two of
its chiefs reside in the orient, and one in the Occident.

Job. This Arabian prince and patriarch is cited as an ex-
emplar to higher grades of the order of Ishmael. His
book throws much light on the social and intellectual
status of his period. It has induced much speculation.

* Although we consider SeyfEarth's chronology, based on astronomical
calculations, most correct, we follow Usher's, because it is yet in general
use. According to SeyfEarth, Mizraim emigrated from Shinar to Egypt
2783 B.C., and became its first king. This was the date of the confusion
of language and the dispersion of Noah's progeny, which spread to Assyria,
Canaan, Egypt, Phenicia, etc.

70 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

Joseph also is mneh revered by the widespread order of
Ishmael. Eminent Egyptologists claim that Joseph
was made regent of Egypt by Pharaoh Osirtasen I.,
the original Sesostris, 2186 b.o. They think the name
Zaphnaih pcmneah, translated from hieroglyphs, sig-
nifies grand vizier, and is the same as Hebrew loswph.
Even now the Afghan mountaineers have a tribe,
called Eusofzie, who are considered as descendants
of Joseph, through one of the " Ten Lost Tribes "
that settled in Afghanistan under Nebuchadnezzar.
Sir William Jones and other philologists say the
Afghan or Pushtoo language has much analogy with
Hebrew and Chaldaic. The late Hyneman believed
Freemasonry originated with Joseph.

EGYPTIAN MYSTERIES.*

I These mysteries were very secret, very severe in their
trials, and connected with the esoteric worship of the dei-
ties of Egypt TThe principal seat of the mysteries was at
MemphigT-ftlgancient capital of Lower Egypt. They were
of two kinds — tlie~greatef aiid--the -iessr— ^he-former were
devoted to Osiris~ahd Sefapis,' the "latter tp.Isis. The mys-
teries of Osiris were celebrated at the. autumaal Ifequinox.
those of Serapis at the summer solstice, and those ofjkis^t
the vernal equinox. The character of the candidate was
rigidly inquired into, and if report was unfavorable, exclu-
sion was certain. He wasjprepared^^or initiation by a pe-
riod of fasting, and by peculiar ceremonies, calci{Iated_to_
inspire Tiim with religious awe.

The Isiac mysteries would seem to be the first degree
among the Egyptians. The second degree consisted of the
Mysteries of Serapis. Of their nature we know scarcely
anything. Li the Mysteries of Osiris, which completed the

*We cull from Mackenzie's " Boyal Masonic Cyclopedia,'" pp. 188 and
189.

THE OBELISK AND FBEEMASOKEY. 71

series of Egyptian esoteric teacliing, the lesson of death and
resurrection of Osiris was symbolically conveyed; the le-
gend of the murder and restoration of Osiris was displayed
to the affiliate in a scenic manner. The legend itself was
that Osiris, a wise king of Egypt, left the care of the king-
dom to Queen Isis, and set forth to communicate the secrets
of civilization to other nations. Isis here represents Egypt,
and Osiris the sun. During his absence his brother, Ty-
phon, conspired against his throne, and on the return of
Osiris, Typhon, in the month of November, invited him to
a banquet, where he produced a chest (ark, pastos, or coffin)
inlaid with gold, promising to give it to any person, then
present, whose body it would fit. Osiris laid himself down
in the chest, when the lid was immediately closed, and he
was cast into the Nile. The body of Osiris was tossed about
by the waves, and finally cast on shore at Byblos, in Phe-
nicia, at the foot of a tamarisk tree. Isis, in lamentation,
traversed the whole world in search of the body, which had
been mutilated, but recovered it at last, and brought it in
triumph to Egypt, where it was committed to the tomb.
She is variously represented as the mother, wife, and sister,
of Osiris, the judge and father of the world of spirits.

Seti I., or Osymandias, and his son, Eameses II., or Sesos-
tris. Their rock-excavated Masonic Temple, beauti-
fully adorned, was discovered by Belzoni, a.d. 1818.
We think all in this magnificent structure indicates,
that there was the origin of modem Freemasonry ;
for the attitudes, groups, rites, ceremonies, symbols,
and signs, have a striking similarity both with Medi-
eval and Modem Freemasonry. We are sorry we
could not give all of the mystery chambers in this
epitome.

CHAPTEE VIII.

MOSES AND THE ISRAELITES.

Moses has an exoteric and esoteric significance witli Free-
masons, who mention and invoke him in their Kites
and high degrees. They accept Usher's chronology,
1451, B.C., as the date of his death. Egyptologists
differ widely on this point : Prof. Seyffarth claims
that Thothmes III., originator of the obelisk now on
its way to New York, was the Pharaoh before whom
Moses pleaded the deliverance of the Israelites, about
1866 B.C. This German savant bases this date on
planetary configurations, as may be realized by his
" Summary of Recent Discoveries," etc., p. 124, and
his erudite essay, published in the Philadelphia Sun-
day-School Times, May 1, 1880.
Bunsen, Brugsch, Lepsius, Eosellini, Wilkinson, de Eouge,
Chabas, Maspero, Pierret, Mariette, etc., disagree with
Seyffarth as to Thothmes and the date 1866 ; for most
of them say Moses was born during the long joint reign
of Seti I. and Eameses II., and that the Exodus occurred
under Seti II. or Menephtah, son and successor of Eameses
II.

Brugsch tells us in his "Histoire iPEgypte" p. 157: "As
Eameses II. reigned 66 years, the reign of his successor,
under whom the Exodus occurred, embraced 20 years ; and,
as Moses was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus, the
children of Israel left Egypt in one of the last six years of
Menephtah's reign, namely, between 1327 and 1321 B.C. If
we admit that this Pharaoh perished in the sea, as reported

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY. 73

in the Scriptures, Moses was born 80 years before 1321, or
1401 B.C., the sixth year of Eameses' reign."

We read in De Kongo's " Notice des Monuments Egyp-
tiens du Musee du Louvre^' p. 22 : " The circumstances of
Hebrew history can therefore only apply to the epoch when
the family of Eameses was on the throne. Moses, obliged
to flee from the anger of the king after the murder of an
Egyptian, suffered a long exile, because Eameses II. reigned
more than 67 years. Soon after his return, Moses com-
menced the struggle which ended in the Exodus. This
event, therefore, happened under the son of Eameses II.,
or, latest, dm-ing the period of troubles that followed his
reign."

AVe read in Chabas' '■'■Recherches pour servir a VHistoire
de la XIX. Dynastie,'' p. 148 : " The reign of Eameses II.

alone agrees with the indispensable conditions, etc

"We could not assign Moses to any other period, unless we
entirely disregarded the Biblic aceoimt."

Maspero, in his recent book '■'■Hiatoire Aneierme des Peuples
de V Orient^'' p. 286, tells us : " It is certain that Moses took
the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them laws, and led them
to the frontiers of Canaan, about the reign of Eameses
III.," who, according to Gliddon, is the Barneses, Sesostris,
and Osymandias of the Greeks, and reigned about 1565

B.C.

In Mariette Bey's "Aper9u de I'Histoire d'Egypte," p.
1:^1, we read this significant passage : " Qus Mo'ise veout
sous Ramses II., et que Menejphtahfut le PTiaron de VExode
est dorenavant unfait acquis a la science?''*

]S'ow, let us see how these learned Egyptologists differ as

*"That Moses lived under Rameses II. , and that Menephtah was the
Pharaoh of the Exodus, is henceforth a fact acquired to science." We
need hardly state that Menephtah was the son of Rameses II. , and was
named Seti II., after his grandfather, Seti I., who was the Osymandias of
the Greeks, and that Rameses II. , sumamed the Great, was the Sesostris
of the Greeks ; so that, according to these accounts, Moses was bom and
lived under the greatest Eyyptian kings.

74 THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONET.

to the .beginning of Eameses' reign, and consequently abont
the time when Moses lived :

Kosellini 1729 b.c.

Champollion 1723 "

Seyffarth 1693 «

Usher 1577 "

Gliddon 1665 «

Brugsch Bey 1407 "

Mariette Bey ' 1405 "

Lepsius 1388 "

Bunsen 1352 "

WUkinson ("Ancient Egyptians," B.I., pp. 52-55*) 1355 "
Poole 1283 "

As these dates differ four hundred and forty-six years, it
might be advisable to abandon Egyptian chronology till
Pharaoh Psammetichus I., 666 b.c, about whose reign chro-
nologists agree. If Moses lived under Thothmes III., 1866
B.C., there is a difference of 583 years between Seyffarth
and Poole.

Moses needs no date, no chronology. The conception,
primitiveness, and style of his writings are intrinsic evi-
dence of remote traditional antiquity, which only required a
master mind to portray and pen it ; and that master mind
appeared, when conditions and circumstances were favorable,
neither before nor after. What should we know about those
comparatively civilized personages, families, tribes, and
nations of south-western Asia and north-eastern Africa,
who for ages intermingled in the valleys of the Eiiphrates,
Tigris, Jordan, and Mle, without the Pentateuch ? What
should we know concerning that almost sealed peninsula,

* Whoever will take the trouble to read the cogent dissertation on Moses
and the Exodus, by Wilkinson and Lord Prudhoe, will find the strongest
plea for placing the birth of Moses under the joint reign of Seti I. and
Eameses II. , and the Exodus vmder Seti II. , or Menephtah, son and succes-
sor of Eameses II.

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONET. 75

called Arabia, where, for mutual protection, the ISTomade
Bedouins have cherished a kind of Freemasonry since Ish-
mael, whom they now invoke as they did four thousand
years ago ?

As we already alluded to the widely diffused order of
Ishmael, we need say no more.

Moses may even do without a hieroglyphic cartouche.
However, one may yet be found and deciphered ; for Egyp-
tology is but of yesterday. Already linguists, who searched
the Coptic or ancient Egyptian language, tell us Mo means
water, and ushe, saved, which correspond to the statement
of Josephus (Ant., B. II., c. 9, § 6), where we read : " The
Egyptians call water 'Mo,'' and such as are saved from it
' uses / ' so that by putting these two words together they
imposed the name (Moses) upon him."

Brugsch says, in his " Histoire cTEgypte " (pp. 15Y and
173), Mes or Messon means a child born to one of the
princes of Ethiopia under Eameses II.

"We read in Arabic traditions that Mo in Egyptian means
water and se signifies tree. Hence, the Arabs derive Moses
from those two words, because he was found in the water
among trees. The Arabs have to this day called Sinai Jebel
Mtisa (Mount Moses).

It has lately been claimed that the " Lost Tribes " settled
in the mountains of Afghanistan. Among them is one
called Moosa. Linguists think this tribe assumed the name
of the great Jewish leader, and bore it ever since. Thus
does language corroborate the Mosaic career.

We might adduce Diodorus Siculus, Philo, Clemens of
Alexandria, Eusebius, and more of Josephus, but we shall
only add a passage from Strabo,* who lived from about 60
B.C. to 24 A.D. : " An Egyptian priest named Moses, who
possessed a portion of the country of Lower Egypt ....
being dissatisfied with the established institutions there, left
it and came to Judea with a large body of people who wor-

* Strabo : B. XVI., c. II., § 35.

76 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRT.

shiped the Divinity. He declared and tanght, that the
Egyptians and Africans entertained erroneous sentiments,
in representing the Divinity under the likeness of wild
beasts and cattle of the field ; that the Greeks also were in
error in making images of their gods after the human form,
for God may be the one thing which encompasses us all, land
and sea, which we caU heaven, or the universe, or the JSTature
of things.

"Who, then, of any understanding, would venture to form
an image of this Deity, resembling anything with which we
are conversant? On the contrary, we ought not to carve
any images, but to set apart some sacred ground and a
shrine, worthy of the Deity, and to worship Him without
any similitude.

He taught, that those, who made fortunate dreams were
to be permitted to sleep in the temple, where they might
dream both for themselves and others ; that those who prac-
tised temperance and justice, and none else, might expect
good, or some gift or sign from the god from time to time.

By such doctrine Moses persuaded a large multitude of
right-minded persons to accompany him to the place where

Jerusalem now stands, etc Instead of arms, he taught

that their defence was in their sacred things and the Divin-
ity, for whom he was desirous to find a settled place, prom-
ising to the people to deliver such a kind of worship and
religion as should not burden those who adopted it with
great expense, nor molest them with divine possessions, nor
other iabsurd practices.

Moses thus obtained their good opinion, and established
no ordinary kind of government. All the nations around
willingly united themselves with him, allured by his dis-
courses and promises."

CHAPTEE IX.

HINDU MYSTERIES.

The ancient Hindus practised initiatory rites and cere-
monies in rock-excavated subterranean temples, as did the
Egyptians in the Temple of Seti I. and Eameses II., dis-
covered by Belzoni, 1818. James Fergusson's " History of
Indian Architecture^'' pp. 437-447, describes them ; and in
his '■'■ Bock-cut Tetmples" he gives a beautiful illustration
(Plate No. 8) of the Salsette rock-cut Temple. Mr. Ers-
kine has an exhaustive description of the subterranean Tem-
ple of Elephanta in the Asiatic Journal. This renowned
temple is m the Isle of Gharipour in the Gulf of Bombay.
It is 135 feet square, 18 feet high, supported by four mas-
sive pillars ; its walls are covered with sculptures and deco-
rations. The western entrance to, and exit from were only
accessible to the initiated. Chambers for various purposes
led out of that temple. It has been regarded as one of the
most ancient structures on the globe, and in it the Mysteries
of India were celebrated. Just as some of the Egyptian
were solemnized in the Temple of Seti and Kameses. The
German Indologist, Lassen, in his great work, ^^ Indische
AltejihumsTcunde^'' pp. 522-524, speaks of those colossal
rock-excavated temples, whose construction he ascribes to
the first century of our era, claiming they had no connection
vidth those of Egypt. Should the German savant chance to
hear of, or see the discoveries of Belzoni, Commander Gor-
ringe, and Grand Master Zola, he might probably change
his hastily conceived and expressed opinions ; for the learned
author of " The Boyal Masonic Cyclopedia" Mackenzie,
prior to these recent discoveries, considered the Hindu sub-

78 THE OBELISK AND FKEEMASONRT.

terranean temples nearly cotemporaneous with those of
Egypt, and if there was any difference in age, it would be
in favor of Egypt, so that he is inclined to think, that the
Hindus borrowed from Egypt. As this eminent student of
Freemasonry has such a graphic description of the Hindu
Mysteries, p. 315, we quote :

"The ceremony of the admission of a Brahman took
place in a spacious cavern, such as that of Elephanta or Sal-
sette. The whole course comprehended four degrees, the
probationer commencing at the early age of eight. In this
degree — analogous to the modern French rite of the adop-
tion of a male child * — the actual ceremony consisted only
of an investiture in a linen garment, and the girding on of
the sacred zennaar, or cord of three strands, nine times
twisted. Sacrifices, lustrations, and certain dedicatory words
accompanied this form, and the candidate was next commit-
ted to the care of a Brahman, who prepared him by fasts
and other austerities for the second degree. The second
degree was an exaggeration of the first, and, as in the fel-
low-craft degree, the aspirant was made to turn his attention
to the sciences, especially that of astronomy, M'hich in those
days was identical with astrology. Duly instructed in these
main essentials, the disciple was led into a gloomy cavern,
in which the aparrheta were to be displayed to him. Here
a striking similarity to the Masonic system may be found :
the three chief ofiieers, or hierophants, representing Brahma,
Vishnu, and Siva, are seated in the east, west, and south, at-
tended by their respective subordinates.f After an invoca-
tion to the sun, an oath was demanded of the aspirant to the

* Here modem Freemasonry admits a simile and precedent from ancient
India. Yet some of the learned brothers now claim, that their craft dates
but to yesterday, namely, 1717 a.d. ; while others are willing to see its
origin in the Dark Ages and Crusades, as though time and respectable an-
cestry were of little or no account.

f Another admission of analogy between ancient eastern and modem
western Masonry. Yet, according to some of our sages, their craft dates
but to 1717 A.D., or to the Crusades ! ! !

THE OBELISK AWD FREEMASONRY. 79

effect of implicit obedience to superiors, ptirity of body, and
inviolable secrecy. "Water was then sprinkled over him ; *
he v?as deprived of his sandals or shoes, and was made to
circumambulate the cavern thrice, with the sun. Suitable
addresses were then made to him, after which he was con-
ducted through seven ranges of caverns in utter darkness,
and the lamentations of Mahadeva, or the Great Goddess,
for the loss of Siva, similar to the wailings of Isis for Osi-
ris, f were imitated. After a number of impressive ceremo-
nies, the initiate was suddenly admitted into an apartment
of dazzling light, redolent with perfume and radiant with
all the gorgeous beauty of the Indian clime, alike in flowers,
perfumes, and gems. This represented the Hindu Paradise
and the acme of all earthly bliss. This was supposed to
constitute the regeneration of the candidate, and he was
now invested with the white robe and the tiara ; a peculiar
cross was marked on his forehead, and the tau cross:]: on his
breast, upon which he was instructed in the peculiar signs,
tokens, and lectures of the order. He was presented with
the sacred girdle, the magical black stone, the talismanic
jewel for his breast, and the serpent-stone, which guaran-
teed him from the effects of poison. Finally, he was given
the sacred word AUM, significative of the creative, pre-
servative, and destructive powers of the Trimurti — Brahma,
Vishnu, and Siva. "With this the second degree concluded.
The third degree comprehended a total isolation in the
forests, when contemplation was enjoined as a duty, and
sacrifice, together with abstinence, became a daily rite. In
the fourth degree the Brahman was, by peculiar ceremonies,
conjoined to the divinity and assured of future acceptance
among the blessed."
Advanced Masons will realize, while perusing this, how

* Baptism ?

\ Here the erudite Lassen might see some connection between Indian
and Egyptian rites and ceremonies.

i Seven different crosses used in modem Freemasonry ; yet nothing
dates back of 1717 and beyond the Crusades !

80 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

mucli has reached their craft from the rock-excavated tem-
ples of India, especially from the second Brahmanic degree,
■which, surely, antedated both the Dark Ages and Crusades.

Magi. We cannot omit the ancient Oriental order, styled
Magi, -niio roamed for ages over the Asiatic plains,
extending from the Jordan to the Indus, and from
the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea, gazing at the
stars, studying their course, and deducing therefrom
what has been called astrology. They have also been
known as the Wise Men of the East. They were a
secret order, attributed to Zoroaster, prophet of the
Medes and Persians, whom some ancient archeolo-
gists placed 6000 and others 700 b.c. The Parsees,
now in India, are the only survivors of that worthy
race. They have preserved Zoroaster's precepts in
the Zend Avesta, which they consider as Christians
do the Bible. They are to Asia what the Quakers
are to Europe and America — sober, honest, and in-
dustrious citizens.

CHAPTER X.

ELEUSESriAN MTSTBKIBS.

Those rites and ceremonies in honor of the Greek Deme-
ter, called Ceres by the Romans, have ever excited the
world's curiosity and sharpened the acumen of critics. The
eminent Orientalist, Lenormant, in a learned article pub-
lished by that searching periodical The Contemporary Re-
'oiew. May, 1880, traces the Elexisinia to the Pelasgi of
Arcadia, to the Thrakians, of Thrakia, and to Eiimolpus,
son of Poseidon and Chione, daughter of Boreas. We can
assent to the Pelasgi, to the Thrakes, and to Eumolpos,
but Poseidon (Neptune), Chione, and Boreas seem rather
mythic. Greek and Roman authors, from Homer to Taci-
tus and Plutarch, have written about that ancient institu-
tion. Some ascribe it to Inachus, founder of Argos, 1800
B.C. ; others to Erectheus, king of Athens'; but Strabo tells
us it florished under Cecrops, founder of Athens, 1556
B.C. As we only need, for our purpose, what transpired at
the initiations, we shall glean and epitomize some of the
principal details.

It is conceded that Eumolpos founded the Eleusinian
Mysteries about 1356 b.c, that he became the first hiero-
phant, and that this ofBce was hereditary in his family,
styled EumoVpidm, for twelve centuries. The officiatiag
personages consisted of

1. A male and a female hierophant, who directed the
initiations.

2. A male and a female torch-bearer.

3. A male herald.

82 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASOKKY.

4. A male and a female altar attendant ; and munerons
minor officials.

There were Lesser and Greater Mysteries. The Lesser
were celebrated at Agra every year, and the Greater at Eleu-
sis every five years. Lenormant thinks little is known con-
cerning the initiations ; yet the following details have been
gathered fi-om various sources: TorphjTy says the hiero-
phant represented Plato's Demiurgus, or Creator of the
world ; the torch-bearer, the Sun ; the altar-man, the Moon ;
the herald, llermes, or Mercury ; and the other officials, mi-
nor stars.

Men, women, and children were admitted ; only criminals
and outlaws were excluded. The examination of candidates
was rigorous. The ancient Greeks thought the innocence of
children could conciliate the gods with the initiated adults.
To be initiated into the Lesser Mysteries, candidates had to
keep themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted for nine days,
after which they came, offered sacrifices and prayers, wear-
ing garlands of flowers. A year after this ceremony they
sacrificed a sow to Demeter, or Ceres, and were admitted as
candidates for the Greater Mysteries.

Crowned with myrtle and enveloped in robes, the novices
passed into the mystic temple during the night. As they
entered this vast building they washed their hands in holy
water, * when they were told that they should come with a
pure and undefiled mind, without which cleanliness of the
body would not be acceptable. Next the holy mysteries
were read to them from a large book,t called Petroma, be-
cause composed of two stones, fitly cemented together. The
priest, styled hierophant, asked them some questions, which
they readily answered ; hymns were sung ia honor of Ceres,
while they proceeded-; soon the thunder rolled, lightning
flashed, strange and fearful objects appeared, and the place
seemed to shake and be on flre ; hideous spectres glided

* Thence, probably, the holy 1 cater of the Eomanists.
t FreemasoDiB ever had a " Book,'''' and have one now.

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONET. 83

throtigli the building, moaning and sighing ; frightful noises
and howlings were heard. Mysterious apparitions, repre-
senting the messengers of the infernal deities, Anguish,
Madness, Famine, Disease, and Death, flew around. As
the trembling crowd of novices advanced amid this fearful
spectacle, representing the torments of this life and those of
Tartarus, they heard the solemn voice of the hierophant ex-
plaining them, and exhibiting his symbols of supreme deity,
which but added to the horrors of the scene, when suddenly
a serene light and objects of bliss appeared, and opened an
Elysium to the initiated Eleusinian phalanx, who had, in a
short time and space, experienced the miseries of Earth, the
tortures of Tartarus, and the happiness of Elysium.

This initiation was styled autopsy, a term known to ad-
vanced Masons. When these ceremonies were ended, the
officiating priest uttered the word Konx, which meant all
was over, and those present could retire. The secrets were
so sacred that, if any one disclosed them, it was supposed
that he called divine wrath on himself ; and it was unsafe
to live in the same house with a wretch, that was publicly
put to an ignominious death.

Every good Greek citizen was expected to become a mem-
ber of this soeio-religious institution ; and the gi-avest charge
against Socrates was that he had never joined it. Herodo-
tus informs us (B. 9, 65), that the Persians burned the Tem-
ple of Eleusis, when they invaded Attica ; but it was rebuUt,
during the administration of Pericles, by Ictinus, architect
of the Parthenon. During the sway of Demetrius Phale-
reus, the architect Philo added the portico of the twelve
magnificent Doric columns. Strabo says the mystic cell of
that splendid edifice could accommodate as many persons as
the theatre. Then and there Greece had thousands of
operatives and mechanics, directed by the Dionysian a/rchi-
tects, whom we shall soon have occasion to mention.

Lodges and orders of our day may realize how much of
the Eleusinian Mysteries is now retained in Masonic initia-
tions.

84 THE OBELISK AND FEEEIIASONRT.

The Goths under Alaric destroyed this splendid structure
A.D. 396. The colossal statue of Ceres in the vestibule of
the public library at Cambridge was brought from Eleusis
(now Lepsina), by E. D. Clarke and Mr. Cripps, 1801. This
beautiful relic of Greek art was the work of the renowned
Phidias.

Thus, the mysteries of the Greco-Latin goddess of hus-
bandry had lasted about eighteen centuries, when Theodo-
sius, urged by some Fathers of the Church, abolished them,
under the plea that they were immoral. As they had ever
been celebrated publicly under the supervision of the State,
we must refuse credence to this imputation. This early in-
terference of the Fathers of the Church was a shadow of
the coming papacy and subsequent Inquisition against free-
thinkers and liberal associations. The imperial edict became
later a precedent and plea for papal ' bulls and Inquisitorial
tribunals.

Archeologists say these mysteries, rites, and festivals of
Ceres were derived from similar ceremonies, performed in
honor of Isis in Egypt. This seems probable, M'hen we con-
sider, that Cecrops led a colony from Egypt to Greece,
founded Athens, and became its first king.

We devoted so much space to this earliest and most last-
ing European secret association, that has any analogy to
medieval or modern operative and theoretic Masonry, be-
cause we thought it had rites, ideas, emblems and symbols,
which resembled those of Egypt and India ; especially the
ordeal of horrors, nearly identical with those of Elephanta,
now in vogue in oriental and in some western orders. The
Eleusinian order had its male grand master, wardens, and
minor officials. True, it admitted women and children, thus
completing the social fabric ; but it excluded criminals and
outlaws. It had its grades and initiations, with social, moral,
and religious bearings, and strictly enjoined secrets ; so that
every order or association, formed in Europe or America,
either for social, moral, or religious purposes, or mutual pro-
tection, must point to Greece for a prototype. This gains

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 85

yet more force, when we trace the Eleusinia to the imposing
order, that initiated Pliaraohs, princes, queens, hierophants,
priests, and magnates in the magnificent secluded Masonic
Temple, constructed by Seti I. (Osymandias) and his son,
Rmneses II. (Sesostris), which looks more like modern Free-
masonry than anything history mentions, and of which every
intelligent Mason must feel proud, when he inspects and
studies Belzoni's atlas, especially Plate 19.

CiTEETES. Priests of Cybele, mother of the gods in Crete,
were probably coeval with the establishment of the
Eleusynian Mysteries. The initiation into this ancient
order lasted 27 days, during which the candidate was
confined in a cave, which reminds of the Egyptian and
Hindoo subterranean Masonic Temples. It has been
claimed, that Pythagoras belonged to this order.

CHAPTEE XL

DIONYSIAlf MYSTERIES.*

" Celebeated throughout Hellas and Ionia, but chiefly at
Athens, they were introduced from Egypt into Greece in
honor of Dionysos or Bacchus. The legend of the murder
of Dionysos was commemorated in their ceremonies. In
the outset of these mysteries was shown the consecration of
the mundane egg, of which all Eastern religions, from
Japan, India, Burmah, and the Hellenic countries, make
mention. Lustration by water having taken place, the can-
didate was crowned with a myrtle branch, introduced iato
the sacred vestibule, and clothed in the sacred habiliments.
Lie was then delivered to the conductor, who proclaimed in
a loud voice, ' Depart hence, all ye profane ! 'f After ex-
hortations to the candidate, enjoining fortitude and courage,
he was led through dark caverns, termed by Stoboeus a rude
and fearful march through night and darkness. Here wild
beasts howled, and artificially produced thunder and lightning
prevailed, while monstrous apparitions were from time to time
shown through the gloom. These scenes continued for three
days and nights, after which the mystic death of Bacchus or
Dionysos, displayed in the person of the candidate, began to
be enacted. The candidate was now placed on the pastos,
couch, or coflBn, and closely confined in a chamber where, in
solitude, he was left to all the horrors of the situation.
Typhon, searching for Osiris — the legends being the same,'

* Mackenzie's " Soyal Masonic Gydopedia" p. 158.
+ Virgil, B. VI. : " Procul, procul, este profani! " The same proolamar
tion is made during the Eleusynian Mysteries by the herald.

THE OBELISK AND FKEEMASONET. 87

— seeks for the ark, in which he is inclosed, and rends it
into pieces by his mighty power, scattering the limbs upon
the waters, upon which arise mournful lamentations on the
decease of the god. Ehea or Isis then begins her search
for the remains of Dionysos or Osiris, and indescribable
bowlings ensue, made by the priests and assistants at the
ceremony, until, at a signal from the Hierophant, mourning
is changed into rejoicing — the body is found, and the candi-
date released, amid shouts of, We have found it ! — let us
rejoice together ! The candidate was next made to descend
into Tartarus,* or the infernal regions, and behold the bless-
ings and happiness of the good and punishment of the
wicked. He was then, like the modern initiates of Free-
masonry, given a new vestment of white, and received
among the number of the Epopts. By this series of trials
he was supposed to receive regeneration, and, of course,
public consideration and rank were the due meed of every
individual favored enough, or courageous enough, to under-
go the ordeal."
No doubt, these Mysteries prepared the way for the

DIONTSIAN AECHITECTS.t

At a very early period in the historic times of the world
we find in existence a wandering guUd of builders, conse-
crated to Dionysos or Bacchus. They made their appear-
ance certainly not later than 1000 b.c, and appear to have
enjoyed particular privileges and immimities. They also
possessed secret means of recognition, and were bound to-
gether by special ties only known to themselves. The richer
of this fraternity were bound to provide for their poorer
brethren.:]: They were divided into communities, governed

* Perhaps the deep, rock-excavated, dark well in the Temple of Seti I. and
Barneses II. was the prototype of the Dionysian Mysteries.

■j- Mackenzie's "Royal Masonic Cydopedia,'''' p. 157.

X This Fraternity of architects and masons was no doubt one of the
early orders, similar to medieval and modem Freemasonry ; because
founded on mutual protection and charity.

88 THE OBELISK AND FKEEMASONRT.

by a Master and "Wardens, and called '■/vvolkuii, (connected
houses). They held a grand festival annually, and were
held in high esteem. Their ceremonials were regarded as
sacred. It has been claimed that Solomon, at the instance
of Hiram, King of Tyre, employed them at his temple and
palaces. They were also employed at the construction of
the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. They had means of inter-
communication all over the then known world, and from
them, doubtless, sprang the guilds of the Traveling Masons
known in the Middle Ages.

To this ancient charitable institution, dating back three
thousand years, our mutual labor associations may point with
pride ; for to these entei-prising architects, employed by
kings and hierophants, Parthenons, Mausoleums, and all of
the Greek and Koman monuments owed their existence.
Ephesus, Rhodes, Athens, Rome, Constantinople, etc., point
to them as their beautifiers. In the Dionysian architects
the modem Brothers cannot help seeing theoretic and oper-
ative prototypes.

Solomon is so well known by Freemasons, that we need not
enlarge on his Masonic attributes. Those, who wish
to know his career, may read his books and consult
2 Sam., v., 11 ; 1 K., v., vi., vii., viii., ix.; and 1 Chr.,
xiv., etc. Also Josephus, Eusebius, Clemens, and
Alexander Polyhistor will enlighten them on the
career of that strange mixtiire of wisdom and folly.
His temple has ever been the theme of operative
and theoretic Masons. Its pillars Jachin and Boaz
have been Masonic household words among the
Brethren of the Magic Tie. ISTot only Jews and
Christians, biit Arabs have remembered Solomon.
Freemasons have pointed to him as the first Masonic
Grand Master. We suppose, after the discoveries of
Belzoni and Commander Gorringe, they will look
beyond Solomon's temple to Rameses' rock-cut Tem-
ple, recognize Rameses II. (Sesostris) as the first

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY. 89

Masonic Grand Master, and adopt his sun and ser-
pent apron.

HiRiJvi has ever been indissolubly connected with Solomon.
We are told these two kings formed an intellectual
bond between commercial Tyre and religious Jerusa-
lem. Those, who desire to know more about Hiram,
will find it in the same chapters of 1 Kings, which
give the career of both. The great Jewish temple
seems to have engaged the attention of Hiram and
Solomon for about seven years. But King Hiram's
name lives now in a famous monument near the site
of Tyre. It is a sarcophagus of limestone, hewn out
of a single block twelve feet long, eight wide, and six
high, covered by a lid slightly pyramidal, and five feet
in thickness, the whole resting on a massive pedestal
about ten feet high. A tradition, received by all
classes and sects of that country, calls it '■'■ Kahr
Hairan " (Tomb of Hiram). The people of that re-
gion also connect Hiram's name with a fountain, over
which a massive stone structure has been raised. It
is not far from the ruins of Tyre. Thus has the
name of Hiram, Solomon's friend, been perpetuated
from the days of Tyre's grandeur.

HiEAM Ajbif. While Kings Solomon and Hiram are con-
sidered theoretic Masons, Hiram Abif may be re-
garded as the operative Mason at the structure of the
temple. It has been claimed, that the Dionysian
architects arose in, and had their main association at.
Tyre, and that Hiram Abif was of their craft. This
distinguished Tyrian artisan is honorably mentioned
in 1 K. vii. 13--46. Even now Freemasons have a
tool named Hiram.

Adonieam, Solomon's treasurer and financier, was a very
useful personage in the carrying out Solomon's archi-
tectural plans.

Sacked Lodge. We are told this lodge was held in the
bowels of Mount Moriah, under the part, on which

90 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOWRY.

was erected the Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple.
Solomon, King Hiram, and Hiram Abif presided
over this ancient Masonic institution. Was it copied
from Kameses' rock-excavated Temple in Egypt or
from the temple of Elephanta, in India ? We are
told Oriental Dervis hold now their secret meetings
in subterranean temples ; so that the custom has con-
tinued four thousand years.

CHAPTER Xn.

MYSTERIES OF THE DRUIDS.

Theee were three degrees: 1. Bards, or chanters. 2.
Prophets, or spaiers. 3. Druids, or sanctified authorities,
from whose judgment there was no appeal. In Albion,
now England, there were provinces under an Arch-Druid,
invested with supreme authority. Under him was a trinity
of ministers, and twenty-five subordinates, deans, or dea-
cons. The assembly of the Druids met annually for the
judgment of causes and enactment of rules, and four other
meetings took place, as near as possible to the equinoctial
and solsticial periods * of the year. They had secret pass-
words, and adored Hu, the mighty Hu. Initiates were
made under the canopy of heaven, the place of meeting was
to be unpolluted with a metal tool, and those belonging to
the order were invested with a chain. The colors were
white, blue, and green — light, truth, and hope. A pastos, or
coffin,f was required, and the progress of the initiates was
gradual. After severe trials he was admitted to the privi-
leges of Druidism. The following principles were instilled
iato the candidate at progressive stages : 1. That all worthy
things descend from the Heaven of Heavens. 2. The soul,
after death, goes into divers other bodies; the sublimer
minds ascend to higher orbs than our earth, there to enjoy

* The Dionysiam Mysteries were solemnized at the same periods in
Greece ; hence analogy between the Dionysian and Draidic Mysteries.

\ We find the same custom in the Dionysian and Egyptian Mysteries.
In Seti's temple, in two of the chambers, is a pa&toa, so that the Druids
must have borrowed from the Greeks and Egyptians, or the Greeks and
Egyptians from the Druids.

92 THE OBELISK AKD FKEEMASONBY.

unbounded felicity. 3. Whatever is left witli the dying, or
is east upon their funereal-pyres, is svirely theirs in the other
world. Jr. Those who destroy themselves will go thither
with their friends, and there abide with them. 5. None
shall receive instruction without the limits of our sacred
grove ; there the oak and mistletoe favor devotion. 6. The
education of children demands the greatest care ; twenty
years of assiduous teachings will scarce suffice. 1. The se-
crets of our sciences and arts must not be committed to
■^vriting ; they must repose in the memory alone.* 8. Every
soul is immortal, however long and variously it may trans-
migrate. 9. The mistletoe must never be cut but with a
golden bill, and, if possible, only in the sixth moon ; it is to
be gathered with a holy reverence, and, when deposited in
the white sagum, must be then conveyed, upon two white
bulls, to the place where needed. 10. The powder of the
mistletoe is salutary for women, making them fruitful. 11.
The sacrifices are holy ; none but the obedient shall attend
them. 12. Man or woman may be sacrificed on extraordi-
nary occasions. 13. Prisoners of war are to be slain at
times, and upon the cromlechs ; or they may be burned alive
within the wickers, in honor of the immortal gods. 14. Fu-
ture events may be foretold from the direction, in which the
body falls, when seized by death, or as the same shall move
when fallen, or as the blood may flow therefrom. 15. Stran-
gers must have no commerce with our people, save from
necessity, or for some good unto ourselves. 16. Children
are to be brought up separate from their parents, until their
fourteenth year; the foundation must be laid by their
ghostly fathers. 17. Wlien the world is destroyed it must

* This seems to have been, and is now, the custom of the Bedouin Arabs,
who pride themselves on their oral traditions. Such a custom has ever
more or less prevailed among the Oriental races. Initiations and secrecy
were the order of the day, and when they did write they only wrote the
consonants and omitted the vowels ; or hieroglyphs ; hence our Celtic an-
cestors brought that usage with them from the East at a very remote
period.

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONET. 93

be by fire or by water. 18. Money lent, and not repaid,
will be restored in the next world. 19. Every one who
comes sluggishly to the assembly of our states, and he who
is the last of all in attendance, shall surely die ! 20. The
earth we inhabit is not a plain, but a globe ; and so are the
.sun, moon, and stars likewise. 21. All light comes from
the sun ; that which by the moon is shed is but borrowed
by him from her. 22. Our people were mighty in knowl-
edge once. Upon the heights of Caer-Idria, also at Cerrig
Brudyn, and at Myfyrion, they were used to meditate upon
the heavenly bodies ; and there did they contemplate all
nature ; the mysteries were there taught unto our youth ;
and, in the plains below, our wise men saw that the wisdom
so gained was practised. 23. Temples are never to be
raised with closed walls, and they are likewise to be open to
the skies ; they are to be upon the plains, or on some lofty
height, that the heavenly spheres may be the better seen ;
and if upon the plains, then in the open air, and yet with
trees encompassing. 24. No images of the gods have we,
but emblems only ; hence does the truncated oak symbolize
both the firmness and the majesty of the god of gods. 26.
Our Faids, also called Vacerri, are the ordinary priests ; the
Eubages are our augurs ; the Banrdi, also called Votes, are
our poets and chroniclers ; the Yergobretus does judge the
law ; and the SaronidcB instruct our youths, and also admin-
ister jxistice, under the guidance of the Arch-Druids and
of the Yergobretus. Such is the order and creed of the
Druids.

According to our reading of history, the priesthoods of
Belus, or Baal, in Assyria, of Osiris, in Egypt, of Jehova,
in Palestine, of Jupiter, in Greece and Eome, of Ahura
Mazda, in Persia, of Brahma, in India, and of Teutates, in
Britain, were primitive secret societies, who instructed and
governed the primitive families and races. It little matters
whether we call the members of those priesthoods Belites,
Pastojjhori, Levites, Guretes, Magi, Brahmins, or Druids ;
they were connected by secret ties, and intercommunicated

94 THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONET.

from the Indus to the Tiber, from the Nile to the Thames.
Hence there ever has been, is, and ever will be Freemasonry
on om- planet. Masonry was ever more or less connected
with priesthoods till about the thirteenth century of our era,
when Masons declared themselves Freimaurer (Freemasons).
Since about that period priesthoods have ever denounced
and persecuted Freemasonry.

TsTttata Pompilius, about 650 b.c, lawgiver of the Komans,
founder of the College of the Pontifices (High
Priests) of the Augurs, of the Flamens, and of the
Yestals, and of the Temple of Janus, we consider as
a worthy Mason of his epoch. His reconciling the
Komans and Sabines shows he was a peacemaker,
and his consulting Egeria in the grove indicates, that
he was somewhat of a Druid, which he may have
shared with the Celtic and Etrurian races then in
Italy. All his institutions are of a Masonic type.

Pythagoras, 550 b.c, the greatest Masonic figure of an-
tiquity, joined the Curetes, and became, no doubt, an
initiate of the Eleusinian Mysteries. After having
studied under Greek philosophers, he went to Egypt,
gazed at the pyramids, conversed with the hiero-
phants, and was iaitiated into the Egyptian Mysteries
in the rock-excavated Temple, constructed by Seti I.
and Eameses II., Imown to the Greeks as Osymandias
and Sesostrls. On his way to India, the traveler
stopped at Babylon, where he studied Chaldean Magic.
In India he learned the doctrine of Metempsychosis
from the Brahmins, who made him one of their
initiates in the rock-excavated Temple of Elephanta.
Thus versed in Greek learning, and endowed with
Egyptian, Chaldean, and Hindoo wisdom, Pythagoras
was fully qualified to introduce a new educational
curriculum. His degrees were : 1. Mathematici ; 2.
Theoretici ; 3. Electi. Hence, mathematics, or the
exact sciences, formed the basis of his pupils' educa-

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOKEY. 95

tion. Only after having been exact were they
allowed to theorize; only after having been exact
and theoretic were they permitted to be eclectic
under the master's guidance. The city of Crotona,
in Southern Italy, was chosen as the residence of this
famous Brotherhood. Soon disciples flocked to it
from all parts of the known world. Surrender of all
property for the benefit of the order was one of the
primary conditions. The fraternity was divided in
two classes — Exoterics and Esoterics, whence these
terms came into our modern language. Silence, secresy,
and unconditional obedience were cardinal principles of
the Pythagorean Order. The great teacher and re-
former was universally respected for his integrity,
but envied by knaves, who induced the mob of
Crotona to burn his school. Thus, after an unex-
ampled success of thirty years, was this famous Order
of Sages destroyed, and its founder died poor, 506 b.o.
On comparison, Freemasons of our day may realize,
that they have much in common with the Fraternity
of Crotona.

Heeodotus, about 440 b.c, in his grand History of Anti-
quity, tells us much about Egypt, its laws, customs,
and monuments. Pie also relates some of the con-
versations he had with priests ; but he is very guarded
not to tell us what he saw and experienced, while
being initiated into the Egyptian Mysteries and into
Masonry in the rock-excavated Temple of Seti I. and
his son, Sesostris. As the great historian and trav-
eler had probably been, initiated into the Eleusinian
Mysteries, the Egyptian initiations seemed no novelty.
Since Belzoni, Commander Gorringe, Grand Mas-
ter Zola and our Consul-General Farman, have dis-
covered such decided marks of ancient Egyptian
Masonry, we may infer possibilities.

Plato, 400 b.o., it is claimed, visited the cradle of civiliza-
tion,' joined Egypt's secret order, and probably passed

96 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONRT.

the grades, conferred in tlie rock-excavated Temple of
Seti I. and Eameses II. (Sesostris). At that period
Egypt must have been a strong magnetic centre, that
could thus attract and initiate those ancient sages.

EssENEs. About the time of Jesus Christ arose an order of
this name. This famous brotherhood was iuterme-
diary between the ancient and medieval Asiatic orders,
being less priestly than its predecessors and embody-
ing more science and practice in their daily lives.
Jews, Assyrians, Egyptians, Arabs, Persians, and
Greeks joined. On application, the candidate had to
resign all his property for the common good of the
Fraternity. The probation lasted three years, and
comprised two degrees. On full admission the can-
didate received a spade, an apron, and a white robe.
They lived in communities and did not marry. Se-
cresy was one of their chief tenets. Eusebius and
Philo tell us they could discover no difference be-
tween their mode of life and that of the first Chris-
tians. It is often claimed, that Jesus Christ belonged
to the Essenean Brotherhood. Mostly scholars and
men of distinction joined this order. The Essenes
seem to have been vei-y frugal and industrious men,
and as such they did not attract large munbers.
Some authors have ascribed to the members of that
early order the writings of the JSTew Testament.
Josephus, in his ^^ Antiquities,^^ has much to say about
those simple and frugal sages. There is some analogy
between our Masonic orders and the Essenean Fra-
ternity, which only lasted during the first centuries
of our era. The Essenes lived principally in Pales-
tine and Syria.

ViTEUvius, 43 B.C., who has been considered as one of the
famous brotherhood, styled the Dionysian Architects,
perpetuated the institution, which extended over
Greece and Rome, and pointed to Hiram Abif as its
first Grand Master, 1000 b.o. Yitruvius served as a

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASOWKY. 97

military engineer under Julius Caesar in Africa, 43
B.C. He designed and constructed a temple at
Fanum. During the reign of Augustus he was in-
spector of engines. In his old age he wrote his
great work on architecture, entitled, " De Architea-
tura^'' which has ever been highly esteemed. It is
divided into ten books, and is the only ancient treatise
on architecture that reached us. Both operative and
theoretic Masons may point to Yitruvius with pride.
Augustus Cesar, Baebaeus, and Pontius the Architect,
23 B.C. "We rejoice to be able to record three dis-
tinguished Masons, belonging to the opening of the
first century of our era. As preAdously mentioned,
while Mr. Wynman Dixon, C.E., was examining
the foundation of the pedestal of the standing twin
obelisk at Alexandria, he found one of the brass
crabs, used by the Romans as supports, and on the
large claw of it was this inscription in Latia, which
we translate here :

" In the eighth year of the reign of Augustus Ce-
sar (23 B.C.), Barharus, Prefect of Egypt, caused
these obelisks to be erected by Pontius, the archi-
tect." Since the Masonic signs, emblems, and sym-
bols, have been discovered around and under the
pedestal of the American obelisk by Commander
Gorringe, and endorsed by Grand Master Zola and
Consul General Farman, the question arises : Who
directly or indirectly ordered those obelisks to be
raised? Had the emperor any direct or indirect
share in the ordering, or was all left to the prefect ?
or did both emperor and prefect share in the order-
ing of the work, for which the State paid all expen-
ses ? Moreover, who knew about and ordered those
emblematic and symbolic stones, that were to be
deposited in a vault, constructed for the purpose?
Surely, the architect Pontius did not do all that at
his expense, which must have been considerable.
7

98 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRY.

Some itemized bill had to be sent to the imperial
treasurer. Hence we conclude, that the emperor,
prefect, and architect, were all of the craft, and
knew about it, which clearly proves that theoretic
and operative Masonry of some kind existed in
the very beginning of our era. ISTo doubt, Pontius
belonged to the ancient craft of the Dionysian archi-
tects, previously mentioned.

Augustus, who was ever deeply interested in liter-
ature, science, and art, would delight ia knowing all
about those venerable relics, that were to perpetu-
ate his reign, and from sheer emulation the prefect
would inform himself, so as to give a proper account .
to his master, the author of the " Augfusta7i EraP
Therefore let us henceforth honor Augustus, Barba-
ms, and Pontius, as high Masons of their epoch.
Thus did Masonry flourish on the Kile under Rame-
ses the Great, hero of Kadish, about 1500 b.c. and
under the great Augustus, hero of Actium, 31 b.c.

St. Luke, about a.d. 50, the Evangelist and author of " The
Acts," has been regarded by some Masonic writers as
a iatric {healing) Mason, which may be due to St.
Paul's calling him "the beloved physician" (Col.
iv. 14).

Pltjtaech, about a.d. 80, we are told, was an initiate of the
Egyptian Mysteries. He mentions this inscription
on the Temple of Isis: "I, Isis, am all that has
been, that is, or shall be, and no mortal has ever
unveiLed me." *

ApuLEnrs,-!- a.d. 150, who had been initiated into all the
Egyptian mysteries, speaks of those of Isis in the
following way : " The priest — aU the profane being
removed to a distance — taking hold of me by the

* Madame Blavatski violated tMs solemn declaration of the Egyptian
goddess by calling her great work " Isis ZPnvezled" published by James
Bouton, 706 Broadway, New Tork.

f Metamorphosis, Book XI.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMA80KET. 99

hand, brought me into the inner recesses of the sanc-
tuary itself, clothed in a new linen garment. Per-
haps, curious reader, you may be eager to know
what was then said and done. I would tell jon,
were it lawful for me to tell you ; you should know
it, if it were lawful for you to hear ; but both ' the
ears that heard those things, and the tongue that
told them, would reap the evil results of their rash-
ness. Still, however, kept in suspense, as you prob-
ably are with religious longing, I will not torment
you with long-protracted anxiety. Hear, therefore,
but believe what is the truth. / ajyproached the con-
fines of death, and having trod on the threshold
of Proserpine, I returned therefrom, being borne
through all the elements. At midnight I saw the
sun, shining with its brilliant light, and approached
the presence of the gods beneath and the gods above,
and stood near and worshiped them. Behold, I have
related to you things of which, though heard by you,'
you must necessarily remain ignorant. It is most
probable, that the mysteries of Isis alluded to her
personification of Nature. In addressing Apuleius,
she says : ' I am Nature, the parent of all things, the
sovereign of the elements, the primary progeny of
time.' "

Here we fully realize, that Egypt's Mysteries, and
with them probably her Masonry in the rock-exca-
vated Temple of Seti I. and Rameses II., florished
as late as a.d. 150, when the Koman sage penned
this passage ; but soon societies of mutual aid and
charity. Mysteries, and Masonic institutions will van-
ish before northern Vandals and Mahometan fana-
tics, and dark ages supervene.

100 THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONET.

THE GOTHO-GERMANIC AND SCANDINAVIAN MYSTERIES.

These mysteries are so wild and incoherent, that it would
be difficult to give a concise idea of them. The Edda and
Nihelungeii contain them. The Celts, Cimbri, and Teu-
tones were so mixed in Central, Western, and Northern
Europe, that their dialects, customs, and manners assumed
a similarity, from close and long intercourse. They all
worshiped and celebrated their festivals in the open air, in
groves and dismal forests. Odin or Woden was their Grand
Master, and became their god. The liosicrucians borrowed
and embodied many of their ancestors' notions and customs,
and mixed them with oriental ideas in the tenets of their
order. The Sea-Kings and scalds of the Scandinavian races
may be considered as their Grand Masters.
Jamblichus, a.d. 306, who was thoroughly versed in the
Platonic ideas as found in Chaldean, Assyrian, and
Eleusinian Mysteries, wrote a treatise, entitled " Egyp-
tian Mysteries," and a " Life of Pythagoras," whose
principles he taught. The works of this great writer,
who florished during the reign of Constantine the
Great (a.d. 306-337), contain many ideas, emblems,
and symbols, cherished by medieval and modem
Masons. The Rosicrucians warmly espoused the
doctrines of Jamblichus, who felicitously blended
the theories of the ancients in his writings. He
chose Pythagoras as his model.
ANTHEMitrs (about a.d. 530), the architect of St. Sophia, at
Constantinople, lived under the emperor Justinian,
who employed him to design, plan, and construct St.
Sophia. As he died a.d. 534, leaving the great edi-
fice unfinished, Isidorus completed it, a.d. 537. ISTo
doubt, Anthemius was one of the noble Brotherhood,
styled the " Dionysian Architects," who pointed to
Hiram Abif as their first Grand Master, 1012 b.c,
and subsequently spread from Phenicia and Asia

THE OBELISK AKD FREEMASONRY. 101

Minor over the Persian, Greek and Eoman empires
wliose monuments and edifices they reared. From
them, as will hereafter appear, the medieval Masonic
associations and guilds obtained their ideas and con-
stitutions of mxitual protection and charity.
Pope Boniface IY., a.d. 614. We read that this liberal
Pontiff granted to the Masonic guilds and corpora-
tions a Diploma, giving them the exclusive privilege
to erect all religious buildings and monuments, and,
by the same authority, made them free from all
local, royal, or municipal statutes.*

This papal Diploma so elated masons, carpenters,
and other crafts, that they associated, formed guilds,
and traveled singly or in bands, in order to offer
their services to bishops, abbots, priests, villages,
towns and cities, where devotional buildings might
be needed. Wherever they passed they obtained
hospitality. In Germany the Burschen could be
met singly or in bands, with knapsack on their back.
Monasteries and convents vied in giving them hos-
pitality. This state of things went on for several
centuries. Meanwhile the crusades engrossed the
attention of able-bodied mechanics, which tended to
diminish the guilds. Another class of men, alchem-
ists and Eosicrucians, sympathized with the guilds,
and gradually all united, to which the church in
vain took exception. Soon the intellect of the
alchemists and Kosicrucians was felt among the
guilds. Also the Crusaders formed secret associa-
tions, such as Templars, Hospitallers, or Knights
of St. John, Teutonic Ejiights, all of whom had
affiliations, at which the church grew alarmed and
established the Inquisition ; then she called on kings
and princes to assist her in disbanding the guilds

* Was Boniface IV. a Mason ? If so, he was a noble prototype to Pius
IX., wko became a Mason in his youth, and betrayed Masonry in his old

102 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONKY.

and Crusaders she had previously encouraged. The
Templars, who were the most powerful, were sacri-
ficed, but without the decided effect that was ex-
pected. When Pope Clement V. and Philippe le
Bel succeeded in murdering Grand Master Molay
and sixty of his brethren, they thought they had
given the death-blow to secret societies and Masonry ;
but they did not consider, that Masonry had such
deep roots in the British Isles, that popes and kings
could not destroy it, and, if they succeeded in de-
stroying it on the Continent, it would spread again
from the British Isles, as it ever has been, is, and
wiU be spreading.

CHAPTEK Xni.

" A Mason is a man, whose conduct should be squared by strict rectitude and justice to
his fellow-creatures." — Macoy.

To realize the strength of Freemasonry in the British
Isles any one has but to scan the following galaxy of emi-
nent names from King Alfred the Great, a.d. 872, to His
Eoyal Highness Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, K.G., as
cited in Mackenzie's Cyclopaedia.

A.D.

287. St. Alban, Grand Master of Masonry in Britain.

597. Austin the Monk, Master of Masonry in Britain.

872. King Alfred the Great.*

900. Ethred, King of Mercia.

924. King Athelstan.

926. Prince Edwin, brother of Athelstan.

957. St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury.
1041. King Edward the Confessor, and Leofric, Earl of

Coventry.
1066. Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel and of
Shrewsbury, and Gondulph, Bishop of Rochester.
1100. King Henry I.
1135. Gilbert de Clare, Marquis of Pembroke.

* We fully realize that King Alfred accomplished things, that required
more than mere royalty, when he corresponded with Abel, Patriarch of
Jerusalem, who informed Alfred of the wretched condition of the Chris-
tians in India, and when the English monarch sent the enterprising priest
Sighelm, who started, fulfilled his mission, and returned safely ; also
when he sent Ohthere with a fleet to the Hyperborean tribes and coun-
tries, which also met with success. See our "Origin, Progress, and Des-
tiny cf tlie English Language and Literature."

Only Alfred, being Grand Master of Masonry, accounts for the success of
such distant enterprise^ at that early period.

104 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

1164. The Grand Master of the Templars, Bernard de

Tremblay.
1176. Peter de Coleehurcli.
1212. William Almaine.

1216. Peter de Eupibus, Bishop of Winchester.
1234. Geoffrey Fitz Peter.
12Y2. Walter Giifard, Archbishop of York.

Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester.

Kalph, Lord of Mount Hermer.
1307. Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter.
1327. King Edward HI.

1350. John de Spoulee, Master of the Ghiblim.
1357. William de Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester.
1375. Robert de Barnham.

Henry Yevele, surnamed the King's Freemason.

Simon Langham, Abbot of Winchester.
1377. William de Wykeham (for a second time).
1399. Thomas Fitz- Allen, Earl of Surrey.
1413. Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury.
1443. William Waynfleet, Bishop of Winchester.
1471. Bichard Beauehamp, Bishop of Salisbury.
1485. King Henry VII., Grand Master of the Order of St.

John.
1493. John IsHp, Abbot of Westminster.
1502. Sir Reginald Bray.
1515. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.

1539. Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex.

1540. John Touchett, Lord Audley.

1549. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset.
1551. John Poynet, Bishop of Winchester.
1561. Sir Thomas Sackville.
1567. Francis BusseU, Earl of Bedford.
Sir Thomas Gresham.*

* London mercliaiit, wlio built, at his own expense, the Royal Exchange,
about 1566, and founded the college, called by his name, 1575. He was
to London what Peter FanueU was to Boston, Stephen Girard to Phila-
delphia, and what Peter Cooper, Astor, and Lenox have been to New York.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 105

15Y9. Charles Howard, Earl of Effingham.

158-8. George Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon.

1603. King James I.

1607. Inigo Jones, the architect.

1618. "William Plerbert, Earl of Pembroke.

1625. King Charles I.

1630. Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby.

1633. Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel.

1635. Francis Kussell, Earl of Bedford.

1636. Inigo Jones (a second time).
1660. King Charles H.

Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans.
1666. Thomas Savage, Earl Rivers.
1674. George Villars, Duke of Buckingham.
1679. Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington.
1685. Sir Christopher Wren, architect of St. Paul's Cathe-
dral.
1695. Charles Lenox, Duke of Richmond.
1698. Sir Christopher "Wren (a second time).

1717. Anthony Sayer, Esquire.

1718. George Payne, Esquire.

1719. J. T. Desaguliers, LL.D., F.E.S., savant and natu-

ralist.

1720. George Payne, Esquire (a second time).

1721. John, Duke of Montagu.

1722. PhUip, Duke of "Wharton.

1723. Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith.

1724. Charles Lenox, Duke of Eichmond.

1725. James Hamilton, Lord Paisley.

1726. William O'Brien, Earl of Inchiqum.

1727. Henry Hare, Lord Coleraine.

1728. James King, Lord Kingston.
1729-30. Thomas Howard, Duke of ISTorfolk.

1731. T. Coke, Lord Level, afterward Earl of Leicester.

1732. Anthoni Brown, Yiscount Montacute.

1733. James Lyon, Earl of Strathmore.

1734. John Lindsay, Earl of Crawfurd.

106 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

1Y35. Thomas Thynne, Viscoiuit Weymoutli.

1736. John Campbell, Earl of Loudoun.

1737. Edward Bligh, Earl of Darnley.

1738. H. Brydges, Marquis of Carnarvon.

1739. Eobert, Lord Raymond.

1740. John Keith, Earl of Kintore.

1741. James Douglas, Earl of Morton.
1742-3. John, Lord Dudley and Ward.

1744. Thomas Lyon, Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorn.

1745-6. James, Lord Cranstoun.

1747-51. William, Lord Byron.

1752-3. John Proby, Lord Carysfort.

1754^6. James Brydges, Marquis of Carnarvon.

1757-61. Sholto Douglas, Lord Aberdour.

1762-3. Washington Shirley, Earl Ferrers.

1764-6. Cadwallader, Lord Blayney.

1767-71. Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort.

1772-6. Eobert Edward, Lord Petre.

1777-81. George Montagu, Dulce of Manchester.

1782-90. H. E. H. Henry Frederick, Dulte of Cumberland.

1791-1812. H. E. H. George, Prince of Wales (George

IV.).
1813-42. H. E. H. Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex.
1843-69. The Earl of Zetland, K.T.
1S70-3. The Marquis of Eipon, K.G.
1874. H. E. H. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, E.G., etc.

Men like these could not be frightened by papal anathe-
mas or royal edicts ; even the horrors of the Liquisition were
impotent with men whose conscience said: Tyranny is
wrong ; oppose it at the risk of life, which is nothing com-
pared with right ! As shown by the previous list of eminent
names, the English Masons elected the Grand Master of the
Templars Grand Master of England's Masonry in 1154 ;
hence they would not indorse the pope's murdering Templars,
and breaking up their order from 1307 to 1314. Even
Bossiiet, in his "Abrege de I'Histoire de France," says:

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONKY. 107

"We know not whether there was more avarice and ven-
geance than justice in that execution."

In the preceding list are kings, princes, bishops, nobles,
statesmen, savants, artists, and merchants ; hence the theo-
retic and practical were represented and acted in concert.
Such a continuity of a thousand years cannot be shown in
any other country. "We might trace Masonry in Scotland
from Eobert Bruce, a.d. 1314, to Albert Edward, Prince of
Wales, 1880, but our epitome will not admit of it.

After such a chain of revered names invoked, from Tu-
balcain to Joseph and Solomon, and of great men elected,
from Hiram Abif to Sir Christopher Wren, all that may be
needed are a few Masonic celebrities from other countries.

Absalom, Bishop of Eoschild. A society for mutual pro-
tection against the attacks of the pirates was estab-
lished in the Isle of Zealand, Denmark, in the eighth
century, and lasted till the sixteenth century of our
era. The Danish Bishop was the founder of that
useful order.

St. Beenabd has been claimed by Brothers as a Mason, be-
cause he composed the rules for the Templars in the
twelfth century. Also, his exhortation to soldiers
of the Temple evinces knowledge of Masonry. He
died 1153. He defeated the deification of the "Virgin
Mary, in his day. Pius IX. achieved it.

From the following movement of the Masonic associa-
tions on the Continent, it will appear that the architects,
masons, and mechanics hitherto under papal patronage
wished to be independent.

Eewin von Steestbach, a.d. 1275, architect of the famous
Strasbnrg Cathedral, convoked a congress of the Ma-
sonic associations and guilds at Strasburg a.d. 12Y5.
We are told that this congress was attended by dele-
gates from Germany, England, Italy, etc., and that

108 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONEY.

the operative masons then and there assumed the
name of Freemasons, and established new regula-
tions for the government and guidance of their craft.
Hence, the affix free dates back six centuries. This
bold step soon attracted to the ranks of the Free-
inasons literati, scientists, inventors, and eminent
men from aU grades of society. Erwin von Stein-
bach, also the architect of the Cathedral of Cologne,
became the Grand Master of German Masonry. He
died A.D. 1318. To him German architects have ever
pointed with pride ; he was the Luther of their craft.
The alchemists, inventors, and Rosicrucians, who
were persecuted by the Inquisition as magicians and
sorcerers, flocked to this liberal institution. We can-
not help joining with Erwhi von Steinbach the name
of Imhotejp- Ur-Se-Phtah {Imhotejp, the great — son of
Phtah), architect of the monuments at Denderah,
lately translated from hieroglyphs on those ancient
edifices.

Templars, a.d. 1118. This order was founded in 1118
and sanctioned by the chiirch 1128, and was an out-
growth of the Crusades. Its fou.nders were knights,
who were a noble set of men for that period. Scotch
Masonry has ever revered this name, and one of the
principal Scotch orders has it now. H. E. H. Albert
Edward, Prince of Wales, is its Grand Master. As
previously mentioned the famous order of Templars
was suppressed by Philippe le Bel, at the instigation
of Pope Clement Y., ISli, and its Grand Master,
Molay, and many of his Brothers were burned at the
stake. The bait for these murders was the wealth
of this order, which the covetous pope and French
king divided; but neither of them lived a year to
enjoy the plunder. It is said the dying Grand
Master summoned both before God's tribunal, and
both died within a year.

Hospitallers, or Knights of St. John, Teutonic Knights,

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOKEY. 109

Knights of Ehodes, Knights of Malta. We will add
here what the Crusades did for medieval progress
and Masonry, of which many orders were created
with the sanction of the church ; and their names
exist now, more or less modified: "Different na-
tions marching, camping, and fighting together, be-
gan to lose some of their national prejudices; the
middle and lower classes, and even nobles, princes,
kings, and emperors, became more or less mixed and
acquainted. An international feeling of mutual
respect sprang up, which tended toward concord.
ISTew devices and mechanisms were seen and brought
home fi'om the East. The queens, princesses, and
other ladies who accompanied the Crusaders, gave a
tone of refinement that has ever since pervaded
European idioms and manners. The knights were
bound by a solemn oath to protect the fair sex, and
to rescue widows and orphans from oppression,"*
whence the sublime idea of caring for the bereft
widows and children of departed Brothers, the
noblest emotion that ever entered man's breast.
KosiCEUciANS. Here we must not omit the Kosicrucians,t
who had their main strength in Germany, but had
ramifications all over the globe. Their great learn-
ing and erudition gave them much influence during
the Dark Ages and medieval times. The Rosi-
crucians have been traced to Ormus, who, about a.d.
46, founded an order that wore a red cross and were
thence styled Rosicrucians. Ormus has been con-
sidered as a convert of St. Mark, the Evangelist.
We are told they were joined by the learned order
of the Essenes. The Knights Templars seem to have
borrowed the red cross from the Eastern and West-

* See our " Origin, Progress, and Destiny of the English Language and
Literature," p. 210.

f See the able article on this order by Charles Sotheran, 33°, in "Isis
Unveiled," vol. II., p. 388.

110 THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONKT.

em Eosicmcians, so that this badge dates from a.d.
46 to our day. We give a short list of the celebri-
ties claimed by this order :
AvicENNA, the famous Persian physician and author of

many learned works on chemistry, a.d. 1030.
Albeetus Magnus. This bishop and architect wrote a
system of symbolism cherished by Freemasons. He
is also regarded as the founder of Gothic architec-
ture, and as the author of a new set of laws for the
operative masons about the time of the Strasburg
Congress. He died a.d. 1280.
Paracelsus was probably the most learned of German
Kosicrucians, both as a physician and mystic. He
wi'ote numerous books on the medicine and chem-
istry of his period. He was professor of Medicine
at the University of Basle, a.d. 1526.
E-OBEET Fludd was in England what Paracelsus was ui
Germany. He was the great Kosicrucian in the
British Isles. His books are on the occult sciences ;
some critics praise them, others pronounce them
visionary. He florished about a.d. 1600.
Battista Poeta was the Italian representative of Rosicru-
cianism, about 1605. He was the founder of the
Academy of Secrets at Pome, whose meetings were
interdicted by the pope. Yet he merely taught
physical science ; for to him we owe the camera 6b-
scuro,, the improvement in lenses. His treatise on
Perspective, Botany, Physiognomy, Optics, and l^at-
ural Magic have ever been favorites with scholars
and scientists. Thus had Eosicrucianism great intel-
lects, extending from Britain to Persia. We might
add other Eosicrucian names, but let these suffice.
Benjamxit FEANKLnsr became an initiate of Freemasonry
about 1730, and Grand Master of Pennsylvania, 1734.
He was an active Mason all his life, for he was pres-
ent when Voltaire was initiated in France, 1778.
Feedeeick the Geeat, King of Prussia, was initiated at

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONEY. Ill

Brunswick, 1738, and was patron and protector of
the craft all his life, when other sovereigns, at the
instigation of the Church, persecuted it.

Geoege Washington was initiated at Fredericksbiirg, 1752,
and became Master Mason, 1753.

General Joseph Waeeen, the Bunker Hill hero, was the
first Grand Master of the Massachusetts Lodge, 1769.

Lessing, author of " Nathan the Wise " and of " Fables,"
was a Brother of the Magic Tie about 1770. He
may be considered as the father of modern German
literature.

Lalande, the great French astronomer, was an eminent
member of the Order of the Nine Sisters about
1776.

YoLTAiEE became an initiate of the Nine Sisters in 1778,
in the presence of Ben. Franldin, Lalande, Count de
Gebelin, and other celebrities. It was a grand occa-
sion to see the great literatus join the ancient
Brotherhood, but the distinguished novice survived
his initiation only about three months.

GusTAvus III., King of Sweden, about 1777, established an
order, with rites and emblems taken from the Tem-
plars, Kosicrucians, and from French lodges. The
kings of Sweden are pei-petual Grand Masters of the
craft.

Goethe, the great German author and poet, was initiated
1780, and was an active member of the craft.

Marshal Kelleemann, 33°, Duke of Valmy, who defeated
the allied armies under the Duke of Brunswick, 1792.

Mesmee belonged to the '■'■ Fratres Lucis'' about 1800.

SwEDENBOEG joined the Brotherhood at Lund, 1806.

De Witt Clinton, the great engineer of the Erie Canal,
was initiated 1793, and became General Grand High
Priest of the General Chapter of the United States,
1816.

Pope Pius IX. was initiated, it is said, into the mysteries of
the Masonic fraternity when young, but when Pope,

112 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONKT.

1865, he addressed to Ms Masonic brethren an allo-
cution, lie might easily have imitated his illustrious
predecessor, Boniface IV., who issued that liberal
diploma to the operative masons a thousand years
before; but when Pius IX. grew old his courage
failed him, and he tried to scold the companions of
his youth. Thus the ubiquitous Masonic institution
numbered kings, hierophants, popes, and presidents.

"\Yith such a galaxy of great intellects, from Tubalcain to
Sir Christopher Wren, and from Kameses the Great to
Washington, we cannot feel surprised, that Masonry, under
various names and forms, but with the same spirit of mutual
protection and charity, braved time, space, persecution, fire
and sword, over six thousand years, and is now more vigor-
ous than ever ; whereas vast and powerful empires crumbled
and vanished all along its quiet and peaceful pathway. We
hope, after this splendid array of historic celebrities and
monuments. Brethren will not feel like saying, that Masonry
only dates to the Dark Ages or to the Revival of a.d. 1717,
and is but of yesterday ; for directly and indirectly it is
connected with aU that protohistory and history have
noblest and most inspiring. Yet, since the discussion about
the signs, emblems, and symbols on the American obelisk
began, we read letters from Masons, who conscious!}' or un-
consciously seem to isolate Freemasonry, and give an im-
pression, that it is rather a recent institution. If so, why
invoke antediluvian and postdiluvian celebrities like Seth,
Melchizedeck, Solomon, Pythagoras, etc. ?

The authors of some of the letters, that lately appeared in
the Press seemed to make Masonry appear like some shadowy
thing, as it was when, about 1738, popes began to anathema-
tize and kings to proscribe Freemasonry. Moreover, they
give the world an impression as though ancestry, pedigree,
and stability were of little or no consequence, and as though
a mere upstart or parvenu was as good as a veteran. Yet,
an individual, association, family, or nation that can stand

THE OBELISK AKD FEEEMASONBT. 113

on an eminence and point to a glorious past, may look to the
present with pride and to the future with confidence. Had
these worthy Masons pointed to any number of the celebri-
ties, whom the Brethren invoke in their Masonic rites and
ceremonies, from Enoch and Joseph to Zoroaster and Plato,
and told their colleagues such were our illustrious predeces-
sors in antiquity and during the Middle Ages — such should
we be now and in the future — they could not be considered
as Freemasonry's magnifiers ; whereas, in what they did tell
them, they may justly be called Freemasonry's belittlers.

These Masonic radicals seem to forget, that the Masonic
Brethren of to-day cherish, not only the perpendicular,
square, compass, plummet, oblong, and even the magic
number seven, etc., but that they utter names and words
which, like those tools, date to remote antiquity. The
kings, hierophants, and architects who planned, and the
operative masons who reared Babel, the Pyramids, Parthe-
non, etc., may not have invoked Hiram, Solomon, etc., but
they had analogous names of revered ancestors. The Egyp-
tian Brethren may not have called their doorkeeper by a
name, that had reference to the roof or foundation ; yet they
had such an officer, as may be realized by glancing at the
entrances of the different mystery chambers in the Seti and
Barneses Temple, discovered by Belzoni, 1818. They, no
doubt, had grand masters, wardens, guides, candidates, as
may be noticed by the groupings ; their names may not have
been pronounced or written like ours, but what of that ? —
the substance of the institution was there. This galaxy of
great intellects, from Tubalcain to Franklin, conclusively
proves that Freemasonry is not of yesterday or to-day, of
Egypt or America, but of all times and of all countries.

To convince the Masonic fraternity that there ever has
been a connection between ancient Oriental and modern Oc-
cidental Masonry, we translate a passage from Eliphas Levi's
Dogrne et Rituel de la Haute Magie, 1861, vol. I., p. 338 :

" The definitive alliance of reason and faith will result,
not from their absolute distinction and separation, but from

114 THE OBELISK AND rEEEMASOBTRT.

their mutual control and fraternal concourse. Sucli is the
meaning of the two columns of Solomon's Porch, one of
which is called Jachm* and the other Boas,\ one of which
is white and the other UacJc. They are distinct and sepa-
rate ; they are even contrary in appearance ; but, if blind
force attempted to unite them in bringing them together,
the arch of the temple would crumble ; for, separate, they
have one and the same force ; united, they are two forces,
which destroy each other rhutually."

This gives a glimpse of the emblems and symbols of the
primitive Magi and Sages, whose science has been called,
after them, Magic. The Chaldean, Assyrian, Persian,
Egyptian, Hindu, Chinese, Greek, Koman, and Celtic mag-
nates and hierophants shared similar symbols, from the
building of the Tower of Babel to the Masonic Temple of
New York City. The perusal of Levi's erudite work would
furnish to the members of the Magic Tie new ideas concern-
ing their craft.

* The Hebrew of this term signifies, " lie sJiaU estoMisTi."
f The Hebrew of this term signifies, "fleetness, strength.''''

CHAPTER XIY.

"Freemasonry a purely moral and charitable order." — Hyneman.

"We read Dr. Rawson's interesting article on the Dnizes
in "Isis Unveiled," vol. 11., pp. 313-315, and wlien vre
commenced to write this epitome, we asked him the favor
to give us an article on some other Oriental order he might
have seen during his tour over Egypt, Arabia, Palestine,
and Syria. He magnanimously answered the favor we
asked by giving us the following article on " Arab Masonry,"
which win be a valuable addendum to our long list of celeb-
rities, and may be novel to many of the Masonic Brethren.

ARAB MASONRY.

" I had been told by an Egyptian poet and scholar, that
the Arabs anciently worshiped the sun, and that their Ma-
sonry was a relic of that cult. This could hardly be true,
since the sun is called slie and the moon he among them,
and no she could ever have been master in a lodge or shayk
of a tribe. The master represents the unknown, the unseen,
the all-powerful, and sits in the place of honor, whence he
delivers his orders to his assistants, who are appointed at
the time of the meeting.

" The candidate is prepared — partly clothed — and after a
strict examination, under the direction of the master, is led
before him, screened from the assembly by a vail or shawl
held up by two brothers. The usual requirements as to age,
free birth, and free will are made, and also touching his
general knowledge of men. and things, as is the case in an

116 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONEY.

examination for a literary degree among us. N'ot a word is
said about any reKgious faith or creed, not even as to belief
in deity. It is presumed, that all rational men have a con-
sciousness of a supreme existence, whether it is defined in
words or symbols or not. The very word Allah (God) is an
exotic ia Arabia. The Bedawin idealizes the race, and im-
agines it personified into what he calls the Abram, the Great
Father, usually written, among us, Abraham, and from
whom are derived aU living men, and to whom they all re-
turn at death. The only world of being they know is the
present, and the only things worth notice are those relating
to man. Their Masonry is, therefore, a means of securing
a better life here, without any reference to any other, past
or future. The idea of the collective man — ^humanity — is
very ancient, and its teachings are simple, that man was
derived fi-om the great source, that he returns to the same,
and that his duty is to make this life as important as possi-
ble, first for himself, which means, with the Arab, a dis-
charge of duty to others for the sake of its retm-n to him-
self.

" The wiU of the shayk (master) is the law of the lodge,
but the will of the master must be guided by the ancient
law, which is invariable and inevitable. The teachings of
the lodge enhghten the conscience and lift the neophyte
above himself into a prevision of motives, the only sure
guaranty of morals. The notion — which has grown into a
belief — that an injury done to any member of the race, will
reflect upon the doer of the deed, not as an accident, but as
a necessity of law — is a law of nature. Learning chiefly
through observation, the Arab sees, in the frequent exercise
of the wiU of the shayk, an apparent check or interference
with the law of nature ; but experience teaches him, through
more careful observation, that the law invariably reasserts
itself.

" The Abraham is the ideal of excellence in human life,
the type that the initiated is instructed to imitate in the
daily walk of life.

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONET. 117

" The esoteric work of the lodge would be out of place
here, and intelligible to only a few initiates. A general
idea, therefore, of the objects or purposes of the lodge will
be more acceptable to the reader. The ceremony in the
case of a poor man is often completed in an hour, while in
that of a wealthy one it may continue during parts of three
or five days, with agreeable interruptions in the way of
feasts and entertainments, such as music, games, and recita-
tions of the poets.

" The traditions of the lodge are and always have been
oral, and there are no records in writing. The Arab looks
upon writing as the enemy of memory, producing decay and
final loss. It is difficult for us, who are trained to rely on
books, to accept without hesitation the unwritten legends
and traditions of the Orientals. But they say men make
books to suit the hour and the interests of the passing mo-
ment, while antiquity made tradition, in which there can be
no mixture of present interest, except for its preservation.

" One of the leading tenets in the lodge is, that the bro-
therhood owe to humanity an effort to make this life better,
and to relieve htmianity from the ills that obscure it, such
as deceit, treachery, and ignorance, by inculcating truth,
fidelity, and knowledge.

" The ceremonial is not extensive, when compared with
ours, especially that of the Scottish rite (A. A. S. R.), but
it teaches in its lessons, that the noblest object in life is to
strive to become worthy of a first place for duty done, al-
ways subordinating the material to the spiritual, producing
harmony by submission to the will of the master, who directs,
and supervises all affairs in the lodge. The Arabs never
were, and are not now, a nation in our sense of that term.
Each tribe is independent of all others, alliances only ex-
cepted. There is no government over all the tribes, nor
over any great number by any one person. Two or three
are often found acting under the leadership of one shayk,
but only for some specific purpose, and the alliance ends
when that is accomplished. So also there is no grand

118 THE OBELISK AND FBEEMASONEy.

lodge. Eaeli lodge is supreme in itself. The Masonic bro-
therhood, therefore, is an aggregate of pebbles or gems, and
is not a block of marble or granite. It is likened, by Arab
poets, to a necklace of gems, engraved with the private
marks of the greatest minds, held together by the golden
chain of humanity.

" There is no community in the world, where charity and
brotherly help, in time of need, are so sure as in that of the
Eedawin, and none, in which imposture is sooner detected
and punished. For three days the stranger, although he
may be an enemy, or a murderer even, is entitled to and
receives hospitality, including food, clothing, and shelter, and
protection from harm, after which he must move on if in
health, and in case of beiag an enemy or an outlaw, must
defend himself. The grand sign is respected even on the
battle-field, and there are many traditions of its use in sav-
ing the lives of noted persons.

" There is no Masonic literature in Arabia beyond the
walls of the coast cities, and there is no true Masonry in
those cities. The ritual, the whole framework of the craft
in the cities, has become Europeanized more or less, accord-
ing to the locality, as having been the abode of merchants
and others from Europe. The true Arab Mason never re-
cords anything, except in his memory. There can be no
paper brother among them, no book Mason, and, to advance,
the neophyte must have knowledge obtained from author-
ized sources.

" Masonry in the desert is the privilege of the few. Xone
but the choicest men are admitted to the charmed circle.
To a stranger in such a country Masonic knowledge is an
unequaled passport and introduction. An interesting fea-
ture of the craft is this: when one proposes a journey
through a disturbed and therefore dangerous district, some
trusty brother is selected to whom the traveler is delivered,
and the masonic tie is renewed between them, when the
guardian becomes responsible for his ward, life for life.
This custom never fails of commanding respect, even be-

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOKET. 119

tween hostile tribes, except the traveler be guilty of shed-
ding blood not in self-defence. The protection of women
and children is an obligation that is never neglected. Any
shortcoming in this matter would heap dishonor on the
head of the erring one.

" To recount the whole catalogue of Masonic virtues, as
practised on the desert, woiild fill a volume, and is not re-
quired here. My intention is to show the differences be-
tween Eastern and- Western Masonry — that while there
are some things in corq.mon, there are more peculiar to each
section. Literature has changed the character of our craft
in so many points, that careful study is required to ascertain
the ancient meaning and practice, and even the closest ap-
plication sometimes fails in tracing an ancient origin for
some things in frequent use in the lodge and elsewhere by
the brethren. No such innovation (removal of ancient
landmarks) is possible in the desert, where the' traditions of
all the tribal lodges correct the errors, that may have crept
in through some over-zealous worker.

" The language in use in the lodge is not that of the mer-
chant- of modem literature, but is that of the early ages,
known as of Yoktan, in the centre ; of Ishmael, in the west ;
of Yemen, in the south. The oldest known language that has
been preserved is poetic. The ritual of the modern lodge
is rhymed, question and answer, in the choicest terms, ac-
cording to the grammar of the purest idiom, which is also
the oldest. To the philologists these items are proofs of
the antiquity of the order, more convincing even than mon-
uments of stone, which can be made in every age, while
language must grow and is not made. The Egyptians
recorded in writing and in pictures their rites and cere-
monies, which make visible the condition of the order in
those matters at that time, about 4000 years ago. We read
in those pictures the same lessons that are taught to us now,
although they are distributed through the several degrees
from the first to the thirty-second. The work in the Arab
lodge shows a close connection between the members of the

120 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONEY.

ancient brotherhoods of Egypt and Arabia, and also estab-
lishes the antiquity of the origin of the Bedawin lodges.
There is not a word in use in the modern lodge, that has
any reference to recent discoveries in science, or to the
political or religious changes of the last twenty centuries.
Neither Christ nor Mohammed are mentioned. This fact
opens a charming vista to the antiquarian and philologist.
The cost of an indulgence in this storehouse of antiquity
is a local residence among the Bedawin Arabs, and a thor-
ough knowledge of their language and customs.

" With the Arab the instruction of the lodge is a prepa-
ration for a better life ; with the ancient Egyptians it was a
preparation for death. The Arab still lives in the same
social condition, in which history noticed him forty centuries
ago, while the Egyptian ceased to exist as a nation about
twenty-five centm-ies since. How much these different re-
sults were due to their peculiar ideas is yet an unsolved
problem. The Arab has few wants, and is satisfied in their
gratification; we have many, a great number of wants
which have increased with our civilization, and the gratifica-
tion of these does not bring content and rest, but stimulates
to new endeavors. This imrest appears as well in the Ma-
sonic order, where one ritual after another surprises and
bewilders all excepting their inventors. Whether this is for
the permanent good of the craft is not yet determined, but
is an open question.

" Whatever the Greek mysteries were, they have no mod-
ern type in the Arab lodge. The Greeks learned from the
Egyptians, but despised the barbarian Arab. Their Masonic
is also dead with their national system. It is probable that
a dilution with religion killed it. Eeligious ideas are weak-
ening the order in the United States, and a complete secu-
larization is its only salvation. Secularism is stability and
life, while religion is the mother of strife, change, decay,
and death. Ai-ab Masonry flemishes a beautiful emblem
of eternity, whose cycles are marked by supreme efforts for
the redemption of mankind from the slavery of ignorance

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY. 121

and superstition, while the craft, in our day, lends itself
for the perpetuation of errors peculiar to priestcraft.

" The ritual of the Arab is free from the antiquated ab-
surdities, which are so brutal and shocking, on paper, and
mere child's play in the work of our lodge, and in their place
are found the real penalties, that can be inflicted on the
apostate, chiefly social ostracism. Here is another evidence
of the antiquity of the order in that locality, since in this
age blood-feuds have apparently led to an undervaluation
of human life in the Orient, and if the order was modern
we should expect to see penalties threatened and inflicted,
that were in unison with the spirit of the age — say from
the sixth century to the present."

As Dr. Kawson's essay speaks for itself, he being an
eminent Mason, it needs no comment from us.

That mysterious Asiatic peninsula, called Arabia, ever
seemed to us a geographic, historic, and political wonder ;
for, while empires like Assyria, Persia, Egypt, India,
Greece, and Rome were changing and vanishing, Arabia
and Ishraael's children remained immutable. The Assy-
rians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans tried in
vain to subjugate Hagar's progeny ; they stand to-day, with
their language, customs, manners, and traditions, where
they stood ages ago. Eenan and Maspero have lately
given the world some valuable hints on that mysterious
people and country. Perhaps Freemasonry, with its gentle,
peaceful, and persuasive methods of approaching peoples,
will succeed in opening that sealed country to the world ;
if so. Dr. Eawson will be considered as a pioneer in the
grand enterprise.

CHAJPTEE, XV.

" In Egypt obelisks were called the rays of the sun.'^ — Shaubebo.

As readers may on this occasion feel an interest in the
many obelisks, that were carried from Egypt to Italy,
Constantinople, France, England, and Germany, we give
an account of them, with anecdotes connected with some
of them. The Koman Emperors, from Angnstus to
Adrian, vied in adorning their capital with Egjrptian obe-
lisks.

II. The obelisk standing in the Piazza of St. Peter * at
Home was brought from Egypt, xmder Caligula, about a.d.
38, and erected in the Yatican Circus, whence it was trans-
ferred to the place, which it now occupies, by the great en-
gineer Fontana, whose plan was considered the best among
the five hundred submitted to Pope Sixtus V., a.d. 1585.
In its removal Fontana employed several hundred workmen,
many horses, and very complex machinery. His success
was considered almost a miracle.

* It has been claimed that this monolith is one of the two thus men-
tioned by Herodotus (B. 11., Ill) : "Pheron sent to the Temple of the
Sun two obelisks, too remarkable to be unnoticed. Bach was formed of
one solid stone, 100 cubits (150 feet) high, and 8 cubits {12 feet) broad."
Concerning this obelisk, Pliny says : " The third obelisk at Eome is in the
Vatican Circus, which was constructed by the Emperors Caius and Nero ;
this being the only one of them all, that was broken in the carriage.
Nuncoreus, the son of Sesosis, made it, and there remains another by
him, 100 cubits high, which, by order of an oracle, he consecrated to the
sun, after having lost his sight and recovered it." This seems to corrob-
orate the statement of Herodotus.

THE OBELISK AKD PEEEMASONET. 123

Whole height 132 ft. 2 in.

"Without pedestal, ornament on top, etc 82 ft. 9 in.

Base lines of shaft 8 ft. 10 in.

Mass or volume about 4,400 cubic feet.

This monolith, bearing no hieroglyphs, is a blank for
hieroglyphic decipherers. On one side is engraved a dedi-
cation to Augustus ; on another a dedication to Tiberius. It
is of rose-Golored granite, composed of quartz, felspar, and
hornblende, found in the quarry of Syerie, in Upper Egypt,
whence Egyptian engineering and mechanic skill trans-
ported such heavy masses to all parts of the country.
Thence this beautifiil stone has been called syenite.

III. The obelisk in front of the church of Santa Ma/ria
Maggiore is one of the two, that adorned the tomb of Au-
gustus. Mercati thinks the two were erected there by Clau-
dius as a tribute of gratitude. Its twin now adorns Monte
CavaUo. It is of rose-colored syenite.

Whole height 89 ft.

Without pedestal (only the shaft) 49 ft.

'Eo hieroglyphics ; broken in thnee pieces.

Pope Sixtus Y. had it transferred from Augustus' tomb,
under the supervision of Fontana, to where it now stands,
A.D. 1587. To the erection of this obelisk belongs the well
known anecdote of the man who, in the midst of the silence
imposed, under penalty of death, by the first of the absolute
pontiffs, saved the compromised operation by calling to Fon-
tana, "Acgua alle funi" (wet the ropes). This spectator
was a coaster of the Genoese Kiviera, named Bresca. He
obtained for his reward permission to fly the papal flag at
his mast and the hereditary privilege of supplying the Apos-
tolic palace with palm-leaves on Palm Sunday.

IV. The obelisk before the church of St. John Lateram,
it is said, was originally at Thebes, whence it was transferred
to Alexandria by the order of Constantine, who destined it

124 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

to adorn Byzantium ; but his son, Constantius, had it carried
to Eome and erected in the centre of the sjpina, on the Cir-
cus Maximus, about a.d. 357. It was found a.d. 1687, under
debris sixteen feet deep, hroken in three pieces.

Pope Sixtus Y. had it removed to where it now is by
Fontana, a.d. 1588.

Whole height 150 ft.

Without base, etc., only its shaft 106 "

Base lines of shaft 9 ft. 8 in. : 9 ft. 10 in.

Weight 415 tons.

This monument bears hieroglyphic inscriptions, that have
been translated by Dr. Birch. They seem to be in honor of
Thothmes III., who, as Egyptian records show, erected many
beautiful obelisks in various cities of his dominions about
1762 B.C. It bears the royal signets of Thothmes III. and
Thothmes lY., and is of rose-colored syenite, a shade more
grayish than the others. It is the largest obelisk now
known, although Fontana had to cut off a part of the lower
end of the shaft on account of its being fractured. When
and how these grand monuments were overthrown we know
not. Some think they were, in the course of time, struck
by lightning. We are told this one was overthrown by the
barbarians and broken in three pieces.

V. The obelisk known as the Flaminian obelisk, at Porta
del Pqpolo, was transported from Egypt to Rome under Oc-
tavius Augustus, about 20 b.c. Late discoveries and hiero-
glyphic translations indicate, that it dates to Pharaoh Seti I.,
father of Pameses II. It was found in three pieces under
the ruins of the Circus Maximus. It had to be shortened
on aeeoimt of its fractures. This obelisk attracted more
attention than any one of the others. In its hieroglyphic
inscription occur the names of Seti and Eameses. Sixtus Y.,
who seemed determined to adorn the Pontifical City, had it
transferred to, and erected on, the site it now occupies, by
the illustrious Fontana, a.d. 1589.

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONET. 125

Whole height 116 ft.

"Without pedestal (only the shaft) T8 f t. 6 in.

Base lines of shaft 8 ft. 5 in.

It bears hieroglyphic inscriptions, which have been trans-
lated into Greek by Hermapion, under the Roman Emperors,
into English by Eev. G. Tomlinson, and into German by
the veteran Egyptologist Seyffarth, who gave us the follow-
iag interesting anecdote concerning this obelisk in a German
pamphlet. "We translate it into English :

"As early as 1826 I discovered, that the obelisk at Porta
del Popolo is the one Hermapion {apud Ammian. Marc.
XVn., 4) translated, but I was bound by a promise to keep
silent till the work, undertaken by Pope Gregory XVI., was
issued. Champollion, then also in Rome, had not been able
to find Hermapion's obelisk, and assured me one day, that it
must yet lie buried in some cellar {sard in una cantina).
Meanwhile, Champollion had promised to translate the in-
scriptions of the Flaminian and other obelisks, and to have
its explanations printed in the forthcoming work. The
tablets, ready 1826, were sent to Champollion in Paris, who
was thenceforth occupied to translate the inscriptions ; but
he did not succeed. He died ten years after without having
reached his object.

"ISTow, RoseUini in Florence, Champollion's pupil and
friend, together with Ungarelli in Rome, were invited to
undertake the translation of the inscriptions. The text was
fully and correctly written in Ungarelli's ' Interpretatio*
Oheliscorum Urbis^ Rome, 1842. I myself compared and
verified the tablets with the original imder a good magnify-
ing glass during my sojourn in Rome, before they were en-
graved, 1826.

" Champollion had only deciphered simple passages, which
Ungarelli had printed in notes before Champollion. He

*Prof. Seyffarth considers Ungarelli's interpretations of the hieroglyphs
unreliable.

126 THE OBELISK AKD FEEEMASONRY.

also had no idea, that the obelisk near Porta del Popolo was the
one translated by Hermapion. Now, TJngarelli was obliged
to continue to translate and publish the text after Champol-
lion's system, which was only accomplished in 1842, seven-
teen years after. When the book reached me, I immediately
showed the agreement between Hermapion's version and
the Flaminian obelisk, and did not neglect to draw attention
to my key to the hieroglyphs and to the incorrectness of
Champollion's system in various treatises in 1844 and 1845,
etc. In our translation of the Flaminian obelisk we include
Hermapion's Greek words, and Ungarelli's explanations after
Champollion's system. Harrises and Osymanihyas, son and
father, are identified, because, as Manetho teaches, they
reigned contemporaneously. Osymandias, or probably Ossi-
ma-n-thewa, is Seso-s, Seso-htor, the well-known Sespstris,
friend of Phtha. The two divinities, who speak here as
(' we '), are the two Cabiri Sun (Horus-Ka) and Moon (Tamie),
Day and Night, who produce aU things through the Creator.
The obelisk itself was, as the inscription indicates, erected
by Ramses"

We add here an English translation of Hermapion's ver-
sion of the hieroglyphs from Ammianus Marcelliaus, B.
XVn., c. 4, § 12 :

" The first line, beginning on the south side, bears this
interpretation: 'The Sun to Eamestes the King — I have
given to thee to reign with joy over the whole earth:
to thee, whom the Sun and Apollo love — to thee, the
mighty truth-loving son of Heron — the god-born ruler
of the habitable earth; whom the Sun has chosen above
all men, the valiant, warlike King Eamestes. Under
whose power, by his valor and might, the whole world is
placed. The King Eamestes, the immortal son of the
Sun.'

" The second line is : ' The mighty Apollo, who takes his
stand upon truth, the lord of the diadem, he who has hon-
ored Egypt by becomiug its master, adorning Heliopolis, and
having created the rest of the world, and ha\'ing greatly

THE OBELISK AND I^EEEMASONET. 127

honored the gods, who have their shrines in the city of the
Sun ; whom the son loves.'

" The third line : ' The mighty ApoUo, the all-brilliant
son of the Sun, whom the Sun chose above all others, and
to whom the valiant Mars gave gifts. Thou whose good
fortune abideth for ever. Thou whom Ammon loves. Thou
who hast fiUed the temple of the Phoenix with good things.
Thou to whom the gods have given long life. Apollo, the
mighty son of Heron, Eamestes the king of the world. Who
ha,s defended Egypt, having subdued the foreign eiiemy.
Whom the Sun loves. To whom the gods have given long
life — the master of the world — the immortal Kamestes.'

"Another second line: 'The Sun, the great God, the
master of heaven. I have given unto thee a life fi-ee
from satiety. Apollo, the mighty master of the diadem ; to
whom nothing is comparable. ,To whom the lord of Egypt
has erected many statues in this kingdom. And has made
the city of Heliopolis as brilliant as the Sun himself, the
master of heaven. The son of the Sun, the king living for
ever, has co-operated in the completion of this work.'

" A third line : ' I, the Sun, the god, the master of heaven,
have given to Eamestes the king might and authority over
all. Whom Apollo, the truth-lover, the master of time, and
Vulcan, the father of the gods, hath chosen above others
by reason of his courage. The all-rejoicing king, the son of
the Sun, and beloved by the Sun.'

" The first line, looking toward the east : ' The great
God of Heliopolis, the mighty Apollo who dwelleth in
Heaven, the son of Heron whom the Sun hath guided.
Whom the gods have honored. He who ruleth over all the
earth : whom the Sun hath chosen before all others. The
king valiant by the favor of Mars. Whom Ammon loveth,
and the all- shining god who hath chosen him as a king for
everlasting.' And so on."

This clearly shows that the pioneers in Egyptology, who
were finding the key to the hieroglyphs, had difliiculties to

128' THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONET.

commence the decipherings ; for there were then in Eome
Champollion and his pupil Kosellini, Ungarelli, and Seyf-
farth, who were all trying their methods and keys to begin
hieroglyphic translations. They had Hermapion's Greek
version of one of the obelisks ; but they knew not which it
was, and had difficulty to find it, even with the aid of those
indications.

To enable readers to realize some primary obstacles ia
the way of the new science, styled Egyptology, we translate
what Mariette Pacha says in his Aj>ergu de VHistoire
d'Egypte, p. 1S9, concerning the famous " Eosetta Stone : " *

" Discovered, about 65 years ago, by French soldiers, who
were digging entrenchments near Eosetta. The stone, which
bears this name, was of the highest importance in Egyptian
archeology. On its principal surface are engraved three in-
scriptions ; the two first are ia Egyptian, and written in the
two writings current at that epoch. One is in hieroglyphic
character, reserved for priests ; it only contains fourteen
Hnes, mutilated by fractures in the stone. The other is ia
cursive writing, principally used and understood by the peo-
ple ; t this numbers thirty-two lines of text. Finally, the
third inscription on the stela is in Greek, and comprises
fifty-four lines. The latter part of the monument, found at
Eosetta, contains information of high interest. From the
interpretation of the Greek text results a version of the pre-
ceding original transcript in the two Egj'ptian writings.
Hence the Eosetta Stone gives us, in a perfectly known lan-
guage ( Greek), the translation of a text, conceived in another
language not understood at the time, when the stela was dis-
covered. "Who, then, does not see the utility of this men-

* A slab of basalt, marked 24, in the British Museum, has engraved on
it a hieroglyphic, demotk, and Greek inscription. This slab was thrown
up among the rubbish while the French were digging trenches to fortify
Kosetta, 1799. The English obtained it at the capitulation of Alexandria,
1801, among the articles collected by the French army. The French en-
gineer Bouchard, or Broussard, first discovered it.

•)■ Thence called demotic writing.

THE OBELISK AND TEEEMASONEY. 129

tion ? To ascend from the known to the unknown is not
beyond the means of prudent criticism. Already we per-
ceive that, if the Eosetta Stone acquired in science the celeb-
rity it enjoys to-day, it is because it furnished the true key
to that mysterious writing, whose secret Egypt had kept so
long. However, we must not imagine that the deciphering
of hieroglyphs by means of the Kosetta Stone was accom-
plished at the first trial, and without groping in the dark.
On the contrary, the savants tried for twenty years without
success. At last Champollion appeared. Prior to him peo-
ple thought each of the letters, that compose hieroglyphic
writing, was a symbol ; namely, that in every single one of
those letters was expressed a complete idea. The merit of
Champollion consisted in proving, that Egyptian wi-iting
' contains signs which express sounds ; in other words, that
it is alphabetic. He noticed that wherever in the Greek
text the proper name of Ptolemy is met with, there may be
found, at a corresponding place of the Egj'ptian text, a cer-
tain number of signs, enclosed within an elliptic space.
From this he concluded : 1, That the names of kings were
indicated, ia the hieroglyphic system, by a sort of escutcheon,
which he styled cartotuihe / 2, That the signs contained in
that cartouche must be, letter for letter, the name of Ptolemy.

" Even supposing the vowels omitted, Champollion was
already in possession of five letters : P, T, L, M, S. Again,
Champollion knew, according to a second Greek inscription,
engraved on an obelisk of Philse, that on this obelisk a hiero-
glyphic cartouche is visible, which must be that of Cleopa-
tra. If his first reading was correct, the P, the L, and the
T, of Ptolemy, must be ref ound in the second proper name ;
but, at the same time, this second proper name furnished
K and K. Although very imperfect, when applied to other
cartouches, the alphabet, thus revealed to Champollion
through the names of Cleopatra and Ptolemy, put him in
possession of nearly all the other consonants.

" Thenceforth Champollion had no need to hesitate con-
cerning the pronunciation of signs ; for, from the day this

130 THE OBELISK AKD FREEMASONRY.

proof was furnished, he coiild certify that he possessed the
Egyptian alphabet. But now remained the language ; for
pronouncing words is nothing, if we know not what they
mean. Here Champollion's genius could soar. He per-
ceived that his alphabet, drawn from proper names and ap-
plied to words of the language, simply furnished Coptic.
Now Coptic, in its turn, is a language which, without being
as well explored as Greek, had for a long time not been less
accessible. Therefore the veil was completely removed.
The Egyptian language was only Coptic, written in hiero-
glyphs ; or, to speak more correctly, Coptic is only the lan-
guage of the ancient Pharaohs, ^vritten, as we previously
stated, ia Greek letters. The rest may be inferred. Erom
sign to sign ChampoUion really proceeded from the known
to the unknown, and soon the illustrious founder of Egyp-
tology could lay the foundations of this beautiful science,
which has for its object the interpretation of the hieroglyphs.
Such is the Eosetta stone."

"We introduce this graphic and simple passage to show
the elements of a science that lights the path to the primi-
tive history of our race. Ouneiform inscriptions and de-
cipherings were but a logic sequence to Egyptian hiero-
glyphs. Kow ancient American signs, emblems, symbols,
and characters should be carefully collected, compared, and
studied, so as to see how they may, in remote ages, have
been connected with similar characters in the old world.

When those English, French, German, and Italian Egyp-
tologists vied in efforts to discover and contrive a key to the
hieroglyphs, the taste and desire for Egyptian obelisks re-
vived ; and about a.d. 1818 France and England wished to
see some of those graceful Egyptian pillars in their capitals ;
and now Americans are anxious to have an obelisk in their
metropolis. JSText the fatherland will try to obtain and
transfer one to Berlin.

YI. The monolith in the Piazza Navona was removed

THE OBELISK AND FKEEMASONRY. 131

from the Circus of Caraealla to where it now stands by-
order of Pope Innocent X., under the direction of the engi-
neer Bernini, a.d. 1651.

"Whole height 99 ft.

Without pedestal (only the shaft) 54 ft.

I lines of the shaft 4 ft. 5 in.

Its hieroglyphic inscriptions contain deifying names, ap-
plied to the vain Domitian, who had it quarried in Egypt,
whence it was brought to Home, about a.d. 90. It has a
fountain round its base, and is- sometimes styled " Pamphi-
lian obelisk."

VII. The obelisk of Piazza della Minerva has for its
pedestal a poorly-contrived elephant of marble, the work of
Bernini, whose eminent predecessor would not have been
guilty of such an artistic solecism. No wonder it afiSxed to
Bernini the nickname of " The JElephcmt." It was erected
imder Pope Alexander VII., a.d. 1667.

Whole height 40 ft.

Without pedestal (only the shaft) 17 ft.

It bears hieroglyphic inscriptions.

Vin. The obelisk of Mahuteo della Rotunda, in front
of the Pantheon of Agrippa, has, like that of the Piazza
ISTavona, a fountain round its base. It was erected under
Clement XI., 1711.

Whole height 48 ft.

Without pedestal (only the shaft) 20 ft.

It has hieroglyphic inscriptions that mention Kameses II.,
whence its original erection in Egypt has been attributed
to this great Pharoah, conqueror of the Khetas.

IX. The obelisk on Quirmale del Monte Ca/vallo appears

132 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

to be broken in two or three places. It was erected by
Antinori during the Pontificate of Pius YI., 1786.

Whole height ^^ ^•

Without base, etc. (only the shaft) 48 ft.

No hieroglyphics. Zoega has a plate of it in his great
work, No. 6.

X. The monolith before the church Trinita del Monte
also was erected by Antinori, under Pius YI., 1789.

Whole height 100 ft.

Without pedestal (only the shaft) about 43 ft.

Bears hieroglyphics. Zoega represents it by plate 7.

Archeologists say this monument was carried to Eome
by SaUustianus Crispus, prefect of Numidia, and erected in
the gardens of Sallust during the reign of Yespasian, a.d.
69-79. Hence it was called Sallustian Obelisk. It is sup-
posed it arrived in Eome without hieroglyphs, and that
those now on it were copied from the Flaminian obelisk.

XI. The obelisk on Monte Citorio was brought to Eome
under Octavius Augustus, about 20 b.c, and raised in Cam-
pus Martins by the mathematician, Facundus Novus, who so
adjusted it as to serve for a gnomon* or style, to indicate
the hours of the day on a dial, drawn on the pavement.
A.D. 17-1:8 it was found buried and was unearthed. Under

* Herodotus tells us (B. II., 109") : "As to the pole, or gnomon, and the
division of the day into twelve parts, the Greeks received them from the
Babylonians." Here we realize that not only the Egyptians, but the
Greeks and Eomans derived knowledge from Assyria. PaJladins Eutilius,
who lived about a.d. 350, has in his book " De Re Sustica," at the end of
every month, a table, showing the correspondence of the divisions of the
day to the different lengths of the gnomon. Clocks were then among the
unknown things, and watches were in the vocative as late as A.D. 1477.

THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONEY. 133

Pius VI., A.D. 1T92, it was transferred to, and erected in, the
place it now occupies, by Antinori.

Whole height 110 ft.

"Without pedestal (only the shaft) T2 f t.

It has hieroglyphic inscriptions. Zoega shows it in plate
8. It is of rose-colored syenite, and stands on a pedestal of
the same stone. This beautiful monolith is attributed to
Psammitichus II., who had it erected at Heliopolis, from
594 to 588 B.C. Psammitichus I., grandfather of Psammi-
tichus II., was the founder of the 26th Dynasty. He first
invited Greeks to settle in Egypt. Herodotus (B. I., 106 —
B. II., 2, 28, 30, 151 — 161) has much to say about Psammi-
tichus I. and his son Nekos, father of Psammitichus H.,
whom Greek ambassadors came to consult concerning the
Olympic Games. This obelisk has also been ascribed to
Kameses II., or Sesostris ; but this must be an error, for
Psammitichus' name has been deciphered from its hiero-
glyphs. The Father of History tells us (B. I., 105) : « The
Scythians, having obtained the entire possession of Asia,
advanced toward Egypt. Psammitichus, King of Egypt,
met them in Palestine of Syria, and, by presents and im-
portunity united, prevailed on them to return." This event,
together with the Greek ambassadors, make Psammitichus
a historic landmark for archeologists. We cannot help re-
cording here what Pliny says : " The obelisk, erected in the
Campus Martins, has been applied to a singular purpose by
the late Emperor Augustus : that of marking the shadows
projected by the sun, and so measiiring the length of the
days and nights. With this object a stone pavement was
laid, the extreme length of which corresponded exactly with
the length of the shadow thrown by the obeUsk at the sixth
hour on the day of the winter solstice. After this period
the shadow would go on, day by day, gradually decreasing,
and then again would as gradually increase, correspond-
ingly with certain lines of brass, that were inserted in the

134 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

stone— a deriee well deserving to be known, and due to
thie ingenuity of Facundus JSTovus, the mathematician."

This was two millenniums ago, when not every man,
woman, and child had a gold or silver watch in his, her,
or its pocket; aye, not even the great Augustus had a
watch or a clock ia his palaces !

Xn. The obelisk on Monte Pincio was found, a.d. 1633,
in the Circus Varianus, outside of the waUs of Eome.
Zoega calls it the Barberini Obelisk, of which he says:
"Hie e Eomanis obeliscis adhuc cognitis solus expectat
sospitatorem." * a.d. 1823, pope Pius YII. had it trans-
ferred to the spot it now occupies.

Whole height 57 ft.

Without pedestal (only the shaft) 31 ft.

It bears hieroglyphs, which have been translated by sev-
eral Egyptologists. This is the latest of the obelisks with
hieroglyphs ; on it occur the names of the emperor Adrian,
the empress Sabina, and their adopted son and favorite,
Antinous. As the occasion of this obelisk was touching
and tragic, we relate it : Antinous was born in Bithynia ;
when he appeared at court the emperor and empress were
struck with his beauty and adopted him as heir to the
throne. Wherever Adrian and Sabina traveled Antinous
accompanied them. While in Egypt Adrian consulted
the oracle of Beza, who told him danger threatened him,
unless a person very dear to him was immolated for his
preservation. When Antinous heard of it, he jumped into
the ISTile and drowned himself. Adrian wept and ordered
mourning throughout the empire, and employed all the
eminent artists to preserve and perpetuate the beauty and
graces of the departed. Temples were built, a priesthood

* " Of the Komau obelisks now known, this alone awaits a, savior."
When the great Danish aicheologist wrote this in Home, A.D. 1797, this
obelisk must have been in an abandoned condition.

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONET. 135

established, statues raised, medals were struck, and a mag-
nificent city was founded on the site of Eeza, where the
sad catastrophe happened ; and that city was called Anti-
noopolis. Such was the occasion of the obelisk that now
graces Monte Pincio, at Rome. In the translation of its
hieroglyphs we read : " Hadrianus, the ever-living, I give
thee glory, which thy heart loves, etc. . . . The chief of
the South and North, being the great Lord of every coun-
try, etc. . . . Sabina of life and health established, Augusta
the ever-living, etc. . . . Antinous is justified as a spirit,
etc. . . . He has been adored by workmen of Thoth, etc.
. . . Spiritualized as a spirit at rest within the limits of the
countries, etc. . . . He has been recognized as a god in the
divine places of Egypt, which have been founded for him,
etc. . . . Likewise they gave the title of a city to his name,"
etc.

This monolith shows these historic facts: that the an-
cient Egyptian hieroglyphs and language {Coptic) withstood
Persian, Greek, and Latin conquest and rule; and that as
late as Adrian, a.d. 132, obelisks and hieroglj'phic inscrip-
tions were in vogue among the Eoman magnates. Several
statues of the famous Antinous, recorded on this obelisk,
are now in the Paris Museum. History severely censures
Adrian for showering imperial favors on a dazzled youth,
and then consulting and listening to sUly oracles.

When tourists pass up the Nile and reach the town of
Esne, let them remember, while visiting the ancient ruins,
that there occurred the tragic death of Antinous, whose
memory was perpetuated by the obelisk of Monte Pincio,
which has since caused many sentimental emotions.

Xin. An obelisk that adorned the Circus of Flora at
Eome was carried to Florence, and erected in the Boboli
Gardens of the city, adorned and rendered famous by the
Medici.

XrV". The obelisk of the Villa Mattei, which formerly
graced the Ara Cosli of the Capitol, was transferred in 1817

136 THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONEY.

to the site it now occupies. It is a small fragment of a real
Egyptian obelisk, mounted on a pedestal of ordiaary granite.

Height 8 ft. 3 in.

It bears hieroglyphs that mention the famous Hameses
II., to whom its original erection is ascribed.

XY. To vie with Eome, the citizens of Catana, ia Sicily,
erected an obelisk in front of their cathedral. This monu-
ment differs from those at Eome ia being polygonal instead
of quadrilateral ; but, like that of Delia Miaerva at Home,
it is placed on the back of an elephant, raised on a pedestal.
It is considered Egyptian. We read in Larousse's " Diction-
naire Universel du XIX. Siecle," just issued, that Cortona,
Velletri, etc., had obelisks standing in their squares during
Koman sway, for some of their debris have been foimd.

XYI. The ancient Samnite city, jBen&ventum, has among
its rich remains an Egyptian obelisk.

Height 9 ft.

XYH. The obeUsh of Aries, ia Provence, France, after
having adorned the spina of the Circus, was overthrown
and remained in the mire of the Khone, whence it was
taken and erected ia the Place Hoyale, a.d. 1676. Some
archeologists consider it of Egyptian workmanship ; others
tell us the granite, of which it is formed, came from the
quarries of Esterel, or from those in Corsica. Some Latin
authors call Aries ArelaUim, others Arelate, and poets
Arelas. Strabo speaks of it as a commercial emporium ;
Mela mentions it as the richest city in Gallia Narbonensis.
It became the residence of some of the Emperors, who,
wishing to give to Arelatum some of the prestige of Eome,
adorned it with an obelisk and circus. Perhaps this mono-
lith was brought from Egypt, but history is silent on the
subject.

THE OBELISK AITD EEEEMASONRY. 137

Height about 50 ft.

"Without hieroglyphs. It would seem as though the Eo-
mans tried to imitate the Egyptian obelistic art, for it has
been claimed that the obelisk of Catana, in Sicily, is not of
Egyptian workmanship.

Such are a few of the votive pillars, transferred from
Egypt to Kome and France. They had been raised to the
sun god, Ma, and to the sun goddess, Sati (sunbeam), who
were worshiped by the Egyptians as Nature's productive
principle. Only eleven adorn Kome now, whereas a Roman
author, called P. Victor, in an essay on the quarters of an-
cient Rome, mentions six large obelisks and forty-two smaller
ones. The others may be found buiied, like the Lateran
dbelisTc. These mementos of primitive Oriental civilization
attract travelers to and keep them at Rome. One of those
monuments in New York will be an honor to the country,
that already has cities in the great West, named after Mem-
phis and Cairo. Thus do namesakes and patronymics indi-
cate direct or indirect connection between individuals, fami-
lies, tribes, nations, and races.

The Emperors of the East remembered the wishes of
Constantino, who, as previously stated, desired to embellish
Byzantium with Egyptian obelisks. Hence, Theodosius the
Great had two of the votive monuments transferred from
Egypt to Constantinople, about a.d. 390. Both were placed
in the Hippod/rome, now called Almeida/n.

XVHI. The largest of the two still occupies the same
spot. It is ascribed to Pharaoh Thothmes HI.

Height 50 ft.

It bears hieroglyphs, translated by Dr. Birch, from whose
notes we quote :

" He (Thothmes III.) made it a gift to his father, Amon-
Ra, Lord of the foundations of the Earth. He has gone

138 THE OBELISK AKD FEEEMASOWEY.

round the great waters of Naharma* He has made his
frontiers to the tips of the Earth, his seats to JSTaharina."

Gliddon, in his "Ancient Egypt," p. 64, corroborates the
above when he speaks of " conquests through Central Asia
toHindostan" by Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty,
mentioned by translations from the hieroglyphic " Tablet of
Abydos, the Procession of the Ramessium, the Procession
of Medeenet-Haboo, and the Tomb of Crurnah:' Here the
American savant refers to Thothmes HI., whose queen
Amense he mentions.

XIX. The smallest of the two was moved from the Hip-
podrome to the Gardens of the Seraglio, since the city of
Constantinople was captured by the Tm-ks, a.d. 1453.

Height 35 ft.

Base lines of shaft 6 by 6 ft.

It bears hieroglyphs. This obelisk has been ascribed to a
Pharaoh named Kectanebo I., who, according to Gliddon,
was of the Thirtieth Dynasty, and reigned 377-359 b.c.
Kectanebo was the last Egyptian king of the Egyptian
race.

XX. One of the obelisks on the Isle of Philse, in Upper
Egypt found its way to England, 1818 ; an event, though
scarcely known, which was the prelude to Egyptian collections
and museums. This desire and taste soon spread to America,
whither Abbott's collection went, and where Gliddon arose.

The PhilcB obelisk, now at Corfe Castle, Dorsetshke,
England, is a monolith :

Height, about 22 ft.

Base lines of the shaft 2 ft. 2 in.

Top lines of the shaft 1 ft. 6 in.

Hieroglyphs ?

As this monument had such a romantic career, we men-

* Mesopotamia.

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASOTSTRT. 139

tion some of its striking adventures. A Homer, Virgil,
Valmiki, Firdousi, etc., might find mateiial for an epic
poem. Its royal projectors ; the historic spot it occupied on
the 'Nile; its removal from the Isle of PKilm to England,
and the thrilling episodes connected therewith ; its art-loving
owner, its bold remover ; and the new home it found on the
green lawns at Corfe Castle — than which no more charming
site could be found in the British Isles — may attract a Ten-
nyson, Longfellow, or Lowell. No doubt, as soon as tourists
know that such an ancient architectural gem adorns Corfe
Castle, they will flock thither, and admire the classic taste
of Henry Banhes, who endowed his residence, town, and
country with a monument that saw the Nile glide along its
base from l^O e.g. to a.d. 1818, and that now beholds the
British Channel on the south, the Isle of Wight on the east,
and Cornwall on the west.

"We read that Ptolemy YIL, surnamed Evergetes, and his
queen Cleopatra, whose reign was much disturbed, erected
several obelisks at Philse, near which was the small rock-
bound Isle of Ahatos, where Isis had built a tomb and de-
posited the remains of Osiris. Abatos means inaccessible,
because only the Egyptian priests could visit that sacred
island.

Senry Bmikes, member of Parliament from 1Y80 lo
1826, and author of " Civil and Constitutional History of
Some,^'' after his arduous legislative and literary labors,
visited Egypt in 1818, and obtained, through tlie British
consul, from the Pasha, permission to remove one of the
obelisks of Philse. Belzoni was then busily engaged in
Egyptian explorations, and Mr. Bankes induced him to
ascend the Nile with him, in order to remove the monolith
to England. As Belzoni has written an interesting chapter
on the subject in his " Kesearches and Operations in Egypt,
Nubia," etc., pp. 321-349, we quote a few extracts there-
from:

' " On my arrival at Gournou, I found the consul, Mr. Salt,

140 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONKT.

Mr. Bankes, and Baron Sack had arrived from Cairo. At
this period Mr. Bankes solicited me to ascend the Mle as
far as the island of Philse, to remove the obelisk I had taken
possession of before, in the name of the British consul.
The consul then informed me that he had ceded the said obe-
lisk to Mr. Bankes, who intended to send it to England on
his own accoimt. I gladly accepted the undertaking, as I
was pleased to have the opportunity of seeing another piece
of antiquity on its way to England, and of obliging a gentle-
man for whom I had great regard.

" On the 16th of November, 1818, we left Thebes for the
fii-st cataract of the K^ile. . . . On the 21st of l^ovember,
1818, we visited Ednu, and took a minute survey of those
truly magnificent ruins, which are so covered with a profu-
sion of objects that, if a traveler was to repeat his visits
every day of his life, he might still find somethiag new to
be observed. . . . Next day the party arrived at Assouan,
and I went to the island of Philaa to take a view of the
bank where I was to embark the obelisk, and have it con-
veyed to the cataract, where it was to be launched. ... I
had some difficulty, at first, in removing the obelisk from
its original station ; but once put on its way, it soon came to
the water-side. Tfte joedestal was rather more troublesome,
owing to its square form. It was almost buried under the
rubbish, and as we had no tackle .whatever, and very little
wood, it retarded the' work one or two days longer. There
is no wood in those places, except what they procure from
Cairo to repair their boats. . . .

" Our party prepared for their voyage to the second cata-
ract. The obelisk was now ready to be embarked

The pier appeared strong enough to bear at least forty times
the weight it had to support ; but alas ! when the obelisk
came gradually on from the sloping bank, and aU the weight
rested on it, the pier, with the obelisk and some of the men,
took a slow movement, and majestically descended into the
river, wishing us better success. I was not three yards ofE
when this happened, and for some minutes, I must confess,

THE OBELISK AND EKEEMASONRY. 141

I remained like a post. The first thing that came into my
head was the loss of such a piece of antiquity, and the blame
of the antiquarian republic in the world. . . . The laborers
were of various humor ; some went one way, some another,
and I remained alone, seated on the bank, to contemplate
the little part which projected out of the water, and the
eddies made by the current on that spot, in consequence of
the obelisk below. The effects of surprise did not last long.
I began to reflect, and saw the possibility of taking the obe-
lisk up again. ... I found that the loss would only be two
or three days' work. . . . Mr. Bankes was not there when
this happened. . . . On his arrival he said : ' that sioch
things would 'hajypen sometimes.^ ... I informed him that
the obelisk was not lost, and that in two or three days it
would be on boai-d. . . . The two next days were employed
in this operation."

We might add that a band of ruffians, suborned by an
Italian speculator, pointed pistols at Belzoni for removing
the obelisk, and other dramatic incidents ; but suffice it to
say that Belzoni, Mr. Bankes, and his obelisk safely reached
Rosetta, whence it was shipped to England, and that Bel-
zoni started for the temple of Jupiter Ammon, in the west-
ern desert, April 20, 1819. Hence Belzoni and Henry
Bankes, M.P., may truly be called the practical pioneers of
modem monmnental Egyptology ; whereas Champollion and
Rosellini, who explored Egypt in 1828, and laid the founda-
tion for the great work styled " Monuments of Egypt mid
Nubia^'' etc., published by the French government, 1835-
1845, must be considered as theoretical pioneers. Moreover,
while Belzoni was occupied at the obelisk, Bankes discov-
ered the inscription on the left leg of the colossus at Ele-
phantine, since translated by Col. Lake.

Belzoni tells us that, before he departed for the great
desert, " an English merchant, who resided in Alexandria,
lent me a small house in Eosetta, near the British agency,
where I left Mrs. BelzoniP

143 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRY.

Thus it may be said that the French expedition to Egypt,
1798, together with the Belzoni and Bankes explorations,
1818, were the dawn of modern Egyptology.

The French discovered the famous " Rosetta stone" that
formed the foundation for Egyptology.

XXI. Two small obelisks of darTc-green lascdt grace the
Egyptian department of the British Museum. They are
known as the obelisks of Cairo, where the German areheol-
ogist, Niebuhr, saw and admu-ed them. ISTectanebo, who
reigned from 377 to 359 e.g., raised them before the Temple
of Thoth,* who was to the Egyptians what Mercury was to
the Greeks and Romans. The delicately-engraved hiero-
glyphs on these obelisks attract much attention.

Height (only the shaft) 8 ft. 2 in.

Base lines of shaft 1 ft. 6 in. and 1 ft. 5 in.

Hieroglyphic inscriptions.

In Laronsse's '■'■ D'lctionnaire TJniversel du ^IIX^. Siecle"
just issued, we read : " All the obelisks known are of rose-
colored granite, called syenite, which came from some quarry
at Syene, in Upper Egypt." This statement is incorrect, for
the two above-named obelisks are of dark-green basalt, and
not of rose-colored granite. "We read again in the same
work : " The obelisk is peculiar to Egypt ; ancient Assyrian
and Babylonian civilizations seem not to have known it."
Here is another mistake, for in the British Museum are two
obelisks; one of them was discovered in the palace of
Kimrod.

Height 5 ft. 9 in.

* Perhaps the Celtic god Teutates was derived from Thoth. Assyria had
a king called Teiitanes, and another Teutaens. These Egyptian, Assyrian,
and Celtic names have much analogy with the Teutones ; may there not
have been early connection or intercourse between the progenitors of these
different races and nations ? The province in Asia Minor called Tenth-
rania and Teuta, queen of Illyria, point in the same direction.

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASOKET. 143

It is of hlaoTc marble^ covered with cuneiform inscriptions,
recording the annals of the reign of Shalmanaser II. (858-
823 B.C.). Instead of tapering to a point, it has three steps
on the top, which seem to correspond with the three steps
on the pedestal of the American obelisk, recently discovered
by Commander Gorringe.

The other of the two Assyrian obelisks is of white
mwrble.

Height 8 ft. 2 in.

It is covered with bas-reliefs, representing battle-scenes.
It has cuneiform inscriptions, mentioning Shamas-Pul. Here
are two obelisks or pillars — one is white, the other black —
found in Assyrian ruins. Solomon's Temple had two pillars
■ — Jachin and Boaz, the former white, the latter black. If
Solomon's pillars have a symbolic or Masonic meaning, the
Assyrian pillars may have a similar meaning. Queri : Did
Assyria copy from Solomon, or did Solomon copy from
Assyria ? As Assyrian art antedates all others, Abraham's
progeny must have copied from that of Asshur. Thus
would Masonic symbols point to Assyria for prototypes. Do
not the white obelisk in ISTimrod's palace, 2800 e.g., Solo-
mon's white pillar, 986 b.c, and the white stone deposited
by Architect Pontius at the base of the Thothmes obelisk
at Alexandria, 23 b.c, and discovered by Commander Gor-
ringe, A.D. 1880, symbolize purity, friendship, hospitality,
and thus cover a period of 4,700 years, now linking the
Euphrates, Nile, Thames, and Hudson ? We have lately
noticed, in Assyrian illustrations, attitudes of kings that look
very Masonic. Thenceforth, these hints should be thoroughly
scrutinized by the Masonic fraternity.

XXII. The obelish of Luxor, on Place de la Concorde at
Paris. This monoUth was transferred to France under the
direction of the engineer Lebas. It stood near the little
village of Luxor, residence of the kings of Thebes. Its

144 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET.

twin stands jet in the same place, before tHe palace of the
Pharaohs.

A vessel, named Luxor, expressly constructed at Toulon
and towed to Alexandria by a man-of-war, sailed up the
Nile and landed before Luxor, August 15, 1831. The tak-
ing down of the obelisk by means of apparatus, invented by
M. Lebas, was successfully effected, and two months after
the monolith was placed on the ship, which traversed the
Mediterranean, passed the Straits of Gibraltar, coasted along
France as far as Havre ; then, sailing up the Seine, landed
its precious cargo at Paris, in the month of September.
Some months after it was erected in the centre of the Place
de la Concorde, on a pedestal of granite brought from Brit-
tany. We are told its removal and erection cost £80,000.

"Whole height 92 ft.

"Without base, etc. (only its shaft) 76 ft. 4 in.

Base lines of shaft 8 ft. X 8 ft.

Top lines 5 ft.

Weight about 246 tons.

Hieroglyphics on the four sides are admirably engraved,
especially those of the three middle columns on three of the
sides. The hieroglj-phs on the faces north, south, and east
concern Eameses H., and those on the face west Eameses
HL

The veteran Egyptologist, Gustavus Seyffarth, has in his
'■'■Summa/ry of Recent Discoveries^'' p. 214 : " B. C. 1831,
August 14: Planetary configuration at the Urth of Amos
II. on the Paris Monolith^'' which means, that the birthday
of Pharaoh Amos H. (Eameses H. ?) corresponds to Ahgust
14, 1831 B.C.

XXni. As the inscriptions on the pedestal of the obelisk
standing on the Victoria Embankment at London give its
epitomic history, we quote the whole, then add its hiero-
glyphs, with Dr. Sam. Birch's translation.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 145

Transported to England and erected on this spot in the forty-second

year of

QUEEN VICTORIA.

By and

ERASMUS WILSON, F.E.S. JOHN DIXON, O.B.

1878.

The work was further aided by

H. H. ISMAEL PACHA, Vioerm/ of Egypt.

Gen. Sir J. E. Alexander. John Fowler, O.E.

Hon. C. H. Vivian. Benjamin Baker, C.E.

Giovanni Demetrio. H. F. Stephenson, C.E.

Charles Swinburne. Waynman Dixon, O.B.

S. Birch, LL.D.

GEOEGE DOUBLE, Manager of Works.

THIS OBELISK,

Hating fallen prostrate in the sand at Alexandria,

was, in grateful Eemembrance of

NELSON AND ABEECEOMBY,

Presented to the British Nation, a.d. 1819, by

MOHAMMED ALI, Viceroy of Egypt.

Encased in an iron cylinder it was roUed into the Sea
August 29, 1877.

Abandoned in a storm in the Bay of Biscay,

it was recovered and taken into Ferrol Harbour, whence.

In charge of Captain Carter, it reached

The Thames, January 30, 1878.

William Asken, Michael Burns,

James Gardner, William Donald,

Joseph Benbow, William Patan,

Perished in a brave attempt to succour the Crew of the

Obelisk Ship, " Cleopatra " during the storm,

October 14, 1877.

Whole height

Without base, etc., only the shaft 68 ft. 5 in.

Base lines of shaft 7 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 10 in.

Top lines of shaft 4 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 1 in.

Mass or volume about 3,678 cubic feet.

Weight 186 tons, 7 cwt., 3 stones, 11 lbs.

Hieroglyphic inscriptions.

146 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

TBANSLATION OF THE HIEROGLYPHS ON THE ENGLISH
OBELISK.

BY SAMUEL BIKCH, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A.,

Keeper of Oriental Antiquities in the British JHuseum.

"First side. Central line toward east when erected on
Embankment. — The Horus, lord of the upper and lower
coTintiy, the powerful bull, crowned" in TJas or Thebes, the
King of the ISTorth and South, Eamen Clieper, has made
his monument to his father. Haremachu (Horus in the
horizons), he has set up to him two great obelisks, capped
with gold, at the first time of the festivals of thirty jears,
according to his wish he did it, the son of the Sun Thothmes
(III.), type of types did it, beloved of Haremachu (Horus
in the horizons) ever living.

" First side. Left line. — The Horus of the upper and
lower country, the powerful bull, beloved of the Sun, the
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ka-user-ma, approved of
the Sun, lord of the festivals, like Ptah-Tanen, son of the
Sim, Kameses, beloved of Amen, a strong bull, lilve the son
of Nu (Osiris), whom none can withstand, the lord of the two
countries, Ka-user-ma, approved of the Sun, son of the Sim,
Kamessu (H.), beloved of Amen, giver of life, like the Sun.

'■^ First side. Eight line. — The Horns of the upper and
lower country, the powerful bull, son of Tum, King of the
South and North, lord of diadems, guardian of Egypt,
chastiser of foreign countries, son of the Sun Kamessu (H.),
beloved of Amen, dragging the South to the Mediterranean
Sea, the North to the poles of Heaven, lord of the two coun-
tries, Ka-user-ma, approved of the Sun, son of the Sun
Kameses (II.), giver of life, like the Sun.

'■'■Second side. Central line, toward river (south), as
erected on Embankment. — The Horus of the upper and
lower country. The powerful bull, cro^vned by Truth. The
King of the North and South, Kamen Cheper. The lord of
the gods has multiplied to him festivals on the great Persea

M'^i

-5

S^1l:

HPffliiinii

k ^

liifflnfiii

A"! i

;/TiN

IV} ?l

'fh^

fit

The Hieroglyphs on the four sides of the London Obelisk.
{From ChampoUion.)

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONET. 147

tree in the midst of the place of the Phoenix (Heliopolis).
He. is recognized as his son, a divine chief, his limbs come
forth daily as he wishes, the son of the Sun, Thothmes (III.),
ruler of An (Heliopolis), beloved of Haremachu (Horus in
the horizons).

" Second side. Left line. — The Horus of the upper and
lower country, the powerful bull, beloved of Truth, King of
the ISTorth and South, Ea-user-ma, approved of the Sun,
born of the gods, holding the two lands (of Egypt) as the
son of the Sun, Eamessu (H.), beloved of Amen, making
his frontier wherever he wished, who is at rest through his
power, the lord of the two countries, Ea- user-ma, approved
of the Sun, son of the Sun, Eamessu beloved of Amen, the
lustre of the Sun.

" Second side. Eight line. — The Horus of the upper and
lower, country, the powerful bull, son of the god Chepera,
the King of the North and South, Ea-user-ma, approved of
the Sun. The golden trait, rich in years, the most power-
ful ; the eyes of manliind behold what he has done ; nothing
has been said in opposition to the lord of the two countries.
Ea-user-ma, approved of the Sun, the son of the Sun, Ea-
messu (H.), beloved of Amen, giver of life, like the Sun.

" Third side. Central line, west side, as erected on Em-
bankment. — The Horus, lord of the upper and lower country,
the powerful bull, beloved of Truth, the King of the South
and North, Eamen Cheper. His father, Tum, has set up to
him his great name, placing it in the temple belonging to
An (Heliopolis), giving him the throne of Seb, the dignity
of Cheper, the son of the Sun, Thothmes (HI.), good and
true, beloved of the spirits of An (Heliopolis), ever living.

" Third side. Eight line. — The Horus of the upper and
lower country, the powerful bull, weU-beloved of Ea, the
King of the South and North, Ea-user-ma, approved of the
Sun, lord of festivals of thirty years, like his father, Ptah,
son of the Sun, Eamessu (II.), beloved of men, son of Tum,
beloved of his loins. Athor, the goddess, directing the two
countries, has given him birth, the lord of the two countries,

148 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONET.

Ka-user-ma, approved of the Sun, the son of the Sun,
Ramessu (II.), beloved of men, giver of life, like the Sun.

" Third side. Left line. — The Horus lord of the two
countries, the powerful bull, son of Shu, the King of the
South and North, Ea-user-ma, approved of Ra, the lord of
diadems, director of Egypt, chastiser of foreign lands, son of
the Sun, Eamessu (II.), beloved of Amen, bringing his offer-
ing daily in the house of his father Tum ; nought has been
done, as he did in the house of his father, the lord of the
two countries, Ea-user-ma, approved of the Sun, the son of
the Sun, Eamessu (11.), beloved of Amen, giver of life, like
the Sun.

'■'■Fourth side, and central line toward road (north), as
erected on Embankment. — The Horus of the upper and
lower country, beloved of the god of the upper crown, the
Iving of the South and Xorth, Eamen Cheper, making offer-
ings, beloved of the gods, supplying the altar of the spirits
of An (Heliopolis), welcoming their persons at the two times
of the year, that he might repose through them with a
sound life of hundreds of thousands of years with very nu-
merous festivals of thirty years, the son of the Sun, Thoth-
mes (III.), the divine ruler, beloved of Haremachu (Honis
in the horizons) ever living.

^^ Fourth side. Eight line. — The Honis lord of the upper
and lower country, the powerful bull, beloved of Ea, the
King of the South and North, Ea-user-ma, approved of the
Sim, the Sun born of the gods, holding the countries, the
son of the Sun, Eamessu (11.), beloved of Amen, the strong
hand, powerful victor, bull of rulers. King of kings, lord of
the two countries, Ea-user-ma, approved of the Sun, son of
the Sun, Eamessu (11.), beloved of Amen, beloved of Tum,
lord of An (Heliopolis), giver of life.

"Fourth side. Left line. — The Horus, the powerful bull,
son of Ptah-Tanen, lord of the upper and lower country,
the King of th.e South and North, Ea-user-ma, approved of
the Sun, the hawk of gold, rich in years, the greatest of vic-
tors, the son of the Sun, Eamessu (II.), beloved of Amen,

THE OBELISK AND TEEEMASONET. 149

leading captive the Kutenmx (Syrians) and Peti (Libyans)
out of their countries to the seat of the house of his father,
lord of the two countries, Ka-user-ma, approved of the Sun,
son of the Sun, Eamessu (II.), beloved of Amen, beloved of
Shu, the great god, like the Sun."

" The scenes on the pyramidion represent the monarch
Thothmes III. under the form of a sphinx, with hands of-
fering to the gods Ea and Atum, the two principal deities
of Heliopolis. The offerings are water, wine, milk, and
incense. The inscriptions are the names and titles of the
deities, the titles of Thothmes III., and the announcement
of each of his special gifts."

XXIY. The Berlin obelisJe is the earliest known. The
Prussian expedition, under Lepsius, 1842, discovered it in a
Memphis tomb of Manetho's 5th dynasty, which, according
to Brugsch,* reigned from about 3700 to 3300 b.o. It is of
limestone, and bears the name of its occupant. It seems to
have been erected merely as a funeral monument, which
proves that obelisks were originally used for funeral pur-
poses.

Height, only 2 ft.

It is now in the Koyal Museum, at Berlin.

Larousse tells us, in his " Dictionnaire du XIX. Siecle,^^
Augustus, and some other emperors, caused many obelisks
to be transferred to Home and Italy. We count, in our day,
eleven standing in the Eternal City, and we may see the
debris of several others which have been overthrown. Vel-
letri, Benevento, Florence, and Cortona had obelisks standing
in their squares during the Boman sway.

We here add the five obelisks now standing in Egypt.

XXV. The most ancient obelisk, erected by Pharaoh
Usurtasen at Heliopolis, as Brugsch f tells us, " rises in the

* Brugsch's " History of Egypt," vol. I., p. 68.
t " History of Egypt," vol. I., p. 127.

150 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

midst of green corn-fields, in the immediate neigliborliood
of the village of Materieh,* consisting of a few liuts of
poor Arabs, and some houses of well-to-do Egyptians, who
scarcely laiow on what famous soil their feet tread." Ac-
cording to Bi-ugsch, TJsurtasen I. was of the 12th dynasty of
Thebes, and raised this monument to Ka about 2433 b.c.
It is of the purest rose-colored syenite, and the best pre-
served of all the Egyptian obelisks, which is probably owing
to its standing inland, away from the salt air.

Height 66 ft. 6 in.

Base lines of shaft 6 ft. 1 in. by 6 ft. 3 in.

Brugsch t speaks of its hieroglyphs as " characters deeply
and beautifully cut in the red granite," and observes : X " Its
four sides contain hieroglyphic inscriptions of the following
meaning, repeated four times in the same words :

The Hor of the Sun.

The life for those, who are born.

The king of the upper and lower land.

Cheper-ka-ra,

the lord of the double crown,

the life for those, who are born,

the son of the Sun-god Ka,

JJsurtasen,

the friend of the spirits of On,

ever living

the golden Hor

the life for those, who are born

the good Grod

Cheper-ka-ra

has executed this work

in the beginning of the thirty years circle

he the dispenser of life for evermore.

* Said to be the place where Joseph, and Mary carried the child Jesus to
escape from Herod. Hence Jesus saw this obelisk during his childhood,
t P. 31, vol. I. X Ibid.

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONEY. 151

This four-sided inscription is terser and more expressive
than any of the numerous translations we have read ; so that
the Egyptian Pharaohs must have grown much more prolix
since their illustrious predecessor Usurtasen, whom some call
Sesostris I. According to Brugsch's chronology, the Usur-
tasen obelisk has been standing in the same spot from 2433
B.C. to A.D. 1880, or 4,313 years, and is yet in good preserva-
tion. Where is there another instance of the kind ?

XXVI. There is an obelisk at Crocodilopolis that is as-
cribed to Pharaoh Usurtasen I. Some attribute it to Thoth-
mes I.

Height 43 ft.

Base lines of shaft 6 ft. 9 in. by 4 ft.

Hieroglyphs.

XXVn. the highest monolith known is the obelisk at
Kamak, ascribed to Hatasu, sister of Pharaoh Thothmes
HI., who, according to Brugsch, reigned 1600 b.c.

"Whole height 122 ft.

Without pedestal, only the shaft (according to

Mariette) 108 ft. 10 in.

Weight, according to Gliddon 400 tons.

Hieroglyphs.

XXYHI. Another obelisk at Karnak, attributed to Thoth-
mes I.

Height 90 ft.

Base lines of shaft 8 ft. 1 in.

Weight, according to Wilkinson 297 tons.

Hieroglyphs.

XXIX. At Luxor, village near the ruins of ancient
Thebes, stands the twin obelisk of the one that was carried

152 THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONKT.

to Paris a.d. 1831, and adorns now the Place de la Con-
corde.

Height 82 ft.

Hieroglyphs.

Explorers say there are many obelisks in Nubia, but they
somewhat differ in shape from those of Egypt. They have
no hieroglyphs and are of later date. Belzoni was allured
to Timbiictoo by exaggerated accounts of natives, who told
him of remarkable ruins and remains ; consequently, he tried
to penetrate that countiy by the Xiger and lost his life.

No doubt, Egypt was the land of obelisks, many of which
have been overthrown and now lie buried ; for the Saracen
historian, Abdallatif, tells us that he himself saw about four
hundi-ed columns of the same material lying on the margin
of the sea. He relates how they came there, and that the
governor of Alexandria, appointed by Saladin, had thrown
down and broken those columns to construct a breakwater.
" I have seen," he says, " all roimd the Pillar of the Colon-
nades remains of those columns, some entire, some broken.
It was evident that those columns had been covered by a
roof and cupola, which they supported." JM. de Sacy trans-
lated Abdallatif 's work, and called it '■'■Belation de VEgypte^''
see B. I., c. 4.

If this is correct, Mahometan vandalism was practised on
Egyptian monuments as on the Alexandiian Library. The
" Pillar of the Colonnades " here mentioned was, no doubt,
the obelisk now on its way to New York. Abdallatif visited
Alexandria and resided there for some time in the twelfth
century of our era.

Thus did Europe value and import Oriental obelisks, which
point fi'om the Earth to the Sun and Moon, as rays dart
from the Sun and Moon to Earth. The Egyptians raised
them as funeral, votive, and historic monuments. Eor ages
kings, emperors, and governments gloried in them. Lately
private citizens of the Old and New World have evinced a
decided taste for this graceful Egyptian structure of red

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOJSTET. 153

granite or syenite, composed of quarts, felspar, and horn-
llends. Such has especially been the case among the Eng-
lish-speaking populations. Bankes, Wilson, Dixon, etc.,
have achieved vi^onders in England ; Ilurlburt, Stebbins,
Gorringe, Secretary Evarts, and Consul Farman are making
Herculean efforts to endow America with one of Egypt's
precious relics. How this ancient form of monument has
gained favor among the European races and their progeny
in the Western Hemisphere may be realized in visiting
Pere la Chaise, Kensal Green, Greenwood, Haunt Aiiburn,
etc., where so many funeral tributes assimie the form of
graceful heavenward-pointing obelisks.

As yet, only one of the twenty-five obelisks, removed
from oriental countries, has revealed the arcana of the Pha-
raohs to an American observer. Had Pontius, Faeundus
Novus, Fontana, Lebas, Dixon, etc., been as observing as
Belsoni and Commander Gorringe, much might now be
known concerning the connection between ancient, medieval,
and modern Masonry. However, better late than never.
Let us now interrogate the relics of the museums at Boulac,
Eome, Paris, London, Munich, Berlin, New York, and soon
more light will penetrate hazy proto-historic recesses. Why
the pillars at the entrance of the otherwise chaste Masonic
Temple of l^ew York terminate in a sort of wicker-work is,
no doubt, best known to the projectors, who ignored the
simple but graceful obelisk.

We have thus shown, that about twenty-five ancient
oriental obelisks were removed to Europe, and one is on its
way to the great western Republic, where Nimrod, Sesostris,
Zoroaster, Pythagoras, Appolonius of Tyana, Pontius, Para-
celsus, Belzoni, Lebas, Dixon, Washington, Franklin, Gor-
ringe, etc., may, at the base of Thothmes' obelisk, shake
hands and connect eastern and western Masonry by assum-
ing the Triangula/r Sun and Serpent Apron, so significantly
symbolic four thousand years ago in the rock-excavated
Masonic Temple of Seti I. and Eameses II.

CHAPTEE XVI.

Betigsch has, in his " History of Egypt," a curious list of
names of royal architects, who date from the Third Dynasty
to Darius I., 490 b.c. According to Gliddon, the Third
Dynasty reigned about 2132 b.c. These names have been,
translated from hieroglyphic inscriptions. They prove that
architects were usually of the royal family, or connected
therewith. As these names show that operative Masonry
was highly esteemed in Egypt, we give this list of Grand
Masters, of whom both theoretic and operative Masons of all
ages and countries may feel proud :

Heka,* architect of the Pharaoh Senoferu.

Sem-nofer, married to a king's grand-daughter named Amon-

Zefes.
Khtifa-hotep, husband of the king's daughter, Hontnes.
Khuftt-ankh.
Mee-aj3, a king's child, son of the Pharaoh Eiufii and his

wife, Setat.
PiESOJsr, husband of Khenshut, of the blood royal.
Ti, a man of low extraction, but married to the lady Nofer-

hotep, from the women's house of the king.
"FT A PTT, architect of the Pharaoh Teta, of the Sixth Dynasty.
Meei-ea-ank, a celebrated architect under King Pepi, of the

same dynasty.
Pehen-ka.
Ra-ue.
Ai.
Uah-mee.

*Vol. I., p. 48, Brugsoli's "History of Egypt."

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY. 155

Pedigree of the AroJiiteots*

Ka-nofee, architect of S. and IST. Egypt.

Imhotep, architect of S. and N. Egypt, chief burgomaster,

a high functionary of King Z'a-sar (lived in the time

of the Third Dynasty).
R'a-hotep, prophet of Amon-ra, king of the gods, secret seer

of Heliopolis, architect of Upper and Lower Egypt,

chief burgomaster.
BoK-EN Khtjnsu, chief burgomaster.
UzA-KJHTjiirsTJ, architect, chief burgomaster.
J^oeee-Mennu, architect, cliief burgomaster.
Mi (or Ai), architect, chief burgomaster.
Si-NEE-NEMEN-HiB, architect.
Pepi, architect, chief burgomaster.
Amon-hie-pi-Mesh'a, second, third, and fourth prophet and

high-priest of Amon, king of the gods, chief burgo-
master.
Hoe-em-saf, chief burgomaster.
Mermee, architect, commander.
ZA-mB, architect, commander.
JfAssHUNir, architect, commander.
Za-hib, architect, commander.
^N^ASSHTOfLT, architect-, commander.
Za-hib, architect, commander.
IfAssHuinT, architect, commander.

Zan-hibti, architect of Upper and Lower Egypt, commander.
Nasshunu, architect.
Uah-ab-R'a Ean-hee, architect.

Ankh-Psamthik, architect of Upper and Lower Egypt.
A'ahmes Si-nit, architect of Upper and Lower Egypt (m.

Sit-IS'ofee-Tum).
Knum-ab-E'a, chief minister of works for the whole coun-
try ; architect of Upper and Lower Egypt in the 27th

and 30th years of King Darius I. (about 490 b.c).

*Vol. II., p. 299, Brugsclx's "History of Egypt."

156 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

Thus tliis venerable body of men, styled architects and
commanders, extended from 2133 to i90 e.g., or a period of
sixteen hmidred and forty-two years. The ancient Egyp-
tian or Coptic word for architect was Murket.

"We cannot help connecting with this operative Masonic
galaxy the imposing ceremony of laying a corner-stone by
young Pharaoh Thothmes III. at Buto, in Egypt, about 1600
B.C., and of H. R. H. Albert Edward, Prince of "Wales, lay-
ing the corner-stone of Truro Cathedral, ilaj', a.d. 1880.

The account of Thothmes' laying of the corner-stone was
translated from hieroglyphs,* whereas that of Prince Albert
was transmitted with lightning speed along cables and tele-
graph wires.

" According to the express order of the king himself, this
was put down in writing ; communications were orally car-
ried on as to the erecting of a memorial building, the three
sides of which bend toward the canal .... then I (the
king) wished to place a memorial to my father, Amon-Ea,
in Ape, to erect (his) dwelling, which glorifies, etc. . . .

" The (official) plan of the architect made the beginning.
l^Tever have I set out such a memorial to any other. I say
that in all truth, etc. . . .

" I gave the order to prepare the cord and pegs (for the
laying of the foundation) in my presence. The advent of
the day of the new moon was fixed for the festival of the
laying of the foundation-stone of this memorial.

" In the year 3i, on the last day of the month Meldiir, on
the festival of the 10th day of Amon's festival on his splen-
did feast of Southern Ape? then was a sacrifice

offered to the god (in) his great place. After this I went in
to accompany the father Amon. The god went thither on
his feet to celebrate his beautiful festival. And the Holi-
ness of this god was wondei-ful to behold. [Then drew near

^BrugBch's "History of Egypt," Vol. I., p. 384.

THE OBELISK ANT> FREEMASONRY. 157

the form] of this god. The cord and the pegs were ready.
Then his Holiness placed me before him toward this me-
morial. And I began. Then was the Holiness of this god
full of joy at this memorial, on account of my love for him.
Then [the Holiness] of this god went further, and the
beautiful feast was celebrated to my lord.

" Then I came forward, yes I, to complete the business of
the laying of the foundation-stone, because .... [before]
him. He went out, and the work of the first stroke of the
hammer for the laying of the foundation-stone was to be
performed. Then the Holiness of this divine one wished
himself to give the first stroke of the hammer .... [to
keep out the water] of the inundations of the fields ....
of the pickaxe.

" The lines of the fields were drawn .... all that he
had done. Then was I full of joy when I saw the great
wonder which my father had done for me .... My heart
was in a joyful humor at that beautiful procession to make
a beginning of this memorial. There was laid in the foun-
dation-stone a document with all the names of the great
circle of the gods of Thebes, the gods and goddesses ....
and all men rejoiced. After this .... of copper was pre-
pared for him."

Here both the stone and the inscription break off.*

LAYING THE CORNER-STONE OE TRURO CATHEDRAL—
A MASONIC PAGEANT.

THE PEESTCE OF WALES GEAITO MASTER OF THE CEEEMONIES.

[By Cable to tlie New York Herald.]

LoNDOisr, May 22, 1880.
As the trumpets sounded the first notes of the national
anthem, the cannon roared in rhythm. The Prince then ad-

*The whole inscription is printed in Mariette's Kamak, plate 19. Some
signs in the hieroglyphic text need rectification.

158 THE OBELISK AND FKEEMASONET.

vanced to lay the foundation stone, and delivered the follow-
ing speech to the assembled Masons :

The Princes Masonic Speech.

Beetheen : "We are an ancient fraternity which, from the
earliest days, has been identified with all that is beautiful
and grand in architecture. You will therefore be proud to
have aided me, as I have been proud to work with you, in
commencing a building which, by the beauty of its design
and the solidity of its construction, will, we trust, be an
ornament to this city and province for centuries to come.
But, brethren, it is something far more than this. It is a
temple to be erected to the glory and worship of our Heav-
enly Father, the great Architect and Creator of all things.
And, whatever minor differences may be among us, I feel
sure that the same spirit must be in your minds this day
which animated the Jews of old, when, as Ezra tells us, the
builders laid the foundations of the Temple of the Lord,
and they set the priests in their apparel with trumpets to
praise the Lord, after the ordinance of David, King of
Israel. And they sang together in praising and giving
thanks unto the Lord, because He is good, for His mercy
endureth forever toward Israel. And all the people shouted
with a great shout when they praised the Lord, because the
foundations of the House of the Lord were laid.

Then, addressing the Bishop, His Eoyal Highness said :
My Loed Aechbishop, Beetheen, anb Feiends : Be it
known to you that we be lawful Masons, true and faithful
to the laws of our country. Although not ourselves opera-
tive masons, we have from time immemorial been associated
with buildings to be raised for the benefit of mankind, the
adornment of the world, and the glory of the Great Archi-
tect of the Universe. We have among us secrets concealed
fi-om those who are not Masons, but they are lawful and
honorable, and not opposed to the laws either of God or
man. They were intrusted to Masons in ancient times, and,

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONRT. 159

having been faithfully transmitted to us, it is our duty to
convey them inviolate to our posterity. We are assembled
here to-day in the presence of you all to erect a house for
the worship of the Prince of the Most High, which we pray
that God may prosper as it seems good to liim.

Mnblems and Formulas.

The Prince then called upon the Grand Secretary to read
the inscription on the plate over the cavity stone :

THIS CORNER STONE

OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF

ST. MART OF TRtJRO

is placed by

his royal highness the duke of cornwall, k.6.,

most worshipful grand master

of the a. f. and a. masons of england,

20th may, 1880.

The Grand Treasurer then deposited a bottle containing
coins and a copy of the Order in Council creating the See
of Trm-o. The Earl of Mount Edgeeumbe then handed
the Prince a silver trowel bearing the several arms of the
Grand Lodge, of the county, of the Bishop, and of the
city, and of the Prince. A smooth mortar stone was lowered
and the Prince applied the plumb and rule, saying :

" I find this, stone to be plumb, and that the craftsmen
have prepared it true and trusty."

Then he proved it by the level, saying :

" I find the stone level and that the craftsmen have labored
skillfully."

Then he proved it by the square, saying :

"I find the stone plumb, level, and square, and declare it
duly prepared, truly laid, and that the craftsmen have worked
well."

160 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRT.

Dedication of the Stone.

The Prince then struck the stone three times with the
mallet. He scattered corn from a golden cornucopia,, saying :
" I scatter corn upon the stone as an emblem of plenty
and abundance, God's best gifts. May they be good seeds
of His words, sown here in the hearts of men, take root and
bring forth fruit hundredfold to their benefit and His glory.
So mote it be."

Then, pouring wine from a golden chalice, he said :
'• I pour out wine upon this stone as the symbol of strength
and gladness. May those who work upon the building and
those who shall hereafter meet within its walls, ever perform
their allotted part in the service of the Great Architect with
cheerfulness and singleness of heart. So mote it be."
Then, pouring oil from a golden vase, he said :
" I sprinkle this stone with oil as the emblem of peace
and harmony. May good-will and brotherly love ever pre-
vail among those who shall worship in this house to the
glory of the Most High, until time shall be no more. So
mote it be."

The Egyptian and English corner-stone laying suggests
comparison. Any one inclined to compare the political and
social status of Egypt under Thothmes HI., 1600 B.C., and
of England under Yictoria, a.d. 1880, might find ample
scope for poetic and historic strains. We are told Egyptian
rule, imder Thothmes HI., extended to Mesopotamia, India,
Bactria, Central Africa, and the Grecian Isles ; but this is
conjecture. We know that the British Empire encircles the
globe, and is connected by steam, telegraph and cable, which,
in a moment, fiashed Prince Albert's words to the confines
of the earth, whereas to convey those of Thothmes it re-
quired months and years, to say nothing of other differences.

CHAPTEE XYn.

" America, the asylum for such as desire to work and be free."

The question has been asked whether there had been
secret societies like Masonry in the "Western hemisphere be-
fore its discovery by Columbus, 1492. Mackenzie partly
answers this question in a short article on Mexican Myste-
ries, in which he tells us : " The Mexicans (Aztecs) had reli-
gious orders and secret ceremonies like other nations."
They had orders for youths and old men ; the latter, devoted
to the goddess Centcofl, were sages, whose sayings were
deemed oracular ; their number was limited, and they spent
their time in making historic paintings for the instruction of
the people. "The North American Indians had similar
societies. Among the Algonkins there were three degrees :
1. Wavheno ; 2. Meda; and 3. JossakeedP Humboldt
found among the Orinoco Indians the order of the Botuto,
or Holy Trumpet. The Gollahuayas of Peru also practised
secret ceremonies.

According to an ancient Mexican tradition the Indians of
Chiapa had a hero called Wodan, or Votcm,* whom the
Great Spirit {TeotV) ordered to go and people the country of
Anahuac or Mexico. Humboldt (in his "Monuments de
I'Amerique," vol. I., p. 382) says : " This Yotan, or Wodan,
seems to be of the same family as the Wods or Odins of the
Goths and the nations of Celtic origin." This tradition also
states that Wodan was the grandson of a personage who, to-

* See p. 100, Woden or Odin.

162

THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONEY.

gether with his family, was alone saved from a imiversal
deluge.

"We might speak of Plato's Atlantis ; of the Phenician in-
scription f oimd in Brazil, which, being translated by Senor
Ladislao JSTetto, Director of the Eio Museum, says that a Pheni-
cian colony sailed from the Eed Sea and landed in Brazil about
500 B.C. ; of the Icelanders, who discovered Winland (Canada)
about A.D. 1001, and traded with the natives over a hundred
years ; of the Eunic inscription on Dighton Eock, Massa-
chusetts, which, translated by Finn Magnusen, reads : " 151
Northmen occupied this land (with) Thorfins" (according
to the Saga of Thorfinn this occupation happened a.d. 1007) ;
and of prince Madoc, who sailed with a Welsh colony to the
"Western hemisphere 1170.

Let us begin with a custom that pervaded antiquity, medie-
val and modern times, and extended over the old and new
world before Columbus — that custom was Disocdceation,*
during certain rites and ceremonies. Jews, Christians, and
Mahometans observed it. The disciples of Pythagoras were
enjoined to sacrifice and worship with their shoes off. The
Abyssinian Christians and Druids adhered to it. It extended
even to the ancient Peruvians ; and Freemasons of our day
practise it in some of their rites.

"We consulted Lord Kingsborough's " Antiquities of Mexi-
co," among which we found Masonic indications like the
following :

) cL

\]\

\._

All crosses have more or less symbolic significance. The
third of these Mexican ones looks like a cross of high impor-
tance in Masonry, because it is but a modification of the

* Taking off sandals or shoes.

cross,
been

©I

'B:

THE OBELISK AND PEEEMASONEY. ' 163

, used by the widely-diffused order of Ishmael. It has
found on Assyrian, Egyptian, Hindu, Trojan, Eoman
Mexican, and Peruvian ruins. It has been called
Jama cross, because it is so highly cherished by the
Hmdu caste, named Jains. It is even found on
Gothic cathedrals and fortifications of Central Eu-
rope; so that the ancient dwellers of the Western
Continent must have known of its esoteric mean-
ing.

This primitive tool, used in building Babel, Thebes,
Athens, Eome, ancient Mexico, etc., has acquired
a linguistic, literary, and moral significance, for
Shakespeare said: "I have not kept my square."
Dryden: "We live not on the square." Free-
masons say : "Act on the square." But let us not
forget, that those great authors borrowed from Ma-
sonry.

This figure of the square, copied from Lord
Kingsborough's work, is a real curiosity, when we
study the signs thereon, four of which are repeated
several times. Above and on the sides of these four
signs are small circles, with a central dot in each.
As may be observed, the dotted circles increase
from one to thirteen. We think the four signs in-
dicated the four seasons of the year, and the thir-
teen dotted circles around them marked the Mexi-
can months, which must have been lunar, because
thirteen. Thus the Mason's square was not only
an architectural measure, but a chronologic guide
with the ancient Mexicans.

As operative and theoretic Masons know the exo-
teric and esoteric meaning and importance of the
square, we say no more.

:0I

'Si'

164

THE OBELISK AND EKEEMASONET.

ed with
bodies.

Here is Egypto-Mexican analogy in horned disks. In
Egypt this sign was part of the royal crown, as may be seen
in that of Cleopatra here. The Mexican homed disk, not
being affixed to any person or object, its use and meaning

cannot be inferred. This queer

figure appears in seveial plates

of Lord Kingsborough's work.

As the disk belongs to the

sim. and moon, it was conneet-

the worship of those heavenly

Did Egypt borrow from Mexico,

or did Mexico borrow from Egypt ?

To show that there were among the
American Indians indications of operative
Masonry, we quote from a letter, written
to us by William McAdams, Esq., of Ot-
terville, 111., April 25, 1880: "I have
spent a considerable time during the last few years explor-
ing our ancient mounds and earthworks, and have been
surprised frequently to find mounds and earthworks resem-
bling well-known symbols of Masonry. Some of them are
thus : circles, squares, ti-iangles ; triangles and squares sur-
rounded by circles ; a circle between parallel lines : "

These geometric figures had primarily a practical mean-
ing among all ancient nations ; but gradually they acquired
symbolic and esoteric meanings.

The triangle ever was and is now an important Masonic
symbol. The equilateral triangle was adopted by most of
the ancient nations as an emblem of the deity, and was re-
garded as the most perfect geometric figure. It occiu-s in
Craft and Arch Masonry. In ancient and medieval magic
it meant fire when the apex pointed upward, and water
when the apex pointed downward. The triangle had other

THE OBELISK AND FKEEMASONET.

165

esoteric meanings, especially tlie one concerning the triad.
Whether this figure had such meanings in ancient America
is to be ascertained.

The same gentleman sent us " Geological History of Jer-
sey County," 111., in which we read, p. 112 :

" Plummets. — There is another class of relics, of which
great numbers are found in the mounds, and of which we
have nearly a hundred in our possession. They are made
of stone and iron ore. They are pear-shaped, weighing from
an ounce to two or three pounds. They are with and with-
out crease or perforation."

The cubical stone was held sacred by Hindoos, Druids,
Mexicans, and Peruvians. It is also an important emblem
in Masonry. The key- or central-stone of. the arch in build-
ing has been found in Assyria, Egypt, Mexico, and Peru;
so that operative Masonry, at least, was a craft in the Old
and Kew World.

The three following designs are from the " Proeeediags
of the Davenport * Academy of Natural Sciences," vol. II.,
1877. They are inscriptions on bituminous shale, discovered
in Indian tombs by Eev. J. Gass, and described by R. J.
Parquharson, M.D. :

Had a tablet like this, with designs of two obelisTts, been
found since there has been so much writ-
ten and said concerning the American
obelisk, it might have been considered as
a joke ; but as the discovery was made in
1877, when there had been no question
of an Egyptian obelisk for New York, it
cannot be so considered. Here two pretty
well designed obelisks have their apex
toward each other, and between the two
apexes, is an equilateral triangle, with a
point in the centre. This triangle, as previously stated,
ever had an esoteric meaning in ancient religions and my-
thologies; so had the obelisk among the Egyptians; and

' Iowa.

166

THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

both are Masonic emblems ; hence it is not astonishing, that
the symbolic triangle and obelisk found their way to a North
American tribe, whose name, Iowa, also that of their coun-
try and river, is written and sounds like Jehovah. This
tablet, if genuine, clearly shows that pre-Columbian dwellers

of North America had a pret-
ty good idea of an Egyptian
obelisk, and engraved it on
stone, in connection with an
equilateral triangle, all of
which is decidedly Masonic.

This Iowa tablet could hard-
ly be taken for anything but
a zodiac, which, as Dr. Far-
quharson says, " suggests con-
tact with one of the many
nations or races, which have adopted that very ancient de-
lineation of the sun's pathway through the heavens." It is
evidently divided into twelve signs, which indicate twelve
months and a solar year, and not thirteen months and a lu-
nar year, as indicated on the Mexican square. The foiu*
signs like the Koman letters III, near the central circle, may
indicate the four seasons, or points of the compass, or both.
The central sun points

to the Philolaan or Co- ^ Q ^c>pc5^>-]( /^ > ) -\\c
pernican system. The
zodiac is a decided Ma-
sonic emblem. The
Davenport Academy W^/i~i\
names this tablet " Cal- ' - ^^
endar Stone."

This third Iowa tab-
let the Davenport Aca-
demy calls " Cremation
Scene."

There is an Egyptian simile in Sharpe's " Texts of the
Bible" (p. 308), from which we quote: "And he laid hold

THE OBELISK AND EREEMASONRT. 167

on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and
Satan, and bound him a thousand years " (Eev. xx. 2).

" This conquest of the serpent of wickedness is one of
the favorite subjects in the Egyptian mythology. Our
drawing is copied from the sarcophagus of Oimenepthah of

B.C. 1200 ; while, in note on Eev. vi. 2, we see how the
same conquest was represented twelve centuries later."

This serpent procession in Egypt and among Indians
in North America is a singular feature, which indicates
intercourse sometime and somewhere. We cannot help
thinking, that a tribe that designed two obelisks, whose
pyramidions point to an equilateral triangle with a central
point; — a tribe that had a zodiac and astronomic ideas
connected therewith ; — a tribe that had a simile to the
Egyptian serpent procession ; a tribe whose name Iowa was
an analogue to the Egyptian Y-Ha-Ho {the Eternal God),
to the Hebrew Jehovah, and to the Chinese Yao — must
. have had arcana they did not communicate to the world ;
hence that they had a certain kind of Masonry. Perhaps the
Iowa Indians were one of the '■'■lost Tribes^'' who assumed
the name of the Great I am (Jehovah), and gave it, slightly
modified, to their country and river, called Iowa to this
day, 1880. Afghanistan, Denmark, and Ireland have lately
been suggested as the retreat of the " Lost Tribes."

These tablets are in the Davenport Museum, Iowa, whose
trustees and members have examined them, and corre-
sponded concerning them with the Smithsonian Institute *
and American archseologists, who, in vain, sought in them
alphabetic characters. Prof. Seyffarth looked for analogues
to hieroglyphs, which he could not find. He thought they
might be Chinese or Japanese, and therefore sent them to

* " Smithsonian Contributions."

168 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRY.

savants conversant with those idioms. Schoolcraft * posi-
tively declares there never would be native alphabetic wri-
ting found on this continent, which is rather a bold assertion.
We hope the recent exploring expedition to Central Amer-
ica, in which Mr. Lorillard figures so prominently, will dis-
prove this declaration by discovering alphabetic characters
or hieroglyphs of some kind. No doubt, the Aztec, Mex-
ican, and Peruvian monuments and ruins wiU furnish some
runic, hieroglyphic, cuneiform, or other translatable writing,
that may point directly or indirectly to the origin of the
primitive American races.

The pamphlet before us contains the Iowa tablets, a re-
port thereon by Eev. J. Gass, their discoverer, and a lecture
thereon by E. J. Farquharson, M.D., before the " Daven-
port Academy of Natural Sciences," March 9, 1877. We
cite therefrom these remarks by Dr. Farquharson :

"It is objected, and seriously, too, that this discovery
comes too d projpos, too pat, in fact, and so partakes, in the
minds of some, too much of the nature of a stage trick, a
'■Deus ex maehina^ etc. . . . However, whether by fortune
or misfortune, it has been our lot to make the discovery,
and it now becomes our duty, honestly and firmly con-
vinced as we are of its genuineness and authenticity, fairly
to publish it to the scientific world, for its merits there to
be adjudged, inviting all fail" and candid criticism, yet de-
precating, in the most earnest manner, the crude strictures
of the hasty and inconsiderate " (vol. II., p. 103).

By these data we realize that the subject of these tablets
has been considered by competent scholars, who found them
worthy to be preserved among American archeologic treas-
ures. The obelisks and equilateral triangle with a cen-
tral point, the zodiac with its four cardinal points, or sea-
sons, and the serpent procession, point directly to ancient
Egypt. Iowa, as a derivative from Egyptian Y-Ha-Ho,

* "History, Conditions, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes," vol. I.,
p. 133.

THE OBELISK AND PREEMASONEY. 169

Hebrew Jehovah, or Chinese Yao, points to the Orient, while
all but the serpent procession are Masonic signs, emblems,
and symbols of high Masonic import, especially Jehovah.

The most interesting analogue we found during our
American archeologic search for this epitome is the fol-
lowing :

Mexican Hero or
Deityt

Pharaoh Kameses II., Ardanari-Iswara,

or, Sesostris.* Hindu Androgyne Deity.J

Here the serpent, or ophite symbolism, plays a conspicu-
ous part, being a head-ornament of deity or royalty in an-
cient Egypt, Mexico, and India. As volumes have been
written on serpent-worship and symbolism, we shall only
cursorily glance at the above figures and state the compara-
tive position of the Edenic intruder, that deceived our
mother Eve. flere Rameses the Great, hero of Kadesh,
sports a serpent on his forehead as a Pharaonic prerogative.
The Mexican hero or god displays a serpent's head, arising
from the occiput ; while Ardanari-Iswara shows a serpent's
head, rising from the vertex, the tail of the monster falling
over the right shoulder, so that the tempter must have
entered at the base of the brain, in order to emerge from
the vertex. As an explanation of this singular trio would
be difficult and lengthy, without being either useful or in-
structive, we leave this deeply esoteric subject to antiqua-

* See pp. 53-56.

fLord Kingsborough's " Antiquities of Mexico."

^:Dr. Inman's "Ancient Pagan and Modem Christian Symbolism,"
plate Vni. Published by James Bouton, 706 Broadway.

170 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASOJiTEY.

rians and mythologists, and content ourselves by stating,
that the primitive serpent story must have expanded over
an immense vista to reach from India to Egypt and distant
Mexico.

This single analogy proves conclusively to our mind, that
there was — somehow, sometime, and somewhere — contact,
connection, and intercourse between the old and new
worlds in remote ages, and that the intercourse may have
been exoteric, esoteric, or even Masonic, especially when
we consider that ophite symbolism is even now used in
Masonry, and that it was used very extensively among the
primitive races, as shown by the above serpentine trio, that
extended over the world.

Archeologists have foimd striking analogy between the
temples of Belus, in Assyria and Phenicia, and the Mexi-
can Teocallis, or pyramid temples, especially that of Cho-
lula. Humboldt speaks of this analogy in his " Monuments
Americains." We have shown in this epitome, that the
Egyptians and Hindus had secret or Masonic initiations in
rock-excavated temples ; pei-haps ophite symbolism, as just
exhibited, made part of those initiations and degrees, and, if
so, the same ophite sjTnbolism extended to the Mexican
pyramid-temples.

"What America now needs is an institution, that could
take cognizance of all American archeologic, ethnologic, and
philologic discoveries, in order to ascertain their genu-
ineness and authenticity, so that authors, who write on Pre-
Columbian America, might have some authority to refer to.
We have in these few pages cited material enough to prove
remote contact, connection, and intercourse between the
Eastern and Western Continents ; but there is no authority
to which we can refer. Either the general government
should attend to this matter, or the historic societies of
the states. Perhaps some large-souled Astor, Peter Cooper,
Lenox, Yassar, Girard, etc., will see the importance of such
an institution, and open his heart and hand to endow it.

CHAPTEE XYin.

"The exercise of religions freedom is admitted and proclaimed to be the inalienable
possession of each individual Freemason."— Mackenzie.

Feeemasonet, persecuted by Church and State in Europe,
spread over the JSTew World. We are aware, that Masonry-
was revived in the Middle Ages, and reconstructed some-
what after the system of the Dionysian architects, who, as
previously stated, claimed Hiram Abif as their first grand
master, about 1000 b.o. Medieval kings, popes, and bishops
became leaders of Masonic guilds; but as soon as these
guilds began to think for themselves, as they did at Stras-
burg, 1275, popes, kings, and bishops abandoned them, and
soon commenced persecutions against them :

Freemasonry was interdicted in England, 1424.

HoUand interdicted Freemasonry, 1735.

France tried to prevent Masonic meetings, 1737, and Gas-
ton, Duke of Tuscany, issued an edict against the Brother-
hood.

ISText Pope Clement XII. fulminated a bull against the
Magic Tie, 1738.

Augustus II., king of Poland, closed the lodges, 1739.

France tried again, dispersed a lodge, seized its property,
and fined the landlord for renting them quarters to assemble,
1745.

Maria Theresa suppressed Freemasonry in her dominions,
but her son, Joseph II., tolerated the craft. Thus had the
ominous shadow been gliding for years through the imperial
palaces, unknown to the Empress mother.

Even republican Switzerland proscribed the Brotherhood,
1745.

172 THE OBELISK AND FEEEMASONRT.

In 1748 the Sultan ordered a lodge to be demolislied and
its members to be arrested at Constantinople.

Pope Benedict XIV. published an edict, confirming Clem-
ent's bull, 1751.

In the same year Ferdinand VI. of Spain declared Free-
masonry high treason.

A Scotch Synod excommunicated some of its members,
1757.

Francis II., Emperor of Germany, ordered lodges to be
closed, 1789.

Another papal bull, issued by Pius VII., 1814, endorsed
the previous hierarchic anathemas.

John VI., king of Portugal, issued a decree making Free-
masonry a capital crime for natives and foreigners, 1818.

Alexander I., Emperor of Kussia, published a ukase
against the fraternity, 1823.

The vacillating Pius IX., himself a Mason, thought it his
duty, as pope, to make an allocution to the brothers, who, in
the latter part of this nineteenth century, can afford to say,
with the Master : '■'■Father, forgive them,, they know not what
they do.''''

"While these proscriptions were issued almost over all
Europe, the craft spread in the Ifew "World, and could say,
with Berkeley :

" Westward the course of Empire takes its way :
The four first acts already past,
A fifth shall close the Drania of the Day ;
Time's noblest offspring is the last."

"We read, that the Pilgrims of Massachusetts welcomed
the persecuted brotherhood in 1733 ; the land of Penn from
1730 to 1734 ; Georgia, fi-om 1730 to 1735 ; Xew Hamp-
shire, 1734 ; South Carolina, 1736 ; JS^ova Scotia, 1749
Connecticut, 1750; Rhode Island, 1750; Virginia, 1752
Jamaica Island, 1762; ]Srew York (Albany), about 1765
North Carolina, 1769 ; Vermont, 1781 ; New Jersey, 1786
Trinidad Island, 1790; Louisiana, 1793; Michigan, 1794

THE OBELISK AND EEEEMASONRT. 173

Mississippi, 1801 ; Alabama, about 1801 ; Delaware, 1806 ■
Florida, 1806 ; Indiana, 1807, from Kentucky ; hence, Ken-
tucky liad Freemasonry prior to 180T; Missouri, 180Y;
Peru, 1807 ; Ohio, 1808 ; Tennessee, 1813 ; Maryland, 1820 ;
Maine, 1821 ; Brazil, 1821 ; Mexico, 1825 ; Venezuela, 1826 ;
Arkansas, 1832; Texas, 1886; Chili, 1841; Wisconsin,
1843 ; Buenos Ayres, 1846 ; Minnesota, 1849 ; California,
1850 ; Oregon, 1850 ; Canada, 1855 ; "Washington Terri-
tory, 1858 ; Colorado, 1860 ; Nevada, 1865 ; Alaska, 1868 ;
British Columbia, 1871.

Thus did Freemasonry expand from Massachusetts to
Chili and Alaska in one hundred and forty-seven years ;
whereas it required a millennium to spread over Europe ;
hut when we consider that Washington, Franklin, Joseph
Warren, De Witt Clinton, etc., were among its fii-st in-
itiates in America, we cease to wonder at its rapid prog-
ress. Now Oceanica opens a promising field for Ma-
sonic expanse ; already a deep interest is felt on the subject,
and lodges are at work in Australia and New Zealand. In-
dia has native and foreign lodges. There is a lodge at Hong
Kong, near Canton, China ; also Yokohama, in Japan, has
a florishing lodge.

Freemasonry has been, is, and must ever be progressive,
in spite of papal bulls, royal ' edicts, and narrow sectarian
legislation, because quiet, unostentatious charity and liberal
deeds have been, are, and must be characterizing its conduct,
based on these lofty qualifications, penned by the Illumina-
tus, Adam Weishaupt :

" Whoever does not close his ear to the lamentations of
the miserable, nor his heart to gentle pity ; whoever is the
friend and brother of the unfortunate ; whoever has a heart
capable of love and friendship ; whoever is steadfast in ad-
versity, unwearied in the carrying out of whatever has been
once engaged in, undaunted in overcoming difficulties ; who-
ever does not mock and despise the weak ; whoever has a
soul susceptible of conceiving great designs, desirous of rising
superior to base motives, and of distinguishing himself by

174 THE OBELISK AND FREEMASONRY.

deeds of benevolence ; whoever slmns idleness ; whoever,
when truth and virtue are in question, despising the appro-
bation of the multitude, is sufficiently courageous to follow
the dictates of his own heart — such a one is a proper can-
didate."

In looking back through all history we discover, that
Masonry, or the old associated mystic societies, analogous to
modern Freemasoni'y, have been the means of promoting
civilization, fostering the mechanical arts, and of holding
together the more advanced minds for mutual protection
and charity. The good they have quietly done in the world,
seems almost incalculable. They were approved by the
best men in all ages in the past. Is it not possible that, if
taken up iu the right spirit by the right men of the pres-
ent day, it might yet be made (in the future) to yield as
choice fruits as it has done in the past ?

To-day, July 20, 1880, the Thothmes obelisk safely arrived
in the Xew "World, where it finds some of its country's relics,
among which are the Egyptian curiosities of the Kew York
Historical Society, and the mummy hand of Pharaoh, Seti's
queen, presented to Dr. J. A. Weisse by Madame Belzoni,
1850, as mentioned pp. 63 and 64. This monolith has been
the means of rectifying some historic errors and of furnish-
ing the link that connects ancient and modern Masonry.

INDEX.

Abdellatif, 1B2.

Abel, 37, 38, 67.

Abelites, 67.

Abraham, 69, 116.

Absalom, bishop, 107.

Abydo?, tablet, 137.

Adam, 37, 38.

Adoniram. 89.

Adrian, 122, 134.

Alabama, MaRonry in, 173.

Alaska, Masonry in, 173.

Albert Edward, H. R. H., 106, 107, 108, 156-

160.
Albertus Magnns, 110.
Alexander VII., pope, 131.
Alexander, Sir J. E., 146.
Alfred the Great, 103.
Algonklns, 161.

America, Masonry In, 172-173.
Ammian, Marc, 125, 126.
Anthemins, 100.
Antinori, 131, 132.
Antinous, 134.

Apron, Masonic, 36, 37, 39, 48, 60, 89, 163.
Apuleius, 98.
Arab Masonry, 115-121.
Architects, list of Egyptian, 154-166.
Ardanari-Iswara, 169.
Arkansas, Masonry in, 173.
Asshur, 44, 68.
Astor, 104, 170.
Atheneeum, London, 4, 28.
Atlantis, 162.

AnguBtus, emperor, 27, 29, 97, 183, 133, 149.
Australia, 173.
Austria, Masonry in, 171.
Autopsy, 83.
Avicenna, 110.
Aztec, 161.

Babel, 3, 40.

Bankes, Henry, 139-141, 152.

Belzoni, 3, 8, 36-46, 60, 139-141, 1B3.

Belzoni, Sarah, 46, 48, 64, 65, 141.

Benedict XIV., 172.

Beneventum, 136. 149.

Berlin, 149, 153.

Berkeley, 172.

Bernard, St., 107.

Bernini, 131.

Birch, S., 4, 8, 28-34. 124, 146-149.

Blavatski, Madame, 98.

Boaz, 7, 88, 114, 143.

Boniface IV., pope, 101.

Bosauet, 106, 107.

Boucliard, 128.

Bonlao, 20, IBS.

Brazil, 162, 173.

British Columbia, Masonry in, 173,

British Museum, 65, 128, 141, 142.

Bruce, Robert, 107.

Brugsch, Bey, 4, 8, 72, 74, 149, 154, 156,

Buenos Ayres, Masonry in, 173.

Bunsen, 4, 8, 9, 72, 74.

Cain, 37, 38, 39.

California, Masonry in, 173.

Canaan, 60, 68, 69.

Canada, 162, 173.

Cartouche, 37, 48.

Centcotl, goddess, 161.

Chabas, 4, 8, 72, 73.

ChampoUion, 4, 8, 74, 125, 126, 128, 141.

Chiapa, 161.

Chili, Masonry in, 173.

China, Masonry in, 173.

Circle, 164.

ClaudiuB, 123.

Clemens of Alexandria, 75, 88.

Clement V., pope, 102, 108.

Clement XI., pope, 131.

Clement XII., 171.

Cleopatra, 29, 164.

Clinton, De Witt, 111, 173.

Coffin, 71, 86, 91.

CoUahuayas, 161.

Colorado, Masonry in, 173.

Columbus, 161, 162.

Compass, 3.

Connecticut, Masonry in, 172.

Congress at Strasburg, 107, 108.

Constantine, 100, 12:3. 1.37.

Constantinople, 88, 137.

Constantius, 124.

Contemporary Review, 81.

Coptic, 130, 135.

Corfe Castle, 1.S8.

Comer-stone, laying of the, 166-160.

Crispin, St., 37.

Crocodilopolis, 151.

Cross, 162, 163.

Crusades, 78, 79, 80, 101, 108, 109.

Cuneiform, 60, 130, 142, 143, 168.

Curetes, order of, 86, 93, 94.

Darius I.. 154, 155.

Davenport Academy, Iowa, 165, 166,

Davis, E. H. , 64.

Delaware, Masonry in, 173.

Dervis, order of, 90.

176

INDEX.

Dighton Hock, 162.

Dionysian Architects, 87, 96, 100, 171.

Dionysian Mysteries, 86.

Diploma, papal, 101.

Discalceatlon, 162.

Dixon, John, 145, 152, 153.

Domltian, 7, 181 .

Dniids, 40, 91, 93, 162.

Druzes, 61, 115.

Dryden, 163.

Ebers, 4, 8.

Edda, 100.

Edwards, Amelia, 4, 61.

Egypt, Masonry in, .36-67 .

Egyptian Mysteries. 70 . 94.

Elephanta, 77, 78, 90, 94.

Eleusinian Mysteries, SI, 94, 95.

England, Masonry in, 103-107, 171.

Enoch, 6S, 113.

Erwin von Steinbach, 107.

Essenes, 96, 109.

Eamolpus, 81.

Europe, MaFonry in, 171-172.

Eusebius, 75, 88, 96.

Bvarts, Hon. Mr., 3, 23, 24, 163.

Exodus, 72, 73, 74.

Facundus Novus, 132, 134, 153.
Paneuil, Peter, 104.
Fanton, Dr., 21, 22-23, 61.
Farman, Consul, 8, 23-27, 95.
Farquharson, H. J., M.D., 166, 168.
Florida, Mascnrv in, 173.
Flndd, Robert. 110.
Fontaiia, 123, 124, 153.
France, Masonry in, 171.
Franklin, Benj., 110, 11-3, 153, 173.
Frederick the Great, 110.
l!Yee, afflxed to Mason, 101 , 108.
Freemasonry persecuted, 171-172.
Freemasonry spread, 172-173.

Gass, Kev. J., 165, 168.
Germany, Masonry in, 172.
Girard, fatephen, 104, 107.
Gladstone, 56, 57, 61.

Gliddon, George. 4, 8, 64, 73, 137, 138, 164.
Gnomon, 7, 29, 138, 133.
Goethe, 111.

Georgia, Masonry in, 172.
Gorringe, Commander, 4, 8, 13, 88, 95, 163.
Gotho-Germanic and Bcandinavian Myste-
ries, 100.
Grand Masters (A.D. 287-1880), 103-107.
Grand Orient, order of, 61.
Gregory XVI., pope, 125.
GuBtavus III. of Sweden, 111.

Hagar, 69, 121.

HaU o( Beauties, 42, 59, 61.

Hatasu, queen, 151.

Heliopolis, 28, 149.

Herald, New York, 3, 9-23, 60, 157-160.

Hermapion, 125, 126-127, 128.

Herodotus, 8, 22, 83, 95, 122, 132, 133.

Hieroglyphs, 30-31, 145-146, 1613.

Hindu Mysteries, 77.

Hiram Abif, architect, 89, 96, 171.

Hiram, King of Tyre, 88, 89.

Holland, Masonry in, 171.

Homer, 56, 57, 81.

Horned Disk, 164.

Hospitallers, order of, 101, 108.

Humboldt, A., 161, 170.

Hnrlburt, 152.

Hyneman, 70, 115.

latric Freemasonry, 98.

Ictinus, architect. 83.

India, Masonry in, 77-80.

Indiana, Masonry in, 173.

Initiations, 86-37, 46. 47, 59, 78, 81, 82, 83,

86, 91, 93, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99.
Inman, Dr., 169.
Innocents., pope, 131.
Inquisition, 84, 101, 1(!6.
Iowa, 165, 166, 167. IBS.
Ishmael, order of, 61, 09, 75, 163.
Isis, 71, 79, 87, 98.

Jabal, 67.

Jachin, 7, 88, 114, 143.

Jaina Cross, 162, 163.

Jamaica Island, Masonry in, 172.

Jamblichus, 100.

Japan, 62, 167, 173.

Japhet, 68.

Jehovah. 93, 166, 167, 169.

Jesus Christ, 96, 150.

Job, 69.

Jones, Inigo, 105.

Jones, Sir "William, 70.

Joseph, 70, 113.

Josephus, 75, 96.

Kadesh, battle of, 52-55, 169.

Karnak, 151.

Kellermann, Marshal, 111.

Kentucky, Masonry in, 173.

Khcta, 52-65, 131.

Kingsborongh, Lord, 162, 163, 164, 169.

Knights of St. John, order of, 101, 108.

Lalande, 111.

Larousse, 136, 142, 149,

Lassen, 77, 79.

Lebas, engineer, 143, 153.

Lenormant, 81.

Lenox, 104, 170.

Lepsius, 4, 8, 72, 74.

Lessing, 111.

L6vi, Eliphas, 113.

Lorillard, 168.

Lost Tribes, 70, 167.

Louisiana, Masonry in, 172.

Luke, St., 98.

Luxor, 6, 151.

INDEX.

177

Maokenzie, 4, 70, 71, 86, 171.

Macoy, 4.

Madoo, prince, 168.

Magi, order of, 80, 93.

Magnusen, Finn. 16^.

Maine, Freemasonry in, 173.

Manetho, a 126, 14!».

Manuscripts of Belzoni. 36-46.

Marietta, Pacha, 4, 8, 20-34, B8, 59, 72, 73,

74, 128.
Maryland, Freemasonry in. 173.
Masonry as claimed by Brethren, 67-121,
Mason's square, 3, 163,
Maspdro, 4, 8, 73, 121.
Massachusetts, Freemasonry in, 172.
McAdams, W., Jr., 1B4.
Melchizedek, 69.
Mesmer, 111.
Mexican Mysteries, 161.
Mexico, Freemasonry in, 173.
Michigan, Freemasonry in, 172,
Minnesota, Freemasonry in, 173.
Mipsissippi. Freemasonry in, 173.
Missouri, Froema-sonry in, 173.
Mizraiin (Menes), 45, 69.
Molay, Grand Master. 102, 10&
Moses, 8, T2, 73, 75. 70.
Mummy Hand, 63, 64,
Mysteries, Dionvsian, 86.

" of Druids, 91.

" Egyptian. 70.

" Eleusinian, 81.

" Hindu. 77.

" Gotho-Germanio and Scandina-
vian, 100.
Mysteries, Mexican, 161,

Naharina, 137.

Nectanebo I., 138. 141,

Netto, Senor L., 162.

Nevada, Freemasonry in, 173.

New Hampshire, Freemasonry in, 172;

New Jersey, Freemasonry in, 172.

New Yorlc, Freemasonry in, 173.

New Zealand, Freemasonry in, 173,

Nibelungen, 100.

Nimrod, 68, 142, 153.

Koachites, order of, 68.

Noah. 44, 68.

North Carolina, Freemasonry in, 173,

Nova Scotia, Freemasonry in, 172.

Nubia, 152.

Numa Pompilius, 94.

Nuncoreus, 132.

Obelisks for New York, 1-35.

" at Home, Piazza St. Peter, 123,

" " Santa Maria Maggiore, 123,

" " St, John Lateran, 123,

" " Porta del Popolo. 124

" " Piazza Navona, 131.

" " Piazza della Minerva, 131.

" " del Monte Cavallo, 131.

" " Trinita del Monte, 132,

" " Monte Citorio, 132,

" " Monte Pincio. 134.

" " Villa Mattei, 136.

" " OircuB flora, 186.

Obelisks at Catana, Sicily. 135.

" at Beneventum, 136.

" at Aries, France, 136.

" at Constantinople, 137.

'■ " " 138.

" Egyptian, in British Museum, 141,

" Assyrian, " " 143,

" at Paris, France, 143.

*' at London, on Victoria Embank-
ment, 144.
Obelisks at Berlin, 149.

" at Heliopolis, Egypt, 149.

" at Crocodilopolis, Egypt, 151.

*' at Karnak, Egypt, 151.

" at Luxor, Egypt, 151,
Oceanica, 173.
Ohio, Masonry in, 173.
Oregon, Masonry in, 173.
Ormus, 109.
Osirtasen or tTsurtasen, 70, 149, 150, 151.

Paracelsna, 110, 153.

Parsees, 61, 69, 80.

Paul, St., 98.

Peleg, 68.

Pennsylvania, Masonry in, 172.

Pentaour. poem, 52-55.

Perpendicular, .3, 43,

Persecution of Freemasonry, 171-173.

Peru, 161. 162, 163, 165, 173.

Phidias, 84.

Philte, 138.

Philippe le Bel, 102, 108.

Pierrot 72.

Plus VI., pope, 131.

Pius VII., 134, 172.

Pius IX., Ill, 172.

Plate nineteenth, initiation, 46.

Plato, 8, 95, 162.

Pliny, 7, 8, 122, 1.33.

Plummet, .3, 165.

Plutarch, 81, 98.

Poland, Masonry in, 171.

Pontius, architect, 24, 26, 27, 97, 143, 153.

Poole, 4, 74.

Porta, Battista, 110.

Portugal, Masonry in, 172.

Psammitichus, 74, 133.

Psammuthis. 60.

Pythagoras, 8, 85, 94, 100, 153, 162.

Quakers, 80.

Barneses II. (Sesastris), 3, 6, 36, 37, 48, 52-
55. 60, 71, 72, 7.3, 77, 85, 88, 90, 94, 113,
131. 144, 1-16, 169,

Kameses III., 6, 144.

Eawaon, Dr., 4, 115-131.

RSnan, 22. 121,

Report on New York Obelisk by S. A. Zola,
11-20.

Rhode Island, Freemasonry in, 172.

Eosellini, 72, 74. 125, 128, 141.

Hosetta Stone, 128-130, 141.

Rosicruciana, 100, 101, 109.

Roug6, De, 8, 72.

Bunio, 162, 168,

Russia, Freemasonry in, 172,

178

INDEX.

Saladin, 153.

Salt, Consul, 139.

Schoolcraft, 168.

Seth, 39, 67.

Seti I. (Osymandias), 3, 36, 5S, 60, 71, 72, 77,

S5, 91, 94, 113, 1S3.
Seti II. (Menephtah), 72, 74.
Seyflarth, 4, 8, 49, 60, 72, 74, 125, 128, 167.
Shakespeare. 163.
Shalmanaser II., 142.
Sharpe. 166.
Sidon, 68.

Sixtus v., pope, 122, 123, 124.
Smithsonian Institute, 167.
Socrates, S3.
Solomon, 7, 88, 89, 114.
Sophia, St., 100.
Sotheran, 0., 109.

South Carolina, Freemasonry in, 172,
Spain, Freemasonry in, 172.
Spohn, 4, 8.

Square, Mason's, 3, 163.
Squiers, George, 64.
Stebbins, Henry, 152,
Strabo, 8, 75, 76, 83, 136.
Strasburg, Congress of, 107-108.
Swedenborg, 111.
Switzerland, Fi-eemasonry in, 171.

Tacitus, 8.

Templars, order of, 101, 10", 108, 109.

Temple, Ma.«onic, 3, 36, 47, 60, 77, 85.

Tennessee, Freemasonry in, 173.

Teocallis, 170.

Teotl, Great Spirit, 161.

Teutonic Knights, order of, 101, 108.

Texas, Fremasonry in, 173.

Theodosms, 84, 137.

Thorfinn, 162.

Thothmes I.. 151.

Thothmes III., 28-34, 36, 72, 124, 137. 146,

156.
Thothmes IV., 124.
Tomlinson, Bev. G., 125.
Translation of hieroglyphs, 31-34, 146-149.
Triangle, 43, 164, 165.
Trinidad Island, Freemasonry in, 172.
Trnro Cathedral, 166-160.

Tubal-Cain, 67, 113.
Turkey, Freemasonry in, 172.

TJngarclIi, 125, 126, 128.
Usher, 72, 74.

Vassar, 170.

Venezuela, Freemasonry in, 173.

Vermont, Freemasonry in, 172.

Victor, P., 137.

Victoria, Queen, 144, 145, 160.

Virginia, Freemasonry in, 172.

Vitruvms, 96.

Voltaire, 7, HI.

Warren, Joseph, 111, 173.

Washington. George, 111, 112, 15-3, 173.

Washington Territory, Freemasonry in, 173.

Weishaupt, A., 173.

Weisse, Jane Lee, ode to the obelisk, 34-35.

Wilkinson, 4, 72, 74, 151.

Wilson, Erasmus, F.R.S., 145, 152.

Wisconsin, Freemasonry in, 173.

Wodan, Woden, Votan, Odin, 100, 161.

World, New York, 8, 23-27.

Worth Monument, 8.

Wren, Sir Christopher, 105, 113.

Tao, 167, 169.
Y-Ha-Ho, 167, 168.
Yokohama, 173.
Young, Dr., 4, 8, 42.

Zendavesta, 80.

Zodiac, 166, 168.

Zoega, 132, 133. 134.

Zola, S. A., 9-20, 61, 77, 95, 97.

Zoroaster, 80, 153.

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prodigious variety of subjects which it notices and handles, it is one oi the remarkable productions of
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" In nothing does Madame Blavatsky show her wonderful ability in a more marked degree than
in her use of the English language. Her style is singularly vigorous, perspicuous and piquant. Her
scholarship is varied and comprehensive. In metaphysical keenness she shows a power that few
writers of our day have attained to. We doubt if Mrs. Lewes (George Elliot), can be called her
equal in this respect. Her critical insight is also most remarkable. It seems more like an intuition
than the result of study, and yet that she has been a profound student the authorities referred to in
her work abundantly show. From the specimens we have seen of its pages we can vouch for its
absorbing interest, and for the strength and fascination of the style." — Epes Sargeant.

"We do not hesitate to express the opinion that she has made a gallant and measurably suc-
cessful effort at elucidating the most absorbing and important problems hfe can furnish. If the veil
of Isis has not indeed been swept away, at least so many of the folds have been removed that we are
afforded a partial insight to the mysteries and splendors of tbe Goddess. If our aurhor has not
achieved an unquestioned .triumph, where such a result would have been specially gratifying, she has
at least the consolation of knowmg that she- has surpassed all her predecessors, in a task, complete
failure to achieve which would have involved no humiliation. She has produced a unique work, and
It will become a classic." — Sacramento Record Union.

NEW AND GREATLY ENLARGED EDITION.

The Rosicrucians.

Their Rites and Mysteries, with Chapters on the An-
cient Fire and Serpent Worshippers, and Explanations of
the Mystic Symbols represented in the Monuments and
Talismans of the Primaeval Philosophers. By Hargrave
Jennings. Second Edition, revised, corrected and en-
larged. Illustrated vi^ith upwards of 300 Engravings. 1
vol. Post 8vo, clothj extra. $2.50.

*^* " Will be useful to persons interested in the study of symbolism and comparative religion, to
numismatists, and, in a less degree, to students of ancient architecture. Mr. Jennings has devoted
twenty-eight years to study of the Rosicrucians, and in deprecating acceptance^ of the ordinary pub-
lished acuounts of the fraternity, either in English or the foreign languages, which he has found to be
ignorant and prejudiced, and generally drawn from a single source, he has the authority doubtless of an
expert. His own work is chiefly a history of the alchemists, with a sympathetic and enthusiastic ex-
position of the Latin writings of the great English Rosicrucian, Robert Flood, who died in 1637, and is
incidentally explanatory of pagan and Christian symbols. The chapters on fire and serpent worship
are admirable and elevated, and the defence of the Rosicrucian assumption of power to produce gold
and prolong life is curiously ingenious in its air of strictly scientific reasoning." — Nature.

The Eoyal Masonic Cyclopaedia

Of History, Rites, Symbolism, and Biography. By Ken-
neth R. H. Mackenzie, i vol. demy 8vo, cloth (pp.
768), $7.00.

The most complete and valuable work of reference that has ever been presented to the Craft.

"The task of the Editor has been admirably performed, and there can be no question the work will
be a valuable addition to every Masonic library." — FreeinasotC s Chronicle.

" The Editor has lavished much readhig and labor on his subject." — Sunday Times.

"A deeply-learned work for the benefit of Freemasons."— /'«<^/ij//i'rj* Circular.

"Your new work is excellent."— Bro. W. R. Woodman, M.D., G.S.B.

" Evidences a considerable amount of hard work, alike in research and study, . . , and we
can honestly and sincerely say we wish fraternally all success to the Royal Masonic CyclopEedia," —
Freemason.

OFFERED AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

An Analysis of Eeligious Belief.

By Viscount Amberley. " Ye shall know the truth,
and the truth shall make you free." 2 large, handsomely
printed vols, demy Svo, new cloth, uncut. $8.00 {usual
price $15.00).

" Let them (the readers) remember that while he assails much which they reckon unassailable, he
does so in what to him is the cause of goodness, nobleness, love, truth, and of the mental progress of
mankind." — Extract front Lady Russell's Preface.

" He has bequeathed to the world a collection of interesting facts for others to make use of. It is a
museum of antiquities, relics, and curiosities. All of the religions of the world are here jostling one an-
other in picturesque confusion, like the figures in a masquerade." — Times,

" This work has more than one claim on the reader's attention. Its intrinsic interest is consider-
able." — Sjyectator.

"No one will fail during its perusal to be deeply interested, and, what is more, powerfully sdmll-
Imced to independent thought." — Examiner .

Bible of Humanity ;

By Jules Michelet, author of "The History of France,"
" Priests, "Women, and Families," " L' Amour," etc. Translated
from the French by V. Calfa. 1 vol. 8w, doth, $3.00.

' ' His Bible of Humanity is a large epic in prose. The artist-historian, in the manner of inspired
men and prophets, aings the evolution of mankind. There is no doubt that he throws brilliant
ghmpses of light on the lens coarse of events and works which he unfolds ; but at the same time
he carries away the reader with such rapid flight of imagination as almost to make him Kiddy."—
Zarousse'a Universal Dictionary.

NEW EDITION OF HIGGINS' GREAT WORK.

The Anacalypsis ;

An attempt to draw aside the Veil of the Saiticlsis; or, an
Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations, and Religions,
( By Godfrey Higgins, Esq. Vol. I., 8vo, cloth, $4.50. To
be completed in four volumes.

The extreme rarity, and consequent high price of the "Anacalypsis" has hitherto placed it
beyond the reach of many scholars and students. The new edition is issued in a much more con-
venient form, and sold at less than one-sixth o£ the price of the original.

The powerful though rather dogmatic logic, and the profound learning of the author, give the
work I singular importance; and in a thinking age, when many things formerly considered f.ruthR
are passing away into the shadows of tradition, the student of comparative mythology and tho
origin of religion and 'anguages will look upon Higgins' Anacalypsis as his guide and luminary
through the darkness of dawning science,

Payne Knight's Worship of Priapus.

A discourse on the Worship of Priapus, and its connec-
tion with the Mystic Theology of the Ancients. By
Richard Payne Knight, Esq. A new edition. To
■which is added an essay on the worship of the generative
powers during the middle ages of Western Europe. Il-
lustrated with 138 engravings (many of which are full-
page), from Ancient Gems, Coins, Medals, Bronzes,
Sculpture, Egyptian Figures, Ornaments, Monuments,
etc. Printed on heavy toned paper, at the Chiswick Press,
I vol. 4to, half Roxburghe morocco, gilt top, $35.00.

*' R. P. Knight, the writer of the first ' Essay," was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a member of
the British Parliament, and one of the most learned anti(juaries of his time. His museum of Phallic
objects is now most carefully preserved in the London British Museum. The second * Essay,' bring-
ing our knowledge of the worship of Priapus down to the present time, so as to include the more
recent discoveries throwing any light upon the matter, is said to be by one of the most distinguished
English antiquaries — the author of numerous works which are held in high esteem. He was assisted
it is understood, by two prominent Fellows of the Royal Society, one of whom has recently presented
a wonderful collection of Phallic objects to the British Museum authorities."

Ancient Art and Mythology.

The Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mytho-
logy. An Inquiry. By RICHARD PAYNE Knight,
author of "Worship of Priapus." A new edition, with
Introduction, Notes translated into English, and a new and
complete Index. By Alexander Wilder, M.D. i vol.
8vo, cloth, handsomely printed, $3.00.

"Not only do these explanations afford a key to the religion and mythology of the ancients, but
they also enable a more thorough understanding of the canons and prmciples of art. It is well known
that the latter was closely allied to the other ; so tha; the symbolism of which the religious emblems and
furniture consisted likewise constituted the essentials of architectural style and decoration, textile em-
belHshments, as well as the arts of sculpture, painting, and engraving. Mr. Knight has treated the
subject with rare erudition and ingenuity, and with such success thai the labor of those who come after
him rather add to the results of his investigations than replace them m important particulars. Ihe
labors of ChampoUion, Bunsen, Layard, Bonomi, the Rawlinsons, and others, comprise his deductions
so remarkably as to dissipate whatever of his assertions that appeared fanciful. Not only are the
writings of Greek and Roman authors now more easy to comprehend, but additional light has been
afforded to a correct understanding of the canon of the Holy Scinpme."-£x tract from Editor's
Pri/uce.

Dr. Inman's Ancient Faiths.

Embodied in Ancient Names ; or, an Attempt to trace
the Religious Belief, Sacred Rites, and Holy Emblems of
certain Nations, by an Interpretation of the Names given
to Children by Priestly Authority, or assumed by Prophets,
Kings, and Hierarchs. By THOMAS Inman, M.D, Pro-
fusely illustrated with Engravings on Wood, 2 vols., 8vo,
cloth, $20.00.

" Dr. lnman*s present attempt to trace the religious belief, sacred rites, and holy emblems of certain
nations, has opened up to him many hitherto unexplored fields of research, or, at least, fields that
have not been over-cultivated, and the result is a most curious and miscellaneous harvest of facts.
The ideas on priapism developed in a former volume receive further extension in this. Dr. Inman, as
will be seen, does not fear to touch subjects usually considered sacred in an independent manner, and
some of the results at which he has arrived are such as will undoubtedly startle, if not shoch, the
orthodox. But this is what the author expects, and for this he has thoroughly prepared himself. In
ilhistration of his peculiar views he has ransacked a vast variecy of historical storehouses, and with
great trouble and at a considerable cost, he places the conclusions at which be has arrived before die
world. With the arguments employed, the majority of readers will, we expect, disagree ; even when
the facta adduced will remain undisputed, their application is frequendy inconsequent. In showing
the absurdity of a narradve or an event in which he disbelieves, the Doctor is powerful. No ej^
pense has been spared on the work, which is well and fully illustrated, and contains a good index." —
£ooksellert

A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO *' ANCIENT FAITHS."

Ancient Faiths and Modern.

A Dissertation upon Worships, Legends, and Divinities
in Central and Western Asia, Europe, and Elsewhere,
before the Christian Era. Showing their Relations to
Religious Customs as they now exist. By Thomas
Inman, M.D., author of "Ancient Faiths Embodied in
Ancient Names," etc., etc. i vol. 8vo, cloth, $5.00.

This work is most apdy expressed by the title, and the author, who is one of our most learned and
accomplished modem writers, has done ample justice to his subject. He pries boldly into Bluebeard's
closet, little recking whether he shall find a ghost, skeleton, or a living being ; and he tells us very
bluntly and exphculy what he has witnessed. Several years since he gave to the learned world his
treadse on Ancient Faiths Embodied in Ancient Names, in which were disclosed the ideas under-
lying the old-world religions, and the nature of hleroglyphical symbols employed m the East. The
present volume complements that work, elaborates more perfectly the ideas there set forth, and traces
their relations to the faiths, worship, and religious dogmas of modern time. We are astonished to
find resemblances where it would be supposed that none would exist, betraying either a similar origia
or analogous modes of thinkmg and reasoning among nadons and peoples widely apart in race,
country, and period of history. The author is bold and often strong m his expressions, from the
intensity of his convictions, but this serves to deepen the mterest m his subject. Those who have read
his former works with advantage will greet this volume with a cordial welcome; and all who desire
to understand the original religion^ of mankind, the ideas which lie back of the revelations of Holy
Scripture, and particularly, those who are not easily shocked when they come in contact with senn-
ments with which they have not been familiar, will find this book full of entertainment as well as of
instruction. Dr. Inman is working up a new mine of thought, and the lover of knowledge will give his
labor a welcome which few of our modem authors receive.

Serpent and Siva Worship

And Mythology in Central America, Africa, and Asia ; and
The Origin of Serpent Worship. Two Treatises. By
Hyde Clarke and C. Staniland Wake, M.A.I.
Edited by Al^^s-i^der Wilder, M.D. 8vo, paper cover,
50 cents.

** Serpent lore is the literature of the earliest times, and every discovery in ethnical science is add-
ing to our knowledge of this feature of the race. These two eminent anthropologists suggest some very
interesting; speculations, which seem confirmed by modem research, and will be examined with avidity
by scholars."

The Philosophy of Existence.

The Reality and Eomance of Histories. In Four Booka
I. History of Deities, or Theism and Mythism. II. History of
Heaven, or the Celestial Regions. III. History of Demons or
Demonism. IV. History of Hades, or the Infernal Regions.
Tncludiag a History of Angels and Purgatory. By E. O. Kelley
M.D. 1 vol., 8vo, $5.00. '

The work, as a whole, Is particnlRrly adapted to the general reader, not only becanse of the sdeoIhI
Interest that the subject has, bat from the variety of its oharaotsrs and Incidents, its visions and
rereltttions, its narratives and its marvels. The sentimental charm of the most admired poets the
highly-wrouRht romance of the novelist. And at least their counterpart here. The objects embraced
have inspired the greatest ot ancient poets— Homer and Virgil; and Milton and Dante have not been
less devoted to the themes of the histories.

The Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries.

A Dissertation, by Thomas Taylor, Translator of
"Plato," " Plotinus," " Porphyry," " lamblichus," " Pro-
clus," "Aristotle," etc., etc. Third edition. Edited,
with Introduction, Notes, Emendations, and Glossary, by
Alexander Wilder, M.D. i vol. 8vo, cloth, $3.00.

In the Mysteries, the dramas acted at Eleusis and other sacred places, were embodied the deeper
thoughts and religious sentiment of the archaic world. The men and women initiated into them were
believed to be thenceforth under special care of God, for this life and the future. So holy and interior
were the doctrines considered which had been learned in the Sanctuary from the two tablets of stone,
that it was not lawful to utter them to another. What was seen and learned elsewhere might be admir-
able ; but the exercises of Eleusis and Olympia had in them the something divine, and those who
obser\'ed them were "the children of God," and imaging Him in wisdom, intuitive discernment, and
love.

The reader desirous of getting the kernel of the doctrines of Plato, Orpheus, Eumolpas, and their
fellow-laborersj as well as of the jUexandrian Eclectics^ will obtain invaluable aid from this treatise.

Scientific and Eeligious Mysteries of
Antiquity :

The Gnosis and Secret Schools of the Middle Ages,
Modern Rosicrucianism, and Free and Accepted Masonry.
By John Yarker. i2mo, new cloth, $2.00.

,*, "The sublime depths of the mysteries of antiquity have been sounded but by few minds in
the lapse of ages, and those who have leisure to follow upon their tracks will meet with an ample
reward.

Avesta.

The Religious Books of the Parsees. From Pro-
fessor Spiegel's German Translation of the Original
Manuscripts, by A. H. Bleeck. 3 vols, in i, 8vo, cloth,
$10.00.

English scholars who wish to become acquainted with the " Bible of the Parsees," now for the
first time published in English, should secure this copy. To thinkers the "Avesta " will be a most
valuable work ; Ihey will now have an opportunity to compare its Truths with those of the Bible, tne
KoRAi^, and the Vedas.

Freemasonry.

Paton's (Charles I.) Freemasonry, its Symbolism,
Religious Nature, and Law of Perfection. Thick
8vo, new cloth, uncut, $3.50.

THIRD EDITION.

Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian
Symbolism.

By Thomas Inman, M.D., author of "Ancient Faiths
Embodied in Ancient Names," etc. Revised and enlarged,
with an Essay on Baal Worship, on ' * the Assyrian
Sacred Grove," and other allied symbols. By JOHN" NEW-
TON, M.R.C.S.E., etc. Third Edition, with two hundred
Illustrations. I vol. 8vo, cloth, $3.00.

This book contains in a nutshell the essence of Dr. Inman's other publications, and for the reader
of limited means is just what he requires. The subject of symbolism is as deep as human thought and
as broad in its scope as humanity itself. The erudite thinker finds it not only worthy of his best ener-
gies, but capable of taxing them to the utmosL Many pens have been employed upon it, and it has
never grown old. Dr. Inman's views are somewhat peculiar ; he has concentrated his attention to the
ideas which he believes to underlie the symbolism of the most ancient periods, and can be traced
through the autonomy of the Christian Church. He finds the relation which exists, and the antiquarian
likewise, between Asshur and Jehovah, the Baal of Syria and the God whom Christians worship ;
and the mysteries of the Sacred Grove, of which the Old Testament says so much, are unfolded and
made sensible to the common intellect. Scholars will welcome this volume, and the religious reader
will peruse its pages with the profoundest interest. The symboU which characterize worship constitute
a study which will never lose its interest, so long as learning and art have admirers,

"Wheeler's India.

History of India. By J. Talboys Wheeler, Assist-
ant Secretary to the Government of India, in the Foreign
Department, Secretary of the Record Commission, Author
of the " Geography of Herodotus."

The Ramayana and the Brahmanic Period. 8vo, cloth,
pp. Ixxxviii. and 680, with two maps. $6.00.

Hindu, Buddhist, Brahmanicai Revival. Svo, cloth, pp.
484, with two maps, cloth. $5.00.

Under Mussulman Rule, (Vol. IV.), 8vo, $4.50.

Legge's Chinese Classics.

Translated into English, with Preliminary Essays and
Explanatory Notes. Vol. I., THE LiFE AND TEACHINGS
OF Confucius. Vol. II., The Life and Works of
Mencius. Vol. III., The She King ; or, the Book
OF Poetry, Together 3 vols. Svo, cloth, $10.00.

World's Masonic Register:

Containing Name, Number, Location, and Time of
Meeting of every Masonic Lodge in the World, etc., also
every Chapter, Council, and Commandery in the United
States and Canada, Date of Organization, etc, and Statis-
tics of each Masonic Jurisdiction, etc. By Leon Hyneman.
Portrait, thick Svo, pp. 566, cloth, $2.00.

COMPLETION OF PLANCH^' S GREAT WORK.

Cyclopaedia of Costume ;

Or, A Dictionary of Dress— Regal, Ecclesiastical, Civil,
and Military — from the Earliest Period in England to the
reign of George the Third, including Notices of Contem-
poraneous Fashions on the Continent. By J. R. Planche,
Somerset Herald. Profusely illustrated by fourteen full-
page colored plates, some heightened with gold, and many
hundred others throughout the text. Vol. I. — The Dic-
tionary. Vol. 11. — A General History of Costume in
Europe. 2 vols. 4to, half morocco, gilt top, $45.00. Full
polished scarlet morocco, gilt edges, $65.00. Full citron
morocco, extra, gilt edges, very elegant, $80.00.

" A comprehensive and highly valuable book of reference. * * * * ■^e j^ave rarely failed
to find in this book an account of an article of dress, while in most of the entries curious and in-
structive deE.iils are given. * * * * Mr. Planch^'s enormous labour of love, the production of
A text which, whether in its *' Dictionary" form or in that of the " General History." is within its in-
tended scope immeasurably the best and richest work on Costume in English. * * * * This
book is not only one of the most readable works of the kind, but intrinsically attractive and amusing."
— Atkenceutn.

" A most readable and interesting work— and it can scarcely be consulted in vain, whether the
reader is in search for information as to mihtary, court, ecclesiastical, legal, or professional costume.
• * * * All the chromoHthographs and most of the woodcut illustrations — the latter amounting
to several thousands — are very elaborately executed ; and the work forms a livre de luxe which ren-
ders it equally suited to the library and the ladies' drawing-room." — Tifftes.

*' One of the most perfect works ever pubUshed upon the subject. The illustrations are numerous
and excellent, and would, even without the letterpress, render the work an invaluable book of refer-
ence for information as to costumes for fancy balls and character quadrilles. * * * *Beautifully
printed and superbly illustrated." — Standard.

"These numbers of a Cyclopsedia of Ancient and Modern Costume give promise that the work
will be one of the most perfect works ever published upon the subject. The illustrations are nu-
merous and excellent, and would, even without the letter-press, render the work an invaluable book
of reference for information as to costumes for fancy balls and character quadrilles. , . . Beauti-
fully printed and superbly illustrated." — Standard.

''Those who know how useful is Fairholt's brief and necessarily imperfect glossary will be able to
appreciate the much greater advantages promised by Mr. Planch6's book." — Aiheneeum,

The Etcher.

A Magazine containing the Original Etched-Work of
Artists, accompanied by descriptive Letterpress, Pub-
lished monthly. Imperial 4to. Price $1.00 per part

This Magazine has been instituted for the purpose of offering to lovers of art an opportunity of
indulging in the acquisition of some of the best productions of the etching needle at a moderate cost,
and ^e works of many well-known etchers have already appeared in this publication, including:
Robert W, Macbeth. Edwin Edwards, J. P. Heseltine, C. P. Slocombe, R. S. Chattock, Axel Herman
Haig, Arthur Evershed, Anna Lea Merritt, E. L, Montefiore, W. 11. Urwick, C. J. Watson, C. N.
Storm Vans' Gravesande, and many others.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"The Etcher assertsits position with many examples, showing a good deal of technical accom-
plishment and considerable pretensions to high artistic merit." — Tke Times.

"It is not often that a serial of this nature improves as it goes on. We have, therefore, the more
pleasure in saying that most ot the prints are exceptionally good." — The Athenceunt.

'"For original etchings The Etcher, amongst monthly magazmes, is on a way to take a very
foremost place." — The Academy.

"The Etcher, in thecourse of its short career, has made us acquainted with so many good
things that we now look forward with agreeable anticipation for its monthly reappearance."— y'Ae
Scotsman.

Eowlandson, the Caricaturist.

A Selection from his Works, with Anecdotal Descrip-
tions of his Famous Caricatures, and a Sketch of his Life,
Times, and Contemporaries. With nearly 400 Illus-
trations, mostly in Fac-simile of the Originals. By Joseph
Grego, author of "James Gillray, the Caricaturist; his
Life, Works and Times." 2 vols. 4to. Half morocco,
gilt, gilt top, $20.00. Full polished calf, extra, gilt, and
gilt edges, $35.00. Tree marbled calf, extra, gilt leaves, or
gilt top, $35^00.

" Almost simultaneously with the issue of Mr. DuMaurier*s alhum of Punch sketches, there has
appeared a collection of work of the same class, representing the England of a century ago. The illus-
trations to " Dr. Syntax " have kept the name of Thomas Rowlandson alive among those who are not
specially students ; and among those who are, there is not much danger of it ever pe- ishing. But wiUi
the exception of the " Syntax " illustrations, which * * * made the fortune of the book, not much
of Rowlandson's vast total of work is generally known. For some half-century the untiring artist
worked at all sorts of tasks. Besides " Dr. Syntax" he illustrated books without number. * *
By book illustrations, by original landscape work, by engraving the pictures of other men, and, above
all, by an inexhaustible series of social and political caricatures, Rowlandson constantly made con-
siderable sums of money. * * * He became better known out of England than most English
artists of his time, and the Paris Bibliothfeque contains no inconsiderable number of specimens of his
work. * * * Mr. Grego has now edited two goodly quartos devoted to him, and containing not
only a methodical catalogue of his work, but also an abundant allowance of examples selected with the
double view of illustrating the work itself and consulting modem notions of propriety. * * * But
there is really not much harm in Rowlandson, though he takes subjects and employs manners of treat-
ment which would hardly be suffered nowadays in Punch. * * * A useful lesson in the social
history of England, as well as a pleasant occupation of leisure moments," — Daily News.

NEW ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY EDITION'

History of Don Quixote of La Mancha.

Translated from the Spanish, by P. A. MOTTEUX. Il-
lustrated with Thirty-seven Original Etchings, specially
prepared for this Edition, by M. Adolphe Lalauze,
Carefully printed by Salmon, of Paris. To be completed
in Four Volumes, in the following sizes : — Demy 8vo
Edition, ordinary paper, in cloth, uncut, per vol., $6.oo.
Royal 8vo, Large Superfine Paper, with India impressions
of the plates, per vol., $13.00. (Limited to 200 copies,-
nearly all of which are taken up.) The same, with a
duplicate set of the Etchings, on Holland paper, added,
per vol., $20.00. Only fifty copies of this edition are for
sale.

A New Illustrated Library Edition of Don Quixote has been long wanted.

The principal requirements in sucn an edition are : — ^I'he translation selected should be the one es-
teemed best by capable critics ; the illustrations should be of the highest artistic merit ; the typography,
paper, binding, etc., should be of the best quality. The publisher trusts that in all these respects, the
Edition now offered will meet with general approval.

The translation adopted is that by Motteux. Of this translation Blackiuoo<^s Magazine says: —
"This is, we think, out of all sight, the richest and best, Shelton* s Quixote is undoubtedly well
worthy of being studied by the English scholar ; but it is far too antiquated an affair to serve the pur-
poses of the English reader. Motteux, the translator of Cervantes and Rabelais, possesses a native
humor which no other tianslator that we ever met with has approached."

This judgment is sustained by the following author ties :

*'The most popular versions in English are those of Motteux, Jarvis and Smollet. Perhaps the
first is the best of all. It was by a Fienchman who came over to England in the time of James th ■
Second. It betrays nothing of its foreign parentage, however, while its rich and racy diction, and its'
quaint turns of expression, are admirably suited to convey a lively and very faithful image of the
original. The slight tinge of antiquity, which belongs to the time, is not displeasing, and comports
well with the tone of knishtly dignity which distinguishes the hero."' — W, H^ Prescott—AJisceliatiies^
Kdition 1845, pp. 149, 150.

AN ENTIRELY NEW WORK' ON COSTUME BY M RACINET
AUTHOR OF ''POLYCHROMATIC ORNAMENT,'' ETC, *

Le Costume Historique.

Illustrated with 500 Plates, 300 of which are in Colors,
Gold and Silver, and 200 in Tinted Lithography (Camafeu)!
Executed in the finest, style of the art, by Messrs. DiDOT
& Co. , of Paris. Representing Authentic Examples of the
Costumes and Ornaments of all Times, among all Nations,
With numerous choice specimens of Furniture, Ornamental
Metal Work, Glass, Tiles, Textile Fabrics, Arms and
Armor-, Useful Domestic Articles, Modes of Transport, etc.
With explanatory Notices and Historical Dissertations (in
French). By M. A. Racinet, author of " Polychromatic
Ornament." To be issued in 20 parts. Small 4to {jy^ x 8^
inches), $4.50 each. Folio, large paper {\i}ixi6 inches),
in cloth portfolio, $9.00 each.

NO ORDSRS RECEIVED EXCEPT FOR THE COMPLETE IVORK,

Each part will contain 25 plates, 15 in colors and 10 in tinted Lithography. Parts i to 8 are
now ready for delivery Upon completion of the work, the price will be raised 25 per cent.

"The Messrs. Firmin Didot & Co., of Paris, a firm that disputes with the house of Hachette &
Co. the honor of supplying France and the world with the most beautiful books at the cheapest rates
compatible wjth the greatest excellence in editing and ' making,' have recendy published the beginning
of a work which, by making its appeal chiefly to the eye^ is sure of a welcome in this picture- loving age
of ours. This is the His'tORV of Costume, by A. Racmet, well-known already to that portion of our
public which is interested in the decorative art by his illustrated work on ornament. VOrnement
Polyckrome. — Racinet gives the word ' costume ' almost as wide a sweep of meaning as Viollet-le-Duc
gives to furniture in his now farnous Dictiomiaire du Mobilier. * * * * The field surveyed con-
sists not oi\ly of costumes proper, but of arms, armor, drinking vessels, objects used in the service of
the church, modes of transport, harness, head-gear and modes of dressing the hair, domestic interiors,
and furniture in the ordinary acceptation of the term. Each plate is to be accompanied with an explan-
atory text, and there will be added an historical study, so that little will be wanting to make this one of
the completes! encyclopccdias of the sort that has ever appeared. * * * * A charming taste has
presided over the selection of the subject, and the abundant learning that has been brought to bear in
the collection of illustrations, from so wide a field of human action, is made to seem like play, so lightly
is it handled, * * # * jij"o scientific arrangement is observed in the order in which the subjects
are presented. We have ancient Egypt, Assyria, Rome, Greece, India, Europe in the middle ages,
and from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, Japan, Turkey, Syria, Russia, and Poland, mixed
up for the present, as if the work were an illustrated report of a fancy ball ; and, to most of u-;, the gay
parade as it roils along is none the less pleasant for this want of order." — Scribner's Monthly.

"The name of Firmin Didot & Co., of Paris, is such a guarantee of mechanical execution in a
book, that it is sufficient to state that Le Costume Historique is fully on a par with any of the former
publications of this distinguished house. In addition to its other features, this work has numerous
illustrations, giving restorations of Roman, Greek, and Egyptian interiors. In fact the work is conceived
on a large plan, and will be found most useful to the artist. With such a book as a reference, some of
the glaring inconsistencies we still see from time to time on the stage, where periods as to costume, some
hundreds of years apart, are terribly mixed up, might be prevented, and the unities saved. The pub-
lishers have had the excellent idea of reducing the size of the illustrations, so as to bring the price of
this picture-cyclopaedia of the costume of the world within the means of the most prudent book-buyer."
—N. Y. Daily Times,

"Anew work on costume, most expensive to the publishers and cheap to the subscribers. Parts
I., 11., and III., with twenty-five pictures in each, are ready. We have minutely examined them, and
find them worthy of great praise, both for general excellences of execution and for the recondite and
curious sources drawn upon — the latter characteristic making the collector master of a great many pic-
torial facts and illustrations whose original sources are hard even to see and impossible to become pos-
sessed of." — Nation.

"This work is unquestionably the best work on its subject ever ofTsred to the public, and it will en-
gage very general attention. In shapeliness and convenience, too, it leaves nothing to be desired,
which cannot be said often of cyclopEcdias of costume. One can enjoy the colors and contents of these
* parts' while lounging in a veranda or rocking in a boudoir. It is not necessary to adjourn to a public
Horary and to an immovable chair." — Eveniftg Post.

NEW SERIES.

Examples of Modern Etching.

A series of 20 Choice Etchi?tgs by QUEROY, Brunet-
Debaines, Hamerton, George, Burton, Wise, Le-
GROS, Le Rat, Seymour-Haden, etc., etc., with descrip-
tive text by P. G. Hamerton, folio, cloth gilt, $12.00.

UNIFORM IN STYLE WITH L tBKB'S AND MRS. JAMESON'S ART WORKS .

Monumental Christianity ;

Or, tlie Art and Symbolism of the Primitive Church, as Witnesses
and Teachers of the one Catholic Faith and Practice. By John
P. LuNDY, Presbyter. 1 vol. demy 4to. Beautifully printed on
superior paper, with over 200 illustrations throughout the text,
and numerous large folding plates. Cloth, gilt top, $7.50. Half
morocco, extra, gilt top, $10.00. Full morocco, extra, or tree
calf, $15.00.

This is a presentation of the facts and verities of Christianity from the earliest
monuments and contemporary literature. These include the paintings, sculptures,
Barcophagi, glasses, lamps, seal-rings, and inscriptions of the Christian Catacombs and
elsewhere, as well as the mosaics of the earliest Christian churches. Many of these
monuments are evidently of Pagan origin, as are also the symbols; and the author has
drawn largely from the ancient religions of India, Chaldea, Persia, Egypt, Etruria,
Greece, and Rome, believing that they all contained germs of religious truths which
it is the province of Christianity to preserve, develop, and embody in a purer
system. The Apostles' Creed is exhibited, with its parallel or counterpart, article by
article, in the different systems thus brought under review.

The book is profusely illustrated, and many of the monuments presented in fac-
simile were studied on the spot by the author, and several are specimens obtained in
foreign travel. This is one of the most valuable contributions to ecclesiastical and
archaeological literature. The revival of Oriental learning, both in Europe and America,
has created a demand for such publications, but no one has occupied the field which
Dr. Lundy has chosen. The Expositions which he has made of the symbols and
mysteries are thorough without being exhaustive; and he has carefully excluded a
world of collateral matter, that the attention might not be diverted from the main
object of the work. Those who may not altogether adopt his conclusions will
nevertheless find the information which he has imparted most valuable and in-
teresting.

" As a contribution to Church and general history, the exhaustive and learned
work of Dr. Lundy will be welcome to students and will take a high place."— CAarcA
Journal.

"When, indeed, we say that from beginning to end this book will certainly be
found to possess a powerful interest to the careful student, and that its influence for
good cannot fail to be considerable, we in nowise exaggerate its intrinsic merits. It is
one of the most valuable additions to our literature which the season has produced." —
I/ew York Times.

The Epicurean;

A Tale, and Alciphron; a Poem. By Thomas Moore. With

vignette illustrations on steel, by J. M. W. Turner, E.A. 1 vol.

12mo. Handsomely printed on toned paper. Cloth, extra, gUt

top, $2.00. Tree calf extra, gilt edges, $4.50.

"Our sense of the beauties of this tale may be appreciated by the acknowledg-
ment that for msight into human nature, for poetical thought, for grace, refinement,
intellect, pathos, and Bubliraity, we prize the Epicurean even above any other of the
author's works. Indeed, although written in prose, this is a masterly poem, and will
forever rank as one of the most exquisite productions in English literature."— iaera/j/
Qazette.

Examples of Modern Etching.

Edited, with notes, by Philip Gilbert Hamerton, Editor of
the " Portfolio." Twenty Plates, by Balfourier, Bodmer, Brac-
quemond, Chattock, Flameng, Feyen-Perrin, Seymour Haden,
Hamerton, Hesseltine, Laguillermie, Lalanne, Legros, Lucas,
Palmer, Raj on, Veyrassat, etc. The text beautifully printed on
heavy paper. Folio, tastefully bound in cloth, full gilt, flO.OO.

Among the contents of this choice volume, may be mentioned " Tfie Laughing
Portrait of Hembrandt," \>y Flameng; Twickenham Church, by Seymour Haden;
Aged Spaniard, by Legros ; The Mare — A Misty Morning, by Braoquemond ; The
Thames at Richmond, by Lalanne ; The Fei-ryboat, by Veyrassat, etc,

' *^* A set of proofs of the plates in the above volume alone are worth in the Lon-
don market £10 10s. Od., or seventy dollars currency.

Etchings from the National Gallery.

A series of eighteen choice plates by Flameng, Le Rat, Raj on.
Wise, Waltner, Brunet-Debaines, Gaucherel, Richeton, etc., after
the paintings by Masaccio, Bellini, Giorgione, Moroni, Mantegna,
Velasquez, Rembrandt, Cuyp, Maes, Hobbema, Reynolds, Gains-
borough, Turner, and Landseer, with Notes by Ralph N. "Wornum
(Keeper of the National Gallery). The text handsomely printed
on heavy paper. Folio, tastefully bound in cloth, full gilt,
$10.00.

To admirers of Etchings, the present volume offers several of the most notable of
recently executed plates, among others the Portrait of Rembrandt, by Waltner ; The
Parish Clerk, after Gainsborough, by the same etcher ; The Burial of Wilkie, after
Turner, by Brunet-Debaines; Portrait of a Youth, after Masaccio, by Leopold
Flameng, etc.

French Artists of the Present Day.

A series of twelve fac-simile engravings, after pictures by
Ggrome, Rosa Bonheur, Corot, Pierre Billet, Legros, Ch. Jacque,
Veyrassat, Hebert, Jules Breton, etc., with Biographical Notices
by Ren6 MInard. Folio, tastefully bound in cloth, gilt, 110.00.

Chapters on Painting.

By RENfi MENARD (Editor of "Gazette des Beaux-Arts").
Translated under the superintendence of Philip Gilbert Hamer-
ton. Illustrated with a series of forty superb etchings, by Fla-
meuc, Coutry, Masson, Le Rat, Jacquemart, Chauvel, etc., the
text°beautifully printed by Claye, of Paris. Royal 4to, paper,
uncut, $25.00. Half polished levant mor., gilt top, $30.00.

FRANCE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

Lacroix.

(Bibliophile Jacob) XVIII"" SIl^CLE, Institutions,
Usages, et Costumes, France, 1700-1789. Illustrated
with twenty-one large and beautifully executed chromo-
lithographs, and upwards of three hundred and fifty engrav-
ings on wood after Watteau, Vanloo, Boucher, Lancret,
Chardin, Bouchardin, Saint-Aubin, Eisen, Moreau, etc. I
vol. thick Imperial 8vo, half red morocco, extra gilt leaves,
$13.50.
The same, full crimson Levant super-extra, $22.50.

The title of this new work, by the indefatigable Paul Lacroix, conveys but an indiHerent idea of
its contents. It is admirably gotten up, and is illustrated in a most profuse manner, equalling, if not
excelling, the former works of the same author, giving t.s a living picture of the iSth century — the
king, nobility, bourgeoisie, people, parliaments, clergy, army and navy, commerce, education, police,
etc., Paris, its pleasures, promenades, fStes, salons, cuisine, theatres, costumes, etc., etc

A NEW WORK ON CHRISTIAN ART.

J6sus-Christ.

Attendu, vivant, continue, dans le monde, par Louis
Veuillot, avec une etude sur I'Art Chretien par E. Car-
TIER. 16 large and beautifully executed chromo-litho-
graphs, and 200 engravings, etchings, and woodcuts, from
the most celebrated monuments, from the period of the
Catacombs to the present day. Thick Imp. 8vo, new half
morocco extra, gilt leaves, $13.50.

The same, printed on large Holland paper. Imp.

8vo, half polished Levant morocco, gilt top, $22.50.

This elegant work is uniform in style and illustration with the works of Paul Lacroix, by the same
house. _ The illustrations (which were prepared under the direction of M. Dumoulin), are of the most
attractive character, and present a chronological view of Christian art. The exquisite series of
chromos are from_ pictures by Giotto, Ghirlandajo, Andrea del Sarto, Raphael, Fra Bartolommeo-
Angelico, Sacchi di Pavia, Flandrin, and a head of Christ from the Catacombs, Fac-similes,by Armand,
Durand, from rai-e etchings by Marc Antonio, Diirer, etc., also a reduction from Prevost, plate of the
wedding at Cana, after Paul Veronese, and nearly 200 charming engi-avings on wood.

UNIFORM WITH THE WORKS OF PAUL LACROIX.

Jeanne D'Arc.

Par H. Wallon (Secretaire de 1' Academic des Inscrip-
tions et Belles-Lettres). Beautifully printed on heavy vel-
lum paper, and illustrated with 14 CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHIC
PLATES, and one hundred and fifty fine engravings on
■wpod after monuments of art, fac-similes, etc., etc. i
large volume, thick royal 8vo, half red morocco, full gilt,
gilt edges, $13.50. Full polished morocco extra, $22.50.

Contents : An account of the arms and military dresses of the period, accompanied by descriptive
figures taken from the seals of the Archives ; a map of feudal France, by M, Aug. Lonenon, a new
■work of the highest importance to the history of the 15th century ; a study of die worship shown to
Joan of Arc in the French and Foreign literatures (it is known that during Uie lifetime of Joan, her
wonderful mission was represented on the stage) ; fac-similes of letters of Joan, etc, etc

The Medallic History of the United
States of America, 1776-1876.

By J. F. LouBAT, LL.D. With 170 Etchings by Jules Jacque-
MART. Two Volumes. Folio. I. Text, pp. Ixxx., 478; II. pp.
xvi., Plates, 86. I'rinted on heaioy, hand-made paper, ma/tiu-
factured expressly for the work by Blanchet FRi;KEs & Kleber,
Eives, France. Letter-press by Francis Hart & Co., New York,
EtchrQgs printed by A. Salmon, Paris. Bound in extra cloth, gilt
top and uncut edges, by William Matthews. Price, $30.00.

The Lost Beauties of the English Lan-
guage.

An Appeal to Authors, Poets, Clergymen, and Public
Speakers. By Chas. Mackay, LL.D. I vol. i2mo,
cloth extra, $1-75.

Words change as well as men, sometimes from no longer meeting the new wants of the people, but
oftener from the attraction of novelty which impels everybody to change. A dictionary of obsolete
words, and terms becoming obsolete, is a valuable reminder of the treasures which we are parting
with ; not always wisely, for in them are comprised a wealth of expression, idiom, and even history,
which the new words cannot acquire. Dr. Mackay has placed a host of such on record, with quota-
tions to illustrate how they were read by the classical writers of the English language, not many cen-
turies ago, and enables us to read those authors more understandingTy. If he could induce us to
recall some of them back to life, it would be a great boon to literature ; but hard as it might have
been for Caesar to add a new word to his native Latin language, it would have been infinitely more
difficult to resuscitate an obsolete one, however more expressive and desirable. Many of the terms
embalmed in this treatise are not dead as yet ; and others of them belong to that proline department
of our spoken language that does not get into dictionaries. But we all need to know them ; and they
really are more homogeneous to our people than their successors, the stilted foreign-born and alien
English, that " the Best "is laboring to naturalize into OUT language, The old wordSj like old shoes
and well-worn apparel, sit most comfortably^

Dramatists of the Restoration.

Beautifully printed on superior paper, to range with

Pickering's edition of Webster, Peele, Marlowe, etc. As

the text of most of these authors has, in later editions,

been either imperfectly or corruptly dealt with, the several

Plays have been presented in an unmutilated form, and

carefully collated with the earliest and best editions.

Biographical Notices and brief Notes accompany the works of each

author. The Series has been entrusted to the joint editorial care of

James Maidment and W. H. Logan. It comprises the following

authors :

Sir William Davenant's Dramatic Works. S vols.
John Crowne's Dramatic Works. 4 vols.
Sir Aston' Cokain's Dramatic Works, i vol.
John Wilson's Dramatic Works, i vol.
John Lacy's Dramatic Works, i vol.
Shakerley Marmion's Dramatic Works, i vol.

Together, 13 vols, post 8vo, white vellum cloth, $50.00.
Large paper, 13 vols. 8vo, $75.00. Whatman's drawmg
paper (only thirty copies printed), $110.00.

The Story of the Stick

In all Ages and all Lands. A Philosophical History and
Lively Chronicle of the Stick as the Friend and Foe of
Man. Its Uses and Abuses. As Sceptre and as Crook.
As the Warrior's Weapon, and the Wizard's Wand. As
Stay, as Stimulus, and as Scourge. Translated and adap-
ted from the French of Antony Real (Fernand
Michel). I vol., i2mo, extra cloth, red edges, $1.50.

" Wrought for a Staff, wrought for a Rod."

Swinburne. — Atalanta in Calydon,

The above work condenses in a lively narrative form a most astonishing mass of curious and recon-
dite information in regard to the subject of which it treats. From the blud.^eon of Cain to the trun-
cheon of the Marshals of France, from the budding rod of Aaron to the blazmg cane of M. de Balzac,
the stick, in all its relations with man since first he meddled with the Tree of Knowledge of Good
and Evil, is shown here to have played a far greater part in history than is commonly imagined. It
has been the instrument of justice, it has been the tool also of luxury. It has ministered to man, its
maker, pleasure as well as pain, and has served for his support as well as for his subjugation. The
mysteries in which it has figured are some of them revealed and others of them hinted in these most
entertaining and instructive pages, for between the days of the society of Assassins in the East and
those of the society of the Aphrodites in the West, the Stick has been made the pivot of many secret
associations, all of them interesting to the student of human morals, but not all of them wisely to be
treated of before the general public. The late Mr. Buckle especially collected on this subject some
most astounding particulars of social history, which he did not live to handle in his own inimitable
way, but of which an adequate inkling is here aiforded to the serious and intelligent reader.

SECOND EDITION.

Original Lists of Persons of Quality.

Emigrants ; Religious Exiles ; Political Rebels ; Serv-
ing-men Sold for a Term of Years ; Apprentices ; Chil-
dren Stolen ; Maidens Pressed ; and others who went
from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-
1700. With their Ages, the Locahties where they formerly
Lived in the Mother Country, Names of the Ships in
which they embarked, and other interesting particulars.
From MSS. preserved in the State Paper Department of
Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England. Edited by
John Camden Hotten. A very handsome volume,
crown 4to, 700 pages, elegantly bound in half Roxburghe
morocco, gilt top, $6.00. Cloth, $5.00.

A few Large Paper copies have been printed, small
folio, $17.50.

Blake's (Wm.) Marriage of Heaven
and Hell :

A reproduction and facsimile of this marvelous work,
printed in colors, on paper made expressly for the work.
4to, hf. Roxburghe morocco, uncut, $10.00. 1790 (1868).

*^ A very feiv copies remaining.

" The most curious and significant, while it is certainly the most daring in conception and gorgeous
in illustration of all Blake's works." — Gilchrisi^s Life of Blake.

SPLENDID NEW LIBRARY EDITION.

Complete Works of Robert Burns.

Edited by W. ScoTT DOUGLAS, with Explanatory
Notes, Various Readings and Glossary. Containing 327
Poems and Songs, arranged chronologically , 15 of which
have not hitherto appeared in a complete form ; Nasmyth's
Two Portraits of Burns, newly engraved on steel ; The
Birthplace of Burns and Tarn 0' Shanter, after Sam Bough,
by W. Forrest ; and the Scottish Muse, by Clark Stanton ;
Four Facsimiles of Original MSS. ; a Colored Map, Wood
Engravings , Music, be.

\* Six volumes, 8vo, cloth, price $5.00 each. Also on
Large Paper, India Proof Plates, royal 8vo, cloth, $10.00
per volume.

The Third Volume contains hitherto unpublished
Poems, drawings of Ellisland and Lincluden by Sam
Bough, engraved on steel by Forrest, facsimiles, &c.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"* We heartily congratulate the admirers of Burns, and of poetry, in the prospect of having in their
hands . . , such a labor of love and of knowledge." — W. M. Rossettiin The AcadeTny.

" Promises to outshine all former editions in completeness, accuracy, and interest." — Aberdeen
yottrnni.

"The edition will be unquestionably the best which has yet appeared." — Birmingham. Gazette.

*' Will doubdess supersede all others as library edition of Burns." — Daily Review,

*' Really an ' exhaustive effort ' to collect the whole of the poems." — Ediithurgh Courant.

" May challenge comparison with any previous product of the Scottish press." — /ttver»ess Courier.

"A gratifying addition to general literature. Is of the highest order of merit." — London Scottish
yournal.

" A fine library edition of Scotland's greatest poet." — Pail Mall Gazette.

The Plays and Poems of Cyril Tour-
neur.

Edited^ with Critical Introduction and Notes, by John
Churton Collins. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth. $4.00. Large
paper (only 50 printed). $8.00.

"So much of the dramatic fire and vigor which form the special characteristics of the Elizabethan
dramatists is discemable in Cyril Toumeur, that it is satisfactory to see his works collected ....
If on the one hand he may claim to have enriched the drama with characters that may compare with
the best in Chapman or Marston, he has also in realism gone beyond Webster Mr, Col-
lins has discharged completely his editorial duties, and his notes display a considerable amount of
reading. " — Athen.^um.

Polyclironiatic Ornament.

100 PLATES IN GOLD, SILVER, AND COLORS, comprising
Upwards of 2,000 specimens of the styles of Ancient, Orien-
tal, and Mediceval Art, and including the Renaissance, and
XVIIlh and XVIIIth centuries, selected and arranged for
practical use by A. Racinet, with Explanatory Text, and a
general introduction. Folio, cloth, gilt edges. $40.00.

Monsieur Racinet is well known, both in France and in this country, as the author of the principal
designs m those magnificent works, " Le Moyen Age et la Renaissance " and "Les Arts Somptu-
aires." He is therefore peculiarly well fitted to grapple with the difficulties of so intricate a subject,
and it will be found that he has discharged his task in a manner to deserve general approval and ad-
miration. His happy choice of subjects, all of them taken from originals, his ingenious grouping ol
them in harmonious forms, his wonderful accuracy in drawing, and his perfect fidelity of color are only
equalled by the profound knowledge which has enabled him to combine so vast a collection in histofical
order, and yet in a classical form.

Prostitution.

DUFOUR (Pierre). Histoire de la Prostitution chez
tous les peuples du Monde, depuis I'antiquite la plus recu-
lee jusqu'a nos jours. Illustrated with numerous fine en-
gravings on steel. 6 vols, in 3, 8vo, hf. cf. gilt tops.
Scarce. $18.00. 6 vols. Bvo, cloth, $13.50.

Original and only genuine edition.

In this learned work — the best that we have on the subject — many of the chapters are tievoted to
dissertations on matters of general interest to students of literature. We instance Chaj?. XXIV., con-
taining a treatise on the Obscenity of the French language, the Jargon of Argot, its Origin, etc. ; also
in Chap. XXXII., a highly interesting bibliographical account of the Aretin plates by Marc Antonio,
etc., etc.

The author was threatened with criminal prosecution, and pledged himself never to reproduce the
work ; it has now become scarce.

NEW AND MAGNIFICENT WORK ON TEXTILE FABRICS,

Ornamental Textile Fabrics

Of all Ages and Nations. A practical Collection of Speci-
mens. Illustrated with Fifty Plates in Gold, Silver, and
Colors, Comprising upwards of i,ooo various styles of An-
cient, Mediaeval and Modern Ornamental Designs of Textile
Fabrics, with Explanatory Description and a General In-
troduction. By M. DUMONT-AUBERVILLE. I vol. folio,
cloth, gilt, extra. $25.00.

The Editor of this work, M. Dupont-Auberville, is known as one of the most distinguished archae-
ologists of modem France, and Textile Art is the department of archseology to which he has devoted
the best years of his life. His collection of specimens of textile fabrics embraces models taken from all
ages and from all countries, and is admitted by all artists to be unique in every respect.

The works of ancient textile art, both in the East and the West, are done full justice to, but at the
same time the framer of "Ornamental Textile Fabrics" has drawn more amply from the extensive
stock of models belonging to more recent periods. From his immense collection of specimen-^ taken
from the Renaissance and the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, he has selected those subjects
which are most worthy of the attention both of the amateur and the manufacturer. In this manner the
work now submitted to the public is Dot a mere ornamental one, but at the same time it possesses a
practical usefulness which must cause it to be valued by all who make a study of taste in manufacturing
industry in general, and the art of weaving in particular.

AN ENTIRELY NEW AND REVISED EDITION.

Old Print Collectors' Guide:

An Introduction to the Study and Collection of Ancient
Prints. Frontispiece, plates of monograms, and illustra-
tions. By Wm. H. Willshire. Handsomely printed.
2 large vols, demy 8vo, half morocco, gilt top, $ii.OO.

#*# This new edition entirely supersedes the previous one, having, in addi tion to much new mat-
ter, fuUhsts of Monograms and marks of celebrated collectors and amateurs. A work indispensable
to the Print Collector, beine a concentration in one volume of all the varied information relative to the
History of Engraving and of Ancient Prints.

Contents. — I. Engraving in Ancient Times. II. Engraving in General, from the beginning ot
the 13th to the 15th Century. III. On the Various Processes or kinds of Engraving. IV. Advice on
the Study and Collection of Prints. V. The Various Schools of Engraving. VI. The Northern
Schools to the lime of Diirer. Vll. Northern Schools from Durer to the 17th Century. VIII. The
Southern Schools of Wood Engraving. IX. The Masters of "Chiaro oscuro." X. Metal Engrav-
ing, Masters of 1446, ec. XI. Dutch and Flemish Schools. XII. French and English Schools.
XIII. Chief Etchers of the Northern Schools. XIV. On Engraving in the "Dotted Manner."
XV. The Southern Schools of Engraving on Metal. Nielli. XVI. Italian Schools. XVII. School
of Marc Antonio. XVIII. Chief Etchers of the Italian Schools. XIX. Mezzotinto Engravings and
Engravers. XX. On the Examination and Purchase of Ancient Prints. XXI. On the Conserva-
tion and Arrang;ement of Prmts. Appendix. — British Museum Collection, Douce Collection, Oxford,
Polytypage, Cliche, Mezzotinto Engraving, High-priced Books, Varia Bibliography, Monograms,
mdexes, etc., etc.

Dibdin's Bibliomania ;

Or, Book-Madness : A Bibliographical Romance. With
numerous Illustrations. A new Edition, with a Supple-
ment, including a Key to the Assumed Characters in the
Drama. 8vo, half-Roxburghe, $6.00 ; a few Large Paper
copies. Imp. 8vo, half-Roxburghe, the edges altogether
uncut, $12.00.

" I have not yet recovered from the delightful delirium into which your ' Bibliomania' has com-
pletely thrown me. Your book, to my taste, is one of the most extraordmary gratifications I have en-
joyed for many years." — Isaac Disraeli.

Greyille's Memoirs.

Journal of the Reign of King George IV. and King
William IV. By the late Charles C. F. Greville, Esq.
Edited by Henry Reeve. 3 vols. 8vo, cloth, $7.50.

No equally important contribution to the political history of the last generation has been made by
any previous writer. As a man of 'ank and fashion, Mr. Greville associated, on terms of equality,
with all the statesmen of his time, and his long tenure of a permanent office immediately outside of the
circle of politics compelled him to observe a neutrality which was probably congenial to his character
and inclmation. — Saturday Revieiv.

Archie Armstrong's Banquet of Jests.

Reprinted from the original edition, together .with
Archie's Dream (1641), handsomely printed in antique
style, with red line borders. Square i2mo, new vellum
cloth, uncut, $6.50.

The same, printed on Whatman's paper (limited to 25
copies). Square i2mo, new cloth, $9.00.

#*^ The edition (of all kinds) was limited to 252 copies. It is completely exhausted, and copies
are now difficult to obtain.

" A more amusing budget of odd stories, clever witticisms, and laughter-moving tales, is not to be
found in Jester's Library."

Nares' Glossary.

Or, Collection of Words, Phrases, Names, and Allusions
to Customs, Proverbs, etc., which have been thought to
require Illustration in the Works of English Authors, par-
ticularly Shakespeare and his contemporaries. NEW
Edition, with additions, etc., by J. O. Halliwell and
Thomas Wright. 2 vols. 8vo, new cloth, $6.50.

Gayin Douglas' Poetical Work^.

With Memoir, Notes and Glossary, by J. Small, M.A.,
F.S.A. Illustrated by specimens of the Manuscripts,
and the title-pages and woodcuts of the early editions in
facsimile. Handsomely printed in 4 vols, post 8vo, cloth.
$12.00. 1874.

The same, LARGE PAPER. Fifty copies only printed.

4 handsome demy 8vo vols, cloth, $18.00. (Pubhshed
@ ^6.6.0.)

The distinguished poets, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, and Sir David
Lindsay of the Mount, form a trio of whom Scotland has every reason to be proud; but, as 'n^ " ^j"
of the second of these have not hitherto been collected, an Edition of them has long been a dtsuur-
«titm in Scottish Literature.

Bell's Anatomy and Philosophy of Ex-
pression,

As connected with the Fine Arts. Profusely illustrated
Royal 8vo, cloth, uncut, $4- SO.

Tom D'Urfey's " Pills to'Purge Melan-
choly."

Being a collection of Merry Ballads and Songs, old and
new, fitted to all humors, having each its proper tune for
voice and instrument. An exact and beautiful reprint of
this very scarce work. Small paper, 6 vols., crown 8vo,
bds., uncut, $15.00. Large paper, 6 vols, crown 4to.
Only a few printed, Bds., uncut, $24.00.

" But what obtained Mr. D'Urfey his greatest reputation was a peculiarly happy knack he pos-
sessed in the writing of satires and irregular odes. Si any of these were upon temporary occasions,
and were of no little service to the purty in whose cause he wrote ; which, together with his natural
vivacity and good humor, obtained him the favor of great numbers, of all ranks and conditions,
monarchs themselves not excluded. He was strongly attached to the Tory interest, and in the latter
part of Queer. Anne's reign had frequently the honor of diverting that princess with witty catches and
songs of humor suited to the spirit of the times, written by himself, and which he sang in a lively and
entertaining manner. And the author of the Guardian, who, in No. 67. has given a very humorous
account of Mr. D'Urfey, with a view to recommend him to the public notice for a benefit play, tells
us that he remembered King Charles II. leaning on Tom D'Urfey's shoulder more than once, and
humming over a song with him.

**He appears to have been a diverting companion, and acheerful, honest, good-natured man ; so
that he was the delight of the most polite companies in conversations, from the l^eginning of Charles
II. 's to the latter part of King George 1, 's reign ; and many an honest gentleman got a reputation in
his country by pretending to have been in company with Tom D*Urfey." — Chalmers.

UNIFORM WITH "TOM D'URFEY'S PILLS."

Musarum Delicise ;

Or, The Muses' Recreation, 1656; Wit Restored, 1658;
and Wit's Recreation, 1640. The whole compared with
the originals ; with all the Wood Engravings, Plates,
Memoirs, and Notes. A new edition, in 2 volumes, post
Svo, beautifully printed on antique laid paper, and bound
in antique boards, $4.00.

A FEW Large Paper. Copies have been prepared.
2 vols. 4to, $7.50,

*#* Of the Poets of the Restoration, there are none whose works are more rare than those of Sir
John Mennis and Dr. James Smith. The small volume entitied " Musarum Delicise ; or. The Muses*
Recreation." which contains thtf production of these two friends, was not accessible to Mr. Freeman
when he compiled his " Kentish Poets," and has since become so rare that it is only found in the
cabinets of the curious. A reprint of the " Musarum DeliciEe," together with several other kindred
pieces of the period, appeared in 1817, forming two volumes of Facetiae, edited by Mr. E. Dubois,
author of " The Wreath/' etc. These volumes havihg in turn become exceedingly scarce, the Publish-
ers venture to put forth the present new edition, in which, while nothing has been omitted, no pains
have been spared to render it more complete and elegant than any that has yet appeared. The type,
plates, and wbodcuts of the originals have been accurately followed ; the Notes of the editor of 1817
are considerably augmented, and indexes have been added, together with a portrait of Sir Joha
Mennis, from a painting by Vandyke in Lord Clarendon's Collection,

SPLENDID NEW VOLUME OF ETCHINGS.

Examples of Contemporary Art.

Etchings from Representative Works of Living Eno-lish
and Foreign Artists, viz. : — FORTUNY, JULES Breton,
Bernier, E. Burne Jones, F. Leighton, Gonzalez,
Macbeth, G. F. Watts, Orchardson, Van Marcke,
Paczka, Chaplin, etc., etc. Executed by Waltner,
Martial, Champollion, Lalauze, Hedouin, Chauvel,
Greux, etc. One large folio volume, vellum cloth, gilt,
$12.00.

"Apart from its value as a graphic account of the two great foreign Exhibitions of Art, this
elegant volume deserves special attention from the value of its text, furnishing as it does a general
record of the artistic achievements of the past year. They are, in fact, careful reviews of the repre-
sentative Exhibitions from which subjects of the illustrations have been chosen, and their purpose is to
supply, within moderate limits, a coherent account of the recent progress of the Arts in England and
France."

INTERESTING NEW WORK ON BLAKE,

William Blake.

Etchings from his Works, embracing many of the rarest
subjects executed by that unique Artist. By W. Bell
Scott. Proofs on India papen Folio, half cloth, $8.00.

" Such is the plan and moral part of the author's invention ; the technical part and the execution
of the artist, though to be examined by other principles and addressed to a narrower circle, equally
claim approbation, sometimes excite our wonder, and not seldom our fears, when we see him play on
the very verge of legitimate invention ; but wildness so picturesque in itself, so often redeemed by taste,
simplicity, and elegance, what child of fancy — what artist — would wish to discharge ? The groups and
single figures on dieir own basis, abstracted from the general composition and considered without
attention to the plan, frequently exhibit those genuine and unaffected attitudes — those simple graces —
which nature and the heart alone can dictate, and only an eye inspired by both discover. Every class
of artists, i?i every stage of their progress or attainments^ from- the student to the Jinished
master, and from the contriver of ornament to the fiainter of history, ivill find here materials
of art and hints of ifnprovement." — Crotnek.

NEW VOLUME BY PAUL LACROIX.

XYIII'^^ Si^cle.

Lettres, Sciences et Arts. France (1700- 1 798). Illustrated
with 15 chromo-lithographs and 250 wood-engravings, after
Watteau, Vanloo, Boucher, Vernet, Eisen, Grave-
lot, MoREAU, St. Aubin, Cochin, etc. One Volume
imperial 8vo. Tastefully bound, gilt edges, $13.50. Full
polished Levant morocco, gilt edges, $22.50.

The School of Shakspere.

Including " The Life and Death of Captain Thomas
Stukeley," with a New Life of Stukeley from Unpublished
Sources; ''Nobody and Somebody;" '' Histriomastix ;"
" The Prodigal Son;" " Jack Drum's Entertainment;"
"A Warning for Fair Women" with Reprints of the
Accounts of the Murder ; and " Faire Em." Edited, with
Introduction and Notes, and an Account of Robert Green
and his Quarrels with Shakspere, by Richard Simpson.
With an Introduction by F. J. Furnivall. 2 vols. Svo,
cloth. $4.00.

Schnorr's Bible Illustrations:

La Sainte Bible, Ancien et Nouveau Testament recit et
.commentaires, par M. I'Abb^ Salmon du diocese de Paris.
Handsomely printed and illustrated, with 240 beautiful
engravings on wood from the celebrated designs of Schnorr
of Carolsfeld. A handsome volume, 4to, paper, uncut,
$6.00 ; or, full turkey morocco, extra, gilt leaves, $12.00.

Musical Instruments, Sound, &c.

Les Harmonies du Son et les Instruments de Musique,
par I. Rambosson. Most profusely illustrated with
upivards of 200 beautiful engravings on wood, and five
chromo-lithographic plates, i large vol. 8vo, pp. 582,
paper uncut, $4.00 ; or half red morocco, extra, gilt edges,
$6.00.

An entirely new work, in which the subject is treated in a most exhaustive manner. The hook is
divided into four general heads, ^z first devoted to the History of Music, and its influence on Phy-
sique and Morals, the Influence of Music on Intelligence, on die Sentiments, Locomotion, etc. The
second. Acoustics, or production and propagation of sound, including the most recent discoveries
in this branch. The thirds on the History of Musical Instruments. 'X.^iK fourth, on the Voice, etc.

The Apophthegms of Erasmus.

Translated into English by Nicholas Udall. Literally-
reprinted from the scarce Edition of 1564. Beautifully
prmted on heavy laid paper , front, 8^^, new cloth^ ttncut.

Only 250 copies, each of which is numbered and attested
by autograph signature of the editor. $7.50.

•'This is a pleasant gossipy book, full of wise saws, if not of modem instances. It may be con-
sidered one of the earliest English jest books. The wit in it is not as startling as fireworks, but there
is a good deal of grave, pleasant humor, and many of those touches of nature which make the whole
world km. When Nicholas Udall undertook to translate this work he was the right man in the right
place. Probably no old English book so abounds with colloquialisms and idiomatic expressions. It is
very valuable on that account. This reprint has been made from the second edition, that of 1562.
The reprint is literal ; the only di/Ference being that, to make it easier for the general reader, the con-
tractions have been filled in, and the Greek quotations, which were exceedingly incorrect, have been,
in most cases, put right'^

C AX TON COMMEMORATION VOLUME.

The Dictes and Sayings of the Philos-
ophers.

The First Book printed by Caxton in England (printed
at the Almonry at Westminster in the year 1477). i vol.,
small folio. Printed in exact facsimile of the editio princeps,
on paper manufactured expressly for the work, and having
all the peculiarities of the original. I vol., small folio.
$10.00.

The printing of this unic[ue work has been executed by a photographic process which reproduces
infallibly all the characteristics of the original work, and the binding is a careful reproduction of that
of Caxton's day.

This memorial volume is rendered still more interesting, and to the connoisseur more valuable, by
an Introduction by William Blades, Esq. , author of the Life and Typo^aphy of William Caxton, ^v-
ing a short, historical account of the book, the circumstances that led to its publication, and its position
among the works printed by Caxton. It is believed that the publication of this work will, apart from
its value to collectors, be generally acceptable as representing the first work issued from the press in
England, and as illustrating the state of the art of printing in its infancy.

SEVEN GENERATIONS OF EXECUTIONERS.

Memoirs of the Sanson Family.

Compiled from Private Documents in the possession ol
the Family (1688 to 1847), by Henri Sanson. Trans-
lated from the French, with an Introduction by Camille
BarrMe. Two vols, post 8vo, cloth, $3.50; or half calf,
extra, $S.cx3.

•' A faithful translation of this curious work, which will certainly repay perusal, not on the ground
of its being full of horrors — for the original author seems to be rather ashamed of the technical aspect
of his profession, and is commendabty reticent as to its details — but because it contains a lucid account
of the most notable causes cilibres from the time of Louis XIV. to a period within the memory of
persons still living. .... The memoirs, if not particularly instrucuve, can scarcely fail to be
extremely entertaining." — Daily Telegraph.

"A book of great though !>omewbat ghastly interest. . . . Something much above a mere chap-
ter of horrors."— Graihic.

ONLY ONE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED.

Duyckinck's Cyclopaedia of American
Literature.

Printed by Alvord, on a hand-press, and on tinted
paper of extra weight and finish, prepared expressly for
the work. For the convenience of persons desirous of il-
lustrating the work, for which purpose it is admirably
adapted, it has been issued in five parts, with separate
rubricated titles, each of the two original volumes being
divided into two parts, of about three hundred and fifty
pages each, and the new Supplement forming the fifth.
A finely engraved portrait printed on India paper is given
with each part. The subjects of these portraits are Ben-
jamin Franklin, James Fenimore Cooper, Washington
Irving, William Hickling Prescott, and, with the Supple-
ment, a portrait of the late George L. Duyckinck, newly
engraved in line, by Burt, after an original painting by
Duggan. 5 vols. 4to, uncut, $25,00, Half morocco, gilt
top, $50.00.

Only thirteen sets of this edition now remain.

The First Edition of Shakespeare.

Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, and
Tragedies. Published according to the True Original
Copies. London. Printed by ISAAC lAGGARD and Ed.
Blount. 1623. An exact reproduction of the extremely
rare original, in reduced fac-simile by a photographic pro-
cess, ensuring the strictest accuracy in every detail. Post
8vo, half mor., gilt top, $3.00.

•■ A complete facsimile of the celebrated First Folio edition of '«»3 /°'- Kf^*_,S"'"=^^^^^^
a miracle of cheapness and enterprise. Bemg m a reduced f?™' ,*='yj=',^ "?"£', ^^^f^^^^^^
diminutive, but it is as distinct as in a genuine copy of the origmal, and wiU be found to be as useful,
and far more handy to the iXa&axV —Athenaum.

A SUPERB SERIES OF ETCHINGS.

The Wilson Collection.

Collection de M. John W. Wilson. Exposee dans la
Galerie du Cercle Artistique et Litteraire de Bruxelles, au
profit des pauvres de cette Ville. Troisi^me edition.
Handsomely printed on heavy paper, and illustrated with
a series of 68 large and most exquisitely executed etch-
ings, from the most remarkable pictures in this celebrated
collection. FiNE IMPRESSIONS. Thick royal 4to, paper,
uncut, $25.00 ; or in half morocco, gilt tops, uncut, $30.00.

*#* Already out of print and scarce.

This charming catalogue was gotten up at the expense of the generous owner of the collection, and
the money received from its sale donated to the fund for the relief of the poor of the city. The
edition consisted of i,ooo copies. It was immediately exhausted.

The Catalogue is a model of its kind. The notices are in most instances accompanied with a fac-
simile of the artist's signature to the picture ; a biographical sketch of the artist; notices of the en-
graved examples, if any ; and critical notes on each picture.

The graphic department is, however, the great feature of this Catalogue, embracing, as it does,
upwards of sixty examples of the best etchers of the present day, including Greux, Chauvel, Martial,
Kajon, Gaucherel, Jacquemart, H^douin, Lemaire, Duclos, Masson, Flameng, Lalanne, Gilbert,
etc., etc.

DiJrer's " Little Passion."

Passio Christi. A complete set of the Thirty-seven
Woodcuts, by Albert Diirer. Reproduced in fac-simile..
Edited by W. C. Prime. One volume, Royal 4to (13 x 10^
inches). Printed on heavy glazed paper, half vellum,
$10.00. Morocco antique, $15.00.

The Litde Passion of Albert DQrer, consisting of thirty-seven woodcuts, has long been regarded
as one of the most remarkable collections of illustrations luiown to the world. Complete sets of the
entire series are excessively rare. The editions which have been pubHshed in modern times in Europe
are defective, lacking more or less of the Plates, and are of an inferior and unsatisfactory class ol
workmanship.

Westminster Drolleries.

Ebsworth's (J. Woodfall) Westminster Drolleries, with
an introduction on the Literature of the Drolleries, and
Copious Notes, Illustrations, and Emendations of Text.
2 vols. i2mo, cloth, uncut, $8.00. Boston (Eng.), 1875.

*** Only a small Edition ; privately printed.

Boccaccio's Decameron;

Or, Ten Days' Entertainment. Now fully translated
into English, with Introduction by THOMAS WRIGHT,
Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated by Stothard's Engrav-
ings on Steel, and the 12 unique plates from the rare
Milan Edition. One volume, thick i2mo, cloth extra,
$3.50, or handsomely bound in half polished Levant
morocco, gilt top. $5.50.

The most complete translation, containing many passages not hitherto translated into English.

Jones' (Owen) Grammar of Ornament.

A Series of 112 exquisitely colored Plates, executed in
Chromolithography, comprising 3000 examples of the Dec-
oration of all Ages and Nations, with Descriptive Letter-
press, illustrated with Woodcuts. Folio, in 28 Parts
$1.00 each ; or bound in cloth, gilt edges, $30.00. Half
morocco, gilt top, $32.50.

This new edition is a reproduction of the larger work on a smaller scale ; a few of the plates
which could not be reduced have been printed on a larger scale, and the same artistic matter has been
extended ii-oin loo to 112 plates.

Swinburne's William Blake ;

A Critical Essay. With Illustrations from Blake's De-
signs in Fac-simile, some colored. 8vo, cloth, $3.00.

A valuable contribution to our knowledge of a most remarkable man, whose originality and geniui.
are now beginning to be generally recognized.

Antiquities of Long Island.

By Gabriel Furman. With a Bibliography by Henry
Onderdonk, Jr. To which is added Notes, Geographical
and Historical, relating to the town of Brooklyn, in Kings
County, on Long Island. I vol. large i2mo, cloth, $3.00.

Memoir of the Lady Ana De Osorio,

Countess of Chinchon, and Vice-Queen of Peru, A.D.
1629-39. With a Plea for the Correct Spelling of the
Chinchona Genus. By CLEMENTS R. Markham, C.B.,
Member of the Imperial Academy Naturae Curiosorum,
with the Cognomen of Chinchon. Small 4to, with Illus-
trations, $7.50.

FOUNDERS OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

Lives of the Founders, Augmenters,
and other Benefactors of the British
Museum.

1570 to 1870. Based on new researches at the Rolls
House; in the Department of MSS. of the British
Museum ; in the Privy Council Office, and in other Col-
lections, Public and Private. By Edward Edwards.
I vol. 8vo, large and beautiful type, cloth, $4.00.
' Large Paper, Royal 8vo (only 60 copies printed), cloth,
$10.00.
*^* By a special arrangement with the English publishers,

Messrs. Trubner &- Co., the above is offered at the greatly reduced

price mentioned.

A NEW AND ATTRACTIVE BOOK ON MEXICO.

A Peep at Mexico:

Narrative of a Journey Across the Republic, from the
Pacific to the Gulf, in December, 1873, and January, 1874.
By J. L. Geiger, F.R.G.S. Demy 8vo, pp. 368, with
4 Maps and 45 original Photographs. Cloth, $8.50.

The English Eogue.

Described in the Life of MeriTON Latroon, and other
Extravagants, comprehending the most Eminent Cheats
of both Sexes. By RICHARD HEAD and FRANCIS KiRK-
MAN. A fac-simile reprint of the rare Original Edition
(1665-1672), with Frontispiece, Fac-similes of the 12
copper-plates, and Portraits of the authors. In Four
Volumes, post 8vo, beautifully printed on antique laid
paper, made expressly, and bound in antique boards,
$6.00, or Large Paper Copies, 4 vols. 8vo, $10.00.

*#* This singularly entertaining work may be described as the first English novel, properly so-
called. The same air of reality pervades it as that which gives such a charm to stories written by
DeFoe half a century later. The interest never flags for a moment, from the first chapter to the
last.

As a picture of the manners of the period, two hundred years ago, in England, among the various
grades of society through which the hero passes in the course of his extraordinary adventures, and
among gypsies, beggars, thieves, etc, the book is invaluable to students.

The Rump ;

Or, An Exact Collection of the choicest PoEMS and SONGS
relating to the late Times, and continued by the most
eminent Wits ; from Anno 1639 to 1661. A Fac-simile
Reprint of the rare Original edition (London, 1662), with
Frontispiece and Engraved Title-page. In 2 vols, post
8vo, printed on antique laid paper, and bound in antique
boards, $4.00 ; or Large Paper Copies, $6.00.

*^* A very rare and extraordinary collection of some two hundred Popular Ballads and Cavalier
Songs, on all the principal incidents of the great Civil War, the Trial of Strafford, the Martyrdom
of King Charles, the Commonwealth, Cromwell, Pym, the Roundheads, etc. It was from such
materials that Lord Macaulay was enabled to produce his vivid pictures of England in the sixteenth
century. To historical students and antiquaries, and to the genera] reader, Uiese volumes will be
found full of interest.

Champneys' Quiet Corner of England.

Studies of Landscape and Architecture in Winchelsea,
Rye, and Romney Marsh. With thirty-one Illustrations
by Alfred Dawson. Imperial 8vo, cloth, gilt, gilt leaves,
$5.00.

*' Mr. Champneys is an architect who takes the liberty to think for himself — a man of much
original genius and sincere culture, young, and with an enthusiastic contempt for conventionality,
which I hope he may never outgrow." — Neiv York Tridufte, Letter from. London Correspondent.

Ireland's Shakspeare Forgeries.

The Confessions of William Henry Ireland, containing
the Particulars of his Fabrication of the Shakspeare Manu-
scripts ; together with Anecdotes and Opinions of many-
distinguished Persons in the Literary, PoHtical, and Thea-
trical World. A new edition, with additional Fac-similes,
and an Introduction by RICHARD Grant White, i vol-
ume, i2mo, vellum cloth, uncut edges, $2.00; or, on
Large and Thick paper, 8vo, $3,50, Edition limited to
300 copies.

Enthusiasts are easily duped, and of all enthusiasts, excepting the religious, those who give them-
selves up to the worship of some great poet or artist are the easiest prey of the impostor. To them, a
book, a letter, the least scrap or relic which is connected directly, or it would seem indirecdy, with
their idol, is an inestimable treasure, and they are uneasy until it is in their possession, or removed
hopelessly beyond their reach. Of all these enthusiasts the "Shakspearians" are, and for a hundred
years have been, at once the most numerous, and the most easily, because the most willingly, deceived.
To their craving and their greed we owe the "Ireland Forgeries," which were merely an impudent
attempt to supply a demand — an attempt made by a clever, ignorant young scamp, who succeeded in
deludmg the whole body of them in England two generations ago. His " Confessions *' are the
simply told story of this stupendous imposture : and the book — long out of print and scarce — is one
the most naif and amusing of its kmd in the whole history of literature. His exhibition of the
" gulls," whom he made his victims, is equally delightful and instructive ; and chiefly so, because of
his simplicity and frankness. He conceals nothing, paUiates nothing ; tells the whole story of his
ridiculous iniquity, and leaves a lasting lesson to the whole tribe of credulous collectors, Shakspearian
and others.

"It has frequently afforded me a matter of astonishment to think how this literary fraud could
have so long duped the world, and involved in its deceptions vortex such personages as Parr, Whar-
ton, and Sheridan, not omitting Jemmy Boswell, of Johnsonian renown ; nor can I ever refrain from
smiling whensoever the volumes of Majone and Chalmers, together with the pamphlets of Boaden,
Waldron, Wyatt, and Philalethes, otherwise, ——Webb, Esq., chance to fall in mywa.v." — W. H,
IRELAND'S '* Clialcogra_phimania"

Womankind in Western Europe,

From the Earliest Times to the Seventeenth Century.
Illuminated Title, lO ChroMO-LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES,
and numerous Woodcuts. Small 4to, cloth, extra gilt,
$4. 50. 1869.

This work is something more than a drawing-room ornament. It is an elaborate and careful
summary of all that one of our most learned antiquaries, after years of pleasant labor on a very
pleasant subject, has been able to learn as to the condition of women from the earliest times,

DeFoe's Life and Works,

Life and Newly-Discovered Writings of Daniel DeFoe.
Comprising Several Hundred Important Essays, Pam-
phlets, and other Writings, now first brought to light,
after many years' diligent search. By WiLLlAM Lee,
Esq. With Facsimiles and Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo.
cloth, $6.00. Or in tree calf, extra, $15.00.

Vol. I.— A New Memoir of DeFoe. Vols. II. and
III. — Hitherto Unknown Writings.

A most valuable contribution to English history and English literature.

For many years it has been well known in literary circles that the gentleman to whom the puWic
is indebted for this valuable addition to the knowledge of DeFoe's Life and Works has been an .nde-
fatig-iblecoUectorofeverything relating to the subject, and that such coUection had reference to a
more full and correct Memoir than had yet been given to the world.

Wilson's American Ornithology :

Or, Natural History of tlie Birds of the United States; with
the Continuation by Prince Charles Lucian Bonaparte. New
AND Enlarged Edition, completed by the insertion
of above One Hundred JBirds omitted in the

original tVOrJc, and illustrated by valuable Notes and a
life of the Author by Sir William Jardine. Three Vols., 8vo,
with a Portrait of Wilson, and 103 Plates, exhibiting nearly
Four Hundred figures of Birds, accurately engraved and beauti-
fully colored, cloth extra, gilt top, $10.00. Half smooth morocco,
gilt top, 115.00. Half morocco extra, gilt top, $20,00. Pull tree
calf extra, gilt or marbled edges, $24.00.

A. few co^iies have been printed on Large Paper. Imperial
8vo size, 3 vols., half morocco, gilt top, $40.00.

One of the cheapest books ever offered to the American public. The old edition, not nearly
so complete as the present, has always readily brought from §150. 00 to $00.00 per copy.

*' The History of American Birds, by Alexander Wilson, is equal in elegance to the most distin-
guished of our own splendid works on Ornithology." — Cdvier.

" With an enthusiasm never excelled, this extraordinary man penetrated through the vast ter-
ritories of the United States, undeterred by forests or swamps, for the sole purpose of describing
the native bii-ds." — Lord Brougham.

" By the mere force of native genius, and of delight in nature, he became, without knowing it
a good, a great writer." — Blackwoud^s Magazine.

" All his pencil or pen has touched is established incontestably ; by the plate, description, and
history he has always determined his bird so obviously as to defy criticism, and i>revent future mis-
take. . . . We may add, without hesitation, that such a work as he has published is still a
desideratum in Europe."— Charles Lucian Bonaparte.

Stanfield's Coast Scenery.

A Series of Views in the British Channel, from Original Draw-
ings taken expressly for the Work. By Olarkson Stanfield, R. A.
Illustrated with 39 Engravings on Steel. Small 4to, cloth extra,
gilt edges, $5.00.

A few copies. Proofs on India paper, folio size, in portfolio, $20.00

*' I do not know any work in which, on the whole, there is a more unaffected love of ships, for
their own sake, and a fresher feeling of sea breeze always blowing, than Stakfield's * Coast
BCEKERY.' " — Johm. Buskin.

Gesta Eomanorum.

Or, Entertaining Moral Stories. Invented by the
Monks as a fireside recreation ; and commonly applied to
their Discourses from the Pulpit, whence the most cele-
brated of our Poets and others, from the earliest times,
have extracted their Plots. Translated from the Latin,
with Preliminary Observations and Copious Notes, by the
Rev. Charles Swan. New edition, with an Introduc-
tion by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. 2 vols.
8vo, vellum cloth, uncut, printed on large and heavy
paper, $10.00. Full calf, extra, $17.50.

A limited edition only was printed, of which now only
14 copies remain.

" They" (the Monks) " might be disposed occasionally to recreate their minds with subjects of a
light and anmsing nature ; and what could be more innocent or delightful than the stories of the
Gesta Romanoku.m ! "—Doucis JUustratioiis to ShakesJ>eare.

Walford's County Families.

The County Families of the United Kingdom ; or, Man-
ual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain
and Ireland. Containing a Brief Notice of the Descent
Birth, Marriage, Education, and Appointments of each
person ; his Heir Apparent or Presumptive ; as also a
Record of the Offices which he has hitherto held, with his
Town Address and Country Residence. By Edward
Walford, M. a. I vol. thick imperial octavo. Cloth, gilt
edges. 1,200 pages, $8.00.

Caxton's Statutes of Henry YII., 1489.

Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by John Rae,
Esq. , Fellow of the Royal Institution. The earliest known
volume of Printed Statutes, and remarkable as being in
English. It contains some very curious and primitive
Legislation on Trade and Domestic Matters. In remark-
able fac-simile, from the rare original. Small folio, half
morocco, uncut, $7.50.

Owen Jones' Alhambra.

Plans, Elevations, and Sections of the Alhambra, with
the elaborate details of this beautiful specimen of Moor-
ish Architecture, minutely displayed in 100 beautifully
engraved plates, 67 of which are highly finished in gold
and colors, from Drawings taken on the spot by JULES
GOURY and OwEN JONES, with a complete translation of
the Arabic Inscriptions, and an Historical Notice of the
Kings of Granada, by Pascual DE Gayangos. 2 vols,
imperial folio (pub. at £2^^, elegantly half bound morocco,
gilt edges, full gilt backs. $100.

The same work on Large Paper, 2 vols, atlas folio, 100
plates, 67 of them in gold and colors, the engraved plates
on India paper (pub. at £l&), half bound morocco, gilt
edges. $125.

For practical purposes, to architects the small paper copies will suffice : but gentlemen desirous
of adding a noble book in its finest appearance to their library, must have a Large Paper copy. _

"In spite of earthquakes, mines and counter-mines—spite of Spanish convicts, French soldiers,
Spanish bigotry, and Flemisll barbarism of thieves and gipsys, contrabandists and brigands, pau-
pers, charcoal-burners and snow-gatherers, the Alhambra still exisis— one of the most recent of
European ruins. It is the most perfect in repair and the richest in design ; it has suffered less from
man, or the elements, and has fallen more gently into decay. It was not molten like Nineveh in an
hour, or buried in a day like Pompeii ; it was not smitten down at a blow like Corinth, or sapped for
centuries like Athens. Though it has been alternately a barrack, a prison, a tea garden, and an
almshouse— though its harem has been a hen-house, its prisons pens for sheep : the Alhambra is still
one of the most wonderful productions' of Eastern splendor, lingering in Europe long after the Mos-
lem wavtfs have rolled back into Asia, like a golden cup dropped on the sand, or like the last tent ot
some dead Arab, still standing, when the rest of his tribe have long since taken up their spears, un-
tethered their camels, and sought their new homes in the far desert,"

Diary of the American Eevolution.

By Frank Moore, from Newspapers and Original
Documents. Handsomely printed on heavy laid paper,
and Illustrated with a fine series of steel-plate portraits,
India Proofs. 2 vols. impl. 8vo, paper uncut, $8.00.
New York, printed privately, 1865.

4*^ Large Paper. Only a Limited Impression. Published at $20.00 per copy.

Littre's French Dictionary.

Dictionnaire de la Langue Fran^aise. Par E. LiTTRl;,
de rinstitut (Academie Fran9aise at Academic des In-
scriptions et Belles-Lettres). Four large vols, royal quarto,
new half morocco, $40.00.

" No language that we have ever studied, or attempted to study, possesses a Dictionary so rich
in the history of words as this great work which M. Littr6 has fortunately lived long enough to com-
plete." — Saturday Rei'ieiv,

UNIFORM WITH THE LARGE FOLIO SHAKSPEARE EDITED BY
THE SAME AUTHOR.

Halliwell's New Place.

An Historical Account of the New Place, Stratford-
upon-Avon, the last residence of Shakspeare. Folio^
cloth (uniform in size with the edition of Shakspeare's
Works edited by the Author), elegantly printed on super-
fine paper, and illustrated by upwards of sixty woodcuts,
comprising views, antiquities, fac-similes of deeds, etc. By
James O. Halliwell, F.R.S. $10.00.

This is a most important work for the Shakspearian student. The great researches of the author
have enabled him to bring to light many facts hitherto unknown in reference to the "great bard." All
the documents possessipg any real claim to importance are inserted at full length, and many of them
are now printed for the first time. With respect to the illustrations, which have been executed by J.
T. Blight, Esq., F. W. Fairholt, Esq., E. W. Ashbee, Esq., and J. H. Rimbault, Esq., no endeavors
have been spared to attain the strictest accuracy.

REISSUE OF CRUIKSHANIPS ETCHINGS.

Cruikshank's Illustrations of Time.

A series of 35 Etchings. By GEORGE Cruikshank
Oblong quarto, paper, carefully printed from the original
plates. $2.00. 1874
The Same. COLORED. $3.00. 1874

Cruikshank's Phrenological lUustra-

TIONS ; or, An Artist's View of the Craniological System
of Doctors Gall and Spurzheim. By GEORGE Cruikshank.
A series of 33 Etchijtgs, illustrative of the various Organs
of the Brain. Oblong quarto, paper, $2.00.
The Same. Colored. $3.00.

*** This reissue, of which only a limited impression has been made, is printed from the original
coppers.

" Have we not before us, at this very moment, a print — one of the admirable ' Illustratumz of
Phrenology ' — which entire work was purchased by a jomt-stock company of boys— each drawing lots
afterwards for the separate prints, and taking_ his choice in rotation ? The writer of this, too, had the
honor of drawing the first lot, and seized immediately upon * Philoprogenitiveness ' — a marvellous
print, indeed— full of instenuity and fine, jovial humor."— Wm. M. Thackeray.

The Turner Grallery,

A Seeies of Sixty Engravings, from the "Works of J.
M. W. TuENEE, K.A. With Eiographieal Sketch and Descrip-
tive Text by Ralph N. Woenum, Keeper and Secretary of the
National Gallery, London. One volume, folio, India Peoofs.
Elegantly bound in half Levant morocco, extra, gilt edges,
$50.00. Full Levant morocco, extra, very elegant, $75.00.

The same. Atlas folio. Laege Papee. Artists^

Proofs. Half morocco, extra, $110.00. Full Levant mo-
rocco, extra, $165.00

The Tuenee Galleey is already so well known to lovers
of art and to students of Turner, that, in announcing a re-
issue of a limited number of copies of this important National
Work, little need be said by way of comment or introduc-
tion. The Original Engravings have, for the iirst time, been
employed, instead of the electrotype plates hitherto used,
thus securing irrvpressions of more genuine^iess and irillianay
than have yet been offered to the public. Of the high-class
character of the Engravings themselves, and of the skill and
excellence with which they are executed, such well-known
names as Jeens, Aemytage, Willmoee, E. Goodall, Bean-
DAED, Wallis, Cousens, and Millee, will be a sufficient
guarantee

From the London Art Journal.

" A series of engravings from Turner's finest pictures, and of a size and
equality commensurate with their importance, has not till now been, offered to
the public.

" In selecting the subjects, the publisher has chosen judiciously. Many of
his grandest productions are in this series of Engravings, and the ablest land-
scape engravers of the day have been employed on the plates, among which are
some that, we feel assured, Turner himself would have been delighted to see.
These ^oof impreasioTia constitute a volume of exceeding beauty, which
deserves to find a place in the library of every man of taste. The number of
copies printed is too Umited for a wide circulation, but, on that account, the
rarity of the publication makes it the more valuable.

"It is not too much to afBrm, that a more beautiful and worthy tribute to
the genius of the great painter does not exist, and is not likely to exist at any
future time."

The attention of Collectors and Connoisseurs is particularly
invited to the above exceedingly choice volume ; they should
speedily avail themselves of the opportunity of securing a copy
at the low price at which it is now offered.

The Works of William Unger.

A Series of Seventy-two Etchings after the Old
Masters* With Critical and Descriptive Notes by C.
VosMAEK. Comprising the most celebrated paintings of
the following artists: TrNTOEETTO, Ruysdael, Rembrandt,

GuiDO, POUSSIN, RlIBENSj OsTADE, JaN StEEN, Yan .DycK,

WouvEEMANs, Paul Pottee, Fkai^s Hals, Veeonebe, Joe-
DAENS, Yan dee Yelde, Beottwee, etc, etc.

Ten parts folio, 16x22 inches, printed on heavy Dutch
paper, $60.00. Or half moroccOj extra gilt top, elegant
and substantial, $80.00.

" No engraver who ever lived haa so completely identified himselC with painters he had to in-
terpret as Professor Unger in the seventy-two plates which compose his ' "Works/ He can a dopt at
will the most opposite styles, and work on each with ease, a fluency such as other men can only
attain in one manner — their own — and after half a lifetime. Indeed, one would not be going far
\vrong to describe Professor "Dnger as an art critic of very uncommon insight, who explains the
sentiment and execution of great painters with an etching needle instead of a pen.

'* It has been said of engraving that it is an unintellectnal occupationj because it is simply
copyism ; but such engraving as this is not unintellectual, for it proves a deUcacy and keenness of
understanding which are both rare among artists and critics. Unger has not the narrowness of
the ordinary artist, for he can enter into the most opposite styles ; nor has he the technical igno-
rance of the ordinary critic, for he can draw — I will not say like a great master, but like twenty
different great masters.

" Mr. Voamaer, the now well-known Dutch critic, who writes in English and French as well
as in his own language, has much increased the interest in Unger^s etchings by accompanying
them with a valuable biographic essay of his own, much superior to the ordinary * letter-press,'
which publishers in general appear to consider as a necessary companion to engraving.

" The seventy-two etchings before us are, on the whole, the most remarkable set of studies
from old masters which has been issued by the enterprise of our modem publishers, and they can
hardly fail to make fine work better appreciated both by artists and amateurs.

" A few words of praise are due to the spirited publisher, Mr. Sijthoff, of Leyden, for the
manner m which these etchings of Unger have been published. They are printed on fine Dutch
paper, and mounted (pasted by the iipper edge only) on sufficiently good boards in such a manner
as to enter into the most carefully arranged collections without further change. They are accom-
panied by a text printed with the greatest taste, on very fine Dutch paper. This series is printed
in one class of proof only, and issued at a price that is most reasonable, and Mr. Sijthoff deserves
our thanks for placing works of real art, thoroughly weU got up, within the reach of cultivated
people who have limited incomes.

" We recommend them strongly to all artists and lovers of art as a valuable means of art edu-
cation and a source of enduring pleasure.'* — Hamebtok in the International Jieview for Jan., 1876.

Etchings after Frans Hals.

A Series of 20 beautifully executed Etchings. By
William Ungee. With an Essay on the Life and Works
of the artist, by C. Vosmaer. Two parts, complete, royal
folio. Impressions on India paper, $25.00. Selected proofs,
before letters, on India paper, $40.00. Ai-tist proofs on
India paper, $60.00. Or elegantly bound in half Levant
morocco, extra, gilt top, $15.00 additional to the above
prices. Uniform with Unger's works.

" They who know the Dutch painter Hals only through the few portraits by him which have
reached this country have but a slight comparative acquaintance with his works. * A stranger to
all academical lore, to all literary co-operation,' writes Mr. Vosmaer, * Prans Hals appeared merely
as a portrait-painter, like most of the modern artists of his youth .... true to life, but also excel-
ling liy iiiiturjiliiesR and masterly handling. Subsequently he portrayed the joyous popular life of
the streets and the tavern ; at last those phases of national social life, which have at once their
image and memorial in the pictures of the arquebusiers and the civic governors.' " — LOTidon Art
Jou7'7iat, Aug. 1873.

THE NEW FRENCH ART JOURNAL.

L'Art.

Revue Hebdomadaire lUustrde. (M. Eugene V^ron et
Chas. Tardieu, r6dacteurs.) Handsomely printed on
heavy toned paper, and illustrated with several hundred
engravings on wood from drawings and pictures by cele-
brated cotemporary artists, examples of antique and mod-
ern sculpture, objects of Art Industry in all branches, and
a series of superbly executed etchings by the best living
etchers, executed expressly for this work ; being principally
from the more noticeable pictures exhibited in the Salons
of Europe, carefully printed on Holland paper. Forming
four volumes a year. Royal foHo (i7J^ X 12 in.) of about
500 pp. each, with nearly 200 woodcuts, facsimiles, etc.,
and upwards of twenty etchings in each volume. 4 vols.,
foHo. Stitched, paper covers, uncut, $32.00. In cloth,
gilt top, uncut edges, $40.00. Handsomely bound in half
red morocco (Jansen style), gilt tops, uncut edges, $60.00.

Another Edition, printed throughout on heavy Hol-
land paper, in the most careful manner. The etchings in
two states. Artist proof on Japan paper, and ordinary
print on Holland paper. The edition is strictly limited to
one hundred copies, numbered. Forming 4 thick volumes,
folio. Price, $125.00.

%* N. B. — Payments to be made on delivery of each
quarterly volume.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Nowhere but in Pans could such a Review be produced every week as VAri, so magnificent
in every respect, paper, typography, illustrations, and above all, so many sided in its view of art. and
so abundant and mterestmg m its information. It has now been brought to the fourth year of its Hfe,
with every sign of assured and increasing vigor, and we are glad to learn, fi-om the report of the edi-
tor to the subscribers, that something more substantial than the succes cPestime has rewarded the
experiment of such a cosdy venture. . . . It is simply the cheapest and the best thing of its kind.
M. V^ion seems, at any rate, to have solved the problem of combining excellence with cheapness.
We find, besides numerous httle facsimiles of sketches, and autograph letters of eminent artists,
musicians, and dramatists, no less than seventy fine etchings by such men as Flameng, Courtry,
Desbrosses, Lan^on, etc., and woodcuts of Claude's and Turner's pictures, with a series of very re-
markable copies of the famous tapestries at Madrid, from the designs of Albrecht Diirer and Van
l^yck, by Edmond Yon, Perrichon, and C. Maurand, as well as smgularly fine examples of woodl en-
graving. Supposin.^ the reading matter of the Review were as ephemeral and trivial in its purpose
•IS the cheapest of the cheap instead of being, as it is, rich and racy, with the native style of all French
pens, thoughtful and often profoundly suggestive, and generally complete in reference to detail, the
two etchings by Flameng, from pictures by Frans Hals and Nicholas Maas, alone would be really
most valuable and acceptable to the print-collector. . . . While L'Art is conducted in this style
tlie editor may feel quite secure that France will not lose that artistic supremacy she has long held." —
London Times.

''It would be easy and pleasant to go on discoursing about -the pictures in VAri^ a paper which
IS so full of good, sober, and just criticisms, trustworthy news about art, and designs not otherwise to
be obtained by most ^eofla."— Saturday Revieiu,

_" The new volume oiVArt sufficiently manifests the success of a very valuable and interesting
publication. . , . There is no other journal in existence which so happily and skilfully combines
the labors of artists and authors which does not subordinate art to letters, or letters to art, but permits
them to go 'hand in hand, not one before another/ , . , In brief, this grand folio volume of Z,'^r^
abounds m matters of interest to all readers and students of aisthetic and cultivated taste." — The
iVorld (London).

" There is some monotony in praising each successive portion of a periodical as it appears with an
absolutely equal cordiality ; but the evenness of merit in L'Art makes this uniformity of commenda-
tion a duty."— TA^ Nation.

" America is so destitute of illustrated works which can at all compare with V A rt that she cannot
do better than study and enjoy this French publication. Certainly there is no other means by which
so many valuable pictures can be obtained at so small a price." — The Christian Unio?t.

" Sumptuous in paper and type, lavish in illustrations, and with critical and explanatory text-of
singular merit ; the most famous of modern art journals."— JV^. K. Times.

The Portfolio:

An Artistic Periodical, edited by PHILIP GILBERT
Hamerton. Illustrated with Etchings, Autotypes, Wood-
cuts, Facsimiles, Engravings, Heliogravures, etc. Pub-
lished monthly.

Subscription reduced to Ten DOLLARS per annum.

#*^ Sent^ Postage free, to any part of the United States^
on receipt of the Subscription price.

*' The chief intention of * The Portfolio ' is to supply to its subscribers, at a lower cost than would
be possible without the certain sale df a regular periodical circulation, Works of Art of various kinds,
but always such as are likely to interest a cultivated public ; and to accompany them -with literature by
writers of proved abiUty, superior to mere letter-press, and more readable than pure criticism or cata
loguing." Among the artists who have furnished original etchings are Bracquemond, Lalanne^ Rajon,
Legros, and Leopold Flameng, who has given some noble specimens of his skill, especially in the repro-
duction of " The Laughing Portrait of Rembrandt," in his particular province as a reviver of the works
of that artist. The subjects in all cases are chosen for their worth and rarity, and in these respects the
'* Portfolio " fairly rivals its great contemporary, one of the noblest fine-art periodicals ever issued, the
Parisian " Gazette des Beaux-Arts." It has the same finish in execution in the minutest details of
paper and print, and is in every way a thoroughly artistic production, far ahead in this way of any-
thing of the class heretofore issued in England.

There are numerous single illustrations in the *' Portfolio," worth the price of the volume, suitable
for framing.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Of the Portfolio altogether it is to be said, that not only is it ike first periodical in ike Eng-
lish language devoted to Jitte-art, but that zt leads all otkers by a very great distaftce, whatever
the second and third of such publications may be taken to be.

"We warmly commend it to the notice of all who would cultivate in themselves and their femilies
an appreciation of the beautiful in nature and art. The illustrations are largely of sylvan scenery, and
etchings from the finest paintings are given, with letter-press descriptions, and the best articles from
the highest authorities, so that the monthly paper itself, an illustration of what is taught, becomes a com-
plete magazine of the science of art. IVe mould regard tke introduction of such a journal into the
family as a good educator, ivkile it ivill prove a source q/ exquisite pleasure to those -^vko kave
already a icLste for ilie beautiful" — N. Y. Observer.

*' We look for the Portfolio as for the only serial published, in which works of art of a certain
kind and of peculiar merit are to be found. Etching is not as popular, perhaps, as it should be, but if
anything is likely to bring its merits before the public, it is such examples as are to be had here. Their
effect is striking, and in execution they are little short of perfect ; at any rate they exhibit this kind of
work in the highest degree of perfection to which it has attained." — N. V. Daily Times.

" Mr. Hamerton's Portfolio is easily chief among English art periodicals, and has the advantage
of being written by men who are not only familiar with the literature of art and the works of artists, but
are artists by profession, and so know the feelings, aims, and technicalities of artists. The editor is
probably better acquainted with continental artists and their work than most of the insular fellows, and
his art theories and criticisms are proportionately more catholic and valuable. The Portfolio, instead
ofbeing a magazine of current gossip about artists and their doings, is a work of permanent value, apart
firom its excellent illustrations, as a collection of able essays, critical, historical, technical, and personal,
very free from narrowness and professional or national prejudice. It is the glory of the Portfolio
that it is in a way cosmopoUtan, free from the prejudices of nations and schools." — A ila7iiic Monthly.

*' The Portfolio is very charming. An Art periodical far superior to anything which has hitherto
appeared." — Guardian.

" From the first it has stood nearly alone as really ' an artistic periodical.* An hour spent over the
Portfolio is one of refreshment, encouragement, and unalloyed delight." — Spectator.

" Of the Etchings the merits are unquestionable ; indeed, the work is enriched with some of the
finest examples. The literary part is generally worthy of praise for being scholarly, graceful, and
interesting." — Athefueum.

** Dealing with artistic subjects generally, and always in a spirit of intelligence and refinement" —
Graphic.

" To the portfolio is unanimously accorded the first place as an artistic periodical." — Cambridge
Chronicle.

Back volumes for 1870, '71, '72, '73i '74> '75. '76, ''JT, '78,
'79, and '80, may still be had on application. Any volume
sold separately. Price,in blue cloth, gilt leaves, $14.00 each.

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Full text of "The obelisk and Freemasonry according to the discoveries of Belzoni and Commander Gorringe : also, Egyptian symbols compared with those discovered in American mounds"

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